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THE 


ENCYCLOPEDIA    BRITANNICA 


ELEVENTH    EDITION 


riKST 
SECOND 
THIRD 
FOURTH 

nmt 

SIXTH 

SEVENTH 
EICKTH 
NINTH 
TENTH 


•Aden,  poblldHd  la  ik 


i^nzoa  by  Google 


«b,Google 


THE 

ENCYCLOPiEDIA  BRITANNICA 

A 

DICTIONARY 

OF 

ARTS,   SCIENCES,    LITERATURE   AND    GENERAL 
INFORMATION 

ELEVENTH    EDITION 


VOLUME    IV 
BISHARTN  to  CALGARY 


NEW  YORK 

THE  ENCYCLOPEDIA  BRITANNICA  COMPANY 

1910 

Du,iiz=db,Google  ■ 


Capyrfght,  in  Ibf  Uaiud  SuUi  gf  AoBitn,  191 

by 

The  Eacydopitfa  Briumilci  Comfaayi 


Du,iiz=db,Google 


INITIALS  USED  IN  VOLUME  IV.  TO  IDENTIFY  INDIVIDUAL 

CONTRIBUTORS,'  WITH  THE  HEADINGS  OF  THE 

ARTICLES  IN  THIS  VOLUME  SO  SIGNED. 

A-  B.  K  ALnm  Baiton  Rimule,  F.R.S.,  F.L.S.,  M.A.,  D.Sc.  f  >>•«■ 

KHpcr«(ilKDtpaniBaitaCBiiuoy,BriiuhMiiKuiii.  ^miWT. 

A.  B.  B.  A.  E.  HoDCnTOM. 


I  ud  Cburdi  KiBiiry.  Yorkiliin  Uoilnl  [udtpcndi 
Uyxm  Edu^xiocul  Service 

H  Xi*  Kim  (Ri 


A.  K.  I.  AxTBCi  EvEiETT  Smn.KY,  F.R.S..  M.A.,  D.Sc. 

Fellow  ud  Tuiiic  si  Chr«'>  Ci^IImc.  Cambridic.    Rtada  In  Zaolocy.  Cambiidn  i 

Univinily.    i<iint-l>bliil  at  the  Camtrulti  Kaltral  UiUcry.  I 

KW.r.  AlMiT  Fkmuci  POLLtro,  M.A.,  F.R.K15T.SCIC. 

PnliMoi  of  Eniliih  KiiiDry  in  Lhc  Unixnily  dI  Landon.    Ftliow  oC  al]  Sol 

CoUkc,  OiTard.    AwBanl  Ediiar  at  the  Diel'maiy  it  Salimii  Biapapky,  ■'■ 

lool.     LolhAii  PriKnun  tOKloid).  1691.    Atxuld  Prittaun,  '°-°      '  - 

£iii^  wiiftf  On  FioMUr  SomuM :  Ilnrj  VIII. ;  Tkamai  Cm 
A.  C*.*  Rev.  Ai.cxAin>Ei  Coidon,  M.A. 

LKturer  «  Church  Hittoty  in  the  Uavniir  «(  Maacbmti. 
A.  H.  B.  AiiHUE  Hehkv  Bfllen. 

Fomiikr  of  tbt  ShilinpHr*  Hmd  fnu,  Stiariort-iiii-Avoii.    I -. 

>/  OU  £iii<uik  n*^;  i-Trlo/rM  ttf  Smg  Bttb  iflU  Ettmbilict  A^;  Age 
A.  B^  Sm  A.  Roimni-ScHiNDLEx,  CLE. 

Ccnenl  in  the  Fcnua  Amy.   AulbBT  of  EtUtr»  Ftriiait  Irak. 
A.  H.  Bb.        AiTHUi  Haultoh  SHns,  M.A.,  F.S.A. 

Ktcpcr  0/  th*  D*p»rm»enl  o<  Cr«k  ancl  Ronud  AnlHjiijtiH 
Munbrr  of  lhc  Impcrul  Ornun  Archamlaci^  [luutbilc. 
Cmk  Sii-lfluii  in  lit  BriliA  Uouum;  &c 

Rev,  Alexahsei  J.  Cueve,  M.A. 

»__, .._'_ ..^ ,^  

e  RqiMW  e(  Madn*  Uaivaiin'.  ' 

CDtnUrt 
idSuOiUti;    Bnil:  Cw- 
nejuanii,  la/y-ii^H.  t  Pl^f  nffl  Aim. 

A.  I*  AoemiE  LoMcwoM.  ^  f 

ProTcKir  it  Ihe  Co1lt(F  de  Fnncr,     Knctor  of  lhc  tcolt  da  Miuui  CtudEi. 
Chtvalicr  of  the  U^  of  Honour.    Mcmbtr  of  iht  liutiiuic    Auihnr  sf  Cit-  \  Blob:  CtuMikip  ej. 
rnfUt  d(  Ai  Gutilt  a*  VI.  lUtk;  Ascwnnli  rdaliji  >■  uhU  Ji  C^n^pH  U  il 

A.  lb.  His  Auce  Hetnill. 

Author  of  fo«u;  ^oiir  J>mi«;  Hf  JUifitn  igf  £^/(4WNhr  £u^;  Ac 
A.  ■.  0.  BiBl  AcNU  Makv  CtEXKE. 

S«  the  bioirapbkal  anidc;  Clieki,  A.  U. 
A.  R.  AiTiED  Newton,  F.R 

Sac  tht  biognphica 
A.t.(L  AlAH  SuifUEKLV  Cole,  C.B.  | 

ForrMrly  Au'ilant  Sccmiry.  Board  of  Eduealion.  Soulh  Kfluintton.    Anlborcl  J 

OnaiafMia  £iirfMi*  5tUt:  CtutttttM  Tapalry.  Emkni4iry,  liu  mi  EBtlimn'] 

Tiaila  in  Viaati  and  AlhM  Ununm;  Ac  I 

A.T.a4.         Sa  AnTMon  T.  QmLLH-CouCH.  J 

S«  itae  biutraphiul  anicle:  Quiu.i>-Couca.  Sir  A.  T.  '  ' 

A.  W>  H,*        AiTMUit  ' 

'A«i»plBBli»t,  thowintall  UririMual  comiawMn.  a; 


Du,iiz=db,Google 


vi 

KW.H. 


A.W.B. 
B.B. 


O.B.* 
CD. 


O.B.* 
C.B.A. 


C.K.S. 
O.L.K. 


D.C8. 

D.C.T. 
D.r.T. 


INITULS  AND  HEADINGS  OF  ARTICLES 

Atnio  WiLuiH  FoLuw,  H.A.  f 

Ahuwii  Knper  of  Prinud  Boob.  Brilkli  Muhub.  FtOn  el  Ka^t  Cnlktb  m^,^ 
LondDii.  Hon.  Sccnury.  Bibliiinuihkxl  Sodcly.  Ediloi  nl  Btati  mir^  Batti-l  !  "■, 
—J  =.u,.' -■-_      '~-u*<Jiig.  ti(  III  iitrnrj.    OiicC  Edilgr  «(  tbi  "  Ooba "     ""^  * 


M.IVET.M.E. 

Adviw  on  Frirolaim  to  the  Adminlty,  Rone  OAcr.  Indii  OCc*.  Corpcntioii  of 

London,  ind  Pon  o(  London  Authoniy.     Proidcnt  of  the  Society  of  Cheiraul  <  BIIUiL 

Utiutuy,    Menbor  ol  Ibe  Csundi  o(  Uh  OwBucal  SocHly.   McintKr  of  Council  ol 

InRjlBWof  ChMiiury.    Alitllor    '  "- "— ""— ' "■-' -"   ■- 

PriimtU:  Cltimical  TcOiu^;  d 
Oun.13  BEuoNT,  D.  ts.  L.,  Lttt.D.  (Oios.). 

Sh  tbc  bioinpUal  uticLci  BllUHT,  C 
Cnn.  J.  R  DkVENPOiT,  F.S.A. 

Anttint  to  the  Knptr  of  Printed  Booh.  Britii 

DccofitJve  Booiibindtnn.  Sodery  of  Arte    Autbi 

fn^JiU  Emtmimi  BvttUUiiiti:  HtOary  if  Iti 
Hon.  Cauoll  Djivokoh  Wucbt. 

5a  iht  b<oinpUci]  uikk:  Wucm,  C  a 
Cxum  EvEUTT,  M.A..  F.C.S.,  F.G.S.,  F.R.A.S. 

Fonoeriy  Scbolu  of  Mifdaln  CoU^e,  OilonL 
C  E.  AiEii- 

Formcrly  Tkt  Tima  Cornnondnl  !a  Bimot  Ains. 

' ■a.rSS4-'~- 


Sn  CsAKLEi  NoiTON  EocccHii  Eliot,  K.C.H.G..  C.B.,  M.A.,  LL.D..  D.C.L.  r 

Vice-ChlnecTlorofShelHcldtJnlueiiily.    Fonnerly  FdlovotTrinilv  College,  Oilont. 
H.H.'i  ConiniHiancc  ind  Comnunder-in-Chler  foi  the  Briiiih  Eiii  lUrica  Pro-'j  < 
tBrtonle;  Agenl  mnd  ConKiT-General  nl  Zancblr;  nnd  CoBKil-CeDerzl  for  Certnaci 
Eul  Africa,  1900-19(14.    Aiubaml  TiirkryiMEiiraft;UatnfrmllitFBreatl:Ac,  ^ 

Hov,  Ch)kui  Ehok  Shtth.  /« 

S«  ibc  biocnptiictl  utidc:  SaaiS,  CS4>Ui  Eaoftr.  ( 

Chules  Hose,  D.Sc.  T 

FmiKrly  Divisaiul  Riudiiil  ind  MesibH'  o(  the  Supitaie  Gnndl  d  Smnwmk.    J  •■ 
Auilxii  d(  a  DacritUt  Ataniit  ^  lit  JTuuhIi  if  Strnta,  ud  nimcnnu  ttpm  in  I 
■cientific  journ«l«,  L 

CluRvt  ICiho  SaoRiEK.  f 

>  Editor  of  the  5M<»,    Author  ot  OarlaUt  Brna  ani  ie  Cirdi;  TU  BrtntliA  Bt 

Liji  and  LtlUri;  Ac.  1. 

Ceaiu*  LtnailDGE  Kincstoid,  M.A.,  F.B.Hln.S..  F.S.A.  f 

AiHitanl  Secretary  to  tlie  Board  ol  Edudiion.   AiKlior  of  ZJ/(  ^ flnr;  V.    Editor-' 
of  Qlmidu  al  LuUn  ud  Stow'a  S*m)  tj  Lmdf.  I 

Crustuh  PrtSTxi,  D.  ts.  L.  1 

~    '               '    '    •       F,  PuiL    Chevalier  o(  the  Letkn  oT  HoDour    AuihorofJ 
_  >.  » , .  n. jj mmfin  tAluu  u  la  Irfrnda  di 


-.IT  Seeiiihcion.  D.l , 

x-  of  Phyvoiofy.  UBiveniiy 


M.D.,  M.A.,  LL.D.,  F.R.S.  f 

--, .,. ,  li  Liveniool.    Fcnicn  Mudier  o(  Acadenila]  BnlK  Fknulctf' 

...  „  .ienna,  BnuMl>.C«tincen,  Ac.   Author  g(  TiW /■Ircroiiw  ,tdHiii  ^Ikl 

JVenviK  SjuMin.  I 

Uajoi-Geneim.  Sii  Cbailei  Wnuuf  Wuwm,  K.C.B.,  K.C.H.C.,  F.ILS.,  RX.  f 
(iB}«-i8q7)- 
Secretary  Id  iIk  North  Amcrfean  Boundary  Connuluion.  iSsft-iSfi^.     BritlthJ  riMaiM  Muuta  fs  Mrfl 

'-- — ■-■■ ■■-  ■— ■--  "-  ndaiy  Commluion.     I>ireciSJ3>.Beial  of  Ibel  '*""™  i«  r"'- 

rccIor-Ceneml  tt  Milliai      -■       •         -        ' 


[illiary  Ei 
Imf.ic 


.•llaiid  and 

( ifik  Ctmurj;  Ac 


. iry,U.S.A.     AulhocofJ  ' 

rn^  CmailMlinel  Tlmry;  SeUaiomi  1  I 


1  iIk  North  Amcrfean  Boundary 

- -  er  on  the  Servian  BDundaiy  Com 

Ordnance  Survey,  tflSfr-iB^a.     DimtoC'CcneL^p  «  ...,-.. 
1S9S.  AMliorOCFnmXeniltlCtanMmiLi/niUrtaim 
DuKCjtN  Blaci  MacDOH«u>,  M.A.,  D.D. 

Professor  of  Semitic  Laniuisei.  Hanford  Theological 

Dadapmtmi  of  UuiliiK  fMniy. '        '     ' " 

/rm  /»■  KkaUMM.  JUi'luu  kuil 

DCHCTWm  Ckaeles  Bocuiei.  . 

Author  dI  Hiilarw  nf  Bdwium:  Em^nd  and  Jtanla  {«  CMmI  ,!({•!  aUffry  ^i 

Ckiiui;  Lijt  mf  CtrdM;  India  im  •'--  — '  ''- '-  ' 

David  Cioal  THOiaoit.  ,  _  —..._.,. 

Formerly  Editor  of  the  An  JhuhL   Author  of  TTu  Bndun  Jltrit;  TU  gtrl ■■»■■{  iNmt.  HlUH  KlIfbL 

Scla^«SPa,<dB,:LiIii^"Piu":LiI,tJBn<tli:  lie  ' 

DOHALD    FJJINCIS  TOVET.  ,  , 

Ballkil  College,  Oxford.      Author  of  Eiuyi  s*i>  JIaiial  Amtjiii:  Fenptuinj  Tlfj  I 
Claintal  CoMtBU.  Tilt  CeUitrt  Variatium,  lod  inalyas  «(  many  other  cLuacal  I  1 


n«ly  Driliah  \^t«.C«uiil  u  Sa 
•-im-.  Ijlt  gf  Emilia  CatUlar. 


■dbyGoo^le 


LBr. 

I.  a. 


K.O. 

K.H.B. 

B.B.K. 


■.Wk 

rw.B. 


F.D.A. 

p.a.r. 


INITIALS  AND  HEADINGS  OF  ARTICLES 


Dmoii.  Lusni  Taoiut. 

StipDidiuy  MaiiMnlc  far  ^MmriM 
miHuiKi  u  tbcubour  CwnminicB  ud 

Itsv-  DdguS  Hacfadvih,  ma. 


■nd  RboHhlL    Parmcrty  Ataiunt  Cur 
1 . , ^  ,^,jj^  L,^  Commiwioi 

li,  Hifhpip.   Director  of  the  Londo 


Eknmt  BAimi.  M.A. 

Fdlow  (4,  ind  Ltrri 
FcHovudTi 

EOEDTON  CuTLI 

Tri^r-"- 


K  of  Maun  CnUcft.    Cnvei 


Antbor  if  £i/j{(u]t  Bast  iVdMi ;  KUuUica  IluHisfcno ; 


E*inn  HtiTLEV  CouuDec.  M.A. 

BaDid  College,  Oatixd.    Ediur  of  Byrem' 

Sn  EDWAtD  H.  BmnniT,  But.,  M.A.,  F.R.G.S.  (d.  li^i). 

M.P.  loc  Bocy  St  Edmuiidi,  1847-1S51.  Aiahor  at  A  Hiumy  if  Aiuinl  dtpafkyt 

Eun  HovuL  Mnnn.  M.A. 

Lraartr  ud  AniuM  Ljbmrlin,  ind  fomnt)'  Fdisw  of   F 
Cambridcb    Uajvcnily  Lecturer  in  FkloeofTophy. 


i;  LdJm  tf  Sarnad  TtjUr  CtU- 


e  CtOtft. 


nO^nut  ^iZsn 


Sodtl)  «/  D)lrl  ami  Ci 


&WAKD  MUIMM. 

BiTTutcr-at-Laur,  Middk  Temple.    Jiii».«ljl<ir  ' 
tltbtJnmiliiCsmtanilmLipilalnm.  AutlMii 

Eammo  Owin  M.B.,  F.R.C.S.,  ILD.,  B.Sc. 


livFm'ty.  Hiad  o(  Oirniic 
iBler.  Eiamiiwr  in  Dvein 
anial  1^  D}cinl:J)tc.    Edllr 

Stafl  of  Ntm  Vati  TVOnw 

ith  Sir  John    Mudondl.  C.B 


andlatheCIiUdnr 


I  Ho^ul, 


amw3^  Aiiaumjif^'Srttiir  SaAaO. 

EOCU    FlESTlCE, 

SpedaJ  LccIuRT  in  Partucueee  Utenture  In  tbe  Ualvenlly  c 
DKiHUdoc.  PortupicK  Order  of  S.Tluuo,  Cormpondinf  Mi 
a — r •  =-i— cei.  Liibon  CeotrapH—' = — '■•'-   •-     =■- 

gl  Londga,  Maocbeite 

X,  M.A.,  D.D..  D.C.I.,  C.B.,  C.V-0. 


in  Partucueee  Utenti 

.. . pi«c  Order  of  S.Tluu„     , ^ ..._... ^j_. 

Acedrmy  of  Sciencee.  Lnbon  Geocraphiol  Society,  Ac.    EiuaiAer  la  iSxiugiKVt 


id  Mailef  of  Etai 


.    _.    .    , wtM^iU^Wdlm'.liui 

Itr7Wfi;ic 
FuHX  Bimux. 

OpuinR.N.  FonimAdviKFtuMippuV 

r*i  Fbwi  in  J»p«n.    Editor  gf  the  Xwi - 

ivlici  ae  [jBpcfial  EoginceiiDi  Collc^,  Tokyo.   Aul 
FlANi  Dtwsoii  At»ii$,  D.Sc.,  Ph.D.,  F.K.S.,  P.G.S. 

" '  -■■-  '^— -riy  of  ApiJiftd  Scitnct.  »nd  Lojan  PmfcBor  of  GeolDgy,  McCiH- 

uuLfcaL    Fioidcflt  of  C^oadian  Mining  Iniliiuie. 
a  PAasoNi,  F.R.C.S.,  F.Z.S,,  F.R.Ammiap.lHST. 

Vkt-Pmidcnt,  Anatoniical  Society  of  Cmt  Britain  and  lielaad.    Lecluiei 

Anatomy  at  St  Thoniat'i  Hnpiial  and  the  London  ScKod<  of  Medicine  fot  Woi 

Fonnerly  EvantincT  in  tlw  Univenitja  of  Cambridge,  Aberdeen.  LeiKkin  ud 

mingham;  and  Hunterian  FnfcHorat  tbe  Royal  College  of  Surg«ui& 


Deal  of  ibe  Faci 


tn  Kaitho.  Tokyo-  Correipondi 
"'      t—merly  ProteiKir  -'  " 


Uatte- 


Ftaxas  HuETRi,  Pb.D.  (1B4C-1SM). 

FonnFriy  Mtiikal  ChIK  of  TIti  Timii.    Auth 

Primmftl  Ufuni  Liunumtim  111  KulM-  '-- 

lb  ruiiri.    Edilot  of  Crul  Ituiieiav. 
Sot  FiANCis  J.  Camfbeu.,  IX.D.,  F.R.C.S.,  F.5.A. 

Principal,  Royal  Normal  Collcte  foe  Ibe  BliKl.  Nl 

Pa(Kt>  <»  tkc  EducatiDO  of  the  BEiad. 


BI«ni»D:  Blank  Vnh; 


Bout:  UidiiiU. 


dbyGoogii: 


f.l.L 

F.  B.  C. 
P.R.H. 

F.W*. 
P.W.HIL 

r.w.M. 

O.A.B. 


ar.z. 
0.  0.  p.* 

O.H.Db 

O.T.O. 
O.W.U. 


B-Ch. 
H.a 


INITIALS  AND  HEADINGS  OF  ARTICLES 

FUKCU  John  Havimteld,  M.A.,  LL.D.,  F.S.. 


.  .„_.  .. ,  .n  Ike  Univenity  si  Oilon].    Fdlow  at 

ui»cHiuW  College.    Fellow  ol  the  Bnlah  Acvfeiny,    FomHrly  CU>h,  Stuckir'  - 

rmorindLibrarianoIChriuCliiircJi.Oiiord.    FonTtLcclulT- ' '"  ■■- 

Df  MiHWfnphi  oa  Roaaa  HiHory,  especially  Roiuq  DfiUil 


FB*Npt_Luwii,n(  GuFmH,  MX,  ?h.D.,  F.S.A. 


Reulu  in  ^v^oloi, , 

.Gemun  ArchMroloeial  Vni]iEute.  the  SodM  Ah 

Ciro.    A     ■      ^^  ' ■    ~       ■      - 

Papyri  i» 


tiK  Arrkvolorirai  Svwty  uid 
i.  Hon.  Member  oLlmpeful 
lue.ind  thelniiiiutEiyiiiiiii. 
fkii;  OlahtM  ^  IhiDimiHc 


il  inkle:  LucxU).  Sik  F.  J.  D. 
Fuinc  R.  Caha. 

Aulhor  ol 5nitl  AJrialrem (b Cruf  TtikuOe  Umu 
FsAMCiE  Richard  Uauhiell,  C.U.G. 

Urut.-Col.  R.A.    (■■■'--"■ 

iSqg.    Miliiaiy  An 
Oiifnil  Surdiitam: 


I'lish  Schoof  of  Archaeology,  AtbenL     Feltow  ol  IGng'i 


Colksc,  Cambrkjgb 
FaiDEUci  WnuAM  Maituiiid,  LL.D. 

Sec  the  blocnphical  >r1idc'.  MAJTI.AND,  F.  W. 

Ceoice  A.  BouiEHCEi,  D.Sc,,  Ph.D.,  F.R.S, 

InchiiECofllitCaUmlouiiIRepiirniiidFul ,  _. 

MuKutB.    Vkc-Pindeni  ol  the  ZoolDjical  SouHy  ol 

Rev.  Geoice  Edkuhihoh,  M.A.,  F.R.Hm.S. 

FoRwIy  F^la>  >ad  Tutor  of  Bniemxe  ColleiF.  Oxiord.  Ford'i  Lcclun 
iqio.  Eniploytd  by  Briiiah  Covernrnent  in  preparation  c^  tlie  BritJth  Ca 
B--.:.t.  r...^...v 1 1  B.;.;.t.  CniaBa-ftraiUaq  bwinduy  atbjtta 

EM,  rt.m.lHST.L.t.,  T.i^a- 

at  Uedamual  HaoMint  of  UiOiri^ 


«& 


_._  ,..     _. ....nlific  and  tcchftio]  rt, 

printed  by  the  Cajudiaa  Govemineal. 
Sli  Geouie  D.  TAtnUAH  Counz. 

S«  the  bioinphiia]  anick:  Goldii,  Sie  C.  D.  T. 
Georce  Wasiqnctoh  Caile. 

See  the  biocnphical  utide;  Cable.  G.  W* 
Rev.  GumTBEs  Wheelee  THATCireit,  M.A.,  B.D. 

Warden  of  Camden  Collen.  Sydney,   N.S.W.     Formerly  Tutor  IB  Hebcew 

Old  TcMamcDl  HiSory  at  Mauheld  College,  Oaferd. 
Rekiv  BKADLty,  M.A.,  Ph.D. 

JoinlH^itorolthe  ffflsfnifoh  Dklawy  (Oiford).   Feflow  ol  the  Driliih  Acadt 

Auihsrsf  rt(5Mryi^ataK*il  TU  Uaiinft Engiik-.&c 
HnCH  Chisrolh,  M.A. 

FociDBlySchoUrof  CorpuiChriiliColIrgt,  Oilord.    Editor  el  tbc  lltli  Editic 

the  Eiuidrfutiia  BriUnia.    Co-cdilor  ol  tlie  loth  tdilioa. 
Snt  HnCH  Cdailes  CurroiD,  K.C.M.C. 

Colonial  Swrttari     -    ■ 

Rnfdcnt,  Pahang. 

of  Sl-Jia  IM  Brn 

Rev.  HtPKiVTE  Delebaye,  S.J. 

Bollandial.    Joint-editsr  ol  tlK  ^da  Jautonub 
Rekei  Fuim. 

An  Critic,  CmW  ia  Btam  Aril  (PatitJ. 
Sii  Hunt  HAHII.TON  JanNsioM,  K.C.B.^  C  C.H.G. 


,.  Ceylon.  Ftllow  of  the  Royal  Cofoniaf  Imlitule.  Foixierly 
Colonial  Secretary.  Trinidad  and  Tobuo,  iooi-ioot.  Author 
n  H^manUr,  Firlier  India;  it.    JaQl-aullKK  ol  A  Diaintry 


e:JOb 


'k.Su  H.  H.  ■ 


BriUib&mn. 
Bclllib  Zul  AMm. 


BoUtU:  Hillary  (h  fariti 

BnbiBl:  duty; 

BnuUi  HiUtry  (h  tart). 


BitUh  CtioBkk  (fc>ar4. 
Bnxn,  CeBsl  d*. 


■dbyGoo^le 


INITIALS  AND  HEADINGS  OF  ARTICLES 

HtXKV  Pe«CIV*1.  BlCCAl  f  ^t.   ,     . 

'  Author  olrkiVijivHtf  lit  CUM  10 CnnriMA  \Mbot,  J 

Btmv  StDAiT  loNu. MA.  r 

FonnBly  Ftllov  ind  Tutor  of  Triiiny  CtAlktc,  CWord,  ikI  Dircdoc  of  Ihr  Britiih  J 
"SchDol  It  Rome-  Mnnbcr  ol  Iht  Gcnun  iBpcria]  Archa«l«icAl  Liutitutc,  I 
Author  of  rib  JIsn»£«^pf,  Ac  I 

RimT  WiLUAU  Cauesi  Davd,  M.A. 

Fctlow  ind  Tulor  oC  BilLnl  CMrgc.  Oiford.    Fdlow  at  AH  Souli'  Cotlip.  Oitnnl,  ] 


B.W.B. 
J.  A.  r.  H. 


iS9]-t9ai.   Author  o<  CtvfanHfH.&q^Miil 
H.  WicsKAit  Steed. 

CoTRipaiideiu  o(  rW  nna  il  Rome  (lt9J-i9M) 
Jomr  Aleundci  Fulleb  Mutuhd.  M.A.,  F.S.A 

Mu(i»l  Cntk  of  Tke  Timii.   Author  o(  Z.i/(  o/5(tewn: 

ok:  Wumi  </  Gnuii  Uuic;  £i(luk  i/iiu  m  If  Him 
li  tfaidd.    Editor  of  tba  new  cdilioa  oC  Crsi 


J.C.& 


j.a.&A. 

J.O.H. 

La.it. 

).B.R. 
J.HLB. 

J.J.* 

i-iLa. 

J.H*. 
1.1. 

J.  P.  Pi. 


iiW  MriMiu  udj<>lt>ii 


«  Allen  Howe,  B.Sc. 


um  ol  Pnctial  CcolDcy,  LoDdoa. 
he  Duly  Cknwitk.   Author  of  Tin . 


Swinym'  AHOciulan.   Author  ol  QtaMUm. 
\.  W   Coimn-Ckxi. 

Author  ol  Eiayi  n  AH;  Ac. 
LUES  David  Bouicriek,  MA.,  F.R.G.S. 
Cona|ioaikn(  ol  TU  Timti  in  South-Eutmi 


SecTTtary  uid  Uhnria 


LLT,  LiTT.D,,  F.R.Hui.S. 


Cilmaur  Profmor  ol  Spannh  Languan  and  Liunnm,  Uvtnml  Uidvtrdly. 
Norrnan  MicCiA  Larturrr,  Cainbridn  iTninnilv.  FcUcnr  ol  (he  Briliah  Atadmy. 
KniihtConiwiidn'oI  the  Order  olAlpbaaHiXll.   tjafliatdl  A  Bitltryal  Spamtk 


Sni  Judfl  CEotoi  Scott.  K.C.I.E. 

SuprHntnidFnt  and  Pditical  Officer.  Southtra  Shu 
Tin  Upf  Burma  GOMMr. 
IK  HoucE  KooHD.  M.A.,  LL.D.  (EiUn.). 
Autlnr  ol  Fimiltl  E<iilni4;  Sladia  i»  Punit 
F>*v—  "■- 


XtrtiiBt  4Di 


._N    HOIULK*  ROIE,    H.A.,  LtTT.D. 

Clinit'i  CollegF,  Cainbridit.  LKturrr  on  Modem  UWorv  le  the  Cambridn  Unl- 
wniiv  Local  Lmitn  Syodkatr.  Autlnr  ol  lilt  >/  ttaptltim  I.;  Hifilmmic 
Saiditi;  Till  DvitQpmriil  ^  Hi  EmrtfiBm  fl*linu;  Tim  Li}t  ^  Pill;  kc 


iarolQuRB'tCoiren.  Oilonl.    Lecturer  in  Gulo,  Ei 
■iiy  oTGndon}.   Jant-cdilor  of  Grgte'i  HiiUry^tirim 


Kiv.  JoxH  PumKn-  Peteo,  Pb.D.,  D.D. 

CJuon  Rcwtenllny,  Calhednl  ol  New  York.     Fonxtty  ProTtaa 
the  Univtnitif  of  ftniwylveiila     Diicclor  o(  the  Uiii— ~«-  f..~ 

Isaia.   i8«S-i«as,     Auihn  o(  Nifpitr,  or  =-"— 
fBMralu;  JCripMra,  Mrbnm  ad  Ontliaii. 


'lOO^Ie 


J.T.B.* 

j.w.a 


INITIALS  AND  HEADINGS  OF  ARTICLES 

JOHK  SmrH  FiETT,  D.Sc    F  C.S. 

f^rotnphrr  to  (he  CHlofial 

EdinbuTBh  Un.vcTBiv.    NciirMHl 

MddaJUM  ot  ibc  CcoMficaL  Soctcly  ol  Lomloo. 
JuiEi  Tavui  Milton,  M  I  C.E  f 

Chifl  Erginm- Surveyor  ID  Lloyd"!  RrgiBry  ufShippTiii.    VIn-IVtiIdfnt,  In«)tiitc  J  . 

ol  NjviI  AiThiiccii.    Member  d(  Council.  WitulcallilinrKEBtinan.    Aulborl' 

oJ  nuoy  papers  on  Marine  EnBineenni  lubjcctt.  L 

TuiES  Tkoibon  Skotwell,  Pit  D  1 . 

FcafoKir  a(  HiRoo  <i>  Coloinbhi  Unimcy,  New  York  Cty.  1, 

Canain  J.  Whmlv  Dixon,  R.N.  f  ■ 

Niutfcd  A_cHor  [D  Coun  o(  Ammt 

Mcdwiy  Fleet  Krtem. 


L.D.* 

Lr.i. 


*  1906.    Psnolr  Sul  Conpuads,  \  \ 


Authsc  e(  ^uMTil  uif  U(  fwadWm  ^  (to  Ctrmtm 


Oueen'i  (_    , 
IMOILn  GkKLAm  JUVNt. 

SnoittinK  Schubr  of  Widhim  Colleie.  OilonL    MuAnAi 
AutttDt  d  Kuca  io  Ciuu  m4  kii  Snam. 


iBonltao*  (h|N  L-VlU. 


lUaf  iki  Oreitiua,  it. 
CoDNT  LDtiow,  Litt.D,  (Own.),  Ph.D.  (Pngoe),  P.R.S.S. 

ChinibefUla  a(  H.M.  Ihc  Emperor  of  Auuiia,  Klif  of  BobemU.    Hoo.  Member     llhWtfi;  Biiltn  and  1Mb* 
o(  Ibc  Rnyil  Society  di  Uliraiun.     Member  a(  the  Bobcmiia  Aadcmy,  Aci      tan 
Authoc  of  Butonu.-  A%  Hiotntat  Sttuk;  Tlu  HuMnuu  ^  Subiiu  flliWu 
Uclure,  (Moid,  1904):  ThiLiUcfi  Tima  p!  /.U  »iu;  Ac  ' 

LatnuncE  Bihvom. 

See  the  UognpUeil  inide:  Bumm,  L. 
Loun  DsonSNE. 

Sm  Ike  bc^nphlol  ittide:  DucHnm,  L  H.  Ol 
Lulu  Fudeuc  Scon,  K.C.,  H.A. 

New  College,  OiTwd.   Jainc  Han.  SecnUuy  of  Istenulunu]  Miritti 

LtvBOM  FuNca  VturoM-HikcomT,  ICA.,  M.Ihst.CE.  (iSj^i^o;). 

[N'ofenor  tl  QvU  Ennanrle*  u  Univenity  CsUtic,  LondaB.  iWi-ioov ,  -- 

Menber  of  Jiirr  lor  Civil  EneiBeiriK  T^rit  EibUlka,  l«oa    Anibw  ol  Xaari     Ct 
«d  C^iuJl:»artei>rieiil£)HliiC»d£ji(iH(riii(«>I^MHCniffK(in;  Ac.  ^ 

LlDkEltCK    GlHHELI,,  H.P. 

DarT^iTer,  Middle  Temple  an 

Ac    M.P.  for  North  Wtsim 

Lkonud  Juns  Spehcek,  HA. 

»__, ■_  r* . _/»■? — -uirm.  niaru._  ,..,.„,  .^„ 

F,  CambndR.  ud'HiikneH  Sd^r. 
ELLIOT  01  Ebe  Mintnuopeai  dfaroiifv.   Author  qf  EnBlithtnailatioDi  of  *'  "' 
Fntlm  SKma  and  it.  BrHxn'i  ifuMm;  Kdiitm. 

),  F.CA. 
nl  of  Ecooomic*  aiul  Polilia'  " 

■■Ci  ^op^tor^Bf  r  Ac 


iaenloCy,  Natural  IKdary  Mt 


UiSS  HtlCAIET    BlVAHT. 

If  oiu  CAnEB,  PH.D.  (Ldpoig). 

Chief  Rabbi  at  the  Sephirdic  Coaimunitiei  nl  Englind. 
ConglcB,  1898.   1S99.   1900.     llcheSer  Lcctun- "-' — ' 

'"     ^  '.  ArtglO'Jeviih    AaocUtion.      Author   of   HiJU 

itrnti  A  fitm  Hitrrw  fi '    ■  ~     -       — 

•mSiatUnmtlAiiaiili. 


Cwnr.  UtHma  Liputt. 


i.zea  by  Google 


o-k. 
O.H. 


F.A.K. 


S.A.* 
B  Ad. 
B.A.a.M. 

K.G. 

K.Lr. 

■.).■. 

K.L* 

B.I.B. 


INITULS  AND  HEADINGS  OP  ARTICLES 

iMtm  JicqnM  litxaa  Pumr.  f 

FatlDeil*  Airhiviil  ID  Ilie  FmKh  Nalinu)  Aldtrn*.    AmdEuTVl  tbe  loidtaEC  si  I  »j_,.  i.  ^,. 

Fnncx^admyiitMmJuid  PsHliur  Scicncn).    Autinw  nit' laduiliii  iM  iii  en  <  WI^II»-I»-C-UNM; 
Frmndm-Qtmat-.tttAnairittleanMiiattHieiiiu;  FTiifMi  I  ^  I,  crmiHi  Bttr-     BAna,  OMkn  oL 


IfoLiKim  St  Jobh. 


{- 


CaVHaoml  Anlhmpelatlit  In  SoulhoD  Iflfala.  CeWmnmBm  M 
SociM  d'AmlinMxlcicie  do  Puii.  Autkor  iJ  Timtlil  Trmaitnuii; 
Mtritv  mAaiiMiitK. 


OiWjUV  BAajtMi  F.S.A.  r 

Hoii.  CcniakifiH  to  ScudiiifCouaal  of  ttaHoBoiinble  Society  o(tlicB*nactut.-<  tttOtr.  FamilT. 
Editcc  d  tbe  Aiiaaar,  tfo^stoi.  L 

"*»■"""•  {tSLfSI 

OuDf  MtcNiB  FUEimcH  Hmucl,  7K.D.,  LL.a,  F.ILS.  f 

Ftii<twir  of  MKbinia  ind  Hubmiuia  in  tbc  Ccnint  TaAiucii  CdBrgc  ot  ihr  Oty . 
tnS  Cnkli  of  Londoo  Inuitute.   Author  o(  Kidfri  ni  Jtatori;  Cnp*"^  njHw; 

Pnxci  Fmt  ALCtuvrrca  Kxoronm. 

See  the  biafTiplual  uticie:  KiorOTUH,  P.  A. 
Pm>  Caulms  Mncstu.,  M.A..  D.Sc.,  LL.D.,  F.tLS. 

SeottMy  to  the  ZoolofiolSpciriyDl  London,    l'-- •— " .- »■— 


Ijsj.  Fwnirner  in  ZonlBgy  lo 


Hiiililen  Culk^.  C 


Coll™  oT  PI 
[]' c(  toodsB, 


PhywMne,  itfi-it^i,  1901- 


«  and  CluBiaJ  Lectum.  at  Emmuud  Collite.  CUibildiF.  ud  VninniCy     ; 

er  in  Cooiparative  Philii)o(y.    Ute  SeciHuy  c<  the  CuibridgF  Ptuldocicd     ' 

Socieqi.  AaOm  tl  Manual  1^  Cemtamii—PliiUliciiAe. 
Paul  6  KOHOoy. 

An  Crilic  of  tbc  Otumrr  IDd  the  Daly  UaO.    Fondrrly  Edilor  si  tlH  AlHlt. 
Auln  otriHdrm  WalUr  Cram;  Vdal^ua,  Uj,  and  Ifgrl;  Ac 

PmuT  Scmsiowm,  Pk-D.,  F.Cb. 

"--'--■'~-  --■■    ■— -' " — -—     "BBber  rf Cbmrnili™  ol  SodWy  o( 


ChFmiaU  Ind  I 


luMry.    Autbi 
>Utiliing.  Ac 


ituu  at  Bm 


ui  wtida  a«  tbe  CbcatKcy  u 


PiTiK  WniuH  Claydim  (d.  1901]. 

Formniy  l^nidcnt,  InitituIE  of  I«mun>If,  Londoo,  Utenry  Edttv  o(  tlw 
Dody  JVnl.  Aullw  el  SeintHlk  iln  and  Kditim  raafkri;  En/fond  nte  £iiri|. 
BaaianiS^i:  Earij  LiU  ^  Samnd  Kapri:  Riffrt  cat  ka  CtnttMtararitt;  Emtfatd 
ndtr  ill  Caaliiim ;  Ac 

RaBUT  Ahchel, 

AichniM  10  ibe  Deputucst  de  IXne. 


BiWal  lit  ui  Mi  brh  4 


St  John'!  CMcft,  Ctat 


It  I.  Foexx,  r2.S. 


Fauii  Uammali,  lUftila  inJ  Btii,  ■■  jjriliil  JlwoMi  &c 

Kmeu  Kam  Bun  (d.  iqoo). 

Aaiiunl  Ubnhin.  Briibh  MuKum.  iHi-iqdb.    AiUlnr  O^Seaniitm 


Ptlilital  HiMn  tf  Dammaik,  JVn»  ohI  A-^nh  'J'jr'iwi  Tl.  fin*  Amo^,  J  S^fS-ZTlLr^^^* 
till  It  nU:  Salanic  Earati:  lialViliaii  UiiUrtalPiliiMi  and  Riuna  from  rtSa  I  Bopl';  BIMM,  nr; 


zii 


S.B.YA 


INITIALS  AND  HEADINGS  OP  ARTICLES 

RontT  PniE,  filMllw 

Pnf«v  of  MinlDf  Id  CdiiraUi  UnlnrBCr,  Kn  Yofc  \  Boitas. 

X»Ti  FonAunM,  D.  is  I~  r 

Sccnury  to  the  Ecok  da  Chuta.     Homwy  Libnriu  to  the  BibliMbtqw  ) 


T.H.H.* 


T.W.B.D. 


iltbor  of  Gmmy  tg 
■■■nil;  CW^At 


, ,  -^  IsmHy  FcHov,  CtnviUc'iDd  C*iii>  CoDtp, 

Ptlmiii*  EiiilenlicKi  Fund.  EumirKr  in  HEtna 
ily,  iwi-iwl.  Council  of  Royil  Atiitic  Socklv, ' 
•  <  Anmait  IvcripHiaa'.  TU  Urn  if  Wohi  and 


PtlaHut-.ta. 
SiDHIT  COLVIN,  M.A.,  tnr.D. 

S(*  Um  bJoFjphkal  utick:  Cotmi,  Smnr. 
Vttconwr  St  Ctui. 

Satkc  bidinphical  utide:  iDmuxniv;  lit  Ejtu.or. 
SiMRT  Hoiruo  Vum,  UX,  D.Sc,  F.ILS.,  F.L.S. 

Sberudiu  Pnltwc  of  Bounv,  OiTud  Uninr^iy.    Fdla>  al  Mudilen  Collcn. 

ABIbxef  tom n Ib PhjiuLa ^ Plaili;  TatBet* r] Btbatj;  Ac 
Smvlet  LAyt-Foots.  U.A.,  Lnr.D. 

Farmaly  Prrfmar  aL  Arabic,  Dublin  Uidvcnily.  and  Eumlncr  In  (he  Univenlty 

Mtnbcr  of  tb*  ktaaiU^  ComaWoa  f«  5k  Pmrvaiian  of  the  Mo^mcnli  oT 

Arab  Art,  ftc.    Ailbot  of  £ "  '  ' " 

farbj;  &fr*;  nrteyiftc.  E 
Sahuii.  lUwioit  Gumm,  U,.D.,  D.C 
Sec  tbc  t»afn|il>ic*l  aiticle:  Camhnsi, 


{BolttadL 


Gcnnu  Aithacciicaical  Inditate.     FDmerly  Scbolir  of  ChrAI  Church,  Oijord.' 
CnMti  FdlDw,   TB97.     Coniniton  Piiioiu,   1906.     Anlhat  e(  Tit  Oatwiad 


_ __..    .    mSuic   Ofior  f' the  Loion  (4  1 

/MmMWuo/  Fraaia  and  Ditirmat!;  ta   M.P.  (or  BIkUub,  I' 
Tboiui  GiEOoi  Bioon.  U.D.,  F.R.S, 


PtdI« 


ir  at  Phytiotofy  in  ttc  Univenitii  at  Toronto.    Author  of  B 


iPkjiiiUti. 
Su  Tboiui  HoMMxrou)  Homes,  K.C.M.G.,  K.C.I.G.,  D.Sc. 

Supmntoidnt,  Fmnticr  Survey),  India.  itf>-i8«S.     Cold  MrdalllM.  R  C.S.. 

Londoii,  iSSt.    Autlwr  tt  Tin  Indian  Agrdrrfml:  7^  Cmfnu  */  Aka  Xiu'i 

Award;  loiia;  TltH;  ftc 
Tbokas  Sectqiuc.  M.A. 

Uciunr  in  HiworVi  EaH  London  and  BliVtack  CaOtta,  Uolvnuiy  ot  London 

SUohopc    Pnieinani    OxTvdi    lUI'r-      AidaUiif    Efiiliv    nf  Dvb^man  dT  Nalittrarl 

Bifpapkf,  1091-1901,   Autbi 
t^EODOEB  Wtm-DnxTOH. 

S«  the  biocnpbical  anidc;  WtTn-Dgnon,  T. 
T.  W.  Ran  DAvnit,  LL.D.iTh.I). 

PmfeiKr  at  Compuitive  Re"'-' 
Ten  Society.    FiDlini  o(  the 

Aiblic  Society,  ieS]-i»oi.    .._.   .. 

Earfy  eaddUmn  StddUil  India;  Di^atmiuli 


itAt>^J*i»'H*;i 


ety.    Frihn  o(  the  Britiili  Audcmy.     Ski 

Aitalle  Sodely.  ieS]-i»oi.    Author  of  XmUIuh^.! 


MuiFM^ 


a. 


ItlV.  WUUUI  AUGUSTDI  BlEVOOn    COOUOCE,    M. 

Pdlow  at  Mardilen  Collne.  Oifonl.     Pnilnisr  o 

CoUwe,  Umpelw.  lUo-l&Bl.    Author  of  CxiA  4a , . r 

iln  rui;  Giadr  u  Cn%dih>aU;  Caiili  M  Smoaiatd:  71a  Alpt  ta  Ham  atd 
HiHary;  «c    EdiKr  of  the  Alpin,  Jannal,  ■•—•■-  «- 


^iM».*c. 


W.A.P. 

Author  ol  Uiifnt  Eartft;.^ 
W,  B.*  Wliuui  BujioK,  M.A„  F.C.S. 

Chairman,  Joini  CooimiiiH  i]f  Potury  MinubctiDen  I'Citii  Bifttin, 
£a^k  SImrwan  awf  £iirMiit*B»;  Ac. 

W.B.&*  WlUiAK  BmclaV  SqoIm,  ma.,  F.S.A.,  F.R.C.S. 

AiaiHant  in  nhaiie  at  Printed  Muilc.  Britith  Muealn.    Hon,  Sieieti 
Purcell  Sodety,    Fnrmeriy  Muilcal  CiitJe  ol  IF       '         ~ 
andCML   Editor  s(  ^irj-i  Jtfau 


fLbvGoo^Ie 


INITIALS  AND  HEADINGS  OF  ARTICLES 


w-cv. 


V.B.W. 

«.L. 
W.L.& 


W.I.L. 


■dSutboluiL    E^Her  el  JaMeU  Ruin, 
,    F.ILS.,    UJmt.CE^    U-ImrJI-E., 


>.  AaUridWrmmiltlmeridtacmiBiiiii 
kt  TBiiMiB  Rome. 
WlLLUH  R.  Luio,  D.Sc. 

BukB-  Pnitiaer  of  Cnptoaume  Botuy.  UnlvBaiy  c<  MuriiaMr.     AmIhc  gf . 

Pipcn  <»  BMuicl]  Subject*.  incIlufiBf  Mocp"^- ■■  "'-  •■-- '  " '— 

PtEndofihytB  uad  GyiaiKii]laitH,  in  *'^"*^*^ 

Wiuiut  Bmi  Wnmui,  M.A. 


W  MpipbiikfjF  ud  life  biincy  «(  BiyophrM, 


Trinity  CoU^  Cu^xidi*.   Cud  Editor  if  tb>  KiU. 
W.  J.  HnHMlH. 

]>ut  Soiior  Cnod  Dactn  ol  PnoBHaoa  d  Entfud,  1*74.    Hoa.  ^aiw  Wwden 

of  Gnjid  Lod|a  oi  Egypt.  QudicE  lad  Echu,  A& 
RiCBT  Riv.  WiLUUi  LiwuHCB,  D.D.,  IX.D. 

Biibnp  of  MHHcliiiKtt*.     AnhBC  of  Sirfj  i^  fUli'ls  Brnb;  lift  ^  Ag«r 

WiLLUH  Lawioh  Ciaht,  U^ 

rhiiJiMut  <d  CoioniaJ  Hytoiy.  Qutea'i  Univtridty.  Kinnton.  Cmdi.  FamHly 
Bdl  L<clui«  in  Celomil  Hulory,  Oiford  Uuvcnitv.  Edits  J  Auiif  Uh  Frin 
Cmtca  (Cuudiu  Serin). 

WiLLLut  Lieu  Reuwih  Catsi  Ol'i'iSgj}. 

Krf''OC  ol  i>Kj»a«u*  0/ /i^-'  *■-■ ''-  *- 

WlLUiUI  MiCHUL  ROSSETTI. 

E :  Romm,  DAMim  Gaiuu. 


W.  R.  LEiat",  F.SJ,. 

Prinapi]  dl  the  Ccnlia]  School  oT  Arttund  Ci 
Author  of  AnkiUOan,  Mjaitiim  ami  UyU 


WiLunoH  Wauu,  Ps-C,  D.D. 

ProltH  of  Chuccb  Hi«n>r.  y>tc  UiL 

'---'  "-  -' -hU(  t/inltJ  5w«:  Tat  S^wmtHn; . 


ithor  clBIHtrjtf  lit  Craptts- 
-'■*mCMm:L.     "^'^ 

CSlf<«c' Oifonl.    Sub-Rnctor.  lUi-i^at-^CUrDcdLKiii 


WtuiiH  Waidi  Powm,  U.A. 

Fdlow  (4  Liacoln  CBLhvc  Oifonl.  Sub-Rnctor.  IUi-iW(.  CUTotd  1 
Ediaborih  Univmiiy.  190S.  AMiiai  tt  TU  CUjSlalt  i/lti  Cmla  and 
TU  Ktami  Ft^iKili  if  Ikr  KipaUkaa  Firiai-.ac. 

WiuiAii  WAun  Rociwxu,  Lie  Teeol 
nl^nr  d  Oiuiea  HiMoty.  U» 


n  Theolo^al  SemJury.  Hew  Yotfc. 


PRINCIPAL  UNSIGNED  ARTICLES 


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ENCYCLOPEDIA   BRITANNICA 

ELEVENTH   EDITION 
VOLUME  IV 


MSKlldH  (tlw  IDC.  rdilliyapkatii.  ■  Dontd  tribe  af  AMcu 
"  Antx,"  of  Hunitjc  origin,  dwcUlnf  in  the  cuurn  put  ol  [be 
Nnbiui  doen.  In  ibe  middle  ifa  Ibey  were  koown  ii  Bcji 
(«.!.].  *ad  they  ue  the  meet  chenctoiMk  of  the  Nnbiu 
"  Areln.''  Wiib  the  Abibd»  uid  Hedmdoi  tbn  repnieiu  tlie 
Bleminya  of  dunce]  wilien.  LiDguiMlc*]lyend|cosrapUally 
tbe  BuhidD  loRD  e  conDecting  Upk  between  the  Hemitk  popuU- 
tjom  ud  the  t^yptluu.  Nomlaelljr  tbey  ue  Hehonuoeduie. 
Tbejr,  howEvo',  piaave  khik  oon-Idunk  rdtgloui  pimctlce*. 
mod  aiahit  tncei  of  uilmil-wanhip  In  Ihcir  rule  of  sevn 
kCliiic  the  lapcBl  cc  the  putiidge,  whidl  ue  nguded  u 

BUBOP,  ns  SORT  BOWUr  (i7W-iS{5),  EnjUih  muainl 
campoeei,  wu  bran  in  I.auloD  en  tlM  i8(h  of  Navemlxr  1786. 
He  received  hit  utinic  tninli|  from  FMndeco  BiuichI,  uid  in 
iSa4  wrote  tbe  nude  to  ■  piece  oiHed  AMidiiia,  whkh  wu 
peifomicd  it  UeigUe.  Hii  ant  coopoiitJoo  wu  tbe  miuic  to 
tbe  bellet  o[  Tamotait  ctSaJaut,  prodaceiioiie&U  Ihir  King'i 
tbeUic  Tbii  proved  jucceuful,  and  wu  followed  within  two 
jai3  hj  leveiil  othen,  of  which  CaraOaaa,  a  paolominiic 
ballet,  wrillen  for  Dmiy  Line,  mey  be  oimaL  In  1809  bil  but 
open.  Tin  Clrcauian'i  Siidt,  wu  produced  (I  Dtmy  Lane; 
but  unforlumtely  tbe  iheaire  wu  bumed  down  tllet  one  pa- 
foimuice,  and  the  Kore  of  the  work  periled  in  the  flunca.  Hii 
neat  woii  of  imponann,  the  opera  of  TAc  Uamac,  wtitlen  for 
the  Lfceum  in  lEio,  esublished  bii  rcpuiaiioD,  and  probably 
■ecuted  for  bim  an  appointment  for  three  yeari  u  compoeet  for 
Covenl  Cardia  theatre.  TbenumerouiwoAi — opeiu,  builctlu. 
canlatai,  incidental  muiic  to  Shahcipeare'i  playi,  lie— which 
he  compcsed  while  in  tbii  position,  art  is  great  part  forgoiicn. 
The  raou  nicceufiil  wei«-74c  Virpn  sf  llu  Sun  (1813),  TAe 
ifiJIfl' and  Uii/ni(iSt3),CiiyVMnen'>iian(mf.StriK  (1816), 
Uaid  I/aria*  and  Clari,  Introducing  the  will-biown  air  of 
"  Home,  Sweet  Home  "  (iS]i).  In  iSis  Bohop  wu  induced 
by  EUiston  to  transfer  bia  aervkvA  from  Covent  Garden  to  the 
rival  bouie  in  Druiy  Lane,  for  which  he  wrote  with  unuiual  care 
(he  opera  of  AlaJdin,  intended  10  compete  with  Webet'i  Otcrm. 
comrainiaacd  by  the  other  boiue.  The  reiult  wii  a  faHun,  and 
with  AladiiH  Bitbop'i  career  h  an  operatic  tanqiMer  may  be 
laid  to  doM.  On  the  foimaiioD  of  the  Phitbarmoaic  Sodely 
{i8ij}  Blibap  wai  appointed  one  oi  tbe  dirtctam,  and  be  took 
liii  tnm  a*  coodoctor  of  iu  concerti  doting  the  period  when  that 
office wuhehlbydiflerentmuiidaufntotatlDD.  IniSjohewu 
appointed  mualcal  dinclor  at  Vauiballi  and  it  wai  in  the  counc 
of  Ibii  engigenienl  tliat  be  wrote  tbe  popular  lOng  "  My  Preity 
Jane."  Hit  laeied  canuu,  Tli  &nd  Day.  wai  written  for  tbe 
PhQhafiDonlc  Sodtty  and  performed  in  iSjj.  In  iSjQhewaa 
made  bachdor  in  mntic  at  Oatnd.  In  1S41  he  wu  appointed 
M  the  Ibid  chair  of  nuiiic  in  the  nnivenlty  of  Edinbiulh,  but 
IV.  a 


be  redgned  the  office  in  1S4J.  He  wai  knighted  in  184a,  beiij  Ibe 
fint  mu^dan  who  ever  received  tlut  booeut.  In  1848  ha  luo. 
ceeded  Dr  Crotch  In  tbe  chair  of  muaic  at  Oxford.  Tbe  DMifa 
for  the  ode  on  tbe  occuioB  of  tbe  Initaltation  of  Lord  Deifay  m 
chancellor  of  tbe  unlvcrdty  (iSsj)  proved  to  be  Ua  lait  wvk. 
HedledoathejotbefApriliSssInlin ■'-■-' 


_.  (pprctKiate  an 

harmony  !•  alwayi  pure,  aiinple  Ind  n  .__ 

BIlHCff.UABtLLi  (1831^1904),  Eo^iihlnvdler  and  author, 
daughter  «[  tbe  Kev.  Edward  Bird,  tedot  o(  TattmhaU,  Cbahjn, 
vu  bom  in  YorUhlre  on  (he  ij(b  ol  October  iSji.  laabdla 
Bird  began  to  tnvd  when  ahe  waa  twenty-two.  Her  Cut  book. 
7i<£nf{iiAiMiiusMi  JiMRcaOgjejiGOuiiledolbetcane^ODd- 
ence  during  a  vitit  to  Canada  undertaken  for  her  health.  She 
viiited  the  Rocky  Uountaini,  the  South  Pidfic,  Auaiialia  and 
New  Zealand,  piixludng  aome  brightly  written  booki  of  tiavd. 

Iraveli  in  Aua:  UtiitOeii  Tnuti  in  Japan  (1  vola.,  i38o), 
Joumeys  in  Persia  and  Kurdistan  (1  vols.,  >8qi),  Arnont  t4e 
Tibdant  (1B94).  Kerea  and  htr  SatUunts  (i  vots.,  iS»e),  Tim 
Yantlu  VaUty  and  Biynd  (1899),  Ckimst  Ficlurcs  (190a). 
She  married  in  iSSi  Dr  John  Biitu^,  an  Edinburgh  phyiioan, 
and  waa  left  a  widow  in  1SS6.  In  iSgi  she  beume  the  first  lady 
fellow  ol  Iht  Royal  Ceogiapbicil  Sodety,  and  in  i«oi  she  rode  a 
thousand  mila  in  Morocco  and  the  A  tluMountaina.  Shediedin 
Edinburgh  on  (he  jrh  of  October  (904- 

See  Anna  M.  Sloddirt.  Thd  Li}i  ifttatdbi  Bird  (l»o6). 

BIIHOP  (A.S.  bisaif.  Iron,  Lai.  cfisaipat,  Gr.  hlrannt, 
" overlooker"  or  "overjeer"),  in  certain  bnncho  ol  the 
Chiisiian  Church,  an  ecdesiutic  conicciiled  or  let  apart  to 
pttforra(sitainqiiriiui]functions,andlaeieiciseovenigh(  ewer 
(lie  lower  dergy  [priesii  or  preabyten,  deacona,  tic).  In  (be 
Caibolic  Church  bishops  take  rank  at  the  head  of  the  lacetdotal 
hierarchy,  and  have  certain  ^iliitual  powei)  peculiar  to  (heir 
aSt«,  but  cplnion  baa  long  been  divided  aa  to  whether  tbey 
conttitute  a  acparaie  order  or  form  merdy  a  Ugher  degree  of 
tbe  ^der  of  prieala  tfirda  saetrdotinm)^ 

In  tbe  Roman  Catholic  Church  tbe  bitbop  bdongi  to  tbe 
higbeat  «der  of  the  hierarchy,  and  in  thit  reelect  it  tbe  peer  even 


le  pope,  whoa 
By  the  decree  of  the  coundl 
yean  of  age,  of  legitimate 
learning  and  virtue.    Th< 


h,  and  nf  approved 

rthod  of  his  aelection  vaiica 
.  In  France,  under  tbe  Coocotdal,  iha 
the  republic  tbe  preaideot-'had  tb*  right 


BISHOP 


.    TIku 


u  of  Ami 


fiivirU)  Spain  and  Portugal,  la  loiiie  couDtria  Uw  biihop 
ii  elected  by  the  oithediil  chapler  (as  in  Wunlembcr(),  or  by  the 
bjabopi  ol  tbe  praviaca  (ai  in  Ireland).  In  cthen.  ai  in  Great 
Britain,  the  United  State!  of  America  and  Bel|iuin,  tbe  pope 
■elect*  one  out  d[  a  litt  submitted  by  tbe  cbapier.  In  all  caiei 
the  nominatloD  or  electioD  i)  subject  to  conlinniiiion  by  tlie 
Holy  See.  Before  thii  i>  granted  Ok  candidate  i>  lubmiilcd  to 
a  double  etamhutlon  a*  lo  hii  Eloesi.  Cml  by  a  papal  delegals 
at  hit  pl«c«  of  residence  (prBcmm  infcnuiilirui  In  parlitm 
dtcli),  and  afterwards  by  the  Roman  Congregation  of  Caidinali 
auigned  for  thli  puipote  (pmcami  clalimii  dtfinilitia  in  euria). 
In  the  event  of  both  prooise*  proving  satisfactory,  the  bishop- 
elect  is  Qinfirmed,  preconized,  and  so  lai  pionrotcid  that  he  is 
alloved  to  exercise  the  lights  of  Juiisdiction  in  his  see.    He  can- 

{p^alai  mdinii)  until  bi]  contention,  which  ordinarily  takes 
|jac£  vitfiin  three  monthsof  his  cohfirraatfon.  The  bishop  is con- 
tectated,  alter  taking  the  oath  of  fidelity  to  the  Holy  See. 
and  subscribing  the  profession  of  faith,  by  a  bishop  appointed 
by  the  pope  for  the  purpose,  assisted  by  at  least  titro  other  bishops 
or  prelates,  the  main  features  of  the  act  being  tbe  laying  on  of 
hands,  the  anouiting  with  oil.  and  the  delivery  of  the  pastoral  stiB 
andotberiyinbols  of  the  office.  Afterconsccraiion  the  new  bishop 
It  loleinDly  enthroned  and  blesses  the  assembled  congrrgation. 
The  ptUtUi  ardinit  of  the  bishop  is  not  peculiar  to  tbe  Roman 
Church,  and.  in  general,  it  claimed  by  all  bishops,  whether 
Oriental  or  Anglican,  bclongini  to  churches  which  have  retained 
Ihe  Catholic  tradition  it  this  rt«pect.  Besides  the  full  lunctions 
of  the  preibyterale,  or  priesthood,  bishops  have  the  sole  right 
<i)  to  confer  bcdy  orders,  (i)  to  administer  confirmation,  (3)  to 

ot  ulensih  (churches,  churehywdj.  altars,  4c.),  (s!  to  give  the 
bcnedictlMi  to  abbots  and  abbesses,  (A)  to  anoint  kings.  In 
the  matter  of  their  ri^ts  of  jurisdiction,  however,  Roman 
Catholic  bishops  differ  from  others  in  their  peculiar  mponslblllty 
to  the  Holy  See.  Some  of  their  potters  of  legislation  and  sdmlni- 
itntion  they  possess  modi  jm/riu  In  virtue  of  their  position  as 
diocesan  bishops,  others  Ih^  enjoy  under  spedat  faculties 
anted  by  the  Holy  See;  but  all  bishops  are  bound,  by  an  oath 


taken  at  the  ti 
intervals  [vijilve  ra 


in,  10  go  to  Rome 

runt)  to  repon  in  pcrsoOj 


T  the  cardinals; 


Tbe  Roman  bbhop  ranks  Imrai 
be  is  styled  rcHrenfuniniu,  tatuiHSimus  ot  txatissimui.    In 
En^sh  the  style  is  "Right  Reverend";  the  bishop  being 
addnssed  as  "  my  lord  biihop." 

The  insignia  [fmlificalia  or  pontificab)  of  the  Roman  Catholic 
bishop  are  [■)  a  ring  with  a  Jewel,  symboliilng  fidelity  to  the 
church,  (i)  the  pastoral  stall,  (jl  the  pectoral  cross.  (4)  the 
vestments,  consisting  of  the  caligae,  stockings  and  sandals,  tbe 
tnniclc.  and  purple  gloves,  fs)  the  mitre,  symbol  of  the  royal 
priesthood,  (6)  the  throne  (colWra),  surmounted  by  a  baldachin 
or  canopy,  on  the  gospel  side  of  the  choir  in  the  cathedral  church. 

The  si^riiual  [unction  and  character  ot  Ihe  Anglican  bishops, 
allowing  for  the  doctrinal  changes  effected  at  the  Reformation. 
,^^  are  similar  to  those  of  the  Roman.  They  alone  can 
administer  the  rite  of  confirmation,  ordain  priests 
■nd  deacfina,  and  eaerdse  a  certain  dispensing  power.  In  the 
established  Church  of  England  the  appruntment  of  bishops 
is  vested  eHcctively  in  the  crown,  though  the  old  form  of  election 
by  the  cathedral  chapter  is  retained.  They  must  be  teamed 
presbyters  at  least  thirty  years  ol  age,  bom  in  lawful  wedlock, 
and  ol  good  life  and  behaviour.  The  mode  of  appointment  is 
regulated  by  ij  Henry  VIII.  c  30.  re-enacted  in  i  Eliubeth 
t.  I  (Act  of  Supremacy  1558).  On  a  vacancy  otcotting.  the 
dean  and  chapter  notify  the  king  thereof  in  chancery,  and  pray 
leave  to  bake  election.  A  licence  under  the  Great  Seal  to  proceed 
to  the  election  of  a  bishop,  knorm  as  the  fonff  d'ldirr,  together 

is  thereupon  sent  to  the  dean  and  chapter,  who  are  bound  under 
the  penalties  of  Fratmtiriin  to  proceed  within  twelve  days  to 


the  election  ol  the  person  named  in  IL  In  the  event  of  Ihelt 
refusing  obedience  or  neglecting  to  elect,  the  bishop  may  be 
appointed  by  letters  patent  under  the  Great  Seal  without  the 
form  of  election.  Upon  the  election  being  reported  to  the  crown, 
a  mandate  issuefl  from  the  anwn  to  the  archbishc^  and  metro 
politan.  requesting  him  and  commanding  him  to  con£nD  the 
election,  and  to  invest  and  consecrate  the  bislK)p.elect.  Tliere- 
upon  the  archbishop  issues  a  commission  to  his  vicar-general  to 
eumine  lonnally  the  pncess  of  tlie  election  of  the  bishop,  and 
to  supply  by  his  authority  all  defects  in  matters  ol  form,  and 
to  administer  to  the  tHshop.elect  the  oaths  of  allegiance,  ot 
supremacy  and  of  canonical  obedience  (see  CoNnuiAIIDN  or 
BiSHDFs).  In  the  disestablished  and  daughter  Churches  the 
etcctioD  is  by  the  ^nod  d  the  Church,  as  m  Ireland,  or  by  > 
diocesan  convention,  as  in  the  United  Stales  oC  America. 

In  the  Church  ol  England  tbe  ptieika  srdi'itb  is  conlerred  by 
oinsecration.  This  is  usually  carried  out  by  an  archbishop, 
who  is  asaisted  by  two  or  more  bishops.  The  essential  "  form  " 
ol  the  consecration  is  b  the  limultanooUB  "  laying  on  oC  bands  " 
by  the  consecrating  prebtes.  Alter  this  tbe  new  bishop,  irha 
has  so  iar  been  vested  only  in  a  locbet,  retires  and  puts  on  the 
rest  ol  the  episcopal  habit,  via.  the  chimere.  After  consecraiion 
Ihe  bishop  is  competent  to  nercise  all  the  spiritual  lunctions  ol 
hfs  olSce;  but  a  bishopric  in  the  Established  Church,  being  ■ 
barony,  is  under  the  guardianship  of  the  crown  during  a  vacancy, 
and  has  to  be  CDnlctred  aliesh  on  each  new  holder.  A  blshi^, 
enjoyment  of  Ihe  lemporalilles  of  hk 


e,  Indudi 


Ihisrij 


s,  before 


homage  to  the  king.  TYii  is  itone  1 
survivuig  elsewhere  only  in  Ihe  conferring  ol  Ihe  M.A.  degree  at 
Cambridge.  TIk  bishop  kneels  before  the  king,  places  his  hands 
between  his,  and  recites  an  oath  of  temporal  alle^ance;  he 


jurisdiction  they  exerelse  for  the  most  part  Ihmugh  if 
slstorial  courts,  or  thtou^  commissioners  appointed  ui 
Church  Discipline  Act  of  1840.  By  the  Ocrgy  Discipline  Act 
ol  iSgiit  was  decreed  that  the  trill  of  clerks  accused  of  unfitness 
to  cxerdse  the  cure  of  souls  should  be  belore  the  consistory  court 
with  five  assessors.  Under  the  Public  Worship  Regulation  Act 
of  1874,  which  gave  to  churchwardens  and  aggrieved  parishioners 
the  ri^t  to  institute  proceedings  against  the  clergy  for  breaches 
of  the  hw  in  the  conduct  ol  divine  service,  a  discretionary  ri^t 
was  reserved  to  the  bishop  to  slay  proceedings. 

The  bishops  also  eif  rche  a  certain  jurisdiciion  over  marriages, 
inasmuch  as  they  have  by  the  canons  ol  the  Church  ol  England 
a  power  of  dispensing  with  the  proclanution  of  barms  before 
marriage.  These  dispensations  are  termed  marrfage  licences, 
and  their  legal  validity  Is  recognised  by  the  Marriage  Act  ol  iSij. 
The  bishops  had  formerly  jurisdiction  over  all  questions  touching 
the  validity  of  marriages  and  the  status  of  married  persons,  but 
this  jurisdiction  has  been  transferred  hum  the  conslstorlal 
courts  of  the  bishops  to  a  court  ol  the  ciown  by  tbe  Matri- 
monial Causes  Act  of  1857.  TVy  have  In  a  similar  manner 
been  relieved  ol  thdt  Jurisdiction  in  testamentary  matters,  and 
in  matters  of  defamation  and  of  brawling  in  churches;  and  the 
only  jurisdiction  which  they  continue  to  eiercise  over  the 
general  laity  is  with  repm]  to  ifieir  use  of  the  churches  and 
churehyards.  The  churchwardens,  who  are  representative 
olSceis  of  the  parishes,  are  also  executive  officers  of  the  bishops 
in  all  matters  touching  the  decency  and  nrdcr  of  tbe  charchci 
and  of  the  charchyard!,  and  they  are  responsible  to  the  bidwpa 
for  the  due  discharge  of  their  duties;  but  the  abolition  of  church 


^  has  relieved  the  churchwardens  of  the  rr 


ot  Iheir  1 


connected  with  the  stewanlship  of  Ihe 
church  funds  of  thdr  parishes. 

The  bishops  are  still  authorlied  by  law  to  dedicate  and  set 
apart  buildings  for  the  tolemniiailon  ol  divine  service,  and 
grounds  for  the  performance  ol  burials,  according  to  the  rites 
ot  tbe  Church  ol  En^and;  and  such  buQdlngi 


BISHOP 


isid  (Rxindl,  atttr  tliCT  bivc  been  dotr  ranMcnUd  tcconlini 
la  li«,  cannot  be  diveiUit  U  ■ny  tcculu  puipoM  ocqit  ludei 
the  uitboTky  of  u  ut  of  puliusnt. 

TIm  bbbopi  ol  EBgbBd  hue  abs  jurbdlrtJon  te  mmine 
deili  who  nay  be  pmeDtol  Is  benefices  witliin  their  respective 


Kliheyu 


le  by  tbe  9stb  cj 


lelvei  oi  tbe  suffidency  al  adi 
dak  wiiu'n  tmny-dgte  days,  sfts  «Ucb  time,  If  tbey  bive 
Dot  Rjected  bin  u  baiiflicienlly  qulified,  they  in  bound  to 
JBlitBie  hiiB,  or  to  BonsB  him,  si  tbe  cue  may  be,  to  the 
benefice,  tad  thempOBtosend  ttdr  msodile  to  tbe  ucbtncan 
to  fndnet  Um  lato  tbe  tenponlkit*  tf  tbe  benefice.  When 
tbe  bg*gp  hhatdf  b  patron  •!  a  benefice  iritUn  Us  avn  diocese 
bebempanendtocdataadeiktott, — In  <nbei  mnls.  to  conFei 
AoatbedeAwithomtheUtterbelBCPRiHitedtohiin.  Wbeie 
lb*  dcft  bfaoelf  bpUnaoI  the  liirlog,  tbe  Ushop  nuy  bstitnte 
Ina  OB  his  on  petllimL    (Sea  BiMmci.) 

As  spiritml  peen,  UAopa  of  tbe  CkonA  of  EntJsnd  have 
(ml^ect  to  tbt  Bmltatkni  (Uted  below)  ststs  in  the  Uoinc  of 
Lord*,  thDOfh  wbcAei  aa  banat  or  ia  their  ii^riluiil  chuacKr 
basbMaanultaof  diipute.  nc  latter,  boirever,  would  irnn 
to  b*  tbe  caae,  alncea  Udwp  was  entitled  to  hit  writ  of  anmmoDs 
after  cooirautloa  *nd  before  doini  honete  For  hb  birony. 
Doubts  bavtes  been  nbed  whether  a  Ujhop  of  tbe  Church  ol 
En^aod,  belni  s  lord  o(  paiUaneal,  cduM  raign  hii 
U[^i  House,  oftboufb  se        ^  ^ 


of  the  btfibops  of  Loadon  and  I>u 
declaring  that  00  the  resfcnstlon  of 
their  inpeclJve  metropolitans,  tbos 
■s  lords  of  puliiineul.  and  their  so 
•.r  provided  by  law  ' 


liam,  WIS  passed  la  iSs^, 
bcjr  sees  bnng  accepted  by 
bishops  should  ccs^  to  kIl 
L  should  be  &Ucd  up  in  (he 
se  of  tbe  avoidance  of  a 


bishopric  In  i86g  the  BisJwpa'  Roignstic 
It  pmvkded  that,  on  any  bishop  dcuring  to  retire  on  account  oi 
ace  or  Inc^jadty,  the  lovereifn  should  be  empowered  to  declare 
the  aee  void  by  an  order  in  councO,  the  retiring  bishop  or  sich- 
bMiop  te  be  secured  tbe  use  of  the  episcopal  tesidena  for  life 
and  1  pension  of  one-third  of  the  revenues  of  the  see.  or  £ioeo, 
whichever  sum  should  prove  the  larger.  Other  teclioai  defined 
the  proceedings  for  proving,  fa  caae  of  need,  tbe  Incipiciiy  of  a 
Issbop,  provided  for  the  ippolatment  of  coadjuton  and  defined 
Iheir  sUlus  (PhUlirnDrt  I.  8i). 

In  view  of  the  necessity  Tor  fncreadng  the  episcopste  in  the 
191b  century  and  (he  objection  to  the  consequent  Increase  of 
tbe  spiiitDsl  peers  in  the  Upper  House,  il  was  finally  enacted  by 
Ibc  Bishoprics  Act  of  1S7S  (hst  only  the  archbishops  and  the 
bi^ops  of  London,  Winchester  and  Durham  should  be  always 
cnlitled  10  writs  lummonlng  them  to  the  Houx  o(  Lords.  The 
rot  ol  the  twenty-five  seats  ere  filled  op,  as  a  vacancy  occurs, 
according  (a  seoioriiy  et  conseciatioa. 

Bbhopa  ol  the  Church  of  England  rank  In  order  of  precedency 
inmei&tely  above  harona.  They  may  marry,  hut  their  wives  >i 
BDCh  enjoy  no  title  or  precedence.  Bishops  are  addressed  as 
"  Ri^t  Reverend  "  and  have  legally  the  style  of  "  Lord," 
which,  as  in  the  case  ot  Rorasn  Cstholic  Inshops  in  England, 
to  extended  to  all,  wbetha  mSmgans  (v  holders  of  colonial 
bJshopriCB,  by  courtesy. 

Tbe  in^gnla  of  the  Anf^ican  Udwp  ate  the  rochel  and  the 
chimeie,  and  the  epiicopBl  throne  on  tbe  goipd  ride  of  the 
cfaancd  of  the  cathedral  diurch.  The  use  of  tbe  nutre,  pastoral 
staS  and  pectoral  crosa,  which  had  linen  into  tomplete  disuse 
by  the  end  d  tbe  rSth  century,  hat  been  now  very  commonly, 
thotigh  not  universally,  levlved;  and.  in  wrae  casea,  the  inter- 
pretatiDB  pot  upon  tJie  "  Ornaments  rubric  "  by  the  modem 
High  Church  acbod  has  led  to  a  more  cnmidcle  revival  ol  the 

In  the  Onhodoi  Church  of  the  East  and  lie  various  con>. 
■nmions  springing  from  it,  the  fMatat  ertinit  of  the  bishop  i> 

the  same  aa  in  the  Western  Church.  Among  his 
p|^^2a      CinallficatlonB  the  most  peculiar  is  that  he  must  be 

unmarried,  which,  since  the  secular  priests  are  com- 
fdled  lo  marry,  aHaOa  hit  bdooglnc  to  tba  "  Uiii  dctgy'"  or 


tnonhs.  The  indgnU  irf  an  oriental  UAap,  with  oon^derabla 
variatioo  In  Ions,  are  esaentiiSy  tlic  same  ai  those  ol  tbe 
Catholic  West. 

Betides  bishops  presiding  over  definite  sees,  there  have  been 
from  time  immemorial  in  the  Christian  Church  bishops  holding 
thdr  Jurisdiction  in  subordinition  to  the  bishop  of  the 
diocese.  (OTheoldealollhese  were  the  obrefiice^  *^ 
(riTt  x^fxi*  hwi^nvTOil,  i.t-  coiutry  bishops,  who  were  a^k^^ 
delegated  by  the  bishops  of  the  dties  in  the  early 
church  to  esewise  jurisdiction  in  the  remote  towns  and  viSsges 
as  thcK  irere  (onvcrted  fmm  paganism.  Thdr  functions  varied 
'  "*  t  tiaa  and  places,  and  by  some  it  has  been  held  that 
Orlglnaily  only  presbytera.  In  any  case,  this  class  of 
Ushopa,  which  had  been  greatly  curt^ed  in  the  Eut  in  hj>,  343 
by  the  coundl  of  I^odicea,  was  practically  ertinct  everywhere 
t^  the  lolh  cenlDry.  It  anrvived  longest  in  Ireland,  whete  !n 
1151  a  aymd,  presided  over  by  tlie  papal  tegate,  deoeed  that, 
after  the  death  of  tbe  eiistlng  holders  of  tlie  office,  no  mare 
should  be  conseaated.  Tlidr  place  was  taken  by  arcfa-pnabyten 
and  rural  deans,  (3)  Tlie  Episiopi  reponarii,  or  gentium,  were 
■imply  DiiisiDBary  tdsfaops  without  definite  sees.  Such  were, 
at  the  ouiset,  Bduifaoe,  the  apottle  of  Germany,  and  Willibrord, 
the  apcAle  at  (he  Fririana.  (j)  Biahope  in  forrihu  iufdaium 
were  oripnally  those  who  had  been  erpelled  from  their  sees  by 
the  pagans,  snd,  while  retaining  their  liUis,  were  appointed  to 
biBbopa  in  their  work.  In  later  times  the  custom 
:mting  hisfaopa  lor  thia  purpose,  or  merely  as  an 
honorary  distinction,  with  a  title  deriwi  fran  some  plue  once 
included  widun,  but  now  beyond  the  bounds  of  Christendom. 
(4}  CpaijaUr  ilsJiafi  sie  such  u  are  anwinted  to  anat  the 
bishop  of  (he  diocese  when  incapacitated  by  infirmity  or  by  other 
causes  From  lulfilling  his  functions  slone.  C^oadjutmi  in  the  early 
churdi  were  appointed  wi(h  a  view  to  tbar  succeeding  to  tho 
;  but  this,  though  common  in  practice.  Is  no  longer  the  rule. 
the  Chuich  of  England  the  appointment  and  ri^ts  of  CO- 
utor  bishops  were  regulated  by  (he  Biibopa'  Resignation  Act 
i86g.  Under  this  act  the  coadjutor  bishop  has  the  right  of 
cession  to  the  see,  or  in  the  case  of  the  archiepucnpal  aeei 
and  those  ol  LoodoD,  Winchrsler  and  Durham,  to  the  aee 
vacated  by  (lie  bishop,  translated  From  another  diocese  to  fill 
the  vacancy.     (5)  Snjraica  tiiliefi  Itfitapi  aiSnt""'  <" 


ia/«Ul 
pontifical  fum 


lintedu 


by  infirmity,  public  aSaira 
irch  the  appointnent  of  tbe 
(he  petition  of  the  hiibop, 

Qtenancc    The  suffragan  is  given  a 
thai  of  archbish(H>,  and  the  same 


krethatauchislhei 


le  tlatui  si  suBisgan  biibopa  was  regulated 
r  Vm.  c.  14.  Under  this  gutnte,  which, 
inoperative,  was  amended  arid  again  pal 
iSragani'  Nomination  Act  oF  iSgS,  every 
arcnoisnop  ana  nisn^i,  heing  disposed  to  have  a  suffragan  to 
assist  him.  niay  name  two  honest  and  discreel  qnritual  petaons 
lor  (he  crown  10  give  to  one  of  (hem  the  title,  name,  style  and 

having  made  choice  of  one  of  such  persons,  is  empowered  to 
prcHBt  him  by  letters  patent  under  the  great  seal  to  the  metro- 
politan, requiring  him  to  consecrate  him  10  the  same  name, 
dde,  style  and  dignity  of  a  bishopj  and  the  peisoo  so  conse- 
as(ed  is  (liereupon  entitled  lo  eierdse,  under  a  commlation 
from  the  bishop  who  haa  nominated  him,  such  authority  and 
jurisdiction,  witinn  (he  diocese  of  such  bishop,  as  shall  he  given 
to  him  by  the  commission,  and  no  other. 

The  title  of  Ushop  survived  the  Reformation  in  certain  of  the 
Lutheian  churches  of  the  cootinent,  in  Denmark,  Norway, 
Finhmd,   Sweden    and   Transylvania;   it   waa  tem- 
ponrily  restored  In  Pnisaialn  1101,  lor  the  coronadon    ,,,„,, 
oF  King  Fmlrrich  I.,  again  between  1S16  and  rB40  by 
FitdeiickWiUiattIIL,andlaNaMaufniStI.    In  tbeae  lattcf 


BISHOP  AUCKLAND— BISKRA 


aitt,  totitvtt,  the  title  luihap  ii  equivalent  to  that  d(  "  tapa- 
intmleiit/'  the  form  mnt  gcacnlJy  employed.  The  Luthenu 
bUhop»,  u  a  nile^  do  not  poueu  or  dum  unbroken  *'  kpoiLolic 
■uixcitioD  ";  those  of  Flnlsad  ud  Sweden  ue,  bowevei,  an 
eicepiion.  The  Luthenm  bishop!  of  TnmylvinU  tit,  with  ilic 
Romu  and  Orthodoi  biihopi,  ia  the  Huoganao  Upper  Home. 
In  lonH  caici  the  KCuUtuation  o(  epiicopal  prindpalitJei 
■I  the  RelorniatioD  kd  to  the  luivival  of  the  title  ol  biihop  u  > 
purdy  leculu  diltinction.  Tlui  the  lee  of  Osiabrflck  (Oum- 
bujgh)  wM  occulted,  from  the  peace  ^  Westphalia  to  i8oj| 
iliemalely  by  a  Catholic  and  a  Proteitant  prince,  fiom  176* 
lo  iSoi  it  was  held  by  Frederick,  duLe  of  York,  the  lait  prince- 
biah^.  Similarly,  the  bishopric  of  Schwertn  nirvived  as  a 
Proteitant  prince-bishopric  until  164S,  vheo  il  irai  fiaslly 
icculariud  and  anneied  to  Mccktcnbuttl,  and  the  see  of  LQbeclc 
was  bctd  by  Proteitant "  biahapt ''  itoax  ijio  till  iu  aimeution 
to  Oldenburg  m  1803,^ 

In  other  Proteitsnt  communities,  c.f.  the  Honviant,  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church  and  the  Mormon*,  the  afhce  and 
title  of  bishop  have  survived,  or  been  created.  Their  lunciioni 
and  ilatui  wiU  be  found  dctciibed  in  the  atcousu  of  tbe  Mvenl 


Llranly  claisea  AtieI> „ 

any   proper  k^  aaM): 

rllcl«0«D««,  HOLVlVssT- 

Enuoracr.   (W.A.P.) 


BBBOP  AITCKUHD,  ■  market  town  in  the  Elihop  Auckland 
parlitBtentarydivisioaafDuihan,  England,  II  m,  S.S.W.  oI  the 
dty  of  I>Dr)iam,  the  junction  of  tevenl  branches  of  the  North 
Eaalera  railway.  Pop.  of  urban  district  (1901)  11,969.  It  i> 
beautifully  litnated  on  an  eminence  near  tbe  confluence  ol  the 
Wear  and  the  Gaunleaa.  The  pariah  church  Is  i  m.  distant,  at 
Auckland  St  Andrews,  ■  fine  crudlonn  structure,  [ormeriy 
cc^te^tc,iostylemain]yEarly  English,  but  with  earlier  portions. 
Hk  palace  of  the  biihops  of  Durhajn,  which  stands  at  the  north' 
esslcndof  the  town,  is  a  spadous  and  splendid,  though  inegular 
pile.  The  site  oF  the  palaccwas  first  chosen  by  Bishop  Anthony 
Beck,  tn  tbe  time  of  Edward  L  The  present  bulldjng  covers 
■bout  s  acies,  tmd  is  surrounded  by  a  park  of  Soo  acres.  On  the 
Weu  1)  a,  above  Bishop  Auckland  there  is  ■  small  and  very 
•ndent  church  at  Escoffib,  massively  built  and  lapeting  from  the 
bottom  tipwud.  It  is  believed  to  date  from  the  7th  century, 
and  tome  of  tbe  nona  are  evidently  from  a  Roman  building, 
one  be»ring  an  instription.  These,  no  doubt,  came  from  Bin- 
chcster,  a  short  distance  up  stream,  where  rmuLins  of  a  Roman 
fort  ( Vinnia)  are  tractable.  JI  guarded  the  great  Raman  north 
mad  from  York  10  Hadrian's  walL  The  Industrial  population 
of  Bishop  Auckland  is  prlndpally  emfJoyed  Is  the  ndghboiuing 
collieries  and  iron  works. 

BISHOPS  CASTLB,  a  market  town  and  rnnnidptl  borough 
in  the  southern  parliamentary  division  of  Shropshire,  En^and; 
the  terminus  of  the  Bishop's  Castle  light  railway  from  Craven 
Arms.  Pop.  (1901)  1378.  It  Is  pleasantly  situated  in  a  hilly 
district  to  the  east  of  Oaa  Forest,  climbing  the  flank  and  occupy- 
ing the  summit  of  an  eminence.  Of  the  castle  of  the  bisbopt 
of  HerrfoRl,  which  gave  the  town  Itt  name,  there  are  only  the 
slightest  fragments  remaiidng.  Tlie  town  bu  tome  agricultural 
It  is  goveraed  by  a  mayor,  4  tldenaen  ud  I]  aninciUon. 


.■867K 


■s  CaMie  » 


.  Included  In  the  1 


tiAop-s  C^... ... 

wgedrolhceharch  of  Hereford  be.-, 
bit  called  Lydbnni  Caitlc.  was  bi 


Hereford  bctmea  loSs 
andthctownwhK 


lor  ol  LydboTy,  which 
Conqunt      TlKCantc, 


*  Thetitle  prince-bishop.  ittacberiinAmtiia  to  the  lees  of  Laibach, 
Stckau.  Cuik.  Briieo.  Trent  and  Lavani.  anil  in  Pnltiia  to  that  of 


in  Bbbop's  Caatte.  whkb'Ua  pi_„__ 

tmameriaL  Tea  yean  lattr  be  iccijved  a  rran  frm  Riehaid  II. 
ol  a  market  every  Wedneiday  ami  a  (air  od  the  Jnd  of  Nawnber 
aadtwadanfoUawing.  AlthoiKh  tbeunwasovideatlyabanuth 
by  tbe  litb  cvntory,  since  the  buiimnii  an  oieKioned  as  early  as 
i>^,  Il  has  no  charter  cariier  than  tneincoriioration  charter  grunted 
by  Queen  Eliubeth  in  1571.  Tin  was  oonfirnied  by  Juoee  I.  in 
iGir  and  by  James  it.  in  itM.  In  1584  Biihop'i  Canle  nturncd 
two  members  to  parUamant,  and  was  lepiaeuod  until  1S3*,  whca 

BUaOP  nORtPOSD^  a  market  town  in  the  Rettr<»d  pirlli 
mentaiy  division  of  Hcrtloidahin,  England;  jsi  m.  N.N.E. 
from  London  by  tin  CambridgElintof  the  Great  Eailem  railway. 
Pop.  of  urban  distikl  (1901)  714}.  It  ik*  <m  the  rivet  Start, 
dcoe  to  the  county  bonndaiy  with  Enei,  and  bat  ■alet-con- 
munication  with  London  thimigh  tbe  Len  and  Stott  MtvtgMioa. 
The  church  of  St  Michael,  itandlag  high  above  the  valley,  it  > 
fine  embattled  Perpendicular  bDOding  with  wiMuti  lowtr  a^ 
ipin.  The  high  school,  fonMrly  tbe  grainnu  ichool,  was 
founded  in  the  time  of  Ellobcth.  Here  vera  cdncated  Sir 
Henry  Cbauncy,  an  early  hlttotitm  ol  HertlonUhiie  (d.  1719), 
and  Cedl  Rhodet,  who  int  bent  at  Bishop  Stanford  Ib  lia. 
There  are  a  Nonconf  onnitt  grammar  tduol,  a  dioceaui  trainiiic 
and  other  oduci "' 


BefoRCheCoBqueMthemanei'Df  Bishop  Stortfordii  said  tohava 
bdoftiedtoEddeviilieFau'iWileofHafDkCwhoKildit  Is  I  be  bUtsp 

..  ,  __.._   , .  ._  ,.  _..  -  .   a  w  WiUtam  the  Conqueror. 

and  with  it  gave  the  biriup  a 


Thetownnowpnm—«BBeariyiiininiMaH8acli»nera,aiKlal  though 
both  Chauney  and  Salnna  in  their  histurica  of  HenfonUin  tute 
that  It  waa  created  a  borough  by  efaarter  of  Kui^  John  In  1206,  the 
charter  cannot  bow  be  foood.    The  ftnc  mention  ol  Biihop  Stanford 


allowed  to  lapse  and  haj 


piivilege  was  then 


BI8KRA,  a  town  of  Algeria,  in  the  anondittenent  of  Batna, 
depulment  ol  Constantine,  ijom.  S.W,  of  the  dty  of  Conttantint 
and  .connected  with  It  and  with  PhilippevUle  by  tail  It  lie*  ia 
the  Sahara  j6o  ft.  above  the  sea,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Wad 
Biikra,  a  river  which,  often  nearly  dry  for  many  monthl  in  tbt 
year,  becomca  a  mighty  torrent  after  one  or  two  daya'  rain  in 
winter.  The  name  Biskra  applies  to  a  union  of  five  or  siji 
villages  of  the  usual  Saharan  type,  scattered  through  an  oatia 
i  m.  tn  length  by  leaa  than  i  m.  broad,  and  separated  by  huga 
gardens  full  of  palm  and  olive  trees.  The  house*  tie  built  of 
hardened  mud,  with  doom  and  roof  of  polni  wood.  The  foieiga 
tctUemcnt  is  on  the  north  of  the  oasis;  it  consists  ol  a  bnud 
main  street,  the  rue  Berthe  (fiam  which  a  lew  side  streets  brandi 
at  tight  angles),  lined  with  European  houses,  the  whc^  in  tbt 
style  of  a  typical  French  winter  resort.  ■  beautiful  public  garden, 
with  the  church  in  tbe  ccntie,  an  aiiode,  a  pretentious  asoirit 
in  pseudo-Moorish  style  with  entrance  guarded  by  tcm-cotta 
lions,  some  good  shops,  a  number  ol  excellent  hotels  and  cafte, 
a  casino,  dubs,  and,  near  by,  a  atrcct  of  dandng  and  singing 
gicb  of  the  tribe  of  Walod-NolL  East  of  the  public  garden  Is 
Fort  5t  Germain,  named  after  an  o£6ccr  killed  in  the  InsuErectian 
ol  the  ?*»'rTiB  in  iS49^  it  ia  capable  of  resisting  any  attack  of 
the  Arabs,  and  extensive  ciu>ugh  to  shelter  tho  whole  of  (ha 
dvil  population,  who  took  refuge  therdn  during  the  Ecbcllion  ol 
TS71.  It  contains  barracks,  hospital  and  government  offices. 
To  the  south-east  Ues  the  Villa  Landon  with  magnificent  gardens 
lUltd  with  tropical  plants.  The  population  (i90t}  of  Iha  chiet 
settlement  vat  4>tS,  of  the  whole  oasis  10,413. 

From  November  to  April  the  climate  of  Biikr*  is  delightfuL 
Nowhcie  hi  Algeria  can  be  found  mon  genial  temperature  at 
dearer  skiea,  and  while  m  Hunmer  the  tbemoBKter  often 
registers  no*  F,  in  the  shade,  and  90*  at  night,  the  pure  dryness 
of  lit  air  in    '  ■  "^'  ■     -  ■      ■ 


;dby 


'C^ngi?" 


BISLEY— BISMARCK 


at  high  cold  wiod*  In  vtatcr.    Thoa  iriiuli  cauw  <CTDpn»MBti 
w  tvw  u  j6*,  bal  the  IB(M  RidiBt,  oa  ui  avance  ol  ten  ytm, 


In  the  a 


o  (ndt  Ino,  of  wUA  about 

bong  oUrs,  pomcffaaMCiuid 

of  the  onk  s  tb«  old  kubak  «r  dtwU. 


blke< 

la  iSw  tbe  due  d'AnoJc  occDIiied  tUa  fott,  aitd  hoe,  SB  llM 

dWu  o(  the  iilb  af  Uay  of  that  jnar,  tlu  U  Bwa  wko  locBcd 

thg  French  puriwn  ««,  with  oob  aiaptioD,  mummi  by 

Anta.    Intli«[aituBafew6a(iiMnIiof  KoaUBWOck— alltbat 

Bkkia  b  th«  isi>tlil  of  th«  2ibaa  ^unl  of  Zib), «  nee  of 
mind  Babei  and  Anh  ari(in,  wbaie  viUtcca  extend  tram  the 
awnboDdciimadheAQmathaShatUdrit.  Theae vilbae*. 
boat  in  «nci  dKUd  «*at  th*  dcaut,  aeatla  ia  vovei  <ii  dMe- 
pafaa  and  fruit  tree*  a>d  wavin)  Bdda  of  bar)^.  Tht  omM 
IntenMiDf  iilt*(a  f>  that  of  Sidi  Okba,  i>  M.  KMilh-eaat  cf  Biakn. 
It  h  built  «tb>ra*a  of  am  ttofynada  of  lUB-dried  bricks.  -Ihe 
■MMinc  ii  «IB*ie.  *ith  a  flat  looCnippmted  on  ciir  coluiiua,  and 


u  tlu  tomb  of  Sidi  Okba.  th 


not  lilt 

idcT  al  the  Arabs  who  in  the  it( 
d  Africa  for  Islua  Iiom  Egypt 
to  Tao'ipcr.  Sidi  ^ba  wii'kiUed  by  tbe  Bttbcn  Dear  thii  plici 
in  AJ>.  6S1.  Ob  hit  biob  i>  tbc  [n>ciiptlaa  in  Cu&c  chancien, 
"TUiii  thelombof  Okba,iaDaf  l>Ii.a.  May  God  ban  mercy 
Bpon  him."  No  older  AiaUc  buaiptioa  ii  known  10  eiiit  b 
Africa. 

UILST,  a  village  of  Suitiy,  Entftad,  )}  m.  N.W.  of  Woking. 
The  lanea  oi  the  Ni(ianal  Rifle  Aieociatioa  <rer«  tiaufemd 
fiom  Wimbledon  bcie  In  i3go.    (See  RiTLX.) 

BUHAICX.  OTTO  BDOARB  IXOPOLD  VOX,  PUMCC, 
doke  oI  Laucnbuis  (iSis-iS^tl),  German  lUieiman,  vu  born 
tm  Iba  lat  of  April  1S15,  at  the  ounor-hoinc  of  Scbsnhamen, 
hi>  falber'i  eeat  in  tbc  mark  of  Bncdenburg.  tbe  family  hu, 
aince  tbe  14th  century,  belonged  to  the  boded  E'n'n'i  and  oiany 
nemben  bad  held  high  ofbcc  la  tbe  kingdom  of  Pruiiia.  11^ 
hther  (d.  iS45),of  whom  he  alwayiipakewiib  much  iflccllon, 
wai  a  qoiEt.  imminmiri  man,  who  leiiied  from  the  irmy  in 
eaity  Ufa  aitb  tbe  rank  of  captain  of  civaJiy  (Jtiflmeuler).  His 
Botfacr,  a  daugblcr  of  Mtncktn,  ciblocl  iccTCiaiy  to  the  king, 
■tai  a  woman  of  Arong  chancla  and  ability,  who  bad  been 
brought  op  at  Berlin  under  the  "Aufklliung,"  Her  ambition 
waa  ontred  In  her  loiu,  but  Biunaick  in  hit  rccoUcctloni  of  hii 
childhood  naued  the  InSueocca  of  matcmil  tendemcsi.  There 
were  leveral  cbildrva  of  the  marmge,  which  look  place  in  1806, 
but  all  diedb)  childhood  eicept  Betnhard  (tSis-iSgj},  Otio, 
and  one  (iiln,  Malvioa  (b,  1S17},  who  married  in  1B4J  Oscar 
von  Amim.  Yonng  Blainarck  was  educated  in  Berlin,  first  at  a 
private  tchool,  then  at  ibe  gymna$ium  of  tbe  Graue  Klostcr 
(Ctey  Frius).  At  the  age  of  sevenleen  he  went  to  the  university 
of  Gsitingen,  where  he  tJK^X  s  little  over  a  year;  be  joined  the 
corps  of  the  Hannoverana  and  took  a  leading  part  in  the  sodol 
Ufe  of  the  students.  He  complcled  bit  studies  at  Berlin,  and  in 
'      '      ,  which  admitted  him  to  tbe  public 


Hew 


utspen 


la-Chapelle  in  sdminislralire  1  . 
then  was  InDiIertcd  to  PaUdam  and  tbc  judicial  side.  He  won 
retired  from  Ibe  public  service;  be  conceived  a  gteal  distaste 
for  it,  and  had  tfaawii  himself  defective  In  discipline  and  rcgu- 
larily.  In  iSjo.  after  bis  molhcr's  death,  be  undertook,  with 
Ui  bralher,  Ibe  numogemenl  of  the  family  eatatcs  in  Pomerania; 
al  this  lime  most  of  the  estate  iltacbed  to  SdiDnhiuKn  bad 
to  be  sold.  In  iSu,  alter  the  nMrmfc  of  bit  sister,  he  went  to 
Eve  with  his  father  at  Schilnbausen.  He  and  bis  biotbei  look 
■n  active  put  in  local  affairs,  and  In  1846  he  was  appdnted 
DiUUuiupliiuiiH,  an  office  in  which  he  was  respaiuible  lot  the 
care  of  the  dykes  by  which  the  country,  in  tfie  neighbourhood 
of  tbe  Elbe,  was  prnerved  from  inundation.  During  these  yean 
be  travelled  in  England,  France  and  SwiUeriand.    The  influence 

le  time  inciii^  In  hold  liberal  opinions  on  govern- 


of  tbe  nejghbovring  counlzy  gentlencn  be  acquired  tboec  iliunf 
ptindpfcl  to  favnii  of  monairhiral  foverament  as  tbe  Bxpresslon 
of  th*  Cbriwiin  «*ie,  of  which  ha  was  to  become  the  most  cele- 
bmed  upeoent.  Hia  lahgiaDB  oinvictiooi  were  Wrengihcncd 
hy  hh  Mrriair  to  JohaiiBa  vm  FuHkamer,  wtaicb  took  pUca 
iB><47- 

In  th*  lann  ycai  bs  aaaed  public  lifc^  being  cOoeen  ai 
■ubatitDU  lor  tbe  rvre«olBtlve  of  the  lower  oobiUljr  of  hii 


.  _       Bedin.    Ha  took  Ua  leat  with     Jmj 

vigour  and  originality  with  which  bo  defcndtd  the 

LUierala.  When  the  levahitlaa  broke  Out  In  the  bdlowjng  you 
he  ofiered  to  bring  the  peuantr  of  SchflnhiMMa  to  Bcriln  ia 
order  to  defend  the  king  aplmt  tbe  rerolulioiaiv  party,  tai  ia 
tbe  last  meeting  of  the  estates  voted  ts  a  mlooijty  of  two  acainit 
tbe  addresa  thanking  the  king  for  granting  *  oonslituiion.  He 
did  not  ill  ui  any  of  tbe  anembUes  ninunoned  during  Ibe  revolu- 
lionaiy  year,  but  took  a  very  active  port  in  the  formation  of  a 
union  of  the  Conservative  party ,.and  was  one  of  the  founders  of 
tbe  Krataaliai,  which  hai  linci  [hen  been  tbe  organ  of  the 
Monarchica]  party  In  Prussia.  In  the  ikw  parliameal  which  was 
elected  at  the  beginning  of  rB4g,  be  sat  (or  Brandenburg,  and 
was  one  of  tbe  most  frequent  and  nust  incisive  ^leakoa  of  what 
was  called  the  Junks' party.  He  took  a  prominent  part  In  the 
diicusalons  on  Ibe  new  Prussian  constitution,  alvayi  defending 
tbe  power  of  Ibe  king.  His  speeches  of  ihlt  period  sluw  great 
debating  ikiQ,  combiud  with  strong  originality  and  imaginaiion. 
His  constant  theme  waa,  that  the  party  diipulei  were  a  struggle 
for  power  between  the  forces  of  revolution,  which  derived  their 
strengtb  from  tbe  Gghten  on  the  barricadea,  ud  tbe  Ouittian 
monarcbyj  and  that  between  these  opposed  principles  no  com- 
praroiie  was  possible.  He  took  also  a  considerable  part  in  ih« 
debates  on  tbe  foidgn  policy  of  the  Ptutiian  govemmenti 
he  defended  the  government  for  not  accepting  tbe  Frankfort 
constitution,  and  opposed  the  policy  of  Kadowiu,  on  the  ground 
that  the  Prusuan  king  would  be  subjected  to  the  conlnl  of  a 
non-Prussian  parliament.  The  only  thing,  be  said,  that  had 
come  out  of  the  revolullnnary  year  unhitined.  and  bad  saved 
Prussia  from  dissolution  and  Cpcnna.ny  from  anurchy,  was  tbe 
Pru^ian  army  and  the  Prussian  dvit  service;  and  in  the  debate* 
on  foreign  policy  he  opposed  the  numerous  plans  tor  bringing 
about  ihe  union  of  Germany,  by  lubjecling  tbe  croim  and 
Prussia  to  a  common  German  paiUanunt.  He  bad  a  teal  in  the 
parliament  of  Erfurt,  but  only  went  there  in  order  to  oppose  tha 
coDiIilution  which  the  parliament  had  framed.  He  foresaw 
that  Ibe  policy  of  tbe  goverrunenC  would  lead  it  into  a  position 
when  it  would  have  to  fight  against  Austria  on  behalf  of  n  con- 
stitution by  which  Prussia  ilsell  would  be  dissolved,  and  lie  was, 
therefore,  one  of  the  few  prominent  politicians  who  defended 
the  complete  change  of  front  which,  followed  the  tuireadet  of 
Ohnaix. 

It  waa  probably  bis  ipcedies  on  German  policy  which  induced 
the  king  lo  appoint  him  Prussian  representative  at  the  reatortd 
diet  of  Frankfort  in  iB^i.  The  appointment  was  a  ,^^^^^ 
bold  one,  as  he  was  entirely  without  diplomatic  ea-  ^SjJ^J^^ 
perience,  but  be  jusllfled  tbe  confldence  placed  In  hlsL 
During  the  eight  years  be  spent  at  Frankfort  he  acquired  an 
unrivalled  knowledge  of  Gerinan  poUtlci.  He  was  olteli  used 
for  Important  misslonl,  as  In  1851,  when  be  was  tent  to  Vienna. 
Ha  was  enlruttcd  with  the  negotiations  by  which  Ibe  duke  of 
Auguilenbuis  wss  persuaded  to  asMut  to  tbe  arrangements  by 
which  he  resigned  bit  claipu  to  Scbleswig  and  Hobldn.  The 
period  he  spent  at  Frankfort,  however,  was  of  most  Importance 
because  of  the  change  it  brought  about  in  bit  own  political 
opinions.  When  he  went  to  Frankfort  be  was  tlill  under  the 
influence  of  tbe  extreme  Prussian  Contervalivet.  men  tike  the 
GcrlacbSj  who  regarded  tbe  malntcrunce  of  tbe  principle  of  Iba 


BISMARCK 


o  OD  the  put  ol  Anftrii  M  hnmhla  Pni^  lad 
dcgndc  ber  fmm  ihe  posltian  of  u  equal  powtr,  and  ' 
Jeilousy  of  Priasl»  «niOBg  the  (nulleT  "  -  -  ■- 
Of  irbom  owed  \heit  thiDoci  to  the  Pi 
Siioay  and  Bidcn,  hid  cnahed  the 
Cimc  lo  tbc  conclusion  tbil  if  Pnitii*  mi  lo  rcfxla  the  pohloD 
ihe  had  lut  she  mut  be  pnputd  for  the  oppoeitloii  of  Aiotria, 
and  most  iirenphcn  bcndf  by  alliuoa  with  other  powen. 
The  •nlidaritjr  of  Con»rviIrve  interaK  ippcired  to  hia  now  ■ 
dusenm  fiction.  AI  the  time  of  Ibc  Ctiinean  War  be  advocated 
alUaace  with  Riusa,  and  it  waa  to  a  great  otcnl 
hb  advice  that  Prussia  did  not  Join  the  ircslem  power 
mrdi  ho  urged  a  good  undenlandtng  with  Napoleon,  but  his 
adWce  ma  net  by  the  Imuperable  objection  of  King  Fiedettdt 
Wniiam  IV.  lo  any  alliance  with  a  ivier  o(  revolutionary  ori^. 
The  change  of  ministry  which  followed  the  establishment 
of  a  regency  Id  i8s;  made  it  desiral^e  to  appoint  a 
at  Frankfort,  and  (a  iBjS  Bimarik  was  appointed . 
■t  Si  Petersbuig,  wheie  he  remained  for  four  ycaia.  During 
this  period  he  acquired  »nie  knowledge  of  Russian,  and  gained 
the  »*rtn  ngard  of  the  iiir,  aa  well  as  of  the  dowagcr-impres 
hersell  a  Piuuian  princess.  During  the  Crsi  two  yean  be  ha 
little  infiuence  on  the  Piussiin  govrmment ;  the  Liberal  minislei 
dismuled  his  known  opinions  oo  pariiamentaiy  goveminen 
and  the  n»narcbica]  feeling  of  the  prince  regent  was  offende 
by  Bitmarck'i  avowed  readiness  for  alliance  with  the  Ilaliai 
and  his  disregard  of  the  tights  of  other  princes.  The  failure  i 
the  mlniiliy,  and  the  estrangement  between  King  WQliain  an 
the  Liberal  party,  opened  to  him  the  way  to  power.    Roon, 


I  iS6i,  wi 


iti  old  fr 


otll 


thencctoiwaid  kept  closely 

led  ol  the  condition  ol  aHairs  in  Berlin.  On  several 
ins  the  prospect  of  entering  the  ministry  was  open  to  him. 
ithing  came  of  It,  apparently  because  he  required  a  free 
n  foreign  aFlain,  and  this  the  king  was  not  prepared  to 
m.  When  an  acutecrislsaroacout  of  thereluialof  parlia- 
in  iMs,  to  vote  the  money  itquired  for  the  reoiginiialion 
the  king  and  Roon  had  curried  through, 


ip  his  mind  lo 


lerlin;  but 


3  appoint  him,  ailhougb  he  felt  that  Bismarck 
was  tne  only  man  who  had  the  courage  and  capacity  for  con- 
doning the  struggle  with  parliament.  He  was,  therefore,  in 
June,  made  ambassador  at  Paris  as  a  temporary  eipedienl. 
TliBre  be  had  the  opportunity  for  renewing  Ihe  good  under- 
alanding  with  Napoleon  which  had  been  begun  in  itS7-  He  also 
paid  a  short  visit  lo  England,  but  it  docs  not  appear  that  this 
bad  any  political  mulls.  In  September  the  parliament,  by  a 
■■  •    ■-      -.  ......        J  jj^^  j^^^  hnving 


n  for  help,  a 


Bismarck  to  B«lin  and  appointed  him  minisier-preaidcnt  and 
foreign  minister. 

Bitmatck's  duty  as  mlnisler  was  lo  cany  on  the  goremment 
against  tlie  wishes  of  the  Lower  House,  to  as  to  enable  the  king 
m^^^^  ^^  Complete  and  maintain  Ihe  reorganized  army.  The 
^^^^  opposition  of  the  House  was  supported  by  Ihe  country 
and  1^  a  lar^  party  at  court,  including  the  queen  and  crown 
priaee.  The  indignation  which  his  appointment  caused  was 
JDlense;  be  was  known  only  by  the  reputation  which  in  his 
early  years  he  had  won  as  a  violent  ultra-ConsetviIive,  and  the 
appreheflsloni  were  increased  by  his  Sni  speech,  in  which  he 
(aid  that  the  German  question  could  not  be  sciilcd  by  speeches 
•nd  paiHamenlary  decrees,  but  only  by  blood  and  iron.  His 
early  fall  was  predicted,  and  It  was  feared  Ihai  he  might  bring 
down  the  monarchy  with  him.  Standing  almost  alone  he 
succeeded  In  the  task  he  had  undertaken.  For  four  yean  he 
ruled  without  a  budget,  taking  advanuge  of  an  omission  in  the 
conililulion  which  did  not  specify  what  was  to  hippen  id  case 
(he  crown  and  the  two  Houses  could  nolagreeonabudget.  The 
conlUct  «f  the  miniaten  and  the  House  astuoied  at  timet  the 


>By  loMCef  to  tttcnd  tha  ilttiiiVr  l^  Blmarck  chtlkafttl 
VIrIow,  raa  ol  Ui  stiongut  appoBniti,  to  ■  dad,  which, 
however,  did  not  lake  place.  In  iSji  be  bid  fought  a  dud  Mitla 
|4HBbi|ainilGaoi|*OD Vindt*,apolftiealappaBe»t.  lojnne 
tMj,  ai  aooB  as  pailiamat  hnd  risen,  BittnudL  pnUUbed 
ofdlnaDcea  GDntnUing  the  liberty  of  the  press,  •Ucli.  though  In 
Bconrdance  with  the  letter,  Mcmad  opfnted  ta  the  inuatioos  of 
the  conailliitlao,  am)  it  wu  on  this  oCOiiioa  thai  tho  down 
prince,  Utheno  •  iHeat  opponent,  puUldy  iIImhIiHiI  hiauell 
fiom  tho  poHcy  of  Ui  blhcr^  mUMcn.  Bimurck  depeaikd 
lor  hia  poiition  soMf  on  Iho  conMntce  ol  the  klog,  and  the 
ntecMlly  lor  ■'•^—"■^  Uam\tt  a^lat  the  aUempti  ta  dealroy 
thfa  oonfidoico  nddcd  ptaxty  to  Cht  mi^JtIimiiimim  of  hb  natiue. 
Ho  wia,  however,  re^y  i-Jif«— u-  lor  hta  i^goation  noH 
be  followed  by  ■  Ubeml  nitiistTr,  ptiUuntntur  coiuol  over 
the  army,  and  pnbaUy  the  abdlcattaa  of  tbc  Ung.  Not  only, 
therefore,  was  be  aecore  in  the  contlnuaBceof  the  Utit^  rapport, 
but  he  had  also  the  complete  contiol  of  [oreigD  aSalio.  Thua 
he  oould  afford  to  Ignore  thaolEiiJaa  of  the  House,  and  the  king 
was  obliged  to  acquieace  In  the  policy  ol  a  mjnistet  to  whom  ho 
owed  so  mndL 

He  soon  give  to  the  policy  of  the  monirtAy  ■  naoluiioii 
which  had  long  been  wuting.  When  the  emperor  of  Aoitrii 
loned  a  meeting  of  the  GeraiBn  prince!  at  Frank- 
>  <fiicBU  1  teform  of  the  oaofedenlioni  Bltmaick  Sg?* 
lubtcddiatthekingofFluniinnatBotBlteiid.  He 
remained  iwiy,  ind  bis  abatnoe  in  itidf  made  the  coogrcM 
tmaviUiog.    Tliere  can  bo  no  doubt  thtl  Inwn  the  time  be 


the  long  struggle  for  supremacy  in  Germany  between  the  house  ol 

Habsburg  and  the  house  of  Hohencolleni.    Before  he  was  able 

complete  his  preparation)  for  this,  two  unforeseen  occurrence! 

mpletely  altered  the  European  situltjon,  and  caused  the 

nllici  10  be  postpotied  for  three  yents.    The  fin!  was  the 

iihreak  of  Rtnlllon  In  Poland.    Bismarck,  an  Inheritor  ol  the 

fcr  Prussian  traditions,  and  recoDecting  how  much  of  the 

mnessof  Prussia  bad  been  gained  at  Iheeipenseof  ihePole*, 

cred  his  help  to  the  tsar.    By  this  he  placed  himseU' in  opposi- 

in  to  the  universal  feeling  of  western  Europe;  no  act  of  hli 

[  added  so  much  to  the  repulsion  with  which  at  this  time  he 

IS  regarded  as  an  enemy  of  Kbeity  and  rijht.  He  won,  however, 

the  gratitude  of  the  tsar  and  ibesuppoit  ol  Russia,  whidi  In  the 

neit  yeais  was  to  be  of  vital  service  to  him.     Even  mote  setions 

were  the  difficulties  arising  in  Dcnmstk.    On  the  death  of  King 

Frederick  VII.  in  i86j.  Prince  Fiederick  of  Augusrenhuij  came 

forward  as  claimant  to  the  duchies  of  Schleswig  and  Holstdo, 

rhich  had  hitherto  been  Joined  to  the  crown  of  OenmarL     He 

in^y  supported  by  the  whole  Germ 


lyofiti 


lobligi 


ich  Imperiously 
manaco  uiaL  ue  v^nnan  aucmes  saoum  oe  rescued  fmm  1 
rcign  yoke.  Prussia  was  bound  by  the  treaty  of  London  of 
51,  which  guaranteed  the  iotcgilly  of  the  Danish  monarchy; 
have  disregarded  this  would  have  been  to  bring  about  ■ 
llition  against  Germany  similar  to  that  of  1S5T.  Uoieover, 
held  that  it  wotild  be  of  no  advantage  to  Prussia  to  create  a 
w  German  itite;  if  Denmark  were  to  lose  the  duchies,  be 
sired  that  Prussia  should  acquire  them,  and  lo  recogniie  the 
Auguslenbuig  claims  would  make  this  Imposiibte.  lUs  resist- 
-'le  national  desire  made  him  appear  1  traitor  to  hii 
To  check  the  agitation  he  turned  fnr  help  to  Austria; 


D  aflisi 


support  of  Auguilcnburg,  bi 


the  ground  that  the  king  of 
uenmara  nau  viui.ira  ui>  jiiumue  not  to  Oppress  his  Cermait 
subjects.  Austria  continued  to  act  with  Prussia,  and,  after  the 
defeat  of  the  Danes,  it  the  peace  ol  Vienna  the  soverdgiily  ^ 
the  duchiea  was  surrendered  lo  the  two  alliea— ihe  first  step 
towards  annexation  by  Prussia.  There  is  no  part  of  Blsnuick'a 
diplomatic  work  which  deserve*  ludt  careful  itudy  w  thete 


BISMARCK 


tmiU.  Watdcd  u  b*  su  by  anntkB  tnnrdc*  mt  bone  and 
AbtoAd,  A  liofle  false  Hep  would  have  brou^hL  niJD  tnd  diignce 
^>i3  hidascir;  tbc  (rowing  rational  cxdumcDt  would  have  UuM 
tlirou^all  resminl,  and  a^n^aiBftecD  yean  before,  Gcnnuiy 
divided  and  uoorgaDued  would  bavc  bad  lo  opilulale  lo  ihe 
ordcn  of  lonign  powm  (see  ScuixsvKrHoiSTEiH  Qi/unoN), 

gldct  policy.  Foe  [be  neil  dgbtetn  aioiuht  b«  *u  eccu|>icd 
^^  ^^  in  pieparini  hr  war  wiih  Auairia.  Fot  Uia  oar  be 
^2il^  wai  alone  rdponiible;  he  uodcnook  it  deliberaLely 
ai  Ux  only  mean*  of  aecuiing  Piuaaian  aicendancy 
in  Gamany-  Tbe  actual  came  ol  diapule  wai  the  dj^ioiJLion 
of  tbc  coivliieTTd  duchica,  for  Austria  now  wiabed  to  put  Augui- 
tcibuig  is  u  duke,  a  plan  to  whicb  BiioHrck  would  not  assent. 
la  i86s  a  piovisiooal  anangcmcnl^waa  nude  by  the  tre»ly  of 
Caatdo,  hu  BisnurcL  was  not  yet  ready.  He  would  out  risk  a 
■ar  ndeaa  he  was  cenaiD  of  success,  and  for  thit  he  lequiird  tbc 
aJliaiKz  of  Italy  and  Fnnch  supporli  both  he  eecured  durini 
the  next  ycai.  In  October  iMs  be  vbi'ted  Napoleon  at  BiiiriU 
and  Fuit.  No  {ornial  lieaty  wa*  made,  but  Napoleon  proraitrd 
lo  Rganl  tavounbly  aa  CIIauiM  of  Pniuian  powei  in  Gcroiaoyi 
*hife  BitBiaick  kd  the  enipcror  to  believe  that  Prussia  would 
help  him  in  eKlendlng  the  Itontier  ol  Ftnnce.  A  treaty  of 
aliiuce  with  Italy  was  airan^  in  the  spring  of  iB^;  and 
BiiQurck  then  with  much  difficulty  overcame  the  reluctance 
of  the  kiac  to  embark  in  a  war  with  hia  old  ally.  The  results 
of  the  waj  entirely  justified  his  calculations,  f^russiat  Uiougli 
opposed  by  all  the  Geiman  states  eicept  a  few  pibia'palitici 
in  tbe  north,  completely  defeated  all  her  enemiei,  and  at  tbc  end 
of  a  few  weeks  the  whole  of  Ceimany  lay  at  her  leet. 

Tbewarol  iU«  is  more  than  that  of  1S70  the  crisis  of  undem 
Cermao  histoty.  It  finally  settled  tbc  controversy  which  had 
^^^^^  begun  more  than  a  hundred  yean  before,  and  left 
^2^^"^  Prussia  the  dominant  power  iD  Cermany.  It  deter- 
mined that  the  unity  of  Germany  should  be  brought 
■boQt  not  by  revolutionary  means  as  in  1S4S.  not  as  in  1849  had 
been  attempted  by  voluntary  agreement  of  the  princes,  not  by 
Austria,  bm  by  the  sword  of  Prussia.  This  waa  the  great  work 
of  Bismarck's  lile;  be  had  ojmpletcd  the  prognunme  fote- 
■hadowed  in  hii  early  speeches,  and  finished  the  work  of  Frederick 
tbc  Great.  It  ii  aUo  the  lumiug-point  in  Biimaick's  own  life. 
Slaving  aecured  the  dominance  ol  the  crown  in  Prussia  and  of 
Prmsia  in  Germany,  he  could  afiord  10  make  a  recondliation 
with  the  parties  which  hod  been  his  chief  opponents,  and  turn 
to  tbcm  for  help  in  building  up  a  new  Germany.  Tbe  settlement 
of  1S6&  was  peculiarly  his  work.  We  must  notice,  £nt,  how  in 
•Ruging  the  terms  of  peace  he  opposed  the  king  and  tbe  mUi- 
U17  ivrly  who  wished  te  advance  on  Vienna  and  annci  part  of 
Auttriin  Silesia;  with  greater  loreiighi  he  lookrd  10  leuewini 
the  old  friendship  with  Austria,  and  insislcd  (even  with  the 
threatof  resignation}  that  no  territory  should  be  demanded.  The, 
Mutbem  states  be  treated  with  equal  moderation,  and  thereby 

Ihem.  On  the  other  band,  in  order  to  secure  the  complete  control 
ol  North  Germany,  whicb  was  hi!  immediate  object,  he  required 
Ibat  tbe  whole  ol  Hanover,  Hcsse-Caisel,  Haae-Nassau  arid  the 
city  af  Frankfort,  at  well  aa  ibe  Elbe  duchlea,  should  be  absorbed 
to  Prussia.  He  then  formed  a  separate  confederation  of  the  North 
Cennan  states,  but  did  not  attempt  to  unite  Ibe  whole  of  Gct- 
tnaay,  partly  because  of  the  inttnial  dillicultie*  which  this  would 
have  produced,  partly  because  it  would  ^ve  brought  about  a 
war  with  Frantt  In  tbe  new  confedemlion  be  became  sole 
mpoDsiUe  minister,  with  the  title  ShiIii-  /f  unkr;  this  pcaitioti 
he  held  til]  j£oo,  in  nddition  to  his  former  peat  of  premier 
tiiinisler.    In  1S71  tbe  title  was  altered  lo  Kiula-KeiaUr. 

The  TKondllatioa  with  the  Prussian  pnriiammt  he  effected 
by  bringing  In  a  bill  of  indeninily  for  the  money  which  had  been 
■pent  without  leave  of  parliament.  The  Radicals  still  continued 
tbeir  uppositioa,  bat  he  Utereby  made  powiUe  the  formation 
et  ■  large  party  ol  modenie  Ltbersls.  who  thenceforward 
npporled  him  in  his  new  Nationalist  policy.    He 


(BmAiUt)  dcctcd  by  imlvnMl  ntBnfc.    Thit.wu  the  cUiS 

demand  of  the  revolulioaisls  in  ilafii  it  was  one  to  which  in 
bis  cariy  life  be  had  been  strongly  opposed.  'Kia  eifKricnco 
at  Frankfort  bad  diminished  bis  dislike  of  popular  repreaealatioia 
and  it  was  probably  10  the  advice  e(  Lassalli  that  his  adopiioa 
ol  univensl  suSnge  was  due.  He  fini  publicly  pnqxacd  it 
l\M  before  tbe  war;  by  cwryjog  ii  oui.  notwithstanding  the 
appRbensions  of  many  liberal  patiiidani,  be  placed  tbe  dc» 


Up  to  ig66  he  had  always  appeared  to  be  an  opponent  of  the 
Natiooal  |>any  in  Germany,  now  he  became  tbdt  leader.  Hii 
next  taak  was  to  complete  the  work  wbicfa  wu  hall-finilbed, 
audit  was  this  which  brougbiabouttbeiecoiid  of  tbe  great  wait 
whicb  be  undertook. 

The  telaiion)  with  Napoleon  tU.  form  one  of  tbe  most  fnter- 
etting  but  Dbicural  episodes  in  Bismarck's  career.     We  havt 

against  co-openiioa  with  Fnnce.  He  found  Napoleon  ^^"^ 
witling  to  aid  Pcusiia  at  he  had  aided  Piedmont,  and  Asbk 
was  ready  to  accept  his  uiisiance.  There  was  this 
diffocDce,  that  he  asked  only  for  neutrality,  not  aneed  usiit- 
■ncB,  and  it  is  improbable  tlui  he  ever  intended  to  alienate  any 
German  territory;  he  showed  himsdi,  however,  on  more  than  one 
occasion,  ready  to  discuD  plana  for  extending  French  territory, 
on  tbe  side  ol  Belgium  and  Swiueiland,  Napoleon,  wb«  bad 
not  aolidpated  the  njNd  success  of  Prussia,  after  the  battle  ol 
KOniggrUta  at  tbe  request  of  Austria  f^une  lorward  as  mediator, 
and  then  were  a  few  days  during  whicb  it  was  probable  that 
Ptusiia  would  have  to  meet  a  French  attempt  to  dictate  terms 
of  peace.  Bismarck  in  (his  cri^  by  defcuing  to  the  emperor 
in  apficannce  avoided  the  danger,  but  he  knew  that  be  had 
been  deceived,  and  the  cordial  understanding  was  never  renewed. 
Immediately  after  an  armistice  bad  been  arranged.  Benedetti,  at 
'  the  French  gt 


I  of  Germ 


This  Bismarck  pi 


in  tbe  left  bank  of  tl 


ilused.  ( 


e  Rhine, 
iropoaal. 


Benedetti  then 
tuhmitling  a  dnft  treaty  by  which  Fiance  was  ti 
Pruuia  in  adding  the  South  German  states  to  the  new  con- 
federation, and  Germany  was  to  support  France  in  the  ani»aa- 
tion  of  Luxemburg  and  Belgium.  Bismarck  discussed,  but  did 
not  conclude  the  treaty;  he  kfipt,  however,  a  copy  of  liie  draft 
in  Benedclli's  handwriting,  and  published  it  in  Tin  Timet  in 

En^nd.  The  failure  of  the  scheme  made  a  contest  with  France 
ioevitable,  at  least  unless  the  Germans  were  willing  to  forgo  tbc 
purpose  of  completing  the  work  of  German  luilty.  and  during 
the  next  foiu-  yean  the  two  nations  were  each  preparing  for  the 
(trug^e,  and  each  wauhlng  to  take  the  other  at  a  disadvantage. 
It  it  necessary,  then,  lo  keep  in  n' 


preceding  th 


onthsin 


[S70.    In  ]S67  there  waaadiqiutc  regarding 
Luxemburg.    Bismarck  then  produced  tbe 

It  woe,  a  challenge  to  Fnnce  by  the  whole  of  Germany. 
During  the  nen  three  yean  the  Ultnunonlane  patty  hoped  to 
bring  about  an  anti-Prussian  levolutioh,  and  Napideon  waa 
working  lor  aa  alliance  with  Auatiia,  1  '         " 


Rs  well  informed  as 


I  chancel 


:  negotiations,  for  b« 
le  Hungarians.    Tbe 

milled 


:refon 

le  eagerly  welcomed  Ihe  opportunity  of  gaining 
Spain,  tod  tuppotled  by  al)  the  means  in  hii 
made  by  Uarthal  Prim  that  Prince  Lc^iold  of 
Quid  bechoien  king  of  that  country.     It  wasonly 

itt  hit  wBl  to  accept    The  Defotiationa  was 


Miried  out  irilli  the  gmtett  teatef,  but  u  n 

■Dce  mi  made  known  iht  Fnnch  (c 

didind  Out  tGc  p 
Kt  Vudn,  but  on 
uuiier  to  inquiria  denied 

wii  nrcoury,  be^uu  it  would  have  aused  K  bad  ImproiJon 
Id  GenDany  h&d  be  gone  lo  nr  with  Fnace  [a  lupport  ol  tbe 
pTTDCc'i  cudidature.  The  king,  by  iccchdDg  Benedctd  at  Ema, 
depac  ted  from  the  polky  of  reierve  Biimarck  bilniaU  uiopted, 
uid  Biimaick  (who  had  now  gone  to  Beriio)  liiuiid  bimdl  In 
•  potitioD  of  auch  difficulty  that  he  conlempbled  roigMlkn. 
lit  French,  however,  by  duDginc  and  oteDdinf  their  dcoMUida 
oahlcd  him  to  tnd  a  ctUM  of  wu  of  ludi  ntture  that  IIk 

vholt  ol  Gcnoaay  wxild  be  luiMd  (ffdnM  FrCBcb 
ity  ■  f     atxn3*ic">-    France  aiked  for  *  letter  of  apdasy, 

and  Benedettl  penonaUy  requaud  Irom  the  king 
t,  laoinite  that  he  maid  never  aUnw  the  candidature  lo  be 
fEBumed.  Biamarck  published  the  lelegnm  fa  which  this 
iDTormation  uui  the  ttfuial  of  tho  king  were  conveyed,  but  by 
omittiof  part  of  the  telegram  made  It  appear  thai  the  10)001 
and  refuul  had  both  b«en  connyed  in  a  moit  abrupt  (onn  than 
had  icalijr  lieen  ttwcaae.'    But  enn  apart  from  thii,  the  pnbllcs- 

•nut  have  broaght  aboot  a  war. 

In  the  campaign  ol  1870-71  Biuurck  accotnpanted  the  htad- 
quutera  of  the  amy,  ai  he  had  done  in  |SA6.  He  was  present 
at  the  battle  of  Gravelolto  and  al  the  aurrender  of  Sedan,  and 
it  waa  on  Ihs  moitilng  of  the  Ind  of  September  that  he  had 
bit  famoui  ineeting  with  Naptdeon  after  the  lutrendet  of  the 
■mperor.  He  accompanied  the  king  to  Parii,  and  tpait  many 
montha  at  VtruiUe*.  Here  he  wai  occupied  chiefly  with  tlw 
arrangementa  for  admitting  the  aouthera  Ma  tea  to  the  ctwfedeta- 
tlon,  and  the  etubUahment  of  the  empire.  He  also  underwent 
much  aniieiy  Icat  ibe  eSorU  of  Tbien  lo  bring  about  an  iniet- 
(erence  by  the  nnlral  powert  might  be  aucceuful.  He  hul  to 
any  on  the  Mgotialioai  with  (he  Fnnch  prejiminary  10  the 
nrrcnder  of  Parii,  and  to  cdIoki  upon  tbem  the  Ceiman  Unu 

For  fiignuKfc'i  political  oner  after  1S70  we  omt  refer  to 
the  arlick  Qeuunv,  (or  be  wu  thenceforward  entirely  aburbed 
lUvMn.  ^  ''"  'B'i'*  ^  '>'*  country.  The  foreign  policy  he 
controlled  abairiutely.  AachanceUorhe«aire3p<nttiblc 
for  the  whole  internal  potky  of  the  empire,  and  his  iafluencc  it  lo 
be  icen  in  every  department  of  itate,  espedslly,  however,  in  the 
great  change  of  policy  after  iS;S,  During  the  earb'er  period  the 
alrangenent  fiom  the  Conservallvet,  wbich  had  begun  hi  1866, 
became  very  niarkcd,  and  brought  about  a  violent  quarrel  with 
many  of  bla  old  (iltiidi,  which  culminated  In  the  celebrated 
Arain  trtaL  He  incnned  much  oiiicHm  during  the  iiiuggte 
with  the  Koman  Catholic  Churdi,  and  In  187]  he  waa  ibot  at 
ud  all^tly  wounded  by  a  youth  catted  RuUnUBn,  who  pro- 
fttud  10  be  an  adherent  of  the  Clerica]  patty.  Once  before,  hi 
1866,  just  before  the  outbrtik  of  war,  hia  life  bad  been  attempted 
by  a  young  man  tailed  Cohen,  ■  native  of  Wdrttemberg.  who 
■iihed  to  aave  Ccmany  from  a  tntiicidal  war.  In  1871  he 
tetlied  irom  the  proldency  of  the  Praniu  mlnlatiy,  but  returned 
after  a  tew  moDtbL  On  leveial  occuioni  he  oSetnJ  to  retire, 
but  the  emperor  always  refuacd  his  consent,  on  the  last  time  with 
the  wonl "  Never."  In  1877  he  took  a  long  leave  of  absence  for 
teumoothi.  Riabcallhatthittimewu  very  bad.  In  ia78be 
piMided  over  tba  congrtM  of  Berlin.  The  followtog  yean  wtie 
cblcfly  occnpkd,  betide*  loreigu  aflali*,  «4iich  were  atwayi  hit 
fnt  can,  with  taDportant  commadat  idOma,  and  be  held  at 
(hia  time  alto  tbe  oBce  ol  Pruniui  niniiter  of  trade  In  addition 
M  liii  other  posts.    Dniiac  tUi  pcrwd  Ui  relatlont  with  the 

>  II  wat  not  tin  Dianv  yean  later  that  our  knowkdie  of  ibeae 
•nni  (which  it  KiU  ineomplcte]  wu  enabliihedi  la  Illu  the 
pubUcadila  ol  the  menwin  of  Iht  kinf  o(  Rumania  •bowed:  what 
Iwd  Mtketta  been  denied,  that  Bimirck  had  uktn  a  leading  pan 
in  urging  the  deetioo  of  the  nriuei  Kaheruollern.  It  wan  in  1801 
tbal  toe  language  iwd  by  Siuiurck  KimieU  made  It  Mmuiy  foe 
the  Cermta  goveBinent  lo  pabliib  the  ofi^nailonn    ' 


alttB  "nty  miatUactofjr.  >imI  at  bo  time  M  he 
o  proaecutions  In  the  law-courts  in  order  to  Injure 
hia  opponenla,  so  thai  the  expraaion  Bumarck-BtUHipmc  wa* 
invented.  He  was  engaged  al  ihlt  time  in  a  grent  ilruggle  with 
ibe  Soctal-DemocnlB,  whom  be  tried  to  crush  by  eiceptbmal 
penal  lawK  The  death  ol  the  emperor  Wllllara  In  1SB8  made  a 
•eriou*  difference  In  hit  ponftion.  He  had  been  bound  10  Un  by 
a  iong  terra  of  kiyal  aetvice,  whidi  had  been  rewarded  with  eqital 
loyally.     Forhit  relationa  to  the  emperon  Frederi 


columna  of  the  Hamimr^  NadritUm,  oused  an  open  breach 
between  him  and  the  empetor;  and  the  new  cfaaucellor,  Count 
Caprivi,  hi  a  drcubr  despatch  wbich  waa  afterwaidi  pnlAahad, 
warned  all  Cemon  envoy!  that  no  real  importance  must  be 
attached  to  what  he  astd.  When  he  visited  ^^euna  for  Us  son"! 
wedding  Ibe  Cerman  ambaoador,  Prince  Reuat,  wat  fi>rbldden 
lo  take  any  notice  ol  hin.  A  recondliaiion  was  effected  In  |8«]. 
In  1S9S  hileighllelh  birthday  was  celebrated  with  great  enthuj- 
asm;  the  Relchitag  alone,  owing  10  the  opposition  of  the  Oerkab 
and  the  Sodaiisii,  relused  lo  vote  an  addnxs.  In  tSqi  he  had 
been  elected  a  mcmlier  of  the  Beidatag,  but  he  never  took  Ui 
■est.     He  died  at  Fiiediidisruh  on  the  jistofjuly  1S08. 

Bismarck  was  made  a  count  In  iSis;  In  1S71  he  received  the 
rank  of  FUrsl  (prince).  On  hit  reliresient  the  emperor  created 
hlradukeal  Lauenburg,  hut  he  never  used  the  title,  which  was  nnt 
inherited  by  his  son.  In  iBM  he  received  f6o,ooo  as  hit  share  of 
the  donation  voted  by  the  Reichstag  for  the  victorious  generals. 
With  Ihishc  purchased  the  estate  ol  Vanin  In  PomeraniB,  which 

Schanhausen.  In  1871  the  emperor  prcarnted  him  with  a  large 
partof  LhedomitnsofthediHhyofLaucnbuTg.  On  his  seven  Lieth 
birthday  i  luge  sum  of  money  (£170,000)  was  raised  by  pnlilit 
subscription,  of  which  hall  wat  devoted  to  tepurcha^ng  the 
eitate  ot  SchSnhaioen  for  him,  and  the  ml  was  used  by  him  to 
establish  a  fund  forihe  assislince  of  schoolmatlen.  Aa  a  young 
man  he  wai  an  oRicer  in  the  Landwehr  and  militia,  and  In  addi- 
tion lo  hii  dvil  hDnoim  be  was  eventually  rabed  to  the  rank 
of  gentnl.  Among  the  numerous  OTdera  he  recdved  we  may 
mention  that  he  was  the  first  Protestant  on  whom  the  pope  be- 
stowed the  order  of  Chtitti  this  was  done  afier  the  cessaiion  ol 
the  Kulturkampf  and  the  reference  of  the  dispute  with  Spain 
concerning  the  Caroline  Islands  to  the  arbitniinn  ol  the  pope. 

Bismarck's  wife  died  in  1844-  He  left  one  daughter  and  two 
sons.    Herbert  (1844-1504),  the  elder,  was  wounded  at  Hais-le- 


,  afterwards  en 


lis  fail 


Hi  the  fon 


r(r87i- 


3i).    IniSSihcbecami 


for  foreign  affair 
of  the  negotitdc 


clary  of  state  for  fordgn 
to  the  Kelchsiag,  but  had 
IS  made  secretary  of  state 
in  minister.     He  conducted  many 
It  Britain  on  cnlonial  affairs.     He 


la  his  father, 


In  1853  w. 


■gain  elected  to  the  Reicbstag.  He  married  Countess  Hargarele 
Iloyos  in  i8«),  and  died  on  the  i8lh  of  September  1904.  He 
left  two  daughtert  and  three  sons,  of  whom  the  eldeal.  Otto 
Chtislian  Archibald  (b.  iSflj),  lucceeded  lo  the  princely  title. 
Tire  second  son,  V^helm,  who  was  president  nf  the  province  of 
Prussia,  died  in  looi.  By  his  wife,  Sybilla  von  Amlm-KrOcblen- 
dorfl,  he  IefithTeedau^tenaiidason,CouDtNIkDlaus(b.  1896). 
AuTBO  aiTlEa.— The  literature  on  Blamaitli'i  life  ii  very  ettemive, 

booki.  The  Btit  plan  belonEi  10  hit  own  works.  Thac  jncludo 
hia  own  memolra.  publiihsd  after  hit  death.  Diidtr  the  title fiafanjbfli 
—J  Ermummrn;  then  ii  an  Engliih  uanilalin^  Simarbk.-  Ut 
ijinii  Biul  Xnuiiiimci  (Londoa,  189B).    They  are  inconpletK 


it^jCKiioaf  aa 


cs  are  of  the  greatest  Importance  both  for  ilia  character  a'nd  for 
tl  hlttofy;  n)  ihe  nunMcoua  edlilaai  thai  by  Hant  Knlil.  ia 


voli.  (Stntton,  IIV*-I»M).  t*  tkffhMi  Ihm  it  ■  chap  • 
lUcteiB'i  IMmritltiUittUt.  BwBudi  wt«  (H  idnimtali  L 
ibm  <d  U*  priviM  kttan  have  bE«  ihiUi 
-  L.- 1 ■■  -vr.  ■ ..  >  „^  k^  u..„^  If  ,04i     Hit  h 


BISMARCK 


-BISMUTH 


.v».»-. Jii out  b*  Horn  KohL    ... 

■1  ku  >i(*  KR  (Hdiliilwl  by  Prim  HcAen  fiiwHitk  jSti 
looo).  A  tniBlaiian  of  ■  loilll  kIkum  of  [lw  cciviw  Int 
publU«d  iD  U7*  by  F.  M««.  Of  rot  ™lu.  foe  th.  ywr 
iS^  H  the  csrmpiMdeiicc  ntb  Genen]  L.  v.  Ccriach,  wJi 
bi«cdit«JbvHon(Kc>hl(vdal.,eBmB.i«9]).  AidicM 
soliiical  knen  vm  ilu  piibliihad  undir  tbm  iitle  PdiMtIt 
u  <n  JstrMiJ^p-IJdeUadad..  Bsilln.  Iteo).  0(  fv 
inpouaa  sn  t^  coUkiimu  of  dnpuclw  aiiil  nuc  Mpcn 


VvCkiiMliHiilU  da  f  drilrii  flinniHi.  vkicb  •»  put  of  tho  coUtc- 
lioadunpun.'liHuMcteivCIwUibt^inHkMWIifvftia 
IK  l>fnBn.  Thn  contua  full  iidbnna(i«  M  BUiurek'i  com- 
■wcal  policy,  includi^  >  oambcr  of  JniportaM  «in  piixn.  A 
neful  bimI  csllKtivq  ia  liut  by  Lndwli  K*ha.  Bumank.  mm 
taMiicLi  Litn.  «c  [J  voU..  Berdo.  |S7»-||«|},  which  indiKlaa 
Soioo  froB  kttcn.  (pnOiB  ud  nnitaiw  (iticlEL  Thae 
«Ik«>o»  hin  only  bosn  poaubk  owiof  to  Ibe  citrcine  gcneimty 
~    '  ~'  '  ihoiiwIinpBniuiiildMpubUcatioBofdonniciiu; 

Kd  D  havt »  Mott*.  A  tuU  aDcounl  of  the  dipls- 
01  i86t  to  i««t  t>  ci<CB  by  Sybd  ia  0W  Scp>Iii/aM 
<ti  (Huiucl^  iSt9-iB9^)._wiiticD_wllh  ihr  help  at 

D  odiicd  a  ictia  o)  votki  in  vhich 
vii>wi  and  coDVenaiioBt  an  ncorried: 
inequal  viluF.    Tbcy  an  Biimaick  ani 

ipnuH'itr  fiiOai  Biimant.  Hat  riutjiiprdiiti,  aiaiJ  Biimartk 
mmd  du  Diplomatem.  SeleclHjni  rrom  thnc  have  b«n  publiibnd  in 
Enoti^  by  Charlo  Lowe.  Tki  TaUtKUk  0/  /■';««  Biimarck.  and  by 
SM«y  Wliiinun,  Qiibithiwm  mil  fliiiMrt*.  By  far  the  fullot 
riidc  to  Bunurch'i  lile  it  Horn  Kohl'i  fWil  Bumank.  Rt%tiln 
B  riiur  nuKUfiWUiiVa  Bicptpkii  (Leipiic.  1S91-1B91),  whicb 
conuin  a  ncoid  of  Biinurck'i  anio»  on  ocG  day.  with  nfenacci 
to  and  enincti  from  hii  leiien  and  •psKhe*.  For  (he  wacb  of 
Moriii  BuKh.  which  contain  (ciphic  pictum  of  hi>  daily  life,  aee 


erepubUil 
nKohi  tl 


t,  iS97-l>W).  Hen-  V.  Po«chin«H-  ab- 
k  PargtHillt,  Of  Cerman  biograahiea  ir 
iutn.  Biinorci  kW  Him  ZA'I  U  volt..  Mu 


(i8aS):  Heyck. 

'     "—iriki  (Lcipti|.  190: 

','!^_'',.r^J-*  '5 

»  by  Cfliaiie*  Lowe 


I.  CtuiiikU  B. 


■  1900.    1 
biiKn;A>e>  by  Cliarle*  Lowe,   Bimatck.  a  P,  >»/ 

OwSinS^Hlitioh  in  1  vol..  i«9S).  by  J*™  HeadU  by 

F.Sieanx  (Philadelphia.  190a}.  A  inerut bibtiogra       on 

Biunarck  up  to  isu  ii  Paul  SdiuUe  and  Otto  i<oUer'(  Bismvck- 
Uurattr  [Leipiii,  il»6).  (J.W.HlJ 

BlUtARCX,  Lhi  capita]  oF  Konb  Dakota,  U.S.A.,  and  ihe 
emmty-Kai  ol  Buileigh  county,  on  the  E.  buk  o[  the  Miisouri 
livei,  ID  Ihe  S.  cenlnl  pnii  of  the  uale.  Pop.  (iSqo)  ii&6i 
('CooJwttOf  whom  746  men  (oteigti.bonii(ioos)  W3i('giDl 
uai.  It  iaon  the  main  lioeol  the  Notlhem  Pacific,  tod  on  Ihe 
Jl  Sle  Marie  rail  wiyi;  and  steamboats 


Hilmapolit.  St  Paul  &  Sa 


ii.Merw 


.     The  city  ii  about  i6jo  [l 


irnty.a 


a  i;.S.  Ii 


aScCi  a  U.S.  lurveyoT-genail' 

U.S.  wealheciUlioD;  about  a  mile  S.  of  the  ciiyli  Fort  Lincoln, 

■  UaitHl  Sulci  army  pott.    Biimarck  ia  the  hcadquanera  foi 

uvi^Iioa  of  the  nppei  Miiiouti  rivrr,  ii  lilualed  in  a  good 

•gricullunl  re^on.  and  has  a  large  wholesale  trade,  ahipping 

train,  hides,  fun,  wool  and  coil.     It  was  founif 

«u  chailcied  a*  a  city  in  1876;  from  iSSj  to 

capital  of  Dakota  Teititoiy.  on  the  division  at 

tbc  capital  ol  North  Dakota. 

BISMARCK  ARCHfPELAOO,  the  coDective  lume  of  a  luge 
oumbei  ol  islaadi  lying  N.  and  ti.E.  of  New  Guinea,  between 
I*  and  7°S.,aiid  ltd'  and  i;3°  £.,  belonting  10  Germany.  Thn 
htial 'island  ia  New  Ponennia,  and  the  archipelago  also 
bidudet  New  Mecklenburg.  New  Hanover,  with  tnall  attendant 


Dutb  [1 


Damed  in  honour  of  the  first  dumctUoi  of  the  German  ei  .  . 
after  a  Gcman  prolectonte  had  been  declared  In  1SJ4.  <Sea 
AouMt-TT  Ulumds,  New  MEcuunmo,  Niw  PonnMUM, 
Nrw  CDtMtA.) 

msMtlLAH,  an  Arabic  eidamatioa,  meuing  "  In  the  nain« 
of  God." 

BISMUTH,  a  nutalllc  cbemical  etementi  symbol  Bi.  atomic 
weight  »8-s<0-ia).  It  m*  probably  nnknown  10  the  Gretka 
and  Romans,  but  during  Ihe  middle  ages  it  became  quite  familiar, 
notwithtunding  its  frequent  confiulon  with  other  metili.  In 
14JO  Basil  Valentine  refcired  to  it  by  the  name  "  wlsmut,"  and 
characieri«d  il  as  a  metal:  »Die  year)  later  Paracetaui  (ertned 
It  "  wisinut,"  and.  In  tlluilon  to  Its  brittle  nature,  affirmed  It 
to  be  a"butard''  or  "half-metal";  (jcorgfua  Agricola  used 
th*  loin  "  wiumiuh."  latinised  to  "  bltemutiun."  and  also  the 

loiperfeclly  undentood;  and  the  Impure  ipedmens  obtained 
by  Ihe  early  chemitti  ciplain,  hi  lome  measure,  it*  confuilon 
with  (In,  leadi,  antimoDy,  anc  and  other  metalii  in  ijgj 
Andreas  Libivlua  confused  It  with  -antimony,  and  In  1675 
NIcolai  Lcmery  with  sine  These  abscuritiei  began  to  be  finally 
cleared  up  with  the  researches  of  Johann  Heinrich  Pott  (i6«i' 
1777)1  ■  PupU  ol  Stahl.  published  in  hit  Eiacilai'mui  cktmUat 
it  WunaOka  Ujiq),  and  of  N.  GeoHioy,  inn  ol  Claude  Joseph 
Ceoflrsy,  whoso  cmtrlbutlao  to  our  knowledge  of  thk  meiat 
appear^  [a  the  Uimtint  44  FaiaUmit  franfiiiu  for  17JJ. 
Torbem  OIdI  Bergman  relnvettigated  In  properties  and  deier- 

O^ttula,  ooDtains  tha  Cnt  fair^  accura 

Orti  and  Uineralt, — The  ptindpil  w 
the  native  meul,  wbicli  it  occavonally  met  wiin  aa  a  mineraj, 
uBunlly  in  tetlcolated  and  arborescent  ahapea  or  at  foUated 
and  granular  massea  with  *  crystalline  Incture.  Although 
bismuth  is  readily  obtained  in  fine  cryitals  by  anifidal 
means,  yet  natural  oyslals  are  ran  and  usually  indistinct: 
they  belong  to  the  tbombobedral  lyttem  and  a  cube-like 
rbombebtdron  with  fotertadai  angles  of  91'  10'  It  the  predomi- 
nating fona.  There  it  a  perfect  cleavage  perpendicular  10  the 
trigooil  ails  of  the  cryt talt;  the  fact  that  only  two  (oppoaite) 
camett  of  the  cube-like  crystal)  can  be  truncated  by  cleavage 
at  once  distinguishes  them  from  true  cubet.  When  not  tami^ed, 
the  mhietil  has  a  silver-white  colour  with  a  tinge  of  red.  and  the 
lustre  It  metallic  Hardness  a-2);  apecific  gravity  ^-70-0-83. 
The  slight  variation*  in  specific  gravity  are  due  to  the  preieDa 
of  cmali  uBounu  of  anenic,  >nb>hur  or  tellurium,  or  to  eacleecd 
Impurities. 

Bismuth  occurs  In  mctaUiferant  vdns  traversing  gndu  01 
day-tlatc,  and  is  usually  antociated  with  met  of  silver  and  cobalt. 
Well-known  locsUtiet  are  Sduteeberg  in  Suony  and  JouUmsthal 
in  Bohemia!  at  Ihe  (onner  It  baa  been  found  at  arborescent 
groups  penetrating  brown  laqMr,  vUch  material  hat  occasionally 
been  cut  and  poIUied  for  tmtU  oniamenlt.  The  mineral  hat 
been  found  in  some  Cornish  miiiei  and  it  fairly  abundant  Id 
Bolivia  (near  Sorata,  and  at  Tasna  la  Potoii].  It  It  the  chief 
commercial  source  of  bismuth. 

The  oxide,  bismuth  ochre,  Bi^  and  the  lulphlde.  bltmutb 
glance  or  bismnlhile,  are  alio  at  conunerdai  Importance.  Th« 
former  Is  found,  generally  mixed  with  iron,  copper  and  arsenic 
oxides,  in  Bohemia,  Siberia,  Cornwall,  France  (Ueymac)  and 

and  hydrate.  The  hydnled  carbonate,  bismutite.  Is  of  iel* 
importance;  It  occurs  In  Cornwall,  Bdivla,  Arizona  and  else- 

Of  the  rarer  bismuth  minerals  we  may  notloa  the  foDowfigr— 
the  complex  sulphides,  coftpcr  bismuth  ^ance  or  wittkbenite, 
BiCuiSi.  silver  bismuth  glance,  bismuth  cobalt  pyritci,  bismuth 
nickel  pyrites  or  saynite,  needle  ore  (pairinlle  or  aiUnite), 
BiCuPbS..  empleciiie,  CuBlS,.  and  kobeUiie,  BiAtFb.S.1  the 
sulphotellurida  totradymite)  the  aekaide  (uanajuatita,  BltSci, 


lO 


Oe  buk   tcDuTate   umtiolu,   BEttOIpiT«Oi;  the  Olattt 

eolytile  and  tgtkolitt,   BlitSiOJii  asd  the  unnyl  m      ' 
vJpoiliie,  Bi(UO,UOH).(AiO,).. 

"■uewfj.— Biimuih  ii  nirmctnt  Irom  It*  am  by  dry,  

■swidint  upon  tht 
.    Tbs  dfy 


BISMUTH 

•perfk  hoi  bi 


li  imn  fitquMUly  pnaued.  (or  Ihe  « 

lod  (ulphidc.  inciher  wiih  ihe  low  i 
nndcn  il  ponible  [a  efltci  *  R*dy  ■ 


udbility  of  tin  «ide 
)Q  of  the  fiwu] 


d  Mot  RuioHl  hi  Ihe 
Kltciofy,  ilaa  tha  ealne 
additioa  of  icduciw  ani 
it  or  ulphJife.     In  tlw  U,_^.. 
ined  cylindrical  ntoni;  and  the 
Er  end!  the  nakliRt  being  remoi 


Iten  metal  ia  tipped  at  iha 
from  the  upper  end.  The 
tmaon  pcoceiB  la  inierapiy  camea  ou  in  crucible  fumaeet ;  afaali 
fumaeea  an  unaaiiafaciuy  ea  acsooni  of  iha  dwintaintini  action 
ol  the  laoltln  Inniuth  on  the  [utnac*  Unintf. 

Sutphuieltcd  iKaari  uoctted,  either  with  or  nithout  a  preliniiuiv 
cakhaation.  with  metallic  ironi  caldncd  orea  may  be  anieltcd  with 

•Mur  JBihcaiiicltia(a((BleBa(ieeLiAD),  ihacacbea  raduciinany 
aiidc.  citbtr  pnKai  Dnrnally  In  ihe  ore  or  produced  in  the  calcina- 
lion.  and  ihe  iron  conblnio(  irllh  the  aulpfaur  of  tha  bivnulhlle. 
A  certain  amouat  of  bimBlIi  nriphaie  I>  alnra  lonngd  durlne  ihe 
calcination:  ihia  i>  ubieauenijy  teduced  to  tha  Hiphlde  and 
■Icioiately  to  the  mMal  ia  llie  (uuon.    Cakinaiien  in  reverberaiory 

with  the  addition  of  about  J  %  of  coal,  Hme.  aoda  and  Huoripar, 

StiMny.CnnS 


weat  layer  of  em  a 


•Ug. 


wbldi  the  biimuth  h  preaent  aa 
out  wiih  hydrochloric  acid,  or, 

Jloy,  the  aolvent 

fhe  aotulioo  oF 


oxido  or  carbonate,  era  diwlvei 

K  ihe  iHimuih  ii  lo  be  eitracied 

enployed  it  oaa  ttiia  or  ilrong  aulphuric  ad 
metallie  chloridet  or  autphatea  >a  obuined  ii  p 
the  inclalEie  biamuih  Altered,  waahed  with  irate-.  j-*-*«.  -»  »»-— 
bts  and  finally  fuied  In  fraphite  craeiUe*,  th*  MHfacc  beio(  pro- 
tected by  a  layer  of  chareogj.  Auoihec  onxoa  comiKi  in  addinj 
vater  to  the  loluiiaa  and  u  prHipiutin[  tha  biunulh  aa  oxy- 
cUoride.  which  ia  then  convrrtrd  into  the  metal. 

contaminated  1^  anenic,  aiilj^ur.  irwi.  nickeT.  cobalt  and  aniimodr. 
and  aometimei  with  lilver  or  gold.    A  dry  method  of  purlfi^iion 

bulk  of  the  other  impuritiea,  A  better  ptocaaa  la  to  iwnel  t  the  meial 
inctticibletwitbthtidditionofcgttitinrcliniaiaienta.  ThedettHaof 
t  hi*  proceaa  vary  very  nniidervbly,  haaf  condiiiooed  by  the  riinijinii 
tion  of  the  impure  metal  and  the  practice  of  particular  worVa-  The 
wet  ref  nina  proceia  it  more  lediout  and  eapentlve,  and  ft  only 
enptionairy  (mi^oyed,  at  In  the  caie  of  (mpartnt  tht  pure  metal 
ot  iti  ialta  lor  pharmaceatieat  or  eheaiinl  purpuiWi  The  baiie 
mtiate  it  the  tak  aeneraUy  pnpated.  ajid.  In  fanval  ovtlia^  the 
pnum  conuaii  in  ditiolvini  Ihe  metal  In  nliric  acid,  addiiv  nier 
to  the  toliitlan,  boilini  the  precipitated  baile  niinle  with  an  alkali 
10  remon  Ihe  anenic  and  lead,  diiaolvlnt  the  teiadue  la  nitric  add. 
and  npndpilatiiH  at  baiic  nittala  with  water.  ].  F.  W.  Hampe 
prepued  clienihanii  pure  biitnuih  by  (iiifnc  tha  metal  with  todium 
ctininale  and  tulphur.  diHolvln*  the  biamuth  tulphide  ao  farmed 
In  nitric  acid,  preclpltatiat  the  biimuth  at  the  baile  niiratCi  re- 
dlaaatvtat  Ihia  tail  In  nlifle  acid,  and  then  preeioilatini  with 
amnonia.    The  biaraoth  bydmida  to  obtained  la  aoally  nduced  by 

/•'(^riiu.— Biamuih  laa  wry  brilile  metal  iHth  a  white  cry«»t 


luta  in  ihombohHliii  bekiiwini  to  the  hei 
inietfacial  (nalei  of  S}'  til.  Accortfirw  to 
Rnh  and  Siedter  (2«I.  A  »r.  Oitm.  >9.  p.  1« 
i-ySIu;  Robena  and  WrighiKn  give  Ihe  ■ 


?"EmtdJikra';ij  iVs'lc.' C.  Pe'raon); 
Ticmai  Diimuin  mcltt  ti  wi*  (Ledebur),  and  electmlytie 
iilh  at  (64*  (Clatien).  1 1  vapoiim  in  a  vacuum  at  291*.  and  lit 
ni'poinl,  under  amuapharic  pmHin,  it  between  to«o*  and 

*  (T.  Camclley  and  W.  C.  Willitnit).     Re(nault  deiermined  in 


eao*aiHt  too*  Mbta«)0«i  I 

give  the  valuao' 03055.     Ita  thermal  conductivity 


electrical  conductivity  [■  apprcKlr 

ejecttic  propertlea  render  it  eapcc 
of  ihermepAH. 

The  metal  oiidizea  very  tlowty  In  ity  air  at  srdinary  temperatorea. 
buliomewhai  moRMapidly  in  moiMau' or  when  heated.  InihelaK 
ca«  it  becomei  coaled  with  a  giryiah-black  layer  of  an  oiid* 
(dioiidr{?)J.  ataredheat  the  layer  conutii  of  the  irluidn  (SiiOi), 
and  it  yelknr  or  trsen  in  the  caae  ol  pure  biimuth.  and  violet  or  bloe 
if  impure;  at  a  bri|hi  red  heat  it  buma  wiib  a  Uultb  Same  10  the 
trioude.  BiiRiuth  combinet  directly  itlth  iht  haleienh  and  the 
ekmcntt  of  the  lulphur  mup.     It  ittdlly  di«eh«tln  oktic  add. 

r'  ,  and  hot  nilpSurie  add,  but  tardily  In  hot  bydrochlotic 
•  piTcipitated  aa  th*  metal  from  tolutioiia  ol  Ita  nlii  br 
Ikalit  and  alhaline  earthi.  liae,  tron,  copper.  Ac. 
la  that  "■— — .  " 


t'oTtiwal 
n  in  chemical  1  ~ 
mpenant  diMine 


o  hydrofu  eompMod 


1  niercitry  h  (ormtamahania.  Biimulh  [i  a  compoiKnl  of  many 
\n  alloya  cEuncteruetfby  their  low  f uiihiliiy  and  eipantion  In 
iAcatiaa:  many  of  iben  are  uaed  la  iha  ana  (ice  Ftniui 

Canhwadt.— Biimulh  forma  four  oxidet.  of  (rtiicb  Ihe  trioiide. 
DliOi.  it  lb*  moat  important  Thii  compound  ociun  lo  nitoieaa 
bitnuth  ochre,  and  may  be  pnpaird  artificially  by  midiani  tbe 
metal  at  a  red  heat,  or  by  beatinf  the  carbonate,  ciirale  or  hydnla. 
Thut  obtained  It  ii  ■  ydlow  ponler.  loluble  in  tbe  mineral  aeidt 


ihen  Ihe  ncituiion  la  diluted.    It  meha  to 


„..-.  aeidt 
fe^liih-biiwn  liquid. 


which  iobdifiei  ton  yellow  civatalUne  namon  cooboi.  The  hydrate, 
Bi(OH)i.  ia  obtained  aia  white  powder  by  additsMitih  toa  talution 
of  a  b^mulb  aali.  Bianuih  dloidde,  BiO  orliidOi,  ii  aid  to  be 
formed  by  the  limited  oaitlation  of  tbe  metal,  and  at  a  brcnm  pre- 
cipiut*  Iv  adding  niied  aolutlaai  of  biunuih  and  itannDucblaildt* 
toaiotutionafCBuitiepolaih.  BiimuthUiroi<de,ai(Oi.aomeilmt* 
termed  bitmuth  tiiimuthttt,  iiobtained  by  nieltin|falimiith  trfaalda 
with  potatb.  or  by  lanitini  bbmulh  trloiid*  with  fxiuA  ._■  »..^ 
liun  chlorite.  It  u  alio  (om-.ed  by  oiidinn 
■utpeftdcd  in  camtic  potath  with  chlorine,  tbe  per 
eimultaneotnly:  oiirlation  and  potauiuni  ferric^ —.....  „„ 
the  tettoxlde  (Hamer and  Vanino,  2fll.  ,<«».  Onn.,  t9a4.M,  pjSi 
Tbe  hydrate.  Bi^.3H,0,iaalaokiiovn.  SLavth  pehtoilde.^h 
il  obtained  by  heatintbtauibic  acid,  HBiOi,  to  ijo*  Ciihiaacid 
(in  tbe  form  of  iii  Mitt)  being  the  pmduct  «f  the  caBiiniied  widation 
of  an  alkaline  aolutinn  of  biamuth  trieaidc. 

BiimuthiormiiwDChioridea:  BiChand  BiQ..  The dichlorida, 
BiCt  it  obtained  at  a  brown  cr>ilalHn*  powdtr  by  fuuna  the  metal 
with  the  tilcblorkle,  or  in  a  corrent  of  tMoiine,  or  by  beating  the 

il  with  calomel  u  15a*.    Water  dccsnpoaei  it  to  setallic 

luth  and  the  oxychlgiidb  EiOCL  Biamuth  trichloride.  BiCU 
obulopd  by  Robert  BoyK  by  beating  the  metal  with  corroaivr 
imate.     Il  \t  the  bnal  product  of  burning  Uimuth  ia  an  ciceia 


ing  binnutb  tricudde 
■nioiide  being  form-l 
cyanide  timely  gi 


yeUow  eryitahi^  bi 

rith  witer,  and  doubl 
Cortmid.— Tbe  bi 


si'mowSiriBiioHjiEma 

f/itnUi. — The  nomul  ~ 


,1  chloride.    Bimnk  Ir. 

e  powder,  Mnii>M»^awtdr.  BiBr^  goklea 

■  in^lS*  ?^r  heir 
Inrrring  oiyhaloiil* 


•.2(IIiO)^rHADbti 


litnie.  Bi(N0,}r9H 
ric  priimtby  evapa 


NOi}i-SHiO,  b  obtained  In 

_, , by  evmponting  a  tohiiicm  ol 

acid.    The  action  of^waiet  on  tiAioluiion  pro. 

ducaa  cryttalline  precipitate  of  bMie  nitrate,  probably  BI(OH),KOi. 
though  it  variet  irith  the  amount  of  water  empIo>ed.  Thia  pn- 
cipitale  comlltinei  the  "  magiuerv  ol  bltmuth  or  "  lubnirrait  of 
biamuth  "  of  pharmacy,  and  under  the  name  of  pearl  while.  Uant 
" 'ipafiu  or  fiw  d(  6rd  baa  long  been  uted  ai  a  eoamnic 

nlftUii, — Bitmutk  combinn  directly  with  anlphur  to  lor«i  a 

ilpMde.  HA.  and  >  triudphide.  BiSt.  tha  latter  coaipaund 

'    ■      "■       ■  ■      iiinexnH.    A  hydtvted  ditulphide, 

^ng  lulphuTTttfd  hydrCigen  inn  ■ 

and   ttannoui  chlvide.     Piwautli 


being  ri>rnied  when  the  iulphr-  '- 
BiS.;2HiO.  It  obtained  by  | 


BISMUTHITE— BISON 


ti 


CTIrd  hyArotto 


•uMiuMnd  hydntca  iats  «  loliitiiiii  of  ■  bimNli  nil.  It  w 
wly  nlabk  id  nitric  Kid.    Whea  hcand  id  md*  h  aHim  ibe 

ciyHillincIoniialbumuihilB.  BumuihComutevcnlinyulphidn: 
BiiOvS  coailitutei  Ihc  milicnl  kiRluuu  found  al  Ibe  Zavadinskl 
ni«  ia  ib(  Allai  ^BitOiSi  aad  aW>>S  bavc  beca  inpunJinifdaUy. 
8ivD«hibD(iinuilHiul(ibohaU(b,BiSa.Bi£Bc,BiSI,ualsfBiB 

Biuiolh  wlphan,  Bii(SOJ^  !■  abtalacd  u  a  vUte  pmrdcr  br 

diaaMat  the  n^  or  aulptaalc  la  CBBcesEnted  nhiEiiric  add. 

Wutf  dSMnpoH  ii,  _(iv>iv  •  baiic  lalt.  Bii(SO.)(0(qt.  wUcb  « 

■mint  lina  (B»)£Ob    Othiir  bwie  «lta  am  kaowa. 

Bimnitli  (onaa  compovndi  lipulu  to  the  trinilpbMe  wiib  ilit 

'  lium  and  icnjiiimi.    lb*  trittlaridt  coiMkuiM  ilu 

'      '      BliTck 

iJ  bbaiutk  nay  be  detaelail  by  tica(la(  t!ie 

iHHio  wiin  noaa  of  taruiic  tH,  pauib  and  ataaaam  chloride. 

jxecipkaie  or  dark  olontioa  of  b^uth  oxide  bciiv  fonaod  evca 

r&en  only  dk  part  of  biimulh  li  innciit  in  so^eoo  ol  witer.    Tke 

Hilphide  prccipitatM  from  biapimh  «![*  by  aufphgr- 

ia  inaDhible  ia  ammoniuni  aulpliide,  but  ii  rndi^ 

fkacid.    The  iMUl  OB  ba  laihicBd  by  mafneiiuai. 

IB,   ina.   tin,   copper  and   eabetaafaa   Lis  hypo- 

n aud  froia  acid  aolutlinia  or  Ima  alialine  oaealiy 

laldrhydc.  ta  av>ntiutiv«  euiBaliona  It  b  nnerally  nitlied 
aa  oiide.  after  pimpitaticin  aa  aul^iidt  or  cvGaDate,  or  Is  the 
■euUic  forv,  radarad  aa  above. 

PtarManfaty.— Tha  slu  of  twnath  are  feeUy  antlvplic^ 
Takaa  iaieraiUy  tb*  •ubnitnle,  comiin  into  contact  with  water, 
imda  to  decompoic.  sraduaily  libcratins  nitric  acid,  ofv  of  the  moat 
powvrfuJ  aniiaeptict.  Ttie  pliyiical  pTDpertke  of  (be  povdcr 
aba  (ive  it  a  aiDd  aKrii^eat  actioa.    Then  are  no  fsnote 

ncra jvalici;— TIk  fabaitrate  af  binmnb  la  Innliiable  iacelain 
OKI  of  dyqirpua.  and  uill  nxire  aotably  aa  la  diarrhoea-  It  orei 
iu  viluF  ID  (be  decompoaillaB  deacribed  above,  by  meaas  ol  which 
a  powerful  aaiiaeplie  action  la  aafely  and  eotitlnuouily  exerted. 
71v*  ia  hvdbr  a  of cr  druf .  It  nay  be  given  iadrachoi  don  with 
Impunity.    It  coloara  th«  Itecca  black  oniaa  to  the  lonnatim  of 


. .  .  II  o(  Unnoth 
le  onborbombic  ayateto 
oawitli  aiibnitc  (SbA},wbich  ii  doatly  Toemble) 
ni  looaa  iotcriadng  afgiegatci  of  adcnhr 
lal  (aca  (only  In  a  rin^  loatance  ha*  a 
d  cryilal  been  obaerved),  or  aa  mawei  with  a  Milted 
or  niHiMs  atnctnrB.  An  Impoitaat  character  h  the  perfect 
dfa*afe  In  me  direcUon  paialld  to  the  leisili  of  Ihe  ntedlcB. 
Tbc  coloui  b  tead-grey  JwHgniwj  to  tin-wliite  and  oltflD  wflh  a 
jrilowiah  or  iridooent  tamith.  Tba  haidneaa  b  >;  specific 
fnvily  A-a-frj.  Binnuthitc  occiua  at  leveral  h>ca1Itica  in 
ComnB  and  Bolivia,  often  In  "t™^'''™  with  native  bisoiulh 
and  ti»«iaai  Other  localitlei  are  known;  for  Intlance,  Brandy 
Gill  in  Caldbatt  FcUa,  Cnmboland,  when  with  molybdenite  and 
apatite  il  ia  embnlded  In  whita  qoarli.  The  mineral  waa  known 
to  A.  Cnotadt  b  115S,  and  vai  named  WmvlhlBC  by  F.  5. 
findant  In  iSji.   Tbia  name,  whldi  li  alio  uitd  in  the  : 


xllb 


a  (biamotb  oildc)  and  Usmulih 
(buic  bbmutb  caiboaau),  aape^y  aa  the  latter  baa  alio  been 
■Bed  ia  Iha  brm  bbnmtbils.  Tbe  name  biimnUi-i^nee  01 
bwnolbehnpdlB forlba qndea imder taofclenitkm  b  free  from 
Ihiaobitctiaa.  (UJ.S.) 

SISKT*.  ■  (nt^  of  ndn  motnda,  abont  i  m.  leag  and  t ' 
•ide.  coMiMlnf  ol  a  namber  of  low  rfdpi,  nowhere  eiceeding  . 
It.  ia  helibt,  iyinf  In  tbe  Jeiireb,  nniewhat  nearer  lo  tbe  Tigrfa 
than  tba  Eupbataa,  ibow  a  day's  )oamey  to  the  aonth^ut  of 
Nlppat.aliltkbelo«3)*N.andabout4s'4>/E.  Eiavatlont 
Gooducted  ban  lot  wb  montba,  from  Chrblnaa  of  190]  to  June 
1004,  lot  tha  Bii*«rrit)>  cd  CUciga,  by  Dr  Edgar  J.  Binki, 
proved  Ifcat  (beat  mounda  cnvered  Ihe  ilte  of  the  andent  diy  of 
Adib  (Ud-Nun),  Utbeno  known  only  from  a  brfel  mention  of  ■ 
Data*  in  tba  inttndBCIiop  10  the  Khimmuiabl  code  (c.  115a  a.c 
Tbtci^«aad*ldcdlni«lwopartibjraanaJ,  on  an  iibnd  In 
which  atood  tba  ttnple,  E-mach,  with  a  iiUBre;,  or  iiage  tower. 
It  waa  vrUmOr  odb*  a  dt7  «<  wntidCTable  hnponasce.  but 


dcMTted  at  ■  very  tally  period,  atnot  li«  mfaM  foond  daaa  to  ll» 

X  ol  tbe  Duondi  belong  to  Dungi  and  Ut  Gnr,  kin^  of  Ur 

in  Ihe  caitier  part  of  the  third  milkniiiiim  aux  Immedialdy 
bdow  thtir,  ■(  at  NiKwr,  veic  tound  tbe  rcmiini  of  Maimm-S^ 
and  Sar-gon.  c.  joao  a«.  Below  tbeae  there  were  aiill  n  ft. 
ol  atratificd  itmaius,  conMituting  aeven-dgblba  of  tbe  total 
depth  of  ttie  mini.  Boides  tbe  remalos  of  buQdings,  walla, 
(lavei,  &C.,  Dr  Banki  diKovercd  a  larBe  nombci  of  iniciibed 
day  tablet!  of  a  vciy  early  period,  brotue  and  atone  tablctit 
brmuc  implementa  and  the  like.  But  the  two  cuat  notabla 
diicoveriea  were  a  complete  atatue  In  white  marble,  apparently 
tbe  moatindenC  yet  found  in  Babylonia  (now  In  thcmpMUDiia 
Conitantinople),    bearing    Ihe    imcrtption — "E-ntach,    King 

cODiiEtiDg  of  great  quajitilies  of  Eiagnienti  of  vaica  hi  laatbie, 
alibastet,   ODyx,  pMphyiy  and  graniCe,  aoma  ol  wUch  were 
ribediandotbenengiavedai^linlaidwlUi  tvmyand  predout 
a.  0-  P-  Pa-) 

[IOf,  tba  name  of  tbe  MU  afalhi  fpecia  of  European  nld 
01,  Bei  (Aiim)  Agaanu,  known  in  Rnialin  1*  utr.  Together 
with  tbe  nearly  allied  New  World  animal  known  In  Eumpe  aa 
Ibe  {North)  American  bluD,  but  In  ita  own  country  a*  "  buSak," 
and  Kienli&ally  ai  Bei  (BiMtn)  UHm,  the  bbon  rtprawnta  a 
group  of  the  01  tribe  dii^gni^ied  Inm  other  ipede*  by  Iho 
greater  breadth  and  convciily  ot  tlw  lordiead,  rapeiiOT  length 
of  limb,  and  the  longer  ipina]  ptocewei  of  the  doinl  veitcbrae^ 
which,  with  the  powerful  miocln  attached  (ot  the  aqiiioit  ol  tba 
mn^ve  head,  form  a  piotubcnnce  or  bomp  on  tbe  iboolden. 
Tbe  biionihive  aim  fourteen  painotilb^wUte  (he  OHnmoDOi 
has  only  IhirteeiL  Tbe  forehead  and  nea  ot  both  Qtedca  aie 
covered  with  long,  ihany  lui'  0'  a  dark  blown  coknu;  and  in 
vinter  the  whole  of  the  Deck,  iboulden  and  hump  are  rimHariy 
doibed,  >o  ai  to  form  a  Cvrly,  Idled  mue.  TUs  mane  hi  the 
Euiopeu  ipedei  dliappean  in  lumnter;  bm  la  tbe  Ameikan 
bison  it  b  to  a  conridoable  exUat  pctalitent. 

The  bison  rt  now  the  hrgeit  European  qnadtttped,  meaturing 
about  10  iL  kmg,  exdndve  of  tbe  tail,  and  ilanding  noily  6  ft. 
hi^  Formerly  It  waa  alnmduit  tbioughont  Europe,  aa  Is 
pnnd  by  tbe  foofl  remalm  of  Ihia  or  a  doiely  aUed  form  found 
on  the  continent  and  in  England,  anodated  with  those  of  tbe 
extinct  mammotb  and  rblnocenia.  CaoiT  mentions  Ibe  bbon 
as  abounding,  along  with  tbe  extinct  auroclu  or  wild  ox,  in  the 
forest!  of  G^naany  and  Belgium,  where  it  appears  to  have  beeti 
occanoniUy  captured  and  afterwards  exhibited  ative  In  the 
Roman  amphiiheatrea.  Al  that  period,  atid  long  after,  it  seema 
to  have  been  common  throughout  central  Europe,  aa  we  learn 
from  Ibe  evidence  of  Herbentein  in  tbe  i6tfa  century.  Nowidayi 
bison  aiT  ftmnd  in  a  truly  wild  condition  only  in  the  forests  of  the 
Caucasus,  where  they  are  specially  piotecled  by  the  Russian 
government.  Tbere  Is,  however,  1  berd,  lomewhat  In  tba 
condition  of  park-anlmals,  in  the  forest  of  Byelovitsa,  In  LithU' 
ania,  where  It  b  protected  by  the  tsar,  but  nevcrthctesa  b 
gradually  dying  out.  In  186]  the  Lithuanian  tJsona  numbered 
over  iiaD,bnt  by  1871  they  had  diminished  to  s9S,andbi  1S91 
then  were  only  491.  The  prince  of  Pkta  has  a  imall  bod  at 
Promniti,  hu  Silesiin  estate,  founded  by  the  |^t  of  a  buU  and 
three  cows  by  Alutndei  IL  in  185J,  Us  herd  being  the  •onne 
of  the  menigetle  supply. 

Bison  feed  on  a  coarse  anmaHc  graM,  and  kowie  on  {hs 
Itsvo,  shoots,  bark  end  twigs  of  Irces. 

The  Amcrlan  bi»n  b  dutlnguisbed  from  Ha  Eutopean  Gonrin 
by  the  lolfowing  among  other  feattucs:  Tbe  h!ad-<[uanna  an 
weaker  and  faU  away  more  suddenly,  while  the  withers  are 
proportionately  hi|^.  Espcdilly  chaiaclerbtic  is  the  great 
mass  of  brown  or  blackish  brown  hair  dolhing  tbe  head,  neck 
and  foTTpart  of  the  body.  Tbe  shape  of  the  skull  and  boms  I> 
also  differenli  Ihe  horns  themselves  being  tbortcl,  thicker, 
blunter  and  more  sharply  curved,  white  the  fdrebesd  of  tba 
skull  b  more  convex  and  Ihe  sockets  of  Ihe  eyes  are  more 
dbtlnctly  tubular.  Tlib  species  formerly  ranged  over  a  third  ot 
North  America  in  ccunitess  numbers,  but  b  uow  piactlc^y 
cxlhicl,    Tbe  great  bud  was  separstcd  into  a  nortbem  and 


12 

nathcm  dIviiioD  ^  tbc  comiletlai  of  the  Unloii  P«d  fie  nihny , 
Aui  tht  unuil  rate  of  cknnictim  from  iSv  M  >87S  )u*  b«D 
eitimaud  U  >,joo,aiio  ksuL  In  tSSo  the  camplecian  of  the 
NanhenPtdGcnihnyleduiUi  Mtack  upoo  Ibe  iwiiheni  berd. 
The  lut  a(  tlK  Diksu  bJMBt  *««  dettroyeii  by  lodiiD]  in  iSSj. 
leaving  then  kn  tlun  loos  wild  individiuili  Id  Um  UniLcd 

A  count  which  mi  coDcluded  it  the  end  of  Febnuiy  i^aj, 
pot  the  DiiIDbn  of  cqitive  bines  ll  iiig,  dI  which  969  were  In 
ptrki  and  MKdasIal  girdeiB  is  the  United  Slain,  41  in  Canada 
ind  109  In  Earope.  At  ihe  unit  time  ic  wu  atimatad  that 
there  wen  34  wild  hiioo  In  the  United  States  and  600  in  Canada. 

In  Englaad  smsll  herds  are  kept  by  the  duke  of  Bedfoid  at 
Woburn  Abbey,  Bedfoidshin:,  and  by  Ui  C.  J.  Leyliud  it 
UVnentiHi  Csitle.  NoitfauBbeilind, 

Tva  nets  of  the  Aineiic*a  bium  have  been  disCinguiihed — 
the  typicai  prsirie  form,  and  tbe  woodland  lacc,  B,  bim 
allmlmiau;  but  the  two  lie  very  limilar.  (R.  L.*) 

BISftUB  (a  French  word  of  unknown 
~     V"],a  tenaforoddsgivenin  the. 


BISQUE— BITHYNIA 


in  cookery, 

BIUBLU  GBOROB  EDWIH  (iSj9-  )i  Ameilctn  sculptor, 
•01  of  a  quanynuD  and  marble-cutter,  wes  bom  at  New  Preston,. 
Connecliciit,  OB  the  i6Ib  of  February  1S3Q.  During  the  Qvil 
War  be  tcived  ts  a  private  in  the  ijrd  Connectknt  voluntetn 
in  the  Depuunent  of  ibe  Gulf  (iMa-iUi),  and  on  being 
muttered  out  became  «ning  usislant  paymuta  la  Ihe  South 
A ilnntic  squadron.  At  (he  doBOof  ibc  vai  he  Joined  bl>  father 
lubuiiacM.  He  itudicd  Ibe  utoftculptuieabmad  in  1815-1876, 
and  lived  much  in  Psiii  dutiag  the  yean  iSSj-iSge,  with 
occasional  vtsiti  to  America.  Among  his  mot*  imparlaol  works 
irt  Ihe  toldien'  and  wlon'  Dooument,  sndaitalueof  Colonel 
It  Wstirhuty.  Cot 


Gales 


1  SarstO) 


,  New  Yorl 


Trinity  churchyard,  New  York  City;  ol  Colonel  Abraham  de 
P^ter  in  Bowling  Green,  New  York  City;ol  Abraham  Lincoln 
at  Edinburgh;  oE  Bums  and  "  Higbluid  Miry,"  b  Ayr, 
Scoilsnd;  of  Cbancelloc  James  Kent,  in  the  Congressional 
library,  Wsibington;  and  ol  Prtaident  Anhui  In  MadisOD 
Square,  New  Yoik  City. 

BISSEST,  or  Bisgextdi  (Ltt.  bit,  iwkej  taliu,  siilh),  the 
day  iciercalated  by  the  JuUiii  calendar  in  Ihe  Februiuy  of  every 
lourih  year  10  nuke  up  the  >ix  hoiin  by  wbicb  Ibe  tolar  year  was 
eOTupuledloeictediheyear  o(  365  dsy*.  The  day  was  insetted 
alter  the  14th  ol  February,  i.e.  the  6tb  diy  bcfne  the  cslcnds 
(ttl)  of  Much;  Ihcre  wss  comequently,  besides  the  KHxt,  or 
^lh  before  the  calends,  the  Ui-uiliii  or  "  tecond  ililh,"  out 
ijtb  of  February.  In  modem  usage,  with  Ihe  eiception  el 
ecclcsisitical  aJcndars,  ihe  intercalary  day  is  added  fnr  con- 
venience at  Ihe  end  ol  Ihe  month,  and  yean  in  which  Fcbniaiy 
bai  ig  days  are  called  "  biiicitile,"  or  leap-years. 

BISTR&  the  French  name  of  ■  brown  paint  made  Iiom  the 
•001  of  wood,  now  largely  superseded  by  Indian  ink. 

BIT  (from  Ihe  verb  "  to  bile,"  either  In  Ibe  sense  of  ■  piece 
Ulten  oS,  or  an  act  of  biting,  or  a  thing  thai  biles  or  ii  biltcn), 
geneially,  i  piece  of  anything;  the  word  is,  however,  used  in 
varioui>peclslienses,illderivsblefrom  lis  nrjgin,  either  literally 
or  mcupboiically.  The  moil  common  of  these  are  (1)  its  use 
«  tht  ntmeof  various  tools,  «.|.cenlre-bit;(j)  a  horse's  "bit." 
or  the  melat  mouth'picce  ol  Ihe  bridle;  (j)  In  money,  ■  small 
sum  ol  money  of  varying  value  (e.(.  threepenny-bit),  capedally 
in  Ihe  Wai  Indies  and  souihem  Unlled  Suies. 

Brratlll,  a  town  in  Ihe  Cawnpore  district  of  the  Unlled 
Provinces  of  Indis,  11  m.  N.W.  of  Cawnpore  cily.  Pop.  (ijoij 
7173.  It  iachieSy  nouble  lor  Its  conneiion  wlih  Ihe  mutiny  ot 
lSS7.  The  last  ol  the  peshwas,  Bsji  Rao,  was  banlgtied  to  Bilhur, 
and  hit  adopted  son.  the  Nana  Sahib,  made  the  lown  Ui  head- 


wss  aptnred  t^ 
c  Nam's  palaces 
(BJiwia),  1 


Havelock  oil  tlu  tfth  ot  Jlily 

*s  were  destroyed, 
ancleal  dislrict  In  the  K.W.  of 
PropOdtis,  the  Tbradaa  Boipona 
and  ihe  Eniine.  Accordiag  IB  Slnha  it  wm  bounded  on  tha 
E.  by  the  river  Sangarius;  but  the  more  commonly  received 
division  eiteuded  It  to  the  Pariheoiiu,  which  separated  IL  Irom 
Faphlagonia,  thus  caoiprising  the  district  inhablled  by  the 
MariandynL  On  the  W.  and  S.W.  it  was  eepanted  from  Myila 
by  the  river  Rhyndaciu;  and  00  tile's.  It  adjdned  Phrygl* 
Eplctetus  and  Galitli.  It  Is  In  great  put  occupied  by  moun- 
liins  and  Eorots,  but  has  valleys  and  diittktt  near  Ibe  tea-coait 
of  gretl  [ctUlity.  The  moai  important  nunntain  range  If  the 
(w-csUed)  "  Myslati  "  Olympus  (7600  ft.},  whldi  towers  above 
Brasa  and  is  dearly  visible  as  far  away  as  Constantinople  (70m.). 
Its  BUmniiU  ate  covered  with  soow  [at  a  grcAt  part  al  the  year. 
East  of  this  the  range  now  called  Ala-Dagh  extendi  (orahora 
room.  [nKB  the  Sangarius  to  Papblagonia  Both  of  these  eangt* 
belong  to  that  border  of  mountains  which  bounds  the  great  table- 
land of  Asia  hlinor.  The  country  between  them  and  the  coast, 
covered  with  forests  and  traversed  by  few  lines  of  route,  it  still 
Imperfectly  knowiL  But  the  brasd  tract  which  projects  toward* 
Ihe  west  as  far  as  the  shores  of  Ihe  Bos)ioru3,  though  hniy  snd 
covered  with  forests— the  Turkish  Aghslcb  Dcniil,  or  "The 
Oceanof Trees"— isDotlravcraedbyanymountainchain.  The 
west  cmist  Is  Indented  by  two  deep  inlets,  (1)  Ibe  northernmost, 
the  Gulf  of  Imid  (anc.  Gulf  ol  Attacus),  penetrating  between 
40  and  ;a  m-  Into  the  interior  as  far  as  Iimid  (anc  Nicomedia), 
separated  by  an  iaihmus  of  only  about  15  m.  from  the  Black 
Sea;  (1)  the  CuU  of  Uudania  or  Gemlik  (Gulf  of  Clus},  about 
ij  m.  long.  At  lis  eilremiiy  is  situated  the  small  town  of 
Gemlik  (anc.  Cius)  at  the  moulh  of  a  valley,  communicating 
with  (he  lake  ol  Iiolk,  on  which  was  situated  Nicsea. 

The  principal  rivers  are  the  Sangarius  (mod.  Sa^ria),  which 
travenea  the  provi  nee  from  •outhlananh;tlic  Rhyndacus,  which 
separated  it  irom  Mysia;  and  the  Billieus  (Fdiyis),  which  lisei 
in  the  Ala-Dagfa,  about  jo  a.  from  the  sea,  and  alter  Bowing 
by  B<di  [anc.  Clandiopidis)  falls  into  the  Euiine,  doss  to  the 
njins  of  the  ancient  Tium.  about  40  m.  nottb-east  of  Hoadea, 
having  a  eoune  of  more  than  100  bl  The  Parthenins  (mod. 
Barlao).  Ibe  boundary  of  the  prorince  lowaidi  the  east,  is  ■ 
much  leu  oonsideitlile  stream. 

Tbe  naturalreBourceaof  BithyniaarestlU  Imperfectly  developed. 
It*  vut  Idresis  iMold  furnish  an  afanoat  IneihaotliUe  toj^y 
oC  tjmba,  if  rendered  accessible  by  roads.  Coal  also  is  known 
to  exist  near  EregU  (Ueneica).  ^le  vslleyi  towards  the  Black 
Sea  abound  In  fnilt  Ueei  ol  all  kinds,  while  the  valley  of  tlw 
Sangarius  and  the  plains  near  Brusa  and  Isnik  (Nicaea)  are 
lerlile  and  well  cultivated.  Eilensive  plantations  of  mulberry 
trees  supply  the  silk  for  which  Bmsa  has  long  been  oelebmlcd, 
and  which  is  manufactoted  then  on  ■  largo  lole. 

According  to  aadent  authoi*  (Hetodotus,  XcntqihOB,  Sinbo, 
Ihe),  (he  Bldiynian*  were  an  immigrant  ThraeiBa  tribe.  The 
existence  of  a  Ulbe  called  Thyni  In  Thrace  is  well  attested,  anit 
Ibe  two  cognate  tribes  of  the  Thynl  and  Blihynl  appear  to  have 
leltled  timultueouily  In  the  adjoining  paila  ol  Asia,  where  Ihcy 
tttpelled  or  inbdiMd  the  Uyilans,  Caucones,  and  other  petty 
Uibet.  the  Mariandynl  alooe  maintaining  themselves  In  Ihe  north- 
east. Herodotus  mentionstfae  Thyni  and  Bitfayni  SI  ciistingiida 
by  side;  but  ultimately  the  hltet  must  have  become  the  mors 
impoiUnt,  u  they  ^ve  thdr  name  to  lbs  country.  They  wcra 
incotporaled  by  Crnesui  with  Ibe  Lydlan  monarchy,  with  which 
they  lell  under  the  doninioD  ol  Persia  (J46  B.C.),  and  were 
induded  In  the  lalrtpy  of  Phiy^a,  which  compelled  all  Ihe 
countries  up  10  the  HeUespoat  and  Bosporus.  But  even  before 
Ibe  oinquest  by  Aleiudei  Ihe  Bithynian*  appear  to  have 
asserted  their  indqiendence,  and  successfully  maint^ned  it 
under  two  native  princea,  Bas  and  ZipoeUa,  Ihe  last  of  ^mho 
trantmittcd  his  paver  to  his  ion  Nicomeika  I.,  the  first  tq 
assume  Ihe  title  of  king.    This  monarch  lounded  Nicomedia, 


(i]S-ijo  B.C.),  as  w 


erily.  • 


i*  L. 


BITLIS— BITTERLING 


B  n.  (i49^t  B.C.).  Ibe  tiDidom  at 
Siihynla  held  ■  roruidenble  place  unong  the  minor  monmrdua 
■    ■  ■       -  x  the  1*M  king,  Nicoin»d«  111. 


d.tfiei 


Knalc.  he  bcquealhed  hii 
to  tbc  Rddusi  (;4  B.C.).  Bilbynia  now  btomc 
■  Romui  pnvina.  lu  limiu  ven  Irequenlly  vuied,  and  it 
vu  commoDly  luuud  lor  tdmimtlnUve  purpaset  with  the 
praviace  of  Pontiu.  Till*  wu  the  lUtc  of  thingi  in  the  time  nl 
Tnjui.  Klwa  the  younger  Pliny  wu  ippointed  governor  of 
the   combined   provincei   (io]-ios   *J).),  i,  drcumstince   lo 

RoQua  pTovincul  admiDiitntioD.  Umler  ihe  Byxantine  empire 
Bithynii  vu  Agaui  divided  i;i(a  two  provinces,  separated  by  the 
Singiriui,  to  the  west  ol   wtiich  the  name  o(  BiLhyaia  wai 

The  oosl  important  dtiea  were  Nicomedii  and  Nicaea.  which 
diipated  wilb  one  another  the  rank  o[  capitat.  Both  ol  thcM 
were  founded  after  Alciander  the  Gmt;  but  at  a  much  earlier 
period  the  Creeki  had  established  on  the  coast  the  colonies  of 
Qua  (afterward]  Prusias,  mod,  Cemlik);  Chalcedon,  at  the 
CDtrance  of  tbe  Bo^orus.  nearly  opposite  Cooatantlnoplc;  and 
Heradea  Pontics,  on  tbe  Euaine ,  atuut  iio  m.  cost  of  the  Bos- 
ponis.  All  Iboe  nne  lo  be  Sourishing  places  of  liade,  as  also 
Pnuaat  the  foot  of  M.  Olympus  (seeBaus*).  The  only  other 
places  of  [mporuoce  at  the  present  day  are  Iimid  (NIcomedia) 
and  Scutari. 

Stt  C.Takt.  AtU  ttiM*"  IPvii,  iil»):  C.  FtoDt,  CilalK  M 
BtHjufc  (Parih  iMi):  W.  von  Diett  ui  Piirrma-«i  iftHbi'iMRii, 
ErUniiuvhaft.  ii«  (GoUa.  i«9S).  (E.  H  B.;  F.  W.  Ha!) 

■ITLtt,  or  Brnit  (Ann.  Pagluik),  the  chief  town  of  a  vilayet 
tf  Ibe  same  name  in  Asiatic  tnukey,  utuated  at  an  altitude  of 
4700  ft..  Id  Ibe  deep,  nairow  valtcy  of  the  Biilis  Cbai,  a  tribuUry 
of  the  Tigti*.  The  main  part  of  the  town  and  tbe  baiaan  an 
crowded  alongside  the  ilicam,  while  lubutbs  wilb  scatleied 
botuet  among  orchard*  and  gaidcna  eiiend  up  two  tributary 
■treamt.  The  houtei  are  maul  ve  and  welt  hililt  of  a  lolt  voiunic 
tufa,  and  with  tbur  courtyards  and  gardens  climbing  up  the 
Ullside*  afford  a  striking  picture.  At  the  Junction  of  two 
ftreams  In  the  centre  of  tbe  town  Is  a  fine  old  oille,  Jurtly 
tmned.  which,  according  (0  local  tradition,  occupies  the  site 
tX  a  fortress  built, by  Ateiandcr  the  Great.  It  is  ajiparenlly 
an  Arab  buDding,  as  Arabic  iascriplioni  appear  on  the  walls,  but 
as  tbe  town  itands  on  the  principal  highway  between  the  Van 
plateau  and  the  Mesopolamian  pluin  it  must  always  have  l«en 
«(  slntegk  importance.  The  baoan  arc  crowded,  coveted 
acnn  wilb  brandies  in  summer,  and  typical  of  a  Kurdish  town. 
Tlte  pspublion  numbers  Jj.ooo,  of  whom  about  11,000  are 
Armenian*  and  the  remainder  arc  Kurds  or  of  Kurdish  descent. 
Kordiib  bey*  lad  sheiks  have  much  influence  in  the  lonn 
and  wiM  mountafai  disiricis  adjoining,  white  the  Sasun  moun- 
tains, ibe  leenaof  successive  Armenian  revolutions  of  late  years. 
are  WM  (ar  ofl  to  tbe  west.  The  town  was  ruled  by  a  scmt- 
indepmdou  Kurdish  bey  asbteas  igj6.  There  ate 'some  fine 
old  moaque*  and  tatdrcntt  (colleges) .  and  the  Armenians  have  a 
large  BHnastny  and  churehei.  There  are  Briiisb.  French  and 
Xnauan  coniul*  In  the  town,  and  •  bmnch  of  the  Amr 
Uisiaa  with  achools  is  ealablished  also.  The  cliratte  b  heallhy 
and  Ibe  thermometer  rarely  (alls  below  o*  Fihr.,  but  Iher  ' 
heavy  aaowfall  and  tbe  narrow  streets  are  blocked  for  son 
Boolha  in  the  year. 

A  good  toad  nmi  southward  down  the  pass,  passing  a 
few  miles  wme  large  chalybeate  and  sulphur  springs.  Roads 
alio  kad  north  10  Unsta  and  Erierum  and  along  the  lake  to  Vai 
Postal  coouBunicitioa  la  through  Enerum  with  Ttcblzan<! 
Tobacco  o<  an  Inferior  quality  is  largely  grown,  and  the  chii 
Industry  is  the  weaving  ol  a  coaria  red  doth.  Maona  and  gui 
tra^canth  are  ^so  collected.  Fruit  ii  abo  plenlUul,  and  there 
arc  many  vineyard*  doae  by. 

The  Bitb  vilayet  comprim  a  vnr  vailed  sectioa  o(  Asiatic 
TnckeTi  aa  ft  indudea  the  KuA  phin  and  tbe  plalesa  countn 
weat  of  Lako  Van.  aa  well  aa  a  laise  extent  of  wild  mountaii 


4*  inhabiitd  by  torbnlent  Kindi  aad  Araenlant  on  ejtlitt 
I  the  eential  town  of  Billii.  abo  some  of  tbe  lower  caunlry 
Sairt  along  the  left  bank  of  tbe  m^n  ttnam  of  ibc  Tigrfa. 
Tbe  mouDUins  have  been  little  eaplortd,  but  ate  believed  (o 
be  rich  in  mlxtala.  iron,  lead,  copper,  trace*  of  |otd  and  many 
mineral  iptinga  arc  known  to  eiiit.  (F.  R.  M.) 

"OXTO  (anc  Saliuilt}.  a  town  and  episcopal  lee  of  ApaUs, 

Italy,  in  tbe  province  ol  Bail,  10  m.  weat  by  suan  tramway 

iraBati.    Fop.  (1901)  jo.61;.     Iiwasa  place  oi  no  importaBOe 

classical  timei.    It*  medieval  wtUt  are  itiU  preterved.    lis 

thcdral  is  one  of  the  finest  examples  of  the  Romancfltiue  archi- 

:tureDlApulia.  and  has  escaped  damage  from  later  restoralionL 

The  pabuo  Sybs'Labini  tus  a  fine  Renaissance  court  of  i^i. 

BITSCH  (Ft.  BiUlit),  a  town  ol  Cetminy.  in  Alsace-Lonaina, 

on  the  Horn,  at  the  foot  of  tbe  oorthcm  slope  ol  tbe  Vosgea 

between  Hagcnau  aud  SaatgemUnd.     Pop.  (i«bs)  4000.    There 

are  a  Roman  Catholic  and  a  FiotHlant  church,  a  cIuticaltdHiol 

and  an  academy  ol  forestiy     The  industries  include  (hoe-making 

and  watch-making,  and  there  is  some  trade  In  grain  and  timber. 

The  town  ol  Bilsch,  which  was  formed  out  of  the  villages  ol 

Rohr  and  Kaltenhauscn  in  tbe  17th  century,  derives  ita  name 

from  the  old  stronghold  (mentioned  in  1171  as  Bylis  Caslrum] 

atandingonarocksODietse  ft.  above  Ibe  town.    Thit  had  king 

given  its  name  to  the  countship  ol  Bilsch.  which  was  originally 

in  the  possession  of  the  dukes  ol  Lorraine.    In  1 197  it  passed  by 

marriage  W  Ebethsrd  I.  ol  Zweibmcken,      ' 


n  156*. w 


It 


passed  with  that  duchy  to  France  in 
town  rapidly  increased  in  popubtion.  Tbe  citadel,  which  had 
been  constructed  by  Vauban  on  the  site  of  the  old  tasdc  after 
the  capture  of  Bitsch  by  the  French  in  1614,  had  been  destroyed 
when  it  was  restored  lo  Loiraine  in  t6«S.  This  was  restored 
and  slrenglhencd  in  i;4ointoatorlreas  that  proved  impregnable 
in  all  succeeding  wars.  The  attack  upon  it  by  the  Prussian* 
in  170J  was  repulsed;  In  1S15  they  had  to  lie  content  with 
blockading  it;  and  ia  1S70,  though  it  was  closely  invested  by 
the  Germans  after  the  battle  of  WSrlh.  it  held  out  until  the  cad 
of  the  war.  A  large  part  ol  the  fortification  is  eicavatcd  in  the 
red  aandstooe  rock,  and  rendered  bomb-proof;  a  supply  of 
water  is  secured  to  the  garrison  by  a  deep  well  in  the  inte^io^ 

BtTTER,  KARL  THEODORB  FRAHCIE  (1S67-  }.  American 
sculptor,  was  bom  in  Vienna  on  the  6th  ol  December  1S67. 
After  studying  art  there.  In  igSo  be  removed  10  the  United 
Stales,  where  he  became  naturalized.  In  America  he  gained 
great  popularity  as  a  sculptor,  and  in  1906-100;  was  presi- 
dent of  the  National  Sculpture  Society,  New  York.  Among 
bis  principal  works  an:  the  Aslor  memorial  gates,  Trinity 
cburcb,  New  York;  "  Etementa  Controlled  and  Unconlrollcd,'- 
on  the  Administration  Building  at  tbe  Chicago  Eiposilion; 
a  brge  relief,  "  Triumph  of  Civiliiation."  in  the  waiting-room 
of  the  Broad  Street  station  of  the  Pennsylvanb  railway  in 
Philadelphia;  dccoisliona  for  the  Dewey  Naval  Arch  in  New 
York  City;  the  "  Sundard  Bearet*,"  at  the  Pan-American 
Eiposition  grounds;  a  ^tllng  statue  and  a  bust  of  Dc  Pepper, 
provost  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania;  and  the  Villard 
and  Hubbard  mi        ■»■-■-'      ,.    ,    .       .        * 


nof  G 


Lclpiig  by  rail,  on  the  river  Muldc, 
and  an  important  junction  ol  railway*  from  Leipalg  and  Halle 
to  Berlin.  Pop.  (1900)  11.839.  It  manufactures  dnin-pipcs, 
papcr-rooGng  ami  machinery,  and  ha*  saw-mills.  Several 
coal-mines  are  In  Ihe  vicinity.  The  town  was  buDi  by  a  colony 
ol  Flemish  immigrants  In  nsj  It  was  captured  by  the  land- 
grave o(  Mdssen  in  1476,  and  bdonged  thenceforth  lo  Saiony, 
until  It  was  ceded  to  Pni5»a  in  1B15.  Owing  lo  Its  pleasant 
situation  and  accesaltnliiy.  it  has  became  a  favourite  residence 
of  businesamenof  Leipzig  and  Halle. 

BITTBRUira  (Rlaiaa  ameras).  a  llltle  Carp-ULe  fSsta  ol 
ccniral  Europe,  belonging  to  Ihe  Cyprinid  family.  Id  il  we 
have  a  remarkable  Instance  of  symbiosis.  Tbe  genital  papilla 
ol  the  female  acquirea  a  gteai  development  during  the  bKcdio' 
aeason  and  becomes  produced  Into  a  tube  neattv  >a  long  aa 


BITTERN— BITUMEN 


bb  ttscU;  Ibb  ten  M  an  ovipnitoT  bjr  mara  ol  Hliich  ihc 

compaia lively  (ew  anil  lirgc  egg]  (j  milUmclrea  in  diamclti' 
•R  iniroduccd  ihrougb  ihc  giping  nlvcs  bcTwctn  ihc  branchiic 


Ihcit  h«t  ibout  a  month  bicr.  The  nwIluK  reciprocaln  by 
throwing  oH  iis  embryos  on  Ihi  pani.I  fish,  in  ihe  Ma  ot  which 
they  remain  encyiicd  for  some  lime,  ibe  period  ol  nprodi 
ol  the  fishand-musd coinciding. 

BITTEKH.  a  genus  of  Hading  birds,  betonging  to  Ihe  ( 
A'dtidat,  camprising  several  species  closeEyalJied  to  (he  herons, 
(lam  whicb  Ihey  diller  chiefly  in  [heir  shaitcr  neck,  the  back  of 
which  is  covered  with  down,  and  the  front  wtih  long  feathers, 
which  can  be  raised  at  pleasure.  They  arc  solitary  birds.  Icefjucnt- 
ing  countries  possessing  eitensive  swamps  aitd  marshy  grounds, 
temaining  at  test  hy  day,  conccjled  among  the  rced»  and  hushes 
ol  their  haunt!,  and  seeking  their  food,  which  coniisis  of  fish, 

common  biiletn(fl<pJoiiniji/i//orij)  is  nearly  i!  laige  as  Ihe  heror 
and  is  widely  diiiributed  over  [he  eastciri  heniisphefe.  Former!. 
il  was  common  in  Biilain,  but  extensive  drainage  and  perteculion 


have  greatly  diminished  its  numbers  and  II  is  now  only  an  un- 
certain visitor.  Not  a  winter  passes  without  its  appearing  in 
some  numbers,  ^hen  its  uncommon  aspect,  jLa  large  si«e,  and 
beautifully  pencilled  plumage  cause  it  to  be  regarded  as  a  (real 
priu  by  tbe  lucky  gun-bearer  la  whom  il  falls  a  victim.  Its 
value  a*  a  delicacy  for  the  table,  once  so  highly  esteemed,  has 
long  vanished.  Ttit  old  lable  of  this  bird  insetting  its  beak  into 
■  teed  Di  plunging  it  into  the  ground,  and  so  causing  the  booming 
totind  with  which  [i>  name  will  be  alivays  associated,  is  also 
ciploded,  and  nowadays  Indeed  so  Tew  people  in  Britain  have 
ever  heard  its  loud  and  awlul  voice,  which  seema  to  be  uitcied 
only  in  the  breeding-season,  and  Is  therefore  unknown  in  acounliy 
wbere  it  no  longer  breeds,  that  incredulity  as  to  its  booming  al 
all  has  la  some  quarters  succeeded  the  old  belief  in  ihii  as  in 

days  of  falconry  was  siiictly  preserved,  and  aSoided  excellent 
tpoit.  It  sits  crouching  on  the  ground  during  the  day,  with  its 
bill  pointing  in  the  air,  a  position  from  which  It  is  not  easily 
roused,  and  even  when  it  takes  wing,  iti  flight  is  neither  swill 
nor  long  sustained.  When  wounded  il  requites  to  be  approached 
with  caution,  as  it  will  then  attack  either  man  or  dag  with  lu 
long  sharp  bill  and  its  acute  daws.  Ii  builds  a  rude  nesi  among 
Ihe  reed*  and  flags,  mil  ol  the  naterials  which  uinouiid  il,  and 


the  female  lays  lour  or  Gra  cj 
Ihe  breeding  season  il  utiera 
probably  deiivcs  lis  generic  i 


speckled  wi 
(^DfdoriiiJ 
species,  a 


s  found  throughout 


nailer  than  I 


le  European 


of  North  America,  ll  also  occurs  in  Britain  ai  an 
Iraggler.  Il  it  distinguishable  by  its  uniform  greyish- 
brown  primaries,  which  want  the  lawny  ban  Ihat  chararieriie 
B.  ilillarii,     both  species  are  good  earing. 

BnTEIIH  (from  "  bluer  "),  the  mother  liquor  obtained  from 
sea-water  or  bn'ncs  after  the  separation  of  the  sodium  chloride 
(common  salt)  by  cryHalliution.  It  contains  various  mag- 
nesium sails  (sulphate,  chloride,  bromide  and  iodide)  and  il 
■employed  commcrcully  for  ihe  manufactute  of  Epsom  salt) 
(magnesium  sulphate]  and  bromine.  The  same  term  is  applied 
to  a  RiiiluK  of  iiuBssia,  iron  sulphate,  CKCufiu  iiitfifiii,  tiquorice. 
Sic.  used  in  idulleniing  beer. 

BITTERS,  the  name  given  to  iromatiied  (generally  alcoholic) 
beverages  conlsinlng  a  biiter  substance  or  substances,  used  ai' 
ionics,  appetiiers  or  digestives.  The  bitierness  is  imparted  by 
such  sulnlances  as  bluer  orange  rind,  genti        •    '     • 


Juniper,  ci 


re  Ihe  Bnei 


lion  witn  tne  oitler  principles,  alcohol  and 
I  are  prepared  by  simple  maceiaiion  and 
(see  LigucuBs),  oiben  by  the  mon  corn- 
process.     Those  prepared   hy  the  latter 

substance  which  has  been  used  to 


sold  under  t 

give  them  ihe  predom  „..  ..  „ 

or  peach  bitten,  &c.  The  alcoholic  strength  of  bitten  varies, 
but  is  generally  in  the  neighbourhood  of  40%  of  alcohol  Some 
bluer*,  although  possessing  ionic  properties,  may  be  regarded 
as  beverages  pure  and  simple,  notwithsianding  the  fact  that  ihey 
are  seldom  consumed  in  an  undiluted  state;  othen  again,  are 
obviously  mcdicimil  picpaniions  and  should  be  treated  as  such. 
BITUKEK,  the  name  appUed  by  the  Romans  to  the  variout 
descriptions  of  natural  hydrocarbons,  the  word  pdreltHm  not 
being  used  in  classical  Latin.     Inits  widest  sense  il 


:oftl: 


scriptions  of  tt!riil, 
■UuniU  or  «,-«, 


lie,  ilali 


It  solid  fo 


en  asphalt  and  the  more  liquid  kinds  of  crude  pelroleum, 
rm  nuffAs  (Latin)  is  frequently  employed.  The  bitumens 
;l  commercial  imporiance  may  be  grouped  under  Ihe  three 
igs  of  (i)  luilitral  jdj,  (i)  ftUiJnm,  and  (j)  ai/lcJf,  and 
:  found  fully  described  under  these  titles.    In  the  scriptures 

ing  may  be  quoted:— In  Genesis  ii,  j,  we  ate  tokJ  lhat  in 
lilding  of  tbe  lowei  of  Babel  "  slime  had  thry  for  ncnar." 
1  Cenesii  xlv.  10,  lhat  the  vale  of  Siddim  "was  full  o( 
slime-pits,"  the  word  iftaw  in  the  latter  quotalloo  from  our 
cin  appearing  ai  bilumtn  In  Ihe  Vulgate.  Herodotus  allude* 
ie  use  of  the  bitumen  brought  down  by  Ihe  la.  a  irUnitary 
le  Euphrates,  as  mortar  id  building  the  walls  of  Babylon. 
loTus,  Cunius,  Josephus,  Bocharl  and  others  make  linilar 
Lion  of  this  use  of  bitumen,  and  Vitntviiu  ItUt  us  that  it 
employed  in  admiiture  with  clay. 

ita  various  forms,  liiiumen  is  one  of  ibe  moal  widely  dla* 
lied  of  subsiaocei.     It  ocean,  though  sonetlmes  only  in 
small  quantity,  in  almost  every  part  of  the  ^obe.  and  Ihrough- 
'e  whole  range  of  gcolotical  slrala,  from  tbe  Lamcntian 
to  the  most  recent  memben  of  the  Quaieniary  period. 
Although  the  gaseous  and  liquid  lorms  of  bitumen  may  be  re- 
garded u  having  been  formed  in  the  strata  in  which  Ihey  are 
found  or  as  having  been  received  into  such  itiata  shortly  alter 
inilion,  the  semi-solid  and  solid  varieties  may  be  cansidered 
have  been  produced  by  the  oxidalion  and  evaporation  ol 


BITORIGES— BIXIO 


tfM  pemlonn  ac«|ihc  Ami  undarl7tii(  et  hctia  ^aerni 
iifBiia  bto  oibn  itnti,  «  into  Suum  *bcK  timovberit 
KtioB  lad  kiu  of  tbe  man  volitilc  noMituenlt  an  Ukc  pUa 
II  ikouU,  bovcvR,  be  lUtcd  tint  then  it  too*  difliitnce  o( 
esitioa  ms  b>  ibe  prcdM  nuDiKr  of  prodacUon  of  Mme  of  the 
nlid  lonm  a(  bitutani,  ud  apeciilJr  ofmikcritii.       (B,  R.) 

■mntlBB,  a  Celtic  paople,  ■ccordini  to  Livy  (v.  34}  the 
nDit  pomrlul  hi  Giul  In  the  time  of  Tinnzbiui  Priiciii.  At 
lame  period  unknown  ibey  iptii  op  into  two  bmidiet — BllnHitt* 
Csbi  ud  Biiuriga  Vivisd.  TIm  BMiae  fa  uippoud  to  mean 
(filler  "  mien  of  the  wortd  "  or  "  petpetnil  Un^" 

The  Biturigci  Cubi,  called  ilmpljr  BiRsiie*  by  Caesar.  Is 
■hcae  dDH  they  acknowledged  the  topremaiy  of  the  Aedui, 
iahibited  the  nxxtem  dioceM  at  Bourjet,  Indudini  the  depart- 
Deau  at  Cher  aad  Indic,  and  partly  that  of  AlUer.  Tbetr  chief 
loiria  nete  Avahcum  (Bouiga),  AigCDtomigiu  (AiteDton-mr- 
Cietuc),  NerioiBagus  (N(rii-lei-Baiiii),  Noviodanum  (periiap* 
VilUicj,  At  the  time  of  the  nbellion  of  Veidnflctarli  (ji  •.«.), 
Avarinm,  after  a  desperate  rtalstaiice,  mi  taken  by  asuult, 
md  (bi  inhabitant!  pul  to  Ibe  iwonL  In  the  foDowlog  year, 
tb>  BittuigH  (ubmiited  ID  Caetar,  and  ondn  Aufuitv*  they 
«at  inmponted  (in  il  B.C.)  in  Atioitanfa.  Pliny  (ffaf.  Bill, 
h,  io«)  ipaka  of  them  ai  liberi,  wUch  poinn  to  tbeii  eDJoytng 
■  attain  amount  of  independence  under  Ronun  government. 
The  Strict  contained  a  Dumber  of  iron  vorkj,  and  Caem  tayi 
t^  wett  akiUed  in  driving  giUerlti  and  mining  operatiana. 

Tbe  BItnrlgei  Viviid  occupied  the  itiip  of  land  betveen  the 
■a  ud  (be  left  bank  of  the  Garonne,  compriiing  ttie  greater 
pirt  el  the  modem  departinent  of  GliDcde.  Ttieic  capital  wai 
Butdigala  (Bordcaui),  even  then  a  pUce  of  coniideiable  import- 
aare  and  a  vine-giowlng  centit.  Like  the  Cubl,  they  alw  lie 
oiled  Iiten  by  fSaj. 

See  A.  Dcijardlfii.  Clareftlt  lililerlsai  It  b  Catit  rtmatm,  H 

BI)fi)!  A.  LADgBoa.  CHptfkii  dt  b  Csitit  an  YP  lOdt 
:  £  Kolde.  AU^Mcte  S/waiiiciaat  T.  IL  Halaiei, 
i  CnifWU  t!  CoW  (itf9). 
MTZIDI.  ALIUCHT  (iTor-iBMl.  SiriM  aoveilit,  ben  Imtnre 
br  hit  pen  bum  of  "  Jeremiaa  Collhelf,"  mi  botn  oa  tba  4th 
of  October  iT97*t  Uoni,  vberc  hit  faibn  vaa  paitot.  In  iick4 
the  heme  «U  mmred  to  Uucnitoif,  a  villafe  in  the  HfmeiP 
EmaenlhaL  UeiB  yaong  fiitxiui  grew  up,  ncdviag  hit  eailjr 
cdwaiiDn  and  casHrting  with  the  boy*  d  the  village,  ai  wdl  aa 
helping  hii  lather  to  cidiivate  hit  glebe.  In  iSi  >  he  went  to 
csmplele  hia  educalico  at  Bern,  and  in  iBio  wai  received  aa  a 
pauu.  Id  1811  be  viiiled  the  univenity  of  COLtingen.  but 
leiumed  luina  in  18^3  te  act  aa  hii  father"!  ■— f«'»nf  On  hli 
fuher't  death  (1614)  beveot  Inlha  aama  c^iadty  to  Hetaogcn- 
bacluee.  and  lalet  to  Bern  (iBiq).  Early  in  iSji  he  Mnt  aa 
Muuant  to  the  aged  paiUK  of  the  village  of  LBtaeUah.  In  the 
Upper  Emmenlhal  {between  Langnau  and  Borgdorf),  being  iOon 
•tecied  hit  auctenor  (iSji)  and  mairyiiig  one  of  hia  grand- 
digghien  (iSjj).  He  ipent  the  rest  of  hia  life  there,  dying  on 
tlw  imd  of  October  ig54,andlcavingthteediildteii(the«onwai 
a  fuiot,  the  two  daughun  married  puiora).  Hit  tnt  work, 
Ihe  SannifNIcf,  appeared  in  iSj;.  Ii  purported  to  be  the  life 
of  Jereniiai  CotibcU,  narrated  by  himtelf,  and  thii  naae  waa 
lua  adopted  by  the  anihor  aa  hia  pen  name.  It  li  a  Ihing 
pinure  of  Bemeie  («-,  itriclly  ff— ^"-(r,  Enunenthal)  vfllage 
Hfe,  iniE  to  aatuie,  and  not  atlemptlig  to  tfon  over  lu  defWtt 
~    ii  aniticn  (Ilk*  the  leit  of  hli  wothi)  in  the 


It  Biulta  ml  not  (hke  Aueibacb)  ■  petnnt  by  bhth,  but 
beknged  to  tbe  ediuatad  daaaei,  ao  thai  be  reptodncei  what  he 
kid  leen  aod  Itamt.  and  not  what  he  had  himielf  penwuUly 
tipeiienceiL  The  book  *u  a  great  ineceat,  aa  It  wn  a  piclum 
<l  nat  life,  and  not  of  fandfuUy  beribboned  ifith^entury 
vilUgen.  Among  hii  later  taJet  are  tbe  Itidtn  ■ad  FreuJtit 
BKi  .StJ^faunUen  ((Sjg-itM).  C/Jf  ^ir  Kfioll  (1S4O.  with  ita 
centiBuation,  f/Viikr />di*lcr  (1849).  ^iw  SUiJuMfs  (1843- 
it4i},  KeUtl ill  CravMUUr  USij),  DU  Kaitrci indtr  ViMJrndt 
(i«jo1,  and  the  ErMuiist  tinei  SilmUttiaiieri  (1854).  " 
faUitbed  alao  icveral  volume!  of  ihoncr  laleL     ^le 


dnwted  to  aome  et  Ua  wrhtap  la  the  echo  ef  local  ptfStlcal 
conlnvenlea,  for  Bitiiui  wai  a  Whig  aod  itron^y  oppoied  to 
tbe  Radical  party  In  the  canton,  whidi  carried  the  day  in  il4t. 

«  by  C  Manuel,  In  the  Berlin  edilion  of  Bitiiui'i 
i^  'W'J.  • " 


(Beriin.  ifcij,  and'by  J.  A™ 
Sommlimi    BimiKitr    Biifn. 

ill.,  giving  the  origjnat 

BIVOUAC  (a  French  wigcd  goieiaUy  mU  la  have  been  Intto- 


nlD  vol  1. 

, BiMpapHitm.     Hi.    — > 

It  Bedio.  ias6-iIoi,  whik ..._.,  . 

"- -  niwiedat  Ben,  180-1900  (edjiia 


mgom  canying  t^M.  CoDRmt  Uvoiua,  however,  an  tiytag 
to  the  health  of  men  tod  hpem,  and  tUt  method  o)  quartcriag 
It  never  employed  except  wbeo  tbe  mUlaiy  ritoitlon  demiBdi 
cDtKeDtiatkin  and  readhieM,  Thui  the  ontpoata  would  often 
have  to  bivouac  whHe  the  main  body  of  the  army  lay  in  bi||eta. 
BIWA.  a  lake  in  the  pmiBca  of  Ond,  Japan.  It  meaiurci 
jd  m.  hi  length  by  11  m.  to  extreme  breadth,  hai  an  arM  of  i3o 
iq.  m.,  li  abont  jjs  ft.  afaova  na-fevd,  and  haa  an  almme 
depthfif  loBW  jDoh.  TbnaaiaafewimallldaiidilDtbebfce, 

Tradition  aBagea  that  Lake  Bim  ud  the  mountain  of  FnJI 
wen  pradnced  alnmttiDeoiBly  by  an  eartbqaaka  in  igd  i.e. 
On  the  watt «( tbe  lake  tbe  mooUalB  HW-ian  and  Hifa-yama 
ilope  dsiwnalmoM  M  to  mugln,  and  oa  the  ei"  ~" 
exwndi  tgwiida  the  beanditfat  o(  tbe  fg 

dnlned  by  ■  river  lowing  ant  of  Iti  to 

In  cenne  into  the  tt*  at  Onka.  TUm  livcr  bean  in  McctMun 
the  ntinei  al  SeM-pwn,  Ujl-^m  ud  Yodo^Ka.  Tlw  laka 
aboundi  with  bh,  and  ibe  beauty  of  Itt  acentiy  li  lemarfcable. 
SobU  Meenboatt  ply  cnaMantly  to  the  pointi  of  chkf  inteteai, 
and  ammd  itt  ihoiei  an  to  be  vlawed  the  Om1-ma*akkti,  or 
"  ei^t  lanibcapet  of  0ml ";  namely,  tbe  lake  lOvering  nndei 
an  autumn  moon  aa  one  looki  down  liom  Itbiyunn;  the  mow 
at  eve  on  Ilir»-yama;  the  ^w  of  miKI  at  Seta;  tbe  povei 
and  daa^c  temple  of  UiI.dBa  aa  the  evening  beO  loimdi;  boati 
•ailing  home  Iiom  Yabait;  doodlem  peaki  at  Awaiui  rain  at 
Hl^htfall  Over  KiTiiiki;  and  wild  geeie  iwe^tng  down  to 
Kalala.  TliclakclacoiuicctedwilhKyotobyacanalcanitructed 
in  tlgo,  and  la  (hot  brought  Into  water  communicaiion  with 
Oiaka. 

BlZKh  miO  (ilir-iSfj),  Italian  aoMler,  wai  bom  on  t^ 
nid  of  Onebei  iSii.  While  itilt  a  boy  be  waa  compelled  by 
hit  paienit  to  embrace  ■  maiillme  cueer.  After  numetoua 
adventurei  he  ntumed  to  Italy  In  iM,  joined  the  Clovlna  Italia, 
and,on4ih  NavemberiS4T,  made  hlandfooupicuoua  at  Genoa 
by  Klnng  the  bridle  o(  Charlet  Albcrft  hone  and  dying, "  Fata 
[he  Tidno.  Sire,  and  we  are  all  wHb  ysv.?  He  foo^l  Ihnngh 
the  campaign  of  1848,  beeame  captain  under  Garibaldi  at  Rome 
In  ig4«,  taUngpriwDen  u  entile  French  battalion,  and  gaining 
the  pild  medal  for  military  valour.  In  itsv  he  commanded  a 
Ctiibaldian  battalioB,  and  gained  the  military  aon  of  Savoy. 
Joining  the  Manala  expedition  In  i860,  he  turned  the  day  in 
favour  of  Garibaldi  at  Calatafi^  wai  wounded  at  Palermo,  but 
recoveted  in  lima  (a  holege  Reggio  in  Calabria  [irit  of  Auguit 
iMo),  and,  thou^  again  wounded,  took  part  in  the  battle  of 
Vdtumo,  wbei*  Ui  kg  waa  broken.  Elected  deputy  in  1S61, 
he  endeavouKd  to  KCoBdle  Cavour  and  CaribaldL  In  iSM,  at 
the  head  of  the  aeventh  diviiion,  he  covered  the  Italian  retreat 
from  Cuilom,  Ignoring  the  Auitriin  luramons  to  luntnder. 
Ciealed  lenalor  in  February  iSro,  he  wai  in  the  following 
September  given  command  of  a  diviiion  during  the  movement 
ai^nu  Rome,  look  CWitt  Vetchia.  and  paitidpated  in  the 
general  attack  upon  Rome  (leih  September  1870).  He  died  of 
cholva  at  Achln  Bay  In  Sumatra  nrmH  for  Bauvia,  whiIbB  he 


i6 


BIZERTA— BIZET 


BIZERTA  (proptrly  p 
leipotl  ol  TuniiU,  in  ];" 
Next  10  Toulon,  Biicni 


tud  foot  In  oammiad  ol  ■  MBimetcUl  expedition  C  idth  Dcumber 

■Sti). 

Ben  Zcrti  Fr.  Aucrk), 
o' E,  Pop.  ibout  iipOec 
t  impoiUnt  uval  port  o 
rrance  in  lue  Mcaitcnucan.  It  occupjd  >  commMxlui, 
ilntcgica]  position  In  the  MiTOwBt  pan  of  the  Mi,  being  714  m 
£.  ol  CibnJiar,  iiftS  m.  W.N.W.  ol  Port  Slid.  i<o  m.  N.W.  of 
MaIU.ud4'em.S.bYE.oCToulon.  Iiisbom.  by  rJ]  N.N.W. 
of  Tunii.  Tlve  toum  ii  built  aa  the  iharc*  of  the  Mcdliemnoa 
»t  the  point  when  the  Lake  of  Bfi«na  enieit  the  la  thiougk  1 
DituraL  channel,  the  mouth  of  ushich  hai  bttu  cualiud.  Tlic 
modem  town  Ua  Almost  entirely  on  the  north  side  of  thu  canaL 
A  litlk  farther  north  an  the  ancient  citadel,  the  nlled  "  Arab  " 
town  and  the  old  haiboui(di»ued).  Tl»  pmcnl  outer  haiboui 
coven  about  joo  aciei  and  ii  lotmed  by  tvo  converging  jettiei 
and  ■  bnaltwater.  The  nonh  jeuy  is  4000  ft.  long,  llie  east 
ielly  jjooft.,  aod  the  bieakvatei — irhich  pn>tcct>  the  poil  from 
the  prevalent  north-east  windi — 1300  ft,  long.  The  entrance  to 
the  canal  is  in  the  cenin  of  the  outer  hubdtir.  The  canal  ii 
lAoo  It.  lone  *nd  787  ft.  wide  on  the  luifaix.  It*  binlu  an 
lined  with  quays,  and  ihipi  drawing  16  ft  of  water  aa  moor 
aloripide.  At  the  end  of  the  canal  la  a  large  comtnerfia] 
harbour,  beyond  which  the  chaniKl  opens  into  the  lake — ip 
reality  an  arm  of  the  Bea-^roughly  circular  iu  form  and  covering 
about  so  vf.  m.,  two-thirds  ol  ila  vaten  having  a  depth  of  jo 
to  4a  (L  The  lake,  which  tneichaDt  veucis  an  not  allowed 
to  entct,  contains  the  naval  pert  and  artenal.  Then  ii  ■ 
torpedo  and  submarine  boat  station  on  the  north  aide  of  the 
channel  at  the  entrance  to  the  lake,  but  the  principal  naval 
works  an  at  Sidi  Abdallah  at  the  south-west  comer  of  the 
lake  and  10  m.  from  the  open  sea.  Hen  is  an  enclosed  basin 
covering  iij  acres  with  ample  qiuytge,  diy  docks  and  every- 
thing  necessary  to  the  iccomnodatian,  repair,  reviciuatliag  and 
coaling  of  a  numerous  fleet-  Barracks,  hospitals  and  water- 
works have  been  built  the  military  lown,  called  FertyviUe, 
being  self-contained. 

FortiBcaiions  have  been  built  (or  the  protection  o(  the  port. 
They  comprise  (a)  the  older  works  surrounding  the  town;  (t)  A 
group  of  coast  batteries  on  the  high  ground  of  Cape  Biierta  or 
Guardia,  4  m.  nonh- north-west  ol  the  town;  these  are  gniuped 
round  a  poweilu!  (on  called  Jebel  Kcblr,  and  have  a  command 
of  jeo  to  800  ft.  above  eea-kvel;  (c)  another  group  of  batteries 
on  the  narrow  gmund  between  the  sea  and  the  lake  to  the  east 
oi  the  towni  the  highest  of  three  is  the  Jebd  Tuila  battery 
tfi5  ft.  above  sea-level. 

The  Lake  Or  Bueita,  called  Tinja  by  the  Arabs,  abooads  in 
excellent  bsh.  especially  mullets,  the  dried  loe  of  which,  called 
Mi'fs,  is  largely  eiported,  and  the  fishing  Industry  eaployi  a 
large  proporiioD  oi  the  inhabiunt*.  The  western  ihote  of  the 
like  b  low,  and  in  many  places  Is  covered  with  olive  tree*  to  the 
water's  edge.  The  south-eastern  shore*  are  hilly  and  wooded, 
and  behind  them  rises  a  range  of  picturesque  hill*-  A  narrow 
and  shallow  channel  leads  from  the  western  side  of  the  lake  into 
another  sheet  of  water,  the  Lake  of  Ishkul,  so  called  from  Jebel 
Ithkul,  a  hill  on  its  southern  bank  174a  ft.  high.  The  Lake  of 
Uhkul  is  nearly  u  luge  ai  the  &ist  lake,  but  is  very  shallow.  Ita 


re  genet«l1y  sweet. 


iltheai 


Tyriaa  colony.  Hippo 
Khich,  by  means  ol  a 
north-eait  wind,  was 


>r  Disnhyios,  the  hai 
spacious  )»er,  protecting  it  (mm  t 
tendered  one  ol  the  safest  and  finest 
became  •  Soman  ci^ny,  and  was  conquered  by  the  Arab)  in  the 
7th  century.  The  place  thenificr  wa*  subject  either  to  the 
rulcnofTunisorof  Consiantinc,  but  the  citiien*  werenoted  for 
itrevolts.  TVy  threwin  ihelrloi  (c.  tiio)  wiihibe 
lir-ed-Din,  and  subsequently  received  a  Turkish 
(orrison.  Biierla  was  captured  by  the  Spaniirds  in  I5JJ,  but 
not  king  afterwards  came  under  the  Tunisian  government. 
Centurici  of  neglicl  followed,  and  the  ancient  pott  was  almost 
choked  iqi.  though  the  value  ol  the  fisheriei  saved  the  town  Irom 
utlB  decay,    lu  strategical  importance  wai  one  ol  the  causes 


which  led  to  the  occupation  of  TuidiU  by  the  Frewk  In  iSSl. 
In  ifigo  a  concenion  for  a  new  canal  and  harbour  was  granted 
to  a  company,  and  five  years  later  the  new  port  was  fomudly 
opened.  Since  then  tbe  canal  has  been  widened  arid  deepened, 
and  the  iwvsl  port  at  Sidi  Abdallah  created. 

BIZer  IAlexandm  ClULt  LtopOLDi  QEOROBS  (iS]8-t87s), 
French  musical  composer,  was  bom  at  Bougival,  near  Pari);  on 
the  IJth  of  October  1838,  the  son  of  a  singing-masler.  He 
displayed  musical  ability  at  an  early  age,  and  was  sent  to  the 
Paris  Conservatoire,  where  he  studied  uiider  Haltvy  and  (peedily 
distinguished  hinuell,  carrying  off  priies  for  organ  and  lugue, 
and  fiAJlly  in  iSs?,  after  an  incBccluaf  attempt  in  the  previous 
year,  the  Crand  Prii  de  Rome  for  a  cantata  called  Clerii  tl 
ClelUdt,  A  success  of  a  different  kind  also  befell  him  at  this  lime. 
Ofleabach,  then  manager  o(  the  ThUlre  des  Bouaes-Psrisiens, 
had  organized  a  competiUon  for  an  operetta,  in  which  young 

LccDcq,  each  of  them  writing  an  operetta  called  Docteur  Miradr, 
After  the  three  yean  spent  in  Rome,  an  obligation  imposed  by 
the  French  government  on  the  winners  of  the  £nt  prise  at  the 
Conservaloire,  Buet  returned  to  Paris,  when  be  achieved  ■ 
repulatioD  *)  ■  pianist  and  accompanist.  On  the  ijrd  ol 
September  iMj  his  £nt  opera.  La  Plcitmrt  it  ftrlts,  rta 
brought  out  St  the  Thfitn  Lyrique,  but  owing  possibly  to  the 
somewhat  uninteresting  nature  of  the  story,  the  opera  did  not 
enjoy  a  very  long  mn.  The  qualities  displayed  by  the  composer, 
however,  wen  amply  recognized,  allbougb  the  music  was  stated, 
by  some  critics,  to  eihibit  traces  ol  Wagnerian  influence. 
Wagnerism  at  that  period  wts  1  sort  of  spectre  that  haunted  the 
imagioatiDD  of  many  leading  memben  of  the  musical  press.  Ii 
sufhced  for  a  woik  la  be  at  all  out  of  the  csmmoo  (or  the  epithet 
"  Wagnerian  "  10  be  applied  to  it.  The  term,  it  may  be  said, 
was  intended  to  be  condemnatory,  and  it  was  applied  with  little 
understanding  as  lo  its  real  meaning.  The  score  of  the  Plii—rt 
it  trrtit  contain*  *eve«l  charming  numben;  its  dreamy 
melodies  are  well  adapted  10  Bt  a  story  laid  In  Eastern  clime*, 
and  the  music  nveals  a  decided  dnmitic  lempenment.  Snme 
ol  its  dances  an  bow  usually  introduced  into  the  lounh  act  d 

On  the  jrd  of  June  1865  Biael  married  a  daughter  o(  his  old 
master,  Halivy.  His  second  open.  La  Jctit  FOit  4t  Ptrtk, 
produced  at  the  Tbiltre  Lyrique  on  i6th  December  1U7,  **■ 
scamly  a  step  in  advance.  Tbe  libretto  was  louiKled  on  Sir 
Walter  Scntl**  novel,  but  the  opera  lacks  unity  ol  style,  and  iu 
pages  are  marred  by  CDnceuioiu  to  tbe  vocalist.  One  number 
has  survived,  tbe  characteristic  Bohemian  dance  which  has  bceri 
interpolated  into  tbe  fourth  act  of  Conwu.  In  hia  third  opera 
Biiet  relumed  to  an  oriental  subject,  Z>iiimf(*,  a  one^ct  opera 
given  at  the  Optra  Comique  on  the  iind  of  May  ig;  1.  is  {zrUair 
one  of  his  moat  individual  eBorta.  Again  were  accusations  ol 
Wagnerism  burled  it  the  composer's  head,  and  Djamiiik  did  not 
achieve  the  success  it  undoubtedly  deserved-  The  composer  was 
more  fortunate  with  the  inddenlal  music  he  wrote  to  Alpbonie 
produced  in  October  J871. 
snged  in  the  (orm  ol  suites, 
!n-n»m.  Rarely  have  poetry 
and  imagination  been  so  welt  allied  as  in  theae  ciquiiite  page^ 
which  seem  to  reflect  the  sunny  skies  o(  FroveiHZ. 

Biiet's  masterpiece,  Carmen,  was  brought  out  at  tlw  Optra 
Comiqueonthejtdof  MarchiSTj.  It  was  baaed  on  a  version  by 
Meilhu;  and  Hal^  ol  a  study  by  Prosper  Mirimie-~in  which 
the  dramatic  element  was  obscured  by  much  dcsciiplivc  writing. 
The  detection  Ol  the  drama  underlying  this  psycbological 
narrative  was  in  iltell  a  brilliant  discovery,  and  in  reconstruciing 
the  story  in  dramatic  farm  the  aulbon  produced  one  of  tbe  most 
lamous  llhntii  in  the  whole  nnge  of  opera.  Still  more  striking 
than  the  libretto  was  (he  music  composed  by  Biiet,  In  which  the 
peculiar  uk  of  the  fluie  and  of  the  lowest  lutes  ol  the  harp 


imben  froi 


e  months  1 


T  the  production  ol 


ulramaheanaBeciion.  Beloici 


'W'i't^'8'^'^ 


BJORNEBORG— BLACHFORD 


«f  knowtng  thit  Carmtn  h»i  been  Knpwd  Tar  pndiiclloii  it 

Vicnni.    AMcr  Ihc  Auilriin  npilal  (urne  BruueJt,  B<:Tj;n  and, 
in  187S.  London.  whrnCarwuimlinueU  QUI  at  KcrMnjaly'i 


BJOHHEBORO  (Finniih,  Pfri).  1  dislrict  to>m  of  Finland, 
pnn-ince  of  Al»- BjSrnclnrg,  on  Ihc  E.  com  ol  Ihe  CaJI  o\ 
Bothnia,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Kumo.  Ul  51°  S'  N.,lans.  (&°o'  E. 
Pop.  (1901)  i6,o5j,  moa\y  S«Tda,  Lwie  vnicli  unnot  enter 
its  roadsind.  and  111^  at  RlEsO,    The  lawn  has  ihipbuilding 

■nd  has  1  total  tnde  ol  over  16,000,000  inarlii,  the  chief  upon 

UBninOH.  uamnriERHE  (iSjT-igio),  Nonreglan  poet, 
nDvrLisi  and  dnmalitl.  *is  born  on  the  Blh  of  December  iSji 
at  ihe  larniilead  of  Bjttrgcn.  in  Kvtkne,  In  Ostcrdal,  Norway, 
fn  183^  his  laibrr,  who  had  been  pastor  ol  Kvlkoe,  was  trans> 
fttnd  lo  the  parish  of  Norsset.  in  Romsdol;  in  iliis  romoniic 
dislrict  Ihe  childliDod  of  DjBmson  was  spent.  After  some 
learhing  at  the  nrighbouiing  town  of  Moldc,  he  wu  sent  at  the 
■ge  of  seventeen  Id  a  itrlf.known  school  in  Christionia  to  study 

and  indHd  he  had  written  verses  from  his  eleventh  year,    lie 

began  to  work  as  ■  Joumaliit.  especially  u  i  dramiiic  criiie.  In 
iSj;  appeared  5)riin*ie5ii/iiil-*«i,  the  first  of  Bjttmwn's  peasant- 
novels;  in  185S  this  was  lallowed  by  Aria,  in  i8(k>  by  A  Haffy 
Baj.  and  in  iB^  by  Tlu  Fiihn  UaUen.  The«  srB  the  ni«t 
important  specimens  of  his  bonit-Jorlatltinier  or  peosant.taks — 
a  section  of  his  iiieriry  work  which  has  made  d  profound  im- 
pressionfn  hisown  country,  and  liaa  made  him  popubr  through- 
out Ihc  world.  Two  of  the  tales.  Ana  and  SyaiiK  Si>:baHtn, 
offer  perhaps  finer  eumples  of  the  pure  peasatit.)tOTy  than  are 
to  be  found  eliewheie  in  Dterature. 

BiOmson  wis  aniious  "  10  creale  1  new  uga  in  the  light  of  ihe 
peisini,"  IS  he  pui  li,  and  he  thought  thli  jhould  be  done,  not 
merely  in  prose  ficiion,  but  In  nitiond  dramas  or  Jolit-stykitr. 
The  euliest  of  Lhese  wasi  one.act  piece  the  sant  □!  which  Is  laid 
{n  the  I  ith  century.  BrPttm  Ikt  Balllrt.  wrrllen  In  185s.  but  not 
produced  until  1857.  He  was  especially  influence  i(  this  time 
by  the  study  of  Biggesen  and  Oehlcnschliger,  during  a  visit  to 
Copenhagen  1856-19J7.  Briaten  iJa  Baata  was  followed  by 
loiar  tlKUa  in  iSjS,  and  Kint  Svtrri  in  1S61.  All  these  cfTons, 
however,  were  fir  eicelled  by  the  splendid  trilogy  of  5i{iipd  lit 
B/atari,  which  Bjfimsan  issued  in  iSdi.  This  raised  hfm  to  the 
front  nnk  among  the  younger  poets  of  Europe.  His  Sigurd  Ihe 
Crutadfr  should  be  added  to  the  category  of  these  heroic  plays, 
■tlhough  it  wti  not  printed- until  ig;i. 

At  the  dose  of  1857  BjQmson  had  been  appointed  director  of 
the  ibeiTte  at  Bergen.  1  post  which  he  held,  with  much  ^oumal- 
Islic  work,  foriwoyeirs.  when  he  retumctl  10  lheci(Htll.  From 
iSte  10  lUj  he  Invelled  widely  ihroughoui  Europe.  Early  in 
lB6s  he  underlook  the  managcnienl  of  the  Christiinii  theatre, 
ud  brought  out  hi)  popular  comedy  of  Tkr  Heuty  UarritJ  and 
lus  rominlic  tragedy  of  Uary  Slitan  In  SiiHleiid.  Although 
BjBrnson  ha*  introduced  into  his  novels  ind  playi  sonp  .of 
eitraocdinary  beauty,  he  wis  never  a  very  copious  writer  of 
vcne;  in  1870  he  published  his  Pmhu  owf  Saitp  and  the  epic 
cycle  called  Arnljal  CtHitu:  the  Utter  volume  contiini  the 
rnignificent  ode  colled  "BergliDt,"  B}Omson's  final  contribution 
to  lyrical  poetry.  Between  igo*  and  1S74,  hi  Ihe  very  prime  of 
life.  Bfomton  displiyed  1  slackening  of  the  fntelleclual  forces 
very  lemirkible  in  a  man  of  bis  energy;  he  w«s  Indeed  during 
these  yean  mainly  occu^Hed  with  politics,  ind  with  his  business 
u  1  Ihcalricil  miniger.  This  wis  the  period  of  BJIInuDn's  most 
Eery  pmpaginda  is  1  ndicil  agiutoi.  In  i8;i  he  began  to 
supiileinent  his  joumilislic  work  in  this  direction  by  delivering 
lectures  over  the  length  and  breadth  of  the  oorihera  countries. 
He  poaMssed  to  a  surprising  degree  the  arts  of  the  orator,  com- 
Uned  wiib  a  magottccnt  physiol  prestige.    From  \S^i  to  ig;A 


BjBmson  wu  absent  from  Norway,  and  fo  the  peace  of  voluntas 

a  dramatic  author  began  with  A  Baahupby  and  Tkr  E^unr  la 


le  puUisbed  another  n 


say  on 


itellcclua 


.     Ccpiair 


Irica'l  pby,  r*« 
U I  hough  these 


episode  ol  the  war  of  Italic 

Extremely  anxious  to  obtain 

concentrated  his  powers  on 

(1879),  which  raised  a  violeni 

Hue  Sfilcm,  was  produced  1  lew  ■ 

playsof  Bjarnson'ssecond  period  wi      _ 

Ihcm  (etcepi  A  Bankruflcy)  pleased  on  the  boardt.    When  once 

more  he  produced  a  social  drama,  A  CannUrt,  in  iSSj,  he  waa 

unable  to  persuade  any  manager  to  stage  it,  except  in  a  modified 

form,  IhtHigh  this  ptay  gives  the  full  measure  of  his  po«'er  as  a 

dramatiiL   In  the  autumn  of  the  same  year,  Bfdmson  publishctl 

a  mystical  or  symbolic  drama  Btyttid  mr  PriKn,  dealing  with 

the  abnormal  features  of  religious  excitement  with  eiliaordinary 

force;  this  was  not  acted  unlit  1899,  when  it  achieved  a  great 

Meanwhile,  BjDmson'i  political  attitude  had  brought  upon 

Germany,  returning  to  Norway  in  iSSi.  Convinced  that  the 
theatre  was  practically  closed  to  him,  he  turned  bock  to  the 
novel,  and  published  in  1S84,  flue'  are  Flyint  in  Taam  and  Fori, 
embodying  hb  theories  on  heredity  and  education.  In  18S9  ha 
printed  another  long  and  still  mote  remarkable  novel,  In  Cod's 


irhich  is 


.    The 


omedy,  Ceepafliy  an 

iiotics,  of  a  more  or  lesi  didactic  chancier,  dealing  with  startling 
points  of  emotional  experience,  were  collected  in  1894;  among 
litem  those  which  produced  ihe  greatest  setisation  were  Dust^ 
Umhtr'i  Handi.  and  Ahmltm't  Iloh.  Later  plays  were  a 
political  tragedy  called  Paul  Lautl  cad  Tera  Pa/ibat  (iS^fl),  1 
second  pan  o!  Btyond  our  Pmm  (iSds).  Labiremus  (1901),  Al 
SUrhne  (ii)oi),  and  Dat/onnil  (1904).  In  iSjjg,  it  the  opening 
of  the  National  theatre,  Bjnmson  received  m  ovition.  and  his 
■tga-drsmi  of  Sicurd  iIk  Crmaitr  wu  performed. 

A  subject  which  interested  him  greatly,  ind  on  which  he 
occupied  his  indefatigable  pen,  wis  the  question  of  the  bmde-. 
mad,  the  adopting  of  1  national  Imguage-lor  Norway  distinci 
the  damt-ncrti  (Dano-Noraegim),  in  which  her  liteiaturr 


-3  hltherlc 


B^amt 


blind  him  to  the  fatal  folly  of 
such  a  proposal,  and  hii  lectures  and  pimphlets  against  the  miIbJ- 

linguige  in  this  dangerous  moment.  BjOmson  was  one  of  Ihe 
original  members  of  the  Nobel  committee,  ind  uis  re-elected  In 
igoo.  In  1903  he  was  awarded  the  Nobel  ptiie  for  llieniure. 
BJSmionhad  done  is  much  is  any  other  man  id  rouse  Norwegian 
national  feeling,  but  in  igo3,  on  the  verge  of  the  rupture  between 

lo  the  Norwegians. '  He  wu  an  eloquent  advocate  of  Fan- 
Germanism,  and,  writing  to  the  Fifara  In  igoS,  he  outlined  a 
Pan-Cerminlc  illiince  of  nonhem  Europe  and  North  Ameiica. 
He  died  on  the  ]6Ih  ol  April  191a. 

Str^iaTnton'tSamltde  VafrtolCopenhiBen,  i9Di>-iaoi.  iivoli.v- 
1-1.  "—I,  gj  Bilnaljrrm  Bjimien  (1994,  Se.l,  edited  by  Edmund 
..  enncbi,  Criliai  Slmlia  ('899)!  E-  Tiwot,  Li  dram, 
. 3    r,     .,,.-...    i„H»„  (,^,1;  Chr.  Collin. 

u  11  pfneni  available:  and  B.  Hatvonen, 

(IMJ).  {£.  G.) 

BLACHFOHD.    rRBDERlC    RDQERS.    Goon    (ign-iSSQ), 

British  civil  servant,  eldest  son  of  Sir  Fiederick  Leinin  Rogers, 

lib  But.  (wbon  tat  Mcceeded  in  the  baronetcy  la  iSsi),  wu 


i8 

bon  isLmloa  oa  ihc  jut  o(  luniaiy  iSii.  He  wwcdaatcd 
■(  EUn  ind  Orid  CoUcfc,  Oifoid.  when  be  Ud  ■  briUiut 
ctner,  viiumif  the  Cnvta  Univenity  •clMbnbip,  uid  Ukioi 

■  double  Gnt-cUu  in  dmici  and  nnHhenalk^    He  became 

■  lellow  of  Olid  (iBjj),uidinHitbe  Vineiiaa  icholirahip  (1834). 
uid  lellowiluii  (1&40].  He  wu  called  to  Ibe  bar  in  jSj?,  biu 
sever  pnctiied.  At  (chool  aad  at  Oifard  be  wai  a  conumporaiy 
ol  W.  E.  Gladstone,  and  at  OiTord  he  began  a  Uleloni  fiiendahip 
with  J.  B.  Newman  and  R.  W.  Church;  hli  dauical  and  literary 
taitcs,  and  bi>  combioatioii  ol  libcraliun  In  politia  nitli  Hith 
Churcb  vien  ia  religJon,  together  with  hii  good  uda]  pootioo 
and  Inlcrouag  character,  made  him  an  admired  member  of  iJieir 
drck*.  Foi  two  or  three  yean  <ia«i-i&M)  he  wrote  [or  Tlu 
Timci,  and  be  helped  to  found  Tit  Guanlua  in  ifL(6:  be  also 
did  »  good  deal  to  assiat  tlie  Tractarian  movement.  But  he 
eventually  Milled  dowu  to  the  tiie  of  a  govemmcnt  official.  He 
bcsan  in  1S44  »  legiattir  of  JaiDt^iock  compaoiet,  and  b  iii(6 
beaiDc  commisaioner  of  laodi  and  emipatioo.  Between  i8j; 
and  iSj9  be  was  engaged  in  govemnteat  mtiaioiii  ahioad,  (oD- 
Bccted  wiib  colonial  qucsiioni,  and  in  18&0  be  wai  appainled 
peTmaneDt  under-Kcretary  of  state  for  the  tolonks.  Sir  Frederic 
Itogera  was  (be  guiding  spirit  o(  the  colonial  eSce  under  lix 
nuxesaive  aecreuria  of  atate,  and  on  his  reilremcnl  in  1S71 
«>4  raised  to  the  peerage  as  Baron  Blachford  of  Wiadome,  a 
Illk  taken  from  his  place  in  Devanibin.    He  died  oa  the  aut 


BLACK,  A.— BLACK.,  J. 


fal{ll»fi].QI 


DiNov 

A  voliune  ol  his  IcRm,  edited  by  C.  E. 

aq  iDtcnting  Life,  partly  autobioc'aphicaL 

BLACL  ADAH  (i;g4-iaK),  Scottish  publisher,  foniidcr  of 
tlv  him  of  A.  &  C  Black,  Clu  aon  of  a  builder,  wu  bom  in 
Edinburgh  on  the  30th  of  February  i/tU.  After  serving  his 
appicnlictship  to  the  booIueUing  trade  in  Edinburgh  and 
London,  be  began  business  for  himself  in  Edinburgh  in  ifio8. 
By  iSa6  be  was  lecognixed  as  one  ol  the  pnndpaJ  bocksellera 
in  the  dly;  and  a  few  yean  later  be  ma  joined  in  buiiness  by 
Ui  nephew  Chariea.  lie  two  most  important  events  ctHinecred 
with  die  Uuoiy  of  the  Sim  wcie  the  publication  ol  the  7th,  Sih 
ud  ^  cdithmi  ol  the  En^ydopaedia  Brilnania,  and  the 
pardiuc  of  the  atock  and  copyriiht  of  the  Waveitey  Novels. 
The  copyriglit  of  the  Eiteyciapaidut  passed  into  the  handt  of 
AdaraBlackandalew  [rieodiih  i8>7.  In  1B51  the  him  bought 
the  copyright  of  the  Waverley  Novels  for  £17,000;  and  in  iSdi 
diey  became  ibe  prapiielon  ol  De  Quincey's  woits.  Adam 
Black  wa)  twice  lord  provost  ol  Edjdbut|b,  and  lepmeateJ 
the  dty  in  psriiunenl  from  1S5G  to  1865.  He  tttued  from 
butinenm  1S65,  and  died  on  the  14th  of  January  1874.  He  was 
succeeded  by  hia  sons,  who  removed  their  bualoeu  in  iSoj  to 
hoodoo.  Tbcn  ii  a  bronie  statue  of  Adam  Bbdi  in  East 
Plinca  Street  Gardens,  Edinburgh. 

Set  iirminn  iff  Aiam  BiaO,  edited  by  AloaodK  NKhoIsoa 
(ind  ed..  Edinbuigh.  igSj). 

BLACK.  JEREMIAH  SUIXIVAN  (iSio-iSSj),  Amerion 
lawyer  and  statesman,  «aa  bom  in  Slony  Cmk  towiuhqi, 
SointrBet  county,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  loth  of  January  iSio, 
He  was  largdy  self-educated,  and  before  he  was  ol  age  was 
admitted  to  the  Pennsylvania  bar.  He  gradually  became  one 
ollhc  leading  American  lawyers,  and  in  1851-1857  was  a  member 
ol  the  lupreme  court  of  Fennsylvinii  (chief-Jujtic*  1851-1854). 
In  1857  he  entered  Prcajdcat  Buchanan*!  cabinet  aa  attorney- 
geo«al  of  the  United  Sutes.  In  this  capadly  Ik  successfully 
contested  the  validity  ol  the  "  Calilomia  land  daims  "—claim* 
to  about  lu.oeo  iq,  m.  of  land,  fraudulently  alleged  to  have 
been  granted  to  laDd-grabbcn  and  otbcis  by  the  Mexican  govern- 
mcnl  prior  to  the  close  of  the  Mexican  War.  Fiom  the  17th  of 
December  i860  to  the  alh  ol  March  1S61  ha  was  aecrelary  of 
state.  Perhapa  (he  m«t  biSuential  ol  President  Buchanan's 
o&dal  advtiert,  be  denied  Ibe  conititutionalily  of  secession, 
and  urged  that  Fort  Sumter  be  properly  reinforced  and  defended. 
"  For  ...  the  vigorous  astetiion  al  last  in  word  and  m  deed 
thai  the  United  Slates  is  a  nalion,"  says  James  Ford  Rhodes, 
'  for  pointing  out  the  way  in  whidl  the  authority  ol  the  Fedeial 
■ovcmmenl  mighl  be  eiadied  without  Inliinging  ob  the  ri^ta 


c  prindple  ol  fiic. 


o(  the  stalci,  the  gmtitude  tt  the  AncikaA  pe«^  i>  dot  t« 
Jeremiah  S.  Black."  He  became  reporter  to  the  Supreme  Court  ^ 
of  the  United  Statea  in  1861,  hut  after  publishing  the  reports 
lor  the  yean  i8£i  and  1869  be  resigned,  and  deWed  biioseU 
almoat  esdusively  to  hia  private  practice,  appeaiisg  ia  lucli 
important  cases  before  the  Supreme  Court  ai  the  one  known  ai 
Ex~ParU  UiUiian,  in  which  be  ably  defended  the  light  cd  triaj 
by  juiy,  the  UcCaidlc  case  and  the  Uniud  Slain  r.  BIjtm  d 
af.  After  the  Civil  War  he  vigorously  opposed  the  Congresdonal 
[Jan  of  reconstructing  the  late  Confederate  states,  and  ^'"^rif 
drafted  the  message  of  President  Johuaa.  vetwng  the  Ream- 
atruction  Act  ol  the  and  of  March  1867.  Black  was  also  lor  a 
short  time  counsd  for  President  Andrew  Johnsoo,  in  his  trial 
en  the  anide  of  impeachment,  before  the  United  Slates  Senate, 
and  for  William  W.  Bdknap  [  1 K19-  iBgo),  jecteUiy  of  war  fiam 
1S69  to  1S76,  who  in  1S76  waa  impeached  on  a  diar^  of  oor- 
ruplion;  and  with  others  he  represented  Simud  J,  TIMea 
during  the  contest  lor  the  presidency  between  iLlden  and 
Uayes  (see  Electoiil  Cquuheioh).  He  died  at  Biockie,  Penn- 
sylvania, on  the  1  glh  ol  August  iBSj. 

See  Eiayi  awl  Seeuiti  of  Jirtmiali  S.  Bled,  n 
SluU-  (New  Votk.  iBSsi.  by  his  son.  C  F.  BUck. 

BLACK.  JOSEPH  (i7i8-i7w>,  Scottish  chemist  and  pbyaidit, 
was  bom  in  1718  at  Boideaut,  where  his  lather — a  native  d 
BelftsI  but  of  Scottish  descent — was  engaged  in  the  wine  trade. 
At  the  age  of  twelve  he  was  seat  to  a  grammar  schoai  in  Belfast, 
whence  be  removed  in  1746  to  study  raedidne  in  Glasgow. 
There  be  had  William  Cuilen  for  hia  imtiuctoi  in  cbcmistiy,  and 
the  relation  between  the  two  toon  became  that  oi  professor  and 
assistant  rather  than  ol  master  and  pupiL  Tlie  action  ol  llthon- 
ttiptic  mcdidnes,  especially  lime-water,  was  one  ol  the  queations 
ol  the  day,  and  through  his  investigations  of  this  subjist  Black 
was  kd  to  the  chemical  discoveries  associated  with  his  name. 
The  caustidly  of  alkaluw  bodies  waa  explained  at  that  time  as 
depending  on  the  praence  in  them  01  the  plil 

"  phlogiitDn "]  quicklime,  for  i  ,      . . 

taken  up  phlogiaion,  and  when  mild  alkalia  such  la  sodium  or 
potassium  carbonate  were  cauiiidied  by  its  aid,  tl 
wa>  supposed  to  pass  from  it  to  tbem.  Black  thi 
the  contrary  caustidiatlon  meant  the  loss  of  p 
proved  by  loss  of  weight;  and  this  something  be  found  to 
"  air,"  which,  because  it  was  £xed  in  the  substance  before  it  waa 
cnuxiiciicd,  he  spoke  ol  as  "  fixed  air."  Taking  Hugiiena  iifta, 
which  he  distinguished  frotn  limestone  with  which  it  had  pi& 
viously  been  confuted,  be  showed  that  on  being  heated  It  kit 
wdtjit  owing  IB  the  escape  of  this  filed  air  (named  carbonic  add 
by  l.avoisier  in  1781).  and  that  Ibe  weight  was  regained  wbcn 
the  taldned  product  waa  made  to  reabsorb  the  fixed  air  with 
which  il  had  parted.  These  investigations,  by  which  Black  MX 
only  gave  a  great  impetus  to  the  diemistry  of  gases  by  deariy 
indicatiiig  (be  existence  ol  a  gas  distinct  from  oimmon  air,  but 
also  antidpated  Lavoisier  and  nwdcm  chemistiy  hy  his  liipal 
lo  the  balance,  were  described  in  ibe  thesis  Di  JniHeri  acidt  « 
Ljbir  orlo,  tt  naptesia  alba,  which  he  presented  for  his  doctor's 
degree  io  1754:  and  a  fuller  account  of  tbem  was  read  before 
the  hfedical  Sodety  ol  £dinbiugh  in  June  1755,  and  published 
in  the  following  year  u  Eipaimaib  apm  mapKiia,  laittHmu 
and  lome  etJur  aikaiint  snbsiiaua. 

It  is  curious  that  Black  lell  to  atlKts  the  detailed  study  of  this 
"  fixed  air  "  he  had  disoovercd.  Probably  the  eapUiiatian  ia 
pressure  of  other  work.  In  I756hc  succmied  Calleoaslecturer 
In  cbcmistiy  at  Glasgow,  and  waa  also  appointed  pnleaor  of 
anatomy,  thou^  that  post  he  was  glad  to  exchange  for  the  chair 
of  medidne.  The  prcpaialiou  ol  lectures  thus  took  up  nuch  of 
his  lime,  and  he  was  also  gaining  an  extensive  practice  ai  a 
phyaidan.  Moreover,  bis  attention  was  engaged  on  studies  which 
uliimaidy  led  10  hia  doctrine  of  latent  beat.  He  noticed  that 
when  ice  melts  it  takes  up  a  quantity  of  heat  without  undergoittf 
any  change  ol  temperature,  and  he  argued  that  this  heat,  which 
as  was  usual  in  his  time  he  knked  upon  as  a  subtle  fluid,  must 

ibincd  with  Ihc  particles  of  io 

'-     -        This  hypothesis  I 


BLACK,  W.— BLACKBIRD 


'9 


idatthceBdoTiTSi.  In  1764.  «Uh  th« 
•id  of  liii  UHiuiK,  Williun  Irvine  (i74}-i7S7),  he  Innher 
mcMued  the  latent  heat  ol  ueuD,  thoo^  nol  very  MauaMy. 
Ttui  docuine  of  lilem  heal  he  uughl  in  hii  lectures  [lom  1 761 
«pvmfa.  end  in  April  176a  he  dcvcribed  hit  work  to  a  Litenry 

oi  il,  ulliuothen.nicliu  J.  A.  Dduc,  were  ible  to  claim  tbe 
credit  olhiiresuLtL  to  tbc  coune  ol  hit  inquirieibealiorwticed 
thai  difiereat  bodiei  in  eqtul  nuHO  require  different  iizHniatB 


10  allowed  ttut  equal  uiditioni 


liquid  ot  bit  tbennomelen.  In  1766  he  lucceeded  Cuilen  in  the 
thMjj  of  choBBtiy  in  EdlnbaT^  where  he  devtited  priftically 
all  kit  time  to  tbe  prepaiatioii  of  hii  lecluica.  Never  very 
voboM,  hia  Eiealth  giaduaDy  became  weaker  and  uillmatel;  ka 
wai  reduced  to  the  condition  of  a  valetudinarian.  In  T79S  ho 
received  the  aid  of  a  coadjutor  in  hli  profeiionhip.  and  Ivo  >u» 
UiB  1»  lectuied  tor  Ibe  lail  linM.  He  died  In  Edinbutgh  on  Ihg 
Mh  of  December  1799  (not  on  the  t61h  of  November  a*  Malni 
in  KoUion'i  life). 

Aa  a  icicntilic  invcilifalor,  Black  m*  RXUplctiMii  (or  the 
carefulness  ol  hii  work  and  his  caution  in  drawing  concluitons. 
Koldlnf  that  chemistry  hid  not  aiuintd  the  nnk  ol  a  science — 
hii  kctura  dnii  with  ihe  "eUcFtiof  heat  and  niiituit"~he  had 
u  almost  iDorhid  botroi  oi  hasty  grncialiiation  or  i>f  anything 
that  had  thr  [ircteuioni  of  a  fully  fledged  tystem.  This  mental 
attitude,  combined  with  a  cendn  lack  of  Initiative  and  the 
wtakncn  of  hii  health,  pnbably  prevented  hin  from  doing  full 
juiiict  10  hii  splendid  powcn  of  eiperlmtntal  roeanh.  Ar«tt 
frooi  Ibc  work  already  mentioRed  be  pubtlihed  only  Iwo  papers 
doribg  Ida  Itfe-lime— "1^  supposed  effete  of  boiling  on  water, 
I*  dispoaing  ft  to  Ineu  more  readily  "  {PUl.  Trani.,i}js).*iui 
"  An  analy^  of  the  waten  of  the  hot  iprinp  in  Iceland " 
(rr»iii.KB7.S«.  £d..  1794). 

supplerncnicd  by  those  of  aonie  of  hii  pupils,  and  publialKd  whh 


drfnxni  'I 


S'u^mM'/^/'^M 


«tK 


utiaiJ^ 


BLACK.  WILLIAM  C1S41-18QI),  British  noveliit.  n*  bom 
at  Glasgow  on  the  qth  of  November  1841.  Hii  ear^  ambition 
was  to  be  a  painter,  but  he  made  no  way,  and  soon  had  reconne 

10  journalism  for  a  living-  llewalat  first  employed  In  newspaper 
o&cea  in  Glaigow,  but  obtained  a  post  on  the  Uermni  Slar  In 
London,  and  at  once  pi«ved  himself  a  deicriptive  writer  of 
acepiional  vivacity.  During  the  war  between  Pnusia  and 
Austria  in  Ji66  he  replesmled  the  Uemint  Star  at  the  front, 
and  was  taken  prisoner.  This  paper  shortly  afterwards  failed, 
and  Bkck  Joined  the  editorial  sUfI  of  the  Daily  Itrwu.  He  also 
edited  the  Eiai*intr,  at  s  time  whca  that  periodical  was  already 
meribimd.  Alter  his  first  succbs  in  ffciion,  he  gave  up  Joumsl- 
iim.  and  derotcd  hinaell  enlirdy  to  the  producUoD  o(  novels. 
For  neatly  thirty  yean  he  wu  succcsalul  Id  retaining  tb*  popular 
favour.  He  died  at  Biighlon  on  the  loUi  ol  December  itgS, 
■rithout  having  opfrieDced  any  of  that  reaction  ol  the  jutiiic 
laste  which  so  often  foUows  upon  cons^cuDus  sacceuei  in  fiction. 
Black's  first  novel,  yaiui  Mirli,  published  in  tSft*,  was  a  com- 
^ew  failure;  bii  Kcond,  Lm  at  Uaniett  (1868),  attracted 
but  very  slight  attention.  /<■  SM  Allifl  {1869)  and  KUmttty 
(1S70)  marked  a  gnat  advance  onhisEnl  work,  but  In  1871  A 
Daa^mr  tj  Huk  suddenly  railed  him  to  the  height  ol  popularity, 
and  he  followed  up  this  Hctm  by  a  string  of  favoarito.  Among 
the  best  ol  his  books  are  Tht  Sirangi  Adcrnturcs  tf  a  Pkaltil 
(1B71):  A  Priiiaa  if  TkMU  (1R74);  Ujikaf  VMil  (1876): 
UuUti  <^  Dan  (1878);  WkiU  Wop  (1880);  Sfmit  (i88«): 
ShtKimBtUi[iiAi):JaiLkSkakttpitnl\Vi^y,WkiliHtallur 
iliii);  DnaU  Stan] BtimrmUii,i):Hitl^<iiC«taimU«-)*y, 
■nd  If iU  £efin  ( I SgS).  Black  vaia  tboroughgiring  ^urUinin, 
paiticulariy  lend  of  fishing  and  yachting,  and  his  best  s 
are  Ibese  which  are  laid  amid  the  bresy  mounuins  of  his  t 
land,  or  upon  tbe  deck  ol  a  yacht  at  lea  off  iti  wild  coast- 


id  although  this  m 


descriptions  of  Such  scenery  are  simple  .and  |rfctm«Ml«.  He 
ru  a  woid^nter  nibcr  than  a  sludml  of  human  nature. 
Ill  women  are  stronger  titan  hi*  men,  and  aawng  Ibera 
re  many  wayward  and  lovable  cteaturts;'  but  subtlety  ol 
ituitiini  playi  no  part  in  his  charactetiatlon.  Black  also 
oniributed  1  life  of  Oliyer  Cotdimilh  M  the  Eitifiih  Utn  0/ 

BUCK  APB,  a  sooty.  Mack,  ihorttalled,  and  long-faced 

repmcnlative  of  the  macaqun,  inhabiting  the  island  of  Celebes, 

'  grneraHy  regarded  ai  forming  a  genus  by  itielf,  under  the 

e  o(  CyntpUhaiu  Bipr,  but  lomelimcs  relegated  to  tbe  rank 

subgenus  of  Uacacia.    The  nostrils  open  obliquely  at  some 

distance  from  the  end  of  the  snout,  and  tbe  head  carries  a  crett 

of  long  htir.    There  are  several  local  races,  one  ol  which  was 

long  regarded  u  a  s^Hrate  species  under  the  name  of  the  Moor 

macaque,  Uacattu  mnmi.    (See  FniMirES.) 

BLACKBALL,  1  token  used  for  voting  by  ballot  agalnil  the 

ectna  of  1  candidate  (or  membenbip  of  a  club  or  other 

oociatlon-    Fomeity  while  and  black  billi  about  the  liic  ol 

plgeom'  eggs  were  used  napectivrly  to  renrcsent  votes  lor  and 

generally  obsolete,  tl 

landverb.  The  nilesof  most  ciLbspiovIde  that  astated 
proportion  of  "  blackballs  "  shall  exclude  candidates  proposed 
'>r  election,  and  the  carididaies  so  eiduded  arc  said  to  have  been 
Uackbillcd  "1  but  the  ballot  (f.i.)  ia  now  usually  conducted 
by  a  method  hi  which  tbe  fivounble  and  adverse  votes  are  no} 
distinguished  by  diifcient  ccdeiired  bails  al  alL  Either  voting 
iployed,  or  balls — of  mblch  the  colour  baa  na 
n  cast  into  diftcient  Fomparlinents  of  a  ballol- 
is  they  are  favourable  or  adverse  to  the  candidate. 
BiutiLE,  known  botaoically  as  JCatii* 
fmliutm  (natural  order  Rosacae),  1  native  of  tbe  north  tem- 
perate legfon  of  the  fHd  Worid,  and  abundant  in  tbe  British 
Islet  as  a  copse  and  hedge-plant  It  b  characteriicd  by  it> 
prickly  stem,  leaves  with  usually  three  or  five  ovate,  coarsely 
toothed  stalked  Icallcta.  many  of  which  peralit  through  tbe 
winter,  white  or  pink  Rowers  In  terminal  cluslera,  and  black  or 
red-purple  fruits,  each  consisting  of  numerous  succulent  drupdt 
crowded  on  a  dry  conical  receptacle.  It  b  a  moit  variable 
plant,  exhibiting  many  more  or  less  distinct  forms  which  are 
regarded  by  different  autboriliei  as  sufo-spccici  or  qtedei 
In  America  several  fooni  of  the  native  blackberry,  Suha 
niptbaziHj  ((omjeily  known  ai  R.  ttilonii).  aie  widely  cultivated; 
it  b  descrihisd  ai  one  oi  tbe  most  Important  and  crafitable  of 
busb-itults. 
For  details  see  F.  W.  Card  Id  L  H.  BaHey'i  CyeiBMd&i  d/.|]iuTfail) 

BUCKBIRD  (Timtai  mmda).  the  name  commonly  given  to 
a  well-known  BriUsh  bird  of  the  Turdidat  family,  for  which  tbe 
indent  name  was  ousel  («.i.),  Anglo-Samn  Idt,  equivalent  o( 
the  (German  Amt^,  a  (orm  of  the  word  found  In  several  old 
Engiisb  books.  The  plumage  of  the  male  <i  of  a  uniform  black 
colour,  that  of  the  female  viifoui  ihadei  of  brown,  while  the  bQI 
of  the  male,  especially  during  the  breeding  seuoa.  is  of  a  bright 
gamboge  yelloif.  The  blackbird  ii  of  a  iby  and  restless  dls- 
pasitlon,  courting  concealment,  and  rarely  seen  In  flocks,  or 
otheinise  than  lingly  or  In  pain,  and  taking  flight  when  itatiled 
with  a  sharp  ibrlll  ay.  It  bulldi  111  nnt  in  March,  or  early  in 
April,  In  thick  tiuihei  or  in  ivy-clad  trees,  and  usually  rears  at 

coanegnstand  moss,  mlicd  with  earth,  and  plastered  Internally 
with  mud,  and  here  the  Female  lays  from  four  to  six  eggs  of  a 

.    The  blackbird  feeds  chiefly 


ol  tl 


ily  chipping 

stones;  and  though  It  is  generally  regarded  as  an  enemy  of  the 
garden.  It  ii  probible  that  the  amount  of  damage  by  it  to  the 
Itoit  is  largely  compensated  for  by  its  undoubted  scrrka  as 
a  vetoin-kiUer.  The  notes  of  the  blackbird  are  rich  and  lull, 
but  inonotononi  la  compared  with  tho«  <d  the  song-thrash. 
Like   many  other  singing  birds  it  Is.  in   the  wild  itate,  ■ 


BLACK  BUCK— BLACKCOCK 


Dwckini-btRl,  bsviiit  htm  heird  ta  Imilatc  (he  aang  tt  iHc 
nighilngile.  the  cnwing  ol  ■  cock,  mid  evm  iht  ocklini  o( 
hen.  Is  confinenirnl  ii  an  be  Uuglii  lo  whitUe  a  vuiety  of 
luRB,  and  even  lo  imiute  ihe  human  voice. 

The  blackbird  it  (ound  in  every  eounliy  < 
breeding— allhougli  larely— beyond  the  aitiii 
easiem  Ati*  *i  welt  as  in  Nonh  AIHca  and  ihe 
In   men   puu  ol   iu  raose  i[  ii  mlgniary,  and  in  Briuin 

pai&ing  viuton.    Allied  speciei  inhabit  DKHt  paru  o( 
ucepling  Afiica  MUlh  of  the  Sahara,  New  Zealand  and  Aiutnlia 
proper,  and  North  America.    In  umeof  these  tJie  Lcgi 
the  hill  are  yellow  oi  orangei  and  in  a  lew  both  kici  aie  gkiuy 
black.     The  nng-ouaet,  TMrdus  totquelits,  hai  a  tiark  bill 
conqiicuout  ahiTe  go^el,  whence  in  name.     It  i>  rarer 
more  local  than  the  camiaaa  blackbird,  and  occuii  in  £n^ 
only  a)  a  temporary  tpHng  and  autumn  viiitor. 

BLACK  BUCK  {AililepicenUBtra).  the  Indian  Antelope,  the 
ule  ipeciei  of  ila  fenua.  Thit  antelope,  widely  diauibtited  in 
India,  with  the  eiception  of  Ceylon       '  "'  -     .  -■ 

Bay  of  Bengal,  ilanda  about  ji  ' 
general  hue  ii  brown  deepening 

and  inner  aitlH  oF  limba  pure  white,  as  arc  ue  muacle  anca  coin, 
and  in  area  round  the  eyes.  The  homa  are  long,  ringed,  and 
(oim  ipinli  with  [rom  three  to  live  lutna.  The  tioe  is  smaller 
in  liie,  yellon-iah-fawo  above,  and  this  hue  oblainl  also  In  young 
nales.  These  antelopes  frequent  giuiy  diilrint  and  are  usually 
n  herds.     Coursing  black-huck  with  the  cbecia  (f.>.)  li 


Ji  age  lo  black;  chest,  bcily 


afav 


lelnd 


BUICKBUBN.  COUH  BLACKBUBH,  Baioh  (1813-1M), 
British  judge,  was  bom  in  Selkirkibite  in  iSij.  and  educated  at 
EtuD  and  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  uking  high  nuihe- 
outicil  honour*  in  itjj.    He  was  called  to  the  bar  in  iSjS,  and 

employed  himiell  in  reporting  and  editing,  with  T.  F.  Ellis,  eight 
volumes  ol  the  highly-steemed  EUit  and  Blackburn  reporti. 
Kii  deficiency  in  all  the  mote  brilliant  qualities  ol  the  advocate 
atmott  confined  his  pticiice  lo  commeidal  cases,  in  which  he 
obtained  coniidefable  employment  in  his  circuit;  but  he  con- 
tinued to  belong  to  the  outside  bar,  and  was  so  little  known  to 
the  legal  world  that  his  promotion  to  a  puisne  judgeship  in  the 
court  of  queen'i  bench  in  iSjQ  was  at  first  iKrihed  to  Lord 
Campbell's  pariialJLy  for  his  countrymen,  but  Lord  Lyndhui^t, 
Lord  Wenileydale  and  Lord  Crinnorih  came  lorward  to  defend 
Ihe  appointment.  Blackburn  himiell  \>  said  to  have  thought 
Ihil  a  county  court  Judgeship  was  about  to  be  oSeitd  bim. 
■rhich  he  had  resolved  to  decline.  He  soon  proved  bimKll  one 
of  thetoundetl  lawyers  on  the  bench,  and  u  hen  he  was  promoud 
to  Ihe  court  o[  sppea!  in  1876  was  considered  the  highest 
luihoriiyon  common  law.  In  tSjIS  he  was  made  alord  of  appeal 
and  a  lilepeer  Both  in  this  capacity  and  as  judge  of  the  queen's 
bench  he  delivered  many  Judgments  of  the  highctt  importance, 
and  no  decisions  have  been  received  with  grtaier  respect.  In 
1886  he  was  appointed  >  member  of  the  commlision  charged 
ID  prepare  a  digest  of  the  criminal  Uw,  but  retired  on  account 
of  indisposiiion  in  the  loUowitig  yen  He  died  at  his  country 
residence,  Doonholm  in  Ayrshire,  on  the  Sih  oF  January  liqb. 
He  wu  Ihe  author  ol  a  valuable  work  on  the  £a  s/  Salti 

5ecn>  riwf.ioih  of  January  iggftiE.  Manson.  finilderjBf  «r 
£av(t«ot> 

BLACXBDBM.  JOMATHAH  fc.  i7oo-(.  i;6j),  American 
portrait  painlec,  was  bom  in  Connecticut.  He  seems  to  have 
been  Ihe  ion  ol  a  painter,  and  to  have  had  a  studio  in  Boston  in 
I7ja-i;fij|  among  hi*  patrons  were  many  Important  early 
AmericAD  families.  Including  the  Apthorps,  Amorys,  Bullinchet, 
t.  Ewlngs,  Saltonsialls,  Winlhropa.  Wintlowi  and  Oiisc* 


ol  B 


!of  hi 


>taiy  of  Leiington,  Massac hutel is.  and  of  the  Massa- 
chuseiu  Historical  Society,  but  most  ol  them  are  privately 
owned  and  art  acattered  over  Ihe  country,  the  mafority  being  in 
Boston.  Jidin  Singleton  Copley  was  hi*  pupil,  and  it  is  said 
that  b*  Gnatly  left  kis  iludio  in  Bottoa,  through  jeakusy  lA 


Copley's  1 


loD^^ey. 


He  wu  ■  _ 

■og  attributed  to 
ILACKBUflN,  a  vunicipaL  < 
borouih  el  Lancashire,  England,  iro  m.  N.W.  by  N.  fi 
London,  and  id  N.I4.W.  fnm  Manchester,  gervid  by  ine 
Lancasfain  &  Vorkshire  and  the  London  &  North  Western 
railways,  oiib  several  Imes  from  all  parts  of  the  county.  I^p. 
(i8«i)  110,064;  (iooi)i>7.6i6.  It  hes  m  the  valley  of  a  slmun 
called  Id  early  Umei  the  Blackebum,  but  sow  known  aa  the 
Brook.  TbebilUinlhe  vidniiy  riieU)some«oolt.,aBdaaioac 
Blackburn  tanks  Ugh  in  faeuily  o( 

uuildings  comprise  a  large  town  hall  (iBs6),  market  house, 
eachange,  county  court,  municipal  o&cta,  chamber  of  ouBMiercp, 
free  bbrary,  and,  outside  Ihe  town,  an  [oGtmaiy.  lliere  an  an 
Etiiabcihan  grammar  school,  in  modem  buiktiofi  (1884}  *ad 
an  excellent  technical  schooL  The  Coqwntioa  Park  uid  Queen'i 
Park  are  well  laid  out,  and  contain  omaneiul  watoi.  Tlwic  !■ 
an  efficient  tramway  service,  connecting  the  town  with  DarwHI, 
Jm.soulh.  The  cotton  industry  emi^oyathousatldiodqiaative*, 
the  imn  trade  is  also  very  considerable,  and  many  an  cngafed 
in  the  making  of  machines;  but  a  fonnec  vooUen  manubcture 
is  almost  eiiincL  Blackburn's  qicciaUty  in  the  eotton  induatiy 
is  vTaving.  Coal,  lime  aod  biilding  stone  are  tbundut  In  tha 
neigfabouibood.  Blackburn  received  a  charter  of  EBcatponiioB 
in  laji.  and  Is  governed  by  a,  mayor,  14  aldermen  and  41 
councillon.  The  county  borough  was  created  in  iMS.  The 
pariiamentary  borough,  which  tetutna  two  rannbcn^  ia  co- 

and  Darwen  divisions  of  the  county.    Area,  7431  acres. 

BhickbuTn  is  of  considerable  antiquity;  Indeed.  Ihe  6th 
century  is  allocaled  to  the  original  foundation  o(  a  church  on  the 
lite  of  the  present  parish  church.  Of  anoiberchurchon  ihissite 
Cranmci  wa»  rector  after  the  Reformation.  Blarkbum  was  (or 
some  time  the  chief  town  of  a  district  called  Blackbumshire,  and 

1  early  ta  the  ceigo  of  EUiabcth  ranked  as  a  flourishing  market 


Jddleo 


r  i;th  century  it  beoime  la 


ipenedrd  b] 

Blackburn  greys."  In  the 
i8lh  century  the  ability  ol  certain  natives  ol  Ihe  town  greally 
fostered  its  cotttm  Induitiy;  thus  Jam«  Hargreavet  ben 
probably  invented  his  spinning  jenny  about  1764,  though  the 
operatives,  fearing  a  reduction  of  labour,  would  have  none  of  it, 
ind  forced  faim  to  quit  the  town  for  Noltiogham.  He  was  in  thi 
employment  of  Robert  Fed,  grandfather  of  the  prime  minbter 
if  that  name,  who  here  instituted  the  factory  system,  and  as  the 
lirector  of  a  large  business  carefully  fostered  the  impmcnwat 
if  methods. 
Set  W  A.  Abnin,  HiUnrj  ^  BlwUnm  (Blackburn,  1897). 
BLACKBURHB.  FKAHCU  (1781-186;),  lord  chanceller  of 
:reland,  was  bora  at  Great  Footalown,  Co.  Meath,  Ireland,  on 
he  tith  of  November  1781.  Educated  at  Trinity  College, 
Dublin,  he  was  called  to  the  Engttsh  bar  in  iSoj,  and  practised 
lilh  gml  skKceas  on  tba  home  circuit.  CaDed  to  the  Irish  bar 
n  iSii,  he  vigorously  administered  the  Insurrection  Act  in 
.imerick  for  two  yean.  eSettuolly  retioHng  order  in  the  district, 
n  1816  be  became  a  letieani^i.law.  and  in  rSjo.  and  again, 
n  1841.  was  atlomey-geneul  for  Ireland.  In  1841  he  became 
naater  of  the  rolls  in  Ireland,  in  1846  chief-justice  of  the  quern's 
bench,  and  in  iSsi  (and  again  in  18M]  lord  chancellor  of  Ireli>d. 
In  iSsfi  he  was  made  a  lord  Justice  erf  appeal  in  Ireland.  He  is 
-emembcird  as  having  praaeculed  O'OinneU  and  presided  at 
Lhe  trial  at  Smith  O'Brien.  Ue  died  on  the  17th  ol  Seplenber 
iM7. 
BLACKCOCK  frrlrito  tttrix).  the  English  name  given  lo  a  Wtd 

IS  Ihe  grey  hen  and  the  young  as  poults.  In  site  and  i^uma-' 
he  two  seaes  offer  a  striking  contrast,  the  male  weighing  about 
I  lb.  its  plumage  lor  the  most  pan  ol  a  rich  glossy  black  shot 
■rith  blue  and  purple,  the  lateral  tail  feathers  curved  outwards  so 
a*  10  Form,  when  raised,  a  Ian-like  crescent,  and  the  eyebrows 
destitute  oKeaibers  and  ol  a  biighlvciniilion  red.    Tbe  Itmale, 


3LACK  COUNTRY— BLACK  FOREST 


no  the  olhet  hud,  nigb*  only  i  lb,  Jli  pluouuc  ii  ol  i  runct 
blown  colour  IriEguliily  biiied  wiih  bbck,  niid  iu  uiJ  faihrn 
■re  but  slightly  [orkcd.  The  miJn  )n  polygamous,  and  dkiiing 
~  ~     '       ''        '  rdjri^  LD  Aocki  apart 


liclcm 


inngth 


each  KlMIing  a  locality  lor  iucll.  Irom  which  it  drives  oB  all 
iatrudtn,  and  vhen  morning  and  tvcning  it  irtkt  to  attract  the 
other  Bci  by  a  dttplay  of  iu  beautiful  pluoiatf,  which  at  ihi* 
laion  ittaios  its  greflcil  perlcctiun,  ud  by  a  peculiar  cry, 
which  Stiby  dcKriba  u  "  a  crowing  note,  and  aaulher  limilar 
10  the  Doiae  made  by  the  whetting  ol  a  scythe-"  The  negt, 
composed  of  a  few  stalks  oE  gnast  is  built  on  the  grouud,  UMuliy 


It  of  a  low  bu^h  or  a  tuft  ol  till  grass,  and  here 
OBI  lix  to  icn  cggi  of  a  diityyellow  colour 
.  brown.  The  bticLcock  then  rejoins  hit  male 
le  Icmjic  is  left  to  perform  the  labours  of 
in;  hci  young  brood.  The  plumage  ol  both 
e  that  ol  the  female,  but  after  moulting  the 


!5  gradually  assume  the  m 


cntd, a 


>l  plun. 


old  female  binjs 
assuming,  to  a  greater  or  less  eitent,  the  plumage  of  the  male. 
The  blackcock  is  very  generally  distributed  over  the  highland 
districts  of  Dorthero  and  central  Europe,  and  in  tome  pant  ol 
Asia.  It  is  lound  on  the  principal  heaths  In  Ihesauthol  England, 
but  is  specially  abundant  in  the  Hi^Uands  of  Scotland. 

BUCK  COUNTRY.  THE.  a  name  commonly  applied  to  a 
district  lying  principally  in  S  StaRordshire,  but  extending  into 
Worcestershire  am]  Warwickshire,  England.  Tliis  il  one  of  the 
chief  manufacturing  centres  in  the  United  Kingdom,  and  the 
name  arisa  Irom  the  effect  of  numerou*  collieries  ind  [umaces, 
which  darken  ibe  lace  ol  the  distiici,  the  buildings  and  the 
atmosphere.  Coal,  ironMone  and  day  are  mined  in  close 
proiimity,  and  every  ion  ol  iron  and  ilecl  goods  Is  produced. 
The  district  e« tends  15  m.  N.W.  Irom  Birmingham,  and  includes 
Smetbwick,  West  BromHch.  Dudley,  Oldbury,  Sedgley,  Tipton. 
Bilsion,  Wedneibury,  Wolvcihampion  and  Walsall  as  its  most 
important  centres.  The  teaseless  activity  o(  the  Black  Country 
is  most  readily  realized  when  it  is  traversed,  or  viewed  from  such 
an  elevation  as  Dudley  Castle  Hilt,  at  night,  when  (he  ^ace  of 
lurnaces  appears  ia  every  direction.  The  district  is  served  by 
numerous  bianchel  of  the  Great  Western,  London  &  North 
Western,  and  Midland  railways,  and  is  intersected  by  canals. 


i(  physics 


acles 
ol  the  Castle  Hill 


•lib  R 


ineU  at  Dud 


,    Thus,  lork*  In  *  ipedtlty  at 


SLACK  DROP,  il 


the  at 


or  by  the  1 


of  the  t 


n,  produced  by 


BLACKFOOT  (5<iiiia),  a  Iribc  and  confederacy  of  Nonb 
nmeiican  Indiaos  ol  Algontiuian  stock.  The  name  is  eiplained 
ai  an  alluuon  to  their  legging  being  observed  by  the  whites  to 
have  beccme  blackened  by  marching  over  the  freshly  bumol 
prairie.  Their  range  was  around  the  headwaters  of  the  Missouri, 
from  ihe  Yellowstone  northward  to  the  North  Saskatchewan  and 
westward  to  the  Rockict.  The  confederacy  consisted  ol  three 
tribea,  the  Blacklool  or  Siksika  proper,  the  Kaina  and  the 
Picgan.  During  the  early  yean  ol  the  19th  century  the  Black- 
west,  numbering  some  40,000.  At  the  beginning  of  the  jolh 
century  there  were  about  }aoa,  some  in  Montana  and  some  in 
anada. 

&:e  J«, 


)■;  C.  li'atl 


('876):  / 


BLACK  PORBBT  (Cer.  Sckwarzwvld;  the  Silta  Uariina  and 
ibnob<i  of  the  Romaosl,  a  mountainous  district  of  soulh.west 
jermanv.  havinx  an  area  of  1044  sq.  m.,  of  which  about  Iw^ 
chy  of  Baden  and  the  remaining  third 


descend,  and  running  parallel  to,  and  forming  (be  counterpart  it 
the  Vosgcs  beyond,  it  slopes  more  gently  down  10  Ihe  valley  ol 
the  Neclur  in  Ihe  north  and  to  that  ol  the  Nagold  (a  tributary  ol 
the  Ncckar)  on  the  nonh-east.  Its  total  length  is  loom.,  and  its 
breadth  varies  from  36  m.  in  Ihe  south  to  ii  in  the  centre  and  tj 
in  the  north.  The  deep  valley  ol  the  Kiniig  divides  il  laterally 
into  hali-es,  of  which  the  snuthem,  with  an  average  elevation  ol 

mostly  lie  towards  the  western  side.  Among  them  sre  IheFeld- 
berg(4Sg3fi.l.iheHenogcnham  (4600),  the  BliisslinE(4i«o)and 
the  Blaucn  (jSio).  The  northern  hall  has  an  average  height  of 
1000  ft.  On  the  east  side  are  several  lakeSHaitd  here  Ihe  majority 
of  the  slirams  take  their  rise.  The  contlguralion  of  Ihe  hills  i> 
mainly  conical  and  the  geological  formation  consists  ol  gneb*. 
granite  (in  the  south]  and  red  sandstone.  The  district  Is  poor  in 
minerals;  the  yield  of  silver  and  copper  has  almost  ceased,  but 
there  are  workable  coal  scams  near  Ollenburg,  where  the  Kiniig 
debouches  on  the  plain.  The  dimate  in  the  higher  dijlriels  is 
taw  and  the  produce  b  mostly  confined  to  hardy  eercals.  such  as 
oats.  But  the  valleys,  especially  those  on  the  western  side,  are 
warm  and  healthy,  enclose  good  pasture  land  and  furnish  Trulls 
■nd  wine  in  rich  profusion.  Tlicy  are  clothed  up  to  >  height  of 
aboul  HXBft.  with  luxuriant  woods  of  oak  and  beech,  and  above 
these  again  and  up  to  an  elevation  of  4000  ft.,  surrounding  the 
hiUs  with  a  dense  dark  belt,  are  tbe  forests  of  fir  which  have  given 
the  name  to  Ihe  districL  The  summits  of  the  highest  peaks  are 
bare,  but  even  on  them  snow  Kldom  lies  throughout  the  summer. 
The  Black  Forest  produces  eicellent  limbec,  which  is  partly 
sawn  <D  the  valleys  and  partly  exported  down  Ihe  Rhine  in  logs. 
Among  other  industries  are  the  manufactures  of  watches,  cbcks, 
toys  and  musical  instruments.  There  are  numerous  mineral 
springs,  and  among  Ihe  watering  places  Baden-Baden  and 
Wildhad  are  famous.    ThelownaotFreihurg.Ra5tBit,OI!cnbur| 


ns  ol  the  in 


s,  are  the  chief 

id  is  opened  op 
in  lines  In  (he 
lecied  with  the 
Mctcd  by  Ihe 


BLACK  HAWK— BLACKIE 


Tolllo- 


■nEdbabn  From  OffcnbDij  to  Stagen^  from  whiCb  varioiu 

BLACK  HAWX  [Ma'kiUvimshcki'U,  "  Blick  Spuni' 
Hiiwi ■■|,(i;6t-i8j8,  Aratrir»nlndi»nwimorof  thcSaukuii 
Foi  Iribn.  WIS  bom  it  the  Siult  village  on  Rock  river,  our  th 
Wiisissippi,  in  i^fi;.  He  was  a  mtmbcr  of  the  Thunder  geoi  o 
the  Sauk  trib«,  ind.  (hough  neiihci  an  hrrcdiiiuy  nor  in  elected 
chief,  wu  for  some  lime  the  lecotniMd  mr  leader  of  Ibe  Sauk 
isely  bloodlbinly  and 


ilhe  A 


lely  ai 


removal 


LOrlh-« 


a   the  n 


!arly  ai  1804,  by  1  [reaiy 
oub  on  ihe  3rd  of  November,  they  agreed  to  thi 
:Iura  for  ID  aOBuily  of  tiooo.  Briliih  influcncei  were  Kill 
Irong  in  tlie-upper  Miuiuirpi  valley  and  undoubudly  led  Blgck 
lawk  and  ihc  chieliof  ihc  Sauk  and  Foi  confedency  10  npud' 
le  Ihia  agreement  of  1S04.  and  lubiequi^lly  lo  enter  into  tb 
jn^Iracy  of  l^cumich  and  take  partwith  the  British  In  Ihewi 
I  1811.  The  ireatin  of  1815  U  Fonage  des  Sloui  (wilk  the 
oin}  and  of  1816  at  St  Louis  (with  the  Sauk)  lubilanliatly 
rneiHd  thai  of  1804.    Thai  of  1K16  was  signed  by  Bbck  Hai  * 


leclared,  b 


I  iSji  Chiel  Keokuk  ai 


1  nujocity  of  the  two  nations  rrosicd  the  river,  that  (he 
of  the  chiefs  had  been  obtained  by  Iraud.  In  1830  a  £njiJ  treaty 
wu  aigned  11  Praiiie  du  Chien,  by  which  all  title  to  the  lands  irf 
the  Sauk  and  Foies  east  of  the  Mississippi  was  ceded  10  the 
govern  men  t,  and  provision  was  made  for  the  immediate  opening 
of  the  icaci  to  Ktilen,  Black  Hawk,  leading  ihe  piny  in  opposi- 
tion to  Keokuk,  al  once  refused  to  accede  to  this  cession  and 
threatened  to  retalbte  if  his  lands  weir  invaded.  This  pre- 
cipittted  what  ii  known  a*  the  Black  Hawk  War.  Settlers  began 
pouring  into  the  new  region  in  iheeailygpringof  iSji.and  Black 
HawkinJunealUckcd  several  viUages  near  the  Illinois-Wisconsin 
line.  Alter  massaciing  several  isolated  families,  he  wa>  driven 
oH  by  1  force  of  Illinois  militia.    He  renewed  his  attack 


following  year 


I,  but  al 


in  Heights. 


1  defeated  (iisl  of  July) 
in  the  Wisconsin  river,  opposiie  Prairie  du 
c,  by  Michigan  volunieeis  under  Colonels  Henry  Dodge  and 
james  D.  Henry,  and  Hoeing  westward  was  af[aia  derisively 
defeated  on  Ihe  Missisuppiai  themouihof  Ihe  Bad  An  river  (on 
the  ist  and  ind  ol  August}  by  General  Henry  AlLinsoo.  His 
band  was  completely  dispersed,  and  he  himself  was  captured  by 
a  party  of  Winnebagoes.  At  Fort  Armstrong.  Rock  Island,  on 
the  iiitof  September,  a  Imly  was  signed,  by  which  a  lirjp:  tract 
of  Ihe  Siuk  and  Foa  Icrrilory  was  ceded  10  Ihe  United  States; 
and  the  United  Stales  granted  lo  them  ■  reservation  of  400 sq.  m., 
Ihc  payment  of  t lo.oeoa  year  for  thirty  years,  ami  the  settlement 
of  certain  iradeis'  claims  apinst  the  iribt  With  several 
warriors  Black  Hawk  was  sent  to  Fortrss  Monroe.  Virginia, 
■here  be  was  conlined  for  a  few  weeks;  ifierwatds  be  was 
taken  by  the  govetnmcnl  through  the  principal  Easicm  cities. 
On  his  release  he  settled  in  1S37  on  the  Sauk  and  Foi  reservation 
m  the  Des  Moina  river,  in  Iowa,  where  he  died  on  the  3rd  of 
~     ibcr  1S18. 

e  Frant  E.  Stevemh  Tlit  Blact  nn/k  War  tChfcago,  1003I; 
-      -       ..-.,.         ...     -    ii  H„k  War "  in  veTiii. 


OctoL 

R.  G.  Thwaiin,  "  The'sioTToMhi" 


!!yLf 


0  be  alack  H 


r-llwkill-t 


™»  {Cint 


BUCKHEATH,  an  open  common  in  the  south-east  oj  London, 
England,  nuinly  in  the  nielropolitan  bonnigh  of  Lewisham. 
This  high-lying  tract  was  crossed  by  the  Roman  Walling  Street 
from  Kent,  on  a  line  approjiimuiirg  lo  thai  of  Ihe  modem 
Shooter's  Hill;  and  was  a  rallying  ground  of  Wat  Tylcr(i38i}, 
of  Jack  Cade  fuse),  and  ol  Andlcy.  leader  ol  Ihe  Cornish  rebels, 
deleaied  and  capluted  here  by  the  troops  ol  Henry  VII.  in  1407. 

the  return  of  Henry  V.  from  the  victory  of  Agincourt,  the  fbrroal 
neeting  between  Heniy  VIII.  and  Anne  of  Clevei,  and  that 


■nd  Charte*  IT.   His 

intn>ductKni  into  EngUod  of  the  game  of  flolf  la  traditionally 
placed  here  in  i6og,  and  attributed  10  King  Jimei  I.  and  hta 
Scottish  followcn.  The  common,  Ihe  area  of  which  is  16]  acn 
is  still  used  for  this  and  other  puiiraFS.  For  ibe  residenliil 
disirici  10  which  Blickheaih  gives  name,  see  Lewisham. 

BLACK  HILia.  an  isoUled  group  of  mounuina,  coveiing  an 
area  of  about  6000  sq.  m.  in  the  adjoining  cornets  of  South 
Dakoli  and  Wyoming,  U.S.A.  They  rise  on  an  average  some 
7000  ft.  above  their  base,  the  highest  peak,  Hamcy.  having  an 
altitude  above  the  sea  of  7316  ft.  They  are  drained  and  in  large 
partendoscd  by  the  North  (or  Belle  Fourcbe)  and  South  forks  of 
the  Cheyenne  river  Cat  wbote  junction  a  fur-tiading  post  was 
esublished  iboui  1830);  and  are  surrounded  by  tcmi-arid, 
alkaline  plains  lying  3000  to  jjeo  fL  above  the  tea.  The  mass 
has  an  elliptical  shape,  its  long  axis,  which  extends  nearly 
N.N.W.-S.S.E..  being  about  i»  m.  and  its  shorter  axis  about 
40  m.  long.  The  hills  are  formed  by  ■  short,  broad,  anticlinal 
fold,  which  b  Bat  or  nearly  so  on  its  summil.  From  this  fold 
ified  beds  have  in  targe  part  been  : 


biving  b 


almo 


ircly  eroded  fi 


uss.  The  edges  of  these  are  novr  fotjnd  encircling  the  n 
ad  forming  a  series  of  fairly  continuoua  rims  of  hogbaeka. 
he  carboniferous  and  older  straiiliFd  beds  siill  cover  the  west 
illof  the  hills,  while  from  Ihe  east  half  ihcy  bave.been  removed, 
iposing  the  granite.  Scientific  eiploialion  began  la  1849,  and 
rslemiiic  geological  investigation  about  1S7S.  Rich  gold 
lacers  had  already  been  discovered,  and  in  1^75  Ibe  Sioui 
idians  within  whose  tenitoiy  the  hills  had  tmiil  then  been 
eluded,  ntre  removed,  and  the  taodi  were  open  (0  white 
:ltlen.  Subsefiuenlly  low-grade  riuarli  nines  Heic  found  and 
iloped,  and  have  furnished  a  notable  put  of  the  gold  supply 


■  the  I 


1  187s  f 


vely  small  in  comparis 


01).    The 
with  that  ot 


many  other  fields,  bi 
of  great  value  working  low-grade  ore.  The  silver  product  Sam 
-"7fl  to  1901  was  about  t4,iujxx>.  Deposits  of  copper,  tin, 
>n  and  tungsten  have  been  discovered,  and  a  variety  of  other 
ineral  pn>ducis  (graphite,  mica,  spodumene,  cool,  petroleum, 
&c.).  In  sharp  conlrott  lo  the  surrounding  plains  lie  climate  il 
Hibbumid,  especially  in  tlie  higher  Harney  region.  There  is  an 
ibundance  of  fertile  soil  and  magnificent  grazing  land.  A  third 
if  ihe  total  area  is  coveted  wilb  forests  of  pine  and  other  trees, 
nhich  hive  for  the  most  part  been  made  a  forest-reserve  by  the 
lalionalgovemmcnl.  Jagged  crags,  sudden  abysses,  magnificent 
anyons,  forests  wilb  open  parks,  undulating  hills,  mountain 
irairies,  tmks  of  weathering  and  erosion,  and  the  enclosing  line* 
>f  the  successive  hog-backs  sSord  scenery  of  tcmarkable  variety 

Lnd  Sylvan  Lake,  in  the  high  nurantain  district,  is  an  important 

See  the  publicalions  of  the  Uuiied  Suies  Ceoloccal  Survey 
(npecially  Profnuonal  Paper  No.  M.  Emornic  Kivinrat  «/  Ikt 
Nartlun  Blmk  llilli,  1904),  and  of  Ihe  South  Dakou  School  of 
No.  4.  containing  a  hisrory  and  lhblH»rapliy  at 
irigaCkins);  alnlt.  1-  Dodge,  Tlu  BluM  HiOt: 


A  Uiot 


.  (New 


,  1876). 


BUCKIE,  JOHN  STUART  (180Q-1E95),  Scetlish  scholar  and 
lan  of  letters,  was  bora  in  Glasgow  on  the  i8lh  ol  July  1809. 
[e  was  educated  at  the  New  Academy  and  alterwaids  at  the 
farischal  College,  In  Aberdeen,  where  his  father  was  manager 
f  the  Commerical  Bank.  Alter  alleoding  classes  al  Edinbutgh 
Iniversiiy  (18J5-181S),  Blackie  spent  three  years  at  Aberdeen 
I  a  student  ol  theology.  In  iSighc  nenl  to  CerTnany,and  after 
ludying  al  CKttiingen  and  Berlin  (where  he  cane  under  the 
ifluence  of  Heercn,  Ottlried  MUllet,  Schleiermacher,  Neindec 
and  BOckh)  he  accompanied  Bunsen  to  Italy  and  Rome.  The 
years  spent  abroad  extinguished  his  former  wish  to  enter  the 
Church,  and  at  his  father's  dcure  he  gave  himself  up  10  Ihe  study 
ihidilready.in  1814,  been  placed  in  i  lawyer's  office, 
emaincd  there  six  monihs.  By  the  lime  he  «ai 
member  of  the  Faculty  of  Advocates  (1834)  he  had 
acquired  a  atnog  love  of  the  classics  and  a  tasw  for  ktlera  ig 


BLACK  ISLE— BLACKMOKE,  SIR  R. 


■octal  A  imuUtfoa  of  fail,  which  be  publiilwd  in  iKj^, 
mel  wilb  anuidcoihle  juccm.  After  «yt«ort"OQtdMulioiy 
lilcniy  work  he  bu  {May  iSjgl  >p[>>inted  la  Ihc  ncwly- 
iudiultd  chiii  of  Muiunily  (Latin)  [d  the  Muiichil  Collide. 
Dilficultiet  iroK  is  the  ny  of  bik  inMllitian,  owing  to  Iheiclion 
o[  the  Pmbyteiy  on  bis  nfuiing  to  tign  unreservnlly  the  Cao- 
Iciuin  o[  Ftilh;  but  llieu  weit  eventually  oveccnme,  and  he 
took  up  hii  duties  as  profeaur  in  November  1S41.  In  the 
following  year  he  inariied.  From  the  BiA  his  profesaorial 
lectures  were  coospicuoui  tor  the  unconventional  enthusiasm 
with  which  he  endeavoured  to  revivify  the  study  of  the  cUuici; 
and  bis  growing  reputation,  added  to  tbe  altentiOD  ciciled  by  a 
trsDiUtion  of  Aeschylua  whidi  he  published  ia  iSso,  ied  ic  his 
appointment  ia  iSji  to  the  professorship  ol  Creek  at  Edinburgh 
UnlvcrHl;,  in  succHuon  to  George  Dunbar,  t  post  ithfcb  he  con- 
tinued to  hold  foe  thirty  yean.  Be  was  somewhat  erratic  in  his 
methods,  but  his  Iniuies  were  a  (rlumph  of  inOncDtlal  person- 
ality. A  Jounxy  to  Creece  in  1S5J  pnaipted  bia  nsty  On  Iti 
JUt^f  laiitiup  ^  (lb  t>«b,  a  favourite  ihemeof  his,  opcciilly 
in  his  tatel  years;  be  adopted  for  himKlI  a  modern  Greek 
pronuodation,  and  before  his  draih  he  endowed  a  travelling 
scbolaiship  to  enable  sludenU  to  learn  Greek  at  Athens.  Scottisb 
nationality  was  another  soorte  of  enthusiasm  with  him;  and  in 
this  cnnneiion  he  displayed  real  sympathy  with  HiEhland  home 
life  and  the  pievances  of  the  crofters.  Tbe  foundation  of  the 
Celtic  chair  at  Edinburgh  Univcnity  was  mainly  due  Id  hii 
eBorts.  In  ^iie  <a  the  many  call)  upon  bis  time  be  produced 
a  considetible  amount  ol  literary  woHi,  ujually  on  claaucal 
or  Scot tish  tahjecls.  including  some  poenu  and  songs  of  no  mean 
order.  He  died  in  Edinburgh  on  the  ind  of  iilaith  tSg;.  Btackie 
wu  ■  Radical  and  Scottish  nationalist  in  politics,  but  of  a 
[eaileuiy  independent  type;  he  was  one  of  the  "characters" 
ol  Ihc  Edinburgh  of  the  day,  and  was  a  well-kt»wn  figure  a«  he 
went  about  in  his  plaid,  worn  tJiepberd-wlse,  wearing  a  broad- 
brimmed  hat,  and  carrying  1  big  slick.  His  published  works 
iodude  (hetidn  sevenl  voluroci  of  vetse)  Htmtr  and  He  Iliad 
(iMe),  Bulniaining  the  unity  o(  the  poems;  Four  Pkaiti  if 
Utrtti:  SKTOla.  AriilK^.  Ckriaitntlj.  UliliUHaHisM  (iStO: 
Elnj  «  Sdf-CMlltre  US^^)■,  Hotiu  Hdlalau  (1874)1  TMr 
Lnpatf  s«i  IMtratHrt  ^  On  Steaiik  Hithlomli  (1S76);  TMi 
Kataial  HiHwy  tf  AUuism  (1S7;);  TJh  Wist  Un  i4  Croc 
(1877);  Uj  Sirmnt  (iHi);  A\Uma  <i£Si);  Tlu  Wiii'm 
tf  CttilK  (iSSj);  Tkt  ScMiik  HigUandirs  and  Uu  Lini  Lawt 
(i88j);  mi  ij  Bom  (i8S«);  SaUi^h  Smg  (1SS9);  £•»>■  « 
Sutialt  M  Utral  and  Social  InltTot  (1890);  ChSniimilj  and 
Ikt  Idtai  if  Buinaiiily  (iSgj).  Amongst  his  political  writings 
may  be  meolkmed  a  pamphlet  On  Daaaertcy  (18(7},  On  Fmm 
4  Cttnimatf  (i847),  and  Pelilical  Trexli  (iSAS). 
See  Ann  M.  Sladdan.  Jitn  Staart  SlmtH  <iS9S);  A.  Stedart- 

,.    ..„    MlmfJ.S.BbuHt.'mhnnmiipnciUianliatiy, 

■     "    ■   irr  BUdtmiigs). 

A  in  the  east  of  the  county  of 
ROM  and  Cramaity,  Scotland,  bounded  N,  by  Cromarty  Finh, 
E.byHacayrinh,S.bylnnerUoTayrulb(otnrthDf  iBvetaei*} 
and  Beinly  Firth,  and  W.  by  the  river  Cooon  and  ihe  pariah  ol 
Unay.  It  k  ■  dlaDMod-ahapcd  peninwla  jutting  out  from  Ihp 
■'iilr''f~)  h  ■  BORh-caMailjr  diiectkui,  the  konget  aiii,  from 
Hob  ol  Old  statkm  la  tbe  South  SutorM  the  enttanct  to  Cromarty 
Firtb,  BKasurlng  10  bl,  and  the  iboitet,  bom  Ftrryioa  PDinI 
to  Cnigton  Poii^  diie  DOtth  and  Mmth,  ii  tn.,  and  it  baa  a  coait- 
&waijiB.  Orlgiull)rcalledATdsitana(A(Gaclk»if,belght: 
m«asi*.  aoik, "  Ibe  mmik'i  hd^t,"  (ton  in  oU  rdigtoa  bonx 
00  tlic  tody-iiaoded  ridfe  of  Mulbuk),  it  derived  iti  coMoiDaiy 
■uioe  from  the  tact  that,  atece  ioow  diws  not  Be  fn  wistc 
pramontoiy  looln  blaA  while  tbe  iarreundinf  eonntiy  fi  white. 
Within  Its  limits  >R  comprised  the  pariakea  of  Urquban  and  Uigle 
Wester.  Kilkunan,  KnockbaiB  (Gaelic  n«.  hill;  Un,  ■' '  ' 
Avocb  (proa.  Andi).  Rosemarkie,  Resolia  (Gaelic  rvAtia 
Ktmit,  "  cape  of  tbe  light ")  or  Kirkmichael  and  Cmnarty, 
Bbck  Isle  bnuh  of  the  Highland  railway  runs  from  Muir  of  Ord 
to  FoatniM:  atcamcia  connect  Cromarty  with  Invergnnloa  and 
IB  with  luvenoa;  and  then  aa  fcRin, 


the  loiitheni  coast,  at  North  Xesaoci  (far  Jnvenitsi)  and 

anoniy  (for  Fort  George),  and,  on  the  northern  coast,  at 

Alcoig  (lor  Dingwall],  Newhallpoint  {for  Invergordon),  and 

irty  (for  Nigg).    The  principal  lowna  are  Cromarty  and 

ae.    Rosehaugh.  near  Avoch,  belonged   to    Su-  George 

Mackeniie,  founder  of  the  Advocates'  library  hi  Edinburgh, 

amed  tfie  sobriquet  of  "  Bloody  "  from  his  penccuiion  ol 

ovenaDlcra.       Bcdcastle,  on  tbe  shore,  near  Killeamaa 

1,  dates  from  1179  and  fs  said  to  have  been  the  earlieil 

inhaUled  bouse  in  tbe  north  of  Scotland.    On  the  forfeiture  of 

caridom  of  Rosa  it  became  a  rnyal  castle  (being  visited  by 

*n  Maty),  and  afierwaidi  passed  tot  a  period  into  the  hand* 

he  Mackeniiea  of  Gaitloch.    The  chief  iodustriei  ate  agri- 

ure — hl^  farming  flouhslus  owing  to  the  great  fertility  ol 

peninsula — sandstone-quairying  and  Gsheriea  (mainly  from 

Avoch).    The  whole  district,  though  bcking  water,  is pictuieaque 

and  was  once  forested.    The  Idulbuie  ridge,  the  bigheil  point 

rhich  is  SjS  ft.  above  tbe  sea,  occuoiea  this  centre  and  is  the 

only   elevated  ground.    Aniiquaiia 


fortr 


IS  fort 


narly  pi 


BLACKLOCK,    TSDMAS    (1711- 


},  Scottish  poet,  Ibe 
n  01  a  tiricJilayer,  was  Dom  at  Annan,  in  Dumfriessliiic,  in 
'II.  When  not  quite  sii  months  old  he  kist  his  sif^t  by  tmall- 
tx.  and  his  career  is  brgely  bicrcsting  as  that  of  one  who 
hievcd  what  he  did  in  spile  of  blindness.  Shottly  after  his 
lather's  death  in  1740.  some  of  Blscklock't  pocmt  began  to  be 
handed  about  among  his  acquab tanas  and  friends,  who  arranged 
I  a1  the  giammar-schoof,  and  subsequently  at 
Edinburgh,  where  he  was  a  student  of  divinity. 
His  first  volume  of  Plena  wu  published  in  1746.  In  1754  he 
depuly  librarian  (or  the  Faculty  of  Advocate*.  I7  the 
kindBest  of  Hume.  He  was  evenlually  estranged  from  Hume, 
anddcfendcd  JimcsBealtie'saltBCkoE  that  philosopher.  Black- 
'  '  IS  among  the  Erst  friends  of  Bums  in  Edinburgh,  being 
the  earliest  to  recognize  his  genius.  He  was  b  1761 
otilained  minuter  of  the  church  of  Kirkcudbright,  a  poulioa  whidi 
he  KNHt  rr^gned;  b  1767  the  degree  of  doctor  b  divinity  was 
conferred  on  him  by  Maiischal  CoUegc,  Abcidceii.  He  dkd  on 
tbe  7ih  of  July  1791. 
Anedirionofhis  poeisi  in  T793  contatns  a  Bfe  by  Henry  Mackeniie. 
BLACKHAIL,  a  term,  b  English  hiw,  used  b  three  qiedal 
meanings,  at  diSerenl  times.  The  asaal  derivation  of  the 
second  half  of  the  word  Is  f  mm  )4onDBo  Fr.  iwsJJJe  (mcdalia;  cf. 
"  medal "),  small  copper  cob;  the  ffew  Engliili  Diaianary 
derives  from  "  mai]  "  {?.».),  meaning  rent  or  tribute.  (1)  The 
primary  meaning  ol  "  blacluDaD  "  was  rent  paid  b  labonr,  grain 
or  baser  metal  (i.e.  motiey  other  than  aicrling  money),  called 
ttdilits  nifri,  b  contradistinction  to  rent  paid  m  sOver  or  white 
money  (moCnei  Nancha).  (1)  In  the  northern  connlies  of  Eng- 
land (NorlhumberlaDd,  Westmorland  and  the  bishopric  of 
Durham)  it  signified  a  "  "    '    ' 


booten  In  n 


:acled  fr 


it  Immunity  fi 


I  small  01 


By  a  lUIule  01  losi  11  was  maoe  a  Iclony  without  benefit 
of  clergy  to  receive  or  pay  such  trihnic,  bnl  the  practice 
lingered  until  tbe  unwn  of  Engbnd  and  Scotland  hi  1707. 
(3)  The  word  now  signifies  eatorlion  of  money  or  property  by 
threati  of  tibel,  presecutbn,  eipoiuie,  la.  See  such  beading 
■s  CoEKOOH,  Consnucv,  Exnnmoif,  and  anthorilies  quotd 
under  CuiniiitL  Law. 

BUCXKOHB,  UR  BICHARD  (c.  iSso-1719).  EngTah  phy- 

itjo.  He  was  edu  aled  at  Wcstmbsler  school  and  St  Edmuod 
Ftall.  Oiford.  He  was  for  uaie  limra  schoolmaster,  but  finally, 
after  graduating  tn  medicine  al  l^dua.  he  settled  in  practice 
aa  a  physician  In  Londoa.  He  aupporicd  the  principles  of  the 
Revolution,  and  was  accordingly  knitted  in  1697.  He  held 
the  oSica  of  physician  in  ordinary  both  to  William  IIL  and 
Aone,  and  died  oo  tbe  ftb  of  October  1719.    Blsckmoit  bad  ■ 


BLACKMORE,  R.  D.— BLACK  ROD 


«4 

passion  foe  wriiing  epics.  Prince  Arlkur,  an  tttniil  Pttm  in 
X  Boekt  appeared  in  i6qs.  and  wis  Foltowcd  by  ili  other  loii| 
peemi  bcfoie  171J.  Of  these  CrtaliiH  .  .  .  (1711),  •  philo- 
■ophic  poem  Intended  ID  refute  the  ilheiim  of  Vanii^,  Habbrs 
and  Spinou,  md  Id  unteld  Ihe  jntdlectuil  philosophy  of  Locke, 
WM  the  most  favourably  received.  Dr  Johnson  anlicipiled  that 
tU>  poem  would  transmit  Um  author  to  posterity  "  among  the 
fini  favourites  of  the  English  niUM,"  while  John  Dennis  went 
■0  far  a)  to  describe  it  ai  "a  pbiloMphical  poem,  which  has 
equalled  that  of  Lucretius  in  the  bciuty  of  ill  vcrsiEcation.  and 
infinitely  lurpaascd  it  in  the  solidity  and  strength  of  it*  reason- 
ing." lliese  opinions  have  not  been  justiEed,  for  Ihe  poem, 
like  everything  else  that  Blackmore  wrote,  is  dull  and  tedious. 
Hii  Cttnlim  appear!  in  Johnson's  and  Andction's  collection* 
of  Ihe  Btitiih  pocli.  He  left  also  works  on  medidiu  and  on 
(heolagical  subjecti. 

BLACKHORB,  RICHABD  DODDRIMB  (1S15-1900),  English 
novelist,  was  bom  on  the  7th  of  June  1S15  ai  Longworih.  Bcrk> 
shii«,  of  which  village  his  fiiher  was  curate  in  charge.  He  was 
educated  at  Blunddl'i  Khool,  Tiverton,  and  £icter  CoUcge, 
Oilord,  where  he  obtained  a  scholarship.  In  1847  he  took  a 
second  class  in  classics.  Two  years  later  he  entered  as  a  student 
at  the  ftliddle  Temple,  and  was  called  to  the  bar  in  iSii.  His 
first  publication  was  a  volume  of  Pattniby  UdaMtr  (1854),  which 
showed  no  particular  promisci  nor  did  Ihe  succeeding  volume, 
£^ia(igjj),  suggest  that  Blackmore  had  the  makings  of  apoeL 
He  was  nevertheless  tnthuaiastic  in  his  pujsuil  of  liuialurci' 
and  when,  a  few  yeaislater,  the  complete  breakdown  of  bis  health 
tendered  it  dear  that  he  must  remove  from  London,  be  dclci' 
mined  to  combine  b  literary  lilc  in  the  country  with  a  business 
career  as  a  market-gardener.  He  acquired  larid  at  Teddinslen, 
and  set  earnestly  towoili,  thelilriaty  fruits  of  bia  new  surrouod- 
inp  being  a  translation  of  Ihe  CewjHi,  published  in  1861.  Jn 
1S64  he  published  his  &tBl  novel,  Clara  Vauikan,  the  teeriis 
ol  which  Wert  promptly  rccngniicd.  Craioik  Nmrll  (iSdfi) 
foUowed,  bul  it  was  in  1864  that  he  suddenly  sprang  into  lame 
with.Li>ma  Dsotu.  Tbisfinestory  was  a  pioneer  in  the  romantic 
revival',  and  appearing  al  a  laded  hour,  it  was  presently  rccog- 
nieed  as  a  work  ol  singular  charm,  vigour  and  imaginatioa.  Ill 
success  could  scarcely  be  repeated,  and  though  Blackmore  wrote 
many  other  capiul  stories,  ol  which  Ihe  best  known  arc  Tlie 
Uaid  0/  Sttr  (i37>).  CirultuiU  (188a),  Pirlycrta  C1891),  Tola 
frm  lit  TtlliHt  Hbilu  (i&jti)  and  DarUl  (iS«7).  he  will  always 
be  remembered  alniosl  eidusivcly  as  the  author  of  Lariu  Dtnt. 
He  continued  hia  quiet  country  bfe  lo  the  last,  and  died  at 
TeddiaglOD  on  the  10th  of  January  1900,  in  his  sevenly-fiftli 
year.  Lama  Oaoru  has  Ihe  trueout-ol-door  atmosphere,  is  ahot 
through  and  tbiough  with  adventurous  spirit,  and  in  its  dramatic 
nomenisshowi  both  vigour  and  intensity.  The  heroine,  though 
she  is  invested  withqu^tiesof  fatry  which  are  scarcely  human, 
is  an  idyllic  and  haunting  figure;  and  John  Kidd.  Ihe  bluH 
bero,  is,  bath  in  purpose  and  achievement,  a  veritable  giant  of 
romance.  The  alary  is  a  classic  of  the  West  country,  and  the 
many  pUgrimage*  that  are  made  annually  to  Ihe  Doone  Valley 
(the  actual  characteristics  of  which  differ  materially  from  the 
descriptions  given  in  Ihe  novel)  art  entirely  inspired  by  the 
buoyant  iinagi nation  of  Richard  Blackmore-  A  memorial 
window  and  tablet  to  his  memory  were  creeled  in  Eaelet 
cathedral  in  [904. 

BUCK  MOnKTAtH,  a  mountain  range  and  district  oa  the 
Haiara  border  ol  the  North-Wesl  Frontier  Province  of  India. 
It  is  inhabited  by  Yusafisi  Paihans.  The  Blade  Mounuin  itself 
has  a  total  length  ol  >;!□  jom.,  and  an  avenge  heigbt  of  Soooft. 
above  the  sea.  It  rises  from  the  Indus  basin  near  ihi  village  of 
Kiara,  up  lo  its  watenhed  by  Sruddur;  ihcnce  it  runs  Dorth- 
west  by  north  lo  the  point  on  the  crest  known  as  Cbitlabut. 
From  Chitiabul  the  range  runs  due  north,  finally  descending  by 
two  large  spurs  to  the  Indus  again.  The  trib^  which  Inhabit 
the  weslem  lace  ol  the  Black  Mountain  are  the  Hasuniais  (1300 
fighting  men),  the  Akuaii(  Ii6j  fighting  men)  and  Ihe  Cbagat- 
lais  (4S90  fighting  men),  all  sub-sections  ol  Ihe  Yusabai  Fathans. 
It  was  Id  tUs  disuict  that  the  Uindoatani  Fanalica  had  their 


stronghold,  and  they  were  rcsponiible  Tor  muA  ol  the  Daren 
on  Ibis  part  of  the  border. 

The   Bbck    Mountain  is  chleBy    DoUble  for  four  Biillsh 

I.  Under  Licul.-Cotonel  F.  Mackesoo,  In  1851-51.  against 
the  Hassaniais.  The  occasion  was  the  murder  of  Iwo  British 
cusiorai  officers.  A  forco  ol  jSoo  Biitiih  troops  traversed  their 
couniiy,  del  I  raying  their  villages  and  grain,  S:c 

>.  Under  hfajor-Gcneral  A.  T.  Wilde,  in  r868.  The  occa^on 
was  an  attack  on  a  Brilish  police  postal  Oghi  in  the  Agror  Vall^ 
by  all  three  tribes.  A  force  ol  ii,jso  British  troops  entered  the 
country  and  the  tribes  mode  submission. 

3.  The  First  Haiara  Expedition  in  iSSS.  The  cause  was  the 
consiant  raids  made  by  the  tribeson  villages  In  British  tcmtory, 
culminating  in  an  attack  on  a  small  Biitish  detachment,  in  which 
two  English  ofGcers  were  killed.  A  force  of  ii.joo  Briiisb  troops 
traversed  the  country  of  the  tribes,  and  severely  punished  them. 
Punishment  was  also  inflicted  on  the  Uindoslaiu  Fanatics  of 
PalosL 

4.  The  Second  Haiara  Eipediiion  of  iSgi.  The  Black 
Mountain  tribes  fired  on  a  force  within  British  limits.  A  force 
of  7JOO  British  troops  traversed  the  country.  The  tribesmen 
made  their  submission  and  entered  into  an  agreement  with 
government  10  preserve  the  peace  ol  the  border. 

The  Black  &[ounlain  tribes  took  no  pact  in  the  general  Irontier 
tiling  ol  1807,  and  alter  the  disappearance  ol  the  Hindostaoi 
Fanau'cs  they  sank  into  comparative  unimportance. 

BLACKPOOL,  a  municipal  and  county  borough  and  seaside 
resort  in  the  Blackpool  parliamentary  division  of  Lancashire, 
England,  afi  m.  N.  of  Liverpool,  served  by  the  Lancashire  gi 
Yorkshire,  and  London  &  North  Weslem  railways.  Fop.  (|8«|) 
15,846;  (1901}  47J46.  The  town,  which  is  quite  modern, 
contains  many  churches  and  chapels  of  all  denonunstioDs,  ■ 
town  hall,  public  libraries,  the  Victoria  hospital,  (bcee  piers, 
theatres,  ball-rooms,  and  other  places  ol  public  amiuemenl. 
including  a  lofty  tower,  rtsemblivg  the  Eifiel  Tower  of  Paris. 
The  munici^tyinaintains  an  electric  train  service.  Tbettare 
haudHmc  promenades  along  the  sea  front,  which  cummand  b>e 
views.  Eilensive  wotka  upon  these,  afording  a  sea  iront 
unsurpassed  by  Ibat  af  any  Eoi^ish  watering-place,  wen  com- 
pleted hi  1905.  '  The  beach  is  sandy  and  the  bathing  good.  TIm 
borough  was  created  ia  1876  (comity  borough,  1904).  and  is 
governed  by  a  mayu,  11  aldennen  and  56  coundUon.  Area, 
eiciusive  of  foreshore,  3496  acres;  iiujuiimg  foreshore,  4144 

BLACK  ROD  (more  fully,  "  Gcatlemati  Usher  ol  Ihe  Black 
Rod"),ano{rieialof  IheHouieofI.arda,inslilutedini3SaL  Hia 
sppouitmenl  is  by  royal  letters  patent,  and  his  title  is  due  to  his 
staff  of  office,  an  ebony  stick  lurmoimted  with  a  gold  lion.  He  Is 
a  personal  attendant  of  the  sovereign  in  the  Upper  Home,  and 
Is  also  usher  of  the  order  of  the  Carter,  bebig  doorkeeper  at 
the  meetings  of  the  knighis'  chapter.  He  it  respootibk  for  the 
malnUnance  of  order  in  the  IlouM  of  Lords,  and  on  him  falls  the 
duty  of  arraling  any  peer  guilty  of  breach  ol  privilege  or  other 
offence  of  which  the  Houu  takes  cognisance.  But  the  duly 
whichbtingshimraost  into  prominence  is  that  of  aum mooing  the 
Commons  and  their  speaker  to  the  Uppd  House  to  hear  a  sfieecb 
from  the  throne  or  the  royal  assent  given  to  bills.  U  the 
sovereign  Is  present  In  parliament.  Black  Rod  commandi  ibe 
attendance  of  the  pntlemen  of  the  Commons,  but  when  lords 
commissioners  represent  the  king,  he  only  iaira  such  attendance. 
Black  Rod  Is  on  such  occssioDS  the  ceotrsl  figure  ol  a  curious 
ceRiDOfiy  ol  much  bistoiic  significance.  As  soon  as  the  attend- 
ants  of  the  House  of  Comouns  are  aware  of  bis  approach,  they 
doae  the  doors  in  bis  face.  Black  Rod  then  siiikea  three  times 
with  his  staff,  aud  on  being  asked  '*Who  Is  then?"  nplles 
"  Black  Rod."  Being  then  admitted  he  advances  10  the  bar  of 
the  House,  makes  three  obeisances  and  says,  "  Mr  ^leaker,  Ihe 
king  commands  this  boooursble  House  to  attend  his  majesty 
immediately  in  Ihe  House  ol  Lords."  This  formalily  origiiiated 
in  the  fanoui  attempt  of  Cbaries  L  to  arrest  the  five  membtn,- 
Hampden,  Pym,  HiJles,  Hesilrige  and  Strode,  ia  164  s.  Indignanl 


BLACK  SEA— BLACKSTONE 


■t  tUa  brcKh  ot  iKlvikEi,  iIk  Hmuc  of  Commeu  hu  «vti  lincc 
■Miatuned  iu  lisht  oT  fmdom  o(  ipcedi  *Dd  unictemipLeil 
dcbau  by  the  doaing  of  ihc  d«n  on  the  kiDgfi  Rptoenutive. 

BLACK  SEA  (or  Euxuit;  uc,  Pmiu  Euiirna  ),'  a  body  of 
wsui  lyins  aliiKBl  cnlircly  bciwcca  the  Utiluda  41*  and  43*  N., 
but  eiundiiic  to  ibout  47°  N,  ucarOdeua.  ItuboundcdN.  by 
(he  sauthern  coast  ol  Riusii;  W.  by  Riunmii,  Tuikey  and 
Bsltariai  S.  and  E.  by  Alia  Minor.  The  northera  boUDdaty  'a 
btolwD  Bl  Kerrch  by  »  itnit  entering  into  ths  Sea  oi  Aiov,  and 
al  tbt  junction  of  ihe  westeni  and  »ulhcm  boundaiy  i*  the 
Botponu,  nhich  unito  the  Black  Sea  with  the  Mcditenanean 
(hiDUKh  the  Sea  of  Marmon  and  Ilie  Dardaoellei.  The  100- 
lathom  Line  h  about  10  to  io  id.  from  the  shore  except  in  the 
■onh-irul  coTOM  betweeq  Vanu,  and  Sevatiopd,  whne  it 
eitendi  ita  m.  teswaidi.  The  fiieitett  depth  ii  lojo  falhomi 
{1117  Ruoiai)  fathoms}  near  the  centre,  there  being  only  one 
basil).  The  iteepcst  incUae  outside  too  fathom*  ii  to  the  south' 
east  of  the  Ctimea  and  at  Anutlia;  the  incline  to  the  greater 
depths  is  also  sleep  oS  the  Caucasus  and  between  Trebizond  and 
Baium.  The  conditions  that  prevail  in  the  Black  Sea  are  very 
different  Itom  those  of  Ihc  Medilenaaein  ot  any  other  lea.  The 
existence  ot  sulphuietlcd  hydrogen  in  great  quantities  below  100 
lathoRis.  the  eaiensive  chemical  preclpitatioo  of  calcium  cai- 
boaate.  the  stagnto t  nature  of  its  deep  waters,  and  the  absence  of 
deeivsea  life  are  condition)  which  make  it  Impossible  to  discuss  it 
along  with  the  physical  and  bloloscal  conditions  of  the  Mediur- 
oneanpnqier. 

The  depths  of  the  Black  Sea  are  lifeless,  higher  organic  life  not 
being  known  toetist  below  too  fathomi.  Fosiilifetou)  cemalni 
of  Drtiima.  CardlioH  and  other  molluscs  have,  however,  been 
dredged  up.  which  help  to  show  that  conditions  formerly  eiisted 
In  the  Black  Seasimilar  to  those  that  exist  at  the  present  day  in 
the  Caspian  Sea.  According  to  N.  Andruiov,  when  the  um'on  of 
the  Black  Sea  with  the  Mediieiranean  through  the  Bosporus  took 
place,  salt  water  rushed  into  it  along  the  bottom  of  the  Bosporus 
and  killed  the  fauna  of  the  lea  saline  waters.  This  gave  lise  to 
a  production  of  sulphuretted  hydrogen  wbicb  is  found  in  the 
deposits,  as  well  as  in  the  deeper  waters. 

Observations  in  temperaluie  and  salinity  have  only  been 
taken  during  summer.  During  summer  the  lutfaix  salinity  of 
tbe  Black  Sea  is  from  i-  70  to  100%  down  to  je  fathoms,  wbereaa 
in  the  greater  depths  it  atuins  *  salinity  of  i'is%.  The 
tcoiperatute  is  rather  remarkable,  there  being  an  inictmediate 
cold  layer  between  ij  and  JQ  bthoms.  This  is  due  to  the 
poking  of  the  cold  surface  water  (which  in  winter  reaches 
treeaing-poiot)  on  to  the  top  of  the  denser  more  saline  water  of 
the  greater  depths.  There  is  thus  a  minimum  citculation  in  the 
greater  depths  causing  there  unifonnity  of  temperature,  an 
absence  of  Ihe  circulation  of  oxygen  by  other  means  than 
diSuuon,  and  a  protection  of  the  sulphuretted  hydrogen  from 
the  oddatlon  which  takes  place  in  homokigous  situations  In  the 
open  ocean.  The  tempeiature  down  to  i;  fathoms  is  from  jS-j° 
t0  46'i*F.,  and  in  the  cold  layer,  between  3j  and  50  fathoms,  is 
from  46->*to«-s*F.,  rising  again  in  greater  depths  to  48- J°F. 

The  S/a  «/  itarmcra  may  be  looked  upon  as  an  arm  of  the 
Aegean  Sea  and  thus  part  of  the  Mediletranean  proper.  Its 
salinilyiscomparable  to  thatof  the  eastern  basin  of  the  Mediter- 
ranean, which  is  greater  than  that  of  the  Black  Sea,  viz.  4%. 
Similar  currents  exist  in  tbe  Bosporus  to  those  of  the  Strait  of 
Gibiallar.  Water  of  less  salinity  Sows  outwards  from  the  Black 
Sea  as  an  upper  current,  and  water  of  greater  saluuty  from  the 
Sea  of  Marmoia  flows  into  the  Black  Sea  as  an  under-current. 
This  under-current  flowstowacdsCapeTarhangut,  where  it  divides 
into  a  left  and  tight  t»anch.    The  leli  branch  is  appreciably 

sweeps  past  the  Crimea,  strikes  the  Caucasian  shore  (where  it 

comer  of  tbe  Black  Sea),  and  finally  djapcrses  Sowing  westwards 
along  tbe  oartheni  coast  of  Asia  Minot  between  Cape  Jason  and 

'  The  early  Creek  aaviiaton  nve  it  the  epthet  of  nsnw,  f.K 
mdritnU/  to  urniien.  Gui  as  Crrtk  co'oaict  sprani  up  on  the 
•bona  this  was  changed  to  ^un'nu,  Iricndly  to  Mranttri. 


Slnope.  Thiscuirent  cauaes  a  warmer  dimate  where  It  strikes. 
So  marked  is  this  current  that  it  has  to  be  taken  into  account  in 
the  navigation  of  the  Black  Sea. 

The  Sta  0/  Ata  is  eicccdingly  shallow,  being  only  about  6 
fathoms  in  its  deepest  part,  and  it  is  laigely  influenced  by  the 
rivet  Don,  Its  water  is  considerably  freshet  than  the  Black  Set, 
varying  fiom  1-5;  too'£S%.  It  Ireeiei  mote  leaddy  and  is  not 
a3ected  by  tbe  Mcdite>r9.nFan  current. 

See  N.  Andrusov  "  Ph/sical  ExploralloB  al  the  BlackSea,"  la 
Ctopafkial  Journal,  vol.  1.  p.  49. 

BLACK  SEA  (Kuss.  Chmonumkaya),  a  military  district  of 
the  province  of  Kubaa,  formerly  an  independent  province  of 
Ttanscaucaua,  Kussia;  it  includes  the  luiTOw  strip  of  land 
along  the  N.E.  coast  of  the  Black  Sqi  from  Novorossiysk  to 
tbe  vicinity  of  Fitsunda,  between  the  sea  and  the  ctesi  ol  tfae 
main  range  of  the  Caucasus.  Area,  >3,}6  sq.  m.  Pop.  (1S9;) 
54,iiSi  (1906,  estimate)  71.900.  It  Is  penetrated  by  Dumetovs 
spuisf^  this tange,  which  sltilie  the  sea  abruptly  at  tight  angles 
to  the  coast,  and  in  many  cases  plunge  down  into  it  sheer.  Oning 
to  its  loulbein  expoiute.  its  sheltered  position,  and  a  copious 
lalnfall,  vcgctotion.  In  part  of  a  sub-tro{»ca]  character,  grows 
in  great  prafusion.  In  consequence,  however,  of  the  moun- 
tainous chatactcr  of  the  region,  it  is  divided  into  a  large  number 
of  more  or  less  Isolated  districts,  and  there  is  tittle  intercourse 
with  the  country  north  of  the  Caucasus,  the  passes  over  the  range 
bemg  few  and  difficult  (see  Caucasus).  But  since  the  Kusiiins 
became  mastetsof  this  region,  its  former  inhabiunts  (Circassian 
tribes)  have  emigrated  in  thousands,  so  that  the  country  is  now 
only  thinly  inhabited.  It  is  divided  into  three  districts — 
Novorossiysk,  with  tbe  town  [pop.  in  iSg?,  i6,ioS]  of  the  same 
name,  which  acts  as  the  capiul  of  the  Black  Sea  district; 
Velyamlnovsk;  and  SochL  Novotossiysk  is  connected  by  rail, 
at  the  west  end  of  the  Caucasus,  with  the  Rostov- Vladikavkaz 
line,  and  a  mountain  road  leads  from  Velyamlnovsk  (ot  Tuapse) 
to  Maikop  in  the  province  of  Kuban. 

BLACKSTONB,  SIR  WIUIAX  (17IJ-T7B0},  English  jurist, 
was  bom  In  London,  on  the  loth  of  July  i;]].  His  parents 
having  died  when  be  was  young,  his  eariy  education,  under  the 
care  of  his  uncle,  Dr  Thomas  Bigg,  was  obtained  at  the  Charter- 
house, from  which,  at  tbe  age  of  fifteen,  he  was  sent  to  Pembroke 
College,  Oiford..  He  was  cnteied  in  the  Middle  Temple  in  1741. 
In  1 744  be  was  elected  a  fellow  of  All  Souls'  College.  From  this 
period  he  divided  his  time  between  the  imivenity  and  tbe 
Temple,  where  he  took  cbambcn  in  order  to  attend  the  law 
courts.  In  1746  he  was  called  to  the  bar.  Though  but  littlo 
known  ot  distinguished  as  a  pleader,  he  was  actively  employed, 
during  his  occasional  realdencs  at  the  univeiaity.  in  taking  part 
in  the  Internal  management  of  his  college.  la  May  1749,  as  a 
small  reward  for  his  setvices,  and  to  give  him  fuitfaer  oppot- 
tunltlc*  of  advancing  the  interests  of  the  college,  Blackstone  was 
appointed  steward  of  its  nunois.  In  the  same  year,  on  the 
resignation  ot  his  uncle,  Seymoui  Richmond,  he  was  elected 
tecorder  of  the  borough  (^  WaUingford  in  Berkshire.  In  1750  he 
became  doctor  of  civil  law.  In  1753  he  decided  to  rcLire  from 
London  work  to  his  fellowship  and  an  academical  lite,  slill  con- 
tinuing the  practice  of  his  piofeuion  as  a  provincial  counsel. 

His  lectures  on  the  bws  of  England  appear  to  have  been  an 
early  and  favourite  idea;  for  in  the  Michaetmaa  teim  immedi- 
ately after  he  abandoned  London,  he  entered  on  the  duty  of 
leadhig  them  at  Oxford;  and  we  are  told  by  the  aulbor  ol  hii 
lilt,  that  even  at  their  commencement,  tbe  high  eipectationi 
f  ntmed  from  the  acknowledged  abilities  of  the  lecturer  attracted 
to  these  lecturcsa  very  crowded  dass  of  young  men  of  tfae  first 
famine*,  chatsctets  and  hopes.  Bentham,  however,  dcclaice 
that  he  was  a  "  formal,  ptedse  and  affected  lecturer— just  what 
you  would  eipect  from  tbe  character  of  his  writings — cold, 
reserved  and  wary,eihibitbigafri^dprlde."  It  wis  not  till  the 
year  1758  that  the  lectures  In  the  form  tbey  now  bear  were  read 
in  the  univenlty.  Blackstone.  having  been  unanimously  elected 
to  the  newly.founded  Vinerian  professorship,  on  the  )jl)i  of 
Octobei  read  hit  (iist  Introductory  lecture,  afterwards  prefixed 
to  the  first  volume  of  fais  celebrated  Cimmtnttria.  It  is  doubtful 


26 

•bether  ihe  Ca 


welt  arigtnzlly   inlcndtd  {or   the 
t  inpolcct  ind  incorml  aqua  biving  gat  h 

.   .         ■  pinlcdcdilion  o[  ihcm  being  either  published 

tr  prcpATiog  for  pubUciIion  in  trclind,  tbe  lulfaor  tfamisbt 
proper  to  pHat  a  correct  edition  hiinicLF,  And  in  November  1765 
published  the  fir^  voluine,  under  the  title  of  Cemmailaria  ph 
ikt  Lamt  ef  Engliixd.  The  nmumng  p>ru  of  the  woA  wen 
given  to  the  world  in  Uie  count  ol  the  four  (ucceedins  yein. 
It  nuy  be  remarked  thit  befoK  thii  period  Ibe  tepulalioD  whidi 
bi$  lectuna  hod  dcicrvedJy  acqitited  for  him  had  induced  him 
to  resume  pnctjcein  London;  tnd^conlraTy  to  the  genenJ  order 
of  iht  proiession,  he  who  bad  quitted  the  bar  for  in  academic  tifc 
was  sent  back  from  the  college  lo  the  bar  anlh  a  considerable 
incrrase  of  buslnesa.  Ke  was  likewise  elected  to  parlianent, 
firat  for  llindon.  and  afterwardi  for  Westbuiy  in  Wilts;  but  in 
neither  of  these  departments  did  he  equal  iheeipectatlon)  which 
his  writing  b«d  raised.  The  part  he  took  in  the  Middlewi 
election  drew  upoD  him  many  iliacki  u  well  ai  a  levcre  anim- 
adversion from  the  caustic  penol"  Junius."  This  ctrcumstance 
probablystrengihened  the  avenlon  he  professed  to  parliamentary 
aitendaiKx.  "  where,"  he  uid,  "  amidst  the  rage  of  contending 
panies,  a  man  of  moderation  must  eipcct  to  meet  with  no 
quarter  from  any  side."  In  1 770  he  declined  the  place  of  solid  toi- 
general;  but  tharily  aftecwatds,  oa  the  promotion  of  Sir  Joseph 
Vales  to  a  seat  in  the  court  of  comnon  pleag.  he  accepted  ■  seat 
on  the  bench,  and  on  (he  death  ol  Sir  Joseph  succeeded  him 
there  also.     He  died  on  the  14th  of  February  17E0. 

The  design  of  the  Camwiailariti  Is  exhibited  In  his  Gril  Vinerian 
lecture  printed  In. the  iatroductioo  10  (hem.  The  author  there 
dwells  on  the  importaDce  of  ooblemen.  gentlemen  and  educated 
persons  generally  being  well  acquainted  with  the  laws  ol  the 
country;  and  his  Irratise,  accordingly,  ii  aa  far  as  possible  a 
popular  CBposilion  ol  the  laws  of  England.  Falling  into  the 
common  error  of  Identifying  the  various  meanings  of  the  word 
taw,  be  advances  from  the  law  of  nature  (being cither  the  revealed 
or  the  inlerred  will  ol  Cod)  to  municipal  law,  which  he  deEn«  10 
be  a  rule  ol  civil  conduct  prescribed  by  the  supreme  power  in  a 
state  commanding  what  is  right  and  prohibiting  what  it  wrong. 
On  this  definition  he  founds  the  division  observed  in  the  Ctm- 
mnlaria,  Theobjecisoflawarerightiand  wrongs.  Rightiare 
either  rights  of  persons  or  righti  of  things.  Wrongs  arc  cither 
public  or  private.  Thew  four  headings  form  respectively  the 
aubjects  of  the  four  books  of  the  Commeuiariei^ 

Blackatone  wu  by  no  means  what  would*  now  be  called  a 
adenlific  Jurist  He  has  only  the  vaguest  possible  grasp  et  the 
elementary  conceptions  ol  law.  He  evidently  regards  the  law 
of  gravitation,  lh«  law  Ol  nature,  and  the  law  ol  England,  as 
dilletent  eiamplct  of  (he  same  j>iJncip1e~Tas  rules  of  action  or 
conduct   imposed  by  a  superior  power  on  its  subjects.    He 

derive  their  validity  from  their  ccnformity  10  the  so-called  law 
of  nature  or  law  of  God.  "  No  human  laws,"  he  says,  "  are  of 
any  Validity  if  contrary  to  this."  His  distinction  between  rights 
of  persons  and  rights  of  things,  implying,  as  it  would  appear, 

mitundcrstanding  oF  the  technical  terms  of  the  Roman  law. 
In   distinguishing   between   private   and   public   wron^   Tcivil 

division.  Austin,  who  accused  him  of  following  sbvishly  the 
method  ol  Hale's  ,4 luJyiii  g/(b£as,  declares  that  he  "  blindly 
adopts  the  mlstakesoi  his  rude  and  compendious  model;  missing 
invariably,  with  a  nice  and  autprising  infelicity,  the  pregnant 
but  obscure  suggestions  which  it  proAered  to  his  attention,  and 
which  would  have  guided  a  discerning  and  inventive  writer  to 
in  arrangement  comparatively  just,"  By  ibe  want  of  precise 
and  dosely-deGocd  terms,  and  his  tendency  to  subitiiuic  loose 
literary  phraset,  be  falls  occasionally  into  irrrconcilable  contra- 
dictions. Even  In  discussing  a  subject  ol  such  immense  Import- 
ance as  equity,  he  hardly  ukes  paina  to  discriminate  between 
the  legal  and  papular  senses  ol  the  word,  and,  from  the  small 

be  wouLj  scarcely  teem  to  have  realited  its  (rue  pati(ian  in  the 


BLACK  VEIl^BLACKWATER 

Subject,  hi 


scieoli  Be  order, 
and  tne  power  01  load  exposition  possessetl  by  the  antluT 
demand  emphatic  recognitioo.  Blaekstone'l  defects  si  a  juiiU 
are  more  conspicmus  ia  his  treadncnt  of  tbe  undeHying  ptinciplts 
and  fundaneBtal  diviiioiu  ol  ibc  law  thaa  Id  his  account  of  ita 
substantive  pHndples. 

Bhckstone  by  no  means  confioa  bimsdf  to  ibe  work  Af  ■ 
legal  commentator.  It  ia  his  busioess.  especially  when  he  touchea 
on  the  framework  of  sodety.  to  find  a  basis  in  history  and  reason 
for  all  the  most  characteristic  English  institutions.  There  is  not 
much  either  of  philosophy  or  fairness  in  this  part  of  his  work 
Whether  through  the  natural  conservatism  of  a  lawyer,  or 
through  hia  own  timidity  and  subserviency  as  a  man  and  a 
palitidan.  he  is  always  found  to  be  a  speciou  defender  of  the 
eiiitiog  order  of  Ihio^  Beolham  accuses  him  of  being  the 
enemy  of  all  reform,  and  (he  imscnipulous  champion  of  every 
form  of  professional  chicanery.  Austin  says  that  he  truckled 
to  the  sinister  Interests  and  mischievous  prejudicea  of  power. 
and  that  he  Battered  the  overweening  conceit  of  the  Engli^  its 
their  own  institutions.  He  displays  much  ingenuity  in  giving  a 
plausible  form  to  common  prejudices  and  fallacies;  but  it  ia  by 
no  means  clear  that  he  was  not  imposed  upon  himself  More 
undeniable  than  the  political  fairness  of  the  treatise  is  its  merits 
as  a  work  of  literature.  It  is  written  la  a  most  graceful  and 
attractive  style,  and  although  no  onranunity  of  embellishmeni 
has  been  lost,  the  language  is  alwayssimple  and  dear  Whether 
it  is  owing  10  its  literary  graces,  or  to  its  success  In  Battering  the 
prejudices  of  the  public  to  which  it  was  addressed,  the  inAiience 
'  ''     '     '   'n  England  has  been  ertraordinary.     Not  lawyers 


only,  and  lawyers  perhaps  even  less  t 

an  others,  accepted  it  ai 

society  in  England  much  the  same  service  as  was  rendered  10 

he  pec^le  ol  Rome  hy  (he  publica 

unknown  laws.     It  is  more  correct  to  n 

gard  it  as  a  handbook  ol 

he  law  for  Uymen  than  as  a  legal  (>ea 

(ise:  and  as  the  first  snd 

only  book  of  the  kind  in  England  it  has 

been  received  with  some- 

what  indiscriminating  teverence.     It 

is  certain   thai  a  vast 

amount  ol  the  constitutional  lentimen 

of  the  country  has  been 

nspired  by  its  pages-    To  this  day  Bla 

ckatone'i  criticism  of  the 

English  const!  Ill  lion  would  probably  express  (he  most  profound 

political  eooviciions  of  the  majority 

of  (he  English  people. 

Ang  alter  it  has  ceased  10  be  ol  mu 

h  practical  value  as  ao 

auihomy  in  the  courts,  it  remains  the 

arbiter  of  all  public  dis- 

On  such  occasions  (he 

s  strictly  as  il  they  were 

a  code.    It  is  curious  toobserve  how  mu 

imed  more  at  presenting 

a  picture  intelligible  to  laymen  than  a 

recording  the  prindplei 

of  tbe  tiw  with  technical  accuracy  of  d 

etail. 

Set  also  the  article  Eholish  Law. 

BUCK  VEII.  in  the  Roman  Cathol 

c  Church,  the  «mb<d<a 

which  all  il 


leisd 


img-ring. 


It  short,  and  her  bridal 
habit.  Her  wedding, 
it  is  buried  with  her. 


as  spouse  of  the  Church.     Al[erwardi  she  presides . 
breakfast,  at  which  a  bride-cake  is  cut.     She  thus  Dia 
10  all  her  friends,  and  having  previously  taken  the  whi 
the  betrothal,  she  now  assume   -■     ■  ■    ' 
the  world  and  ill  pleasures.     1 
robes  sreeichanged  lor  the  SOB 
ring,  however,  she  continues  1 

BLACKWATBH,  the  name  oF  a  number  ol  rivers  and  streama 
In  England.  Scotland  and  Ireland.  The  Blackwater  in  Eski, 
which  rises  near  Saffron  Walden.  has  a  course  ol  about  40  m.  (o 
(he  North  Sea.  The  most  imporunt  river  of  the  name  ia  in 
southern  Ireland,  rising  in  the  hills  on  the  borders  of  the  ctiuDtiei 
Cork  snd  Kerry,  and  Bowing  nearly  due  east  for  the  gmier  part 
of  its  course,  as  lar  as  Cappoquin.  where  it  turns  abruptly  south, 
ward,  and  discharges  through  an-  estuary  Into  Youghal  Bay. 


BLACKWATER  FEVER— BLADDER  DISEASES 


paimi  very  betutiful. 

HACXWUBB  nvta.  >  dbeua  ocnnut  In  tnpiol 
aMsUia  utS  tltewhew,  wUth  it  oflcn  chwrt  with  maUin 
[fi).  ll  B  chancteriisl  by  [mtukr  (tbrik  pannyim.  uiiini- 
panifd  by  rifan,  UiaiB  vwnitiiic.  jauddke  ud  humogloliinurii 
[ftaboa).  It  hu  1  vide  (cofnpkicil  diltribiiiian,  iodiidiag 
tniikil  Alrica.  paru  o[  Aiii,  tbe  Wal  India.  iIh  Kulhan 
QsJlcd  Suio,  -lad— is  Europe — Gr«c<.  Sidly  uid  Sardinli; 
but  itm  rai^  ii  not  coeiiciuivc  wiih  nukiit.  Miluul 
ff-lf  bxve  ocaaioDtlSy  been  fauod  in  tbe  blood.  Some 
luUuriiiei  believe  it  la  be  cauied  by  the  tittBivc  tue  of 
qoiaifw,  EAkeo  to  combit  malahL  Tlia  [heory  bu  bad  the 
lapport  <4  Kodl.  but  it  il  not  genenlly  uxepleiL  tl  it  were 
COfTtct,  one  would  capect  bluliinler  level  to  be  regularJy 
imv«kntiniiulirUlcciuntri«uid  lobe  more  or  tencocmcinive 
witb  tbe'ine  of  quiniae.  which  a  not  at  aU  the  caie.  It  often 
'le  cbumclerutic  bbcic  vomit  ol 
lackwiier  lever,  while  the  black 
ic  ii  equally  rare  in 
ibe  lornwr.  Acconiing  to  tbe  modem  wbool  ol  tropical  para- 
■tolocy-  bbckwater  levrr  a  neither  a  form  of  malaria  nor 
produced  by  quinine,  bat  a  qieciftc  diieaM  due  to  a  protozoal 
paruilc  akin  to  ihitl  which  causa  the  redwater  fever  of  cattle. 
BUGKWBU.  THOMAS  (i;ni-i;5;).  Scottish  daulcal 
Kbolar,  wai  boni  at  Aberdeen  on  the  4th  of  August  i/or.  He 
tB^  tbe  decree  of  M.A.  at  the  kfiriwhal  CoUtge  in  171S.  He 
wu  appoinled  prnfeHor  of  Greeli  in  (T13,  and  wu  principal 
d  tbe  iutitutior  iron  1748  until  bii  death  on  the  Sth  of  March 
1IS7.  In  I7J5  hil  hni  work,  An  inquiry  uu  r<le  Life  tad 
Ufriiiati  ef  Hemv,  wai  published  anonymously.  It  was  re- 
printed in  ijj6,  and  followed  (In  1747)  by  Pronji  nj  lii  Enfuiry 
bK*  Htrntr"!  Li/t  ami  Wriiiiiir.  a  Iraulation  of  the  copious 
iwhichhad  previouslyappe»red.  This 
In  Ibe  ciuscs  of  the  superiariiy  of  Homer 
bopeeoedediM  foUowed  him,  shows  cnmidenble 

..      lOtaini  atiny  curioui  and  interesting  details; 

bn  iu  mint  of  mnhod  nude  Beatley  uy  that,  when  he  bad  gone 
tktnfb  half  oi  it,  b«  had  foc|otl«i  tht  beenning,  and.  when 
be  bad  (unshed  the  rcadini  «f  it,  be  had  foisotlm  the  whole. 
BUctinell's  next  woefc  (abo  fnUithed  tnoaymously  in  174S) 
■a*  faUn  Cnutmliif  Uytluiegj,  In  17]!  he  took  the  degree 
ol  doctor  of  laws,  and  in  the  foUowing  year  published  the  first 
nlume  of  Utmnrt  mj  iIk  Cml  ■/  Autiaim;  the  second  volume 
ap]>earcd  in  175],  tbe  third  in  1764  ((»epaied  lor  the  press,  after 
NackweU'ideiib,brJohnMills}.  This  work  shows  considerable 
ariginality  and  erudition,  but  ii  even  more  unmethodical  than 
hit  eaiUer  writings  and  full  of  unnecHury  digressions.  Black- 
well  bw  been  aUed  the  rcMoter  of  Greek  litrnture  in  the  north 
id  qualiiia  were  somewhat  spoiled  by 
which  (iposed  him  to  ridicule. 
■  (i7;6-i8j4).  Scollisb  publisher, 
foooder  of  the  fm  at  WiiUtn  Blackwood  k  Sons,  was  bom  of 
hombla  patenti  at  Edabnrgb  on  tbe  Mth  of  November  t776. 
At  the  age  ol  fourMen  be  wai  appienlieed  10  a  linn  of  booksellers 
in  EiSnbufh,  and  be  toUowed  hli  calling  alw  in  Glasgow  and 
LoHtM  lor  several  yean.  Keturning  to  Edinburgh  in  1804.  he 
ofitaieii  a  Aap  in  Siiutli  Bt<d(e  Succt  (or  the  lale  of  old,  rar 
and  cotiau*  hooka.  He  ondettook  the  Stoitisb  agency  for  Joh 
Muniy  and  other  London  puWdiers,  and  gradually  drifted  int 
publishing  on  hit  own  account,  removing  in  tSi6  10  Princt 
Street.  On  tbe  itt  of  Apra  1817  was  issued  the  first  number  of 
the  EdMvik  UmUy  Mogoii'iu,  wMch  on  in  seventh  DTimbct, 
ban  the  name  ol  Bloctmid  u  the  leading  part  of  the  title. 
"  t(ap."  as  this  mapzinesoon  came  to  be  called,  was  the  organ 
ol  the  Scottish  Tory  parly,  and  touod  it  gathered  a  host  of 
able  wtilen.  William  Blackwood  died  on  the  rfith  of  September 
itl4,aiidwutiKCMdedbytabtwoBani,  Akanderaad  Robctl, 


who  added  a  Londna  brancfa  to  tbe  fm.     In 
Blackwood  died,  and  sbonly  iltenrards  Robert. 
A  younger  biotber,  John  Dtackwood  (iSiS-iRtq).  ntccceded 

Blackwood,  wbo  continued  in  the  Arm  until  hia  death  in  t86T. 
Id  tUi  the  maior's  elder  ion,  WiUiam  Blackwood  (b.  iSjA). 
wu  taken  into  pannenhip.  John  Btackuiiiod  was  a  mm  of 
strong  personality  and  great  business  discemoient;  it  was  in  the 
pages  of  his  mag  tine  that  Cleorgc  Eliot's  first  iiories,  Stma 
a/  Clirial  Lift,  appesied.  He  also  inaugunled  the  "  Ancient 
Cluslci  lot  En^ith  readers  "  seriei.  On  bis  death  Mr  Williain 
"'    '         '    (as  left  in  sole  coninri  of  the  business    With  him 

his  nephews.  George  William  and  J.  H.  Black. 

Major  Ceofge  Blackwood,  who  was  killed  at 


igm  .  (1)47-18911).  the  fiiU  t<ra  v. 
If  Mrs  Olinbant;  the  third,  dealiitf  1 
diughier.  Mn  Cenld  Portet. 

■LADDER    {from    A.S.    tUUin, 


WSImm  Bbuhmoi  and  Hi 
ilumM  <if  khich  ■L-eie  wniicn 
'ith  Joha  Blackwood,  by  hii 


I   Get. - 


ir].  the  I 


used  for  any  simifsi  sac.  such  as  the  gall-bladder,  the  swim- 
bladder  in  fijbes.  or  the  small  vesicle  in  various  seaweeds. 

BLAI»>BR  AHD  PROSTATE  DISEASS.  The  urinary 
bladder  in  man  {lor  the  anatomy  see  Ubihabv  Svstth).  bang 
the  temporary  reservoir  of  the  renal  secretion,  and,  as  such, 
containing  the  urine  Far  longer  or  shorter  periods,  is  liable  to 
various  important  affections.  These  are  doll  with  in  the  first 
pan  of  this  article.  The  diseases  gf  the  pmsiale  are  so  intimately 
allied  that  they  are  best  considered,  as  in  the  subsequent  section, 
as  part  of  tbe  same  subject. 

Diitoai  ej  lit  Bladder. 
Cystbii.  or  infUmmstlon  of  the  bladder,  which  may  be  acute 

organisms,  which  gain  access  cither  from  the  urethra,      

the  kidneys  or  the  blood-stream.  It  is  easy  to  see  how  ^ 
tbediptococci  ol  gonorrhoea  may  infect  the  Uadder-mtmbrahe  by 
direct  eitcnsion  of  the  inflimmation,  and  how  the  badlli  which 
are  swarming  In  the  neighbouring  bowel  may  find  access  to  the 
urethra  or  bladder  when  the  intervening  tissues  have  been 
rendered  peoeliable  by  a  wound  or  ~ 


cr  the  bladder  by  way  of  the  vulva 
islurbanc.     '    ' 


idiheuT 


le  fun 

bladder,  such  as  enlargement  of  tbe  prostate,  stricture  of  the 
urethra,  atone,  or  injury,  may  cause  cystitis  by  preparing  the 
way  for  bacilliry  invasion.  The  bacilli  of  tuberculosis  and  ol 
typhoid  fever  may  set  up  cystitis  by  coming  down  into  the 
bladder  from  the  kidneys  with  the  urine,  or  they  reach  It  by 
the  blood-streim,  or  invade  it  by  tbe  urethra.  Another  way  ol 
cystitis  being  set  up  is  by  the  introduction  of  the  genu  ol 
suppuration  by  a  caibclct  or  bougie  sweeping  them  in  from  tbe 
urclhni  or  the  instrument  itself  may  be  unsteriliied  and  dirty 
and  to  may  inimduce  them.  It  used  formerly  to  be  thou^t  that 
net  or  cold  was  enough  to  cause  inllammitioool  the  bladder,  but 
the  probability  is  that  this^acis  only  by  lowering  tbe  teeistuica 
of  the  lining  membrane  of  the  bladder,  and  preparing  it  lor  the 
invasion  of  the  germs  which  were  merely  waiting  for  an  oppor- 
tunity. In  Ibe  ssme  way,  gout  or  injury  may  lead  to  the  lurking 
bacilli  being  enabled  to  effect  their  attack.  But  in  every  case 
diicase-germs  are  the  cause  of  the  trouble,  and  they  may  be  fouod 
in  the  urine.     The  first  effect  of  ic  ' 


nitable.  : 


1  may  be  very  painful  and  may  be  aocoD- 
Irom  the  overloaded  blood-voKls  of  the 
In  addition  to  blood,  pus  is  likely  to  be 
lichbythistimelsalkalini  '      ' 


D.andsbiNld 


BLADDER  AND  PROSTATE  DISEASES 


ry  bol  hip-Uth.     WteD  ti 


:oth«w 


back  to  bed, 

proof  mAtcjiaL,  should  be  pL&ced  over  ihe  lover  pan  of  the 

■bdomtn.    The  diti  theukl  be  milk  (diluted  wtih  hot  oi  cold 

ihodd  be  aUixitd.  II  Lhe  urine  isicid,  UcuboniLeoliodiiniy 
be  given,  or  ciliale  of  soda;  il  illuliiie,  unilnipine— i  derivaUve 
d  loraiic  aldehyde — may  prove  a  useful  urinary  diiinleclanl.  If 
theslrainingand  dislreu  ace  great,  a  suppository  of  lorjafnin 
of  morphia  may  be  introduced  into  the  rectum  every  two  or  three 
houn.  The  bowels  must  be  kepi  freely  open.  If  iheurine  is  foul, 
3e  bladder  should  be  frequently  washed  out  by  a  solt  calheler 


K  three 


othct  end,  weak  and  abundaot  hot  Imitnii  of  Sasitos  or  Condy'a 
fluid  being  used. 
Ckrvitic  cyitUis  is  the  coadiUon  left  wbeD  the  acute  symptoms 

acute  condition.  If  the  cystitis  is  very  ininiclabfe,  refusing  to 
yield  10  iut  irrigations,  and  to  washlnp  with  nitrate  of  silvei 
hlioa,  il  may  be  advisable  to  open  lhe  bladder  from  the  fnnt, 
and  to  explore,  treat,  drain  and  rest  iL 

In  tubercMlna  ejUilis  there  is  added  to  the  tyaftona  the 
diicoveiy  o(  the  bacilli  of  tuberculosis  in  the  urine,  and  cysio- 
scopic  enminalian  may  reveal  the  presence  of  lubcrcks  oI  the 
mucous  membraneorcven  of  ulceration.  ThcpalicnL  is  probably 
iovng  weight,  and  he  may  present  toci  of  tuberculosis  at  the  back 

lymphatic  gland.  Tnaimtra  is  rebcUioiu  and  unpromising. 
Wuhings  and  lolioni  give  but  tcmpotaiy  relief,  and  if  the 
bladder  is  opened  for  rest,  and  loc  a  more  direct  imtmcnl,  the 
germ]  of  suppuration  may  enter,  and.  working  in  conjunction 
with  the  bacilli,  may  cause  great  havoc.  Koch's  tuberculin 
treatment  ihould  certainly  be  given  a  trial.  This  consists  of  the 
injection  into  the  body  ol  an  emulsion  of  dead  tubercle  bacilli 
which  have  been  steiitiicd  by  heat.  As  a  result  of  this  injection 
the  blood  sets  to  work  to  form  an  "opsonin" — a  protective 
nuterial  which  so  modifies  the  diseasc-ecrms  as  to  render  Ihcm 
lUiaclive  to  the  white  corpuscles  ol  the  patient's  blood  (phago- 
eylesl,  which  then  seize  upon  and  destroy  them.  Sic  A,  E. 
Wright  hasdeviscdidclicale  method  of  cxaminaLionof  the  blood 
(the  calculation  of  the  opsonic  indei)  which  tells  when  the 
tuberculin  injections  should  be  resorted  to  and  when  withheld 
(see  Blo<o). 

CnlciitiiiiidCraK/.— Uricacidlsdeposlledfromtheurineeiihcr 
u  small  crystals  rescmUingcsyFiine  pepper,  or  else.  In  combina- 
m^^  lion  with  soda  and  ammonia,  a&an  amortJlous  "  briik- 
^'"'  dust  "  deposit, ». hi ch,  on  cooling,  leaves  a  red  stain  on 
the  bottom  of  the  vessel,  soluble  in  hot  water.  These  substances 
are  derived  from  the  disinicgraiion  ol  nitrogcniied  food  taken  in 


BOf  d 


.    Theyoc 


r  iherctore  in  fevers,  in 


Sling  di 


I  of  a 


If  these  eierciset  have  been  accompani 

lion  that  (he  eicess  of  water  from  the 

lUn  rather  than  by  the  kidneys.     The 

is  in  accordance  with  the  amount  of  hut  developed  and  wi 

done  in  the  body.and  corresponds  with  the  dust  and  ashes  ral 

supposing  that  the  uric  acid  dtbris  continues  to  be  eicessive, 
lisli  ol  the  formation  of  ctnal  or  vescal  calculi  becomes  consid 
abk.  and  il  may  be  advisable  to  place  the  paiieoi  on  a  rcslric 
nllrogeniied  diet,  ID  Induce  him  to  drink  large  quani  iiics  of  wai 
and  to  keep  his  bowels  so  loose  with  watery  biaiives,  such 
Epsom  salts  or  sulphate  of  soda,  that  the  waste  products  ol 
'    '     re  madetoescapebylhebowelsratherthanbylheki' 


In  ad 


mo  the  salts  ju 


naldc 


of  blue 


Itm 


te  of  linn 


InthebL 


lining  ol  tbe  bladder  from  either  the  bo»ei,  the  urethra  or  the 
blood-stream;  undergoing  cultivation  there  they  break  up  tbe 
urea  into  carbonate  of  ammonia  and  so  render  tbe  urine  alkaline. 
This  alkaline  urine  deposits  its  phoqihalet,  which  tight  upon  the 
calculus  and  enccusl  it  with  a  mortary  shell,  which  may  go  on 

the  nucleus  of  a  calculus  is  a  chip  of  bone  or  a  blood-dot,  or  some 
foreign  substance  which  has  been  introduced  into  the  bladder. 
Sooner  or  later  the  urine  becomes  alkaline  and  the  calculus  ia 


Wheni 


itlyhoIdinsotuti< 
ialUnsout,anilmHy  be  deposited  in  the  kidney 
If  the  crystals  ma  together  in  the  kidney  there 
may  either  remain  in  thai  organ  or  may  Slid 
bladder,  where  it  may  remain  to  forai  the  m 
vesical  calculus,  or,  especially  in  the  case  ol 
while  stiU  small,  escape  from  the  bladder  dun 


chemical  ccHistitucnii 


ntheUi 


k  the  urethra  and  give  rise  fo  sudden  retentiorie 
duling  a  metal  "  sound."  the  surgeon  may  strike  the 
d  if  It  happens  to  be  near  the  bladder  be  may  push  it 
subsequently  cpmove  It  by  crushing.  Bui  if  il  hasmade 
lome  distance  along  the  uielhta,  so  that  he  can  feel  It 
outside,  he  should  remove  it  t^  a  dean  IncisiaD. 

irriet  the  nervea  of  the  mucnii 


,     The  in 


dlorm 


piece  of  grit  under  the  eyelid  causes  a  couti 
running  from  the  eye.  So  the  urine,  if  allowed  to  stand,  gi 
a  copious  deposit.  During  micturition  the  contncting  blad 
bruises  its  congested  blood-vessels  against  tbe  stone,  »  IJ 


in  the  bladder  give: 


id  of  tl 


iptsuddenfy  to  stop  the  flow  of  urine  during  laictur 
Tbe  association  ol  any  of  ihoe  sympionu  leads  the  suijeon 
to  suspect  the  presence  of  a  stone  in  the  bladder,  and  he  amfimts 
his  auspicions  by  introducing  a  xlHider  stcd  rod.  a  "aoond." 
by  which  he  strikes  and  feels  the  stone.  Further  confirmation 
may  be  obtained  by  the  help  of  the  X-rays,  or,  in  tbe  adult,  by 
using  a  cystoscope.  In  a  child  the  stooe  may  often  be  fell 
by  a  inger  in  the  rectum,  the  from  of  tbe  bladder  being 
pressed  by  a  hand  on  the  lower  pan  of  the  abdooien.  The 
cyslmcept  Is  a  straight,  hollow  metal  tube  about  tbe  die 
of  a  long  cedar  pencil,  which  the  surgeon  inlrodBCcs  into  the 
adult  bladder,  which  has  already  been  filled  with  warm  boradc 
Iniion.  Doun  tbe  tube  run  two  line  wires  which  contmt  a  mlaate 
electric  lamp  at  the  bladder  end  of  the  Inilrument.  At  that  end 
also  is  a  small  glass  window  which  prevents  the  fluid  escaping 
by  the  lube,  and  also  a  prisma  at  the  other  end  ol  the  lube  is 
rye-piece.     By  the  use  of  this  slender  speculum  the  practiied 


»  the  J 


ol  tl 


pill  will  prove  helpful.     A  course  of  treatment  at  Conlrtltville 
oc  Carlsbad  may  be  laken  with  advantage 

Alkaline  urine  is  unable  lobold  the  phosphates  of  immoBii 
magnesis  in  solution,  so  they  an  deposited  in  abundance  either  in 
the  kidney  or  bladder.     If  the  voided  urine  is  allowed  to  stam 
tatlglats  they  link  to  the  bottom  with  pus  and  mucus  in  a  cloudy    1 


ol  the  bladder, 
■I  malignant  growths.  He  can  al»  watch  tbe  urine 
le  bladder  by  the  openings  of  the  ureteri.  and  deter- 
whicb  kidney  blood  or  pus  is  coming 
tmtnt  of  stone  In  the  bladder  is  governed  by  vacioua 
Speaking  generally,  the  surgeon  prefers  to  intmducc 
'  and  crush  the  stone  inlo  small  tcagmenti.  and  then 
It  the  frigmenls  by  using  a  full-sized,  bollow  metal 
nd  an  india-nibber  wash-boltle.  Even  in  duMnn 
ion  may  generally  be  adapted  with  nicceia,  ibc  atone 
lied  10  atoms  and  tbe  iragmmts  being  wuhad  gyt  u 


BLADDER  AND  PROSTATE  DISEASES 


39 


clcbrily 


the  hit  Willi  cM|k  But  IF  the  Wsne  111  very  hud  OH  (u 
mnc  o(  the  ojalite  of  Em*  alcuU),  or  il  it  ti  very  laTje.  < 
ihe  bliddn  or  liie  pnuute  gland  li  in  ■  iiatc  ol  idvar 
dotue.  or  iS  Ihe  uielbri  ii  ml  raoiny  cnoosli  U>  idmii  ini 
DimU  of  ideqwle  cilibn,  the  cnuhtng  ofKnlkm  UiOfli 

iiUoMMy.'— Culling  foe  ilone  hu  been  long  pnciued; 
igp  10  ibe  hcginnini  of  Ihe  igih  cnituiy  it  « 

by  1  lew  men,  who,  bolder  than  Iherr  coi 
qjedally  woiked  *(  thit  opention  and  had 
■I  ikilful  liiboinniiiU.  FitienU  neat  long  aisium  lo  dc 
ifienlcd  on  fay  then,  ind  cmiin  of  Ihe  oldci  lurgcoBS,  u 
Witlilin  Chnelden,  perforeied  ■  lirge  number  of  openlioni 
wfth  menl  eicdleni  rriulu.  The  opention  wii  fay  la  inciaion 
bom  the  penocum.  aid  i*  oidiniriJy  (pokeo  of  ai  lalaal  lilbo- 
tomy.  It  WM  aplcndidly  deiigned,  md  gave  good  reuilti, 
cspecilUy  in  children.  But  it  is  now  a  llung  of  the  pu[»  having 
llinoil  entirely  given  ptaie  lo  ihe  Jiiti  or  mpra-pMbU  t^ralion. 
lo  the  high  opention  the  patient,  being  duly  prepared,  ii  placed 
■pon  fail  back  and  Ihe  bladder  ii  wubed  out  wiUi  hot  boracic 
iMion.  and  mhen  Ihe  lotioB  rtlums  iiuiie  dean  a  £na]  jajaiion 
■a  made  uniil  the  bladder  is  felt  ti^ng  above  ihe  pubet.  Thca 
the  iodJa-riibfaer  tufac  is  removed  from  the  silver  catheter  fay 
whkh  Lhe  injection  has  been  made,  and  the  end  of  the  catheter 
il  plugged  fay  1  ^gol.  An  incision  is  then  made  in  the  middle 
line  of  the  abdomen  over  the  bladder  region.  The  incision  must 
be  kept  is  low  as  posuble»  so  ihat  Ihe  bladder  may  be  reached 
below  the  periloneum,  which,  higher  up,  gives  il  in  eittnul. 
leroui  coat.  As  the  Uiddec  is  approached.  1  good  many  veins 
■re  Ken  10  be  in  the  v^y,  tome  of  which  have  la  be  wounded. 
The  bladder-wall  is  recognized  by 


lort  turn,  is  piued  inla  the  bladder;  the  ntirUot,  toll 

icic  lotion,  iiituched  to  the  aiheter,  ind  1  few  ouca 

of  ihe  fluid  are  eiprewed  (rom  the  aspirator  into  the  bladder  by 
squeeiing  Ihe  lubber  ball.  When  the  pressure  is  Uken  oS  the 
bsU.  it  dilites  and  draws  the  fluid  oui  of  the  bladder,  ajid  with 
le  of  Ihe  delritui,  which  falli  into  the  trap.  Thii  ii  re- 
pealed until  all  the  fragments  have  been  removed.  After  Ifie 
operation  the  patient  sometimes  suSen  from  discomfort.     His 

for  a  few  days.  If  the  pain  be  severe,  it  can  geDcnilly  be  relieved 


.  side  of  Ihe  n 


^pthsof  ihc  pdvis. 


finger  introduced 

poiilioo  of  the  stone,  or  ilonn,  ind  the  removal  is  effected 
by  special  fOTCept.  Bleedirig  having  ceased,  the  bladder-wound 
k  pully  or  eniirdy  chned  by  sutures  and  allowed  to  fall  into 
the  pelni.  the  catheter  hiving  been  removed.  It  is  advitable 
10  leave  a  dninige  tube  in  the  abdominal  wound  lor  a  while, 
10  that  if  urine  leaks  from  the  bladder-wound  it  may  find  a 
mdy  escape  to  the  dressings. 
iiltWi^aiy. — Litbolrity  consists  of  two  pans— the  crushing 

■ic  now  carried  out  *(  one  "  lilting."  oithoui  an  Interval  being 
lUowed  beloeen  Ibem,  u  wis  lormerly  the  praaice.  and  the 
Ictia   "  lithi^paiy "  designilei   this   method.    The   polient 
hiving  been  anaeslhetized.  10  01.  ol  hot  boracic  lotion  are  ia- 
lected.ind  the  crushing  inslninHnl.  the  lilholiile.  is  then  passed 
BIO  the  btidder.     The  lithotritehas  twoblad 
a  "  female,"  the  biter  Icncstrated,  the  former 
iare  nolcbed.     When  Ihe  stone  is  hied  betwi 
icrrw  is  oird,  and  grelt  pcesEore  11  applied 
and  coBtinuoBsty  to  the  Ilone.    The  Utbotrii 
toBgh  WeeL  to  that  haidiloncs  may  bccrushedwiiboul  danger 
of  ibtiBttniaieni  breakingorbending.     Care auit  be  taken  D 
to  catch  the  blidder-will  with  ihe  litholrile.     This  dangei 
■vended  by  raising  the  point  of  the  lilbotiite  immediately  after 
gnipblg  llie  uone  ud  before  crushing.     The  none  breaks  ' 
Ivo  or  Biore  pieces  and  these  fragments  must  be  cru&hed, 
by  me,  udIH  they  are  powdend  hne  enough  10  escape  by  the 
lufe  evaniling  cilheier.     If  ihe  stone  be  large  and  tiard, '    " 
IB  Imr  or  tongrr  iTuy  be  required  to  crush  il  sufi^cienlly 
Wbea  the  nrieon  liih  lotiichiny  more  Large  pieta.  the  pre- 
nuiption  11  that  Ihe  ilone  hai  been  thoroughly  bivkea  ug 
Tbe  htbottite  It  then  withdnwa  and  (be  delritui  i>  wubed  Ok 
by  u  "  iipiruor."  which  caniitit  of  1 


en  the  blades  lh< 
evenly,  gradually 


selalluasBol 
:al  being  used  al  liter  perioda  in  thi 
T,  With  the  eye  very  neu  the  end  ol 


.    The  I 


:relhest 

bladder  Icrjiabte,  Ihe  lurgcoo  should  insist  on  his  tenuining 
least  a  week;  in  ihoie  cuei  which  go  on  tivouribly 
the  pitientl  are  won  able  to  perform  Ihelr  ordinary  duties. 
Fatal  teiminiitions,  however,  do  now  and  again  occur  trom  sup- 
piEHlaa  of  urine,  the  result  of  Ibe  old-standing  kidney  disease 
which  to  often  complicates  these  cases. 

To  Bripde-SuiEeon  Lfeutenanl-Cotonel  Dennis  Francis 
Kcegan,  of  the  Indian  Medical  Service,  !s  due  the  fact  that  Ihe 
opcralion  of  crushing  and  promptly  removing  all  Iragmenls  of 
a  vesical  calculus  is  as  well  suited  for  boys  as  for  men.  In  entire 
opposition  lo  long-slawling  European  prejudicei,  Keegan'i 
operation  l>  bow  firmly  and  permaoenily  esubliihed.  The  ok) 
operalioti  (Chortden't)  o(  culling  a  tlone  out  through  the 

^ '  1  boy^i  bbdder  is  now  seldom  resorted  to,  and  it  a 

boy  is  found  100  large  or  loo  hard  to  lend  itself  10 

1  a  boy  ■  small  liihotriie  hat.  of  course,  to  be  uted, 
.  be  ol  the  very  besi  English  make.  The  operatiaa 
lone  with  the  utmost  genilencsi  ind  thoroughnets, 
clt  of  the  cru^hKl  slone  being  lefl  in  the  bladder, 
vise  the  piece  left  becomes  the  nudeiu  of  a  f  reih  itoDC 


ni  thin  operative 


nd  Ihe  trouble  recurs. 

The  trealmcnl  of  vesical  calculi  by  other 
irgery  is  ol  Utile  value.     Atlempls  have 
lem  by  inlenul  remedies,  01  by  the  injcclion  of  chemical 
genu  into  the  bladder;  but,  although  such  methods  have  for 

lime  been  apparently  successful,  ihey  have  invariably  been 
lund  warlhlcu  for  removing  calculi  Dnce  actually  lormed 
[eveilhelcss,  much  can  be  done  towards  ^nniiiii{  Ihe  lotmaiion 
I  calculi  in  those  who  have  a  tendency  to  Iheir  formation,  by 
lieniion  lodiel,  fay  liking  proper  eierciie.and  by  ihe  internal 
dminislrallon  ol  drugi. 

Xn^u'I  iJ  ikt^bMJti  nay  be  caused  bv  a  kick  or  blow  ov«  the 
icTunol  ihe  pelviL     II  die  rupture  is  in 


■ebUdderi 


id  lelt  up  periloniliv,  whtrh  ii  more  than  likelr  to  pnvt  fatal 
iheiui^eon  knows  |}wl  the  bladder  » rupiuied  he  slwukf  operate 
once  in  order  to  provide  etcape  lor  the  urine,  and  iko  to  sew  up 
le  real.  It  Ihc  pouibility  of  the  bladder  being  ruptured  be  even 
itpecled.  Ihe  surgeon  should  pan  a  calheier.  Perhaps  he  diawi 
I  an  ounce  or  two  ol  bfood-suined  urine  Thia  makei  him  douUv 
ispicious.  so  he  iniKIa  into  Ibe  bladdei 
'  warm  boracic  kKm.  and,  leiving  it  tl 

dsurca  ibc  iraounl  which  be  iaable  ■ —^-„  _  _    . 

!  linds  thai  a  ccnain  anwuni  is  lost  br  ii  assured  dial  a  kaVaee 
IS  taken  plan  and  he  at  once  proceeds  lo  aprraie  II  only  ife 
lagrtotii  il  made  prompilv.  ind  the  openiion  ii  11  ooct  uaderiake*, 

K  ulei  of  ra^ule'J  u!i?drr  endel'laully 

ViUnl  rfiimr  of  iKe  bladder  ia  iniuceni;  Ihal  is  10  ay,  it  doe* 
Dt  ipraad  10  the  neiiHbnurinE  ttrucium  or  implicate  the  lymphatic 

,.-T.      Ti-..:ii: i—J«,TMncbed,lUanienloump.oc™e»  which, 

hebladder.  Real  m  Ihe  unne  like  •Biintd. 

„„., ."  lilcEd, 

of  Ihe  ehancierlnic  teaturw  of  the 
livaK.  and  when  liaimeati  of  the  "  leaweed  "  aie  foaod  in  the 
irine  the  diaaaoH  iseEu  If  the  Maddei  is  opened  fron  the  Iioal, 
u  alieady  described,  ihe  villi  may  be  nipped  ofl  by  ipcdil  fonxpa 
lod  Ibe  diacajc  pBrmaoenlly  cuiod 


helkwol 


3° 


BLADDER  AND  PROSTATE  DISEASES 

vnB  leiKibilitir.  audi  u  kpufikiy.  e 


(be  bladder  lod  in 


■U  tfitasM  of  tlx  bbddH  Ii  ilmni  ihnyi  ibi  nny  fom 

miKon  noXaiK  ol  tlv  Aoor  n«r  Ihc  upcninj  oTDrK  □( 
'>,  ud,  vorrytni  thll  iviuory  nervra,  ciutH  imtabiLily  ol 

- -a  the  urMkn.  Che  bcnnl,  tht  kiSntyi 

4ftBdcyitilia«t«L0.  Whea  uktrdtictn  lui  ukcn 
fKta.  uiuDu  uu.iii>  in  ihe  urine,  aiid  Ihe  |«iieni— genmllii  beyond 
nUddlc  Hfe — tuiTen  dull  or  Uncinatint  piiiit.     EveniunJIy  ihc 

The  piTfleiKE  irf  Ibr  snvth  auy  be  deicrnuned  by  Hunding  tht 
btidder,  by  the  cyitcHEspe.  ■nd  by  Ihe  fhi^  in  th>  irctunu  II 
tbeinwlh  invtde* theoullet^ntentknlcl  unDrmay occur» ind  the 
•uneon  may  be  compcUed  to  open  the  biidder  rrom  the  Iront  ol  the 

tbe  bladder  witli  bot  batacic  lotioB  may  ^ve  [nat  relief.  Tbr 
matnien  a(  cancer  ol  tb*  bladder  by  opetitioB  (t,  u  ■  rule,  un- 
tttialactary,  became  of  the  cloie  pnnunily  ol  the  growth  to  tbe 
umoa  and  to  the  rccium.  If.  however.  Ehe  dideaie  were  iKcwnued 
early  ihI  had  ddi  invadrd  (he  neaghbounnt  Arudurn.  and  if  it 
■WT  upon  the  upper  or  tbe  anlcTHr  part  of  the  bUddrr,  ira  removal 
night  be  hopeTuiry  underuken. 
Uyfvlrt^y  and   DiiaiatiBn.-'Wtm   theie    ii   loi«~ 

,j,,j,mjjg-  .-  .i_  a 1  ..^..    ..  : : c  .1.  .. 

tUckened.  the  mufcular  fibtet  Ini 
oondiliDn  ii  kfUKn  aa  " 
Mdpanied  by  diittatitn  ol 

Panlyiii  ol  Ibt  Madder  b  a  want  ol  amni 
DuKular  Gbree  of  tbe  Uadder-walL  It  may  i 
whereby  the  ■ptaal  cord  b  lacerated  or  peeatec 


V  puiial  paialyaiL     It  it  due 

■hrvement  of  Ihe  pnttaie.    Tbe  patieiil  ia  unaUe  to  empty  the 
ladder,  and  ihe  cundiiion  of  alony  eeii  incrcaiinglii  wone. 

li   paplyu  and  atony  die  iodicalion  ii  carefully  u 


re  of  tbe  urethra,  c 


caln  the  aenie  ol  water  b^ng  puaed  aea  ill. 

cnion  Ihat  the  bladder  b  atrudy  full,  the  eh 

cauied  by  an  obetrucdoa  cnenal  to  the  bladder.  (.(.  tnhrpd  pm- 
ataie  or  itrklure  of  Ibe  imthim;  a  calculua  may  produn  ihe  con- 

Df  the  miciuHiinii-cenin  k^  the  uleof  betladoiiDa  or  ttry^nine 
internany.  and  of  a  bUfter  or  faradiini  eitenially  over  Ihe  lumber 
Tejion.  and  every  effort  ahould  be  made  a  traiu  the  rhrld  to  paei 
warer  ai  staled  timet  and  regular  iuiervalt.  la  Ibe  adult  thecauie 
which  pmducet  tbe  overnlblenioB  muit  be  renuned  if  poetible; 
but.  aa  a  rule,  the  pattern  hat  to  be  provided  with  a  earhcter,  which 
he  ran  paH  before  the  bladder  baa  filled  lo  overfiowine.  A  vfl 
Heiible  catheter  thoukl  be  liven  In  preference  u  a  rigid  or  icmr- 
fifid  one.  The  bnl  form  it  tbe  rtd-rubber  calheier.  and  he  thould 
be  taught  the  need  of  keepinf  i(  abaolulefy  clrqn-     In  the  cate  of 

rkilHrm  I nniiilinmr*  ,J  .,..»  iw.bi  Irritability:  In  tdullt  it  DCaBt 


preputitl  adhealona.    OccaiiDnally  not  a  dropctf  uiin 

or  a  liiile  pasea  and  then  a  luddrn  ttoppage  oceuhi,  ^.k  unnw:  ■■,( 

retention  of  urine.  Tbe  tmuble  can  lonietimet  be  cured  by  iht 
removal  of  irriiatbif  cautet.  and  in  thete  caaee,  aa  well  at  in  Aoer  in 
which  DO  auchcauae  can  be  ditcovmd,  "•»■**""" '*^  »■'"'*  •">"^''* 
thij«  di/Bcult 


nicutt let  which  have  given  rite  lo  Ihc  palient'i  wont  fail 
ly  lime  be  ihouM  Ian  in  perform  the  aclof  micturiiio 

" ■-  hut  ahould  quielly  wail  (ore  little  belo™  mi 

RtguLuity  in  the  timet  of  making  water  li 


ay  occur  In  paralyrii  of  the  bladder,  or  in 


.    Thediatei^hiadde^anbeldlaiaroiind^ 

wben.  and  perhapa  Teaching  lo  the  levri  of  the 

'     '  et  ■  duU  oon.    When  tb 


puihed  ihinugh  the  abdomlatl  wall  inio  the  bladder.  Tht  point  d 
puncture  in  the  abdominal  wall  it  in  tbe  middb  line  a  lew  inchet 
above  the  lymph/iit  pubia.  The  bladder  may  be  emptied  in  Ihia 
way  very  many  timet  m  the  aame  penoa  with  ooly  good  reaulL 

Dutaiu  a/  PrtiUU  Cla^ 
Hie  pntUIe  gland  tnay  becomeacatelyiiillBiiKdiatbeTenll 
of  Ibe  backward  enenskin  ol  goDotrhoeal  [nfianunatjon  ol  Ihe 
urelhra;  it  may  alio  be  altacked  by  the  germa  of  otdinazy 
BuppuralloD  aa  well  aa  by  the  bacilli  of  tubcrculoaiL  A  auddea 
enlargeinenl  of  a  large  ^and  lying  agalnit  the  outleia  of  tbe 
Uaddei  and  tbe  bowel  cenden  inictuiitHin  iliffimlt.  painful  or 
imponible.  and  Inteifert*  with  defiecatkm.  Pie«aure  of  the 
•eat  of  the  diair  upon  the  perineum  also  cauK)  dislnsa.  m  the 
maniiUiidcwiyiaodoa  Ibe  edge  of  Ihc  Kit.  If  abtomfonni, 
it  tbould  be  incited  liom  the  perineum;  if  allowed  to  run  hi 
counc  il  may  bunt  into  tbe  bladder,  the  urethn  or  tht  rectum, 
and  tet  up  lerioua  complialioD.     llie  Ueatmcnl  of  ptMtalitIa 


i  fon 


If  n 


muit  be  kcpl  freely  open,  and  frc 

demarul),  a  moiphia  tuppostoty 
bowa 

Cknwk  pnrtolitii  it  a  legacy  from 
gonorrhoea.    Tbe  enlargement  jivea  rii 
fulm  in  Ihe  perineum.  iniuGilily  of 
urethnj  ditchaxge.     Manual  exanunata 
targe,  hard  mut  in  frvnl  of  the  bladder 


be  ihtioduccd  ii 


of  Ibe  bladder,  and  a 


.    The  patient 


Theie 

of  ih'e  nuuaie'.    Thconwioiiar^utag^ii 
■  large  rneul  bougie,  the  uae  of  weak  lolbniof  niirarf  of  ulvfr.  ih> 
admiiuttniioB  oTquinine  and  imn.  and  the  applies 
lolheperineum,  may  be  tried  at  drcunuancet  direct 

shouldkadaquielUfe.  free  from  RirvaleadtnBent- 

cycle.<iding,  rough  garnet  and  alcohol  thoiUd  be  avoided 

EMiarxtmaU  a/  tkt  frostatt  cxtata  in  ■  conaitkrable  profiortkia 
of  tncn  of  about  tiityyeara  of  age  and  onward,  it  combta  aj  •■ 
uncontrolled  growth  of  the  noimal  muscular  and  glandtUar 
ttaiue  of  the  prottate.  inlerfeiing  with,  cr  abaolutely  atoppinc 
the  outflow  of  the  uzine.  Gently  pmhing  tbe  Uadder  upwanli 
and  backwarda,  it  iureaaea  the  length  of  the  urethia,  ao  that 
in  order  to  draw  oB  retained  urine  the  catheter  mutt  brIongB 
than  ordinary,  btil  inaamnch  aa  there  it  no  actual  oarrowiiig  ol 
the  patiage  il  nay  be  of  full  calibie.    He  beak  aboiild  be  wdl 

Ihe  ihick,  ring^ike  aaaa  ol 
ucouiiei  01  uie  bladder,  Ibete  ia  difficulty  in 
became  Ibe  muKubr  Utddtf  wdl  ii  dov 


e  bolgei  tip  bt  thi 
ms  bdilDd  it,  fren 

lo  dislodge  the  atagnint  uiine. 


Brine  b  retained.    As  the  el 

floor  of  the  bladder,  a  pouch  or  I 

whlth  the  muscular  wall  is  ui 

This  keeps  up  conatant  irriu 

decomposition  find  their  way  thither,  cyitltia  acts  In  and  lb« 

palienl't  condition  becomea  leriouf,  not  only  beaine  of  (be  riak 

Id  which  hit  lired  and  irriiiied  kidneyi  are  tubmitltd,  but 

because  of  Ihe  possiUliiy  ol  a  pboaphatie  stone  bring  tonacd  in 

the  bladder.     The  seriousness  of  enlargement  of  the  pratal* 

does  not  depend  upon  Ihe  slat  of  the  growth  so  much  as  upon  Ibe 

inability  of  Ibe  ptiient  lo  empty  hb  bladder  completely. 


BLADDER-WORT— BLAENAVON 


itlsn  the 

limpcrltnt.  The  upUnuiod  is 

«d  to  t  aiuU  pi«e  of  (he  ilaad 

:  nur-ny.     Robeit  M^ll  of 

iprt-puble  operaiion 


efihtj 


wluch  protnidet  Likea  tongue  id 

L«dt  •»•  the  fint  i(irt»n  to , ,.- , . 

chia  uia(ue4il»  pncHt  6i  mfW  pnMaXK  frowui.  _AIter»in.>  ■■>« 

BRIhii,  but  Ibcy  bad  not  met  with  much  tuccm. 
WbM  the  utieoii  hu  nude  eiit  the  tii<irni:c  ot  in  cnLiTXtnKRt 
'  '  le.UieiienthiiiEbuilbd  toKhatntcntthuiiiterfrcn 

'-     '  '  -     '.    To  ds  thii.  be  uki  the  patient  to 

_  . bk,  ud  then  witb  due  prccautiom 

.  aoit  catheter  and  mcamrea  the  amount  of  urine  which  be 
rawa  off — half  an  ounce,  an  ounce,  two  ouncet.  however  miKh 
be.  It  ia  thk  "  restdual  urine  "  which  cauaea  tJK  annorance 
<  danger  of  enlaifed  proatata.  wid  nnleia  amniementa  z*n 
la  for  Ka  refuhi  withdtmwal  aariouB  trouble  ia  almoat  certain 
n.  Tht  paaBBE  o(  a  huie  catheter  may  have  the  effect  ol  as 
Dpcniajr  up  the  vatet^way  that ,  it  any  rate  Itira  time,  the  initability 
s(  the  Madder  naif  oeaae,  la  which  caae  the  patient  may  be  intruded 


tbeUaddi 


LSfa 

he  reniiar  paaong  of  a  luncatl 

bladder  with  hot  boiaSc  lotion  ia 


Of  hen  the  idea  oTleft 
Inioknbte. 


napcct  a  regubr 


3  great  hardiblp,  while  to 

. ,  ■     catheter  li(e"  appeara 

, -,.—-.  , ^vini  for  a  time  been  patiently  carried  ODt,  ia  iound 

DM  «ily  aewdy  Iryliif  but  inatly  diaappointini. 

In  mat  people  tbe  ¥cn  nnc  puiinf  of  a  catheter  aeta  up  a  local 
and  cooatitutioBal  disturbance,  the  bladder  boing  rendered  irritable 
wid  inloieraDI,  tbe  tempeniture  foiiu  up,  and  fhiveriaBS  and 
penptntion  nuirifeftlne  themfldvn.  Thiaconditlni  waiformerTy 
calkd  "catheter  levei,''and  wa*  looked  upon  ta  idmethlni  myt- 
(criow  *>d  pecdhar.  It  ia  now  generally  uadentood  to  be  the 
icault  of  vpcic  inoculation  d  the  interior  of  the  bUdder- 

Laitly,  in  other  penoni  ihe  paMing  ot  the  catheter  !•  attended 
with  H  much  diAculIy,  dtilrcu  or  bleeding,  that  nmcthing  mote 
bdpf ul  and  eSeetoal  !•  nigeotly  called  lor. 

Oftralat  TrtalatiU, — Ii  bu  long  beta  knawD  ihit  large 
Itusoun  of  tfat  ulCTU  Moclioin  dwindle  if  (be  ovulei  are 
Ten»vtd  by  operation,  and  Profcuor  WiUiim  White  o[  Fhib- 
dclphii  thought  that  prostatic  grawihi  might  be  limilarly 
inlluenccd  by  the  removal  of  the  tcslicln.  Beyond  quciiion 
cotuideiable  improvemeDt  has  followed  tbh  openlioB  in  caio 
of  cnbrgemeDt  of  the  pmtate,  especially  where  the  enlargement 
•eemcd  10  be  general,  lott  and  vascular.  A  rimlUr  Ihougb 
perhaps  a  slower  effect  li  produced  when  Ibe  duct  of  the  testis, 
the  vas  defeniu,  is  divided  on  each  itde  of  the  body.  II  Iheit 
is  no  gnat  urgency  about  llie  case  this  trtitTBent  may  well  be 
tried,  the  blAddcr  being  all  the  whDe  duly  emptied  liy  atheler 
and  washed  t>y  irrigation.  But  if  tbe  case  is  uigeni,  then  being 
diBiculIy  or  bleeding  with  the  pusing  of  the  catheter,  tbe 
bladder  being  excessively  irritable  and  the  urine  foul,  a  more 
radical  measure  is  needed.  The  best  operation  ia  that  upon  the 
lines  laid  down  by  Robert  M>Gil},  who  opened  tbe  bladder 
through  (he  anterior  abdominnt  wall  and  removed  that  part  ol 
the  prostate  gland  which  was  blociiing  the  water-way.  M'Cilfs 
operation  *o»  improved  upon  by  Eugene  Fuller  of  New  York, 
•ho.  in  iSoi,  published  a  full  account  of  his  procedure.'  Raving 
opened  the  bladderfrom  the  front  (is  in  supra-pubic  lithotomy). 
he  inlioduced  his  left  Indei  fmger  info  the  rectum  and  ihnist  tht 
prostate  gland  towards  the  right  indei  finger,  which  was  (hen  in 
the  bbdder.     With  the  nail  of  (ha(  finger,  or  with  the  end  of  a 

bladder  and  the  capsule  of  the  gbnd,  and  then  shelled  out  the 
mass  of  new  tissue  which  had  caused  the  prmtitic  enlargement. 
This  operation  is  called  "  prostatectomy,"  which  means  the 
lemoral  ol  the  prostate  gbnd.  The  pnMiaie  gland,  however,  is 
botrtmoved.  but  only  a  muscular  and  gbndubr  mass  (adenoma). 
*hich,  growing  within  the  proilalic  capsule,  encircles  the 
orethra  and  squectes  the  original  gbnd  tissue  out  of  existence. 
Following  on  the  lines  of  M<Cill  and  Fuller.  P.  J.  Freyer  has  done 
nctUent  work  in  Entfand  towards  placing  this  operation  upon 
»  sound  basis. 
Subsequently  to  t)ie  openlton  the  bladder  enjoys  complete 
>  Diutm  >f  lit  CnOe-mniary  Syiltm.  by  Eugene  Fuller,  M.D. 
(Loodoa  and^lew  Ywk.  190a). 


and  necdfol  real,  and  (he  UdneyB,  vUch  previouily  *tre  in  » 

condition  of  perpetual  ditturbaoce,  improve  bi  working  power. 
The  wound  in  (be  bladder  add  In  the  abdominal  wall  gradually 
closes;  the  hinction  of  the  bbddet  rttums,  and  the  patient  fa 
som  able  to  go  back  to  bit  usual  occupation  in  greatly  Improved 
health  and  vigour.  Tht  operation  ia,  necessarily,  a  serious  one, 
and  the  age  ol  the  patient,  ibe  condition  of  his  bbdder,  of  bis 
kidneys,  and  of  bit  blood-vessels,  require  to  be  taken  into  con- 
liderationi  idH,  the  operation  ^ves  an  eicellenl  account  of 
itaeU  in  statistics,  and  if  a  practical' surgeon  advises  a  patient  (o 
accept  it*  risk*  his  couttsd  may  well  be  followed. 

ifo/Mm)  JiusM  ■/  fjlt  priiiliilr  ii  diiiingultbed  front  Knile 
gkadularenlarpiDent'bylhe  rapidity  of  iiagmvih.  by  the  Ireenev 
of  the  bleeding  which  iLaaudated  with  tbe  iniroductiop  of  a  catheter, 
and  by  the  marked  wuting  *hich  the  individual ,  undeigoei.  Un- 
fortunately, by  (he  lime  that  the  canceroui  nature  ol  the  disease  » 
(teKaiidy  tec(«iiiaed,  the  proqiect  ol  relief  being  affccded  by  opera- 

BLADDEB-WORT.  tbe  name  given  lo  a  tubourged  water 
plant,  (/'ricnlaria  nJfORi,  irith  Gncly  divided  leaves  upon  which 
ate  boine  amall  bbdden  provided  with  Irap-door  eiuiancci 
which  open  only  inward).  Small  crustaceans  and  other  aquatic 
anioufa  push  tbeli  way  into  the  bbddera  and  ate  unaUe  10 
eicape.    The  producu  ol  the  decay  of  the  oiginiimi  thus 


captttred  are  absorbed  into  the  plant  by  tur-shaped  hairs  which 
line  (he  interior  of  the  bbdder.  In  this  way  the  pbnt  is  supplied 
with  iii(rogenous  food  from  the  animal  kingdom.  Bladder-wort 
bears  small,  yellow,  two-liiqied  flowers  on  a  stem  which  riles  above 
the  surface  ol  the  water.  It  is  found  in  pools  and  ditches  in  the 
British  Isles,  and  is  widely  distributed  in  the  north  tem|>crate 
tone.     The  genus  contains  about  (wo  hundred  qiedei  in  tropical 

BLADES,  WILUAH  (i8)4'i8^),  English  printer  ud  Iriblio- 
grapher,  was  bom  at  Clapham,  London,  on  tiK  ith  of  December 
1S14.  In  iSto  he  waa  apprenticed  to  his  father's  printing 
business  In  London,  being  subsequently  talcen  into  partnership. 
The  firm  was  afterwards  ktwwn  as  Bladea,  East  &  Bbdex. 
His  Interest  in  printing  led  him  to  make  a  stody  of  the  volumes 
piwlund  by  Caiton's  press,  and  o!  the  early  history  of  printing 
inEngbod.  His  U/i  End  Typstraphy  of  WiUiam  CoKm, 
Ettglani't  Fi-il  PHultr,  was  published  in  igei-i363.  and  the 
tnndusion*  which  he  net  forth  were  arrived  at'by  a  careful 
examination  ot  types  Id  the  early  books,  each  dasi  of  type  being 
traced  from  its  flTSl  use  to  the  time  when,  spoilt  by  wear,  it 
passed  out  of  Caiton'a  hands.  Some  450  volumes  from  the 
Caiion  Press  were  thus  carefully  ctnnpared  and  classified  in 
chnmobglcal  order.  In  1S77  Bbdes  took  an  active  part  in 
organising  the  Caxton  edebsallon,  and  strongly  tiipporled  the 
foundation  of  the  Library  Association.  He  waa  1  teen  coUecior 
of  old  books,  prints  and  medals.  His  publications  rebte  chiefly 
to  the  early  history  of  printing,  the  Eiumlti  ef  BaeJii,  hit  most 
popular  work,  bring  produced  in  iSSi.  He  died  at  Sution  in 
Surrey  on  the  iHh  of  April  lAgo. 

BLAENAVON. or  BLAEnAT0M,an  urban  district  In  the  northern 
pariiamcntarydivisionof  Monmouthshire,  Engbnd,i;m.N.  by 
W.  of  Newport,  on  the  Cnat  Western,  London  &  North  Westeia 
and  Rhymney  taifways.  Pop.  (iqoi)  io.86g.  It  lies  In  the  upper- 
tnost  part  of  the  Alan  Lwyd  valley,  at  an  elevation  exceeding 
loDO  ft.,  in  ■  wild  and  mountainous  dinricl,  on  the  rastcra 


BLAGOVYESHCHENSK— BLAINE 


edse  ol  tbc  ircal  owl  >nd  iron  mlnini  nglan  of  Clunorgindiire 
•nd  Uonmouthibirt  Then  are  vciy  eitiniivc  inin  ud  iml 
worlu,  with  blait  fumico  uid  roiling  milii  is  ihe  diiUicI,  wbkti 
employ  the  bige  induitrial  population* 

BUSOVyESHCHBHSK,  i  town  ol  E«t  Siberia,  diiel  town  at 
the  Amur  govemmenl,  on  the  left  bank  of  Ihe  Amuit  neer  iU 
confluence  with  Ihe  Zeyt  in  js°  ij'N,  lit.ind  117*38' &.latl|., 
fiio  m.  by  river  above  Khabarovik.  Founded  in  iSjfi,  tbc  town 
had,  in  igoo,  J7,]es  inhabitants,  and  ii  the  leilor  ibebilhopof 
Amur  and  Kamchatka.  There  ate  steam  Bdui-duUb  and  tton- 
worki.  ll  ii  a  centre  lot  tea  eipatted  to  Ruuia,  Callle  biauibt 
Innn  Transbaikalia  and  IMongcliafonhe  Amur,  and  lor  grain. 

BUUKIE,  WILUAM  OARDEH  (1810-1899),  Sottish  divine, 
»»  bom  on  the  jth  of  February  1810,  at  Aberdeen,  where  hli 
father  had  been  the  lirit  provoit  of  the  rcfoimed  corpontion. 
Alter  iiudying  at  tbe  Marischal  College,  where  Aleiaiider  Bain 
and  David  Iklauon  were  among  hii  coniemporarics,  he  wtBI  In 
i8jg  to  Edinbuigh  to  compleU  bii  theological  courae  under 
Tbomu  Chalnxn.  In  1841  he  was  preKnted  to  the  living  of 
Drumblade  by  Lord  Kinlore.  with  wboK  family  be  wtis  con- 
nected. The  Diiruptiancontrovenyreacheditidimaiimmedi- 
atdy  afumrd*.  and  Blaikie,  whose  lyrapathieJ  were  CDlirely 
with  Qutmrri.  wai  orK  o(  tbe  474  minbtcn  who  signed  the  deed 
of  demiunn  and  give  up  Ihdr  livingt.  He  wai  Free  Church 
mmtiter  at  PUiig,  between  Edinbuigh  and  Leith,  fiom  1844  to 
1868,  Keenly  intemtcd  Is  quntiom  of  Mcial  itform,  hii  Gril 
publicatioD  WBi  a  pamphlet,  which  «■  aflowanb  enlirged  into 
a  book  called  EiUtr  Dayijor  WorUnt  Pctfl*.  Jl  recdved  public 
commentbiion  from  Lot4  Broughats,  and  60,000  copiei  were 
lold.  He  formed  an  auociallon  for  providing  better  homes  far 
working  people,  and  the  Pilrig  Mix&l  Buildings  wen  erected. 
He  olio  undertook  the  ediionhlp  al  the  Fra  Chunk  Uaiaiint, 
and  then  that  of  the  JVsrIjk  BHIisk  Rainr,  which  he  unicd  on 
uniH  liti.  In  iBd4  be  wai  ukid  to  uodenike  Ihe  Sceltiih 
editorship  of  the  Suiiisy  llafonne,  and  for  this  msguine  much 
Df  his  most  duiracttiiitic  liieiaiy  walk  «■*  done,  especitUy  is 
the  ediiDtit!  nates,  then  a  new  (eatun  In  magulDe  lileraiuit. 

In  igiS  Blaikie  was  called  to  the  chair  of  tpologciio  and 
piitoni  theatogy  at  New  College,  Edinburgh.  In  dealing  iiilh 
the  latter  subject  he  wai  lecn  at  his  very  beit.  He  had 
wide  eiperieoce,  a  comprehensive  grasp  of  facts,  ibundint 
sympathy,  an  exlensve  knowledie  of  men,  and  a  great  tapidty 
for  teaching.  In  1870  he  was  one  of  two  nprueutatives  chottn 
from  the  Fi(«  Church  af  Scotland  to  attend  the  united  general 
■sscmbly  of  the  Presbyterian  churches  of  the  United  Suuei. 
He  pfolongHl  his  visit  to  make  a  thorough  acquaintance  with 
Americu  Preibyttrianlsm,  and  this,  followed  by  a  similar  tour 
in  Europe,  fitted  him  to  become  the  real  founder  of  the  Presby- 
lerian  Allisno.  iluch  of  ha  strength  in  the  liier  yean  of  lile 
was  given  CD  this  work.  In  i8qi  he  was  eleclrd  to  Ihe  chairman- 
ship  ol  the  geunl  assembly,  the  last  of  the  modetitora  who  had 
entered  tbe  church  before  the  diuupiion.  In  18117  he  resigned 
tiis  proletuTibip,  ind  died  on  the  iiibof  June  1844. 

Bliikie  wu  an  ardent  philanthropist,  (nd  >s  ictive  and 
intelligent  temperance  reformer,  in  days  when  this  wis  far  from 
easy.  He  raised  ;Ci4,oooIor  the  relief  of  the  Waldcntiui  chuichei. 
Althoughbe       '  .     .      - 


■e  ccdeiiiil 
al  growth  or 


He 


eye  fc 


Moody  tc 


•mphaiixed  the  need 
Lg  a  sign  level  oi  spiritual  life.  He  weUcned 
stland,  and  the  cvangeli&t  made  hli  headquarters 
witn  mm  auring  his  first  visit.  His  best  books  sre  Tht  tl'ffri 
j/  lid  Uitiiiliy—A  Uaaual  0/  HemUHie  and  PaUoril  Tkteloiy 
(1S7J);  Tkt  Boaki  ef  Savtuil  in  the  Eiptuilur,'  Biblt  ScrUi 
(i  vols.);  Tki  Pcrimat  Lijt  0/  DatiJ  ^inHjUone  (iggolj  After 
Filly  Van  (iS^j),  an  account  of  the  Disruption  Movement 
in  the  form  of  letters  of  a  grsndlalher;  Tiimai  CMmiri 
I1896).  {D.  Mm.) 

BUtKB.  JAMBS  OILLESPJE  (tgjo-ig^j).  Americin  suta- 
miB,  was  bom  in  West  Broansville,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  31SI  of 
January  igjo,  ol  sturdy  Scottish -Irish  slock  on  the  side  of  his 


{1741-1804).  who  during  tbe  War  6l  ladtpendcKC  temd  ia 
the  American  army,  fmra  1778  to  rjgj  as  commlisaly-genenl 

of  the  Norlhem  Department.  With  many  early  evidences  o( 
literary  capacity  and  political  aptitude.  J.  C.  Blaine  graduated 
at  Washington  Coilcge  in  WaihingKHi,  Pennsylvania,  in  1847, 
and  subsequently  taught  succoslvtly  to  the  Uiliiary  Institute, 
Ctorgeionn,  Kentucky,  and  In  the  Institution  for  the  Blind  al 
Philadelphia.  During  this  period,  also,  he  tludied  law.  SettJln( 
in  Augusta.  Mnioc.  in  1834,  he  became  editor  of  the  Ktniuiit 
Jnnuil,  and  subsequently  af  Ihe  FtrlUni  AJtrtiiir.  But  hs 
editorial  i-ork  wu  soon  abandoned  for  1  mon  active  public 
career.  He  was  elected  lo  the  loucr  bouse  of  the  state  tegislst  urt 
in  t8j8,aad  served  four  years,  the  last  Iwou^ieakcr.  He  also 
became  chalmtao  of  the  RepublicaB  state  commlltcc  in  i8tf,  ind 
far  more  than  twenty  yean  petsonally  directed  every  campaign  d 
his  party. 

In  186]  he  wu  elected  to  Congress,  serving  ui  the  House 
Ihineenycan  [December  ig«3  to  December  1876),  followed  by* 
little  over  four  yean  in  the  Senate.  He  w»  chosen  ^leakeiof  the 
House  in  1869  and  served  three  terms.  The  House  ais  the  fit 
irenaforhis  political  and  piitiamentary  ability.  He  wata  ready 
'  '  '  '    "       '  "  of  resoum,  and  deitenjus  in  con- 


ofthewi 


,e  talent. 


from  the  Unioti  occupied  the  chief  alleiition  of  Congress  lor 
several  years,  and  Blaine  bore  ■  lesding  pitt  hi  framing  and 
discussing  them.  The  primary  qucstian  nbltd  to  the  basis  of 
lepresenlatian  upon  which  Ihey  should  be  itslortd  to  tbeir  full 
rank  in  the  political  system.  A  powerful  section  contended  ihal 
the  bisis  should  be  the  body  of  legal  voters,  on  tbe  grousd  Iba) 
the  South  could  not  then  secure  an  increment  of  political  power 
on  account  of  the  emancipated  bliclii  unless  tbcH  blacks  were 
admitted  to  paliiical  rights.  Blnine,  on  the  other  hand,  con- 
d  that  representation  should  be  based  on  populilion  instead 
:<n.  as  being  fairer  to  the  Konh,  where  the  ratu  of  voters 
I  widely,  and  he  insisted  that  it  should  be  lafeguardcd  by 
ity  for  impartial  suflnge.  Thb  view  prevailed,  and  the 
eenth  Amendment  to  the  Constitution  was  substantially 
e'l  proposition.  In  tbe  isme  spirit  he  opposed  a  scheme  ol 
,ry  govemmcnls  for  the  southern  il»l(«,  unless  associated 
a  plan  by  which,  upon  the  acceptance  of  prescribed  eon- 
a,  they  could  niease  themselves  froni  military  rule  and 
le  dvil  government.  lie  was  Ihe  &rst  in  Congress  to  t^ipose 
Liim,  w^hich  giined  momentsry  and  widespread  favour  in 
that  the  public  debt,  pledged  in  coin,  should  be  paid  in 
greenbacks.  The  protection  of  naturalized  cittaens  who,  on 
return  10  their  native  laod,  were  subject  to  proieculioa  on 
charges  of  disloyally,  enlisiedhisatiiveinlerestarid  support,  and 
the  agitation,  in  which  he  wu  conspicuous,  led  10  the  treaty  ol 
1S7D  between  the  United  Sutci  and  Great  Britain,  which  placed 
adopted  and  native  ciiitens  on  the  same  footing. 

As  the  prtsldeniiil  Section  of  1S76  a[^roached,  Blaine  wu 
clearly  the  popuLr  favourite  of  hii  party.  His  chance  for 
securing  the  nominatinn,  however,  was  materially  lessened  by 
persistent  charge  which  arere  brought  against  him  by  the 
Democtalt  that  u  a  member  ol  Congress  he  had  been  guilty  ol 
(omiptioB  in  his  rebtions  with  the  Little  Rock  &  Fort  Smith  and 
the  Northern  Pacific  railway*.'  By  the  majarily  of  Republicans, 
at  least,  he  wu  considered  to  have  cleared  himself  complculy, 
and  in  the  Republican  national  convention  he  missed  by  only 
twenty.cight  voles  the  nomination  lor  prcudent,  being  finally 
boten  by  a  combination  of  the  lupporters  of  aU  the   other 

w»s  unabsted.  Currency  legislation  wu  especially  promioeBt. 
Blaine,  who  had  previoiisly  opposed  greenback  Inflation  now 
resisted  deprecis  ted  silver  coinage.  He  was  the  earnest  chimpian 
of  the  advancement  of  American  shipping,  and  advocated 
Isberil  suhiidica,  insisting  thit  the  policy  of  protection  should  be 
applied  on  lea  u  well  ai  on  land.    The  Republican   nstionil 

fervidly  asseverated  hii  denial 


BLAINVILLE— BLAIR,  F.  P. 


33 


(M«<MlDB«(lB80.dMd>dt>M«MBtbl  .      . 

of  Blunc  *Bd  GoenI  U.  &  Gnst— John  Shcrmu  ol  Ohio  alu 
'1a  (oUonfaw— MraMlcd  tbraoik  thiny-tli 


4  PnBdmt  Cu&kl  wd 

JB  ol  the  oluet  br  Pnidait  ClKUer  A.  ArUnu,  he 

bcld  the  "ffi^  oolj  UBlH  PtrwihiT  lUi.    Hii  bticf  lervlGa  vu 

Ameiicu  coDtinenti  he  noil 
which,aftcTbeiii|UTMifMfM,  mifniitntedl . 
He  alio  aooiht  to  wcure  ■  Riodi6c*tloa  of  the  CUytoa-Bslwci 
Imty,  tai  in  u  atcnded  conopaodeact  with  the  Britiih 
CmnuneolitcoDiIyiuened  the  policy  of  wuuhuivo  AmtiJcui 

Albiatk  ad  Pudfic  oceuu. 

With  uDdinuzuihed  bold  Da  the  iizugiu.tioa  tad  devotion  of 
bit  foUowen  be  m  nomiiutai  foi  president  in  ita*.  Alui  * 
heated  onvui,  is  shich  be  nude  i  Kiiei  of  biillijint  ipeedte^ 
be  wu  bealcD  by  a  aurow  maigin  in  Nev  Voik.  By  muy, 
including  BUine  bimKlT,  the  delut  vu  iltribuled  to  Ibe  eSecl 
ot  ■  phraie,  "  Riioi,  Konunism  and  Rebellion,"  lued  by  a 
cleriyiniui.  Rev.  Samuel  D.  Buichard  (iSii-iSgi),  on  Ibe  >glb 
ol  Oirlobei  l  £84,  in  Blaine's  presence,  to  cbaractcriie  abat,  in  hit 
opinion,  the  Democntic  parly  stood  for.    The  phraae  wu  not 

altitude  loward  the  Roman  Calliobci,  laige  numbcn  ol  wtioDi 
■re  supposed,  in  coniequence,  la  have  wiihdnim  Ibeir  support. 
Refusing  to  be  a  presidential  candidate  In  iSSS,  be  became 
aecretary  ol  tUle  under  President  Harrison,  and  resumed  hii 
woA  -hich  had  been  in  temjpled  nearly  eight  years  before.  The 
PaA-Amrfican  congress,  then  projected,  now  met  in  Washington, 
and  Blaine,  as  lis  master  spirit,  presided  over  and  guided  lu 
debbentlon  Ihmugh  iu  session  ot  five  manlbi.    Its 


nawayan< 
Shaping  Ih 


IT  irdpTOdty  in  trade, 


lariB  legislation  (or  this  policy,  Blaine  BcgoUated  a 
r  o(  nclpfocity  tieiiiei  which  augnMnied  ihe  eom- 
mace  ol  his  caunlty.  He  upheld  American  rights  in  Samoc, 
pursued  a  vigwoui  diplomacy  with  Italy  over  Um  lynching  of 
eleven  luliant,  aQ  eicepl  three  of  Ibem  American  naluraliied 

altitude  during  the  itralned  lelaliou  between  the  United  Stales 
and  Chile  (growing  laigely  out  ol  the  kilting  and  wounding  ol 
AmericSB  aaihm  of  the  U.S.  ihip  "  Baltimore  "  by  Chilean  m 
Valpaniso  oa  Ihe  i6lh  of  Octaber  1S41),  and  cairied  on  wiih 
Gnat  BiilalD  •  resolute  coatraveny  over  tlie  teal  fisbctiea  of 
Bering  Sea, —  adJSerenceafterwatdoeiltedbyarbltntiaii.  He 
migoed  on  (be  4th  ol  June  I  tfi,  00  the  eve  of  tbe  meeting  ol  Ihe 
Scpuhliean  national  coavention,  wherein  hia  name  was  IneBectu- 
ally  UKd,  and  te  died  at  Washington,  D.C,  on  thi  i;th  of 
Juinaiyitg}. 

Doling  hk  kler  yean  ol  lefaun  he  mile  TwaUy  Yiert  aj 
Cntrat  (1U4-1U6),  a  billlianl  hiatorieal  work  in  two  volumes. 
Of  lingulalty  alert  lacultiet,  with  a  remarkable  knowledge  ol  ibe 
inn  and  liistoiy  of  hi)  coonlry.  and  an  eitnotdinary  memory. 
his  muterlul  takst  lor  poHtica  and  ttate-craft,  logttber  with 
bis  captivating  manner  and  engaging  penmality,  give  biir,  lor 
nearly  two  decades,  an  uniivalled  hold  upon  the  fealty  and 
affectim  ol  his  party. 

Sec  tlie  Bif'pij  ^  J""'  G.  Slaiw  (Norwich.  Conn.,  tS^j)  by 
htiry  AUiaU  Dodr  ("Gail  Haiailnn'').  sod.  in  (he  -'Am^ican 
SutemcD  Seiiei."  Jaim  G.  Bttiu  (BcBoii.  loos)  by  C.  E.  Bun- 
wood;  aUsUnBhiiie'*irfIKr><i9D8).  (C  E.  S.} 

auamUMt  Bsm  uuat  DncsorAT  di  (utt-isso), 

French  natoraliM,  was  born  at  Arques,  near  Dieppe,  on  Ihe 
■  ilhol  Septembo'  1777,  Aboul  iitfi  he  went  to  Paris  to  study 
pointing,  but  he  ultimately  devoted  hlmsell  Is  nalnnl  history, 
and  attracted  the  atlentioo  of  Baroa  Covltr.  for  whom  be 
ly  Jectured  al   the  CoUtge  de  Franca  and  at  Ibe 


AthaB«ua-    IniSiibewualdedbyOivterloobiainOiechntr 

of  UBiomy  and  toology  b  Ibe  Faculty  ol  Sdencti  at  Paris,  but 
aubaequeoUy  an  ati«ngemEnl  grew  up  between  the  two  men 
and  ended  in  open  eomily.  In  1S15  BlaiovOle  was  admitted 
a  member  ol  the  Academy  of  Scicncoi  and  in  iRjo  be  was 
appofntad  to  succeed  J.  B.  Lsniarck  ia  the  duir  of  aaluni 
tdsloryal  the  musaum.  Two  years  later,  on  tbe  deaib  of  Cuvier, 
ho  obtained  Ihe  chaii  ol  comparaiive  analooiy,  which  be  con- 
tinued 10  occupy  lot  Ibe  ^ace  ol  eighteen  years,  proving  bin- 
•ell  no  nsworthy  successor  Is  his  great  teacher.  Ue  died  at 
Faiti  on  Ihe  lit  of  May  iSja  Besides  many  tepaiate  memoira, 
be  waa  the  author  of  Frtiramt  fmt  tumUt  dubitalin  mllk»- 
ijfw  im  tin*  oouul  ('itt>)\  OMtpafkit  m  iaaipiiim 
icimtpatki^at  eomparit  dm  ifutialt,  Ste.  (i8]^iSi4);  ^dUH 
framtaiu  (laii-rSjo);  Cfari  j*  fkytitltpt  ttnlrtU  tl  eamfarle 
(i8]j)i  Uanad  dt  malaalatU  a  i4  anckylulept  (iSas-iBij); 
BiiUm  du  icieKu  lU  fKr^oainw  (iS45)- 

BLUR,  FRABCU  PRBTON  (i;«t-tg76).  Americas  Journa- 
list snd  p<ditidan,  waa  bom  at  Al^ngdoa,  Virginia,  on  the  t  Jib 
of  April  I7gi.  He  removed  lo  ILeDtucky,  graduated  at  Trantyt 
vaoia  Doiversiiy  in  iBii,  look  to  journalism,  aod  was  a 
csotiibuior  lo  Amos  Kcodall'i  paper,  Ibe  Ai[hi,  at  Frank- 
lort.  In  iSjo,  having  become  an  ardent  (oUower  of  Andrew 
Jackson,  he  waa  made  editor  of  the  Washington  Ctoie,  ihe 
tecDgniaed  organ  of  the  Jackson  party,  la  this  capacity,  and 
as  a  member  of  Jackson's  "  Kiicheo  Cabinet,"  he  long  eiericd 
a  powerful  influence:  the  C«f«  was  ihe  administraiioa  organ 
until  1&41,  and  the  chief  Democratic  otgin  until  184;;  Blair 
ceased  In  be  Its  edilor  io  1S49.  In  1S48  he  actively  supported 
Mittin  Van  Buren,  the  Free  Soil  candidate,  for  the  presidency, 
and  in  1851  he  supported  Franklin  Pierce,  hut  soon  afterwards 
helped  to  organiie  Ibe  new  RepubLcan  parly,  and  presided 
at  lis  prelitninary  convention  al  I^itsburg,  IVnnsylvania,  in 
February  iSsS,  He  was  bflueotisl  in  securing  the  nomination 
of  John  C.  Fitmont  at  Ibe  June  convention  (iSjfi),  aod  ot 
Abrabani  Uncoln  In  i860.  Aller  Lincoln's  re-election  b  1U4 
Blair  Iboughl  thai  bis  lonner  dose  perianal  relatlant  with  the 
Confederate  leaden  might  aid  in  bringing  about  a  ccuatlOD  of 
hostilities,  and  with  Ltocoln'g  cocxnt  went  unofficially  10 
Richmond  and  Induced  Presidtnl  JelTerioa  Davis  to  appdnt  com- 
missioners to  confer  with  rtpresenuiives  ol  the  United  Statea. 
This  resulted  in  the  [utile  "  Hampton  Roads  Conference  "  ol  the 
3rd  of  February  1865  (see  LmcoLji,  Abeaoah).  After  the  Ciidl 
War  Btair  became  a  supporter  of  President  Johnsoo'i  recoa- 
llructjon  policy,  and  eventually  rejoined  Ihe  Democralic  party. 
He  died  at  Silver  Spring.  Maryland,  on  the  igib  of  October  1870. 

His  son,  MoKTCOUEBT  Blau  (iSij-ifI8j),  politician  and 
lawyer,  was  bora  bi  FnnUin  county.  Kenlucky,  on  the  lotb  ol 
May  iSii.  He  graduated  al  West  Point  In  1835.  but,  after  a 
year's  service  In  the  Seminole  War.  left  the  army,  studied  law, 
and  began  practice  at  St  Louis,  MistnuH.  After  serving  at 
United  Slates  district  atlomey  (1RJ9-1S43),  as  mayor  ol  SI 
Loud  (iB^i-iB^j).  and  as  Judge  of  the  coutt  of  common  plea* 
(iB«3-i84o),  he  removed  to  Maryland  (iSj)).  and  devoted 
himseli  10  law  practice  principally  in  Ihe  Federal  aupreme  courL 
He  was  United  Elates  solicitor  in  the  court  of  claims  from  rSjj 
until  i8s8,  and  was  associated  with  George  T.  Curtis  at  counsei 
for  the  ptainllfl  In  Ihe  Dred  Scott  oie  in  1857.  In  iMohe  took 
an  iciJve  pari  in  the  ptesidenibU  campaign  in  behalf  ol  Lincoln, 
In  whose  cabinet  he  waa  poatmaner-genetal  from  i£6t  until 
September  ift64,  when  be  resigned  at  a  resull  ol  the  boslililjr 
of  the  Radical  Republican  [action,  wbo  stipulated  that  Blair's 
reilrement  should  follow  the  withdrawal  of  Fremont's  name  as 
a  candidate  for  the  prealdential  nomioation  in  that  year.  Under 
his  adminisiratiaB  luch  reforms  and  btipiovements  as  ihe 
establishment  of  free  cily  delivery,  the  adoption  of  a  irHney 
order  system,  and  the  use  of  raQway  null  on  were  insllluled 
•— the  last  having  been  suggested  by  George  B.  Armslrong 
(d.  1871),  ol  Chicago,  who  from  1S64  until  his  death  was  general 
superintendent  ol  the  United  States  railway  msU  KTVka. 
DiHering  Irom  the  Republican  party  on  the  reconstruction  policy, 
Blaii  pve  hii  adbenmct  lo  the  DcBKicraiic  party  after  th*  OiS, 


34 


BLAIR,  H.— BLAIR  ATHOLL 


Wu.    BediedUSavaSpctD(,Uu^uid,ODlhe  tTtbdfJnly 
1U3. 

Aaotber  Kin,  Fmhcm  PunoH  Bun,  Jon.  (i<)>--iBl5)> 
kUio  uid  poliliol  laiet,  wu  bora  at  LcimgtMi,  Kentuckj, 
«  ihe  igtb  of  Febniuy  iSii.  After  KndiutiDg  >t  Prlncetan 
In  1841  be  pncijsed  Uw  in  St  Lonii.  and  lata  scmd  la  Ibc 
Hnicu  Wir.  He  iru  ardently  vppoKd  to  Ibe  citcniioii  of 
■Uveiy  ud  lupporUd  Mirtio  Van  Bu»B,  the  Fm  Soil  c*n- 
didaie  For  the  pKudency  io  1S48.  He  Mrved  from  iSji  to  iSjO 
In  the  Miuouri  lejiilature  u  i  Fiee  Soil  Deraocnl.  In  iBje 
Joioed  the  Republiatn  piny,  and  in  1857-1860  and  1S61-1K1 
■u  ■  merabef  of  Congma,  where  be  proved  an  able  debater. 
ImiBcdiitel)'  ifta  South  Carolina']  leccsloo,  Bldr,  believing 
that  the  (outticrD  kldm  vere  planning  to  tiny  Miiwuri  into 
the  movemeni,  began  active  effoiu  to  prevent  it  and  penonaUy 
orgasiied  ud  equipped  *  Kcret  body  of  1000  men  to  be  ready 
(or  the  emergeacy.  When  hoitilitje*  became  Inevitable,  acting 
b  conjunction  with  Ciptiln  Qatet  General)  Nathaniel  Lyon, 
be  suddenly  tranifcrred  the  iimi  la  tbe  Federal  arsenal  at 
St  Louii  to  Alton,  Illinois,  aod  a  few  days  later  (May  lo.  lS6t) 
turrounded  and  captured  a  force  of  stale  guardl  which  had 
been  sutloned  at  Camp  Jickion  in  tbe  suburbi  of  St  Louit  wiib 
tbe  in  teotion  of  leiiing  the  aneniL  This  action  gave  the  Fcdetil 
caiiM  a  dediive  initial  advantage  In  Misuuri,  Blair  was  pro- 
moted brigadier-general  of  vclunteen  in  August  iSOa  and  a 
nujcr-general  In  November  1S63.  In  Congress  as  chairman  of 
tbe  icaportant  mitiliry  afiain  cominiliee  bii  services  were  ol 
Ihe  greatest  value.  He  commanded  a  division  in  tbe  Vicksburg 
campaign  and  in  tbe  Sgbiing  about  Chattanooga,  and  was  one  of 
Sherman's  corps  commanders  in  tbe  final  campaigns  in  Georgia 
and  the  Carolina!.  In  1S66  like  his  father  and  brother  he 
apposed  tbe  Congresiioail  reconiiniclion  policy,  and  on  that 
issue  lelt  Ibe  Republican  parly.  In  1&6B  he  was  the  Demo- 
Seymour.  In  1S71-18;]  be  was  a  United  States  Knator  from 
Miuouri.    He  died  in  St  Louis,  on  the  Sth  of  July  i8;i. 

BLAin,  HnOH  (171S-1800),  Scottish  Freshylerian  divine. 
■ai  bom  nn  the  7th  of  April  1718,  at  Edinburgh,  where  bii 
fathei  wu  a  mercbaat.  Entering  the  university  in  1730  he 
graduated  M.A.  in  i7jgi  hi*  thesis,  Dt  FiMJatHtjUit  el  Obilta- 
lifnt  Ufii  NalMrtt,  contains  an  outline  of  the  moral  principles 
afterwards  unfolded  in  hi*  sermons.  He  wu  Ucetued  to  preach 
in  1 741.  and  a  tew  months  later  the  carl  of  Leven,  hearing  of  bis 
eloquence,  presented  him  10  the  parish  of  Collesiie  in  Fife.  In 
1 74}  he  was  elected  to  tbe  second  charge  of  the  Canongate  church, 
Edinburgh,  where  he  mioiitered  until  removed  toLjidy  Yeiter's, 
one  of  the  diy  churches.  In  1754.  In  17J7  the  uolvenily  of 
St  Andrews  conferred  on  him  the  degree  of  D.D.,  and  In  Ibe 
following  year  be  was  promoted  to  the  High  Church.  Edinburgh, 
tbe  moil  Important  charge  in  Scotland.  In  1759  be  began, 
under  tbe  patronage  of  Lord  Karnes,  to  deliver  a  course  of 
lectures  on  compoution,  tbe  success  of  which  led  to  the  foundation 
of  a  chair  of  rhetoric  and  Mia  ItOtii  in  the  Edinburgh  Univenily. 
To  this  chaii  be  wu  ai^nied  in  ^^&l,  with  1  salary  ol  £70  1 

S^ar.  Having  long  talien  Interest  in  the  Celtic  poetry  of  tbe 
ighltndi,  he  published  in  17AJ  ■  Uuditoty  DuitrUtitii  on 
Uacpherson's  Oiiian,  the  authenticity  ol  which  be  maintained. 
In  t]77  the  first  volume  of  bis  Serivrm  appeared.  It  wu 
succeeded  by  four  other  volumes,  all  of  whicb  met  with  Ihe 
greatest  success.  Samuel  Johnson  praised  them  warmly,  and 
tbey  were  translated  Into  almost  every  language  of  Europe. 
In  1780  George  ID.  conferred  upon  Blair  a  peniion  of  tno  a 
year.  In  178J  be  retired  from  his  professorship  and  published 
bia  Uclura  tn  JiAeioric.  which  have  been  frequently  reprinted. 
Be  died  on  tbe  >7th  of  December  1800.  Blair  belonged  to  the 
"moderate"  or  latiiudinarian  party,  and  hit  Sament  have 
been  critidied  as  wanting  in  doctrinal  defiaitenesa.  His  works 
display  little  ottginality.  but  are  written  in  ■  Bowing  and 
ebborate  style.  He  is  remembered  chiefly  by  the  pla«  he  fills 
Inihcliieratureofhlatime.  £/sir'i5(n<ignii]a  typical  religiDus 
book  of  the  period  that  preceded  the  Anglican  revival- 
Sec  J.  Hall.  AcHnin  ifLiJiafd  Wrilut'  tf  H%[!>  Blair  (Itaj). 


(1A56-174JI,  Amerioii  dMne  and  cdnn- 
m  Scotland,  probably  at  Etfinbuigh,  in  tbji. 
K.  at  Edinburgh  University  tn  1S73.  was 
benetual  In  the  Episcopal  Church  in  Scotland,  and  for  >  tins 
wu  rector  of  Cninstoa  Parish  in  tbe  diocese  of  Edinburgh.  In 
16S]  be  lelt  Scotland  for  England,  and  three  yean  later  wu  sent 
by  tbe  Uibop  of  London,  Henry  Compion,  u  a  missionary  to 
Virginia.  He  soon  gained  great  influence  over  the  colonists  both 
in  ecdeslutical  and  in  civil  affairs,  and,  according  to  Prof,  Moses 
Coit  Tyler.  "  probably  no  other  man  in  Ihe  colonial  time  did  so 
much  for  Ihe  Intellectual  life  of  Virginia."  He  wu  the  minister 
of  Benrlco  parish  from  leSj  until  1694,  of  Ihe  Jamestown  church 
fiom  1694  until  1710,  and  of  Bnilon  church  at  Willlimsbutg 
from  1710  until  his  death.  From  1689  until  his  death  bewai  Ihe 
commissary  of  the  bishop  of  London  for  Virginia,  tbe  highest 
ecclesiasiiol  position  In  the  colony,  his  duties  consisting  "  in 
visiting  tbe  parishes,  Qirrectlng  the  Uves  of  Ihe  dergy,  and 
keeping  them  orderly,"  In  169],  hy  tlie  appointment  of  King 
William  m.,  he  became  a  member  ol  the  coundl  of  ViTpnU, 
of  whicb  be  was  for  many  years  Ibe  president.  Largely  because 
of  charges  brought  against  them  by  Blair,  Governor  Sir  Edmund 
And™,  Ijeutenant -governor  Francis  Nicholson,  and  Ueuteiunl- 
govemor  Aleiander  Spotswood  were  removed  in  1698,  170J  and 
iTii  respectively.  Blair'a  greatest -service  to  the  colony  wai 
under,  and  Ihe  president  from  ifiij  uniH  his 
ge  of  William  and  Mary,  (or  which  he  himself 
secured  a  charter  in  En^nd.  "Thus,  James  Blair  may  be 
called,"  says  Tyler,  "  the  creator  of  the  healthiest  and  most 
eiienslve  intellectuat  Influence  that  was  fell  in  ifie  Soulbem 
group  of  colonies  before  tbe  Revolution."  He  died  on  the  iStb 
of  April  I743i  and  was  buried  at  Jamestown,  Va.  He  published 
a  collection  of  (17  discounei  under  the  title  Our  SaiianT'i 
DniiuSrrmm  in  IkiUnnI  (4  vols.,  1711;  second  edition.  i7ja), 
and,  In  coUaboialion  with  Henry  Hartwell  and  Edward  Chilton, 
a  work  entitled  Tlu  Frisna  Slel€  tf  KiVfiiiia  oikI  lie  CeiUf 
(1717;  written  in  ifiQj),  probably  the  best  account  of  the 
Virginia  of  that  time. 
See  Daniel  E.  Motley's  l!fi  rf  iTomniiiory  /sihi  Bkir  (SaltimoR, 
101 ;  series  luo.  Ka._>p.  at  ihe  John.  Hopkins  Univerailv  SiudJc* 


Irred  u  lb 


I  Hialoii 


k.  IS78). 


A  ituiory  of  Anu 


BUIB,  ROBERT  (ifi4«-i746),  Scottish  poet,  ddat  son  of 
the  Rev.  Robert  Blair,  one  of  the  king'a  chaplains,  wu  bun  at 
Edinburgh  in  1609.  He  wu  educated  at  Ediabutgh  Univeralty 
and  In  Holland,  and  in  r7j<  was  appointed  to  tbe  living  ot 
Alhclstaneford  In  East  Lothian.  He  married  in  i7]8  Isabella, 
daughter  of  Professor  WilUan  Law.  Hie  posaeseion  of  a  imall 
loitune  gave  him  leisiire  for  bia  favourite  purauita.  ^rdenlng 
and  the  study  of  English  poets.  He  died  at  Athelstanefoid  on 
the  4th  ot  Februaiy  174*.  His  only  considenble  woA,  r*e 
Crow  (i743)>  is  a  poem  written  in  bknk  verse  of  great  vigour 
and  (reshneii,  and  la  much  less  conventional  than  its  ghximy 
subject  might  lead  one  to  eipecl.  Its  religious  subject  no  doubt 
contributed  to  Its  great  popularity,  especially  In  Sootlaod;  but 
the  vague  it  attained  was  Justified  by  its  picturesque  Imageiy 
and  occasional  felicity  of  cipcestian.  It  Inspired  Williani  Blake 
to  uniieruke  a  seties  of  Iwdve  iUnslrative  dtsignti  which  veit 
engraved  by  Louis  Schiavonetti,  and  published  lo  iloS. 

"       '    Wogranhicaljntroduetion  prtliaed  to  hitPmtietlWtrll, 


by  Dr  Robert  A 


,a  Us  Putt  tf  Gnat  BrUain, 


BLAIR  ATHOLL  (Gaelic  Uiti-,  "a  plain"],  a  village  and 
parish  of  Penhahire,  Scotland,  jsJ  m.  N.W.  of  Perth  by  the 
Highland  railway.  Pop.  (1901)  367;  of  parish,  1711.  It  ts 
situated  at  the  confluence  of  Ihe  Tilt  and  the  Garry.  Tbe  oldest 
part  ol  Blair  Cutle.  a  seat  of  tbe  duke  of  Aiholl,  dates  from 
iifig;  u  restored  and  enlarged  in  1869-1S71  from  the  plau  ol 
David  Bryce,  R.S.A.,  it  is  a  magnlGccnt  eumple  of  the  Scottish 
baronial  style.  It  wu  occupied  by  tbe  marqucu  of  Uonirosc 
prior  to  the  battle  of  Tippermuir  in  1(44,  stormed  by  the  Cmni- 
welliam  la  i6s3,  and  garrisoned  on  behalf  of  James  H.  In  iA8«. 
The  Young  Pretender  suyed  in  It  in  174S1  and  tbe  duke  ol 


BLAIRGOWRIE— BLAKE,  R. 


11740.  The  body  of  VbcouDt  Dondic,  convejcd 
Utber  fran  Ihc  baltkMd  el  KUIhauUc,  «u  burial  1b  the 
cborcb  o(  Old  BItIr,  in  whkh  ■  Dooumail  *ii  cncted  lo  hEs 
Bcmory  in  itlo  by  Ihc  jlb  duke  sf  AlbolL  The  iroundi 
nnounditit  the  (utie  ut  aiDong  the  nxat  beuUful  hi  ibe 
Highkiub.  A  foU  ownc  hu  beta  laid  dowD  uulk-cut  o(  Ibt 
Tilliie.  belwKD  ihc  tiilvky  and  th«  Girry,  ind  every  SepUnbet 
1  (rear  diiphy  of  Kiihlind  (imM  I*  held.  Ben-y-^oe  (jfiyi  ft. 
hi^),  Ibe  Keoe  of  (he  hunt  givm  in  ijtQ  by  Uw  eirl  of  AlboB 
ia  honour  of  Jima  V.  Ind  the  queen  domier,  may  be  cHmbcd 
by  w«y  of  Fender  Bum,  a  lefi-hand  tribuUry  o(  ibe  Tilt.  The 
fan*  of  Fender,  near  the  old  bridge  of  Till,  are  tdipHid  by  the 
lalli  of  Bruar,  *  a.  out  of  Blair  Alboll,  fermtd  by  the  Bniar, 
■Ucb  riataf  in  Ben  Dtug  (3304  fi-),  Sain  into  the  Gtcry  kfter 
in  impetiMHU  awrie  of  le  m. 

■LAIBSOVRU,  ■  vaila  bargfa  at  PeithsUre,  Scotland, 
■Itnilcd  OB  the  Eifcht.  Fop.  (tfoO  sni-  It  i>  ihe  teiminui 
al  >  bnnch  tint  of  Ifat  CaledeDJan  railway  front  Coupar  Angua, 
Inm  •hich  It  it  4I  n-  dlatant.  and  it  iS  m.  N.  by  E.  of  PertK  by 
imA.  Tbt  torn  ii  enlireiy  oiodeni,  and  owti  itt  pcopaa  to  the 
mier-poiRr  tupplied  by  the  Eriiht  for  niun  and  juie  bctotiei. 
There  ate  alio  aawmaii,  bretKriea  and  •  lar(c  lactoty  lor  bee 
aiipliaiKxa.  Sin'bcrriea.  nipbtnia  aad  other  fnriti  are 
luicly  iRivB  in  ihe  oeighbouihoBd.  A  park  mi  pcnenlcd  to 
tbc  ton  in  ilgi.  On  Uie  left  bank  of  Ihc  EfichI,  opfnaiie 
BlaiiCDwiie.  with  which  it  ii  conneitled  by  a  fourarched  bcidge, 
itasd*  the  town  and  policx  burgh  of  Rattiay  (pop.  toio),  when 
tbete  an  Bai  and  iuie  milli.  Donald  Caifill  the  Covenaoter, 
who  wai  cietuLcd  et  Edinburgh,  wai  a  native  of  Ihc  raritb. 
Fourmilea  well  ol  Blairgowrie,  oo  the  coach  nad  to  Donkdd,  lie* 
Loch  Clunie,  of  aom*  inicreit  hiaierically.  Ob  a  ciatiiMi  ia  the 
lake  are  the  ruin*  of  a  unall  cailk  which  belonged  lo  Jamei 
<"  the  Admit  able  "}  Crichion.  and  Ihe  latfc  mottad  near  Ibe  bch 
■at  the  li  le  of  the  caiik  in  wlikh  Edwaid  L  lodfcd  OB  ODB  ol  hii 
Scotlith  eipedilioni. 

BUKB.  EOWAIU)  (iSjj-  ),  IriitCanadian  ititctman, 
ddeil  ton  of  WiUian  Hume  Blake  ot  Caibel  Gnnre,  Co.  Calway, 
who aniJed  in  Canada  In  iSji,  and  then  becamea  diatinguitbcd 
lawyer  and  chancellai  of  Oniario,  vu  bora  on  the  ijlh  of 
Oclober  iSii  at  Adelaide  in  Uiddlciei  county.  Ontario.  Edo- 
oilcd  al  Upper  Canada  College  and  the  univenily  of  TonotOt 
Blake  wu  called  10  the  bar  in  1S5A  and  quickly  olrtaintd  a  good 
ptactice.  becoming  Q.C.  in  1S64.  In  1M7  he  wai  elected  member 
far  Wnt  Duihuc  in  the  Dominion  pariiament,  and  for  South 
Bruce  in  the  ptDvindal  legiilatUR,  in  which  he  became  leads 
of  Ihe  Liberal  oppotiiioD  two  yean  lata.  On  ibe  defeat  of  John 
Sindfr''*  Uacdooald'i  govemmenl  in  iS;i  Blake  became  priot 
oiijutter  of  Ontario,  but  leugned  thit  office  the  aame  yeat  lo 
(Oiuequence  of  the  abulition  of  dual  repreieBtatian.  HedecUned 
tbc  tctdei^ip  ol  the  Liberal  party  In  the  Dominion  parliament, 
but.  having  uken  an  active  pari  in  biingingabout  tbeonrthrow 
of  Sir  John  llacdonatd'i  miniiiry  in  iS)),  joined  tho  Liberal 
cabinet  <rf  Alexander  Uackmie,  though  witboM  portfolio  or 
aaUiy.  Impaired  health  loon  compeUcd  him  to  redtn,  and  lo 
take  Ibe  voyage  to  Eun^;  oo  hii  ntum  b  i8;5  be  rejoined 
the  cabinet  ai  miniiier  oi  luiucc,  in  which  office  It  fell  to  Mm  to 
take  Ihe  chief  part  In  liamlng  Ihe  conilitution  ol  the  lUpmne 
court  of  Canada.  Continued  ill.hallh  compelled  him  b  1B77 
apintoieek  reit  in  Europe,  having  Gnt  BChangcd  thapoitfollo 

During  bia  ibiena  the  Libenl  gnvetnment  wai  driven  Itom 
power  by  tlu  clectioni  of  1S7S;  and  Blake  himself,  haviag 
bilcd  to  Mcure  n.eleciion,  wu  for  a  abort  lime  without  a  teat 
la pailiament.  From  iSSoIoiSS7hcwuleaderoftheappoaItion, 
being  lucceeded  on  hit  reiignaiion  of  the  potilion  ia  iba  latlei 
year  by  Mr  lalUrwaidi  Sir)  Wilfrid  Lauiicr.  In  tSgi  be  btcame 
a  mcmberof  I  he  B  rilith  Kouie  of  Coomom  as  an  Iriifc  Nallooaliit, 
being  (Ircled  for  South  Loogfoid  Bui  be  did  not  fulfil  the 
eiwecuiioai  which  had  been  fonned  00  the  itcen(tb  of  hi* 
■--'--lovtiy--     ' -  ^..— 


Uarfant,  dangler  id  Bodamb  Cnqn,  fat  UAop  «l  • 

HorOD. 

See  John  ChaiVi  l>nl.  TU  laa  rutj  Ymn:  CamaU  Smit  tl 
Vmin  4/  ilti  0  vob..  ToroMo,  laSlj;  ].  &.  WlUim,  Sir  WilfrU 
latriii  and  lit  LiUrai  Par^  [1  vda.,  Loadon.  igof}. 

BUUn,  ROHBT  (iskkiAst),  EngliA  pariliiBenlarian  and 
admin],  *aa  born  al  Bridgwaltr  is  Swnerictahiro.  Tfaa  day  ol 
Ui  birth  ii  not  koowo,  bnl  be  mt  bapdanl  on  the  I7lh  ol 
Septemba  ijM.  Blake  waa  lb  ddcit  ko  of  a  wdl4Mlo 
meicbaBl.  arid  lecdrcd  hit  eariy  educalloB  at  the  gnnmar 
acluol  of  Bridgwater.  In  idij  he  wu  lent  to  Oifbrd,  entering 
at  Gnl  SI  Alban'i  Hall,  bnt  removing  aftarvanb  to  Wadbam 
CoUegc,  then  recently  founded  Be  remalBRl  *t  tht  tuifvtnliy 
tin i6ji, bul failed  10 obtain aayooUeiepufcnnnrt.  Nothbgii 
known  of  hi*  life  with  certainty  for  llw  nnl  IflctD  yeara.  An 
anonynwa*  Dutch  wriur,  b  the  HtOaiMiclK  Mtrtat^  {t<5*). 
ttptatnti  Um  ai  nyin(  Ihat  ha  had  Brcd  b  Schiedam  **  fin  Ive 
tx  all  yean  "  b  U>  yoMli.  H*  dotditloi  engaged  fn  tnde,  and 
appaitntly  with  nRia.  When,  after  etevea  yean  of  UngiUp 
withoul  parifamenti,  a  pariiamnit  wai  lammoned  to  Beet  b 

Thli  paitiamenl.  named  "  the  Short,"  waa  dimolved  b  three 
weckt,  and  tlte  ixreer  of  Blake  ai  a  politician  wai  mpended. 
Two  yean  liler  Ilie  Inevitable  coofllcl  brgan.  Blake  dedared 
fee  the  Pariiamest,  and  lerved  nnder  Sir  John  Horwr.  In  1643 
he  wa>  eolnuted  with  ibtcoinniandaFonfraf  iheforuolBiiilo). 
Hill  Im  uoully  held  dmlog  Ibe  licge  ol  the  town  by  Prince 
Rnpen,  and  earned  Ibe  approval  of  parllaraeoi  by  refusing  lo 
■urtcDder  U*  pott  lIU  dniy  tnlormed  of  ilw  capliulatioB.  In 
■644  he  gained  Ugh  diftlnctloo  by  the  lentalc  defence  of  Lyme 
b  Donenhii«k  Tat  ilefe  wa*  i^td  on  iht  tjrd  of  May,  and  ob 
ihe  Sib  ol  July  Bkke  look  Taunton  by  nupciK,  and  itotwltb- 
itandbg  111  imperfect  dcfeMci  and  inadrqvale  nippBn,  beM  Ibe 
town  for  the  ParUamtnt  againir  two  iletei  by  Ibe  Royaliils 
until  Jtdy  1(45,  when  it  wa*  rdined  by  Falilai.  In  ifi^s  he 
n^atend  parliament  at  Biemher  for  Tannton,  wben  the  Ko^litt 
Colonel  Windham  wai  eipdad. 

He  adberrd  10  the  Paifiamcntary  party  after  the  king's  death, 
and  vithb  a  month  (Ftbmaiy  1649)  waa  appointed,  wilb 
Colooela  DtiB  and  Fopbam,  to  the  command  of  the  Beet,  nnder 
the  title  of  Genetal  of  the  Sea.  In  April  he  vu  aect  In  punuit 
of  Prince  Rupert,  who  with  the  Royaliit  fleet  had  entered  the 
baibosr  of  Kfauale  In  Inland.  Theie  he  blockaded  the  prina 
for  ill  monlbti  and  when  ihe  latter,  Fn  want  of  provfslort^,  and 
bopelea  of  nUef,  inrceeded  in  making  Ut  octpe  with  the  fleet 
and  b  reachbg  Ihe  Tagua,  Blake  folbwed  hira  thither,  and  again 
blockaded  him  fnriomemOBlb*.  The  king  of  Portugal  refming 
permhlioo  lor  Blake  to  attack  U*  enemy,  Ibe  taltti  made  re- 
piiiabby  hUing  on  the  PortDgucae  SecI,  richly  laden,  retunlng 
from  BriiiL  He  captmod  icnnteen  ihipi  and  burnt  thm, 
biinging  hit  piina  bome  without  moleitition.  After  revictual- 
Ibg  hii  fleet,  be  lallod  agaia,  captmed  a  Frendi  man-of-war,  and 
thni  ponntd  Pilnee  Rupert,  who  had  been  aiked  to  go  away 
by  Ibe  PoDBiBeie  and  had  entend  the  Mediterranean.  Id 
November  idso  Blalm  dcatreycd  the  bulk  ct  the  Royalist 
■qnadnm  near  Cartagena.  The  Ihanki  of  parlkment  wcrr  voted 
to  Blaka,  and  he  mxlved  a  grant  of  £ioao.  Re  wu  contbiued 
In  hli  ollica  of  admiral  and  general  of  the  tea;  and  b  Hay 
followbg  he  took,  hi  oonfaoctton  with  Ayicue,  Ihe  SdDy  Iilandi. 
For  lUa  aeivica  tha  thiAkt  of  parliament  were  agab  awarded 
bim,  and  be  wta  aoon  after  nude  a  member  of  the  council  of 

In  i4si  war  bnke  out  with  tho  Dutch,  who  had  made  groit 
prepoiatloni  for  Ihe  conflict.  In  March  Ibe  command  of  the 
fleet  waa  given  to  Blake  for  nine  monlhi;  and  b  the  middle  al 
May  Ibe  Duicb  fleet  of  forty-five  ihipi,  led  by  their  great  admiral 
Troop,  appeared  b  the  Down^  Blake,  who  had  only  twenty 
iMpa,  lalled  to  meet  them,  and  the  battle  took  place  off  Dover 
00  Ibe  iQtb  of  Hay.  The  Dutch  wen  defeated  b  an  engagement 
of  four  01  Eve  boon,  leat  two  ahipi,  and  withdraw  under  covet 
of  darhneat.  Attempt*  al  accommodation  *eie  made  tnr  the 
tUle*,but  IbeylaDed.    Eiilyb  July  war  wta  brmallydediRd, 


36 


BLAKE,  WILLIAM 


.  ud  ia  Uk  nne  mcnlli  Bltki  nptnm)  t.  Iiise  put  ol  the  Duldi 
Gihny-flHi  md  iht  iwtlve  men-ol-irir  ihii  formtd  their  convoy. 
On  the  iSih  of  Scpiember  Blake  uid  PcnaagiiociKOunlcred  Ihe 
Dutcb  Bret,  now  comniindcd  by  De  Ruylcr  ud  De  Wilt.  oS 
the  Kmlitb  Knock,  defeated  it.  lad  ch^ised  it  for  1*0  days. 
The  Dutch  look  refuge  in  Coree.  A  Ihiid  battle  wts  fought 
Bear  the  end  ol  November.  By  ihis  tioie  the  shipi  undei  Blakt't 
command  had  bef  0  reduced  in  number  to  foity,  and  neaily  the 
ball  o(  these  »ere  uselea  foe  want  of  seamco.  Tromp,  who 
had  been  icinatated  in  command,  appeared  in  the  Ddwju,  with 
a  Sect  of  dghty  ihipj  besida  len  fiisliips.  Bbke,  tievenheleB, 
liiked  ■  batlle-oa  DuogtMii.  but  was  defeated,  and  wiilidnw 
into  the  Thamei.  The  EnilBh  Seet  having  been  nfilied,  put 
to  lea  again  in  Febiuuy  lisa  and  on  the  iSih  Blake,  at  the 
bead  of  eighty  ahips,  encountered  Tromp  in  ths  Channel.  The 
Dutch  force,  (ccording  lo  Clarendon,  numbeitd  loa  ihipt  ol 
*ar,  but  according  lo  the  official  reports  of  the  Dutch,  only 
Mvcnty.  Tha  battle  was  severe,  and  continued  tbtoogh  three 
day*,  the  Dutch,  however,  retreitlnf,  and  taking  refvge  in  the 

severely  wounded.  The  three  English  admiraii  put  to  Ka  again 
ia  May;  and  on  the  jrd  and  4th  of  June  another  bailie  was 
fought  neai  the  Nortb  Foreland.  On  Ihe  fint  day  Deio  uid 
Uoak  Wire  repulsed  by  Tronip:  but  on  Ihe  second  <ky  the  solea 
were  turned  by  the  arrival  of  fiUke,  and  the  Dutch  retrealed  to 
thcTeieL 

ni-bcalth  now  compelled  Blake  to  nlirt  from  the  icrvice  lor 
■  time,  and  he  did  not  appear  afain  OD  the  KM  foi  about  eighteen 
months;  meanwhile  he  aat  as  t  member  of  the  Liltle  Parliuaent 
(Barebonei's}.  In  November  ills4  be  *u  (elected  by  Cromwdl 
to  conduct  a  fleet  to  the  Mediterranean  to  cud  compeasaiion 
from  thedukeoITuscany,iheknighu^Milta,aad  the  piratical 
■tatei  of  North  Africa,  for  wrongs  done  to  Engliah  merchants. 
This  mission  he  executed  with  hia  accostomed  aptrit  and  with 
complete  success.  Tunis  alone  dared  to  resist  hts  demands,  and 
Tunis  paid  the  penally  of  the  destruction  of  iti  two  fortresMs 
by  English  guns.  In  the  winter  of  1655-1656,  war  being  dcdaied 
■Bunst  Spain,  Blake  was  sent  to  cruise  oS  Cadis  and  the  Deigh- 
bouiing  coasts,  to  intercept  the  Spanish  sfiii^iiag.  One  ol  his 
captains  captured  a  pan  ol  the  Plate  Sett  In  September  1656. 
In  April  1A57  Blake,  then  in  very  ill  health,  suffering  from 
dropsy  and  scurvy,  and  anxious  Ig  have  assistance  in  his  arduous 
duliea,  heard  that  the  Plate  Seet  lay  at  anchor  in  the  bay  ol 
Santa  Cnu,  In  the  island  of  TcnetiSe.  The  poaition.was  a  very 
slroDg  one,  delcnded  by  a  castle  aod  several  forts  with  guns. 
Under  the  shelter  ol  ibese  lay  a  Seet  of  sixteen  ships  drawn  up 
in  crescent  order.  CaptainStaynervuordered  to  enter  the  bay 
and  fall  on  Ihe  fleet.  Thishedid.  Blakelollowed  him.  Broad- 
tides  wen  poured  into  Ihe  castle  and  the  lotts  at  the  mme  time; 
and  soon  nothing  was  left  but  ruiiwd  walls  and  charred  itagmenls 
ol  burnt  shipi.  The  wind  was  blowing  hard  into  the  bay;  hut 
mddeniy,  and  foctunatcty  for  the  heroic  Blake,  it  skilled,  and 
carried  him  safely  out  to  sea.  "  The  whole  action."  says  Clar- 
endon, "was  so  incredible  that  all  men  who  knew  the  pbce 
wondered  that  any  sober  man,  with  what  coumgs  soever  en- 
dowed, would  ever  have  undeit>ken  II ;  sad  they  could  hardly 
persuade  Ibemselvta  to  believe  whal  they  had  done;  white 
the  Spaniards  comforted  themselves  with  the  belief  that  they 
were  devila  and  not  men  who  had  destniyed  them  tn  such  a 
manner."  Tbe  English  lost  one  ship  and  100  men  killed  and 
wounded.  The  thanks  ol  parliament  were  voted  to  officers  and 
men;  and  a  very  coatly  jewel  (diamond  ring)  was  presented  to 
Blake,  "as  a  testimony,"  says  Cmmweil  in  his  letter  of  lolh 
June,  "ol  out  own  and  the  parliament's  good  acceptance  of 
your  ctniage  In  this  action."  "  This  was  ihc  last  action  ol  the 
brsve  Blake." 

Aliei  sgain  craisiag  far  a  time  oS  Cadii,  his  health  tailing 
more  atui  more,  he  was  compelled  to  make  homeward*  belare 
the  summer  ma  ovn.  He  died  at  aea,  but  within  sight  of  Ply- 
month,  on  the  i;th  of  August  1657.  Mis  body  was  brought  to 
Idndon  and  embalmed,  and  alter  lyini  in  state  at  Greenwich 
House  was  inlcmd  with  great  pomp4ad  •olmnl  ly  Id  Westmlnstei 


Abbey.  In  1661  Chtcle*n.ordeted  the  eihumatioiof  BUc^ 
body,  with  Iho«  of  tbe  mother  and  daughter  of  Cromwell  ud 
several  others.  They  were  cast  out  of  the  abbey,  and  wtie 
reburicd  in  the  churchyard  of  St  Margaret's.  "  But  that  re^td," 
Bays  Johnson,  "which  was  denied  bis  body  has  been  paid  to  hia 
belter  remains,  his  name  and  hit  mcmoiy.  Nor  has  any  writer 
dated  to  deny  him  die  praise  of  inliepidity,  bonetty,  Donlempt 
of  wealth,  and  love  of  his  country."  Clarcodon  best*  the  loUow- 
ing  testimony  (o  his  excellence  as  a  commander^—"  He  WIS  tbe 
&tst  man  that  declined  the  old  track,  and  made  it  appuenl  llut 
the  science  might  be  altnined  in  leas  time  than  wu  imagined. 
He  was  the  Hist  man  that  broughtsbipstoconiemntastlesonthe 
shore,  which  had  ever  been  thought  very  formidable,  but  werv 
discoverrd  by  him  lomakea  noise  onl^  and  to  fright  thoacwbo 
could  be  rarely  hurt  by  them." 

A  me  af  Blske  is  included  in  the  work  entitled  Um.  Ea^H  ant 
Fortirw.  DTjoha*Hiwnieashartlileolhin.and>n  iSuanpeamt 
Hepworth   Uion's  luDer  narrative.  Stttrl  Blaki.  Ai<i^"i  iiiil 

be  found  in  Ihe  l^lm  mi  Ptttn  SlIiaititltAt  fira  DiOck  War, 
edited  by  S.  R.  Cardinr  lor  (bl  Navy  Riconls  Society  (igas-lftn-) 
BLAKE,  WILLIAM  {rjST-tS}?).  English  poet  and  painter, 
was  born  in  London,  on  the  iSlh  ol  November  175;.  Kit  father, 
JimcsBlake.kepiahosier'tshop  in  Broad  Street. Golden  Squarei 
und  from  the  seamy  educaiioo  which  the  young  artist  received, 
it  may  be  judged  that  the  circumstances  of  the  family  were  not 
very  prosperous.  For  the  facts  of  William  Bkke's  early  life 
tha  world  is  indebted  to  a  hltle  book,  called  A  Falka't 
Ucmalri  OK  a  Child,  written  by  Dr  Malkin  In  1806.  Here  we 
leam  that  young  Blake  quickly  developed  a  latte  for  design, 
which  bis  father  appears  to  have  bad  suffidenl  IntellTgenea  to 
recognise  and  assist  by  every  means  In  his  power.  At  the  sge  of 
ten  Ihe  boy  was  sent  to  a  drawing  school  kept  by  Henry  Para 
In  Ihe  Strand,  and  at  the  same  time  he  was  already  cultivating 

rooms,  where  he  wna  known  as  the  "  iiiLle  conninsseur,"  Here 
be  began  to  collect  prints  after  Michetangtto,  and  Raphael, 
DUrei  and  Ileemskerk.  while  at  the  school  in  Ihe  Sliand  ha 
bad  the  opportunity  of  drawing  from  the  antique.  After  four 
years  ol'lhis  preliminary  instruction  Blakeentered  upon  another 
branch  of  art  sv  '        '  ...... 


,  and  with  hi 


yeara.  His  apprenticeship  had  an  important  Ixariii 
artistic  education,  and  marks  Ihe  department  of  art  m  whKB 
he  wax  made  technically  prohcicnL  In  1778,  at  the  end  of  his 
apprentlcesbip.be  proceeded  to  tlte  school  of  the  Royal  Academy, 
where  he  continued  bis  (uly  study  from  the  antique,  and  hid 
for  the  first  time  an  opportunity  of  drawing  from  the  living  model. 
This  Is  Id  brief  all  that  is  known  of  Blake's  artistic  education. 
Tbst  be  ever,  at  tbe  academy  or  elsewhere,  syslematicany 
studied  painting  we  do  not  know;  but  that  he  bid  already 
begun  the  practice  ol  water  colour  lor  himself  >■  atcertslned. 
So  far,  hawFver,  the  course  ol  his  Ininlng  in  art  schools,  and 
under  Basirc,  was  calculaled  lo  render  him  proficient  only  as  a 
draughtsman  and  an  engraver.  He  had  learned  how  Lo  draw, 
and  he  had  mastered  besides  the  practical  diBicultiesof  engraving, 
and  with  these  qualiiicaiions  he  entered  Dpoahiscamr.  In  17S0 
he  exhibited  a  picture  in  the  Royal  Academy  Exhibition,  con- 
jectured to  ha  vc  been  executed  in  water  colour  and  he  continued 
to  crailribute  to  the  annual  tihibiUons  up  to  the  year  iSeS. 
In  1 78>  he  matTicd  Cstherine  Boucher,  the  daughter  of  a  mttltet- 
gardener  at  Batteisea.  with  whom  he  lived  always  on  aSectioiute 
terms,  and  Ihe  young  couple  after  their  maidage  estabHtbed 
themselveB  in  Green  Street.  Leicester  Fields.  Blake  had  already 
become  acquainted  with  some  of  the  rising  artists  of  U*  tine, 
amongst  them  Siothard,  Flaxman  and  Futeli,  and  he  now  began 
to  tee  something  of  literary  society.  At  Ihe  bouse  of  Ihe  Rer. 
Henry  Mathew,  in  Ralhhooe  Plate,  be  used  lo  recite  and  sodw 
times  losing  poems  of  his  own  compoaitlon,  and  It  was  throu^ 
Ihe  inSuence  of  this  geDtleman,  combined  with  that  of  Flaxman, 
that  Blake'a  first  volume  of  poetry  wat  printed  and  pnbtlBlied  in 
17S3.  Fnim  this  time  forward  tbe  artist  came  befon  tin 
■rorld  i>  a  double  capodty.    By  education  as  w^  at  natha 


BLAKE,  WILLIAM 


mIoH,  be  wu  plcdied 
Statin,  thouih  tbty  ire  on 
■  boy,   *re   no  Ins  dccitii 


Uk  fife  of  ■  painter,  ud  thor  pMlicat 

!  oFtni  no  more  Ihin  (he  mlenncn  ot 

In   milking  Blake  u  >  future 

For  ■  vfeSe  Ihe  two  (ffu  ire  cihibiud  fn  auodatian,  Tto 
Oe  dose  of  hii  KTe  Blakcnntlnuedtoprhitaodpuhlijii,  tiM  i 
maanct  of  U>  OWD,  the  invcntloRi  <i(  kb  vene  Olujlralcd  by 
■t^IBBl  dedgns,  but  tbire  'a  a  ccniin  period  in  bii  career  vbca 
(he  unioB  tt  the  t*o  gift)  b  pecoEariy  clow,  and  when  Ihcir 
(erricclooMaDOIliccBunqualiotiable.  In  1784  Blake,  moving 
from  Cnen  Street,  K[  op  in  eonpisy  wiihafelloir-pupii,  Farkcr, 
•s  printacDer  and  engraver  next  to  his  father's  house  in  Broad 
Street,  Golden  Square,  but  in  1787  this  partnership  was  severed, 
taS  he  established  an  independent  buuucss  in  Poland  Sucel. 
Una  Iron)  this  bouse,  and  in  i;S7,  tliat  tbc  Senii  of  iHiutna 
ven  published,  a  work  that  must  always  be  remarkable  for 
beauty  both  of  verse  and  ol  design,  is  well  *a  for  the  lingular 
nethod  by  wbidi  the  two  were  combined  and  eiprrsitd  hy  Ih* 
artist.  Blake  became  In  fact  his  own  printer  and  publisher. 
He  engraved  upon  copper,  by  a  proms  devised  by  hinaeU,  both 
the  teil  bI  his  poems  and  the  surronnding  decorative  design, 
■ad  to  the  page)  printed  From  the  copper  plaies  an  ippioptlate 
eoJouFre^  wii  afterwards  added  by  hand.  The  poetic  geiuui 
already  discernible  In  the  first  volume  of  Patltel  Slalcka  Is 
bm  more  dedalvtly  eipresjed,  and  some  of  the  longj  in  this 
Tvlume  deserve  lotake  rink  with  the  best  things  of  Ilieir  kind  In 
DVT  literature.  In  an  age  ol  enfeebled  poetic  style,  when  Wards- 
wcrrth,  with  more  weighty  apparatus,  had  as  yet  uarcely  begun 
his  reform  of  En^sh  versification,  Blake,  unaided  by  any  con- 
temporary Influence,  produced  a  work  of  Fresh  and  living  beauty; 
and  if  the  5'ngl  e/  Imettna  established 


11  to  the  ' 


also  something  more.  For  the  fuB  develop- 
:  pgwen  we  have  to  wait  till  a  later  dale, 
exhibits  a  Just  and  original  understanding  of 
■rative  beauty.  Each  page  ol  these  poems 
,  tuH  of  invention,  and  ollen  wnught  with 
the  ntmoit  delicacy  of  workminsMp.  The  artist  retained  to 
the  end  litis  feeling  for  decorative  effect ;  but  as  time  went  on, 
he  considerably  enlarged  the  imi^native  scope  of  his  work, 
and  decoration  then  became  the  condition  rather  than  the  aim 
athbhbouT. 

Kotwjthstanding  the  distinct  and  predou*  tpiaUtlea  of  thh 
T«lBine,  it  attiscted  but  slight  attention,  a  Fad  perhapa  not  very 
wonderful,  when  the  system  of  publicalion  is  taken  Into  accounL 
Blake,  however,  proceeded  with  other  work  of  the  same  kind. 
The  same  year  he  published  Tlu  Bfot  i^  TM,  more  decidedly 
mystic  in  III  poetry,  but  scarcely  leu  beautiful  as  a  piece  of 
ahiminatkni  Tit  tffininii  ej  Beavn  end  Hdl  followed  in 
i7«o-,  and  in  iigj  there  are  added  Til  Celt)  c/Pvadist,  Tlu 
Vtrtnr  fl/l*e  Oaa(*fari  af  AHieti,  and  tome  other  "  PropheUi 
Sookl."  It  becomes  abundantly  dear  on  reaching  this  point 
in  his  career  that  Blake's  ntteiances  cannot  be  Jud^  by  ordinary 
ruto.  The  JmgJBffiifiTieiKe,  put  forth  In  1794  IS  a  companion 
to  the  earlier Snigio//ini«rii«,are  for  the  most  pan InteBigihle 
and  coherent,  but  In  these  Intervening  works  c^  prophecy,  as 
Ibey  werr  called  by  the  author,  we  get  the  £n(  public  eipreisloa 
of  that  phase  of  his  chaiacter  and  of  his  genius  upon  whidt  a 
charge  of  Insanity  has  been  founded,  the  question  whether 
Blake  waa  or  was  not  mad  seems  likely  to  remain  in  dispute, 
but  there  can  be  no  doubt  whilever  that  be  wasil  dlderent 
periods  ol  fab  lih  under  the  Influence  of  illusif 


'  sanity  as  t 
ffd,  it  Is  equal 


invobcd  Id  the  itjcctionolUi  work  on  this  ground.  Tbegresi 
•I  Blake's  ailDd  is  em  better  titabUAed  than  Its  fruity,  ar 
~  ig  the  woA  tfcil  be  has  left  we  must  remember 
ot  by  any  mental  de 
«  dearly  dtattngublitd  from  hb  EeUow*.  With 
m  e(  the  Smii  tl  BtfiritmiK^t't  poetic  c 


37 

(d  far  at  least  ai  ordinaiy  readers  are  coacemeil,  may  be  said  to 
close.  A  writer  of  pcophecy  bo  continued  lor  many  years,  but 
Ibe  works  by  which  he  ii  bat  known  in  poetry  are  those  earHer 
and  simpler  cfibrts,  supplemented  by  a  few  pieces  taken  from 
various  sources,  some  of  which  were  of  later  produciion.  But 
although  Blake  the  poet  ceases  In  a  general  sense  at  this  date, 
Blake  the  artist  Is  only  just  entering  upon  his  career.  In  the 
5Mgf  tl  Imtara  and  Exftriem,  and  even  bi  some  of  the 
earlier  Bttki  tj  Tnfkaj,  the  two  gifts  worked  together  in 
perfect  balaooe  and  harmony;  but  at  this  point  the  luprcmacy 
of  the  ariiitie  faculty  asserts  Itself,  and  for  the  retnalndtr  of  ha 
life  Blake  waa  prHmlnenily  a  de^gner  and  engraver.  The 
labour  of  poetloi]  compeeltion  continues,  bvt  the  ptwduct 
passes  beyond  the  range  of  general  compiebension;  wUle,  with 
ipparent  LxsnibteDcy,  Ihe  work  of  the  artist  gains  steadily  (n 
itiength  and  coherence,  and  never  to  tbe  last  ksci  Ita  bold  vpoa 
he  understanding.  It  may  almost  be  said  without  exaggeralfoii 
that  his  earliest  poetic  work.  The  5nigr  o/  Iriiucaut.  and  neariy 
hi*  latcit  eSort  In  design,  the  iUustntioni  to  Tkt  Bttt  tf  Job, 
nd  moat  admirable  product*  it 
.  ilonishing  enough  at  fint  right, 
quite  beyond  a  posalble  explanation.  As  Blake  advanced  in  hil 
poeliccareer,  be  was  graduaBy  hindered  and  finally  overpowered 
tendency  that  was  most  lerviceaUe  to  him  In  derign.  His 
uiion  to  substitute  a  symbol  for  a  conception,  to  make  an 
Image  do  duty  for  an  Idea,  became  an  Insuperable  obitade  to 
Bterary  euccos.  He  endeavoured  constantly  to  treat  the 
Lterial  of  verse  aa  If  It  could  be  moulded  into 


uFon 


with  tl 


le  result  that  ai  Ihe  ideas  It 


depth  of  D 

his  poetic  gifts  became  graduiBy  more  Inadequate  to  the  task 
of  interpretation.  The  earU'er  poems  dealing  with  Ampler 
and  put  forward  at  a  time  when  the  bent  of  the  artist^ 
<  not  strictly  determined ,  do  not  snSer  from  this  dlKcnlly ; 
iboliim  then  only  entichci  an  idea  of  no  IniellecliMl 
IntriCMy;  bat  wlien  Blake  began  to  concern  himself  with 
profomider  pioblema  the  want  of  a  more  logical  understanding  erf 
language  made  Itiell  itrfUn^y  ipparenL  U  Us  ways  of  thought 
and  mode*  of  woritminiUp  had  not  been  developed  with  an 
Intendty  abnost  morbid,  he  would  probably  have  been  able  to 
dktingidik  and  keep  separate  the  double  functiani  of  art  and 
UtenlBie.  Asitis.hDwever,heremainsasaneitrtmeilluitr«tioo 
of  tbe  ucesdincy  of  the  artistic  faculty.  For  this  tendency  lo 
tnnsliteideumlolnuge,  and  Id  find  forevety  thought,  however 
umple  or  sublime,  a  precise  and  sensuous  form,  it  e[  the  essence 
of  pure  artistic  invention.  Ii  this  be  accepted  as  the  dominant 
bent  ot  Biske'i  genius,  ft  Is  not  so  wnndcrrful  that  hli  work  In 
art  shoflld  have  strengthened  hi  proportion  as  his  poetic  power* 
'    '    "  ■  rhether  the  oplanation  (itis£es  all  the  requite- 


I  of  the  ca 


t,  the  fac 


looked  by  any  student  of  Blake's  career. 

In  i7ij6  Blake  was activdy  employed  In  tliework  of  Illuitratiotl. 
Edwards,  a  bookseller  o(  New  Bond  Street,  projected  1  new 
edilioo  of  Young's  Nitia  TkmiUi,  and  Stake  was  dieaen  to 
iltuilrate  the  work.  It  wasto  have  been  Issued  In  parts,  but  for 
some  reason  not  very  dear  the  enterprise  failed,  and  only  a 
first  part,  induding  forty-lhree  designs,  wat  given  to  the  world. 
These  designs  were  engraved  by  Blake  himself,  and  they  art 
Intensting  not  only  for  their  own  merit  but  for  the  peculiar 
system  by  which  the  niusiration  has  been  associated  with  the 
text  It  was  afterwards  discovered  that  the  artist  had  executed 
originil  designs  in  water-colour  for  the  whole  letloi,  and  these 
drawing!,  537  hi  number,  form  one  of  the  most  tntereitlng 
records  of  Blike's  genius.  GUchriit,  the  painter's  bIogn;dier, 
in  commenting  upon  the  engraved  platei,  regrets  Ihe  abaenc* 
of  colour, "  ibc  use  of  which  Blake  10  well  understood,  to  tetiev* 
his  ^mple  design  and  give  it  ilgnlficance,"  and  an  examinatioa 
ol  the  origbal  water-colour  drawingt  Fully  lunnrti  the  Justin 
of  his  criticism.  SoiHi  after  Ihe  publkattoo  of  tbli  work  Blake 
waa  Introduced  by  Flaxman  to  the  poet  Hayley,  arhl  In  the  year 
ilot  be  accepted  the  suggestion  at  the  litter,  that  be  should 
take  up  hit  residence  at  Felpham  in  Suiaca.    The  mild  and 


BLAKELOCK— BLAKESLEY 


uaUik  poM  bad  phnatd  to  vritc  >  life  of  Cowper,  tad  for  lie 
fUauntloa  of  tfak  uid  othet  vorki  be  Kugtit  Bhke't  btlp  uid 
compuiionihipk  The  nndena  it  Fdphim  contiDiKd  lor  (luce 
yctn.  puUy  plouul  ind  puUy  irkumi  to  BUe,  bul  ippu- 
colly  net  veiy  prsttiUc  [o  the  pnnreii  ol  hii  in.  One  oi  tbe 
uuKQiMKei  of  bit  ■Uy  ni  ■  milidoiu  piwcution 
■et  OD  fool  by  ■  commoo  loldiK  vboiii  Blake  bad 
efecUd  Iran  hii  sardeni  but  a  dur  lerioui  dianback 
iaoBuinf  iniiaiion  nlddi  the  paintci  Kema  (o  bare  experienced 
f rom UMdalioD wilb Hayley.  IoiIla4BlakeRtun>cdloLimd(iIi, 
to  take  up  hit  nsldeou  in  South  Meulton  Street,  and  ai  the 
tndi  ol  hu  roideiux  ia  Felpham,  be  publiibed.  in  the  duduct 
aliudy  described,  Uw  pcophetk  book*  calM  the  JriaaUm, 
TlHEmamiiwxiJIJitCiaMAlbieti.iuiUillai.  TheEntoftbCK 
ii  >.  very  notable  peifonnaixz  in  reprd  lo  aniitic  iovtnUon. 
MiDy  of  tbe  de^gtu  stand  out  Irom  ibe  text  in  coin[dete  In- 
dependence, and  UE  DOff  and  iben  of  tlie  veiy  fineit  <iuality. 

In  (he  yeaiB  1S04-1S0J  Blake 'eiecuted  «  uijet  of  dealjiii' 
in  iUuiiraiion  ol  Robert  Blair'i  Tlu  Crati.  of  nucb  beawy  and 
gtandeiu,  though  thawing  urongn  traca  of  imiUtioD  of  Italian 
art  than  any  earlier  production.  TIkk  doigna  were  purchued 
fiom  the  artist  by  an  advenluroui  and  unsoupuknia  publisher, 
Cromck,  for  the  paltry  nim  of  £11,  and  aflemidi  publithed  in  ■ 
■eria  ol  engravinp  by  SchiavonettL  Doinle  the  HI  Irealnenl 
Blake  received  in  Uie  malter,  and  the  other  eviti,  including 

of  a  dcbiga  illusiniing  tbe  Canterbury  Pilgrimi,  vhich  hii 
■uodation  with  Cromek  involved,  the  book  gained  loi  him  a 
larger  amount  of  popularity  than  he  at  any  other  time  KCured, 
Slolhard'i  picture  ol  the  Canterbury  Pilgrinu  wai  uhibiled  in 
1807,  and  in  iSog  Blake.  In  emulation  ol  hia  rival'a  tucceu, 
luving  himiell  painted  in  waier-coloui  n  piclun  of  the  same 
lubjccl ,  opened  an  eihibi  lion,  and  diew  up  ■  Dtttriptat  Calaltiul, 
curious  and  intcteatinc  and  containing  *  very  valuable  crilkiam 
9f  Chaucer. 

The  remainder  of  the  artiii'i  life  it  not  outwardly  eventful. 
In  iSij  he  foimed.  through  the  introducUon  of  George  Cumbei- 
laod  of  BriiK^  a  valuable  Crieud^p  »ith  John  Linndl  and  other 
riling  water-colour  painlcn.  Amongit  the  group  Blake  lecmi 
to  have  found  special  sympathy  in  the  lodely  of  John  Vartcy, 
who.  himielf  addicted  to  astrology,  encouraged  Blake  to  cultivate 
his  gift  ol  inspired  vision;  and  il  is  probably  to  this  influence 
thai  we  art  indebted  for  several  curious  drawings  made  from 
viiioni,  e^Kcially  tbe  celebiaied  "ghost  of  a  Sea  "and  ihcveiy 
buRtorous  portmit  of  the  builder  of  the  Pyramids.  In  i&it 
Blake  removed  to  Fountain  Court,  in  the  Strand,  where  he  died 
on  the  nth  ol  August  1817.  The  chief  work  ol  these  last  years 
was  the  splendid  series  of  engraved  designs  in  illustration  of  the 
book  ol  job.  Here  we  find  the  highest  ima^native  Qualities 
of  Blake's  art  united  to  the  technical  means  ol  eipression 
which  he  best  undcratood.  Both  the  invention  and  thcengraving 
■tt  in  all  ways  remarkable,  tod  the  series  may  laiilybcdled  in 
fuppoit  of  1  very  high  estimate  ol  his  genius.  None  of  his  works 
Is  without  the  trace  of  that  peculiar  ajtislic  instinct  and  power 
which  seizes  the  pictorial  element  of  ideas,  simple  or  sublime, 
and  translates  them  into  the  appropriate  languj^  ol  sense; 
hul  here  the  double  faculty  finds  the  hap[uat  exercise.  Tbe 
grandeur  ol  the  theme  is  duly  reflected  in  the  umple  and  sublime 
images  ol  the  artist's  design,  and  in  the  presence  ol  these  plates 
we  are  made  to  feel  the  power  of  the  artist  over  the  expresaional 
resources  of  human  form,  as  well  as  his  sympathy  with  the 
imaginative  significance  ol  bis  subject. 

A  life  of  Bbke.  with  triecttoni  Imm  his  workt.  by  Alemder 
Cflehtin.  was  published  In  1B63  (new  ediiioa  by  W.  C.  RobetiaiD. 
■906);  In  igMTA.  C.  Swinburne  publiibed  a  ciitiol  eny  oa  hii 
■•niui.  reniariaUc  (or  a  luU  eumlnation  of  the  Pmphetic  Books. 
aad  in  1874  William  Micluel  Roiietti  pubUsbed  a  menHir  prrGied 
(Dsnediifoftofihtpacms.  tnlSB]appcuedn>H'i>nti(fK'd/MM 
Blat.  «i;.«<  by  e.  J.  EUb  and  W:  IC  \ma.    But  for  a  long  lime 

IxS.    The  inl  o(  Ibe  poenu  m  finally  edlted'wiih 
~!  and  Ibenugbnca  by  John  Sampaon  In  his  ediiina 

"-•■■  ■ >.  which  iHu  nscued  Bbke  fnm  the 

us  ediicH    Sea  abo  »(  IMn  tj 


all  the  ediioi 


<  FkiubI  Kail 


th,.  Wctbr 
Rusadldgc 


by  A.  G.  B.  Ruiadl  (i906):ud  Bwil  di 
[■909). 

BLAKELOCK,     BAIPH     UBBBT    (i&tT-        — 

piioier,  WIS  bom  in  New  York,  do  the  151b  of  Octobv,  1)47. 
He  graduated  at  ibe  College  ol  tbe  Qty  ol  N«w  York  in  1(67. 
lauthewutdf-uu^laiidDuifcedlyMilinaL  VntailMKallb 
necetsltaled  tbe  abaodoiunent  of  bit  pnfenloa,  he  waa  ■  dwm 
prolific  worker,  bit  lubjecti  Indttdingptomaol  North  Ameikui 

Indian  Fisherman";  "Ta-wo-kob:  or  Grde  IhtBce"; 
"Silvery  Moonlight";  "A  Waterfall  by  Moonlight";  "Soli- 
tude"; and  "Moonlight  on  Long  Islsad  Sound." 

BLAKEHEV,  WILUAM  BLAKE1IS7,  BuoN  (i«79-i;6i), 
British  soldier,  was  bora  atMouot  Blakeney  in  Uaaiil.  in  i£7i. 
Destined  by  his  lather  lor  piAtics,  be  toon  showed  ■  decidnl 
preletence  lor  a  nulitary  carter,  and  at  the  ageof  ej^leen  beaded 
the  tenants  in  defending  the  Blakeney  eatate  against  tlie  Rap- 
pareet.  As  a  volunteer  be  went  to  the  war  In  Flanden.  and  al 
the  siege  of  Venlo  in  1701  won  his  comniissioo.  He  served  as 
a  subaltern  throughout  Marlborough's  carnpaigni,  and  ia  said 
to  have  been  the  first  to  drill  tnx^  by  signal  ol  drum  or  colour* 
For  nuny  years  alter  the  peace  of  Utrecht  he  tetved  oniBticHl, 
and  was  tiily-five  years  ol  age  before  be  became  a  colomd. 
Thia  neglect,  which  wu  said  to  be  due  to  the  boalilily  ol  Lord 
Vemey,  ceased  when  the  duke  of  Richmnnd  waa  appointed 
colonel  of  Blikeney's  tegmeni,  and  thcncefotward  his  advanoe 
was  rapid.  Brigadier-general  in  the  Cartagena  d^vditioii  ol 
1741,  and  major-general  a  lillte  later,  be  distinguished  UmseU 
by  his  gallant  and  succeaslul  defence  of  Stirling  Castle  against 
the  Highlandcn  in  174J.  Two  years  later  George  II.  made  him 
lieutenant-general  and  lieulenanl.gavemot  of  Minorca.  The 
governor  of  that  island  never  tet  foot  I"  it,  and  Blakeney  wu 
Left  in  command  (or  ten  years. 

In  I7SS  tbe  Seven  Years'  War  was  preluded  by  a  swift  descent 
of  the  French  on  Minorca.  Fifteen  IhousttEUl  troopa  under 
marshal  the  due  de  Richelieu,  escorted  by  a  strong  aqaadroo 
under  the  marquis  de  la  Gallisonni^re,  landed  on  the  island  00 
the  lEth  of  Apnl,  and  at  once  began  the  siege  of  Fort  St  Philip, 
where  Blakeney  commanded  at  most  some  5000  loldieta  and 
HOikmen.  The  defence,  m  spite  ot  crumbling  wills  and  rottc4 
guD  plitfonnSi  had  already  lasted  a  month  when  a  British  fleet 
under  vice-admiral  the  Hon.  John  Byng  ai^eared.  La  GalUsott- 
niire  and  Byng  (ought,  onthe  jolh  of  May,  an  indecisive  battle, 
alter  which  the  relieving  squadron  sailed  away  and  Blakeney 
was  lelt  to  his  fate.  A  second  expedition  subsequently  appeared 
oS  Miaorca,  bul  it  was  then  too  Ute,  for  alter  a  heroic  resistance 
of  sevFniy-one  days  the  old  general  had  been  compelled  to 
surrender  the  fort  to  Richelieo  (Aptil  18-June  iS,  1756).  Only 
the  ruined  fortifications  were  the  piiie  of  tbe  victors.  Blakeney 
and  his  little  ginison  were  traniported  to  Gibraltar  with  aboolu  te 
liberty  to  serve  again.  Byng  was  tried  and  executed;  Bbkeuy, 
oD  his  return  to  England,  lound  bimidf  the  hero  ol  the  nation. 
Rewards  came  (leely  to  the  veteran.  He  wa*  made  colonel  of 
the  Enniskillen  tegimeat  of  infantry,  knight  of  the  Bath,  and 
BaroD  Blakeney  ol  Mount  Blakeney  in  the  Irish  peerage.  A 
little  later  Van  Host's  sutue  of  him  was  erected  in  Dublin,  and 
hi)  popularity  continued  unabated  for  the  short  lemaindcr  of 
his  lile.  He  died  on  the  lolh  of  September  1761,  and  waa  buried 
in  Westminster  Abbey. 

See  WiHwi  •^Ctntnl  WHHam  Blahmj  (17S7). 

BUKSSLET,  JOtEPH  WILUAMI  (iSaS-iS8s),  Ea^ish 
divine,  was  bom  in  London  mi  the  filh  of  March  iSoC.  and  was 
educated  al  Si  Paul's  school,  London,  aod  at  Corpus  Chnrti  and 
Trinity  Colleges,  Cambridge.  In  iSji  Iw  waa  alacted  a  fcUaw, 
and  in  iS»  a  tutor  of  Trinity.  InlSuhe  taDkhalyofdett.aild 
from  1845101871  held  the  cnUcfe  living  of  Ware,  HcrtfOcdahitE. 
Over  the  signature  "  Hertfordshire  iDcmabeDt  "  be  toalifbuted 
alarge  number  of  letters  to  T**  ri«»  on  Ita  leadtog  lOtiri  and 
politics!  subjects  ol  the  day,  and  be  alto  wioUDiaiiy  rtviewiol 
books  (or  that  paper,  tn  1863  he  wit  Dade  n  caaoa  id  Canter- 
bury, and  in  i8]i  dean  ol  Lintolo.    Dean  Btthcilqr  waa  lb* 


BLAMIRE— BLANC,  MONT 


» 


•vthor  at  lilt  finl  En(lf>h  Ufi  tf  AriHtOt  (i8jg),  40  edidon  of 
Hcrodatia  (rSji-igji)  in  Ibc  BiHiMaa  Clatiict,  ud  Fsv 
Jfnlfa  ■'■  ,4;f»w  (iRsg).     Hedifdoiiilic  iSlbof  AprB  1SS5. 
BLAKIRK.  tOSAlIRA  (i74T-'194).  Engliib  poet,  dinghtn  of 

■  CunberliDd  yromia,  wu  born  at  Cardcw  Hall,  near  Dibton, 
ia  January  1717.  Her  mother  died  while  she  was  i  diild,  and  ihe 
*i9  bTOufhl  up  by  her  auqi,  a  Mn  Simpun  of  Thackwood,  who 
■cut  hR  niece  to  the  vilhge  Kheol  it  RiUEhlan  Head.  Sulanna 
Btamire't  earliest  poem  ij  "  Written  In  a  Churchyard,  on  seeing 

■  Dumber  ol  cattle  grazing,"  in  imitation  of  Cray.    She  liv«l  an 
venlful  tite  among  the  firmenol  theneighbautbood, 


afav 


ic  wdet; 


In  1767  her  elder  sister  Sanh  mam'ed  Colonel  Gnbam  of  Gan- 
moie.  "  An  Epistle  to  bet  friends  at  Ganmore  "gives  a  playful 
dcsoiption  ol  tbe  monotonous  simplidty  of  her  life-  To  her 
Perthshire  visits  ber  aaoga  in  the  Scottish  venuculsr  are  Do 
dmbt  partly  due.  Her  chief  fiieud  was  Catharine  Gilpin  of 
Scaleby  Castle.  TV  two  ladies  spent  (he  winters  together  in 
Cartiale,  and  wrote  poems  in  common.  Susanna  Bbmire  died 
in  f*»Tikfa  oQ  the  5tb  of  April  1 744.  Tbe  poems  whidi  were  not 
coQecied  during  her  lifetime,  were  first  published  in  1B41  by 
Henry  Lonsdale  ai  TJkt  PbuHoI  Wnrkt  af  Uia  Susanna  Blamin. 
"like  Man  tf  Ctntitrland."  with  •  memoir  by  Mr  Patrick 
MaiwelL  Some  of  bir  iea|9  isnk  among  the  very  best  of  north- 
cooniry  lyrio.  "  And  ye  ihsU  wallt  In  silk  attiie  "  and  "  What 
mils  ihii  heart  0'  mine,"  are  well  known,  and  were  IndDded  in 
JohMon's  Se*ur  Mtak^  Itiaeinn. 

MLAMC  CJCMi  Joseph  CHtiua)  UOIS  (i8ii~iSSi),  Frendi 
politician  and  hfatorian.  was  bora  on  the  iQIh  of  October  1811 
•t  Kadtid,  where  his  biber  held  the  post  of  Inipector-grneral  of 
**"■"**  under  Joseph  Bonaparte.  Failing  to  receive  aid  Irom 
l^»JO  di  BoigD,  his  nolber's  ande,  Louis  Blanc  studied  law  in 
Paria,  tiviiig'io  poverty,  and  became  ■  contributor  to  various 
innMk.  In  the  Jlewdii  ftiph,  which  he  founded,  he  published 
in  iBjq  bit  study  on  VOrfninUitii  '■  Ironnf.  Tiit  principles 
laid  dD»  B  tbia  famous  assay  forni  tbe  key  to  Louis  Blanc's 
whole  poUlial  cnrecr.  He  attribute*  all  the  evils  that  alBict 
iDCictT  ta  the  proaure  of  onnpetiiiao,  whereby  the  weaker  are 
fltivea  to  tbe  wnlL  He  demanded  the  equalisation  of  wages,  and 
tiae  merfing  of  persona]  interetts  in  the  isfflmon  good— "d 
t*tcam  lUm  la  ioHni,  di ducim  idaii  m faadUt."  Tbiswas 
10  b(  i£teul  by  the  establishment  of "  socinl  worksbnpa,"  ■  sort 
of  comfaliud  OHqieiativa  ancjety  and  trade^inion,  where  the 
workBoi  in  each  trade  were  to  nnlte  tbeir  elloTti  for  tbdr 
CMBIOOB  benefit.  In  1841  he  published  bis  Hitlein  it  taatu 
i<ja-i(^uiUtickupon  the  moBucbyof  July.  It  nathnni^ 
fmiT  aditioiB  in  four  yian. 

In  1^47  he  pobiiahsd  Ibe  two  tut  whuaes  of  his  Autfvf  d(  1( 
~'  '  "  "  BK  lu  pnblliatlan  was  interrupted  by  tb« 
8,  vhen  Loid*  Blanc  beODe  a  member  ol  tbe 


«(  tb*  mtioB*]  wortibcia  h>  UamtU  daaled  b  Ui  Affd 
iKKMn  gnu  (Full.  iSm).  wtittm  ia  Lo^ia  after  his  ffiv»; 
bat  by  Uw  ioHigeat  iDob  of  the  >5tb  el  H^  aad  by  the  lictofiain 
Uodaates  alike  he  wu  npidid  M  nafoBBUe.  Biwiie  the 
leainrfallH,  who  tried  to  force  Mm  tnplaeshnisrifetthdr  held. 
UMi  (Ik  aalwud  goaide,  *bi»  lultteeted  hte,  be  we*  Muly  4oae 
10  dnetli..  Rescued  with  dlBctdv.  he  Bciped  with  ■  Mm 
--'■•■  -      ■  ,;  ja  ij,  aiacDce  he 


el  nl  articles  in  the 


alike  prateited,  develo[HBg  his  protest  In  s  1 
SttUfta  Utmdt,  a  review  published  in  Pans  unoer  lus  direction. 
These  he  ifleiwtrds  collected  and  published  as  Pofu  it  t^dmit 
it  la  rtPtlulitm  it  1S4S  (Brussels,  iSjo). 

DuringbisitayinEn^^andhe  made  use  of  the  unique  coHectiOD 
ol  materials  for  the  revolutionary  period  preserved  at  tbe 
British  Museuni  to  complete  his  HUlmridtla  SMiiivmFranfaiu 
IJ  vols.  <i84;-iB4j).  In  iSiS  be  published  a  reply  to  Lord 
Normanhy's  A  Ytar  a/  RnJaiim  in  Font  (1858),  which  be 
developed  later  into  his  HUiairt  it  It  rtaJulitn  dt  1S4S  (i  vols., 
1S70-1880).  As  far  back  a*  i8^g  Louis  Blanc  had  vehemently 
opposed  the  idea  of  a  Napoleonic  restoration,  predicting  Ihst  it 
would  be  "  de^lotiim  nithout  ^oiy,"  "  tbe  Empire  without  the 
Emperor."  He  iherefon  lemslncd  In  eiile  till  the  fall  of  the 
Second  Empire  in  September  1870,  after  which  be  returned  to 
Paris  and  served  as  s  private  in  the  national  guitd.  On  the  !ih 
of  February  ig;i  be  was  elected  a  membet  ol  the  National 
AsKmbly,  in  whicb  he  malnuined  that  tbe  repubUc  waj  "  the 
necessary  form  of  national  sovereignly,"  and  voted  for  the 
coatioualion  of  the  war;  yet,  though  a  member  ol  the  eitreme 
Led,  be  wu  too  dear-minded  to  sympathize  with  the  Commune, 
and  eierted  his  InHue nee  in  vain  on  the  side  of  modetation.  Id 
187S  be  advocated  the  abolition  of  the  presidency  and  the  senate. 
In  January  1874  he  introduced  Into  the  chamber  1  proposal  for 
the  amnesty  of  tbe  Communists,  which  was  carried.  Tbii  was 
hJi  last  important  acL  His  declining  yean  were  darkened  ty 
ill-health  and  by  tbe  death,  in  1876,  of  his  wife  (Chiisthu  Gnh), 
an  EngUUmnnum  whom  be  had  oairied  in  iS6s-  He  died  at 
CanDtion  the 6ih of  December  lUi,  and  on  the  i  ith  el  Dtcendwr 
received  1  itate  funeral  in  the  cenetery  of  Pte-Ladaiie. 

Lotd*  Blanc  poaiened  a  pictumqiie  and  ybM  style,  and 
considetable  power  o(  research;  but  the  fcmnii  with  wUdi  be 
eiprtsted  hi)  convictions,  while  pladBg  hlM  In  tbe  InM  rank  of 
oraton,  tended  la  turn  Us  Ustoikal  writings  Into  polilkd 
pamphlets.  Hli  political  and  soda]  Idtn  have  bad  ■  great 
influence  on  tbe  development  of  sodalism  In  France.  His 
Diiamri  feliliqm  (1847'lSSi)  was  poblisbed  in  iSSi.  His 
most  important  works,  besides  those  already  mentioned,  sra 
Lilira  lar  FAatUimt  (1866-1861),  Dix  amttei  it  FkiUart  it 
e  A  K^tUrrt  (1  S7f~iSBi) ,  and  Qiuaitiu  eat^eari'laa  tl  it  iimaai 
(.873-'M4). 

Sec  L.  Ram,  Lamu  Blav  (lOj). 

lUXC,  WHIT,  the  cubninating  point  (iS,7B)  ft)  ol  Ih« 
atoontaln  range  of  tbe  sooie  naaie,  which  forms  part  of  the 
Pennine  Alps,  and  is  divided  luwqualty  betweea  France,  Italy 
and  Switierlaiid.  The  actual  hifbiit  summit  b  wte^y  FrcKb 
and  is  the  loltiest  peak  in  the  Aljn,  and  in  Eunpe  also,  if  oirtain 
peaks  in  the  Caocaiui  be  excluded.  At  Geneva  the  neuDtain 
was  in  larsiet  day*  named  tbe  Hwilegne  Maudile,  but  tbe 
piLiuit  name  Kenw  to  have  been  always  ueed  locally.  Ob  the 
north  la  the  vtlley  of  Chamonii,  and  oq  the  east  tbe  head  el  til* 
vaBeyelAoata.  Among  the  (rest  gtadenwblchstTtani  ftomtbe 
piah  the  dmM  nolevon^  an  those  of  Bomobs  and  Taeonnia 
(aoitbtn  dopd  and  ef  Biean  and  Uiage  {aiivtherD  slope). 
Tlu(Maac*DtwaimSdeini7S6l0'twiiChaaKiniiBeB,  Jacqnt* 
BaWl  and  Di  Hkhd  Paecard,  and  the  second  in  1 787  Iq- Balmat 
with  two  local  DND.  LaU(lDijSiH.B.dBSaiisHi>«mBdetbe 
thM  a*nat,  nemoiaUe  in  many  nwacta,  and  waa  followed  a 
weakktct  bj  Cotoswl  Beamfoy,  the  Gist  EngllshmaB  to  ^Ub  tbe 
top.  ThcMiKeDtswtm  all  made  fisnOainonhiiiiAithb  still 
tb*  iMBBl  itaitiBf  point,  Ihon^  lovle*  have  been  forced  ■«  the 
peak  fnm  anriy  efeiy  aide,  tboee  oa  the  Italian  ilde  bdag  much 
steeper  than  that  from  Chamcnfe  The  aacmt  bom  ChUMoix 
is  a»«  lieqneDtly  made  in  mmmct  (racdy  In  winter  alB),  but, 
awinf  to  tbe  great  bei^t  ol  the  monntam,  the  view  b  uuetis- 
laeteey, though vy eateMivw (Lyeaal* visible).  TlienlianiDa 
at  tiM  Giaad*  HideU  (M09  It).  In  1890  U.  Vallot  buUt  an 
oheervatny  SBdebdter  hut  (t4>8»  (t)  on  the  Boascs  da  Dias»- 

'     <Dorth-w«st  ridfc  of  the  DOUDtalo),  and  in  i8g]  T.  J.  C. 
obaemtoiy  Just  below  tbe  vsy  sammit 


Tli  dwMtit  ^   Mmrnl   B 


♦o 


BLANCHARD— BLANDRATA 


,  1(94.  tin  I  Fnndi  tnnililloa,  Cei 


.IBM): 


Ctiain  1/  MM  Blame,  wctllea  ■ 


C  Kura,  aimUri-  Cuiii , -_- 

(London.  1S91J :  L.  Kun  ind  X.  InihM,  CMt  ^  Ja  (tiliu  in  tfoHf 
Au<  (1896,  Dcw  oUUcia  1903).  (W.  A.  a  CJ 

BIARCHARD.  SAMUEL  UKAR  (iSo4-it45).  Bntish  author 
■ndJDuniiliit.tbt  son  oil  punter  uidgluin-,  wubonicl  Greal 
YinBouih  on  Ilie  151b  ol  May  1804.  He  wu  educated  at  St 
Olavc't  Khoed,  Soulhwark,  and  then  became  dcik  to  a  proctor 
in  Docton'  ConunoDi.  At  an  early  age  he  developed  ^leiacy 
taaui.  contributing  dramatic  sketches  ID  a  paper  called  Drama. 
For  a  ihort  lime  he  waj  a  member  of  a  uavelUng  dramatic 
company,  but  lubsequently  became  t  proof-reader  in  London, 
and  WTDIe  lor  ibe  UinlUy  Uitaane.  In  iS)7  he  vai  made 
lecntary  of  the  Zoological  Society,  a  post  which  he  held  (or  three 
yean.  In  iSiShepubliihed  lyric  (}jf<riK(i,dcdicaIed  to  Charles 
Lamb.  Re  had  1  very  varied  Joumatiitic  eiperience,  editing  in 
■uccesuon  the  Uoniily  Uataiiu,  the  True  Sun,  the  CcksHiu- 
liinal,  [he  Ceurt  Jeunat,  the  Cwrier,  and  Ccgrfc  CmHiMciit'l 
Omnibut;  atid  from  1S41  till  bis  death  he  vas  connected  with 
tbcEiamintr,  In  1S46  Bulwer-Lytton  collected  a  number  of  his 
proie-asays  under  the  title  Siilclits  ofLijt,  to  which  a  tneiooir  of 
the  author  was  prtGicd.  His  verse  wai  collected  In  iS;6  by 
Blanchard  Jerrold.  Ovcr-woik  broke  down  his  sireogih,  and, 
unnerved  by  the  death  of  his  wife,  he  died  by  his  own  hand  on 
the  ijlh  of  February  1845- 

His  eUcst  son,  Sidhev  Imiui  BunCriiD,  who  wu  the  authoc 
ol  YaUiiay  ami  TihLi)  in  India,  died  in  l8Sj. 

BLANCHB.JACgUESfi]fILB(tg«i-  ),FRDdipdiiler,«u 
bom  in  Puis.  He  enjoyed  an  eiceUenl  oouMpolitto  education, 
and  was  braoiht  (q>  ■(  Pany  in  a  bmue  snce  belm^ag  to  the 
princeu*  de  LtBibaUe,  whidi  still  retaiaed  the  ■ima^ihen  d( 
i8th-ceataiy  ekfuice  and  icfinenent  uid  Influenced  hii  taste 
aod  woffc.  Although  he  received  mne  laMnKtiOD  in  painting 
Inm  Gbvci,  be  may  be  nguded  ai  *elf-laughL  He  acquired  a 
great  reputation  as  a  portrait  painter;  his 


imU  (iiSS-iisO,  wife  of  Louis  Vm.  of 
Fraikce,  third  daughter  of  Alpbonso  VI11-,  king  of  Castile,  and  of 
Ekuwr  of  England,  daughter  of  Henry  U.,  WIS  bom  at  Vatenoa. 
In  conseqiKncc  of  a-tieaty  between  Philip  Angintui  and  Jdin  of 
England,  ihe  was  bctnthed  to  the  fomet'i  son,  Louis,  and  was 
bnught-to  France,  in  the  spring  of  ues.  by  John's  mother 
Beanoi.  On  the  intdolMay  i  no  tlwtnaly  was  finally  signed, 
John  ceding  with  his  niece  the  fiefs  o(  Issoudun  and  Gracay, 
together  with  those  that  Andrt  de  Cbavigny.  lord  of  Chlteauroui, 
bJd  in  Benj,  of  tlie  English  crown.  Tbt  marrtage  wasatgbrated 
ttKnendayiatPottBiorton  theri^t  bank  of  the  Sdne,  in  John's 
domains,  ai  those  of  PhiUp  lay  under  an  interdict. 

Blanche  Gnt  displayed  her  gnat  qnallllB  in  1 116,  when  Louis, 
who  on  the  death  oTJobnclaiined  the  English  crown  In  lier  right, 
Invaded  England, only  to  find  a  united  nation  against  binx.  Philip 
Augustus  refused  to  help  his  ion,  and  Blanche  was  his  solo 
support.  Tia  queen  established  henelf  at  Calais  and  organiud 
two  fleets,  one  of  which  was  oofflmanded  by  Eustace  the  Monk, 
and  an  anny  under  Robert  of  C^ounenayi  but  all  bet  ceaolntlon 
and  energy  wen  in  vain.  Although  it  wonld  seem  that  ber 
masterful  temper  exerdsed  a  sensible  influence  opon  her 
htnband'B  gentler  character,  hec  T^  during  his  reign  (i»j-is>e} 
is  not  well  known.  Upon  bh  death  he  left  Blanche  regent  and 
guardian  of  bis  children.  OI  her  twdvo  or  thirteen  cUldna,  ill 
had  died,  and  Louis,  the  heb— afterward*  the  sainted  Leais  IX., 
-^rai  but  twelve  years  oM.  Hie  litnation  m  critical,  lor  the 
bird-min  domains  of  the  boMa  at  CapM  seeniid  lihaly  to  fall  tn 
ptecadiuiagamiDmity.  BUnche  had  10  bear  the  iriwic  bBrden 
of  aSainalana,  to  break  npa  league  oftlM  banns  (isitf).  and  to 
repel  the  anaekef  (be  Unga(EngUad(is]o).  Bnlhercoeigy 
mess  overcane  al  dangers.  Tlwie  was  an  end  to  the 
rs  drcolated  against  ber,  based  on  the  poetkal  homage 


:  (k'^nM 


tKoIoiged  stay  in  Fatis  of  the  papal  legate,  Romau  Bonavtntnra, 

cardinal  of  Sant'  Angelo.  The  nobles  wen  awed  by  her  warlike 
preparations  or  won  over  by  adroit  diplomacy,  and  their  league 
was  broken  up.  St  Louis  owed  his  realm  to  bis  mother,  hut 
he  himself  always  remained  somewhat  under  the  spell  of  her 
imperious  penoiulity.  Aflerhecaioeof  *ge(iij6)  her  influence 
upon  him  may  still  be  traced.  In  IJ48  she  again  become  ngcnt, 
during  Louis  IX- 's  absence  on  the  crusade,  a  pro  ject  a-hich  she 
had  strongly  opposed.  In  the  disasters  which  followed  shemain- 
tained  peace,  while  draioing  the  land  oI  men  and  money  to  aid 
her  son  in  the  East.  At  last  bet  strength  (ailed  her.  She  (ell  ID 
at  Uelun  in  November  iiji.  and  was  taken  to  Paris,  but  lived 
only  a  few  days.    She  was  buried  at  Maubulsson. 

Beside*  the  works  of  Joinvllie  and  Willi 
Berger,  "  KiMolit  de  Blanche  de  CaaLiilc 

BiUialliini  its  icdci  /ronaoo  fAlkina .  .„,  

(Paris.  1895):  U  Ntin  de  TillemDnt,  -'Viede^int  l-mis,"  ed  by 
].  de  Caolte  (or  the  SpcUU  It  rkiibin  di  Frenu  (fi  vol*..  tl47- 
iSji):  and  Paulin  Pari*.  "  NouvellorrchcTcheiBur  Ic*  mours del* 
nine  Blanche  EI  de  Thibaud."  in  Caiimtl  kiiUiifiu  [IBjSJ. 

BLANCH  FEB,  or  Blamch  HoLDiMa  (from  Fr.  btaju,  white), 
an  ancient  tenureinScoitishlandlaw,  the  duty  payable  being  in 
silver  or  white  money  in  oiDtndistinction  to  gold.  The  phrase 
was  af  lerwarda  applied  to  any  holding  of  which  the  quit-rent  was 
purely  nominal,  such  as  a  penny,  a  pefqwrcom,  &c. 

BLAHDFORD,  or  Blandtoed  Foatiu,  a  mariut  tomi,  and 
municipal  borough  in  tlu  northern  parliamoitary  division  of 
Dotselshin,  England,  on  the  Stour,  19  m.  N.W.  of  Boutu^MaUl 
by  Ibe  Someiset  &  Dorset  railway.  Pop.  (1901)  3649.  The 
town  is  azident^ut  waa  almost  wholly  destroyvl  by  fire  In  tlw 
iSIh  century.  The  church  of  St  Peter  and  St  Paul,  a  claMlcat 
buiiding,   waa  built  in   17JI.     There  a  _ 

(founded  In  15)1  at  Milton  Abbas,  transfemd  ic 
i77Sl,  a  BlueCoat  school  (17 
Remnants  of  a  mansion  of  the  14th  century,  Damoiy  Coort,  am 

used  as  a  bam.  Tbtm  ara  nununins  early  earthwork*  on  iha 
chalk  hills  in  the  neighbotuboad.  li*  fine  modem  maaifan  of. 
Btyuslon,  la  the  park  adjolnhig  Ibe  tows.  Is  the  leat  of  Lont' 
Portman.  The  municipal  borough  is  under  a  mayor.  4  ■'■''pnTn: 
and  II  coundllan.    Area,  14;  acits. 

ILAMDRATA,  or  BiaHniATA,  OIOKGIO  (c  tJifosSS), 
Italian  phyildan  and  polemic,  who  came  of  tiK  De  Blandtat* 
family,  powerful  from  the  early  part  of  the  ijth  oe 
bom  at  Saluzm,  the  youngest  son  of  BcmanbiiD 
He  graduated  in  arts  and  medicme  at  Montpellier  In  1533,  aM 
qiecialiied  in  the  functiooal  and  nervous  disotdeis  of  wooen. 
In  1544  he  made  his  first  acquaintance  with  Ttanxyteanla; 
in  TS5J  he  was  with  Alciati  In  the  Giison*:  in  1557  he  qieat  a 
year  at  Geneva,  in  constant  intercourse  with  Calvin,  who  di*. 
trusted  him.  He  attended  the  English  wife  (Jane  Staflloid)  of 
Count  Ceiso  Masaimiliano  Martinengo,  piea<jier  of  thi  It^ian 
church  at  Geneva,  and  fostered  anii-triiiitariaa  cf>iniotia  in  that 
church.  In  i]j8  he  found  it  eipedient  to  remove  to  Poland, 
when  be  became  a  leader  of  the  bentical  party  at  the  synod* 
of  Pincifiw  (tjsS)  and  Ksionxh  (15A0  and  i^i).  His  point 
was  the  suppnsrion  of  eiticmta  of  i^iinioB,  on  the  bails  of  1 
cenfeiiion  litetally  drawn  tiun  Scripture.  He  obt^ned  the 
portion  of  court  phyildan  to  the  qoeai  dowacer,  the  Uilaneas 
Bona  Slorta.  Sl^  had  been  instrtunental  in  the  bumiog  dsjo) 
of  Catharine  Weygsl,  at  tha  age  of  eigbly,  lor  anli^ilnilaiian 
opinions;  bat  the  writings  of  Od^  hid  altered  ber  viewi, 
wUchinnB«rant{.Calhiilic    InisftjB'-^    - 


c  th* 


Poland  (1576)  in  the  tl; 


U  StepWn  Bbhecjr,  who**  ■"Wiitra 
.    .,       i  at  hfwfas;  and  sifaan  Usn)  Chri^ 
tarher  Bithory  hitnidoaBl   tha  Jesulta  Into  TiaBThania. 


trhktm  brothin,  Ludodco  and 

_    laflB  of  Salnaso.    In  Tiaaiyfvania, 

with  Francis  Divld  (d.  ma).  Uie  antl- 

In  rs7S  two  drcnutanctt  bmk*  th« 


BLANE— BLANK  VERSE 


chtried  with  "  luIUn  tin  ": 
Dind  mouaod  ihc  wonhip  of  Chriit,  To  inBiMoee  Dtvid. 
Bluihau  MDI  (or  Fiuiiui  SodDui  [mm  SucL  Sedoa  »u 
Dlnd'i  (ttot,  bnt  ibe  diiciuwn  bftwcen  ihcni  ltd  to  no  toull. 
Ai  the  insUBCt  ol  Blindnu,  Dlnd  wn  tried  aail  amdnnncd 
to  prison  It  Dtvi  [In  vhicta  be  died}  on  the  diu^  of  innavmiioii. 
Hivins  imiued  >  fortune,  Bhudrata  returned  to  the  oom- 
nunionof  Rome.  Hli  end  i>  otsaire.  According  to  the  Jeiuit. 
Jicob  Wujek,  he  hb  itnngird  by  >  nephew  (Chvgia.  wn  of 
Alphonwl  in  Miy  1588.  He  publuhed  a  few  polenilc*!  writing!, 
some  in  cobjunctioD  wJtb  Divid, 

Se*  Miliarae.  C(>nwitari>  rfiSr  Opirt  1  itUt  Yientt  ii  C 
AianrfnW  (Pidevi.  iSi4)l  Wiltacx,  A*Mr«iifrmn  Biipaptj. 
voLiLdlso).  (A.  Co. -J 

BLAME,  SIR  OIUKT  (i74Q-i8]4),  Scottiih  phyiiciin, 
wu  bom  It  BUnefield.  Aynhiie,  on  ibe  igib  of  August  tjM. 
Me  wti  eduuted  at  Edinburgh  univeniiy,  and  ihotlJy  afur 
hiinAwvai  lo  London  became  privalr  phyucian  to  Lord  Rodney, 
whom  heicconipanied  la  the  West  lodieiin  njn.  He  did  much 
to  improve  the  hntib  of  the  Beet  by  allenlion  to  the  diet  of  ihe 
(ailori  and  by  enfoning  due  saniury  precautions,  and  it  wu 
largely  through  bin  that  in  ins  theuM  of  lime-juice  was  nude 
obligatory  throughout  Ihc  uvy  u  a  preventive  of  scurvy. 
Enjoying  «  number  ol  court  and  hotpiial  appointmenu  be  built 
np  k  good  practice  for  blniKlf  in  London,  and  Ibe  govtninMOt 
<onU«Dily  consulted  bim  on  quntions  of  public  hygiene.  He 
*at  made  a  baisnct  in  iSii  in  reward  for  the  tcrvices  he  rendered 
in  coaneuon  with  the  return  of  Ihc  Waicbercn  eipedition. 
He  died  in  London  on  the  ifiih  oF  June  iSi4.  Among  hit  woriis 
were  MHnuliimi  as /<k  £iiui«  e/5(d>m  (179J)  and  £lniciiJi 

BLAHPORI),  WILUAH  THOMAS  (iSji-ioo;),  English 
geologist  and  uturalisi,  was  bom  in  London  on  the  7th  ot 
October  iS]l.    He  wat  educated  in  private  schools  in  Brighton 

tpenltwoyeaninabusineuhouMal  Civitavecchia.  On  relum- 
ing to  England  in  i8;i  he  i^  induced  10  enter  the  newly  «ub- 
Itdied  Royal  School  of  Mine),  which  his  younger  brother  Henry 
F-  Blanford  (i8j4'iB<;l),  aJlerwards  head  of  the  Indian  ftlcLeoro- 
logkal  Department,  had  already  joined,  he  then  spent  a  year 
in  Ihe  mining  ichool  at  Freiburg,  and  Inwards  the  close  of  1854 
both  he  and  his  brother  obtained  posts  on  the  Geotogicat  Survey 
ol  India.  In  that  «tvice  he  remained  for  Iweniy-seiTn  year;, 
retiring  in  1S81.  He  was  engaged  in  various  parts  ol  India,  in 
Ihe  Raniganj  coallitld.  in  Bombay,  and  in  the  coalfield  near 


len 


where  b 


a  elsenh 


ulden  c 


His  i 


■t  only  t 


eipedilion,  acconpinying  the  army  to  ftllgdala  and  bachi 
and  in  1871-1811  he  wu  appointed  1  member  of  tbe  Tersian 
Boundary  Commission.  The  best  use  was  made  of  Ihe  etcep- 
lionai  oppoitunitj'n  of  studying  the  natural  history  of  those 
countries.  For  his  many  contributions  to  geological  science 
Dr  Blanford  was  in  iSEj  awarded  Ihe  Wotlsston  mrdil  by  the 
Geological  Society  of  London;  and  tor  his  labouis  on  the  loalogy 
and  geology  ol  Briiish  India  he  received  In  1901  a  loyal  medal 
from  the  Royal  Society.  He  had  been  elected  F.R.S,  in  1S74, 
and  wa*  chosen  president  of  the  Ceologlcat  Society  in  tSSS. 
He  waa  oealed  C.IX.  in  1904.  He  died  in  London  on  the  tjrd 
""s  principal  publi      '  ""' 


m  lk€  Ctoleiy  jn^  ZoDfgfy  tf  Atyi 
Ou  Ctelity  'f  iKdia,  wiih  H.  B.  Mi 

Biography,  with  bibliography  and  portrait,  I 
January  1905. 

BLAHK  (from  the  Fr  Ua>ic,  white),  1  < 
KRsei  based  00  that  of  "  left  while,"  i.e. 
10  be  Klled  in:  thus  a  "  blank  cheque  "  L 
Ihe  an»unl  to  be  inserted,  an  Insurance  pi 
Ibe  nuDe  of  the  beneficiary  li  lacking,    ' 


■fl  (r8jo),andifnMa;a/ 

:olt  (r87Si), 

-ait,  ia  Cralaiical  Uiiaxini, 


vene  witbool  Thyme.  "  blank  ortiMge  "  that  coDUiin  only 
powder  and  no  ball  or  shot.  The  word  a  also  <ned.  as  ■  sub- 
slanlive,  for  a  ticket  in  a  lottery  or  sweepsiake  which  doei  noi 
carry  a  number  ot  Ibe  name  of  a  borf>e  running  or  for  an 

BLAMKEHBEROHB.  a  seaaide  waierlng-plice  on  tbe  North 
Sea  in  tbe  province  of  Wai  Flandcra,  Belgium,  11  n.  N.E 
ol  Oalend,  and  about  4  m.  N.W.  of  Bruges,  with  which  il 
is  caanecled  by  railway.  Il  ii  norc  bracing  than  OMend.  and 
I  Goc  parade  over  a  mde  in  length.    During  Ihe  season. 


n  June 


1  September,  it  ttcdvei 


probably  over  60.000  allagelber, 
Germany  as  well  a*  (mm  Belgium.  There  is  a  small  hshing  pari 
as  well  as  a  coniiderable  Jtshing-Beet.  Two  milci  north  of  ihil 
place  along  Ihe  dune*  is  Zcebmgge.  Ihe  point  at  which  Ihe  Dew 
ship-canal  from  Bruges  cnien  tbe  North  Sea.     Fixed  popula lion 

BLAMfCSKBDHg.  (i)  A  town  and  beilih  resort  ol  Germany, 
in  iheduchy  of  Brunswick.ai  the  N  loot  of  the  Han  Irfaunuini, 
iim.  by  railS.W.  fmm  Halbcniadi.  Pop.  (i«oiJ  10,173.  It 
bai  been  in  large  pan  cebuJi  since  a  &ie  in  i8j6.  and  possesses 
a  castle,  with  various  collcclions,  a  museum  of  aniiquiiiet.  an  old 
town  ball  and  chuicbea.  There  are  pine-needle  baihs  and  a 
hospital  for  nervous  diseases.  Gardening  is  a  speciiliiy.  Inthe 
vicinity  is  a  cliff  or  ridge  ol  rock  called  Teufelsmauer  (Devil's 
wall),  from  whicb  fine  views  are  obtained  across  tbe  plain  and 
into  the  deep  gorges  ol  Ihe  Han  Mouniains. 

in  Schwa nburg-Rudotsladt,  Thuringia.  at  Ibe  confluence  of  Ihe 

lauL  lis  envimns  are  charming,  and  lo  Ihe  north  of  il,  on  an 
eminence,  rise  the  line  ruini  of  the  caille  ol  Crcilenslein,  built 
by  the  German  king  Henry  I.,  and  from  1)75  to  i^Sj  the  seat 
of  a  cadet  branch  ol  Ihe  csunu  ol  Schwanbur^ 

BLAHKETECRS.  ihe  nickname  given  to  some  jooo  operatives 
who  on  ihe  lOih  ol  March  1817  met  ui  St  Peter's  Field,  near 
Manchester.  10  march  10  London,  each  carrying  hbnkets  or  mgs. 
Their  object  was  losre  the  pnnce  legeni  and  lay  their  giievancei 
before  him.  The  Habeas  Corpus  Act  was  suspended,  and  Ihe 
leaders  n-ere  teiied  and  impiiioncd.  The  bulk  ol  ibc  demon- 
stration yielded  al  once.  The  few  stragglers  who  persisted  in 
Ibe  march  were  intercepted  by  Iroops.  and  treated  wilh  consider- 
able severity.     Eventually  the  spokesmen  hid  an  inlerview  wilh 

BIAHK  VERSB,  the  unrhyned  measure  of  iambic  decL- 
syUable  in  five  beats  which  is  usually  adopted  in  English  epic 
and  dramatic  poetry-  The  epithet  Is  due  to  the  absence  of  Iho 
rhyme  which  the  ear  expects  al  the  end  of  successive  lines.  Tha 
decasyllabic  line  occurs  lor  Ihe  first  lime  in  a  Provencal  poem 
d  the  imh  itniuty,  but  io  Ihe  earliest  instances  preserved  il  ia 
already  constructed  with  such  regularity  as  to.  suggest  thai  it 
was  no  new  invtnlion.  It  was  certainly  being  used  almost 
aimullaneouily  [n  Ihe  north  of  France.  Chaucer  employed  it 
m  tab  CtmpltjTiU  to  Pilic  about  1J70-  In  all  the  tileniures  ol 
western  Eumpe  it  became  generally  used,  but  always  witb 
ihytnc.  In  Ibe  beginning  of  the  ifiih  century,  however,  oeruiia 
Italian  poets  made  the  experiment  ol  writing  decuyllabki 
without  rhyme.  Tbe  tragedy  of  SBfliniiia  (ijis)  of  G.  G. 
TiissbM  (m73-I!sd)  was  tbe  earliesl  work  completed  in  this 
form;  it  was  followed  la  iji;  by  tbe  didactic  poem  It  Apt 
(The  Bees),  of  Giovaiini  Rucellai  (i47S-iJis)p  who  announced 
his  Inlenilon  of  writing  "  Cm  urn  Elnuct  iallt  rimt  ttwOt," 
In  consequence  of  which  eipiession  this  kind  of  metre  was  called 
■rrri  Kielil  or  btank  vene.  In  s  very  short  lime  ihb  form  was 
largely  adopted  in  Italian  dramatic  poetry,  and  the  comedies 
of  AriosiD.  Ihe  ,1  niiird  of  Tuso  and  the  ^'nitur /'id*  ol  Cuarinl 
are  composed  in  IL  The  iambic  blank  vene  of  Italy  was,  how- 
ever, mainly  hendeeasyllabic,  not  decasyllabic,  and  under  French 
influerefs  ihe  habit  of  rhyme  soon  relumed. 

Before  ihe  close  of  Ttissicio'     '"    ' 


enjoy  ■  longer  and  m 


noiber  lii 


.    Towaida  Ibe 


BLANQUI,  J.  A.— BLANQUI,  L.  A. 


daw  tl  tbt  idga  of  Hemy  Vm.,  Henry  Howud,  tail  of  Sumy. 
UuuUied  lnobooluol  the  Ataiid  iaU>  Enslufa  tbymeltu  vcrae. 
"  dtawtni"  Ibcm  "  inioailrangc  metre."  Sumy'i  blank  ven* 
b  UiS  and  timid,  peimjttios  iueU  m  divergeoce  Inun  the  uact 
iambic  movenical. — 

"  Wba  can  «(h»  the  iliufhnr  el  ihit  niglit. 


O' can,  in 


:i'!\L' 


rSii^ 


Surr^  90on  found  an  Imltalor  in  Nicholas  Grimoald.  a 
1563  blank  verac  was  tint  applied  to  Engiiah  dramatic  poetry 
fn  the  Ciiridrjiic  of  Sackville  and  Norton,    la  IS76,  in  Ihe  Slal 
Clan  at  CiKfugne,  It  wa*  firt^  uied  for  ntlrc,  uid  by  tbe  year 
t :8s  it  lud  come  into  ilnunt  unmrtai  use  for  thealricai  purpom. 
In  Lyiy'i  T)a  IVimaH  In  IIh  if  am  and  Pccle'i  Anaipimtia  ef 
/■nriifbothof  1584}  veEnd  biinli  vene  itruggiinf  witb  rhymed 
vene  and  successTuUy  holding  its  own.    The  earliat  play  nr  '" 
entirely  in  blank  vene  !l  supposed  to  be  Tkt  Uiifortuf 
Arlkur  (1587)  of  Tbomas  Hughei.     Marlowe  now  immediitcty 
followed,  with  the  magnificent  movement  of  hit  ToM&nfla ' 
(isSfi},  whicb  was  mocked  by  satirical  critics  as  "  Ibe  svdl 
bombast  of  bragjing  blank  verse"  (Nash)  and  "the  spacii 
volubility  of  a  drumming  decasyllabic  "  (Gi«nel,  but  *t 
Introduced  a  great  new  music  into  English  poetry,  in  11 
"  mighty  lines  "  as 

"  Siin  climbing  aher  Itoowlcdge  infinite. 
And  always  moving  as  the  rcstleis  splwRS." 

"  Sa  wben  ChriHs  Uood  ■leams  in  the  Grmamcnt. ' 
Eaeept.  however,  when  he  is  stirred  by  a  rarticularly  vivid 
emotion,  the  blank  verse  of  Mailowe  continuts  to  be  monotonoui 
and  unilono.  It  still  depends  too  aclusivtly  on  a  counting  of 
syllables.  But  Shakespeare,  after  having  returned  to  thyme 
in  his  eaHiest  dramas,  particularly  in  Jjle  Fuo  Cenlltmrn  p/ 
Vao*a,  adopted  blank  vine  conclusively  about  the  lime  that 
the  career  o(  Hiriowe  wis  closing,  and  be  orried  it  to  Ihc  greatest 
petfection  lo  vickty.  >un>len«>  and  fulness.  He  released  it 
Iron  (be  eaccMive  boiMlage  that  it  had  hitherto  endured;  as 
Robert  Bridget  hat  ttid,  "  Shakespeare,  whose  early  verse  may 
be  described  at  lyUabic,  (radually  cime  to  write  a  verse  depend- 
ent on  ilreti."  InconparlMn  n-iib  that  oi  his  predccesson  and 
HKcetion,  the  blank  vmc  ol  Shakespeare  is  essentially  regular, 
andhitproiodyBurkilbeadiiiirable  mean  between  the  stiffness 
of  his  dramatic  larenuuMn  and  the  laiiiy  of  those  irbo  followed 
him.  tlott  ol  Shakeipeare'i  lines  conform  to  the  normal  type 
of  the  deeaaylltble,  and  the  irst  are  accounted  for  by  familiar 
and  rational  rules  of  variatlotL  The  ease  and  duidily  of  his 
prosody  were  abused  by  his  successors,  paniculariy  by  Beiunwnl 
and  Fletcher,  who  employed  the  soft  feminine  enilbig  to  excess  ; 


s  leLued  to  the  point  of  kaing  all 
nervous  vigour. 

The  later  dnmatisit  gradually  abandoned  that  rigoroot 
diflerenct  whidi  should  always  be  preserved  between  the  cadence 
of  verte  and  ptose,  and  the  ciample  of  Ford,  who  endeavoured 
to  revive  the  old  leverily  of  blank  verse,  was  not  loUowed.  But 
just  as  the  lorn  waa  dkking  into  dramatic  desuetude,  it  took 
new  life  in  the  diieclkni  of  epic,  and  found  its  noblest  proficient 
in  the  petton  ol  John  Miltotu  The  mntt  intricate  and  ihcRlore 
the  notl  interetling  blank  verte  which  has  been  written  it  that 
of  Milton  in  the  great  poenu  of  hit  later  life.  He  reduced  the 
eiisiDU,  srhich  had  beeii  frequent  in  the  Oiabelhan  poeo,  to 
taw;  he  admitted  an  eittaordintuy  variety  in  the  number  ol 
stresses;  be  delibetalely  inverted  the  rhythm  in  via  to  produce 
paiticnlar  effects;  and  he  multiplied  at  will  the  caeMuae  or 
breakt  in  ■  line.    Such  verses  as 

"  ArHyfng  with  reflected  purple  and  gold — 
Shoou  inviuUa  virtue  evin  to  iIk  d«p— 

He,  Bw  only,  juii  ebfcct  of  his  in  " — 
are  not  mistaken  in  rhythm,  nor  to  be  scanned  by  forcing  them 
to  obey    the  ooavtntional   ttrest.    Tliey  are  instances,  and 


ParadUt  Lait  a  full  of  such,  of  Milton's  exqafsita  art  bt  rintfn( 
changes  upon  the  metrical  type  ol  ten  syllaUes,  five  stresses  and 
a  rising  rhythm,  to  aa  10  make  the  whole  teiture  of  the  verse 
respond  to  his  poetical  thoughL  Writing  many  yean  later 
in  Fanuliu  SiisiiMd  and  in  Simsim  Atoniuti,  Milton  tci^ncd 
his  lysiem  of  blank  vette  ia  its  geoeial  characteristics,  but  he 
treated  it  with  increased  diyness  and  o-ilh  a  certain  harsbnest 
of  effecL  It  is  certainly  in  his  biblical  drama  that  blank  vene 
has  been  pushed  to  Its  most  attihcial  and  technical  perfection, 
and  it  is  there  thai  Milton's  theories  are  to  be  studied  best;  yet 
it  must  be  fonfesscd  that  kaming  euJudes  beauty  in  some  of 
the  very  audacious  irregulatiliet  which  be  here  peimitt  himscll 
in  Samtim  Att*ultt.    Such  lines  at 

"  Made  arms  ridiculous,  u&cleu  the  forgery — 
My  griefs  not  only  pain  rae  as  a  Lingering  disease — 
Drunk  with  idolitry,  drunV  with  wine- 
Justly,  yet  despair  not  of  hit  lina]  pardon  "'— 
are  constructed  with  perfect  comprehension  of  metifctl  law,  yet 
they  differ  so  much  from  the  normal  structure lof  blank  vcEse^iat 
they  need  to  be  explained,  and  ID  imitate  them  would  be  perilous. 
A  persistent  weakness  in  the  third  foot  has  ever  been  the  snare  of 
English  bbnk  verte,  and  it  is  this  element  of  monotony  snd 
dulness  which  Milton  is  ceaselessly  endeavouring  to  obviate  by 
his  wonderful  Inversions,  elisions  and  breaks. 

After  the  Restoration,  and  aflef  a  brief  period  of  eiperimeat 
with  rhymed  plays,  the  dramatists  relumed  to  the  use  of  Mank 
verse,  and  in  the  bands  of  Otway,  Lee  ana  Dryden.  It  recovered 
much  of  its  magniGcence.  In  the  i8Ih  century,  Thornton  and 
others  made  use  of  a  very  regular  and  somewhat  monotonous 
form  of  blank  verse  for  descriptive  and  didactic  poems,  of  nUch 
'  :  NiiU  TkeushU  of  Young  is,  from  a  metrical  point  of  view, 
:  most  interesting.  With  these  poets  the  form  Is  little  open  to 
rnce.  while  inversions  and  breaks  are  avoided  at  much  aa 
possible.  Since  the  i8th  century,  blank  verse  has  been  subjected 
ID  constant  tension  in  the  hands  of  Wordsworth,  Coleridge, 
Shdley.  Keats,  Tenny«>n,  the  Brownings  and  Swinburne,  but 
no  radical  changes,  of  a  nature  unknown  to  Shaketpeare  and 
Mikon,  have  been  introduced  into  it. 

See  i.  A.  Symonds.  BUi<iJr  Vmt  (1855!;  WIter  Thomas.  U 
DliiuylliilK  wwaw  «  M /ariKw  M  Europr  [igoil:  Robert  Bridges 
UUuiL-t  Prtiadf  {IB-M):  Ed.  Ci»i.  H  iliM't  el  En^iik  RkyHmt 
;i88i);  J.  Molbtrt.  La  TUmii  da  vm  UreUm  aatidii  (18B6): 


(E.C.) 


It  Nice 


n  the  It 


ol  Nov 


mber  1758.     Bcfpn- 

i5,he  was  attracted  totbesiudy 

economics  by  the  lecturesof  J.  B.  Say,  whose  pupil  arid  aasist- 

t  he  became.     Upon  the  recommendation  of  Say  he  was  in 

15  appointed  professor  of  industrial  economy  and  of  history 

the  Conservatoire  des  Arts  et  Metiers.    In  iSjj  he  succeeded 

y  as  prolcssor  of  political  eronomy  at  the  tame  inttitutinn. 

d  in  iSj8  was  elected  a  member  ol  the  Academic  des  Sdcncet 

orales  ci  Poliiitiuea.    In  iSjS  appeared  his  most  important 

irk,  Hisloiri  it  l'tce<um«  felilifui  tn  Europt,  dipuii  In 

citnj  jKifii'd  lui  jntl.    He  was  indefatigable  in  research, 

d  for  the  purposes  of  hit  economic  inquiries  travelled  over 

almost  the  whole  of  Europe  and  viated  Algeria  and  the  East 

"    contributed  much  to  our  knowledge  of  the  conditions  of  the 

Ung-dasses,  espedsUy  In  Fiance.    Other  works  of  Blanqui 

e  Dela  lilualioH  tiBnomiqut  tl  morale  dt  FEspatat  at  1S46; 

uml  de  riiisUirt  dii  camnicrie  tt  di  i'lKdufrfc  (ilj6);  Prliii 

lUmnttirc  d'ttejimit  poliliqiu  (i8i5);  La  Classti  tmriitri 

n  France  (184S). 

BLAHqtn,  LOUn  AUOUSTB  (iSos-iSSi).  French  publicist, 
ras  bom  on  the  8th  of  February  1805  at  Puget'TMoien,  where 
lis  father,  Jean  DoEoinique  Blanqui,  was  at  that  time  sub- 
prefect.  He  studied  both  law  and  mcdiclnei  but  found  his  real 
In  politics,  and  at  once  constituted  himself  a  champion 
St  advanced  opinions.  He  took  an  active  part  in  the 
1  of  July  183D,  and  continuing  to  maintain  tlie  doctrine 
icanism  during  the  reign  of  Louis  Philippe,  was  con- 
demned 10  repeated  terms  of  imprisonment.  Implicated  in  the 
armed  outbreak  of  the  SotiEtC  des  Saisons,  ef  whicb  be  was  a 


BLANTY  RE— BLASPHEMY 


Btat  [or  Lit    He 


U  (B  the  Mlowlns  ; 
tliBi  WM  ifurmnl*  i 

u  Riaud  by  the  revelutkiB  of  1S4R.  onlr 

1  ao  emiing  initimiion*.    The  nvohiliM, 

Mre  cbanfe  ot  uin&    71k  vMencv  of  Ute 

"   ■  "  y  Bluiquf  10 

d  in  ift49  be 

lervjng  ■  further  term  of  Lzapriiona»nl  under 
coitrivcd  to  escape,  uid  benccfortb  conluiaed 
ifiinii  ibe  BOveniiDait  Innn  abmul,  untU  ibe  { 
of  ]S6q  enabled  bim  lo  retizni  to  FiuiKe.  filuiquj'i  Jcuiing 
tonnk  vMnt  nuoira  wu  Uluitnled  in  ig;o  by  two  un- 
HKixBfal  uned  denHualiuIfoni:  wie  on  ibe  121b  of  juuuy 
It  Ibe  tuitenl  of  \^ctor  Nolr.  the  journalist  iliot  by  Pierre 
Boaipaite;  the  other  on  the  i4ih  of  Au|uit,  wba  be  led  u 
ilienipl  (o  Koe  *obh  |uni  at  a  barrack.  Up«i  ibc  fill  of  [be 
Empire,  threogh  the  revoliition  of  tbe  41b  of  Sepienber.  Blinquj 
subliiticd  (he  dub  and  fauntti  La  falrlt  at  Janfir.  Kewaione 
of  the  band  that  for  a  momenl  uiied  Ibe  reini  of  power  on  Ibc 
jisl  oi  Oclobrr,  and  For  bit  ihare  in  Ihil  onlbreik  be  wa*  again 
condemnrd  to  death  on  the  i^lh  of  March  of  (he  ioUowinf  year^ 
A  few  itiyt  aftcmrdi  the  iniurmtion  which  estaUitbed  [be 
COiuiDunc  bnke  out,  and  BlanquI  wai  ekclcd  a  member  of  Ibr 
imurgeoi  goveramenC,  bu(  his  detention  In  prison  prevenied 
Wm  frein  taklni  an  acUve  part.    NevenbdoB  be  was  bl  iSt' 


iccmuit  of  bis  bnliai  betttb  ilii* 
o  one  of  Imprisonfflenu  In  1S7Q  he 
a  deputy  for  Batdeiuii  although  the  elecIioB  was 
pronotuind  invalid.  Bllnqui  wa*  tet  at  libeny,  and  at  once 
TBDined  hiswvrkaf  actUiion.  Atihetndof  itSo.  afier  a  ^etcb 
at  a  rcvolutlooary  metiing  in  Parij.  he  was  struck  down  by 
apopleiy,  and  el^rtd  on  Ihe  lit  oF  January  1881.  Bliuqui's 
uncomprofuiiing  commimisni,  and  his  deletminatioD  [a  enforce 
it  by  violence,  necessarily  brnughl  him  into  confSct  wi[b  every 
French  govemmen[.  and  half  his  life  w>9  ipent  in  prison.  Besides 
liis  innumerable  contributions  to  journalism,  he  published  an 
aslrononucal  worii  entitled  L'£lrnaU  fat  la  aOiti  (i8;i}.  and 
after  his  death  his  wiitints  on  ecnnomlc  and  social  qoeslioos 
vereeollectcd  under  Iheliilc  of  Cri(itiwJ«iaft(iBBjl. 

A  biofrnphybyG  Ceflroy.L'Ei/enrf  {I8g7),ii  hiihtycohwred 
and  dcodedl)'  part  Ian. 

BLAHTYRK  Ihc  chief  lawn  of  ihe  Nyaialand  pTotec[oraIe. 
Biiiiih  Ccniral  Afriuk  Ii  is  situaicd  ihoui  jooo  ft.  above  tbe 
sea  In  the  Shirf  Highlands  joo  ra.  by  river  and  rail  N.N.W  of 
(be  Chindf  moulb  of  the  Zambezi.  Pop.  about  (ooo  nilfves 
and  100  whites  It  ii  the  bcidquarten  of  the  principal  inding 
films  and  minionary  societies  In  the  pnteciarale.  It  is  abo  1 
■tatlon  on  the  African  iranKontinental  leicgnpb  Une.  The 
chfef  buDding  is  tbe  Churcb  of  ScoUand  cburcb.  a  fine  red  brick 
building,  a  ndiiun  of  Noruian  and  Byantine  styte*.  with  ktfiy 
lurreu  and  while  domes.    I[  stand*  in  a  hige  open  qwct  and  is 

church  was  built  entirely  by  native  labour.  Slanlyn  was 
founded  in  187a  by  Scotiish  misiioiuria.  and  i*  named  after  the 
hrlhplace  of  David  Livingstone. 

BIARTTBI  (Gaelic,  "Ibe  warm  retreat"},  a  parish  oS 
Lauiiihii^  Scotland.  Popi  (iqot)  14.14;.  Tbe  parish  ha  a 
few  miles  south-eail  of  Glasgow,  and  conliins  High  BUnlyre 
fpop-  >5'1>.  BlantyiT  Work*  (or  Low  Blantyre).  Slonefield 
and  seven!  villages.  Tbe  whole  district  i*  lich  in  coal,  (be 
Buning  of  which  i*  extensively  carried  on  Blintyie  Works 
<pop.  ifiij)  wu  the  birthplace  of  David  Livingstone  [181J- 
tS73)  and  hii  brother  Charia  {1G11-1S7J).  who  as  lads  weie 
both  employed  a>  plccen  in  a  local  catlon-milL  The  scanty 
remain  of  Blantyic  Priory,  foimdtd  toward*  the  ckiae  ol  (br 
i3(hcentui7.slandonthe1e(Ibankofihe  Clyde,  alnnst  opposite 
the  beautihl  ruins  of  Bothwell  Castle.  High  Bianlyre  and 
Blantyre  Works  an  connected  with  Glaagaw  by  ibc  Caledonian 
laihny.    SloneSekl  (pop.  T1S8},  the  most  populous  place  In 


43 

B   High 


nitlraly  occDpltd  with  ndnhg, 

d  Blanlytt  Works.    Calderwood  Caitle  on  RotI__ 

!i,  neai  High  Bknlyte,  ia  aitnaied  amid  [dcturesqiK 


tbe  Corii  &  Muskerry  Lgbt  railway.  Fop,  (1901)  qiS.  There 
is  a  large  manulaclure  of  tweed.  Tbe  name  "  blarney  "  hu 
pasied  into  Ibe  language  to  dnote  •  peculiar  kind  of  peDuaiivs 
ekujuence,  alleged  to  be  cbaracteriitic  of  tbe  native*  of  IreUnd' 
The  "  Blarney  Stone."  the  kissing  of  which  is  said  to  confer  ibi* 
facally,  i*  pointed  out  within  the  castle.  The  origin  of  (hi* 
beliel  Is  not  known.  TTie  castle,  buill  t  mb  bj  Cormac 
McCarthy,  was  of  immeme  strength,  and  pads  of  its  walh  are 
as  mocfa  as  1 8  ft.  thick.  To  its  founder  ii  triced  by  innie  (be 
oti^  of  tbe  lerm  "  blarney,"  *ince  lie  dd*yed  by  penuasfen 
and  promisei  Ibe  mnendeT  of  (be  casile  to  the  lord  pretldeot. 
Kichlrd  Wilbkin's  song.  "  The  Giova  of  Blarney  "  (c.  1748), 
contributed  to  the  fame  of  (be  caade.  which  is  also  bound  up 
wiih  the  dvil  history  of  tbe  county  end  ibe  War  ol  the  Great 
RebelliOD, 

BUUHPniZI.  BDWIX  ROWLAHD  [iB4»-  ).  American 
artist,  was  bom  on  the  ijih  of  December  iB4Sln  New  Vork  City. 
Hewua  pupil  ol  Bonnai  in  Paris,  and  became  (1W8)  a  mtmbei 
of  Ibc  Nxional  Aademyof  Design  in  New  York.  For  woie 
ye*r»»geniep*in(er.  be  later  tumed  lodecoi«livt«flrk,  marked 
by  rare  delicacy  and  beauty  of  colouring.  He  painted  mural 
decoration*  for  a  dome  fn  the  Bianulictuttn'  buil*ng  at  the 
Chicago  Exposition  of  t^Si  for  the  donie  of  (he  Congresional 
hbraiy,  Washington;  for  the  capital  at  S(  Paul,  Minnesota; 
for  Ibc  Batlimoce  court-house;  bl  New  York  n(y  for  (he  Appellate 
court  bouse,  tbe  grand  bait-room  of  (be  Waldorf -Astoria  hotel, 
the  Lawyers'  dub,  and  the  nsidesces  of  W.  K.  VanderiiiK  and 
ColUs  P,  Huniinglon:  and  in  PbiladelpMa  for  the  lesidenra  of 
George  W  Dreid.  With  his  wife  he  wrote  rialiim  CiViei  dooo) 
and  edited  Vasari'i  £iWi  ef  Ikr  Faialrrs  (iSgt),  and  was  well 
known  ai  1  leclonr  and  writer  en  in.  He  became  president  <4 
(be  Sodety  of  Huial  Palnten,  and  of  the  Sodety  of  Anwiku 

BLAStUI  (or  BixQi:).  SAINT,  bishop  of  Sebule  or  Sns  fn 
A*I>  tlinot.  martyred  under  Dhxieiian  on  tbe  3rd  of  February 
J 16.  The  Roman  Caiholie  Church  holds  his  lestival  on  tbe  jrd 
of  Febnisry.  ibe  Orthodoi  Ensiem  Church  01     '  -      — 


Heih  I*  said  (0  have  been 
wai  beheaded,  and  this 
always  been  regarded  1 

prt-RcEomution  Englai 

andthccoundlof  Oilon 

Owing  to  a  I 

suffering  fro 

way  to  eiecuiion.  St  Biaiw' 

throat  and  lung  disease*. 

celebrate  St  Blaiw'sday 


•liiho 


Lth.    His 

rlcomber*'  irons  before  he 

rhybe  haa 


'hich  he  b  alleged  to  have  woiked  01 


Heloi 


1  of  fou 


in  Catholic  Germany 


particularly  devoted  worship  in  Ro 
the  middJeof  the  icih  century. 

Set  WilKan  Hone,  £Hry  Day  Stat.  i.  an. 

BLASPREHT  (through  the  Ft  from  Cr  ^Xsff^^its.  profane 
language,  slander,  probably  derived  from  root  of  PUvrw.  la 
injure,  and  M*nl-  tpeech),  Utenlly,  deliDialion  or  evil  speaking, 
but  more  peculiarly  re*iricied  to  an  Indignily  offered  to  the 
Deity  by  words  or  writing.  By  (he  Mosaic  law  death  by  itaning 
was  the  punishment  for  blasphemy  (Lev  iiiv.  ]6).  Tbe  7;<h 
Novd  of  Justinian  aulgned  death  as  Ihe  penalty,  as  did  aho  the 
Capitularies,  Thecommon  lawol  Englard  treats  blasphemy  a« 
an  indictable  offence.  All  blasphemies  against  God,  as  denying 
His  being,  or  providence,  all  contumelious  rfproacbes  of  Jtsul 
C3)risl,  at)  profane  scoffing  al  Ihe  Holy  Scripluits,  or  eiposmg 
any  part  (hereof  10  contempt  or  lidiculr.  an  punishable  by  (be 
temporal  courts  with  fine,  Imprisonmeni  and  also  inhmout 
cotporal  punitbmcnt.    An  aci  of  Edward  VI    (iM7I  npcaM 


BLASS— BLASTING 


Dt  of  Ibc  Loid' 


•blU  tatltr 

dcprivHJ  oi  Ibc  benefit  of  the  Am  ol 
An  act  of  i6gr-i6«S,  coinnionlr 
cnacu  Ihil  it  iny  penOQ,  cdgcited 
of  ihE  Cbnstiin  (diaiou,  tbouJd  by  wriiing,  pnachini,  leaching  or 
■dviKd^ieiiking.denytny  one  of  ibe  Person!  or  the  HoiyTiiniiy 
lo  be  Cod.  01  (hould  ustn  or  Ruinuin  Ihit  Iherc  lit  non  (od* 
Ihio  o*F,  oi  (hould  deny  the  Chriitiu  rcligioa  to  be  true,  or  the 
Holy  Scripture*  to  be  t)I  divine  authority,  be  ibould,  upon  the 
tnl  ofltDce.  be  rendered  Encipeble  o[  hokJing  uiy  office  oi  pU« 
of  tnut,  and  for  Ihe  lecond  incapable  of  bringing  any  action,  ol 
iKing  guardian  or  executor,  or  of  Uking  a  legacy  or  deed  of  gift, 
and  ihouM  lufler  three  reart'  impriunnvent  without  baiL  It 
hai  been  held  that  1  pcrton  oHending  under  the  itatutc  ia  alio 
indictabk  at  comnMn  law  IXa  v.  Carluii,  i8i»,  where  Mr 
Juuice  Bnt  remarki,  "In  the  age  of  tolenlioD,  *bea  that 
luiuu  paued,  neither  chuichmeo  nor  icctariini  witbed  to 
protect  in  their  infidelity  IhoM  who  disbelieved  Ibe  Holy 
Scripturei").  An  act  of  i8ii-i8ii  eiccptt  from  tboe  eiUKI- 
menta  "  penoni  denying  ai  thetein  mentionRj  tnpntinc  the 
Holy  Trinity."  but  oiherwite  the  conimoa  and  Ibe  lUlule  law  on 
Ihe  lubiect  remain  ai  (uied.  In  the  UK  of  Xu  v.  ICiufiMii 
(i7>S)  ihe  court  declared  that  they  vould  not  luBer  it  to  be 
debated  "hether  to  write  igainii  Chrisiianiiy  in  piural  wai  not 
an  offence  punishable  in  Ihe  temporal  courtaalcomnionlaw,  but 
they  did  not  intend  to  indude  di^Hjtea  betwecD  learoed  men  oa 
paituyJat  conlrovcrted  poinla. 

The  law  agaijut  t>la^hcmy  haspncticatly  ceajted  lobe  put  in 
active  operation.  In  1841  Edward  Moion  was  lound  guilty  of 
the  publication  of  a  blasphcnwui  libel  (Shelley's  ^unn  Uib).  the 
tutedbyHt        ■■    ■     ■ 


had  pi 


ouslyb. 


A  four 


aatha'  in 


siniilir  offence,  and  wished  to  lai  ihc  law  under  which  he 
irai  punished.  In  the  cim  of  Ctaan  v.  tfilbenrH  |iE6r)  the 
defendaol  had  broken  hb  contraci  lo  let  1  leciure- room  to  ihe 
plaiDtiff,  on  diMOverinf  Ihtl  the  intended  lectutct  were  to 
miiDtain  that  "  the  character  of  Christ  is  delcciive.  and  his 
teaduog  misleading,  and  that  ihc  Bible  ii  no  more  inspired  than 
any  other  book."  and  the  court  of  ' ' 


n   the  I 


nd  Ihe  conlracl 

reaflirmed  Ihc 
part  of  Ihe  law) 
w  (tilth  report) 
of  the  being  and 


m  ol  Chief  Justice  Kale,  that  Chth 
ol  England.  The  cammissionen  on  en 
lemirk  thai "  although  the  law  forbids  i 
providence  of  C^  or  ibe  Chiisiiin  r  _  , 
itrriigian  assumes  ihe  form  ol  an  insult  lo  Cod  and  nun  that  il 
interference  of  ibe  crimirul  law  hai  taken  place."  In  Englar 
the  last  prommrni  prooecuiion  (or  blasphemy  waa  the  case 
R.  V.  Ramity  tr  Fotlc.  iS^i;  48  L.T.  7jg.  when  the  ediu 
publisher  and  printer  of  the  frrelliintcr  were  Knicnced 
imprison  mem;  but  police  court  proceedings  were  taken  as  la 
as  igoS  against  an  obscure  Hyde  Park  oiaUi  who  had  become 


inishable  by  ll 


r  Putin  force.    In  CefiBMiy,  tht pwiMaliHH  far bll^Wir 
—  It  vaiying  from  ooeday  lo  "'  *' 

blatpheny  m 
and  have  we 


BUB.  rUKDUCH  (iSu-i«07).  Gcnnui  claMical  •cbolar, 
wai  bora  on  tha  md  of  January  184^  at  OsMbrUck.  After 
aludying  at  CfltlhigEa  and  Boon  from  iSlio  to  iWj,  he  kctund  at 
•even!  gymnaai*  and  at  the  univBiily  of  KOnifibarg.  In  i»j6 
he  waa  appolated  (ilnantinaiy  piofesacr  of  cluilcd  philology 
t(  Kiel,  aitd  ordinary  proftMor  in  18B1.  In  iBga  he  accepted  a 
profenonhip  at  KaUe,  wher*  he  died  oa  the  Itb.of  Uarch  1907. 
He  frequently  visited  England,  and  was  intiiu'iely  acquainted 
wiib  Icatting  British  scholan.  He  received  an  boooniy  degree 
from  Dublin  Uoiveisity  in  iSoi,  and  his  nadinesa  to  place  the 
results  of  his  Ubours  at  Ibe  disposal  ol  othen,  together  with  Ihe 
courtesy  and  kindliness  of  his  disposilkin,  won  Ihe  reqiecl  of  all 
who  knew  him.  Blosi  ii  chieDy  kaown  for  hii  work*  in  connexion 
with  the  study  of  Greek  oratory;  Dit  i^uciiickc  BtniiamtuU 
HH  Aleuuio  bit  aul  AKt<uIiu  [tUtiV,  DiinUiichi  Btnitamkta 
(iSbS-iSSoi  lod  ed.,  1SS7-1S9S},  hi*  gicaUat  woik;  editions 
for  the  Teubner  tenn  of  Andocide*  (iKSo),  Antipbon  (i8Ji), 
Hypereides  (1881,  iS«m),  DemMlbenei  (Dindgrf's  ed.,  iggj), 
Isocraics  (1886).  Dinarthu*(tSH8].  Demoslheol^*  (RchdtaU'ed,, 
i8oj),  Aetchines  (i8g6),  Lycurgus,  Uacriutt  (1901)1  Bit 
Siyllimen  ia  Witdiat  Kttnslpnta  (1901);  Dit  HJiyllimai  iv 
oriaitiKJun  unJ  rOmuckm  Knmtproio  (1Q05),  Among  hi*  other 
work*  are  editions  of  Eudoius  of  Cnidui(iSS7},  the  'AOgnluv 
ToXiriIa(4lhed..  i(Bj).awork  of  great  importaru;e,and  Bacchy- 
lides  (ifd,  ed.,  i904);Craiwiiw/iit  drr  aen/estaiiieii^/scjbnii  GnccAucJb 
(i«eii  Eng.  Itaot.  by  H.  St  John  Thackeray,  ifos)!  Httmnta- 
lit  iiHd  Krilik  and  Palaepafkit,  Biiclnuam,  und  HamlainJUn- 
kuidt  (vol.  i,  of  &lUller'*  IlatdtuU  ia  Uuiuctcn  Ahat»K- 
uiijiiiitii/l.  iS^ili  iSlitTi\tA<atptKlitiaCriKkixtiat\.\i»»: 
Eng.  tran*.  by  W  J.  Purton,  1890);  DU  InUrpalaliaiim  in  da 
Odyiiet  (1904):  conthbulioni  to  ColhU'i  ^BiuifHifg  drr  piicU- 
xlun  DiJtkliiatluilua;  edition*  of  Ihe  texts  of  certain  potlioni 
oliheNewTestameni(GospeUaiid.4cU).  Hii  lail  work  was  an 
edition  of  the  OiKpkai  (i«o6). 

'  '  '  :  Aadmy,  March  le,  1907  (J.  P.  Mahafly): 
ly  1907  Q-  E.  SandyO.  which  contains  ■!»  • 
—  J .'-..-..t...  .  -^  r6miiclun  KiMilpnu, 

BLASTINO,  the  proces*  of  rending  or  breaking  apart  a  soM 
body,  such  a*  rock,  by  exploding  within  it  or  in  contact  with  it 
same  explosive  subsUnce.  The  explosion  is  accompanied  by  Itie 
sudden  devclapmeni  ol  gas  at  a  high  tcmpeiatuTe  and  under  a 
tension  sufficiently  gnat  to  overcome  Ihe  reaistance  of  the 
cnelosing  body,  which  is  thus  shattered  and  disintegrated. 
Before  the  iniroductign  of  explosives,  rock  w*i  lalioriously 
excavated  by  hammer  and  chisel,  or  by  the  ancient  procesi  ol 
"  Are-setting,"  f.i.  building  a  lire  against  the  rock,  which,  on 
cooling,  splits  and  Bakes  ofl.  To  hasten  disialegialion,  water 
was  oltcn  apFdied  to  the  heated  rock,  the  loosened  potlion  being 
alterwards  removed  by  pkk  or  hammer  arul  wedge.     In  modem 


By  the  law  ol  Scotland,  as  il  originally  stood,  the  punishtnenl 
of  blasphemy  wai  death,  bm  by  an  act  of  i8ij,  amended  in 
j8j7.  blasphemy  wa*  nude  puiushable  by  One  or  imprisonment 
or  both. 

In  France,  blasphemy  (which  included,  alto,  speaking  against 
the  Holy  Vngin  and  the  saints,  denying  one's  faiih,  or  speaking 
Kiih  impiety  ol  holy  things)  was  from  very  early  limes  punished 
with  great  severity  The  punishmeni  was  death  in  various 
lomis,  burning  alive,  muiiUtian.  toriureor  corporal  punishment 
In  the  Uniied  Stales  the  common  l*w  of  England  was  largely 
followed,  and  in  most  of  the  stilet.  also,  statutes  were  enacted 
■gainst  the  eflenct  but,  a*  in  England.  Ihc  law  is  practically 


Evicw  of  Dit  Kiyllmm  dcr  ai 


n,  bckm  the  rank  of 


lasdnghi 
nd  other  hard  material,  a*  In  ot 
jnnelling,  shaft-sinking  and  mininj 
For  blasting,  a  hole  is  generally  dj 

■■      riable.  d 
:,  thesh 


reall  n 


»  the  ex 


cut*,  quarrying. 


the  presence  or  absence  of  cracks  or  huures,  and  the  position  ol  Ihe 
hole  with  respect  10  the  free  surface  of  the  rock.  The  shock  of 
I  blast  pr^ucc*  impulsive  waves  acting  radially  in  all  ditections, 
Ihe  force  being  greatest  at  the  centre  of  explosion  and  varying 
nvcrsely  as  the  square  of  the  distance  from  the  charge.  This 
s  evidenced  by  the  observed  facta.  Immediately  surrounding 
he  explosive,  ibe  rock  is  ofien  &nely  qdintered  and  crushed. 
Beyond  this  is  a  inne  in  which  it  is  comfdetdy  broltcn  and 


d^libnd  ot  prefecud,  Icavlai  id  nwlopint  nu*  of  dmi 
IcB  rieied  fricturec]  rnck  nnJy  pulMy  looicnnl.  Lully, 
dinin^Liil  wavD  produce  vibrations  which  an  Imumillc 
considcnbledisLancci.  Thcomically,  ii4dui|cof  expUait 
■ircd  ii  I  ulid  nulniAl  ol  pcrlnlly  bDoiogriKsui  Liilun  an 


BLASTING  4.5 

ployed  lor  drilGat  iHlBkorfaoaullirn  nniud    Oikir  usb  iiiad 

1  on  wUh  njck-dntlint  An  l3ke  pkk  aod  nd, 

rilled  br  hiad  lauaHy  vaiy  in  depth  from  ny  18  10  it  in„ 

_~  .L ...—  «i  pk^  — L  -„j pogp  q(  jj^  work,  cnousb 

:k,  lanalc-lund  drilling  u 
,  bul  thi)  differciicedca 


hiaaa  oul  lo  ilie  full  depth  ol 
ibaped  civiiy.  Ko  cock,  ho* 
tod  physical  chincter,  u  that 


in  pncttcc  there  I>  ooly  ■  niugh 

shape  a[  the  mau  btasied  oui  is 

id  cleavage  planca.  The 
ie  explosion,  of  a  confined 
SI  resbTance  ia  pToealed. 
it  is  only  by  iiial,  or  by 


D  be  delt 


pericnce,  ill 


properly  proportioDed- 

BUaliog.  as  usually  orried  on.  conqiriiti  several  opent. 
[i>d[illiD(  holes  in  the  rock  to  be  blasled;  (1)  placing  in  the 
Ihe  charge  of  tiplosive,  mdih  iljruH:(j)  lamping  the  charge 
mnptetiog  il  and  filling  the  iriminder  ol  the  bole  ciih  1 
luiiable  nutetial  foi  preventing  the  charge  from  blowing 
wiihout  breaking  Ihe  ground;  (4)  igniting  or  detonating 
charge;  (5)  clearing  *way  the  broken  materiaL  The  hole 
bliMing  are  nude  cilber  by  hand,  with  hammer  and  dii 
jumpef,  or  by  machine  drill,  the  latter  being  driven  by  sti 
campnsced  air,  or  eleclridly,  or.in  rare  cases,  by  hydraulic  po 
Drill  holet  ordinarily  vary  in  diamciA-  Irom  i  10  j  in.,  an 
depth  Iton  a  few  inches  up  to  1  j  01  » It.  or  more.  The  dc 
hsietsrt  nade  only  in  lurlace  excavation  ol  rock,  tbe  shallo 
10  a  nutiraum  depth  of  say  12  fl.,  being  luitabk  lor  tunnc 


tvind."     In  liRBic.ha 


-Thew. 


slightly  alter  every  blow  ji. . 

prevent  (he  drill  Irom  siichiBf  last.  ...  . 

ilrihes,  while  the  olher  bokli 

~    and  deep  holea.  two 


Ihe  hammc 
keep  the  b^  mui 


rion°fC«7. 


Rnecally  of  octagonal . ^ -.  _ 

forged  out  to  a  cutting  edge  (fa.  1).    The  cd^  of  the  drill 
It  made  either  itraichl.  like  that  of  a  chiset,  or  with  a 


lil*^i  ^iraiy' Clara  (led 


Fio.  J. — IngenolLScrgtanr 


indTiMbit.     Whil 
np«i  (fig.  j»j  or. 


Flvven  the  toot  antl  floor,  or  side  walls,  ol  the  tunnel  or 
line.  As  the  hole  ii  deepened,  the  entire  drill  bead  ia 
f«r forward  on  its  support  by  a  screw  feed,  a  iticceisioD 
LOd  tongn  drill  biu  beuia  used  as  required, 
the  iinmerous  types  and  nako  of  percusiion  drill  may 
the  following :7-.*deUide.  Climaa,  Darlinjron,  Dubois- 

h^dmpjealol  the  machine 'drills  n  [he  Darlingion  (fiis.  4 
:  a  IB  the  cyliodcr:  (.piston  rod:  c,  bit:  d,d,  air  inlets. 


■  iDni  KAV-bar  ccixujni  vilh  «  out  on  the  ur 
Ik.  The  ihell  r  ii  bolLcd  lo  the  cUmp  r.  wb 
iBvunled  oQ  (faFbaUowcolumaor  bar  f,  orofi  %  tripob,  «v«uiiim  (■< 
the  ch^ncur  of  ibc  work.  By  main  of  the  idjiauMc  cUpip  i, 
the  (vuchjne  can  br  ■«  lor  drilling  a  btJlr  in  any  doiml  dincuoa, 
The  drill  luko  [ran  400  to  800  Mroka  ps  miaine. 

Tbe  "  New  laaenall  "  drill,  mhich  may  be  taken  uaneanpli 
gf  the  numenua  DichiBa  in  oMcli  valm  ait  lun),  k  ihowa  ii 
teclion  inAf.6.  Theauainorcoidaivivri jlriftriutrihiiiiKff iiinuiDh 
the  poruiltemi  rely  loi J--*.!- 


Ehil  purpoae  the  >li 


cylinder.    Thi 
>  o(  the  niaii 


on  /'or'dWi'in! 
ecu..intfc  Fo 
t  lonntudinallv 
1  uak.  to  whkl 


■£S" 

A  fock  drill  ol  entirely  difli 
tucceaafully  uied  in  Europe  Tor  driving  milway  lunneK     It  U 
operated  bir  hydraulic  power,  the  pi»UK  ntet  being  lupplied  by 
a  pump.  The  lioltow  drilt.bit,  which  haa  a  temted  cuitini  edzr.  » 

lonsd  under  heavy  pmuin  agiimt  the  ht ■  -.     .  t 

[Dtaied  ilowly — at  lu  to  diht  rcvolutfom 
mill  hydraulic cvU-'—  ■■- ■- ■ 


Inndl,  hai  bcei 
'  lunneK  It  li 
leing  supplied  bj 

a  of  the  hcSi.  and'  is 


i<  the  hl!l?b"k 


■y«i 

«  Iron 


'I  dean  and  the  drili-bi 


diiUi  an  made  in  a  number  ti  Attt.  [1 
r  ol  cylinder,  the  Liger  aiut  beini  caH 
leter  and  jo  it.  deep.    They : 
<t  the  drill  head  (unmounle 
1  Ih   eicluiive  o)  the  we>a 


the  UTDod, 


farmininjwertoinjl^tojj  in.  diameiec  ol  cylinder.  In  nek  of 

per  hour.  For  uae  in  narmw  vetni.  or  other  con'^  workinci 
undetnound.  aereral  iMnniely  Hull  and  hghl  compnid  air 
drills  Fave  been  iMrodind,  a^  [or cample,  the  rnnbe  and  Wonder, 
(he  lim  rt  which  weigha  complete  only  ielb,and  the  Kcond  iStb. 
Thaediillt  ace  held  in  the  handt  o(  the  miner  in  Ihc  reqaited  pc^Iion, 
and  strike  a  npid  tuccesuan  ol  li^ht  Uowt.    A  laifi  number  al 

So«e  ioitaie  hand^drilUnt  in  the  mode  of  deliverinff  (he  blowj  iii 


kand  driven  through  gearing  by^mJnutive 
DotoTL  t  Dcae  are  inicoded  Tof  boring  in  coal,  slate  or  other  ^mlUr 
aoCi  maiHtBl.  Haad  annra  irmiihliiig'  *  otipemer'i  bncc  and  Wt 
tn  alio  altto  ii«d  li  caOieriea. 

Whamw  ny  b*  tbi  iMChod  of  drima^  alter  the  bole  baa  baea 
cmpleted  to  tbc  depth  required,  it  ij  finally  cleaned  out  by  a  itia per 
or  swab;  or,  when  compnaed  air  drills  aie  uaed.  by  ■  iel  of  air 
directed  Into  the  bole  by  a  short  piece  of  pipe  connected  rhroogli  a 
Reilble  bene  wttb  the  compreiaed  air  lupply  pipe.  Tbe  bole  ia  amtt 


lylcvtb 
tlte  poaition  ol  the  hi 


^  largely  by  tbe  character 


dL£^)J^- 


X  ol  the  fare  oT  10 


lu  be  Uaaled.    The  m 


is  KHnted  fnxn  the  wall-rock  by  a  thin,  nft  layer  of  day  (D,d| 
61.  a).   This  would  act  almoat  at  a  free  faa.  and  the  Gni  hcjca  oC 


method,  rhe  holei  c-,^    a  tTt^     >a 

aie   placed   with     -  ''"■  ••  '"^  ■»■ 

some  degree  of  symmetry,  tn  muchly  cOncentftc  ifn**.  aa  ahowm 
by  figi.  9  and  lo.  The  centre  holea  are  blaned  brut,  and  arq 
followed  by  the  oihen  in  one  or  tnore  voileya  aa  indirated  by  th« 
doited  linea.  Aimbcr  method  ia  the  "centre  cut."  in  which  th« 
hola  are  drilled  in  pualtH  nm  on  each  lide  o(  the  eentiT  line  of  tha 
tunoel  drift  or  Shalt. -ThoM  in  the  two  rowaiKaifM  the  nuddle  arc 

Aral  blasted  out  by  heavy  chargei.  after  which  the  ivwi  ol  ade  hola 

will  lireak  with  nlativety  light  chartta. 

EiflchMi.—A  great  variety  ol  eiploaivta  are  (n  oae  for  blaaiint 

puipoH.    Up  to  iS&«.  gunpowder  was  the  only  avaitabte 

eipkiiive,  hut  in  ihal  year  Alfred  NobeJ  fim  applied  aitm- 

J :-  /,  blaalrng,  and  in  1B67  Invented  dynamrte.    Tbia 

originally  applied  to  his  cuIjiiuit  of  niuOBlycerin 

ifguhr,  bur  BDw  includea  alio  other  meciunical 

or  FhemrtsI  compounda  which  develop  a  hieb 

rompared  with  gunpowder.    BewIca  theie 

ailed  BamelcH  or  aafrty  eiploiivei.  uied 


■ock-dnPa  opemted  by  electiiiaty  a 

'n  and  SfenteiH.Halske.    Tbe  P._. ... 

M  ol  the  otherv  havecnnk  and  sprrni 

j(  the  plalon.    Powei 


_.  bbck  pcnvder.  Fi  aeldnn  naed  fo 
ihatterfnj  the  atone.  — '  ■ '  — " 

'  -f^p!^-^  -i-,fc  .&-i.-,s  '^  ii  ■■-■■■ 

^hruiigh  the  agency  ol  a  fu^  and  fulmiaatintt  cap. 
■" — .— -L imdinf  lore*.     Dyna. 

■-- ^"St 


Y  k)w  pcfwer  art  doi^tlle  ti 


nd  are  pocked  in  waterprcwled  a 
radea  ol  dynamite  most  commo 
1  60%  of  nitroglycerin;      the  sir 


BLASTING 

liy  apuki  aad  an  oM  ■>  tttily  captodcd.    Hm  an  (gwnl  MxaBM  ■ 

uHf  in  iniiuot  iir  about  (our  uhh  aa    warrr  haib,  tbc  canria|ct  bt 
._,,..  tbc  lidn  and  baainiii  by  Bun 

NiKRvlycerin  ia  iu  liquid  [bnB  it  now  nrrly  u>?d  (or  bUidiVp     ""^ "~ 

tertly  bccauM  in  fuD  itnnnh  ia  not  oJttn  nKCfury  but  chicAj/ 
br^iuc  df  tbe  difficulty  uffilaiifcr  oE  tniuportji»»  lundJEng  and 
dur^iof  it.    H  cmpio^d  at  all.  it  ia  charged  id  iAjd  tjnnoJ  pUie 
o&ne-cniried. 


diarciac  it-    II  «npl<^«l 

■BBPt  ■■  nibbsriioui  cajtr 

BlattiMi  wuk   BItk  r 

■ui»ny  (ran.  i  lo  A  In. 


r.— The  powder  !■  o&ne-cniried, 

, _r.  and  ia  chargnj  in  papa  catndBB, 

Gf  a  proper  diameter  to  fit  loMriy  in  Ibr  diiD 
boie.  A  pteca  of  fuac  lonf  CBouvb  to  Raeli  a  tiiUc  b^nmd  the 
■■Dwtli  ol  the  bole.  Ia  isitnail  in  or  t^iUtOgc  and  tied  tut.  For 
sn  bnln  |-~«~"'  paper  ia  wbI,  iIk  miner  viiatinofin|  the  Isiua 
withcna^  Wbea  own  than  one  caniidfe  ia  requind  [or  the  blaal, 
thai  which  hai  the  liue  atiacbcd  ia  mually  chaijed  laiL  The 
artiidjca  an  caMuUy  nnmcd  dDwa  by  a  wooden  tampinf  bar 
•MjibetBoinderDdbebalaUMvithumpiac.  Tkk  cooaCu  ol 
6i>d|r  bnihia  lock,  diy  day  or  MhM  ceouiButadBBIeflal.  carefully 
CDinpacled  by  the  umpinf  bar  on  top  of  the  chaije.  The  line  ia  a 
cdrC  having  ia  the  ceotR  a  con  of  ninpowder,  eadoied  In  avcral 
layen  of  Bom  or  bemp  wmrprDflfedcoverint.   It  ii  igniied  by  Ibe 


ra 


at  one  end.  It  ia  fired  inlo  the  cbarse  Ihroti^  a  chajUKl  in  the 
cavpinf.  TbBChannelaiay be  lormedbya  pieceof  I  in- na  pipe, 
(atntmlia  the  bale  and  HMhiaa  ibe  ahaifei  or  a  "  needlh''  a  king. 
upcr  inin  isd.  it  laid  loBfiiudiiiaUy  in  tW  hol^  with  iB  poir- 

enlciinf  the  chu]—  --'-•^-^■<- I—i— :.  i-^-u  ■ r..ii 

frithdnwin  the 
(quib  ia  bad.   Ir 

en'" "~ 


walB  bath  placod  ovn  a  andle  or  i 

J  n  t  WD  veiaclt,  ■  niilac  to  tha  above.  ■ 

ipied  by  air.  provided  the  boat  applii 

at  by  uBn(  a  caodla.    (J)  Wbcn  lane  i 

uKdawpplymaybcliMC--'-' — -■ 


d  to  a  UBlud  exieiH.  ij.  plun  of  dry  waod  driven  liahily 

w  of  dfIB  hofet,  and  whidioBbcinc  wetted  awell  and  aplit 

-    — ij."-,  cantidgn.  which  eapand  powerfully  —  •■" 

;   tinpla  wBd|e>.  drivHi  by  haoner  it 

^.c  wodieK  nuOKd  ia  tha  boka  aad  «| 

tar  hydiaulic  pmauie  froia  a  (nail  hand  loRe-puap. 

Alaifiif  vA  /fit*  Eiffanu.—Hvh  oploaive*  an  find 
Sy  etdieary '■">  and  deionating  cap  or  by  cicclric  Cub.  Den 
apa  of  enUnary  tmaalh  contain  ID  to  IS  fnini  of  fulm 
Sturt.  Tbecapitc>SBp«l(i|k(OBtbenido(lh(fua.ein 
ia  lb*  cartridn.  and  OB  bent  aaplKM  Iw  (n  Inw  Ibe  luat  dc 
Ibtchane.  Thenunber otcaitridicacharnddcpcndtaa tbedepth 
a  bote,  tbe  lenclh  of  the  One  sfkan  nluanre,  and  the  tonthnna 
and  atW  cfcaneteriMica  ol  iha  mcL    Each  cartridge  ahouid  be 

teSdIy  taiaped.aad,tssvoid  waano i-.i—t-^  -i — ■ .u 

nducc  Ibe  cflect  of  iha  Uau.  ii  it 


SST. 


phead  la  (be  caitridta  pnodini  the  bu  one  chtned.  b 
Mm'  M>  incft  it  Ian.  la  a  piece  «f  cviridie  cnlied  a  "  | 
Thoiiih  the  dynanitot  an  not  eanloded  by  ipnrl^  •><•» 
■evtnbebaadnyabchandMcanfuUv.    It  u  » 

- 'iKly  and  an  Ih         ''   "  " 

ick  powder,  be 

vinod,  at  it  it 


ID  cbainai  btadt  pow 
ncfiat  nin  of  Ike  n 


,=«i»i;; 


fnlDlaadnf . 

druaDlt*.  TUtiifpeciti^'tiiieif  ibewcalbiTbcaidl   Dytmai<i_ 
then  bvCOifiea  leu  ecniilivc,  and  Ibe  canridset  thauld  be  icnior 

Poitooona  iunet  act  olien  |miidncvd  by  the  eapioaion 
riyccrin  compoandi.  Thne  are  probably  lartely  due  < 
decoaatiDo.  bv  which  part  of  tbe  aiBra|lyctnn  ia  nporized  or 
BKiity  bwned.  Tbit  it  mott  likely  to  onur  when  Ibe  dynamite  it 
chilled,  or  of  poor  quaEty,  or  when  the  cap  it  too  wcaL  Then  » 
teiicnlly  but  little  iiKOflvcnlcoce  from  ibc  lamea.  cacept  in  confintd 
undefxioqad  worhian  where  ventilalion  ia  imperfect. 

Lika  nittotlyeeriB,  ibteaaMiaa  dyaaniicadceae  at  a  (OMpoUu 
d  InMi  ai*  to  46'  F.  Tbey  an  Ibea  conpanlivelv  tale,  and  ao  ti 
at  poaiilile  tboald  be  traniponed  In  Ibe  Inmn  itate.  At  very  lO' 
tempentatea  dynanitt  again  becomet  toniewhat  temldve  10  fhocl 
When  It  b  froten  at  ordinary  tampetatuna  even  the  ataoneft- 
dctDontiiif  capalail  todci^iaptb*I«niana.  !■  ibawioB  dynaaoM, 
can  mull  be  eierrited.  The  lact  that  a  •nail  quantity  win  atUa 
iHirn  quietly  hai  led  to  the  dafqterouity  mlacaken  notion  that  mert 
faoadnfl  win  Bot  cavia  ^ikiioa.  tt  it  cbleAy  a  qneftion  of  tempera- 
ton.  If  Ibe  qoantity  ignited  by  laaa  be  laiie  eooafh  to  beat  tbe 
entin  Daaa  to  the  detonating  point  bay  jM'  F.)  btloR  aU  it  oan- 
umed.  aa  eiplnian  wiD  roult.  Tiinheiiwon,  djjnamta.  wbea 
•eia  Bodcnldy  bcaltd.  br " '*-*- 


47 


itbtbtipaabetww 


prtpanlo ._ 

asdthtn  to  nach  a  ptaca 

ia  innimltted.   AboUhi  ■ 

'anger  of  a  bole  "  han^nf  an,'  WBica  aoineiimca 
auiea  acddeata  in  luing  onboary  fwte^ 
Hanfing  fin  nay  be  due  to  a  cut,  brakea  or  dam. 
fed  powder  fuae.  whU  nay  anoulder  for  tone  tine 
cfon  conuHinicxting  fin  to  tbachaE^-  "  Miia-firea." 
ibich  alio  an  of  not  jnfteqwnl  occurrence  with  both 
otdioary  and  eleclrie  futa.  antniei  wheneipksion 
'-Dm  any  caun  laili  to  take  place.  Alter  waituig  a 
-jffident  length  of  time  hefon  approachiAg  the  chatged 
hole.  Ibe  miaer  carefully  removct  ihe  tarrpihr  down  to 
--"■-'-  a  lew  Jnchen  of  the  eiploiivti  and  ineni  and 
._.-  _nother  cartridge.  Ihe  coocinaion  mually  detonai- 
inc  tbe  ealin  ehaigc.  Sometlmet  another  hole  it 
drilled  near  Ihe  one  wMch  baa  ndiied.  No  atlaiipi  to 
remove  the  old  charge  ahould  ever  be  made.  y,k    ■  ■ 

HMi  IcnAin  electricity.  gnenKd  by  a  frtctioiul  cfMrial 
■aclunc.  provided  with  a  condenter,  wn  lofmerly  p„„ 
'  uied  (or  Uaning.  The  ban  ooda  of  the  (uie 
In  the  detonating  cap  an  placed  aay  |  in.  apart,  leaving 
_  __.)  acnaa  which  a  iparh  it  aitchargrd.  patiiq|^  through  t 
priniiig  charge  vi  tome  len&tlvc  compoiiiion.  The  priming 
It   not   only  combivllblc   bui    alas  1   conductor   of  ekctricily, 


^MiaMl.«« 


«^£« 


Snaied  by  a  imall.  porubia  dyatno.  ofieraied  ^  haad.  or  nw  be 
ved  from  a  battery  or  fron  any  convenient  eloctiic  circuit.  The 
— It  ol  the  (aae  wirei  In  tbc  detonalint  tap  are  connecied  by  a 
:  plaiinun  Alauenl  (fif.  11).  embedded  In  a  guacMlon  ptimint 
top  ol  the  lulmlnallat  adalun,  and  exploiion  reauha  (nm  the 
il  generated  by  ibe  reateann  oi 


eiptodeiiaiullaneoinly.,  Tbeprematunapki^DBof  asyoneol  Ibc 

In  Ihe  actnal  ooeratioiia  of  UaMing.  definite  nilet  for  ihc  cm- 
ponloning  of  thechargcaan  nnly  obterved.  and  although  the  blam 
nude  by  a  ikiUul  miaer  teUom  (aU  to  do  Iheir  work.  It  ii  a  commoB 
lault  that  tte  much,  nihcr  than  too  Kllle.  eiploiive  it  uied.  The 
high  ciploiivei  an  ipectaily  liablr  to  be  wa»tfd,  prttebly  IhiOufh 
lack  of  appneiation  of  Ibnr  power  at  compaml  with  that  o(  black 
powder.  Anoiit  the  Indiatina  of  eiceidve  chanei  in  Ibe  ptO: 
ductloa  of  much  Bnelybrshaarocknof  cmhcd  and  ipliniend  rock 
around  the  bottom  ol  tha  hole,  and  ei        '        "    ' 


♦8 


BLAUBEUREN— BLAYDES 


HI  chirtM  (Pd  dcplFn  ol  hoV.  and  noting  the 
'  put  id  cha^e  of  one  oi  mon  tkilkd  men. 


COBIWCUd  with  thtin,  ■  number  ri  chimhetB  ate  eiuvded  ta 
IKtive  the  Chufea  el  ejtplaefvf.  Tlie  prepirflEioD  for  Hich  blutl 
nuy  occupy  tuodthB.  ■lu  ouny  itma  U  iunpowder  or  dytumite 
■n  u  timei  etploiM  iliiiiiluuieowly,  bteakini  or  ii^aifiot  thou- 
•uidi,  or  gvtil  liuiKb«d»ii(  ilmaaiuti,  of  lou  of  rock.  Thii  melhod 
11  wla|il«d  lor  nuinr  nam  cheaply,  ai.Cor  buiktini  piacadaniiied 
foadi.  ilaina  ana  btolmttn,  obaiaiec  limeMone  lor  blut  rurnm 
Ilia,  and  oixvimlly  in  eacavallnc  tail*  railwav  cvltinfL     Ei  is 

navifatiofL  and  lOfaeiuiDC*  for  WMCnitif  enteniive  bapLi  of  pirtl/ 
cetncated  gdd-bDarinf  iraircl.  prrpoiatory  to  waiiiinf  by  bydrauijc 

AUTHOaniiu. — For  lutther  Inlonnalion  on  dnDitif  and  bliHinc 
«ci— Callon,  t^lK"!  n  »■■»(  (1S76).  vol.  L  cbi.  v.  and  vi.: 
Fauer,  Ttil-btai  ^  On  tmil  Sum  Miiint,  (i9cia).ch.  Iv.:  HuiKn, 
reO-toct  tl  r«f  jJiiiei  (1901),  ch.  iiLi  H.  5.  DHnker,  Tnndiiof 
OiflniH  Ccmptmiidi  enS  h^t  thiOi  litjt):  M.  C.  lldMx.  Uantat 
14  Uim\*t  11905)'  PP-  VM^i  KOMei.  Dit  Bv^m^Hii  (rS^?). 
ap.  icH-iog;  D(>.  ffa  iJailuf  ^  Kxi  (itot):  PrBdI.  Eon*  a«l 
KkjI  fijEcoEoIuii  liyij).  chi.  v..vj.andv]|.:Cill«le.  Tkt  Eaaaliim 
af  JiKit  (1904);  Cuttnunn.  StaMnt  <l^)|!  %»n'i  Ditliiiary  ff 
£>i(ii»rrii(,  an.  "  Berini  aiad  BlaitW  -^j  Eialer.  J/mfni  J}/{lt 
CMidonii  (iStJ).  PIi.  ii.  and  iii.i  Wiltc,  IMkw  w  E^pUiiw 
tlW).  chi.  «jt.-xiii.  AlHi:  IVn.  /nit.  Cn.  £>ti.  <L«ndDn). 
vol.  iiuv.  p.  1641  Troai.  Ina.  Hi:  Bmi.  (Enilandl.Hili.  liv..  >v. 

p.  108!  Tram.  Amrr.  Sx. 
T.  Ina.  Urn.  ^-^vej.  ■ 

Ent.  Ski.,  voTviL  ,.  ^ 

Src^Suai  A/Hta.  Aat<M  imiSili«1iif  KitiQiiarurly.N. 
vol  ix.  p.  joSi  CstiiCTjr  CurAaa,  April  ij,  i>9a.  and  February  6, 
1903:  IrijKi  a*J  i(i«n/i.  February  1905.  p.  u8, January  igob. 
p.  1J9,  and  Aatlt  1006.  p.  jn:  £»{■  "W  i/imar  Jnr..  April  19. 
lyu.  p.  5SJ;  Tht  Eaxmar,  Febniary  14.  1909;  Eltc.  Ka..  Iiinr  9. 


iSiS/s-ri^.s-ii,? 

"V." 

c^jtsr^i 

K*r.  /.  Brrf  11. 

!isxa.t,;i.?.r' 

April 

8.  i«oj  and 

>iirpp. 

JI7-»4<I- 

IB-  P-) 

BUUBEUREN.  a  lavn  of  Ccim 

any,  in  tli*  kingdoio  of 

which  it  ii  connecled  by 

riLUwiy,     Pop,(i9oo)jii4. 

lanliciUyii 

uatedinawild 

«Bd  deep  valley  ol  the  S-abia 

AJp.a 

anallilud 

ol  1600  It.  and 

nl  wati 

a.     Of  the 

thiee  churdic* 

(twoEwgellcalandoBcRorr 

ianCalhoUc)lhein 

is  the  abbey  church  (KfurerHrctr). a  late  Cothk  building  dating 
(ram  i4(s~i49A,  the  choir  of  which  containi  beautiful  ijth 
century  carved  choir-itiUi  and  a  fine  high  aliir  with  a  iriptydi 
(I4v6).  The  choir  only  is  used  (or  wrvloc  (Pn>t«tant).  the  nave 
bein|uud  u  a  Kymnuium.  The  town  church  ISiadlkirckt)  alio 
baa  a  fine  altar  with  tiipiyrh.  The  Benedictine  abbey,  [oiinded 
in  109J,  wu  UKd  after  the  Relormalion  ai  a  ichool,  and  ia  now 
■n  Evangelical  theologica]  Miainaiy.  Then  an  two  boipilals 
in  the  lawn, 

BLAVATIICT,  REUIfA  FETnOVRA  (iBjI-iSfi),  Ruuian 
iheoiophiii,  wai  bom  ai  Ekaurinoilav,  on  the  jiit  ol  July  (O.S.) 
iSji,the  daughter  of  Coloul  Peter  Hahn,RnKmberDla  Mecklen- 
burg family,  lettied  in  Ruuia.  She  nurifed  In  bei  leventeeath 
year  a  man  veiy  much  hei  leniar,  Nicephon  BliviUky,  ■ 
Ruuian  official  in  Caucasia,  from  trham  !Jie  wai  Kparaled  after 
a  lew  montha;  In  later  daya,  vlien  scelting  to  invat  henelf  with 
a  halo  of  vir^nlty,  ihe  deiCTibed  the  FnaTTtage  as  a  nominal  ime. 
During  the  neil  twenty  yean  Mnw  Blavatsky  appears  to  have 
tcavelled  widely  In  Canada,  Teiat,  Mexico  and  India,  with  two 
atlcDipu  on  TdKt.  In  one  ol  thew  ihe  seems  lo  have  cmued 
the  frontier  alone  in  diiguise,  been  loM  Id  the  desert,  and,  after 
many  adviniures,  been  conducted  back  by  a  parly  oi  horsemen. 
The  years  from  1S4B  to  1858  were  aUudcd  10  jubsequenlly  as  "the 
veiled  period  "  of  her  life,  and  she  tpoke  vaguely  of  a  seven  yean' 
•Djoum  in  "  Little  and  Great  Tibet,"  or  preferably  of  a  "  Hima- 
layan lelreaL"  In  1858  she  nvisited  Runia,  »h*«  she  CRiied 
BKuatioauaipitllualuUcnediuiii.    About  tlioihttcquJted . 


piomlnenee  among  the  ipiriiualiiu  of  the  Doited  Suiici,  when 
she  lived  for  sii  years,  becoming  a  Damialiied  dliien.  Her 
leikure  was  occupied  with  the  study  of  occult  and  kabbaliAiic 
liierature,  to  which  she  soon  added  ibat  of  the  tacred  writings  oJ 
Inctia.  through  the  medium  of  translatiou.  In  1875  she  conceived 
the  plan  ol  combining  the  spiritualistic  "  control "  with  iha 
Buddhistic  legentla  about  Tibetan  sagn.  Henccforlli  she 
determined  lo  eidude  all  conitol  save  that  of  two  Tibetan  adept* 
or  "mahatmas."  The  mahalmas  exhibited  their  "  aatiil 
bodies  '*  to  her,  "  precipitated  "  mrsiafri  whidi  reaped  her 
from  the  conSnes  of  Tibet  in  an  instant  of  lime,  supplied  her  with 

ver^oD  of  sceptics.  At  New  York,  on  the  17th  of  Noveabn 
1875.  with  the  (id  of  Colonel  Henry  5.  (Mcolt,  >he  founded  tlu 
"  TheOHiphical  Society  "with  Ihe  object  of  (i }  foiining  ■  univenal 
bntherhoodof  man.li)  studying  and  making  known  the  aadtnt 
religions,  philosoF^ies  and  sciencea,  (j)  investigating  the  lawa  of 
oatun  utd  developing  the  divine  powen  latent  in  man.  Tlx 
Bnhmanic  and  Buddhistic  h'icratun  supplied  the  society  with 

Egyptian,  lubtuUstic.  occultist.  Indian  and  modem  spiritual- 
iilic  ideal  and  (ormulai.  Mqk  Blavatsky 'a  principal  books  were 
/iijr/i»nl<rf(N»  York,  1877).  TkeSartlDKlrinf.UuSjMJuiii 
RelipenanJ  Piiloiof Ay  UiSi),  Tlu  KejITIuBUtky 


Ot).     The  t* 


>f  the« 


tie's  Kayal 


iiaunU  Eiuyclefaeda,  C,  W,  King's  Ctuaiia.  Zel 

works  on  magic  by  Dunlop,  E.  Salvcrte,  Joseph  Enoemaaer,  and 
Des  Mousseaui.  and  the  mystical  wriliogs  of  Eliphaa  Levi  (L.  A. 
Constant).  A  Otisart  of  TlmiiipkUat  Ttrmi  (iSqo-iBqi]  wu 
compiled  for  the  benefit  of  tier  ditfiplea.  Btit  the  appearance  of 
Home's  Lifkli  and  Siadna  0/  SFiriluilim  liBj))  had  a  pre- 
judicial effect  upon  the  propaganda,  and  HeUoaa  P.  Blavalaky 
(as  she  began  to  style  herself)  rctlteij  to  India.  Thence  she  con- 
Irihuled  wnie  dever  papeii,  "  From  the  Cava  uid  Jun^ea  of 
HindDsiao  "  [published  sepamtely  In  English,  London,  1891)  to 
the  Ruish  Vytslnik.  Defeated  in  her  object  of  obtaining  aa- 
pkiynenl  in  the  Russian  secret  service,  ifae  tenuned  her  eflbrta 
to  gain  converts  to  Ihcosophy.  For  lUs  piupeoe  Ihe  eihibitian 
ol  "  physical  phenomena  "  was  found  aecessaiy.  Her  jugglery 
wat  cleverly  conceived,  but  on  three  occasions  was  eipated 
in  Ihe  moat  conclusive  manner,  Nevtrtheleu,  her  devemess, 
volubility,  energy  and  will-power  enabled  her  to  maintain  her 
ground,  and  when  she  died  on  the  Sth  of  May  1891  (White 
Lotus  Day),  at  the  theosophlcal  headquarter*  in  the  Avenue 
Road,  London,  she  was  the  acknowledged  bead  of  •  comnnniiy 
numbering  not  far  short  of  100,000,  with  jounulittic  organ*  in 
London,  Paris,  New  York  and  Madras. 
Muehin"  " "  " 


, (iB9s),inAi 

uiiy  and  Her  Tkmotkj  (189;),  and  in 
.:.... ,_  D„-t;^,  R^n-h  i^Se  Cambi 


DfPiychica 


ibridgs 


eraduaie  despatched  ic 

BLATDES,  rHEDERlCR  REKBT  HAHVELL  (1818-1908), 
English  dauical  scholar,  was  bom  at  Hampton  Court  Green,  on 
the  igth  of  SepIcmlieT  1818,  being  a  coUatenl  descendant  of 
Andnw  Marvel),  the  satirist  and  friend  of  Milton.  He  ms 
educated  at  St  Peter't  school,  York,  and  Christ  Church,  OiFord. 
He  wu  Hettfoid  scholar  In  183S,  took  a  tecond  dasa  in  liierae 
humsniores  in  1S40,  and  was  subsequently  elected  to  a  student- 
ship at  Christ  Church,  In  1841  he  took  ordira,  and  fimn  1843 
to  igS(  wa*  vicar  of  Hariingworth  in  Nonbunplonshiic.  DarinB 
a  long  life  he  devoted  himsell  almost  enlitely  to  the  study  of  the 
Greek  drunalisls.  His  editions  and  philokigicat  papen  are 
remarkable  for  bold  conjectural  emendations  of  corrupt  (and 
other)  passages.  His  disiinciton  was  recogniird  by  his  being 
made  an  honaiary  LL.D  of  Dublin,  Ph.D.  of  the  univenity  of 
Buda  Pest  and  a  fellow  of  the  royal  society  of  latter*  at  Athena. 
He  died  at  Southsea  on  the  7  th  of  September  1908. 

with  crilical  nolei  and  ciHnn>rntary  (1880-189}):  Ontfl.  J^>Mrl 
A*in.  H'u^4it7i-i87Sl:0^<rD(hiiiJd.  with  critical  noita  {im6); 


BLAYDON— BLEACHING 


+9 


Sapkodtai  (MMh  CUhmm.  IMMm  Tjnama  ud  ^HMinH  On 

Cimii. m ■«  al«Hf M  AafUHiria  (1*90):  n  7>af>«m  CroK. 
Au.  (Ilu),  in  XmcMhi  (1I911I,  »  Vonn  l>g(lu  (rfWH  d 
L^Hf  (tM),  ^  i(rlM>^la*»t  T>*»9K  <■  SfHaebm  (l»«1,  fr. 
BmipiiMm  hfDi).  <■  Bmdeiam  hvu);  Aaattaa  Ciiirica  Cram 
<l90i);.<i»licl«  TyttfCf"  U90«)< 

BUTDOII,  wi  Drian  dliUJct  ia  the  ChcMcr-le-Slntt  pariii- 
Mnlmiy  diftatai  of  Durhuo,  England,  on  tht  lyae,  4  m.  W.  d( 
KewaitlebiribTOidioftheNorth-EuIetnrulKay.  Pop.{iSSi) 
Io,tSj;  (igoi)  IQ,6l7.  Tlu  cliief  iixluiUki  ue  caal-oiiiung, 
iRH^fatnKUnf,  l^pA,  fire-brick,  chemical  muiurc  uid  bottle 
I— —*-""—  In  the  vldnlty  Ii  the  beiulitui  old  muisloa  at 
Siclla,  uid  below  It  StctUheugh,  to  which  the  victorious  Scottlih 
umy  pQwwl  from  Newbuin  on  the  Nonhambctkiiil  bulk  in 
iS^o,  after  which  they  occupied  Newcutle. 

BUTB-n-ITI  LDCB,  ■  town  of  loatli-wealem  Fnnoe, 
cipitil  of  an  imindincnieiit  In  the  depulmest  of  Clrosde,  on 
the  ri^t  bank  of  the  Cirooda  (here  over  i  m.  wide),  35  m.  N.  of 
Bordeuu  by  laU.  Pop.  (1906)  of  the  town,  3413:  ot  the  oom- 
DDBe,  4890.  The  town  hu  a  ciudd  hnfll  by  Viuban  on  a  nxl 
beiide  the  tiver,  and  embiadog  In  Iti  eaceinte  rulni  of  an  old 
Cuthic  lUteau.  The  laltei  coDtaint  the  tomb  of  Caribett,  king 
of  Toulonie,  and  Ion  oi  OatsiK  U.  Blaye  i*  alw  ddended  by 
tbe  Fort  ntt  on  an  UaDd  la  the  rivet  and  the  Fon  UMoC  OR  It* 
left  bank,  both  of  tlu  i]th  oeuloiy.  The  town  li  the  Kit  of  > 
■lb-prefect,  and  haa  tribunal*  of  b*t  iittauce  and  of  coonneKa 
and  >  camBBoal  eoUeie.  It  ba*  a  unall  rint^Mict,  aad  cairici 
oiiln(leiiiwine,br*Ddy,grain,fni]ttadtiniber.  The Indu*ti[et 
iadtule  the  buitifiDt  of  null  veuel*,  dlitilUng,  floiir-mIIlIn&  and 
the  nuiBuhciun  ol  iM  and  caudki.  Fine  led  wine  fi  produced 
in  the  diitiict. 

Ia  aocknt  time*  Blaya  (Bteiii)  wu  a  port  of  tho  Santone*. 
Tradition  Wate*  that  the  hero  RoUod  wit  buried  In  Iti  basilEca, 
which  wat  on  tlK  lite  (tf  the  dtadeL  It  wai  eaily  an  Important 
(tiDo^Mld  which  played  an  Important  part  in  the  war*  a(ain*t 
tlu  En(Uih  and  the  Rcllgiaut  Wan.  The  ducbcM  of  Beny  waa 
bnpii»Ded  in  it*  loniesi  la  1831-1833. 

lUlZB  (A.-5.  ilaat,  a  torch),  a  fiie  or  bright  flame;  men 
neariy  nkin  to  the  Ger.  Uaa,  pala  or  *>i<iitwg  white,  la  the  uae 
ol  the  tntd  lor  the  white  mark  cat  the  face  of  a  hoiae  or  cow, 
and  the  American  uk  for  a  mark  nude  on  a  tree  by  cuttlnt  off 
a  piece  ol  the  bark.  The  word  "  to  blue,"  in  Iho  kuo  o(  to 
Doiae  abroad,  come*  (ram  the  A--S.  iloeiaB,  to  blow,  cL  the  Ger. 


nt,ilM 


a,  It  bcc 


BLAZM,  a  bcnidic  ihf^,  a  coat  ot  arm*  pnperfy  _. 
■oibed  "  acsordlng  to  the  rule*  of  heraldry,  hence  a  proper 
henUle  deacrfption  of  luch  a  coat.  The  O.  Fr.  Uastm  Kem* 
oH^nally  to  have  raeaat  limply  a  thJetd  at  a  mc«n>  of  defence 
and  not  a  ihield-ihaped  luilace  fat  the  daplay  of  atmoriil 
'"■""pi  but  thi*  i)  difficult  10  tecondie  with  the  generally 
accepted  derivation  from  the  Cer.  blaim,  to  blow,  predAim, 
EngUih  "bbue,"  to  aoI>e  abtoad,  to  declare.  In  the  ifith 
century  the  hetidiHc  tenn,  and  "  blazs  "  and  "  blaion  "  In  the 

BUACHUia,  the  pmoe**  of  whitening  or  depriving  objecu 
of  cskoi,  an  operation  Incesuntly  In  activity  in  nature  by  1* 
mB..»nf>  of-li^t,  alt  ud  RMdaturc.  The  art  of  bleaching, 
which  ■*  have  ben  to  treat,  con^ta  In  inducing  the  lapid 
•peiation  id  whiteaini  igCDdei,  ud  ta  an  Indnitiy  It  k  moally 
diieclal  to  ootton,  Gnen,  iBk,  wool  and  other  textile  Abies,  bat 
It  i*  abo  applied  to  the  whitening  of  papepinilp,  bea*-wu  and 
■one  eB*  and  other  wibitancet.  The  term  bleaching  is  derived 
lioai  the  A.-S.  tlmcaH,  to  Ueidi,  ot  to  fade,  from  which  also 
cofnt*  the  cognate  Germin  word  NtitiiH,  to  whiten  or  r 
palb  Bleacben,  down  to  the  end  ol  the  lEth  cenlnty, 
known  In  England  a>  "  whittlets,"  a  name  obviouily  derived 
fioai  the  aatute  of  their  calling. 

The  operation  of  bleaching  mull  ftom  it!  vely  nitun  be  of 
lb*  lame  antiquity  a)  the  work  of  waihing  tcitnic*  of  Uocn, 


ooUon  or  other  vegctahia  fibita.  Oothing  repeatedly  waibti, 
and  eipoied  in  the  open  aii  to  diy,  gradually  nsiimei  a  ■nbita 
and  whiter  hue,  and  our  aacesloia  cannot  have  failed  to  notice 
and  take  advantage  of  this  lacl.  Scatttly  anything  u  known 
with  certainty  of  the  art  o[  bleaching  as  piactisal  by  the  nation* 
of  antiquity.  Egypt  in  eariy  ages  wu  the  great  centre  cf  teilile 
nunulacturcs,  and  her  white  and  coloured  Uneni  were  in  hi^ 
repute  among  contemponuy  natioaa.  Ai  a  unilormly  well- 
bleadied  baii*  ii  neceuary  lot  the  production  ol  a  latiifaciary 
dye  on  cloth,  it  may  be  asnuned  thai  the  Egyptiaiii  weic  I^iiy 
proGcient  in  bleaching,  and  that  still  mote  (o  were  the  Pboe- 
niciini  with  their  brilDani  and  fanwui  purple  dyea.  We  learn, 
from  Pliny,  that  diflerent  pbnti,  and  likewiie  the  ubei  ol  planlt, 
which  no  doubt  contained  alkali,  were  employed  as  detergents. 
He  rnentloni  particularly  the  Slruikium  as  mudi  used  for 
bleaching  in  Greece,  a  plant  which  hm  been  identified  by  ume 
with  CyfHpkila  Sinilkiuiii.  But  as  it  doei  not  appear  from 
John  Sibthoip'i  Flora  Graaa,  edited  by  Sir  Jimea  Smith,  that 
this  tftda  is  a  narive  of  Greece,  Dr  Sibthoip'i  conjecture  that 
tiv  SlntHiim  o(  the  aiuienU  wu  the  Sopeuaria  qgUiHelii,  a 
phut  conunon  in  Greece,  is  certainly  more  probable. 

In  modern  times,  down  to  the  middle  ol  the  18th  century, 
tlie  Dutch  potscHcd  ahnoit  a  mom^uly  o[  the  blfarhing  trad* 
although  we  find  mention  of  bleach.worki  at  Southwaik  seal 
London  aa  early  1*  the  middle  of  the  i7lh  century.  It  w>* 
customaiy  toiend  alt  the  brown  Unen,  then  hiigely  minuTactuted 
In  Scotland,  to  Holland  to  be  bleached.  It  was  lent  away  in  Iha 
month  ol  Uatch,  ud  not  tetumed  till  the  end  al  October,  being 
Ibna  out  of  the  handf  ot  the  merchant  mon  than  half  a  year. 

The  Dutch  Doda  of  bleaching,  which  was  mouly  conducted 
In  the  nel^ibouriiood  of  Hiariem.  waa  to  steep  the  linen  Snt 
In  a  watte  lye,  and  then  for  about  a  week  [n  a  potash  lye  poured 
over  It  boiling  hot.  The  doth  being  taken  out  of  thii  ly*  and 
washed,  wu  next  put  Into  wooden  vesBeli  containing  butter* 
milk.inwhidiiClayunderapTesHuieforfiveoriiiday*.  After 
this  it  wu  spread  upon  the  grass,  and  kept  wet  ioi  (cvenl 

In  1718  Jame*  Adair  (mm  Bdfait  pni[i«wd  to  the  Scottish 
Board  of  Manufacture*  to  establish  a  bleachfield  in  (jaUowtyi 
this  pRfwsal  the  board  approved  of,  and  in  the  iiino  year  le- 
aohnd  to  devote  Iteco  ai  premiunu  for  the  estaUiihment  ol 
bleachfieU*  throughout  the  country.  In  i;ji  a  method  ol 
bleaehing  with  kelp,  Introduced  by  R.  Holden.  also  from  IMind, 
wu  Hibmitted  to  the  board;  and  with  their  assiatanca  Holden 
^tfhii^kMi  (  hu..-iiKji/<  fat  prccecutiog  bis  process  at  ntkena. 

The  t'V'-i"'"!  pnotn,  at  u  that  lima  petfoimed,  was  very 
tedlouii  occnpying  a  complete  tummer.  It  consisted  in  steeping 
the  doth  In  alkaline  lye*  for  several  da>i,  waihing  it  clean, 
and  spreading  it  upon  the  gius  for  soma  weeks.  The  steeping 
in  alkaline  lyes,  oUled  tiicUnt,  and  the  bleaching  on  the  grass, 
called  anjiint,  were  repeated  alternately  for  five  or  lil  timei. 
The  doth  was  tbentleeped  tor  same  dayi  in  sour  milk,  washed 
clean  and  crolted.    Tbeia  procesie*  were  repeated,  dlminiihing 

acquired  the  requisite  whilencu. 

For  the  lint  improrcmcnt  In  this  tedious  proctit,  whidi  wu 
faithfnily  copied  from  the  Dntdi  blearhficlds,  manufacluien 
w«s  Inddtted  to  Di  Fiud*  Home  of  Edhibur^  to  whom  tlK 
Board  of  Ttuitea  paid  £100  for  hit  eipeiimenta  In  bleadiing. 
He  ptopoied  to  nibstitute  water  iddulated  with  nilphuric  acid 
lor  the  sour  mUk  pevtoutly  employed,  a  uggestion  made  ui 
couequenoe  of  the  new  mode  of  preparing  nilphuiic  acid,  con- 
trived some  time  belote  by  Or  John  Rodwck,  which  reduced 
the  price  of  that  idd  to  Its*  Ota  one-third  of  what  it  had 
Ibtmeriy  been.  When  till*  dungs  waa  Gist  adopted  by  the 
bleachers,  thero  wi*  the  nme  outay  against  ita  csmHive  effects 
at  aiDie  when  diloilna  wa*  mbttltuted  for  oofting.  A  great 
advantage  wa*  found  to  tenlt  from  tha  tue  of  sulphuric  add, 
whidi  was  that  ■  souring  with  tulphuric  add  required  al  the 
tongeit  only  twsnty-four  hoon,  and  often  not  more  than  twelve; 
wboea*,  when  toot  milk  waa  employed,  lii  weeks,  w  even  tw» 


so 

Dontbi,  w 


BLEACHING 


mtnhiat  lo  dispose  a(  hisKDodiw  much  the  sooDU,  tad  <niae- 
qutnlly  10  [rade  wiib  las  apiwL 

Ns  [urthcr  modifidtlan  of  couequaice  vu  btrediuxd  b> 
the  lit  till  the  yai  17S7,  wim  ■  nxnt  imporUDl  dunsc  nt 
initialed  by  the  u3eo[cKlorine(j.i.).  in  tlenient  which  hud  b«n- 
diKovcnd  hy  C  W.  Sdierle  in  Sweden  about  thirteen  yenn 
bclore.  TTie  dtscoyeiy  thtt  lhi«  )ps  poraeraei  the  property  ol 
desiroyinE  vegetibk  colours,  led  ficnhollei  to  suspect  that  it 
might  be  introducnl  with  idvutige  into  the  art  of  bleaching,  and 
Ihai  it  iroukl  enable  practical  bkacheti  gieaily  to  shorten  their 
processes.  In  a  paper  on  cbkrine  or  oiygcnated  muriatic 
acid,  read  before  the  Academy  of  Sdenees  at  Psrii  in  April 
T7SJ,  and  published  in  the  Jnnut  it  Pkjtiqta  for  May  of  the 
lame  year  (vol.  iivj.  p.  jij),  he  mentions  that  he  bad  tried  the 
eSect  oi  the  pis  in  Ueicbing  doth,  and  found  that  it  answered 
perfeclty.  This  idea  b  ttiU  Further  developed  m  a  paper  on  the 
same  substance,  published  in  the  Jtunel  ie  Pkynqite  for  17S6. 
In  i;g«  be  exhibited  the  experiment  to  James  Walt,  who, 
immediately  upon  his  return  to  En^and.  commenced  a  praclicai 
eiaminalion  of  the  iubjcct,  and  was  accnrdin[ly  the  person 
who  first  introduced  the  new  method  of  bleaddng  Into  Great 
Britain.  We  find  (ron  Walt's  own  mtimany  that  chlorine  was 
practically  emptoyed  in  the  bleachfietd  of  his  father-in-law, 
Ur  Macgregor.  in  ihe  Dcighbourluwd  of  Glasgow,  in  llarch  17^7. 
Shortly  thereafter  the  method  was  introduced  at  Abetdeen  by 
Messrs  Gonlon,  Baritin  ft  Co.,  on  inlorautjon  received  From 
De  SaUEure  ihroush  Pnftstot  Palrich  Copland  of  Aberdeen. 
Thomas  Henry  of  Mancbeslei  wu  the  first  tobleach  with  cUorine 
in  the  Lancashire  district,  and  to  his  Independent  investigations 
Bercral  of  the  earty  inprovtBenCi  in  the  applicatioa  of  the 

In  these  eirfy  eipetitBents.  the  bleacher  had  to  make  his  own 
tUariiK  and  the  goods  were  bleached  either  by  erposing  them 
b  chambsi  to  the  aciiou  oi  the  gas  or  by  sleeping  them  in  Its 
aqueous  solution.  If  we  consider  the  inconveniences  which  must 
have  arisen  fn  worting  with  such  1  pungent  substance  as  free 
chlorine,  with  Its  detrimental  eBecl  on  the  health  of  the  wort- 
people.  It  will  be  readily  understood  that  the  process  did  not  at 
Erst  meet  with  any  great  ainouiil  of  success.  The  first  important 
improvemeDI  was  the  Intioductioo  in  1791  of  en  die  Jatd, 
which  was  prepared  at  the  Javel  works  near  Paris  by  absorbing 
chlorine  in  a  sotation  of  potash  (r  part)  in  water  (S  parts)  until 
eflervescence  begaiL  The  greatest  impetus  to  the  Ueaching 
ibdiotry  was,  howevet,  given  by  (be  bKrodoctiou  in  1799  <i 


Gbagow,  whenby  the  Ueacber  wit  tamritod  with  a  riagcat  in 
solid  form  which  contained  np  to  one-tbiid  of  ita  weight  of  avaO- 
■Ue  chlorine.  Latterly  (requeot  attempts  ban  been  made  to 
Rplace  bleacbing-powder  by  hypodUorile  of  sods,  which  is 
prepared  by  the  bleacher  aa  required,  by  Che  electrolytic  decon- 
poaitien  of  s  solution  of  common  salt  in  specially  coastnicted 
cells,  but  up  10  the  preieai  this  mode  ol  pioceduie  has  met  ^th 
only  a  limited  luccoi  (aec  Aluu  MAtnTntcnnt)., 

ffitacUsg  ff  CattiL 
.  Cottoa  b  bleadicd  Is  the  raw  state,  aa  yarn  and  bi  the  pien. 
!■  the  nw  state,  and  as  yam,  (he  only  impDritIa  present  are 
those  *hick  are  naturally  contsiaed  in  the  Gbra  and  which 
inchide  ootlon  nvti  fatty  adds,  peciic  suhsianco,  coloDring 
■tatters,  atbuminoids  and  minenl  matter,  amounting  in  all  to 
BoaM5%oIihe  wejghtof  the  matetiaL  Both  in  the  raw  state 
ud  in  the  maoofacttued  conditiiHi  cotton  also  contains  small 
Msch  particles  which  adhere  firmly  to  the  nulcrial  and  an 
as  "  Pbotex."  These  consist  of  Fragments  of 
n  seed  husk,  which  cannot  Iw  complelely  removed  by 

leans.    The  bkadung  ol  cotton  pieoes  a  more 

since  the  Meacber  a  called  DTnn  to  remove  the 

lb  wiib  which  the 

lesTlag  (see  hdow). 


In  principle,  the  hIeaiAIng  of  coltoD  Is  >  compuatively  sln^ 
process  in  whtch  three  main  operatioua  are  involved,  via.  (i) 
boiiing  with  an  alkali ;  (s)  Ueaching  the  organic  colouring  Dbatters 
by  means  of  a  hypochlorite  or  some  oilier  ondiring  agent; 
Cj)  sourlog,  !.(.  trebling  with  weak  hydrochloric  or  sulphuric 
acid.  For  loose  cotton  and  yam  thoe  three  operations  ate 
sufficient,  but  lor  piece  goods  a  larger  number  if  opersiioDS  ii 
usually  neceasary  in  order  to  obtain  a  satislactoiy  r^ulL 

lata  Ctatm. — The  bkacUgg  at  loose  or  raw  cstu  pmriaw  to 
■ptniiiiM  is  only  carried  otit  to  a  very  limited  cxum,  and  c 
eSKntiaiiy  in  GrH  steeping  ihr  maieiul  in  a  wami  nKiEion  t 


liaiiy  in  GrK  steeping  ihr  m 
me  houriL  after  whic^  it  is  t 


In  order 


uu  with  weak  Bulohuiv  or  bydmchloric  acid 
fished  free  from  add.  Careful  Irearment  b  wc 
Lvoid  any  undue  nulling  of  the  fibres,  while  any  c 
adi  as  beating  with  nuMic  soda  and  loap,  as  tn 

vntdd  thnlw  be  retaayed,  aad  chis  would  detract  from  ibc  sp 
qualities  ot  the  fibre,  la  case  the  cotion  ii  noi  inieiKbit  to  be 
but  is  to  serve  Ibr  eottoa  wool  orfor  ihe  manuracture  of  gun  c 
employed,  and  ia.  in  '-^  -■-- 


—  - — , —     In  principle  the  pnceanemplDyed-... .....,...» 

caK.  but  the  machiaen  neeesaarily  ditera.  Moat  yarn  is  h 
in  the  hank,  and  it  will  suffice  10  give  an  acmnt  ol  Ihia 
only.    TIk  •cqiKBCc  of  operations  is  the '    "- 


material  after  dryia^  in 
on  hanks 

■a  the  UeafKngc* 


„  in  the  Uquai , 

kmllBiMesol  ihevM.    Far  hlacUng  wain  bulk. 

ibis  mode  <i  procedure  would  inveJve  so  nuia  manual  labour  that 
the  pnccaa  would  become  loo  eapensiv^  It  1^  Iheieforv.  naioty 
frith  the  obiect  of  economy  that  madiiaery  hu  been  iatroduced, 
by  OKini  of  wUiA  larfe  quaarliKS  an  be  dak  with  at  a  time. 
The  fim  opBuiDB.  via.  that  ol  txaUnc  in  sjkali.  Is  aniRl  oat  la 
"  tier."  a  larj^  egg-ended.  Mpfight  cyUndricai  veaeL  eommicrcd 
oikr-platcaadcipableDf  tTentingrnm  one  to  three  tons  a(  yam 
■      "  ■  '      nrn  bkaching  arc 

<«bd<iw).    The 

^jpactadintlHki(T.aadi>tt»bDaii) 

with  tbt  aQBline  lye  tj^  %  d  Bda  aih  or  a  % 
■-'-    '  -■      ^ —  beint  usually  employed) 

'  *'V°^  stuold  be  maiauined  darisg  the 

«.  «»^  -.^«    ...  .  .««  low  pRBure  kiers  (worlong  up  to  10  b 
preaaure)  are  enrpSoyed  for  yaro  bkaching.  tbou^  some  blpachrra 

Wbaa  the  hllinihaaooiitinaed  for  the  requidte  tins  (6-S  hours), 
>e  Btaaa  ia  atnt  oQ.  and  the  Ucr  Equor  bkiwo  o>.  when  tb*  yam  H 
--'-■  •-'•-^—thr  m^  the  latter  with  iraler  and  (hen  conidi^ 
bi&gRpeatedlwoar  three  timet.    Thehankiare 


m  the  w^n  of  the  cc 
WV^glt™--' ■- 

.andlUaisdhi 


from  beocath  which  a  pipe  coanect*  the  dttein  with  a  wen  slitiaieil 
bdow  the  Boor  liK.  ^he  well  conaiiB  a  iolutini  si  btfacUag- 
pDWder.  usually  at  a*  T«.  ttreagth.  and  this  is  drawn  np  by  naeaoa 
-' irifi^JbrasBjwmpaad  showered  over  the  top  ol  the  good* 


1  w3l  be  fiMiid  to  bt 


■0^  powder  remains  in  the  goods.  ,  The  sowing  is  nerf  carried  out 

t^SX^  add ;:  r- Tw.  tJ~,b^h^  » h^"^  tU^^!^ 

lOowed  to  diaia.  aad  Ihe  yam  is  thaiHighly  washed  to  remo 

ss.i:.ra7i.'5W*j'a.",s.'?fSs'"?s 

kiinilomlydisiributnlthiaiglMMrtbemateriaL    The  yarn  a 

H 

s:: 

'-TES'airi-.-eof-.Elr^si'iiiss^cJS^^- 

imriB. 

BLEACHING 


TW  AdolboBiac -Ml  tlUihtoRBBntli*  BM<fc'*dd.  tb*  riHT 
Ksk.  MR  -rf  ilw  caaoo  mu  ux)  llw  bulk  of  tb*  cokniniia  mini, 
vbileilwilbuiiiiiiaidiindMnnwIiBd  tht  iBOicinnllHl  up.  II 
mme  be  uwd  ilana  wiili  llw  iHaS,  ibe  ohgli  ol  tbc  *u  u  nnovcd 


■ad  ibc  hvpoclili 
HMtttcr  Kill  rmu 
Ibc  HaH  I'       -' 


ftcj  uc  rem™ 


■hlbdy  iiid 


muLolni  Imm  ihc  Ini  opcnikM,  tnti 

all  lr«[nicnta  ind  arc  tbua  nnwvoL  In  ibe 
a»  Uv  liiaa  wbtch  baa  baaa  dtpoaitad  oa  tte 
i^jBHBt  iriib  blaachiiil  pinxlv  U  diaaoivcd, 
dmr  any  otbar  oMuUie  oiiilca  Qnni,  npp«. 


pas-' 


be  avnded  aa  mucl 

tbrwBbout  at  full  wUH) 


Tacinai  biilk  si 
iiclMf ntetfcd  hhI 


ink  |«u  io  •!■  miautti. 

For  vclvWMUfc  « 
ind  otiier  fabrka  in  which  cnaali 


md  Inn  (iM  be  Tta  da«h  •■»■  enr«  nil  A,  ud  la  p 

rbc  plat*  a  ia  Ibonufbly  dried  and  piapvad  lor  tfar  ■■ 

»vta  whci  il  dnaea  lo  Ihe  hjchly-baaud  plan  fr.   A  bl 

anyine  Iwa  laila  is  Ibe  afiaa  btfrnmn  the  plaia.  oia  be  rai 

IswinJaii  >a  is  incnaae  or  leiiea  Ihe  pfiiw  of  Ike  dnih  a 

'■eplala.ar,  il  iiifi^q  .  rn  lilt  ll  guh*  tni of  cnntacl  witb 

Tbe  piccaa  cm  leaving  Ihe  dnaeist  machine  an  paiard 

Ibfough  a  wairr  irousb  or  Ibmrth  ■  tteam  boa  with  tha  ob; 

— :. _.;.!.: •^  j,^  ^„  [g(„  pliited  dowB.    Tb«  api 


FK.  ».-Seettoo  ol  Siogi-itov. 

'cnaTcUiaei  Xnaleria'""™" 

t,  a  cui^iH^linder  fa  nme 

^tb!?J^  lhe''^i£r^i^ 
1  eed  and  nvolvB  ilawly  la  Ihe 

iiTin  emplavcd 

*omrdon1" 

iTvcne  dlmtioa 

SSH-iS^i 

oouil]'  a  Irahly 

ce.h  ;•  obviom 

.tistrsjss-?.'': 

>rss.-'s'. 

yed.  which  condut  in  niniaaa  ihr  pena  evrt  ■ 
ime.  Ihe  breadth  of  which  aU^ilr  aacrcdi  ihat  ol 

•wini  the  flame  rithi  ihniii(h 

he  piece.'     TTie 

mJInary  p>  dngeini  apparalui 

miied  ^ih  air  It  itnt  under 

xmtn  thiDuih 

invela'  in  ihe  dincuon  U  the 

«™.«>du. 

, _  jd  la  i«pe  ftata,  ** 

. B  end  and  bunllr  csUapicd,  ■>  that  tbey 

willliuathroaihariBto'tH'Sio-l'''" 

Tbe  fan  opFfatka  whicb  ibr ' 


i£»al^ 


ampijia  will 
'Oi^liald 


u  *ad  by  meaoa  ol  •pedal  ■ewini  machinea,  the  witch  beini  of 
Il  ■  natun  (chaia  atiiih)  Ihal  the  ihread  can  be  ripped  oul  il  one 


Sitttimi—ln  Ihe  condiiian  in  which  _..  ^ ._  _ 

and  esme  inn  tbe  bandt  ol  Ihe  bkacber,  Ihe  niiface  o(  Ihe  [ahiic 
kKea  m  be  covered  with  a  aap  of  pmjcctlnx  hbrea  which  |ivet  it  a 
downy  appcannce-  For  iome  daieei  ol  tootfi  Ihia  la  mt  a  dl*. 
•dvaataie,  bM  in  lb*  nutoril*  ol  caaet.  opacially  lor  prima  when 
■  clean  aiulac*  ia  caBDtial,  ih*  nip  it  lemmed  belon  bleachini. 
TUi  h  uwally  ellfclcd  by_runiun(  Iba  piMa  at  full  width  oyer  a 

£^    Aau 

£5« 


umally  enacicd  by  running  Ibi 
dI  ardiad  ropptr  plate*  heated 


I  ie  fit.  a.  in 

„.,  ftwolBciial 

a  UgUy  bautd,  a  baiaa  at  lb*  lod  d  lb*  At 


beat  by  di 
I.  in  wilrb 


bleaching  of  calioi.  bul  althoi 

oiler  coMkknbk  advantage*,  ihe  old  pn 
prvcedca  tbe  other  opeiaiioiia  U  Kill  tnt 
Bmplo]fvd  by   bleacben  in   England. 
□pcraliona  ii  Ihe  lolfoain^— 

Crrj  tCaiUa^.-'niit  operation  (wbkh  la  ae 
afmply  corutftt  in  rvminf  the  pira  ihrtn^h  an 

On  leaving  the  RiaduDe  they  ar 


y  ari  piled  in 


52 

■n  tlwii  run  ovtr  viiKhB  ind  (ufdnl  llircniih  inumb  psmlsm 
riiii«  ("pot-syw")  into  the  kier.  where  tlwy»n!*venl)'p»elwdb» 
bm  who  ent«r  llw  vtad  Ibnwb  the  RUDhak  ■<  the  top.  It  fa 
of  the  (mtBt  import»ne«  thM  the  iDoda  ihoukl  be  evenly  p*:licd. 
foe.  it  i±MKlt  or  loa«ly-p«ckeil  pUmim  Wt,  the  liquor  circuliitinK 
Ihroiith  the  fcler,  •hen  boilinf  It  nibKquently  la  progTW,  wifl 
Mlo*  the  Km  oI  !«■  re^nince,  ■nd  the  reMh  li  in  "^^^'- 

ibe  DM  moM  pnenlly  adopted.  Thii  coiuini  of  u  tu^ndcd 
eyKndria!  vr»ri  cMoitrucled  of  itovt  boiler  (J»te  ud  ihown  in 
•eclionl  clention  in  lii|.  4-    The  Utr  ■•  (n>«  to  to  13  ft.  in  hn^ 

to  tlK  eide*,  hut  mil  ihoira  in  the  Bgiire.  The  bolto™  — •  "i™  " 

aptd  filKhnii 


BLEACHING 


he  whok  bononi  ui  the  li> 


T  bnl,  the  MjKt  in 


ijm  pir  1o  provideipftCT  fort  he  Kccumulition  or  tiqucc  end  Co  prevent 
the  pipe  Ebeini  blocked.  The  chMh  i>  evenly  pecked  up  to  wiihia 
■bout  J  to  4  It.  ol  the  nuohola  M.  when  lime  witer  it  run  in  thimih 
the  liquor  pipe  until  the  level  of  the  liquid  leachee  within  (bout  >  ft. 
ol  the  lop  at  the  goode.  The  nunholn  in  now  ckieed,  end  flenm 
ii  turned  or  at  the  inteelor  J  by  speoing  the  v»i«  (.  The  effect 
of  thi>  h  to  HCk  the  liquor  throuch  E.  end  ID  f<«e  It  m  throinh 
pipe  P  into  the  top  of  the  Uer,  where  it  dubce  miul  Ibc  umbrelli- 
•haped  ihield  U  and  !•  diitributed  over  lb*  p>«*h  throuch  which 
it  penobtch  unlit  en  arrivinf  at  E  it  ii  agwn  cvned  M  tbe  top  tX 
the  Uer.  a  continuoua  drculitKn  beina  Ihua  eflectcd.  A*  the 
diculalion  procetdi,  the  Ream  tundnnuit  in  the  Uquor  n|»fly 
beati  the  bller  to  the  boO.  and  at  lOon  ai,  In  the  opinion  of  the  fate- 
man,  an  air  h»  been  expelled,  the  bkiw-throuih  lap  it  cksed  aad 
the  Doilini  ia  continued  lor  perkvii  varyinclran  tut  to  twelve 
houn  under  «^6o  ft  preuure.  Slean  it  now  lumed  off,  and  bv 
openlni  the  valve  V  the  liquor,  which  it  ol  ■  dark-brawn  colour,  it 
forced  out  by  the  preiture  of  the  nam  it  conialna. 
The  pleeea  are  bow  run  IhrouEh  a  contuiuoui  waihiut  maci  - 

.^A-^t,  £mv»'.^->  ---»■ ■ — -:'..■ 1"  -'  -      ---       ■"-  -■ 


Flit.  4-— Hi^  Pteiaute  BlBW-t)iiiHi|h  Klir. 

■Aich  it  thown  in  fif-  Si  couliti  eiaeniiall)'  of  a  wooden  vat 
which  then  it  •  pair  o<  heavy  wooden  (•ycaiaere)  bowb  or  >qiH 
The  piecci  enter  the  madiine  u  each  end.  at  Indicated  by  the  aj 
and  pao  rapidly  tbnugh  the  bowh  down  to  thebetion  of  tl._  .__ 
aver  I  looHnfcr,  thence  between  the  llnl  pair  ol  pilde  peft  Ihmuch 
the  bowtt  anin.  and  travel  thut  in  a  tpiral  direction  uniii  tney  jmve 
■t  the  middle  of  the  maehlH,  when  they  leave  at  the  tide  oppotite 
—  ••■ "-■■  ■'■?y  entered.    The  tame  type  of  bucUb*  ir       -' 


*  Tw.  tirentth,  with  the  Direct  of  diiHiivini  out  the  Urae  «bk:h 
>e  iDodi  retain  in  contidenble  qnanlily  after  the  Umi  boiL  Tbe 
mJi  an  then  well  wathcd.  and  arn  now  boiled  anin  in  tbe  iib 
Diheninekier.wiib 


Flc.  5. — RoUn-  Wathing  MadiiK. 

loteifht  to  ten  houn.  For  white  bleaching  the  nMin  toap  It  onilted, 
•oda  aih  alone  btiiic  cmployeil. 

The  pitcet  are  now  waihed  free  from  alkali  and  the  bleachinf 
proper  or  "dwnuckini"  foUswi,  Thii  operation  nay  be  eflected 
in  variout  wayi,  but  the  BtoM  effideat  ia  to  run  thcgoodiint  waih> 
ina  machine  tfaroufb  bicaehinc  powder  aoluiion  at  |*-[  Tw., 
and  allow  them  lo  lie  looaely  piledaver  night,  ot  in  ton*  laiet  lor 
a  kmgiT  period.  They  are  now  wuhed.  tun  through  dilute  tulphuric 
or  hydrochloric  add  at  a*  T*.  f  white  tour  ■')  and  wathcd  aciin. 
ShouM  the  white  not  appear  tatitfactary  at  thit  itan  (and  thii  it 
uiuallv  the caie  with  Hty  heavy  or  deoic  maleriab).  they  are  boiled 
ag  d  with  bleaching  powder  at  t*  Tw.  or 

ev  ihed.    It  it  of  the  uinHM  importance 

th  d  be  aa  thorough  at  pottible,  in  order 

lai  .hey  are  liable  to  become  tender  b  the 

Jlenehiag  cotton  pieca  dilTer  fram  lb* 
on  B  that  the  Kme  bnl  It  entirely  digpented 

wi  ly  a  tnatment  in  the  kier  with  cauKic 

FD  Ic  loda  and  aoda  Bah)  and  retin  tuix 

T1  ily  the  nwat  widelypractitad  of  theie 

^  b  Sir  Wiliiam  Mather,  and  iMt  mm 

In  r  la  the  atgntnce  of  the  openthmt  but 

all  he  Ha,    Tliit  contiMi  of  a  hotiionul 

■r  3m  ol  tba  *ndt  E  eonitlintat  ■  door 

wl  ed  by  newii  of  tba  Pi^erHtivtn  chain 

C  !d  ate  packed  in  wanu  W  outride  the 

k>-, c  puthed  hone  Inlo  Dia  kkr,  to  that  thf 

pipes  p  fit  with  their  Aancea  on  to  the  fiiad  pipet  at  the  bottom  of 
the  kier.  The  heating  it  effected  by  meant  ol  ataam  pipca  at  the 
loweri  ettrenily  of  the  kier,  while  the  circulation  ol  Ihi  Iktoor  it 
brought  about  by  meant  of  the  centrifugal  pump  P,  which  drawt 
the  liquor  ihrnugfi  the  pIpet  t  from  beneath  llie  faitt  bottomi  of  the 
warnni  and  ihowen  it  over  diitributcn  D  on  to  the  gDOdi.  By 
thli  mode  of  working  a  eontidenWc  camomy,  it  effected  m  point  of 


BLEACHING 

Htbw 


., tide  of  SenL 

ramd  out  Bouinuonly  Ibrguili  il  _  .     .   .._. 

~ha  piacn  ibh  la  the  dincLiDit  of  the  ajraw  (%.  a]  qvet  a  tcrimp 
i3  or  ej([HndJiia;  raUcr  noDd  the  lint  cyUnder,  then  in  a  ligus 


'«r  ah  fuccecdlnt  cylinderL  iiul  ulifivaUty  leave 
I.  beiiiC  iKeliaiileaMy  pWlfli  dna  u  lb*  stW  ml. 
aekiiw  proceii  hai  bcca  properly  esailiicled.  Ibe  pii 
~ V ihDW a luiUbra pure'  " —        .  .    .   .  - 


AilDiir,  but  ihcir  drenvih 

aRfsHy  bleached  couoa 

.  .   ..ibkached  conditioii,  and 
dbyoEherfl.   Ejienaivcbludnf. 


_.  and  tbeo  eonparin  wkh  the  otifjul.     The  locnution  el 

myullBliMe  durini  the  bkachiai  proma  mar  (ilhir  uke  place  in 

hn,i;_  ...A.,  _____  _1>).  ii~.  ~-  ™._.; 1,  In  coMMueiKe  ol 

taction  of  Ueachi<i| 


4lhejounLill 


dycioj  a  nniple  of  Ihc  bkiched 

•oluliMi'Dl'mnhvIenT^lue  (or 
-■-- nui«,.wb*n  any 


darkar  coEoiu-  i] 


pUa.    Mott    bkacbed   c 


'¥end?rin(ofi'"e 

r£,'ssa 

;s,r«! 

/  «r«te.|B/Wu,t 

Th.  UeacWng  of  linra  I« 

a    much    a 

re    complitaled 

and  tcdioui  procem  ttan  tbc 

blcachbig  of 

OdOD.      Tliii  b 

the  (an  that  in 

Fia.  7.— Tbc  Mather  Kkr,  '—r""'""' 


irtilne.     Feb;.   S  «hows  the  anpe 

mtd  fond  of  ihthtfittHiialc&yiT^., , 

»  HW  f«  pitoe  lOadt  than  the  vcriical  [oTBL 


.;  or  more  of  tie  weigbl  of 

the  6bre,  whereas  in  cotton 
Ihcy  do  not  usually  ein«d  s%.  Funhennore  Ihoe  ini- 
purities,  which   include  colooring  matter,   Inimcelhibt  fub- 

difficult  to  attack  than  those  whidi  are  prejent  Is  coKoo.  and 
the  difficulty  [i  ilfll  li^bci  enhanced  in  the  ait  of  piece 
:  goods  owbig  10  their  dense  or  imperviouithitacler. 

Till  toward!  the  end  of  the  iSih  ccrluiy  the  blrachiDf  of  linen 
both  in  the  north  of  Inland  and  in  Scotland  mi  accomplished 
by  bonking  In  cows' dung  and  touting  with  lOur  tnilk.  thepiecn 
being  eipoied  to  light  on  the  grass  between  these  operations  for 
proloaged  periods.    Subsequently  potasb  ud  later  oa  iodi 


BLEACHING 


mi  subsllluled  for  the  eovi'  dun(.  »hllt  lour  milk  wi*  nplactd 

by  Eulphuiic  acid.  Thii  "  mtural  bteich  "  ii  Hill  ia  uw  id 
UoUuid,  *  bigkci  price  bcini  paid  far  linen  bleached  in  Ihii  *ty 
thin  (oi  ibe  lame  nulerial  biachcd  witb  ibe  aid  ol  blcachin) 
powder.  In  the  year  1744  Dc  Jimei  Fergmon  of  BelFail  recxived 
t  piemium  ol  £100  from  Ihe  Irish  Linen  Board  (or  i he  application 
oTIJine  in  Ihe  bleaching  of  linetu    MotwilbiUQdiiigtlitt  rtward. 


Sioct  the  qualillnst  Unto  shiAat 

iry  cDnsidenbly,  and  tbt  mode  of  tnatment  hai  to  be  varied 
iccordiogly.  il  i>  not  pouible  to  five  nun  than  a  bare  outline 


LI1WB  I>  blached  In  i>k  yam  and  bi  the  piece.  Whenrvir  dm 
ihr  opnaiioM  i<  repealed,   [he  ttrencih  tl  the  mgnt  ia 

KGCHivcLv  Hi— ;«;.i>»rf  |j|  yun-bteachiid  the  iBqucKe  o(  ihe 
opentiaiu  i>  aboul  u  hUawt: — (I) 
Boil  in  Icier  with  hxIi  mA.  (iI  Reel 
In  blcmching  powder-  Thia  oparatiDn, 
which  it  peculiar  u  linea  btnchinf , 
fBauu  in  luipeBdinf  ihe  hanka  from 
a  aquan  roller  into  eleachiu  powder 
aoluiioa  eonujned  in  a  iballow  iuhi* 
trou|h.  The  nlltr  revolve*  ilewly.  as 
that  ihe  hinb.  while  (mwii  conunu- 
oinly  thnnifh  Ihe  bleadiiH  powder, 
are  for  Ibe  crealer  pan  01  the  lime 
I  beiiw  eipoaedle  Ihe  air.  (3)  Sour  in 
wilpKuric  add.  la)  Seald  in  lodi  aih. 
Cnie  term  "  KaMiBt  "  meaoi  boilini 
in  a  kier.)  (])  ReeTui  bkurhini  pow- 
der. (6)  Soar  in  aulphuric  arid.  (7I 
Scald  in  >oda  aih.  (B]  Dip,  ij.  aieep 
In  bleacbina  powder.  fo>  Sour  in 
aulphuric  acid.  {10)  Scaldinasdaaah. 
(It)  Dip  in  Uwhinc  powder.  In) 
Sou  in  aulphitric  acid.     For  a   full 

RquirEd,  viz.  (ijlnld  in  ioda  aih. 


.opeiati™^ 


n  dyed  Tuckry  red. 
cwn  iDfeiher  end  iq 
cd  to  the   loUowinf 


n  the  b 


er  &  Platt'i  Horiiontal  Drying  M. 


af  lerwarda  lorbiddf 
hie  as  iSij  Mi  Barklie,  a  reipecliblc  linen  bleacher  o{  lints 
Vale,  near  Keady,  wai "  proiecutcd  lor  uaict  time  in  iba  whiten- 
JngoF  linens  In  hi*  bleachyard." 

The  mclhodi  at  present  cinployed  for  Ihe  bleacbing  of  Hntn 
are,  except  in  out  or  two  unimportant  particuUta.  the  same  as 
were  lued  in  the  middle  of  the  iQih  century.  In  principle  they 
resemble  those  used  in  conon  bleaching,  but  require  to  be  fre- 
quently repeated,  while  an  additional  operation,  which  a  a  relic 
of  the  old-fa*hioned  pioceit,  via.  that  ol  "gitiiing"  or  "ciofl- 
in(,"  ia  tlill  csiential  (01  lh«,  production  of  the  linnt  uhitet. 
Coniidenbly  more  care  has  to  be  eicrcised  in  linen  bleaching 


J  the  c: 


:  with  CI 


result  of  Ihit  ii  thai  whereas  cotton  pieces  can  be  bleached  and 
finished  in  leialhan  a  week,  linen  iHcccs  require  at  least  sii  weeks, 
^lanyattemptshavenaluially  been  made  10  shonenand  cheapen 
the  process,  but  without  success.  The  use  of  stronger  reagents 
and  more  drastic  tRatmenl,  which  would  at  first  suggest  itself, 
Inciin  the  lisk  of  injury  to  the  fibre,  not  ao  much  in  respect  to 
actual  tendering  as  to  the  destiudioa  oi  Its  chaiacleiislic  ^oss. 
•bile  il  too  drastic  a  trealment  is  employed  al  the  beginning 
Ihe  cotouring  matter  ta  liable  to  become  set  in  Ibe  fibre,  and  It  b 
then  almost  impossible  to  remove  iL  Among  the  many  modem 
Improvements  which  iiavelxcn  suggested,  mention  may  be  made 
of  the  use  of  hypochlorite  of  soda  in  place  of  bleaching  powdei, 
the  use  of  oil  in  the  first  tieatmeul  in  alkali  <Crosi  k  faikes), 
while  de  ILeukelacre  auggesu  the  use  of  sodium  sulphide  for 
this  purpose.  With  [lie  object  of  dispensing  with  the  operation 
of  grassing,  which  besides  acccsaitaiing  much  manual  labour 
ia  subject  to  the  influences  of  the  atmospheric  conditions,  Siemens 
k  Ualske  of  BerLn  have  suggested  exposure  ol  the  goods  in  a 
chamber  to  the  action  of  elect  rolylically  prepared  otoae.  jsrdin 
seeks  to  achieve  Ibe  lame  object  by  steeping  tlie  linen  In  ttQulc 


.  ■  eiade  up  into  bundles  (eicept  in  ibe 

caie  ol  very  lighi  linens,  which  may 

«■  ihiouEh  the  whole  of  the  opaatioos  in  rope  form)  and  aourcd 

First  Iff  boll  with  soda  aih  and  caunic  loda. 

Second  lye  boiL    For  some  claaea  tl  gnodi  no  leaa  ihaii  sli  1^ 

Cnus  bctveea  lye  boili  (accocding  10  ibeir  number]. 
Rub  with  rubbma  boards.    This  ii  alio  a  stjeciality  In  Knen 
leaching,  and  coiiiHts  Of  a  mechanical  treatment  witb  ttdt  soap, 
lie  object  of  which  it  to  remove  black  stains  in  [be  yam. 
Bleach  with  liypochlarite  o(  soda. 

Scald.    ThetwpUltertrealmeoliarereiJaledthreelolive  lioiea, 
im,  and  in  wini  inBances  the  piecea  are  rubbed  befoie  iha 
gti  ilceped  in  large  vessels  (kien)  in  weak  hypt^ 


Flc.  Or— Diwram  sbowii 
Ih- 

chlorite  of  soda,  and  then  I. 

being  repeated  several  time 

Uiiinutcly  Lbcgoodsarei 

Btfukim  tftJitr  VffriBVi  Ttxl3t  FaMti. 
Hemp  may  be  bleached  by  a  piDcat  umDir  10  that  tned  for 
linen,  but  this  is  seldom  done  owing  to  the  expeoie  entaikii 
Ciliiia  pau  is  bleached  like  cotton.  /kU  contalni  In  Its  nw 
stale  a  considerable  amoitnl  of  colouring  matter  aod  intmctUular 
substance.    Snce  the  individual  fibre*  an  vay  ibott,  tb* 


BLEAK 


Complele  removal  o(  ilic  litt<r  «odM  be  ■timdfil  hy  ■  dislii- 
icgntlon  ol  the  DUTeriil.  Althougfa  it  Is  passible  lo  Ucich  Jute 
wbiie,  thu  is  scldam  1(  ev«  earned  out  on  i  laijc  tcate  owing 
to  die  ^ai  expense  involved.  A  half-bleach  on  jute  'a  obtiinrd 
by  steeping  the  gooda  alternately  in  bleaching  powder  (or  hypo- 
chlonte  of  soda)  and  sulphuric  aeid,  washing  Lntcrvening,    For 

Bhadiht'/ Straw. 

In  the  Luton  district,  straw  it  bleached  prindpally  In  the  (onn 
of  plait,  in  which  lona  it  Is  Inpoited.  The  bleaching  is  effected 
by  steeping  the  sinw  (oi  peiiods  varjing  from  twelve  hours  to 
several  diya  in  fairly  sliong  allulinc  pcioiide  of  hydrogen. 
The  munbei  of  bsths  depends  upon  the  qualiiy  of  stnv  and  the 
degree  of  whiteness  required.  Good  whiles  art  thus  obtained, 
ud  no  further  process  would  be  necessary  if  (he  hals  had  not 
mbseqwnily  to  be  "blacked"  or  pressed  at  a  high  lempcratuie 
vhicb  brings  aboui  ■  deterioratioa  of  the  colour.  After 
UeiduBg  itiih  peroiide  and  drying,  the  straw  consequently 
undcigos  a  lunber  process  of  sul[jiurlng,  Ij.  eiposurc  to  gaseous 
Bulphurous  acid.  Panama  hats  are  bleached  after  making  up. 
but  in  tba  ose  only  peroaide  of  hydrogen  is  used  and  a  very 
lengihy  triaiDieiit  eniBiling  aametimes  fourtecQ  days'  Meeping 
is  required. 

Bkaiiiiif  nf  WmI. 

Is  ibe  coaditian  In  which  ii  is  deLveted  to  the  mamtfarturtrs 
wool  is  generally  a  very  impure  article,  even  if  it  has  been  washed 
on  the  sheep's  bock  before  iheaiing.  The  impurities  wbicta  ft 
contains  craisist  in  the  main  o!  the  nature!  grease  (in  reality 
a  kind  of  wax}  exuded  from  the  shin  of  the  sheep  and  technically 
known  as  the  "  yolk,"  the  dried-up  pcTS|Mration  from  the  body 
of  ihe  sheep,  technicatiy  called  "  suini."  and  dust,  dirt,  burrs, 
lie,  wbich  mecbanically  adhere  to  the  sticky  surfaces  of  (be 
fibres.  InthisconditionwoolisquiteunGltorany  manufacturing 
purpoces  and  tnust  be  cleansed  before  any  mechanical  tqierations 
can  be  commenced.  Formerly  the  washing  was  eRecled  in  stale 
Brine,  which  OKcd  lis  delergeni  properties  mainly  lo  the  presence 
ef  ammodiun  carbonate.  The  stale  urine  or  lant  was  diluted 
wiib  tour  to  five  times  its  bulk  of  water,  and  in  ibis  liquor,  heated 
to  4O*-S0*  C.  the  washing  was  effected. 

A(  liie  present  day  this  method  has  been  entirely  abandoned. 
tbe  washing  or  "  scouring  "  being  effected  with  soap,  assisted 
by  ammonia,  potash,  soda  or  silicate  of  soda.  Tbe  AnesI  quali- 
Ue*  of  wool  are  washed  with  soli  soap  and  potash,  while  for 
bifetior  qualities,  cheaper  deiergents  are  employed.  The 
*    'o  principle  perfectly  simple,  the         '  '   ' 


forks  and  tben   tj 
Ireaimral  in  weak 

with  large  quantiti 


d  allowed  ic 


with 


0«  end  of  the  m 
bymeaBsoi 

Threes     ' 
the  first 


Lislly  ot  lo 
.    Tbei 


thing  machines  are  em 
'ashed  is  fed  in  a 


ie  and  is  slowly  propelled 
ystem  of  mechanieally-driven  EorKs  or  rakes,  as 
lie  machine,  II  if  squeeied  through  a  pair  of  rollers. 
:h  midrines  art  usually  trqulred  for  efbcicnt  washing, 
sntaining  the  si  ranges)  and  the  third  ihe  weakest  soap. 
The  washing  of  wool  is  In  the  miin  a  fneihanical  process,  in 
which  tbe  water  dissolves  ou(  ihesuini  while  the  soap  emuliiies 
ihe  yolk  and  thus  remove*  ii  from  iht  fibre.  The  atlmdani 
earthy  impuritic*  pas*  mechanically  into  tbe  suitoundtng  liquid 
andanawniedaway. 

In  some  work*  ihe  wool  Is  washed  first  wlih  witer  alone,  the 
aqueous  tiiract  thus  obtained  being  evaporated  to  dryness  and 
Ihe  residue  calcined.  A  very  good  quality  of  potash  is  thus 
obiained  as  ■  by-product.  In  many  works  in  Yorkshire  and 
^hewberv.  (he  diny  soap  liquois  obiained  in  wooNwashing  are 

I.     The  ellcct  of  ihit  ireiiment 


The  purified  produc 


Attempts  have  been  n 

aibon  bisulphide,  carboi 
lut  have  noi  met  witb  much  success- 
Worsted  yam  spun  on  the  English  system,  as  well  as  woollen 
■am  and  fabrics  made  from  them,  contain  oil  which  ha*  been 
ncorporaled  wilh  the  wool  to  facilitale  the  spinning.  This  oil 
nust  be  got  rid  of  previous  to  bleaching,  and  this  is  eflected  by 
couring  in  warm  soap  wttb  or  without  tbe  assistance  of  alkali*. 


ol^ 


■  BUiuiiKi  if  sat 

In  raw  aitk,  the  fibre  proper  ii  uniformly  coaled  with  i  prolrid 

ibstance  known  as  itfil-fiiiH,  liJi-jfiie  or  wrici'iie  which  anwunU 
'  10-15%  of  tbe  weight  ol  the  material.and  i(  is  only  after  Ihe 
moval  of  (his  coating  that  the  characteristic  properties  of  (he 
d  byUie  pr 


iharging  "  or  "  boiling-ofT,"  w 


I  suspending  tl 


seip  solution  (]a%of  soapon  ihe  weight  of  the  silk).  The 
or  is  kept  jusi  below  boiling  point  for  two  or  three  houia.  Ihe 
ks  being  (umed  from  time  lo  time.     IHiring  the  process,  Ihe 

3tiy,  but  as  tbe  operation  proceeds  it  passes  into  tolulion. 
h  important  that  only  soft  wa let  should  be  Used  for  boiiing-od 


ks  are  tied  up  loosely  » 


first  operation.    The  h: 


silk  becoming  entangled,  and  boiled 
[If  assliongasthal  used  in  Ihe 

id  wrung. 

isually  effected  bystoving  as  in 
t,  Ihal  the  operation  H repeated 
igwiiholhcr  colours  is  effected 


Qr«.« 

liU  Wa^!  =«  ben  bleached  by  sleeping 

jtp^4 

rrfhydrot 

Hindered  flieh.l,  alkali «  by  iCe  addi.ion 

If  pm.ide 
utddoubilns 

tinrfamiK 

enciency 

i^^^^JSd 

animal  >u 

(E.K.I 

BLEAR 

or  Buck  IMhumi  fucfrf.i),  a  small 

fish  of  the 

Cyprinid 

amily,  allied  10  ihc  bream  and  Ihe  minn 

>w,  but  wilh 

ongaie  body,  resembling  a  sardine.     Ii 

b  found  in 

Eul^i 

slreams.anditcaughibyanglers.beingal) 

urns.     The   well-known   and   important 

°^n" 

Orienlale  "  and  anihciat  pearls,  carried 

n  in  France 

and  Germany  wilh  Ihe  oyslalline  silvery  colouring  raaitec  of 

56 

lbs  hlekk,  1 
t7ih  c.i.luo'. 

.BLEEK,  FBIEDRICH  (i;<)J->S;g),  German  Biblinl  idioUr, 
wu  bora  on  Ihe  41b  of  Jul/  i;9],  U  Ahrtnsbbk,  in  Uolitein,  ■ 
villige  iie»r  LUbeek.  His  f«U«t  wnt  him  in  his  siilixnifa  yai 
ID  the  gymouium  il  LubccJi,  where  be  became  so  mucb  iniei- 
Cbled  in  andeni  languages  Ibai  he  abandoned  his  idea  ot  >  legal 
career  and  resolved  Lo  devole  binuell  10  Lhc  sludy  ol  theology. 
Ader  spending  some  lime  at  the  universily  of  Kiel,  be  weol  lo 
Berlin,  where,  from  iSi*  ">  "817.  he  studied  under  De  Welle, 
Neander  and  Scbleictoiuber.  So  highly  were  bis  merits 
appreciated  by  his  professon — Schleiennacher  was  accttstomed 
10  say  that  he  possessed  ■  special  liariima  fpr  the  science  of 
"  Introduction  "—that  in  1S18  after  he  had  passed  the  cuunlna- 
lions  for  entering  the  miaislty  be  was  recalled  10  Bcrhn  as 
KiptUnl  or  tutorial  fellow  in  theology,  a  lemponiy  post  which 
Ibe  theological  faculty  had  oblained  for  him.  Besides  dis- 
charging his  duties  in  the  Iheological  seminaiy,  he  published 
two  dissertations  In  Schleietmacher's  and  G.  C.  F.  LQcke's 
/«iirNa;iiSi9'iSio,i8l)],oneDntheari^nandcDmposilJDnoflhe 
Sibylline  Oracles  "  Uber  die  Enistehung  und  ZusammenseUung 
der  Sibyllinischen  Oialitl,"  and  another  on  the  authonhip  and 
design  ol  Ihe  Book  of  Daniel,  "  Dbci  Veifasscr  und  Z-ncck.  des 
Buchcs  Dsni^"  These  articles  aiinded  much  attcntioa,  and 
wen  di«ingui5hed  by  those  qualities  of  solid  Icaniing,  tbonwgh 
tDvestlgalion  and  candour  ol  judgment  which  characleriicd 
all  bii  writings.    Blcet's  merits  as  a  rising  scholar  were  recog. 

stipend  as  Rtptltn)  lor  k  third  year,  and  pronriicd  further 
advancement  in  due  time.  But  Ihe  aliilude  of  (he  political 
luiboriiy  underwent  a  change.  De  Weiie  was  dismissed  from 
his  ptDfessorship  in  i3i9,  and  Bleeic,  a  favourite  pupil,  incurred 
the  suspicion  of  the  goveimnent  as  an  eitrcme  democrat. 
Not  only  was  bit  stipend  as  RtptUal  discontinued,  but  his 
noRiinatiDn  to  the  oflice  of  professor  eilnordiiuirius,  whkh 
had  already  been  ugntd  by  the  minister  Karl  Allenstein,  was 
withheld.  At  length  it  was  found  that  Bleek  bad  been  can- 
founded  with  a  teitiin  Baueleven  Btech,  and  in  iSij  he  received 

During  Ihe  sii  yean  that  Bteek  remuned  at  Berlin,  he  twice 
declined  a  call  to  Ihe  oOice  of  professor  ordtnarius  ol  theology, 
once  to  Greilswald  and  once  lo  Kttnigsberg.  In  riig.  however, 
■    ■       ■        iccepl  LOckr     ■    ■    ■      ■  ■    ■ 


BLEEK— B^^NDE 


y  of  Bon 


duponl 
.r  Ihicly 


10  the  en 


rs  he  laboured  with 


to  the  so 


ntssol  his  investigations,  ihe  impartiality  o(  his  judgmet 
the  deameis  of  bis  method.  In  1843  he  was  laistd  to  lhc  oflice 
ol  consistorial  councillor,  and  was  selecled  by  the  universily 
to  hoM  the  office  of  rector,  a  disiinciion  which  has  not  since 
been  conlernd  upon  any  Iheoki^an  of  the  Reformed  Church. 
He  died  suddenly  of  Ipoplciy  on  the  i;lh  of  February  1850. 

Bleek's  works  belong  entirely  to  the  departments  ol  Biblical 
criiititm  and  exegesis.  His  views  on  questions  of  Old  Testament 
eriiicitm  were  "advanced"  in  his  own  day;  lor  on  all  Ihe 
di^lHited  points  concemlng  the  unity  and  authorship  oE  the 
binks  of  the  Old  Covenant  he  was  opposed  lo  received  opinion. 
But  with  respect  10  the  New  Testament  his  poiilion  was  con- 
servative. An  opponent  of  the  Tubingen  school,  his  defence  of 
the  genuineness  and  auihenticity  of  the  gospel  of  St  John  is 
among  the  ablest  ihit  have  been  wriiten;  and  although  on 
some  minor  points  his  views  did  not  aliogeihcr  coincide  with 
Ihose  of  the  iradiiional  schod,  his  critical  labours  on  ihe  N'ew 
Tcstimrnt  must  nevertheless  bt  regarded  as  among  the  most 
important  contributions  to  Ihe  maintenance,  of  orlhodoi 
opinions.  His  greatest  work,  his  commentary  an  the  cpislle  lo 
the  Hebrews  (Brre/  in  ia  HtbrSn  trlatltrt  iturct  EiitleilnKi, 
Obn-irliwTif,  sni  Jerllaa/nulcn  Cemmnlat.  in  three  pans,  tSiS, 
iSj6and  1S40)  won.the  highest  praise  from  men  like  De  Wetle 
and  Fr.  Dtlitisch.  This  work  wu  abridged  by  Bleek  lor  his 
college  lectures,  and  was  publnJicd  in  thai  condensed  form  in 


1S68.    Id  iM  be  publiibed  Us  conlribuiioiu  lo  the  crittdim 

ot  the  gospels  (Beiffit^e  lur  fusujefuii  KrilH,  pt.  [.},  which 
cODtaintd  his  defence  of  St  John's  gospel,  and  arose  out  of  a 
review  of  J.  K.  A.  Ebraid's  WiittiucJui/llkJu  Krilii  itr  Ettapli- 
ickti  CticiitUi  (1841}, 


BLEEK.   WILHBUI    HEINSIGH    IKMAHUEL    (iSiT-iirs), 


1  Berlin.    He  studied 


n  and  afterwards  at  Berlin, 
lowiids  the  phihilogical 
the  South  African  languages.  In  his  doctor's 
onn,  i8ji),  Dc  aeminiim  pwrribui  lintiuriiM 


la  the  fe 


Colcnso  10  Natal,  and  was  enabled  to  prosecute  his  researchu 
into  the  language  and  customs  ol  the  Kaffirs.  Towards  the  close 
of  iSjA  he  setlled  at  Cape  Town,  and  in  iSj;  was  appointed 
interpreter  by  Sir  Oorge  Grey.  In  iSjg  he  was  compelled  by 
ill-health  to  visit  Europe,  and  on  his  relum  in  the  following  year 
be  was  made  librarian  of  lhc  valuable  CflUectioii  of  books  pre- 
sented 10  ibe  colony  by  Sir  George  Grey,  In  1869  be  visited 
England,  where  Ihe  value  ot  his  services  was  recogniaed  by  k 
pension  from  the  civil  list.  He  died  at  Cape  Town  on  the  i;lh 
of  August  iSjs.  His  works,  which  are  of  considerable  brltiortance 
lor  African  arid  Australian  philology,  consist  of  the  Vacctaliiry 
cj  Ihi  Umambiiiiu  Lantnaci  (London,  iSjfi):  HaK^bttt  «/ 
A/ricaa,  AuUraUaH  end  Fslyatiuin  Ftiilolciy  (Ctpe  Town  and 
London.  3  vols.,  iGj8-iS6j)j  Comfaralitt  Cranmar  ej  Ike 
Stulh  AS'iian  toafaajei  (vol.  i.,  London,  iS»(i};  Rcynati  Ikt 
Fn  in  Snlk  A/rua,  cr  HoUenlelFaUti  and  Talt)  (London,  1864) ; 
Origin  ef  Lanivan  (London,  1S69). 

BLENDE,  or  Spiuleriie,  a  naturally  occurring  dnc  sulphide, 
ZnS,  and  an  important  ore  of  linc.  The  name  blende  was  used 
by  G.  Agtkola  io  isaC,  and  is  from  the  Germari  Nendni,  lo 
blind,  or  deceive,  because  the  miikeral  rcsHnbles  lead-ore  in 
appearance  but  contains  no  lead,  and  was  consequently  often 
rejected  as  worthless.  Sphalerite,  inlroduced  by  E,  F.  Clockei 
in  184;,  has  Ihe  lantc  meaning  (Gr.  a«aX<^,  deceptive),  and 
BO  have  the  miners'  terras  "  mock  ore,"  -■  false  leid."  and 
"blackjack."    The  letm  -  blende  "  ■ 

■    0  the 


Crystals  ot  blende  belong  lo  thai  nb-' 
class  of  the  cubic  system  in  which  then 
are  six  planes  ol  symmetry  parallel  to 
the  Faces  ol  the  rhombic  dodecahedron 
and  none  parallel  10  Ihe  cubic 


faces;  in  other  1 
hemihedrism,  and  have  xw) 
The  fundamental  form  is  the  lettahedron. 
linaiion  of  two  letrahedia,  in  which  the 
ihedran  are  larger  than  I  he  lour  laces  ti 


BLENHEIM 


57 


cfauacttn,  thatt  «f  ou  Mt  being  duQ  uid  MrlUtd,  wUbt 
ihmc  oi  the  othtr  m(  are  bright  and  imMlh.  A  comnan 
Form,  thowD  in  fig.  i,  b  ■  cDmbiaillon  of  the  riioaiblc 
dodecabnlrDa  with  a  thrR-fucd  lelnbrttnti  y  (jii); 
Ihe  lii  Ucn  mcciiBg  In  each  triad  axis  ir  oltta  niUMitd 
logeilKr  into  ion  conical  fonna.  Tic  oyslali  an  (requeolly 
IhiniiEd,  the  twin-atlt  coinciding  with  a  triad  axii;  a  rhombic 
dodecahedron  so  Iwiimed  (Ag.  i)  hai  no  »<nliant  an^ea.  An 
■inponani  cbancler  ol  blcode  ii  the  perfect  dodecihsdnl 
cleavage,  there  being  lii  dincliotu  ol  clavagc  parallel  to  the 
fac«i  a(  tlw  rtwoibic  doctccahedran,  utf  angln  betwecii  wbidi 
an  60*. 

When  chemically  pan,  which  li  nrely  the  caie,  hlende  is 
ColouricB  and  tiuupueiu;  usually,  however,  the  mineral  Ii 
yellow,  brawn  gi  black,  and  often  opaque,  llie  depth  of  colour 
and  degree  of  transparency  depending  on  the  apsovnt  of  iron 
prcMnt.  Tbe  ilreak,  or  colour  ol  the  poivder,  ia  bnwniih  or 
light  ydloc,  ntdy  whiu.  The  liutteii  minous  to  adamantine, 
and  the  indei  of  refraction  hi^  (I'jGg  for  udium  light).  Tbe 
(ubitance  ii  utaaHy  optically  isoliopic,  though  (ometinica  It 
eihibitl  anemakiu  double  leltaclion;  litirous  line  lulphide 
which  li  doubly  refracting  la  lo  be  leletted  to  the  beaagonal 


e,  bM  owing 

to  twinning  and  dittonion  and  curvaiun  of  tbe  facef,  tbeyue 
often  rather  complei  and  diSicuIt  10  decipher.  For  thii  reason 
the  mineral  ii  not  alwayi  readily  megniied  by  inspection, 
Ihou^  the  perfect  dodecabedral  cleavage,  tbe  tubuuaDtitw 
luure,  and  the  farown  atreai:  are  characlea  which  may  be  relied 
upon.  The  inlneral  ii  alu  Ireqoenily  found  maiaive,  with  a 
coarse  or  fine  granulaj  structure  and  a  ciyatalline  fracture; 
■Dfnelinies  it  occun  as  a  K>ft,  white,  amorphoui  deposit  tewm- 
bling  artificially  precipitated  zinc  sulphide.  A  compact 
variety  of  a  pak  bver-brown  colour  and  fanning  concentric 
layers  with  a  renilonn  auilace  ii  known  in  Gemany  a>  ScJalen- 
ilemdi  or  Ubtrtleadi. 

A  few  vuietia  of  blende  are  diHisguished  by  qiecial  names, 
these  varietiea  depending  on  difTerencca  in  colour  and  chemical 
conpoailion.  A  pure  white  blende  from  Franklin  in  New  Jeney 
is  known  as  dcophane;  snow-white  oystals  are  abo  found  at 
Nordnwlk  in  Vermland,  Sweden.  Black  blende  containing 
ferrous  lalphide,  in  amounts  up  to  15  or  10  %  namorphously 
replacing  zinc  sulphide,  is  krtown  as  raarraatltc  {Irom  Marraalo 
near  Guyalul  in  Colombia,  South  Amcrka)  and  christophlle 
(from  St  Christophc  mine  at  Breitenbninn  near  Eibenstock  in 
Saiooy).  Transparent  bloide  of  a  red 
such  as  that  fotind  near  Hfriywell  in  FQi 
"ruby-blende"    or    " niby-iinc."    Pfibri 

Other  vaiietiei  contain  imall 


e  from  Phbtam  ia  Bohemia. 


Blende  occun  in  metalliteratis  vcini,  often  in  (Mociition  with 
galena,  abo  with  chalcopyrite,  baryiei,  fluonpar,  ftc.  In  ore- 
dcpoiiti  containing  both  lead  and  zinc,  such  u  Ihoie  SUiag 
cavitia  in  the  limesiones of  the  north  of  England  (wt  of  Mitiouif, 
ibc  galena  is  usually  foand  in  the  upper  part  of  tbe  depoail,  the 
blende  sot  being  tvaehed  until  the  deeper  put*  are  woilicd. 


Blende  is  atw  found  epondkiUy  fn  uMnenttiy  Ntb;  lilr 
euRipIe,  in  nodules  of  cby-tronilone  in  Ibe  Co*)  Mcunre*,  in  tbe 
cement-tlogeen  of  the  Lias,  and  in  the  (UU  of  fouU  sbeib.  It 
has  occasionally  been  found  on  tbe  old  timben  tl  mines.  In 
IbeM  caict  the  linc  sulphide  has  probaUy  ulnn  (tom  the 
reduction  of  lulphate  by  organic  matter. 

Looliiiet  for  fine  ctystalliaed .  spedmmi  •!•  nimennit. 
Mention  may  be  made  of  the  brilliant  Uuk  ctyttnb  from  AlMot) 
Moor  [d  Cumberland,  St  Agnes  In  Cotnwafi  and  Derbyiblre. 
Yellow  crystals  are  found  at  Kapnlk-Binya.  near  Nagy-Binyn 
in  Hungary.  Transpaimt  yrilow  cleavage  muset  o(  large 
ttie  occur  fn  Umesione  in  the  line  mines  at  Picm  dc 
Europa  In  tb»  province  ol  Santinder,  Spain.  Beautlfol 
isolaled  tettahedra  of  lianpireni  yellow  Mend*  ue  fcnnd 
in  the  snow-wbile  crystalline  dolomite  ol  the  Binnentbal  Id 
the  Valais,  Swiiierland.  (L.  J.  S ) 

BLENHEIM  (Cer.  BUtdktlm),  a  village  of  Bavaria,  Germany, 
in  the  diitrici  ol  Swibia,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Danube,  jo  m. 
N.E,  fram  Ulm  by  rail,  a  few  mile*  below  HOchuldt.  Pop.  700, 
It  wu  the  scene  of  the  defeat  of  tbe  French  and  Bavarians  ondeT 
Menhili  Tallard  and  Manin,  on  the  ijth  of  August  1704.  by  the 
Englith  and  the  Austrians  under  the  duke  of  Maribonugh  and 
Prince  Eugene.  In  oonsiderstion  of  hil  military  services  arul 
eqMclally  bis  decisive  victory,  a  princely  mansion  was  ereaed  by 
parliament  for  the  duke  of  Marlborough  near  Woodstock  in 
Oxfordihire,  England,  and  was  named  Blenheim  Palus  altet 
this  place. 

The  bittle  ol  Blenheim  is  alio  called  HSchiiUt,  but  Ifae  title 
accepted  In  England  has  the  advantage  that  it  distinguishes  tbli 
battle  from  that  won  on  the  same  ground  a  year  previously,  by 
Ibe  elector  of  Bavaria  over  the  Imperial  gener^  Slyrum  (9-10 
September  170J},  and  from  tbe  lighting  between  the  Austrian* 
under  Krag  and  the  French  under  Moreau  In  June  i8ai  [sc« 
FtLHCtt  REVOLimoNAnv  Wins],  The  gnund  between  the 
hills  and  the  maishy  valley  of  the  Danube  forms  a  deAle  through 
which  the  main  road  from  DonauwSrth  led  to  Ulm;  parallel 
streams  divide  the  narrow  plain  into  strips.    On  one  1^  these 

superior  in  numbers)  took  up  their  position  facing  eastward, 
their  light  Hank  testing  00  the  Danube,  their  left  in  the  under- 
feat  uies  of  the  hilly  ground,  and  their  front  covered  by  the  Nebel, 
onwhicbweretbe  villages  of  Obergliu,  If nicrglau  and  Blenheim. 
Tbe  imperialist  army  of  Eugeneandihe  allies  under  Marlborough 

stream,  their  flanks  similsriy  protected.  On  the  ind-ijth  of 
August  1704  Eugene  and  Marlborough  set  their  force 

them 


Is  the  1 


veral  sti 


IS  had  Id 


of  Marlborough's  left  wing,  neit 
Jeployed  opposite  Bknli dim,  which  Tallird  thereupon  garrisoned 
■rith  a  large  force  of  his  b«t  infantry,  aided  by  a  battery  ol 
14-poundcr  guns.  The  French  and  Bavarian!  were  taken, 
imyed  in  two  separate  armies, 


Thus  the  ce 


.valry  01 


'Ings  and  its  fool 


ibmed  forces  coniisied  ol  Ih 
OC  Karsin'sright  and  of  Tillard's  left. 

Here  was  the  only  good  ground  for  mounted  troops,  and 
Marlborough  followed  Tallard's  example  when  brming  up  10 
attack,  but  it  resulted  from  the  dispositiont  ol  the  French 
narshal  that  this  wesk  point  ol  junction  of  bis  two  armies  was 
ciactly  that  at  which  decisive  action  was  to  be  eipecled 
Tallard  therefore  had  a  few  horse  on  hit  right  between  the 
Danube  aDdBlenhefni,imaisofinfantryiDhIicentreBtBlenheiin 
itself,  and  a  long  line  of  cavalry  iu[^rted  by  a  few  batttUon 
Corming  his  left  wing  in  the  plain,  and  connecting  with  the  right 
of  Mariin's  army.  Tbi*  army  was  timilirly  drawn  up.  The 
cavalry  right  wing  wu  in  the  open,  the  French  infantry  neat 
Obetglau,  which  wu  strongly  held,  the  Bavarian  infaniiy  next 
on  ihe  left,  and  finally  the  Bavarian  cavaliy  with  a  force  at  foot 
on  the  eiireme  left  In  the  bills.  The  elector  of  Bavaria  oxa- 
mandedhiiown  tioopi  in  person,  Marlborough  and  Eugene  on 
their  pan  were  to  attack  respectively  Tallard  and  Mania.    Tht 


BLENNERHASSETT— BLIDA 


ri|bl  niiig  nnder  Eniene  lud  to  inikE  >  difiodl  DUrcb  ever 
bioken  ETDund  bcrote  iL  could  [arm  up  lor  baiLlc,  ind  Marl- 
bonmgh  wiiled.  wiUi  hit  »miy  id  order  of  baltle  belwteo 
Unurglau  iDd  BlEakdoi,  uiiiil  tiij  coBetgue  thould  be  lady. 
Al  iijo  ibc  b(<Uc  opened.  Lont  Cuiu,  •rich  i  dcuchowoi  of 
Mitlterougb't  left  wgng,  iiucked  Blenheim  with  tlit  uLioott 
lory.  A  third  of  the  leading  biigido  (British)  wu  killed  Bcd 
■ouoded  in  the  viio  alteniiti  to  break  through  ilie  itiont  defences 
of  Ibe  viUaje.  and  urne  French  •quadmoi  charged  upon  it  a*  It 

bri^de  in  lecond  liu  drove  back  the  cavalry  and  retook  the 
colour.  Alter  the  repulte  of  iheae  iquadrofls,  in  which  lome 
Bniiib  cavalry  fiora  the  centre  look  pan,  CutU  again  moved 
(orwaid.  Tbeiecoiu)  attack,  though  prenedevea  nwre  fiercely, 
fared  no  better  IbiB  the  Grot,  and  the  louei  were  heavier  than 
before.  The  duke  then  ordered  Cults  to  obMive  the  enemy  in 
Blenheim,  and  cancentnted  all  hit  attenlion  on  the  centre. 
Hen,  between  Unttrglau  and  Blenheim,  preparatiou  were  beini 
made,  under  cover  of  artillery,  lor  the  crouing  of  the  Nebel,  and 
fdiher  up-ilream  a  corpa  ■«•  Knt  (o  attack  Oberglau.  Thli 
attack  tailed  completely,  and  it  wai  not  until  Marlborough 
himtell,  with  Ircih  battalioni,  drove  Ibe  French  back  into 
Oberglau  that  the  allia  were  Ircc  to  cms  the  NebeL 

Id  the  meanwhile  the  Ant  line  of  Marlborough's  inlantry  bad 
noised  lower  down,  and  the  finl  line  of  cavalry,  following  ihera 
across,  had  been  umewhit  Kverely  handled  by  Tatlard'i  cavalry. 
The  squad roni  under  the  Prujtsian  general  Bothmar,  however, 
made  a  dashing  charge,  and  achieved  considerable  temporary 
aucceu.    Eugene  waa  now  closely  engaged  with  the  cleclor  of 


xloiingbeavily.     ButEugen 

cdnol 

«lor 


iself  led  the  cavalry^ 


Tallatd  10  any  extent,  and  the  duke  was  p 
altaclc     Hii  whrfe  force,  eictpt  the  dels 

(be  cavalry  in  (ronL     Uarlboiough  hlo 
Ihe  French  iquadronj  received  the  attack 

Those  squadrona  of  Tallacd's  left  which  retained  their  order  fell 
back  towards  the  Danube,  and  a  gr^t  gap  waa  opened  in  ihe 
centre  of  the  defence,  through  which  the  viclorioui  squadrona 
poured.     Wheeling  to  (heir  left  the  pursuers  drove  hundreds  of 

army  ol  Manria  towards  Marfborough,  who  re-formed  and  laced 
tlorihward  to  cut  off  its  retreat.  Tallard  was  already  a  prisoner, 
but  in  the  dusk  aod  confusion  Maraln  slipped  through  between 
the  duke  and  Eugene.  General  Churchill,  Marlborough's  brother. 
had  meanwhile  lurroundcd  the  French  garrbon  of  Blenheim; 
and  after  one  or  two  attempts  to  break  DUt,Iwenty-foutbaltaliona 
and  lour  rcgimCDls  ol  dragooiis,  many  of   ' 


finest  of  the  French 

The  losses  of  the 

alliei  are  stated  at  4500  k3led  and  7500 

wounded  (British  6;o 

killed  and  isoowounded).    OflheFrench 

and  Bavarians  11,0. 

standards  were  lak 

n;  beside*  the  killed  and  wounded,  the 

Dumbersol  which  we 

-elarge  but  tuiceitain— many  were  drowned 

in  the  Danube,    M 

fsin'i  army,  though  il  lost  heavily,  was 

in  good  order; 

BLENHERHASSEIT,  HARMAH  (lyOj-iSji),  Irish-Aneri 
lawyer,  ton  of  an  Irish  country  gentleman  of  English  sti 
settled  in  Co.  Ktiry,  waabom  on  theSth  of  October  1765. 
■ ■  .y  College,  Dublin,  and  in 


lotheli 


■.   Alter 


nngli 


d  in  1706  his  niece.  Margaret  Agnew,  daughter  of 
Robert  Agnew,  the  lieutenant-governor  of  the  Isle  of  Man, 
C^traciied  by  their  famijjea  for  this  step  the  couple  decided  to 
settle  in  America,  where  Blennerhasietl  in  uoS  bought  an 
island  in  the  Ohio  ifver  about  1  m.  below  Parkersburg,  Wat 
Virginia.  HereinlBoshereceivedavisilftom  Aaron  Bun  («...), 
in  whose  canspiiacy  he  became  IntcretLed.lurniihinglibeTil  funds 
For  its  support,  and  oflering  the  use  of  his  island  as  a  rendezvous 
for  the  pthering  ol  atma  and  supplies  and  the  training  of 
volimtecn.    When  ibe  conspicaty  coUapacd,  iba  puuiioB  and 


a  lawyer  (iSio-iBii)  in  Honireal,  Canada.  Aftar  retunung  ta 
Ireland,  he  died  in  the  island  of  Guernsey  oo  the  and  of  Febniary 
1831.  His  wife,  who  had  coosideiable  litenry  ulent  and  wko 
published  ribeduerjedii/fdSi))  and  Tkt  Vidn  tj  Uh  Rttk 
and  Otktr  P€€*H  (iBi(),  reliuned  to  the  United  Stales  in  1840, 
and  died  soon  afterward  in  New  Vork  City  while  aliempiing  W 
obtain  through  CoD(reia  payment  for  fHoperty  deatroyod  on  \ha 


8LBRA  (nod,  Bitit),  an  aocient  Etruscan  tows  on  the  Via 
lodia.abouljiDi.N,N.W.olRome.  It wasoflitUe importance, 
h1  is  only  mentioned  by  geographen  and  in  inscriptions.     It 

situated  on  a  long,  narrow  tongue  ol  rock  at  the  junction  of 
ro  deep  glens.  Some  nmaJns  of  the  town  wills  tiill  exist,  aitd 
10  two  ancient  bridges,  both  belonging  u  ibe  Via  Clodia,  and 

chileclural  forms  of  houses,  with  beams  and  rafters  represenud 
relief.  See  G.  Dennis,  Cilia  and  Cimdtria  «/  Eiriiria.  {.  107. 
here  waa  another  Bleia  in  Apulia,  on  the  road  from  Venuaia  U> 


■LESSINOTail,  KARaumtlTE,  Countess  or  (1730-1844), 
iih  novelist  and  miscellaneous  writer,  daughier  of  Edmund 
)wer,  a  iniall  landowner,  was  bom  near  Clonmel,  Co.  Tippeiaty. 
eland,  on  the  iiiof  Scptemberi/flg.  Her  childhood  was  made 
ihappy  by  her  father^  character  and  poverty,  ind  her  early 
^manhood  wretched  by  her  compulsory  marriage  al  the  am 
lifteen  to  a  Captain  Maurice  Si  Leger  Farmer,  whose  drunken 
batrita  brought  him  al  last  as  a  debtor  to  the  king's  bench  priaofl, 
a  October  iSr?,  he  died.  Hii  wife  had  lefl  him  sone 
ore.  and  in  February  i8t8  she  nunied  Charles  John 
r,  ear]  of  BZessingTon.  Of  rare  beauty,  cbam  and  wit, 
generosity  and  for  the 


rd  with  hi 


which 


xl  by  Count  D'Orsay,  who  in 
-         Bleniniton'.  only 


of  debt.  In  the 
iSii  they  went  abroad,  spent  lour  month*  of  the  neat 
noa  in  close  intimacy  with  Byron,  and  remained  on 
nt  till  Lord  Blesiniton'i  death  in  May  iSio.     Some 

cd  Lady  Harriet  Gardiner,  1 
daughter  by  a  former  wile.     D'Onay,  who  had 

iw  accompanied  Lady  Blesslngion  u  cngiana 
3-  till  her  death.  Theil  home,  lirsl  at  Seamore 
trds  Core  House,  Kensington,  became  a  cenlrv 
r  wbatcvcT  wu  distinguished  in  literature, 
learning,  art.  sdcncc  and  fashion,  Aller  her  husband's  dealh 
ihe  supplemented  her  diminished  tacooe  by  contributing  to 
rarious  periodicals  as  well  as  by  writing  novels.  She  wai  (or 
lome  years  editor  of  TIU  B«.k  af  Stanly  and  Tki  Ktrpiakt, 
popular  annuals  of  the  day.  In  1S34  she  published  her  Cimerra- 
M  Lard  Byran.  Her  Idler  in  Italy  (1830-1840),  and 
I  France  (t84J)  were  popular  for  their  pcrsuul  gossip  and 
le,  descripliona  of  nature  and  sentiment.  Early  in  1849, 
D'Onay  lefl  GoR  House  to  escape  his  creditorsj  the 

jit  in  Parn,  where  ihe  died  on  the  4th  of  June  1S49. 
Her  Liurary  Lift  and  Camifndtnii  f]  vela),  edited  by  R.  R. 
Madden,  appealed  in  iBjS-     Her  poiuait  »»  painted  la  1808  by 
Sir  Thomas  Lawrence. 

BUDA,  a  town  of  Algeria,  In  the  department  nf  Algiei>, 
r  m.  by  railway  S,W.  from  Algien,  on  the  line  to  Oran. 
3p.  (1Q06)  16,866.  It  lies  surrounded  with  orchardi  and 
gardens,  6]o  (I.  above  the  sea.  al  the  base  of  the  Little  Atlaa, 
in  the  southern  edge  of  the  fertile  plain  of  the  Metila,  and  the 
ighi  bonk  of  the  Wad-el-Kebir  afflveat  ol  the  Chifla.  Tbe 
bundanl  water  of  Ikia  itream  piDvltic*  power  lor  larfe  com 


BLIGH— BLINDNESS 


59 


■Jlli  ud  KKnl  rictoriCi,  tod  tSaa  nipplhl  iht  tom,  *ltb  lb 
muDROii*  (sunuin  and  im'gittd  pjilcra.  Blidi  b  (umninded 
bjr  ■  will  sf  contidtnlile  eitmt.  piemd  b;  lii  ^let,  ud  ii 
fiiitbtT  ddndcd  trf  Fort  MImieh,  crowning  ■  it«p  hill  od  ihe 

kfl  b»Bli  of  the  rlvCT.  The  praent  lown,  French  in  chancier, 
liu  weU-bLiUt  modem  BtreeU  wiLh  many  ucado.  ind  numben 
VDonf  iu  buildiDff  leveni  motqus  uid  churches  exuuJvc 
buncki  ind  i  lugt  mJUiiry  hospiiil.  The  principal  *(|iUR, 
the  place  d'Annes,  ii  jurrouBded  by  arcided  hmaes  and  shaded 
by  treej.  Tlie  cenire  of  a  Icrtile  diuiici,  and  a  pcsl  on  one  o( 
ibe  main  mlea  in  the  cousuy,  BUdi  baa  a  Souislunt  trade, 
rhieRy  in  amga  and  flora,  lie  oranp  grmn  contain  over 
50,000  liees,  and  in  April  the  air  [or  milei  round  is  laden  wiih 
Uc  Kenl  oi  Ibe  oranje  bloBomi.  In  the  public  gaident  li  a 
poup  of  luanificcnt  alive  tnci.  71m  pniducU  ol  the  ueigh- 
boQiinf  Cork  Ireci  and  cedar  giovca  art  a  aourcc  cd  trvenve 
u  the  iDira.  la  the  vianity  arc  the  villasa  of  JoinvSle  and 
Monipeisier,  which  cm  their  onjia  to  military  caniB  ettab- 
Uabad  br  Manhal  Valfc  In  iSjg;  and  on  Ihe  road  lo  Medea 
ar«  the  lomba  of  ^e  marabout  Mihemmed<l-Kcbir,  who  died 
fa  t^.andhh 


A  taotqae  una  buill  by  order  of  Khair-ed-din  Barba/OMa,  and 
under  the  Turlu  the  toxn  wat  oF  tame  importance.  In  iSi; 
It  wat  aeaitydeMroyed  by  an  euihquake,  bul  wat  apecdily 
nbiiilt  on  a  tite  about  a  mile  dittint  [torn  the  nda.  It  wi*  not 
till  igj8  that  it  was  finally  held  by  Ibe  French,  tbou^  Ibcy  had 
been  In  poanaion  (or  ■  ihort  lime  eight  years  bclore.  In 
April  1906  It  wat  cb«ni  ai  the  place  of  detention  ol  Bcbaniin, 
Ihe  n-^lnf  el  DahoBicx,  who  died  b  Qetttabcr  ol  that 

Blida  h  lit  chief  (own  of  »  commnne  cf  th«  Mmt  hum, 
bavins  (i4o«)  a  popultlion  ol  3i-lS'- 

BUSH,  WILLIAM  (i71«-i8it).  English  admhal,  wai  bom 
ol  ■  good  Cornish  lamlly  ia  ITS4-  He  acrompaoied  C^iuin 
Cook  in  bis  second  tipcdilion  [i77>-i7;<)  as  sailing- master  of 
the  "  Rewluilon."  During  the  voyasi,  the  bread-fiuit,  already 
known  10  Dampier,  wu  found  by  them  at  Olaheile;  and  alter 
seeing  «rvicr  under  Lord  Howe  and  etsewhere,  "Bread-fruit 
BUgh,''uhe  waa  nicknamed,  was  despauhed  at  the  end  ol  i;t7 
to  the  Psci&c  in  conmind  of  H.M.S. "  Beuniy,"  loi  ibc  purpose 
dI  iBItoducing  ll  into  the  West  India  Irom  Ibe  Sonlh  Sea  Istux^ 
Bligb  salted  (mm  Otaheiie,  aflci  remaining  there  about  lis 
RKHitb:  but.  when  near  the  Friendly  Isbndi,  a  mutiny  (April 
>8.  IJ89)  broke  out  on  board  the  "Bounty,"  headed  by 
Flrichcr  Cluteilan.  the  master's  imte,  and  Bligb.  with  eighteen 
Mbeis.  was  set  adrift  in  the  launch.  TV  mulinern  tbeaaelvs 
acttied  on  Piicalm  Island  (f.>.),  bui  tome  of  them  were  aFier- 
ararifa  capiund,  brought  to  England  and  in  three  cases  eiicu  ted. 
TUt  BiMlny.  which  forms  the  tubjici  of  Byron's  liland.  did 
iWI  arise  so  much  from  (yranny  on  the  part  of  Dligh  a*  from 

of  Olalvile.  Alter  tuflering  severely  from  hunger,  thirst 
and  siormt.  Bligh  and  hb  companions  landed  at  Timor  fn  the 
East  Indies,  having  performed  a  voyage  ot  about  4000  ra.  in 
an  open  boat.  Bligh  returned  to  England  in  ijQo,  and  he  was 
■oon  afterwarih  appointed  to  the  "  Providence,"  in  «bich  he 
rtfcted  the  purpose  of  his  lormer  appointment  by  introducing 
the  bread-fruit  tlte  Into  Ihe  West  India  Islands.  He  showed 
great  courage  at  Ihe  mutiny  of  the  Norein  i  ;g7,  and  in  the  same 
year  took  part  in  Ike  battle  of  Camperdewn,  where  Admiral 
Duncan  itetealed  the  Dutch  under  De  Winter.  In  iSoi  he 
commanded  the  "  Clalton  "  (m)  at  the  battle  of  Copenhagen, 
and  received  Ibe  personal  commendations  of  Nelson.  In  1805 
^  WM  appcuAIed  "  certain  general  and  governor  of  New  South 
Wale*."  As  he  made  himself  intemely  unpopular  by  the 
harsh  eierctsc  of  suihoriiy.  he  w»  deposed  in  January  iSog 
by  a  mutiny  headed  by  Mi)ai  George  Johnston  ol  the  temd 
liiai.  and  was  imprisoned  by  the  muiineen  till  iSio.  He  re- 
nnied  to  Englaiid  in  iSii,  wai  reoraoled  to  nar-wLniral  in 


that  year,  and  to  vfee-admlral  In  1814.  Major  JohtBton  wii 
tried  by  court  martial  al  Chelsea  lo  iSii,  and  was  distniiBCd  the 
service.  Bli^  who  wai  an  active,  penevering  and  couragcoiB 
oOicpr,  died  in  London  IB1S17. 

BUHD.  HATHILDK  (1841-1806),  English  author,  wu  bom 
at  Mannheim  on  Ibe  ml  of  MinJi  1S41.  Her  father  was  a 
banker  named  Coben,  but  sU  took  the  name  of  Blind  afici  her 
step-falhcr,  the  political  writer,  Karl  Blind  (1816-190}),  one 
of  Ihe  eidled  leaders  al  the  Baden  Inauirection  in  iS4i-i84(i, 
and  an  ardenl  supporter  of  the  various  iglh-ctMtuy  movements 
for  the  freedom  and  autonomy  olitruggling  nationalities.  The 
family  was  compelled  lo  take  refuge  in  En^d,  where  Maihilde 
devoted  herself  to  literature  and  to  the  higher  eduealian  of 
women.  She  produced  also  three  long  poema,  "  The  Prophecy 
of  St  Onn"  (1S81),  "The  Heather  in  Fue"  (iSSti),  an  io- 
dignant  protest  agaisH  Ihe  evictioni  in  the  Hlghlanib,  and 
"  The  Aiceai  of  llan  "  (iSSl),  which  wu  to  be  the  epic  ol  the 
theory  of  evolutioa.  She  wrote  biognphle*  of  George  Eliot 
{iS8j)  and  Madame  Roland  (i886),snd  tiaoUled  DS.  Slnua'l 
Tie  OU  FaUk  and  lit  Nc<m  Mji-ii'n)  aud  the  Utmtkt 
at  ilaric  BaiklarlsiS  (iSgo).  She  died  on  the  36th  of  Nov- 
ember 1896,  bequeathing  hex  property  to  Newnham  College, 
Cambridge. 
A  complete  edition  of  her  poatiia  was  edited  by  Mr  Anhur  Synuna 
190a,  with  a  biagraphiiaf  inlndueiiaa  by  Or  Richaid  Ganieci. 
BUND  R(X)K£T,  a  game  of  dunce,  played  wfth  a  full  pack 
cards.    The  deal,  which  Is  an  advanuge,  Is  decided  as  at 

ves  a  parcel  of  cards  to'each  player  including  himself.  Each 
player  puts  the  amount  of  his  stake  on  his  canis,  wliich  he  must 
noltookat.  The  dealer  has  to  Uke  all  bets.  He  then  turns  up 
his  parcel,  eipoiing  the  bottom  card.  Each  player  in  turn  docs 
the  same,  wiiining  or  losing  according  as  his  cards  are  higher 
or  lower  than  the  dealer's.  Tics  pay  the  dealer.  Tlie  cards  tank 
as  at  whisL  The  suits  arc  of  no  importance,  the  cards  taking 
precedence  according  to  their  face-value. 

BLINtllllO,  a  form  of  punishment  andent^  common  In  many 
lands,  being  infficird  on  thieves,  adulterers,  perjurers  and  other 
criminals.  The  inhabitants  of  Apollonia  (Ulyiia)  are  said  to 
have  Inflicted  this  penally  on  their  "  watch  "  when  found  asleep 
at  their  posts.  It  was  resorted  to  by  the  Roman  emperors  in 
their  persecutions  of  the  Christians.    The  method  of  destroying 

barely  scalding  vinegar  atone,  wu  poured  into  Ihe  eyes.  Some- 
times a  rope  was  twisted  round  the  victim's  bead  till  Ihe  eyes 
started  oul  of  their  sockcti.  In  the  middle  ages  Ihe  punishment 
seems  lo  have  been  changed  from  UNsI  blindness  to  a  pemunenl 
injury  to  Ihe  eyes,  amounting,  however,  almost  10  blindnesa, 
produced  by  holding  a  red-hot  iron  dish  or  basin  before  the  face. 
Under  Ihe  forest  laws  of  the  Norman  kings  of  England  blinding 
WIS  a  common  penally.  ShalLCspeaic  make*  Xing  John  order 
nephew  Arthur's  e 


n  O,  Fr. 


t,  (Kje,  ■■ 


5pecijHy  a  blow  on  the  cheek),  a  _ 

ilindfaldcd  and  made  to  catch  and  identify  one  of  tlic  others, 

vho  in  sport  push  him  about  and  "buffet"  him. 

sight  (see  alw  Vision;  and  Eve;  Diuimi). 


rally  a  decrease  In  bliu 


n  In  shops  and  factories. 


temperate  and  cold  re^ons,  but  Finland  and  Iceland  are  c:(cep- 
lions  to  the  general  rule.^  In  hot  countries  the  eyes  arc  alTected 
by  the  glaring  sunlight,  the  dust  and  the  dryness  of  the  air. 
From  statistics  In  Italy,  France  and  Bel^um,  localities  on  the 


BLINDNESS 

InriK  ubk  livta  the  punbool  btiod  penou  u  nponsl    ( 

iiuigrach  country.    UiiIe»oiherwU*iUttd,lt  tri — ■-    - 


CCMry. 

Number. 

.fft"'S. 

§£-■  ::::;■: 

"B. 

i 

S 

HoK|Ki  {".%»).■  ;  :  :  ;  : 

a 

1^'°' 

■a 

,ss 

,s 

CaIKES  and    PUVtHTION 

Then  ire  many  cue)  </!  complcle  or  partial  blindDcn  which 
might  have  b«n  prcvcntH).  ind  a  knowledge  of  the  best  methods 
ol  preveniion  and  cure  Ehould  be  aptcad  as  widely  u  pouible. 
Magnui, Bremer,  SleStn  and  RUsilcr  are  of  opinion  that  40%  ol 
the  cases  of  blindneaa  might  have  bcca  prevented.  Hayea  gives 
33-35%  "  positively  avoidable,  38.75%  pceaibly  avoidable, 
aod  46'  i;  %  ai  a  conservative  estimate.  Cohn  regards  blindness 
as  cirt«inly  prevenUWe  in  33%,  as  probably  preventable  in 
43%,and  as  quite  unprevcnUble  in  only  14%.  Ifweukeihe 
loweil  ol  these  figures,  and  usumc  thai  400  out  of  every  1000 
blind  penoiu  migbl  have  been  saved  from  such  ■  calamity, 
we  realize  Ihc  JDiportiince  ol  preventative  measures.  For  the 
physiology  and  pathology  of  the  eye  gmerally,  sec  Vision  and 
Eye. 

The  great  majority  of  these  cases  are  due  to  Infantile  purulent 
ophihilraia.  This  arises  from  inoculation  of  the  eyes  with 
<MfU»     *""""'  ™'"i"'  "  ■■"«  «•  li'"!'-     If  'he  contagious 

IM  of  a  microbe,  and  the  effective  applica- 


lofi 


madeii 


,.  .  r  at  an  early  period  of  the  case.     In  Gi 

midwives  are  eipressly  prohibited  by  law  from  treating  any 
affection  ol  the  eyes  or  eyelids  ol  inlanis.  however  alighL  On  the 
appearance  o(  th.;  fiisi  symptoms,  they  are  required  lo  represent 
to  the  parents,  or  others  in  charge,  ihal  medical  Isustance  !s 
urgently  needed,  or,  if  necessary,  they  are  themselves  to  report 
to  the  local  authorities  and  the  district  doctor.  Neglect  of 
these  regulations  entails  liaUlity  to  punishment.  Eleven  ol  the 
United  Sutes  ol  America  have  enacted  laws  requiring  that,  if 
one  or  both  eyes  of  an  inlant  should  become  inlbmed.  swollen  or 
reddened  at  any  time  within  two  weeks  ol  its  birth,  it  shall  be  the 
duly  ol  the  midwile  or  nunc  having  charge  of  such  infant  to 
report  in  writing  wiihm  sii  hours,  lo  the  health  officer  or  some 
legally  qualiEed  physician,  the  fact  that  such  inflimmalion. 
BWelling  or  redness  eiisti.  The  penalty  lor  failure  to  comply  is 
fine  or  imprisonment. 

The  loUowing  wnghty  words,  Iroin  ■  paper  prepared  by  Dr 
Park  Lewis,  of  BuSalo,  N.Y.,  lor  the  American  Medical  Assocla- 

suppoTled  by  strong  public  sentiment; — 

**  When  an  entighiened,  civilized  and  firosrcsiiivc  natiOB  quietly 
and  peaiivelr.  year  after  year,  penniia  a  multitude  of  in  people  un- 
iKceuarily  to  become  Mind,  end  more  evpeciany  when  one-quaner 


'  f^reviout  returns  from  Finland  havei 
cwvul  la  5l  Peienbuii  Imn  the  laal  ce 


supplied  ljy  the  Bnii 


''Z  la  practically  alt  those  fi 
absolutely  curable,  if  like  ttcati 
early  period. 

"&nc«  the«  facts  iic  no  Ion 
unhrersalty  accepted  by  all  edi 
inquiry  follows;  Why.  aa  a  ec 
these  ^mple.  harmtea,  prevenii 

and  imsffeRntly  by.  making  no 


it  ii  employed 


brknev 


lie  ha  V* 
s  the  disease  is 

n..Ihe'  naiinal 
tbly  employed. 


r'bfind 


become  b' 
is  no  doul 
protect  II 


Bsona  an  thne-fold.  and  lie — first,  with  t 
second,  with  the  lay  public;  third,  wiih  ihe  s 

educalkHi  of  its  blind  chiktren  annually  New 
pita  at  least  f  j90,  and  a  yeaHy  frois  sum  an 

than  (too.ODo.     II.  as  sometimes  happcni 

..  ^ncerni  Ihe  ilaie  that  not  one  child  shall  needlessly 
blind,  thereby  increasing  Ihe  public  financial  burden,  ihere 


d™^'m«^ 


ri  each  cw  to  the  proper  health  authority, 
irtilefailuTcIodasa.  Ashasbeenimimaleil. 
■ny  means  always  under  the  minlsiraiioA  ol 
>»  occur,  and.  like  all  laws  behind  which  i> 
this  law  is  rarely 


•.it  have  placed  in 


iw^Aty 


method   mu9i   be  devised.     I 

"oi'«rly  and  cwrttt  '. 
heir  hands,  ready  lor  ir 
and  emcicni  preparation,  isvued  by  the  health  auinoriiin  as  a 

*'  An  important  step  was  taken  in  thii  direction  when  a  resofuiion 

« -''-- -SaHoueof  Delegaieaal  the  annual  meeting  o(  Ihe 

N.  t  Medical  Soeiely,  requesting  Ihe  various  health 

of  state  10  include  ofilitkatmia  uronaltiruin  amons 

CO  sea  which  must  be  reported  to  the  local  bauds  c4 

eiwitial.  in  oider  ihal  the  cane  of  infaniile 

aa  I  uNler  the  authority  of  somclmdy  capable  of  in. 

10  conAdenee.  and  thai  it  be  dinribured  by  the  health 

pl  fUSe'q^'fieifnaR  fw  the 'wii'umni "iiSIlII: 

Tl  she  BolHiion.  togelber  with  the  ctiaracirr  of  the 

di  which  should  accompany  ii.  should  be  defermincd 

bj  .  diosen  by  the  pmident  of  the  American  Medical 

Ai  left  should  have  among  its  membcn  at  Itasi  one 

represemaiivTaphthalmolaiiit.  oncob^triciaB  and  one  aaniiarian. 
The  condusjeas  of  this  committee  should  be  iTpoited  bark  to  the 


nvaiiaUy  be  pin  of  ihie  toilet  o 

loluiion.  Hobably  titver  nitrate,  coul 

ll'lS^SUtt.     I'l^'X  b^lUdn^ 


cially  piepanid  nceptaclea. 


BLINDNESS 


6i 


;\3  s;di«.":s;sia,y.i 

npIoynwH.  and  the  righi  lubic- 


calkd  "innulu  lidi,"  becai 
^  ,.,  ittao  to  bt  covet«l  wiih  liiile  granukiloDs.  The 
diMiK  >oinediiK9  lasts  lor  yean  wilbout  causing 
blindma.  Ibouih  it  (ivo  riie  Ui  jrat  initation.  Ii  is  generally 
Bilendeil  by  a  discharge,  which  It  highly  ouLigioia,  pnxluciiig 
ihe  -saint  diMsse  il  ii  (Its  into  oUxi  (yc*.  Wani  cl  tltanlipeis 
is  one  of  Ihe  meal  inipocUnt  (aclora  in  the  prnpagaiion  ol 
Irachomt,  htnce  its  gnat  prtvajtnce  ID  Oriental  couotricj. 
Tnchama  is  very  prevalent  in  Egypt,  irhcte  (hose  luSering 
licm  total  or  pan^  bliaduoi  are  utd  to  amount  la  to% 
ol  the  popubiion.  Dunnf  Nspcleon'i  Egyptian  caaipalgn, 
Dcaily  evEiy  soldier,  out  ol  u  acoiy  of  i',eoo  men.  vu  aflccted. 
During  the  lollowing  Iwenly  yens  the  disease  spread  Ihcough 
almotl  all  European  aniuea.  Jo  the  Belgian  anny,  there  was 
one  tnchomaious  soldier  out  of  every  Bve,  and  up  to  i8m  do 
less  ihas  4000  loldien  had  kat  both  eyes  and  io,o<w  one  eye. 
It  is  *  disease  wbich  is  very  coaimOD  la  workt»use  schools. 
oiplHD  asylums  and  similar  establishmeDU.  Unlike  ophthalmia 
ol  aew-botn  children,  it  is  diflif  ult  ts  cure,  and  a  total  sepaiatioD 
ol  the  diseased  [mm  the  healthy  childceD  should  be  eSccied. 

Ahoui  one-ball  ol  tboK  who  are  blinded  by  Injuries  lose  the 
second  eye  by  sympttbetic  sphlbabnia.  It  Is  a  nHBUnt  source 
-  ^  danger  to  thou  wbo  retaiu  ui  eye  blioded  by 

akiHk  injury.  Blisdneu  Inm  this  cause  caa  he  pnevenlid 
*■<—■*•  by  the  Rmoval  of  Ihe  injured  eye.  but  imforiunately 
"""         the  ptiqusal  often  meets  with  opposition  Iram  the 

CtaiKoma  b  a  dkease  which  alouai  invariably  leads  Id  total 

jP^  blindne»i  but  in  most  cases  it  can  be  airested  by 

■    simple     operatioD    if    the    case    is     seen  suffi- 

tlyivia,  or  "  iboit-slght,"  makes  Itsetl  apparent  Id  children 
beiHcni  the  ages  of  seven  and  nine.     Neglect  of  a  year  or  two 

niay  do  serious  mischief.  Short-sight,  when  not 
TT^         iahetited,  Is  produced  by  looking  intently  aiul  cod- 

linuously  at  near  objects.  Children  should  be 
encoutiled  to  describe  objects  at  adislance.with'which  they  are 
unacquvinted,  and  parents  should  choose  oul-door  occupations 
and  snusements  for  chiMria  who  show  a  tendency  to  sbort- 
sightedness. 

A  report  was  issued  Id  t3o6.  by  the  school  board  of  Glasgow, 
u  to  aa  invcsligaliaa  by  Ilr  H.  Wright  Thomas,  i^lbalmic 
surgeon,  regarding  the  eytsiiftl  of  school  children,  which  in- 
cludes the  following  passage.  Dr  Wright  Thomu  stales  that 
■he  teachers  teitetl  the  vUuil  icuteoeis  of  51,40}  children,  and 
found  iS.sti,  or  3S  %,  to  be  below  what  la  regarded 
normal  suuidard,  lie  eiaoiiaed  the  i8,j6j  defectives  by 
scopy,  and  iound  (hat  11, 109,  «  11  %  ol  the  whole,  had  ocular 
delects.  The  proportion  of  these  case*  was  highest  in  (he  poor 
■od  closely-built  districts  and  Id  old  schools,  sDd  was  lowest 
in  Ihe  better-class  schools  and  those  Dear  the  outikitu  ol  the 
ciiy.  Defective  viiion,  apart  from  ocular  delect,  seems 
due  partly  to  want  ol  triuilng  ol  the  eyes  for  distant  objects 
and  partly  to  eshaustlon.of  the  eyes,  which  is  easily  Induced 
when  work  is  cirtied  on  hi  bad  light,  or  the  nulnibn  of  the 
children  is  delective  from  bad  feeding  and  unheallhy  surround- 
ings. Regarding  training  of  the  eyes  for  distant  objects,  much 
might  be  done  in  the  infant  departmeal  by  the  total  abolitloD 
ci  sewing,  which  is  de6nitc]y  hurtful  to  such  young  eye\  and 


the  substitution  of  competitive  games  involving  the  tecognitjon 

of  small  Injects  ata  distance  ol  10  It.  or  more.  An  annual  testing 
by  the  teachers,  followed  by  medical  inspection  of  the  children 
found  defective,  would  soon  cause  all  existing  defects  to  lie 
corrected,  and  would  lead  to  the  deicctlos  of  those  which 
develop  duiicg  school  life. 


Inshtutiohs 


Although  there  is  t  tccetdof  shotpiiilcslablbhedbyStBaEil 
at  Caeiarca,  Cappndocia.  in  the  aih  century,  a  refuge  by  the 
bcmiii  St  Lymnee  (d.  1.  4js}  at  Syr,  Syria,  in  the  jth  century, 
and  so  institutioa  by  St  Bertraod,  bithop  oi  Le  Mans,  in  the 
;(h  century,  the  first  public  effort  to  benefit  the  blind  was  the 
taunding  of  a  hospital  at  Paris,  in  is6o,  by  Louis  IX.,  foe  joo 
blind  persons,  lite  common  Icsend  is  that  he  lounded  it  as  an 
asylum  for  300  of  his  soldiers  who  had  become  blinded  Id  the 
crusade  in  Egypt,  but  the  statutes  of  the  founder  ore  preserved, 
and  no  mcollon  Is  mideol  crusaders.  This  Hospice  des  Quinie- 
Vingts,  inirrested  by  subsequent  additions  to  its  funds.  sliU 
assuls  the  idult  blind  of  Fnnce.  The  pensioners  are  divided 
into  twoclasses— those  who  are  inmitesof  the  hoipital  (joo),  and 
(hose  who  receive  pensions  in  the  lorm  of  out  .door  relief.  All 
appointments  to  liunate*  or  pensions  are  vested  in  Ihe  miniata 
of  the  Interior,  and  applicants  must  be  ol  French  natiooalily, 
totally  blind  and  not  leu  than  forty  years  of  age. 

From  the  lime  of  St  Louis  lo  the  iSlh  century,  Iliere  are 
records  ol  isolated  case*  of  blind  persons  who  were  educated, 
■rul  ol  (Sorts  to  devise  langiblc  apparatus  to  usisi  them. 

Girolamo  Cardan,  the  leth-century  liatiaD  phyiidao.  cod- 
ceived  the  idea  that  (he  blind  could  be  taught  to  read  and  write 
by  means  ol  touch.  About  1517  Fianceico  Lucas  in  Spain, 
and  Rampazetto  in  Italy,  nude  use  ol  large  letters  cut  in  wood 
lor  instructing  the  blind.  In  1646  a  book,  on  the  condition  of 
the  blind,  was  written  by  an  Italian,  and  puUished  in  Itatias 
and  French,  under  the  title  of  L'Aacu^i  ijlitt  a  coniM.  Is 
i6;e  a  book  was  written  on  Ihe  instructioo  of  the  btiod  by 
Lana  Teni,  the  Jesuil.  In  1676  Jacques  Bernoulli,  the  Swisi 
savant,  taught  a  blind  giri  to  read,  but  the  mean*  of  her  ii^ 
struclion  were  not  nude  known.  In  1749  D.  Diderot  wrote  his 
LiUn  iiir  1(1  auuilti  i  I'maft  it  ttux  qui  aicHl,  to  show  how 
far  the  intelleciual  and  moral  nature  of  man  la  modified  by 
blindness.  Dr  S.  G.  Howe,  who  raaoy  yean  after  tnnslaled 
and  printed  the  "Letter"  In  embossed  type,  characterises  It  as 
abounding  with  errors  ol  fact  and  inlcrence,  but  also  with 

Id  his  "Letter  on  the  Blind  "  caused  Diderot  to  be  inprisoned 
three  months  In  the  Bastille.  He  was  releised  because  his  service* 
were  required  lor  the  forthcoming  Emyilapiudia.  ttousiean 
visited  Diderot  in  prisoD,  and  ia  reported  to  have  suggested  ■ 
lystem   ol  embosHd   printing.    J.   Locke,    f     


Molinei 


d  Ihe  eliccl 


human  mind.     In  Ccrmany,  Websembourg  had  used  signs  Id 
relief  and  t4ught  Mile  Fandis. 

Prior  to  Ihe  iSih  centuiy,  blind  beggars  existed  in  such 
niunben  that  they  struggled  for  Handing  room  in  positions 
favourable  for  asking  bIbis.  Their  very  affliction  led  10  iheir 
being  used  as  spectacles  lor  the  amusement  of  the  pi^nlace. 
The  degraded  stale  of  the  busses  ol  the  bLnd  in  Fnnce  attracted 
the  attention  of  Valentin  Haily.  In  t7Ti,  at  the  annual  fair  ol 
St  Ovid,  in  Patis.  an  Innkeeper  had  a  group  of  blind  men  attired 
in  a  ridiculous  manner,  decorated  with  peacock  tails,  asses'  ears, 
and  pasteboard  spectacles  witkinl  glaises.  in  vhich  ooodilion 
they  gave  a  burlesque  concert,  for  the  profit  of  their  employer. 
This  sad  scene  was  reputed  day  after  day,  and  greeted  with 
loud  laughter  by  the  taping  crowds.  Among  those  who  gated 
al  this  outrage  to  humanity  waa  the  philanthropist  Valentin 
HaOy,  who  left  Ihe  disgraceltil  scene  full  of  sorrow.  '  Yes," 
be  said  10  himself,  "  I  will  substitute  truth  for  this  mocking 
parody.  I  will  make  Ihe  blind  to  read,  and  they  shall  be  enabled 
to  eaceute  faaimonious  music."  Hafly  collected  all  the  hilor- 
mation  he  could  gain  reapectmg  the  blind,  and  began  leaching 
■  blind  boy  who  had  gained  his  living  by  begging  at  a  church 


6z 


BLINDNESS 


door.  EDCOunged  b^  tlw  ntcoti  ef  hh  fnjtO,  Ttttty  cnOeftcd 
other  Hind  pcnoiu,  ind  in  17SJ  Itnuided  \b  I^Ha  tbc  Bnt  Khool 
lor  ihe  blind  <lbc  Iiulilution  N*tioii«lc  dct  Jcuno  Aveugln), 

bcforr  Louii  XVI.  and  tail  couil  ■[  Venailln.  he  exhibited  (h^ 
iiujamcnu  of  hn  pi^itls  in  reading,  wriiin;,  ftriihrneiic.  geo- 
IRphy  and  auiic.  and  in  the  lamc  year  puUisbed  u  ucouat 
o(  hit  mcibodt.  tnliilcd  Enai  mr  riduialhn  dit  atu^n.  Ai 
tbe  novdly  wort  off.  ODnlribuliont  ([moit  came  to  an  end,  and 
the  Blind  Schod  mint  ha  ve  ceaKd  10  ciitt.  had  it  not  been  Uhen, 
in  \n\.  under  Ihe  prelection  ol  the  stale. 

Tbe  emperor  of  Rusiia.and  talerlhedowigntinpRU,  baviof 
leimed  o(  HaUy'i  work,  invited  him  to  visit  St  PelenbUTI 
for  tbr  purpoae  a[  rslabliihing  a  limltac  Institution  in  the  Ruulan 
capital.  On  hli  Joutwjr  HaUy  waa  invited  by  Iho  king  ol 
Piiissu  to  Charlotienlniri.  He  took  part  in  tlw  delibetationi 
el  the  Academy  ol  Saencet  in  Berlin,  and  a*  a  null  a  icboot 

Edward  Riahton,  a  blind  man,  wai  the  profector  ol  Ibe  fint 
Iniiituitsn  for  ibe  blind  in  England — the  Schoot  lor  the  IndiRtnt 
Blind.  Liverpool  In  17QO  Ruahton  luggeated  to  tbe  literary 
and  philoaophkal  society  ol  which  be  waa  a  member.  Iba  eitab- 
bihmtni  ol  a  benefit  club  lor  the  indigent  blind.  The  idea  waa 
cumin  uoiated  to  hi(  Iriend.  J.  Christie,  a  Mind  nuiidui,  and 
Ihe  Utter  thought  Ihe  scheme  (hould  also  include  the  initiuc- 
tion  ol  young  blind  persons.  They  circulated  letlen  amontlt 
Individuals  vho  would  be  likely  to  give  ibeir  aaistann,  and  Ihe 
Rev.  Henry  Dannetl  warmly  advocated  Ibe  undertaking,  it 
**■  mainly  due  to  hia  co-opcrallan  and  »al  that  Mesira  Riiahlon 
and  Christie's  plan  wai  carried  out,  and  the  Liverpool  asylum 
waa  opened  in  t;9i.  Tbomas  Blacklock  ol  Edinburj^.  a  blind 
poet  and  adralar,  (nnslaied  HaUy'*  work  on  the  Eitaatim 
tj  lit  Bllii.  He  Inureited  Mi  David  hmiai,  a  blind  gentle- 
man,  the  Rev.  David  Joboilon  and  olben  in  tbe  auhjeci,  and 
alter  Elacklock'a  death  the  Edinboi^  Asylum  fnr  the  Rehef 
ol  the  Indigenl  and  Induilriaui  Blind  was  ettabtlshed  (174]). 
Iniiitmiona  wtrr  eataUiihed  In  the  United  iUiigdom  In  the 
faUawingiirdcr: — 

School  lor  Ihe  Indtgent  Blind,  Liverpool  .  .     in' 

RmI  Blind  Aiylum,  Edinburgh        ilg< 

Brmel  Aaylum 179J 

School  lor  Ihe  IndieeBt  Blind.  Southwark  (sow 

Rnwvcd  (0  Lealherhead) I7«l 

Norwich  Allium  and  School iBoj 

Richmond  Aiylum.  DubUn ilio 

Aberdeen  Asylum ilil 

MdIv»u>  Aayium.  Dublia         .       .       .       .       .     I«i5 

Claiiaw  Aiylum  and  School lilj 

Bellau  School lajl 

IMIberforn  School.  York     ......      iSU 

Llnenck  Asylum i8m 

Loodon  Society  lor  Tsachitti  tbe  Bliad  to  Sfd.  St' 

John-.  Wood,  N.    .       .  ■••• 

Royal  Victoria  School  lor  the  t 

West  ir'Enili*nd  Inline  r'nt  the  Blind.  Enter     '.  iBjB 

Htnshaw't  Blind  Asylum,  Mancheucr  .  iBjg 

Couniy  and  City  ct  Cork  Aijlum      ....  1B40 

Cathode  Avium,  Livapool 1II41 

Brighton  An'lum 1B4J 

Midknd  Institute  for  Ihe'BlitxI.  Notriniham  .       .  1B4J 

General  laiiiiute  for  ikt  Uiad.  Birmii^lUm  .       .  184! 

Macan  Aaylum,  Anaagh ilM 

St  Joseph-*  AsylumTOublia iSji 

Si  Mary-s  Aaylum,  Dublin  .       ,       .  iltS 

Inahuie  lor  the  Blind.  Dennpatt    .     ' .  .  II60 

South  Devon  and  CorawiU  Institute foriba  Bliad, 

Plymeuih iMo 

School  for  the  Blind.  Soulhsea 1864 

Iniiliute  (or  the  Blind.  Dundee It65 

South  WalninuiIuieloribeBllnd.Swaiwa         .  1(65 

School  for  the  Bliad.  Leedi isH 

Colbn  lor  Ihe  Sonaol  Gentlemen.  Womur        .  1M6 

KonbraCounilealiwitutc(ar(heBlind.lnverm  ISU 
Royal  Normal  College  and  Academy  ol  Music  loi  tbe 

Blind,  Upper  Norwoed Itr* 

School  for  the  Uiad.  Sheffield 1I79 

BarcUy  Home  and  School  lo.  Blind  Ciris.  BrigUon  iSN 

Homes  for  Blind  ChiUien.  Preiioa    .       .       .       .  1S9] 

North  Stafford  Scboiil.  Suik<4B-Ti«M  ..  IW 


Many  ottbeeaifrliutltntioniwCTeaiylttHa.aiiJtetberrt  Mat 
day  acbooli  for  tbe  blind  are  regarded  by  the  public  u  aiyluioi 
thin  as  eduntioDal  ttubUshraenta.     With  Marly  all 
leboob  workjbop*  weie  BonDeeUd.     In  iSje  Uha  Giibctt. 


After  tbe  be^nnlng  of  tbe  tqIIi  cxntmy,  fnalitutlost  for  tbe 
blind  were  ettabliabed  in  vaiiaui  parta  of  Europe.  The  Initilu- 
tion  at  Vienna  waa  founded  in  iSoa  by  Dr  W.  Klein,  a  blind  man, 
and  be  remained  at  its  bead  lor  Cfty  yean.  That  of  Berlin  wai 
nublished  In  1806,  Anulndam.  Prague  and  Ihesden  in  iSoS, 
Copenhagen  in  iSi  i.  Then  are  more  than  1 50  on  the  EunpeaB 
continent,  moat  of  tbem  receivlnc  aid  fnm  Iba  g 


The  flnt  school  lor  Ihe  hUnd  In  the  Untied  Statca  waa  {oondad 
In  Boaton,  Maaa.,cli[eflytbmoghtheeaonsof  DiJohnD.  Flaber, 
a  young  phyftciaq  who  viilled  the  French  tdmoL  It  aiM 
ioairpoiated  In  iSip.andIo  honour  of  T.H.  Pertfat(iTfi4-i!M) 
who  save  bii  manaion  lo  tbeiiatitulion  was  nanKd  tbe  Ferkigt  la- 
(lltulionand  Masaacbuaetta  Asylum  (now  School)  for  the  Bliiui, 
Aid  waa  granted  by  the  alats  Inm  the  beginning.  In  tSjt  Di 
Samuel  C.  Howe  (;.v.)  waa  appointed  director,  and  held  tbal 
position  for  nearly  [orty'ioui  yeais,  bring  lucceedcd  by  hb 
son-in-law  hiichari  Anagnot  (d.  1906),  who  esIabUshcd  a  kinder- 
garten far  tbe  blind  at  Jamais  Plain,  in  connexion  with  tbe 
Perkins  I  miltution.  DrHavewasinieresiedlnmanychaiiiable 
and  Bodoloflcal  Aovementa,  but  bis  life-work  waa  on  behall  of 
the  blind.  One  of  bi>  nic«t  notable  achievenenu  waa  ibe 
education  ol  Laura  Btidgman  (;.>.)  who  was  deal,  dumb  and 
blind,  and  Ihit  bii  ^nce  led  to  the  eduotkin  ol  Helen  Keller 
and  other  blind  deaf-mulea.  The  New  York  Inalilntlon  waa 
incoiponted  la  iSii,  and  the  Penniylvaaia  Institution  wai 
founded  at  Philadelphia  by  tbe  Sodety  of  Friendi  fa)  iSjj.  Tbe 
Ohio  wai  founded  at  Colitmbai  In  iB]7,  Virginia  at  Slauaton  in 
iBjg,  Kentucky  at  Loidiville  la  1841,  Tennentia  at  NasbviUe 
in  iBm,  and  now  every  atau  In  the  UbIob  makta  provWon  lor 


SxtTitnes 

Ib  Enibnd  and  Walea  the  total  Dumber  of  persona  retuinU 
in  igoi  aj  afflJcted  with  blindcesa  wu  >}.]>;,  being  In  tfaa 
praponioa  of  778  per  taiUioD  living.  «  1  blind  person 
in  every  11^5  of  the  populatloiL     The  following  table      ^^"^ 
ibowa  Ibat  tbe  propoition  of  blind  persons  to  popula'      f^, 
lion  ha>  diminished  at  each  successive  enumeration 
lince  185I1  In  which  year  particular!  of  iboac  afflicted  in  tUa 
manner  were  aactnalned  for  the  fiitt  time.    It  will,  howevei, 
be  noted  Ibat,  although  tbe  decnaie  in  tbe  piopoRion  of  blind 
in  the  latcal  inteiceua)  period  wa*  (till  conaideiable,  yet  the 


idbetwe 


.8,.  a. 


1» 


The  foIlowlnK  table,  which  gives  tbe  pToportloRi  of  blind 
;r  million  living  at  the  earlier  age-groups,  ahowt  that  in  the 
icenniun  iS^i-igoi,  a>  also  ta  recent  previous  intncental 
periods,  there  was  a  decrease  in  the  proponion  ol  blind  childtea 
"  igland  and  Wales  generally;  it  thus  lends  support  to  the 
nlion.  [n  the  Cnimi/ Jiff  nrl  lor  iBqi,  that  the  decrtaie  was 
:ltheT  to  tbe  leaser  prevalence,  or  to  the  more  efficient 
ol  purulent  opbibalmia  and  other  iDiantile  tnaladin 


63 


Aff-PB-rf. 

Kjl 

■  Ml 

1871 

lUI 

Ilfl 

■  «0> 

■98 

1 

1 

1' 

IBS 

139 
191 

Tot>lupd«is 

139 

3" 

.117 

If* 

J«9 

>6l 

III  18M  s  myi  comauuian 
ippoinusl  by  ihc  govt  rn  mini, 
tvidiDCc.  iuued  in  «b«ustivc  i 

tht  EicmtnUiy  Educition  (BI 
■u  pusni.  under  which  the  < 
jiDpulsOTT.     In 


D  the  btiibd,  detf  and  dumb  w 
iod.  ifler  uking  much  viluat 
diojl  rue  live  rtpon.     FoUowii 


,  thctcbool 
of  (Uiuble 

idof  £1 


•oUuniiia  nitri 

ry  eductiion  (or  bti 
u  of  £],]>■  For  elcRii 

duelling  children  In  Khooli  ccnificd  u  cfiidcnt 
ling  of  (he  EkniCTiUry  Educilicrn  Act  iB;6. 
'-     -■  -Mof  1893  WIS  lo  lupply 

|iiuic3iinii  ar  tnde  whfch  wiU  enable 
the  Ujad  to  tun  then  hvthhood  ind  lo  becom*  jaetuJ  dtiieni; 
but  ibc  ttak  ipol  wia  that  no  piOviiian  wu  roidt  therdo  for 
the  ccimplciioD  ol  ihcii  cdualiOD  ud  loduiuul  ItsiDisg  alter 
the  age  of  liirteeit. 

In  Englind  and  Wata,  tn  1907,  then  mre  twntiy-faar 
KUdenI  Kbooli  and  fony-thret  voiUiDpa  for  the  blind.  In 
many  of  the  large  towu.  day  cbuea  lor  the  education  of  blind 
children  have  been  eitabji^ed  by  loci]  tducatioD  lutboritiei. 
Tbeit  »iT  (orty-iii  home  leaching  lodetis,  *ho  jend  teichert 
to  vilil  the  blind  ic  Ihcir  boma,  to  teach  adulu  who  uriili  to 
lean  to  r»ad,  to  act  u  colporteun,  to  lend  and  iichinge  uieful 
baoht,  uid  to  act  u  Scripture  readen  to  tfeoM  who  are  iged  ud 
infinn.  AU  the  borne  leaching  locietita  for  the  blind  and  inany 
public  libcarit*  lend  cmbsued  boolu.  The  public  library  al 
Oxford  baa  nearly  400  vokunei  of  daaiical  worlu  lor  ibe  tut  of 
oiiveniiy  atudeatt. 

A  aodrty  waa  initiiuled  Id  1S47  by  Dr  W.  Moon  for  itarsk- 
tniiog  and  emboning  the  Scriplum  and  other  booka  in 
"  Mood  "  type.  The  type  hi>  been  adapted  to  over  40a 
languagei  and  diilecti.  After  Dr  Uooa's  death  in  1 U4  the  irorli 
wu  carried  on  by  hii  daughter,  Mix  Adelaide  Moon,and  tlw 
bosit*  an  mwh  used  by  the  adult  blind. 

In  iS65DrT.  EL  Anniiige,  being  aware  of  iliegrcml  Impiovt- 
nwnta  which  had  been  made  in  the  education  of  the  blind  in 
B«bn  countna.  lowided  Ibc  Britiih  aitd  Foreign  Bliid  Aiaocit- 
tios-  Tbii  auociatioii  wi>  lonned  for  the  puipoK  of  pnmMiilng 
ibe  education  and  caiplo>ineirt  of  the  blind,  by  ascertaining 
what  had  been  dant  io  ibeM  retpecu  in  virioui  countriei,  by 
endeavouriag  to  lupply  deficietida*  wbeie  ibcM  were  found  to 
clitt.  md  by  attempting  to  bring  about  greal«r  batniony  of 

It  gave  a  new  Impetui  to  the  education  and  training  of  the  blind 
IB  the  United  Kingdom.  At  that  time  their  education  wu  in 
le  of  chao*.     Tbe  Bible,  or  a  pat  part  of  it,  had  been 


printH 


Tbel. 


that  the  Rtaiive  meriti  ol  tbe  varioui  melhodi  of  edi 
IhiDu^  the  acnie  of  touch  should  t)t  decided  by  Uwaa  and  tboae 
only  who  ban  lo  rely  on  tha  aenie.  The  council,  who  were  all 
tolally  01  partially  Mind.  Ipent  two  yean  in  comparing  Ihc 
diSerent  iyiiems  of  embossed  prinl.  In  iS6«  and  iS;o  Dr 
Armiiage  commanded  with  Dr  J.  R.  Rub  In  regard  to  the  New 
York  Point.  No  (rouble  wu  spared  to  airlve  at  a  ri^l  concln- 
iisn.  The  Brailkayitcwwisfiinllyidopted,!  "  ' 
■I  once  became  a  centre  for  supplying  Iramo  lor  writing 
piinled  hooka,  maps,  music  and  oibn  educational  ap 
1h  ihe  blind.  All  taaki  priaied  by  the  asaocialion  are 
frnm  siemiyped  platei  emboued  by  blind  copylsla. 
joDo  separate  woiks,  varying  in  length  from  1  la  i>  v 


«,  who  ^ve  their 
woks,  and  they  are 
Sil),  who  are  paid 


typcL    Book*  are 

I  tmbcMtd  lypa  In 

tbe  prfodpil  an 
the  Cordwaioen', 
id  PetuioD  SodMj 

le  of  £]ae,eoo  left 

music,  la  luiubl* 
than  BHisie,  for 
nd  iridividiiali  (or 


TLli  whole  couni^ 
Mncy  and  Shetland 

I  voluntary  helpn 

the  Scriptuira  and 


.    In5MlS«i 


ton.  aiTiJiiaii  I13J 
<  imiiy  aged  blind 


.ytntJ^r 


Tht  MIoirliif  titn  the  oimiaRiBnu  for  19OI : — 


Uind  u  dcGiKd  in  Ihc  in 


»^  (■»»■) 

3901(190^ 


Ntw  South  \Mla  I     .     8*4    NcvZ 

Soulh  AuMnUa     .     .     315    Nital 

QuKndind       ...     KM    Capef 

WnAuKFilii'     .     .     Ill     Canad 
Is  AuKnlii  tlm  aie  ioMimtiom  Iw  tlir  blind  ai  MdbauiH, 
Sydaev,  Adelaidt.  Briihiaa.  BriibiKind  Mayludi  irv  Pulli.    In 
New  Zialiiid  Uk  iiaiiiiniao  liat  Aucktind. 

InCipcColony.bnwteR  iS;5*iid  iBfi.tlwmminninontiiiiTv 
iocnav  in  btindneu,  btii  beiwHn  lAai  and  locuilvmc  on-  iD.ooo 
hudKiuKd  »*7<  %.  Thtr 

I8tl.    It  ia  tupponed  by  a 
*Schi»irror  tSl'ui-'I  wm  ooblulKd 


npontd  I  tool  <f  loi.iH  nruM  (llnd  to  b* 

■he  ioHiuciioH  nnuiiKJiniba  (chedl^  bm 
ally  rtdiavd  at  a  nauli  of  the  cwrevpowUna 
oirecijy  wLiD  TiK  iiHLviduali.  SS4J  rtpeftinf  that  tht  altcfed  dckci 
did  ttn  ciiB.  aad  fiju  that  ibay  wen  blutd  ODly  la  at  tn  biM 
were  able  10  Ke  viihU*  Diber.  and  heoct  dkl  mx  con  wiitin  tbt 
■cope  of  iha  inqujrv.  No  icplidB  wcR  received  in  IQ.SB4  caiea  ift 
which  penonal  •ckedulet  were  •eol.  allbouigiintauid  iimviiia 

the  pemnal  HlKdaln  lemrned  nete  tea  incomplet*  (or  uit,  and 

lenuiniQi  for  ttailidcal  irtatMteH.  after  makiag  the  <ll«iutla« 

U.—Tkt  Bllni.  by  Bipa  ej  Blininiu.  Att-Piritdi.  Cetetir  and  NalitUy. 


Dominioii  Eovenunent  at  Brantford,  Oncaho 
(lajl).  andlialiraii.  Nova  Scoiia  (IS67).. 

the'M'KBTTinitiHe'far  Pnlea»i>I  beai-Mutn 
ind  Blind,  and  1  acbool  (or  Roman  Calholk 
ihildnn  under  iba  cbarEo  of  tb*  Silun  of  Cbai- 


by. 


In  Ibc  Dnitcd  Sutn  the  education  of 
bliod  [a  Dot  regarded  aa  a  charilj,  buL  foi 
..  ,  .  paitoflbceducitioDal  lyitemoi 
f^^  counlry,  and  It  cairied  on  it 
public  apenae.  According  to 
A  HtuialStfarlal  the  CosimlssioDcr  of  Educatioi 


r  .908,  tl 


with 


_  10  pupila.  The  value  of  appaialua,  grouadi 
and  building  waa  19,701.161.  For  aalaiica 
■IMJ  oUiet  cipendituie,   tbe    aggregate    waa 

ti.«fio.7]i.     The  United   SUtes 


Bnlde 

these  line  schools,  there  are  woikshopi  for  Ihe 
blind  subsidized  by  the  state  goveriuneai  or  the 
miuiidpalily.  Conimiaiuiutonipoicd  of  able 
men  have  recently  been  appointed  in  Kvenl 
of  tbe  ilatcs  to  take  charp  of  the  affairs  of 
Ihe  blind  from  infancy  lo  old  age.     Tbe 


Age-Flenad. 


TIk  bliod     . 
Under  M  yea 

Age  unlcnotrn 


'^  bUnd     T™  f~ 


The  panially  1^1  nd 


10  conniunicitt  with  ev 
Atlbeiitlicensusai 

brief  pr 


iitba 


sllheec 


Lii  enables  these  cc 
in  the  plan  for 


ricted  to  a 


return,  ihowing  only  tbe 
omce  addrot,  and  nature  of  the  eiisting  delects  in  all  persons 
alleged  to  be  blind  or  deaf.  Dr  Aleundcr  Graham  Bell,  of 
Washington,  D.C,  was  appointed  eiperl  special  agent  of  the 
census  office  tor  the  preparation  of  a  report  on  the  deaf  and  blind. 
He  waa  enapoWTrrd  to  conduct  in  his  own  name  a  correapondenco 
relating  to  this  branch  of  the  census  inquiry.  A  circular  con< 
taining  eighteen  qucsljons  waa  addressed  to  every  blind  person 


iln  the 
iefollDwingtablea(I.,  IL, 


IV.)  h*ve  been  compikd. 
He  BIi*d,  by  Dtftt  1^  Blaiteu  ami  Sti. 


Sn. 

.s. 

s 

4&' 

"-& 

?i.:  :  :  :  :  : 

ss 

as 

illlL' 

^'S;;;;-; 

"^8 

56;S 

S8t 

^^^^ 

ISi 

««4 

s 

d  correction,  waa  ^^' 


3S.6U  toully  blind.  ■ 


.53,  repre. 

Tills  number,  however,  lan  be  conidtTed 
minimuin,  at  an  unknown  proponion  of  the  blind  wem 


not  located  by  I 

•chedulea  thoold  be  indudKl  In  theTouT 

"  Blindnea,  either  tntai  or  partial,  is  n  largely  a  defect  tt 
aged,  and  OEcurs^wJth  nm^uch  grrater  frequency  as  Ihc  age  advai 


borne  in  mind.    Thei*'^ 
the  diSereocea  in  the 
compared  for  etaiMa  d 
liabilln  10  UlndncB  c 


M  el  ocfc  dui  shovkl  be  eouiii 


yt-i7c)  hadblind  reUuve>,7-«44  having  blind  biDitieis.  liHen  or 

0(  the  S3.?Bo  blind  whoK  panmi  were  not  related,  9490  (oi 
i;.6%)  had  blind  lelitives,  ^}g;  having  blind  bm  hen.  snen  or 


had  also  6)1  nd  rel 
IJ.9B0  wlxMe  isre' 
bNnd  waa  16M  lo 
blind  lelairve*. 
In  1M3  Ihe  m 


of  the  2527  t>lind  whoie  parents  wtte  covhus. 
conBrnilally  blind,  of  whom  3^  (or  js-^f^) 
vn  dI  the  cls«es  tpecihcd;  while,  among  iSe 

•It  &-8%),*ywhom  oaly"iU3  lot  ir^^l'hail 

cr  of  Uind  in  Fnnce  was  nllmaled  at  li.ajb, 
of  the  coviiry  being  38,000,000;  1148  of  the 


J7  «■«  Rdivliit  IsMnRisa  ia  ii  icMiila  (uppoRn)  bjr  iha  lun, 
.  bir  lb*  dry  bI  FtiTM,  by  iDini  of  ItM  dctwtiKau.  mud  by 

■^^  BUI*  reUnuB  bndich  Tht  four  PviiuJniiiiutHHia 
n  the  ludniiiiia  NmijiihIi  do  JnuKa  Avniiln.  [he  Ecolc  Bnilla 
bsnlKl  ia  isag),  ihi  EBbUMHuiit  da  Saun  Aveuild  dt  Sc  Pud 

TuLB  III.—  n>  WW,  I7  i)*!"*  ff  Blii^mm  (W  AthFtnuit. 


Under  ID  ytan    .      ,      . 
10-19     "         ... 

JO-M.  "       '.'.'. 
4fr-l»    .         .     ..     ■ 

es  :r  :  :  : 

H5 :    :  :  : 

9o-«  ;^,     ■    •    ■ 

Nanbo  pn  1,000,00a  jxqiulilli 

Aii*ri  TTfT'.  -. 

Dnriorcan    ■     .     . 

»o-J9    »       I     •     ' 
3<^-W 

S--    :  :  : 
«  ::   :  :  : 

V~n    ",      ■     '     ■ 


&, 


Scniided  in  1I53},  ud  Out  of  the  Frim  de  Siint  Jon  dc  Die 
Dundrd  In  187s). 

TIk  aumbcr  a1  thf  blind  In  Getnuny  was  about  39,000,  or  B70  jx 
BiUioB  ia  iMj.     Tbt  numbfr  of  inttiti-' '   '  -  - 


with  I  toul  of 

t  wo  which  in 

,_. „.'Ly  ■»Mtpd  by  t 


iv»M  muni  fitting. -—  ' ' '^— ' ' — *---■■-—  -,-- 

the  pTDViimt.     L_  , 

«» fnm  the  itite.  u  (hit  ih<7 
'  It  of  private  charhy,  while  ii 

tioni  I>U  ehon  of  the 


NESS  6j 

bMDiiIli^linyiliiStxoair.  THcrMu1lo(tkievlitb,u*elluaD 
eominuniaiioiu  from  ihe  (iiudi>n.  thi  letttnfnm  the  Mind  penan. 


idini 


UCE  ol  a^tdT^^hetber  i 
mfinZ  ^ickl"  ■mi'S'i 


n  <«  ihdr  'wanb.     Bui 

n  themielvn  without  I'hi 
jTooiiit.    -     ■■■    ■ 
inH!  bn 

'aiid  hit  tlmily.  tht'Ui 


orooiAt.  liieUin'c 
ji  fee;  but  »  ■  ruk  pe  ooa  not 
wlio  ii  001  blind  bfi  to  use  every 
"  -  -  the  blbid  man  to  do 
ithoot  Idikh  b«  viti 


a  blind  pupil 


tiled  in  other  pluB  on 
their  lelativn. 

"  The  fund  for  thr  dlirhuted  blind  tt  adiniDiRered  by  the  direel 
theinflitution.  The  number  of  ihoKainMedainounnitpreee 
»aboui40o,  who  live  mpecably  in  all  putlog  Suiony,  arealnt 
'If-nippoTtinf.  and  led  themiclva  free  meo.  For,  Juit  Mia 
xa  not  fed  galled  by  a  sill  from  hit  father,  10  they  are  not  a^iam 
I   receive   a&iitance   from   their  aecood    patemai    Ikvik,    t 


■eTtba 

hg     '•■*■' 
d  iutStntloa, 


about  eqoally  balanced-    No  cevnibnce  wai  t 
brind  in  the  cenxx  o(  iln.    Ther*  ia  only 
that  of  AmMerdum,  with  «i>  supila.  with  ■  | — . — 
Benuchem  (wiih»pupili)aniluaaylanlar  adului 

Sinniarried).     Bnidei  Ibeie,  there  are  vorlohMia  1 
ntterdam,  the  Ha(ue,  Utrecht  and  MiddettHHT. 
AecordiBf  to  the  cenaiiaof  1S70,  than  wre  ia  Danmufc  IV4Q  bGnd 
(577  inalei  and  671  lenulea).  or  one  bUnd  foe  every  Ifil  penoaa. 
One  inatitiKiofl  haa  been  eatabliibcd  by  jovecnaient,   _ 
M.  the  Royal  laatitation  for  Ibi  Blind,  at  Capenhaceni  '"■■"■' 

loochitdrentafed  101"' -'-  — *' j_— .^j     ti 

pfeparatory  aeiuol  for 
aayldn  for  blind  femal 
royal  tchooL    An  atiDi ^ ^ 


The  aumbcr  ol  blind 


ioder   Tain  IV.— r*«  BJ«d.  h  (l"'"(ti"i 


iadabkto 
[nou  In  aweoea,  aaanunf  10  tne  caeana 

Iv  sf  PsmU,  Dttra  ^  Blimiaia,  aid  Bli<U 

fCHIm  Oujti. 


blind  iteadily  advai 
fidcnce  of  the  Sail 


"o/^bUw 


Totally  blind  , 

P.nially  blind  . 

TbeUInd    .     .  . 

TouUy  blind  . 

Pinially  blind  . 


Toially  bl 
Panjjl'y  1 


Collai 


No  BUnd 


.,  inltKdiKti ._ 

a  IruftwDTthy  pemm,  reaidini  in  him  f iRUir  ptac 
buD  advke  aad  practical  lielp.  to  protect  him  fn 

anabie  to'ad^Sc'w'Slp.''h»'thcJi  w 


ilriKIKin  of  the  blind  in  Sweden  wa 


BLINDNESS 


fulv  lUi  tbe  Royil  lutliiuliia  61  lit  BDiid 
buUdint  41  TDinlcbDda.  mai  SlwUu[m. 
TtHla       " 


Tbt  nilHU  oC  Ilrj  •howrd  Ihil  in  Flnl 


MM  Mi 


Euhilg  Lhc  -try  btfh  figuri  ol  onf  (or  tvrry  jji  al 
:>uT  poptilalioru    ncvcnhclm  (hcrv  were  only  i£ 


»1  ate.     For  ihtmt  there  ire 


KUDoiate.  r  or  iMae  loerc  ire  iwouuinu 
wbrrr  Ibc  inAmctiDD  it  jfivtn  in  [he  &WKJ 
there  ere  eboul  tt  pupi^Bild  aooLher  I 
•irucUDD  ie  given  ia  the  Finaiih  i^*n[..*f 


^.  And  when  the  pupUi 

Accordlni  le  inlgrmitiaa  raeriveil  rnj«  Ihe  I.R.  CeDiral  Coinniij- 
*^''  '"  ^iiiiiic«»  (he  nirrnber  ol  blind  in  Ihe  pnvlKn  rcpmenied 
in  [hi  Aiutiian  Reichira[h  anuHioied  lo  15.5IJ  ia  the  year 


unely  4JJ  tSfi 


01  il 


ipljy. 


forbiiiulchildi 

o(  the  email  of  Si  Slephen  uru  loS.jai. 

The  number  dJ  btind  penoEwia  July  vuji.tiS,  vfonjing  tothe 
ceuiucf  iMl.and  Ihoie si  ichcni  iie  were euirmted  loioimlj  ^ 

**■  ''^^S5Se^.lrt^^''""h!e'*''     ^\;|""P""' 

TIierT  ire  lamuiaiiau.echooIaindworkJiaiiafgrihe  blind. 

SMtiHio  wiih  Rfard  10  the  lUimbtr  ind  condiiiaa  of  the  bUnd 

in  ihe  RuHian  empire  en  of  ■  very  limiled  chinrter.  and  ii  lion' 

mmn        ol  late  yean  ihal  any  uienpi  haa  been  made  (o  dra 

up  any  icrunie  reluini  wjih  refud  u  ihen.    The  lot 

nirmberof  (he  blind  ihroiighoul  llv  empire  19  generally  reckoned  j 

the  bj'ind!'*'      "     """  "         '~  "  '*" ""'  "  '      "'""'" 

'■Jr.  Egypt  the  bl 


int.  lyg- 

PaluaTiuh.  Calitin, 

ucma.    The  memorial 

in  CeytoD  look  the  form  of  work  br  the  blind. 

^.  ihe  help  o(  L.  Canhmiie  of  the  Indiai  Civil 

Si  vieed  a  acheme  ci  orlenTal  Brulle.  which  haa  been  adopieil 

b:  jrii  aad  Foreiin  Bible  Scxaeiy  lor  the  producuaa  g(  the 

S(  in  Eastern  Lnauage*. 

■  it  very  prevaleni  in  China,  and  to  eynftaam.  Pnlect 
ar  iiul  be  added  tepnieyaiid  tmallpai  ai  auto.    Blind 

br  iy  be  vfn  on  evin  highway,  clamonnne  for         Ckmt 

■liu>.    itM  in  India  their  _pitilul  condition  attrairico  the 
aticnlion (< (he miwonarlea.    W.  H.  Murray.aScottiih  mUonary 
[a  Pekini,  made  a  einiple  aad  fngennui  aibputfon  1^  the  Braille 

Lacorrequadine  Brume  nocnber. 


40a  ■ 
iVber 


[alto,  early  in  the  Teat  looi.  ihrouch  fundi  provided  by 
Atmiraje,    Theobjeclolihcrnuituiion,  whiih  liwhnlly 


become  in  ereat  meaiure,  or 
(DrKenmiKScHI.) 

India  ha«  1  llrfc  prvportioB 


iven  comptetely.  lelf^uppiirtini 
9I  blind  inhibitanti.  latiflnc  fn 


ssTf; , 

11.  AKhsolforlbeblindnieiublubedaiPekinc, 
mol  the  Script  urea  pridled  at  Peking  can  be  lead  in  all 

whereiheNonhera  Mandarin  dialect  iiipokendreMiH 
mint,  Tiki  lanur  tj  Ot  Kmmtnl  Typi  /•>  Ciina). 
r  haa  recently  been  tmnged  for  Mandarin,  baied  on  a 
liaband  finak.  by  Miia  Garland  ol  the  China  Intaiid 

FoDchow  (here  ia  a  brge  vhool  for  b<m  and  |^li  'm 
h  the  Chuich  MiiKnury  Society.     At  Ningpo-Tlmoy, 

Fukien  work  lor  the  bJiod  14  carried  on  by  iht 

The  blind  in  Japan  have  long  been  (rained  in  maaaBe,  acupnivtirr* 
blind  engaged  In  Ihw  oGCUpationa.     From  three  to  five  t^mm 

blind  pcrvm  il  ihea  able  M  Hippon  hinwil.  la  Vokohama.  wiih  * 
populaiioaolhaif  a  miinon.  then  art  imonenand  women  eaiaeed 
In  muage,  and  all  but  about  too  of  Ihaie  are  blind.  In  litl  a 
achool  lor  Ibc  blind  and  dcal-nuta  nt  dtabUihed  in  Kyoto,  and 
loon  af(er  one  In  Tokyo.  Japan  bai  loot  Khooli  (or  the  blind,  aod 
■even  cooitiicicd  KhooU  lor  the  blind  aod  dcaf-nucea. 

a  othet_  Eanern  countriea,  Mindneia  ii  very  prevabat  in 


RTVCeived  thrtwghtheeTelliui  llinnigh 
her  organ,  the  mind  of  a  blind  child  is  vacanl,  and  [be 
g  ihould  begin  early  01  the  mind  will  degenen 


ecUy  It 


f  tight  mulli  in 


If  no 


Hither  detayi  n 


blind  child  l> 

and  when  he  leavei  bit  seal  wiD  move  timidly 
of  activity  produce!  bad  pbytical  eSecti,  and 
nlal  growth.  Th.:  blind  are  often  ioJLted, 
aome  Ol  mem  niined  for  life,  through  the  Ignorance  and  miitaken 
lundncs)  ol  their  liirndi  during  caily  childhood.  They  ihould 
be  uughl  to  aialk.  to  fo  up  and  don  itain,  u  naali,  dieu  aad 

Tley  ihould  be  orefully  lau jht  conect  potiuRt  and  attitudes, 
and  10  avoid  makltig  grimacei.  They  tbould  be  told  the  lequlre- 
menta  of  aocial  convtntioni  which  a  leciDg  cliild  leanu  lllrough 
watching  hii  etdera.  They  have  no  coudouiDen  that  Iheit 
hi  hilt  arediugreeaUe,  and  the  earlier  uBughtiy  tnannerlimi  are 
corrected  the  better.  It  il  a  fallacy  to  luppoK  that  the  other 
lenaeiof  Ihr  blind  are  naturally  thaipcrllun  thOKOl  Ihe  teeing. 

cultivated  that  they  partially  replace  light,  and  inch  cultivatiott 
can  begin  with  very  young  children. 

Blind  children  have  ■  itronger  claim  npoo  Ihe  public  tor 
-J ;—  .!.._  5,1^,  thiUrjn^  bccauK  they  itart  >1  >    "' 


in  their 


t.  they 


Vrhat  •Dthoritla  dMald  adopt  tb*  mM  cOdeat  pba  loc 
prepiriBs  bHnd  cUldnD  to  btcoioe  (cUve,  Indrpfnrtnit 
■ad  nonieii.  nthec  than  CDuida  the  chwpfM  uul  culai 
BHttiod  ol  cduciihii  tlicm.  Wc  cuiixit  tflord  to  (ivc  the  '" 
Lj  cduatloB  that  b  not  Ilu  bat  of  Id  kiod  to  tha  tn 
pnfessioD  Ihry  will  have  to  EoDow.  Tkn  are  nauy  miai 
penoDi  wiih  litUr  educatkn  who  arc  iHCfuI  dtimiand  Hm 
ia  vanow  industrlu.  but  an  untdncalcd  blind  poHO  ii  bdplai, 
■nd  oiusi  bccoiiK  (tspCDdtnt. 

Tlie  ■umnindlBgi  ol  Ihc  bUnd  do  Mt  hvouc  tb«  dcvdor 
of  activity,  telf-relianci  and  iodepcDdcooc  PaRDt*  aod  fiicadi 
Bud  it  euler  to  attend  to  the  winU  and  tcquiramtnta  ol  tliar 
blind  duMmlhaa  to  tactatlKinUbeKlf-hdpfijltn  liiccoaiBon 
>cu  of  evciyday  lii*.  A  —''i-fc—  klndnau  Icadi  the  friend*  to 
toardemy  Bwvenent  and  piewDt  ptiyikal  ■jccnioiL  Asa  tuk, 
the  vlUfilT  ol  the  b&nd  It  nuch  bdov  the  average  vitatiiy  oi 
leehig  pcnou,  ind  any  Q>ileBi  of  educatioo  whicb  doe 
tecognlM  and  oveicomc  tU*  defect  wlU  be  a  failure.  It 
lack  at  tottfjr  aad  doMrntnalJoi],  not  the  want  ol  aigbt,  iIbI 
GBoaes  ID  many  faihiR*  amoog  the  biiu). 

A  pnctftal  tyiUiD  of  education,  wUcli  ha*  (or  fu  object 
make  the  Mind  iodependcni  aad  KK-Hotalnins.  mual  be  ha* 
p-^^^  upon  a  OHnprebnalva  coune  of  physical  devetopaxnt. 
JUJJIJ  A  blhid  man  aiho  hat  iittjved  mechanical  tnialng, 
gmeial  education,  or  muiicai  initnictioa,  nilhout 
phyaieal  developmeai,  Ii  like  an  ea^na  pmvided  with  eveiything 
neoasary  eicept  awiive  power. 

Schooli  lor  the  blind  ihould  be  provided  with  mU-equipped 
fymaaaEa,  aad  the  pho'ilcal  training  should  ^"'•^™^  varioua  klndi 
of  maw  and  appaAtui  work,    tai^  and  Hiitabk  pUyjnundi 

pfay,  it  (Invld  have  a  uipp^  al  nriav.  tilta,  jiim(iin«^baanit, 
Mila,  chai*4-baoei,  Allllt-aDey*,  &c.    Any  fame' that  aUoi 
of  aide*  bcini  taken  add*  freatly  to  the  eBioymeBt,  and  b 
powoful  faicontive  to  play.    The  pvplli  *lio<ild  be  encouiaged 


The  (objocu  In  the  acbool  cunicidan  ilioald  be  varied 
he  a(e  and  capacity  ol  the  pupil),  but  tboM 
wiucB  cultivite  the  powen  of  obicrvaliOD  and  the 
perceptive  laculilci  should  have  a  fint  place  Object 
leauni  or  nature  study  ihould  have  a  latBD  share  ol 
.    Few  people  realize  that  a  blind  child  knows  BOlUng 


Acain,  a  carnal  drill 

.   rapidity.  Is 

hf  licqnent  eierdie*  la  composiLioa,  and  by  comaiitting  to 
DiemoTypaAafeaof  standard  proae  and  poetry.  In  his  secondary 
course,  the  choice  of  subjects  must  depend  upon  his  future 
CBzccr.     Above  aH,  siimulaio  a  love  of  good  reading. 

Ttoia  the  earliest  yean  ■"**■■■'  dexterity  should  he  cultivated 
by  kiadexgariBi  work,  andriling,  sewing,  knitting  and  tloyd. 

BImd  children  ifho  have  not  had  the  advantage  of 
~*Lj  this  early  handwork  find  niuch  more  difficulty  when 
II  iri>u      they  begm  a  ngular  course  In  technical  tninlng. 

Eariy  maanal  triioing  culilviies  Ihc  perceptive 
facultka.  (ha  activity  to  the  body,  and  prepua  the  band*  and 
fiaceit  for  piaooTonc-playlng,  piuiofotte- timing  and  handicraf  is, 
Boidca  a  good  general  education,  the  blind  must  have  careful 
aixl  detailed  training  in  lome  handicnlt.  or  thorougb  prTpantiOD 
.,  .  lor  some  piofettlan.    The  ttidca  and  pnlcaeioai  open 

1^1',  to  IheB  are  lew,  and  if  they  fail  in  one  of  these  tbey 
^M.  eanBottumquickly  to  some  Other  line  ol  work.    Those 

who  have  charge  of  their  edvcatlon  •houM  avail 
thtiusalsta  el  the  knowledge  that  haa  been  gained  in  all  countries. 
ia  order  to  dedde  wisely  fai  reprd  to  the  iiadg  or  < 
tervUtbcst&pu^sknldhcprepand.    It  puybc 


ol  hradictaft,  pbiwfartfrtentnc,  school-teacUvg,  or  the  pin- 
laBioa  of  ntwici  the  talent  and  ability  ol  each  child  tbould  be 
caiduLy  csntidcred  beloichnaUy  deciding  his  luiureoccupatioiL 
The  (aiiutc  to  give  the  blind  a  practical  education  olton  meaoa 
dependence  through  lUe. 

Pianolerte-tuning  1*  an  employment  lor  the  blind  originated 
in  Psris.  About  i8je  Claud  Montal  and  a  blind  IcUow-pupit 
attemptedtotuiieapiaiw.  The  seeing  tuner  in  charge  __ 
ol  the  tcho^  pianos  complained  to  the  director,  and  a^^T* 
they  were  lorbidden  to  touch  the  works,  but  the  two  '—-^ 
Iriends  pncuied  an  old  piano  and  continued  their 
efibrts.  Finally,  the  dinctor,  convinced  of  theii  skill,  gave 
them,  tjiarge  ol  all  the  tcbool  pianos,  and  classes  were  soon 
started  lor  the  other  pupils.  When  MoDtal  Ml  the  [nsiitulioii 
faa  (Dcounteied  great  prejudice,  but  bis  skill  in  tuning  bccanM 
known  to  the  profcsaon  of  the  Conservatoiiv,  and  bis  work 
rapidly  boeased  and  success  was  assured.  Uonlal  afterwards 
established  a  manufactoiy.  and  remained  at  its  had  lor  niany 
yean.  Tuning  is  an  eiDcUenl  employment  for  the  blind,  and 
one  in  which  they  have  certain  advantages.  The  seeing  who 
eicel  in  the  business  go  through  a  long  spprtnlicesiiip.  and  one 
mint  give  the  blind  even  more  csieiul  pitparaiioD.  They  nait 
woek  a  number  of  hours  daily,  under  tuiuble  tuition,  for  several 
years.  Alter  a  careful  eumiaaiion  by  an  eipcrt  piinotortv 
tuning  authority,  every  duly  qualified  tuner  Should  be  lurniihed 
vrith  an  oAcial  ccrtihcate  ol  proficiency,  and  tuners  who  csiuiot 
take  the  requited  examinations  ought  not  to  be  allowed  l» 
Impose  upon  the  public 

ilusic  in  iu  various  bisncha.  when  properly  taught.  Is  lh« 
best  and  o»si  lucrative  employment  lor  the  blind.  To  becooN 
luecesslul  in  the  prolession,  it  is  necessary  lor  the  ^^.^w 
bUnd  to  have  opportunities  of  intirucdon,  practice,  g^u^ 
study,  and  hearing  muaic  equal  to  thooe  allordcd  the 
seeing,  with  whom  they  will  have  to  compete  in  the  open  aiatket, 
II  the  blind  Tnuiician  is  to  rite  above  mediocrity,  systematic 
musical  instruction  in  childhood  Is  indispensable,  aad  good 
instruction  will  avail  little  anlcs*  the  pmciice  Is  under  constant 
and  judicious  supervision.  The  musical  instruction,  in  iti 
several  branches  ol  harmony,  pianoforte,  organ  and  vocal 
culture,  must  be  addressed  to  the  mind,  not  merely  to  the  car. 
This  Is  [he  only  possible  method  by  which  musical  training 
can  be  made  of  practical  use  to  the  blind.  The  blind  music 
teacher  or  organist  must  ha 
ol  analysing  and  dealing  with  music  froi 
ol  view.  U  the  mental  faculties  have  not  been  developed  and 
thoroughly  disciplined,  the  blind  musician,  however  well  be  may 
play  or  sing.  wiU  be  a  failure  a*  a  teacher.  The  musical  in- 
struction must  be  more  thorouch,  more  analytical,  more  con^ 
piebensive,  than  eonespDnding  ioiliuclion  given  to  seeing 
persons.  In  J87J  Dr  Armitage  published  a  book  on  tho 
education  and  (nii^ymenl  of  the  blind,  in  which  he  stated  that 
lithe  blind  musidanstcoiaed  in  the  United  Kingdom  sot  moia 
han  one-half  percent  wen  able  tosuppoit  ihEmsclvcs,  whereas 
>f  those  mined  in  the  Paris  school  jo  %  uippoilcd  Ihemielve* 
uUy.  and  30  %  partially,  by  the  profession  of  music. 

To  provide  a  belter  education  and  improve  the  musical 
laining  of  the  blind,  the  Royal  Kotmal  College  was  established 
n  ig7>.*  Its  object  was  to  allord  the  young  blind 
I  thorough  general  and  musical  education,  to  qualify  j^^ 
hem  to  earn  a  living  by  various  intellectual  pursuits,  c^afi> 
especially  as  organists,  pianists,  teachers  and  piano- 

I  the  first,  the  founders  ol  the  college  a»iii> 
ind  could  only  be  made  self-sustaining  by 
itclligcnce,  bodily  activity  and  destcrily, 
by  inculcating  business  habits,  by  arousing  their  iell-respeet, 
and  by  creating  hi  their  minds  a  btliel  in  the  possibilitjr 
iiMl  (responsible,  with  Dr  Armlnge,  the  duliF  el  West- 
Dlhen,  Isr  its  louildallon)  was  Sir  F.  J.  CsmpbelL 
Cl.S.,  F.S.A..  hi>nKlf  a  blii^min.xha,  bora  in  Tenncs- 
in  i8}i,  and  cducaied  ■!  tlx  Naihvilk  Khool.  and  slier- 
_.  I  -ipaig  ,nd  Berlin,  had  Imm  iSjJ  to  IK9  been 


LL.D..  I 


>ith  Dr  H 


It  the  RoT>l  NonoJ  College,  for  the  Grat  time, 
rot  MIM  (tauenti,  mnd  the  initilution  iKogniied  by  Ebc  Educi- 
tiob  Department  u  a  tnining  callrgc  for  blind  ichooL-teuberL 
From  the  first  day  A  |™pi(  cnteti  school  until  be  hoiibet  his 

_.  Blind  cliildien  »re  allowed  to  b«  idle  ud  helpleu  at 

5jjT  bomei  they  do  not  kam  to  apptedal*  the  value  of 
,„^  time,  and  la  alter  yean  thli  is  one  ol  the  most  dilhcull 
lenoiis  to  Inculcate.  Hvrisg  dtlfled  thtough  child- 
boDd,  they  an  content  to  drift  Ihroujgh  lilt.  The  Important 
habits  oF  punctuality.  reguJanty  and  precision  ahould  be  culti- 
vated In  all  the  amngemenU  and  requirements.  A  great  eflort 
should  be  nude  to  lift  the  blind  from  pauperism.  As  soon  as 
popfls  enter  a  school,  all  lembtanca  ot  pauper  origin  should  be 
removed.  They  must  be  Inqiired  with  a  desire  (or  independence 
and  >  belief  In  its  poulblliiy.  In  the  public  mind  blinrinfi  has 
been  so  long  and  closely  asaodaied  vith  dependence  and  panper- 
(UB  that  tcboob  lor  the  blind,  even  the  most  progressive,  have 
been  regarded  hllberu  as  aiylunu  niher  than  educatloDal 
eMabtlihmenla.  A  sad  mistake  in  the  training  of  the  Mind  i* 
llu  lack  of  an  earnest  effort  to  Improve  their  aodal  condition. 
The  Ian  that  their  education  has  been  left  to  charily  has  helped 
to  keep  them  in  the  ranks  of  dependenta. 

The  queiiion  of  diy-classes  versus  boardliig.schDals  has  been 
nuch  dlscuned.  It  tt  claimed  by  tome  thai  a  Uiod  child  gains 
more  independence  if  kept  at  home  and  educMed  In  ■  school 
with  the  seeing.  This  theory  is  not  veri&ed  by  prKtical  ei- 
ptrience.  Al  home  lis  blindocs*  nakes  the  child  an  exception, 
kod  often  It  laka  little  or  DO  part  in  the  active  duties  ol  every- 
day life.  A^n,  in  a  daM  of  seeing  children  the  blind  member 
Is  treated  aa  an  eiceplion.  The  mentory  i>  cultivated  at  the 
eipense  al  the  other  [acuities.  «ad  the  facility  with  which  It 
rtdte*  in  certain  subjects  causa  it  to  make  a  false  estimate 
of  iu  •tiaiiuiMnis.  The  fundamental  principles  in  diffeieal 
branches  are  imperfectly  understood,  from  the  (allure  to  (oUow 
the  fllustntioni  of  the  teacher.  In  the  playgrounds,  i  few 
inepttssibla  join  la  active  games,  biu  most  ol  the  blind  chiUren 
prefer  a  quiet  comer. 

For  the  sake  ol  economy,  schools  tor  dea^mntea  and  the 
Mind  an  sometiines  united.  Aa  the  tequiiement*  of  the  two 
ciassessre  entirely  separate  aruldatinct.  the  union  Is' undesirable, 
whether  lor  gcnenJ  education  or  indistiial  training.  The  plan 
was  tried  in  America,  but  has  been  given  up  in  most  of  the 
states.  To  meet  the  dil&cully  ol  proper  dassiBcalion  with  small 
numben,  blind  boys  and  girls  are  taught  in  the  same  classes. 
The  acquaintances  then  irtadc  lend  to  intimacy  In  later  yean 
and  (ostei  Intcrnurriage  among  the  bliwL  Intermarriage  among 
the  blind  is  a  calamity,  both  for  them  and  for  their  children; 
aoOK  who  might  have  been  successful  business  men  an  liMlay 
begging  in  the  streets  Id  consequence  of  inletmarriage. 

In  every  Kbool  or  class  there  will  be  a  certain  munbet  of 
yoDBg  blind  children  who,  from  neglect,  want  ot  food,  or  other 
causes,  are  feeble  in  body  and  defective  in  Inlellccti  such 
children  arc  a  great  burden  in  any  diut  or  schaol.  and  require 
Special  treatment  and  inilrvctioit.  Eduotional  autboritiea 
should  unite  and  have  one  or  two  school*  in  a  hcalthlut  locality 
lot  mtntally  defective  blind  children. 

Uort  and  more,  in  educational  work  for  the  seeing,  there  it 
s  tendency  to  tpeciilise,  snd  thus  ensbtr  each  student  to  have 
the  best  pouible  insi  rue  lion  in  the  subjects  Ihst  bear  must 
directly  en  his  luluie  ailing.  To  prepare  the  blind  lor  Bell- 
"  be  an  equally  careful  study  ol  the 


ability  of  e*cb  child. 

A  icbaai*  of  educatioi 
the  Mind  >  sell-susiainii 
Khoob  lot  chPdten  Itoi 


h  has  lor  il 


14  an  intcllictnl  opinion  can  be  lormed  in  ngs 
xieer  of  the  pupils.  They  *iU  fail  naturally 
rig  categoriet: — (a)  A  certain  number  will  si 


handicnft  thaa  In  any  other  ollfne,  and  should  be  dnfud  tan  * 

suitable  mechutical  scbooL     W  A  few  will  have  special  gilts  lor 
general  busioeas,  and  should  be  educated  accordingly,  (c)  A 


.    M 


,  combined  with  the  requisite 
I  in  the  musical  profession; 


and  Indusl 
in  addition  to  a  libt 
Instruction,  equal  U  _ 

BCbools  d1  music  (e)  Some  may  achieve  cicellent  success  a* 
piADOlotts-luncts,  ud  in  1  pianolortc- tuning  scbool  strict 
buslBCB  habits  should  be  cultivated,  sod  the  same  attention 
to  work  rec]uircd  as  Is  deinaulc4  of  seeing  workmen  in  well- 
regulated  piaiuiforte  factories. 

The  United  Kingdom  stands  ajimst  alone  in  aUotring  the 
education  of  the  blind  to  depend  upon  charity.  In  the  United 
Slates,  each  tl«te  goverament  not  only  make*  libet>l  praviaioa 
(or  the  education  arid  ttwning  of  the  blind,  but  Bust  of  them 
provide  grounds,  building  and  a  complete  equipment  in  ail  do- 
plrtments.  Although  it  coats  muiJi  mate  per  cavils,  from  £40  to 
£60  per  annum,  the  blind  are  as  unpty  provided  with  the  means 
of  education  as  the  seeing.  The  govcmment  of  the  United 
Suites  appropriates  fTO.DOo  per  annum  for  printing  embossed 


The  CM-lieM  anlhentie  record*  of  tangible  letto*  (or  the  blind 
describe  a  pUn  o(  engraving  the  letters  upon  hkicka  of  wood,  the 
iaventton  of  Fnncesco  I,uca*,  a  Spaniard,  who  dedicated  it  to 
Philip  It.  of  Spain  In  the  ifith  century.  In  1640  Piem  Horcwi, 
a  wriling.oulsur  in  Puis,  cut  a  movable  leaden  type  for  the  an 
of  the  blind,  but  being  without  mean*  to  (any  out  his  {dan, 
abnndoned  iL  Pins  inserted  in  cushiona  were  neit  tried,  nod 
large  wooden  letters.  Alter  these  came  >  contrivance  ol  Du 
Puiseaiu,  a  blind  man,  who  had-motsl  letlen  cast  and  vt  them 
in  a  small  frame  with  a  handle.     Whilst  these  eiperimenls  wen 

R.  Weiisembourg  (a  resident  of  Mannheim),  who  lost  his  sight 
when  about  seven  yean  ol  age.  made  use  of  letten  cut  in  card- 
board, and  afterwards  pricked  mspa  in  the  same  materiaL  By 
this  method  he  uught  Mile  Psrsdia,  the  talestcd  bUnd  musjcian 

To  HaBy  belongs  the  honour  of  being  the  fin!  M  enboM  M>^ 
as  a  mean*  of  reading  for  the  Hiad;  his  books  wcit  cmboastd  ia 
large  and  small  italics,  Irom  nnvable  type  set  by  Ui  popib.  The 
foUottiog  is  an  account  of  ijie  origin  ol  hi*  diMOvery.  HaOy'i 
Erst  pupil  was  Fnn^aia  Lesueui,  ■  blind  boy  whom  he  found 
begging  at  the  poich  door  of  St  Germain  del  Pr^     While 

I  a  cud  strong  indented  by  the  type*  in  the  prew.     The 

lad  showed  his  master  he  OHjd  decipher  seveial  letters  on 

the  Old.     Immediatd]'  Hafiy  traced  irith  the  handle  of  his  pen 

some  signs  on  paper.    The  boy  read  them,  and  the  resolt  waa 

printing  iv  relief,  the  gRnteit  o(  Haily's  diico«Eiies.    In  iSii 

Lady  EhBbeth  Uiwtber  bnaghtembOBcd  books  and  type*  fron 

hria,  and  with  the  type*  her  son,  Sk  Charles  Lowther,  Bart., 

printed  foe  his  own  use  the  Cospel  of  St  Matthew.     Thewotior 

was  taken  up  by  Mr  Call  of  Edinburgh,  Mr  Alston  of 

Glasgow.  Dr  Howe  of  Boston,  Mr  FrietUasler  ol  PUIaddphia, 

'   ithen.     Intg>7  James  Gall  of  Edinbuigh  embossed  SDBK 

ntary  works,  and  published  the  Co^kI  of  St  John  in  iBj*. 

(lis  plan  was  to  US*  the  commoti  Englisb  ktter  and  Rplkce 

1b  iBjiihe  Edinhurgh  Sodely  of  Arts  offeicd  a  gold  medal  for 
the  best  method  of  priming  lor  the  blind,  aid  it  was  awarded  to 

Imond  Fry  of  Loikdon,  whose  alp>hahet  consisted  ckl  ordinary 
capital  Irtlen  without  their  imall  strokes.  In  lIjA  the  Rev.  W. 
Tsyloc  ol  Yorit  and  John  Alston  in  Glasgow  bc^n  to  print  with 
Fry's  type,     kit  Abios's  appeal  lor  s  printing  (and  met  with  ■ 

r  nspoase,  and  s  gnnt  ol  £400  wan  aads  by  thn  tismiif; 


BLINDNESS 


h  iljt  be  MDipIeted  the  Ne*  TBUmtni,  ind  at  t)w  end  at  1840 

ibc  whole  Bible  wu  published  la  cmboued  print.  In  i8]3 
printiof  tat  the  bniid  wis  commennd  in  the  United  Statei  al 
Botton  and  Philadelphia.  Dr  S.  G.  Howe  in  Boiton  uaed  unall 
Englkta  lelten  wilhoul  c*fn(al«,  anglei  being  employed  instead 
«(  cuna,  while  J.  R.  Friedbuider  in  Fhiladelpbii  >aed  only 


5,   C    2)  r   f  1 


® 

3 

4  ^ 

y  Tl 

pj 

0 

© 

J9         R 

;0         T 

u 

y 

W 

X 

^  i 

f 

GOD 

IS        U     0    V    E 

Flo.  i.-Mc»ii  Alphabet. 

Roman  (apilali.  About  iljST.M.LucaiofBrijJol.ailiortJi 
writer,  and  J.  H.  Frere  ot  Blaciheaih,  each  inimduced 
■l^bet  of  ompler  rorau,  and  based  iheir  lyttems  an  «i 
graphy.  In  1M7  Dr  Moon  ot  Brighton  brought  oul  *  (yi 
whkb  paniany  retains  the  outline  o[  the  Roman  leilen.  ' 
type  B  easily  leid  by  the  adull  blind,  and  is  stilt  much  usee 
the  home  IcaEhlng  societies.  The  pnceding  methods  an 
kruwn  as  line  types,  but  the  one  wbich  is  tHnv  in  general  use 
point  type. 

In  the  eariy  part  of  the  igth  cenluiy  Captain  Charles  Barl 


rl^t-band  tow  Id  irUch  vettktl  fine,  ot  the  piinted  table  ibf 
■lieeeh  unnd  !i  10  be  found, 

Louis  Bnillc,  a  pupil  and  aFterwaids  a  prorcssor  of  the  tosijlu- 
llon  Nalionale  da  JeuQcs  Avcugica,  Paris,  studied  al!  the  vaiiouf 
methods  In  which  erbitmry  diantctcis  were  used.  Birbict'l 
letter,  although  it  gave  a  large  number  ot  combinalloiis,  was  100 
long  to  be  covered  by  the  hnger.  in  reading,  and  Louis  Braille 
reduced  the  number  of  dots.  In  1S34  Braille  petfected  hit 
system.  Di  Aimitige  considered  ft  »u  (be  grcilest  advance 
thai  had  ever  been  made  in  the  cducilioo  of  the  bUnd, 

The  Braille  alphabet  consists  of  varying  cOBbioatlons  of  six 
dots  in  an  oblong,  o[  which  the  vertical  side  contains  three,  and  the 
horiionlil  two  dots  ••  Itiete  ir 
of  IheK  lia  dots,  and  after  the  letten 
supplied,  the  remaining  sigos  a. 
tractions,  &c 

"  Fix  wriiing.  a  ruler  it  need,  eonslicinc  of  a  netal  bed  either 
Broowcd  or  nujltKi  by  gnun  of  IJitlc  pics,  each  group  oouisting  el 
hi:  ovsr  ihii  bed  ■•  Aitcd  *  brui  giiide,  punched  with  otaunc 
holes  whose  vertical  diameter  is  [hree-tcnihs  01  an  inch,  while  the 
horinnul  diamnei  ie  tvo-ienths.  The  pita  are  amnged  li  iwa 
panllcl  lius,  and  iheiuidt  is  hinted  oa  ihe  bed  la  luch  a  way  that 
when  the  two  an  loclied  tognher  the  openings  In  the  (idde  cono- 
•pondoavlytoihtpittinihebed.  The  brsM  guide  lua  a  dovUe 
row  of  opeoinEV  which  enables  the  writer  (s  write  two  lines:  wbea 
these  are  wci  ticiA  he  ihifis  hit  guide  dawnwatds  until  two  little  piiia, 
which  project  [rom  the  uoder  lurlac*  at  it*  ends,  drop  intocom* 
Bponding  boles  of  a  wooden  board;  iheQ  two  man  lines  are  written, 
and  (hit  opeiaiion  is  repeated  until  the  boetoin  of  the  page  it  reached. 
The  papeiisinliDduced  between  the  Imme  and  the  ental  bed.  Tht 
iestnintni  for  writing  Is  a  blunt  awl.  which  carriia  a  little  cap  el 
paper  hdore  it  into  the 'grooves  or  pitt  of  the  bed,  theiebyproduoag 
a  ieriea  of  liiUe  pita  in  iBe  paper  OB  the  fide  nut  lh<  wnier.  When 
taken  out  and  turned  over,  liukepromineneea ace  felt, coneaponding 
10  the  pita  on  the  other  tide.  The  tiadiiv  it  perfonned  f  ton  left  to 
tight,  coflscqiKnlly  The  writing  ft  from  right  to  left;  but  thiamvcnal 
prctenis  no  practical  oifBcvUy  at  taon  at  the  pupjl  bad  caught  the 
idea  that  in  reading  and  writ  ing  alike  he  hat  to  go  ffvardr- 

"  The  6nt  ten  fetters,  from  '  ■  '  to  '  J.*  are  lomed  in  (he  upper 
and  middle  grooves:  the  neit  ten,  ftoni  It '  to  '  1,'  are  formed  i>y 
uldinir  nK  lawrr  tqick  dot  to  each  Letter  of  the  fitit  tedet;  the  third 
Ibe  fini  by  aiMing  two  tower  dott  loeach  lett*i|. 

jmbem, 

aumben     and     the 

'        groavei.   inttesd  of 


"  The  tin  ISO  letw™,  wl 


t!    S    U 


\[-i  Jr  =  ?  £  S  5  H  2  3 

iftt       V       X  y       Zandfefertheviih 

(ttghih  ihwhedaraoowWtea. 

S  £  ^  3  5  -V  5  S  •:  3  :€ 


te^ond  mioiois.  the 
IhiidteDlbre  wk  th^ 


Foffivcliaa 
,Biaille  Alphabet.    The  black  dots  repraeM  the  rmisHl  p<^ts  ot   Si,f,'^^jtti^ 


Appuatot  fee  writing  Bi^lfc. 


an  Lorclatioa  to  tbcgr 


g  French  oScet,  MbMituted  enhoocd  dots  foi  cmboased  Unci, 

The  ilaiefor  writing  was  aboinvenied  by  him. 

a  tafalt  of  speech  soMnds,  eontlstiDg  of  six 

intachline.    Bil  rectangular  ceD  contained 

'  ler  of  poi  n  ts  In  the 


Idn  of  the  laethod  employed  by  th 


7C  BLINl 

unUrlOf  mj  ind  Dobit  ^neroMty,  every  UiDd  man,  tromari  lod 
cbQd  Ihrougbaut  the  Englub-apuldnf  world  ua  nov  obuyi 
aol  only  the  bett  Liieniure,  hui  [he  bat  muiic. 

la  Amenci  there  are  two  mDdjficaliou  of  ibe  point  type. 
knoHB  M  New  Vork  point  and  American  braille.  In  each  oT 
thoe  the  most  ErequentLy  recuiring  Lellcn  are  reprevnted  by 
the  leut  nunbci  of  doti. 

The  oriiinil  Braille  ii  uied  by  the  Inuilutioni  lor  Ibt  blind  in 
the  Brltiib  cmpiiei  £unipca4i  coiuitries»  Meiico,  Bn^  and 
Ejypl. 

AmuKm  toi  EirauTtOHU  Wou 

The  appaiatiB  lor  writing  point  aJphabeti  ha*  alrudy  been 
detcribed.  Frank  H.  Hall,  former  Hipcrioiudfni  Ol  the  School 
rar  thi  Blind.  Jackionville.  111.,  U.5.A.,  baa  inv«Dled  t.  Braille 
typewriter  and  ilemtype  maker ^  the  latter  embona  Bicial  plate* 
from  which  any  number  of  copiacao  be  printed  Ad  automatic 
BiaiUe-writer  bu  been  brought  out  in  Gtrminy,  and  Wilttim 
B.  Walt  (princlpil  ol  the  InMiiution  for  the  Blind  in  New  York 
City)  hat  invcBiedamichinefor  writing  New  Votlpoint  TlicM 
nucblnaateetpcnilve.but  A.  WayneaCBitminghiinhaibrougbL 


i    •■■•••■•■•••••■•■••••••• 


I  t  S  4  9  S  7  8 

ODOnOnOa 

Fio.  y — Arilhinnic  Board.  Pin  atxt  Chincien.     A.  Shape  sf 
opening  in  ihr  boud  (dc  pia ;  S  ud  C,  pin. 

OulBcheapandeSiciivcBranie-wriitr-  H.Stainiby.ucrflaTyol 
the  BImingham  lutituiion,  and  Wayu  hive  invented  ■machiat 
(or  writing  Braille  dortbind. 

Many  boardi  have  been  conatnicled  to  enable  tbe  blind  to 
work  arithmetical  probkmi,  Tbe  oik  whicb  ii  moil  nicd  was 
Invented  by  the  Rev.  W.  Taylor.  TIm  board  hai  ■tir.ihapcd 
Opening!  !n  which  a  iquare  pin  Gu  In  eight  diSeienl  potitioni. 
The  pin  bai  on  one  end  apl^  ridge  and  on  the  other  a  noichrd 
rid^;  aiitccD  chancten  can  be  lamed  with  the  two  end*. 
Tbe  board  ll  alio  used  for  algebra,  aoolber  let  ol  type  furnishing 
the  algebraic  lyrnboli. 

Books  are  prepared  with  raised  gnmefrical  diagrams^  figures 
MB  be  (omed  with  bent  wiir*  on  nuhlona,  or  on  piper  with  i. 
toothed  whed  attached  to  one  end  nf  a  pair  of  compauei. 

Geography  I*  itudled  by  neani  ol  nlieF  napi,  manulartured 
to  wood  or  paper.  The  phyiical  map*  and  glciici  prepared  lot 
■eeing  children  ait  Died  also  for  the  blind. 

Chiefly  owing  to  the  unTTmitllng  encrfy  and  hlierality  of 
Dr  T.  R,  Armitatf.  in  cnnneiion  with  the  British  and  Foreign 
Blind  Asucialion,  all  ichool  applUaca  lor  the  blind  han  been 
greatly  improved  and  cbea^Mnied. 


crence  hai  b«*n  nade  to  tbe  iact  thai  iBittie  in.iu  vaitoiM 
Ks  lumithn  the  hot  aikd  noii  lucrative  employment  lor 
ind.  But  ibow  who  have  OBI  the  ability,  oi  an  loo  old 
trained  for  music  ot  •nan  other  proieiaias.  must  depend 
hindiirafti  for  their  *uppon.  The  pnnciiwJ  ones  tavghi 
varioui  initituiDnt  an  the  making  ol  baskets,  brush**, 
sacks,  ships'  lender*,  broomi  and  maltreiBes,  upholstery, 
'ork.    diair^aning,    wood^hopping.    &c.     Female*  ue 


It  It  diRicuU  to  find  (mploymeNt 

thtt  typewriting  and  mastage  will  | 

The  blind,  whfihcreduciied  (ortl 


I,  I  rai  ned  at  trachtn. 


nuUcIuied  goodt  in 


e  outlet.  They  n«d  heb>  Id 
'Dient,  rccommenditiont  [of  niibliihint 
auiitiiite  tn  pranding  oatfit*  of  twok*. 
help  in  the  lelecLion  and  puichate  of  the 
wctt  >halcsale  rates,  in  the  talt  ol  theii 


■arkeli 


and  il  n' 


nby 


rards  a  Iresh  start.     Every 

insiituiion  ihould  keep  in  touch  with  iu  old  pupils.  Tbe  luper- 
inttndeni  who  carefully  studies  the  lucceiscs  and  laJum  of  hi* 
pupils  when  they  go  into  the  worid,  will  more  wisely  direct  the 
work  tnd  energiei  of  hli  present  and  future  studept*. 

Within  recent  yrsri  grEiI  Improvonents  have  been  made  In 
lomc  of  the  progressive  workshops  lot  the  blind.  At  the  coo- 
ftrence  in  London  in  i«oi  Mr  T.  Stoddan  gave  the  foUnwifl^ 
inlormalion  in  regard  to  the  work  in  Claigow:— "  We  ate  build- 
ing very  eiteniive  additions  to  our  workshops,  which  will  enable 
ui  to  accommodsle  6oo  blind  people.  We  mean  to  Mnpkiy  the 
moil  np-10-dale  Dietbods,  and  are  Introducing  electric  power 
to  drivF  tbe  machinery  and  light  the  workshops.  We  have  to  da' 
with  the  average  blind  adull  recently  deprivnl  of  sight  aliM  ha 
hu  aitsinedinagr  of  from  ij  to^oor  even  joyear*.  In  Clavov 
■e  have  developed  an  induslry  eminently  tuiuble  lor  tbe 
employment  ol  the  blind,  namely,  the  manulirture  of  oew  and 
the  remaking  ol  old  bedding.  There  arc  ioduMtia  which  ate 
purely  local,  where  certain  articles  of  maoufacture  largely  used 

in  which  this  industry  imy  be  )Homoled  is  practically  wilhout 
limit      ll  is  perhap*  the  employment  far  ntdltmi  for  the  blind, 

il '  employment  is  provided  lor  the  blind  of  both  leic*  and  ol 
nil  BgciL  there  it  no  tfctimulsiion  nor  dettrioniian  ol  Mock; 
il  yield*  an  eicellent  pmfii,  and  its  use  is  univenaL  Wt  have 
been  [Juihing  this  indutiry  lor  year*,  our  annual  tDtnaver  !■ 
this  paricular  dcpaitment  having  exceeded  £!ooo.  aitd  as  «c 
find  il  io  lulled  to  the  capabiliiics  ol  all  grades  ol  blind  people. 
it  is  our  intention  to  pn>vidr  lacilities  for  doing  a  turnover  of 
three  times  that  amount.     Instead  ol  the  thirty  sewing. machines 

loo  blind  women.  At  cork-fendei-maklng.  alio  an  indusiiy  ol 
the  most  suitable  kind,  we  are  ai  present  employing  about 
thirty  workers.    It  b  also  our  Intention  to  gteatly  devekip  and 

In  the  United  Slates  many  blind  pertont  are  engaged  In 
agricultural  putiuili,  and  tome  are  very  successlul  In  com- 
mercisl  punullt.  When  s  man  Intel  hit  tight  in  adult  Lie, 
il  he  can  potsibly  fedlow  the  buHneu  In  whitb  he  hai  previouily 
been  engaged.  Il  Ii  the  best  courK  lar  him.  In  lie  present  day, 
work  in  manufactories  Is  lubdivided  In  guchan  eatent  thai  otteD 
some  one  portion  cto  be  done  by  a  blind  penan;  but  il  need* 
the  Inicresi  ol  tome  enihuiraaiic  belirver  in  the  capabilities  of 
the  blind  to  pemiade  the  seeing  imnager  Ihil  blind  peofde  can 

In  England,  at  the  lime  of  the  rsyal  conmiwlan  of  lUg, 
upwards  ol  fUxjo  blind  penont.  above  the  age  of  91,  ware  im 
receipt  of  relief  Irom  the  guardiam.  ol  whon  no  las  than  5>7B 
wcR  teaidcni  in  wotkhauac*  or  woikbouac  InbrnarinL    *»■ 


BLINDNESS 


71 


ctMM  ntons  bf  i«i>i  bdhau  ikai  tlw  nuabM  at  ibu  tlni 
«M  eqiuUy  Urge.  Ii  vould  ttttuniy  be  aon  rconomkal  'to 
ctUbUah  iRKkilup*  wIhr  lit  lUa-bodinl  tdult  blind  am 
be  tninnl  in  kkh  htodicnfl  tai  tHiplaycd. 
Tht  pipen  remd  11  the  vi  ' 


te  urn  enough  Tor  itieti  wppon,  nevcilbclcH.  cmplojvxDl 
inpnns  their  csndliion;  ihcie  ii  M  (ruiei  uUmily  lluin 
la  live  ■  life  (4  compulKirT  kUcDen  Id  tBUl  dukneet.  The  cry 
of  ilie  blind  b  Hi  i\aa  but  irork.  One  ol  the  woiUwpi 
in  weileiB  Atneiiu  biu  Idoptcd  the  BBIto,  " '  *  ; 
tkiDu^  iBdiuUy,"  ud  ll  (bould  bt  the  lin  al  every 

no  lonfH  be  ■ywmynotu  Unni. 

BiDOKArm 
It  aty  bt  fDlntiUaf,  to  caDcluilon,  to  nwi 
■Moei  ol  prambent  bbid  people  in  tuMary:— 
~  tio-liiM.c.}.»Cntkf 


...   ;d.  ii4r).  Unial 
in.UiiaslBoheiiiiilrii 


'"W; 


kilMin 


Bui)  III.  Id.  14UI.  prim  ^  „...,„. 

Shah  AlaM  Id.  iSoU.  Die  Uh  ol  Ihc  Cnat  Maeuk. 


of  Coiecoo.  The  de^eeol  doctor  ^divipiryiiuGcnlermi 
Od  hiiB  by  (he  university  of  Louvnin.  mnd  ibt  pope  granted 
-  -" ' ■'■-  -•■-  Uw  o(  the  Churdb.  that  be 


ee  d  HudcJ'       _. 

•d  the  deine  <d  duEoc  el 

:lebnted  malhcmtidu  ud 


IohnM«QlI[b.mj), 
Sir  John  Fieldiiit  fd.  t; 
TkoBH  BlacUuk  U» 
Fnntoie  Huber  tliy-l<()i 


rie  ThMM  nn  Ptndit  (b.  1159).  ttadiiiithler  el  u  bnperUI 
eoDMiUer  b  VieinB.  Sfai  «*  1  todclSid  ol  the  emprea 
Mufe  ThMie.  end  u  bef  piRiin  timmeJ  nnh  and 
««altli,iBapeueiiuip>ndiaWredBCUioa.    WeliieiB- 


b«iM.  ■  Wnd  nun,  wu  htr  tuMr,  and  aht  Itinied  ro  nd 
viih  JflllenciiEDUEDl  pailebaard,  and  read  words  prvkfd 
upon  EaFdi  with  pina.  She  itudird  Ihe  piano  with  Richter 
(ol  Holland)  and  Konlix^h.    5he  wai  •  bifMy  mnmed 

□DHn  (Our  ol  Europe,  vliiiiiv 


iVi^toti'Su". 


'^ri'nl'il? 


reufh^rti.  iKe 
itf^cr  hflibe 


net  Vilemia  fially.    Towvda  Ihe  chiee 

dcvDied  benelf  (a  Icactiinf  ungiflf  and  tlw  inawiiins  wm 

lame*irHriSS?(J».!  I7»6-IB!7).  Bavelter. 

Willian  H.  Pmc«t  (f.t.  \  1796-1)59).  the  Amcfiafl  hbtorlaa. 

Senml  early  iqihceaiury  oiiiBiciana  bcM  Awtioul  a>  ana> 
iNi  in  London;  anoag  theu  Cmvdii.  Scslt,  LeckCii. 
Malher.StilBandW.™. 

Louii  Braille  (iSap-iSul.  In  llig  he  veai  to  Ihe  Khnol  (or 
the  blind  in  Pari*.  He  became  proUenl  on  lhcor|ali.  and 
held  a  psel  in  one  el  the  Pirit  chiuche*.  While  a  peelaaaiir 
Bi  ihe  Imlitiniea  Nalionalc  dca  Jeuia*  Avw^m,  ht 
pcrfrcied  hia  fvatein  ol  potol  wrfEJnfl. 

Alexander  Rodenbach,  Beli&n  nateeman.  Wbes  a  member  bI 
the  fhambet  el  drpviin.  In  ■•]&  he  iniiDduttd  and 
•uinnkd  ia  eiubliahir«  by  law  tht  rt|hl  el  blind  «*d 
deaf-mute  children  to  an  educaiien. 

DrWilliaoi  Moon  (iBi»^i«94).  the  iovcatiTcJ  the  lypc  for  ite 

;.  the  Amtrinn  efcaphli 
HBIindManElopieH. 

.._ ,   .1  ifly  thouiand  niilea  ■ 

year,  ipcakinc  and  preacbinE  every  day.  He  »aa  tbret 
timet  chaplain  ol  Ihe  Ko«iieolRepn(enlatlveB,aBdlsI>93 
waa  cheaeq  to  the  chaplatncy  ol  Ihe  senale- 
Dt  T.  R.  AniilBfB  (b.  1114).  Alto  apeadiof  hIa  youth  so  th* 
(onlinal.  he  beeaine  ■  medical  etiideal,  bi4  al  Kina'a 
CoUcjc.  and  allerwaida  al  Paria  and  Vienna.  Hit  eantr 
tTomiied  to  be  a  brilliant  one.  but  at  the  age  of  itdrty-ahi 
lailine  iiEht  cauaed  bin  to  abandon  hia  snfeaalDn.  te* 
the  mt  ol  hia  Ue  be  devoted  ha  time  and  [anuaa  id  ib* 
iniefeata  ol  Ibe  bUnd.  He  norganiaed  the  Indigeiit  filiad 
ViiiliBt  Ssciely,  endowed  ilt  Samaritan  fund,  founded  Ihe 
Brfilih  and  Foreifn  Blind  AHodalion.  and.  In  conjunction 

Royal  Wonnal  Cujliy. 
EUiabcthCilbenlb.  iBiJl.dauEhlerof  thcbi•lIopofCbicb«tcr• 
ShelDat  biciiabt  it  thealeal  ihm.  Sbawaaeducaledal 
home,  and  toiA  her  full  ihaiT  of  houHboId  dutieaand  care* 
and  plsaurm.  When  ahe  (Al  rmoty-wen,  (be  began  to 
conader  Ihe  CDndition  ij  the  poor  bfiad  ol  UndoiL  She 
•iw  lonie  OBI  muM  befriend  ihoH  vho  had  been  tauht 
trader  KKne  one  who  could  lupply  material,  give  cniploy- 

acheme  waa  nanrd,  and  worlt  waa  given  to  lii  men  in  their 

commiiue  waa  fonned.  a  houae  convetied  iniD  a  facttfy, 
and  the  AiKciaiioa  [or  Promoiiog  the  General  Welfare  of 
Ihe  Blind  waa  founded. 
'  Rev.  Ceorge  Maihnon,  D-D.  fb.  it^t},  prt^cher  and  writer  of 
■ivChuRholScoilaad.  Tfacdennc' D.D,  waacoidentd 
on  bin  by  ibe  uaivtr«ity  of  EdipDurgh  in  iBrg.aiidhe  waa 
appoiawd  Baitd  Leciurei  in  1S81,  aad  St  COea'  Lccluier 

Henry  Fawceit  (igi]-iU4l,  profcasor  el  poUtfcgt  eeoaoiny  at 
Cambiidn  and  pasunaner-gener-* 

•■    Chwihnlan  of  "■  - 
ibliihing  the  k 

w  hia  e^nptic  mancgCBenl  I 
w«k  loe  the  adult  bUitd  thi 

BinLtociarKT.— See  also  W,  H.  Levy.  BKndiHii  Md  lie  Sited 
(TS71I:  I.  Wilasn.  fliegrgMy  ■^"W  Biimd  (1S3B):  Dr T.  R.  Arailiage. 
JSdiuattH  oW  EMl*rw>>(  <  lb  BfAid  (and  *d.,  lUa) ;  R.  H.  Blur, 
fdMOHw  ^Hi  BIM  (ItWl  hL  AnaiKis,  Edmmtim  tl  Ii*  Bind 
llMj);  H.l.  Wllioifc  /niPlnlwai.  SatiSia  aad  l^eusi /gr  ij«  Bf urd 
-'-  England  and  Ifalif  (1^):  Cidllif.  /wlnvlieH  and  ^Hvitianili 


IlDtH.  Roth./ 


^  (b'sM  (rat9]:  b;'^ M« ,.    .  . 

Meldnini.  ZiBUawOartFaOifxided..  lloilLDr _ 

Htm  tl  BliWaui  (igSs).  aad  hia  PhniaJ  Edmiuim  tl  Itt  Mad 
(IBU);  Ritrrt  er  Jteiol  Cummiiiimi  (lUoJ:  Gavin  Douglas 
>wrLui^li./  J>ir>»J  (iSig):  John  Bird,  Sttitl  PaHiSia 
{1B«i):M.  dt  laSiieranne.  »•  Btind  in  r7if/^.tae«lieni(Parii£ 
tWi>,  7>w  ItiutKi  ar  SwiaOtr  Sthmoll  II^tH.  l8«4l.  rha  Wnd  ik 
/'ma  (Fkria,  iMj),  TV*  I'tvi'  Jhaly  and  Wti  f-  da  Bftal 
[Fvte,  lawl.  anTna  Mind  aJ  un,  W  Blimd  Vaa  [Mndauil 
by  Dr  Park  Lewit)  (Pkrla.  I»u)>  Or  Cmile  JavaL  nTBliW 


72 


BLISS— BLOCKADE 


Um'i  WtM  ItnMlind  by  EnwM  TliiniBnl  (Fkiji.  1904): 
Pnl.  A.  McO.  Emtjatfdiiduit  ilaBdlii,dt  ia  Bhmltmiau 
CWenn..  i«99).  (F.  J.  C.) 

BUtS.  CORKEUDI  HEWTOII  (iSjj-  ),  Amerioa  ner- 
cbuit  ud  politiciu.  ns  born  al  Fail  River,  UsssicbvKtti,  on 
Ibe  »«th  of  jMuaiy  i8jj.  He  was  educated  in  bis  nalire  dty 
'  'd  New  Orleaiu,  wliere  be  early  cnlered  bla  Blep-fathc  ' 


Rclun 


became  a  ticA  and  tubsequently  1 
Boston  cetmutrcial  himse.  Lati 
OCy  to  ettabliili  a  braocb  ol  Uu  &nii-  In  iSSi  he  orjuiized 
and  bccuDO  prcildait  at  Blis),  Fabyan  &  Company,  one  oF  the 
lariat  wholoak  dry-goodt  boiua  in  ihe  cnuDtry.  A  anuiiient 
advocmte  of  the  ptotectivc  tarill,  be  waa  one  of  the  organiurs, 
and  far  many  yean  piesidcnt,  of  the  Ajncrican  ProtKtive 
Taiifl  League.  In  politics  an  active  Republican,  be  was  cbtiir- 
mai  d  the  Republican  state  committee  in  1SS7  and  iSSS,  and 
contributed  much  to  the  lucrxss  nl  the  Harrison  ticket  in  New 
Yorit  in  the  laiter  year.  He  waa  treasurer  of  the  Republican 
national  {omioiitte  Crub  iE^  1  to  1904,  and  waa  tecretaiy  of  the 
Interior  in  Piealdent  McKinley'a  cabinet  Iram  1897  to  i&qq. 

BUSTEB  (a  word  Imnd  in  many  romu  ia  Teutonic  Inoguages, 
d.  Gtt.  Blase;  It  Is  ultimately  toonrtted  with  the  same  root  at 
In  "  blow."  cf.  "  bladder  ").  a  tmaU  vside  £Ued  wia  midui 
Quid  raised  OD  the  ikifi  by  a  bum,  by  mhbing  on  a  haid  surface, 
as  on  the  hand  in  rowing,  or  by  oUier  injury;  ihe  term  is  also 
wed  of  a  simiUr  condiiloo  of  the  ikin 


mustaid,  o(  v 


la  klndi 


f  Hy  (« 


n,  hy  II 


d  or  paint,  &c, 


ith  flulc 


•ir.  on  plants  and  on  the  surface 
called  "  blisters." 

BUSAKD  (origin  probably  onomatopoeic,  cf.  "  blast.' 
"  bloater '1,  a  foriou*  wind  diiving  fine  particles  of  choking 
blinding  snow  whirling  in  icy  clouds.    Tht 


them 


IT  with  il 


ieriy  w, 


ir  of  the  cyclono  ciossing  the  eastern  states  of  Amc 

BLOCH,  MARS  EUBZER  (e.  n'J-WW).  German  naturalist, 
was  horn  at  Ansbach,  of  poor  Jewish  parcnla,  about  17JJ.  Alter 
taking  his  degree  as  doctor  at  Frankfort-on-Gder  he  established 
bimsetf  ai  a  physician  at  Berlin.  His  hrat  scientific  work  of 
Importance  was  an  essay  on  intestinal  worms,  which  gained  a 
prize  from  the  Academy  of  Copenhagen,  but  fie  is  best  known 
by  bia  important  work  on  fishes  (sec  Ichthyolohv).  Bloch 
was  fifty^ii  when  he  began  to  write  on  ichthyological  subjects. 
To  be^n  al  his  time  of  life  a  work  in  which  he  intended  not 
Only  to  give  full  descriptions  of  the  species  known  to  him  from 
•pedmcns  or  drawings,  but  also  to  iliustrate  each  species  in  a 
atyie  Ouly  magnificent  for  his  time,  was  an  nndenaiung  the 
axecotion  of  which  most  men  would  have  despaired  of.  Yet  he 
accompUabed  not  only  tUs  task,  but  even  more  than  be  at  first 
contemplated.     He  died  at  Carlsbad  on  the  6lh  of  August  1799. 

BLOCK,  HADBICB  (1816-1901),  French  slatiitidan,  was 
bom  In  Berlin  of  Jewish  parents  on  the  iSih  of  February  1816. 
He  studied  at  Bonn  and  Cicsscn,  but  settled  in  Paris,  becoming 
naturalised  them.  In  iSm  he  entered  the  French  ministry  of 
agrknltutc,  becoming  In  lEji  one  ol  the  heads  of  the  statistical 
department.  He  retired  in  iSii.  and  thenctforlh  devoted  him- 
•elf  entirely  to  statistical  studies,  which  have  gained  For  him 
a  wide  repuIatioD.  He  was  elected  a  member  of  the  Acadcmie 
da  Sciences  Morales  et  Folitiques  ui  tSBo.  He  died  In  Paris  on 
the  fth  of  January  i^or.  His  principal  works  are:  Dictumnairi 
dt  fadwiitiiUraliim  Jmnfaisi  (iSj6);  Stoliiliqut' it  la  Frana 
(1S60I;  DUIumnalri  ttrtbal  it  la  ftiaiqiu  (iS6j);  L'Earept 
ttUHqiit  tt  ladali  (iB6«);  7>siM  Ihitriqia  d  froiupit  de  ilalit- 
(if»  (1878)1  La  Piopti  it  CtcmniKb  folilifui  itfuij  Adam 
Smilk  (1S90);  he  also  edited  from  1856  L-Antiairc  it  VlanamU 
toliAqn  tl  icU  ilatisli^e,  and  wrote  hi  German  DIt  BnHike- 
nni  da  framSsiicMim  Kaittrrekki  (iS£i):  Dit  BetClktnnt 
Sfaitinu  mid  Peristals  {lS6l}i  and  Dit  UaMaOimn  itr 
tBBpavcKtn  Slaalm  (i8«)). 


BLOCK  (froto  the  Ft.  tide,  and  poMibly  connecled  with  u  Otd 
Cei.Afwl,  obstruction,  d."^ulk").apiectai  wood.  The  word 
it  used  In  -various  sensei,  t.i-  the  block  upon  which  people  wen 
beheaded,  the  block  at  mould  upon  which  1  hat  is  shaped.  ■ 
pulley-block,  a  printing-blDCk.  tic.  From  the  sense  of  a  acjid 
mass  oomes  the  eipreaaioo,  a  "  block  "  of  boose*,  it.  a  rect- 
angular space  covered  with  housea  and  bounded  by  four  streets. 
FiDO  Ibe  sense  of  "obstiuctioa"  cornea  a  "  bk>ck  "  in  traffic,  a 
block  in  any  pioceediBga,  and  llw  block  aystem  of  signalling  on 

BLOCKADB   (FT.   Uxwi,  Ger.   Blakadt),  ■  term    used  in 

maritime  warfare.    Originally  a  blockade  hy  sea  was  probably 

blockade  or  siege  on  land  in  which  the  army  inveatiog  the 
blockaded  or  besieged  place  Is  in  actual  physical  posseasiou  of  a 
lone  through  which  il  can  prevent  and  forbid  ingress  and  egros. 
An  attempt  to  cross  such  a  lone  wiiiiout  the  consent  of  the 
investing  army  would  bean  act  of  boslilily  against  the  besiegns. 
A  mariiime  blockade,  when  it  formed  part  of  a  siege,  would 
obviously  also  be  a  close  blockade,  being  part  of  the  miliiary 
cordon  drawn  round  the  besieged  place.  Even  from  the  first, 
however,  differences  would  begin  to  grow  up  In  the  coDditiom 
arising  out  of  the  opeiations  on  land  and  on  sea.  Thus  wheisi 
conveying  merchandise  across  military  lines  would  be  a  deliberata 

had  sailed  in  ignorance  ol  Ihe  blockade  for  the  blockaded  placa 
might  in  godd  faith  cross  the  blockade  line  without  committing 
I  hostile  act  against  the  investing  tone.  With  the  development 
of  recognition  of  neutral  rights  the  involuntary  chancier  of  the 
breach  would  be  taken  into  account,  and  notice  to  neutral  state* 
and  to  approaching  vessels  would  come  into  use.  With  the  * 
employment  In  warfare  of  larger  vessels  in  the  place  of  the  more 
numerous  small  ones  of  an  earlier  age,  notice,  moreover,  would 
tend  to  take  theplaceof  tfe/affff  investment,  ajid  at  a  time  when 
communication  between  governments  tfas  itill  slow  and  pre- 

tactic*  before  the  blockade  could  be 
Out  of  these  citcumstance*  grew  up  the 
abuse  of  "  paper  blockades." 

The  climax  was  reached  tn  the  "  Continental  Blockade  " 
decreed  by  Napoleon  in  igae,whichconiinuediillitwasabotislwd 
hy  international  agieemeni  in  iSri,  This  blockade  forbade  all 
countries  under  French  dominion  or  allied  with  Franis  to  have 
any  commumcatlon  with  Great  Britain.  Great  Britain  replied 
in  1807  by  a  sloular  measure.  The  first  nation  to  protest  against 
these  fictitious  blockades  was  the  United  States.  Already  in 
1800  John  Marshall,  secretary  of  state,  wrote  to  the  American 
minister  in  Great  Britain  painting  out  objections  which  have 
since  been  universally  adniitted.  In  the  lollowiog  interesting 
passage  be  said: — 


"  Ports  not  eflectnally  blockaded  tiy  a  force  capable  of  1 

lithe  ef^Iivcntss  of  the  blKkade 
ci  Ihe  bdiiferenl  powers  1 


bkckade. 


ipleiel. 


11?^^ 


flaiid.  lOliiDl  Septtmber  1800,  Am.  State  Papers.  Clasi  I.  For.  ReL 
^'     —  J.  B.  Moan,  DiffU  c]  Itumalimal  Ln,  vii.  7SS. 


■ainiiler  ia  Londoo : — 

"  The  law  ol  nitiatu  requirei  to  tonnitutr  a  btoclivJc  that  that 
thouM  be  the  pment*  and  paaiiion  al  a  hirce  nndcrina  acoia  I 
tbe  pmbibited  plan  ^unileitly  dlKcuU  aad  dapfcnu."' 

In  1816  and  1817  Creal  BHlaln  ai  well  ai  [he  Utiittd  Suta 
aueited  that  blockadn  in  order  [o  be  binding  must  be  eSetlive. 
Tliia  became  gradually  ilie  recogniaed  view,  and  when  in  i 
tlie  ponen  tepmcnted  at  the  cDogresi  of  Pari*  inietlcd  in 
dedaration  there  adopted  that  "blockades  in  order  to 
bidding  must  be  etFecIive,  that  it  to  lay,  maintaiocd  by  a  ft 
niKcient  tcitly  (0  prevent  access  to  the  coast  of  an  enemy,"  t 
Tere  merely  enunciating  a  rule  which  neutral  lUtea  had  alfo^ 
beeooie  too  powerful  to  aUow  belligerents  to  disregard. 

Blockade  is  unlveisally  admiiled  to  be  1  belligerent  light 
which  under  Intematiooal  la.wdeutraU  are  obliged  to  subtnit. 
is  DOW  also  univciully  admitted  that  (he  above-quoied  rule  of 
the  Declatition  of  Paris  forms  part  of  intemaiignal  law,  rn- 
dtpendently  oI  Ibe  declaration.  Being,  however,  eaclusively  a 
belligEient  light,  it  cannot  be  exercised  eicrpt  by  a  belligerent 
force.  Even  a  jt  fada  belligerent  hai  the  right  to  iuiiiule  a 
blockwle  binding  on  neutrals  if  it  hu  (he  mcani  of  malting  it 
effective,  (hough  the  f«cc  iq>poscd  to  It  may  treat  (be  lU  fmle 
belligctent  as  rebck. 

It  is  also  admitted  Ihat,  being  etcluslvtTy  a  bclligerenl  right, 
it  cannot  be  exerciied  In  time  of  peace,  bul  there  hu  been  some 
inconsistency  in  practice  (see  Pacific  Blockadi)  which  will 
piobablylead  govenments,  In  order  to  avoid  prolestsof  neutral 
powers  against  belligerent  rights  being  eiercisal  In  mere  coercive 
pmceedingi,  tn  eiercl$e  tU  the  tights  of  belligerents  and  carry  on 
dt  Jacu  war  to  entitle  them  to  use  violence  against  neutral  in- 
fringen.  This  was  done  in  the  cue  of  Ihe  blockade  of  Venezuela 
by  Great  Britain,  Germany  and  lulyin  1901-1903. 

The  points  upon  which  conirovcny  still  atisrs  (re  as  to  what 
COBstilutcs  an  "  effective "  blockade  and  what  a  sufficient 
notice  of  blockade  to  wan-ant  the  penalties  of  violation,  vii. 
confiscation  sf  the  ship  and  of  tht 


BLOCKADE 

to  the  then  American     They  ihould  be  baarded  by  an  officer,  who  ahouU  en 


deaumslrmtei  Ihe  innocence  ol 


A  bloc] 


lined    by 

M  ports,  and  it  must  be  duly  proclaimed.  Subject  10  these 
principles  being  complied  with,  "  the  question  of  the  legitimacy 
4Wl  eaectivencss  of  a  blockade  is  one  ol  fact  to  be  determined  in 
each  case  upon  tlie  evidence  presented  "  (Thomas  F.  Bayard, 
American  sccreUry  of  state,  to  Messrs  Kimer  &  Co.,  iglh  of 
February  1B89).     Tlie  Bi  '  ' 


cs  In  which  a  I 


alidly  insi 


eHecIivcly  maintained,  as  lollowsv— (1)  If  the 
abandons  its  position,  unless  Ihe  abandonment  De  merely 
temporary  or  caused  by  stress  of  weather,  or  [i)  if  it  be  driven 
away  by  (he  enemy,  or  (j)  if  it  be  negligent  in  Its  dntiet,  or 
(4}  <f  it  be  partial  in  the  eieculion  of  its  duties  towards  one  ship 
rather  than  another,  or  (owartls  the  ships  of  one  nation  lathet 
than  (hose  of  another.  These  cases,  however,  are  based  on 
deduons  of  (he  British  admiralty  courl  and  cannot  be  relied  on 
ibsolu(cly  at  a  statement  of  international  law. 

As  regairls  notice  the  following  American  instractions  vert 
given  to  blockading  oRcenia  June  1S9S; — 

-Htmni  vMwItaneiiiiikd  to  DotilieatiDnota  Uockxle  belofe 
they  can  be  Blade  pria  for  ita  alteVpted  violalion.  The  character 
of  tilia  DouAcalicml.  not  material.     fTmay  be  aclual.  ai  by  a  ve»el 

imntl  imiibliMiiic'ltl  UsctaA.  ••  *7  unnwa  n^aria-j.     If  a 
si  vcMdcu  be  iliinm  to  have  had  miciaf  the  tikxlcade  ■■ 


73 


and  place.  venSedliy  h  is  official 
other  bl'ackadcd  port  ai  to^vh' 
»t1^  of  M^k'adl^'  ^  « 


Mblocfclde.  tl 

1  i»tice,'*sKc  "e^ 


a  i^Ut  ISifma  ef  HMkailt  kc4.iya  fair  pr. 


■Hges  in  italics  arc  not  in  accordance  with  the  views 
ilher  lUtes,  which  do  not  recogniie  the  binding  chat- 
diplomatic  notification  or  of  constructive  notice  fnm 


The  lubjecl  was  brought  uj 
(1907).  The  Italian  and  Mnii 
hut  alter  a  declaration  by  the 
subject  (Sir  E.  Satow)  that  h 
in  lire  Russian  pngiammi 


V»ii,  however,  v 


subject 


the  lecoDd  Hague  Conference. 

delegationa  submitted  projects, 
Itish  delegate  in  charge  of  the 
Lade  not  having  been  included 
'vermrent  had  given  him  no  ia- 


ize  Court  (see  Fbiie).     I 
e  Court  was  lo  apply  the 


iciu 
establisluneni 


7of  theliticri:Diivtintion 
'  rules  of  inlernatloaal  Uw,"  and  in 
principles  of  justice  and  equity.*' 
le  close  ol  the  second  Hague  Con- 
mcnt  took  aleps  to  call  a  special 

.     Among  the  lubjects  dealt  witb 
[ing  Lo  which  are  as  follow: — 
1  »t»d  beyond  the  porta  and  couts 
the  Declaration  of  Paiia  of  Igj6.  a 


rS™"^™"^^ 

Whether  a  blockade  >•  eSective  i.  .  nuestion 

Art.  4.  A  blocliade  ii 

raiKd  if  the  blocVadiog  force 
Bpanially  to  ihTihlps  of  all 

o(^'  ^JLd'nT'"™  "                    "cl-nt-ledKed  by  an  Sffirer 

A,\!S^K  blockade,  in  order  to  be  binding,  mint  be  declared  in 
«eorJ«e  with  Article  9,  and  notified  in  aiJWiance  with  Article. 

An.  9-  Adedar^lionofblockadeiimadeeitherbytlieblockading 

inties  acting  io  its  rume.  It  apcciSes  (il 
le  begfot;  (i)  the  geocraphicat  Hmiu  of 
de;  (J)  the  period  witliiii  which  neutral' 

B  hlockadina  pe^tr.  or  of 
ot  tally  with  the particuli 


An    1 1.  : 

|»wrrs.  by 


jjJj^'r.'tio'l 
make  the  bkicu 
<n  of  blockade 


idinilo^.     tS 
Dnwilir  oHcen  a 


bkKkade  i<  le-enaMflhedwIler  having  been  laiHd. 

Alt.  1).  The  volumary  ninni  eJ  a  bkickade.  n  alio  any  re- 

n^cribKl  by  Ankle  II. 
An.  14.  The  jiabiliiy  ef  a  nrutral  veisl  to  capture  for  breach  of 


provided  Ihat  tbch  notification  waf  n 


'h^;^'^n''b 


BLOCKHOUS&— BLOET 


n  tortifiulio 
as  ■  IbniGed  post  for  a  imalt 
■Ina  1500,  hoi  uncertain  orifjn.  ind  wu  applied  1 
alia)  a  /eri  farrH.  a  dcuchcd  lort  bhKkii 
bndlns,  channel,  pui,  bridge  or  delile.     Thci 


vdo.  and  nc 


blocLhouK 
.  hokd  on  all 
blockhouses, 


"   ^Ucry.    BkKUuHiH  ai 
IT  (1  Jgo-igoi)  ihcjF  were  ofltn  1 


ilt  at 


wood,  brick,  ilo 
During  the  SouU 

from  En^and  lo  me  ironi  m  rcauy-maac  acciions. 
BLOEMAEHT,  ABRAHAM  (1564-16!!],  Dutch  painter  and 

wai  6ni  a  pupU  ol  Gemt  Splimei' (pupil  of  Frani  Florii)  and  of 
Joot  dc  Beec.  at  UlrechL  Kc  then  spent  Lhm  yean  in  Parii, 
nudyint  under  levera]  miiden,  and  on  hii  tetum  to  his  niiivc 
coiinliy  received  lurther  training  from  Hieronymus  Francken. 
In  1591  be  wtnc  te  Amitecdam,  and  [our  yean  later  settled 
finally  at  Ulrnht.wbetE  he  became  dean  of  the  Cild  ol  St  Luke. 
He  eiccUed  mine  as  a  colourist  than  as  a  dnughiaman,  wai 
ntRmcly  productive,  and  painted  and  etched  historical  and 
alletorical  pictures,  landscapes,  still-lire,  animal  pictures  and 
Bower  pieces.  Amoog  his  pupils  >xe  his  lour  sons,  Mcndrick, 
Frederick,  Cemelis  and  Adriaaji  (all  ol  wham  achieved  coniider- 
ible  reputation  as  painters  or  tngravtn),  the  loo  Hootlunts 
■nd  Jacob  G.  Cuyp, 

BLOBMBR.  JAM  FRARS  VAH  {r6«j->74o).  nemish  painter, 
ma  bom  at  Aotmip,  and  studied  and  lived  In  luly.  At  Rone 
be  wu  styltd  Oriaanle,  on  account  of  his  paintinf  oF  dtaunce 
in  bis  landscapes,  which  are  rrminiscent  ot  Caspard  Poussin  and 
nucb  admired.  His  bntben  Pieiec  (ifis7-i7io),  styled  Stan- 
daan  (liom  his  Riiiitary  pictures),  ud  Norbcrt  (ifiio-1746}, 
■ere  ako  neM-known  painten. 

BLOEMraimiH,  capital  ol  the  Onnge  Free  State,  la 
t«*  r  S.,  ifi*  IB'  E.  It  is  situated  on  the  open  veld,  surrounded 
by  s  few  lov  kopjei,  4513  (t.  above  the  sea.  los  m.  by  rail  E. 
by  S.  ol  Kimbeiley.  jjo  N.E.  by  E.  ol  Cape  Town,  450  N.  by  E. 
ol  Port  Eliiibelh,  and  1S7  S.W,  o(  Johaonnburs. 

BtoemfoDteia  is  a  very  pleasant  town,  regularly  laid  out  with 
Simla  running  at  right  angles  and  a  large  ceattal  market  square. 
Many  of  the  bouses  are  surrounded  by  large  wooded  gaolens. 
nmnib  the  town  runs  the  Bloemspntit.  AttFr  a  disastnus 
flood  in  1904  the  course  of  ibis  spring  was  atraightened  and  sii 
ItotK  biidgH  placed  across  it.  Thm  are  several  line  public 
buildings,  motiiy  built  o(  ted  brick  and  a  Ane-gnined  nihile 
stone  quarried  in  ihenetghbourhood.     The  Raadtiit.a  building 


c  style,  fa 


arket  Squa 


■eeting.plau  of  ttle  Onnac  Free  Slate  Raad,  il 


ot  the  provincial  coundL    In  tiwl  of  the  old  Raadtaal  (utti 

as  law  courts)  is  a  statue  of  President  Brand.  In  Douglas  Street 
a  an  unpreientious  building  used  in  turn  as  a  church,  a  raadtaal, 
a  court-houK  and  a  museum.  In  11  was  signed  (iSj^)  the 
convenlioa  which  Rcogniaed  tbe  independeocc  of  the  Free 
State   fiocii   {see  Oianci   Free   State:     Hislery). 


™lly.  i 


,  .      _  the  Anglica  . 

cathedral,  which  has  a  fLoe  interior.  The  chief  educaiiooal 
establishment  is  Grey  University  College,  buiil  i«a&-i9aa  al 
a  cost  of  £iij.aoo.  It  stands  in  grounds  of  joo  acres,  s  mile 
and  ■  half  from  the  town.  In  the  town  is  the  original  Gray 
College,  founded  in  iSjCi  by  Sir  George  Grey,  when  governor  at 
Cape  Colony.  The  post  and  tele|nph  oKct  in  Market  5quar« 
is  one  of  the  finest  buildings  in  tfae  town.  The  public  library 
is  boused  in  a  handsome  building  in  Warden  Street.    Opposite 

Bloemfontcin  posscssei  few  manuTaclures,  but  is  tlw  trading 
cintrr  of  the  province.  Having  a  dry  healthy  clinuic,  it  is  > 
favourite  raideniial  town  and  a  resort  for  invalids,  being  lecom- 
mendcd  especially  (or  pulmonary  disease.  The  mean  nuiinium 
lemperaiure  is  76-  7*  Fahr..  the  mean  minimum  4S**;  "lie  mean 
annual  laiofall  about  94  in.  There  is  an  eacellent  water-supply, 
obtained  partly  (torn  Bioemsprult,  but  princtpafly  from  the 
Moddcr  Hver  at  Sanna's  Post,  »m.  to  the  eatt,  and  from 
reservoirs  at  Modus  Dam  and  Mag^epoon. 

The  population  in  iqo«  «as  ll.BSj.  of  whom.  Including  the 
garrison  of  J4E7,  ii,ioi  wen  white,  compared  with  a  while 
population  of  9077  in  iSgo.  The  cnlourHl  inhabitants  are  mostly 
Bechuana  and  Basuto.  Most  of  the  whites  are  of  Biilish  origin, 
and  English  is  the  common  language  ol  all.  including  I  he  Dutch. 

The  spruit  or  spring  wfuch  gives  its  name  to  the  town  wai 

dates  from  liifi,  in  which  year  Major  H.  D.  Warden,  ih^ 
British  resideot  norlb  of  the  Orai«e.  selected  the  site  as  Ihe 
seal  of  his  administration.  When  in  18^  independence  wai 
conferred  on  the  countiy  the  town  was  du»en  by  Ihe  Boers  aa 
ilie  scat  of  goverrunent.  It  became  noted  lor  tjie  inlelligenci 
of  its  citizens,  and  lor  ihe  educational  advantage)  It  OITcred  at 

lightly.     In  1S9]  the  railway  connecting  il  with  Cape  Town  and 

Johannesburg  was  completed.     During  the  Anglo-Boer  War 

of  iSoo-igoi  it  was  occupied  by  the  British  under  Lord  Roberts 

wiiboul  resistance  {ijth  of  March  i»oo).  fourteen  days  after  the 

surrender  of  General  Cronjc  at  Paardcberg.     In  Market  Square 

on  the  iSlh  of  the  following  May  Ihe  anncialion  of  the  Onnga 

Free  Slate  to  the  British  dominions  was  proclaimed.     In  i«07 

the  fint  session  of  the  £nl  parliament  elected  under  the  con- 

iiion  granting   Ihe   colony  self-gavetnioent   wai  held   in 

imfoniein.    In  iqio  when  the  colony  became  t  province 

lie  Union  of  South  Africa  under  its  old  detignalion  of  Orange 

:  Slate.  Blocmfonlein  was  chosen  as  the  seat  of  the  Supitma 

n  of  Soulii  Af  Hca.     Its  growth  as  a  business  centre  slier  the 

dose  of  Ihe  war  in  tgo>  was  very  marked.     The  rateable  valua 


..ij),  English 


1  lOOS. 

jishop,  was  chincetlai 


BLOET.  I 

a  William  L  and  Ruli 

>f  Lincoln  (TOqj)  in  succession  to  Rcmigiua.  His  private  char- 
icler  was  indifferenli  but  he  administered  his  see  with  skill 
ind  prudence,  buill  largely,  and  kept  a  magnificent  hoUKihald. 
which  served  as  a  training-school  even  for  Ihe  sons  of  noblei. 
Bloet  was  active  in  assisting  Henry  I.  during  Ihe  rebellion  of 
t  became  that  monarch's  justiciar.  Latterly,  however. 
t  of  favour,  and.  although  he  had  been  very  rich,  waa 
ihed  by  Ihe  fines  which  the  king  eilorted  from  him. 
his  wealth  was  hil  chief  offence  In  Ilie  king's  ryes; 
IS  in  atlendance  on  Henry  when  seiud  with  bis  last 
Kc  waa  Ihe  patron  of  the  ehmnieler  Henry  of  Huniing- 

Krnry  of  HuMlngdu  and  W.  Malmeahaiy  {Dt  Cttlii  Pmr^fcm) 
J^^n^T^uy!  rb  iRnnMiou  tf  Ei^kI.'Ul  U.  |T[7w. cIo) 


■UM.  UMin  n  (i5D6-i56a),  Fkmiih  myMlat  wrfier, 
fiBcrilly  kmwn  ondcr  the  Baine  of  Bumui,  nt  born  in 
OcMbcr  ijofi  ■!  [lic'chltau  of  Doistienne,  iKir  Liige,  of  an 
Hhtttriooi  funity  to  whicb  jevcnJ  crowned  hadi  were  KlLiedr 
He  «■■  cducilciJ  II  itie  courl  of  tbe  Nethcrlindi  vith  Ihe  (ulure 
tnpemi  CliuJa  V.  o(  Cnrnuiy,  vbo  muiincd  to  ilie  list  hii 
(Uiuch  friend.  Al  the  tge  of  lounevn  he  lectivcd  l)ie  Bmt- 
diciiDe  hibii  in  Ihe  wnuutr  of  Lftuln  in  Haiuui,  of  which 
be  bcume  *bbot  m  ijjo.  Chide*  V.  pmtLd  In  viln  upon 
bjm  the  archbiibopnc  of  Canbrai,  but  BEosIus  itudioiuJy 
oteritd  hiDMU  la  lit  nfona  el  hii  monasteiy  and  in  Ihe  oom- 
potitiovi  of  devolloDal  imki.  Ue  died  at  his  wataalery  tm 
the  ith  of  Janaiy  ij66. 

Blothu'i  miki,  wUcb  mm  mitten  in  Latin,  have  been 
tiaiulalcd  into  atnKBt  every  Eorapcaa  Janguage,  and  have 
appealed  aot  only  to  Roman  Citbdio,  bul  lo  many  Engljdi 
taymen  ol  HMc,  nich  a*  W.  E.  CladilOH  and  Lord  CnleridgE, 
The  beat  edJiivna  of  }ua  collected  wulit  an  the  £nl  edition  by 
J.  Frojiu  (Louvain,  isM),  aul  the  Cologne  teprinta  (1J71, 
1^7).  Hii  betl-knawn  worki  art: — the  luslUmlia  SfirilmJii 
(Etic.  Iiua.,  A  Btk  t]  Sfiiittal  Inilnictun,  London,  1(100)^ 
CfUoJdJie  FutiitMi>iti»m  <En|.  tnuia.,  Ctmlml  jBt  Ae  Faint- 
HrarM,  London,  i«oj};  Saallum  Atimat  FUd'a  (Eng.  trans., 
Tki  Saailiary  if  '^  FaMJid  Soul,  London,  igos);  all  theK 
three  nvrki  vere  Irantlaied  and  edited  by  FaLher  fiertmnd 
WlUKrforcc,  O.P.,  and  have  been  reprinted  levind  limeai 
and  e^Kciatly  SfatJum  Umaclmntm  (French  Irani,  by  Fflicilf 
de  L^Dieniiab,  Pirii.  \iog\  Eng.  iiarkL,  rrnii,  1676;  R-ediled 
by  Lonl  Coleridge,  London,  187V,  iSr'>*'>diiuened  in"  Paiet- 

See  Ceoiiea  de  Blei*.  Lmuii  it  Stsii,  m  BMiidin  »  XVI  ^ 
iHcIt  (Parii.  1B75I,  Eiq.  mat.  by  Lady  Lovat  ILomlon,  iSjS,  Ac). 

BLOII,  a  town  of  cenlnl  France,  capital  ef  the  dcpaitnical 
ot  Loir-el-Cber,  ]S  m.  S.W.  ol  Orleani,  on  the  Orlcana  railway 
between  ibal  dty  and  Toun.  Pep.  (1906)  r8,45;.  Situated 
in  a  thiddy-iKiodHl  disuici  on  Ihe  right  banli  of  the  Loire,  il 

runs  the  prind]M]  thanuijifait  of  the  town  nuoed  after  the 
philosopher  Denit  Ptpin.  A  bridge  of  the  iSih  ccotury  Iron 
which  il  piexnlt  the  ippeinnce  of  an  amphitheiire.  unites 
Btois  with  the  suburb  of  Vicnne  on  the  left  bank  ol  Ihe  river. ' 
The  iirHtt  of  the  higher  and  older  pan  of  the  town  an  nimw 

pmvidtd  by  flights  ol  steps,  Tlie  famous  chlleau  of  the  family 
'  "1ean/r        ■    "      ■  ■    ■  ■■    ■ 


of  Orleanf  (see  ABCHITECIim;  . 


«t),  a  fine  eutnplei 


Renalssa 


irchltecl 


the  more  westerly  of  the  two  hilts.  It  consists  ol  three  main 
wings,  and  >  fonrthandERialler  wing,  and  itbuiX  round  a  courl- 
yard.  The  mosi  inteieating  portion  is  ihe  north-west  wing. 
which  via  erected  by  Francis  I.,  and  coniDins  the  room  where 
Henry,  duie  of  Guise,  was  assaaunaled  by  order  of  Henry  lIL 
The  atriklng  Feature  of  the  Interior  bcade  is  the  celebrated  ^iral 
Italrase  tower,  lb*  bays  of  which,  with  their  baulifuUyiculp- 
lured  balustrades,  profect  into  (he  courtyard  (see  AiICHiTEcruic, 
FlauVlll.fig.g4i,  Thenortfa-eastwIng.lnwhichistheentrBnce 
to  the  castle,  wu  built  by  Loub  Xli.  and  is  called  aliei  him: 
il  contains  pIciure-giBeries  and  a  museum,  Opposiie  b  ihc 
Casion  wing,  eiecied  by  Casion,  duke  of  Orleans,  brother  ol 
Louis  X11I-,  which  contiins  a  majestic  domed  iliircisc.  In  Ihe 
north  comer  of  the  counysrd  it  the  Sille  dcs  £ials.  which. 
loeelhci  with  the  donjon  in  (he  west  nunei,  survives  from  the 
I3lh  century.  0(  the  churches  of  Bloii,  Ihe  calhcdial  of  St  Louis, 
■  building  of  the  end  of  the  17th  century,  bul  in  Gothic  style, 
[4  surpassed  in  inlemt  by  St  Nicolis,  once  Ihe  church  of  the 
abbeyofStLaumci.ind  dating  Irom  Ihc  i)lh  and  ijlh  cenlurirt. 
"nie  i^cturesqucness  ol  the  (own  is  enhanced  by  many  old 
sitmions,  the  chief  of  which  is  Ihe  Renaissance  HAlel  d'AIIuye. 

Lams  XII.  is  of  very  graceful  design.     The  rnleciure,  the  law 
court,  the  com-mirkfi  and  the  fine  stud- buildings  are  ajmng 
the  chief  nwdem  huililingi. 
Bigisii  ibeteatof  a  hitbop,  a  prelKl,  and  a  muilof  auties. 


It  has  a  tribamlol  Snt  fnitonce,  ■  trflnma]  of  1 

of  trade  arbilratiun.  a  branch  o(  Ihe  Bank 
codtge  and  training  colleges.  The  lowr 
agricultural  and  pastoral  regioiu  ol  Bes 

■      ■       ■■  t-slock.     Il  I 


if  the  L«re  valley,  m 


nateriab,   I 


1  boots  and 


shoe*,   biscuits,  cbocotile.   upboblering  t 
tnachintjy  and  eiiihenware,  ai  '  ' 
leiiher-wgrk»  and  foundrto. 

Though  of  incirni  origin,  Bloitb  first  dbtbictly  mentioned  by 
Cregcsyof  Tours  hi  the  bih  century,  and  was  not  of  any  import- 
ance lill  the  gth  cenlury,  i^n  it  became  Ihe  seat  of  a  powerful 
countship  {sec  belowj.  In  iig6  Count  Louis  granted privDegea 
lo  Ihe  townsmen;  Ihe  commune,  which  survived  throughout 
(he  middle  ages,  probably  dated  Irom  this  lime.  The  counts  of 
the  ChlliUon  line  resided  at  Btois  more  often  than  their  pre- 
decesaon,  and  the  oldest  pant  of  the  cUlieau  (ijth  ixKOBfi 
were  buil(  by  (hem.  In  1479  Joan  of  Arc  made  Bloii  hei  bua 
of  openlioni  for  (he  relic[  of  Orleans.  After  bit  capllviiy  in 
England,  Chiria  ol  Oleani  in  1440  look  up  hit  residence  Is  tbt 
chlieau,  where  in  r^Ai  hh  son,  afterwards  Louis  XII.,  was  bonu 
In  the  ifith  oenlury  Blols  was  often  the  resort  of  the  French 
tourt.  Ill  inhibitanti  inchided  many  Calvinkts,  and  il  wsi 
in  i;di  and  1567  the  scene  of  struggles  between  Ihem  and  the 
supportersof  the  Roman  churdi.  In  1576  and  i;S8  Henry  III,, 
king  ol  France,  chose  Bids  aa  the  meeting-place  of  the  sutea- 
generii.  and  in  the  latter  year  he  broughl  aboui  the  murden  of 
Henry,  duke  of  Guise,  and  hia  bmiher,  Louis,  archbitbop  d 
Rcimi  and  cardinal,  in  (he  chtteau.  where  (heii  deaUiB  wo* 
sfaanly  loUowed  by  that  of  the  queen-nuther.  C>tberine  da" 
MedicL  From  ifii7  to  1619  Mane  de'  Uedld.  wife  of  Kins 
Henry  IV..  exiled  fiom  the  court,  lived  at  the  Chilean,  which 
was  soon  afterwards  given  by  LouiiXIIL  to  his  brother  Canon, 
duke  of  Orleans,  who  lived  there  lill  his  death  in  itfio.  Tbn 
bishopric  dates  from  (he  end  of  the  ijth  cenluiy.  In  1R14 
Bloii  was  for  a  short  lime  the  seat  ol  the  regency  of  Marie  Louise, 
wife  of  Napoleon  I, 

£ee  L.  de  1)  Siu_aye.  BMi  H  «  nairsu  (ilTilt  ffiUifrf  to 
lUuam  it  BItu  Uiji):  1,  Bcigeiin  ei  A.  Dmri,  duawi dr  AMt 
(1847), 

BUHS,  ConNTm?  of.  From  Stf  to  about  «□  the  connt^lp 
of  Blols  was  one  of  those  whicb  were  held  in  fee  by  (he  mirflavi 
ol  Neuslria.  Robert  (he  Strong,  and  by  his  luccesson.  (he  abbot 
Hugh.Odo(orEuda),RobenU.  and  Hugh  Ihe  Crtal.  Itlbe* 
poised,  aboal  940  and  for  nearly  three  ceniuries,  lo  a  new  famfly  . 
of  counli,  wh<»e  chiefs,  ai  first  vauals  ol  the  duket  of  France, 
Hugh  the  Cieat  and  Hugh  Capet,  became  In  987.  by  theaccesnon 
of  the  Capelian  dynasty  to  ihe  throne  of  France.  Ihe  direct 
vassals  of  the  crown.  These  new  counts  were  originally  very 
powerful  With  the  counlsbip  ol  Slois  they  united,  from  940  to 
1044,  thai  of  Touraine,  and  from  about 45oto  i)i8.  and  after- 
wards ln»n  1 169  to  t>8A,  the  counutaip  el  Cbtrtia  remained  in 
(heir  possession. 

The  counli  d  Blois  ol  the  bouseoF  the  Theohatdt  (Thibsodi) 
begift  with  Theobald  L.  Ihe  Cheat,  who  became  cnuni  iboui  9401 
He  was  succeeded  by  his  ton.  Odo  (Eudesl  I.,  aboui  97$. 
Theobald  II..  eldest  son  of  Odo  I.,  became  count  hi  996,  anil 
was  succeeded  by  Odo  II.,  younger  sop  ef  Odo  L.  about  lesj. 
Odo  IL  was  one  ol  the  most  warUke  barons  of  his  lime.  With 
the  siresdy  considerable  domains  which  he  hdd  fma  his 
ancestors,  he  united  the  heriuge  of  his  kinsman.  Stephen  1.. 
count  of  Troyes.  In  isjj  he  disputed  (he  crown  of  Burgundy 
wiih  the  emperor.  Conrad  the  Salic,  and  perished  In  1037  while 
fighting  in  Lorraine.  He  was  succeeded  in  rO]7by  hiseldaiun, 
Theobald  HI.,  who  was  defeated  by  the  Angevfns  in  taia,  and 
was  forced  to  give  up  (he  town  ol  T^un  and  ila  dipendencica 
lo  Ihe  count  of  Anjou.  In  1089  Stephen  Henty.  eldesi  son  ol 
Theobald  111,,  bccamecounl.  He  look  part  in  the  firMdmade. 
Irll  inio  the  hands  ol  ihe  Saracens,  and  died  in  opiivity;  be 
nuriicd  Adela,  daugbtci  of  William  I.,  king  of  EnglaniL  In 
iioi  St^hen  Henry  was  nicceeded  by  hia  ton.  Theobald  IV. 
tbe  Gnat,  who  united  Ibt  souptship  of  Troyet  arilh  hi*  doowisa 


76 


BLOMEFIELD— BLONDEL 


Is  iitt.  In  tijjiOnthedMtliof  UiBwcenul  uncle.  HBuyl,, 
kiiiil  ol  Englud,  he  wu  called  lo  Nonundy  by  ib>  biroiu  of 

yoaaga  biolher,  Slcpbcn.  bid  juil  been  produzned  king  of 
EniUod.    In  1 1  ji  Tbeobkld  V.  Ihe  Good,  Kcond  »ii  oi  Thwbild 

Uii Km  Louii  lucocdcd  m  ii^i,  look  part  in  the  lourtb  cruude, 
and  nfur  the  Uking  of  CouiinUnDpIe  «u  rewntded  wiih  the 
duchy  of  NicuL  He  vu  killed  >|  (he  bnUe  of  Adtiinople  in 
m5,  in  which  year  he  «M  luccccded  by  hit  uo,  Theobild  VI. 
tbc  Ydibis,  who  died  cbildleu.  In  iiig  tha  counuhip  pmed 
10  Muguet,  eldeit  d>ught«  of  TlieolMld  V.,  and  to  Walter 
(Cantiet)  o[  Aveinei,  bn  Ihlid  hucbitid. 

Hie  Chllillon  branch  ol  the  counu  of  Bloli  hefan  in  ijjo 
with  Uary  of  Avonei,  daushtei  of  Miriant  of  Bloii  and  ber 
huahand,  Hugh  of  Chllillon.  roimt  of  St  PoL  In  1941  her 
bcoihet,  John  ol  Chllilloo.  becime  count  of  Bloit,  and  was 
auccctded  la  117Q  by  hit  diughtTr,  Joan  of  Chttillon,  who 
lUTTled  Peter,  count  of  Alen^on,  Sllh  ton  of  Louis  IX.,  king  ol 
France.  In  1 186  Joaa  lold  Ihe  counlthip  of  Chartmto  the  king 
ol  Franx.     Hugh  ol  CUliUon.  her  finl-couain.  became 


id  wu  tucceeded  by  bia  1 


n,  Guy  I., 


11J07. 


In  iMi  ^uii  II.,  eldst  wn  of  Guy  I.,  died  at  the  battle  of 
Crfcy,  and  hii  brollicr,  Chulet  of  Blois,  diiputed  the  duchy  of 
Brittany  ititb  John  of  MontforL  Loui)  III.,  ddeal  ion  ol 
Louii  II.,  beciDie  count  in  1346,  and  was  (uccetded  by  John  U., 
■econd  »n  of  Lauii  II.,  In  i]7i.  In  ijSi  Guy  II.,  brother  of 
Uuii  UL  and  John  U.,  succeeded  in  ijgi,  but  died  childleia. 
OvETwhelined  with  debt,  he  had  sold  the  countship  of  Bloii  to 
Louis  I.,  duke  of  Orleans,  bioihctof  KJtig  Charles  VI,.  who  took 
poMiiilon  ol  it4n  1J07. 

lo  14«S  the  counuhip  ol  Glols  was  united  with  the  crown  by 
tbt  acGCMloD  U  King  Louis  XII.,  grandson  and  accond  lucceswr 
•i  Louit  I.,  dwfcc  of  Orleans. 

Sec  Bccnier.  aimin  id  Wtii  (16B1) ;  La  SauMye.  BiiMn  it  la 
tHU  ii  Blcit  {It^}.  iKLo.) 

BLOHEPIBU),  FRAHCII  (iT0i->7Ii)i  English  topognphn 
ol  the  county  of  NotfoU,  was  bora  at  Fenfietd,  Noriolk,  on 
the  13^1  of  July  tjey  On  leaving  Canbiidge  in  tTi;  be  ms 
ordained,  becoming  in  1719  rector  of  Harghara,  Norfolk,  and 
lamtdialely  afitrwaids  rector  of  Feiafidd,  bis  fathet'a  family 
living.  In  1 733  he  mooted  the  idea  of  a  history  oi  Norfolk,  for 
which  he  bad  begun  collecting  material  at  the  age  of  fifteen,  and 
ahoftly  afterwards,  while,  collecting  further  informatioa  for 
.  lii*  book,  discovered  some  cf  the  famous  J'oitoii  LtOas.  By 
IT36  be  vat  ready  to  pot  some  of  the  results  of  his  researches  Into 
tip*.  At  the  end  of  1734  the  first  volume  of  the  Ilislory  e) 
JV«i/»Bwii completed.  Itwaaprintedaltheaulhot'sownpress, 
bot^t  ipediUy  for  the  purpose.  The  second  volume  was  ready 
in  1 145,  There  Is  litiledoubt  that  in  compiling  hli  book  Blome- 
fidd  bad  frequent  recourse  to  the  eiisting  historical  coUectlona 
of  U  Neve.  Kir^irick  and  Tanner,  bis  own  work  being  to  a 
large  eitent  one  of  expanifon  and  addition.  To  Le  Neve  In 
■  le  share  of  the  credit  is  due.  When  half-way 
I  vidume,  Blomefield,  who  had  come  up  to  London 


hk  work  wu  published  poathumously,  and  the  whole  eleven 
KilDmei  *ei«  ttputdbhed  In  London  between  1805  and  ilio. 

BLOHniU).  UH  ARTHUI  WILLIAM  (igi^-rBw),  English 
tr^tect,  aos  of  Blabop  C.  J.  BlomBeld.  was  bora  on  the  6th  of 
Hardi  igig,  and  educated  at  Rugby  arid  Trinity.  Cambridge. 
He  was  then  artidcd  aa  an  aichited  to  7.  C  Hardwick,  and 
aabactfueatly  obtained  a  large  practice  on  his  own  account,  lie 
became  president  of  the  Architiclural  Aisodatlon  in  1S61,  and  a 
leilDw  (1S67)  and  vice-president  (1U6)  of  the  Royal  Iiulitule  of 
Briiisfa  Architects.  In  1SS7  be  became  architect  to  the  Bank  of 
EBglaBd,  and  deigned  the  law  count  bnnch  in  Fleet  Street,  and 
h*  waa  ■— ^■'~'  with  A.  E.  Street  in  the  building  ol  (he  law 
cmrts.  IB  iBSo  be  was  knighted.  He  died  on  the  30th  of 
Octobar  tgiK.  H*  wtt  twice  manted,  and  biought  up  two  sons, 
Chaila  J.  Bloafidd  and  Atthur  Coatan  Blomfickt,  to  bit  own 


pioltMlon,  of  which  1^  btciBw  dlatlnsidAed  npMwatalKt*. 

Among  the  nuaierout  ebuxba  which  Sir  Anbu'  BljafcU 
designed,  his  wotk  at  St  Saviour's,  Sontbrak,  ft  a  aotafala 
eiunple  of  hit  uc  of  tcvivtd  Gothic,  lad  ha  «a*  hitfily  nguded 
a*  4  rcMom.  n. 

BIOMFIEU),  CRARLn  JAMII  [i7>«-iS]7).  EniUih  dMpc, 
was  bomoa  the  sgth^UayijSial  Bury  St  Edmund  UewM 
educated  at  the  local  gnmniar  aebod  and  at  Trinity  Colkic. 
Cambridge,  where  he  faioed  the  Bnwuc  medab  for  lula  and 
Greek  odes,  and  carried  oO  the  Ciavsu  idiolBrahip.  In  ilol  he 
fnduated  a>  Ibiid  vnngitr  and  £rat  uedallisi,  aad  Im  tha 
foUowlnc  year  waa  elected  to  a  idkiwihlp  at  Tifadty  CoAece. 

•nn.>iT»l-fi^.il.n(hl.«flMl|...t.ip— T.n«^|t;nTin(;h«   p.— ritM.f 

of  Aeschylus  in  igio;  tUa  waa  firilaiwed  by  editlm  of  Che  AfSnW 
antra  Iktiat,  Prnat,  Ckmtttrai,  atul  Afummnt,  of  CaU- 
machus,and  of  the  bagBenD  of  Sappho.  Sophm  and  Akaeo. 
Blomfield,  howerer,  toon  ceued  to  devote  bbaeeU  antbdy  to 
scholarship.  He-  had  been  ordained  In  itio.  and  heU  In  quick 
aucceuiantbelivingsaC  Cbcsteif Ocd,  Qutfiingtao,  D  nnton.  Gieat 
and  Little  Cbesteiford,  and  Tuddenhaia.  In  1S17  be  «•« 
appointed  private  chaplain  to  Wn.  Howley,  bllh»  of  Lotwkn. 
In  iSiq  he  was  noainated  to  the  ijch  living  of  St  Botolpfe'l, 
BisbopigBte,  and  in  igii  he  became  aichdeacon  o(  Colchatn. 
Two  years  la  ter  he  was  raited  to  the  biib0)Htc  d  Cbestn  where  h« 
carried  through  many  much-needed  rtfonai.  tn  iBiB  he  waa 
tnnilaied  to  the  bishopric  of  London,  which  he  held  for  twenty- 
dghi  yean.  Diving  (bit  pertod  hit  energy  and  ntl  did  niach  to 
eitend  the  Inriuence  of  the  church.  He  wit  one  of -the  ben 
debater)  In  the  House  of  Lordi,  took  a  leading  poattlon  In  (be 
action  for  chuicb  rrfonn  which  culmiaalcd  In  the  ecdesiaitical 
commitiion,  and  did  much  for  the  dletnioii  oT  the  cotoidal 
epltcopate;  and  hit  genial  and  kindly  nalutc  made  him  an 
invaluablt  mcdiatn'  In  the  controvenlct  aririn|  out  of  the 
Inclttlan  movement.  His  health  at  last  gave  way,  and  in  iSjS 
be  was  penaiited  to  itsign  his  blihopric,  retaining  Fnlhaia 
Paltce  ■)  bis  residence,  vdtha  pention  of  £Gooo  per  annnm.  He 
died  on  the  jlb  of  Auguit  18;;.  His  published  works,  nclutlva 
of  those  above  mentioned,  constat  of  charges,  tennons,  leclurea 
and  pamphlets,  and  of  a  Ua*Kal  of  Printi  sad  Fumttj  Prayri, 
He  was  a  frequent  coDtributor  tO  the  quattctly  revjev^  MeOy 
on  classical  lubjects. 

in^Chrbilama  BltmjItU.  D.  D..  Bhhp  a  Eeidea. 
vjfMiliiCsrraMMna.ediiedbyliisBn.Xirrcd  Bloni- 
C.  E.  Biber.  Butef  Blm^tiM  aiM  lit  niKn  (1*57). 

BLOMFIKLOb  BDWAKD  VALHITIIIE  (17W-1S1BJ;  Eagliih 
classical  schobi,  brother  ol  Bishop  C.  J,  BIccnfield,  was  bam  at 
Buiy  St  Edmunds  on  the  14th  of  February  17S8,  Going  to 
Ciius  College,  Cambridge,  he  was  thirteenth  wrangler  in  igii, 
obtained  several  ol  tin  ciatsical  priwt  of  Ihi  university,  and 
became  a  fellow  end  lecturer  at  Emmaaucl  College.  In  1S13  be 
travelled  in  Germany  and  made  tbc  acquaintance  ol  some  of 
the  great  scholars  of  Germany.  On  hla  return,  he  published  In 
the  UuicuM  Crilitam  (No.  U.)  an  hitercatuig  paper  on  "  The 
Present  SuteofClattlcal  Literature  in  Germany,"  Blomfield  it 
chiefly  known  by  hit  ttanilation  of  Mattbiae't  Crut  Craaator 
(iSiq),  which  was  ptepaied  for  the  pteta  by  hit  bnlher.  He  died 
on  the  9ih  nf  Ociobei  1816,  bit  euly  datib  depriving  Cambrfdgn 
of  one  who  teemed  dettined  to  take  a  hi^  place  amonpt  her 
most  brilliant  classical  tcholaii. 

Sec  "  Mcmsii  of  EdwaidValenthM  Blomfield,"  I9  Bishop  Monk, 

BLOHDms  DAVID  (ijpl-iejjI.Fieucb  Protestant  clergyman. 


■t  ChSldTO 


Il-Mati 


iisgi,  I 
»1  C.  J.  Voaaius 


April  16  SI, 

(hip  of  hislorv  ai  Anuteroam.  ms  woras  were  very  numerou 
in  toRie  of  Ibem  he  thawed  a  remarkable  crilical  laculty,  u  In  b 
disicrUtion  on  Pope  Jotn  (164;,  i6ji),  in  which  be  came  lo  ll 
conduifon,  now  universally  accepted,  tfaal  the  whole  itoiy  is 
mere  myth.  Considerable  Prolestant  Indignatkm  was  eadu 
against  liim  on  account  of  this  book. 

BLONDBU  JACaon  FXARCOIS  (i7DJ-t774l.  French  attU- 
tect,  began  lite  at  an  ircbllccluial  engiaver.  but  de    ' 
into  an  aicUtect  of  contiderable  ditLlscLloB,  It  o(  n 


BLQNDIN— BLOOD 


UwdOicct  W  Lmti  XV.  lr«m  IMS  1 
he  nicoco  •uukt,  Uthotigli  ii  would  Mtm  Uul  hr 
tuhiBO  ntbcf  ihan  la  anutk  conviciion.  He 
«M  UBong  tba  cvlicst  loundcn  of  Kbooii  ol  uchitectun  Ln 
Fmtce,  ud  for  Uiis  Ilb  vu  disljngui&hcd  by  the  Academy;  but 

yr—<«'H,inwhichbfmhcCQDdDuatQrpf  Manati  The  book  ji 
•  pRdouicoUeclioDof  vienrionunous  building  many  ol  ubkh 
have  disappeared  or  been  icmodeUcd' 

ZLDMDIH  (iSi4-ia97),  Fiencli  lighl-Ripe  wilktr  tnd  acrobat, 
waa  boni  at  St  Omci,  Fiina.  on  tb«  iSih  ol  Fcbtuaty  1S14. 
Bii  nal  mne  i»*  Jem  Fcsocois  Cravelet.  Wtato  Bve  yan 
tM  be  wu  sent  to  the  £cole  dc  Gymnau  at  Lyoni  and,  alter  sU 
mODtha'  tr^niog  ai  an  acrobat,  made  hk  tint  public  appearance 
at  "  The  UiUe  Wonder."  Hii  lupuior  eIllU  and  gnce  as  ik'cU 
u  the  ori^nalily  of  (he  actUnp  of  bis  acta,  tnade  him  a  popular 
fAvouiite.  lie  especially  owed  his  celebrity  and  fortune  to  his 
idea  ol  crossing  Niagara  Falls  oa  a  tight-rope,  1100  iL  bng, 
160  II  above  the  water.  This  he  accomplished,  fint  in  1839, 
a  number  ol  limea,  always  with  diSeient  theatric  variations; 
blindlold,  in  a  sack,  trundling  a  wheclbinow.  on  siilts,  carrying 

an  omelette.  In  i36i  Blondin  first  appeared  in  London,  at  the 
Crystal  PaUce,  turning  somersaults  on  sllla  od  a  rope  stfetdicd 
■emu  the  central  transept.  170  It.  [rom  the  ground.  In  iKAi 
he  again  gave  a  series  of  performances  at  the  Crystal  Palace, 
and  elsewhere  in  England,  and  on  the  continenL  After  a  period 
of  retirement  he  reappeared  in  iftte,  his  final  pejfonnance 
being  given  at  BelTui  in  iSg6.  Ut  died  at  Ealing,  London, 
OD  the  igtb  of  February  1B9J. 

BtOOD.  (he  drculating  fluid  in  the  vdns  and  arteries  of 
■nim>'>  The  word  itself  is  common  to  Teutonic  languages: 
the  O.  Eng.  is  UH.  cf.  Gothic  blcUi,  Dutch  blool,  Ger.  film.  It 
b  probably  ultimately  connected  with  the  root  which  appears 
Id  "blow,"  "bloom,"  meaning  flourishing  or  vigorous.  The 
Cr.  word  for  blood,  aT>ia.  appears  as  a  prcliic  katptff'  in  many 
compound  words.     As  that  on  which  the  life  depends,  as  the 


:hild  is  be 


it  froi 


blood." 


i  "blood" 

a:  thus  "to  have  fcs  blood,"  "  to  Ere  .the  blond,"  "  cold 
il,"  "  hall  "  or  "  whole  blood."  ftt  The 
erprewion  "  blM  blood  "  is  from  the  Spanish  langrt  axuL  The 
nohks  of  Caitile  daimHl  to  be  free  Imm  all  admiiture  with  the 
daiker  blood  of  Moon  or  Jews,  a  proof  being  supposed  to  lie  ia 
tl«  blue  veins  thai  ihowed  in  their  fairer  skin*.  The  common 
Cn^ish  expletiva  "bloody,"  used  as  an  adjective  or  adverb, 
haa  been  given  many  lancitut  origins;  it  has  Iwen  supposed  to 
be  a  conmclioil  of  "  by  Dor  Lady."  or  an  adaptation  of  [he  oath 
DominoB  during  the  tjlh  ceniuiy,  "  'sblood,"  a  eoninciion  ol 
"  Cod'i  blood."  The  eiact  oilgiD  of  the  eipRssion  is  not  quite 
dear,  but  il  il  eetlaialy  merely  an  appliealion  of  the  idjeetive 
fonoed  from  "blood."  The  lira  Eng/iili  Durinary  suggeais 
tlnl  it  refers  to  the  use  of "  blood  "  for  a  young  romly  of  arislo- 
ccalic  biilh.  which  was  common  at  the  end  o(  the  17th  century, 
and  later  bccime  aynonymous  with  "  dandy,"  "  buck."  Sic; 
"bloody  drunk  "ncani  therefore  "drunk  as  a  taknd."  "drunk 
«a  a  lonL"    The  cxpressicn  came  into  common  coUoquiaf  irae 


ceniuiy.  There  can  be  little  di 
has  becB  oontideiaUy  aSectcd  b 
principle,  (ad  (hcttfore  tomcthin 
■a  an  ialeniive  epiihtt  *ilb  nicl 
"  awluUy  "  and  ihe  Uke. 


gneni  worid,  wbeno 


jbt  tl 


;il  the  middle  ( 


Ihe  lE 


!Of  11 


iwn  Ihe  food  supply  for  1 

n  the  lood-ibwrbing  suifai 
le  iiwlirect  nreau,     Furthi 


ouh  living  ctU  prodnea  wtiM  ptolutt*  whoM  ummulailoa 
would  speedily  piove  injurious  to  the  cell,  hence  they  must  b* 
conttinily  lemavcd  from  jts  immediate  neighbourhood  and 
indeed  from  the  organism  ai  a  whole.     In  this  instance  again. 


Klly  discharged  to  the  ; 
cells  of  the  organism  mi 


SI  depend  upon  i 


to  that  group  of  cells  whosi 
charge  them  from  the  body. 

past  every  cell  ol  the  body. 


ID  modify  them,  or  dis- 
ends  are  attained  by  the 
h  Is  constantly  flowing 
le  cells  eiliict  the  food 
matenais  itiey  require  lor  their  sustenance,  and  into  it  they  dis- 
charge the  waste  materials  resulting  Irom  their  activity.  This 
circulating  medium  h  the  blood 

Whilst  undoubtedly  the  two  luntlionj  of  ihii  circulating 
fluid  above  given  are  the  more  prominent,  there  ate  yet  oihen 
of  greai  importance.  For  Instance,  It  Is  known  that  many  tissues 
as  a  result  of  their  activity  produce  certain  chemical  substances 
which  are  of  essentia]  Importance  10  the  life  of  other  tissue 

—are  earned  10  the  second  tissue  by  the  blood  stream.  Ajaia, 
many  inslancei  are  known  fn  which  two  distant  tissue*  corij 
municate  with  one  another  by  meani  of  chemical  messengers, 
bndiei  termed  Wwoaa  (tpuinr,  to  stir  up},  which  are  produced 
by  one  group  of  cells,  and  sent  10  the  other  group  to  eicite 
Ibcm  to  activity.  Here,  also,  the  path  by  which  such  messcngen 
Iravd  is  the  blood  stream.  A  lunher  and  most  imponanl 
manner  in  which  Ihe  drculating  fluid  ia  utilized  In  the  life  ol  an 
animal  is  seen  in  the  way  in  which  it  is  empkiyed  in  protecting 
the  body  should  il  be  invaded  by  micnM>rganisma. 

Hence  il  is  dear  that  the  blood  is  of  the  most  vital  Imporunce 
to  the  healthy  life  of  Ihe  body.  Bui  Ihe  fact  that  iiii  presenlis 
a  drculating  medium  exposes  the  animal  to  a  great  danger,  vii. 
that  it  mriy  be  lost  should  any  vessel  carrying  It  become  ruptored- 
This  is  constantly  liable  to  happen,  but  to  minimiae  aa  far  as 
possible  any  such  loss.  Ihe  bkwd  ia  endoi^  with  tfie  peculiar 
ptoporty  of  (loUinj,  i.e.  of  setting  to  a  solid  or  still  jelly  by 
means  of  which  the  orifices  of  Ihe  torn  vessels  become  plugged 
and  the  bleeding  stayed. 

The  peiformancc  of  these  essential  functinng  depends  upon 
Ihe  maintenance  of  1  continuous  flow  past  all  tissue  Celts,  and 
this  is  aiuined  by  the  cimilalory  mechanism,  comliling  of  ■ 
central  pump,  Ihe  heart,  and  a  system  of  ramifying  tuba,  the 
arteries,  through  which  the  blood  is  forced  from  the  heart  to 
every  tissue  (set  Vascnua  Svstch).     A  second  sel  of  lubes, 

many  inverlebrata  the  drculating  fluid  b  actually  poured  into 
the  tissue  spaces  from  the  open  lerminala  of  Ihe  arteries.  Prom 
these  spaces  11  is  in  turn  drained  away  by  the  veins.  Sudi  a 
aysiem  Is  lermed  a  Matmnlynpk  lyiirm  and  the  drcnltllDg 
fluid  the  baemolymph.  Here  the  eiaenlial  point  gained  Is  that 
Ihe  fluid  is  brought  into  direct  contact  with  the  ii«M  ceDs. 
In  all  vertebratet,  the  ends  of  Ibe  arteries  are  united  to  Ihe 
commencements  of  Ihe  veins  by  a  ptcius  of  eilrcmely  minute 
tubes,  the  capillaries,  consequently  Ihe  Mood  is  always  retained 

cells.  Il  is  while  pa^ng  through  the  capillaries  that  the  blood 
petforma  iu  work;  here  the  blood  stnam  is  ai  iti  slowest  and 
is  brou^l  nearest  to  the  tissue  cell,  only  being  Kpaialed  from 
it  by  the  ectremely  thin  will  of  the  capillary  and  by  an  equally 
Ihin  layer  of  fluid.  Through  this  narrow  baiiintbeinlaiThangea 
between  cell  and  blood  Uke  place. 

Theadvantage  gained  in  the  vertebral*  animal  by  retaining 
the  blood  in  a  dosed  syBlein  of  lubes  lies  in  Ihe  great  diminution 
of  tesiitance  to  the  flow  of  blood,  and  the  consequent  great 
increase  in  rate  of  flow  past  ihe  tissue  cdls.  Hence  any  food 
stuffs  which  can  travel  quickly  through  the  capillary  wall  10 
the  tissue  cell  outside  can  be  supplied  in  proportionately  greater 
quantity  within  a  1' 


7« 


foi  Ibe  for 


BLOOD 


s  bj  the  blood  It  t  dmiti 
ju  Are  more  peculiarly  of  i 


lie  ■cid-'apedaily 
licb  can  be  canicd 

ipidly 


It  which  ■  til 
ij.  ill  acLivily,  depends  upoa  the  raLe  of  lis  rfacmieal 
and  a3  thew  are  fundamcniaUy  ojudativei  the  moi 
oiygen  is  cairied  to  a  lisMie  ibe  mora  rapidly  it  can  live,  lad  the 
greater  the  tmouni  ol  woik  ii  can  perform  wiihin  a  pven  lime. 
The  rate  ol  supply  ii  ol  much  ku  impoilance  in  the  case  ol 
(be  other  food  iubslaneei  because  they  art  far  more  soluble  in 
water,  so  that  the  supply  in  sufficient  quantity  laa  easily  be 
met  by  a  lelallvdy  ^w  blood  flaw.  Ilencc  we  Ond  that  ibe 
gradual  eviduiiua  of  the  animal  kiuEdom  Eoes  hand  in  hand 
with  the  (raduat  dtvelopmeol  of  a  pcalct  oiygen-rarryiiig 
capacity  of  the  blood  and  aa  Increase  in  the  rate  ol  its  Oow. 

In  Ibe  EToundwoilc  of  a  tissue  are  a  number  of  spaces— the 
liisiu  ifactL  They  aie  Med  with  Quid  and  inlcirommunicale 
freely,  finally  connecting  with  a  number  of  Une  tubes,  the 
lymidialics,  through  which  cicoi  of  fluid  or  any  solid  pai 


..y.  The  conuinri 
uy  between  ibe  blood  and  the  ceUi  from  it, 
iriout  food  studs,  these  having  in  the  first 
cd  from  the  blood,  ajid  ijilo  it  ibe  cell  dischar 
lets.  On  the  coune  ol  the  lymphatics  a  numt 
turea,  the  lymphaljc  sbnds,  are  placed,  am 
o  pass  through  these  si 


Ihec 


takes 


the  lymph 


away  by  further  lymphatics  and  hiuUy  Tcturned  Lxi 

vastly  slower  than  that  of  the  blood.    The  flow  is  ton 
to  act  as  the  vehicle  lor  the  removaJ  ol  those  wast    . 
(carbonic  add,  &c.)which  must  of  necessity  lie  removed  quicUy. 


Then 


.  numbei  of  other  ^ 


Hlbyth 


But  In  addition  t 


fluid,  the  litsue  space*  may  al 
d  mtltei  in  the  form  of  partic 

btis  of  destroyed  cills,  or  vhich 


noved  fi 


leby.l 


lefor 


Illy  ti 


the  blood  stream — indeed  In  Lhe  caK  ol  living  orgai 
an  absorption  would  in  many  instances  rapidly  prove  fatal,  and 
^Kcial  provision  is  made  lo  prevent  such  an  accident.  These, 
Iherefore,  are  made  lo  travel  along  the  lymphalic  channels, 
and  so.  before  gaining  access  to  the  blood  stream  and  thus  to  the 
body  generally,  have  to  run  the  gauntlet  of  the  proieciive 
mechanism  provided  by  tbc  lymphatic  glands,  where  in  the  major 
number  of  cases  they  are  readily  dcslroycd. 

Hence  we  set  that  first  and  foremost  we  have  to  regard  the 
Uood  as  a  food<anier  to  all  the  cells  of  the  body;  in  ihe  second 
place  as  the  vehicle  cviying  away  most  if  nol  all  Ihe 


milting  chemical  subiunces  m 
distant  cells  of  Ihe  body  for  whf 
may  be  essential;  and  in  additio 


ufor 


in  ibey 


0  these  important 

1  almost  impossible  to  over- 

hnmune  to  the  atlacki  of  invading  organisms.  The  question  of 
bnmuoify  is  discussed  elsewhere,  and  it  is  sufficient  merely 

cnential  protective  mechanism.  Should  living  organisms  £nd 
their  way  into  the  surface  cells  or  within  the  tbsue  spaces,  the 
body  fighu  (hem  in  a  number  of  wayi.  |i)  It  may  produceone 
oi  more  chemical  subslances  capable  ol  neulrtliiing  Ibe  toiie 
matcrialpfoduced  by  theorganism.  (i)  llmayproducechemicil 
BtbilaDcrs  which  act  as  poisons  to  the  micro.ofgan]sm.  either 
paralysing  it  or  actually  killing  it.  Or  [j)  the  organism  may  be 
attacked  and  taken  up  into  the  body  of  wandering  cells,  if. 
ortain  ol  Ihe  leucocyta.  and  then  digested  by  I  hen.  Such  cells 
■re  iheiefora  called  phagocytes  l^ytir,  to  eat).    Thua,  by  il* 


power  oC  reiftfnK  In  .  . 

of  iriihsiinding  the  itiacks  of  many  iliEereDi  varieties  ol  mi 
organisms,  of  both  tDimal  and  vegetable  origiii. 

Cattral  PrBptrlia.—IUood  h  an  opaque,  visdd  bqsid  el 
bright  led  colour  possessing  *  dbtind  and  cbaractcristic  odour, 
especially  when  warm,  lis  opadly  it  due  to  the  [wnrncE  of  a 
very  large  number  ol  solid  panicles,  the  blood  corpusdn,  having 
a  higher  relraciive  indei  than  thai  of  the  liquid  in  which  ihey 
Hoal.  The  specific  gravity  in  man  averages  abowi  1-655.  The 
specific  giaviiy  of  the  liquid  portion,  the  plasma  ICr.  lUMfW, 
something  fonned  or  moidded,  T^iffvtLr,  to  mould).  Is  about 
i-o)7,  whilst  that  ofthecorpusdesamounli  to  I 'oU.    To  litmus 


Bload  Flan 


:alkatL 

-The  plasma  b  a  lohitioA  in  water  ol  a  varied 
ibslances,  and  as  a  solvent  it  confers  on  the  blood 
its  power  of  acting  as  >  carrier  of  food  stub  and  wasit  product!. 
One  imporunt  food  substance,  oiygen.  is,  however,  only  panly 
carried  in  solution,  being  Iruihly  combined  with  haclnoglohiq 
in  the  red  corpuscles.  The  food  stuffs  carried  by  the  plasma 
are  proteins,  carbohydrates,  salts  and  water.     The  main  waste 


uchote 


ie  mammalian  blood  as  1  type,  the  plasma  w 
owing  tppioiimale  composition. — 


Oihcr  pfoieiiuand  organic  ■buinre*     Bt-ya 
Sulphurieacid  .      .    o-iif 


Prdfeiu. — llie  proteiD]  of  the  blood  plasma  belong  to  the  two 

Masses  of  the  albumins  and  the  globulina.  The  ^obuUnt  present 
ire  named  fibrim^en  and  lerum-globulin ;  ai  Its  name  implict, 
.he  chirf  physiological  property  of  fibrinogen  is  that  it  can  give 
ise  to  AlKin,  the  solid  substance  formed  when  blood  dots.  It 
wscssei  the  typical  properties  of  a  globulin,  f.f.  it  coagulalcs 
m  heating  (in  this  instance  at  a  temperature  ol  5^'  C.I.  and  il 
jrecipitalcd  by  half  saturating  its  idutioo  with  ammanium 
lulpbale.  II  diaen  from  other  globulins  in  that  it  Is  less  uluhle. 
It  is  only  present  in  very  small  quantities,  a'4  %■  The  olbei 
globulLn, serum-globulin,  is  tiol  coagulated  until  7  j^  C.  ts  reached, 
iw  know  that  it  is  in  reality  a  miaiure  of  several 
lUt  so  far  these  have  not  been  cninpletely  separated 
irsm  one  aoolber  and  oblalned  in  ■  pure  form.  On  dialysing  a 
solution  of  ienun.g]obiiUii  a  part  is  predpitaied,  and  this  portion 
has  been  termed  the  «i-^biilia  baetlon,  the  remainder  being 
known,  in  contndlstinciion,  ai  the  p*etKl»globuhn.  Again,  tm 
diluting  a  sohitioo  and  adi&ng  ■  smaB  amount  of  acetic  acid  a 
formed  whicb  in  •one  respects  differs  from  the 
the  globulin  present.  Whether  in  these  two 
are  dealing  with  appraidmaiely  pure  aubstaiKci 
loubtlul.  A  further  important  poiol  in  conneiion 
iitroie  may  be 


iHih  the  chemistry 

1.  or  posiilily  the  whole,  possesses  a  gincoslde  chaiicter. 

Serum-albumin  pves  all  the  typical  colour  and  preciplUitian 
eaclions  of  the  albumins.     II  plasma  be  weakly  acidified  with 

jitil  a  slight  precipitate  forms,  filtered  and  the  filtrate  allowed 
a  evaporate  very  slowly,  typical  crystals  of  serum-albumin 
may  form.    Accoidini  lo  many  It  ii  a  unUbtm  and  tpeUIk 


BLOOD 


79 


_mIS4*C     OniheoihcrhindttK 

at  betintnillDennliiulyiaal  cvtn  ihe  ■ 
pirpantioBi  poinu  u  tbm  bcini  but  oae  Mnun-albumin. 

When  blood  dou  iwa  MV  pretnoi  nukt  tbcit  Ippnnncc  in 
thcBindpuiol  [be  bkBd.DiKiuin.Mititnowullcd.  ThrGnt 
of  tbcar  i*  Umn  hnuu  (hii  iti  aci(JB  ice  iMtioB  on  CIMixi 
bdcm).  The  olliet,  BbriDojiabulia,  pcimwi  til  lie  typiol 
cbncuriuic*  <f  ibe  ilBbuliBi  ud  coafobta  al  64*  C. 
Carttkfdrala.—'nita  "  " 


doubinll]'  cenuin  (lyccfeiL 
having  ibe  (ocrauk  (or  turcb  aiid  jrieldiBi 
kjrdnilytii  ahb  add  bu  *1m  been  deKribed.  The  coiwiu 
cirboh)Fdnte  coaUiliieal  of  plumi,  however,  k  dnlroM.  Tba 
spRsent  utbeipprMlpnteaiMWMol»-is  %lii  >iteii*l  blaod. 
The  iBHHBiiniybeanKiicreaurIn  the  blood  ol  ibe  porul  vein 
during  c>tbiib]rdfMc*b«npUon.Mdactardiag  to  (MntDbMrvtri 
then  B 1^  in  kcooui  Ibin  in  ailcfia)  blood,  biu  the  diSmnce  i> 
■mall  and  fall  inlblo  Ibe  enor  ol  observalioo.  The  ilatemRit 
thai  vhea  as  ibnorplioa  i*  Ukbgt  plu*  the  blood  ol  Ihe  hqntk 
vein  B  rkb«  in  duirtme  th«i  that  of  the  portal  vein  (Btraard) 
it  denied  bj  l^vy. 

^au.— PlannaorMfumb  a*  a  ndequltcdeaT,  but  after  a  meal 
rick  in  lata  ii  nay  become  qulw  milky  owing 


illaL 


npidty  dhappetti  from  Ibe  Uood  alter  fat  abMxpilon  hai 
_Kd.  ToMmeenentllvarieainVonipoilltDBwithlbaiaf  Ike 
at>biarbed,bulDaBallyeon*litio(the(l)«eTidc*o(the 

■  -palmitic     '     *    ' '"      ■-■"---   - 

ni  ol  lilt; 
lorm  in  which  th>> 
poaiMrpraMniMauaporevcnaianentrilfit.iinceallltle  can 
be  diHolvtd  <n  plaima,  (he  lolvent  nibsiaiKe  belni  probably 
protein  or  cholcaterln.  Fatty  addi  iho  ippear  to  be  preieni  to 
■ome  enent  combined  with  cboleileiln  fonnins  choknerin  eaten 
(about  »a6%). 

CUtf-  Ortaiiie  CmfsHidi.— In  Hhfllion  10  Ibe  mbitalicei 
above dncribed.bclansing  to  the  three  miiBiIanet  of  food  ilufli, 
Uktc  are  iiill  othtr  organic  badia  pmenl  In  plaima  In  imill 
asnanti,  which  for  convenience  we  may  clu^fy  11  non-nilro- 
(eaoui  and  nitratenom.  Among  the  former  miy  be  mentioned 
lactic  add,  ^/cerin,  a  Epochromc,  and  probably  many  other 
ishttanca  of  a  limilar  typa  wboia  lepantion  hai  not  yet  been 

The    non-protein   fdlrogenom  comtitnrnti  conAI   of    the 


i-os'/.l 


carbamate  (0 


bypoaanthine  and  occasionally  hippuric  add.  Three  femicnti 
an  abo  doeribcd  as  being  preient:  (1)  ■  glycolytic  fcrracni 
CKeeting  an  action  npon  deitroKj  (1)  a  lipase  or  fat-splitlinf 
fenntnt;  and  (])  a  diaataaa  capable  ol  convertipg  Maicb  IdIo 

5iin>.— The  laline  timitltiienti  of  plasma  compibe  chlorldci. 
photphtiei,  caibonata  and  posiiUy  lulphain,  of  ladium, 
pouuium,  calcium  and  magneaiura.  The  moil  abundant  melat 
b  lodian  and  the  m«t  abundant  add  Is  hydtodiloilc.  These 
two  are  present  In  sulBcTent  amount  to  form  about  o-9j%  of 
iodium  ditoride.  The  phosphite  b  preMnt  to  about  0-01%. 
Sulphuric  arid  ii  alwiyi  present  ir  the  blood  has  been  calcined 
forthepurpoieiollheanalyib.andmiy  thenbc  prncnt  to  about 
o-Di}%.  Tliii  I),  however,  probably  produced  during  the 
deUTuclion  of  the  proltin.  lince  il  has  been  shown  that  no 
lulphale  can  be  maoved  (ram  Twrniil  plasma  by  dialyiis.  The 
amount  of  potassium  pment  (oo.i^l  is  tcu  than  one-irnlhof 
Ibtt  of  the  lodiun.  and  the  quantitiea  of  calcium  and  magncaium 


F^mtt  ElnmCf.— Wbtn  vinnd  vndtr  the  ■IwMWin  Ik* 
main  number  ol  ihcM  anieen  to  be  small  ydlow  bodies  ol  very 
unilorm  «ie.  liic  and  shape  viiying.  however,  in  dincient 
inimala.  When  observed  in  bulk  they  have  a  red  coloui,  tbdr 
pnaencelnfactgivingihelyplcalcolDuctobhiod.  Tbescaie  the 
niUeaiairfmdaiaa^lBK^{Qt.tiiil6iiK,ttA).  Mingled  with 
ibem  in  t  be  blood  ate  a  imager  num  bci  iri  corpuKlei  which  poama 
no  colour  and  have  Ihetdore  been  called  vkiu  Upti  ctrp<ada 
01  (ewKjCuiCT.XiixlI, white).  LaMly.lheRanpreienla  larfl 
number  of  smaU  Icns^haped  struclurea.  teiB  in  number  than  tW 
led  carpBaclea.andmudiiBiitedilficvliiodiuinsuisk.  These  aie 
known  a*  N«rf  fAnrfite . 

Ktt  Ctrfuulo. — These  are  pment  in  very  large  tramben  txA, 
inderBaiBulcoadiliDBa.allpasseiseiaci1yibc>aDie  (i^waraKC 
With  rare  eaeeptlona  ibdr  shape  b  that  of  a  Mconcave  disk  with 
bevelled  edges,  the  slic  varying  somcwbai  In  different  animali, 
ai  b  leen  in  the  loUonriug  uUe  which  i^vet  thdr  diametet*.'— 
Man      ,,,.,,.      0-0075  "<■"> 

Dog .     O-OD^J  mm. 

Rabbit o-odA^  mnL 

Cat o-DoAj  mm. 

Tlie  coloured  corpuscles  of  amphibia  al  well  as  of  neaity  all 
virtcbnlci  below  mammals  are  bicoavei  and  ellipiiciL     Th* 
folloving  are  the  dlmensiouol  some  ol  theoumcommon: — 
r<gn>n     .     .     •     O'or47  mra.loa(b)r  00065  mm.  wide. 


-     ";oii"    . 


>   5,000.000  per  cub.  m 


B;rd< 


Pi>h 


Proteus   .     ,     ,  36,000       „       „ 

In  tnammal)  they  an  apparently  hotnogcncooi  (n  stnidure, 
have  no  nucleus,  but  possess  a  thin  envelope.  Thefr  specific 
gravity  (s  dtslinclly  higher  than  that  of  the  plasma  (1088),  so 
that  il  clotting  hat  been  prevented,  blood  on  siinding  yields  a 
large  deposit  which  may  form  as  much  as  half  the  total  volume 


protein  Is  the  haemoglobin.  To  it  the  corpuscle  owes  its  di». 
linctive  properly  o(  acting  as  an  oiygen  carrier,  loi  11  pomcssci 
the  power  ol  combining  chemically  *ilh  onygm  and  ol  yielding 
up  that  same  oiygen  whenever  Ibeie  b  a  decrease  in  the  coa- 
ccntralionof  Ihe  oiygen  in  the  solvtnl,  Tlius  hi  agiven  toluliOD 
ol  hiemoglobln  the  amount  □(  it  which  n  combined  with  oi>GCD 
depends  absolulely  on  the  oiygcn  eoncentiation.  The  grtaLcsl 
diuociailanof  aiy  haemoglobin  occurs  as  Ihe  oxygen  tension  (aUs 
from  about  40 10  10  mrn.  of  tnercury.  That  the  otygcn  iotaa  a 
dcAnite  compound  with  Ihe  haemoglobin  is  proved  by  the  (act 
that  bacmoElobin  Ihoroughly  ulutitcd  with  oiygen  (oiy- 
hactnoglobin)  hai  a  definite  absorplion  spectrum  shoving  two 
bandibctween  Ihe  DandE  lines,  vhibi  haemoglobin  [mm  which 
the  oiygcn  has  been  completely  removed  only  givei  one  band 
between  those  lines.  In  association  with  this,  oijhacnwglobin 
has  a  typical  bright  red  colour,  whereas  haemoglobin  b  dark 
purple.  A  furlhetstrikingcharacterisiicof  haeniDstebinbihat 
il  contains  iron  in  its  molecule.  The  amount  pment,  though 
small  bears  a  perfectly  definite  quaniitaiive  rdalkin  id  the 
amount  of  ovygen  with  which  the  haemoglobin  it  capable  ol 

haemoglobin  crystals  can  combine  wiih  r-ji  oe.  ol  oiygen.  On 
dmruclion  with  inacM  or  alkali,  hiemflglebin  yields  a  pigment 
portion,  haemniin.  and  a  protein  potiinn,  globin,  the  bun 
beleaciai  to  Ibe  group  of  ihe  hbtonei  (Gt.  Icrrjt,  web,  tbnie). 


8o 

tntUtdi 


p  tbe  Iran  ii  toatid  in  Ihe  [n; 


ercf  the  mijccak  bring  much  (uither  dccompoicd 
Zksinictum  and  Formaiion. — Ln  (he  perfotrnKnce  ol  thdr  worfc 
Uw  eoTpMclH  gridiuUy  delrriorale.  They  4re  then  deslroytd, 
cbieSy  in  the  Tivs,  but  whciher  the  whole  oi  thb  process  is 
cfiecud  by  the  Uver  done  is  doi  decided.  It  ii  pn»ed,  hairevei'. 
that  the  destjuctionof  tbebaemoglobiniioitireLy  effected  thete. 
It  was  for  a  \on^  lime  musidcred  to  be  ana  of  the  functions  of  the 
■plecD  to  exuDLne  the  red  corpusdes  and  to  destroy  or  in  some 
way  to  mark  those  na  hniKci  tilted  for  the  perfonnance  of  thdr 
nark.  It  is  proved  that  the  deslructjon  of  the  haemoglobin  is 
mlinly  effected  in  the  liva,  luce  both  the  main  deavage  producu 
nuy  be  tnced  lo  this  orgui,  ubich  discbargei  the  pigmentary 
pottioo  at  the  bik  pigment,  but  reCaini  Ike  iron-protein  moiciy 
at  any  rate  Cot  a  time.  The  anwunt  of  bile  iKgioeni  eliminaied 
duiiog  Ihe  day  indicate*  Ibat  tfae  destruction  must  be  coniider- 
able,  and  dnce  Ihe  number  of  corpuscles  docs  nol  vary  Ihete  muil 
be  an  equivaieni  foimaiion  of  Dew  ones.  This  takei  phce  [n  the 
red  bone-manow,  where  special  cells  are  piorided  for  their 
continuous  praductioa.  In  embryonic  life  their  Eomiation  is 
eSectcd  in  another  way.  Certain  mesodcrmic  ulls,  reacmbliug 
those  of  the  connective  tissue,  collect  masses  of  haemoglobin,  and 
from  these  elaborate  red  blood  corpuscles  which  thus  come  to 
he  in  Ihe  fluid  part  of  the  nlL  By  a  caiuilization  of  the  branches 
of  these  cells  which  unite  with  branches  ol  other  cells  the  pre- 
cursors of  Ibe  blood  capillaries  are  formed. 

lF*i«  BUai  Ce-piada.—Tbae  coniiitute  the  second  import- 
ant group  of  fonzbed  elements  in  the  blood,  and  auEnbtr  about 
E2,ooo  to  10,000  per  cutnc  mm.  They  are  tyrucai  vandcring  cells 
carried  In  all  parts  ol  the  body  by  the  blood  stream,  but  often 
leave  that  stream  and  lain  the  tisuc  spaces  by  passing  through 
the  caplUsiy  waH.    They 


BLOOD 

deeply  with  baatc  dyes.   It  ll  nidyfonndto  tbetlood«<*doIb 

•stimt. — ^These  cells  act  as  icavengeit  or  as  dettroyen  of 


granular  appearance  or  appeared  dear.  The  cells 
distinguished  from  one  another  according  as  they  possessed  fine 
or  coarse  granuk*.  The  granules  are  confined  to  the  pfDloplasm 
of  the  cell,  and  it  has  been  shown  that  they  differ  chemically, 
because  their  staining  properties  vary.  Thus,  some  granules 
selecl  an  add  sUin.  and  the  cells  containing  them  are  then 
designated  etidephili  or  aainafkiU; '  other  giasules  sdeA  a  basic 
stain  and  are  called  boiofJiilt,  while  yet  othcn  prefer  a  neutnl 
slain  luealmpliiii). 

in  blood  the  toUowing  vaiictiei  ol  leucocytes  may  be 


1.  fid  Pilymtrphmiultat  CcO.— This  possesses  a  nucleus  of 
very  complicated  outline  and  a  fair  amount  of  protoplasm  Ultd 
with  numbers  of  fine  granules  which  slain  with  eosio.    They  vary 

highly  aniaeboid  and  phagocytic,  and  form  about  70%  of  the 

1.  Tkt  Caarsdy  Cfvtular  Emiutpkat  Cd!.~Tkac  Targe  cells 
wcll-dcfincd  granules  which  stain  deeply 


id  dyes.    Then 


.    The  cells  ar 


■bout  1%  of  the  loljd  number  of  leucocytes,  though  the  propor- 
tion varies  considerably.    They  are  actively  amoeboid. 

J,  Tilt  iym^ocylr.— This  is  the  smallest  leucocyte,  bring 
only  about  O'oofis  mm.  in  diameter.  Il  has  a  large  spberial 
nucleus  with  a  small  rim  ol  dear  ptoioplsim  suriounding  iu 
Il  forms  from  15  to  40^4  of  the  number  of  leucocytes,  and  is  less 
markedly  amoeboid  than  the  other  varielio. 

4.  Tlu  HyiUini  (Gr.  b6.\iMri,  glassy,  crystalline.  Mm,  glass) 
tdl  Bf  Mocracyli  (Gt.  fiaipte,  long  or  large).— This  is  a  cell 
similar  to  the  last  with  a  spherical,  oval  or  indented  nudeus.  but 
tl  has  much  more  protoplasm.  !l  constitutes  sbaul  4  %  of  all 
Ihe  leucocytes  and  Ii  highly  amoeboid  and  phagocytic. 

5.  Tlu  Baiofiilt  Crll—Tlia  possesses  a  spherical  nucleus  and 
die  ptotoplam  contain*  a  small  Dumber  of  granules  staining 


ie  fintfari 


(.  Greek  tOiAr.  eo  lo 


>  that  F 


,      ,  ,  gained  a.  .     . 

spaces.  They  play  an  imporlant  part  in  the  '''— "<"'  pmcesses 
underlying  the  phenomena  of  iminuoily,  (nd  lome  at  leut  are 
ol  importanc*  in  starting  the  piotiss  of  dotting. 

They  are  constantly  suflering  destructioo  in  the  . 
of  their  work.  Many,  too,  are  tost  to  the  body  by  thdr . 
through  the  diSerenl  mucous  surfacea.  Their  origin  k  H^ 
obscure  in  mkny  pointi.  The  fymplncylei  arc  ddriVMl  ftom 
lymphoid  tissue,  wherever  it  eaiaU  m  the  diSennt  put*  of  tb* 
body.  The  p(ilymoipbonudearaiid(«MiM[iUk  cells  are  dcrind 
fmra  the  bone^marrDW,  each  by  diviwia  of  nacdfic  notktr  (dU 
located  in  that  tissue.  The  macracTte  la  bdievcd  liy  paay  to 
represent  a  further  ttrnge  In  Ihe  develapiiient  of  Ibe  lympbocyt*. 
Their  rate  of  fomatiod  may  be  biAiDKzd  by  ■  variety  ol 
cooditions — f«  insUDce,  Ib^  an  iOaBd  to  vary  hi  nurabcc 
according  to  the  diet  aod  tko,  to  a  eonnlerabli  enoU,  ia 

i'/oleJeti.—Thc  platelets  or  thrombocytea  (Gr.  Ofilfpu,  dot) 
■re  the  third  daai  of  formed  edemems  occuring  in  mammaUaa 
blood.  There  are  still,  bownrer,  many  obaetvtr*  wbo  considet 
that  platelets  am  not  pmeni  in  the  normal  drcubling  Mood, 
bui  only  make  Iheir  a[qieannce  after  il  haa  been  shed  or  otfaa- 
vise  injured.  They  are  minute  lens-shafied  stmctures,  and  may 
Under  oe     ' 

and  amoeboid. 

This  has  been  regarded  by  some  at  a  nudeus.  Da  being  brought 
into  contact  with  a  foreign  lurfaa  Ibey  adhcic  toll  firtDly,  very 
rapidly  pasting  Ibrough  ■  number  of  phtsei  tesulliog  ulticaaldy 
in  the  formation  of  granular  tkbris.  In  sbed  Uood  ilkey  tend  b> 
collect  into  groupa,  and  during  dotting,  £bcin  fi't "****>■  may  bo 
observed  lo  shoot  out  from  these  dwapa. 

Varialimi  ia  Ot  Blsod  of  diJ^tniU  Ammali—U  we  contrast 
the  blood  of  dilfcrent  animals  of  Ibe  vertebrate  da«  we  find 
striking  diflerences  both  in  micmacopit  appearances  and  in 
cheniical  properties.  In  the  first  place,  Ihe  corpuscles  vary  ia 
amount  and  in  kind.  Hius,  whilst  in  a  mammal  the  corputdca 
lorm  40  to  50  %  of  the  tola!  volume  of  the  hkod,  io  Ihe  lower 
vertebrates  the  volume  is  much  less,  t-j.  io  fmgs  as  low  as  >5  % 
and  in  fishes  even  hiwer.    The  defidency  is  diielly  in  Ibe  red 

blood  from  animals  lower  in  the  scale.  The  corpusdes  themselves 
are  also  found  lo  vary,  especially  the  red  ones.  In  the  mammal 
Ihcy  arc  biconcave  disks  with  bevelled  edges,  they  do  not  contain 
I  nucleus  so  thai  they  ire  not  cells.  In  the  bird  Ihey  are  larger, 
ellipsoidal  in  shape  and  hive  a  taiBe  nucleus  in  the  centre  of 
Ihe  cell  In  reptiles  and  amphibia  Ihe  red  corpuscles  are  also 
nudealcd,  but  the  sirffma  portion  containing  the  baemoglohia 
is  arranged  in  a  thickened  armular  part  endrding  the  nucleus. 
When  seen  from  the  Sal  they  are  oval  in  section.  In  fishes  the 
corpuscles  show  very  much  the  same  structure.  A  further  very 
significant  diflcrence  10  be  observed  between  Ihe  bloods  of 
diSerent  vertebrates  Is  in  the  amount  of  haemoglobin  they 
contain;  thus  in  the  lower  classes,  fishes  and  amphibia,  not  only 
is  the  number  of  red  corpusdes  small  but  Ibe  tmounl  of  haemo- 
globin each  corpuscle  contains  is  relativdy  Low.  The  conccnui- 
lion  of  Ihe  haemoglobin  b  the  corpuscles  attains  its  maximum 
in  themammal  and  the  bird.    Since  the  haemoglobin  is  piactically 

Ihe  same  from  whalt j-.i  ^.  ■- -l.  ...j  ._ .  ..     .  , 

bine  with  Ihe  same  ai 
blood  of  any  verlebr 

haemoglobin  it  containa.  Thereiore  we  see  mat  as  we  ascena 
Ihe  scale  in  the  vertebrate  series  Ihc  oiygen-carrying  capacity 
of  Ihe  blood  rise*.  This  increase  was  a  natural  preUminaiy 
conditiun  for  the  progress  ol  evolution.  Id  order  that  a  more 
active  animal  might  be  developed  the  main  tnential  was  that 
Ihe  chemical  processes  of  Ihe  celt  should  be  carried  oat  raoro 
rapidly,  and  as  these  processca  are  fundamentally  ttddative^ 


Lai  it  is  obtained  ar 

oxygen,  the  oiygcn^apadiy  nf  tlie 

proportion  10  the  amount  ci 


TwirtwilifllTlrrnittiliinlonr^rrliilr  Tifi^TitTTf  — it~ 
TUi  klUT  Jiu  bMB  bmnslit  mbnul  in  the  tnloiil  luogdom  in 
tm  •itjrt.  6m  1^  u  incieiK  in  ihccoBctntniiunaf  Ihrhunw- 
^bia  ol  the  blaad  cfftctcd  by  u  ncnuc  boib  in  ihc  numbci  of 
tgrpaitia  tad  in  tlic  ■mouBl  of  lucmoKlabin  csnUiaed  le  nch. 
and  KcODdly  by  in  incnue  in  the  nic  it  whidi  lit  bluod  hu 

th«  bload  pnaun  l>  low  uid  the  bumoslabia  conlcnl  ol  ihc 
bload  i*  low.  BiaKqutBilr  boib  ntc  of  blood-flow  ind  oiygcn- 
conuot  an  low.  In  tsauut  widi  tfaii,  in  higher  venebraia  ihc 
blooil  tiimiin  St  bi^  and  the  hutno^obin  coDtnit  at  the  blood 
it  high.  caacqiKnUy  bolb  nu  of  bkod-Bow  uid  oiygen-csnicnt 
■R  U^  Wa  BiBit  aaodttt  nitb  tiiii  impOfUnt  Ettp  in  cvoJu- 
tion  iIm  meina  cDiidoycd  Ux  the  non  nptd  th«iiMion  ol 
myfcn  and  lot  it*  ' 


lE  accRtiDg  celh  or 


in  unimpoiluit  deullf  of  itmctuR  ot  individ  ual  ciH 
variatHHB  tn  to  be  foujid  in  diflcreDt  ipecici  ol 
the  celb  (iMnlly  conform  lo  the  lypia 

Tbc  pbldcu  ika  dil'H'  in  the  diflerent  tpedct.  In  the  Irog, 
■otirmaacc,  many  ace  *plndle->hiped  and  contain  a  nudein-like 
itincnR.  Bitdt'  blood  i*  ataled  to  contain  no  plawleti.  The 
.vuiaiiOBs  In  Dumber  of  theae  bodiet  have  not  been  utiafactorily 
1  of  the  difliculiie*  involved  in  aay  attempt 


inlbeiii 


in  binU  ar 


while  in  ttplilei.  amphibia  and  fiahei 
bloodi  of  the  lailer  two  claatea  are  much  more  watery  than  that 
a<  the  mammaL  MoreovFr,  ii  haa  been  proved  thai  there  are 
■pccific  diflerenm  in  the  chemical  nature  of  the  virigui  proieiiu 
proent  even  between  diilerenl  varietiet  ol  maramali.  Thut  the 
ratio  of  the  tlobulin  Iraction  to  the  albumin  fraction  may  vary 
cDiaideiably,  and  af  ain,  one  or  other  of  the  proleini  may  be 
quiieipcdljc  lot  theanimal  from  which  it  iiderived, 

CMtimi. — If  a  lample  of  blood  be  withdraws  from  an  animal, 
within  a  ihon  time  it  underjoeiaietieiolchanenand  becomn 
coDvened  Into  a  >iia  jelly.    It  ii  laid  to  dtl.    If  the  proceti  ii 

blond  until  the  whole  man  Kla  »lid.  A  thott  Lime  elapu) 
before  this  procea  commence! — a  lime  dependeru  upon  two 
cf  canditiou,  viz.  the  lempeiaiure  at  which  the  blood  ii 


id  iht  ei 


.    Tbui 


wilhw 


fUowed  to  (ool  to 


KUood 

ly  the  clotting  ii  conudenbty  delayed  and  in  the 
nalsahaECtber  prevented.  Foi  eaample,  human 
:mpenliire  data  in  Ihiee 


I  appearat 


rmperature  the  fir 
-  eight  m- 


[  lign  of  ctotling  may 
I  afUr  its  removal 


from  the  body.    The  pinxia  ol  clotting  i: 

acctleraled  by  miking  the  blood  Sow  in  a  thin  itream  over  a 

time  if  the  blood  be  kept  quiet,  but  ultimately  the  whole  mau 
of  the  blood  becomn  converted  into  a  lolld.  Al  Ihii  lUge  the 
containing  veascl  may  be  inverted  without  any  drop  of  fluid 
eacaping-  A  short  time  after  this  ilagc  fus  been  reached  dropi 
of  a  yellow  fluid  appear  upon  the  surface  and^  increasing  in  liie 
asdnumbcr)  tun  togelber  lo  form  a  layer  ol  fluid  eepara ted  from 
IhcdoL  Tbii  fluidialermed  jpkK^  its  appearanca  is  due  Ld  the 
contraction  ol  the  clot,  which  thus  squceiei  out  the  fluid  from 
between  IlsaoUdcoiuIitueuIi.  Contriction  continues  fen  about 
twenty-four  hours,  at  the  end  of  whicb  time  a  large  quanlily 
(spc-third  or  moK  ol  ibc  total  volune)  of  ictiim  Buy  have 
jv.  a* 


whKh  it  ha«  ciprased. 


illy  the  clot  awima  fteeiy  in 
id  to  bo  the 


The  cause  of  the  clot  faraauen  has  beer 
predpiuiion  of  ■  lutid  Inm  the  liquid  plasma  of  the  blood. 
This  solid  is  in  the  form  of  vciy  minute  threads  and  bence  is 
termed  firin.  The  thieads  traverse  Ibc  mass  of  bknd  in  every 
possible  dicection.  interlacing  and  thus  confining  in  Iheir  meshes 
all  the  wlid  elements  of  the  blood.  Soon  after  their  deposition 
Ihey  begin  to  conltacl.  and  as  the  meshwtnk  Ibey  form  ii  very 
they  carry  with  them  all  the  corpuscles  of  the  blood. 


These 


in  for 


t  rate  at  which  blood  clola  be  retarded  eilher  by  CDOlinB 
«  by  some  otha  process  the  coipusdes  may  have  time  to  ieltlc, 
partially  or  completely,  in  which  case  distinct  layers  nuy  fom. 
The  lowennoil  ol  tbde  conlaiu  chiefly  the  red  cuipuidea,  the 
second  layer  may  be  gtey  owing  to  the  high  petcentage  of  leuco- 
cytes present,  while  a  third,  marked  by  opalescence  only,  mny 
be  very  rich  in  platelela.  Above  these  a  clear  layer  of  fluid 
may  be  found.  This  is  flama.  The  faimaiion  of  these  layers 
depentfa  solely  upon  the  rate  of  sedimentation  of  Ihese  elements, 
the  rale  depending  partly  upon  diflerences  in  specific  gravity, 
and  partly  upon  the  tendency  the  corpuscles  have  lo  run  into 
clumps.  Horse's  blood  oflers  one  of  the  best  instances  ^  the 
clumping  of  red  corpuscle*,  and  in  (his  animal  aedimcniatioa 
(d  the  red  corpuscle*  Is  moM  rapid. 

11  now  such  a  sediniented  blood  t>  aDowcd  lo  dot  the  ptoceia 
is  fonnd  to  sun  in  the  middle  two  layers,  ij.  in  tboa* 
containing  the  white  cntpuKle*  and  platelet*.  Fron  these 
layers  it  spreads  through  the  rest  of  the  liquid,  being  most 
rciarded.  however,  in  the  red  cotpusde  layer,  and  particularly 
so  if  the  sedimentation  ha*  been  very  complete.  Not  Only  does 
the  dotting  proceu  *urt  from  the  layers  containing  the  leuco- 
cytes and  platelet*,  but  in  them  it  also  proceeds  more  quickly. 
These  observations  dearly  Indicate  that  the  clotting  proceia  is 
initialed  by  lonie  change  starting  fnnn  these  elementa. 

The  object  of  the  clotting  of  llv  blood  ia  quite  dear.  It  Is 
to  pmeni,  si  far  at  pooible.  any  loss  ol  blood  when  there  is 
an  injury  w  an  aninal't  vessels.  The  shed  blood  becomei  con-i 
verted  into  a  solid,  and  this,  eitending  into  the  inlerinr  ol  ihs 
ruptured  vestel.  forms  a  plug  and  thus  arrests  the  blsedinB. 
It  is  found  that  dolling  is  especially  accelented  wheoever 
'he  blood  touches  a  foreign  tissue,  for  instance,  the  outer  layer* 
of  a  lorn  blood-vessel  wall,  muscle  tiuuc.  ftc,  in  in  exactly 
those  conditions  in  which  rapid  dotting  becomes  of  the  greatest' 
imponance.  Yet  another  very  pregnant  Fact  in  connexian 
with  dolling  is  that  if  an  animal  be  bled  rapidly  and  the  blood 
collected  in  successive  samples  it  is  found  that  those  collccteil 
Uil  clot  most  quickly.  Hence  the  more  eiccisive  Ike  haemot^ 
rhage  in  a)iy  case,  the  greater  became*  the  onset  ol  the  natuiat 
cure  far  the  bleeding,  vi*.  dotting.  . 

When  we  begin  to  inquire  into  the  natUK  of  dotting  we  have 
to  determine  in  the  lirat  place  whence  the  fibrin  is  dDiived. 
It  ha*  long  bees  known  thai  two  cheisiul  subtUince*  ai  least 
are  requisiie  far  lis  pnxluction.  Thu*  cetiain  fluids  are  kiwwn, 
>.[.  some  samples  of  hydrocele  or  pericardial  fluid,  which  will 
not  dot  sponuneously,  bul  will  doi  rapidly  when  a  snail 
quantity  of  lerum  or  ol  an  old  blood-ck>l  is  added  lo  il.  Tlw 
CDHtiiuent  subslucc  which  is  present  In  the  firtt-oained  fluid* 
is  known  as  GlnHnagcn,  and  that  present  in  the  serum  or  the 
clot  i*  known  as  Gbna-letraent  or  UmMit. 

Fibrinogen  is  present  ia  living  blood  disiiilved  in  the  (dasmi; 
it  is  also  present  in  such  fluids  as  hydrocele  or  pericardial  aSuaioni, 
which,  though  capable  of  clotting,  do  not  dot  tponlancoudy. 
Thiombin,  on  Ihe  other  hand,  does  not  eiist  in  living  blood,  but 
only  makes  its  appearance  there  after  Uood  is  shed.  It  Is  not 
yet  certain  what  Is  the  oaturc  of  the  final  reacihu  between 
Abrlnugen  and  thrombin.  The  powibiiltie*  are,  thai  ihtoinblD 
may  act— (i)  by  acting  npaa  fibrinogen,  which  11  In  some  way 
converts  into  fibrin,  (]}  by  uniting  with  fibrinogen  to  form  itaii^< 
«  (j)  by  yielding  pan  ol  itself  to  Ihe  fibrinogen  iiUcb  tbt* 


tm™— *  amveTlcd  into  fibrin.   The  cipcrincntil  ilndy  of  ihe 

iolutioiu  tit  alJowrd  to  K\  upon  a  fibrinogen  wlullont  \etdi 
ui  to  the  protuble  condusion  iliai  ihc  biM  of  ihcK  Lhr«  poni- 
faOitia  ii  the  comet  one.  and  lint  thi 


pen  fibrin 
D  Lhe  l( 


II  it  Lnoi 
■n  at  fibrin 


another 
^._._innukaiti»ppeirance.  This  it  known  ai  fibrinoglobulin, 
ud  appireatly  it  miaa  From  the  fibrinogen,  so  thul  the  chingE 
would  be  one  of  cleavage  into  fibrin  and  fibrino^lobuUn.  It 
ii  very  noteHOtthy  Ihat  although  the  amount  of  fibrin  loimeil 
(luring  the  dotting  appean  veiy  bulky,  ytt  tfae  actual  weighi 
is  eitiemdy  amall,  oat  uWK  than  0-4  gtms.  fTom  100  cc  ol 


Having  aacxTtained  tliat  the  dotting  i>  due  I 
thtmnbin  upon  fibrinogen,  m  aotr  act  that  the 
eaplained  a  the  origin  of  thrombLn.     It  has  been 


thea< 


substance,  Unfled  prothiombin,  with  calcium.  Any  soluble 
calcEum  salt  is  ioond  to  be  eSective  In  this  respect,  and  eon- 
VRldy  the  tcmovil  of  toluble  calcium  (<.f.  by  siKlium  oialalc) 
will  prevent  the  formation  of  Ihrambin  and  thercTore  ol  clotting. 
Id  the  neil  place  it  can  be  proved  that  prothrombin  does  nol 
eiiH  aa  such  in  cireulating  blood,  to  that  lhe  problem  becomes 
an  inquiry  as  to  the  origin  of  prothrombin.  Eiperimenc  has 
ihown  that  in  lis  tam  prothnmbln  arises  from  yet  another 
precursor,  which  i:  named  Ihrombogen,  and  that  Ihtombogen 
iIm  is  not  to  be  found  in  circulating  Mood  but  only  Diskes  iu 
appearance  alter  [tie  blood  is  shed.  The  fonvtnioo  of  ihrom- 
bogen into  prothramMn  has  been  proved  ID  be  due  to  the  action 
of  a  second  fcrmenl  which  has  been  named  thrombokinfiae,  and 
thia  laltci  is  again  abaent  from  living  blood.  Hence  the  queslwn 
ariiei,  whence  at*  derived  ihrombogen  and  ihrombokinmef 
Id  the  study  of  this  queaiioa  ii  has  been  found  that  U  the  blood 
of  biidi  be  coUecied  direct  from  an  anciy  through  a  pcriectly 
dean  cannula  into  a  clean  and  dusl-lrce  glass  vessel,  ll  does  not 
dot  VDnUneouily.  The  plasma  collecied  from  such  blood  is 
found  to  contain  ihtombogen  but  no  thromboLinaae.  A  some- 
wlial  ^rnilaf  plasma  may  be  prepared  from  a  mammal's  blood 
by  collecting  samplrt  ol  blood  Iram  an  atteiy  'n'o  vessels  which 
have  been  thoroughly  coaled  with  paraflin.  though  in  this  Insunce 
IbrombogeB  may  be  absent  as  wcD  as  thrombokinase.  If 
plasma  containing  ihtombogen  bui  no  thrambakint«  be  ireaied 
with  a  saline  eitiact  of  any  tissues  ii  will  won  dot.  The  saline 
eilract  (oniain*  ihtombokinase.  This  ferment  cnn  therefore 
be  derived  from  most  lissuet,  including  alw  the  white  blood 
corpuscles  and  the  platdet*.  Thiomhogen  ii  produced  from  the 
kucocyits,  but  il  is  not  yel  certain  whether  it  ic  also  formed 
tram  Ihg  platelets.  The  discovery  ol  the  origin  ol  the  throm. 
bokinaic  from  tissue  cells  eiplains  ■  fict  thai  ha  long  been 
known,  namely,  that  if  in  collecting  blood,  it  is  allowed  to  Sow 

Fact  that  birds'  blood  il  very  carefully  collected  wit!  not  dot 
spontaneously  tends  to  prove  that  IhtombokinaK  is  not  derived 
from  lhe  leucocytes,  and  makes  probable  its  origin  from  the 
pblelels,  for  it  is  known  that  bitds'  Uood  apparently  does  not 
contain  platelcis,  at  any  rale  in  the  form  in  which  they  are 
lound  in  mammalian  blood.  When  eiaminlng  lhe  general 
properties  of  platelets,  aliention  was  drawn  to  the  remarkably 


:hinil 


II  Is  a 


ently  tl 


td  possibly  also  of  thromfwgen. 


s  the  folh 


ipiiulated  account  of  the  changes 
coBitilute  lhe  many  phasei  of  clotting.  When  blood  escapes 
fnm  a  blooilveMet  it  comet  Into  contact  with  a  foreign  surface, 
either  a  Ustue  or  the  damaged  walls  of  the  cut  veuel.  Very 
Weadily  this  ceouct  ratulu  In  the  discharge  of  ibrambogen  and 
thnnbokifiaae,  the  lonner  from  the  while  bk»d  corpuscles  and 
•bo  ponlbly  from  the  ptetekla,  the  latter  bom  the  ;:Jatelets 


or  ftoio  the  llnut  with  which  the  Uood  coma  fn  cnatut.    Tbe 

interaction  ol  tbcae  two  bodiea  neat  rasulia  in  the  formaUoa  of 
prothrombin,  wbich,  comUning  with  the  calcium  of  any  soluble 
'      u  ihtvisbin  or  fibriD-fetmeDI.     The  lut 


step  in  the  change  is  lhe  action  of  tl 


Tbe  in 


id  the  dot  is  co 
o  the  a 


of  tl 


Tbe  power  of  clotting  and  lb 
is  of  essential  importance,  and  yel  this  dolling  must  not  occur 
within  the  living  bknd-vtsiels,  or  it  would  speedily  result  in 
dcjiih.  That  tbe  tissues  should  be  able  to  ■caelerau  tbe  process 
It  of  very  obvious  value.  That  tbe  inner  lining  of  the  blood- 
vesHlt  doe*  not  act  as  a  foreign  tisnig  it  possibly  due  to  iIk 
eilieme  unaoiluess  of  their  surface. 

Further,  aD  animal  must  always  be  eipoaed  lo  a  possibk 
danger  in  the  absorption  of  some  Ihrorabin  from  a  mass  of  doited 
blood  Kill  retained  within  Ibe  body,  and  we  know  ihai  ii  a 
quantity  of  active  lermeot  be  injected  bllo  the  bhMd-Nre«in 
intravascular  dolling  does  reiulL  Under  all  usual  condiUom 
this  it  obvlaled.  the  protective  mechanism  being  of  a  iwofold 
character.  First,  it  Is  found  thai  thttHnbin  becomes  converted 
very  quickly  into  an  inactin  modification.  Scrum,  for  inslancc, 
very  quickly  iotet  its  power  of  inducing  dotiiog  in  fibrinocen 
solutions.  Secoiidly,  the  body  has  ben  found  to  posaesa  the 
power  of  making's  substance,  anlithrombin,  which  can  combine 
with  ihrombin  forming  a  substance  which  is  quite  inactive  ai 
far  as  dolring  It  concerned.     Finally,  then  to  evidence  that 


present  may  be  eoormously  in 


Tbe  changes  in  thi 

is  not  only  Ibe  medium  of  retpim 
defence  againsl  organisms  and  of  many  oilier  functions,  none 
of  which  can  be  aflecied  wlihout  oompanding  alterattoiu 
occurring  in  the  drculiting  fluid.  The  immense  majority  of 
these  changes  are,  however,  so  subtle  thai  they  escape  deieclioB 
by  out  present  methods.  But  in  certain  directions,  notably 
in  regard  to  the  relaiions  with  micio-nrganisms.  changes  In  the 
blood-plasma  can  be  made  out.  though  they  art  not  associated 


ack  the  body,  for  tbe  blood 


wilh  ar 


cmical 


The  phenomena  of  immunily  lo  the  ■ 

lachs  of  bacteria  or 

n.  of  the 

prccipitio  lest 

dl'"ur^^ 

dependent  on 

of   lhe   blood 

ptsce   that 

difTetent 

people  vary  in 

attacks  ol  diRerent 

organisms,  and 

different  species  of  anim 

salso  var 

f  greatly. 

This  "  nalurJ 

possessed 

by  the  leucocytes  or  while  blood  corpusd 

s  of  taking 

intoiheir 

bodies 


(  holding 


lhe  blood — phagocytosis. — partly  ti 
the  blood  seium  which  have  a  bactericidal  action,  or  whose 
presence  enables  (he  phagocytes  to  deal  mope  easily  with  the 
organisms.  This  natrnal  imrnunity  tar  be  heightened  when 
it  eiisis.  or  an  artifidal  immunily  can  be  produced  in  varioua 
ways.     Doses  of  organisms  or  their  toiins  can  be  injected  on 

be  nol  reached,  ui  most  case  an  increased  power  of  resistance  a 
produced.  The  organisms  may  be  Injected  alive  in  a  virulent 
condition,  or  with  their  virulence  It^ned  by  beat  or  cold, 
by  snliseplics,  by  cutlivalion  in  lhe  presence  ol  oiygen,  or  by 
passage  through  other  arn'mali.  or  they  may  first  be  killed,  or 
iheir  loiins  alone  injected.  The  method  chosen  in  each  cue 
depends  on  the  organism  dealt  with.  The  result  of  this  treat- 
ment is  [hat  m  the  animal  treated  protective  substances  appear 
in  the  Icnim,  and  these  substances  can  be  transferred  10  the 
serum  ol  another  animd  or  ol  man:  la  other  words  the  active 
immunity  of  llie  eipcrimental  animal  can  be  trandated  bto 


BLOOD 


«3 


OtpaBhchBHiDBltyarmia.    AccMilIng  U  tha  BUnm  or  tbe 

idnlucs  infnttd  inis  the  formti.  <U  lenim  mi; 

il  il  ha  txcn  imniuniicd  tgaint  uiy  piniculu  I 

bicleriil.  if  icairut  in  oixinrim.    Fimltiat  eiiitipla  of  that 

ue.  al  ibe  (Dnncr  diphihtna  mtitinin,  of  Ihc  lallcr  uil 

»iid  irli-iyphoid 


bicrL  ll  b  pnbibk  thii  thi  oltimile  Mnrce  sf  the  anliti 
to  be  round  In  tht  livinj  cxllj  of  the  tinua  ind  Ihit  ii  | 
[ram  them  into  (lie  blood.  The  Ktion  of  in  inlibuierial 
lepciids  on  ibe  pcoence  in  it  ola  Jubitancf  known  u  "  fmi 
My,"  vhich  hii  >  ipecid  aflinjly  ind  power  of  combininc 
*  the  bictcrium  uied.    In  order  ihil  ll  may  exert  thii  poi 


il  lequir 


nally  pi 


"inli-bodics,"  ihougb 

with  biclcrU  and  Ibdr  toiiM.  1>  not  rontined  to  Ihetr  tx 
but  can  be  dcmoostraied  in  regard  to  many  other  lubilii 
nch  u  fenncnU,  tluue  cells,  led  corpusclo,  &c.  In  i 
animaU,  lor  ciample,  Ibe  btood  lenim  hai  the  power  of  dli: 
lo|  the  red  corpiuclei  of  in  animal  of  dillerenl  ipcdn;  i.f. 
[uinea-pif*!  lemm  ia  "  haemolytic  "  10  the  red  corplisclr 
Ihe  DL  Thii  hiemolylic  powei  (haemolysis)  can  be  incre 
by  repelled  injetiior      '      '  .... 


inthebi 


rrijilca 


duced  in  the  caie  of  the  red  coipiisclM  may  wmdinio,  if  injccied 
iato  the  finl  animal,  whot*  fed  corpuicln  were  u»ed.  cause 
eitenvve  dcMniciion  of  Its  red  corpuscles,  with  haemo- 
llobiniiria,  and  lomelimes  a  fatal  retulL 

Opsoruc  action  depends  no  the  presence  of  a  substance,  the 
"opuuilo,"  [a  the  seruin  of  an  immuniccd  animal,  which  inakcs 
thcortaaism  in  quaiion  more  easily  taken  up  by  the  phagocytes 
(InicDcytet]  ol  (he  blood.  The  opsom'n  becomes  hied  to  the 
artminni.  It  is  present  to  a  ccruin  eilent  in  nonnal  scrum, 
but  can  be  greatly  increased  by  ihe  proceu  of  immuniiaiiooi 
and  the  "  opioaic  Indei,"  or  rcTailon  beiween  the  numljer  of 
Mpnisms  laken  up  by  leucocyica  when  treated  iriLh  the  serum 
of  a  healthy  peraon  or  "coolnil,"  and  with  the  senun  of  a 
person  affected  with  any  bacicrial  disease  ajid  under  treatment 
by  immuniulion.  li  regarded  by  urn*  as  repreMnting  the  degree 
of  immunity  produced. 

AggtuUnaiive  action  b-evidcnce  of  the  presence  In  ■  leniin 
of  a  somewhat  almOar  set  of  subitaices.  known  Is  "  agglutinins." 
When  a  portion  of  an  anlisenun  is  added 
Comspondiiig 

se  became  salhcred  togeilicr  into  clumps, 
ra]  diircrent  bodies  are  toncemed  in  this 
3,  Id  its  practical  applications  it  least, 
nay  be  rc^uded  as  a  reaction  of  infection  rather  than  of  im- 
■umlation  u  oidinarily  undetstrxid,  lor  it  is  found  that  (be 
blood  serum  of  patients  luiFcring  from  typhoid,  Atalta  fever, 
dttleia,  and  Buny  otbei  hactciiaj  diseaws.  igglutioales  the 
Dsnesponding  onanisms.    This  laa  has  come  to  bc-of  treat 


these 


ling  orgaui 
unuve,indininy( 
1b  all  pmbability  tci 


The  predpitin  teal  depends  on  a  aamewhat  analogous 
U  the  seium  of  an  aniioal  be  injected  repeatedly  inl 
"'   al  of  diSeienl  apcdcs,  a  "  precipitin  "  appear   ' 


ef  the 

(Dtkeierum 
fact  Is  that 


which  a 


i>hcn  added 


the  £nl  animal.    Tbt 

can  be  utiliaed  ai  a  method  ol  distinguishing 
Deiween  human  blood  and  that  of  *nJin>l«^  whidi  a  often  of 
importance  in  nsedkal  jurisprudence. 

In  lUt  summary  the  facts  adduced  are  practically  all  biological. 
and  ue  due  to  the  eitraordiaary  activity  with  which  the  study 
of  bacteriokigy  (f.>.)  has  been  puiiued  in  r 
diemistiy  of  the  Uood  ha*  not  hitherto  bi 
ildoiDiation  of  clinical  or  diagnostic  Importi 
■Kd  bete  be  added  lo  whal  is  said  above  on 
tk  blood.  Ewugh  has  been  siid.  however, 
ttdlnary  anapleally  of  the  apparrntly  simple 

Tbe  BWtbodi  M  pnwal  employed  ' 


hiemogloh 


idelii 


of  the  Kd  aad  ohita  mpuidn 

me  ctiimaiion  of  the  perceniM*  •< 
ipeci6c  gravity  of  the  blood,  the  nicrs. 
■eslily-iltai 


made  upon  cover<gtisses.  fixed  and  stained,  is  special  caiet  the 
alkalinity  and  the  rapidity  ol  coagulation  may  b«  ascertained, 
or  the  Mood  nay  be  eiamined  bacleiiologically.  We  have  no 
unlverwily  accepied  means  of  etlimating,  during  life,  the  total 
amount  of  blood  in  the  body,  though  the  method  ol  J.  S.  Haldine 
and  J.  Lomin  Smith,  in  which  the  local  oaygen  clpidly  of  rlie 
tilood  is  estimated,  and  iu  loul  volume  worked  out  fnun  ihai 
datum,  has  seemed  to  promise  important  resulta  fJn^a.  tf 
Ptfiitl.  vol,  uv.  p.  jji,  itoo).  After  death  Iht  unauat  ol 
bkiad  wmelimes  seem*  to  be  increased,  and  MHneiiiaei,  aa  In 
"  pemidous  anaemia."  it  b  cerliinly  diminished.  §ut  the  high 
count!  of  red  cotpuscfcl  which  are  oerliionally  reported  ai 
evidence  of  plethora  or  inneise  of  the  total  bload  ai*  ready  onfy 
indications  of  concentration  of  the  fluid  enept  In  certain  rare 
eases.  It  is  necesnry.  Iherefore,  in  fiamlning  Mood  diicasea, 
to  confine  ourselves  to  the  siudy  of  the  blood-unit,  which  is 
always  taken  as  the  cubic  mlllirneire,  without  teferencc  to  the 

^  lUuMia  b  of  ten  used  as  a  tenen'e  term  for  all  Mood  diteasei, 
for  in  almmt  all  of  (hem  the  haemoglobin  is  diminished,  either 
IS  a  result  of  diminution  in  the  number  ol  Ihe  red  ■, ■-,„,!, 
coipusdcs  In  which  It  Is  contained,  or  because  the 


normal.  As  haemoglobin  h  the  medium  of 
:hange.  Ill  diminution  causes  obviotia  symptoms, 
more  easily  appreciated  by  the  patient  ihan 
alicrallons  in  the  plasma  or  the  leucocytes.  It 
livide  anaemia;  Into  "  primary  "  and  "  »econ<!. 
ary  ":  the  primary  are  ihose  for  which  do  adequate  cause  ha* 
as  yet  been  discovered;  (he  secondary,  those  whose  cause  Is 
known.  Among  the  former  are  usually  included  chlomts, 
pemicloui  atuemia.  and  lomellmes  the  leucoeythiemiu; 
among  the  Utter,  the  anaemias  due  to  such  agencies  as  milliitaDI 
disease,  malaria,  chronic  metallic  poisoning,  chronic  haemor- 
rhage,  tubercle,  Bright's  disease,  infective  processes,  intestinal 
fuiasiles,  &c  As  our  knowledge  advances,  however,  this  dis- 
n  will  probably  be  given  up,  for  the  causes  of  several 
primary  anaemias  have  been  discovered.    For  example. 


lable 

from  the 

other  forms 

of  pemiciout 

acmia  with  which  i 

to  be  ire 

uded,  and  le 

»  been  declared  by 

LOwii,  though 

probably  e 

roneously,  to 

due  to  a  blood  pa 

raii 

closely  r. 

lated  to  thai  of  malaria. 

all  these  condiUon 

lidciabte  iIri 

jlariiy  In  the 

mploras  produced 

nd 

m  Ihe  pa 

hological  an 

atomy.    The 

neral  symptoms  arr^ 

Mllo 

r  of  the  ski 

andmueou 

membranes. 

akness  and  lassitude,  ihorlncss  of  brcilfa,    palpita 

idency  (o  fainting,  and  usually  also  gastro.inlestinal  diilurb- 

ct,  headache  and  neuralgia.    The  heart  is  often  dilated,  and 

auscultation   Ihe  syitoUc  munaun  auoclated   with   that 

idition  are  heard.    In  fatal  cases  (he  internal  organs  are 

found  to  be  pale,  aod  very  often  their  cells  cunlain  an  eicessive 

unouni  o[  fat.    In  maoy  anaemias  there  b  a  special  tendency 

lo  haemorrhage.     Ktgct  of  the  above  symptoms  and  organic 

:hanges  are  directly  due  to  dioiinlUed  rapiraIoi>  interchange 

from  the  loss  of  haemoglobin,  and  (o  l(s  effect  on  the  various 

gaai  involved.    The  diagimis  depends  ultimately  in  all  cases 

»n  the  eiaminalioa  ol  the  blood. 

Though  the  relative  pnq»rtians  of  the  leucocytes  are  probably 
intinually  undergoing  change  even  in  health,  especially  as  the 
suit  of  taking  food,  the  number  of  red  corpuscles  remain*  much 
ore  constant.  Through  Ihe  agency  of  tome  unknown  mechao' 
m,  the  supply  of  fceih  red  corpuscles  from  the  bone-marrow 
keep*  pace  with  (he  desEruction  ol  eflcte  corpuscles,  and  in 
hulth  each  coipusde  contains  a  definite  and  constant  amount 
ol  haemogbbiti.  The  dislurhartce  of  this  arrangemepl  In 
anaemia  may  be  dtie  to  loss  or  to  increased  desiructioii  of  cor- 
puscles, to  Uw  lupply  of  1  smaller  number  d  new  ones,  lo  > 


(SmlBntloB  of  (he  amaunt  ot  humoi^bin  in  the  Inclividual 
ntm  urputdea,  or  to  ft  conihjiution  ol  these  cjutf*.     It  is 
euy  lo  Qliutnie  thit  by  dacribing  vhit  hAppeib  if  ler  m  hu 

U^tbeku  ia  replaced  by  Ihe  fuUy-EonDed 

Bujd  lost  ii  £nl  made  up 

Uk  blood ;  tbe  crythro- 


entlydi 


ilbydi 


d  caipuidi 

(tiiDuIated  10  pnlifciation,  and  new  coipuida  (ue  quickly 
thcDWD  into  the  circuUlion.  Tbeae  an  apt,  however,  lo  be  huI] 
and  to  contain  »  saboornuJ  atnount  of  haemoglobin,  and  it  ii 
only  tfiei  lOine  time  that  they  ue  desJroyed  and  Ibeit  place 
Uken  by  noniuil  cocputdt*.  If  (he  loo  lu*  been  vety  gieat, 
■udatcd  red  corpuiclea  may  even  be  caiiied  into  (he  blood- 
stttan.  The  blood  pooeuca  a  great  power  of  ncovcty,  il  time 
be  giTEii  it,  becauK  the  orpn  (bane-manaw)  which  fcumi  to 
many  ol  iu  clemCDU  never,  in  health,  worka  it  high  prcnure. 
Otdy  *  pan  of  the  marrow,  the  ao-called  red  majtow,  is  nonnally 
occupied  by  erythroblastic  tiuue.  the  nsi  of  the  medullary 
cavity  of  the  bonet  being  talun  up  by  [ai.  If  any  long-continued 
demiDd  for  red  corpuaclet  is  nude,  the  fat  it  abtorbed.  and  iu 
place  gradmllyuken  by  ted  minow.   This  compeiuatoiy  change 


I  oFlen  V 


y  difficult,  especially  in  "  i 


lainlyat 


It  their 


.  lucb  aaahOK  uwdated  with  lepticacmii,  there  is  no 
doubt  thai  blood  desUuciion  plays  the  ptindpal  put.  But  it 
the  tMOix  of  anieni*  ii  i  chronic  one.  a  gastric  cancer,  for 
Imtuce,  (hough  there  may  possibly  be  in  increued  amount  of 
dettractioD  of  coipvidei  in  some  cases,  and  (hough  there  is  ol(en 
lou  by  haemorrhage,  the  cancer  mierfere*  with  putriiion,  (be 
blood  is  Impoverished  and  does  noL  oouriih  the  erythrobtsata 
in  the  marrow  suSicienlly.  and  the  new  corpuscles  which  are 
turned  out  are  few  and  poor  in  haemoglobin.  In  chronic 
anienias.  regeneration  always  goes  on  side  by  tide  wi(h  destruc- 
tion, and  it  ia  important  to  remember  that  the  state  ol  (he  blood 
in  these  conditions  gives  the  measure,  nol  of  the  amount  of 

regeneration  o[  which  (he  organism  is  capable-    The  evidence  of 
dcstruc(ioo  has  oEten  to  be  sought  for  in  other  orgaiu,  or  Id 

Of  Ihe  iO-caUcd  primary  anaemias  the  most  common  is 
Mtrfiis,  (Q  anaemia  whidi  occurs  only  in  the  female  sei, 
between  the  ages  of  Efteen  and  twenty-five  u  a  rule.  Its 
■ymptomt  are  those  caused  by  a  diminution  of  haemoglobin, 
and  though  it  is  never  directly  Faul,  and  is  eitremely  gmenablc 
to  treatnienl  with  iron  preparations.  Its  subjects  very  frequently 
luHir  from  relapses  at  varying  Inlervals  alter  the  £rst  iKack. 
Iu  causation  Is  probably  complei.  Bad  hygienic  condilions. 
over-fatigue,  want  of  proper  food,  espedaltyoi  the  iron-contain- 
ing proteids  of  meat,  the  sttiin  put  upon  the  blood  and  bTood- 
forming  organs  by  (he  accession  of  puberty  and  the  occurrence 
of  menstruation,  all  probably  play  a  part  in  it.  Il  has  also  been 
suggested  that  internal  secretions  may  be  concerned  in  stir 


d  that  In  1 


the  genital  organs 
of  function  by  these  organs  ft  puberty,  caused  perhaps  by  some 
of  the  above-mentioned  conditions,  might  lead  to  sluggishness 
In  the  bone-marjow,  and  to  (he  supply  lo  (he  blood  of  the 
poorly-formed  corpuscles  defideni  In  haemoglobin  which  are 
chancieristic  of  the  disease.  Chlorosis  is  the  type  of  anaemias 
from  imperfect  bbod-fortnation.     Lorrain  Smith  has  produced 


body  is  not  diminished  m  (his  dii 

and  the  amount  in  each  blood -ui 
Ptnaidimi  diteemiu  h  a  rarer 


noglot^n  i 
ease,  but  that  the  blood -plui 
(hat  the  haemoglobin  is  dilul 
lit  greatly  lessened, 
disease  than  chlorosis,  occi 
ibuted  nearly  equally  beiwe 
rat  importance  because  of 
thougb  iu  downward  cou 


is  generally  broken  by  tempociry  in . 

occasions.     The  sympioms  are  those  of  a  progressive  anaen 


in  the  £rst  attack,  b 


lusly  or  . 


It  (heir 


1  more  usually,  when  things 


ns  probable 
rverc  malarial 


:pparent  heslth.     This  rei 

The  prime  cause  of  (he  disease  is  j 
indeed  that  (he  causal  (ac(on  are  numetou 
infection,  sj^hilis.  pregnancy,  chronic  gastt 
chronic  gas-poisoning,  are  all.  in  diHerent  cases,  known  to  have 
been  causally  associated  with  it.  and  il  is  probable  that  a  con- 
genital  weakness  of  the  bone-mairow  has  often  to  do  with  its 
production,  ai  In  many  cases  ■  family  or  bcrediury  hiltory  of 
(he  disease  can  be  obtained.  The  condition  is  now  regarded  *i 
a  chronic  loiaemia,  partly  because  of  the  clinical  symptoms 
and  pathological  appearances,  partly  because  arulogous  COQ- 
ditioiu  can  be  produced  experimentally  by  such  poisons  aa 
saponin  and  toluylendiamin.  and  partly  because  of  the  facts  of 
hcikriatrpkalus  aiuemia.  The  site  of  production  of  the  loiin, 
oi  (oiins.  for  i(  is  possible  that  several  may  have  the  ume  effect 
on  the  blood.  Is  possibly  not  always  the  same,  but  must  often 
be  the  a]imen(aiy  canal,  sa  bosMtxtfiatHi  anaemia  proves. 
Not  all  persons  affected  with  this  in(es(inal  (apeworm  contract 
the  disease,  but  only  (hose  in  whose  iulstines  the  worm  ti  dead 
and  decomposing  or  sometimes  only  "sick,"  The  eipulsioa 
of  the  worm  puts  an  end  to  the  absorption  of  the  toiin  and  the 
patients  recover-  No  adequate  eiplanitlon  of  Ihe  formalioa 
of  the  toxin  in  (he  immense  raajoiiiy  of  (he  cases,  in  which  tbeif 
is  no  upcworm,  has  yet  been  given.     It  is  certain  that  ua 


ind  throuiA  i(  the  btood, 
uic  gaiiiD-intesIlnal  apparatus  and  (be  nervous  system,  especi- 
ally the  spinal  cord,  in  different  propotlions  in  diSerml  cases. 
The  effect  upon  the  marrow  is  to  alter  Ihe  type  ol  red  corpuscle 
formation,  causing  a  reversion  lo  the  embryonic  condition,  in 
which  Ihe  nucleated  red  corpuscles  arc  large  (megaloblisu),  and 
the  corpuscles  in  the  blood  formed  from  them  are  also  large,  are 
ippaienlly  IU  suited  lo  the  needs  of  the  adult,  and  easily  break 
down,  as  the  deposiu  of  iron  in  the  liver,  spleen,  kidneys  and 
marrow  prove-  Whether  this  reversion  Is  due  to  an  eihaustiOD 
of  Ihe  normal  process  or  to  an  inhibiiion  ol  it  it  not  delinliely 
known.  The  result  is  that  the  drculaling  red  corpuscles  are 
enomously  diminished:  it  is  usual  to  find  t.ooo,ooa  or  less  In 

the  haemoglobin  Is  of  course  absolutely  dimmishcd.  it  is  always, 
in  severe  cases,  present  in  relatively  higher  percentage  than  Ihe 
red  corpuscles,  because  Ihe  avenge  red  corpuscle  is  larger  and 
contains  more  haemoglobin  than  the  normal.  The  targe 
nucleated  red  corpuscles  (megaloblasls)  wilh  which  the  Burrow 
Is  crowded,  often  appear  in  the  blood- 

Olher  aruemias,  such  aa  those  known  as  lympAadcKtma,  or 
Hodgkin^  disease,  splcnii  anatmia,  cUetama,  leuimarmia 


CO  of  childre: 


.neednc 


erf  bed 


iture  of  the  lentocytea  In  Ihe  U 


liseaset,  as  lor  eiample  In  typhoid  tevn.  in  malaria 
I  tevei,  and  in  pernicious  anaemia.     An  ioctease  is 

more  frequent,  and  is  known  tis  (euKyteii),  though 
-ni  is  usually  connoted  a  relative    hictease   in   the 

of  the  polyrrwrplronuclear  neutnophile  teucocytCA. 


BLOOD-LETTINO— BLOOMER 


twed<ytBili  QfWW—dw  cw«)  wiely  nf  eoojiigiii,  neraally 
W  ■  (Uclll  aUBI  (huini  iticcMiiiD,  during  pngnancy,  lod  sllci 
'id  ■bnomuUy  lilcr  hacmorrha^,  in  ibe  coune 


of  niickio  and  atbst  nbiuiiut.     It  doe>  not  occur  In  some 
iulcnivt  djirtiti,  tbt  BWMifnjwrUnt  of  which  iie  lypboid  Imr, 

la  all  on*  wbtn  it  ii  wSdcndy  levcn  ud  lonn  coniinucd. 
the  rcKivc  vact  In  the  boac-murow  ia  filled  up  b;  Oic  iciive 
pnlilcntioB  of  ihe  lencocyU*  nomully  louml  tbac,  and  i>  u«d 
n  a  Bunoy  (or  ibe  leucocyUi  nquinil  is  ibe  blood.  In  loaay 
cuH  loKDcyliMia  it  kaown  10  be  ijsodited  villi  the  dclcace  ol 
Ibe  orpninn  from  injurious  influcDcea,  and  ila  anounl  deptndi 
on  ibc  idaLion  bccwKS  the  Kvciily  ol  the  ittacli  and  the  power 
of  tesiitUKE.  Then  nuy  be  an  increase  in  the  {Hoporiisns 
prteeni  ib  the  blood  of  lymphocytes  i^ympkoeytaxii),  and  <d 
usmopkUit).    Thiilaller  chingefiassodatcd 


iy  wiih  ac 


asthm; 


al  parasites  in  the  body,  such  a 


and  with  the 
ankykiatoina  and  filaria.- 

The  disease  in  which  the  number  of  kDcocytea  in  the  blood 
is  giealat  i>  itatetjUutmia  or  leucaemia.  There  are  two  main 
tMMMl«  '"""  "i  this  diacaae.  In  both  of  which  there  are 
anaemia)  cnlargcmcDt  of  the  spleen  and  lymphatic 
(lauls.  M  of  eilher  of  them,  leucecytjc  hypcitnphy  of  the 
booe-aurrow,  and  depoaili  ot  kucocyles  in  the  liver,  kidney 
and  other  orgena.  The  diSerence  lia  in  the  kind  of  kiKDcytd 
present  in  eiceai  in  the  blood,  bkAd-forming  orgsnt  and 
deposita  in  the  tisiucL  In  the  one  form  these  are  lymphocytes, 
which  are  lound  in  hallh  mainly  in  the  marrow,  the  blood  itsdf, 
the  lynttA  glands  snd  in  the  lymphatic  tissue  round  the  ali- 
BienUuy  ctnili  in  the  other  they  arc  Ihe  kinds  of  leucocytes 
BOnially  found  in  the  booe-marrow — myelocytes,  neuirophik. 
bawphile  and  eosinophile.  and  polymorphoDuiilear  cdb,  >bo 
aeulrophile,  basopbile  and  eoiinophile.  The  clinical  cmuK  ol 
the  IWD  [anM  may  dil!cr.  The  fint,  known  as  lymphatic 
InKMBiia  or  lymphtrKtia.  may  be  acute,  and  prove  taUl  io  a 
lew  weeks  or  even  days  with  rapidly  advandog  anaemia,  or 
Duy  be  chronk  and  last  for  one  or  two  years  or  kmger.  The 
second,  known  as  iplenD.nyelogenous  leucaenaia  or  mydatmia. 
a  almoai  always  chronic,  and  may  Ust  lor  several  years.  Re- 
covery does  not  take  place,  though  remissions  may  occur.    The 

disease  very  Isvourably.  The  most  nccnl  viewol  the  palbology 
of  the  disease  is  that  it  is  due  to  an  overgrowth  of  ihe  bone- 
naimw  leucocytes,  asalogou)  la  »me  respects  to  lumoor 
fTDwih  and  caused  by  the  renwvai  ol  some  cootrolling  mcthanius 
ralher  than  by  stinulalion.  The  anaemia  accompanying  tbe 
disease  is  due  partly  to  the  leucocyte  overgrowth,  which  takes 
up  the  space  in  the  marrow  belonging  of  lighl  10  ted  coipustle 


KU>OI>-LEmHa.     There 


urked  n 


if  Iroi 


(G.L.G.) 
iditions  whci 
ilmclion  si  1 


cerukn  amount  ol  blood,  from  three  or  it 
oc  rvoi  thirty  in  extreme  cases.  TWi  may  be  cfVerted  by  venc- 
seclioB,  oc  the  appUcatioa  of  leeches,  or  more  racFly  by  cupping 
(f  >.].  Unlortunalely,  in  years  gone  by,  b>ood-leI  ling  wai  used  Io 
such  ciceaa,  as  a  cure  Cor  alnoat  every  known  disease,  that  public 
opinion  is  now  eatremely  opposed  to  it.  In  certain  palhologicid 
,  however,  it  brings  relief  and  saves  lile  when  no  other 

VtBcaeclion.  Ia  which  the  blood  is  usuaUy  withdrawn  from 
the  median- basilic  vein  of  the  am.  his  the  dtaadvinuge  that  it 
esn  ooly  be  performed  by  the  medical  man.  and  that  the  patient's 
friends  ait  ftnerally  very  much  opposed  to  the  idea.  But  the 
public  aie  not  neatly  lo  prejudiced  against  the  use  of  Iterhes; 
and  **  the  nurse  in  charge  can  be  Inttnicied  to  nse  Iheae  if 
occasion  aiiae^  this  is  the  loim  ol  blood-leliing  usually  practised 
tiKlay.  From  one  to  twelve  leeches  are  applied  at  the  time, 
the  average  leech  withdrawing  aome  two  dnehiM  of  bkiod 


by  am  immediate  appBalian'Dl  hot  fomenUthmi  to  the  voundi. 

liiey  should  always  be  applied  over  some  bony  prominence, 
that  pimure  may  be  ellcttivcly  uicd  lo  slop  Ihe  haemorrliage 
allctwaids.  They  should  never  he  placed  over  luperficial  veins, 
or  where  there  it  miidi  Iodh  subcauncoui  tieue.  If,  aa  isolteo 
the  case,  there  it  any  diCGculiy  in  making  them  hiie.  the  skin 
should  bepiickedatlhedc«ired  spot  with  the  point  oFa  Itetilized 
needle,  and  the  leech  will  then  attach  itsell  without  further 
imuble.  Also  they  must  be  kft  In  fall  oS  ol  their  own  accord, 
the  nurse  never  diageing  them  foiciblyoS,  II  cold  and  pressure 
fiil  to  nop  Ihe  lubuquent  haemorrliage,  a  little  powd«ed  alum 
orotherilyptic  may  beinscrted  in  Ihe  wound.  TbtfdUowing  are 
tbe  main  indicalions  for  their  use,  though  in  tortie  caaes  Ih^  an 
belter  replaced  by  venesection.  <i)  For  sugnalim  of  blood  on 
the  right  side  of  the  heart  with  conalani  dyspnoea,  cyaaosis,  tic. 
In  acute  lung  disease,  the  sudden  obitructiOD  to  Ihg  pasggc  of 
blood  through  the  liin^  throws  such  an  iiKreascd  strain  on  the 
right  ventricle  that  it  may  dilate  to  iJie  verge  of  pnralytis;  but 
by  lessening  the  total  vcjume  of  blood,  the  hean'a  work  is 
ightened  for  a  time,  and  the  tbnger  a1 


This 


ently  m 


eariyst 


jmonla,  pleurisy  atKi  bronchitis,  when  the  obitructi 
■.    But  these 


lol 


also  met  with  ai  *  retult  ot  failure  ol  campemalion  with  hick 
presson  ia  cerUiia  fotu  of  heart  diseate  (f.*.).  (:)  To  lower 
arUiial  lenvoo.  In  the  early  stages  of  cenbiaj  haemonhiga 
(before  tonu  has  luperveneil),  wherL  the  heut  11  vorUiig 
vigorously  and  the  tension  of  the  pulse  Is  high,  a  tlmely'vene* 
section  may  lead  to  arrest  ol  the  haemorrhage  by  loweting  the 
blood  pressure  and  so  giving  the  blood  in  the  ruptured  vessel 
an  opportunity  to  coagulate     Cj)  In  varioua  convuIsiTe  attacks, 

BUXID-IIONEV,  coDoquiaDy,  the  reward  for  betraying  a 
criminal  to  justice.  Mole  itriclly  It  is  used  of  the  money-penalty 
paid  in  old  days  by  a  murderer  lo  the  kinsfolk  of  his  victim. 
These  fines  completely  piolccted  the  offender  from  the  vengeance 
ol  the  injured  family.  The  system  was  common  among  the 
Scandiiuvia*  and  Teutonic  nces  previous  to  the  inOuduction  of 
Christianity,  and  >  scale  of  payments,  grmduated  accsnUng  to 
the  beinousneu  of  tbe  crime,  bis  fiied  by  laws,  which  further 
settled  vho  could  eiact  the  blood-money,  and  who  were  entitled 
10  share  it.     Homicide  was  not  ihe  only  cirme  this  tipiable: 


bitxid -money  co 


acted  for 


killing  any  bne  in  achurchot»hileaBleep,oiwiiUn 

Lne  precincts  of  the  royal  palace,  were  "  bot-lcss  ";  and  the 

death  penalty  was  inflicted.     Such  a  criminal  was  outlawed,  and 

hia  enemies  could  kill  him  wherever  they  fouiHi  him. 

BLOODSTONE,  the  popular  name  of  the  ninctal  bcliotnipe, 

bright  ted  spots,  iplaihei  and  sireikt.     The  greea  crJourlsdue 


I  chhiriiic 


.l^Ihcr 


K  kinds 


have  sou 

ghlto 

restrict  the 

name 

to  green  jatpi 

with  red 

mar 

ings,  thus 

making 

heliotrope  a 

opaque  at 

,  though  coi 

disiincii 

t  generally 

rtcogni 

uid.     Agood 

kalolbloodsto 

ia,  where  i 

ntheDeccu 

traps,  and  is 

and  polished 

t  Cambay 

TTie 

tone  is  used 

for  seals,  kn 

hiodlcs 

ndv 

lious  trivia 

lents.     Blood 

widely  d 

ilrib 

led,  hut  is 

ound 

u  the  basaltic 

rockaof  Ihel 

lew  olh 

aemaiiie  (Gi,  alfie,  blood),  or  native  peroxide  0!  iron,  la  also 
■mciinKs  called  "  blooibione." 

BLOOM  (from  A.S.  Wmb,  a  Sower),  the  Uowom  o(  Howeilng 
antt,  or  the  powdery  film  on  the  skin  of  iresh-pickcd  Fruit; 
of  ne«ly-minied  coins  olio  a  cloudy 


D  the  VI 


nbh  of  painl 
^  of  the  r 


t  due  I 


ugh  hill 


i  steel. 


which  have  unrlergone  a  preliminary  bamr 
ace  ready  lor  lurlhrr  workinf-. 

BLOOMER.  AHEUA  JEHU  (iaift-ig«e),  American  dics^ 
cefenncsand  wonen'srights  advocate,  wni  horn  at  fioaer-Ncw 


86 


BLOOMFIELD— BLOOMINGTON 


Vdifc,  on  the  tTih  of  Miy  itiB.     Afltr  her  iraniiec  in  1840  ihe 
dUbliihcd  I  pciiodkal  ciJIcd  Tkt  Lily,  which  had  unc  hi 
In  1R49  ihc  look  up  the  idea — previoialy  oHginsted  b) 
Eliubeth  Smith  ililki — ol  ■  nfoim  in  wonun'i  drm,  ind  the 
weiring  of  11  ihorl  ildn,  with  hxse  Uouaen.  gaibcrcd  roue  ~ 
■nidei.     The  mnc  of  "  bhniDen  "  gmduaUjr  beane  popularly 
ituched  to  iny  divided-akin  or  knicketlMcker  dim  lor  woe 
Until  hci  death  an  (he  joth  oI  December  itq4  Mn  Ulooincr  1 
>  prominent  part  in  the  leinperuioc  ampiign  ud  in  that 

BLOOHnELD.  HAURICI  (i«5S-        ).  Anerian  Sanikrit 
•cbtdar,  wu  born  an  the  ijrd  of  Febniary  iSJi,  in  Biel 
Austriu  SilaiL    Hemniiothe  Uci'irdSutain  i867,ud 
yean  liter  gniuaied  from  Funnan  Unhrenit  y.  Cnenvilte,  South 
CanliBa.    He  then  itudied  Sanikrit  at  Yale,  under  W.  D. 
Whitney,  and  a(  Jobra  Hopkins,  to  whicfa  univenity  he  reliuned 
■imociite  profenor  in  i&Si  altera  nay  of  two  yean  in  Be  ' 
■nd  Le^^iig,  and  ieoD  aJtervardi  ma  pmtnotFd  pmfeisoi 
Sanikrit  and  conparallve  philology.    His  pipen  in  the  A  mtri 
tmal  tf  PkiUcgjF  number  a  few  in  compimlivc  litiguiaiics. 


racral  Bteli  a/ 


duui  of  wordi. 

InterpRlation  ol  the  Vedai,"  and  he  I>  bcil  k 

of  the  Vnlai.     He  ttanilated,  lor  tiu-MlUtei 

U(£iiif,  ihe  Hymnial  the  Aiham-Vcda(iS9j);  csntnbutea  to 

AlunnmitaniU  the  ledion  "  The  Aiharva-Veda  and  the  Copaiha 
Brtbnuna"(iSo«);waiGnt  loedii  ibeKaufiki-Saira  (1S90), 
and  in  1407  publiihed.  in  the  Harvard  Oriental  lerin,  A  Valii 
Ctiuttianu.  In  iQoshepubliihedCckriu.aei^rd/iJiufei.a 
■tudy  in  comparative  mythdogy. 

BLOOKFIEUI,  ROBERT  (i;b6-i8i3),  Englidi  poet,  mt  bon 
ol  humble  pirenli  at  the  village  ol  Honington,  SiiElalk,  on  the  jid 
ol  December  i;66.  Heiru  Ipprentlnd  it  the  age  ol  eleven  to  1 
firmer,  but  he  *u  loo  imill  and  frail  for  £ctd  labour,  and  lour 
yean  liter  he  came  to  Ldodon  to  work  lor  a  ihoemaker.  The 
poem  thai  made  hil  reputllion,  Tkt  Farmer's  Bej,  wu  written 
In  •  gnrret  In  Bell  Alley.  The  manuicripl,  declined  byievecal 
publiihen,  fell  Ibid  the  hands  ol  Capcll  Lofft,  who  imnged  for 
ItipublinliDn  with  woodcuts  by  Bewick  in  iKoo.  Theimceuol 
the  poem  wai  remarkable,  over  tsjooo  copia  being  aold  in  the 
sert  twaycin.  Hiiieputition  was  increased  by  the  appearance 
of  his  Ratal  TaUi  (iSoO,  Ktws  ]tom  Iht  Farm  (1S04),  Willi 
Ftnrn  (tgo6)  and  Tkt  Baitti  •>/  Iht  ICy*  (iS>0-  Inllucnlial 
friend*  attempted  to  provide  for  Bloomfield.  but  ill-health  and 
poaibly  faults  ol  temperament  pievented  the  lucceu  ol  these 
ellorts.  ind  the  poet  died  la  poverty  at  ShcOord,  B«I(ardshire, 
HI  the  loth  ol  Ab(UM  iSl).    Hit  Stmaiyuin  Patlry  trii  Vase 


appeirf 


11814. 


BUmNPIEU),  a  town  of  Eiki  onnly,  New  Jersey,  U.S.A., 
about  tin.  W.  of  New  York,  and  directly  adjoining  the  cilyol 
Newark  on  the  N.     Pop.(i9Do)oMI,of  whom  1167  werefoteign- 

BloomScId  'ii  served  by  (he  Erie,  and  the  Delaware,  Idc'ka- 
wanna  i  Western  railways,  and  by  leveralelecliiclinHconnecl- 
tog  with  NcwiA,  Uonldair,  Orange,  East  Orange  and  other 
neighbourini  places  It  ^  a  residenlia]  suburb  oi  Newark  and 
New  York.  >>  the  icat  ol  a  Ccrmin  Ihcologicil  tchool  (Fmby- 
teriin.  lS6«)  and  has  the  Jarvie  MemorUl  library  ( i«oi).  There 
is  a  Central  Green,  and  in  190A  land  wu  acquired  for  another 
park-  Among  the  town*a  minufacturei  arc  silk  and  wofdlen 
goods,  paper,  electric  elevators,  electric  limps,  nibher  goods, 
aalely  pins,  hats,  cream  separators,  bnnhcs  and  novelties.  The 
value  of  the  town's  fictory  products  increased  Irom  l3,J7O,034 
In  IQOO  to  UMyt^i  in  iqej.  or  iTi%.  Finl  sellled  aboui 
i670'i67j  by  the  Dutch  and  by  New  Engbndcrs  Irom  the 
Newark  colony.  Bloomlwld  wat  long  a  pan  ol  Newark,  the 


Id  (i3sj-'8'3l.  'ho  «rvcd  {i77i-i778)  in  the  Wat 
1  Indepeiidence,  reaching  the  rank  ol  major,  w 
of  Newjenarb  iSoi-iSai  and  i8«j'i8ii,  b 


general  in  the  Cniled  Slates  army  doriig  the  Wteol  ttt>,  Md 
a  Democtalic  repfeoentative  in  Coogresi  Irom  1817  10  igii. 
The  township  of  BloomMd  was  incorporated  in  iSi>.  From  it 
were  tubsequemly  ael  oil  Belleville  [iSjq),  Uontdaii  ( iSbg)  and 
Glen  Ridgt(i8i,5). 

BLOOMtMaTOIf.  a  dty  and  the  couniyseit  of  UcLean 
county,  Ullnoii,  U.S.A.,  in  the  central  pan  ol  the  stiie.  about 
IIS  in-  S.W.  of  Chicago.  Pop.  (iSgo)  lo.iBj;  fiooo]  i],)36, 
of  irtioa  3611  were  fonign-bom,  there  being  a  lirge  Genma 
element;  (igio  census)  is.tM.  The  dly  is  served  by  the 
Chicago  ft  Allan,  the  Illinoii  Central,  the  Cleveland.  Chicago, 
Cindnniti  ft  St  Louis,  and  the  Ijke  Erie  ft  Western  roJways, 
snd  by  electric  inicr-urbin  Une*.  Bloomington  is  the  seitaf 
the  lllinoit  Wcsleynn  Univenity  (Methodin  Episcopal,  at- 
educational,  founded  in  iSjo),  which  compriset  a  college  of 
libenl  irti,  an  academy,  a  college  of  U«.  t  college  of  nrusic  and 
a  school  of  oratory,  ind  in  1407  had  ijso  tiudcnts.  Id  the  lows 
of  NotHU,  (pop.  in  igoo,  ]705),  '  m.  north  of  Bloomington,  an 
the  Illinois  Stale  Normal  Um'veniiy  (opened  at  BloomingtOB 

normal  schools  in  the  Middle  West,  and  the  state  Vkldiera* 
orphim'  home  (i8A«|.  BloonungtoB  has  a  public  library,  and 
Franklin  and  ^filler  parks;  among  ita  principal  buildinga  arv 
the  oourt  bouie,  built  of  marble,  and  the  V.M.C.A.  huihUng. 
Anung  the  manufacturing  establishments  an  foundries  and 
machine  shops,  including  the  large  shops  of  the  Chtcago  ft  Alton 
railway,  slaughlcring  and  meil-pocking  establishments,  Soar 
and  grist  mi  Us,  priming  and  publishing  emablislimcnti,  1  taiamcl 
lictory  and  lumber  factones.  The  nhie  of  the  dly'i  (onory 
products  incnased  Irom  ti/oiifii^  b  t«00  to  lj.777.oOB  in 

the  city,  ind  the  dty  1*  situated  in  1  fine  firming  ngloa. 
Bloomington  derives  Its  name  from  Blooming  Grove.  *  tmall 
forest  which  was  crogaed  by  the  tiaili  leading  [rom  the -Catena 
lead  minea  to  Sonihem  UUnois.  Irom  Lake  tlichigan  to  St  Lotiit, 
and  from  the  Easiem  to  the  far  Western  iiaict.  The  first  settle- 
ment WIS  nude  in  iSji,  but  the  town  was  not  formally  founded 
until  ilji,  when  K  became  the  county-seat  of  McLean  covaly. 
The  first  dly  chiner  wu  obtained  in  iSjo.  and  in  igjj  the 
public  school  system  was  established.  In  r£;«  Bloomington 
was  the  meeting  place  of  a  Mate  convention  call«l  by  the  Illinola 
edlton  who  wen  oppoaid  to  the  Kansas-Nebraska  Bill  (see 
Deutiti).  This  was  the  first  convention  of  the  RepubHraa 
piny  in  Illinois;  among  the  delegate*  wen  Abnham  Lincoln, 
Richard  Yates,  John  Jl.  Palmer  and  Owen  Lovejoy.    The  dty 

Divid  Divii  (igij-igg«),  an  associate  justice  ol  the  United 
States  Supreme  Coun  In  ig6i-iST7,  a  member  ol  the  United 
Slilei  Senile  in  igjj-iggj,  and  preiident-  pit  Itrmpart  of  the 
Senite  In  igSi-iSJj:  Governor  John  M.  Hamilton  (iS47-i<)oO, 
Governor  Joseph  W.  Filer  (b.  i8<0);  and  Adiai  Ewing 
itevcnionlb.  iSj5),a  Democratic  nprelentative  in  Congnn  in 
ig7j-i8;7  and  1879-1811,  and  vice-president  ol  the  United 
Suts  in  i8q]-)Sg7.  Bloomingion'i  prosperity  Increased  niter 
1867,  when  coal  was  fint  luccenfully  mined  in  the  vicinity. 

In  the  TVeeiecfini  of  the  Mtlnoii  Stan  Hinorieil  Satiety  far 
l«aj  may  l»  laundapapcr."  The  DIoamingiaaCanveatkMiof  lgJ6 
lod  Thou  Who  Pirudpaied  in  iL" 

BLOOMIMTOH,  a  dly  and  the  coonty-aeit  ol  Moni«e  coimtr, 
[ndiana,  U.S.A.,  about  4S  m.  S.  by  W.  ol  Indianapolis.  Pop. 
(itgc)  «oiS;  (T900)  64^0.  Indnding  jo«  negrwl;  (1010)  S838. 
erved  by  the  Chicago.  Indianapolis  S  Louisville  and  the 
upolis  Southim  (lllinob  Central)  nitwiys.  Bloomington 
Belt  ol  the  Indiini  University  (co^dncaiional  since  iSM), 
iihed  11 1  itaM  Koiniry  In  1810,  and  as  Indiana  College 
'8,  and  chinered  is  the  Stale  univenity  in  iSjS;  in  1907- 
I  hid  go  instniciois,  Mj  1  tludenti,  md  a  library  of  65.000 
les;  it*  school  of  law  was  established  in  1S41,  auipended 
17  and  re^sublished  in  T88a;  lit  school  ol  mrdidne  was 
iihcd  in  190J;  bui  mosl  ol  the  nwdicil  couree  ii  given 
lianapolit;  a  graduaic  Khool  w 


BLOOMSBURG— BLOUNT,  SIR  T.  P. 


87 


MiliniQO{.  DrD>«iaSUrrJi>nfaD«udBBntpraMait(iI 
tb*  OBiftnily  in  itSs-i8qi,  wben  ii  wuiboiwigMy  reorganiin] 
■nd  It)  carrlculani  poion  ibcbHliof  mii)ariub)Kii  tnd  dcpin- 

KadiBko  eouDiy.     Among  (be  mnuliciurci  ol  BlMiningKHi 

ijiivTici in tba vldidiy.    Tlndty  vufiniKtIlnlibgul  iSiS. 

BUXHUIDHS,  m  Km  mud  the  couwy-HX  ol  CoUintni 
cDUBty,  Pewnylvanii.  U.S^.  on  FbUng  CiEck,  j  m.  Iioo  iu 
conlhniix  viib  the  Siaquebinu,  ud  sboyl  40  m.  S.W.  of 
Wilkct-Bum  Pop.  <iS9Ci)  i^ss;  (1900)  iijo  ("i  loitign- 
bon);  (■«!□)  T411.  It  iaKTVcdbytbeDeliwmn.Lackiniina 
k  WaicTD,  the  niOiddphu  ti  Kading.  uid  the  Bloaauburg 
ft  SuUivu  kad  the  ^uquEhuiui.  Bloonbuig  ft  BemiEk 
niln>*  ((be  lut  tva  only  30  m.  aitd  39  n.  long  mpectirely); 
■ad  i)  connected  vitb  B>erwicJi,  Cauwiiw  *nd  QasviUe  by 
cSecutc  kinev  Tlie  wwa  im  biult  on  >  bluff  commuiduig  ci- 
IBBive  viewt.  Anung  the  iDwnfactuiei  ol  BkBnuburg  vt 
rati  way  CUV  curUgeftpiilk  uid  wooUcn  gDoda,  huidtuie,  cupct«, 
irlre-dnving  mKhine*  and  gun  cuiiign.  Xroa  ore  wu  iw 
only  dbuioed  treai  the  neighbooiing  hilli.  Tht  tom  b  the 
•cat  of  ■  lUte  DOniuI  ichwH,  aubliihed  u  nich  In  Il6g. 

K3I  in  1S4A.  and  wu  incoipoialcd  in  1B70. 

BUIDlfT.  CtUKLEt  (laM-iO-u).  Eoglnh  aulbor.  mi  ban , 

■I  Uppci  HoUgmy  on  tbe  i;Ih  ol  April  ifij4.  His  lather, 
Sii  Hcniy  Blount  (i6o;-iA8i).  *u  th(  aulht>r  ol  a  Voysia  to 
(if  LtHiN.  describing  hit  own  tnvel*.  He  gala  his  ion  I  canful 
education,  and  is  said  u>have  helped  bim  in  bii  Aiiwia  Uundi: 
m  An  Hiuarual  XarriUin  ojiii  OpiauHutJilu  AmitMntnuxK^ 
u|  Uan'i  Sail  a}la  jUi  Li/t,  aatriiat  la  maditkleMd  Hauin 
(1670),  which  gavrgrcat  offence  by  tbcsceptkal  views  exptnacd 
in  it.  It  wsi  lupprmed  by  order  ol  ibe  bishop  t>l  London,  an4 
even  burnt  by  sotnc  ovcr-ieaLoiii  o^dzj.  but  a  re-ibsue  wu 
pccmiilcd.  Blount  was  an  admitir  ol  Hobbci,  and  published 
his  "  Last  Sayingi "  C1670),  a  paaphict  coniisling  of  eitracu 
from  TIk  Lttialian.  Cnat  ii  Diva  ej  Uu  Efkaiani,  v  IMt 
Oripmal  ej  Unlalry,  ttptlia  mik  Oa  Pelaical  Iiuiaulum  ef  tht 

thai  in  deprecating  lie  evils  of  phestcialt  Blount  >ai  attacking 
Christianity  itBcU.  His  best-known  book.  Tic  Tw /^irX  fisaii 
^  Fiiiail'aiui  tuKaxini  At  Lift  sj  Apeilanitu  Tymtta  .  . . 
(i6So).isia>d  (obsve  been  prohibited  in  164],  diieSy  on  account 
of  the  Doles,  which  are  slated  by  Biyle  (note.  >.«.  AfeiJiiniiil)  10 
have  been  Uken  mainly  IcDrna  MS. of  Lord  lleib{il  ol  Cbetbuiy- 
Blount  contributed  nuwrully  10  the  reoiavil  of  the  icsiriciiont 
OB  ihr  Iretdom  ol  the  prcu,  irith  (wo  pamphlett  (i&gj)  by 
"  Philopatris,"  mainly  derived  from  hiilton's  Arapaiiiica- 
He  also  laid  a  succeuluf  trap  lor  the  censor.  Edmund  Bohun. 
Under  the  name  ol  "Junius  Brvtus"  he  wrote  a  pamphlet 
....    ,  «      ^  ^(^jy  (.J,  .,     .., 


rorlb  the  1 


col  til 


which  Bloui _.     

Gcensed,  but  was  ordered  by  tbe  House  of  Cominaas  to  be 
burnt  by  the  common  hangnun,  as  being  diunelricaDy  opposed 
to  the  attitude  ol  William's  governmenl  on  the  subject.  These 
pnxndings  showed  the  luiility  ol  the  cciuonhip,  and  haileaed 
Its  overthrow. 

Blouoi  had  lillca  in  love  with  his  deceased  wife'i  sister,  and. 
In  despair  oF  overcoming  her  scruples  as  to  the  Itgality  ol  such 
•  marriage,  shot  himsell  in  the  head.  He  survived  lor  some 
time,  refusing  hefp  eicepi  from  his  liiter-ln-bw.  Alexander 
Pspt  astened  {EpHetae  to  llu  Salira,  Note,  i,  114)  (hat  he 
mnnded  himself  in  the  arm,  pretending  10  kill  hinueU.  and  that 
the  remit  was  latal  contrary  to  hii  eipcclatiODS.  He  died  in 
AoCBst  169J. 

Sfconly  belsre  his  deilh  a  eollFnion  o(  hii  Daniphlets  and  prlviH 
papers  wu  pnnred  wjili  ■  preface  by  CharlnGildon.  uixfer  (he  (ille 
althrOrarhtrfPnui^.  Hisifuairiiuni]  tVorli  (i[i9})  k*  luller 
•dkiso  by  tbe  lame  ediior. 

BlOOVr  (or  BtttKT),  EDSARS  (b.  1565?},  tbe  printer.  In 
B  with  Isaac  Jag^d,  dl  Ur  William  Sitktifiara 


Cmtiia,  Rislaria  ani  Tnjiiks.  PutlbM  Beariimi  U  lit 
Int  Oritinali  Ctfia  (1613),  usually  known  as  the  Grot  lolio  lA 
Shakespeare.  It  was  produced  under  the  direction  ol  John 
Kemiog  (d.  (630)  (Dd  Henry  Condell  (d.  1617),  both  ol  whom 
hid  been  Shakespeare's  coUoigues  at  tbe  Globe  tbeain,  but  a* 
Blount  combined  the  CunclioDt  ol  printer  and  editor  cm  other 
oecaaiont,  it  1*  fair  to  con>eciure  thai  he  to  somrateat  edited 
the  first  lolio.  The  Sutionera'  Xcpstir  Males  that  he  waa  the 
too  ol  Ralph  Bkwnt  or  Blunt,  merchant  uUor  ol  London,  and 
rd  himiellin  i57SIori«iyeariia  WiUluo  Ponsonby, > 

He  became  a  freeman  ol  the  Statloneii'  Company  ia  . 
nong  the  Dtoat  important  of  his  publieatlooi  are 
Fhirio'i  Italbn-Engliih  dictionary  and  hii  iranslalioD 
ol  Uonlalgne,  Marhiwe^  Her*  Ini  Ltanitr,  ind  tbe  5iii  Ctial 
Camtiia  ol  John  Lyiy.  Be  himsell  translated  >t  ri  AMca,  wt  Ott 
■  •  ■  (ito7l  Iron  the  Italian  ol  Lomio  Oucd.  ind 
CAriitiaii  Falidi  (1631)  liom  the  Spaniih  si  Jvwi  (Is  Santa 
Uaria. 

BLOOirr,  THOMAS  (t6iS-i67o),  English  antiquarian,  *a)  the 
ion  ol  one  Myln  Blount,  ol  Orletoa  in  Herdorddilrc  He  wu 
bom  at  Bor(Mey,  Wonestenfaite.  Few  details  ol  his  Lile  arc 
known.  It  appears  that  he  was  called  to  the  bar  at  tbe  Inner 
Temple,  bul,  bdaga  Kalous  Roman  Catholic,  hisreligion  intetfeied 
cODiiderably  with  the  practice  ol  his  prolcuion.  Retiring  to  his 
estate  at  OrletOB,  he  devoted  himsell  to  the  iiudy  ol  the  bw  ai 
an  amateur,  and  abo  read  widely  in  other  branches  of  knowledge. 
He  died  at  Orleton  on  (he  i6(h  ol  December  1679.  His  principal 
works  are  Ciiiupaphia;  er,  a  iiOunary  imttrpraint  tkt  kari 

(Mfu  (1656,  r^rinted  in  1707),  which  went  through  leverai 
ediiioni  and  ruuini  most  amusing  and  instructive  reading; 
(am  iiaititSTj  inurfratng  mtk  iiSiaJI  awl 
Kvrit  surf  itrmt  M  *(  /oaiid  tiika  in  nv  awm  ar 
vKim  or  Kuiirn  Icea  (i6]o;  third  edition,  with 
additions  by  W.  Nelson,  1717);  and  /'rdinuiUa  AmiguOolii; 
AncitiU  Trsura  tj  land,  and  jienlat  tnHnmi  nf  icnH  mannen 
(1670;  enlaiBcd  by  J.  Beckwitb  and  lepublitbed,  with  additiona 
by  H*  U.  fieckwiih,  ia  iSts:  again  tevited  and  enlarged  by 
W.C.Ha£lilt,i874).  Blount's  SDJu>M(i6si),giviiiganBCaiuM 
ol  Charles  Il.'s  preservation  after  Worcester,  with  (Ite  addition  ol 
the  king's  own  account  dictated  10  Pepys,  ba*  been  edited  with 
a  bibliography  by  C.  C.  Thomas  (i&m)- 

BLOUKT.  EIH  THOMAl  POPS  (1649-1607).  English  author, 
ddesi  ion  of  Sir  Heni>  Blount  and  brother  ol  Cbailci  BkiunI 
(f  J.),  was  bom  a1  Upper  Holloway  on  the  nth  ol  September 
LC44.  Hesucceeded  to  theestateofTittenhangeron  his  mother's 
death  in  i6ja,  and  in  the  following  year  was  created  a  baronet. 
He  nprescntB)  the  borough  el  Si  Albans  In  the  two  last  parlia- 
oieau  ol  Charles  II.  and  was  knight  of  the  shire  from  tbe  revolu- 
tion till  his  death.  He  married  Jint,  daughter  ol  Sir  Henry 
Caesar,  by  whom  he  had  five  sons  and  nine  daugbtett.  He  died 
at  Tiileniuuige'  f^  ^  y"^  "I  J"™  '^-  IIu  Ccniura  ttU- 
trvmrw  aii'ilfriiiB  iiM  IracUIni  in  fw  mria  tiramm  dKMruii  ia 
tlariiiimiit  tnjuiiiiii  lanli  uripleriiuj  jadiiia  Imdnnliir  (i6go) 
was  ori^nally  coiBpiled  lor  Blount's  own  use,and  is  a  dictionary 
in  chronological  order  ol  what  varioui  eminent  writers  have  said 
about  one  anathei.  This  neceuarily  involved  enormous  labour 
in  Blount's  time.  It  was  published  at  Geneva  in  1694  with  *J 
tbe  qt>olatians  fmm  modem  languages  translated  into  Latin, 
and  again  in  171D.  His  other  worka  are  A  Naturat  Hillary, 
eaniainint  many  luf  comman  obimatiama  aUa^Ird  aid  af  ikt  Auf 
modanvilas  {ibgi),  De  ra  fealica.arnwivhtfenPaalry.ltilk 
CkaraiiirsandCixnaisafAatmlcoJuUeratltFnil.  .  .(1604), 
and  Eisayi  a«  Sntral  Otanima  (iboO-  II  iaon  this  last  work 
(hat  hit  claimi  to  be  regarded  as  an  original  writer  rest.    Tha 


edition  (1607)  he  added  an  eighth  eoay.  on  religion,  in  whi^ 
he  deprecated  (he  multiplication  of  ceiemonica.  He  dtiplayi 
throughout  a  hatred  ol  pcdantiy  and  caaveBliea,  wbidt  oaka* 
Us  book  still  interouing.  I  .:.   I  ;     Vl  t.  H  fS;i>^ 


BLOUNT,  W.— BLOW-GUN 


^."•^".filffSf/^- G^rc 

AtUiqnitia  ^ lilt  Cnal)  oj B€nliri  [1615).  »ol- i- pp-  »7-ii 

BLOmr.  WILUAM  <ij49-iBao).  Amcricu  politidui.  m 
bstD  la  Bertie  count]'.  North  Cuoliu.  on  the  16th  ol  Much  1740. 
HemilDianbriaf  the  Continrnul  Congress  id  1781-1784  and 
ipin  in  i;86'i7g7,  ol  the  conttitutioiu]  coaveDtKn  at  Phil- 
adelphia in  1787.  and  of  the  lUte  convention  which  lau&ed  the 
Fnlenl  conitiiulion  lor  North  Caiotim  in  r7l«.  Fnni  1790 
UDlil  r7va  be  via,  by  Preiiitenl  WaihinglaD'i  appdntmeot, 
'  govtnun  o(  Ihe  "  Terrilory  South  ol  the  Ohio  River,"  created 
mil  ol  land  ceded  to  the  niljonil  gdvernnwni  by  North  Carolina 
in  [)8g.  He  m)  also  during  (hi>  period  the  luperiBtendent  oi 
Indian  aSain  fei  thii  part  of  the  country.  In  1791  he  biid  out 
Knoiville  (TesMSsee)  aa  theacalol  govemmenl.    He  presided 


inofTeni 


1 1796.  ao 


of  its  first 


the  stale  being  admitted  la  the  Union, 

Kpresenlativcs  in  the  United  Suiea  Senate,  in  1797  aa 
connenoii  became  knowD  with  t  tcheiH.  dnce  called  "  Blount's 
Conwitacy,"  which  priJvMed  [or  the  n>-oper»lion  of  the  American 
troniicDnien,  asaiiied  by  Indiau,  and  an  Englijb  lotre,  In  the 
seizure  on  behalf  of  Great  Britain  of  the  Flofidai  and  l^ulilaoa, 
then  owned  by  Spain,  with  wbich  power  Easland  wu  then  at 
war.  As  this  ichene,  if  carried  out,  involved  the  corrupting  of 
two  oSidals  of  the  United  States,  an  Indian  agent  and  an 
loierpnter.  a  breach  of  the  ncnuality  of  the  United  States,  and 
the  breach  ol  Article  V.  of  the  treaty  (d  San  Lotinto  el  Real 
(signed  on  the  17th  ol  October  170s)  between  the  United  States 
and  Spain,  by  which  each  power  agreed  not  10  incite  the  Indiana 
to  attack  Ihe  other,  Blount  was  impeached  by  the  House  of 
Repmenuiives  on  the  7th  of  July  IJ97,  and  on  the  following 
day  was  [ormally  expelled  from  the  Senate  lor  "  having  been 
guilty  ol  high  misdemeanor,  entirely  inconsistent  with  his  public 
trust  and  duty  u  a  acnator,"  On  the  igih  of  January  1798 
arliclcs  of  Impeachment  were  adopted  by  the  House  of  Repre- 
»enla11»es.  On  Ihe  14th  ot  January  1709,  however,  the  Senate, 
silting  as  a  court  of  lmpeachmenl,dedded  that  il  had  no  jurisdt^ 
tion,  Blount  not  then  being  a  membet  of  the  Senate,  and.  In  the 
Senate's  opinion,  not  having  been,  even  as  a  member,  a  civil 
officer  tA  the  Uoiled  States,  within  the  meaning  of  the  con- 
atitution.  The  ca*e  Is  aignlficanl  as  being  the  first  case  of 
impeachment  brought  before  the  United  States  Senate.  "  In  > 
legal  point  of  view,  all  that  the  case  decides  b  that  a  senator  of 
the  United  States  who  has  been  eipellcd  from  his  seat  fa  not  after 
inch  eipulsion  lubjcci  to  Impeachment "  <Francii  Wharton,  SUM 
Trials).  In  eSec^  howevci.  it  also  decided  that  a  member  of 
Congress  waa  not  In  the  meaning  of  the  csnstitntlon  s  dvil  officer 
of  the  United  States  and  Iheicfoie  could  not  be  impeached. 
The  "consfrincy  "  was  disavowed  by  the  Driijih  government, 
which,  however,  leemB  to  have  lectetly  favoured  It.  Blount 
was  enlhusisatlolly  supported  by  his  constituents,  and  upon  his 

of  the  state  senate.    HcdiedatKnoivilleonthe  iiiEoIMarch 

fat  a  defence  oT  Bloont.  ■ 
tflluLift  iMd  Smica  if  Wil 

BLOntR,  a  word  (taken  from  the  French)  used  for  any  loosely 
fitting  bodice  belted  at  the  wiisL  In  France  it  meant  ori^naily 
the  hxiM  upper  gantieDt  of  bnen  or  cotton,  generally  blue,  worn 
by  French  workmen  to  preserve  their  clothing,  and,  by  tnns- 
terence,  the  workman  himself. 

BLOW,  JOHK  (1648-17081,  EngUsh  musical  compoMr,  wu 
bom  in  164S.  pnilHblyatNoribColIInghamin  Nottlnghanubiie. 
He  became  a  chorister  of  the  chapel  royal,  and  distinguisbed 
himself  by  his  proficiency  In  music;  be  compoKd  several 
anlhems  at  an  unusoalty  early  age,  including  Lord,  T)um  kasl 
itrtt  HT  rr/vfc;  Lirri,  rtbuie  mt  nof;  and  the  so-called  "  club 
■nihcm,"  /  via  ahrayi  tin  ilianti,  Ihe  last  in  coIUboiatlon  with 
Pelham  Humphrey  and  WiUiam  Turner,  either  in  honour  of  a 
victory  over  the  Dutch  in  1M5,  or — more  probably— simply  to ' 
commemomlf  Ihe  friendly  tntercoune  ol  the  three  choristen. 
To  this  time  also  belongs  the  competition  of  1  two-put  Kiting 


of  Bolkk'a  Cm,  M^' <"•%  "AUn  U  tbe  itqiuM  of  CklAt 
IL  to  imitate  CatiMini's  Oil*,  »  (M.  !■  i66«  Blow  becaa« 
orpnist  ol  Weatmlnstec  Abbey.  In  liu  be  wu  made  >  fcatlv 
nan  ol  the  chapel  t<QiaL  »mI  la  the  September  ol  thii  jrtai  ho 
was  manied  to  Eliabclh  BiAddo^  who  died  la  diBdbtrth  i^ 
years  Later.  Blow,  who  by  the  year  1678  wu  a  donor  of  masic. 
aas  named  in  16S5  on*  of  the  private  musidaiis  of  Jamea  II. 
Between  i6Ba  and  1&87  he  wiuia  the  only  stage  comporitioB  by 
him  ol  which  any  rtcord  nirvfves,  Ihe  i/ufae/sr  Ua  EMaltht- 
mt«l  tflit  King:  Vamt  ad  Adamii.  In  thb  Huy  Da«iei 
played  the  put  of  Venus,  and  ber  daughter  Igr  Choriei  XL,  lody 
MaliyTndot,  appeared  u  Cupid.  In  itS?  he  becuae  maatet  of 
the  cboirof  St  Paul's  chuicta;  la  169s  be  wu  elected  of^t^taf 
St  hlatgaiet's,  WeMmlnaler,  tadfamidtohavtmumeillilapou 
u  oipnisl  ol  Weatmlaiur  Abbey,  (nm  which  fn  1680  be  had 
telited  ST  been  disBhsed  to  make  way  ior  PundL  In  1609  he 
wu  appointed  to  the  aetriy  enated  peM  of  axopOMi  to  the 
cfaapd  ny«L  F^wrtaeB  services  and  more  thiD  >  buadr«d 
anihema  by  Blow  are  eitaat.  le  addjtloa  to  hli  porely  ecdeit- 
aitical  Diutic  Blow  wiole  Creel  tir.UtjvyafaOtur  teoru,  an  ode 
lor  New  Year's  day  1&81--1681;  simikr  compositions  for  i68)i 
1686,  1687,  168B,  1689, 1693  (?},  <«94  and  1700:  odea,  Ac,  lor 
the  celebration  ol  St  Cecilia"!   ----- 


inoljam 


1  It.  t' 


Dtfemdtr,  and  Cod  tfate  someiitiKi  in  riswHs;  some  harpaicbord 
pieces  for  the  second  part  of  Playford'a  Ifuwiff  BaidmaU 
(1689)1  EfuiliiimfarQuten  Uary  (1695);  Oit  n  Iki  Dtclk  »f 
PuntU  (1696).  In  170D  he  published  his  AmflHtn  AntlicKt,  a 
coUeciion  of  pieces  ol  music  lor  one,  Iwo,  three  and  four  voicei, 
with  *  Bgured-baas  acumpanimenL  A  famons  page  bi  Buraey's 
Hillary  0/  Uiaic  is  devoted  to  Blustrationi  ol  "  Dr  Blow'* 
Crudities,'^  most  ol  which  only  show  the  meritorious  U  Immature 
eBorti  in  eiprenon  characteristic  of  EngUsb  music  at  the  time, 
while  some  of  them  (where  Bnmcy  jays  "  Here  we  are  bat  ") 
nre  really  excellent  Blow  died  on  the  tH  ol  October  r7o8  at  hb 
house  in  Broad  Sanctuiiy,  and  wu  buried  in  the  nofth  aUe  of 
Wcttminsler  Abbey. 

BLOW-OUH,  a  weapon  eontbtint  of  a  long  tube,  Ifatnigh 
which,  by  blowing  with  the  mouth,  arrow*  or  other  missiles  can 
be  shot  accurately  to  a  conddenble  distance.  Blow-gnna  an 
tued  both  in  warefare  and  the  chase  by  the  South  American 
Indian  tribes  inhabiting  Ihe  region  between  the  Amaion  and 
Orinoco  rivers,  and  by  the  Dysis  of  Borneo.  In  the  iBlh  century 
they  were  also  known  to  certain  North  Ameiican  Indians, 
especinliy  the  Choctiwa  and  Cherokees  of  the  lower  Miaslssipid. 
Captain  Bossu,  in  his  Tratdi  Ibtufi  Ijuiiiana  (i7i6},  says  ol 
the  Cbocuws: "  They  are  very  eipeit  in  ihootlng  with  sn  instru- 
ment made  of  reeds  about  7  It-  long,  Into  which  they  put  a  little 
srrow  feathered  with  the  wool  of  the  thistle  (wild  cotton?)." 
The  blow-guns  of  the  South  American  Indians  dISer  in  style  and 
workmanship.  That  of  the  Manisis  of  Guiana,  called  fuaau,  it 
the  owst  perfect.  It  b  made  of  two  tubes,  the  inner  of  which, 
called  ttrik,  is  a  light  reed  1  in.  in  diameter  which  often  grow* 
to  a  length  of  i ;  f  t.  without  a  Joint.  This  is  eoctosed,  lor  protec- 
tion and  solidity.  In  an  outer  tube  of  a  variety  of  palm  llriartdla 
laiiaa).  The  mouth-piece  Ismadeof  adrcletofsiik-grui,  and 
the  farther  end  ts  feruled  with  a  kind  of  nut,  forming  a  sight.  A 
rear  open  ^ght  Is  formed  of  two  teeth  of  a  amall  rodent.  The 
length  of  the  fwww  Is  about  11  ft  and  Iti  weight  i)  lb.  The 
arrows,  wbich  are  from  11  to  18  la.  long  and  very  slender,  are 
made  of  ribs  of  the  cororite  palm-leaf.  They  arc  usually  feathered 
with  a  tuft  of  wild  cotton,  but  aome  have  in  place  of  the  cotton  a 
ihin  atrip  of  bark  curled  into  a  cone,  which,  when  the  shooter 
blows  Into  the  ptuiina,  expands  and  completely  fills  the  tube, 
thus  avoiding  windage.  Another  kind  of  arrow  is  fuioishod 
with  fibres  ol  bark  filed  along  the  shaft,  imparting  a  rotary 
motion  to  the  miaaile,  a  primitive  eiamide  of  Ihe  theory  ol  tlM 
rifle-  The  arrows  used  in  Peru  are  only  a  few  Inches  long  and  ■* 
thin  as  fine  knitting-needicL  AH  South  AmeriOA  Uow-^mi 
arrows  sre  steeped  In  poison.  The  natives  shoot  vsyaccaiately 
with  the  ^flfiMu  at  d^tancea  up  to  50  or  fio  pl^ 

The  blow.gun  ol  the  Borneo  Dyalu,  called  nm^Ben,  Ii  faom 


BLOwrrz— BLownPE 


89 


« i» T ft. It^iad MJe*!!!— a«d.  'ntbon.o(|ia.,i*nwde 
•kk  a  bof  peloMd  ficce  ot  inn.  At  Ihc  nauk  *  mmII  mm 
kuh  b  atiMd,  M  MTV*  ■*  ■  Bglit,  ai  well  H  >  ^nrbctd  ykr  a 
bvMM  and  bit  the  nine  pnnna.  The  ■mn  uvd  irlth  tte 
tmmfiimm  an  abcot  lo  ia.  loiif.  poinud  wiik  bk-ucth.  »Mi 
(eaikOfd  <ritk  pilh.    Tker  ice  ibo  envcDomcd  with  poiioiL 

Fntancd  amw*  an  aliD  owd  by  the  utina  d[  tbe  PhUippine 
filand  of  Mindanao,  wheat  blow-pipe*.  Iran  3  to  4  Ci.  h>n(  md 
aude  of  bavliaa,  art  ollea  richly  ornanemed  ud  even  jewdJed. 

The  pttodple  of  ihc  blow'gua  is,  of  cmuie,  Ihe  nmc  a*  Ihat 
o(  theconuDOD  "  pea-ihoour." 

See  Sft  wOijLdtmdC-t  ■■  Amrri€eM  Wttti  <uH  Waltn.  by 
A.  H.  Mayer,  lol.  iL  (EdinlniKh.  i8M)^  Ifai^wmn  in  Satilk 
AtKiia.  Sx:  by  Clurln  V/iunot,  (London,  iSiS);  Tit  tttod 
HuMlrri  rf  BvntH.  by  Cail  Bwk  (LuodDn.  lUi). 

BLOwnz,  Hnmi  aBORQEa  itspham  adolphi  he 

(iliS-tflCj).  An(l*Frendi  JoumaliJt,  ins  bom,  iccording  10  Ihe 
acciHini  civcn  in  hit  m«Doin,  al  hi>  (iLhct't  fhlisu  iDBDhrmia 
OR  the  iStliof  Decembec  iSty  At  Ihetgeof  filleen  belcll  hmne, 
and  liavelled  over  Europe  (or  lone  yon  in  company  wilh  a 
young  proIeiBt  o(  philolojy,  aiqairinj  a  Iboiwigh  knowledge 
of  French,  Oemuin  and  lialiin  and  a  miied  general  education. 
The  finance!  of  bb  family  becoming  stniiened,  young  fllowiu 
wu  on  Lhe  point  of  aiarling  to  seek  liis  fortune  in  America,  when 
he  became  acquainled  in  Pitli  with  M.  de  Ftlkui,  miniiter  of 
public  jmLntction,  who  appointed  him  pmfasoe  of  foreign 
LinguagB  il  the  Toan  Lycik.  whence,  after  tome  yean,  he  waa 
trmlerted  to  the  ManciUes  Lycte.  After  marrying  in  1854  be 
TOigned  hii  piofesonhip,  but  remained  at  MarHlIIa,  devoting 
hjnoelf  to  lileratuie  end  polilica.  In  |U(|  infonnatjoa  which  he 
supplied  10  a  ttgitlmtst  newapiper  al  Maneilica  with  regard  10 
the  candidature  of  M.  d<  Leueps  t»  depuly  for  that  dty  led  lo 
a  demand  lor  tul  elpuUioo  front  France.  Ma  was,  however, 
allowed  to  remain,  but  had  lo  retire  to  the  counliy.  In  187s  his 
prediction!  of  the  ippmiching  fall  of  the  Empin  caused  the 
demand  toi  hi<  eipulslon  to  be  renewed.  While  hit  case  was 
under  discussion  the  battle  of  Sedan  wis  fought,  and  Bbwili 
efleciualty  ingralialed  himself  with  ibe  aotboritiej  by  applying 
lor  nitanliiation  a*  a  French  subfect.  Once  nituraiiied,  he 
Munwd  to  MarKiOe*.  where  he  was  fortunately  able  to  render 
coioideratilt  service  to  Thiers,  who  lubsequenily  employed  him 
in  coHeding  inlormalion  at  Versailles,  *Tid  when  this  work  was 
fiobhed  oflered  him  the  French  consubhip  a(  Riga.  Blowiti  wa* 
OB  the  point  of  accepting  this  post  when  Laurence  Olipfaant, 
tlieo  Pvb  cwnspondent  of  Tkt  Timu,  for  which  Bloviti  had 
already  done  some  octuiona]  work,  ajked  lum  lo  net  11  his 
i^ulii  aanstanl  for  a  time,  Ficdcrick  Haidmtn,  the  other  Paris 
comepondent  of  TAe  Tints,  being  absent.  Btowitz  accepted 
theo9er,aad  when,  Uteron.Oliphanl  WIS  succeeded  by  Hirdman 
he  irma&ied  as  usistant  correspondent.  In  1871  Hardman  died, 
and  Bkiwiti  became  chief  Paris  correspondent  10  TM  Tina. 
In  thll  capadly  he  Boo  became  bmous  in  the  wottd  of  jounulism 
and  diplomacy.  In  l8;j  the  due  de  Dtcaiet,  then  French 
tateign  minislcr,  ihowtd  Blowitx  a  con6denlIaI  despatch  from 
the  French  ambasiador  in  Beclin  (in  which  Ihe  latter  warned  hti 
gDVemment  that  Germany  was  contcmplaliitg  au  attack  on 
Fraact),  and  tcquestcd  the  correspondent  to  eipose  Ihe  Getnin 
deiigDi  jn  Thi  Yima.  The  pubKcatioa  of  the  Iicts  elTectually 
arooied  Enropcan  public  opinion,  and  any  lucb  intention  was 
unmediitely  ^warled.  Bkiwitz's  most  Knsatiotud  joumalialic 
feat  waa  achieved  in  \&^&,  when  his  enterprise  enabfed  The 
Tima  lo  puUish  the  whole  teit  of  the  treaty  of  Berlin  at  the 
•clBil  Doment  that  the  treaty  was  being  signed  in  Germany. 
In  1877  and  agahi  in  188S  Blawiti  rendered  considerable  service 
to  the  French  government  by  his  exposure  of  internal  designs 
tHMD  the  Republic  He  died  on  the  r Sih  of  tanuaiy  1403, 
Mr  ifawnx.  by  fl.  S.  de  BlDwiii.  ku  publiihed  in  i»a^ 
BUWPIFK,  in  the  arts  and  chemistry,  a  tube  for  directing 
a  jet  of  ail  into  a  £re  01  into  the  Game  <4  a  lamp  or  gas  je 
tla  parpeie  of  producing  a  high  temperature  by  accelerating 
the  combustion.  The  blowpipe  has  been  In  common  ine  froi 
la  isr  icUeiing  mclali  and  woriilag  glua,  bi 


■laihad  (a  A.  F.  Cnialedt,  and  bM  10  AbIob  Swab,  aa  ha*  hen 
»ai«>ai«d  (see  J.  Landaiier,  Btr.  tS.  p.  808),  The  £ri  work 
«a  lUa  application  of  the  blowpipe  waa  t^  C.  v.  Eogestritai, 
and  was  publishid  in  1770  as  an  appendia  to  a  treaLisc  oa 
mineialDgy.  Its  application  has  been  variously  iatpcgvcd  at 
the  hands  of  T.  O.  Bergman,  J.  C.  Calin.  J.  J.  Bcixelius, 
C.  F.  Flatinec  and  oUmcs,  but  noce  especially  by  the  two  last* 
named  chemisU. 
The  limplcst  and  oldeat  fdnn  of  blowpipe  Is  a  conical  hnM 
'    length,  curved  at  the  email  end  into  a  right 


in  the  tube.    : 

bulb  Jb  the  cenln  of  hit  blowpipe.  Dr  Jovph  Blacfc-|  iMn- 
mcDt  ooDsitli  of  a  oonkal  tube  of  tin  pla(e,  with  a  amall  braN 
tube,  supporting  the  ■Qitlt,  imerled  ai        '        " 


The  ti 


support  Jt  givea  to  the  chccki 
bk>iring  I*  penditi,  aad . 
blast  ia  kept  up  by  the 


be  aeea  10  cmdit  of  (««i  pani — (a)adiepU        _       , 

(t>  a  dark  ooac  in  the  ccalrc,  <c)  a  luminoui  porlioa  Rund  tUi, 
and  (A  aa  oterioT  pale  Uiw  cnvdope  (lee  Fluo).  In  bloih 
p^  aoifc  only  t«o  el  dwK  tbiu  pan*  are  made  los  of,  vie 
lit!  palt  emtlopc,  for  mldatiim.  and  the  luBnaout  portion,  foe 
leductloB.  ToafalainBgDodMMwkvjbiUithehlm^ptialieU 
with  in  KDide  tanned  la  the  edge  of  the  tame  dna  ovei  the 
level  of'thawidiiand  bknmlalafEnllyandcvealy.  A  conical 
jet  b  thna  pmhiad,  ooa£Ming  of  la  iaair  Cone,  with  aa  oulcr 
one  camaaeiiciHg  aear  itt  ^lUEr-thi  fonner,  (atievoBdiag  M 
Ii)  in  (he  hta  OatM.bhia  aad  veil  detaid;  the  btltr  earn- 
spondiag  M  Ifi,  pale  Una  aad  vagni.  The  heat  b  iiaaKtl  Just 
beyvnd  the  p^  of  tha  faner  eoae,  eombnitina  bc&ig  thera 
mnt  conplele.  Oildatiai  b  better  (fleeted  Of  a  Rrr  Uafa 
teopentve  be  not  taqulRd)  the  ttttber  the 
Ihc  apa  of  Ihc  inner  cone,  lor  the  air  baa  (hu 
obtain  a  foed  nriwiigjfaiac  (fai  which  the  co 
very  hat,  iMit  not  yet  bained,  is  diyoaed  to 
any  ccanpound  containing  it),  the  noide,  oith  » 
ibauid  fust  (ouch  the  fiaine  at  a  point  Ugher  above  the  w 
and  a  fDmewhat  weaker  cumnt  of  all  should  ha  blown.  Tha 
flame  then  appear*  a>  >  long,  narrow,  luminiKi*  cone,  the  end 
being  enveloped  by  a  dimly  vUibJe  portion  of  flame  coRetpond* 
ing  to  that  which  surmndi  the  free  flaaa,  while  thttt  b  also  a 
dark  nudeni  abovl  Ihe  wick.  The  aubeiance  to  be  reduced  ia 
bmoght  into  the  hmiiaoai  portion,  whae  the  redtxing  point 

Various  matcriah  aie  nied  M  m>porU  (at  lubstancee  In  tlw 
biowinpe  flame;  the  principal  are  ibanual,  platinuBi  and  ^asa 
or  porcriaia.  Ciarceal  is  valaaUa  tor  its  inlualiilitr  mM  kiw 
oooduclivity  (or  heat  (allowing  Bibitaseti  lo  be  nmgly  hated 
upon  It),  and  tor  its  powerful  redudng  praperttes;  so  Ihat  il  b 
thiefly  employed  In  tcsibig  the  faiibilily  of  minetab  and  ia 
reduction.  Tlie  best  kind  ot  diarcoal  b  that  irf  cldee.gialaed 
pine  or  akler;  It  Is  cut  In  ihort  prisns,  having  a  flat  smooth 
surface  at  right  angles  to  the  rings  of  growth.  In  this  a  shallow 
hole  is  made  for  receiving  the  sobslaDCe  to  be  held  in  the  flame. 
Gae^carboa  is  fonietimea  used,  since  it  is  mote  permanent  in 
the  flame  than  wood  chiicoiL  Pltlitaat  h  employtd  in  o>j> 
diiing  pcocesset,  and  in  the  fusion  of  aubatancea  with  lu«>; 
alio  Id  Dbaerving  the  cokiurlng  eflect  o(  subiiaacs  on  the  bb*. 
pipe  flame  (wUeh  eflect  Is  apt  to  be  sameabat  maihed  by  char- 
coal]. Most  comnHHily  it  b  used  hi  the  fbnn  «(  srin,  with  a 
■mall  bead  or  loop  il  the  end. 


90 


BLUCHER— BLXm 


Tht  moulb  blowpfp*  li  ■muitmlilf  for  lh«  pnduriiDB  of  ■ 
Uifc  bme.  and  cinnal  be  uicd  tor  loy  lengthy  Dprntioiu; 
beau  rcoHJrK  mutt  be  mule  to  ^ypo  Jn  which  ihe  air-btui 
k  occukmnl  by  nwchiniul  meiiu.  The  Ubonloiy  'ana  in 
oomnxin  luc  nmiull  of  i  bdlowi  Hoiked  by  titber  bud  or 
fool,  ind  A  tpecial  lype  a(  gu  buinei  [ormed  ol  two  conctntric 
tuba,  one  conveying  the  bUui.  the  olhei  tbe  gu:  the  lupply 
of  (il  uid  gu  being  leguliled  by  iiopcocki.  The  lial  UttI  Hut- 
fift  of  T.  Fletcher.  In  which  the  bUw  'a  heued  by  puiing 
thnnigb  >  copper  coil  healed  by  >  icpuile  burner,  ii  onJy  oI 
■ervice  when  a  poinied  Aimc  of  i  Iiiily  high  lempcntuce  ii 
required,  Bkiwpipa  in  which  oxygen  li  uied  u  Ibe  blul 
hive  been  nuufuiured  by  fletcher,  Ruuell  A  Co.,  and  have 
proved  of  gnal  Krvke  in  conducting  fuiioni  which  requin  a 
ItBipcnlure  above  >hai  yielded  by  the  aii-btowpipe. 

Fof  tbe  ipplniiofu  at  the  blowpipe  <■  chemical  aailyili  lec 
Citvtmmr-  AmUylu^' 

BLOCHIR,  OUHAKD  LDSXICHT  VOH  (lT4>-iSl9l. 
Fnnaian  general  field  "n'^^'V  prince  of  WahJaladl  in  Sileiia, 
*u  bora  at  Xottock  on  ihe  lAth  of  Dtcembci  1741.  In  bii 
fourteenth  year  he  entered  the  lervicv  of  Sweden,  and  in  the 
PomeranLan  campaign  of  1760  he  was  taken  priioner  by  the 
PniBiani.     He  mu  penuaded  by 


He  la 


Tiint 


u  Sever 


■'  War,  t,nd  M  a  huuar  officer  gained  much  eipci 
light  cavalry  wtk.  In  peace,  however,  hiiardentapirilledbim 
into  ejtccuci  of  all  kin<b,  and  being  piaaed  over  for  promotion 
be  lent  In  biamignaiion,  10  whkh  Frederick  replied,  "  Captain 
BlUcber  can  lake  MnKlf  10  the  devil  "  (i;;j).  He  now  Killed 
down  to  (arming,  and  in  fifteen  yean  be  had  acquired  an  faononr- 
able  Independence,  But  he  wu  unable  to  reiura  to  tbe  amy  until 
after  the  death  of  FRderIck  the  Great.  He  ou  tbea  reinttaird 
aa  nujor  In  hii  old  reginenl,  the  Ited  Huiura.  He  look  part 
in  the  etpedltion  to  Holland  in  1787,  and  io  the  loUowing  year 
became  lieuicnani-coloncl.  to  17S4  he  rKclved  the  order  four 
U  M<riie.  and  ia  1741  he  bcame  odIomI  of  the  Red  Hunan,  la 
1773  and  '79*  he  diitiagutibed  himaelf  in  cavalry  actiou  againu 

Bkajor-generaL     In  iBot  he  was  promoted  beutcnant-gnicnL 

He  wai  one  of  the  leader)  irf  the  war  party  in  PraBta  in 
i3as-i8od,  and  lerved  a>  a  cavalry  fenenl  in  tbe  disaitnni 
campaign  s(  the  Utter  year.  At  Auentgdi  Bluchei  rcpeaudly 
charged  at  the  bead  ol  the  pTTuilan  eavalrr.  but  withoal  mcean. 
In  Lbe  retreat  of  the  broken  annieaheKimrnandcd  the  Raiguanl 
of  Prince  Hobcnlohe'a  cotpa,  and  upon  Ihe  capitulation  oi  the 
main  body  of  Prenitau  he  cuiicd  off  a  nmnint  of  the  Ptutlan 
army  10  the  nortbward.  and  in  the  oeighbouibood  of  LUbeck 
be  fought  n  lerici  at  combiLi,  which,  however,  ended  in  hit 
being  lorced  to  lurmder  ai  fUlkiu  {November  7,  tSo6).  Hii 
advenarjei  teitilied  In  hli  capilutaiion  that  it  «u  earned  by 

tor  General  Victor,  and  vai  actively  employed  in  Fomeraiua, 

■t  Berlin,  and  at  KSnIgiberg  until  the  cooduaion  of  the  war. 

Alter  the  war.  BUcher  wu  hioked  upon  aa  the  natural  leader 

of  the  patriot  party,  with  Hhich  he  wu  in  cloie  touch  during 

the  period  of  Napoleonic  domination.    Hit  bopca  of  an  alliance 

with  Auiria  In  Ihe  war  of  i8oq 

year  be  waa  made  general  of  cavalry.     In  181 

himaclf  to  openly  on  tbe  alliance  of  Ruuia  with  France  that  be 

■la  recalkd  from  hli  military  govcinaiibv  of  Pomarania  and 

virtually  binitbed  from  tbe  court. 

Wbcn  at  lut  Ihe  Napoleonic  dombtallon  *•>  ended  by  tlie 
oMbnak  o<  lbe  War  of  Liberation  In  ■■ij,  BIDdMr  ol  count 
waa  al  once  placed  In  high  coounand.  and  be  wtt  pfoe&t  at 
Leiien  and  BautieiL    During  tbe  armliiice  he  worked  at  the 


cE  of  the  Anny  ol 
SUoia,  wllb  GneiMnau  aitd  MOSing  aa  hit  piiacipal  lUfi  oKcert, 
and  40,000  Pnnriani  aad  50400  Runtana  urxler  hii  control. 
The  MIUBB  campaign  s(  iStJ  will  he  found  deacribed  in  tbe 
■nide  NaiOLBomc  CamiiCHa,  and  ii  will  here  be  tufficient 


iLhen 


lehenu 


iakand 


deleaied  Manhal  tlacdonald  at  the  Kaufcach.  and  by  hi>  victory 
over  Mannont  at  MAckcmlcd  tbewaytothadeciaive  Bvenhtow 
ol  Napoleon  at  Leipag.  whicb  place  waa  lUmncd  by  BlUchcr'i 
own  army  on  the  evening  a<  the  (aat  day  of  the  battle.  Ob- tbe 
day  o[  Uockem  (October  ifi,  igijl  BlUchtr  wai  made  a  gCMial 
field  manhal.  and  alter  Ihe  victory  be  punued  the  muled  Fnnch 
with  hii  accuttomed  energy.  In  the  winter  of  iii]-iBi4 
BlilcheT,  with  hit  chief  tull  aflicen,  waa  mainly  Irairumcntal 
in  inducing  the  allied  lovercigni  to  carry  the  war  into  France 
iiMlI.  The  combat  o[  Brienne  and  tbe  battle  ol  La  Roihijre 
were  the  chief  inddcnti  uf  the  fint  *tage  of  the  ctlebialed 
campaign  of  1814,  and  they  were  quickly  fallowed  by  the  vicuna 
ol  Napoleon  over  BlUcher  at  Chaapaubcre.  Vauachunpi  and 
MontmiraiL  But  the  courage  of  tbe  PiuuUn  leader  wai  un- 
diminished, and  hii  great  victory  ol  Laon  (March  a  to  is) 
practically  decided  the  fate  of  the  campaign.  After  (his  Blilcher 
infused  tame  of  his  own  energy  into  the  operations  ol  Prince 
Schwarunberg'i  Army  of  Bohemia,  and  at  last  thia  army  and 
the  Army  of  Sileaia  marched  in  one  body  direct  upon  Paiia. 
T^viclaryof Monltatrtrclbeentryeltheitliesinto  tbe  FrcDcli 
capiial.  and  ihe  overthrow  ol  tbe  First  Empire  were  the  direct 
contequcncea.  Bludierwssdiipoiedtomake  1  severe  retaliaiioa 
upoa  Pari)  for  the  cilamitiea  that  Prussia  had  suflered  from 
the  annici  of  France  had  not  the  allied  commanden  intervened 
to  prevent  it.  Blowing  up  the  bridge  ol  Jena  was  said  to  be  one 
of  his  contemplated  acta.  On  the  jrd  of  June  1S14  he  waa  made 
prince  ol  Wahlstadt  (in  Silesia  on  Ihe  Kalihach  hilUefiekl), 
and  soon  alierwards  he  paid  a  visit  to  England,  bein(  leceived 
everywhere  with  the  grealeat  cnthuaiatnt. 

Alier  the  peace  he  reiirsd  to  Silnia,  hut  Ihe  renin  of  Napolcoa 

soon  called  him  to  further  service.    He  wai  put  in  command  of 

the  Army  ol  the  Lower  Rhine  wllti  General  GneiienaD  ai  hii 

chief  of  itaQ  (see  VVaTcauKi  CahpiUOi}.     In  the  campaign  of 

181 S  the  Prutsiao*  MUtaiDad  a  very  severe  defeal  at  the  ouuet 

at  Ligoy  {June  16),  in  ibe  oune  of  which  the  old  field  manhal 

wu  ridden  over  by  cavalry  cbaigcs,  hit  bfe  being  saved  oidy 

by  tbe  devotion  of  his  aide-dc-cuop,  Couni  Nosiiu.     He  wu 

umc  command  for  some  houn,  and  Gneisenau  drew 

led  array,     Tbe  trlationi  ol  the  Pnusian  and  the 

quartern  were  at  this  Umc  very  complicated,  and  it 

whether  BlUcber  binnrll  wu  lEspousible  for  the 

ition  to  march  id  WcUingtoa't  assistance.     This 

gne,  and  alter  an  incredibly  severe  march  BlOchci'l 

ned  with  decisive  and  ciushlng  ellect  in  ihe  bulk 

of  Waterloo,     The  great  victory  was  converted  into  a  sqcces) 

'  nlutcly  decisive  of  tbe  war  by  the  relentless  pursuit  ol  ihc 

uisians.  and  the  allies  re-eolend  Paris  on  tbe  7th  of  July. 

in«  BlUther  remained  in  the  French  capital  for  tame  numbs, 

t  bis  age  and  in£rmitici  compelled  him  to  retire  10  his  Sileuan 

idenceat  Krieblowiu,  where  be  died  on  lbe  nth  of  September 

[9,  aged  teveniy-tcven.     He  cfuined  to  tbe  end  of  his  life 

It  wildoest  of  character  and  pnmenett  to  cxceaao  which  had 

caused  his  dismissal  from  the  anny  In  bit  youth,  bul  however 

tbey  msy  be  regarded,  Ihne  laulu  sprang  always  Irom  lbe  ardent 

,nd  vivid  temperament  which  made  BlUcher  a  dashing  leader  ol 

Bnc.     The  qualities  which  made  him  a  great  general  were  hia 

Htriolism  and  the  hatred  of  French  domination  which  implied 

very  success  of  the  War  of  Uberalioo.     He  wu  twice  married, 

ind  had.  by  his  first  marriage,  two  sonsand  a  daughter.    Statuca 

reie  erected  to  his  memory  al  Berlin,  Brcslau  and  RostocL 

of  Prince  BtDeher,  that  \>y  Varnhigen  n 


Efise  (i. 


L  (.fill 


Coll  aid  Rjbt 


lS05)anil 
RibbcmrD 


h-'.TW. 


{Cnmftt-*  ./•" 


BLUEBEARD— BLUFF 


"  mic  blue "  mttot  originiilly  t  tuundi  PmbyUriin,  ibe 
Cmrcunura  luvinc  ujopied  blue  u  their  colour  u  appowd  to 
Rd,  the  rofal  colouri  similarly,  in  the  navy,  then  nt  in  ilw 
iSib  CBilury  ■  "  Blue  Squadroo,"  Mttus  being  el  unt  lime 
"  Rear-Admin]  ol  the  Blue  "-,  igain,  in  i6()o,  Ibe  RayjiJ  Hone 
Cuudi  Here  oiled  the  "Bluci"  irom  their  blue  unilormi,  or, 
baa  iVii  leader,  the  cad  o(  Odord,  the  "  Oxford  Ejluci  "; 
aho,  Erom  the  blue  ribbon  worn  by  the  knights  of  the  Carter 
ODEDei  the  uae  ol  the  phrue  u  the  Jufhest  mark  ol  diitinclion 

o(  ibe  Derby.  Tbe"  blue  Pelzr  "iiarKUnguULr  blue  Sal.  with 
a  while  aipiarc  in  the  centre,  hoisted  ai  the  (op  of  ihe  loieDiast 
u  a  ligaal  thai  a  verael  it  about  to  leave  poii.  Al  Oiford  and 
Cambridge  a  men  who  n^menu  hia  tmivertiiy  in  certain 
llKlctic  ipotta  b  caUed  a  "  blue  "  froot  the  "  coloun  "  he  ii 
then  entitled  Is  wear,  dark  blue  lot  Oilord  and  lighl  blue  lor 


BLUEBEABD,  tbe  moo: 


d[  Charlei  Pcrrault'a  I 


bcr  ditobedience 

hetdiio 

very  ol 

a  gmeaomi 

tiiMly  rescue  fro 

m  death-are  lo 

be  loond  io 

storiea.  none  «I 

which, 

has  aitaine. 

Bluthiaii.    A  d 

leiisti 

n  an  EithoB 

huihaiKl  -ho  had 

tlr^'y 

.Uedcle 

Irom  killing  the 

welllh.  oho  had 

ndothe 

k1.     In  "Tbe 

d  CrimjB'l  HswiKlrtVii, 

hrccaii 

<nai«tbe)»i 

being  reaeiad  b 

bei  broihen. 

Bluebeard,  i 

re'I'J.S,  ^rby  a 
"  Tbe  Feather  Bird  " 
re  tbe  yktims,  the  third 
'  ihMigh  Permult 
<wei  noi  state  me  number  ol  hit  cricncs,  ii  gFnerally  oediicd 
with  the  murder  at  leven  oivei.  Kit  history  belongi  to  the 
commoB  stock  ol  folklore,  and  has  even  been  Ingeoiouly  fined 
with  a  mythical  inteipiciation.  In  France  the  Bluebeard  legend 
has  its  local  habitation  in  Brittany,  but  whether  the  existing 
traditions  connecting  him  with  Cilles  de  Rais  (f.i.)  or  Comotre 
ihe  Cursed,  a  Breton  chiel  ol  the  (ilh  century,  were  anterior 
to  Pemull'l  lime,  wc  have  no  means  ol  determining.  The 
identibcaiioD  of  Bluebeard  with  Cilia  de  lUis,  the  Mie  ^Hirr- 
■^orian  of  Micbclel'i  lorcihlt  language,  peubts  locally  in  the 
Dcighbouibood  ol  the  various  casilei  ^  the  baron,  e^Mcially  at 
Hachecoulaod  TiHauges.  ihe  chiel  scenes  ol  his  infamous  crimes. 
Gillci  de  Rais.  however,  had  only  one  wife,  who  survived  him, 
and  his  victims  were  in  the  majority  ol  cases  young  boyl.  The 
(raditioiul  conneiion  may  arise  simply  from  the  not  improbable 
association  of  two  monstrous  tales.  The  less  widespread  identi- 
fication of  Bluebeard  with  Comorrc  is  supported  by  a  series  ol 
irescon  dating  only  a  lew  years  bttr  than  the  publication  ol 
Perngll'i  story.  In  a  chapel  at  St  Nicolas  de  Bieuiy  dedititrd 
to  St  Tryphine.  in  which  Ibe  ute  of  Bluebeard  It  depicted  u 
the  slory  of  the  saint,  who  in  history  was  the  wife  ol  Comorre. 
CoRiorre  or  Conomor  had  his  .original  headquarters  at  Carhali. 
is  FinistJre.  He  extended  his  authority  by  marriage  with  the 
widow  of  lona.  chiel  of  Domnonfa,  and  attempted  the  life  ol 
his  stepson  JudwaJ.  who  fled  to  the  Frankiih  court.  About  j^j 
oc  M^  be  obulncd  in  marriage,  through  the  imercetsion  of 
St  Cildas.  Tryphitit.  daughter  of  Weroc,  count  ol  Vinnrs.     Tbe 


his  a 


I   In    the 
.k  Bight,  bi 


enlly 


■hmtenrd  Tryphi 
ber  biding  in  a  wood, 
left  her  lor  dead.  She  was  tended  and  miorcd  to  hcalih  by 
St  Cihhs.  and  alter  the  birth  ol  her  ion  iclirrd  to  ■  convent  of 
her  own  foundation.  Eventually  Comatre  was  defeated  and 
slain  by  Judwal.  In  legend  St  Tryphine  was  decapitated  and 
Biracuhiusly  restored  to  life  by  Cildas.  Alain  Bouchard  (Craiufri 
in»i«ui.  Nantes.  isjO  asserts  that  Comorre  had  already  put 
several  wivci  to  death  before  he  married  Tiyphine     la  the 


Ugevfu  Jrtfmiw  ot  Ibe  GooBt  tTAmonO  tk(  cbtadi  le(tB4 
bccoiBel  I  charming  fairy  talc. 

^  alio  E.  A.  Vlietellr.  K-tbarJ  (iqoi);  C  Sidney  Hariland, 
"The  Furbidden  Chamber."  in  FtJkln-r.  vol.  iil.  |iM])l  and  Ihe 
ediiions  of  Ibe  CeUM  d  Chartei  Pemudi  (f.*.).  Cf.  A.  France, 
111  Stpt  Ftmmn  it  Bari€  Sim  (ijot). 

BUI8-B00K.  Ibe  genenl  name  given  to  the  reparu  and 
olbcr  ducuments  pdnled  by  order  of  the  parliament  ol  the 
United  Kingdom,  lo  called  firun  their  being  usually  covered 
with  blue  paper,  though  some  arc  bound  in  dnb  and  others  have 
while  oaverv  The  printing  el  its  proceedings  was  fitit  adopted 
by  the  Hook  of  Comnoni  in  lASi.  and  in  iSjG  was  commenced 
the  practice  of  selling  parliamentary  papen  to  the  pohh'c.  All 
proeecdings  Id  both 


:h  day  d< 


g  these 


elude  Ibe  various  papers 
departmenta,  Ihe  reports  of  eommiitect 
inquiry,  public  hills,  as  well  as  returns, 
correspondence,  &c..  ipetiaMy  ordered  lo  V  printed  by  cither 
house.  The  papers  of  each  session  are  so  arranged  st  to  admit 
of  being  bound  up  in  regular  order,  and  are  weU  indexed.  The 
terms  upon  which  Uue.boc^  single  papen,  Ac,  are  iasued 
to  the  genera]  public  are  one  halfpenny  per  sheet  ol  lour  pages, 
but  for  an  annual  subtcription  of  £»  all  the  parliamentary 
publicatians  of  Ihe  year  may  be  obtained;  bat  lubscriptfona  an 
be  arranged  so  Ihal  almost  any  particular  claM  of  pubNcilion 
can  be  obtained- lor  example,  the  daily  votes  and  proeecdings 
can  be  obuined  lor  in  annual  subscription  of  £],  the  House 
of  Lords  papers  lor  fro,  or  the  House  ol  Commons  pa[)ers  lor 
£i  i.    Any  publication  can  also  be  purchased  separately. 

Mast  foreign  couniriei  have  a  distinctive  oolour  lor  the  bindtng 
of  their  official  publicalioDS.  That  of  the  United  Suta  varies, 
but  foreign  diplomatic  coiresixindenec  ii  bound  In  red.  The 
Unitod  Slata  gSTcmmenl  pubHcaiioiis  are  not  noly  on  sale  [u  ■ 
nilcl  but  are  widely  supplied  gntb,  wiih  the  Rsnll  that  Imponani 
publicstioiutKingetoutof  print,  and  it  it  difficult  to  obtain  ac- 
cess to  many  valuable  reports  ot  other  infomaiioa,  except  at  a 
public  library,  German  ofiicialpublicatioBt  art  bound  in  white; 
Fiencb.  in  yellow;  Austrian,  in  red ;  Portuguese,  b  white;  Italian, 
in  green;  Spanish,  in  red;  Mexicsn.  in  greeni  Japuieae,  ic  frey; 
Chinese,  in  yellow. 

BLUESroCXIHO,  a  derisive  name  lot  *  Ulcniy  mnuiL 
The  tern  originated  in  or  about  ijjo,  when  Un  Eliiabelh 
Montagu  (;>-)  made  a  delermlDcd  eSon  to  fntraduce  Into 
sociely  a  bcallhier  and  more  iniel 

asieinblics  si  which  literary  converaa  .  . 

to  take  tbe  place  ol  catdi  and  gossip.  Moil  of  tboie  attending 
were  cootpjcuous  by  tbe  pbunness  ol  their  dres*,  and  a  Mr 
Benjamio  Slillingfleet  specially  caused  comment  by  alwayi 
wearing  blue  or  worsted  stockinga  instead  of  the  usual  black 
silk.  It  was  in  special  reference  ta  him  that  Mn  Montaga'l 
friends  were  called  the  Bluestocking  Society  a  Club,  and  the 
women  Irequcnling  hei  bouac  is  HiU  Sirecl  came  lo  be  known 
as  the  " Blncslocking  Ladies"  or  simply  "bluestockings."  At 
an  allenutive  ciplaoation.  the  oiigia  ol  the  name  is  allribuled 
to  Mn  Montagu's  deliberate  adoption  el  blue  slockingi  (in 
which  fashion  ^  was  fellawed  by  al]  ber  women  friends)  as 
Ihe  badge  ol  the  secicly  she  wished  to  lonn.  Sbc  is  said  to  have 
obuined  the  idea  from  Paris,  where  in  the  ITIb  ceolury  there 
was  a  revival  of  a  social  leunion  In  i  jfio  en  tlie  lines  of  that 
formed  in  1400  al  Venice.  Ihe  ladies  and  men  ol  which  wore 

Ihe  Little  Parliament,  in  allusion  to  tbe  pniitankally 


'.  by  holding 


BLUFP  (a  1 


poiubly  conneeted  with 
an  opseicie  Dutch  woid.  blaf,  brand),  an  adjective  used  of  a 
ship,  meaning  broad  and  nearly  vertical  in  (he  bows:  similarly, 
of  a  difi  or  >norc.  presenting  a  bold  and  neariy  perpendicular 
franl;  of  a  person,  good.nalurtd  and  fnok,  with  a  leugb  or 
abrupt  manner,  Anoihtr  word  "blu9,"  perhaps  connected 
with  German  Ktbtufrt,  to  baffle,  meant  originally  a  horse's 
blinker,  the  conetpoBdioi  verb  OMWung  to  bUadlold;  it  nuviva 


BLUM— BLUNT,  J.  J. 


9» 

m  t»  MCb  tUM*  M  ft ..    - 

to  bcl  heavily  on  a  hand  »  u  lo  mite  >n  ^poocnt  bdwvc 
to  be  lUonicr  ihin  it  ii;  bescc  iiub  ptii««a  U  "  tbs  gUM  a( 
bluH,""«poliiyorblua." 

BLUM.  ROBERT  FREDBRICK  (i8;;-i«0]),  AmcHoiTi  aniil, 
«u  bora  in  Cindniuti,  Ohio,  on  the  gih  ol  July  iSj;,  He  wm 
employed  lor  ■  time  in  m.  litbognpkic  ihop,  and  studied  at  the 
McMicken  An  School  o[  Deugn  in  Ciaciiiniill,  and  11  the  Penn- 
lylvanii  Academy  ot  Fine  ArU  in  Pbiladelpbii,  bvt  be  wu 
pncllcally  lelf-uught,  and  early  dnwed  great  and  otiglnal 
talent.  He  Kttled  in  Nev  York  In  iS;q.  and  hU  Gnl  publittied 
ikelchti— of  JapaneK  JuMlcn-appeand  in  .51  KkMat.  HIi 
moil  impoitani  woik  it  a  large  frieze  in  the  Mendeluobn  Muse 
Mall,  New  York, "  Muiic  and  the  Dance"  (1S9;).  Hit  pen-and- 
ink  voik  to[  the  Cciifiiry  tnaguine  iitnctcd  vide  allenlioa,  at 
did  hii  illuBltatioiu  for  Sic  Edwin  Arnotd'a  Jaftnic*.  In  the 
countiy  and  ait  at  Japan  he  had  been  inleretted  for  many  yean. 
•'  A  Daughlei  il  Japan,"  dntwn  by  Blum  and  W.  J,  Baer,  was 
the  cover  of  Strilmir't  ilatatine  tot  May  iSq],  and  waa  one  o( 
the  eailiesl  piece*  of  colnur-piiniing  fat  an  American  magvine. 
Id  ^cntacr'i  lor  tSgi  appealed  alw  bit  "  Atliii'i  Lctlen  from 
Japan."  He  was  an  adminr  of  Foriuny,  whoM  method!  aome- 
vhat  influeiKed  Ui  work.  Blum's  Venetian  pidutei,  auch  at 
"A  Bright  Day  at  Venice"  daSi),  had  Uvely  chttm  and 
beauty.  He  died  on  the  Sth  of  June  1901  in  Ne«  York  Cily. 
He  wai  a  mcmbcl  of  the  Nalionai  Academy  of  Dnign,  being 
elected  alter  hia  cibibitioa  in  i9gi  of  "The  Amcya  ";  and 
«*  president  ol  the  hinten  in'PulcL  Although  an  excellent 
draugbianuui  and  elcbet,  it  wai  ai  >  colouriit  llul  be  cbxBy 
eaceUed. 

BLOHENBACH.  JOUAIIM  FUIDRICH  (1751-1M0),  Gennan 
phyiiologiat  and  antbropologisi,  waa  bom  at  Goihaoa  the  tith 
of  May  I7JI.  Allei  atudying  medicine  at  Jena,  he  gtiduiled 
doctor  at  GiJttiiigen  in  1775,  and  waa  appointed  extraordinary 
piolnaDr  of  medirine  in  1776  and  oidinaiy  profcsior  10  1778. 
He  died  at  CotiinEea  on  the  imd  of  January  1S40.  He  was 
<be  author  of  /lulilnlieno  Pkyihltpcl  (17B7).  and  of  a  Hand- 
tmk  da  n,i)eiik€tukH  AnaUmU  (1804),  both  oi  which  were 
veiy  popular  and  went  through  many  ediilona,  but  he  li  bat 
known  lot  hie  work  in  conoeiion  with  anthropology,  of  which 
icitnce  he  hu  been  justly  oiled  the  founder.  He  was  the  first 
to  show  the  value  ol  comparative  analoffiy  In  the  study  ol  man's 
history,  and  his  craniometrical  reseatche!  Juatlfied  his  division 
of  the  humao  race  into  leveral  great  varietiea  or  lamiiica,  of 
which  he  enumerated  £ve — the  Caucasian  or  white  nee,  the 
Mongolian  «  yellow,  the  Malayan  or  brown  nee,  the  Negro  or 
black  race,  and  the  American  or  red  race.  ThitclaBUication  hu 
been  very  generally  received,  and  most  later  ichemei  have  been 
modiScaliona  of  it.  His  most  important  anthropdogical  work 
waa  bi>  description  ol  sixty  human  crania  published  origlnilly 
in/ajocijiuodec  thf  liik  Calkiiimii  inm  craniiirum  iiatrierKm 
pmlium  UluUralai  deaiUi  IGailingcn,  1 70O'iSiS]. 

BLUMEKTHAL,  LEOHHARD,  Count  voh  (rSi^iQoo), 
Prussian  field  manhal,  ton  of  Captain  Ludwig  von  Blumenthal 
(killed  in  iSij  at  the  battle  of  Dennewiti),  was  bom  at  Schwedt- 
on^Dder  on  the  joth  ol  July  iSia  Educated  al  (he  tnilitaiy 
tchoola  of  Culm  and  Berlin,  he  entered  the  Guards  aa  ind  lleti- 
Icnanl  in  1S17.  Alter  aeeving  In  tbe  Rhine  provincei,  he  Joined 
the  topogra^ical  division  of  the  general  staff  in  1B46.  As 
lieutenant  of  the  jistfoot  he  took  pan  in  iB481n  the  luppreuton 
ol  the  Bcriin  riota,  and- in  1A49  waa  promoted  capuln  on  the 
gemal  aiafl.  The  same  year  he  lerved  od  the  iiafl  of  General 
von  Bontn  in  the  Schleiwig-HoUtein  campaign, and  to  dlsliR- 
(uiihcd  himHil,  particularly  at  FredeHcia,  that  he  vras  appointed 

was  general  staff  ofecer  ol  the  uwhile  division  under  von  Tielten 
io  Hcasc-CasaeL  He  waa  sent  on  a  misaion  to  England  in  that 
year  (41b  ciaas  of  Red  Eagle),  and  on  aeveral  lobsequetit  occa- 
lions.  Having  attained  the  rank  of  lienteunl-tolanel,  he  wu 
appointed  penooal  adjuUnt  to  fhnnce  Frederick  Charica  in  ig;o. 
Ill  lUo  he  became  colonel  of  the  jiat,  and  later  of  the  7iat, 
ntinicnt.     He  waa  chitf  ol  the  auB  ol  tb«  III.  army  corpe  when. 


on  the  outbreak  of  tbe  Daidib  War  of  1864,  he  wu  oomfatted 
chief  of  the  general  stall  ol  the  army  against  Denmark,  and 
displayed  ao  much  ability,  partieuUrly  at  Dtlppel  and  the 
passage  to  Alsen  Island,  that  be  was  promoled  raajor-genei*] 
and  given  the  order  fimr  It  miriu.  In  the  war  of  i&M  Blumen- 
thal occupied  the  post  oTchiel  of  the  general  atalTio  the  crows 
prince  of  Prussia,  commanding  the  >nd  army.  It  wis  upon 
this  army  that  the  bniot  of  the  fighting  fell,  and  it  Kfiniggrku 
It  decided  the  fortunes  ol  the  day.     "' 


spieuoui.     On  the 
Us  chief  of  staff,  ' 

general  and  the  oak- 
'  a  knight  ol  Ih 
nminded  the  1 


Geld  of  KIMiig; 


Mign  generally  w 


ie  QTTWn  prince  laid  Ii 


»hom  I  owe  the  conduc 
of  the  order  pffsr  ^c 


al  DUaseldorf.     In  the  Franco- 
CenniB  War  ol  1S70-71  he  was  chief  of  stalT  of  the  jnl  army 

preceding  the  battle  of  Sedan,  and  his  services  in  the  war  have 
been  considered  as  scarcely  Iras  valuable  and  Inlportanl  than 
ihme  of  Molike  himself.  In  1871  Blumenthal  reprcsenled 
Gennany  at  the  BrilishmanceuvTesat  Chohham,and  waagivefi 
the  command  of  the  IV.  army  corps  at  Magdeburg.  In  1873  he 
became  a  general  of  infantry,  and  ten  yean  later  he  waa  made  1 
count.  In  18U  he  was  made  a  general  field  marshal,  after  which 
he  was  in  command  ol  the  4th  and  jrd  atmy  In^ieciiona.  He 
retired  in  litfi,  and  died  at  Quellendorl  near  KSIl^  on  the  >itt 

Blueienthal'i  dJaiY  of  l8fi<  and  1170-1171  has  been  edited  by 
hiiiun.  Count  Alhctcht  von  Blumenlhil  (rarrtut*  ia  G.F.U.  m 
mimmkal),  1901:  an  Enaliih  irandation  {Jtumait  «/  Cewtl  m 

BLUHDERBtlSI  (a  conoprion  of  the  Dutch  intia,  thunder, 
and  the  Dutch  tai;  cf.  Ccf.  Bfchst,  a  boi  or  tube,  hence  1 
thundcr-boi  or  gun),  an  obsolete  muiale-loading  fininn  with 
a  bell-ahiped  muule.  Its  calibre  was  large  so  that  it  couU 
contain  many  balls  or  slugs,  and  It  was  intended  to  be  fired  a( 
a  thort  range,  ao  that  tome  of  the  charge  was  sure  to  take  effect. 
The  word  is  also  used  by  analogy  to  describe  1  blundering  loil 
random  person  or  talker. 

BLUKT.  JOKH  BEKRT  (183J-1S84),  Englith  divine,  waa  bom 
at  Chelsea  In  iSi],  and  before  going  10  the  univeraity  ol  Durban 
engaged  in  business  as  a  minufact uing 
d  in  i8si  and  took  his  M.A.  degree 


in  i8si.  publishing 
He  held  in  lucteu 
vicarage  ol  Kennlngtor 


cral  p 

ir  Oifori 


(1B68},  which  hi 
ig  of  Beverston  in  Cloucesletshin. 
He  had  already  gained  some  reputation  as  an  induttrioui 
theologian,  and  had  published  among  other  works  an  annotated 
edition  of  the  Prayer  Book  (1S67),  1  HiUery  «/  tkt  Engliih 
R/fOTnatiim  C1S68),  and  a  Bcoi  ^  Cinrtk  Lm  (1871].  al  well  as 
a  useful  DulHKiary  0/  DnclriAal  end  fliiltrkal  Tkttltly  (1870). 
The  continuation  oi  these  labours  waa  (een  in  a  Ditianarj  if 
5edi  oix/HerMiir  (187*),  10  ,(BiiW4toiBi««Q  vols.,  1878-1871)1, 
and  a  Cychpatdia  tf  RdiiicH  (1SS4],  aiid  received  rccagnilioD 
in  the  shape  of  the  D.D.  degree  bcslowed  on  bim  in  1S81.  He 
died  in  London  on  the  nth  ol  April  1884. 

BLONT,  JOHN  JANES  (1794-185^),  English  divine,  waa  bora 
at  Newcastle-under-Lyme  in  StaHordshire,  and  educated  al 
St  John's  College,  Cambridge,  where  he  took  hit  d^rec  at 
iiftecnih  wrangler  and  obtained  a  fellowship  (1S16).  He  was 
appointed  a  Wort's  travelling  bachelor  1818.  and  spent  aoma 

journey.  He  proceeded  M.A.  in  iSig.  BJJ.  1816,  and  waa 
Kulsean  Lecturer  In  iSji-iSji  while  holding  a  curacy  in  Shrop- 
shire. In  t8j4  he  became  rector  ol  Great  Oakley  in  Esse),  and 
in  igjo  waa  appointed  Lady  Margaret  proTeiaeT  ol  divinity  at 
Cambridge.  In  1SJ4  he  declined  the  aec  of  Saliibuty,  and  be 
died  on  the  iBth  ol  June  iSsj.  His  chief  book  waa  OiUaitnat 
Ctinciiaai  in  Itt  Wrilimti  itik  tf  Urn  OU  m^  Htm  rutamnD 


(■■M;  fnlir  tiUdMi.  1I41).  Sbmrol  hti  viiilnp.  amnigi  Umi 
tk  Hillary tf  Uu  ClaiiUs*  CktrcUitrinilJu  Fim  Thru  Ciaiuria 
*id  (W  IcciutB  On  On  RiiU  Uk  g/  Kb  furJ^  f'sUsi,  wen 

n  the  hud  of  Wmiua 

■Umr,  WILTIIID  SCAVEM  (1840-  ),  EngJiih  pad  (lul 
publidil.  su  boio  on  itic  iiih  oF  Auxtnl  1S4S  •(  PciwDrth 
HaDc,  Smi.  ihc  wn  dF  Fnncii  Scmca  BInnt,  who  mvtd  in 
the  Pcnininkr  Wm  and  wu  woundRl  >t  Coninni.  Be  wu 
cdacitrd  at  Smnyhunl  ind  OKoit,  and  cnlnrd  the  diplamitic 
HTVKFin  iB^.Krving]ucccuinlyitAdKn].Midii(l,  Pica  and 
Lubon.  In  1S6;  he  wai  wnt  to  South  Ameria,  and  on  hia 
nturn  to  England  Tclirrd  Ttwh  Ihc  icrvice  on  his  tnarriagc  with 
Lady  Anne  Noel,  diughtci  of  the  carl  ol  Lovclai 


BLUNT,  W.  S.— ffNAI  B'RITH 

Uir  «t  Otmia^mm  (1847).  > 


rollhepo 


1197.  h 


d.bylh 


ii<  hn  tldei  bnihcr,  In  ibe  otauoCCrabbet  Par 
be  eatafaliahed  a  lamom  Mud  for  the  breediog  oF  Arab  borves. 
MiandLadyAniw  Blunt  iraveLlcdfip«ted]y  in notthfra  Africa, 
Asia  MiiMif  and  Arabian  two  of  thtir  eipediiforu  being  described 
in  Udr  Anne's  Bofsxfaj  ef  Ik,  Euphraut  (1  vols..  18,4}  and  A 
PUtrimair  In  fftjil  (i  vi^.,  itAi)  Mt  Blunt  became  known  as 
■n  ardent  sympcthiicr  with  Mahommedan  (spintlon).  and  in 
his  fWon  c/  lilan  (tSS8)  he  directed  tltenilan  ID  the  totces 
which  aliennrds  produced  the  movements  oF  Pan-lilmism  and 
Mahdtsm,  He  was  a  violent  opponent  of  the  Englith  policy  in 
the  Sudan,  and  in  Tkt  Wim!  tid  ikt  Wkirlmiid  (in  vene,  iMj) 
f^tophKJed  its  downFaU.  He  supported  the  national  party  in 
EfypI,  and  took  a  prominenl  part  la  the  deFence  of  Arabi  Fasha. 
lilrei  abaU  laiia  (iMj)  was  the  cmuU  of  two  visits  to  that 
CDuniry.  the  second  In  iSgj-iM*.  In  iSS;  and  iS96  he  stood 
antucceBfully  for  parliament  as  a  Home  Ruler;  and  in  1SS7  he 
tarmledin  Ireland  while  presiding  over  a  political  meeting  in 


h  the  a 


I  on  Lord  Clan 


was  imprisoned  I 
volume  of  venc,  LiiH  5ininrfi  Bf  fV»(riii  (iSSo).  is  a  revelation  ol 
his  ntt  meritsasan  tmoilonal  poei.  Tlu  Pi^Uytf  Wilfrid  BtuM 
FtSU),  Klened  and  edited  by  W.  E.  lUnley  and  Mr.  George 
Wyndhant,  Includes  these  sonnets,  togcihei  with  "Worth 
Fotat,  a  Pastoral."  "  Crinlda  "  (described  as  a  "  aocitty  novel 
in  ttaymed  verK  "),  Iramlaiionj  From  the  Arabic,  and  poems 
whkb  bad  appeared  in  othet  vdumes. 

lUnmCMU.  JOKAMIt  KASPAH  dSoS-iaitl,  Swiu  jurist 
and  politkian,  waa  bom  at  ZQrich  on  the  7ih  ol  March  1808,  the 
ion  of  a  soap  and  candle  manufacturer.  From  school  he  passed 
iDio  the  PMUiulu  Imiliiiit  {a  seminary  of  hw  and  political 
•eience)  in  his  naitvc  town,  and  proceeding  ibenre  to  the  uni- 
versitks^  Berlin  aad  Bum,  took  (hedegrteof  tf0C/0T/«njin  the 
kltcr  in  ilt^.  Reluming  to  ZOrich  in  iSio,  he  threw  himself 
with  ardour  tnto  the  political  strife  which  waa  at  the  time 
aurtlling  all  the  cantons  of  the  Confedenlfon,  and  in  this  year 
published  Iftar  tit  Vofaiimt  itr  Sladl  Ztfiih  (On  the  Con- 
Kitulioa  of  the  City  of  ZUnch).  This  waa  foUowed  by  Dos  Vtlk 
amd-itr  Smtran  (iSjo),  a  worit  in  which,  whUe  pleading  for 
constftutioeia]  government,  be  showed  his  bitter  repugnance  of 
the  grmrlng  Swne  radicalism.  Elected  in  1837  a  member  of  the 
CroMer  Rath  (Great  Council),  he  became  the  champion  of  the 
madenu  conservative  party,  pasciniied  by  the  metaphysical 
views  of  the  philosopher  Friedrich  Rohmet  (1814-1856).  a  man 
who  attracted  little  other  attention,  he  endeavoured  in  Fiyda- 
lifi"^  Sluditii  Ubtr  Steal  md  Kizclit  {it*A)  to  apply  them  to 
pc]ilic»fscienoegenenlly,and  inpanictilarasa  panacea  for  the 
csnlituliona]  troubles  of  Switzerland.    BluntKhJi,  shortly  before 

toy  greatest  desert  tl  to  have  comprehended  Rohmet."  This 
phBoaophial  essay,  however,  coupled  with  his  uncompromising 
attitude  towards  both  radicalism  and  uirramonianism.  brought 
him  many  enemiei.  and  rendered  hi)  continuance  in  ihc  council. 
«( which  he  had  been  elected  president.  Impossible,  He  resigned 
hs  ml.  and  oB  the  owrthmw  ot  (he  Sondetbund  in  1S47, 
penetving  that  all  hope  oF  power  for  his  party  was  kst.  took 
i««t  of  SoltHrlud  with  the  pampUei  AimaH  t 


ililtin'iwal  law  ia  1848. 


with  polltka,  publUhed  itAgeaMiiH 
Ldtnttm  mainmSlaal  (187^1874)1*1 
Kail  Ludwig  Thcodor  Biatei  <i8t9-t8A«),  D 
vffferlwt  (ii  vols.,  1 8 jt-iSjp'.  abridged  ^  Edpt  LMaing  ia 
jvols.,i86«-iS7s).  MeaawhilelMkMtaniclwMalywoikadBthi* 
code  For  the  ointon  o(  Zhritii.  PrhatmUidm  CutMuckfltrim 
Kaiotn  liiriii  ((  vols.,  iSM-i8sfi),  a  work  which  waa  much 
praised  al  the  time,  and  wluch,  pcnicubTly  the  KCIioa  devoted 
to  contracts,  served  as  a  modd  for  cadet  both  In  Swiueitand  and 
other  countries.  In  1861  BluntschllrtceivedacaUtoKeidctben 
as  professor  of  conttitutlanal  bw  (Stuurecht),  where  he  agaio 
entered  the  politicd  aienk.  cDdeavouring  in  his  CUcMciki  da 
aUttmiiim  Smitrtctif  tmi  ier  PMlU  (1864)  "  to  stimubU," 
as  be  said, "  the  politicat  codsciousneB  ol  (be  Omuin  people,  to 
deinie  it  of  prejodica  and  to  funhei  it  iBielleciiiaUy."  Ik  hi* 
new  home,  Baden,  he  derated  his  energiea  and  poUlioi  l-«iitfn~. 
during  the  Austm-Prustian  War  of  i8«6,  toward)  kwpiDg  tks 
country  neutnL  From  this  lime  BhintschU  beame  active  in 
the  held  ol  IntcnatioDal  law,  and  hii  faiiM  ai  a  Juriil  bthmgi 
rather  to  this  province  than  to  that  of  caaitliutlaiial  law.  lib 
Dai  mtdtnu  KritssrecU  (iS66)j  On  wrienu  VakBncH 
(1868},  and  Dai  BnUncU  !m  Kriei  (ta7S)  an  likely  to  reaaiti 
invaluable  teit-books  in  this  branch  of -the  tdeBCa  el  juris- 
prudence.   He  also  wrote  a  pamphlet  on  the  ~AlaliaiB"ase. 

Bluntachli  waa  one  of  the  founders,  at  CUOit  fai  1S7J,  of  th« 
Institute  ot  International  Law,  and  wa*  (he  RpreseBtaUveof  tha 
German  emperor  al  the  conference  OB  the  inlematloHl  laws  ot 
war  at  Brussels.  During  the  tilter  years  (4  his  life  be  look  a 
lively  Interest  hi  the  PnUilaKlmnriia,  a  society  farmed  to 
combat  reactionary  and  tdtramontane  views  of  theology.  He 
died  suddenly  al  Karhnihe  an  the  list  of  October  1881.  Hie 
library  wuaMiiiiml  by  lotaiuHapUasUnivefsIlyal  Baltimote, 
U.S.A. 

Among  Us  mrki.  other  than  these  before  mcnllotied,  may  be 
cfted  DtvialKt  PrltalrttU  (18JJ-1B54);  Dtnlukt  SbuUildirt 
liir  CriiUiU  (1874)1  >"<>  OiMlickt  SUaltMrt  nd  dit  kcmHf 
~    XemcU  (iSSo). 

or  notices  of  ninntKhlrs  life  and  works  me  his  intenitlnir 
ibtetfj ^y._ , DtiMidim   au    iwiw"!    Lttrn    (1894);^ 


■  (lU 


<  Vvdinnt  m 


u-£«i'(n 


biopiphy  by  Meycx  voc  ICronari,  in  ^//fPviH 

BLTTB,  a  market  (oira  and  seaport  of  Nonhumherlatid, 
Engltnd.lo  the  parliamentary  bonMghoF  Morpeth,  9  tB.  E.S.E. 
of  (hat  town,  al  the  DMutfa  o(  the  river  Blylh,  OB  a  facuch  of  iha 
North  Eastern  railway.  Pop.  ol  luinn  district  (1901)  njt. 
This  Is  the  port  lor  a  consldenUe  eeal.inimiig  district,  and  iti 
harbour,  on  the  MUth  side  «i  the  ilvcr.  Is  proirfded  with 
mediaDlcal  appliaticca  foe  shipping  coaL  There  are  five  dry 
docks,  ind  gpwardi  ot  it  m.  of  qoayage.  Timber  is  largely 
Imported.  Some  shlpliuildhig  and  the  manBlaclflre  oC  tope, 
sail)  and  ship-Bi(inp  arc  eanied  on,  and  the  fidxiies  ait 
valuable.  BIyth  ts  also  in  eonsMenble  favour  a*  a  wateitng- 
placei  there  are  ■  [fcaiaiit  paik,  e  pici,  ptotectibg  tke  hariioui, 
sbout  1  a.  \n  length,  aod  a  sandy  bescb  affording  sea-bathtBg. 
The  river  Blythritei  near  the  village  of  Klikheaton,  and  hasaa 
euteily  course  of  about  15  m.  through  a  deq>,  mil-wooded  aod 


valley. 


B'HAI  rBITH  (or  Snes  or  tm  CoVCMakt},  DIDgBIUglff 
ORDBSOP,*  Jewish  fraternal  eodety.  It'was  fonndedal  Kew 
York  m  184J  tiy  a  number  el  GermaB  Jews,  headed  by  Heniy 
Jones,  and  is  dte  oldeat  a*  well  as  the  largest  of  the  Jewish 
fraternal  organiiaiions.  It*  membenhlp  in  igoS  was  ]S,8;a, 
its  481  lodges  and  lo  giiDd  lodges  tclag  distributed  ovei  the 
United  State*,  Germany,  Austria-Hungary,  Rumania,  Egypt 
and  Palestine.  Its  object  are  to  promote  a  high  morality  among 
Jews,  reguiDas  oT  dlScienoe*  as  to  dogma  ind  oenmonlJ 
coslomi,  and  in['*^'"r  to  iDcsksle  the  supieitw  virtues  of 


94  BUA— 

i^uity  ud  bnlbcrly  lovt.  PfdiUcil  and  Rtifiaiu  dbcouiont 
wiR  [rom  the  £m  Ficluded  [ram  (be  dcbitn  o(  the  outer.  In 
I8;i  sit  fini  grand  Jodgc  wucsublishcd  it  New  yotL^  in  i8;6, 
the  number  ol  diiiricl  lodcci  hivioc  incmKd,  Ibt  aupreme 
WltboHly  HU  veiled  in  ■  cealiil  body  ooiKUIiD(  d[  one  membec 
Itom  nch  lodce;  ud  by  the  prescpl  coutiiuiian,  adopted  is 
(868,  thii  luthorily  ii  valcd  in  i  (itaidcnl  elected  lor  five  yeu, 
u  ciwcutive  commitlee  and  court  of  appeill  (elected  ai  belore). 
The  6m  lodge  in  Cenniny  *u  Iruliiuted  at  Berlin  in  iSSj.  A 
biie  number  of  duritabje  tnd  alber  public  inititutioni  have 
bwi  ciubliihed  in  Ihe  United  SUUt  and  eliewhere  by  tbe  Older, 
el  •tiichacy  be  men  lioned  the  Urge  orphan  aiyluni  in  Oeve  land, 
tbe  boD»  lot  the  a(ed  and  infirai  ai  Yonken,  N.V,.  the  Nuliond 
jlwllllbawiUlEo'COBtUDlpIivciat  Denver,  and  (he  MaimeDldel 
Lbruy  In  Ntm  Yorli  City.  The  B'nai  B'riib  lodety  hai  »1» 
coKiperaUd  kridy  with  other  Jewish  ptulaDlhroptc  orgabiutlou 
in  MioauriDi  diilnued  bnelitei  Huoughout  the  world. 

See  Iba  JtmA  EncyOataiiia  (igoi),  i.i. 

KM,  1  BUM  loimerly  applied  to  all  large  lerpenti  which. 
dtnad  «(  pobon  ianfi,  kill  Iheir  prey  by  conitriction:  but  now 
confiaed  to  that  aiibiamily  of  (he  BcUae 


:  boat  cotDpriie 
Aua; 


Theotbera*KluiawgaipythonB(f,>.)-  Tbe  tr 
vme  forty  ipedca;  moat  ol  (Jieni  are  Ai 
Brji  inbabili  Nanh  Altioi.  Greece  an 
Uk  (Cdui  Enytna  Roiet  from  Mew  Guin 
iuuumitti  it  rettiicted  to  Round  Island,  near  Miuritiui;  and 
two  ipecica  of  B*a  and  one  of  Coratlu  represent  this  subfamily 
in  Madagascar,  while  all  the  other  boas  live  in  ArneTica,  chiefly 
in  tropica]  paila.  All  Btidae  poesesa  veitiffet  ol  pdvii  and  hind 
liniha.  appearing  eilsinally  as  claw-like  spun  on  each  tide  ol  (he 
vent,  but  ibcy  are  to  iniill  thai  they  are  practically  without 
lunction  in  climbing.  Tbe  muill]'  tbort  tail  a  prehensile- 
One  of  the  comnoDett  ipedei  of  the  genus  Boa  j>  (he  flea 
auarulof^  which  hae  a  wide  range  from  tropical  Ueaico  (o 
BiuJL  The  head  it  covered  wiih  untU  scale*,  only  one  of  the 
preoculara  being  enlarged-  The  general  colour  isi  delicate  pale 
brown,  with  about  a  dotcn  and  a  half  darker  crou-ban,  which  are 
often  connected  by  a  still  darker  dorso-lateral  streak,  encloung 
large  oval  spots.  Oa  each  aide  is  a  serif*  of  large  dark  brown 
•pots  with  light  cen(re*.  On  the  till  the  maikingi  become 
bolder,  brick  red  with  black  and  yellow.  The  under  pons  ue 
yellowish  with  black  dots.    This  species  niety  reaches  a  length 


long  irtide  of 

BOABDII.  (■  corruption  ol  the  name  Abu  Abdullah),  the  last 
Moorish  king  of  Ctauidi,  called  d  cticn.  the  little,  and  also  ti 
ttttj/U,  the  unlortuule.  A  too  ol  Muley  Abu'l  Hassan,  king  ol 
l^nada,  he  was  procUimed  king  ia  14S]  in  place  of  hisfilher, 
who  was  driven  tlom  the  land,  Boabdil  soon  after  sought  to 
pin  prestige  by  invading  Castile.  He  was  ukeo  prisoner  at 
1 14SJ,  and  only  ol 


BOAR 

See  J.  A.  Conde.  CnnindnM  ii  ia  Auk—  *•  Bif**  (PaeK 
iStol.  iianilaied  into  Engliih  by  Mn  ],  FoMer  (Lowlan,  Itja- 
iSjj);  Washington  Irving.  Tii  ^Ibmtm  (New  Vork,  ed.  IS|a}.  , 

BOADICEA,  strictly  BouDiccA.  a  British  queen  in  the  time 
ol  the  emperor  Nero.  Her  husband  Prasutogus  ruled  the  Icfail 
(in  what  is  now  Norfolk)  as  an  autonomnu  prince  under  Roman 
suxriiioiy-  On  his  death  (*.D.  Ai)  without  mole  beir,  hit 
dominions  were  anneied,  and  tbe  onneiation  was  carried  out 
bruully.  He  bad  by  his  will  divided  his  private  wealth  between 
his  two  daughlen  and  Nero,  (rusting  thereby  to  win  Imperial 
favour  for  his  family-  Instead,  his  wife  was  scourged  (doubtless 
for  resisting  [he  (nnualion).  his  daughtcn  outraged,  his  chief 
tribesmen  plundered.  The  proud,  fierce  queen  and  her  people 
rose,  and  not  alone.  With  Ihcm  rose  hill  Britain,  enraged,  foi 
other  causes,  *I  Roman  rule.  Roman  laulion  and  conscription 
lay  heavy  on  the  piovincei  in  iddiuon,  the  Romin  goveminent 
had  just  revoked  financial  concessions  made  a  few  yean  earlier, 
and  L.  Annaeus  Seneca,  who  combined  the  parts  of  a  moralist 
and  a  money-lender,  bod  ibrupily  recalled  large  loans  made 
frora  his  private  wealth  to  British  chiefs.  A  favourable  chance 
for  revolt  was  provided  by  the  absence  of  the  govemor-general, 
Suetonius  Paulinus.  and  moat  of  his  troops  in  North  Wiles  and 
Anglesey.  Allsoulh-eait  Briuin  joinedOutmovemenl.  PauUnus 
rushed  back  Knthoutwii  ting  lor  h^  troops,  hut  he  could  do  DOthing 
alone.  The  Britons  burnt  (he  Romin  muoidpalilict  ot  Venilam 
and  Colchester,  (he  mart  of  London.and  several  military  posla, 

and  almost  annihilated  the  Ninth  Legion  marching  from  Lincota 
to  the  tescue.  At  lost  Paulinus.  who  seems  (oiiave  rejoined  bit 
army,  met  the  Britons  in  (be  field.  The  site  ol  the  battle  it 
unknown.  One  wtjlcr  has  put  it  at  Chester;  othen  at  London, 
where  King's  Cross  bad  once  a  namw  escape  ol  being  christened 
Boidlcea's  Cross,  and  acii;a1]y  lor  many  yean  bore  the  name  of 
"■'"■'  ipposed  reference  (0  (his  battle.     Probably, 


rn  Lend. 


tcsperate  soldien'  battle  Rome  regained  the  pnii 

ea  took  poison;  (houiand)  of  Britons  fell  in  the  tight  01 

lunted  down  in  the  ensuing  guerrilla.     Finally,  Romi 

d  a  kindlier  policy,  and  Brir  "    "    -  "... 

less  of  Romano-British  rrma; 

erity  wiib  which  (he  Ictni  wei 

Tlciium.   A-^tnit.   niv.:   ;4(ric. 


.:  Dio  UIL       Tltt  Hi 

"^■(fTk 


BOAR  (0.  Eng.  llr;  the  word  b  loand  only  in  W.  Cer. 
Unguages.  cf.  Dutch  bctr.  Gcr.  £ler},  (he  name  given  to  the  un- 
castrated  maleol  Ihedomoiic  pig(f.s.).and  to  some  wild  speciet 
ofthelamily.SKir/ae(ieeS»iNE].  The  Eurapein  wUd  boar  (5w 
icrs/a)  is  distributed  over  Europe,  notlhetn  Africa,  and  central 
and  northern  Asia.  I(  has  long  been  ealinci  in  tbe  British 
Isles,  where  it  once  abounded,  bu(  (races  have  been  fout^d  of  i(i 
survival  in  Chartley  Forest,  StalTordshire,  in  an  entry  of  ibgj 
in  an  acoounl-book  of  the  steward  of  the  manor,  and  it  possibly 
rcauuned  till  much  later  in  the  more  remote  parts  of  Scotland 
and  Ireland  Q.  £.  Hailing,  £il/nil  firilii*  .4>iieiriri.  rSSe). 
The  wild  boor  is  still  found  in  Europe,  in  marshy  woodland 
districts  where  (here  is  plenty  of  cover,  and  it  is  fairly  plentiful 
in  Spain,  Austria,  Russia  and  Coinany,  particularly  Id  the 
Black  Forest. 


bold  Granada  as  a  tributary  kingdom  under  Ferdinand  and 

From  (he  earliest  (imet,  owing  to  In  gnal  ilrtngih,  speed. 

Isabella,  king  and  queen  ol  Cast.le  and  Angon.     The  nei(  lew 

■nd  ferocity  when  at  bay,  the  boar  has  been  one  of  the  favourite 

yean  were  consumed  in  struggles  wiih  his  U(her   and    hit 

beastsol  the  chose.     Under  iheold  forest  laws  of  England  it  was 

one  ol  (he"  beasts  of  the  forest,"  and,  as  such.under  the  Norman 

Ferdinand  and  Isabella  to  surrender  the  city  of  Granada,  and 

the  loss  of  a  member.     It  washunledin  EngUnd  and  in  Europe 

on  foot  and  on  honthack  with  dogi.  while  the  weapon  ol  attack 

was  always  the  tpear.     In  Europe  (he  wild  bar  is  still  hunted 

with  dogs,  but  the  spear,  eicept  when  used  in  emergencies  ind 

killed  in  battle  fighting  for  hi<  kinsman,  the  ruler  ol  Fet-    The 

lor  giving  (he  vx-p  Je  iiSu.  has  been  given  up  for  the  gun.     I( 

spot  from  which  Boabdil  looked  for  the  last  lime  on  Crsnadi  is 

is  also  ihol  in  great  forest  drives  in  Aus(ria,  Germany  and 

nlU  shown,  and  is  known  as  "  the  lost  sigh  ol  tlw  Moor  "  (ri 

Russia.     The  Indian  wild  boar  (S«  rflMiUiu)  ia  slightly  loller 

»llimt»uHr»iaUm,\. 

(ban  Su  tcmji.  aundiog  some  jo  to  40  1*.  U  (he  simikki.    It 

BOARD-rBOASE 


b  bMd  ifaM^aM  Ml>.  CfjilD*  ud 

■ad  tpttt  *ra  (till  lutd.  uul  ihc^nn  > 
folDdBL    (Sec  Pic-nicUNc.) 

The  bow  I*  MM  of  Ibc  loui 
■he  cnpinaoe  ol  Richird  IIL,  UoE  ol  En^uuL 
of  lood  dw  beiu^  bnd  m*  tons  cooldtied  ■  q>ccU  delicuy, 
uid  iuiErvingwUBiundcd  with  much  omnmuaL  AtQucn'i 
ColirgB,  OiIorI,  (he  diih  a  lliU  bnwgfal  en  ChriKini*  diy  in 


a  v&rioua  compouikdA  to  dncribe 
inSaiued  ror^MctilpurpoiH,  orofajecIiUkebaardafdTivring- 
Lid.  ironing-burd,  soarulln^boutl^  cbei»-board,  cudboard, 
kboMd,  Boiite-boaid,  itoring-boird).  The  phrate  "  M 
p  onc'i  uune  00  tb«  biurdi,"  at  CimbHdge  Univcnily, 
lifia  u  mnain  i  Dicmber  of  K  ODilege:  at  Oifoid  It  ii  "  on 
boDki."     la   booktnndine,  pmcbwrd  cnvera  in  cillnl 


d  bond,"  "bard  md  lodging"; 


■D  (he  aaket.  bene*.  BKoraiivclr,  lo  any  iD  before  one.     The 

nme  meaning  kmd>  IS  "  Board  of  rnde,"  " 

Board- ftc 

men  the  meaDlng  ol  border  or  ilde,  and  eipediHy  ihlp-) 

(ide.  cmn  "«a-bo.rd,"  maning  Kt-ceai 

,  and  the  phnuH 

-iboKd"    (Fr.    aitrJt,    ■■  overboard,"    ■ 

by    the    board  •■! 

ori^n.  Mid.  Eng.  laddittaril  or  MkOtari; 

"uwTiDg  Ale,"  0.  Eng.  Mnrtml.  the  md 

der  of  early  >h!pa 

vorking  over  the  iteeTing  iMe),  ligidfyliig  ( 

oo«.t.ndinga. 

the  Item  and  looking  forward}  the  lelt  and 

fight  tidei  ol  the 

vate  hoDie  fn  which  the  proprietor 
pnnides  boatd  and  lodging  lor  paying  gunu.  The  poiitioa 
•r  a  gncM  in  a  boarding-boiue  dilleii  In  EngUih  law.  to  tatac 
dtoil,  OB  tk*  one  bond  inm  that  of  a  lodger  in  the  ordinary 
atOMOf  Ihe  unmaod  OB  the  other  fmm  that  of  a  guiat  In  an 


of  particular  re 


ie»,jB. 


debt  due  in  mp«1  of  hb  board  (Tlamp^v^^  v.  Lac 
and  Aid.  iBj).  TIm  landlord  i>  under  an  lAligii 
nuonaMe  care  for  Ibe  lafety  nl  pmpeny  brought  by  a  gunt 
{niB  hs  home,  and  It  liable  for  damage!  in  cax  of  breach  of  ibl> 
HI  C^coriennifl  v.  Ctipnte.  19:5,  1  K.B.  Saj).  Again, 
e  the  tnnkeeper,  a  b«rding-hauK  keeper  doei  not  hold 
hinneir  oui  a*  nady  to  receive  all  iraveflen  for  whom  he  hat 
accomnmblloB.  for  which  they  are  ready  10  pay,  and  of  coarse 
he  is  entitled  Id  get  rid  of  any  gust  on  giving  ceaaonable  notice 
(lie  lAwmti  V.  Riduri.  tS«7,  i  Q.B.  541.  $48).  What  fa 
Ruonable  Dotice  depends  on  the  tentii  of  the  contiact;  and, 
■nbfect  (hereto,  (he  cosne  of  payment  of  rent  Is  1  matctiil 
dmunttance  {see  LiKDUitD  uto  Tenakt).  Apparently  the 
BBC  impBed  wananly  of  Bloen  b»  hibiutloli  at  Ibe  commence- 
BCBt  of  the  teDancy  *Uth  CKntt  in  the  cue  ol  luttnshcil  todg- 
Ingi  be*  LoocEB  and  Lomudis)  txltu  also  in  (he  cue  ol 
bou^nji-hoiiiei;  and  the  gaeM  Is  1  bMrding-houie,  like  a  lodger, 
b  CDtltled  to  all  ibe  yiml  *ad  aeeaaaxf  coovetiienc»  ol  i 

Tbt  bw  of  the  United  States  is  similar  la  EngHih  law. 

Oader  the  Fmch  Code  Ova,  daimi  for  subsistence  furnished 
to  a  debtor  and  Us  family  during  the  lasl  year  ol  hii  life  by 
baanfing-boiuc  keepers  Inurirei  di  feniim)  are  privileged  over 
(be  genenGly  of  moveable*,  the  privilege  being  eurdseablc 
after  legd  eapenes.  funeral  erpenses,  the  eipcnset  of  the  lui 
flhiets.  and  the  wages  of  servanu  lor  the  year  elapsed  and  what 
k  dnc  for  the  current  year  (art.  hoi  ( s))-  Keeper*  of  uverns 
(utirtula)  and  hotels  fUlrlieii  are  respanalMe  for  the  goodi 
el  ibrir  guettt — Ihc  cammiital  ol  wbi^  to  their  easiady  !• 
■pided  aa  a  deposit  d  oecetaty  WfM  nittiuirt).    They  ate 


Kihle  Ide  the  baa  «f  mh  goad*  ^  theft,  uteiW  by  MvaMa 

orstrangcn,  but  not  where  ihekm  iidue  to  Jirci  mqfam  (acta. 
iqji-ia54}-  Their  liability  for  oonty  and  bearer  secuiiliet  not 
actually  deposited  is  limited  to  looo  ftanca  <tawof  18th  of  Apd] 
(SSoJ.  These  provitiom  ate  reproduced  ill  lubstance  In  the 
Civil  Codes  of  Quebec  (arts.  1S14.  181s,  1494,  taai)  and  cd 
St  Lucia  (an.  itisg).  In  Quebec,  baatding'hoiue  kecpeia  have 
a  lien  on  the  goods  id  theirsuesti  lor  the  value  or  price  of  any 
loodot  accoinniodation  furnished  to  (hem,  and  haic  aba  a  tight 
to  tell  their  baggage  and  oiher  pcopetiy.  if  (he  amount  remain* 
unpaid  for  three  months,  under  conditions  iJmllar  to  thoie 
iaipoud  on  innkeepers  in  England  (art.  iSifi  A;  and  tea  IkM 
um  iHyicEPtas);  abo  la  the  Civil  Code  of  St  L<k{*  (an*. 
IS7B,  (714,  171s)-  (A.  W.  R.) 

BMBOINO-OIJT  tranm.  in  the  Englbh  poor  bw,  tb« 
boiirding.out  of  orphan  or  deserted  children  with  lulllble  lostep- 
parenu.  The  practice  wB*  first  luthgriwd  In  186S,  ihongh 
for  many  years  previously  it  had  been  carried  out  by  •onM 
boards  of  guardians  on  their  own  initiative.  Botrding^ut  b 
governed  by  two  order*  of  the  Local  Covemnent  Board,  issued 
ia  1KS9.  Tha Ent  permits  guanftant  10  board-out  children  within 
(heir  own  union,  eicept  In  the  metrvpoK*.  The  second  governs 
Ihe  boatdlngH3ut  of  children  In  hulitie*  outside  the  ttnJofr. 
The  mm  payable  to  (he  foster-parents  <*  ml  to  exceed  4s.  per 
week  for  each  child.  The  lyXem  ha*  been  much  discussed  by 
authorities  on  the  adminliiniloa  of  the  poor  law.  [(  has  been 
objected  that  few  worlung-mcn  with  an  aveisge-siaed  fsmily 
can  sfford  to  devote  inch  an  amount  for  the  malnterance  of 
each  child,  and  that,  therefore,  boarded-odt  children  are  better 
off  than  (he  children  of  the  independent  (Fiweett,  l^ia^eriM), 
Wocking-daas  guiritians,  also,  do  not  favour  Ihe  system,  bdng 
sus[Hcious  as  to  Ihe  diiinteretledne*)  ol  the  foster-parMI*. 
On  the  other  hand.  It  is  argued  that  fiOm  the  economic  and 
eduational  pofnt  of  view  much  better  tesulta  axe  obtained  by 
boarding-eui  children;  they  are  given  a  lulural  Ble,  and  when 
(hry  gmw  up  they  are  vithaui  eHort  merged  in  the  genera] 
population  (Mickay,  Hi:),  £>i|.  Peer  Lm).  Sec  abo  Pooi 
Law. 

The  ■'  boatding-out "  of  luaitin 
of  the  lunacy  admininraiion.  1 
adopted  in  Belgium.     {Bee  lusuKnT.l 

BOARIWAH,  OEOKOB  DANA  (i8ot-iRji).  Ameiicao 
Baptist  missionary,  was  bom  at  LEvermore,  Me.,  and  educated 
at  Wtierville  College  and  Andover  Theological  Seniiiary.  In 
iSis  he  went  10  India  as  a  mftsionary,  and  in  1S17  (o  Burma, 

by  his  early  death.     His  widow 


His  so 


misslona: 


,  AdoDJ 


njud 


:.  the  younger  (iRiS-iqqj), 
made  the  voyage  Iiom  Burma  to  America  alone  when  six  yean 
of  age.  He  graduated  in  iSji  at  Brown  University,  and  from 
the  Newton  Theological  Institution  in  1II55.  He  held  BaptM 
pastorates  at  Rochester  [1SS&-1M4).  and  at  Philadelphia,  and 
was  president  of  the  Ajnetictn  Baptist  Missicnaty  Union.  iSSo- 
1S84.  At  PhUadeTphia  he  is  said  10  have  taken  his  congrcgiition 
through  every  verse  of  the  New  Testament  b  64J  Wednesday 
evening  lectures,  which  occupied  nrariy  eighteen  year*,  and 
sfterwinls  to  have  begun  on  the  Old  Teiument'in  similir 
fashion.  Among  hb  published  works  are  Stndia  in  Ihc  Uadi 
PraytT  {1819),  and  EpiplianU,  ffltc  Risen  Lord  {i&n). 

BOASB,  BEXBT  lANUEL  (17Q9-1S8J),  English  geotogilt, 
the  eldest  son  ol  Hcni?  Doase  Ci7fij-i8j7).  banker,  of  MadMn, 
Cornwall.  Wis  bom  in  London  00  the  lod  of  September  I79Q. 
Educiicd  partly  at  Tiverton  gramniar^chDol.  and  partly  at 
Dublin,  where  be  studied  chemistry,  hi  alterwsrds  proceeded 
to  Edinburgh  and  took  the  degree  of  M.D.  in  iBii.  He  then 
settled  for  some  years  as  a  medical  piactitioner  ai  Penunce; 
there  geology  engaged  his  partiiular  (tienlbn,  and  he  became 
scciBIary  of  Ihe  Royal  (;Bologjial  Society  of  Cornwall.     The 

Primary  Cttioiy  (1834),  a  work  of  considerable  meril  in  regard 
to  (he  oldei  aystallaia  and  igneous  neks  and  tbe  nibfect  ol 


Dlneil  nint.  to  1I37  be  remowd  to  L«odan,  whtra  b« 
icBiJBgd  lor  ■boBl  *  yttt.  btin|  elecicd  F.R.S.  la  iRjS  be 
becuM  (Mrtntr  in  a  finn  oT  bkichcn  it  Dundtt.  He  retind 
iDiB7i,»»ldled0Bifaesih(dMir  tStj. 

BOAT  (O.  Enf.  Mt;  the  tiue  etrnwiacical  coaaeiioD  nib 
DuIiA  utd  Ca.  &«^'  F[.  hUnii,  lUl.-tiUUJJa  pmenu  gral 
diScultie*;  Cdtic  [onni  ut  [roni  O.  Eng.),  k  aiinp>ntivel)F 
(ubII  opn  cnft  (or  cooveyuict  oa  mui,  UHwll]'  pnpeUcd 


The  origii 


w  [ano  of  OM 


AS. 


if  Ibe  word  "  boat "  b  prob^jr  to  be  looked 
'  -*  (lem.  ft  Midi,  ■  piece  of  wood.  If 
in  iu  inaptnn  referred  to  the  mattrid  ol 
vDicii  ine  pniruuve  veuel  wu  aHBtnicUd.  ind  in  dib  ntpttx 
■niy  veil  be  roairuud  wiib  Ihe  word  "(hip,"  of  which  tbe 
ptirauy  idea  «u  the  precea  by  shicfa  tbe  malctiil  wu  laihioned 
■«d  adapted  lot  the  uk  o(  nun. 

Wc  may  atsume  thai  primiliva  man,  in  hii  eariieM  eSorti  to 
achiev*  tbe  feii  of  a>sveyin|  histKU  and  bii  bclonfiDp  by 
walac,  iMCceedeH  is  doinf  w-<i)  by  futenmi  together  a 
quMlil|i  ol  material  of  HiScieat  buorascy  to  Soit  asd  larTy 
Un  about  Ibe  levd  of  tbe  water;  (>)  by  taMCNag  out  a  (aJlen 
ine  M>  u  to  abtain  booyaocy  ewMtb  (oc  the  lame  pwpoae. 
InthaalwopniB)Kl>tabcfaMUMllbe|enni>a(  bolbboateod 
Ajp,  of  which,  tbouib  often  ued  ai  coavcrtibLe  tenm.  the 
lociDci  B  (enerally  tcMricted  10  the  imaUer  type  of  vatd  auch 
■>  ii  dealt  with  in  thia  aitide.  For  tbe  lariet  type  Ibe  reader 
ia  referred  to  Shv. 

Great  miut  have  beea  the  Irlompb  ot  the  mu  who  l!nl 
ditconred  that  tbe  nubei  or  the  txunita  lie  had  managed  to  lie 
tncttber  would,  pmpelled  by  ■  itict  or  a  branch  (cf,  raiaw  and 
rmiii}  uied  ai  pde  «r  paddla,  tanvcy  him  laldy  acrofi  the  river 
ibich  had  hithnio  been  hia  barrier.     But  uic  multiplin 


■peed,  and  of  dry  cairyini  power,  which  we  find  operative 
throusbout  Die  hbtery  nt  the  boat  down  to  tbe  pieMDl  day, 
drove  him  10  devne  other  modea  of  Aolation  aa  well  a>  to  try 
to  improve  hii  fint  invention. 
The  iavcDtion  ol  the  holbwcd  tnink,  of  the  "  dns-oul " 

il  came  into  {Ompuiloil  with  Ihe  lall.  mual  have  nipencdcd  the 
latter  toi  wine  purpoKt.  though  net  by  any  meaDi  for  alL  It 
wai  lupeiiot  id  the  nil  id  ipeed,  and  wu,  to  1  ortaia  eitenl, 
water-tight.  On  the  other  hand  it  was  inferior  in  larryini 
power  and  itabjlily.  But  the  two  lypei  once  conceived  had 
i;onic  to  alay,  and  to  them  icvcrally.  or  to  atiempti  to  combine 
the  uiefuJ  propcrlin  of  both,  may  be  traced  lU  the  vaiietiea  of 
(eaet  Is  which  tbe  aame  of  boat  may  be  applied. 

Tbe  develDpmenI  of  the  lafi  ii  idiiilii.hly  Uluitntcd  in  the 
deaciiplion.  ^ven  u>  by  Homer  in  the  Oiysay.  of  the  conitnic- 
tion  by  the  hem  Ulyuei  of  a  vcud  of  tbe  kind.  Floating  timber 
ia  cut  down  and  carefully  shaped  and  planed  with  aae  and  aiUei 
and  tbe  timben  are  then  exactly  filled  face  10  face  and  com- 
pacted with  Ireoaili  and  doweli,  just  u  tbe  dat  Boor  of  a  lump 
or  lighter  might  be  lashioned  aid  filled  nowadayL  A  platform 
il  raised  upoa  the  floor  and  a  bidwark  of  oiien  contrived  to 
keep  out  tbe  waah  of  the  waves  (d.  ia/ro,  Malay  bosti).     It 

conitruction,  as  illuitrated  by  the  lechniol  skill  of  h^  hero, 
and  ibe  use  ol  the  various  tools  with  which  be  supplies  him. 

On  the  oibcr  hand  tbe  dug-out  had  iu  limiutions.  The 
lalgest  tree  that  could  be  thrown  and  scooped  out  afforded  but 
a  narrow  space  for  carrying  goods,  and  presented  pnbli 
to  slatnlity  which  rnust  have  been  very  difficuli  to  solve, 
sbipiag  of  bow  and  stem,  tbe  bulging  out  of  tbe  sides. 


a  ked  p 


X.  th( 


raise  the  sides  by  building  up  with  ptanks.  sU 
On  towards  the  idea  of  cofuliuctini  a  boat  properly  to  called, 
perhaps  lo  Ihe  invention  of  tbe  canoe,  which  in  tome  ways  may 
be  regarded  as  the  iolenaediaie  stage  between  dug-out  aod  ' 


Heuiwhllt  the  raft  had  nderfiHie  lilipwuiwiiiti  neli  M 
ihotewbkhHometiadicatea.  li  had  airiwd  at  a  floor  compoaad 
of  timbers  squared  and  shaped.  It  had  itiea  to  a  plalldllB,  Ih* 
pcoiotype  of  a  deck.  It  was  but  a  step  is  bidid  «p  the  iidei  and 
~  .m  up  the  ends,  ind  at  lUs  point  we  reach  tbe  unLiii  «(  aik 

HJ  puni,o[iinpinBad}unk,  or,  inolheri(otda,af  aUthemanj 

irictiei  of  Bat-boltoraed  craft. 

When  once  we  have  icached  the  point  at  which  Ibe  fn^mnre- 

enti  in  the  conatnEtion  of  the  raft  and  dug-out  bring  tbem, 

il  were,  within  ai^  of  each  other,  we  can  enter  190B  thi 

bistoiy  of  the  devekpment  of  boiu  property  to  called,  lAich, 

mdance  with  the  otea  and  the  circumataiicet  Ihit  dictated 

bidld,  may  be  said  to  be  descended  from  the  rait  or  the 

_  ml,  or  (nm  the  attempt  to  combine  the  lopectiva  advan- 
tagei  of  the  iwo  original  types. 

(lata  and  drcumManeea  aic  Infinite  In  variety  aad  have 
produced  an  InfiniU  vaiieQI  of  boat*.  But  we  may  latdy  tay 
that  in  all  cases  Ihe  need  ta  bt  lalkficd,  the  aatun  of  the  iBtteiiat 
avaOable,  and  tbe  chaiacttr  <f  the  di&ndlica  to  be  oraton* 
bava  governed  Ibe  reason  and  tcalad  tbe  minnihlnarM  ol  Iha 
aicfiitecluie  of  the  craft  in  me. 

It  is  DDi  proposed  In  this  article  lo  enter  at  any  length  Into 
ibe  details  of  the  contiruction  cf  boats,  but  it  Is  deniable,  for 
the  take  of  d«m«,  lo  indkaie  certain  broad  dittiBclioaa 
in  tbe  meibod  of  building,  which,  ihougb  they  run  hack  Into  the 
■  rpast,  il 


The  tying  o(  In 
In  the  lumber  trade 
it  in  early  days  o 


inks  together  to  form  a  raft  is  nitl  not  unknown 

le  of  the  Danube  or  of  North  America,  nor  waa 

the  raft-     It  eilendcd  to  many 

called,  even  10  many  of  those  built  by  llw 

I  may  niU  be  seen  in  the  Madras  suif  bsat^ 

ructed  out  of  driftwood  by  [he  iohabilanta  ol 

tie  south  Padfic     VtrgS.  who  was  u  anlac- 

otogisl,  represents  Charoa's  boat  on  tbe  Slya  aa  of  this  con- 

the  defect,  which  still  tunrives,  in  tbe  cnft 


tbpondereef 
X  lUaaupalD 


o-ioj. 


Next  to  the  raft,  and  to  be  counted  in  direct  descent  from  it. 
comes  the  whole  class  of  Bat-beltomcd  boats  including  punia 
and  lighteia.  Aa  soon  aa  the  method  ol  ooutiucting  a  lelid 
Boor,  with  trenails  and  dowels,  had  been  ditcovtted,  the  nelhod 
of  cDoverting  il  into  a  water-light  boa  wat  puraued,  lidet  were 
attached  plaok  fashion,  with  strong  knect  to  ttiden  Iheio,  anil 
crosa  JHCcea  to  yoke  or  kty  (cf.  ivynw,  tXn^i)  them  toother.. 
These  thwarts  once  fixed  naturally  suggestod  scata  for  those 
that  plied  the  paddle  or  the  oir.  Tbe  cods  of  tbe  vessel  were 
shaped  into  bow  or  stem,  other  lumed  up,  or  with  tbe  side 
planking  coavcrtenl  iu  stem  or  stem  poet,  or  Joined  together 
fore  and  alt  by  bulkheads  fitted  in  '"  ' 
water-tight  by  caulk' 

The  evolution  of  the  boat  at  distinct  from  the  punt,  or  Sal- 
bolloned  type,  and  following  the  configuration  of  the  dug-out 
in  its  length  and  rounded  bottom,  must  have  taxed  the  inventive 
art  and  skill  of  cDosiraclon  much  man  sevtidy  than  that  of 
the  raft.  It  is  possible  that  the  coiade  ot  Ihe  onoe  may  have 
suggested  Ihe  construction  of  a  fiamesmk  of  luScient  ttiflneis 
to  carry  a  water-ti^t  wooden  skin,  tuch  as  would  succesafuUy 
lealtl  tbe  piessuie  of  wind  and  water.  And  in  this  regard  Iwo 
pietliods  srere  open  to  the  builder,  both  of  which  have  survived 
to  the  pretent  day:  (i)  the  conitruction  fiisl  of  the  ahdl  of 
Ihe  boat,  into  which  the  stiSening  ribs  and  ocas  tiea  were 
subsequently  htted;  (i)  tbe  construction  first  of  a  framework 
of  requitlte  site  and  shape,  on  to  which  Ibe  ouler  skin  of  the 
but  was  subscquenily  aiiiched. . 

Funber.  besids  the  primitive  mode  of  lying  tbe  parts  lo- 
gelhcr,  Iwo  main  types  of  build  must  be  noticed,  in  accord- 
aoce  with  which  a  boat  it  said  to  be  either  carircl-buill  oc 


BOAT 


97 


_  ,    (i>  A  I)(i«t  h  ctml-baOt  vbe*  (he  pluki  ire 

bid  tifc  u  edit  H  tlut  Ihvf  pmtal  1  imiMlh  tvtlMix  wiibont 
(t)  A  b«t  b  cHokcr-built  wbcn  och  pknk  li  laid  on  lo  M  to 
onibp  tite  one  below  it,  thu  r***"*'"!  >  xrici  of  lcd(c* 
rnoiunf  loo^IudlntUy. 

T^  Fonner  DKthod  la  aid  (0  be  e(  UflUtomiHii,  or  pntap* 
of  EuUm  nigiii.  The  btttr  ms  prabtU)'  inmnted  by  lit 
old  Scinliiiiviin  bnildcn,  uid  fnrni  thtm  banded  down  thrOBgh 
tbi  laUnt  bnci  ol  the  oortheni  nitiDos  to  our  own  time. 

Tbc  accounu  o(  vcBeb  uied  by  tbc  Efypliini  >ad  Fb«- 
niriawK  ^cDciaUy  relcr  to  Uifci  cnEt  which  utunUy  fell  under 
^^^  the  bead  ol  Siu»  (jj.)'  The  NUe  boeu,  however, 
^^^^  deKdhcd  by  Harodotui  (iL  6o),  built  ol  acecie  mood, 
wen  DO  doabt  o(  wioui  liia,  lome  of  them  quite 
unl,  but  all  fuUowiai  the  Ame  type  of  coixtniitioB,  built  up 
brick  bahion,  the  blocka  bdaf  Uiteiied  inletnally  to  laof  potca 
•tciuKi  by  cnu  pieces,  udthaiBtenlicea  caulked  wilbpapynia. 
The  endi  nae  higb  abcive  Iba  warn,  and  to  prevent  botgiD|  were 
of  tea  attached  by  a  tnm  laaniiig  loofitiidiully  onr  cruUhci 

The  AwyiiaB  ud  Bibytoaiw  veueU  deioibed  by  Beiodotui 
G.  iim).  built  up  of  twifi  and  boochi,  and  connd  with  ikiaa 
uwuhI  with  bilaOMi,  wcr*  Rally  mon  like  bu«s  condei 
ud  baldly  daaervi  tbe  name  of  boala. 

The  UK  of  boeS  by  Ibe  Creeki  and  Rauu  la  attetted  by 
lb*  fnqiicat  leleRBce  to  them  in  Greek  and  Lalin  lileiature, 
Ibooi^,  ai  tegudi  aoch  (mail  craft,    the  detaib  sivea  are 

Wefearofimall  boat*  alteadut  on  ■  Sczt  [lO^rar,  Tbuc 
t-  5}).  aad  of  riaiilar  oaf  t  employed  in  piracy  (Tliuc.  iv.  g),  and 
In  oae  caae  of  •  •culling  boat,  or  pair  oai  (di:dnor  ifi^wuir. 
Time.  hr.  dj),  which  wai  carted  op  ud  down  between  the  town 
of  Uegaim  and  tha  iaa,  bcin^  uled  for  the  purpoK  of  maraudinf 
U  nllM.  We  are  aha  bmiHar  with  the  panace  m  the  Acu 
(axriL)  wbeie  in  the  turn  they  bad  hard  work  "  lo  come  by 
tba  boat";  whicb  tamo  boat  the  aaLlan  alcerwuda  "  let  down 
toto  the  lea,  under  cobar  u  tbougb  ihey  would  have  qui  indxu) 
oat  of  tbe  Ibreihip,"  and  wouU  have  eiaped  to  land  In  bet 
tlieniaelvca,  leaving  tbc  paiKiiscn  lo  dnjwn,  if  tbe  onlunon 
and  eiddieTa  acting  upon  St  Faul'i  advice  had  not  cut  off  tha 
Rfie*  of  tbe  boat  and  let  her  fall  oS. 

Tlkencan  be  Utile  doubl  that  boat  lacea  were  In  vogue  among 
Ibe  Gieeka  (»  Fiof.  Gardner,  Jttnut  >/  HiOtmt  Slm^i, 
iL  Of  8.)>  and  probably  formed  part  of  Ibe  Fanathenajc  and 
Iithsdan  featl*^  It  ii,  bowcvn,  dlKculi  to  prove  ihai  imill 
boau  took  part  h  theae  laco,  tbaugb  it  ii  not  unlikely  that 
they  may  have  done  w.  Tbe  Icitimony  of  the  cans,  aucb  at  it 
ia,  poiota  to  laUeya,  and  tbe  docriptive  term  (niSr  t^iiUa) 


It  ia  hardly  poaiibla  now  la  define  the  diSenncea  which 
■epualed  incroi,  Aetna*,  from  atXifi,  ((XVw,  or  from 
X^Ak,  or  di«4te.  They  aoem  all  to  have  been  rowing 
boats,  probably  carvEl-buill,  tome  wiih  keeb  laca/H  mtdt 
ceriflola,  PUn.  1^  r^),  and  to  have  varied  in  aiae,  lOEOe  being 

Siniltdy  In  Latin  sntlun  we  have  frequent  mention  of  boats 
acoomfaayiiig  ibips  of  war.  Of  thia  there  la  a  well-known 
inataaca  b  tbe  account  of  Caesr'i  invaiioa  of  Britain  (B.C. 
iv.  i6),  when  the  boala  of  lbs  fleet,  and  the  pinnaces,  were  filled 
with  soldicrB  and  sent  to  asiit  tlie  Legionaries  who  woe  being 
fiercdy attacked  as  tbcirwsdcd  on  to  the  shore.    There  is  also 

attack  of  laqicdo  boats  upon  men  of  mi,  when  Anlonius  manned 
the  pinnaces  of  his  large  sUpa  to  ihe  number  ol  liily,  and  with 
tbciB  attacked  and  defeated  an  Imprudent  squsdron  of  Qusd- 
lircmea  (B.C.  iii.  14).  Tbe  daia  of  bosti  so  fieciuenlly  mentioned 
ai  MCtutriat  seems  to  iiave  contained  crafl  of  all  lises,  and  to 
have  bcoi  uacd  tor  all  purposes,  whelbcr  as  pleasure  boats  or  as 
dopatch  vessels,  or  lot  piMcy.  In  fact  ths  term  was  employed 
TC^wly  juit  as  we  ^eak  of  cialt  ia  genual. 


Tbe  ItMlw,  «Uch  Is  cftm  ntoted  to  li  Uvy  and  Myhdit, 
•etas  to  hsve  been  of  Ulynsn  erigin,  with  fine  ilnes  and  sharp 
bows.  Tbe  clasB  caalained  boat*  oF  various  die*  and  with  a 
varlablB  nnmbv  of  oars  (bimais,  Livy  ixlv.  40,  leidecim, 
Livy  siiv.  35);  nd  it  b  tateresting  to  nole  the  origin  hi  ihl* 
case,  ai  the  taventwa  of  tbe  Ugh!  Libuniiaa  ^lieya,  wbkk  woo 
the  battle  of  Actlum,  and  allerad  the  whole  ^tem  of  naval 
constiBCtlon,  came  from  the  same  seaboard. 

Bceldea  then,  tbe  pbatlal  mytamia  (aee  Oe.  In  Yartm), 
and  Ibe  poetical  pimlm,  deaen*  maalion,  but  here  agala  we 
■re  met  with  the  dllBeultT  of  dlstingnlahtag  boats  fwom  ihlpt. 
There  is  aliD  an  btereMl^  DOtice  In  Tadtia  (Bill,  IS.  47}  of 
boata  hastily  eoutracled  by  the  lativea  of  tlia  northern  ooatt 
of  Asia  Mtawr,  which  be  deecrlbea  ti  o(  broad  bean  with  nsnow 
aida  (probably  meaning  that  tbe  ddei  "tumlried  boma"), 
{cjned  together  wftbout  any  laalenlnp  of  biaa  01  liDn.  Id 
atea-way  the  side*  were  nJNd  with  pbnta  added  till  Ihey  were 
cased  In  aa  with  a  nof,  whence  tbeii  nauM  coMtanu,  and  m  they 
rolled  about  In  the  wave*,  having  prow  aad  alctn  aBlu  and 
convertible  lowlDcki,  »  that  11  was  a  malter  of  indUlertnca 
aad  equally  safe,  ■>  pcthapa  uaade,  wUchcvei  way  tfaqF 


loose  b  tbe  iDwiock,  and  not,  a*  MS  usual  In  the  sonth,  attached 
by  a  Ibraig  to  tba  Ibairi  pin. 

Laatly,  as  a  cba  of  beet  directly  docended  fram  the  raft, 
we  may  notice  the  Bat-boitooied  boala  or  pnnu  or  lighters  wUch 
plied  on  tbe  Tiber  as  ferry-boats,  or  eating  goods,  which  were 
called  CB^iairua  from  amia,  the  okt  wind  for  a  plaalc 

It  i>  difficult  lo  tract  any  order  of  development  ia  Ihe  coostmo. 
tioo  of  ticai*  dutiog  tbe  Bysantine  period,  oc  the  suddle  agev 
Sca-pjuig  veseels  according  to  theii  >iie  carried  ooa  or  aoM 
hoata,  lonie  of  them  small  boata  with  two  or  foul  flBE^  olhen 
boala  of  a  larger  ui  fillad  with  mau*  and  sail  a*  well  a*  with 
oars.  We  find  hmtm  aad  piaaliu  a*  gtutiic  aamca  b  the 
easier  period,  but  the  hidicalioai  u  to  siis  and  cbanda  are 
vague  and  variahle.  "Ibe  nine  may  be  nidof  tbe  bculli,  cafiuu, 
tialimpa.tialain.fatii^tOt  wbicb,  Inalmoat  endleu  Diunlier 
and  variety,  the  nautioJ  erudition  cd  U.  Jal  ha*  collected  the 
names  in  his  toooumcntal  weeks,  Ariilalapt  itttaU  sttd  the 
GItiiar4  B^KlijiM. 

It  i*  dear,  however,  that  b  many  instances  tbe  names, 
orighiilly  applied  to  boata  properly  so  oiledi  gradually  attached 
IbecDielva  to  larger  vtHeis,  s*  b  the  case  of  tkaltupi  and  olhen, 
a  fact  which  leads  to  the  conduiion  that  the  type  of  build 
followed  originally  in  souDer  veaaels  was  often  developed  on  a 
lirger  scale,  according  as  it  was  found  useful  and'coovtnient, 
while  the  name  remained  the  same.  Many  of  these  inies  stiU 
iurvlvt  and  may  he  found  in  tbe  Eastern  leas,  or  in  the  Uedlto- 
ranesn  or  b  tbc  northern  waters,  each  of  which  Im*  it*  own 
peculiarilie*  of  build  and  tig. 


more  detailed  uilormition  concernbg  ibem  tbe  reader         ^^ 
would  do  weD  to  consuli  Uail  tud  Sail  in  EBopt  ojid     Tj^ 
.iliia.  by  H,  Wsringlon  Smyth,  an  eictUent  and 
eihaustive  work,  from  which  much  of  the  bformatton  which 
ft^ws  regarding  them  has  been  derived. 

In  tl;e  Easteraseas  the  Chinese  ronpon  is  ubiqultouB.  Origin^ 
ally  a  nnaD  raft  of  three  timbeit  with  fore  end  upiumed,  it  gitw 
Into  a  boat  In  very  early  times,  and  has  given  Its  name  to  a  vtiy 
large  dais  ol  veuels.  With  Sat  bottom,  and  coniiderable  width 
in  proportion  to  its  length,  tbe  normal  sanpan  runs  out  into  twq 
tails  astcm,  Ibe  timbers  rounding  up,  and  the  end  being  built 
in  like  a  bulkhead,  with  room  for  the  rudder  to  work  between 
it  and  Ibe  transom  which  connect*  Ibe  two  pnjcctiag  upper 
limbcn  of  the  stero.    Some  of  them  ace  as  much  at  jo  f  1. 1> 


98 


tcnatli  and  t  tc 

■pevdy  under  so 

Tlie  ChincK  i 


t.  in  bom.    Tbey  arc  foOd  curim  and 

probabilily  iren  the  ctctittt  of  iH  peoples 
(ololvF  Lhechjcl  problcmiof  boil  buijdjng,  imt 
foabjon  to  work  out  the  art  ol  navifaiion.  whii 
DOW  been  KI  and  UDchinied  (or  ttiauunds  of  yon.     They 

■ppcartohaveiued  thelee-boird  ind  c«nire-b 

unpini,  ind  10  hive  eiteoded  Ibrir  inde  ii 
beyond,  cialuries  befon  inylbint  like  auril 
beard  o(  [n  the  nonh  of  Eunjpe. 

Ai  icgxrOi  the  pncike  <A  (ong  boit  tadng  on  linn  m  tidal 
walera  the  ChJDEse  are  easily  aatccedcnt  ia  ti 
the  woild.  On  crcai  [ativab  in  certain  place*  the  Dragon  boat 
tate  fotms  put  of  the  ceiemony.  The  Dragon  boati 
over  7j  ft.  (04g,  oiih  4  fL  beam,  and  dcpdi  21  in.  The  rowijig 
or  piddling  ipace  i>  iboul  6j  ft.  and  tbe  Dumber  of  thwaru  17, 
thui  giving  eiacily  Ibc  Mme  number  of  rowen  u  that  of  the 
Zygilu  in  the  Gieck  trireme.    The  two  otrer 


about  IS  "-from  cache 

li  tpade-like  in  form  anc 
Both  in  Sam  and  Bun 


1  Lhe  single  plank  givci  place 


.    At 


.    The  paddle  blade 
I  very  larfe  river  populatii 


tlinging  and  uiing  quarter  niddtn  it  the  oldeil  used 
len  in  tailing  craft,  being  in  fad  the  earlieil  developmc 
the  tiiBple  paddle  (uddet,  which  hat  in  all  igei  been  i 


Gnl  method  of  tl 


3f  being  expert  boal- 
niuaen,  nui  inc  local  conanioni  are  not  Buch  u  to  lavour  the 
Donstrvclion  of  a  good  type  of  boat.  "  Small  ditpla cement. 
Iiollow  lines.  V-ih>ped  leciioni,  shallow  drau^t  and  lack  of 

imong  ihem  that  the  ancient  procea  of  dug-oui  building  ilill 
IBrviveiindflouiiibet,  preserving  all  the  primitive  indingenioui 
methods  of  haUohing  (he  Eree  t runk.  of  forcing  its  sides  outwards, 
ind  in  many  caiet  building  them  up  with  added  planks,  to  ihii 
!rom  the  dug-out  a  regular  boai  it  formed,  with  ineirated  though 
jmiied  carrying  power,  iocreued  though  itill  hatdly  tuScieni 
Ubility. 
To  ensure  this  last  very  necessary  quatily  many  ilevices  lod 

In  some  cues  (jusi  as  Ulysses  Es  described  at  doing  by  Homer, 

■long  the  ^dei  of  his  boat.    These  being  very  buoyant  not 
the  wash  of  the  waves,  but  are 


only 
sufficient 


1  keep  the  be 


El  charactecistic  deN 
Halting  cDod  thirpcned  at  both  ends, ' 
the  Longer  uIi  ol  tbe  boat,  al  a  diiiano 
by  two  or  more  pales  laid  tt  tight  ingli 
interfering  materialiy  wiih  the  ipecd 
"    any  pretsure  on  it  »hich 


the  01 


lack  ol  at 


■Uiiy.  ID 


igli  is  dlad  u  being  in  lata  slnnaHy  like  the  andnil 

an  model  still  preserved  in  the  Chizch  museum-  Coming 
ird  the  dominant  type  of  build  is  ihal  of  the  Arab  dfiirm, 
i\  clata  ol  which  has  all  the  characteristics  of  the  larger 
ieveloped  Irom  it.  plenly  o[  beam,  overhanging  stem  and 
niiern.  Tlte  plinkiBgol  the  shell  over  the  wiioden  Irante 
ouble  ihkknett  *hich  coaduces  10  diyneta  and  durability 

be  Nile  it  is  interesting  10  find  the  maitor  preserving,  in  iu 

'Id  fashion  ol  building  described  by  Herodolus.  'Tbe 
and^ofcifijdjlareloolargelobeclassedasbaals.  but  they 

notewotthy  that  nothing  apparently  of  the  andeat 
in  or  cltssiol  methods  of  build  survives  in  tbe  Mediter- 
,  while  the  records  of  the  developmenl  ol  boal-building 
niddle  iges  arc  meagre  ind  contusing.    The  best  illuttra- 

e  to  be  found,  if  anywhere,  in  the  East,  that  canservaiiVE 
types  and  lashioRB,  to  which  they  were  either 
.or  (rom  which  they  were  boirowed,  by  Egyptian* 
I.  from  whom  they  were  afterwards  copied  by 

iierranean  the  chief  chanrteriitics  of  the  type! 
belonging  to  ii  ire  "  carvel-build,  high  how,  round  tiem  ind 
deep  rudder  hung  on  ttem  p«t  outtide  the  vessel." 

In  the  eastern  ba^n  the  long-bowed  wide-itemed  caffMof  the 
Botpoms  Is  perhaps  the  lype  of  boat  best  known,  but  both  Cmk 
and  iialian  wstera  abound  with  an  unnumbered  variety  of  boati 
of "  beautilul  lines  and  great  carrying  power."  In  the  Aditaiic, 
the  Venetian  gondola,  and  the  lighl  cnll  generally,  are  ol  the 
pe  developed  (rom  the  nft,  flat-bottomed,  and  capable  of 
m'gating  shallow   waters  with  minimum    of   draught    and 

In  the  western  buin  the  majority  of  the  inuBer  veasch  are  of 
the  tharp-ticrned  boiid.  Upon  the  boaw  of  the  ftlnat  Class, 
'  ing  vessels  with  easy  lines  and  low  free-board,  suitable  (or 
iwing  as  well  as  sailing,  the  influence  of  the  long  galley  ol  ths 
liddle  ages  was  apparent.  In  Genoese  walen  al  the  beginning 
of  the  i^th  century  there  were  ringle-deckcd  rowing  vessels, 
'hicb  preserved  tbe  name  of  galley,  and  were  said  to  be  the 
the  Libumians  thai  defeated  the  many-liinkecl 


I  of  A 


It  the  Inln 
IS  already  relegated  into  obscurity 


noriab 

a  type  of  boat  b 
jTve  of  both  atens 
camber,  enahliog 
tcm  to  be  beached  in  a  heavy  surf. 

OniheDouro.in  Portugal,  it  is  said  that  the  boats  which  may 
c  seen  laden  with  casks  of  wine,  trailing  behind  them  an 
i»rmously  long  stecnng  paddle,  '  "" 


o  tbe  northern  waters,  u  with  men,  to  with  boats. 


totally  diflcR 


loltl 


that  Ibis  invention,  which  must  have  been  seen  by  the  Egyptian 
and  Pluenician)  In  very  early  times,  was  not  introduced  by  then 
into  the  Mediterranean.  Possibly  this  was  owing  to  the  lack  0 
large  limber  suitable  lor  dug-outs,  and  the  consetiuent  evoluiioi 
by  litem  of  boat  (na  laft,  with  sufficient  beam  to  rely  upon  fo 


tbe  more  t\_„ 

[inker-built  craft  with  great  beam,  and  laklng  sterns  and  atcmi, 
nd  a  wide  Hire  forward.  In  the  most  norihem  waters  the 
trakes  o(  [he  sea-going  boat)  are  wide  and  of  crmiiderable 
iiickness,  of  oak  or  tir.  often  compacted  with  wooden  trenails, 
rong  and  ft  lo  do  battle  with  the  touj^h  teas  and  cough  usage 

0  be 


e  the  I 
taught  for  in  the  old  Vjki 


In  the  Baltic  and  the  Mocth  Sea  most  of  tne  Gihing  ba«ti 
follow  this  lype.  with,  however,  considerable  variety  in  deiaila. 
It  is  noticeable  that  here  also,  as  in  other  parts  of  the  world,  and 
at  other  tinwi.  the  pressing  demand  far  ipeed  and  onyiBg  power 


BOAT 


itiiim  in  iliMin  iilliimi  [in  riiij  pm 

.   At  ihiHiHdBt  ihECwcl-buildk 

>Ui.  la  lb*  «n«^  lor  lUc,  ttcun  uid 

U  the  oU  typci  ol  n>wii( 

Mol  lo'lhc  N«nt  *kIS  ukd  lu  dtKtsduUi,  pcrhip*  tbe  oUrat 
'  m  wMn  i*  U  be  loiuid  in  HglUnd, 
I  oairitMloK  bivc  burtly  elund  inr 
.  ll  ii  u  ibe  Oiitcb  ibsl  we  duetjr  an  llw  «l(iB^ 
ol  oat  pkuui  cnit,  but,  iboogb  we  bam  devdopHi  thae 
cMiD—ilii.  tbe  Dutch  bnt*  h»va  rfnulnwl  pnny  much  the 
BOB.  Tbt  diakn-biiiM  ud  lbs  mdi  niuHlei]  bow  an  bow 
ny  Boch  ■!  tbe  (WK  cbtntctec  u  ihey  uc  lepRiaited  in  tb* 
old  iiicliuc*  «l  ibc  i]th  »Dd  iStb  ceniurfs. 

The  devetapncBt  si  fawi-boading  in  the  Srittih  lilci  dailii( 
the  iglh  craturjr  bu  been  onceuina  (nd  maU  seed  a  tmtiM 
"  to  do  it  juMlce.    The 


ImpimocBI  in  the  mf t  engaftd,  and  Iwre  4lw  ■«  ObwmUa 

-■'--^a  lo  lutBtitnle  and,  Ibouita  II  1> 

tr  bond,  and       •  -     .      - 

, ifndualiape  .    _  .  ..  .^  __ 

patra.     Uader  theie  inflneacei  ««  bear  of  the  JtM  and 

br  the  noce  mudeni  Zala,  Bhicb  ii  mpiioied  to  unite  tbe  food 
qualitke  of  both,  ind  thcae  in  turn  nnninc  to  nich  a  liae  a*  to 
take  tbeiB  oatsdc  the  calefoiy  ol  boiU.  But  evm  la  [he  caw 
ol  uojler  boalB  the  Ziii  andcl  ii  wtddjr  faUovcd,  to  thai  they 
have  actnaUr  been  impoitad  to  the  Iiiah  coaal  lor  the  me  ol  the 
crofter  Uheran  in  tlu  coacoted  dinricu. 

For  tlw  SWlland  uxam  and  tbe  braid  boaU  at  the  Orkneyi. 
■nd  lie  mattUt  td  tbe  MM  coait  ot  Scottaod.  the  mlaui  will  do 
■idl  to  rete  to  H.  WariogtOD  Smytb'i  ohM  exceUcnt  accounl. 

Od  the  oncTD  ooail  ol  Enfland  the  tnHiietiea  ol  the  Dutch 
tyiK  of  build  la  naaihtt  in  Duoy  of  tbe  Bat-bottomed  and  DKMtty 
raud-cnded  oah.  ucb  ai  the  Yorluhlro  Billyiey,  and  partly  In 
the  atlt,  nhich  latter  h  lutcmting  aa  buill  iot  lanuchini  off 
beadiei  a^nat  heavy  teal,  and  ai  contalniDi  relict  ol  None 
iaflnencc,  thmfb  ir  the  main  of  Dutch  origia. 

The  bJc-bnt)  ol  the  (uteto  natt  are  in  tbei 
able  daB  ol  boat,  with  hoc  lian.  treat  lentlb,  and  ihallow 
diaaiht,  woiKletfii  in  their  dahnj  work  Id  loni  weather  and 
heavy  iiai,  Ip  which  a*  a  rule  tbeir  urvios  are  nquind.  Here, 
hovcvat,  u  is  the  fiihioc  boau,  the  liie  ii  iucreaiiog,  and  tleaci 
jaapproprittlDitoiueUtheproviDceiol  the  tail  and  the  oar. 

The  wherry  of  the  Norfolk  Bioadi  hai  a  type  of  in  own,  and  ii 
ottCD  fitted  ODi  a*  i  pIcaaiiR  boat.  Ii  it  lafc  and  comfortable  lor 
iahnd  wMen.  but  not  the  ton.  ol  beat  to  Uvi  In  a  tea-way  In 
anylhiuB  but  inod  (rather. 

Tlw  Tbame*  aud  its  ettuary  rrjoit*  In  a  gnat  variety  ot  boati, 
of  which  the  old  Ftltr  boal  (»  called  afler  the  legend  ol  the 
fouitdation  of  the  lUxy  on  Thonry  lilaral)  prcKrvcd  a  very 
andeni  type  of  build,  ihorter  and  bncder  tku  the  M  Thame* 
pleanin  whcny.  But  tfaoe  ud  the  dd  iakli  boal  bave  now 
almoti  ditappeaiid.  Posibly  lurvivon  nuy  tiill  be  tnD  on  the 
upper  part  ol  tbe  UdaJ  rivn.  Jtound  ifar  Englitfa  caul  from  tbe 
Diauth  of  the  Tbauiei  lOuibwtidt  ibe  <iinditioiu  ol  landiii|  and 
of  hauling  up  boau  above  bigh-WBter  mark  afiect  tbe  type, 
demaDding  Mrong  clinkcr-huDd  and  itDut  timben.  Henn  then 
la  a  timng  lamOy  mrntbiaDce  in  mint  ol  tbt  (hart  boali  in  uie 
tnMn  the  North  Foreland  round  to  Brighton.  Anwng  tbcK  art 
theUIe-hoauof  Deal  and  iheotber  Channel  porti,  which  have 
done  and  are  (till  doing  heroic  work  in  aving  life  from  wreck* 
opOD  the  Goodwin*  and  the  other  dingeiout  iboali  that  beiet 
the  oarrowing  ileeve  ol  the  English  Channel. 

Farther  doWn,  along  the  aouthem  coast,  and  lo  the  wetl,  where 
harboun  are  more  irequcnl,  a  finer  and  deeper  claai  of  ~ 
chiefly  of  canrel-build.  it  lo  be  found.   The  Comiih  ports 
bone  of  a  grot  boai-building  induttry,  tnd  from  ihem 
number  of  the  fineit  fuhing  boau  in  the  world  are  turned 


ol  them : 
fuB  tad  held  quarten,  tod  u 


e,with 


In  detail,  the  variety  of  lypct  hi  tea-going  boatt  which  haw 
'  tea  elaborated  In  EnglaBd  and  bi  Amcttca.  For  Ihh  poipoie 
ifcrence  tbould  be  oidc  M  the  liil  of  works  given  at  the  end  ol 

Tbe  fallowing  h  a  tilt  of  the  boau  al  prtieot  used  In  the  TOyal 
Bavy,  They  hive  all  of  then  •  deep  lore  loot,  and  with  tbe 
exception  of  the  whalen  and  Berthon  boat*,  ttprlght  ttemi  and 
The  whalen  have  a  raking  item  and  a  ahaip 

In  the  bowi. 


.  SUId^yi; 


L    Depth, 
k  Ft.  Ilk 


I'lt-Tia. '  ^» 


BclwocB    thwarts    1    Ft.    7t   iu- 
WtMit3cwl.4b.    YeBewrlae    . 

Ycllo-cloi       .       .       .       .      . 
It.  Wlialer.    Bcmentliwartistl.  loin. 
~    !bsard  abool  ii  bk    Weiilil, 
'     '        No.     13.    Ltp 


.."\ 


ziwiib  baod-holM.) 


(AD  haw  .... , 

J.     Car.     Beiweea  ihwaiB  1  fkoj  In. 
Weishl  t  nrt.  i  qr.  15.  B.    13 

4.    Cnitct.     Bavten  thwti]  ft-'i  i^ 
Torxiryja  nVB.     ^rwelbuill 
innace.     BelaEen     thwarts     3     ft. 
Cuvetbtilli.    Elm  .... 

6.    Lauocb,     Beiweea  ibwaRi  ]  ft.  I  In. 
To  arrv  1  to  no.    IXwbli  akfa 


With  tbe  eiceptton  of  the  laitn' dum,  vh.  cutter*,  pbDicc* 
jnd  latuche*,  the  V-thape  of  bottom  it  still  preierved,  which 
doc*  not  tend  to  itability,  and  It  f*  didknlt  to  tee  why  the 
mailer  daiiet  have  not  loUowed  the  improvement  made  in  their 
larger  listen. 

Thou^  tbe  number  and  variety  of  Ki-going  boats  Is  of  much 
greater  Importance,  no  anxiunt  ol  boat*  In  general  would  be  com- 
plete without  relerence  to  tbedevdopmeotol  pleasure  ,^^^ 
ctafi  upon  liven  and  biland  water*,  eipedaliy  In  ^^^,f 
England,  during  tlie  past  century.  There  It  a  legend,  laitij 
dating  Irom  Saion  timci,  which  tellt  ol  King  Edgar 
the  PeaecaUe  being  rowed  on  the  I>ee  from  hli  palace  In  Chestn 
to  tfaa  church  ol  St  John,  by  eight  kings,  hlnuelf  tbe  ninth, 
steering  this  andent  S-oar;  but  not  much  Is  beard  of  rowing 
lo  Eni^and  uDlQ  I4!J.  when  John  Norman,  lord  mayor  ot 
London,  let  the  example  ol  going  by  water  to  Wettniiuter, 
which,  *e  are  idd,  made  him  popular  with  the  watermen  of  hit 
day,  ai  in  consequence  (be  use  ol  [Measure  boats  by  tlie  dtiieni 
became  common.  Thus  it  was  that  the  old  Thames  pletiun 
wherry,  with  it*  high  bow*  and  low  sharp  item  and  V-ibaped 
section,  and  the  old  skifl  came  Into  vogue,  both  ol  which  havo 
DOW  given  way  to  boau.  moiiiy  oC  clinker-build,  but  with 
rounder  botiomi  and  greater  depUi,  lafei  tod  more  eomtottabla 

Jn  1715  Thomi*  Di^gelt  (f.t.)  founded  a  net  which  is  itHl 
roared  in  peculiar  sculling  boau.  tiraked.  tnd  sritb  tldci  flaring 
up  to  iheiill  of  the  rowlock.  Strutt  ull>  utola  regatta  In  i^rs 
In  which  watermen  contended  in  pair-oared  boau  or  skiffs. 

At  ihe  be^nning  of  the  i«lh  century  numerous  roving  dub* 
llouriihed  on  the  upper  tidal  iraiers  of  iJt  Thame*,  and  we  beat 
of  lour-oaied  races  from  Weitminiler  to  Pulney.  and  from 
Putney  to  Kew.  in  arhat  we  should  runr  consider  large  and 
heavy  boats,  clinker-built,  with  bluS  entry. 

*  of  the  iBlh  century.    Eton  certainly  had  one 


al  Oifotd  begins 


0  Son. 


.     The 


iSij.  at  Cambridge  in 


100 

llil.    Palt-ou  tnd  lenQlDg  lUia  la  Uihln  bsui  Mcm  to  b*ve 

come  in  looa  tiler  iSio,  and  itic  fint  Oifoid  ud  Cunbridge 
dshl-oucd  nc«  «u  mwed  in  iSig,  id  whidi  jrMi  alM  Eton 
and  Wettmiiiiter  coatcndcd  At  Futaey- 

Henlty  regatU  wu  founded  in  iSjg,  aod  &ac«  thai  dlU  tbc 
twildins  ^i  r&dng  boats,  d^u,  toon,  pun,  uul  BcuUlin  boau, 
bu  made  peat  piogroL  Hic  prodocti  of  the  praejit  time  are 
nch|  Id  lightncu  of  buHd  and  iwiftnai  of  prf^uUkm,  a> 
Tould  have  been  tbougbt  imposiible  balwecD  iSio  tod  iSjo. 

to  the  middle  of  the  19th  antury  the  long  bo^i  io  UK  mc 
Dutly  dinhei-built  nitb  a  keel.  At  Oi(t>rd  the  toipida  irere 
nwed,  u  DOW,  1b  dinkei-built  enil,  but  the  lummer  tacea 
«en  rawed  fai  carvel-built  boati.  Hhlch  also  bad  a  keeL 

Id  iSj5  the  fint  kcelleu  8-oir  made  ila  appearuce  at 
Htnlcy,  built  by  Mat  Tiylorfot  the  Royal  Chester  Rowini  Club. 
The  new  type  was  constructed  on  mouldt,  bottom  upwards, 
a  cedar  ikln  beol  and  fitted  on  to  the  monlda,  and  the  libs  built 
In  after  the  boat  had  been  turned  over. 

In  1S5;  Ocford  rawed  in  a  similBrboat  at  Putney,  15  ft.  long. 
Ij  ID,  beam.     From  that  time  the  ketlkas  ndng  boat  has  held 

But  with  tbe  Introduction  of  tliding  seats  radng  eight)  hive 
developed  in  length  to  6]  [t.  or  more,  with  consideiabit  (amber, 
and  a  beam  ol  'yi*  in.  There  art,  however,  still  idvocatci  of 
tbe  shorter  type  with  broader  beam,  and  It  ii  noticeable  that 
tbe  Belgiin  boat  Ihai  won  the  Grind  Challenge  at  Henley  in 
I^  did  not  aiceed  6a  fl.  The  boat  in  which  Oifon)  won  the 
University  race  in  1901  was  j6  [1.  long  with  1;  Id,  of  beam. 
In  sculling  boats  the  acceptance  of  tbe  Australian  type  oT 

broader  beam  than  that  which  was  in  vogue  twaity  yeua  ago. 


BOATSWAIN— SOBER 


Thes 


In  fact  we  may  eipect  the  conirovcny  between  long  and  short 
radng  boats,  and  the  proper  method  of  propelling  them  re- 
■pectivdy,  to  be  carried  a  itep  faither.  Tbe  tendency,  with  the 
long  slide,  and  long  type  ol  boat,  is  to  try  to  avoid  "pinch" 
by  adopting  tbe  scullers'  method  ol  easy  beginning,  and  strong 
drive  with  the  leg),  and  sharp  finish  to  follow,  but  ic  nmauis 
ID  be  seen  whether  superior  pace  Is  not  to  be  obtained  in  a 
tborter  boat  by  ibaip  begianiiig  at  a  reasonable  an^  to 
Ibe  boat's  side,  and  a  coaiinuous  drive  right  out  to  (he  finish 

Appended  Is  a  list  ol  pleasure  boats  In  ust  (igo^)  <ta  the 
Humes,  with  their  measuremenu  (in  Icet  and  inches). 

Otm  al  BsaL        Length.  Beam.                Depth. 

Radng  dtht     .  .  s*'io6i'  m'Ioij*  o'toio* 

ClBik^?ghC    .  -.  Id-ioCo'  >4'ios7'  o'toio' 

Clinher  (our     .  ■.jS'tnti'  ji'm.i'  i'tna* 

Tub  (ours   .    .  .  30'  ti 


Outriner  acnik     .  1;'  10  ]o' 

Coachjnggifa  .    .  M'tosS' 

Gi(s(pleaHKe),    .  u'nai' 


3  B'-i'lO*  IJ'  rma  bcj.to 

u'loio;  T'i°8', 

lo'toti-  Sl'ioS' 

3|  to  3  V  lOj'tou' 


•  :  Did.  A- 


WhilClia 


AomoMtiM,— Foil 

ijwwu  SMfi:  Smith,  %nn  awt  Skifwreci  sf  ^  fam:  timer, 
A  n  KnaUl  Bnuiii^.  Oh  MilmHt  lUr  AUih;  Contn-anilral  Scrrt, 

Medieval:  I.L  ArtUd^  hwhIt,  aiid  Oamin  -oWfU!  Marqui. 
de  Folin.  Baltaia  a  narira.  pnt^t  it  la  it*ilni"Kn  maatt; 
W  S  Lindsay. /liiuri  of  Iffirtfiu  ^JliMi'msiuf  .4  iHieaiCcnmvm. 
Modems  H,  WarhftoB  Smyth,  Jfojl  exit  jrti  in  £woM  awf  ^lio; 
QivmKjtmBt.Miimm,lkYtcUttiBomlUai<im:H.C.  FolVhard. 
'•■■■■■      "    -  --    ''-o^TlHSttFalamtTuuary      -  ■ 


.indiav,  Hiii .  ,  -,  —.  . 

nt  H,  WarhftoB  Smytl 

Kcmpe.  iVouif  •!  tr- 

rbSiil»(BAi(;F.G.Aflal 
,   tnd  Wtla;  R.  C,  Le4ie.  <M 


m  Winti 


"l^XT 


BOARWADI  <pt«Bo«BCed  "  hotea  "1  dolvcd  torn  ■■  boat" 
nd  "  awain,"  ■  servant],  tha  warrant  oficn  of  the  ■taiO'  '■bo 
B  aailing^hipa  had  pantoilar  chacft  of  te  boat*,  Bila,  iin''>t> 
oloun,  anchon  aiul  cordage.  He  aupcrintended  tha  riai^ 
f  the  ship  in  dock,  and  it  wai  his  duty  10  tanraoa  (he  cr«> 


BOBBIU.  a  town  ot  Biilish  India,  in  the  VliamitiiB  diitrtei 
of  Madras,  to  m.  nortb  ol  Viasgapalsia  town.  Fnp.-  (i9«) 
l.  Itii  the  naideneaala  raja  of  old  fuslly,  whose  estate 
I  an  aiaa  of  nj  it),  m.:  —''—■-*  buaae,  {,v3fioai 
permanent  land  roveAnc,  fsaoo^ 

The  attack  on  the  fort  at  Bobbai  made  by  Genml  Snaiy  ia 
i7s6isone    '   '  " 

raja  ol  Viaii  ,  . 
the  raja  penuaded  bim  thai  tha  lault  by  adth  tha  (Wd  nl 
Bobbili  and  joined  tha  Fnacbiritb  ii,ooomena|ainutaitiivaL 
In  spite  ol  the  £aict  that  the  Rtdch  fietd-friocct  at  ooce  naite 
practicable  breaches  in  the  mud  waDa  of  llu  fort,  the  defeadeo 
held  out  with  desperate  vahnu.  Two  aaMnlU  acn  lepubed 
after  hours  of  hand-to-hand  i«i»"'''ti  and  whtn,  atttr  ft  ireih 
bombitdineDt,  the  garrison  aaw  (bat  th^  case  ma  bepdna, 
Ihey  killed  their  women  and  cUdreo,  and  only  nNCunbed  U 
last  to  a  third  assault  becauu  every  maaof  tt»  au  eiltacr 
killed  or  mortall]'  irounded.  An  dd  man,  bowem,  crept  out 
of  a  hut  with  a  child,  whom  he  pimetud  to  Bony  ■*  tbe  iob 
of  tbe  dead  chief.  Thite  nigbti  later  four  foUonnn  ol  (he  ctiirf 
of  Bobbili  crept  into  the  tent  of  the  raja  ol  Vbunagram  and 
slabbed  him  to  death.  The  child,  Chinna  Ran^  Rao,  ma 
invested  by  Bussy  with  hit falher'a  eetau,  but  during  hia  nlBoiity 
it  wsa  seised  by  his  uncle.  After  a  tempofary  arraagement  of 
terms  vilb  the  raja  of  Viiianagram  the  old  fend  hreke  out  again, 
and  the  Bobbili  chief  wai  Joiad  to  take  nfuga  lo  tbe  aiaam^ 
country.  In  i;9t,hairever,ontbebt<ak-<i]iof  tbeVWasagraat 
esute,  Chinna  Rang*  Rao  waa  rtatofcd  by  tbe  Britiab,  and 
in  iSoi  a  permanent  leitlemeot  wa*  made  wUk  bja  *sn.  The 
title  of  raja  wa*  recogniied  a*  bendUary  tn  tbe  fanulyi  tbat 
ol  maharaja  «*  conferred  ■*  a  peiamal  dlstioction  on  Sir 
VenkalaswetachslapalJ  Ran^  Rao,  R.CJ.K,  tb*  adopted 
great-gtcat-grandioa  ol  Chinna  Rang*  Rao. 
^  For  the  (iege  sn  Imp.  OaHUir  a}  ItHt  [Oxford,  IgOt).  I.*. 

BOBBlOh  a  town  and  epIscDpa]  see  of  Lombaidy,  Italy,  In  tbe 
province  of  Pavia,  jij  m.  S.W,  of  Piacenaa  tqr  road.    Pop. 

{i'yai)i&^.    ItsmostimpDnant  building  [s  the  church  dedicated 

and  died  there  in  615.  It  was  erected  In  Lombard  ityle  in  the 
nth  or  13th  century  (to  which  period  the  r^mpai^u  belongs) 
and  restored  in  the  ijth.  The  cathedra]  Is  alio  Inlerating. 
Bobbio  was  especially  famous  for  the 
to  the  moiuuleiy  ol  5t  Columhan. 
grater  part  being  hi  the  Vatican  library  at  Rome,  and  other* 
at  hiilan  and  Turin.  The  cathedral  ardana  contafal  docnmanU 
of  the  loth  and  nth  centuries. 

See  M.  Sioket.  Six  itrnOu  in  Or  Attmiua  (London,  ilga),  154 
■eq.;  C  CipoUa,  in  L'Arii  (1904!,  nt, 

BOIER.  a  tivar  ol  Germany,  the  nwit  considerable  of  tbe 
left  bank  tributaries  of  the  Oder;  It  rise*  *i  an  altitude  of  1440  ft., 
on  the  northers  (Sileslan)  side  of  the  Riesengeblrge.  In  lu 
upper  course  it  traverses  a  higher  plateau,  whence,  after  pasting 
the  town  of  Landeshut,  it  descends  through  a  nsni>w  and  fertile 
valley  to  Ruplcrhecg.  Here  lU  romantic  middle  course  begin, 
and  after  duhing  through  a  deep  ravine  between  tlK  town*  of 
HJTschberg  and  Lflwenberg,  It  gains  the  plain.  In  it*  lower 
course  it  meanders  through  pieasant  pasturs,  hogland  and  pine 
lorttt)  in  tuccelsioR,  receives  the  waten  of  various  mountain 
■  treams.  psssesdoieby  Bunilitiand  through  Sagan,  and  finally, 
altera  course  ol  item.,JDJnstbtOderatCroaicD.  SwoHen  by 
the  melting  ol  the  winter  utooi  aad  by  heavy  laina  in  tbt 


BOBRUISK— BOCAGE 


JS.tTT-o'vlMinoarrteHiKKK'n'  Inthaniinel  Akiindtt  I. 
Ibnc  mw  ended  ba(v  at  Iha  conSance  ^  Um  BobniWi*  wilb 
llti  Boaina,  aiuljr  ■  bOc  ffon  the  (OBI.  •  fsct,  whkh  iiKceK- 
luUr  wiiluood  ■  faombudnnt  by  N*pokon  ja  iSii,  wdni 
nude  equal  ta  tha  bat  in  Etuopfl  by  iha  emperor  Nkholai  !■ 
It  i«  dHttofahal  ia  1897.  IhedefciiceebeixMHiiiimwL  Hie 
lovB  ha*  a  miliUry  hoepiul  lad  a  depanncDUl  coUest.    TbcK- 

■OCISL  lUiniEL  HARU  BABBOU  Ds' (i^ii-iloi), 
FanucutMpoet.  vuaittlivaaf  SttubaL  Hii  Uib«  hut  beld 
iMporUot  judkU)  aiid  adniiiiiUaUv*  ippoialniHiU,  *Dd  hit 
mother,  fraia  wbtm  he  tank  Ikii  Lui  nmame,  wu  Lh*  ilv^hici 
of  A  Portugueee  vice-admiriJ  al  Frcndi  bijlh  nvba  hui  fougbt 
M  the  battle  ol  Uatapao.  Becage  bi^n  M  nulie  versa  in 
iofaocv,  and  beipjEiomewbat  of  a  prodigy  ^rci*uj>  to  be  flittered. 
■elC-coiiidoui  and  unaUbLc  At  Ifae  age  ol  Jouctcecir  be  niddealy 
lell  acboo)  and  joined  fbe  7th  infvitry  leguncDl^  but  tirio^  of 
pniioB  bie  at  Seiubal  afts  two  y»n,  be  decided  w  cater  tbe 
bavy.  He  proceeded  to  ttic  r«yiJ  nurine  i^^AKtriy  in  LiaboD, 
but  insiEid  af  uudymg  he  pursued  love  adveututcj.  and  for  the 
BCXt  6vE-yean  bunt  inceaie  on  many  aJLaji.whilcbii  retentive 
otenniy  and  eilraordinary  talent  for  impioviutlon  gained  him 
1.  beat  of  admircn  and  turned  his  head.  The  Brviiian  modinAatf 
lillklbyinedpoeinaiunglDaguitaral  faroil)'  parlie),  wcrelhrn 
tafreat  vogue, and  Bocage  added  lobisfsmc  by  "liling  a  number 
of  ttaeic.  b/  hia  ikilf  in  eilenipinuiag  veiKS  en  1  given  theme, 
aod  by  ailefDrical  idyllic  plDCea,  the  sut>jecl«  of  which  are  similar 
la  these  of  Waltou's  acid  Boucher's  piciuro.  In  17B6  he  wu 
apfsinled  gwrilaiHrinAd  In  the  Jndiia  nivy.  and  he  reached 
DoabywiyofBraiilinOclobcr.  There  he  Cimeinlo  an  ignorant 
aociety  full  of  petty  intrigue,  wEiere  his  particular  talents  found 
rio  Icopc  to  display  Iheouelvca^  the  glamour  of  the  Eul  left 
bim  unmoved  and  the  climate  brought  on  a  serious  illniss-  In 
thoe  circumstances  he  compared  the  terDiclraditiDju  of  Portu^l 
in  Alia,  which  had  induced  him  to  lea.ve  home,  with  Ihe  rulily, 
and  wrote  his  uliricaf  sonacU  on  "The  Decadence  of  the 
Portuguese  Empire  in  Asia,"  and  those  addressed  10  ABonso 
de  Albuquelque  and  D.  Joao  de  Castro.  The  irrit^ition  caused 
by  tfiete  satira,  together  with  rivalrin  la  tove  affain.  made  il 
advisable  {01  him  to  leave  Cob.  and  early  ta  1789  he  obtained  ihe 
poit  of  lieutenant  of  Ihe  Infintry  company  at  Damaun;  hui 
he  promptly  deserted  and  made  his  way  10  Macao,  where  he 
arrived  in  July-August.  According  to  a  modem  tradition  much 
of  the  Luiiadi  had  beea  written  therf,  and  Socage  probably 
travelled  to  China  under  the  iDfluence  of  Camoens,  tb  whose  life 
and  misfortunes  he  loved  to  compare  bis  own-  Tbou^  be 
escaped  the  penally  of  hia  desertion,  he  bad  no  rttourcrs  and 
livRJ  on  friends,  whose  help  enabled  him  to  Rtum  to  Lisbon  in 

Once  back  in  Portugal  be  found  hia  old  popuhtity.  and 
roumed  his  vagabond  etiitena.  The  age  vaa  one  of  reaction 
■gainsi  the  Pombalirie  reforms,  and  the  famous  intendaat  of 
police.  Manique.  in  his  dflerroinilion  to  keep  out  Frmeh  revolu- 
tionary aod  atheistic  propaganda,  forbade  The  fnportation  of 
foreign  dassica  ami  the  ditcuasion  of  all  liberal  Ideaa.  Hence 
Ibe  only  vehide  of  erpre^sion  left  waa  satfre,  which  Bocage 
employed  with  an  unsparing  ham],  ffis  poverty  compelled  him 
tp  eat  and  ifrep  with  JHends  like  the  turbulent  friar  Jos^  Agos- 
lioTio  de  Macedo  l^-v),  and  he  soon  fcfl  under  suspicion  wilb 
Maniqne.  Re  bectme  a  member  ot  the  Nrw  Arcadia,  a  litenry 
locieiy  founded  ta  170°,  under  Ihe  name  of  Elnano  Sadino,  but 
Idl  h  three  yean  later.  Thon^  ioeludirrg  ia  its  tanks  most 
sf  tbe  poets  of  the  time,  the  New  Arradia  produced  little  of 
tea)  utnil,  and  before  long  fti  adhetents  beam*  eneniia  and 


tn  amons  the  tanenl  public  and  with  foeopi  tnveUen  (nir 
yew  by  year.    Beckford,  the  author  at  Vtlkii,  loi  iuluic*, 

queenat  but  psfaapa  tbe  Boat  original  of  God's  poetical  CTMIURa. 
TUi  nnift  and  vtnatU*  chancla  may  ba  aaid  lo  iiimim 
the  will  of  ita  natlef 
'fioocebdooi- 
iB|  to  tbe  Nt*  Aieadia  delated  him  to  Manique,  1^  on  tha 
pctlcit  allorded  by  aoo^  uti-iclisiou  Venea,  the  Ehiijm 

difonlia.wdbybiilaoMliJCaiteMai 

lo  Oee  the  eoooui' and  lodied  him  ii 

^leBt  hi>  ibiny^tcoad  biciMay.    Hi  _  . 

ta  a  speedy  lecantation,  and  after  iPDcb  importunlni  of  idends. 
ba  sblaiud  hit  ttaufcc  in  Noven' 

warda  lecovered  hii  liberty.-  He  r 
and  tubaiited  by  writing  empty  Eiap^  I 
Ihcatret,  prialing  votumet  of  vena  and  traaslaling  the  di' 
poems  of  DeLlle.  Caild  and  olhen,  tome  iecopd-iale  French 
playa  and  Ovid's  UcUmarfiiiiti.  Jiiae  resourcu  and  Ihe  help 
of  brother  Freemasons  juat  enabled  him  to  eajsl,  and  a  puiifyinf 
iaflneace  came  into  his  life  in  the  shape  of  &  real  aUection  for  the 
two  beautiful  daughters  of  D.  Anturuo  Bersane  Leite,  which 
drew  irom  him  versa  ol  true  feeling  mixed  with  regrela  for  Ihe 
past.  He  would  have  manied  the  younger  lady.  D. .  Anna 
Perpelul  (AjuJia),  but  eicessa  bad  mined  his  health.  In  1801 
hii  poetical  rivalry  wilhJJacedo  became  moreacule  Indpeiunal, 
and  coded  hy  drawing  from  Socage  a  itin^ng  extempore  poem> 
Faia  Ji  TatUt,  which  rcnjaini  a  monument  to  hia  powers  of 
invective.  lniSo4themalady frotowlilchhesutfercd  increased, 
and  tbe  approach  of  death  inspired  tome  beautifli]  sonneta, 
including  oue  directed  lo  D.  Maria  {UareiaJ,  elder  sister  of 
Analia,  wha  visited  and  consoled  him.  He  bKUne  reconcQed 
.10  his  cnemio.  and  hieathed  his  last  on  Ihe  iiit  of  December 
iSos.  His  cud  recalled  tktl  of  Camoens,  for  he  expired  in 
poverty  on  the  eve  of  tbe  French  invasion,  while  tbe  singer  of 
the  LuiiaJi  just  failed  to  see  Ihe  occupation  of  IWugal  by  the 
duke  of  Alva's  atmy^  The  gulf  that  divides  the  life  and  achievc- 
1!  these  iwo  poets  is  accounted  for,  las  by  difference  of 


lalcnl 


sepan 


:  ijSo  froi 


Portugal ia 


id  the  hre  of  his  poetry. 


powerful  genius,"  tnd  Link 
lioti,  harmonious  veniEotion' 
iployed  every  variely  of  lyric 

ivifly,  his  satires  rigorous  and  aearching,  his  ode?  often  full  of 
nobility,  but  his  fame  must  rest  00  his  sonnets,  which  almost 
rival  thoseofCamoensinpower,  elevation  of  thought  and  tender 
melancholy,  though  Ihry  lack  the  latter'a  scbolaily  refinement 
of  phrasing.  So  daafled  were  coniemporary  critia  by  bia 
britliant   and    lru[^red   extemporizations    that    they    ignotM 

creative  output  and  the  trti£dal  character  of  most  of  his 
poetry,  la  1871  >  monument  wis  erected  lo  the  poet  in  the 
chief  square  of  Seiutul,  and  Ihe  centenary  of  his  death  was 
kept  there  with  much  drcumstanci  in  1905. 

The  best  editbni  nf  hii  colleetnt  works  ire  Ihe«  sf  I.  F.  da 
Silva.  With  a  biottapMctl  aixf  liieiary  wudy  by  RebeHo  da  Slln.  ia 
6  vala  (Liabua.  iasi),  aod  of  £>i  Thrc^hile  Bnga.  In  tvels.  [ODeno. 
ia;s-iS7U-  See  ako  I.  F.  da  Silva,  Dii^£una  BiUitpopkic, 
Pcrliiiiut,  voL  VI.  pp.  4yu.  and  vol.  m.  pp.  160-164:  Dr  T  Braga, 
Botait.naBidaetfwoI'lurviafppono,  Tool).  ARrildi^parirait 
of  Bccage  byll.  1.  da  Sdva  was  enpaved  by  Banoliizii,  who  ipeiit 
bislailyearBinLidua.  (E.  Pa.) 

BOCAGV  (from  O.  Fr!  ieitap,  late  LaL  bicwi,  a  wood], « 
FVencb  topogiaphicat  term  applied  lo  sevenl  regions  ol  France, 
the  eoramonest  chararteristia  of  which  tre  a  granite  formation 
■ad  an  undtdatint!  or  hilly  surface,  eoR^sling  largely  ol  beilK 
or  trdaimed  land,  and  dotted  with  dnmpt  of  trm.  Tlie 
moat  inporUBl  dislrlcU  daignated  by  tbe  word  are  fi^  the 
Becage    of    Normandy,    whjdi    < 


BOCCAOaO 


deputBom  «(  Cdvtdot,  BluKhe  tM  Orae;  U\  tk  Ba(E  of 
Vendte,  (lliultd  in  iIk  depirtmnTi  at  VcmMc,  Dcui-Shia, 
UiiiK^-Loire,  and  Loirr-IaWiieun. 
BOCCACCIO,  OlOVAHHI  (ijij-ij7s),  luliaa  ■«&«, 


Oecsuktm  BDnenI 


il  liu 


I  <J>1. 


i(  Pnnrth,  in  whkh  tiat  poet, 
who  wu  bun  is  ijm,  calls  himself  the  senior  si  his  friend  by 
QiDC  yesn.    The  pUn  of  his  birth  [s  soioevhil  donbtfut— 
Floivnn,  Puis  tnd  Certaido  being  sU  mentioDed  by 
vriTen  ba  his  utive  dty^     Bocofdo  uodoubtediy  caLfi 
■  FloKoiine.  bui  ihii  msy  nfei  nwrfty  to  the  FloreiitiDe 
thip  icquiml  by  bii  gnodfeilm.    TIm  diim  of  Psris  hss  been 
(uppgTied  by  Bildetii  aod  TiiaboKhi,  nuunly  on  the  giound 
Ihai  bis  molbcT  wu  ■  Udy  ol  gwd  fuiuly  in  thai  city,  *hi 
she  mil  Boccaccio's  lithec.    Then  it  a  good  dcil  in  favour 
Certaldo.  a  smaD  town  or  castk  in  the  valley  of  the  Elsa,  lo 
imtn  Florence,  where  the  family  had  some  property,  and  wbi 
the  poel  spent  imich  of  the  latter  part  of  his  life.     He  alwi 
signed  his  name  Boccacdo  da  Certaldo.  and  named  that  Vr 
as  his  birthplace  in  bis  awn  epitaph.     Pcmrch  calls  his  frie 
Cenaldese;  and  Filippo  ViUani.  a  contemporaiy,  distinctly  si 
that  Boccaccio  oas  bom  in  Cirttlda. 

Boccaccio,  an  illtgilimate  son,  as  is  put  beyond  diqmte  by  the 
fact  that  a  special  U'cence  had  lo  be  obtained  when  he  desired 
lo  become  a  priest,  was  brought  up  with  tender  care  by  his 
father,  who  seems  to  have  been  a  merchant  of  respectable  rank. 
His  elementary  education  be  received  from  Giovanni  da  Strada, 
an  esteemed  teacher  of  grammar  in  norence.  But  at  an  early 
age  he  waa  appreniiced  (o  au  eminent  merchant,  with  whom  lu 
remained  lot  tii  yeart.  a  time  entirely  lost  I  ~  ~  .  ' 
believe  his  own  siattoient-  For  from  Ms  tenderest  yean  bis  soul 
was  attached  10  Ihil  "  alma  fMiii,"  which,  on  hit  tombctone, 
ha  names  as  the  talk  and  study  of  U*  life.  In  one  ol  Ms  wotka 
be  relates  that,  in  hii  seventh  year,  before  be  had  ever  seen 
a  book  of  poetry  or  learned  Ibe  rules  of  loettical  composition, 
he  began  to  write  vtnt  in  hi]  childiili  fashion,  and  earned  for 
himself  amongst  his  friends  the  name  oF  "  the  poet."  It  i)  un- 
certain where  Boccacdo  passed  Ibesc  sii  years  of  bondage; 
most  likely  be  followed  his  master  to  various  centres  of  commerce 
Id  Italy  and  Fnnce.  We  know  at  least  thai  he  was  in  Naples 
and  Paris  lor  some  lime,  and  the  youtbTuI  impressions  received 
In  the  latter  city,  as  well  as  the  knowledge  of  the  French 
language  acquired  there,  were  of  considerable  influence  on  hia 
later  career  Yielding  at  last  to  bis  son's  immutable  aversion 
10  ci>mmeTCC,  the  elder  Boccaccio  permitted  him  to  adopt  a 
count  of  study  somewhat  more  congenial  lo  the  literary  tastes 
of  the  young  nan.  He  was  sent  to  a  celehnled  professor  ol 
canon  law,  at  that  tine  an  important  Geld  of  action  both  to  the 
iludeni  and  the  pnclicat  jurist.  According  to  some  accounts 
—far  from  authentic,  ii  is  true — this  professor  was  Cino  da 
Pistoia,  the  friend  of  Dante,  and  himself  a  celebrated  poet  and 
scholar.  But.  whoever  he  may  have  liecn,  Boccacdo's  master 
was  unable  lo  insinre  his  pupil  with  scientific  aidoui.  "  Again," 
Boccaccio  says,  "  I  lost  nearly  sii  yean.  And  to  nauseous  wu 
this  study  ID  my  mind,  thai  neither  the  tcacbing  of  my  master, 
nor  the  authority  and  command  of  my  father,  nor  yet  the 
eaenions  and  reproof  of  my  friends,  could  make  me  take  lo  it, 
for  my  k>VT  of  poetry  was  invincible." 

About  lUJ  Boccaccio  tEttltd  for  some  yean  at  Naples, 
apptiently  Kni  Ihett  by  his  father  to  reiumc  bis  mcrcanlite 
punuitt,  the  canon  law  being  finally  abandoned.  The  place. 
il  must  be  confoied,  was  little  adapted  to  lead  to  a  practical 
view  of  lile  one  in  whose  heart  the  love  ol  poetry  wai  firmly 
It  of  Kmg  Robert  of  Anjou  at  Naples  was 
ly  Italian  and  French  men  al  leltni,  the  gital 


rooted     The  co 
frequented  by  m 
Petrarch  amongst  i 
tioo  in  the  noble  ic 


ubiicea 


al  poetry  by 
receiving  ue  uurel  crown  at  Roek.  Boccaccio  was  present, — 
without,  however,  making  his  pcnoiial  acquaintance  al  this 
period.  In  the  atlDBphere  of  Ihil  gay  court,  enlivened  and 
adorned  by  the  wit  ol  men  and  the  beauty  of  women.  Boccaccio 
Bnd  lot  Mvenl  yeui.    We  can  ima|ine  how  the  Icdious  duties 


happened  khbc  lime  after,  led  qidW  M 

tioBcd  occunencc  to  this  ded«vi  (BnuM-|>>>*<i*  ib  hn  Sb,   Oa 

EaMtr-cvt,  IJ4I.  la  ihe  choidiaf  Saa  LMfBJO,  B 

for  the  Gnt  time  the  natan 


if  ber  lover's  works)  w 
pan  ef  tbe  Udy.  Bni  noi  till  iftcr  auKb  delay  did  the  yidd  i« 
■he  anorout  denandt  of  the  poet,  la  vile  ol  her  hoaaiir  and  bir 
duty  aa  the  wife  ol  another.  All  lh«  inloiBatloB  ve  ka*c  iritk 
regard  to  Maria  or  FiaauuMta  it  darivcd  IroH  tha  votta  ol 


watched  perh^ia  by  a  jealous  husband,  Boccaccio  had  aD  poaihle 
reason  to  give  the  appeararicc  of  Gctilioaa  fncongmlty  lo  tbo 
effusions  of  his  real  passion.  But  tbert  seems  no  ntorc  reason  to 
call  into  question  the  main  featum  ef  the  iiory,  or  even  the 
identity  of  the  person,  than  ihert  would  be  <n  the  cue  of  Pe(i»rch"a 
Laura  or  of  Danie'i  Bntriix.  It  has  been  ingeniously  pointed 
Dul  by  Balddli.  that  the  fact  of  her  descent  froni  King  Robett 
being  known  only  10  Maria  henelf.andthioagtibcrloBoecaeao, 
'  Iter  was  ihe  more  at  liberty  lo  refer  lo  this  draimnanee. — 
lid  tipression  of  the  tnilh  serving  in  this  case  to  bKrcaae 
tbe  mystery  with  which  the  poets  of  ihc  middle  ages  loved,  or 
obliged,  to  surround  the  objects  id  their  praise.  Ftod 
Bocaudo's  A  mtle  we  learn  that  Maria's  mother  was,  Bkt  hi* 
a  Fcmch  lady,  whose  husband,  according  to  Baldelli'i 
ingenious  conjecture,  was  ot  the  noble  bouse  ol  Aquino,  and 
therefore  of  the  saoK  family  with  the  cdebnled  Thomas  Aquinaa. 
Maria  died,  according  to  his  account,  long  before  her  lover,  who 
cherished  her  memory  to  the  end  of  his  life,  at  wv  sec  from  a 
innct  written  shortly  before  hia  death. 

The  fijst  work  of  Boccaccio,  composed  by  him  at  Flammetla'i 

immand,  waa  the  prase  tale,  Fitocopt,  describing  tbe  romantic 

ve  and  adventures  o£  Florio  and   Biancafwie.  a  favourite 

ibject  with  the  knightly  minstrels  of  France.  Italy  and  Germany. 

be  treatment  of  tbe  stojy  by  Boccaccio  is  not  remarkable  for 

originalily  or  beauty.aod  the  narrative  isencumtiered  by  classical 

'  <ns  and  allegorical  conceits.    The  style  also  cannot  be  held 

worthy  of  the  future  great  master  of  Italian  prose.     Consideritig, 

however,  that  this  prose  was  in  its  infancy,  and  that  thit  was 

Boccacdo's  first  attempt  at  remoulding  the  unwieldy  material 

his  disposal,  il  would  be  unjust  lo  deny  that  FUnape  i%  a 

highly  interesting  work,  full  of  promise  and  all  bul  articulate 

power.    Another  work,  written  about  the  aame  time  by  Fiam- 

'  ^.a's  desire  and  dedicated  to  her.  is  the  rnei^r,  an  epic  poem, 

indeed  the  first  heroic  epic  in  the  Ilaliin  language.     The 

e  is  cboaen  somewhat  inapproprialdy.  as  King  Theseus  playi 

sndary  part,  and  the  interest  of  the  story  centres  in  the  two 

noble  knights.  Falcmone  and  Arcito,  and  dicir  wooing  of  Ihe 

beautiful  Emelia.     The  TtsiiJt  is  of  particular  interest  to  tha 

.Indent  of  poetry,  because  it  eahibils  Ihe  fini  example  of  Ih* 

■ttin  rjMd,  a  metre  which  was  adopted  by  Tasao  and  Ariotto, 

ind  in  English  by  Byron  in  Dm  Jmn.    Another  Unk  between 

kKcacdo't  epic  and  English  literature  is  formed  by  the  fact  ol 

Chaucer  having  in  the  A' nifAt'r  Ta/f  ad^  ted  its  main  features. 

Boccaccio's  poetry  has  txen  severely  crrticiaed  by  his  country- 
nen.  and  most'  severely  by  the  author  himself.  On  reading 
Peuarch's  sonnets,  Boccaccio  resolved  in  a  fit  of  despair  lo  bum 
his  own  attempts,  and  only  the  kindly  encouragement  ol  his 
great  friend  prevented  the  holocaust.  pMterity  has  jtiMly 
"~  J  from  the  auihor's  sweeping  Hlf.crilidsni.  It  is  Inn, 
smpared  with  Dante's  grandeur  and  passion,  and  with 


BOCCACCIO 


*oj 


potny ■Main bt namfaat tbrewn fartD riMd*.  Wtnnch 
OCTwiQiallr  il^Mbod.  mm!  [■itkulul]'  kk  epic  poctnr  Ucki 
*lua  in  madern  pubum  ii  oUal  poetic  (liciioii,~ilie  qiutily. 
that  11,  wUch  dittlncidihci  tbc  devited  pubii*  U  the  ncacder 

Alt* 

nuniivc  ii  ■Injn  flycBi  ud  iaURMlns.  uxl  U>  lyrical  plecei, 
puticululy  ibe  pociic  lourludn  in  Ibe  Okchcsh,  ibauKt  vith 
chunuBK  (KDuiiy.  ud  lirqueutly  in*  to  lyikal  patbcs. 

About  the  ytu  im'  Boccudo  Rtnrned  to  Flonnce  by 
coDuund  al  hii  fiibcr.  wbo  ia  hii  old  tga  dolnd  ill*  »«->«'«'>" 
■Dd  cDDpiny  of  hii  Kin.  Flamice,  M  that  tiioa  dimibed  by 
civil  feudt.  uxt  tbe  lilcnt  ^dob  of  hii  Iitliet'*  bowe  Could  not 
but  appear  Id  aa  unravourable  U^t  to  ooa  accottomed  to  tlie 
faytiErofdteNeapoliunaiiin.  BuiDu>reUiaDallt)iii,Bo(xsccio 
rcfntitd  the  tepaniioD  Inini  bii  beloved  nunmttu.  Tfae 
thousbi  of  bee  al  once  embittered  and  conaoled  bii  londineii. 
Tbrce  ol  hi)  *ark*  owe  Uieir  exiiience  to  thli  pttiod.  With  all 
of  ihEo  FiAiuMiU  iicDnHctcdioIoocof  Iheoi  ibe  afeoe  ii  ibe 
■Bbject.  Tbc  &ru  iraik,  called  Amtbi,  deicribci  tb*  civiliiiiii 
infliicnci  of  lovT,  whicb  tubdue*  the  fttodou  minnen  of  the 
nvaae  with  ju  tenth  poaa.  Fiiisinetta,  akhou^  not  the 
benHHDltbettory,  liajuanpttbeDympbavbo  mibtbeir  talet 
ol  tnwlaviiolun  iJm  mind  of  the  bunliman.  ^iwte  i>  wriiteii 
IB  pnse  altetnatint  vilh  vene,  fpedmcu  of  vhich  fom  occur 
io  aid  and  Biddl*  l^lia  writinp.  It  ii  oiore  probable,  however, 
thai  Bocacdo  adapted  it  from  that  iwetieit  and  pureat  blotaoni 
ol  Bolieval  Frencb  litintun,  AataiiiH  il  NictltlU,  wbicb  date* 
from  tbc  litb  DOitiifyt  and  waa  undoubteflTy  koowa  to  hioL  So 
pleaaed  wai  Boccaccio  with  the  idea  embodied  Id  the  character 
a<  A  mtU  that  he  repeated  ill  eaaentlal  fealiirea  in  the  Ciaoar  of 
bia  OeunHm  (Day  jlb,tal(l.}.  The  aecood  work  refcrnd  to  k 
■  poem  in  hftycbapten,  called  raaHra»ruuiK.  ItdcKribu 
a  dieaai  is  which  the  poet,  (iiided  by  a  lady,  tea  tbc  btroa  and 
lovera  of  bbcieiU  and  owdieval  limaj.  BoGCacdO  cvidcDtlr  bu 
tried  l»  iniuu  the  celebrated  Trit^  al  Ptintth,  but  without 
Duch  aucccM.  There  b  liltl)  orptolc  devclopouiit  In  the  poem, 
*bicb  fcadi  tUte  the  altiat**  ralraul  of  a  picture  ■alla>i  but 
it  it  remarkable  rrom  another  point  ol  view.  It  b  peihaps  the 
noM  Mtougding  InttaDce  In  liieratiui  ol  lufenuily  wasted  on 
triAat;  even  Edfar  Pot,  bad  be  known  Boccaccio'i  puiile, 
BUM  have  confcMcd  himaeU  aurpaacd.  For  the  whole  of  the 
AmtiMa  Viiitm  it  nolliini  but  an  acmtic  on  a  figintic  acale. 
nwpocm  i>wrilun,liketbci>iiiMC#aHHdu,intinan'aw,aad 
tht  initial  iMtMi  of  all  the  uipleli  tbrouthout  ttte  work  conpoaa 
tfantpocBMotcould(nbklen(tb,lntbtfint<rf  which  tbc  whole 
b  dtAcitad  to  Boccaccio'*  lady-love,  thit  tin*  under  ber  real 
aaauof  Uaiin.  IoaddilIoatothIi,lheiaitialletIenottbc£iM, 
third,  filth,  icventb  ud  ninth  linei  ol  the  dedicatory  poem  form 
iciotho 


■leetid  degnc    No  wonder  th 
thOUBht  befln)  to  Baf  and  h 


language  ti 


.    The  third 
,'  at  Florence, 

or  aaoi  atto  hit  tctun  to  Naplei.  la  called  L'  amema  FioMmdla ; 
tad  aliboufh  wif tien  in  proae,  it  conlaina  owre  ical  poetry  than 
tbc  daborale  pradactioB  jutt  referred  Id.  It  pwportl  la  be 
FiamBetla'a  complaint  attci  her  lover,  [oOowtai  tb*  call  of 
CUal  duty,  had deuncd  ber.  Bitterly  th*deplofeib*rIate,and 
opbnidi  her  lover  wiib  coidnen  and  want  of  devotinL  Jiiloui 
fean  add  to  bo  tortiue,  not  altoietber  uiloundtd.  If  we  believe 
the  coDtmcDUton'  aaKrtloD  that  the  betoio*  of  Amiit  it  in 
reolily  (be  baaudful  Lucii,  ■  Fkrentini  lady  loved  by  Bocacdo. 
Sadly  FlaaiBctu  renUt  the  OMnent*  of  fonner  btiia,  the  fint 
mectini.  ibe  ttolen  embrace.  Her  namliv*  1*  indeed  our  duel 
mucc  of  iafbrmetion  for  tb*  inddentaof  thii  niange  love-atoiy. 
It  bai  b*CD  tliou^  unlikely,  and  indeed  iopoaslile,  that 
Boccacdo  ibsald  Ihut  bam  hecon*  the  mouthpiece  of  >  real 
Uy"!  n*l  patiion  lor  Umaelt;  bat  there  seena  notUni  la- 
coDfraou  in  the  luppoiition  that  afto-  a  happy  reunion  the  poet 
ibmld  have  biud  vitk  aattalaclion,  whI  aunonnded  with  the 
ktlao<  ideal  ait,  tbaatoryirfhlilady'iaiLSeriD^    Uonover.tbc 


lansoaie  ta  too  toB  ol  hidlvUaal  toteadty  10  make  lk«  eaojectnn 
otancntkdylictJtiaualaveaXairiDtnaiically probable.  Vamf 
rare  Piammtlla  la  a  moDody  at  pmattoa  tuiiaincd  aven  to  the 
verie  of  didncM,  but  itnUngly  teal,  and  therdoce  artistical^r 
valuable. 

By  the  hitanxMion  af  an  faiflnential  Iriend.  Boccaccio  at  laat 
obtained  (in  ijm)  hit  father'a  penaiaaioD  to  return  to  Na|del^ 
wbsc  in  the  aMantinHCiov>Dna,grand-dau(htBaIKiiv  Robert, 
hadaucccedediothccnnib  .B^niyoaa|uidbeButiful,fa[>dol 
poetiy  and  of  ihe  ^raite  of  poett,  the  ncdvcd  Boccacdo  with  al 
lb*  dittiBCtion  due  to  hit  literary  faa*.  For  inany  ycira  the 
rcnujncd  lu*  laitbftd  frjakd,  and  the  poet  tetaned  bcr  fawoot 
with  (raUAd  devotlOB.  Even  when  the  chu«c  of  kvinf 
lutliattd,  or  at  katt  connived  al,  the  nmdo  d  htr  buahand 
was  but  too  clearly  proved  againal  ber,  Boccacdo  wia  amongat 
the  lew  who  atood  by  ber,  and  undcrUok  the  hopeleat  tatk  ol 
cleariDf  ber  name  Iron  the  dreadful  atain.  It  vaa  by  her  dctiic, 
00  lata  than  by  that  of  FiemnKtta,  that  he  csmpoaed  Ibelweee 
■J44  and  ijja}  omn  of  the  atone*  of  hit  Daamvem,  which 
aftciwaida  wen  collected  and  plaad  in  the  idduiIb  ol  the 
Florentine  ladiei  and  fcnllemcn.  Dunns  tbla  time  be  aha 
compnacd  the  Filnvtu,  a  namtive  poem,  the  chief  fniercn  cf 
which,  for  Ibe  En^ith  icader.  lies  in  its  conneidan  with  Chaucer. 
With  a  beUacaa  pardMable  o^y  in  men  of  gnlui,  Chaucer 
adopted  the  main  Isatwea  ol  the  plot,  and  EiunUy  Irualated 
parta  ol  Boccaccio'i  work,  without  ao  much  at  mcntioDing  th* 
name  of  bia  Italian  aonrcc 

la  ijja  Boccacdo  tttuRied  to  Fbrcnce.  owing  to  the  death 

of  bit  father,  who  had  made  bin  ■uardiao  to  his  younger  broiber 

Jacopa.     Hie  was  received  with  (teat  diatinctien,  and  cnteicd 

tb*  aervke  of  the  Republic,  beina  at  varion  tioiei  lent  oa 

'MBtotbemaisraviof  Bondadiurg,  and  to  the 

laasaevcrai  pope*,  both  Id  Avi(non  and  Rome.     Boccacdo 

itiof  the  friendly  tcrmt  00  which  he  had  been  with  Ibe  great 


politician  :  .     _.   _.__  , , 

Petrarch  were.  As  a  man  of  the  world  he  CDJoyed  the  aociity 
of  the  great,  but  his  interest  in  the  intcTDal  ccinmotioni  ol  tha 
Florentine  state  tecma  to  luve  been  veiy  alight.  Besides,  ha 
never  liked  Florence,  and  the  expreniDn  used  by  him  residing 
hia  fellow-dtiiena  betray  anytbiag  but  paltiotic  prejudice.  In 
a  Latin  eclogue  he  appliea  to  them  the  lera  "BBtnch(]*"(fKip1, 
by  which,  he  adds  parenthetically— £(d  iiUdlift  FUnmliiunim 
maim;  iaqaadisimi  enim  -nwu,  lerair  m  nhu  Micii  aitil 
solMiir-  The  only  important  retolt  of  Boccacdo's  di[domatic 
career  was  bit  intimacy  with  Petrarch.  The  first  acquaintance 
olibetetmgteatovD dates [romthcyeaitjgc, when  Boccacdo, 
then  jutt  returned  to  Florence,  did  ill  in  his  power  la  mke  the 
gtrmt  poet's  thon  iiay  in  that  diy  agrnble.  When  in  th* 
following  year  the  Florentine*  were  andont  to  draw  men  of 
great  reputation  to  their  newly-founded  univtsilty,  it  waa  again 
BoccacciD  who  insisted  on  Ite  dafant  of  Petiaii^  to  the  ma*l 
distinguished  posiiioii.  He  lunaelf  accepted  the  miiaon  al 
biviiing  hit  ftlcnd  to  Florence,  and  of  announcing  to  Petrarch 
at  the  tame  time  that  (he  lorfdted  oUMol  hit  firaily  had  bea 
totored  to  him.  In  thit  manner  an  Intiiiiate  frlendthip  gnw  up 
between  them  to  be  parted  only  by  datb.  Comnuia  Imereaw 
and  coRinioa  Ulcnry  punuits  were  Ibe  natoial  basil  of  their 
frletwlthip,  and  both  occupy  pramlnnl  podtion*  in  th*  early 
bJatoiT  of  that  great  inteUectnal  levfval  eBmrnaif  callad  ttM 


fiuring  the  itlh  eciMy  the 

by  political  strugglet,  and  the  t 
poetry  were  at  the  mercy  of  mo 


•  of  andeni  litenturt  wat' 
be  lay  world  wat  enpotied 
a  of  daallcal  hittory  and 
DO  la^  or  too  Ifnorant  to 


tc  Casslno,  he  waa  showv 


a  guide  told  him  that  the  monka  wi 


U  were  mutilated;  and 
in  the  habit  of  uaring 
:o  ptalttn  lor  cbildita, 
lor  or  five  itUi  apiect. 


10+ 


BOCCACCK) 


MpM  tiitb  lui  own 
inoldwrittrRmirlu 
ipyirt,  the  »moiml  of 


Bncaedo  dU^  la  Ui  pamtt  to  kbmvi 
tUi  bwbinnu  indiSenace.  He  tuughi 
huul  DumuiMu  vBluble  sKDUKripis,  an 
thai  if  Boccude  had  txcn  •  prafcMlootl 
Jii>  ooiit  might  aiteniifa  ut.  Hi*  ttth 
Kvivil  at  tht  all  bul  fmialicB  Cnck  langBage  in  wnlcrn 
Eanpe  aie  «cll  kiwm.  The  motl  cclcbnted  luliin  ichalan 
about  the  befiiudiif  of  the  istb  ceotnry  wne  unable  to  Kad  the 
Gtcck  chancUf*.  Boocacdo  dtpkirad  Ibe  tewiuca  of  hit  ag(. 
Ht  look  kmai  Inm  Lcodc  Pilalo,  a  leuned  adv^itnirerof  the 
period,  whohadUytdalooctlnMlnTlMualvaadialUKiUKb  bora 
Ib  Calabria,  pnlindad  (o  b«  a  Cmk.  By  B«(tKcio'i  itdtitt 
LeoM  Pilato  «aa  tppoinud  pnltaot  of  Gnek  language  and 
litcntun  in  tha  ndnttlty  of  Flonm,  a  potidoa  nhich  he  heM 
for  Kveral  jreaia,  not  trithout  peat  aiid  laating  benefit  for  the 
tvvlval  of  ^■— "•■!  leaninf.  Boecacdo  waa  fuatly  proud  of 
having  beoa  iotimateljr  OBDnccted  with  thB'fouDdatioa  of  the 
iiitchair  of  Cemh  Id  Italy.  But  he  did  not  forget,  In  bit  admira- 
tloa  of  dMBC  Ueraton,  the  gnat  poeu  of  bia  own  eoimtry. 
Ha  never  tire*  In  blipTalie  of  ^  the  nibUiH  Bante,  wboaa  worka 
b  copied  with  bii  own  hand.'  He  coBJum  bii  friend  P«uarch 
lo  ttudy  the  great  FlorHtine,  aad  to  defend  ^ww— u  agajnfit 


of  one  hundred  itociei,  puliliibed  in  their  combiDed  fonu  ici  135J, 
although  nuutly  wrilteo  at  an  earlier  date.  Thit  woik  toarke  in 
a  certain  aenie  the  rite  of  Italian  pmu.  It  ia  tiue  ibat  Danie't 
Vila  Naina  waa  written  before,  bul  iu  lovnlved  »MiiiBCe», 
tounded  eueniially  on  Latin  cDiutruciioiii,  cunot  be  (oinpued 
with  llv  infinite 'aupplfloeaa  and  preduon  of  Boocacdo'l  pnifle. 
tht  CiiJs  NmiU  Anlidu,  on  the  other  hand,  which  abo  precede* 
the  DeaWKrim  in  date,  can  hudly  be  laid  to  be  writtea  in 
artbtic  language  tnonUng  to  definite  nilei  of  grammar  and 
ityle.  Boecacdo  for  the  Gnt  time  ipeaks  a  new  Idiom.  Scxlble 
and  tender,  like  the  cfaaiacter  of  the  nation,  and  cainble  of 
nndering  all  the  ahadci  of  feeling,  from  the  <oane  laugh  of 
cynidui  to  the  ilgh  of  hopelen  lovt^  It  it  by  the  name  of 
1  PiMc"  that  Boecacdo  ought  to  be  chieSy 


a  Id  ut  and  Utcnttur, 
Boccacdo'i  lenunilding  of  Italian  pme  may  be  described  aa  a 
"  ntuin  to  nature."  It  iaindeed  the  naluie  of  the  lulian  peepli 
itieU  which  hai  becoraa  articulate  in  the  Damnaan;  here  «t 
ind  loutheru  giaca  and  deguce.  together  with  that  unvtiled 
atliU  of  impidie  whkh  it  lo  itiiking  and  le  amiable  a  quality 
of  the  Italian  diaiactar.      The  Bndeiinble  cnoiplement  of  the 


and  apnatiha  haidly  comprehensble  to  the  nortbrtUHmind, 
alM  appcan  in  the  OsMKria,  puticulariy  where  the  life  and 
convenatien  of  the  lowci  dues  are  the  aubject  of  the  itoiy. 
At  the  aame  time,  these  deacriptioni  of  low  life  are  ta  admir- 
able, and  the  chaTacler  of  popidar  parlance  rendered  with  inch 
humour,  a*  oftan  to  make  the  frown  of  moral  diigiiil  give  way 

It  ii  oot  (uipriiuig  Ibat  a  it)4e  to  coodie  and  yet  u  pliable, 
■o  typical  and  yet  ao  individaaJ.  aa  that  of  Booacdo  waa  of 

enormous  influence  on  Ibr  further  prpgrew  o(  ji  prose  is  a  manner 
created  by  iL  Thii  influence  hu  indeed  prevailed  down  to  the 
prscnl  time,  to  aa  eiliot  beneficial  upon  the  whole,  although 
fietiucoily  fatal  to  the  development  ol  individual  writeia. 
Novelista  like  Giovanni  Fiormtino  or  Franco  Saccbctti  are 
camplelily  under  the  my  of  their  great  modd^  and  Bococcio's 
influence  may  be  discerned  equally  in  the  plastic  fulness  of 
Macbiavelli  and  io  the  poiued  latin  oI  Areiino.  Withonl 
touching  upon  Ibe  individual  BKriu  ^  Laaca,  Banddio  and  other 
noveliiu  of  the  f  infneoaU.  ii  may  be  aiaeited  that  none  of  then 
I  style  independent  of  Ibeii  peat  predeusur.    CUe 


tbe  Accademia  ddla  CltiMi.  Mdch  bohh  ap  ibe  Dtttmtrtn  at 
the  standard  and  model  of  Italian  pmse.  Even  the  Delia  Cmscan 
writers  themselves  have  been  unaMe  Ifr  deprive  the  language 
whoUy  of  the  fresh  spontaneity  of  Boo^actio's  maiuicr,  which 
in  modern  literature  we  again  admire  in  Mansonj's  Prpmtni 

A  detailed  analysts  of  a  work  sO  well  known  aj  the  Drttmrrm 
would  be  unnecesjaiy.  TTie  description  of  the  plague  of  Florente 
preceding  the  iiorjes  b  luu'vcTsally  acknawledged  to  be  a  master- 
piece ol  epic  grandeur  and  t^vidnen.  It  rtnki.  with  the  paintings 
of  ilmitar  calamitiet  by  Thucydidn,  Defo^  and  hlinioiu.  Like 
Defoe,  Boccicdo  had  to  draw  largely  on  hearsay  and  bis  ovn 
imagination,  it  being  almost  cellatn  that  In  IJ4G  he  was  at  Naples, 
and  theiefore  no  eye-wiltien  of  the  scenes  he  describes.  The 
stories  themselves,  a  htmdred  in  nomber,  range  from  the  highest 
pathos  to  the  nursesi  licentiousness.  A  creation  tike  the  patient 
Criselda,  which  inlemaijonal  UieiaiiireDwe)  (0  Boecaccio,  ought 
to  atone  for  much  thai  b  morally  and  anbiicsUy  objcctionabte 
in  the  Hammtrtx.  ttinay  beaaid  en  Ihb  head,  liiat  his  age  and 
his  counlry  wete  nol  only  deeply  immoinl,  but  in  addiiion 
eiceedingly  outspoken.  Moreover,  his  sources  were  anything 
but  pure.  Host  of  his  itnpmper  stories  are  either  anecdotes 
from  nal  life,  or  they  an  taken  fioni  the  failiaux  of  medieval 
French  poets.  On  eomfiaring  the  iatler  class  of  stories  faboul 
one-fifth  of  the  whole  I>ecowwi)  wlih  their  French  originals, 

ft  cannot  be  denied  that  the  anfstic  value  of  the  Drtammm  is 
greatly  impaired  by  descriptions  and  expressions,  the  intentional 
licentiousness  of  which  is  but  impetfeclty  veiled  by  an  ■itnnpt 

Boccaccio  has  been  acoused  of  pkgiariaBi,  particutatly  by 
French  critics,  who  correctly  state  (hat  the  atA>jecf9  of  many 
stories  in  the  DttaimrtH  are  borrowed  from  their  literature.  A 
similar  objection  might  be  raised  against  ChauceT,  Shakcspeart, 
Goethe  (in  f  iwl).  and  indeed  most  of  the  master  minds  of  all 
nations.  Power  of  invention  is  nol  the  only  nor  even  the  chicT 
criterioB  of  a  great  poet.  He  takes  his  subjects  indiscriminately 
fiom  his  ofrn  fancy,  or  from  the  conscietisneis  of  his  and  other 
nations.  Stories  float  about  in  the  air,  known  to  all  yet  realized 
by  lew;  the  poet  gathers  their  diifKla  wufh-tf  into  an  organic 
•hale,  and  Ihii  he  inspires  and  tails  into  life  with  the  breath 
of  hbgcniu*.  It  ls»i  (his  sense  that  Boccaccio  iithentaiorof 
those  Inouoaetabk  beautiful  types  and  stories,  vhltb  have  ^ncc 
become  household  words  amongst  ciuitiied  nations.    No  author 

Boccacxio's  crealivcneas.  One  of  the  greatest  masterpieeea  of 
German  liieraiure.  Lesslng's  A'aUaa  Ikt  Witt,  contains  a  «ory 
frtm  Boecacdo  {Daamtm,  Day  ist,  tale  iH.),  and  tbe  list  of 


For  II 


d  Tcnny 

1  years  Boecacdo  conlini 

ic  city  only  occasjonaily  01 


s.  the  names  of  Chaacer,  Lydgalc,  Diyden. 

Joccacdo  continued  to  reside  in  Fkimce. 
diplomatic  tniuioiu  sr  on 
visiis  10  nis  tncnus.  aa  lame  m  tne  mraDtime  began  to  aptrad 
far  and  wide,  and  his  Dtcvrvron,  in- particular,  was  devcnnrd 
by  the  fashionable  ladies  and  gi:ntlcmen  of  the  see.  About 
tite  he  senis  to  have  nliied  from  the  turtwlcai  sceaetal 
Florence  lo  his  nalivo  Cerlakjo.  the  scdudcd  charnia  of  wUth 
he  describes  with  laptufi.  In  the  fi^wtng  year  took  place  ihat 
strange  tuming<point  in  Bocraccio's  career  which  Is  generally 
described  as  his  conversion.  It  seesns  that  a  Carthusian  moi^ 
came  to  bioi  while  at  Certalrlo  charged  wi 
ink  of  the  same  or 


is  also  menticHicd  thai  the  reflation 
o[  a  secrel  known  only  to  Boccaccio 
this  alarm  incinCormatioB.  fiorcaci 
•ras  deeply  UovoL    ilis  lif e  had  be 


nln 


BOCCAUNI— BOCCHERINI 


loj 


vritbiai  hi  htd  hcqomlljF  NUKd  (caiwC  iJic  rule*  «(  Bunlitr, 

■ad  mnauiltbehidstUckadiritli  bitter  uLinilieiDUiiutioni 
churth.  T«ri6«lbytlie«M>roiKh 
o  sell  bit  libiuy,  •JJuidan 
' '  ii  lilc  to  pcTwac*  uul 
0  Pclranb.  Wc 
M  iIk  pocl'i  anvRri  it  u  >  rautupwct  itt  writing  and 
mu  a  more,  k  prooi  of  laidmM  [rioKWiip.  The  tpnaitii  el 
die  nonk  Petiudi  u  cvidenily  iBcliixd  to  Ueat  liniply  m  piniu 
tnud.  mthoot.  hawevir,  acnuUy  comnitlitii  Mmidl  ts  Ihit 
«IiiB>Q«,  "  Ua  monk  i>  nquiRd  lo  lell  thn  of  ibc  ibortaea 
•ndprectrisaucMof.luimuilik.  (X  Uutdvkc  rauiredMccpt 
wbM  b  floodi  al»n(k>m  wotliUy  area,  caaquu  iby  puuoni, 
aad  xfonn  tby  mwI  tod  Uit  of  degraded  tobit*.  But  d>  dm 
(ivt  op  ibe  Mudiei  whicb  ua  ibe  uue  food  of  i  lualLhy  miDd." 
fioccKoo  Kcmi  to  hiv*  acted  on  Lliis  valuable  advice  Hii 
lUet  wodu,  allboofh  wrillen  io  Latin  and  idnitiic  ia  thancter, 
an  by  Bi>  ocaBa  H  •  rdigioitt  kind.  It  Kcmi,  htmevci,  thu 
III  T-i— ■'1  tba  dnudi  in  ijli]  i>  coueclcd  with  tha  tventi 
iotf  idaUd. 

Is  ijfij  Bocc&cda  went  on  a  viiit  to  Niplea  lo  Uw  leoaclial 
Acdajiioli  (the  lame  HonnLlse  wbo  hid  in  1J44  ptrauaded  the 
rider  Boccacdo  to  pcniit  his  bd'*  ntuin  to  Nipleri,  «bo 
liiimiiiwiiHinl  hmi  to  vnte  llie  atory  of  hia  deeds  of  valour. 
On  bis  azrivat,  however,  the  poet  was  (rented  with  shainefu] 
■eject,  sDd  reveBced  himacU  by  deivini  the  possibility  of  relat- 
ing any  vaJonHia  deeds  for  want  of  their  eiistence.  This  d& 
T^r""™!  it  most  be  timfeaed,  cane  soniewhit  late,  but  it  was 
inavated  by  a  silly  attack  on  l£c  poet  himself  by  one  of  the 


_, ..  ai  of  the  Republit.     Heseemalo 

have  been  poor,  bsviag  ^ml  laise  sunuia  the  purchase  ol  books, 
piril  rejected  the  numerous  splenriid  offers 
D  him  by  fiiends  and  admiceis.  During 
ur  Important  Lalin  works'— Ue  CciKaUiia 
Darmm  liiri  XV.,  a  campeodiuin  ol  nytbokigical  kixrwledga 
lnD  of  dcv  Icui^l  Dt  UimUiiat  Siitanm,  Ltcaum,  it 
Mtrimm  UMiiufaH  fiier,  a  treatise  on  andcol  gcogr^yi  and 
l«v  biilorkal  bukkT-Ci  Cdiitor,  Fuorum  tl  Feminmm 
IBMtbitam  liiri  IX.,  interesting  to  the  English  reader  as  tlia 
^rigirifl  of  Jobi  Lydgate'a  Foil  «/  Primati  and  Dz  CUris 
Uiiitribm.  Totbeliatof hisWDiksoughtloboddcd/fA'u/ef* 
FiiHAtM.  a  beautiful  lovr-aloiy  la  venc,  and  II  Ctrimcit  tsno 
H  Itiaimle  £Amm,  a  coaite  salire  00  a  l^kirentine  widow  wbo, 
kad  jillad  the  poet,  wijiien  about  im,  not  to  mention  many 
tcbtgiia  in  Idtm  and  DUUcUannjut  Ri»t  in  llalian  (the  latter 
roHected  by  his  biographer  Count  BaldeUI  in  iBoj). 

In  I  jTJ  we  End  Boccacxlo  again  wttlal  at  CerUtdo.  Here 
be  was  attacked  by  a  lenibte  dltoue  wfaicb  bioughl  bim  10  the 
verge  of  death,  and  from  the  coD»qnaicei  of  which  he  never 
quite  ncoveicd.  But  lickneu  could  sot  subdue  hi*  intoUectaal 
viaour.  When  the  Floreiuinet  Btablishcd  a  chair  for  the  ei- 
planation  ol  (he  Divitu  CetHwtsAia  in  their  university,  and 
oSered  it  to  Bocfacdo,  the  (enorfnt  poet  at  once  undertook 
the  arduoui  duly.  He  delivered  lU*  hrst  lecture  on  the  1314 
of  October  ij;j.  The  comoeniary  on  i>an  of  the  InfaxB, 
already  alluded  to,  beus  wilnoa  of  his  unabated  power  of 
iniellKL  In  lit*  the  news  of  the  loes  of  hia  dearest  friend 
Fetnrch  leacbcd  Boccaccio,  and  from  this  blow  he  may  he  Asid 
to  have  never  recovered-  Almost  his  dying  efforts  were  dcvotol 
lo  the  memory  of  his  frieruf;  urgently  he  entreated  Felrarch^s 
aOB'in4aw  to  arrange  the  publicaLion  of  the  deceased  poet's 
Latin  epic  Afriia,  a  work  of  •rhich  ibe  author  had  been  far  more 
ptvud  than  of  hi;  immortal  sonnets  to  Laura. 

In  bis  last  "ill  Boccaccio  left  his  library  to  hii  father  confessor. 

Uis  iniail  property  he  bequeathed  to  bis  brother  Jacopo-  fiis 
own  natural  cluldren  had  died  before  him.  He  himself  died  on 
the  silt  p[  December  1)75  at  rrrtaJBo,  and  ma  buried  in  the 


of  haapltality  made  to 


chiacbgfSS.  JicovaeFIi^VarttkU  tmn.  OsUaUMbMOM 
was  engraved  Uw  epitaph  compoaed  by  himself  iborily  bcfora 
hi*  diaxh.  It  is  calm  and  dignifiid,  worthy  indeed  ol  a  great 
lileiritbavtupupow.    ttoc  tia  the  lins.-— 


Murulii  vitaa.    ' 
Patria  Cenaldum 

'^'ti''B«cacc» 

. __jai  Baldelli  {VM 

at  aoametm,  rtuiesLB,  raoDj,  and  otlken.     la  Engliik  the  he« 
btnnaphy  ia  Edward  Kuuoa  (1909.)     The  &--  — '— ' 
of  the  Dmmtrtn  ia  without  date,  pive  or  prior* 
befteved  to  beloiu  to  the  >ear  r46Q  or  1470.  and  1 
M  norenec.    Beiidet  ihb.  Baldeili  mentioni  eir 

the  >sth  ceotary.    The  anlln  aumlv  of  edilioBS  by  fa. 

hundnd.  A  euriooa  txfHUiated  edition,  auihofiied  by  th^  pope, 
appeared  at  Rorence,  137^  Here,  however,  the  grouest  lO- 
deCFni^ies  teniain.  tlie  chid  alteratioB  being  the  change  ol  r he  im- 
proper perwniagn  front  prfesn  and  nonkt  inro  laymen.  The  beat 
old  Hytioa  is  ehac  ol  Fkirenee.  ijjt.  Of  modern  ntprinti.  that  by 
Forfoni  (FlotvQcc,  xiM)  dceefvcs  meiuiod-    M'nni  hai  written  4 

e. —  J.J  n (1741).  and  a  Cernun  I  ■   ■       -■   ■    -  ■ 

;*69l,awru.b( 


riajed  edition 


Slcriaitl  Dtamt 


althel>< 


ven  tdlllom 


irt  in  lA^7  ■  gener^  Kudy 


F.  aj 


BOCCAUHI,  TBUAKO  (tss6-i6ij),  Italian  satirist.  ■ 
at  Lorf  tto  in  1  Ji6.  The  ton  of  an  atcliliect,  he  bimcU  adopted 
that  profeialDn,  and  it  appears  Ihat'he  commenced  late  in  life  to 
apply  to  literary  punuiti.  PunulDg  hii  atudiea  at  Kome.  he  had 
the  honour  of  teaching  Bentlvoglio,  and  acquired  tb;  liiettdihip 
of  the  cardinafi  Caeiaoo  and  Botgheal,  aa  well  as  of  other 
dlsLingui^d  peraonaget.  By  Ibeiiiaduence  he  obtaised  vntioui 
posts,  and  was  even  appointtd  by  Gncory  Xlll.  govenui  of 
Benevenio  In  the  lUtci  ol  th*  ttauth.  Here,  however,  be  Menu 
to  have  acted  imprudently,  and  he  wa»  soon  iccalled  to  Rcm^ 
where  be  shortly  aflervirdi  compoaed  hii  moit  impoctut  worit, 
the  Sattaaiti  ii  Fwiua,  In  which  ^ollo  ti  Rpreaented  at 
receiving  the  awaplainta  of  «U  wbo  pceaenl  thenudves,  and 
digjibuiing  justice  according  Is  the  nwrits  of  auh  p*"*"'*" 
cu«.  The  book  is  fuU  of  lj|^  lad  fantastic  latiic  m  the  action* 
and  writings  of  hii  eminent  contampoiuiea,  nod  nbk  of  ita 
happierhit*areamongtheh>ckneytdlelidtiBB«f literature,  Tn 
escape,  it  it  said,  from  the  boMiUty  of  those  «b«B  hii  ibaf Is  Iwd 
wounded,  he  returned  U>  Venice,  and  then,  accontlpg  lo  the 
re^stcr  in  the  parochial  church  of  Sta  Haria  Fortnoaa,  died  ol 
colic,  accompanied  with  fever,  on  the  itth  of  November  iSij, 
It  was  asserted,  indeed,  by  coniemporuy  writcn  that  he  had 
been  beaten  to  death  with  nnd-bags  hy  a  tund  of  Spani^ 
bravadoea,  but  the  story  seems  without  fouiulatiaB.  At  the 
same  time,  it  is  evident  frran  the  PitUa  itl  Paraftm,  which 
appeared  af iir  his  death  in  161 5.  that  whatever  the  feelings  of 
Ibe  Spaniards  towards  bim,  be  cherished  against  them  f  odlngi  of 
the  bitterest  hostility.  The  only  government,  indeed,  lihich  la 
eiempt  from  his  attacks  is  that  of  Venice,  a  city  for  which  fa* 
seems  to  have  had  a  special  affection. 

The  Kattuflf,  Ent  primed  in  1611.  baa  fnqtieBily  been  re- 
published. The  Pitln  liai  beeu  tranalaled  into  Fnncli.  Cemtan, 
EngUih  and  Latin;  the  Engliih  trandalor  wai  Hincy,  eul  ol 
Monmoinh,  hii  TifKHi  befog  emfiled  TU  PtIUiclit  TWitiCnt 
" — •—  ■"•>  •■other  poMhunmii  pubHearion  of  BMialinl 
mfra  Ctimdia  TtdUi  (Geneva,  r669].  Many 
.  >.e  preserved  still  unprinted. 
LDIOI  (i;<j-iSo5),  Italian  cmBpoiH-,  son  ol 
u  Italian  bao-player,  was  bom  at  Lucca,  and  ituilied  at  Rone. 
where  be  became  a  fine  'celli^,  and  soon  b^aa  to  compsae.  He 
relumed  to  Lucca,  where  for  some  yiat«  be  was  prominent  as  a 
player,  and  there  be  produced  two  oTatorioi  sod  an  opera.  Me 
toured  in  Europe,  and  in  irliS  was  received  in  Pstit  by  Goiaec 
and  his  circle  with  gre«t  enlhiuium,  hit  instrumental  pieces  being 
highly  spplauded;  and  from  i;6g  to  I7S5  be  beld  Ibc  post  ol 
"  curvoier  and  virtuoso  "  to  the  king  of  Spain's  brother,  the 
infante  Lula.  at  Madrid.  He  allerwanls  became  "chamber- 
GOBiposei "  to  Cini  Ftedolck  William  II.  ol  Pnuala,  till  lip?. 


io6 


BOCCHUS-BOCKH 


whn  he  retumed  to  Sptio.    Re  died  at  Madrid  on  tba  iSUi  el 
Her  i80S- 

Ai  an  edmlicr  al  Htydn,  tad  ■  vohunlnoia  wrller  of  lutni- 
menul  oiiuic.  diicdy  lot  the  Tfalooccllo,  Bonlierini  rqimniU 
the  effect  of  the  rapid  pngrcsi  el  a  ocw  anoea  mind  loo  rtGned 
10  be  Led  Inio  cnidcncs.  too  inventive  and  receptive  to  neglKt 

lupcificia)  10  pup  ihcic  real  ntaning.  His  mutccy  of  the 
vi^oncella,  lod  hit  advanced  KDK  al  beauty  in  inalrunicnul 
tene-co]aur»  anat  have  made  even  1^  earlier  workj  leem  to 
amlempontia  at  teait  oi  navd  tM  miture  ai  my  o[  tboM 
eipclimentj  at  which  Haydn,  wilfa  eight  yean  more  of  age  and 
eipcHencr,  was  labouring  in  the  development  o[  the  true  new 
lorm).  Moit  oi  Boccherim'l  ledinical  retouicet  proved  luclcu 
tg  Hflydo.  and  lesembLancet  occur  only  in  Efaydn'i  earlicat  vrorki 
(r.[.  volt  of  ihe  ilow  nwvemcnu  of  tlie  quarteu  In  of.  j  and  In 
■ome  n  bic  as  op.  17);  whichever  derived  the  ehaiactenitict  of 
■uch  Biovemcnu  from  Ihe  other,  the  advantage  ii  decidedly  with 
Boccberini.  Bui  the  piiDgies  of  miuie  did  not  lie  in  lie  fon- 
duction  of  ncvel  bcauliei  of  Imlrunienial  tone  In  a  Biyle  In  which 
polyphonic  organiution  vai  either  detiberaicly  abandoned  or 
replaced  by  a  pleasing  illusion,  mhilc  the  lorni  in  its  largto  aipecti 
was  a  mere  inorganic  unplitication  of  Ihe  aid  luite- form*,  which 
pmupposed  a  genuine  polyphonic  organization  aa  the  viuUzing 
principle  o(  Iheir  otherwise  purely  decorative  nature.  The  Ime 
tendency  ol  the  new  sonata  formi  wai  lo  make  Injlrunient^ 
muiic  dramatic  in  iia  variety  and  contraiti,  iniiead  ol  merely 
decorative,  Haydn  from  the  oulact  buried  himielf  with  the 
handling  of  new  rhythmic  proportiona;  and  if  It  ta  hardly  an 
eiaggcmion  totay  that  the  aurprialng  biaulyof  ciriour  in  lucfa 
a  specimen  of  Boccherini'i  iijatring-quinletaas  that  in  £  major 
<conlaIalR|  the  popular  minuet}  ii  periiapi  more  modem  and 
certainly  niet  in  performance  than  any  ipcclal  effect  Haydnever 
.   ..  . .^1...... .1...  j^g  ,j|£j  beauty  fai'-  ■- 


Juatily  the  length  ai 
anylrat 


Where 


eOed  it  In  proportion  t 
hia  geouioe  admiration 
conception.  Boccberii 
lor  vjoloncclliala,  boll 
repettorief;  and  hji  poa 
of  the  moat  original  ar 


[aydn 


,  purpose  a!  which  Boccberini.  with  all 
hii  elder  brother  in  art,  could  form  no 
woris  are,  however,  still  IndHpeuable 
n  thefr  education  and  theti  concert 
>n  in  musical  history  is  assured  aa  that 
next  to  Tartini.  pcrbipa  the  greatest 
igcd  instruments  in  the  late  Italian 
unpiiGcationa  of  Ibe  older  quosi-pdyphonle  KMMta  01  suite-form 
(hat  turvlved  into  the  beginning  ol  the  19th  century  in  the  works 
ni  Naidini.  Boccberini  may  ulcly  be  regarded  aa  iu  Ian  tul 
nailer.  Re  was  wittily  chaiactcriied  by  the  cnniemporary 
vioUnill  I>uppo  as  "  the  wife  ol  Haydn  ";  which  !i  very  true,  If 

e.f.  the  equally  common  laying  that  "  Schubert  la  the  wile  of 
Beethoven,"  and  still  kss  true  than  that "  Vittoria  is  the  wUe  ol 
Meitrina." 

CtlaJrfm  refwinl,  was  publiihed  bf  L.  I^i 


{ItMl- 

■OCCBUI,klngoIMaurctanJa  (about  no 
law  of  Jugunha.  In  roB  he  vacillated  bet 
the  Romans,  and  joined  Jugurlhi  only  on  hh 
third  part  of  bis  liingdoni.    The  two  kingi  1 


3.  F.  T.) 


cedelcatcd. 

u)  after  an 

interview  with  Sulla,  who  wu  Mariuj'a  quaestor  at  that  time, 
lent  ambassadors  to  Rome,  At  Rome  the  hope  ol  snilliaiKe 
wu  encomagcd,  but  on  condition  that  Docchus  sbowcdhimMlf 
deiervingof  it.  After  further  negotiations  with  Sulla,  he  6iuilly 
■greed  to  send  a  meisags  to  JuguKha  requesting  his  presence. 
Jugunha  fell  Into  the  trap  and  was  given  up  to  Sulla.  Bocchut 
eenduded  a  treaty  with  the  Romans,  and  a  portion  of  Numidia 
waaaddediohl*  kingdom.  Furtheilo  conciliate  the  Romans  and 
Hpecially  Sulla,he  leni  to  theCapilol  a  group  ol  Victories  guardmg 
»  device  In  gold  abowing  Bocchus  haiMing  over  Jugurtha  to  Sulla. 


1. 1904}. 


yooBiet  brother  B^nd.  Aa  enemfat  of  Ibe  Mnatotial  Smitf, 
theiiiiile  waarecogniied  by  Caesar  (o  I.e.).  During  the  African 
war  they  Invaded  Numidia  and  conquered  Cirta,  the  capital  of 
the  kingdom  of  Julia,  who  waa  thus  obliged  lo  abandon  the  Idea 
of  joining  htetellus  Sdpio  a^inst  Caesar,  At  the  end  of  the  war, 
Caeaar  bcalowed  open  Boccbus  part  o(  the  territory  of  MassinissB, 
Juba'a  ally,  whidi  was  recovered  alter  Caesar'a  murder  by 
Maasiniisa's  son  Arabloo.  Db  Cassiua  says  ihat  Bocchna  sent 
hli  sons  to  support  Scilua  Pompeius  in  Spain,  while  Bogud 
(ought  on  the  side  o(  Caesar,  and  then  ia  no  doubt  that  alter 
Caoar'adcaih  Bocchut  supfiorted  Octavian,  and  Bogud  Antony. 
During  Bogud'a  abtence  in  Spain,  his  brother  leiied  the  whole  ol 
Numi^,  and  waa  conhrmed  sole  ruler  by  Octavian.  Alter  bii 
doath  in  jj,  Numidia  ma  made  •  Roman  province. 

Bta.  Afrit,  n;  tXa  Caaaut  lii.  41.  ilul.  36,  idviD.  fgiAppiaa, 
&*.  Cl»iL<)6.iv.M- 
B0CHAItT,  UHnEL  (ijm-iWt),  Fimdi  tdolar,  was  bora 
■t  Rouen  on  (he  joth  aS  May  i  J99.     He  was  br  many  yean  a 
pastor  oS  a  Froteaiant  church  at  Caen,  and  beame  tutor  to 
Wentwonh  Dillon,  earl  of  Roscommon.    In  1646  he  pubEahed 
hit  PUit  and  Ckaam  (Caen.  1645  and  tfiji),  the  two  parts 
ol  bit  Ctograpkia  Siiira.    Hit  HitrouicoH,  wiiicb  treats  of  the 
•oinab  oi  Scripture,  was  printed  in  London  [j  vtAL,  i66j).     In 
4$]  Christina  of  Sweden  invited  him  10  Stockholm,  wIhr  he 
studied  the  Arabian  manuscripls  in  the  queen's  potses^on. 
He  was  accompanied  by  Rene  Daniel  Huet,  afterwards  tdsbop 
of  Avranches.     Dn  his  return  to  Caen  he  waa  received  into 
the  academy  of  that  city,     fiochart  was  a  man  ol  prolound 
erudition;  he  poaaeased  a  thorough  knowledge  of  the  principal 
Oriental  languages,  including  Hebrew,  &yriac,  Chaldak  and 
3lc;  and  at  an  advanced  age  he  wishnl  to  learn  Elhlopic 
was  to  abaorbed  in  hit  lavourile  aludy,  that  he  saw  Fboc- 
in  and  nothing  but  Phoenician  In  everything,  even  in  Celtic 
ia.  and  hence  the  number  of  chimerical  etymologiea  which 
in  b  his  works.     He  died  at  Caen  on  Ihe  i6th  of  Uay  1667, 
..  complMe  (diiion  of  hit  woiki  wai  oublished  at  Lctdcn,  under 
the  lillc  of  Sam.  Ssiikirl  Optra  Onmia  (tin.  1  voIl  folios  4lh  ed., 
1  volt..  1711).    AuEnajnUnLifuniiWnlHtn/SamtilBaikaH, 
by  W.  R.  Whiltingbom.  appeared  in  18S9. 

XOLT,  a  town  ol  Germany,  In  the  Prussian  province  of 
Westphalia,  near  ihe  frontier  of  Holland,  11  m.  by  rail  north 
of  WeseL  It  is  a  teat  0!  the  cotton  industry.  Fop.  (igoo) 
.i,)78- 

BOCHUM,  a  town  of  Germany,  In  Ihe  Pnistfwi  province  tt 
Westphalia,  11  m.  by  rail  well  from  Dortmund.  Pop.  (1905) 
118,000.  Iiisaccntreof ihBiisnandsteeIinduaIries.pn>du<iTig 
principally  cast  atccf.  caai  Iron,  iron  fripes,  wire  and  wire  ropes, 
and  lamps,  wiih  tin  and  ainc  works,  coal.mioing,  factories  for 
carpets,  caldura  carbide  and  papcr-rool^ng,  brickworks  and 
breweries.  The  Bochumer  Vercin  fDr  Bergbau  (mining]  und 
Gusalohl  Fabrrcalion  (steel  manufacture)  ia  one  of  the  principal 
tniaia  in  thit  Induiity.  founded  in  ia]4.  There  are  a  mining 
and  a  metalluTSicil  school. 

BOCKH.  PBIUPP  ADGOST  (17S1-1W;).  German  datsical 
tchi^r  and  antiquarian,  watborn  in  Karlsruhe  on  the  i4tb  of 
November  i;8i.  He  wu  sent  to  the  gymnasium  of  his  native 
place,  and  remained  there  until  he  left  for  the  university  of 
Halle  ( I Soj).  where  be  devoted  himaell  lo  the  study  oi  theology, 
F.  A.  Wolf  was  then  cresting  there  an  enthusiasm  for  datsical 
itudies;  BAckh  fell  under  the  tpcD.  passed  iron  iheolocy  ta 
philology,  and  became  the  grcalcst  of  all  Woll't  scholars.  In 
]So7  be  established  himscIF  aa  privai-docent  In  the  univtnily 
of  Heidelberg  and  was  shortly  aflerwards  appomted  s  pnfeasoT 
eitraordinarins.  becoming  professor  two  years  later.  In  1811 
he  removrd  to  the  new  Berlin  University,  having  been  sppobted 
pmletsof  ot  eloquence  and  disncal  htcralutte.  He  Rmsincd 
there  till  his  death  on  the  3rd  oi  August  tMj.  He  was  ejected 
s  DMmber  si  tht  Academy  of  Sdencea  of  Berlin  in  1S14,  and 
for  *  long  lime  acted  ts  Its  sectttary.  Many  of  the  tpccches 
contained  ia  hit  KUint  Siliriflai  were  ddivoed  In  this  biter 

BOckh  worked  out  the  Meat  of  Wolf  In  rcgud  lo  phOotoiri 


BOCKLIN 


107 


abrUi. 
■hu  pMUocy  cauiMtd  in  ft 
ud  ibe  oerdH  of  ihe  critiol  an.  he  _ 
kanledgc  of  anliquiljr,  UMorical  mkI  phlkanplua]. 
divida  phiMos)'  ibM  frrt  parU:  bit.  u  inquiry  Inio  public 
■CIS,  wiibakngwlcdgcotiimeiuid  plica,  into  dvil  iwiiiuilcnit. 
and  al»  iolo  1*»:  K«ind,  on  inquiry  inlo  priv»I«  $Siitt: 
thtfd,  an  cdubilion  of  the  rfUgioni  and  arts  oi  tli?  andcnt 
■atHna;  lounh,  a  hiilory  of  oil  thcLr  monJ  and  physical  ip«uU- 
tioin  and  bdicli,  and  of  tbcir  Itlnatuns;  and  fifth,  a  complete 
eqiJanalion  a(  ihc  language.  ThBe  ideas  In  legard  Id  philology 
BOckh  Kt  fnnli  in  a  LatiBOfatloa  ddiTcrcd  la  i8»  (CasMwJ'c 
UtUt  StkrifUn,  \.).  In  his  ipecch  at  the  opening  of  the  congtn 
si  Cenaan  phikriogltts  in  1850,  be  defined  philology  si  Ihc 
Iklsiofical  coutmcilon  of  the  entire  Life — ihenfore,  of  aJL  forms 
of  culture  and  all  Ibe  pi«dunloni  of  a  p«^e  in  In  practical 
and  ipuiiaal  lendendes.  He  alknn  that  wch  a  wail  i)  too  great 
tan  any  aoe  nuui ;  but  the  very  Infinity  of  HibJecU  It  ifae  iiimuins 
to  Ihe  parmli  of  truth,  and  men  itrlve  benuK  tbey  have  not 
attained  {ii.  iL).  An  accout  of  Bockh't  division  of  phiklogy 
win  be  found  in  Fieund's  Wit  ilmiirl  mm  Phileleiit  t 

From  iSee  till  hii  death  B«ckh's  liicraiyaclivily  wastuctu- 
ing.  His  piindpal  works  were  the  fol]owlng>^l}  An  edition 
of  Pinttar.  the  £ist  volume  of  which  (iSii)  conlsini  the  Icit  of 
the  Efrfnidsn  Odessa  Irealisc,  Dt  Utttii  PMari.  in  three  books; 
and  ffMu  Crititat:  the  second  (iSifi)  contains  Ihe  ScMia; 
and  part  ii.  of  volume  ii  (1811)  eontalna  a  Latin  tranilallon,  a 
■smmentary,  the  fragments  and  indices.  It  la  Hill  the  most 
oomplcte  edition  of  I  indar  that  we  have.  But  it  was  etpecially 
thelreatiieonthemelm  which  placed  fiBcLhin  Ihe  firit  rank 
of  acbolan.  Thii  treatise  forms  an  epoch  in  the  treatment  of 
Ihe  nbject.  la  it  the  author  ihrevr  aside  all  attempts  to  deter- 
mine tlie  Greek  metre*  by  mere  tubjective  standards,  pointing 
out  at  the  nme  time  the  dose  conneiion  between  the  music 
and  the  poetry  of  the  Greeks.  He  invtiiigaied  minutely  Ihe 
satuie  of  Greek  music  aa  far  as  It  can  be  ascertained,  as  well  as 
an  the  detaib  regarding  Greek  musical  instnimentsi  ud  be 
explained  the  statements  of  the  andenl  Greek  uTiten on  rhythm. 
In  this  manner  he  laid  the  foundation  for  a  idcnlific  treatmcnl 
of  Greek  metres.  (1)  Dii  SlaaMauikdlmt  'I"  AUnur,  181 
(nul  ed.  1851,  with  a  supplementary  volume  UrkuvJen  Uber  da 
Sawtan  ia  aUitchtn  Slaali;  jrd  ed.  by  Frlnkel,  1S86), 
translatnl  into  En^sh  by  Sir  George  Comewall  Lewii  (iSiSJ 
nnder  the  title  of  Tkt  Pullic  Ecanemy  0/  AlMttu.  In  it  hi 
iqvestipted  a  subject  of  peculiar  difficulty  with  profound 
teaming.  He  amajaed  information  fnm  the  whole  range 
Greek  literature,  carefully  appraised  the  value  of  the  inforri 
lion  Kivea,  and  sluws  thraugbout  every  ponlon  of  it  h 
critical  ablUly  and  InsIghL  A  work  of  a  slmllsr  kind  was  : 
Uitreittiidu  Uiil^mktBtat  Okr  CatUklt.  ItiliaflUit,  unf 
Uantia  AUtrlliMwu  (1838):  (3)  BCckh's  third  great  work  arose 
out  of  his  second.  In  rc^rd  lo  the  taies  and  icventie  of  Ihe 
Athenian  stale  be  derived  a  great  deal  of  his  most  trustworthy 
information  fnnn  inscriptions,  many  of  which  are  given  in  his 
book.  It  was  natural,  therefore,  that  when  tb  Berlin  Academy 
of  Sdences  projected  the  plan  of  a  Cmfui  iHicriptiaHum  Crar- 
urani,  BOckb  should  be  choscD  as  the  principal  editor.  This 
great  work  (1818-1377)  is  In  foui  volumes,  Ihe  lluidsnd  fourth 
Totimies  being  edited  t^  J.  Frtni.  K  Cunius,  A.  KirchhaS  and 
B.  ROM. 

BSckh'a  activity   wai   conlinunUy   digresdng  Into   widely 


1  for  I 


unoncst  Ihe  invesiigalors  of  andent  chnmology,  and  his  name 
octupit*  a  place  by  (he  side  of  those  of  Ideler  and  MomrnKn 
His  prind^  walks  on  this  subject  were  :  Zw  Ctuliulilt  irr 
U—itydat  ia  HtUam  (tgsi);  Efipcfliiidnkraiuletiiikc 
Slidif  (1856);  Oiir  dii  (UTjdjtrifea  Smusmimit  ia  Allen 
(iS6j).  and  several  papers  wMch  he  ptiUished  in  the  rrauadisiii 
fT  l*e  itcrJfa  Atadrmy.  BOckb  alio  occupied  funuelf  nflh 
plnloaapby.  One  of  hii  earlieal  papcia  was  on  the  Plaionii 
dncuinc  of  the  world,  Dt  Plalntica  arftrii  mtmiam  fatrUa 
(stag),  iaUaved  fay  A  Plaltmt*  SyHtmaU  CattuHiim  gfohrmi 


ail  ton  ImitU  AiMMmiat  POttckt  (ilio),  to  wUcb  OBy  be 

added  VaiidbH^  die  ^■>>^(ni^i«b(iS4j).  InoppoatioQ 
to  Otto  Gruppc  (1804-18711),  he  denied  that  )^to  afemcd  the 
dinraal  rotalion  of  the  earth  iUnltmahmnim  «btr  iai  itimiulu 
Syaim  ia  Plain,  ilji),  and  when  in  oppoeitkia  to  him  Giote 
puUitlied  his  Ofnnions  on  the  subject  (Plato  and  the  RoisiioQ 
of  the  Earth]  BOckh  wu  leady  with  bit  reply.    Another  ol  Us 

Aadrmita  it  sifullalt  gvc  Phlml  mm  Xnoptmlt  in 
[criar  (iSii).  Other  pUbsophical  wriiinp  were  CemmtnlaHe 
in  PlcU»ii  fai  nffO  /irlur  Vinetm  (i3o6).  and  PhSiiaiii  dn 
Pylkiterart  Ukrtn  mbil  da  BrmhUIUkc  (1819).  in  whkh  he 
endeavoured  to  show  the  genuineness  of  the  fragmenls. 

Br»des  his  edition  of  Ptndai,  BSckh  published  an  edition 
of  the  Anligone  of  Sophoclei  (1843)  with  a  poellnl  translation 
and  essays.  An  early  and  Important  work  on  the  Greek  Ira- 
gedians  is  his  Grarcar  TrOfOeiiat  Printipnm  .  .  .  iran  ta  quat 
ntrrnml  it  imuFnd  tmnia  iml  tljiirma  primiiha  lerHfa  (180S). 

Thcimal 
Thneoflh 


Oltfried'il 
BSCKUX,  ARNOLD  (1817- 


t  Basel  on  the  11 


»i),  Swiss 


father,  Christian 


Frederick  Bftcklin  (b.  iSoi],  wu  descended  from  an  did  family 
of  Scbaffbausen,  and  engaged  in  the  silk  trade.  His  mother, 
Ursula  Lippe,  was  a  native  of  Ibe  sarae  city.  In  1846  he  besan 
his  studies  at  Ibe  DUueldotf  academy  tinder  Ecbumer,  who 
lecogniied  in  him  a  studeht  of  eiccpUonal  prornise,  and  sent  bin 
to  Antwerp  and  Bruisclsi  where  he  copied  the  works  of  Flemish 
and  Dutch  masters.    Bitddin  then  went  to  Paris,  worked  at  the 

Ruin  "  reveals  at  the  same  time  a  strong  feeling  for  nature  and 
a  dramatic  conception  of  scenery  After  serving  his  time  in  the 
tnay  he  set  out  for  Rome  In  XIaich  1850,  and  Ibe  sight  of  ibe 
Eieinal  City  was  a  fresh  atimulus  to  his  mind.  So,  too,  waa 
the  indiience  of  Italian  nature  and  that  of  the  dead  pagan  world. 
At  Rome  he  married  (Junt  »,  iSa)  Angela  Rosa  Lorenia 
Faicucd.  In  1856  ha  returned  to  Munich,  and  remained  them 
lour  yesis.  He  then  eihibited  the  "  Great  Park,"  one  of  his 
earliest  works,  in  which  he  treated  ancient  mythokiKjr  wiih  Lbe 
stamp  of  individuality,  which  waa  the  basis  of  his  lepuiaiioa. 
Of  (hit  period,  too,  are  bis  "  Nymph  and  Satyr,"  "  Heroic 
Landscape  "  (Diana  Hunting},  both  of  i8j8,  and  "  Sappho  " 
(1819).  These  works,  which  wen  much  discussed,  (ogctber  witb 
Lenbach't  recommendation,  gained  him  bis  appointmenl  as 
professor  at  the  Weimai  academy,  lie  held  the  of&ce  lor  two 
yean,  painting  the"  Venus  and  Love,"  a  "  Portrait  of  Leabaeb," 
and  a  "  Saint  Catherine."  He  was  again  at  Rome  [torn  1861  lo 
1S66.  and  there  gave  his  fancy  and  his  taste  for  violent  coloar 
fite  play  In  hit  "  Portrait  of  Mme  BOcfclin,"  now  in  the  Basel 
gallery,  in"  An  Anchorite  hi  the  Witdemeu"  (186]);  a"  Roman 
"      (bote"(i864);lhi5li 


in  1866  ta 


ihhlifres 


the  gallei7,  snd  to  paint,  beudes  several  porlraits,  " 
Magdalene  n-itb  Christ"  (1868);  "  Anscrcon't  Muse"  (1860)1 
and"ACastleandWartioti"(iB7i).  Hh  "  Poitnil  of  Myself ," 
with  Deatb  playing  a  violin  (1I73),  wii  painted  after  his  relun 
agtiin  to  Munich,  where  he  exhibited  his  famous  "  Bitlte  of  (he 
Centann"  (in  the  Basel  giBery);  "Landscape  with  Moofith 
Horsemen"  (in  tbc  Lucerne  gallery):  nnd  "A  nrm"  (1S7S)- 
FioD  i87fi  to  1885  BOcklin  was  working  at  Florence,  and  painted 


BOCLAND— BODEL 


■  "  Pietl.''  "  ClfMa  4ad  Ctiffa,"  "  PmatAtm,"  ud  the 
"  SMTtd  Grave."  Pium  iSM  to  189)  he  MUkd  ■!  ZOrich. 
or  thji  period  ire  the  "  Niiaite  >l  Fliy,"  "  A  Sea  Idyll,"  end 

■  Wu."  AfM  189]  Btcklin  Tcrided  U  Su  Domnuco,  mc 
Florence.  An  uhibitiaD  a(  Ut  oOkclfll  woiki  wei  bdd  at 
Bawl  (ram  the  Mth  of  September  to  the  14th  si  Ocloba  iSgj 
He  died  oa  the  itth  of  Jamaiy  igoi. 

Hb  life  hu  been  writtes  br  Henri  Hmkl»iha.  Sw  ir»  F. 
HerBiam.  Ctmaida  Baa*  ArU  (Pant,,  Iftu);  Hu  Lrtn,  AnKU 

im):  W.  RUur.  AnSd  sSuii  (CandTTw}:  XoKi^  dir 
BtiUiit  JiMUiiu  AmiMiiHit  (Bud.  1S97)-  (H-  I^l) 

BOCULIID,  BoCKUKD  or  BooKLAKD  (risni  A.S.  ict,  book), 
u  orisuul  mode  of  tenure  of  Uod,  alio  called  cliar(er-lu)d  or 
dccd-luuL  Boduid  wai  lolk-lud  (lUted  to  individuili  in 
private  ovDenliip  by  ■  docuintnl  (challet  OF  book)  in  writing, 
with  tlK  aignalum  of  Uie  king  and  witenitcinot:  at  Erst  it  »u 
rarely,  if  ever,  held  by  laymea.  eiMpi  for  religiaiu  purposes. 
Bocland  to  a  certain  titeni  tE$embl<d  (uU  ownership  in  the 
Dodem  MDse.  in  that  tbe  owner  csuld  gnnl  it  in  his  lifetiice, 
in  tlie  (une  raanner  as  he  had  received  it,  by  tec  or  book,  and 
•bo  dllpoM  ol  it  by  wIlL     (See  also  FoLILAW).) 

BOCSEAT.  ntraOl  [IstvAnI  (i5ST-i6o«),priace  of  Tnn- 
■yivania,  the  moat  eminent  meolier  of  the  andenl  Bookay 
bmlly,  aoo  of  Gyflr|y  Boeskajr  and  Kriutina  Suiyok,  was  bom 
at  Kiilo9vir,  Hungary.  Aa  tlie  chief  councillor  of  Prince 
Zugmond  Bitbory,  be  advised  hii 
'"*  ~x  with  tie  CBtpetor  Inalead  0 
' '  aponaat  diptoouulc  acrvi 

i  Vienna.    The  enniHy  to«ardt  

BtUioiy  princes  of  TYansylvajiia,  who  confiscated  hb  olales. 
drove  him  to  leek  protection  at  the  Impaial  court  (1500);  but 
tbe  attempts  of  the  empenr  Rudolph  U.  tn  deprive  Hungary 
of  ber  conttitution  and  the  Protestants  of  their  religious  libetiies 
ipwdily  aliensied  Boakay,  (specially  alter  the  terrible  ouirages 
inflicted  on  the  Ttinsylvanians  by  the  imperfal  g»net»ls  Basta 
and  Belgiojoio  from  iSoi  to  1604.  Bookay,  to  save  the  inde- 
ptndencc  ol  Transylvania,  assitlHl  the  Turks;  and  in  i6oj,  as 
a  reward  for  his  pari  in  driving  BaaU  out  of  Transylvania,  the 
Hungarian  dkt,  assembled  at  Modgyes,  elected  him  prince  (1605), 
on  which  occasion  the  Ottoman  lullan  sent  a  special  embassy 
to  congratulite  him  and  a  ^lendid  jewelled  crown  made  !n  Persia. 
Bocskay  refused  the  royal  dignity,  but  made  skilful  use  of  the 
Tuitiih  alliance.  To  lave  the  Austrian  provincrj  of  Hungary, 
tlie  aicbduke  Matthias,  setting  aside  his  serailunitic  Imperii 
brother  Rudolph,  thereupon  entered  into  negotiations  with 
Bocikty,  and  ultimately  the  peace  o(  Vienna  waa  concluded 
Uune  1J>  itoA),  which  guirauleed  sU  the  omstitutional  aud 
■eHliotu  rights  and  privileges  of  the  Hungarians  both  in  Trin- 
qrlnnla  and  imperial  Hungary.  Bocskay,  at  the  same  lime,  was 
•ckacnriedged  as  prince  oi  Trutiylvania  by  the  Austrian  court, 
•ad  the  righl  of  the  Tnmylvanians  loelccttheirown  independent 
prinos  in  future  was  ofiidiHy  recognized.  The  lortnss  of 
Tofcat  and  the  counties  of  Bercg,  Sutmit  and  Ugocsa  were  at 


thru 

kelboulddii 


with  rt 


lie  childless.    Simidlantaualy,  ,    . 

ly  oi  the  peace  ol  Vienaa,  waa  cmcludcd  with  tbe 
Tnrks.  BocikayBiirvi<«dlhiiripi>]aiidunprecedentediriuinpb 
«aly  a  few  moDthi.  He  ia  mid  t*  have  been  poiaaned  (Deccra- 
bet  19,  i«oe)  by  Ua  cbaoccllor.  Hiblly  Xtuy,  who  wu  hacked 
to  btta  by  Bocakay'a  adbneita  in  tbe  nurkcl-idate  of  Kaua. 


UfoirSi 


(ft.  N.  a.) 


in  the  iglh  of  January  iitT.  Devoted 
to  BUOBOmy  from  bis  earliest  years,  he  ogerly  observed  the 
heavnta  at  a  (atrel  window  with  a  telescope  made  by  himsdf, 
•nd  at  nioeleea  began  his  carm  with  the  pubUation  oi  a  abort 
work  on  ibe  solar  tdipse  of  il«  5ih  ol  AugiBI  1)66.  This  was 
iollowed  by  an  eleowntuy  treatise  00  •ttroaomy  entitled 


H  o(  wUch  led  to  hh  bdi«  iMMMatd  to  Barita 


r«44>.thesu 

mpriived  plan.  TheRrmlud  tbefaundatiinby  ldiii,to  1774. 
of  the  welt'knowb  Asffwmfirrjtfi  JakrhuA^  51  yearly  volainci 
of  which  be  compiled  and  isnicd.  He  bctame  dlicnor  ol  the 
BerUn  obstrvitory  in  1786.  witbdnw  fiDB  official  Bte  In  ili}, 
and  died  at  Berlin  on  the  tjrd  of  Novoabcr  aSttf.  T" 
hi^y  eBettive  [g   ■""    ' 


mtp»/Mt  (iloi),  ■ 

icataiafaeof  iTiMO 

nebulae.     In  oDc  ol  bii  BBBwion  inddeDtai  eany*  he 

in  1776,  a  theety  of  the  solar  cooMitutioa  simiUi 

'loped  in  mi  by  Sir  WilXuB  HoKblL    He  gavi 

cutrtncyi  moteovcf,  to  the  empirical  rule  know*  ai  "  Bode*! 

r,"  which  was  actually  aruuunoed  by  JtAann  Daniel  Tillu 

tVitleabeis  in  1771.    ItlsopiaKd  by  tbe  atatement  Ihak 

proponionite  distances  of  tbe  aevenl  planets  from  tbe  sun 

may  be  repieseDted  by  adding  4  (o  each  term  of  tbe  letiea; 

o,  3.  e.  11, 14,  ke,    Tbe  itregularity  wiM  be  noticed  ol  the  filW 

term,  which  should  be  tl  instead  of  o.     (See  Soui  Sysnia.) 

See  J.  F.  Evke,  Birfii  AUB^mntn  (iS)7).  Pl  >i :  H.  C.  Schic 
machn,  Aar.  Nai\.  v    SM,  J67  (1(117):  P<ip[codarS.  Bug.  JiUrg. 

BODS,  JGRAM  (died  t.  1110),  French  Iraiairt,  was  bora  M 
Arras  in  the  lecond  hall  ol  the  1  ith  mtury.  Very  liltk  ii 
known  of  b>a  lil'i  but  in  iioj  be  waa  about  to  atut  lor  lb* 

crusade  whca  he  wu  attacked  by  leprosy.  In  a  touching  poem 
ciUcd  leCox^f  (pi.  by  hi  ion  in /fuwWifa/iiUiaiu  (4  («lu,  vol  i.), 
be  bade  larewell  to  hi*  (beads  and  patrons,  and  begged  for  a 
nomination  to  a  leper  bospil^.  He  wtote  U  Jn  it  Saint 
Nicoias.  one  of  the  earliest  mir^le  plays  pr^ervcd  in  French 
[priDlcd  in  Mocmerqut  and  Michd'i  TklSlitS"M'ii  d'  meytn 
W.  '8j9.  and  for  the  S«.  dfj  biblicpkila  Itamtai.  tSji);  tin 
Chatiim  dci  Saiinci  (cd  F.  Mtchd  iSj«},  four  faOuudttt 
[printed  in  K  Bartsch's  AllJ'an.  Btmamat  <aal  PmlennUtn. 
Leipzig,  1870).  ajid  piobibly.  the  eight  Jailiaui  attributed  10 
an  unknown  Jean  BcdeL  The  legend  ol  Saint  Nicholas  had 
already  formed  the  subieci  of  the  Latin  Ludv  Sawli  NiJitlai 
ol  Hilarius.  Bodet  placed  the  scene  partly  an  a  £cld  ol  battle  in 
Africa,  where  the  crusaders  perish  in  a  hopeless  struggle,  and 
partly  in  a  tavern.  Tbe  piece,  loosely  connected  by  Ibe  miracle 
oiSainI  Nicholas  narrated  in  the  prologue,  cods  with  a  wholesak 
■  his  subject).    The  dialogue 

The  CMaii. 


called  ii 


■iuen  in  thieves 

slang,  and  is 

very 

an!<md< 

5a>i*(i,  Bodcl's 

which 

question 

isattoniondei 

«fc  belonging 

10  the 

ce.  and  i 

rcKMum  based  on 

onging  1 

the  Chademigne  cycle.     Il  r 

dales 

emagne  against  I  he  Saion 

under  Cuitec 

inde 

nd  or  Wi 

second  revolt 

tthe 

Enjliubn 

rsion.    JehanBodel 

to  Ogicr 

heDaoeiuidin 

nagea 

ecyde, 

ul  he  mentions 

he  defeat  of  Roland 

file  roma 

ce  is  based  on 

slorical  fuel, 

but  ia 

of  Charlemagne'! 


of  the  Charkmagne  r 

overlaid  with  romaolic  detail.    Il  really  en 
liTgends— ihose  ol  the  wan  against  the  Saii 

rebrllioui  batons,  and  ol  Baudouim  and  

French  poems  on  the  subject  are  lost,  but  the  substince  ol  them 
is  preserved  in  the  Scandinavian  versions  of  (he  Chariemagne 
cycle  {supposed  10  have  been  derived  from  English  sources) 
known  IS  the  KarlamatHutiaia  (ed.  Ungcr,  Chriitiania,  iSte) 
and  Kiiitr  Kurt  Mainia  KtSniie  (Romanllak  Digtnung,  ed. 
C.  J.  Brandt,  Copenhagen,  1K77). 

See  alu  tbe  article  on  Jchae  Bodcl  by  Paulio  Paris  in  ITia,  Ifa. 
it  la  Frana.  n.  pp.  tes-«jB;  Canon  Parii,  Hiam,  petliinu  it 
CluirUmat*t  (tB6s);  l«ti  Ciulier.  Lit  ipafUs  fnmflnut  (re.  =-- • 
edilioo.  vid.  iii.  pp.  6so-69l),  where  there  i>  a  lull  mnalyiii  1  ' 
C*o«™  AjiiiiMiaivlabibllisraphy^^RM^f.--  "--  ■ 

pe.  I '76,  when  hi 


ii>  ol  (Iw 


n  PkiUtpt  (Marbt 


C^riemagoe^ycleia 

ooyle 


■dbyGoO^I 


BODENBACH— BODIN 


109 


BOBSnAeB  (CMch  PaimMy).  ■  town  oT  Bohtnii,  Auilrii, 

8j  m.  N.N.E.  of  Pngue  by  nil.  Pop.  (i^oo)  io,7Aj,  almost 
ciclusinly  Geimaii.  It  i*  siiiutcd  on  the  left  btai  oF  ihc  Elbe 
a(v»iie  TtuchcQ.  ud  it  wi  imporuni  nilwiy  junction,  oin- 
taininB  aba  (u  Aniului  and  x  Suon  cuitom-bouK.  Bo<ienb>cb, 
vhidi  in  the  middle  of  the  19th  century  hwl  only  a  few  hundred 
very  important 


111  principal  it 


3  inclu 


carthmvare  and  crockety,  chemicals,  chicory,  chocolati. 
■neaia  and  picKrves,  and  beci.    It  ha*  alu  a  veiy  active  tramll 

BCHinSTSDT,  miEORICR  VARTnt  VOH  (1819-1891), 
Geman  auihor,  *i>  bom.at  Peine,  In  Hanover,  on  the  iind  ot 
April  iSig.     He  itu<£ed  in  Gdtlingcn,  Munich  and  Beriln.     Htl 

Family  of  Prince  Galiitdn  at  Moscow,  where  lie  gained  a  Ihorongh 
knowledge  of  Russian,  This  led  to  his  appointment  m  1A44  as 
the  head  ot  a  public  tchool  at  TiBij,  In  Tcaiucaucajia.  He  took 
Ibe  opportuniiy  of  hit  proiimity  10  Perii»  10  iiudj  Penlan 
Steraturt,  and  in  1S51  published  a  volume  of  ociginil  poetry  in 
srieotal  suiie  tmder  the  findful  title,  Dii  Liedtr  da  ifina 
Sc/mfy  (Englidi  Iiam.  by  E.  d'Eiterre,  iSSo).  The  success  of 
thii  wtnk  on  only  be  compaced  with  thai  of  Edward  FitiGeiald's 
Osur  Khm"",  prodnced  in  somewhat  similar  drcumstaBcei, 
but  difiered  fnm  it  in  being  immediate.  It  has  gone  through 
160  editions  hi  Germany,  and  has  been  tiaiulited  into  almost  all 
fiteiary  languages.    Noris  this  celebnty  undeserved,  for  although 


t  attain  the  poetical  elevjtioB  ol  FitiGerald, 
Us  view  of  Bfc  is  wider,  more  iheerful  and  tnt«  woe,  while  (he 
necntion  Is  ■  model  ol  grace.  On  Iris  return  from  Ihe  East, 
Bodenitectt  engaged  for  •  while  in  Joonuilisra,  married  the 
dmjhttrofa  Hessian  officer  (Matilde,  the  Ivlliiamolha  poems), 
and  was  in  1854  »ppoinled  professor  of  Slavonic  >t  Munkh.  The 
rich  store*  of  knowledge  which  Bodenstcdt  brought  back  from 
the  East  were  limied  to  account  in  two  important  books,  Dit 
Vilieria  KaalaiuiiavlihtFrtikellt-KSinpfietttii^it  R"'"' 
{1S48),  and  TaiBcmi  md  nn  Tat  ""  Oriml  (1S50).  For  some 
time  BodeiBledt  cDnlinued  to  devote  hlmselF  (0  Slavonic  snbjecis, 
pnjducfng  tnitslalkins  of  Pushkin,  Lerraontov,  'Hirgwtniev,  and 
of  Ihe  poeti  of  the  Ukraines;  and  writing  a  Tragedy  on  the  fibe 
DeiDetriua,  and  an  epic,  Ada  dit  l^gkirrin,  on  a  Circassian 
Ihrme,  Fiitding,  probably,  this  vein  eihaitsted.  he  eichanged 
hia  prelessDiahlp  in  igjg  for  one  of  Early  English  literature,  and 
pnbliihed  (iS;g-rS6o)  a  valuable -work  on  the  English  dnnia- 
listi  contcmpoiary  with  Shakespeare,  with  copious  translations. 
In  1S61  be  produced  a  standard  mnsblion  of  Shakespeare's 
sonneti,  and  between  lUO  and  iS;>  pnUi^ed  I  mmplele 
vision  of  the  plays,  with  the  help  of  many  eoadju  tors.  In  1B&7 
be  undertook  the  direction  of  the  court  theatre  at  Meinlngen. 
■nd  was  cnnoUcd  by  the  duke.  AttenSyj  he  lived  successively 
at  Aliona,  Seriin  and  Wiesbaden,  where  he  died  on  the  igth  ol 
April  1891.  Hii  later  works  consist  of  an  sutobiognphy  [iBSS], 
nccessfui  translations  from  Hafix  and  Omar  Khayyam,  and 
lydca  and  drama*  which  added  little  to  his  lepaUtion. 

I  publlihed  at 

- --    .--, . ._..  itJriiadS?!- 

■  ■TII.  For  fnnbcf  biognpfaical  dctaDs.  «*  Budcnitedt'i  Erin- 
irmofH  «i  MnacM  Iiln  (1  voli.,  Berlin,  IWt-tSoD):  and 
C.  Scfcuck.  Ftiidriik  m  Biifufit.  Em  DidutrMn  w  uvun 
Britfta  (Berlin,  1S93J. 

■ODHI  VAMIA,  a  proH  poem  In  elaborate  Saiukritiied  Pall. 
compaicd  by  UpatlsM  In  tiie  reign  of  Mahinds  IV.  of  Ceylon 
aboot  «Ji.  980.  It  1*  IB  adaptation  ol  a  pceviouily  eiiiting 
work  in  Siirhilese  on  tbe  same  subject,  and  describes  the  hringmg 
of  •  bcaachof  tba  otlehnted  Boor  Bodhl  tree  {U.  Wisdom  Tree, 
nndcf  wUcb  tha  Baddka  had  attained  wttdoni)  to  Ceyhm  in  the 
y  >x.  Tha  Bodhi  Vans*  quotes  vent*  from  tbe 
'    '  •  "   '    '     '  '1*  malnUl  From  other 

tbe  older 


)r  the  P*R  Text  Society  by  S.  Arthur  Strong 


BAIBAKA  tBBH  NIltB  (i8t7-tS«tV  EngUife 
eaucBuonauK,  was  bora  al  Watllngtofl.  Norfolk,  on  the  Sth  of 
April  1B17,  the  daughter  oF  Benjamia  Smhh  (1783-1^0).  long 
MP.  For  Norwich.  She  early  Stowed  a  force  of  character  and 
catholicity  oF  sympathy  that  later  won  her  a  ptomineni  place 
among  philxnthropisis  tnd  social  workers.  In  1857  she  married 
in  eminent  French  physician,  Dr  Eugine  Bodkbon,  and, 
although  wintering  many  years  in  Algicn,  continued  to  lead  Ihe 
movements  she  had  initialed  in  bchalF  ttl  En^shwomen.  In 
1869  she  published  her  Brit/  Summary  of  Oa  hums  Bf  EntltHd 
ttHtmiiin  Wmtn,  which  had  a  useful  effect  in  belptng  forward 
the  passage  of  the  Married  Women's  Ptopecty  Act.  In  1S66, 
ccMipentins  with  Miss  Emily  Dsvies,  sbe  matured  a  icbcmc  for 
■he  eitension  of  univetiity  education  to  women,  and  the  Gnt 
smsU  eaperiiMnI  at  Hitchin  developed  into  Girton  College,  to 
which  Mme  Bodichon  gave  liberally  of  her  lime  and^  money. 
With  all  her  public  interetU  she  found  time  foe  society  tnd  her 
favourite  art  of  painting.  She  studied  under  William  H.  Hunt, 
and  hcc  watcr-folours,  eihiluted  (t  the  Sslos,  the  Academy  and 
elsewhere,  showed  great  originality  tnd  Itlent,  and  were  admired 
by  Coroc  and  Daublgiy,  Hei  London  salon  included  many  at 
the  literary  jmd  trtistic  celebrities  of  her  day;  she  was  Gestge 
Eliot's  most  Inlirotte  ftliDd.  and,  accocdios  to  her,  the  first 
(0  leoogniu  the  aulhorship  of  Adam  Btdt.  Her  penoaal 
appetniKi  is  asJd  to  be  docribnl  in  that  ol  RomoU.  Mm* 
Bodichon  died  at  Hobettabridge,  Susiei,  oo  Ilic  iitk  of  Juts 
1S91. 

BODIir,  JBAH  (1x30-1596),  FtCDch  political  pbilasopbei,  wat 
bom  at  Angers  in  luo.  KiTlDg  stuped  law  at  Touhiusa  and 
lectured  thereon  jurEsprudencc,  be  settled  la  Paris  as  an  advocate, 
but  soon  applied  himsBlf  to  hieistum.'  In  i;jj  he  published  hia 
first  work,  a  translation  of  Oppian's  Cyntiaicim  into  Latin  veise, 
with  a  comawntaiy.  Tile  ceiebraled  scbolai.  Tumcbut,  com- 
plained that  some  of  hii  cmendtlions  had  been  appropiiatcij 
without  tcknowledgnient.  In  ii88,  in  reintalifn  of  the  views 
of  tbe  seigneur  de  tdalestroil,  comptroller  of  the  miat,  *ha 
mWDUincd  chat  there  had  been  no  rise  oi  price*  in  France  during 
ihe  three  preceding  centuries,  he  puhlished  hit  iEuprmntf  otf 
Pvadna  UalaUtlli  (Rtfouu  aui  paradnts  de  li.  U^atrtil), 
whidi  the  first  time  eiploined  in  a  Beaily  sttlsCDCtary  marlDM 
Ihe  revolution  of  prices  which  took  place  in  the  tfith  century. 
Bodio  showed  t  more  rational  appreciatioa  than  mtny  of  lua 
contemporaries  oF  the  causes  of  this  tevolueiDn,  tnd  the  retalion. 
of  tha  variatnis  In  money  lo  tbe  nurket  Wuet  of  wares  is 
general  at  well  as  to  the  wages  of  labour.  He  saw  that  Ihe 
amount  of  mcDcy  m  circulation  did  not  conslitute  tlie  wedlb 
of  the  community,  and  thai  the  prohibition  of  theopoitof  the 
precious  metaJs  waa  rendered  inoperative  by  the  necestltie* 
□I  trade.  Tba  tract,  the  Diumri  av  la  UBtl  dt  l'ulrtm4 
cktrlt  qui  til  aiunr^iiy  »  Fraiut  {137*},  and  tbe  diaquisi- 
tion  on  public  revenues  in  the  sixth  book  of  the  mfaW^M, 
entitle  Bodin  to  a  ditlinyuihwl  poaitioa  asMag  the  euliei 


-  His  learning,  genial  diipesition,  and  conventtioatl  |wiKn 
won  him  the  Favor  ol  Henry  III.  and  oF  hit  biolhei,  tbe  due 
d'Alcncon;  and  he  wt*  appointed  king't  attorney  at  Laon  in 
I57&.  Id  this  year  he  nuinied,  petformed  his  moat  brilliant 
service  lo  hit  cooolry,  tod  completed  his  greatest  Ijleniy  work. 
Elected  by  the  ficn  ilat  ot  Verauuidois  to  Ttpimiiit  it  in  Ihe 
U*t(»«eiieral  of  DMs,  he  contended  with  sUll  and  boldness  in 
eilTemely  difficult  cinMmslances  for  freedom  of  eonacicnca, 
justice  and  peaces  The  nobilily  and  dagy  fsvoured  the  League, 
and  urged  the  king  lo  force  his  subjects  to  protest  the  Catholic 
religion.  When  Bodin  Found  he  could  not  prevcnl  this  resolulioa 
being  carried,  he  contrived  lo  gel  inierled  in  the  petition  dnwn 
up  by  the  staKs  the  clauae  "  without  war.'*  which  practically 
rmdercd  nugatMy  all  ita  other  clauses.  While  be  thus  resisted 
the  deigy  tjid  nobilily  be  tnccestfuily  opposed  Ihe  demand  ol 
the  king  lo  be  allowed  to  alienalc  tlu  public  lands  and  royal 
demesnes,  although  the  chief  deputtes  bad  been  won  ovei  lo 
assent.  This  loet  him  tbe  lavnur  of  Ihe  king,  who  wanKd  Bwocy 
OB  any  Uaam.    Is  >tli  haactadttteueUiy  to  tb*  due  d'Al*BB» 


BODKIN— BODLEY 


■bn  that  prlmt  mna  over  to  Esglud  u 
Qunn  Eliubclk.  Here  he  tud  (be  pleuure 
UptMi^mi  wu  iludied  il  London  and  Ci 
In  a  barbaroui  Litin  t  ~" 


eA  the  hand  oT 

:>ridge,  aJi  hough 


loLalin  hinn 


(1 586).     The  111 


which  he  it 


rpan. 


Abadcd  to  declare  For  the  League  in  ifSg*  and  Ear  Henry  IV 
five  year*  afierwardt.  He  dicrd  of  ibe  plague  ia  1596,  and  wai 
butied  in  ihe  church  of  the  Carmeliiei. 

With  (01  hi)  btvadtb  and  Ubcnlity  of  mind  Bodin 
cndukws  beticver  b  Hitchctid.  the  vinua  of  numbcn  i 
power  of  the  (tin,  and  in  ijSo  he  publiihed  tbc  Dimoni 

prejudices  of  the  age-    Hfmietf  regarded  by  mmt  of  hi 
temporariei  as  a  ace plic,  and  by  some  ai  an  alheut ,  he  deni 

ditbetieve  In  lorcrry,  and  urged  the  burning  of 

irdi.     It  might,  perhipt.  hive  gone  hard 
Irictly  followed,  ai  he  confeui 


witch. 


have  had  Inm  his  thirty- 

if  piopcrly  invoked^  louched  hii  right  ear  when  he  purposed 

doing  what  wu  wrong,  and  hit  left  when  be  mediuied  doing 

HU  duel  wtsk,  the  Six  livnt  ii  la  lUfniUqiu  (Paris,  1576), 
which  pBiMd  through  •evml  editions  In  his  Lifclimc,  thai  of 
1513  having  u  an  aFfwndIx  L'AptltfU  it  Rtni  lltrpin  (Bodin 
Unueli),  wu  the  fiH  BwderaitUmpI  to  conittucl  an  clabonie 
syitem  <i  political  adence.  Il  [•  perhaps  the  mosC  important 
work  of  lu  kind  batwaes  Artitotte  and  modem  wriien.  Though 
ha  wai  much  indebted  (o  AiisloiJe  he  used  the  malnial  to 
advantage,  addmg  much  from  his  own  e ipericnce  and  hiiiorical 
knoiHledge.  In  harmony  wiib  tlie  condition*  of  his  age,  he 
^iproved  of  absdute  govcnunebta,  Ituu^  at  Ihe  tame  time 
Ihey  must,  he  thought,  be  coniroUed  by  c<uuiiLi]tional  laws. 
He  entered  into  an  elaborate  defence  oF  Individual  property 
•gainst  Plato  apd  More,  rather  perhaps  because  Ihe  Kheme  of 
to  woTi  nqiitrrd  the  treatment  of  thai  theme  than  because  it 
wn  practically  urgent  in  bii  day,  when  the  eitzues  of  the  Ana- 
baptists had  produced  a  iirong  feeling  agsinst  commimisiic 
doetrines.  He  was  undtr  the  general  inSuence  ol  Ibe  mercan- 
tibit  views,  and  approved  of  energetic  governmental  inter- 
ference in  induurial  matter*,  of  high  taiei  on  foreign  manufac- 
tures and  loH  dutia  on  raw  materials  and  anlcles  ol  food,  and 
attached  great  Itniwrtaiice  to  a  dense  population.  But  he  was 
■ot  a  blind  foUowcr  ol  the  lyilemi  he  wished  lor  unlimited 
freedom  ol  trade  in  many  cases;  and  he  was  lil  advance  ol  his 
Vote  eminent  contemporary  Montaigne  In  perceiving  that  the 
fain  «( one  nation  is  not  necessarily  the  loss  of  another.  To  the 
public  financa,  nhich  he  called  "the  sinews  of  the  state,"  he 
lievoted  much  attention,  and  insisted  on  the  duties  ol  the  govern- 
ment b  teipect  to  the  right  adjustment  "F  taxation-  In  general 
be  deaeivtatbepniteol  steadily  keeping  In  view  the  higher  aims 
■Dd  intcnstt  of  society  fai  conneiMD  with  the  legulatlon  and 
devdopment  of  its  material  life. 

Among  hit  other  worki  aie  Otalit  it  itutitHtuda  in  rtpuilka 
innnlUi  (isn);  MaJiidtu  ed  faciltm  hulnrianim  copiUienn* 
(i;6e)i  UnoBsdt  NaliuBt  Tkuimm  {i5?«.  French  tram,  by 
Fongenllea,  ijQjj.and  tbt  CelU^ium  Hiptafliimirti  it  isidilii 
nmw  nUiwiiisi  oreanii,  written  bl  1588,  published  Irsl  by 
Cuhmuer(ia4i),aDdlntconipleteforTnbyL.Noacli(i8;;}.  The 
last  Is  a  philosophy  of  ntiunlism  in  the  form  ol  a  conversation 
bdvccD  seven  learned  men— «  Jew,  a  Mihommedan,  a  Lutheran, 

■  Zwingtian,  a  Roman  Catholk,  an  Epicurean  and  a  Theist. 
The  conclusion  to  which  they  are  represented  as  coming  Is  that 
they  will  live  together  In  charrty  and  lolention,  and  cease  from 
further  diqiutation  at  to  religlDn.  It  El  curiout  that  Lelbniti, 
who  oclgiaally  icgatded  Ibe  CMtquiuwi  as  the  work  of  a  pro- 
fited eaemy  «t  Chrittianity,  tnbsequently  described   it  at 

■  moit  valuable  pcadactioD  (d.  M.  Carrijie,  WriMwctjaimt. 
P-  317]- 

See  H.  Biudrfllan.  J.  Safin  d  m  irmpi  CParii.  iBsi):  Ad. 
Fnnelc,  tUfarmtiiwfi  fMiaaii-4i  fEarrf  (Parii.  t&^l:  N. 
naadHOaiilt.  EmIb  nr  ^Hi  fitdia  lAnaen,  ilK) ;  E.  de  BanM- 


leiKT,  Bltii  imr  J.  Bmtm  (Paria.  ftTtU  he  Ihe  polilfcal  ft 

ol  Efodia.  see  P.  JanH.  Hal  irlauieMa  petit,  (ird  ed..  Pari,  .._... 

Hancke.  S.  Slaim  Mri  i.  Btrrit  i.  ScutrriiiUil  [Breslau.  1S94), 
A.  l)irdDui.L<iUtulci>i((nri<ifiKi<ancr(iii«./ri>.(duc:FaiimaL 
SoJiii  prtillirunir  ir  jifwufinuni  (F^irii.  itea):  for  hii  puliiiaf 
ceonoai^.  I.  K  Inpm.  '/•I'-  <4  Pit-  Bum,  (London.  iSUli  For 
bli  cthiral  leaching.  A.   Octjardint,  Lu   Unraiiutt  /rnvfoii  ^u 

PkUeuphj  0]  Huury  in  Earipi  (ed.  i»9J).  pp.  190  loll, 

BDDKIH  (Early  Eng.  i^tJiUm.  a  dagger,  a  word  of  unknown 
origiu,  possibly  connected  with  the  Gaelic  Afo^g,  a  short  s>nird), 
a  small,  needle-like  instrument  oF  steel  or  bone  with  a  flattened 
knob  at  one  end,  used  in  needlevwk.  It  ha*  one  or  man  slits 
or  eyes,  through  wliicb  cord,  tope  or  ribbon  an  be  passed,  for 
threading  through  a  hem  or  leriei  of  loops-  The  word  is  also 
used  ol  a  small  picicing  instrument  lor  making  holes  in  doth,  &c 
BODLB  ot  60DDLI  (said  to  be  from  Bothwell,  Ihe  name  ol  a 
mint- master),  a  Scottish  copper  coin  worth  about  ooe-iuih  of  an 
English  penny,  first  issued  undei  Charlet  U.  Il  survives  in  ibe 
phrase  "  not  to  care  a  bodle." 

BODLEY,  CZORGB  PREDEHICR  (iSsi-ifo?),  Eagliih 
architect,  was  tbc  youngest  son  ol  a  physician  at  Brighton,  hit 
elder  brother,  the  Rev-  W.  H.  Bodley,  becomlag  a  weU-knowa 
Roman  Catholic  preacher  and  a  proletiOi  at  Oscolt  He  wa* 
articled  to  the  lamout  architect  Sir  Gilbert  Scott,  under  wboaa 
influence  he  became  imbued  with  the  spirit  of  the  Cothic  revival, 
and  he  gradually  became  knonn  as  the  chief  eiponent  of  i^tli- 
cenlury  English  Gothic,  and  the  leading  ecclesiastical  architect 
in  En^nd.  One  of  his  fint  churches  wai  Si  Micbad  and  All 
AngtK  Brighton  (iSss),  and  among  his  principal  ereetiont  may 
be  mentioned  All  Saints,  Cambridge:  Eton  Mitsion  churcb. 
Hackney  Wickj  Oumbrr  church;  Ecdeston  church ;  Hoar 
Cross  cburcl^;  St  Augustine'i,  Pendlebury:  Holy  Trinity, 
Kensington;  Chapel  AUerton,  Leeds:  St  Faith's,  Brentfordi 
Queen '1  College  chape],  Cambtidge:  Marlborough  CoUeg* 
chapel;  and  Burton  church.  Hi*  domestic  work  included  tbt 
London  School  Board  office*,  Ihe  new  buildings  at  Hagdaku, 
Oilord,  and  HewcU  Grange  (for  Lord  Windsor).  From  iBji  he 
had  (or  twenty  years  The  pannerahip  of  Mr  T.  Camct.  who  WD  tked 
with  him.  He  also  dcsi^ied  (with  hit  pupil  James  Vaughan)tlH 
cathedral  at  Washington,  D.C.,  U.S.A..  and  cathedrals  at  San 
Francisco  and  in  Tasmania;  and  when  Mi  Gilbert  Scott't  design 
for  his  new  Liverpool  cathedral  was  successful  in  the  compelitiiMI 
he  collaborated  with  the  young  architect  in  preparing  for  it* 
erection.  Bodley  began  contributing  to  the  Royal  Academy  ia 
iSj4,  and  in  iSSi  was  elected  A.R.A.,  becoming  R.A-  is  ifoi. 
In  addition  to  being  a  most  learned  matter  of  architecture,  he 

lished  a  volume  ol  poems  in  iB««;  and  he  wat  a  designer  ol 
wall-papcTs  and  chintict  for  Waiu  &  Co..  of  Bakn  Stmt, 
London;  in  eiriy  lite  he  had  been  in  close  alliants  with  the 
Pre- Raphael  lies,  and  he  did  a  great  deal,  like  William  Morris,  M 
improve  public  taste  in  domestic  decoration  and  furniture.  Ut 
died  on  the  list  ol  Oclobei  t«9),  at  Water  Eaton,  Oifotd. 

BODLEV,  SIR  TUOIIAS  ('MS-'Sij),  English  diptomatist  and 
icbolar,  founder  ol  the  Bodleian  library,  Oilord,  was  bom  at 
Eieier  on  the  >nd  ol  Match  ij4S,  During  the  reign  ol  Queen 
Mary,  his  lather.  John  Bodlcy,  being  obliged  to  leave  Ihe  kingdom 

Tount  ol  his  Protestant  principles,  went  to  live  at  Geneva. 

it  univcraity.  In  which  Calvin  and  Beta  were  then  teaching 
[y.  young  Bodley  studied  lor  a  shon  lime.  On  the  accesiion 
Kn  Elisabeth  he  returned  with  hit  latlier  to  England,  and 
liter  entered  Magdalen  College.  Ollold.  In  1561  be  wok 
\.  degree.and  wu  admitted  a  lellow  ol  Merlon  College.  Id 
le  read  a  Greek  lecture  in  hall,  look  his  M  J*,  degree  the  year 
oEtf  r,  and  read  natural  philosophy  in  Ihe  public  sdnols.  la  1 569 
he  was  piocioe,  and  lor  tome  time  alter  was  deputy  public  orator. 
Quilting  Oiford  in  1576,  he  made  the  tour  ol  Europe;  shortly 
alter  hit  letnm  he  became  genlleman-usher  to  Queen  Elisabeth; 
and  iii  ijS},  apparently,  he  married  Ann  Bail,  a  widow  lady  of 
oniiderablelortune.  the  daughter  ola  Mr  Caiew  ol  Bristol  la 
5S4  he  entered  pariiameni  as  member  lot  PoiUmouth.  and 
epresented  St  Cemtn's  in  ij36.    In  isS]  Bodley  wat cntmiUd 


BODMER— BODONl 


■iHrarjrof  Navim^  Hcmi 
Ui  Fiuicti  (ad  In  i5tS  be 
.  .  oit  mhkh  doBindtd  fiat 
k  ikill,  for  h  wu  Id  tbt  Nctberiiodi  thM  tbe  powtt  tl 
Spun  htd  M  be  lougbL  The  etinlal  difficultia  of  bb  mMmt 
wen  conpliated  by  the  iDltjgDC*  of  the  qaccn't  olnlMen  ■! 
borne,  uid  Bodlejr  repeeiedl;  begged  Ibel  he  mlghl  be  racalkd. 
Hcni&iHUypeiiiiltLeduiTeiiiiiiloEiiglaiuliii  istt.bMfaidJnf 
hii  pielenDent  obitnicted  by  tbe  ]enln(  bURMa  of  Buiielfb 
ud  Euei,  he  ntjied  fmm  public  life.  He  wu  knitted  on  the 
iSih  of  AjRil  ifio4.  He  u,  however,  lemembend  epcdsUy  u  the 
foandei  of  tbe  Bodied  >t  Oilonl,  pnctloUy  the  eiiUeet  public 
tibni?  m  Europe  i>ee  LiBKAUEs).  HedeteRiiiiitd,lies4id,  "to 
Uke  hi*  fucweQ  of  itile  employtDenU  cod  10  (et  up  hl»  lUS  it 
Ibelibmr  doorlnOifocd."  In  1508  hii  Oder  (0  rcMore  tbe  old 
libni?  wu  Kcepud  by  tbe  univeniiy.  fiodlcy  not  only  ucd 
hi*  priviu  fomcie  In  bli  underuking,  but  Induced  meny  of  ht> 
fliendi  to  Buhe  valuebit  gilti  of  bookl.  In  1611  be  begin  <t> 
pRmaBenl  oadowinent,  end  it  bli  dciib  la  London  on  the  i8tb 
of  January  161],  the  graier  part  of  hit  fortune  WM  left  to  it. 
He  ma  buried  bi  the  choir  of  Merlon  College  cbipd  when  • 
BOBnaeBt  of  black  and  white  marble  itai  erected  to  him. 

Sir  Tbonaa  wrote  hii  awn  llfi  lo  ilie  ynr  1 609.  whirh,  with  the 
bs  draft  oi  Che  fltatutca  drawn  up  for  the  library,  and  hia  letters 
to  the  Librarian.  Tliomaa  Janm.  wu  oubliahtd  bv  TJvjnaa  Heame. 
under  il»  tiltt  ol  Ktlii^iat  BfUiiamai.  or  AuiiVii  Kmaini  fj  Sir 
Thomas  Bodity  (Londont  1703.  0vo). 

XODKSE.  JOHAim  JAKOB  (iM-wSj).  Swiia-German 
author,  was  bora  at  Creifenaee,  near  ^tjch,  on  the  19th  of  July 
ibpS.  After  Ent  itudyini  theology  and  then  trying  a  commenjal 

ap(»iQted  profntor  dF  HcIveiLin  history  in  ZQiich.  a  chair  which 
he  held  for  hall  a  century,  and  in  t7jj  became  a  rocDber  of  the 
"  Groaier  Rat."  He  publiahed  (i7ii-i;j3),  tntonjunclioii  with 
J.J.  Breitinf^(i70i-i7J4;  and  several  othcn,  Dit  Diunrudtr 
Uaiicrn,  a  weekly  journal  alter  Ihe  model  of  the  Spalaltr. 
ThiDugh  hit  prote  tiaoslatlon  ol  Milton't  Paradiii  L$il  (i;jj) 
and  hu  lucceulul  cnduvourt  to  make  a  knowledge  of  Eigliih 
bteratiueacaoible  to  Germany,  be  arouied  the  boatile  criticiim 
of  Cottscbed  (4.*.)  and  hit  ichiKii,  a  stmggle  which  ended  In 
the  complete  diusmfiiure  of  the  ktier.  lit*  Dual  Importani 
vrituagi  are  the  trratisei  Ken  dem  IVuiidefbaren  in  ier  Fotsit 
(1740)  and  Kritlscht  BelracUmim  «ier  die  potliidm  CtmiUt 
ia  Diiiur  (17(0,  in  which  he  pleaded  for  the  freedom  ol  the 

paeuda-cl(isiciim.  Bodmei'i  epica  Dit  SUml/liilk  (1751)  and 
KtaJi  (iJ5f>.wweali  imitations  of  Klopstock's  Ittniai,  and 
bis  plays  are  entlnly  deficient  in  dtamalic  qualities.  He  did 
valuable  savin  to  Cerman,  iiieialUR  by  hii  editions  of  the 
Mitinesingen  and  pari  ol  Ihe  JViMwi^enlutf.  He  died  at  Ztinch 
on  the  ind  of  January  178].  >, 

See  T.  W.  Daniel.  CMiditi  uj  M'ne  Zrit  [Liipiig.  1148); 
Ci^ir.  7.  C.  CcOicM,  Bodmtr  umt  Brtilinrtr  (Siuitjart,  iS&j); 
F.  BtsitnuiT.  CeliticlWdcT  hafuitcn  Ttii}rTi  Mid  Ktuik  nn  £11 
Datmtm  dw  Jfiftr  Mi  nf  Iniiit  (l^eigBig.  iKt) ;  Dmliidirijt  a 
Badmtn  n*.  CfhMUsf  (ZOrich,  190a). 

BOIWn.a  BiirkK  town  and  mumcipa)  boron^  in  the  Bodmin 
puliaiBtMaTy  divisioo  of  Cornwall.  Entjiand.  the  county  town 
30I  m.  WJf.W.  of  Plymouth,  on  branchits  of  Ihe  Great  Wesien 
and  LoodBO  ftSoulh-Wesiera  nilwoyi.  Pop.  (idoi)  sj;].  Ii 
Be*  between  l*e  bill*  la  a  short  valley  opening  westward  npoi 
that  of  tbe  Canel.  at  tlK_!outheiif  eitiemity  of  the  hi)^  open 
Badmhi  Uoot.  The  Ittge  church  ol  St  Pettock,  mainly  Per- 
*  I  earlier  ponion*,  and  a  late  Norman  font. 
t  it  a  ruined  Decorated  chapd  of  St  Thomas  of 
f.  with  a  crypt.  A  tower  o(  Tudor  date,  in  the  ceme- 
l«y,  maika  the  site  of  a  chapel  of  the  gild  ol  the  Holy  Rood. 
Part  of  the  bultdiRgB  of  >  Francisaa  friary,  founded  t.  iito.  are 
incgiporaitd  hi  the  mitliet-havte.  and  the  gateway  remains 
Ib  an  altered  form.  At  Bodmin  are  ■  prisnn.  with  civil  and 
B>nl  depariniefiu,  the  county  gaol  and  viyluD,  the  bead- 
Ipurtoi  d  the  cDDtubulary,  and  thoK  ol  the  duke  of  CaniraU's 


nict>  ol  Romnn  occiqMtlaD  have  been  looad  Is  tbe  weatnn 
pan  of  the  pariah,  belonglin  to  tbe  fbil  cenluiy  it.a  PoBibly 
lin-minini  wu  cairitd  on  hen  at  that  period.  The  grant  of  a 
charter  by  King  Ednd  lo  tbe  prior  and  canona  of  Bodmin 
(Bomine,  Bodman,  Bodmyn)  hi  mpea  of  lands  in  Devonihir* 
appear*  In  an  Impaimm  of  iiji.  To  it>  ecclesiastical  aaocia- 
tioni  It  owed  Its  imporunce  at  the  time  ol  tbe  Domesday  iiirvey, 
when  St  Petrock  held  the  mapor  ol  Bodmin,  wbenfai  wen  ibity- 
tlghi  housei  and  one  market  lb  sacoestive  ption,  aa  mesDe 
lords,  it  alto  owed  itt  earlieil  moBlcipal  ptlviktet.  Kbig  John'a 
charter  to  the  prior  and  amvent,  dated  Ibc  tjth  ol  July  tt9g> 
contained  k  clause  (tuhieqnenlly  oucdleal  by  Richard  II.]  Iqp 
which  burgesse*  were  exempt  from  bring  Impleaded,  touching 
any  lenemcnLs  hi  their  demane,  eicept  befoK  the  king  and 
hit  chief  justice.  Rlchaid  of  Corawall,  king  of  the  Rotnam, 
confinncd  to  the  bnrgcstet  their  pld  merchant,  Edwaid  1.  tbe 
'  "  '        '  "       larket  for  tin  aiid  moL     Queen 


iubethin 


1 563  CO 


a  body  I 


a  free 


Id  the 


iiponte.  granting  at  the  aa 
.   .      ^     .  ^^  iiQi  1^^  ^j^  ^j^.^  Other 

charter  gnnted 
itQ  1780,  when  the  corporal 


....  K  geneially  held 

at  Launcetton  and  Bodmin;  sbua  1837  they  hav* 
It  Bodmin  only.    A  court  of  piobau  baa  also  been 


See  nurria  CnaJy  HiKory.  Onni£;Sir  JiAn  Madean.  PMcW 
lord  Family  UiMarj^lkiDiHBy^Ttiu  Mi— r.  Cii  a—mj  volt, 

l»73-l«?9)- 


•eaport  on  the  norlh-wnteni  tsut  of  Norway,  ta 

NoTdlandoiiU(counly),lal.67'i7'N.  Pop.  ( iQoe)  (S*?.  Tl>» 
rock-bound  harbour  admits  large  veatelt,  and  there  b  a  btlak 
trade  In  fish  and  elder.d>>wn.    The  neighbouring  country  hat 

MUii/  of  Sulitelma  on  tbe  Swedith  frontier,  with  Ita  capper 
mines,  broad  tnaw-ficlds  and  g£aciera.  Tbe  IJoida  of  the  district 
include  the  Impodng  Belerenfjord,  tbe  Saltenfiord,  and  tbe 
Skjersiadljonl.  at  the  namw  Boatta  of  which,  between  iriandi, 
a  naaikable  eaUnct  (Salttlrtm]  it  fomed  *l  the  tnni  of  tbe 
tide.    On  this  Iford  is  Skjerslad,  ■  large  tcattoid  viltafc. 

taoomu  OIAMBATTUTA  (1740-1813),  Italian  prinier,  wu 
bom  in  1 740  ai  Saluxzo  in  Piedmont,  where  hia  lather  owited 
a  printing  ettablithment.  While  yet  ahoy  babe^n  to  engrave 
on  wood.  He  at  length  went  to  Rome,  and  then  became  a 
compositor  for  the  preat  ol  the  Piopaganda.  He  made  bimMll 
acquainted  with  tbe  (Mental  langiiaget,  and  thus  waa  euUcd 
to  render  ettenlial  lervice  to  the  Propaganda  pRtt,  by  lOtoitBt 
and  accuiBicly  dlsttibuiing  the  typei  of  levenl  Oriental  alpha- 
beti  which  had  fallen  into  disorder.  Tbe  infant*  Dob  PeidinaiMl. 
(fterwardt  duke  of  Farma,  bavfng  ettablisbed.  abmt  17A0.  a 
prin ting-houte  on  the  model  ol  thote  bi  Pari*,  Madrid  and  Turin, 
BodonT  was  placed  at  the  head  ol  this  ettabliahnenl.  which  be 
toon  tendered  the  fint  of  the  kind  In  Europe.  Tbe  beauty  ol  Ui 
typography,  ftc..  leavei  nothing  further  to  be  deaired^  but  the 
inirintic  wlut  ol  hit  edition*  ii  teldo*)  equal  to  their  outward 
tplesdour.  Hit  HotfiH.  however,  it  •  inily  magnificent  work; 
and,  indeed,  hi*  Gieek  ktten  ir 


BODY-SNATCHING— BOEHM  VON  BAWERK 


Hk  cditiana  vt  ihe  Gmk,  Uitin,  luUui 
re  ill  highly  piiml  [or  ttrit  typognjAtcil 
>f  tbcm  ut  not  lot  nmulubte  loi  their 


Sk  Dc  LuurVAi  M  CiHJiSvCi«itatfu(s  Btim  (Itl6), 
BODT-SHATCHIHO,  Utc  went  dkintcriing  oF  d«d  bo<Uei 

fn  dnucbrtidt  in  order  to  wll  Uiein  Cor  ihc  puipoe  < 

Tbait  *ho  jxictiied  body-ciutcluDg 


»  AAav 


.    Prevk 


r:  Hittory),  i 


ol  ibc  Anitomy  Act  iSji  i. 

vu  nquittd  in  Great  BHtun  tor  opcmng  in  sbbuiiiiicii 
lod  tbert  wu  do  proviiioa  for  iuppl>-uig  subjecu  lo  ■ 
lor  iDtloiniol  purposes,  llcnfoie,  though  bodjr-ui 
wti  a  misdeincuwur  at  comiBOD  liw,  piiniihAble  with  j 
ImpriaonmeDt,  It  vas  a  luf^iealJy  lucnUve  buucna  to 
■  '      '   ■         *     .    Body^natthing  bi 


id  irie 


Ii  (rf  B  deceased 
T  burial,  leat  it 


ahould  be  violatnL  lion  coEiu,  too,  wi 
burial,  or  Ihe  grave*  were  prolecled  by  ■  Irimework  o[  iron 
ban  called  tnrrtiafa,  well-preserved  eiampla  of  nbich  may 
(till  be  leen  in  Gnyfiian'  churchyard.  Edinbuish. 

For  a  detailed  huloty  o(  body-siunchine.  ne  TTu  Diary  it  a 
KiturncUenisl.  edited  by  J.  B.  Bailey  (London.  i9o6).  which  alio 
coalaiai  a  full  bihiioflraphv  and  the  regulations  in  forte  in  roreign 
oountriea  for  the  aapfHy  of  bodiei  For  anaioidial  purposes. 

BOBCE  {oa  Bovci),  BBCTOR  (i.  I4«5  -  t-  <SJ<>).  Scottit)) 
hittoiiui,  ma  bon  at  Dundee  about  (he  year  1465,  being 
dnamleil  oE  a  family  whkh  lot  Mveral  lenenlioni  had  poi- 
■eoed  the  banny  of  Panbride  in  Fortanhin.  He  leceived  hii 
early  education  at  Dundee,  and  completed  his  coiuie  of  study 
In  dw  univenity  of  Paio,  where  he  look  the  degtte  ol  B.D. 
He  oaa  appointed  legeii,  or  proiesaor,  of  philoBophy  in  the 
colleic  ol  Montaign;  and  there  he  was  a  cootemporary  ol 
Eraamiu,  irha  in  li*a  epstta  has  spoken  ol  him  in  the  highest 
tenna.  When  WiUiam  E^ihinitone.  bishop  of  Aberdeen,  «» 
laying  hia  plans  for  the  loondation  ol  the  univenity  ol  Aberdcea 
(King't  College)  he  made  Boece  his  chief  adviMc;  and  the  latter 
waa  penuaded,  after  receipt  of  the  papal  bull  enctiog  the 
tmivRilty  (1444},  to  be  the  first  principal.  He  was  In  Aberdeen 
about  ijoo  irtien  lectures  began  in  the  new  building,  and  he 
appean  to  have  been  well  received  by  the  canons  ol  the 
catlisdral,  several  of  whom  he  haa  CODmeniorBled  as  men  of 
learning  It  was  a  pan  of  hb  duty  aa  principal  to  read  lectures 
OB  divinity- 
Hie  ns^nenU  of  hia  office  were  poor,  but  he  abo  enjoyed 
the  inCMue  of  a  canoniy  at  AbcKlctn  and  o(  the  vicange  of 
Tullynile.  Under  the  dale  ol  14th  July  ij>;,  we  find  a 
"  gtanl  to  Maiiter  Hector  "  of  an  annual  pension  of  £jo,  to  be 
paid  by  the  aheriS  of  Aberdeen  out  of  Uie  king')  caiualties; 
and  on  the  ttth  of  Jgly  1519  was  aitieda  "pttcept  [oraletue 
to  Mr  Hector  Boyi,  profesBoi  of  llieaiogy,  of  a  pension  ol  £sa 
Scota  yearly,  until  the  king  promote  faim  to  a  benefice  of  loo 
marks  Scots  ol  yruiy  value;  the  said  pension  to  be  paid  hjni 
by  tbc  cusiuroars  of  Aberdeeo."  In  lU)  and  lUt,  one-half 
of  hia  pension  waa,  however,  paid  by  th«  king'a  treasurer,  and 
the  other  baU  by  the  comptroller;  and  *>  00  payment  svb- 
Kquent  to  that  of  Whitsuntide  ijM  has  bt«n  traced  in  the 
treaiorer'a  actounta,  he  is  supposed  10  have  obtained  the  benefice 
iooo  after  that  period.  Thii  benefice  was  the  rectorship  ol  Tyrie. 
b  isiB,  soon  after  the  puUication  of  hia  history,  Boece 
leceived  the  degree  ol  D.D,  at  Aberdeen;  and  on  this  occasion 
the  magistrates  voted  bun  a  preient  ol  a  tun  ol  wine  when  Ihe 
new  wbMt  abouid  arrive,  or.  according  to  ha  option,  the  sum 
ol  /»  to  purthnse  bonneu.  Ha  appears  to  have  survived  liJl 
ihe  yet  1^6;  loi  on  the  imd  of  November  in  that  year,  Ihe 
king  presented  John  Caiden  to  tha  rectory  of  Tyrie,  vacant  by 
the  death  of  "  Mr  Hector  Boisa."  He  died  at  Aberdeen,  and 
waa  buried  before  the  high  altar  at  King's  College,  beside  the 
(wnb  o(  his  patno  Bishop  El|riiinstoDa. 


ISs  earliest  pnUIcitlon,  Efitafntm  MKntleimtiM  tt 
Ahtrdntmuimm  fa  HtOortM  BtOium  Vitat,  waa  ixinted  at  the 
ptes  ol  Jodocus  Badius  (Fails,  isjt).  He  aoticca  of  the  early 
prelates  are  ol  liide  value,  hut  the  portion  of  the  book  in  which 
he  spesjta  ol  Bishop  Dphinstone  is  of  enduring  merit.  Here  w« 
likewise  fiod  an  account  of  the  foundation  and  constitution  of 
the  college,  together  with  some  notice*  ol  ita  earliest  rnember*. 
His  fame  nau  chiefly  on  his  Hisltry  aS  Sallamd,  publahtd  is 
151;  under  the  title  Sftlertim  lliilenc4  c  frima  gnilii  erigiw 
mm  aiianat  d  mm  it  gntfiaai  ilFuMline  am  nffui  TUi 
edition  oontaina  acventeen  book*.  Attotber  edition,  containing 
the  eighteenth  book  and  a  fragment  of  Ihe  nineleenih,  wu 
published  by  Ferrerius,  who  baa  added  u  appendii  c<  thirty- 
five  pages  (Paris,  1574). 

The  cnniposiliou  of  the  blilory  displays  aath  aUity;  but 
Boecc's  imagination  waa,  however,  stioDger  than  bk  judgment: 
of  the  eitcnt  ol  the  historian's  credulity,  his  narrative  eihibics 
many  unequivocal  piools;  and  ol  deliberate  invention  or  di*- 
toriion  of  facts  not  a  few,  though  the  latter  are  lisa  flagrant 

He  proFeoed  to  have  obtained  from  the  monastery  ol  Icohnkhl, 
through  the  good  ofliccs  of  the  earl  of  Argyll,  and  his  brother, 
John  Campbell  of  Lundy,  the  treasurer,  certain  original  his- 
torian) ol  Scotland,  and  among  the  rest  VeremUBdus,  of  whose 
•mlings  not  a  single  vestige  is  now  to  be  found.  In  his  dedicatioD 
to  the  king  he  is  pleased  to  state  that  Vntmundus,  a  Spaniard 
by  birth,  was  archdeacon  of  St  Andrews,  and  that  be  wrote  in 
Latin  a  history  ol  Scotland  Irom  the  origin  ol  the  nation  to  the 
reign  of  Malcolm  III.,  to  whom  he  inscribed  his  worli.  His 
propensity  to  Ihe  marvellous  was  at  an  early  period  eiposcd 
'    the  loUowing  venes  by  Lelandi— 

meadacia  acripst 

El  l^uidiau 

Joh^£lIe*iiden.  a--'  - 

limited  edition  Bt  tl.tv"copi.;"~A  mi 
Ihe  L./*  ^  Bi-h^p  Eifk-^u^.  whic 

GMdyneinlSl^.remainainMH,  Th,,.,  „,„.™.,„„  =..„„„„  l.~ 
luitc^.  though  the  vertiona  of  BeUeadeo  and  Stewart  have  hccn 

BOEHK.  SITI  JOSEPH  EDQAR,  Bart.  (iSn-iSoo),  British 
iculptor,  was  bom  of  Hungarian  parenUge  on  the  4lh  of  July 
iSu  at  Vienna,  where  his  father  was  director  ol  the  imperid 
mint.  After  itudying  the  plastic  »tt  in  Italy  and  at  Paris,  he 
worked  for  a  Few  years  as  a  medallist  in  bis  native  city.  Alter 
s  Furiher  period  of  study  in  England,  he  was  50  successful  as  an 
(ihihiior  at  the  £ihihitian  of  1861  that  he  detetrained  to  aban- 
don the  eieculion  oF  coins  and  medals,  and  10  give  t^  mind 
to  pottisit  busts  and  statuettes,  chiefly  equestrian.  The  colossal 
statue  of  Queen  Vicloria,  eiecuted  in  marble  (1869)  for  Windsor 
Casde,  and  the  monument  ol  the  duke  oF  Kent  In  St  George's 
ipel,  were  his  earliest  great  works,  and  so  entirely  lo  the  taate 
his  royal  pa  trans  ihat  he  rose  rapidly  in  Favour  with  the  court. 
He  was  made  A.R.A.  in  r87S.  and  produced  soon  afterwards 
)E  Carlyle  on  the  Thames  embankment  at  Chelsea. 
was  appiunted  sculptor  in  ordinary  to  the  queen, 
nsuing  year  became  full  Aadetnician.  On  the  death 
of  Dean  Stanley,  Boehm  was  commissioned  to  eiecute  bia 
sarcophagus  in  Weatminater  Abbey,  end  hit  achievement,  a 
nt  statue,  has  been  pronounced  lo  be  one  of  the  hrtt 
.  in  modem  sculpture.  Leas  aurceasftd  was  hrs  tnonis- 
Crneral  C^ordon  in  St  Paul's  cathedral.  He  eiecuted 
Ihe  equestrian  sUtue  oF  Ihe  duke  of  Wellington  at  Hyde  Park 
Comer,  and  designed  the  coinage  lor  the  Jubilee  oF Queen  Vtcloria 
igg;.  Among  hia  ideal  subjects  should  be  noted  the  "  Herda- 
an  and  Bull."  He  died  suddenly  in  hts  studio  at  South 
eniington  on  the  12th  of  December  iSqa 
BOEHM  VOH  BAWBRK,  EUGEH  (tg;i-  ),  Austrian 
onomist  and  statesman,  was  bom  at  Brtlnn  on  the  t>th  of 
cbiuary  1851.  Entering  the  Austrian  department  oC  finnttce 
.  1S71,  he  hdd  various  pott*  antU  tSIo,  when  be  beciBK 


ji  Stewan.    The  Lsti  if 

,neCliJb.  Edin.,  t«I(.  in  a 

commonplace  verw-rcndennB  of 
"■-'- --;n  by  Aleaander 


BOEHME 

tocber  of  pditloU  ecoBOmy  in  the  imlverdty  of 
sTly  o( 
«1  Ihe  ^ovrmt 


Ml 


nuniMTT  of  finiDO, 


^     iinrillorin 

mod  iTprttenlttl  Ihe  ^ovrrntncnl  in  Ihe  Lown-  ti< 
(junliaoi  oF  uution.  In  lEi;;  inil  igaJn  in  iBqt-i 
nuDBtcr  o(  fiuncE.  In  iSgq  he  ms  madi  ■.  inci: 
Uppo-  House,  »nd  in  1901  ugain  bccanw  minuter 
One  of  the  leaden  o(  the  Auiirian  school  trf 
nude  DoUhte  criiicisnis  on  the  iheot?  of  value  fai  fduion  to 
cost  u  laid  doHD  by  the  "  daasicsl  schoot."  Hnmoitlnipotual 
works  ue  KcpiUl  and  KapiloMtn  (Innsbruck.  1884-1889).  in 
IwD  puts,  tnnslated  by  W.  Smart,  viz.  Cnpttoi  and  iMrral 
(puli.,  iE9o).and  Tlu  PentaiTliarynfCiitUal{vini..\ii>i}; 
K^  Uirx  ami  ilu  Oat  tl kit  SytUm  {rata.  K.  M.  Macdooatd, 
iSgg);  Kami  LiUraMrt  en  InUral  [Iraos.  W.  A.  ScoK  and 
S.  Fenbogen.  ifloj). 

BOBHlIB(oiBEBHEN},JAK0B(t  571-1614). German  mystical 
writer.  wbeK  iunuDc  [ol  which  Fedmcr  gives  eight  CennaD 
varietie*)  ippcin  in  En^ish  Utentiire  u  Bocm.  Bekmonl.  lie, 
and  notably  Bchnes,  w>s  bom  nt  Allscidenbcig,  in  Upper 
Luiatia,  a  atragglinj  hunJet  among  the  hills,  some  to  m.  S.E.  of 
G5iliu.  Hia  lather  was  a  well-to-do  peasant,  and  his  first 
emtJoymait  was  that  of  herd  boy  on  the  Luidshnne,  a  hill  in 
Ibe  Dcighbouthood  of  drlitz;  the  only  educatJQn  he  received 
VI*  at  the  lowa-Khool  of  Seidenberg,  1  mite  from  his  borne. 
SeMenbetf,  to  this  day,  is  tilled  with  shocmakeis,  and  10  a  shoe- 
maker Jxkob  was  apprenticed  in  hi)  fourteenth  year  (1589), 
beiox  judged  noi  robust  enough  for  husbandry.  Ten  yean  later 
(1J99)  wc  find  turn  settled  it  C^liU  as  nraster-shoernakcr,  and 
BBniEd  ID  Kathnnna,  daughter  ol  Ham  KunUschmann,  a 
IhrrviRg  butcher  in  the  town.  After  iudusttioosly  pursuing  his 
vocation  foi  ten  years,  he  bought  (1610)  the  subeuntial  house, 
wtkb  siIQ  preserves  his  name,  close  by  the  bridge,  in  the  Nciss- 
Vorsladt.  Two  or  three  years  later  he  gave  up  business,  aud  did 
BM  raumc  it  as  ■  ahoemakeri  but  lot  aonte  yean  before  his 
death  be  made  and  sold  woolkn  gloves,  regularly  viaitiAg  Prague 
lair  for  this  puiposc- 

Bochmc'i  authorship  began  in  hia  j-jih  year  (1611)  with  a 
treatise,  Aunra,  odtr  dit  iiergmfite  im  Akfgami.  which  thou^ 
unfinished  was  surreptitiously  copied,  and  eagerly  circulated 
in  MS.  by  Karl  von  Ender.  This  raised  him  al  once  out  of  his 
homely  sphere,  and  nude  him  the  centre  of  a  local  circle  of  liberal 
Ihinkeili  considerably  above  him  in  station  and  culture.  The 
charge  of  hcreiy  was,  however,  soon  directed  against  him  by 
Ciegorius  Richler.  thro  pastor  primariiis  of  Coiliti.  Feeling  ran 
ai  hi^  alter  Kichtcr's  pulpit  denunciallons.  that,  in  July  i6ij. 


Ibe  a 


nicipaloc 


uing  a  disturbance  oi  the  peaix.  n 


ining  Bochme,  tookpcssessioaof  bisfragmcnury 
quano,  aoa  oismtued  the  writer  with  vl  admonjiioB  to  meddle 
no  more  wHh  sucli  malters.  For  £vt  yean  he  obeyed  this 
injunction.  But  in  iCtS  began  a  second  perfod  ol  author^ipj 
bt  poured  loith,  bat  did  not  publish,  treatise  after  treatise, 
eipoiitory  and  pi^emicaJ,  in  the  neit  and  the  two  following  yean. 
In  i6a7  be  compoocd  nothing  but  a  few  abort  pieces  on  true 
rqicntance,  rcsignatioo,  Aic,  which,  however,  devotiooally 
(peaking,  ate  tbe  raott  precious  of  alt  hi*  writings.  They  were 
the  only  pieces  o&ered  to  the  public  in  his  lifetime  and  with  his 
penniSBOn,  a  fact  which  is  evidence  of  the  essentially  religious 
and  practical  character  of  hi*  mind.  Tbckpublicationat  (jOrlitz, 
ea  New  Vtar's  day  1614,  under  the  title  ol  Da  Wtf  n  Ciriiln, 
was  tbe  aignal  for  renewed  clerical  Iwatiiity.  Bocbme  tiad  by 
this  time  enlertd  on  the  third  and  ino«  prolific  though  tbe 
ibonat  period  (ieij-1614)  of  his  (peculation.  His  labours  at 
thedcakwcrcinterniptediaMay  i6j4bya  summons  to  Dresden, 

was  made  tike  occasloo  of  a  flattering  but  transient  ovation  on 
thfi  part  of  a  new  dcclc  of  admiren.  Richter  died  in  August 
1624,  and  Boehmc  did  tiot  loi^  survive  his  pertinacious  foc- 
Seiied  with  afcver  when  away  from  home,  be  was  with  dilEculiy 
conveyed  to  CSrliU.  H'a  wife  was  at  Dresden  on  business; 
•nd  during  tbe  first  week  of  his  malady  he  was  nuned  by  a 


literary  frtend.     He  died,  after  recainng  the  niH  of  the  dusdi, 

grudgingly  administered  by  the  sulbarities.  00  Sunday.  th« 
17th  of  Noirember. 

Doehme  always  pnfesicd  that  a  direct  inwaid  opening  or 
illuniiBaiian  was  the  only  souree  of  his  speculative  power  Ue 
pietcnded  to  no  other  cevelalion  EcsutK  laptuits  we  should 
noleipect.larhewascssentiallyaPiQlestantBiyclic  No  "  ihu* 
saith  tbe  Lord  "  was  claimed  as  his  warrant,  alter  the  manner 
Boungnon,  or  Ludowick  Mugglcton.  no  spirits  or 


^hektcDi 


in  the  1 


with: 


ulward  lilc  seemed  to  him  to  come 
into  contact  with  the  invisible  world.  The  apparition  ol  the  pail 
of  gold  to  the  herd  boy  on  the  Landikrone,  the  vuit  ol  the 
myslcrioui  stranger  to  the  young  apprentice,  the  laicinalion  of 
the  luniiiMkus  shtcn,  nfkctrd  Imrn  a  comnian  pewter  dish,  which 
Ant,  in  ifioo.  gave  an  intuitive  lum  to  his  DiediiiUons.  the 
heavenly  music  which  filled  his  can  as  be  lay  dying— none  of 
these  mallen  Is  connecti.'d  ocgaiucnily  wiih  the  secret  ol  his 
special  power  The  mysteries  of  which  he  discnursed  were  not 
leponed  to  him:  he  "  beheld  "  ibem  He  saw  the  nut  of  all 
mysterlca,  the  Unfruitd  or  UriniMd.  whence  issue  aU  contrasts 
and  discordant  principles,  hardness  and  soflnns.  seventy  and 
mildness,  sweet  and  bitter,  love  and  sorrow,  heaven  and  hell. 
These  he  "  saw  "  in  their  origin:  these  he  ■Ilempted  to  describe 
In  their  issue,  and  to  reconcile  in  their  eternal  result.  He  saw 
into  the  being  ef  God;  whence  the  birth  01 


mifcsl 


irlay  uj 


.  which  he  himi 
his  cjualiircatic 


1  supposed  that  the  form 


Bombast  von  Hohenhdm,  1 

Kaspar  Scbwenkfcid  (149a 

and  of   Valentin   Weigel   dsjJ-lsSSI-     From  tbi 

Paiacrliu*  came  much  of  his  puuling  phraseology, 

and  riac/iir  and  so  forth,' — aphraseoic 


iped  entirely 
ne  mnuence  of  Ttici^r. 
,racel5u»(i4g3-iS40.ol 
hrsl  Protestant  mystic. 


His  flic 


ig  them  often 

iwn.  Thus  the  word  Idta  canea  up  iiciore  nim 
very  fair,  heavenly,  and  chaste  vir^n.**  The 
which  his  earliest  treatise  is  best  known,  was 
Wallher,  These,  however,  were  false 
help*,  which  only  serve  to  obscure  a  difKcult  study,  like  the 
Fiagral  and  luM,  with  which  his  English  translator  veiled 
Boehme's  own  honest  Scireci  and  LnU  There  is  dinger  test  his 
crude  science  and  his  crude  philosophical -vocabulxry  conceal  the 

religious  insight.  Few  will  take  the  pams  to  lollow  him  through 
the  interminAble  account  of  his  seven  QMiUiiiUn.  which.remind 
u*  of  Cnoslicismi  or  even  of  his  three  Gnt  properties  of  eternal 

ind  which  certainly  bear  a  marvellous  ccsembluice  to  the  three 
ifxaJ  of  SchoUing's  Tite(imitih  Nai<a. 


10  the  n 


m  his  f  sa 
e  of  his  bean.    Then  he  is  arllesil 


od."    The  mysEiu 
wtiere  Boehme's 


«I4 

TV  thice  iwnodi  tt  Bocbmc'i  luihonhv  a 
<Bitinct  itagQ  In  the  dcvelopnient  ol  T ' 
hinucK  nurks  ■  threcfdd  division  of  hii  lubicc 
PHiLOSonut.  It  the  punuli  of  ihe  divine  SofMi 
G«]  m  himiclf.  thu  was  alleinpicd  in  the  Aanrc 


BOEOTIA 


belong,  wiih  oihen.  Du  itt 
intlMktn  UbtH  ia  Utnah 
Vt*  der  (kbial  uml  Btatilm 
Bmmi     s   Thcolocu.  >,• 


ise.  coimolDgy,  1 
:  ol  [he  wgild  in 

I,  Vmdo  " 
ii  atla  W, 


-.kairditnt  Clinui 


.  ■■  the  lile  ol 
Ihe  speeidative  wntinp  under  Ibi^ 
bud  the  mal  impoitant  in  Van  ia  CiudiwaaM ,  UfiUrmm 
Mai»mm  (a  iptmual  cDmnimiBry  on  Cciuau).  ^«  Ciruli 
TtiUmnltn  (Iht  Sicnmenu) 

Allhough  BMhmr'i  philosophy  is  euentiillv  theolagkd.  and 
Ms  tbeoh^  esseniiallir  phibnuphioil.  one  i>t>uld  hardly  ikxrilx: 
him  u  >  philosophicil  [hvukigiaii.  and.  indeed,  hii  position  ii 
INI  one  ID  which  either  the  pKilowphcr  or  Ihe  theologian  finds 
It  cuy  to  make  himietl  completely  U  heme.  The  phik»opher 
finds  no  tncv  in  Bachmi-  ol  a  toncepiion  of  God  which  resu  its 
own  vshdiiy  on  an  nccord  wilh  ihc  highest  canoni  of  icuon  or 

Cod,  whom  he  ducoveri  a*  ihe  ipnng  of  iiaiufal  povcn  and 
Cocces.  TSihet  IhiD  as  Ihe  goal  of  advancing  ihwghi.  The 
tbeologiin  is  siagger«l  by  a  lunguige  which  breaks  ihc  fined 
association  of  theological  phrase),  and  sifangety  (ivriMng 


tiically  pi 


es  God  as  undo  mi 


laihcr ihan  abou 
The  (/fl^mitfof  Iheuninintfnted  Godhead  Is  boldly  rcprdcnK 
in  the  English  Innilalions  o[  Bochme  by  the  wonl  Aifii.  In 
sense  altogether  uneiplamcd  byjis  Biblical  use.  In  Ihnrtrsfofi 
Caauiutt  this  lendeney  to  regard  Cod  as  ihe  mbumiia,  il 
underlying  ground  ol  all  things,  is  accepted  as  a  loundation  1i 
piety,  ihesameview.whenefleTwl  in  Ihc  colder  logicofSpinoi 
'     siical.     The  procession  of  spin  lu. 


by  E 


IS  of  I  Ihrtc 


le  Ufipai 
inifcsl     ' 


J  the  Chnslian 
eahibiled  in  a  form  dcnved  Ifora  Ihe  school  of  Tan 
Wcigel  he  learned  a  purely  idealiilrc  enplanatiDn  c 


rcordinf 


'hich  II 


sulunt 


HI  of  ipiniual  principle*  These  two  ciptanaiions 
•ere  fused  in  hit  mind  UU  they  isjucd  forth  as  equivaleni  forms 
of  one  and  Ihc  same  thought.  Further,  Schwenklcid  supplied 
bim  wlih  the  germs  o(  a  Iranscendeniai  tiegesis,  whereby  the 
Christian  Scriptures  and  the  dogmau  of  Lutheran  onhodoiy 
were  opened  up  in  harmony  with  hi»  new-found  views.  Thus 
equipped,  Boehme's  own  (cnlus  did  Ihe  resl.  A  pKmary  effort 
of  Dochme's  philosophy  is  to  show  bow  materiiu  powers  iif 
nibstanllally  one  wiih  moral  torcca.  This  is  Ihe  object  with 
Khich  he  draws  oul  Ihe  dogmatic  scheme  which  dictate*  Ihe 
ariangemcnl  of  his  seven  Qudlgeiiltr,  Translating  Boehme's 
thought  out  of  the  uncouth  dialect  of  material  symbols  (as  id 
«bu;h  one  doubts  somellmes  whether  he  means  them  aa  concreic 


Their 


I.M  find  that  Boehmc 

conceives  of  the  correlalion  of  Iwo 

f  forces.-  Each  triad 

conaisis  of  a  ihcMs,  an  antithesis 

synthesis:  and  the  (we 

are  connected  by  an  imporlani 

n  Ihe  hidden  lilt  of  the 

Godhead,  which  is  at  once  NkU, 

Ifei,  exists  the  original 

triad,  via.  Attraction,  DIRusion 

ir  rciultanl,  the  Agon 

e;by.r 


ill  Ihe  dl 


nied  life  appoirs  In  ibe 
if  Love,  Eiptesilon,  and  ihcir  resulunt.  Visible  Variety. 
As  Che  action  of  contraries  and  iheir  itsutlani  are  eiplained  the 
lelaiions  of  soul,  body  and  spirit,  of  good,  evil  and  free  will; 
of  the  apherei  of  the  angels,  of  Lvdfer.  and  of  this  worid.  It  I) 
a  more  difbculi  problem  Co  account  on  this  philosophy  lor  ibe 

baa  he  the  smallest  sympathy  with  a  pantheistic  repudiation  of 
Ibe  tact  Q<  sin.    IbM  lb<  difictiliy  pnues  bin  la  dear  Iron  ihr 


pmposlva  ehangea  fn  his  atlnnpttd  sohittoD  of  lit  ptoblf. 
In  the  ^iiriird  sMbing  save  good  proceeds  from  the  (/iiriiaA, 
Ihough  tbeit  il  good  that  abides  and  good  thai  falb—Christ  and 
Ludler,  In  (he  second  stage  ol  his  wtiling  the  antithesis  i* 
directly  generated  aa  such^  good  and  its  contrary  are  coinci- 
dcntly  given  from  Ihe  one  creative  source,  as  factors  of  life  and 
mavcnKnl,  while  in  the  ihirrl  period  evil  is  a  direct  outcome  of 
the  primary  principle  of  divine  manifestation — it  ii  the  wrath 
side  of  Cod.  Coriesponding  to  Ihia  change  we  trace  a  significanl 
variaiion  in  Ihe  moral  end  contemplated  by  Boehnte  as  the 
object  of  this  world's  life  and  iiistory.    In  the  6rst 


adjustment  of  a  balance 
denial  victory  ol  good  o 
Edllionioriloehinc'swi 
dam,  r675l;  by  J,  G-  Gi 
by  K.  W.  SchlcMer  (Lrip 


ly  of  a  decline 


iribe 


In  mre  published  by  If .  Betk* __ 

id  (Aimtentam,  iWi-ibai.  id  volt.)] 
r.  lg.l-l»47.  7  volO-     Tram'     '  ' 

udelain  Uiia  (by  J.  A.  Her 

Dutch  leomplne,  by  W,  v,  Daverland.  lUi-i 

(by  Jean  hlaclc,  1.  T«40.  and  L,  C.  de  Saim-llar 
Uciween  i&t4  and  i66i  all  Bochme't  workt 

>  EllisuHie  Id.  i&5a)  and  John  Spamw,  aw 

I  and  Humphrey  Blundcn,  who  paid  for  i 

;  line  rcgubr  ■xieliB  of  Sttmnali.  enl 

rivaled  bui  tbe  vulgar.  eaUeed  in  £iurtand 

«igcd  iau  iheguaker  msvenieni.  hol£«  all 

riemk  ihai  •alviiion  is  Doihiai  short  o)  ih 

oIChiJM '    ■ 


;Fs5 

I.  iSoo- 
Jri'^^Durand 


HI  is  oolhiai  shon  of  the  \'ery  proa 
ie^-cr.  acid  only  kepr  apart  by  an  objec 
-  —'---'-  — -jhJ  Ihcm  lo  the  pdem* 


lie  Philadelphia  I 
jmlcy.  *c-"h^' 


wiihsh* 

Alter 

. . adiied 

lis  memory,  by  George  Ward 
im  Ihedn^ef  D.  A.  Fiehs 


art  of  brinfioa  bb 

iag  tkecfediioThL.. , 

isution  was  in  great  pan  ne-cdiied 


and  Thomas  Lan^cakc.  with  plaleS  I 

iDril.  Mus  Add.  MSS.  S7»7-S7M)-     . 

called  Law's  innilation :  to  conplgtt  il  a  Jih  voL  (tlmo,  Dabtia. 

See  alio  J.  Kamberger.  Dlt  Lrkn  dri  ilra:ictn  PHrenpktt  J. 
AvtwJll&U);  Alb.  Telp.  /  Si>ntiiKilrrtfr«ficIley'M«i^  (iMo); 
von  Harlen.  /.  Btrimt  tint  iH  AUkimian  (1B70.  and  ed.  lUi). 
For  Doehme'*  life  in  ihc  Utmtirs  by  Abraham  von  Ftankcnberg 
(d.  iHilandaiherhi«aa.bv  F.Okety  (iS;a}i  La  M«ic  Fovqu^ 
J.  Baekm.  tin  iiapapkiuliB  Dtikiuin  [lajHi  H.  A.  Fechncr.  / 
Saeimi.  lelo  Lt»n  urf  srlae  Sdm/Uw  <1«S7I:  H.  L.  Maneoen, 
J.  Bathmt.  neatpliiiki  SliMu  (Copenhagen.  lUl ;  Gnctleh  liana. 
lUj):  1.  ClaasKn.  J^  Baikmi^  UMUItii^iitf  uimJkniafiiKki 


a  district  of  1 


mta\  Greece,  sttetchiiig  tron  Pbodi 
w,  ana  N.  to  Auica  and  Uegaiis  hi  the  S. 
of  Euboea  and  the  CorinibiaB  Gulf.     Thb 


and  Locrjs  i 
belw«en  (he  sirai 

area,  amounting  I 

Lake  Copab  lies 

casiward  the  line 

Ihe  "  Klounlain  o 

range  In  Mts.  FioUm,  Mess  . 

These  ranges,  which  mostly  lie  cleac  to  the  seaboard,  fom  by 

their  projecting  spurs  a  narrow  defile  on  the  Pbodan  frontier, 

near  the  famous  baitlebeld  of  Chaf  roncia.  and  shut  In  Copab 

closely  on  the  south  between   Coronca  and   Kaliarliu.     Tht 

nonh-easl  barrier  was  pierced  by  underground  passages  (iaU- 

talira)  which  carried  olT  Ihe  overHow  from  Copals.     The  KWIhcn 

portion  of  ihe  land  forms  a  plateau  which  slopes  to  Mt.  Ciihaeroo, 

lory  the  low  ridge  ol  Teujneuus  separates  the  plain  of  Ismenul 
and  Dirce.  commanded  by  Ihe  dtadd  ol  Thebes,  from  the 
upland  plahi  of  the  Asopus.  Ihe  only  Boeotian  riwr  that  &Dds 
the  eastern  sea.  Though  the  Boeotian  dimaie  suSeted  fiwn  the 
eihalations  of  Copals,  which  produced  a  heavy  ainioiphare  with 
foggy  winters  and  sultry  nimmen.  its  rich  soil  was  suited  ahke 
lor  crops,  plantationa  and  pastvre;  the  Cofuls  plain.  Ibough 
abt*  to  tun  Into  manh  wbca  tbe  cbokiog  of  tba  talaaiaw 


BOER— BOERHAAVE 


M  dmtlopintnt;  and  the  Boeoliu 
I  fiMt  men  Hkt  Fin^r,  Epuil- 
Doodu,  Piln^irlH  tad  Pluuidi,  ou  pmitifaitlly  M  dull  u 
iu  uuin  til.    Bn  otdil  ikotdd  be  fiica  M  ite  prapfe  (ot 
tk  Ckvalry  tad  btsvy 


utunl  oulleti.  Tbc  "  BoeoUui  "  popuktioD  itrmi  to  kavc 
uucred  Ibe  kad  iraia  the  oonh  at  a  diu  pntably  aalctlor 
to  the  Dona  iavaitoa.  With  the  uapUoa  si  Oe  MinyM. 
the  oiiiiH]  peopio  ten  man  abuibcd  by  ihcK  Inmupanu. 
mod  the  Beeotius  hencelorUi  tppeu  M  i  hsmoinRiut  QaUon. 
In  hiMarial  Lime*  tin  lodipc  diy  ol  Boentu  ww  Thebs. 
»hoe«  oentnl  potilioa  ukl  auiilMry  itcengtb  made  jt  a  sJuble 
capiiaL  It  wu  iJh  ueuiaol  ambition  of  tht  ThcluDi  toab«>rt> 
tiv  cUwr  tDuruhip*  ioLo  a  m^  italc,  just  u  Atbnu  Jud 

(uily  rtsiited  thii  policy.  ADd  only  allDwed  tbe  lotDution  of  i 
loose  fedeialioo  wbich  ia  early  tima  lecnu  to  have  poimsKi 
a  merely  rellgiutu  characiei.  Wbik  the  Bocoiiajis.  unlike  tim 
AicwUaiu.  geocnlly  acted  u  a  uiiled  whole  agalnil  foreign 
fp"m^.  Ibe  coa&[aal  unjgglc  belween  (he  fonei  of  cmtral- 
ilatkm  aiul  divuptlon  perhipa  wml  hutber  itian  aay  other 
cause  to  check  tbtii  devtlopRKOt  iaio  a  really  powerful  nation. 
Boeotia  hardly  b^rei  ia  hiatory  before  the  lale  6lFi  century 
Prevknia  to  this  iU  people  la  chiefly  kaown  as  the  producer  ot 
I  type  of  leometrk  pottery  uuular  to  Ibo  Dipylon  ware  of 
Athen*.  About  iiQ  Ibe  naisunce  of  Plalaen  to  the  federating 
policy  of  Tbebes  led  to  the  interference  of  Atheu  on  behalf  of 
tbc  former;  on  this  occaaioo,  and  Again  in  507,  tbe  Athcniana 
defeated  the  Boeotian  levy.  During  the  Penum  invasion  of 
4&1,  while  lome  ol  the  cities  fought  whole-heartedly  in  the  ranks 
ol  tbe  palriou.  Thebes  assisled  Ibc  invaders.  For  a  lime  Ibe 
pteatdcncyol  tbe  Boeotian  i-eapjewas  taken  sway  from  ^Thebea, 
but  in  4s;  tbe  Spanana  reinstated  ihat  city  as  a  bulwark  against 
Albenian  atErTsuoa,  Albenl  retaliated  by  a  sudden  advance 
upon  Boeotia,  and  alter  the  vicioiy  of  Omopbyls  brvughi  under 
its  power  tbe  vbolc  country  emrpting  the  Ofuul.  For  t«i 
years  the  land  remained  under  Athenian  conirol.  whJdi  waa 
cerciMd  ibrougb  tbe  newly  installed  deinocrmda;  but  in  uj 
the  oligarrhic  majority  raised  an  iawneciion.  and  aliera  victory 
at  Conoaa  legBiDed  ibetr  freedom  and  tntored  the  old  con- 
Mjuitions.  In  the  i>clopannesian  War  tbe  Boeoiiant,  em- 
bitteied  by  Uw  early  conflicts  round  Plitaea.  Foughl  leakiusjy 
■f'T***  Athens.  Tbou^  slightly  estranged  tmm  Sparta  after 
the  peace  of  Nidas.  they  sever  abated  their  enmity  a^inst  tbcir 
Kigbboun.  They  itndered  good  service  at  Syranse  and 
Arginmae;  but  theii  greatest  achievetnent  waa  the  decisive 
victory  at  Delium  over  the  flower  o£  the  Alhetdan  army  (4i4>. 
in  which  both  Iheir  heavy  infanCry  and  Ihdr  cavalry  diq>tay«l 
vBusual  efficiency. 

About  this  time  the  Boeotiao  Leagiw  Komptbed  devm  gimips 
of  sovereiga  eitia  and  anodaied  lowmfajps.  each  of  which 
decied  one  Boeotarch  or  minister  of  wu  and  lordgn  aflalrs. 
coBtiibuted  silly  delegates  to  tbe  ledetal  council  a1  Thebc*. 
and  (uppUed  s  coatingenl  of  about  a  thousand  loot  and  a 
bundled  bone  to  the  federal  army.  A  ealegnanl  against  undue 
cncraachmeni  on  the  part  of  the  central  govemmenl  was  pn^ 
vided  it)  the  councils  at  the  individual  cities,  to  which  all  Im- 
portam  queadoBs  of  policy  had  to  be  eubiBllted  lor  ralificaliDn. 
Tbesc  kial  roiinfils.  lo  which  the  ptopenled  daasei  alone  wcr* 


ftyumtii  ti  the  Athenian  ca 
pttviov  EOgniaaoce  «(  ail  tH 

Bacoiia  look  a  proontenl  part  Id  the  war  of  the  CorinlKan 
League  agalnal  Sparta,  etpecially  al  Haliartus  and  Coronca 
(WS-M4).  Tbia  change  of  policy  seems  due  mainly  to  the 
national  resentment  againtl  lOTtign  fnterfereiKX.  Yet  dif 
aEection  against  Tbebn  i«a  now  growing  rife,  and  Sparta 
loatered  this  feeling  by  itlputaling  for  the  complete  independ- 
ence of  all  tbe  cities  in  the  peace  of  Aniakidas  {jSy).  In  374 
IVlopidas  natond  the  TlKhan  dominion-  Boeotian  contingents 
foughl  in  all  Che  campatgnt  of  EpuninDOdu.  and  in  the  later 
wan  apinat  Phocis  (]50-j46);  while  b  ibc  dealings  with 
FhiKp  of  Uaodon  the  federal  dties  appeal  merely  as  tbe  tooli 
o(  Thebet.  The  federal  coistllution  was  also  brought  into 
accord  with  tbe  democratic  govemmenti  now  prevalent  ihrou^- 
OM  the  land  The  soveKign  power  wu  vested  in  the  popular 
BBsembty.  whicb  elected  the  BDeotarchs  [between  seven  and 
twelve  In  number),  and  sanctioned  all  laws.  Alter  the  battle 
of  .Chaeroneia.  in  which  the  Boeotian  heavy  infantry  once  agua 
distinguished  Itself,  (he  [and  never  rose  again  10  pmperlty. 
The  deslmclioB  of  Thebes  by  Aleiander  (ijs)  seems  to  have 
paralysed  Ihe  politicil  energy  ol  the  Bocoiiaiu.  iho*;^  ii  led 
to  an  improvemeni  in  the  federal  constitution,  by  which  each 
dty  received  alt  equal  vote,  tlenceforth  they  never  pursued 
an  independent  policy,  but  foUowed  the  lead  of  protecting 
powers.  Though  the  old  military  training  and  orgamaation 
continued,  the  people  proved  unable  to  defend  the  Itoniiers, 
and  Ihe  bad  became  more  than  ever  the  "  dancing. ground  of 

(about  14;  B.C.I  Boeotia  was  generally  loyal  10  Macedonia,  and 
supported  iu  later  kinp  againil  Rome.  In  return  lor  the 
(iceSM*  of  the  democrades  Rome  dissolved  tbe  league,  which, 
however,  was  allowed  to  revive  under-  Augustus,  and  tnerged 
with  the  other  central  Greek  federations  in  Ihe  Achaean  synod. 
The  death-blow  to  the  country's  prosperity  was  given  by  the 
devastalioos  dimng  the  first  llithradalic  War 

Save  for  *  thon  perad  of  prcaprrity  under  the  Frankish 
Tukrs  of  Athena  tiro^ijio).  who  rrpeired  tbe  kaiavotkra  and 
fostered  agriculture.  Borolia  long  conlinurd  in  a  slate  ol  decay, 
aggravated  by  occasional  barbarian  incursions.  Tbe  hr^l  step 
toward*  the  country's  recovery  was  not  until  lEqj.  when  Ihe 
ouilcls  of  Copals  were  again  pul  into  working  order.  Snoc  then 
the  northern  plain  has  been  largely  reclaimed  lor  aerirullure. 
and  Ihe  natural  riches  ol  the  whole  land  are  likely  to  develop 
under  the  influence  of  the  railway  to  Athens.  Bocolia  it  at 
present  a  Nomos  with  Livadia  [the  old  Turkish  capital)  for  its 
centre;  the  other  surviving  townships  are  quite  ummporlant 
The  population  [6s,!ift  In  19OJI  is  largrty  Albanian. 

ADTHOtiTiES.— Thuc.  iv.  ;6.ioi;  Xenophon.  ^(Jlraice.  iii.-vii.. 

in  (he  Otyrkytitlau  PapTri.  vol.  V.  (London.  190B).  No.  till,  col  II. 
W.M.Leake.l'niiiJiiiiMirfierwC'Hu.chs.iu.-aii  ILonilon.  iSjJ). 
H.  F  ToBT,  Out'apkj  a]  dear  ILondon.  18731.  pp.  JJJ-ijB; 
W  Rhys  Roberta.  r*i.*rK[nijB«iilioiil  iCambridge.  ■'—■■  "  ' 
Freemaa.  Falrral  Cmmimtnl  |nj.  1B4].  I-ondon:  ' 


I].  (Oifc 


«7l:  V!  Larleld. 


5yU^'iu(np(iHHi£s«lKa>ui(Betlia.iUj).  (SeealsoTHI 

BOBR.  the  Dutch  lorm  ct  the  Eng.  "  boor."  in  iu  original 
signiAcatioo  ol  hubandmsD  [Cer.  Baiter),  a  name  given  to  the 
Dutch  famert  of  South  Alrica.  and  especially  to  the  Dutch 
populKlon  ol  the  TraiBvaal  and  Orange  Rivei  Suiet.  (See 
Sotrrn  Ariica  and  Txhsviui.) 

MBRRAAVB,  HBHMAHH  [i66S-r7]t),  Dutch  i^ysidaQ 
and  man  of  science,  wu  bom  at  Voorhout  near  Leiden  on  the 
jm  ol  December  i66g.  Entering  the  university  of  Leiden  he 
look  hit  degree  In  phaouphy  In  ibBo,  with  a  dinerulion  Dt 
iiiliaeiint  wnlit  a  iBr^irF.  in  which  he  atucked  tbe  docirinei 
of  Epicurus,  Hobbes  and  Spinoaa.  He  then  turned  10  the  study 
ol  medidne,  in  which  he  graduated  in  i6«3  al  Harderwyck  In 
Guelderland.  In  1101  he  wat  appointed  lecmieron  the  inslilutei 
•  Thucydida  (v.  j8),  in  tpcaltini  ot  the  "  lour  councils  ot  the 


BOETHUS— BOETIUS 


ef  medidcc  at  Lcides;  In  hit  Intogtlnl  diKtnirw,  A  trmmeit- 
iande  HipfotraUs  liiiiia,  he  [HOmiMiidctl  lo  tail  pupili  thu 
great  physiciao  as  tbcii  modeL  in  1 709  Ik  becaiDc  pniator  ol 
botany  and  mcdidnc,  aod  10  lha4  c&pidly  he  did  good  wrvicc» 

bis  improvcmcDU  And  additions  Lo  Lhc  boiaaic  garden  ol  Leidca. 

IpedcA  o[  planla.  Id  1714,  when  he  wu  appointed  rector  o[  the 
university,  be  succeeded  CoveitDidloo  [i6m~i)ij}  in  the  chair 
tif  practical  medicine,  and  ia  iba  capndly  ho  had  [he  merit  of 
Introducing  the  modem  ayvlem  ol  dinicai  insLniction,  Four 
yean  bter  he  was  appointed  aL»  to  llie  chair  of  chemistry.  iQ 
171S  he  was  elected  into  the  French  Academy  of  Sciences,  and 
two  yean  later  into  Ihc  Royal  Society  of  London.  In  i;iD 
declining  health  obliged  him  to  resign  the  chain  of  cbcmlitty 
uid  botany;  and  he  died,  after  a  iingtrins  and  painful  iVaiat, 
on  the  2jrd  of  Scpumbcr  17^  al  Leldca.  Ilia  geniui  M  raised 
Ihe  tame  o[  the  uoivcrtiiy  of  Lfidcn,  opcdally  as  a  school  of 
medicine,  that  i1  became  a  rcwit  ol  cuangen  From  every  pan  of 
Europe.  All  ihepriDUaof  Europe  sent  hiia  dliciplci,  uhofDupd 
in  this  skilful  prolisHiiaot  only  an  indefatigable  Icacbei.  bul'an 
aRecliotuLle  guardian.     When  Peter  the  Great  went  to  [folland 

the  iUusiiious  Boerhaave,  pbyiician  in  Europe,"  and  it  rcadud 

Hit  principal  works  are — Iniillnluna  maluat  (Leiden.  i;oSU 

which  his  pupJ  and  assistant.  Gerard  van  Swicien  (1700-177111 
^blished  a  commenlary  m  j  vols. .  and  Eiamla  dumiat  (Puis. 
i7nl 

BOETHUS.  1  sculptor  ol  the  Hellenistic  age.  a  naiivr  of 
Carthage  (orpo^ibiyChalccdon).  His  date  cannot  be  accurately 
Sued,  bul  was  probably  the  'nd  century  B^.  He  was  noted  for 
hi*  teprcsenia lions  ol  children,  in  dealmg  with  whom  earlier 
Creek  art  had  not  been  very  luccessful;  and  especially  for  a 
group  Rpresenting  a  boy  It  nigghng  Hi  lb  a  goose,  of  which  several 

BOBTIUS  (or  Di>[TK1Ue1.  AHICIUS  HAKUUS  SEVERIHUS 
(c.  fi-D  480-514I.  Roman  philosopher  and  suiesman,  described 
by  Gibbon  as  "  the  last  el  the  Romans  whom  Caioor  Tully  could 
have  acknowledged  tot  their  couniryman."  The  historians  of 
the  day  give  us  but  imperfect  records  or  make  unsaiislaclory 
allusions  Later  chroniclrrs  indulged  in  the  licijiiaus  and  Ihe 
marvellous,  and  it  is  almost  eiclusively  from  his  own  books  thai 
tnislwortby  information  can  be  obtained.  There  is  considerable 
diversity  among  authorities  as  to  his  nsme.  One  editor  ol  his 
De  CniiBtaliont^  Bcrlius.  ihinks  that  he  bore  the  praenomcn  ol 
FTavius.  but  ihcrt  ia  no  aulhorily  lor  this  supposition.  His 
father  was  Flavins  Manlius  Boctius.  and  it  is  probable  that  the 
Flavhis  Bociius.  the  Piacionan  prefect  who  was  put  to  death  in 
a.O  4SS  by  order  ol  Vnlcntinian  IIL.  was  his  giandfather.  but 
these  facts  do  not  prove  that  be  also  bad  the  pracnomen  of 
Flavins.  Many  of  the  earlier  editions  inserted  the  name  of 
Tarqualus.  bin  it  is  not  lound  in  any  ol  Ihc  best  maniuciipts. 
TlielBst  name  Is  commonly  written  Boethiits,  from  the  idea  that 
it  is  connected  with  the  Greek  AnfAn:  but  the  ben  manusciipis 
■free  in  reading  Boetiui. 

His  boyhood  was  spent  ia  Rome  during  (be  reign  of  Odooctr. 
We  know  nothing  of  his  early  yean.  A  passage  in  a  tnaiise 
labely  ascribed  10  him  {Di  DiuiplM  Sdulariun)  and  a  mis- 
inlerpretatfon  of  a  passage  In  Caisiodi 


s.  but  tl 


10  lou 


this  opinior 


Mate*  thai,  when  he  was  bereaved  of  his  parent,  men  o 
highest  rank  took  him  under  their  charge  (ZJi  Cm.  lib,  ii. 
c^iedally  the  aoutor  Q.  Aut.  Memmina  Symmachus,  1 
danghtci  Rusiidsna  be  married.  By  har  he  bad  two 
Anidus  Manlius  Sevcrlnui  Boetius  and  Q.  Aureli'us  Mem 
SjrtDmachus.    He  became   a  favourite   with   Tbcodoiic, 


OMmgoth.  wbo  raled  In  Rone  (ronr  $so.  *Bd  «m  en*  at  hb 
intimate  Irinda.  Boethia  wucoondfo  5(o.udUsi0Bt,wUla 
■till  young,  hcM  the  aane  bmoiu  logetker  (51)).  Boethu 
ngudcd  it  aa  the  hai^t  ol  hb  good  forttme  when  he  wttnessad 

his  two  ions,  consuls  at  the  same  time,  convoyed  fnm  tbeir  home 
10  thcBCDaie-haiBeamJdtiieenthudaimoltheniaaaa.  On  that 
day,  he  teUs  us.  whUe  his  ions  octopiod  the  curule  chain  fn  Ihe 


',  be  taimieU  b 


I  hit  good  fortuiu 
aotjuil 


0  (he 


his  Dppoii  Hon  10  every  iqipresiive  meaaure.  Of  this  be  mentions' 
particular  cases.  A  famine  had  begun  to  rage.  The  prefect  of 
the  praetorium  was  detemiined  to  satlafy  the  soldiers,  regardless 
altogether  of  the  fecUn^  of  the  provincials.  He  accordingly 
issued  an  edict  for  a  cDcm^v,  that  is,  an  order  compelling  the 
pioviiicisls  10  sell  thdr  corn  to  Ihe  government,  whether  they 
would  or  not.  This  edict  would  have  ntierly  ruined  Campania. 
Boetius  interlered.     The  case  was  brought  before  the  king,  and 

And  he  gives  as  a  crowning  instance  that  he  exposed  himsdf  lo 
the  bati«d  of  the  inlormer  Cyprianua  by  preventing  (he  punisb- 
racct  ol  AlblDue,  •  nan  ol  consular  rank.  He  nentiona  in 
another  plafe  Iliat  when  at  Verona  the  king  was  aniloua  to 
transfer  the  accusation  of  tnaion  brought  against  Albimis  to 
the  whole  senate,  he  defended  the  senate  at  great  risk.  In 
coDsequcnce  of  the  ill-will  that  Boetius  had  thui  roused,  he  was 
accused  of  (reason  towards  Ihc  cad  of  the  reign  of  Theodoric 
The  charges  were  that  he  had  conspired  agaiitst  the  king,  that 
he  was  aniioui  to  maintain  Ihe  Integrity  ej  (he  senate,  and  to 
resiore  Rome  to  liberty,  and  that  for  ihis  purpose  be  had  written 
lo  the  empeiw  Justin.  Justin  bad,  no  doubt,  special  reasons 
lor  wishing  10  me  an  end  to  the  reign  ol  Theodoric  Justin  was 
onhodoi.  nxodoric  was  ao  Arlan.  The  orthodox  suhiecta  oT 
Theodoric  were  suspidoui  of  their  niler:  and  many  would  gladly 
have  joined  in  a  [Jot  to  displace  him.  The  knowledge  of  (hli  fact 
amy  have  tendcnxj  TheedoHc  mspidon.     But  Boctiui  denied 

integrity  of  the  senate.  He  would  fain  have  desired  liberty,  bul 
all  hope  ol  It  was  gnne.  The  Ictten  addressed  by  him  to  Justin 
wett  forgtttes,  and  he  had  not  been  guilty  of  aj . 
Notwithstanding  his  innocence  he  was  condemned  ai 
Tidnum  (Pavia)  where  be  was  thrown  into  prison.  It  was  during 
his  confinement  in  this  prison  that  he  wmle  his  iamous  work  Dt 
CaniMim  F/iUaicpkiat.  His  goods  were  confiscated,  and  after 
an  imprisonment  of  considerable  duration  he  was  put  lo  death  in 
SI4.  PrDCDiriu*  relates  that  Theodoric  soon  repented  of  his  cruel 
deed,  and  that  hjs  death,  which  took  place  soon  after,  was 
hastened  by  remorse  lor  the  crinte  he  had  committed  against  fiis 

Two  or  three  centuries  after  the  death  of  Bocllus  writers  began 
to  view  his  death  as  a  maityrdoni.  Several  Christian  books  were 
ascribed  lo  him.  and  there  was  one  especially  on  the  Trinity  (see 
below)  which  was  regarded  as  proof  that  he  had  taken  an  atrtivc 
part  against  the  heresy  of  Theodoric  II  was  therefore  for  his 
ortbodoiy  that  Boeilui  was  put  to  death.  And  these  writers 
delight  to  paint  with  minuteness  (he  horrible  tortures  to  which 
he  was  exposed  and  the  marvdlous  actions  which  the  saint 
performed  at  his  death.  He  was  locally  regarded  as  a  saint,  buf 
he  was  not  canonized.    The  brick  lower  in  Pavia  in  which  he 

country  people.  Finally,  in  the  year  096,  Otho  IIL  ordered  the 
bones  of  Boctius  to  be  taken  out  ol  the  {dace  in  which  they  had 
lain  hid,  and  to  be  placed  in  Ihe  church  ol  S,  Pietro  in  Ciel  d'Oro 
within  a  qilendid  tomb,  lor  which  Gerbcrl,  afterwards  Pope 
Silvester  lU  wrote  an  inuripiion.  Thence  they  were  subsequently 
removed  to  a  tomb  beneath  the  high  aliar  of  Ihe  cathedral.  It 
should  be  mentioned  also  that  lomc  have  given  him  a  decidedly 
CbrisUm  wife,  of  the  name  of  Elpii,  wbo  wrote  hymns,  two  o{ 
which  are  still  eitant  (Daniel,  Tkcr. /f ym.  L  p.  i;6).  Thiilis 
pure  supposition  inconsiilent  with  chronology,  and  baaed  otily 
on  a  miunteiprelalion  of  a  pusace  hi  the  Oe  CtnulBllrm. 


s  si  BonhB  Kfintod  him  ti  ■  naa  of 
_  Ptildln  the  gnmnuRui  ipaks  ol  tun  u 
hivins  ktUiiKd  tlie  luminit  ol  boncsly  and  ol  lU  idcnco. 
CuaodDnOt  augitUr^tisniM  uiuler  Tlwodof jc  ^ad  ihe  inilmalt 
AcquiotBBCE  of  the  phiLouphcr,  emplaya  lan^uAge  equally 
suodx.  ■i^  EnooditiA,  (he  bishop  ol  Pavia,  knosn  do  boujidt 
(or  his  ■dminiioa.  Titwdoric  hid  >  prafound  ropcci  for  hit 
KKHtificibililie*.  Heemployeil  him  in  Klling  right  ihcioiiugc. 
When  he  visited  Rome  with  Cuaibald,  king  of  the  Bur^ndiani. 
be  took   him  to  Boctiua,  xho  ihotred  them,  imongsi  tr 

lorriCDBMAitdiwuuiani^hed.uid,  it  thr  nqucti  oITheodo 
Boctius  had  (o  fmp*it  olbrn  o(  >  limilar  tulun,  vtiidi  w 
■eol  u  praents  to  Gunihaid. 

Tbc  fame  ol  Bocliiu  iDcreaied  after  hli  death,  and  his  iniluci 
dutini  the  middle  agci  wu  eiCHdingly  powcrfuJ.  Kis  circu 
stiacB  peculiarly  Fivourcd  Ihii  influeoce.  He  appeared  ai 
lime  wlini  conternpt  (oi  inlellcciual  punuiu  had  begun 
pervade  wciely.     In  his  earfy  yan  he  was  seized  with  a  p 

IhrDugh  life.  Even  amidst  the  caret  ol  the  consulship  he  fun 
tine  for  cDranentinf  do  the  C-iUflti  OS  Adilotle.  The  ii 
laid  hold  at  him  of  reviving  the  spirit  ol  hii  countrymen 
imbuing  them  with  the  tlioughls  ol  the  great  Creek  oritf 
He  formed  the  resolution  to  transtaU  aU  the  work*  <A  AritloJe 
(od  all  the  dialogues  of  Plato,  and  10  rKondle  the  philowph 
of  Plato  with  that  of  Amiollc  lie  did  not  succeed  in  all  ihi 
be  designed:  but  he  did  i  great  panet  his  mock.  He  translate 
I«to  L«tiii  Anttotle'i  A^ytict  Priara  it  Peslaiart,  (he  Topic, 
tod  Elciuii  SafiiilUi;  andhenrotecommenuriesan  AHsIoile 
CaUgoria,  on  his  book  r<pi  ^pqniai.  aisa  a  cOEnmealAry  o 
the /jdffffe  of  Porphyrius.  These  works  iurnicd  IdsU^ec:  riirr 
[he  source  fiom  which  the  middle  ages  deiivol  Ihiir  knowledg 
ofAiiitotlE.  iSeeSubi,  ArUuiiUi  badcii  Ri>me"t,pp.  f)6-iu 
Boetiui  wrote  also  a  cominenliry  on  the  Tafiia  of  Cicero;  an 
he  was  alio  the  author  of  IndcpcndcDt  works  on  logic:— /niri 
inttia  od  Calefancia  Sylleiiimei,  in  one  book;  Di  SyOeiitmi 
CMttieritii,  in  two  books;  De  SjOetiimii  HypeUMuii.  in  Iw 
books;  Dt  Dmiim,  in  one  book;  Dt  Dffiailimt,  in  one  boot 
Dt  DiSamtiis  TtpUis,  In  lour  books. 

We  see  Iran  ■  slalemeni  of  Cusaodonu  that  he  fumishc 
manuala  for  the  quadrlvium  of  the  ichaoli  of  the  middle  ages 
(the  "qiutluormalhesecadiscipllnae,"  u  Boeliui  calls  Ihen)  on 
aritbuietlc,  music,  geoautry  and  ulronomy.  The  statement 
•f  Casilodorui  that  he  tnniUted  NiCDmschiis  Is  rhetorical. 
Boctius  binuell  tells  ut  in  his  preface  addressed  to  his  father-in- 
law  Symmachnt  thai  he  had  taken  Uberties  with  the  test  of 
Kicomachlit,  that  he  had  abridged  the  work  when  n««tsary. 
and  that  be  had  Introduced  fomiulae  and  diagrami  of  hxs  oivn 
where  be  thought  them  useful  for  bringing  out  the  mcining 
Hit  work  on  music  also  It  not  ■  traotlalioD  from  Pyihagoiu. 
who  left  DO  writing  behind  him.  But  Boetiut  belonged  to  the 
school  of  musica]  writers  who  bated  their  sdeace  on  the  method 
o(  Pythagoiaa.  They  thnighE  that  it  wis  not  lulicieat  to  trust 
to  the  ear  alone,  to  determine  (he  principles  of  music,  as  did 
practicnl  mntician)  like  Aiiitoicnn,  but  (hat  along  wlih  the 
ear.  pfayjical  eiperimenti  tbould  be  employed  The  work  ol 
Boetiua  it  bi  five  booki  and  Is  a  very  complete  cipositioD  of  the 
•ubject.  It  hng  remiined  a  text-book  ol  music  in  (be  univer- 
iiti«  of  Oiford  and  Cambrid^  It  is  stQl  very  viluahls  as  a 
help  in  ascertaining  the  prindplet  of  ancient  music,  and  gives 
as  the  opinkHis  of  tome  of  (he  be^t  ancient  wrilcn  on  the  an. 
The  manuscripts  of  the  geometry  of  Boctius  dlUer  widely  Irom 
each  other-    One  editor,  Codolrcdus  Friedlein,  thinks  that  (here 


ol  Boetiin  It  hi*  book  Dt  CtHotaiUmt  Pkiteiapkla:  Clhbon 
justly  describes  it  ti  "a  golden  volume,  not  uaworthy  of  (he 
leisure  of  Plato  or  Tully,  but  which  claims  incanpanble  oierit 


The  high  icpuiaiic 


it  had  in  medieval  ti. 


Ihe  work  of  Boctius.  He  published  (he  Ari^Mtmtlrw.  in  two 
books,  as  given  in  these  manuscripts;  but  ciilicj  ere  generally 
inclioedtiidouhithrgcnuiitenessevenofthrse.  Professor  Rand. 
Ceorgiut  Emtl  and  A.  P.  McKinlay  regard  the  Ari  as  ceruinly 
iDButheniic,  while  Ihey  accept  the  taurfnuita  EadUtt  (see 
works  quoted  in  bibliography). 


iheCieai.aad  Robert  CrMieLesie,  bishop  of  Lmcoln,  commenied 
m  it.  Alfred  UansUtcd  it  into  Aogio-Suon.  Versions  of  jt 
ippeared  in  German.  Freoch,  Italian.  Spanish  and  Creek  before 


igst  others  Queen  Eliiabelh  Irmnsl 
■cU  known  to  Shakespeare-  It  w 
men  of  PnnrencaJ  litermtuiv. 


in  of  ■  umiUr  K 


boots.     Ill  form  I*  pfcvtiir. 


k  by  Ml 


Dt 


The  verfc  show*  great  faeiiiiy  of  mctrtcal  cofflpositiun.  but  a  con- 
siderable portioq  of  it  Is  transferred  from  the  craRcdm  of  Scr>eca. 
The  ArM  book  opens  with  a  feit  vena,  in  which  Boeiiut  dctcribea 
how  hn  sorrows  ud  brought  him  loa  orenarureold  age.  Ai  he  la 
thus  LajoeAtiag.  a  woman  appears  to  nin  of  dignified  mied.  whom 
he  reco|niin  as  hii  gutKba*.  PhUoMphy.  She.  raolviiig  to  apply 
the  RiMdv  lor  hia  irief.  queMions  him  (or  that  puipoK.    She  findi 

himidl  it.  tni  (his  abeence  of  lelf- knowledge  is  the  cause  of  hia 
weakness,  la  (he  Kcond  book  Philowphy  pmcnit  (o  Boetiua 
Formne.  who  is  made  to  state  lo  him  (he  blessuigs  be  has  enio^. 
and  after  thai  proceedi  lo  ducwis  with  him  (hskJMof  blctMOgsthai 
foftuiK  can  bestow,  which  arc  ilbown  to  be  unsatisfutory  and  un- 
certain.    In  the  third  book  Philosophy  prom ues  to  lead  him  to  true 

hiitheat  good,  and  (he  hiahesi  good  is  (rue  happiness  ■"--■' 


"(m. 


Id  I 


l-hy 


thi'i'io'iu'i 

.ui^'pi 
It  Eosd.     The  t..., 

free  .Jl  end  God  si 

lure  ol  God.  Bi(en>pts  to  show 

1  lorekikowleB  spenaior  ol  tli 

ling  rewards  to  (he  good  and 


.  riiriiiian  booka  Peiper  thinks  that  the  first  three  iieatitei 
ate  ihe  pmlueiiont  of  the  eariy  vtan  of  Soeriut.  The  first,  Dt 
Saiuia  tntiMit,  is  addreued  (o  ^moiachut  (Domino  Patri  Syn- 
maehol-and  (he  mutrol  (he  ihart  discuttiun,  whichiiof  wiabttraci 


1  Filiut  e(  Spiriti 
■demur."    Thb  tn 


af  the  Oeiiy, 


ume.     The  ihirtTlKallse  bears  ihe  thti.'Oiiini* 


HHhint  dittincilv  Chrisiii*.  and  it  eoniaint  nothing  of 
■ahiti  ihatjt  is  pcoha 


I  Boetiut.  Ihey  are  10  be  (nardeduiii 
'mmachut  and  John  (whosiiterwirds  b 


ihelirtl'fruiitof  hUtti 


BOG— BOGO 

inally  boa  tn  tbr  ttilt    The  Foorth  book  h  (In)  bm 


■  ■8 

■M  htvv  onfiiun 
(ouDd  in  thclini 

Jta^uiWUiiJ^  .'S'lounh  *n 
ClUri  Etlyilirm  a  NrOini'M. 

«x)l«no(--  ■     --      ■ 

HkibvcIi 


ClulcDdaii  |4ji;.    ThtiRi 


ITiTpnliata  aioR  pnbabk  Ihit  BmJiu 
ChriuiMB  uatbo.  paniculaily  u  ihty  in 

liKU>R  iIk  onhsdiu  [aiih  of  Ibe  cburch  in  ommlioa  in  i) 
AiSa  lidefy,  (nd  ihae  ihm  phi  >b  uniniiitlub>  linpupt  tl 
Bnamiaa  H  Ihc  Holy  Spini  (rDm  both  Fiifitr  ind  Son.  Tl 
tounh  argtm  lot  ihe  unbodov  belief  ol  the  two  naium  aikF  or 
penen  of  ChriH.  SVImi  ihe  ilai™  aro*  ihal  it  ihoiiM  be  believi 
that  Boctjni  perilled  Irom  hiloppnailioil  lo  the  hertiy  nl  Theodoo 

thil  wiOfHivd  Uct-     The  work*  may  rttlly  Ka«      ' 
one  Boeii«.  •  buhop  ol  Alric,  u  Jc-'-'-  - 
Siiai  Sevenriii.,  i>  Kitnch  o)ii]o:ture 


lurdain  Hippo*i4«  nr  by  H 


Important  and.  tf  nnulnet  decis'vv  pKKfenc?  upon  tlua  poini  it 
(HotiW  by  a  PMMBt  in  Ibe  .<  «ri*omi  H»M*f I.  a  fraimrni  conuined 
ina  ioih-«a<iiry  NfS.  (ed.  H.  UK«s,Uipil|,  i«;7y     Tbeinir™' 

Ehe  nnpomnl  woeda  bcinc  '"  Sciirui  [u.  Bmiiu)  libnim  dc  nncu 

SBhate,(te»pii«qiiaedain(lo«niauc«,etliljniBiccHii™Nauoniiin. 
lIKb.  bovcocr,  lieW  lh«  iSb  •»•  n  copvial'i  iIob.  hannDniiint 
wkb  the  ncdvid  Boetlua  kfcod,  wtaicb  Kad  beea  IruaferrBl  to 
the  no,  and  did  sot  cDOBJer  that  U  ouiweighBl  ibe  oppoaiBt 
Eatmul  evidence  Iron  D4  Caiu-  PkiL 
EninOHB,— Tbc  im  coDectrd  ediiioB  of  Ihe  wuki  af  Boetlui  ma 

MbvH.  bdiL,  liiv.  (Paria.  titfi.    01  Ibe  numeivua  edkkuu  ol 
Iha  £V  i^u^iau  ihe  bcai  are  iluae  oT  Thnodorui  Obboi 
ll4J)(ndR.Peipei(L«piii[.  iS/i).    TbebHaHii  ' 
«■  the  Ufa  and  vriunfa  gf  Boetiu^  on  hia  nlicioi 

The  un  a<"i'lg''^^£d '.aa  ba^^n  S  luUw'Toj'laiun™  M*^ 

tobecollatKL  Inaddiikjn  to  an  acxount  ol  ihe  MSS.  naed.  ii  fiva 
(he  Book  o(  Lupin.  "Oe  Mnrii  Boeiu.'"  tbi-'Vita  Doetii "  coBUiacd 
la  (onie  MSa.  ^  EU^  BoMii."  and  a  ihan  liu  ol  ihecoonnniuion, 


el  which  mention  baa  bflen  made  above  King  Airml'aAng1i>Saxan 
vnaion  ol  ItH  Dt  Camilaliaai.  wilh  lilenl  Engliib  Innalalnn. 
■oira  and  ckiaanF,  na  publiahed  by  S.  Foa  (laij)  tad  araia  by 
W.  J.  SeditMd  ^foo):  thai  of  d  Colvilk  (Colvite.  cSdml, 
lUM  ™  miuUiahed  by  E.  B.  Baa  (i«97)i  iniulaiion  (mimd 
Me  and  vvae)  tti  H.  K.  Janea  (1S91V  0<Mii  Eliabetb-a 
*'  EiKUahiiwa  "  <na  Rprimed  In  il»;  on  ibe  iiyle.  aee  A.  Eflfel- 

bnciu  in  SamnutB.  Sir  Wina  JtZ^  -•-  "■■ '-"—  ' ' 

ivjt.    JIttDl  liulUIIIKnuAnlkmiti 


£diS*e 


a.  Z)(  /uftfWlM 


Harwari  CluMiiOl  Slltiia,  IW7;  M.  tanlor, 
ojii.  L.  Leipna.  rA^;  G.  Friedlein,  C^Arrl. 
lai,  Mibldu  iKfuckn  Zr/a"    *"  '  '"'  ' 


, .,m,  Ertaneen.  1B61, 

ire  ediied  by  C.  Friedleio  {Lcipu'r.  1U7) :  Gernian  tranibtion  ol  the 


HeUrti 


(Leipiig.  1877). 

■nenlFv,  ae>  J.  C. 

rt.'  teltiu:  «  Euay  (Edinbuigh, 
cr  foaadm.  iL  blc  iv.  th.  liL  IIM); 
a  dtr  /.«.  in  UimUari,  I  iitig); 
a  Ldaralm  (EnC'  inna..  1900J,  I47A' 
•Drka.  S  Braiidl  iaTkatlMi.ltU. 
4->n.  and  A.  P.  MeKinlay.  aa  aba>«.  with  nia: 


., ..., , in.'DirOripH^i'nSina'iiu 

:umt  ii Sotir  {iaiit):Cuion  Bonaier.  "  Lc Chmiianiami 
in  ^a«'«J  del  SaHWj  (1M9I.  pp.  m»-4&ii  A.  HiUe- 
ikiui  aad  Hiaa  5icUa>(  aua  CVuitwaBH  (Rafeaabiiri, 
Scheppa.   "  Zu   Pmida-Buelbllll  de  &de  tatholica."  IB 
ZeuuW/ar  wiunuht/Uuika  TVafiiii,  iwvUL  [1I95). 
BOO  llniin  1(.  and  CaeL  lietaik,  liet,  lott),  1  tiact  of  salt. 
•ongy,  Walei-logged  ground,  compoied  ol  vegetiiiaii,  chiefly 
otaei,  in  vniioua  lUgca  of  decompoiition.     This  veteublc 
Alter  when  panially  decompo&cd  lofuu  the  aub&uzice  knoiitl 
"  peat  "  If.*.)-     ^Vhcn  the  accum illation  ol  vater  ia  rapidly 
creued  byea<tiaive  rain/all,  there  11  a  dan^r  of  a  "  hO£-fUde," 
"  bog-bunl."  which  may  obliterate  the  oeighboutiiit  culli- 
..itedLand  withftdepcaitol  thecontcolaol  thebo^     D^iructive 
bog-ilidca  have  occurred  in  Ireland,  auch  aa  thai  ol  the  Knock- 
nageeha  Bog,  Raihrnoic.  Kerry,  in  itgfi,  al  Cutletea,  Roa- 
I,  iQoi.  and  al  Kiln»re.  Calway,  igo^ 
'  ii  a  Fnnch  game  of  cardt  called  ~  bog,"  laid  10  be  ol 
Italian  origin,  played  with  a  piquet  pack  on  A  table  with  >it 
visioni.  one  d  i^hlcb  is  knovn  by  the  name  of  the  game  and 
rmi  the  pool     ll  waa  faihionable  during  the  Second  Empire. 
BOOATZKY,  KARL  UEIHRICH  VOH  (1600-1774],  Ormaa 
rain-writer,  was  bom  at  Jankowc  in  Lover  Sileiia  on  Ihe  jth 
September  it-QO.     Al  first  a  page  al  the  ducal  coun  gf  Stie- 
'eissenfeli,  he  neit  studied  bw  and  theology  at  Jena  and 
ille;  but  ill'bealth  preventing  hii  prcieimeni  be  aeltled  *l 
Clancha  in  Silesia,  where  he  founded  an  oiphanage.     After 
"  ~      '  KSstriu,  and  from  1740  to  1745"  ^  court 

of  Chiistiaa  Ernst,  duke  ol  San-Coburg,  at  SaalfeU,  be  made 
his  home  at  the  Waisenhaus  (orphanage)  al  HaDe,  where  he 
engaged  in  spiritual  work  and  in  composing  hymns  and  aacred 
songs,  unlii  his  death  on  the  15th  ol  June  1774.  Bogatzky^s 
chiel  works  are  CMtna  SdattUiOaa  ttr  Kinder  Cellei  (171S}. 
wiiich  has  reached  more  than  sixty  editions;  and  Dbuni  ict 
Cltttditkal  i*  alUtlei  tatllkktn  Litdm  (1;  jo). 

Boiatiky's  auioliiofTaphy — luhnilim]  m      ~ 


idelbefi.  1^46) . 
■k  (London.  tUw- 


and  Ledderhoae, 


BOOBAZ  KEDI.  ■  small  village  in  Aaia  Uin 
Yiugnt  in  the  Angora  vilayet,  remarkablo  (or  the  mini  and 
rock-sculpiurea  in  its  vidniiy.  The  ruins  aiv  tboae  of  a  i^dinj 
dty  of  the  orknial  type  which  flourished  in  Ihc  pre-Gteek 
period;  and  they  an  genenily  idenlibed  with  Pinia  (f.a.), 

place  taken  by  Cnxms  after  be  had  crossed  tbn  Ualya 

lerodotus  L  7«). 

BOGIB.  %  norlhcni  English  dialect  «ord  o[  unknown  orisiii, 
ip^dicd  to  a  kind  of  low  truck  or  "  IroUy."  In  railway  engineer^ 
ing  it  is  applied  to  an  imdei'tnjck,  most  freqocntty  wiih  |ouf 
wheels,  which  is  olten  provided  at  out  end  ol  a  locomotiv* 
or  holh  ends  ol  a  carriacc.  Il  Is  pivoted  or  swivelled  on  the 
main  liamcs.  10  Ihal  it  can  turn  relatively  to  the  body  of  the 
vehicle  ot  entf  ne,  and  thus  it  enables  the  wheels  readfly  to  lollow 
the  curves  of  Ihe  line.  Il  has  no  conneiiaB  with  the  series  bl 
words,  such  as  "  bogey  "  or  "  bogy,"  "  hogk,"  "  boggle," 
"bogart"  (in  Shakespeare  "hug."  "bugs  aul  goblins'^, 
which  lie  probably  connected  with  the  Welsh  timz,  a  spectre; 
hence  the  verb  10  "  boggle."  prcfieriy  applied  to  a  bone  wbicb 
allies  al  supposed  qjecties,  and  so  meaning  to  hesitate,  binigle. 

BOailOll,  a  seaside  loort  io  the  Chichester  puUamcntuy 
division  of  Sussex,  England.  AS  m.  S.S.W.  from  London  by  the 
London,  Biighlon  tl  South  Coast  railway.  Fop.  ot  urban 
district  (1901)  CiSo.  Besides  the  parish  church  (here  is  ■ 
Koman  Catholic  piloty  and  church.  The  town  poisesta  a  pier 
and  promenade,  ■  tbeatie,  assembly  rooms,  and  numerous 
contileicenl  home*,  iochidiiit  an  esublishment  belonging  to 
the  Merchant  Tiytots'  Company.  The  church  ol  the  moihei 
parish  of  South  Benied  is  Noiatan  and  Early  ""gii^h.  uul 
retains  a  fresco  of  the  i6lh  century. 

B0a6,  a  town  o(  the  pnvinn  of  CebO,  island  of  Ceb£.  Philip- 
inne  Islands,  on  BogA  Bay  at  the  mouth  ol  the  Bulac  river,  id 
the  Donboat  part  at  the  Maud.    Fop.  (i«iu}  it^ij.     Th# 


BOGODUKHOV— BOCOMILS 


datlt  it  bM  bitl  ballhy.    The  Hinouadini  eeanur  it  («nile. 

producing  lagu,  IndUo  coni»  Ind  nupuy  in  abiindAncci  tic«, 
aao  md  (ruit*  irr  «J>o  pioduccd.  Hiu.  buktU,  dathi  ind 
nil*  ur  mvca  lod  uc  uponcd  lo  ■  liniiud  (lunii  inuU 
quimiiiin  of  (opn  *ic  i1m  tiporud.  The  fiihcnn  >it  of 
cKisidRiblt  loai  imporuace.     Tbc  lanfiUfc  ii  Cebb- Viuyu. 

BOOODDKHOV.  »  loitn  ol  Ruuia,  in  ihe  (ovcmmtnl  of 
Khtrkgv.  45  n.  try  lul  N.W.  of  the  cily  d[  lh*l  name,  in  4«'  58' 
N.  lit.  and  jfi'g'E.loDii..  ■»  formerly  forii<ied.  P0P.US60] 
10,111-.  [>49tl  I  i^iS.  There  leemi  to  bivc  been  ■  mtlrminl 
«s  Uiii  lile  »  eul]'  u  1571,  In  1709.  m  the  ilmeof  the  Ruxw- 
Snduli  War.  Bogodukhov  wu  Ulcen  by  Mcnihikov  and  Ihe  rm- 

ud  Itttred  goiriB  ire  minuriftured.  and  ^rdening  ind  Unning 
tn  carried  on.     The  tndt  ii  principal  I  y  in  gnin.  ciltle  and  bh. 

WMnrU.  the  name  of  an  ancient  reiiKiouI  conimanlly 
■bich  hid  ita  orijin  in  Bulgaria,  tt  11  diflicult  ta  ucrrUin 
wbclhiT  the  name  ma  taken  Iron)  ihc  npulrd  loundn  of  Ihal 
Kn.acertainpspcBogumii  or  Bogomil,  or  •hrthcr  he  aanimed 
llal  HDe  alter  it  hid  been  given  10  the  whole  itct.  The  mrd 
ii  ■  direct  tiaralation  into  SUvonic  of  Uaindiami.  Ihe  Syrian 
aanr  at  the  lect  c«Tti|iondinK  10  the  Crnk  Euchita*.  The 
Bapxnili  art  kkntiScd  with  the  MaoaJiaiu  ia  StaTonic  docu' 
oenli  Dl  ihe  ijih  ceoTury.  Tliey  are  dw  known  aa  Ffrlittni, 
U  Piulidana.  Il  i>  a  ramplicated  Uwk  to  dctemtine  the  true 
clunritr  and  ^he  tencia  of  any  arKienl  lect.  conaideTing  that 
llmoil  lU  the  information  that  hat  nached  u>  hai  come  from 
ih  apponenia.  Thr  heretical  litnaiuTT  hat  to  a  great  exlenl 
eiiicr  periabed  oc  brtn  completely  changrd:  but  much  hai  alio 
unrived  ia  a  modi&ed  ivrlltfh  ffirm  or  tJsrough  oral  iTaditkm. 
CovTrning  the  Bogomili  aomrthing  can  be  gathered  from  the 
infomution  collected  by  Euihymiua  Zygadenui  In  the  iiib 
ccntuiy.  and  from  the  polemic  Atcinil  lit  Hirrlii)  written  in 
SlivonicbySt  Koimaduringiheiothantiiry,  Thcold  Slavank 
liiuof  forbidden  books  of  the  i;ih  and  i6Lh  ceiituriet  *1u  ipvc 
ui  a  clue  to  the  ditcoviry  of  Lhl>  heretical  literature  and  ol  the 
BmBi  the  BogORiili  empioyed  10  cairy  on  their  (sflpaganda. 
Uuch  may  abo  be  kirnt  from  the  doctrinea  ol  the  numeroua 
tentlaJ  tent  which  iroie  In  Rusaia  ifur  the  nth  ceniuiy. 

The  Bogomih  were  without  doubt  the  conncclingjink  between 
tht  KM^led  heretical  aecu  ol  the  Eait  and  ihoie  o(  the  Wat. 
They  were,  rtioirover,  the  moti  active  agcnta  in  dnacminaiing 
iKli  teacbingi  in  Ruuia  and  among  all  (he  natfawi  of  Europe. 
Tliey  may  bive  found  in  uune  placn  a  toil  already  prepared  by 
■Qorf  ancient  tcneta  which  had  been  preterved  in  tpite  ol  Ihc 
ptnecution  cF  the  official  Chuich,  and  handed  down  Irani  the 
pniodof  primitive  ChiiiLiani  I  y.  In  the  i2ihand  ijih  cinluiiei 
lh(  BogDmiU  were  already  known  In  the  Weit  la  "Bul^." 


le  the  lo 
[ion  il  made  ol  the  "  Pope  ol  Ihe  Albigenii 


pRisd  mention  ii  made  ol  the  "  Pope  ol  Ihe  Albigenici  who  tetided 

•ilhin  the  

tht  Waldeiacj,  the 

Molokini  and  Dulhoborui,  (uve  ill  at  ililJertm  tunej  Been  eiuiet 

idtniiEed  with  the  Boeoniai  or  doiely  connected  with  them. 

0«hi'«(,— From  the  impeilect  and  conflicting  data  which  are 
ilone  available  one  pceiiive  leaiill  can  be  gathered,  via.  that 
IhtBogDmilawtteboihAdoptianiitatndManichaeini.  Tbeyhad 
■ccipted  the  teaching  of  Paul  of  Samoaita.  though  at  a  later 
Ptriod  the  name  ol  Paul  wai  believed  to  be  that  ol  the  Apostle^ 
■  hd  they  were  lol  quite  free  Inun  the  Dualitlic  principle  ol 
^  Cnoilici.  at  a  later  period  too  much  identified  wilb  the 
'nching  of  Mani.  They  rejected  the  pneumatic  Chrittianity 
ol  Ihe  onhodoi  churtha  and  did  not  accept  the  docelic  teaching 
<f  ume  of  the  other  lecta.  Taking  ai  our  itanJng-poinl  the 
■oching  of  the  herelical  lecti  in  Ruuia.  notably  tboie  ol  the 

^Id  by  the  Bogomils.  we  Bnd  that  they  dented  the  divine  birth 
<*  Christ,  the  personal  (oeiiiLcnce  ol  ihc  Son  with  the  Father 
■"d  Holy  Chosl.  and  the  validity  of  sacramcnli  and  ceremonies. 
"It  minda  performed  by  Jesus  were  interpreted  in  a  spiritual 
*tu<.  not  at  real  mateiial  occumncet;  the  Chuidi  wu  the  io- 


lerior  tpiriUid  ckaid  t>  ahich  aU  held  eqMl  Abb.  Bwlka 
wai  only  10  be  pnttiied  on  grown  mcB  and  women.  The 
Bottomili  repudiated  inlani  bapiism.  and  considered  the  ha|>- 
lisrrul  nu  10  be  o<  •  apiriliul  cbarsctn  ncitJKi  by  water  nor  by 

oil  buibyielf.abDeiaiiaD.pr«yenandchanliiig  e(  hymns.  Carp 
SicigolnilL  who  in  the  laih  century  preached  tbit  doctrine  in 
Novgorod,  eaplained  thai  5i  Paul  had  langht  that  timple- 
ntindcd  men  should  Jnttruct  one  another,  iherelare  they  elected 
their  "  leicbcra  "  from  among  ibcmselvet  to  be  ifaerr  spiritual 
guides,  and  had  do  special  prietls.  Praytn  weri  to  be  said  in 
private  bouses,  WM  in  tepuate  buildinp  such  aa  churcbo. 
Ordination  »a  oODferrcd  by  the  CDDgregalion  aod  not  by  aay 
(pcciilly  appoioted  miuBlci.  The  cangtegatioa  were  the 
"  elect."  and  eticb  member  could  oblain  the  perfection  ol  Chrfat 
and  become  a  Christ  or  "  Chiisl."  Mairiage  was  not  a  sacra* 
menL  The  Bogomlls  rclUied  10  Fast  on  Mondays  and  Fridaya. 
Tbcy  rejected  nwnachism.  They  declared  Christ  to  be  the  Sua 
of  Cod  only  through  gnce  like  olher  pro[4ielB,  and  that  Ihe 
brud  and  wine  of  Ihe  eucharisi  were  not  iniosfonned  into 
flesh  and  btoodi  that  Ihe  lut  judgment  would  be  eiecuted 
by  God  and  not  by  Jens;  (hat  the  image*  and  the  ciob  ven 
idols  and  the  worship  of  talnti  and  relica  idolatry. 

Theu  Paulidan  dodrinet  have  survived  in  the  greal  RtmiaD 
sects,  and  can  be  traced  bach  to  the  teachiDp  and  practice  of  the 
Bogtunila.  But  in  addition  to  ihcac  doctrmca  ol  ai 
origin,  they  held  the  hlatuchaean  dualiilic  conceptio 
origin  of  the  world.  This  has  been  partly  preserved  in 
their  literary  remains,  and  has  taken  deep  root  in  the  b 
Iradiliona  of  the  Bulgariana  and  olher  nations  with  sii 
had  c.  ■  ~       


le  ages  has  been  that  of  apocryphal 


cILcal  sects  throughout  I 

Ileal  narrativEi.  and  the  popes  jerenuan  or  tieguinii  an 
diiectly  raentioned  as  authors  ol  such  lorbidden  books  "  vhicb 
no  onhodoi  dare  read."  Though  Ihese  writing)  are  moiily  ih* 
ume  in  origia  aa  are  koown  Iron  Ihc  older  liHi  of  apocryphal 
book],  they  underwent  in  this  case  a  certain  a>odi5utJon  at  the 
hands  ol  their  Bogomil  ediion.  so  as  10  be  lacd  for  the  propaga- 
tion of  Iheir  own  specilic  doctrine*.  In  ill  OKM  simple  aod 
attractive  form— ooe  at  the  tame  lime  invested  with  the  authority 
ol  the  reputed  holy  author — their  account  of  Ihc  (rcnion  ol  the 
world  and  of  man;  the  origin  of  sin  and  redenpiion.  the  biMOT 
of  the  Cross,  and  Ihe  dltputet  between  body  and  tonl.  rigbt  and 
wrong,  heaven  and  hell,  were  embodied  either  In  "  Hiiioriaied 
Bibles"  (Falfya'l  OI  In  special  dialogues  held  between  Chriil 
and  bis  disciples,  or  between  renowned  Fathers  of  the  Church 
who  expounded  these  views  in  ■  simple  manrier  arlapted  Id  iha 
undersunding  ol  the  people  (Lutidaria).  The  Bogomils  usgfal 
that  Cod  had  Iwo  tons,  the  elder  Satuail  and  the  youDgei 
MichaeL  The  elder  son  rebelled  affJui  Ihe  laihet  and  bectnw 
the  evQ  spirit.  After  hi>  lidl  he  oeited  ihe  lover  heaven  and 
the  earth  and  Cried  b  vain  to  create  manj  in  Ihe  end  he  had  10 
appeal  In  God  lor  the  Spirit.  Aller  creation  Adam  wu  aDowed 
to  till  the  ground  on  condition  that  he  sold  hinoelf  aiul  hit 
posterity  to  Ihe  owner  at  the  earth.  Then  Uichad  wca  tent  fn 
the  farm  of  a  ma^o;  be  became  identified  with  Jesus,  and  wai 
"elected"  by  God  after  ibe  baptism  in  the  Jordan,  When  ih* 
Holy  Ghoit  (Michael)  appeared  in  the  ahape  of  the  dove,  Jesut 
received  power  to  iHCah  the  covenant  In  the  form  ol  a  clay 
tablet  (liurttnitliets)  held  by  SaUnail  Irom  Adam.  He  had  now 
become  the  angel  hllchael  in  a  human  lorm;  aa  such  be  viih 
qui&hed  Sitanail,  and  deprived  him  of  the  termination  -tl^GocL 
in  which  hit  power  resided.  Silinail  was  thus  translormcd  into 
Satan.  Througb  his  nuchinaliona  the  criKiliirion  look  plaoi. 
and  Satan  wai  the  originator  of  Ihe  whole  Onhodoi  community 
with  iit  churchei.  veatmeals.  crremonks.  sacraments  and  laaU, 
with  its  monks  and  priests.  This  world  being  the  work  of  Satas. 
Ihe  perfect  must  eschew  any  and  every  eicesa  of  iu  pleasure. 
Bui  the  Bogomils  did  not  gn  as  lar  aa  to  recommend  ascellctab 
They  held  the  "  Lord's  Prayer "  in  high  respect  aa  the  taoil 


Time  h«ny  Ihrir  GiHMte   (Mirciiiiite)  ipirit   by   the  ti 
Hih  tone  (4  ihe  otrlesi  MSS.  enanL  iboigb  lUi  pnjudioi  ie 


Jewlih 


BOGORODSK— BOGOTA 


Tlic  Bojomili  mn  gumcDti 


lolhimnkoC'elMt." 
liont  Iriin  end  Wfit 
■  and  wid*  to  prop*gst» 


d  their  1 


'  apocryphal 

tjlinturc  akDg  wiih  somt  o[  the  booki  o[  the  Old  Tmiment. 
deeply  iofluciicing  thereligioui  ipiril  ot  the  iutJDiu»  and  prepariTig 
Ifcem  for  the  Kefonnation.  They  umd  the  hirIi  of  a  riib 
rejigloai  papular  blentme  in  the  £ait  aft  freli  aa  la  the  Wkl 
IIm  Hiitorialed  Bible,  the  Letter  irein  Heaven,  the  Wandcringa 
tluoD^  Heaven  and  Hell,  the  Dumeraul  Adam  and  Cnaa 
kgenda,  the  religiaui  poenu  of  the  "  Kakkl  perehmhie  "  and 
Mber  iJinDu  pnductioni  owe  iJieir  diDcminition  lo  a  large 
Mtent  lo  the  activity  of  Che  Bogomih  of  Sulguii,  and  Ihtii 

Hilary. — Tiic  Bogoinll  piDpagandft  foUov5  the  tDoutitaiD 
Chaini  of  cenlnl  Europe,  ilarllng  Trom  the  Balhans  and  con- 
llnuing  along  the  Carpathiih  Mountiini,  the  Alps  and  Ihe 
Pyieneei,  with  Tainificalioni  north  and  Kiulh  [Ccrmany,  England 
tnd  Spain].  In  the  middle  ol  the  gth  century  (he  emperor  Con- 
■landne  Coptotiymui  Killed  a  number  of  Armenian  Pauliciani 
in  T1ir>cii.  TtuK  utre  noted  herello  and  wire  pencnitcd  by 
Ihe  CieeL  Church  with  Git  and  iHord,  The  empreu  Theodora 
kiDcd.  diowiKd  or  baRgcd  no  (iwtf  than  loo.ooa  In  the  lolh 
eenlary  the  emperor  John  ZiniiKei,  hinneK  ol  Armenian  origin, 
truuplan  ted  do  teai  thin  xn.ooo  Armenian  Pauliciani  lo  Europe 
and  Ktlled  ihem  bi  the  neighbourhood  of  Philippopolis,  which 
benceloith  became  the  anlrc  of  a  lar-ieaching  propaganda. 
SelUed  along  the  Balkani  a*  •  kind  of  bulwark  agai 


Imvading  Bi 
nlud  with  tbe.n 


s,  the  , 


■nd  flouriihed  at  the  t 
{917-968).     According  1 
Jereniah  (or  there  wu  another  prle<( 
oame  of  Jeremiah).    The  Slavonic  u 


Zealou: 


■n  Iratcr- 

ani  adopled  Iheir  teaching, 
e  founder  of  this  sect  wai  i 
cd  the  Mii^chaean  teaching 
Bulgarian  emperor  Peter  " 
nirce  the  founder  wu  called 
him  by  the 


A  Synodikon  from  th 
or"apoill«,"  Mihail 
,  all  thoroughly  Sliwni 

oduclionof  Chrislianil; 
nan  leaching  Ihe  iam 
Imprisoned  by  Leon  tie 


ic  Church  ii 
rth  named  Dmitri,     The  Church  i 
e  popM  ! 


into  RuBia,  we  bear  c 
dectrinei  aa  the  Bogor 
bilbop of  Kiev.  In  III 
to  combat  another  hete 
Sutgaiia  tiso  Iried  to 

filrget  Ibeir  tounlerpart 
■nnibilalion  ol  the  berclin. 

Tbe  Bogomili  spread  westwatdt.  and  »tlted  first  In  Servia; 
bnt  at  the  end  ol  the  nth  cenlury  Slqihen  Nemanya,  king  of 
Servil,  pritccntetl  them  and  etpeHed  them  Iniin  the  country. 
Large  numben  took  refuge  In  Bosnia,  where  Ihcy  wen  known 
under  the  name  ol  Patarrnu  (7.1)  or  Palarenl.  From  Bosnia 
theiriDfluenceeitendcd  into  tUly  (Piedmont).  The  Hungarians 
uadertook  many  cmtadel  agaimt  the  herelics  in  B«nii,  but 
lowardi  the  close  of  the  ijlhcenlury  the  conquest  of  that  country 
by  the  Turksput  an  end  lo  Iheir  persecution.  Itballeged  thai 
a  large  number  ol  the  Bosnian  Paterenes,  and  especially  Ihe 
nobles,  embrawd  Islam  {see  BOSNIA  AHD  HESIEOOVim:  if  1 


,  of  B 


The  Kiliul  In  Slavonic  written  by  Ihe  Bosnian  Radoslavi 
lAd  published  in  vol,  iv.  of  the  S(iiri-ie  of  the  Souih  S 
Atademy  at  Agram,  shows  great  resemblance  to  the 
rlUa]  puMiibed  by  Cuniu.  1853  See  F  lUtki,  "  Bd| 
Paiemai "  in  Had.  vols,  vii.,  viii.  and  i.  (Agrim, 
Obllingcr.  BiUttt  tur  Ktlurtucliidtlt  d.  UilUallai. 
(MuEiicb,  1890), 


Under  Turkish  ruleihe  Bogomits  lived  tmmolcsled  u  PatHtmt 

a  their  ancient  stronghold  near  Philippopolis,  and  farther 
•oribwaid.  In  itjo  the  Roman  Caihobc  Chuicb  gaibered  them 
nto  iU  fold.  No  lesa  (han  fourteen  villages  neu  Nlcopolia 
mbiaced  Caihoticism.  and  a  colony  of  Paifittni  in  the  village 
I  Cioplea  near  Bucharest  followed  Ihe  eiample  ol  their  brethren 


— fuiTiymijs  Zyradenui 


I.  Jirefek,  CiMikuku 
<DrDlev,  "  [t^malkl 


Biiitatit.  p^ 


,a.Ci 


Btmi-iimmn 
...  .  PP-,»«5  "HI. 

dim  Uotm,  voL  ii.  pp,  nj 
.  Tie  Kry  0/  Trulk.  pp,  73 
-  .  -,  K9S>:  H.  Cj.ter.  <^«fc2 
(London,  1M7};  O.  DahnhardI, 
ipng  and  Balis.  1907).  (M.  C.) 
lal  Russia,  in  the  govemmeDt  of 
.E.  ol  the  city  ol  Moscow,  on  Ihe 


BOOORODSK, a  1 

Klya/ma.     It   haa  . ,    

factories  and  dye-worki.  and  is  lamous  (or  It)  fold  brocade. 
Pop.  UBin)  .1,110. 

BOaOS  (BrtENs),  a  pastoral  race  of  nuTed  Hamtllc  deacenl, 
occupying  the  highlands  immediately  north  of  Abyssinia,  now 
part  of  the  Italian  colony  of  Eritrea.  TTiey  were  formerly  a  ' 
self-governing  commgniiy,  though  subject  to  Abyssinia.  The 
community  Is  divided  into  two  classes,  ihe  Siumctlitll  or 
■■  elders  "  and  Tipt  or  "  dimis,"  The  laiter  arc  ierfs  of  the 
(oni«r,who,ho»ever,annot  sell  them.  TheTigr*  goes  with  the 
land,  and  his  master  must  proltct  him.  In  blood-money  he  b 
worth  another  Tigj*  or  ninety-three  cows,  while  an  elder's  Ufe  ii 
valued  at  one  hundred  and  Glly-eighl  cattle  or  oIK  of  his  own 
cast*.  The  eldest  son  ol  a  Shumaglieh  inhetils  hli  father^ 
two-edged  sword,  white  cows,  lands  and  slaves,  hut  *e  houae 
£■«  to  ihe  youngest  son,  Femaie  chastity  Is  much  valued,  but 
women  have  no  rights,  inherit  nothing,  and  are  classed  with  the 
hyaena,  Ihe  most  dejpiaed  animal  throughout  Abyssinia.     The 


.while  ii 


rslhrf 


BOOOTJLor 
f  Colombii 
•6'N.lal. 


in-law's  1 


aefoi. 


er  husbaad^ 


Fl  Di  BogotJI,  Ihe  capital  ef  the  republic 
J  VI  ijie  fnterior  department  of  Cundinamarca.  in 
;S*  jo' W. long.  Pop.about  usboo.  Thecily 
ij  on  ine  eastern  margin  ol  a  large  elevated  plateau  8s8j  ft.  above 
lea-lcveL  The  [iJaleau  may  be  described  u  a  great  bench  or  shelf 
on  the  weatem  slope  of  llie  oriental  Cordilleras,  about  70  m.  long 
and  JO  m,  wide,  wilh  a  low  rim  on  ill  western  matgin  and  backed 
by  a  high  ridge  on  the  east.  The  plain  forming  the  plaieau  ia 
weD  watered  with  numerous  small  lakes  and  siteama.  These 
several  small  streams,  one  ol  which,  the  San  Francisco,  pasaea 
through  [he  cily,  unite  near  the  south-western  ellfemity  ol  the 

over  Ihe  edge  al  Tcquendamo  in  a  beautiful,  perpendicular  fall  ot 
about  4JS  ft.  Thecily  is  built  upon  asloping  plain  al  the  base  of 
two  high  ntounlains  La  Caudalupe  and  Monserrate,  upon  whose 
crests  stand  Iwo  imposing  churches.  From  a  broad  avenue  on 
ihe  upper  side  dow^nward  to  the  west  slope  the  streels,  through 
which  run  streams  of  cool,  fresh  water  from  ihe  mountains  above 
The  norlh  and  south  streets  cross  these  at  right  angles,  and  the 

somcly-laid-out  plaias.  or  squares,  o 
and  staluary.  have  been  preserved;  oi 
public  buildings  and  churches.  In  PI: 
Bolivar  by  Pietro  Tenerani  (rjio-iSftc). 
and  in  Plaia  Santind^r  Is  one  ol  C( 
Sanlandir  (i;oi-iSio).  Firing  on 
are  the  capiiot  and  calhcdiol.     The 


these 


rot  hi 
Wlh  gar. 


BoUva 


is  a  statue  ol 
I  of  Canova, 
SCO  de  Paula 
Constituci6n 
narrow  and 
raignt.  out  aa  a  ruie  mey  are  clean  ana  well  paved. 
wing  to  Ihe  picvntcnce  of  earthquakes,  private  houses  art 
lually  of  one  Holey  only,  and  are  built  c4  lun-diied  bricka. 


BOGRA— BOHEMIA 


ncdlyscniaauaiMar  ilwtit  i)Xtt  di.  Ithuttn 
on,  declfic  Itfit  aod  tekphoDOk  Slnit  Una  of  mUnjr  a 
■ect  it  «ith  Fkcitativm  (m  »■]  an  Um  md  U   " 

of  DKdinal  ^^^^r^-'ir-  ia  Soiiu  Aanin.    It  hu  ■  attiBdnl, 
rebuilt  n  1S14.  ■ad  BBejagtlm  dumbo,  togecliCT  viih  many 


s,  ft  ulioatl. 
■bii,ri'«tBT.«  BU«ml  biUefy  _ 

Tbe  dty  «bD  poMoBM  •  wcU^quipped  mini,  liuli  ibhI  in . 

~  "4tb«dl;iivaylcftik.aiKlpuIt 


■nd  tke  aioldl  ihcnt  Alt  in-  Tbe  gBOcnpbial  ladlim  ol  Ibe 
tiI7 1*  ndanonhla  to  mf  gnu  dcvdopmeiit  in  cocuagmi  u>d 
wimrfi^iim  beycnd  k>al  oonk. 

81191U  mi  loanilcd  in  1538  byConulo  Jioteci  dcQucodi 
ud  «M  nuMd  Suu  F«  dc  Bogoli  af  let  hii  bitihpluz  Sanu  Ft, 
ladallcr  tlw  101111101)  capiul  ol  Uh  Cbibcluu,  Bamli  (or  Fiutn). 
Il  «■•  made  tba  cipiul  ol  lie  vicerayiliy  ol  Suen  Gruudi, 
AAd  Mon  bccvoe  ooe  of  the  centra  of  Spaniah  n^'""'*'  power 
ud  dvibntion  on  Ihe  Souili  Anui!cu  ooniinenU  In  1811  lu 
dtinB  revolted  isiiui,  Spuu^  lule  uul  lei  up  ■  government 
i<  Ibcir  own,  but  in  iSiiS  t^  city  wu  occupied  by  Pablo  MoriUo 
(iT7V~iSjS}.  tbl  Sponiili  genenl,  who  tubjccted  il  to  ■  nitUm 
f  fovenunenE  ontiJ  i3i9,  whcD  Boiivar'4  victory  at 
evaeuaiion.    On  Ibe  creation  of  .  the 


Bartd! 


h  Rmained  the  capital  of  Nocva  Cranado.     It  tua  bco) 

CokmbU.  {A.|.L.} 

BOSIA.  or  BACttu,  t,  town  4nd  diiltfci  of  BrlUih  India,  [n 
the  Rajitiahi  cSviawn  of  tuKm  Bengal  and  Atuua.  The  liwn 
■  ■tiHlEdcalberifhibaaliamieiivecECBraiuya.  Fo(^  (iqdi) 
7094.  The  Di*mcT  or  Boom,  which  wai  hia  fanned  in  igii, 
Bb  wot  ai  the  auiD  chansel  of  the  Brahnuputn.  It  cooiaiu 
■BKnki>tlJS9>q.Bi.  In  1901  the  population  (onanduced  area) 
•aa  BS4,5U,  abowing  an  incnaw  of  11%  in  tlie  decade.  The 
diUikt  Uittchca  out  in  a  level  idaio,  inienccied  by  aunwroua 
itnaa  and  dotted  with  paichs  of  jungle.  The  Karatoyi  river 
dowi  from  north  to  Boutli,dividin^it  into  two  poriiDni.paaissng 
very  iTlf'*n^  chaiacteziuicL  The  eaiteni  tract  conaisla  of  rich 
■Dnvial  soil,  well  watered,  and  lubjecl  to  fertilLZUig  inundationt, 
ykldini  heavy  oopa  of  coanc  lice,  oii-uedi  and  jute.  The 
vcatern  portion  of  the  diitrict  it  high.lyin;  ai;d  pioducea  the 
finer  tinalitiea  of  rice.  The  piindpal  riven  are  foirned  by  the 
difieroit  *''■■■*"**■  of  the  Brahmaputra,  which  river  hen  bean 
tbe  local  nam  of  the  Kanol,  the  Daokoba  and  the  Jamuoat 
the  laM  forminc  a  portion  of  the  eaiiem  baundjiiy  of  the  disliict. 
Ittbedit«uddedwithaUuvialiilands.  The  Binhnupuln  and 
ill  thanaelii  tosMher  with  three  rnlBor  ciieaoB,  the  Bsngall, 
Earatoya'and  Atrai,  afford  admirable  faciliticH  (or  commerce, 
and  lendar  ereiy  part  of  the  diiirict  accessible  is  native  cugo 
boat*  of  large  biinieik    I1wilvciaiwannBitli£sh.    IhtfonBd 


metalled  loadi.    Sevcnl  line*  of  raUway  (the  Eaatein  Bengal, 
fee),  however,  aerve  thedJaUicL 

aOUVE,  DAVID  (i]50-i8i5),  BritUi  iMiacoiilbnmsl  diviiw, 
waj  bora  in  the  paiiih  of  ■"'■'■'■"n'— -.  Benrkkshiie.  After  1 
QOUtM  of  Uudy  Id  Edinborsh,  ht  wai  lieuacd  to  pR*ch  by  the 
Church  ol  ScMland,  but  mule  hii  w^  to  London  (1711),  where 

He  II  _  .      .    .       . 

la  paalool  dutie*  added 


Coaport  in  Hampahire  {1777),  and  tt 
tbect  


the  aft  of  the  new-born  rniauonary  eaterpriie^  and  Bocue^ 
■oucay  wi*  [n  a  very  large  meaiure  the  aeed  from  riiicb  the 
London  Miaalonuy  Sodety  took  itt  growth.  Bopie  himielf 
would  have  gone  to  India  in  1 706  but  for  the  oppoaltion  of  the 
Eait  India  Company.  He  alio  had  much  to  do  with  founding 
the  British  and  Foreign  Bible  Sodety  and  the  Religioui  Traa 
Sodety,  aad  In  conjunction  with  Jamca  Bcnact,  miniater  ai 
Rsm«cy,  wrote  ■  well-known  Hiilory  (/  DiimtUn  C)  vols.,  t8ci«). 
Anotho'  of  his  writing  was  an  Euay  »  tin  Dtsmt  A  ulkinlj  af 
OuNtrnTulamimt.    Ue  died  at  Brighton  oD  the  ijtli  of  October 

BOan  (of  nocertaln  origte,  poa^ly  CDnnected  with  tbe 
Fr.  iattat,  lugar^iauK  tefux),  a  thing  word,  origiiially  used  la 
America  ol  the  appantu)  employed  in  caunteileiiing  coisa,  uul 
now  genrralJy  of  any  ihaia  t>t  ^urioui  transaction. 

BOHBA  (a  -oid  dcHved  fiom  the  Wu.i  hUli  In  the  Fuhkien 
pfovlnaol  China,  1  being  lubuituted  for  If  or  1^.  >  Uod  ot 
black  lea  («.>.},  or.  in  the  iSih  and  eariy  igth  csoLuric*.  tea 
gcneraUy.  as  in  Poiw')  line,  "  So  past  her  time  'twiit  leading 
and  bohea."  Lata  the  name  *'  bohea  "  haa  been  applied  to  an 
inferior  quality  of  tea  grown  late  in  the  season. 

BOHEKU'  (Cer.  Bikwm.  Ciech  Calty,  Ux.  BtktmUi,  a 
kingdom  and  crowuUnd  of  Austria,  bounded  NX.  by  Prussian 
Siltva,S.E.  by  Moravia  and  Lower  Austria,  S.  by  Upper  Austria 
S.W.byBavariaaodN.W.bySuooy.  It  has  an  area  of  10.060 
tq.  m.,  or  about  Iwo.IhI[ds  the  >i»  of  Scotland,  and  foimi  the 
principal  province  of  the  Austrian  empire.  Situated  in  tile 
geographical  centre  of  the  European  continent,  at  about  equal 
distance  from  all  the  European  leas,  endoscd  by  high  muuh- 
taioSt  and  nevertheless  easily  accessible  throu^  Moravia  Iroin 
the  Danybian  pLiin  and  opened  by  the  valley  of  the  Elbe  to  the 
Germui  plain,  Bohemia  was  bound  to  play  a  leading  part  in  the 
cullural  development  of  Europe  It  bcome  early  the  scene  of 
important  hi&IorJco]  events,  the  avenue  and  Junction  of  tliD 
migntioa  of  pcoplesj  and  it  forms  the  bordeilaod  between  the 
Cermto  and  Slavonic  worids. 

Cvgrcfiky. — Bohemia  has  the  form  of  an  irregular  rfiorab,  of 
which  the  nonhemmcel  place,  Buchberg,  just  above  Hiintparh. 
il  at  the  same  time  the  farthest  north  In  tho  whole  Austro- 
Hungarian  monarchy.  From  an  orognphtc  point  of  view, 
Dohemia  constitutes  amonpt  the  Austrian  provinces  a  separate 
maaoif,  bordered  00  thiec  sides  by  mountain  ranges:  on  the 
S.W.  by  the  BehmerwaW  or  Bohemian  Forest;  on  the  N.W. 
by  the  Engebiige  or  Ore  Uountaina;  and  on  the  N.E.  by  the 
Rieaeogebtrge  or  Ciant  Mountains  and  other  ranges  of  the 
Sudetes.    Tbe  B^oetwald,  which,  like  ita  parallel  range,  the 

OOtheiJ^unci^I'ion^iiS.tiiii^rLTlISluir---'-'      ^^" 

eeeh)  alphabet  i>  the  ibrk  as  tlie  En(<idi,  w 
Ki*q.  wand  I.    Certain Intm. howrver,  — ,  _, __ 

and  art  diaiiiKttlsbed  by  diacriticnt  mai^  a  devico  offiaated  by 
JtAn  Huia.  The  vowdj  a,  e,  L  (y),  o,  u,  aie  pronouoced  as  in 
Italian;  buiI-Eng,  yJIn^yet.'^aad  a-Eng.  00. 

Ji:^ih'{<- 
-f.    or  Ibe  01 
U«in.c(i;i-Ei»,y.- 

on  voveJs  len^beit ,- .  . — , 

K  Is  alwayi  pivnuneed  in  C»ck.  At  the  m 
k  and  1  It-Cowi.  ehi  in  olbsr  places  as 
pnisuaciaiioB  la  aoiiuwhat  softci. 


ipended.     Tlie  Ci 


122 

Sodelu.  hu  a  patni  dtnctloD  lata  S.E.  le  N.W.,  b  divided 

tiytbcpu3ofNcunurk[EitotwopuU.  TbcDt>n)KiDpaii(Ci«Ji 
Ctstj  La)  atuins  id  Ibc  musilof  Cicrkov  ta  sltilud;  at  aaa  ft 
bu(  (br  voutbrrD  part  (Czech  JuimrpcJ)  n  it  tb?  same  time  th 
highest  and  the  most  picturesque  part  of  the  rangr,  iDcludtn 
on  the  Bohemun  side  tlv  Osser  (405J  ft.)  and  (be  Fltekeuui 
(451J  ft.),  aJlhough  the  highat  peat,  the  Arbei  (4871).  >s  i 

pun  ccyitalline  torrenu,  id  the  DumeraiB  blue  laka  of  it*  valley*, 
and  above  alt  in  the  magaificeDl  foresu  of  ciak  Isd  pint  w<ih 
*Ucb  [IS  side*  aie  rovered.  Hie  pais  of  Niumark,  called  also 
the  pass  of  hfeugedein,  has  always  been  the  priodpa]  approach 
to  Bohemia  from  Gctmaay.  It  stRLche*  towards  the  cast,  above 
the  small  lown  of  Taia  (Ciecli  Demallia,  once  called  Tukelt, 
It.  [he  Pottrcss).  and  Is  the  place  ohecc  aome  of  the  bloodiest 
bailies  inibehisloryot  Bohemia  ven  fought.  Here  in  the  first 
half  of  the  7lh  century  Samo  cipidsed  the  landini  horde*  of 
the  Avars,  which  threalcDed  Ihe  JndcpendeDce  of  Ibe  newly- 
•ettled  SUvonic  Inhabitants;  here  also  Wratistaa  IL  delealed 
liie  Cermaa  emperor  Kcnry  III.  in  a  two^diys'  battle  (Aucvst 
It  and  1],  1040).  It  wi*  in  ihe  same  place  that  the  tfusalla 
gained  in  t4ji  one  of  their  greatest  victorlc*  a^mt  a  Ccrtnan 
army  of  cnsarten,  and  another  ■imitet  Ceimaji 
quished  hen  by  George  of  Podtbrad. 

The  Engebiise  (Csech  RmJo  Her<),  which  fonti  tbc  DOrth-weit 
frontjer,  liave  an  averap  altitude  of  >teo  fL,  and  as  the! 
failtlKit  point,  the  Keilbcrg  (4080  ft.].  Hie  numerous  minin^ 
villages,  the  peat  number  of  cultivated  areas  and  the  easy 
passes.  tnvcTsed  by  Eood  mad*,  give  those  mountain*  in  many 
places  the  aipecl  of  a  hilly  undulating  plain.  Several  o(  Ihe 
villages  an  buill  very  near  the  tummit  of  the  mountaJna,  and 
one  of  them,  Cotlcsgab  (pop.  about  Ijoo),  lie*  at  aa  altitude  of 
JM!  't..  tlie  highest  place  in  Bohemia  and  nainl  Cermi  . 
To  the  west  the  ErieebirEe  combJiie  thron(h  the  Elslergebirge 
with  the  Ficbtelgeblrge,  which  in  their  turn  are  united  with  1' 
BOhmerwald  ihron|^  the  plateau  of  Waidussco.  To  the  e 
the  Engeliirge  are  separated  from  the  Elhsandsteingebirie 
Ihe  Noftcndorf  pas*,  traversed  by  the  ancient  nuUtary  route 
Sanny;  it  was  the  route  followed  by  Nipdeon  L  after  the 
battle  of  Dresden  [iSij}.  To  the  south  stretches  Ihe  "  TVr- 
Dopylae  of  Babemia,"  the  scene  of  the  battle  of  Kuhn  and 
Arbesao.  A  little  farther  lo  the  east  the  Elbe  escapes  into 
Saiony  It  Ihe  lowest  point  In  Bohemia  [all.  j6t  II).  The  oottfa- 
easi  fioDtier  I*  fotmcd  by  Ibe  Sudetes,  which  comprise  the 
LaiBitzergeMrgn  (2500  ft.),  Ihe  tsergehirgc  (with  the  hifihat 
peak,  the  Talclfichle,  jSSj  It,),  the  Jeschteogebirge  (3JII  lUl, 
and  the  Rieseogelnrge.  17k  Riesengebirge  (Caech  Krvhtoiii 
■re,  after  the  Alps,  among  the  highest  mouoiains  tl  central 
Europe,  and  altaio  in  Ihe  Schneckoppe  an  altitude  of  1164  ft. 
The  last  ffoupa  ol  the  Sudetes  in  Bohemia  are  the  HeiBCheucrlte- 
birge  [j;ii  ft.)  and  the  Adletgcbirje  (3664  fL).  The  fourth  side 
of  tiK  rhomb  is  formed  by  the  io.ca]1ed  Bohemian- Moravian 
Hills,  a  plaleaD  or  broad  series  of  low  hilli,  composed  o(  primitive 
rocks,  and  atlaloing  in  some  traces  an  altitude  of  ijoo  fl. 

The  interior  of  Bohemia  has  sometimes  been  compared  to  > 
deep  basin;  but  for  the  most  part  It  Is  10  imdutaling  [lateau, 
Over  1000  fl.  hi^  formed  by  a  >acGe*^on  of  terracea.  which 
fradually  alope  down  fnim  south  to  north.  It*  loweaMylng 
points  ire  not  in  Ihe  middle  but  in  the  north,  in  the  vaDey  of  Ibe 
Elbe,  and  the  country  caji  be  divided  into  two  parts  by  *  line 
pusing  through  Hahenmauth-Piague-Komotau.  The  part 
lying  to  the  south  ol  this  tine  can  be  designated  as  higblud.  and 
only  Ihe  pan  north  of  it  as  lowland.  The  mauBtain-iangcs  of 
theinleriorof  BohemiaareiheBrdywald(i79g[t.)la  ibe  middJe; 
the  Tepler  Ccbiige  (1657  ft.),  the  Kaisbadcl  Cebitge  (30J7  ft.) 
■adthe£aiserwald{jsjafO,  in  Ihe  north.irest  parti  while  the 
nerthera  comei  is  occupied  by  Ihe  Miilelgcbirge  (>7j<)  ft.),  > 
vdcantc  massif,  stretching  on  both  sides  of  Ihe  Elbe. 

Bohemia  belongs  to  the  watershed  of  the  0be,  wlu'ch  rise* 
wilbin  Ihe  tetritoiy  and  receives  on  the  li^i  the  Iier  and  the 
Psben,  and  on  tk  left  the  Adlerj  the  Efer  with  Its  affluent  the 
"Kpl:  Ihe  BieU  and  Uie  UoldaB.    But  Ibe  piindpa]  rivn  ct 


BOHEMIA 


ICEOCRAPHV 

Bolvmia,  fraai  every  petol  «(  view,  k  Iba  MoUaa  (Cuck 
VIUH,),  not  the  Elbe.    A  glaiice  at  the  hydnenphkalrucivc 

of  Bohemia,  which  b  of  such  a  sLrikJDg  regularily,  shows  ut  that 
Ihe  Moldau  is  the  main  item,  while  the  Elbe  asd  the  otbtf  liven 
are  only  liieral  hrtoches^  moreover,  the  Elbe  beto*  Uriuk, 
ihc  point  cf  ill  coaduence  wiih  Ibe  Mddio,  fdlom  ifec  ffuatl 
ditrction  ol  the  Uoldau.  Besidca,  the  Uoldau  is  the  principal 
commercial  artery  ol  thecoimlry,  bring  oavigable  below  Budwdlt 
while  tbt  Upper'EIhe  is  not  nivigaUci  its  bun  (ii.Sgosq.  mJ 
is  twice  as  great  as  that  of  ibe  Elbe,  and  iis  width  and  depth 
are  also  greiier.  It  bus  a  lengih  of  170  m.,  47  m.  tmigei  Ihaa 
the  Upper-Elbe,  but  il  mns  through  a  deep  and  iianow  vilbr, 
in  which  there  is  Deilhec  road  nor  railway,  eiteoding  fnn  show 
Budwei*  toaboui  15  m.  south  of  Prague.  The  Holdau  lecetvei 
on  the  ri^t  the  Lulniea  and  the  Sasawa  and  on  Ibe  left  the 
Wottawi  and  the  Betaun.  The  Beraun  is  formed  by  Ihc  unioa 
of  Ihe  Mies  with  Ihc  Radbusa,  Angei  and  Uslawa,  and  a  tha 
third  meat  important  river  of  the  country.  There  are  ody  a  hw 
lakes,  which  are  mostly  found  al  high  altitude*. 

aiMoU.— Bohemia  has  a  continental,  senerafly  healthy 
climate,  which  varies  much  in  different  parts  of  the  c■Hm[n^ 
II  is  mildest  in  the  centre,  where,  e.[.  at  Pngue.  the  mean  annual 
tempera1uieii48'S*  F.  The  rainfall  varica  also  aceonting  to  tha 
disiiicts,  the  rainy  season  being  the  summer.  Thui  Ibe  mean 
annual  rainfall  in  the  interior  of  Bohemia  is  iSla,,intbe)tiaea- 
gebirge  40  in.,  while  in  the  B^Uunerwald  it  reaches  Ao  lo  70  in. 

Apiinliiirt. — Favoured  with  a  suitable  climate  and  ii^ubiled 

by  a  thriving  rural  population,  Bohemia  is  very  hi^iy  developed 

In  Ihe  matter  of  agriculture.    Over  50%  of  the  whole  area  b 

under  culiivation  and  the  soil  Is  in  many  parts  very  fertile,  dv 

bejI-koowB  regions  being  the  "  Gfdden  Road  "  round  Kenig- 

grilu,  the  "  Parodije  "  round  TepBia,  and  the  "  Garden  d 

Bohemia  "  round  LeitmeriU.    Tie  pdiicipal  products  an  oati, 

rye.  barley  and  wheat,  but  since  the  compeiitioB  of  Hunsartan 

■beat  large  tracls  of  land  bsve  been  converted  to  the  cnttivatioB 

of  beetroot.    The  potato  aof,  which  loitns  the  staple  food  of  tht 

people,  b  great;  the  Saai  district  is  celebtalcd  lor  bops,  and  th* 

Bai  is  also  of  a  good  quality.    Fruil,  especially  plums,  is  very 

'    ndant  and  conslllntes  a  great  article  of  ciporL    The  forest* 

n-  i9'Oi%  of  the  lolal  area;  meadows,  ta*oi,  pasturea  s«s, 

gardens  i  35%.    Cattle-rearing  b  Dot  so  well  developed  M 

agriculture,  bnt  great  flacks  of  geese  are  reared,  espedally  b) 

south,  and  bee<altivition  conitituta  another  impMluit 

istry.    Pisciculture   has    been    lor   centuries   BtKcesfutly 

iued  by  the  Bohemian  peasants,  and  the  altempts  recently 

ifimro/j-'^-EjtcepI   salt,   which  b  entirely  absent,    almost 

every  useful  metal  and  mineral  is  to  be  found.    First  in  impott- 

r,  both  in  quantity  and  in  value,  come  lignilc  and  coaL 

c  of  Ihe  richest  lignite  Belds  In  Europe  are  found  In  (lie 

h^asl  comer  of  Bohemia  round  Brtiz,  Dux.  Falkennn, 

^andTepliti.    CoalBintudiaund  Klulno,BBchitiuail, 

Pilsen,  Schlan.   Rakanitx,  NOischan  and  Radniti,  the   iMt- 

ned  place  containing  the  oldest  cod  mine*  at  Bohemia  (171K 

itory).    Iron  ores  are  found  at  Xiulnshon  and  NnEic,  and 

the   principal   founitrics  on  round  Kladno  and  IHhritnhnl. 

Owing  to  the  improvements  in  refim'ng,  Bohanh  hn  become 

important  centre  of  the  iron  indust^,    Slvcr  b  cxtiacted 

Pfibnm  and  Joachnnsthal,  bat  the  silvB-  mines  near  Kutten- 

bcr^  lamoiB  in  the  middle  ages,  are  now  abaadmed    Lead  k 

eitracied  at  Plibram.  tin  at  Cnupen  In  the  EngeUrge,  (bo  only 

place  In  Austria  where  this  mciol  Is  found.    Antimony  is  eittactcti 

~'  '  im  and  radium  near  Joac)iEin>> 

Bodwds;  porcela!a.eaith  neai 

I  in  varfoiis  places  ol  Bohemia 

■halt,  alum,  nickel,  arseidc  and  varioQa 

e,  like  the  BohemiaB  puncl  (pyrope), 

and  building  itone.    A  large  amount  of  peu  ii  collected, 

ipedalty  In  Ihe  sonlh-wot  of  Bohemia,  u  -well  at  a  peat 

quantity  of  asphalt. 

Bohemia  postesse*  over  two  hundred  ndnetsi  apifaip,  bat 

iJy  a  few  ate  i»ed  lor  medidDal  porpoics.    Among  them  mtt 


BtSTORV)  B> 

KBc  «<  iliB  mart  cddnttd  ttbad  «riD»  In  tlw  verid,  taih 
■>  Cukbul,  UuHntaul,  Fmucnibtd,  TeiiUu-ScbOiiaB  and 
BOiiL  Other  iprinsi  of  imporUKC  ut  Fullsa,  ScdliU  ud 
Sddiduti  DOT  BrlUi  CieubaU  ncu  Cariibul)  LklxKnU, 
KlDJgimrt,  Sugetberi.  Ncudoif,  TtudwB,  lofaumiibad, 
tilBiiHl  at  Uh  (oat  of  tte  ScbsMkc^w.  Ac. 

Utrnt^ttmi  ami  Cimmirtt, — Fran  ui  Indwtrii]  poml  of 
tirw,  BoIkbib  UJki  Uk  Sat  nmk  UDonfM  tbe  AuMriui  pn- 
nDCB,uidalt]wiuoctiDwif  OMoftbcfiatal  nuoulKtuiioc 
(XDtra  dl  Eunpc  Rkli  u  tho  coiwut  a  in  coal  ukd  irao.  and 
in  water  luppUei  wtucb  can  be  mnaFonncd  inio  motive  powei. 
the  inhabitania  nere  DOI  >Ioi>  K>  utiliie  Uicee  advuuiea,  ■> 
tZal  the  induatryof  Bobeivia  made  enonDouaaUidfla  durinf  lis 

Irub  Venice  in  the  ijth  ceaEory  and  lOon  attained  a  vast  is^ 
portance;  the  factorice  are  in  tlM  neighboiuhood  of  tfie  dhhid- 
tains^  idiere  nunerafa,  and  eapecially  ailica  and  fuel,  are  plcntif uL 
The  &icat  [HtidiKt,  the  oyitaJ-flaia,  ia  made  round  Uaida  and 
SteimdiADau.  the  very  extenaive  porceJaia  indutiy  ia  oocen- 
tialcd  in  aad  armmd  Carlibad.  The  (utHv  induatry  atandi  ia 
tbe  from  lank  and  ii  moiLjy  auKcntraUd  in  the  ooith-eaM 
cnracr  of  Bohemia,  round  Rcidienberg.  and  in  the  valliy  ol  lb( 
Umi  Elbe.  The  doth  maotilactun  b  located  at  Rocbcobrri, 
Ruoitnirs  and  Trmatenau  arc  the  ceoln  of  Ibe  liaen  iDdistry. 
■onlkn  yariii  an  made  a1  Ausif  and  Aach.  L*a,  which  ii 
punned  u  a  bome-lDdintry  in  Ibe  Engrbiige  refioo.  bu  iu 
pnnripal  ceDtit  at  Wopert,  (rlule  Stnkotiiu  h*>  lis  ipedaliijr 
olibr  manutacitUFOf  ndlcuiCTiukithaipa).  The  metaliurfic 
Bduiiiea,  favouied  by  the  abundance  ol  cnaJ  and  iron,  an 
cDBcrnirated  round  tbe  mine*.  ladunrLiJ  and  afrkuJiuraJ 
BachlDeTy  are  manufactured  aJ  Rejchenberc.  Pilaeo  and  Prague. 
and  at  the  laat -named  place  ia  alto  to  belound  a  great  alabLiah' 
meat  lor  tbe  prodsctioD  of  railway  roUin|-at«L   Sufar  le.&niog 

nry  sreat  devetopnunt.  and  the  bftweijei  produce  i  beer 
which  i>  ai^iredaled  all  over  the  world.  Othct  importani 
bnnchea  of  Induttiy  ace: — the  manufacture  of  cbemicali  ai 
Pnfne  and  Aunig;  penciU  at  Budwcii.  musical  IisinuBent* 
at  Graalita  and  Schflabach,  paper,  feather,  dyeiaf  U)d  calico- 
printing.  Hand-in-band  witb  the  indualHal  activity  of  the 
country  goa  ila  Qnnmerdal  development,  which  el  (timulattd 
br  an  eitemive  railway  lyiiem.  good  raada  and  navigable 
lima.  The  centrr  of  the  lailwa;  ayitem.  vhich  had  in  i3^ 
a  length  ol  ume  jjoo  m..  or  30%  of  tbe  total  length  of  the 
Austrixa  railwaya,  ■  Prague:  ud  thmugh  the  Elbe  Bohemia 
hai  easy  acma  to  the  lea  for  iti  export  inde- 

PopiJiiiian  and  AdwatiiinlatL—^aittaa  had  !n  leoo  a 
populalioo  of  6.JiS.>So.  which  corrCHiondi  to  ji;  inbabitanli 
pec  iquare  mile.  Ai  cegardi  Dumbera.  it  occupies  the  lecond  place 
amongst  the  AwUiaa  pnvinRa,  coming  alter  Calicia.  and  aa 
regards  Jcnity  ol  popubtiop  it  tiaudi  third,  Silesia  and  Lower 


)j%  ace  GetmaH 


.d  6s%  C 


especially  in  the  north  and  west,  i 
the  country  in  the  large  lawns,  t 
Coman-speaking  enclaves  siluiled 
on  the  other  hand,  the  Czechs  have 
tbe  purely  Cennan  mining  and  ma 
wilJataDding  ila  rich  Dalucal  reioui 
development.  Bohemia  lendi  out  j 


D  plirely  Ciecb  district; 


lustnal 


woe  eitaer  ■cine  10  toe  oincr  pinvinces  of  the  monaichy.  in 
Cerwuny  and  in  Russia,  or  ccou  the  AOanlic  ici  America.  To 
the  Ronian  Calhdic  Church  belong  a&%ol  [he  total  population; 
Babemia  b  divided  Into  the  anhbiibapric  of  Prague,  aod  the 
thne  bishopcia  of  Budweit,  KOniggiiii  and  Ltilmeriix. 

EdvcuioD  is  well  advanced,  and  Bobeinla  has  the  lowest 
proponioD  of  iQitenlet  anoevl  Ihe  Austrian  provinces.  At 
Uc  be>d  of  tbe  educational  MitUiibinenU  Hand  the  two 
ci  at  Prague,  one  Censan  and  the  olbei  Ciccb. 


4#(u  the  Bthbahap.  the  thne 
of  tb*  unjnnltie*,  csnalata  of 
ibeia,  Foe  adamfstnthre  porpoaea  Bobenia  is  divided 
into  Dlaety-fotn'  dktckB  aod  two  autonomons  maiydpalitiea, 
Pragae  (pop^  104,418},  tb«  capllal,  and  Rcicbenbers  (m.hu)- 
Olher  hnpoelaiU  town  are  Piiaen  (6S.)gi),  fiudves  (jojto), 
AlOiig  ClT.>U).  ScbBoan  (14.110},  E^  Uifit-ii.  Wanadorr 
(fl.lJ0).Br1U(ir,sis},Cabl0U{>i,0K),Aa[i(iS,67s).ILIadIv 
(iS,too),  Parduhiu  (17,01a),  Saai  <i6.i68).  Koaaun  (ti,oij), 
Kolia  (15,011),  Kuttenbetg  <i4.7«a).  Ttaauaag  (14.771). 
Caclsbad  (14.640),  Pribram  (■5.5T6).  Jungbonalau  (ii47«). 
I-eilOMrita  {laatil.  Chrudira  (ij.017},  Dui  (ii.an},  Bodeo- 
bach  (ia,;8a),  Tabor  (lo.Aoi},  BOhoBctLdpa  (10,174}.  Rua- 
buii  (tc^jat),  Wdpan  (10^7)- 

Sie  P.  Umkaft.  n<  Uad^  dM)rn<e»-I7>iMru  b  ITgrt  mri  BU, 
(15  vok,  Vtena.  lMl-lU»).  lA.  viL:  Mikowac,  Almntmo  al^ 
DmkmMi^itilin  BMiwa'j  (a  vols..  P>HV&  i^M-iMs)  \  F  KivnU, 
SnuhtnOmkSiritiKtmtHicli  Btkmrt  Wrvat.  lauS.  very  u^ 
loritaHDBennisanddMaaedhlNoricalBaur  (O.  Ba.) 

The  country  derives  [li  name  fioa  the  BoS,  a  Celtic  trihr 
which  in  the  carlieii  historical  period  inliabitcd  pan  ol  the  land. 
According  to  vtiy  andenl  iradiueoa  accepted  by  tbe  modem 
hiilocians  ol  Babemia,  the  Boii,  whose  capital  waa  called 
Boiobemum.  wece  weakened  by  coDIlBual  wacfaie  with  oeigb- 
bounng  Icibes.  and  hoally  subdued  by  Ihe  Teutonic  tribe  ol  the 
MaccoDianni  (about  11  a.c.).  The  MatcDmanni  were  afterwacdi 
eipelled  by  othec  Teutonic  Icibca,  and  evenluallj  Bohemia  waa 
cooquend  by  Slavic  tcibes,  of  whom  the  Cechi  (aee  CiECs) 
were  Ibe  moat  important  71k  date  of  tbe  arrival  ol  the  &cht 
in  Babemia  is  very  uoceclain.  and  Ibe  scanty  lefeceoaa  10  Iha 
couDiry  in  daasical  and  Bjiantine  vriten  are  cathet  ^^ 
mi^cading  than  oIlierwBC.     Recent   archacologiCBl    ^mmnl 

in  Bohemia  aa  far  bach  as  the  be^nning  of  tbe  Christian  eta. 
The  Cecha  appear  to  have  become  tbe  maateca  ol  the  couolrjr 
in  the  flhceniury.  The  first  of  their  rulers  neutioned  ia 
btitory  a  Su»,  who  is  slated  to  have  defsled  Ibe  Avwa,  a 
Turanian  tribe  wtucb  had  toe  a  time  obtained  Ibe  ovrrioriUiip 
over  Bohemia.  Sacao  alio  defeated  the  Franks  In  a  great  battle 
that  took  place  at  Wafflisburg  (630},  probably  near  the  site 
of  the  present  town  of  E^.  After  the  death  of  Satuo  the  bil- 
iary ol  Bohemia  agiio  beoanca  absdulely  obscure  lor  about  130 
years.  Tbencneventithalarerecordedbytheoldeslchrvniclei*. 
such  as  (llamas,  lefer  10  Ihe  lanDcktian  of  a  Dohemlan  prio- 
cipalily  by  Krok  (or  Crocia}  and  hit  daughter  Libuasa.  Tbe 
latter  is  said  to  have  married  P^mysf,  a  peasant  wito  vaa  found 
ploughing  his  hid — a  legend  that  b  common  in  masl  Slavk 
cDuntiies-  BegioDing  with  thb  seini'mythic  ruler,  llic  locfenl 
chroniclers  have  coqsinKied  a  continuous  liti  o(  Premyslidt 
princca.  Neithet  the  deeds  attributed  to  tbac  princa  hoc  Ihe 
dates  of  Ibeli  leigns  can  be  coiisiderrd  sa  hbioticaL 

From  the  time  of  the  btroduri  ion  of  Chrittuniiy  into  Bobeoin 
the  history  ol  the  country  becomea  kss  obscure.  Tbe  btl 
attempts  In  Introduce  Christianity  undoubtedly  caow  _  . 
from  Germany  They  met  with  lillle  surceas.  as  S^ 
innate  distrust  of  the  Certnans  naturally  mdercd  tbe 
Bohemians  unfavourable  to  a  creed  which  reached  tbem  Iron 
tbe  realm  of  Iheir  wcsLem  nei^bours.  Mailers  were  diBereni 
when  OicisiiiniLy  approached  them  icom  Mocsvia.  whrce  its 
doctrine  had  been  laughi  by  Cyriltus  and  Uribodiui— Creek 
monks  from  Tbesaalonica-  About  the  year  S;;  Ibe  BohemiBa 
prince  BorivDJ  net  baplUed  by  Melbodiua,  and  Ibi 
now  rapidly  uiipted  tbe  Chriilian  lalib.  0(  t. 
nilert  of  B^mii  Ihe  most  famous  at  this  period  w 
Wenceslaa,  tutnsined  the  Holy,  who  in  oij  w 
murdered  by  his  brother  Boteslav,  and  who  waa  d 
caooniied  by  the  Church  ol  Rome,  As  Wenccalas  had  been  na 
allyof  Germany,  bis  murder  raiulied  la  a  war  with  thai  oonntiy, 
Id  vtaich,  o  far  u  «e  caa  judge  by  the  icaaiy  records  of  thr  Ubk 


m  Ihe 

_  u  frontlcn  Id  Kvcnl 

diitctiDU.  BoleslAv  U.  Indeed  olabliihed  hli  nilv 
not  ob]j  ovtt  BohcmiK  uxl  Mar&iria»  but  alio  over  h  Lbi^  pirt 
al  SUciia,  Had  ovfr  ilui  pan  of  Poland  which  u  doh  the  ATutiian 
province  ol  Galida-  LOt  moit  Slivii;  tuta  re  tha  ud  even 
a  IMer  pniod,  Ihc  great  Boheraiaa  empire  of  fiolcslav  II.  did  nol 
sujuic  toDg.  BalaUv  m.,  ton  oi  Bololav  II.,  loit  all  his 
lonicn  poaKSSlOBt  to  BoinUv  the  Greal,  king  of  PiJiuhL 
During  hii  niga  Bohemia  wai  laTolved  in  constant  dvil  wir, 
oosed  by  Ihe  dis»nw)>i9  between  Boleslav  UI.  and  hisbrotben 
Jommi'  and  Ulrick.  Tbou^  the  prince  succeeded  in  ejipeliicg 
Us  brolhtrs  f  rora  tfwcountiy^hia  cruelly  induced  the  Bohemians 
to  dethrone  him  and  to  choose  as  ilieir  ruler  the  Poliili  prince 
,■,^,.,1  Vladivoj,  brother  of  Bidntav  the  Great,  and  son  of  the 
"~  Bohemian  princess  Cubravka  (Dobnwa).    Vladivoi 

attempted  to  strengthen  his  hoJd  over  Bohemia  by  securing  ibc 
dd  of  Genaany.  He  consented  not  only  to  continue  to  pay  Ibe 
tribute  which  the  Germans  had  already  obtained  from  several 
previous  ruten  of  fiohemia,  but  also  to  become  a  vassal  of 
the  German  empire  and  to  receive  the  Gcrn^an  title  of  dufce^ 
This  state  tonlinoed  wben  after  the  desth  of  Vlidivo]  tbe 
Pfemysli  dedynasty  wa»re«iored.  The  Pfemyiiideprince  Btetidav 
gJMrfnt.  1.  I'ojj-iojs)  restored  the  former  power  of  Bobcmts. 

and  again  added  Moravia^  Silesia  and  a  considerable 
part  of  Poland  to  the  Bohemian  dominiona.  To  otiviale  tbe 
bvceeaant  strug^ea  whlcb  had  endangered  the  land  at  every 
vacancy  of  the  throne,  Bfetislav,  with  the  consent  of  the  nobles, 
decreed  tfiat  tbe  oldol  member  of  the  bouse  of  Pfemysl  should 
be  the  ruler  of  Bohemia.  BFetBlav  was  theielore  succeeded 
lint  by  hi*  ektcsl  too  SpitOmtv,  and  then  by  hii  KCond  ion 
Vtatislan 

In  loSS  Vratislav  dbtahied  Ihe  tjik  of  king  from  Ihe  emperor 
Beuy  IV,,  whom  he  had  assisted  in  Ihe  struggle  with  the  papal 

aee  which  is  known  ai  the  contest  about  investitures. 
Isriiiit'  "I^^  I)"  litl<  of  king  wasonly  conferred  on  Vntislav 
••ti^'     personally,  Ihe  German  king,  Conrad  UI.,  conferred 

on  tbe  Bobemiju  prioce  Sobeslav  (luj-iifo)  the 
Utte  ol  hrTedilary  cupbaivr  of  the  Empire,  thus  granting  a 
certain  influence  on  (he  eleciioo  of  the  emperors  to  Bohemia, 
which  biiherto  had  only  oHigaiionj  towards  the  Empire  but  no 
part  In  its  government.  In  1156  tbe  emperor  Frederick  I. 
Barbarossa  ceded  Upper  Lusatia  to  the  Bohemlaa  prince 
Vladislav  II.,  and  conferred  on  bim  the  title  of  king  on  condition 
of  his  taking  part  hi  FVederick's  Italian  campaigns.  II  was 
intended  (hat  Ihat  title  should  henceforth  be  hereditary,  but 
il  again  fell  lnlo  abeyance  during  the  strug^ei  between  tbe 
Pfrmyslide  princo  which  fallowed  the  abdication  of  VladiiUv 


'ijj. 


The 


competitors  for  the  crown  v 
lined  new  privileges.  In  ii 
iiputed  ruler  of  Bohemia,  and 
iwihg  year.    The  royal  litie 


itant  inlemal  strug^cs  w 

Ihe  nobQity  on  wbtne  supp 
t  obliged  to  rely  conslan 
■1  Ptemysl  Ollakar  beca 


USJ)  " 


is  father 


Opposition.    The  last  ycSTi  of  his  re 
OnalarO.  dbcord.    W 

under  (he  sovereignly  ol 


I  king  of  Bohemia  wilbou 
■■rdbyin 


1,  premysl  Oltakar  II..  ' 
if  Ms  father  ruled  Mora 
r  of  the  mllconle 
A  rrconcIliMion  bctweea  son  and  lather,  however,  look  p 
before  the  latier's  death.  PTemys!  Ollakar  II,  was  one  of 
gresiai  of  Bohemia's  kings.  He  had  during  the  hfeiime  ol 
lalhcr  obtained  ponesaion  of  the  archduchies  of  Austria,  i 

BoUNty  of  Siyria  also  recogniud  him  as  their  ruler.  TI 
mmsfons  of  his  domlnioni  Involved  Pfemysl  Oltakar  II 
itpeated  wan  with  Hungaiy  In  i7«o  he  ded^vely  dele: 
BeU,  king  ol  Mmgaiy,  fn  the  gnul  ballk  of  KjtMoibn 


After  this  -victory  CHUkar'*  power  MK  to  !t«  gnatett  hci|M. 
He  now  obtained  potsesiion  of  Garinthia,  Istria  and  parti  ttl 
northern   Italy.     His   possessions  extended   from   the  Giist 


lo  the  A 


,  and  in 


Ihe  parts  of  the  present  Habsburg  empire  west  of  tbe  Ldtha. 
His  contemporaries  called  Otiakar  "  tbe  man  of  gold  "  becatw 
of  bis  great  wealth,  or  "  the  man  of  iron  "  because  of  Us  mili- 
taiy  power.    From  political  mlher  thiin  racial  cause*  Oltaku 

hoped  to  find  In  the  German  ' 

overwhelming  power  of  Ihe  Bohemian  nolnlity.  In  I173 
Rudolph,  count  of  Habsburg,  was  elected  king  of  the  Romans. 
It  is  very  probable  that  tbe  German  cnswn  had  previoisly  been 
offered  to  Ottakar.  but  that  he  had  refused  it.  Several  tauwi, 
among  otben  his  Slavic  nationaL'ty,  whidi  was  likdy  to  render 
him  obnoilous  to  Ihe  Germans,  contributed  to  ilt  deddon. 
As  Rudolph  immedialely  claimed  as  vacant  fiefs  of  tbe  Em{dm 
mostof  the  lands  hddl^Ottakir,  war  wax  mevltable.  Ottakar 
was  deserted  by  many  of  his  new  subjects,  and  even  by  part  of 
Ihe  Bohemian  nobility.  He  was  tberefon  unable  la  rcaiM 
the  German  king,  and  was  obUged  to  surretider  to  bim  aD  bb 
lands  except  Bohemia  and  Moravia,  and  to  lecogidte  Rtldolph 
as  his  overlord.  New  dlssensiotis  between  the  two  aoverdfiii 
broke  out  almost  imnKdntely.  In  i*;S  Ottakar  bivaded  dw 
Austrian  duchies,  now  under  the  rule  of  Rudolph,  but  ini 
defeated  and  kiDed  at  Ihe  battle  ol  I>umkrut  on  the  Msrcbldil. 

OtUkar'a  ton,  Wenceslu  IL,  was  only  sev>cn  years  of  age  at 
the  death  ol  his  father,  and  Olto  of  Braodenbnrg,  a  nephew  at 
Ottakar.  for  a  time  governed  Bohemia  a*  goardian  of  ^ 
the  young  sovereign.  Olio's  rule  was  very  unpopular,  ^TTT^ 
an  insurrection  broke  out  against  him,  and  Bohemia 
was  for  a  lime  in  a  state  of  con^ete  anarchy,  tbe  eotmtfy 
hat  pacified  thiough  the  Intervention  of  Rudolph  cS 


leage 


was,  however,  in  the  hands  at 
Zavis  of  Falkenstein,  one  of  tfic  great  Bohemian  nobles,  who 
had  married  Ihe  king's  mother,  Kunegnnda.  Tlie  power  of 
Zavis  at  last  became  invidious  to  the  king,  by  whose  order  he 
was  beheaded  in  T290.  Wencestas,  though  ordy  nineteen  yean 
of  age,  henceforth  govertied  Bohemia  himself,  and  his  abort 
reign  was  a  period  of  great  happiness  for  Ihe  country.  Poland 
also  accepted  the  rule  oi  Wencesha  and  tbe  Hungarian  crown 
was  offered  to  him.  Towards  Ibe  end  of  hi»  reign  Wencrslai 
became  involved  in  war  with  Albert,  archduke  ol  Austria,  after- 
wards king  of  the  Romans.  While  preparing  to  invade  Auatrli 
Wencesla*  died  luddcoly  (tjos).  IB»  son  and  successor, 
Wenceslas  IIL,  was  then  only  siiteen  years  of  age,  and  he  only 


r  Bohen: 


expedition  against  Polr 
sovereigns  now 


Ptemyslide  dynasty  01 
Albert,  king  ol  tbe 
icipl  fief  ol  Ihe  Emp 


nd,  on  which  country  the  Boheinian 
sintained  their  dalm,  he  was  murdered 
1306}.    With  him  ended  the  rule  ol  the 

r  Bohem' 


.  decbred  that  Bohemia  was  a 
■,  and,  mainly  by  intimidatfon,  induced 
uoncmiajii  to  elect  his  son  Rudolph  u  their  aovereign; 
Rudolph  died  after  a  reign  ol  only  one  year.    Though  the 
Habsburg  princes  at  thij  period  alreidy  cliined  a  hereditary 


n  ihioi 


lined  t< 


electing  their  soveirign,  and  they  chose 
Henry,  duke  of  Carinlhia,  who  had  married  a  daughter  of  King 
Wenceslas  II.   Heniy  soon  became  unpopular,  as  be  was  accused 
of  unduly  favouring  the  German  aeillc^  In  Bohemia.    Ii  waa 
decided  to  depose  him,  and  Ihe  cbcnct  of  the  Bohemians  imiw 
fell  on  John  oi  Luiembqig.  son  of  Henry,  king  of  the      ^^ 
Romans.    The  Luiemburg  dynasty  henceforth  ruled  '    '^^  *^ 
over  Bohemia  up  to  the  time  ol  ilx  extinction  at  the       tmg 
death  of  Sigismund  (1437).    Though  King  John,  by 
bii  loirriage  to  the  princess  Elizabeth,  a  daugjiier  of  W(9»- 
cola  II.,  became  more  dosely  connected  with  Bohemia,  be 
does  not  appeal  la  have  fell  much  interest  In  that  country 
Most  ol  his  life  was  spent  in  other  lands,  his  campaigns  nnging 
tram  Italy  Id  Ihe  aanib  lo  Lithuania  In  tha  nocOi.    It  bccaniB 


HISTORy]  IW 

pravetUil  "  that  nothint  ceold  ba  d«w  In  (he  «oild  wlthiiut 
ihc  brlp  of  Cod  and  o[  the  king  uf  Bohtmii."  The  policy  ot 
John  wu  founded  on  ■  ckse  lUiiDct  with  Fnnce,  the  country 
loi  wfakh  he  Idt  Moit  lympsthir.  Fighting  u  xa  illy  ol  Fiuicc 
he  fell  It  the  battle  of  Ci^  (im6). 

He  mi  sTKCttded  u  king  of  Bohemia  by  hk  ace  Ch 
whom  the  Gcimin  dccton  hid  pnviouily  elected  ai 

aoveingn  It  Rone  (1^46).  Charies  proved  oae  of  the 
S^^  Iicalest  lukn  ot  Bohcnii,  vhen  tL  memory  h  (till 
nvcred.  Prague  n>  hii  (avourjte  naidnm,  and  by 
the  [oimdatian  oi  the  nett  ml:U  [new  (own)  he  greatly  enlaianl 
the  city,  which  now  had  Ihrw  tinut  IM  foriDa  eiMI.  Mid  (oon 
also  tnblcd  ill  papulation.  He  alao  added  gteatly  to  the 
Inpoitance  ol  the  city  by  founding  the  fiUBoa*  univenity  of 
Plague.  Charles  incoeedcd  fai  n-catabbMng  oader  in  Bidienua. 
The  cmmtry  had  been  in  a  very  diatuifacd  Itatc  in  comequence 
of  feuds  that  mre  incesiant  during  the  reign  of  John^  who 
had  ilnxnt  ilwayi  been  absent  (rom  Bohemia.  Chiric*  altp 
allempled  to  codify  the  obscure  and  contradicljiiy  bws  ol 
Sf^iemiB;  but  this  attempt  failed  through  the  R^tance  of 
the  poweriul  nobility  ol  the  country.  During  the  idgn  of 
Charles,  Ok  fint  aymptonn  of  that  mavemenl  hi  lavtnit  ot 
church  Inform  ihit  afifrmrda  aapUTcd  a  wortd-oide  Import- 
ance, appeurd  In  Bohemia.  As  Charles  hu  ofien  been  Ktuaed 
of  undue  lubierviency  to  the  CliunJi  of  Jtonw.  It  should  be  mcn- 
tkmcd  that  he  gnnted  his  prntectian  to  levctal  piieili  who 
favoured  the  auM  ol  (hnrrh  reform.  In  hit  (ncign  policy 
Chaites  differed  fnnn  hit  father.  The  relations  «<lh  Pmnce 
gnduilly  bMame  oilder,  and  at  the  end  of  his  reign  Chailct 
lavcored  an  xlliance  with  England;  he  died  in  137S  at  the 
age  of  liaiy-two,  pRmatutely  eihiuttd  by  iiduoui  toA. 

Cbailo  wu  (Dcccedtd  by  his  ton  Wenoalu,  who  was  then 
■cvBiteai  yean  of  age.  Ha  reign  muki  the  declbie  of  the  rule 
<A  the  house  of  Luiemburg  over  Bohemia.  He  was 
JjJJT*  ■  weak  and  incapable  sovereign,  but  the  very  ei- 
■ggented  accuutioni  against  him,  which  are  found 
principally  in  the  works  of  o4det  hiitotians,  are  mamly  due  to 
the  fact  that  the  king  and  to  a  Larger  eitent  hb  queen.  Sophia. 
for  ■  tirac  funhercd  the  cause  of  church  relorm.  thus  incumng 
the  displeasure  of  Romanist  wiitera.  During  the  eatlici  part  o( 
the  reign  of  Wenceslai  ■  continual  strugfile  took  place  between 
the  king  and  the  powcif  vl  fiohnnian  nobles,  who  indeed  twice 
imprisoned  their  sovereign.  Wencrsiss  also  became  involved 
in  a  diqmte  with  the  archbbbop,  which  mulled  in  the  death 
of  the  famous  John  ol  Nepomuk. 

Ihc  later  part  od  the  rdgo  of  Wenceslu  is  a  record  of  ladi^enl 
religuas  conflicL  The  hold  of  the  Church  of  Rome  on  Bohemia 
..  had  ahndy  been  wakened  dating  the  nign  of  King 

j{^  Charles  by  attacks  on  the  immoiaUty  of  the  clergy, 

jtaidia  which  proceeded  from  pious  priests  such  as  MiliCand 
Waldhiusei.  Ths  church  schism,  during  which  the 
rival  pontiSt  assailed  each  other  with  all  the  wild  Uutats  and 
^utxttions  of  medieval  thtolop'cal  Birile,  necessarily  alieoaled 
the  Bohemians  to  a  yet  greater  extent.  Almost  the  whole 
Bobcoiian  nation  (hererote  e^nused  the  cause  of  Huis  (f.r,). 
Wenceslia  on  the  occaaioD  of  these  dispvtn  displayed  tlie 
weakness  and  involution  that  always  chaiactetiied  him,  but 
Queea  Sophia  openly  favoured  the  cause  of  iluss,  who  lor  some 
time  was  bei  confessor.  IIuss  wu  tried  before  the  council 
of  Constance  (ga.),  to  whkh  he  had  pmceeded  with  a  klier  ol 
lale  conduct  given  by  Wencolas's  bmthtc  Sicsmand,  king  of 
Ihc  Romaos.  He  was  declared  a  heretic  and  burnt  on  the  6lh 
of  Jidy  1415.  The  inevitable  and  immediate  result  of  ihia  event 
was  the  outbreak  ol  dvil  war  in  Bohemia,  where  Huu  was 
greatly  revered  by  the  large  majority  of  ihe  population.  The 
Doblea  of  Bohemia  and  Moravia  met  at  Plague  on  the  md  ol 
September  1415,  and  sent  to  the  council  the  famed  PrnUi- 
Uiir  Atioxnin,  in  which  they  strongly  protested  againit  the 
oeoition  of  Huu,  "a good,  just  and  catholic  man  who  had  Ua 
many  yean  been  favourably  known  in  the  Kingdom  by  hit  life, 
cDBducl  and  fane,  and  who  had  been  convicted  of  no  oDence." 
Tbty  further  dedund  tbu  all  who  aSimed  that  hoety  uiaied 


Bohemia  iMrc  "Btn,  vOe  ballon  awl  calunnltUn  of 
ohenia  and  Moiavia.  tlw  wortt  of  all  herctica,  hiU  of  all  evil. 
>wof  thedevU."  Tbey  finally  lUled  "  that  they  would  defend 
le  law  el  our  Loid  Jesus  Chrrst  it  "    _ 

>f  their  blood,  scorning  aU  fear  and 
■  ■     ■  lieni."'    Thii 

1  a  dcelantioB  of  war  agaiiBt  the  Roman  church, 
the  beginning  of  the  Hussite  wus.  The  council, 
unoned  the  lublei  before  its  tribunal,  but  they 
refused  lo  appear.  A  laise  nomber  of  the  noUea  and  knighli 
who  had  net  M  Plaxne  fonned  a  confederacy  and  declared 
that  Ibey  csMCDted  la  ftecdoDi  ol  preaching  the  word  •!  God 
on  their  ealatet,  that  they  declined  to  ncogniie  the  aulbtnty 
of  the  coukU  of  ConHance,  but  would  obey  the  Bohemian 
bishops  aad  a  fulore  pope  lawfully  elected.  Ucanwhile  they 
declared  the  m  '       '        '  ~ 


some  of  whom  owned  vast  estaios,  now  also  formed  a  < 
phslging  themselves  to  support  Ihe  pope  and  the  mimcLL  Atlei 
Ihe  ckslng  ol  the  council  in  1418,  Sigiamuiuli  who— Wenceslai 
being  childlcM — wai  heir  to  the  Bohemian  Ihione,  tent  a  leiler 
to  his  brother,  which  was  practically  a  manilesto  addressed 
to  the  Bohemian  pc^Ie.  He  ihreatcoed  with  the  scvetcst 
penalties  all  who  should  continue  to  ressl  Ihe  luihorily  ol 
Rome.  Wcnccilas  maintained  the  vacillating  attjlude  that 
waa  characteristic  of  his  whole  reign,  tbou^  Queen  Sophia  itill 
niended  her  pcotectkm  to  therelormcia.  By  doing  this,  indeed, 
she  Incurred  the  wrath  of  the  Chui^  to  so  great  an  eatent  that 
an  act  of  accusation  agahist  her  was  dnwn  up  at  the  counid 
of  Constance.  Intimidated  by  his  brother,  Wenceslaa  now 
attempted  Is  item  the  cunent  of  religious  enthusium.  Im- 
mediately after  the  death  of  Huts  many  priests  who  refused 
to  adminbler  communion  b  the  two  kinds— now  the  principal 
tenet  of  the  adherents  ot  Husi— had  been  expeUed  from  tbek 
parishes.  Wenccslas  deoeed  that  they  sbould  bo  rchnlared, 
and  it  wu  only  alter  lome  heiitilion  that  he  even  permitted 
that  religious  services  according  to  the  Ulraquiit  doctrine  should 
be  held  in  three  ol  the  churches  ol  Prague.  Some  ol  the  more 
advanced  reformcn  leit  Prague  and  [«iDed  the  party  known 
as  the  Taboriio,  [ram  the  town  of  Tabor  which  bcame  their 
centre.  Trouble*  coon  broke  out  at  Prague.  When  on  the 
30th  of  July  I4t9,  the  Hussite  priest,  John  of  ZcUvD,  was  leading 
a  procession  through  the  jtreets  ol  league,  stones  were  thrown 
at  him  and  hi)  followers  ttom  the  town  ball  ol  the  "  new  town." 
TheHussitcs,lodbyJohn2itka  (g.t.),  ilormed  the  tawn-hill  and 
threw  the  magTstrsles  Jntm  its  windows.  On  receiving  the  news 
of  these  rials  Kmg  Wenceslas  was  immediately  aeiied  by  an 
attack  ol  api^Ieiyi  a  aeouul  fit  on  the  i6ih  of  Auguu  ended 

The  newi  of  the  death  of  the  king  cauied  renewed  rioting  is 
Prague  and  many  other  Bohemian  cities,  from  wludi  many 
Germans,  mcatly  adherents  of  the  Church  of  Rome, 
wvre  expelled.    Finally  a  temporary  truce  waa  oon-        ??^ 
eluded,  and,  early  in  the  following  year,  SigismuDd, 

Ihe  Bohemian  crown  as  successor  of  his  biDlher, 

arrived  at  Kutna  Hora  (Kuttenbcrg),    Pope  Martin  V.  on  tlv 

if  March  T420  proclaimed  a  crusade  against  Bohemia,  and 

iders  from  all  parts  of  Europe  Joined  Sigismund's  armj. 

day  of  June  the  Hungarian  king,  Sigitmund,  with 


Bohemia] 


le  ot  Plague,  deleimioed  10  COD- 
■niidered  a  heretical  (ommuaity 
because  iJey  used  the  sacred  chalice  and  accepted  other  evan- 
gelical trutha."*  But  the  allempl  of  the  crusaders  to  conquer 
Prague  failed,  and  after  an  aliack  by  them  on  Ihe  Vitlrav 
(now  Zizkov)  hill  had  been  repulsed  by  the  desperate  bravery 
of  the  Taborilis,  led  by  ZiZIta,  Sigiimund  determined  to  abandon 
r  FrtOilaiiw  Bslirmtntm,   fircjutntly '  printed  la  Engtiih  avd 


BOHEMIA 


(be  titse  of  PngBb    An  aHcmpt  ol  St^aaad  to  iditvi  the 

beiiigid  gsmwn  of  the  Vytehrad  fonrcu  oo  Ihe  ouukitu  el 
Fngvc  al»  [aited,  u  he  wu  again  cnlircly  dcloted  It  the  baltlr 
of  the  Vyichrad  (Novtmbct  i,  u»). 

RoyaJ  ■uthorily  now  mwd  in  Bahernii.  AC  ■  meeting  Ol 
the  dkl  It  Caslav  CJune  I,  14")  Sirxnuod  wu  dcpcnnL  It 
*■!  decided  thai  a  Poliih  piince  should  be  cbOKo  t>  »veif  i^. 
■nd  thai  mcanwhite  a  provisionaJ  fovemmcnl.  composnJ  of 
twcnly  men  beronging  lo  the  various  paniei,  should  be  estab- 
liihcd.  In  149*  Sitismund  again  invaded  Bohemia,  but  >as 
decisively  defealcd  by  ZiUa  at  Ndnecli^  Brod  (DeuuchbiDd). 
ITic  Poiish  prince,  Sigismund  Korybulovit,  now  arrived  in 
Bohemia,  and  vai  recognized  u  regent  by  tbe  tanC  nujorily 
«[  the  inhabitants;  but  Ihrough  Ihe  influence  of  the  papal  Bee 
he  was  retailed  by  the  rulers  o(  Poland  after  B  »Uy 
ml?  '^  ""^y  '  ''*  innntlB.     After  his  depanun,  dvil 

Utisquists)  and  the  advanced  Taborite  pany  broke  oui  (or  the 
tint  lime,  though  there  had  previoudy  been  Iiolated  diiturbancea 
between  them.  The  return  of  Prince  Koryhutovit  and  ihe 
menace  of  a  Cernun  invasion  toon  reunited  the  Bohembiis, 
who  gained  a  decisive  victory  over  Ihe  Germain  at  Auasig  In 
1416.  Shortly  allcrwardi  Korybulovif,  who  had  taken  part 
te  Ihbgml  victory,  incurred  thedislikeollheeitreme  Hututel, 
mnd  ttaa  obliged^  to  leave  Bohemia.  Alt  hope  of  establishing  an 
independenl  Slav  dynasty  in  Bohemia  thus  came  lo  an  end. 
la  T4>7  several  German  princes  undeflooii  a  new  crusade  agalnsl 
the  llussiles,  Wilh  ihe  German  and  other  invadcn  were  1000 
Engljah  archers,  bodyguard  to  Henry  Beaufort,  bishop  of 
Winchester,  who  toot  pan  in  ihe  crusade  as  papal  l^ate. 
The  crusaders  were  Kited  hy  a  sudden  panic,  boih  at  Mica 
(Stiibro)  and  at  Tachau,  as  soon  as  they  approached  the  Husnlei, 
and  Ih^  fled  hurriedly  across  Ihe  mountains  into  Bavaria. 
Though  internal  disturbances  again  broke  out,  the  Bohemians 
after  Ihis  success  assumed  Ihe  offensive,  and  repeatedly  invaded 
Hungry  and  Ihe  German  stages. 
The  jmpooibiliiy  ol  conquering  Bohemia  had  now  became 


le  Ihe  dcmandr  ol  the  llu.isitei.  The  Germans. 
!d  by  SiglsmvTid,  detcnnined  to  make  a  last 
!  Bohemia  by  armed  foicr.  The  Dohemians, 
the  moment  of  peril,  defeated  Ihe  Germans  al 
Domallice  (Taui)  on  the  1st  of  August  14 ji,  after  ■  very  short 
fi^t.  In  Ihe  course  of  the  same  year  ncgollalion*  bi^n  at 
Basel,  the  Hussites  being  represented  by  a  numerov*  emlussy 
tinder  the  leadership  of  Prnkop  the  Great.  The  neKOtiations 
proceeded  very  slowly,  and  in  1433  Ihe  Bohemiaiia 


attempt  ti 


.    The  I 


-ofapolili. 
Ic  HusslK 


t   in 


le  array  ol  the  Doblo."  TheTi 
■Iio  colleclcd  their  men,  who  formed  "  the  army  ol  Ihe  towns." 
Ibe  two  armies  met  at  Lipan,  near  Kolin,  on  Ihe  jolh  of  May 
Hi4.  The  Taboriles  were  defeated,  and  the  Iwo  Proki^  and 
most  of  Iheir  other  leaders  perished  on  the  batllcGeld.  The 
victory  of  Ihe  moderate  parly  paved  the  way  lo  a  reconciliation 
with  Sigillnund  and  the  Church  of  Rome.  Tlie  Bohemians 
recognised  Sigismund  as  their  sovereign,  but  obtained 

ftOm,"  matlers.  These  concessions,  vhich  were  formulated 
in  the  so-called  Compacts,  granted  to  the  Bohemians  the 
light  of  communion  in  both  kinds,  and  of  preaching  Ihe  gospel 
freely,  and  also  to  a  certain  eitent  limited  the  power  ol  the  clergy 
(o  acquire  worldly  goods. 

After  the  Compacts  bad  been  formally  recogniied  at  Iglau  In 
Moravia,  Sigismund  proceeded  lo  Prague  and  wn  accepted  as 
king.  Ite  died  in  the  loltowing  year  (1417)  and  was  succeeded 
by  Ms  Kui-ln-law,  Albert  of  Austria,  whom  Ibe  estates  chose  as 
their  king.  Alben  died  attct  be  had  reigned  over  Bohemia  less 
than  two  years.  Though  it  wu  known  that  Albert's  widow 
EUiabetb  ««td  sbonly  pve  binb  to  a  child,  tlw  qutstlon  as  to 


totbethmMagKlnanwifarltwuaily  in  illiT 
that  the  question  whether  Ibe  Bohemian  crown  was  elective 
or  hcledilary  was  decided  for  ever.     The  oobtes  formed  two 
particB,  one  of  whkh.  the  national  one,  had  George  of 
Podibrad  (f.s.)  as  ils  leader.     [Ilricb  of  Rosenberg  f^^ 


roili 


Ihe  nobility.  The  two  parties  linally  cave  to  an  agncmebt 
knownasthe"LetIcrof  Peace"(fu{iwirii».  Those  who  signed 
il  pledged  themselves  to  recognise  the  Compacts,  and  to  support 
as  archbishop  of  Prague.  John  ol  Rokycan,  who  bad  been  choseD 
by  the  estates  in  accordance  with  an  agreement  made  simul- 
taneously wilh  the  t^emputa,  but  whom  the  Church  of  Rome 
refused  to  leoogniK.  On  the  other  hand,  Ibe  tulional  party 
abandoned  the  caodidatuic  lo  Ibe  tfaione  of  Pdmc  Casioiir  ol 
Poland,  thus  paving  the  way  to  Ibe  eventual  succession  of 
Albert's  heir.  On  tlv  iind  of  Febnuiy  1440  Queen  Eliiabetb 
gave  birth  to  a  son,  who  received  the  narae  of  LadisUa.  The 
Bohemians  formally  ackiwwledged  liim  as  their  king,  though 
only  after  liieir  crawn  had  been  declined  by  Albert,  duke  of 
Bavaria.  Ladiilas  remained  in  Austria  under  the  guardianship 
ol  his  uncle  Fnderick,  duke  of  Slyiia,  afterwards  Ihe  empcnir 
Frederick  III.,  and  Bohemia,  still  without  regular 


Mrtica  of  the  nobility.  In  144^  a  gcDcral  m 
>f  Bohemia  together  with  those  of  Moravia,  £ 
ind  lo-olkd  "  lan<b  of  Ihe  Bohemian  ci 
rhis  meeting  has  exceptional  importance  fo 
ilstory  of  Bohemia.    It  was  decreed  that  al 


m  theri' 


them 


— took  place 


known  as  inriae — representing  Ihe  nobies,  Ihe  knights  and  Ibe 
towns.  Thoe  ciiriiK  were  to  ddiberate  separauly  and  oidy  ta 
meet  for  a  final  decision.  An  aitempi  made  at  ibis  mecilng  to 
appoint  a  regent  was  unsuccessful.  The  negotiations  with  the 
papal  see  coniinucd  meanwhile,  but  led  to  do  result,  as  the 
members  of  Ihe  Roman  parly  used  Iheir  influence  at  the  papal 
court  (or  the  purpose  of  dissuading  ll  lima  granting  any  con- 
cessions to  their  countrymen.  Shortly  after  the  termination  ol 
Ihe  diet  of  1446  George  of  Poddbrad  therefore  determined  to 
appeal  to  the  fortune  of  war.  He  assembled  a  considerable  army 
at  Kulna  Hon  and  marched  on  Prague  {144R)-    tie  occupied 

over  Ihe  kingdom.  The  diet  in  14$]  recogniied  his  tide,  which 
was  alio  sanclioned  by  the  emperor  Frederick  III.,  guardian  of 
the  young  king.  I^Klfbrad  was  none  Ihe  less  opposed,  almou 
Irom  the  lirst,  by  the  Romanints,  who  even  concluded  an  alliance 
against  him  with  their  eilreme  opponents.  Kolda  of  Zampach 
and  Ibe  other  remaining  Taborites.    In  Oclabet  (45]  Ladislai 


died  somewhat  suddenly  on  Ihe  1. 


affirmed 
fcted  George 


Tillrcly  u 
int.  (or. 


„    'I  Pr^ue. 
rd  of  November  i4ij.    Ccorge 
lucntly  been  accused  ol  having 
has  proved  that   ihii 


lundcd.    The  . 


iliy.  Though  the  Romi 


I  monarchy      Thoush 

for  tome  time  ad  mini- 
lords,  whom  PodCbrkd 

considered  a  great  victory  ol  the  national  pany  and  was  wdcomBd 
with  enthusiasm  by  ihe  ciiians  of  Prague. 

During  the  earlier  and  more  prosperous  part  of  Us  rrign  the 
policy  ol  King  George  was  founded  on  a  Arm  alliance  with 
Matthias  Corvinus,  king  of  Hnngaiy,  through  whose  inflnnce 
he  was  ctnwncd  by  the  RomanitI  bishop  (rf  Waiuen.  The 
reign  of  King  George,  whose  principal  supporters  were  the  mm 
of  Ihe  smaller  nobiliiy  and  of  the  lowns.  was  at  llrsl  vet>  proa- 
petous.  After  a  certain  lime,  however,  some  of  Ihe  Romaniit 
nobles  became  liostlie  to  the  king,  and.  partly  ihrough  theic 
influence,  he  became  Involved  in  a  protracted  stitigglc  with  Ihe 
papil  see.  It  was  in  consequence  of  this  snuggle  ihal  some  of 
George's  far-reaching  plans— he  endeavoured  lor  a  rime  to  obiaia 
the  suptemacy  over  Cermaiy — failed.    A(Ut  the  negOliatioBi 


BOHEMIA 


•tib  Ronw  kcd  pfovcd  BTgncttntal  Gterfc  tatwbM  the 
BUIa  11  PnpK  ia  145a  ind  dcrLarrd  that  he  tvDuld  to  his 

he  wB  ittdy  10  rlik  hii  life  ami  his  cniwn  in  ihr  dcfenn  of  his 
faith.  The  Xomaoist  ptny  <n  Bohcmii  bccanw  yrt  man 
embJKend  against  the  king,  and  at  a  meeting  it  Zeleni  Hor* 
(CrUnbcrg)  in  146s  many  nobles  o(  the  Romin  reJigion  joined  In 
a  confedciacy  aptnil  him.  In  the  tallowing  yeai  Pope  Paul  IL 
gnnlcd  his  moral  support  to  the  conledentet  by  pcanouncing 
aenlence  o(  eicommunlcalion  against  George  oF  Pndtbtid  and  by 
ideuing  all  Bohemians  from  their  oath  of  allegilDa  10  him.  It 
■as  also  throvi^  papal  influence  thai  King  Mallhiu  of  Hungary, 
desening  his  fonner  ally,  supported  the  lords  of  the  league  of 
Zeiena  Hon.  Desultory  warfare  broke  out  between  the  two 
parties,  in  whkh  George  was  at  £nl  tuctnifuli  but  fonune 
dunged  when  the  king  of  Hungary  invaded  Uonuia  and 
obuined  poiaeision  oF  BrUnn,  the  cspital  of  the  eouittry.  At  i 
Beeling  of  the  Calhotie  noUcs  of  Bohemia  and  Moravia  at 
UmBU  in  Mnavia,  Blallhias  was  proclaimed  Ung  of  Bohemia 
(May  1.  J^ig),  In  (he  Following  year  George  obuined  (ork 
nccesses  over  hs  rrval,  but  his  death  in  1471  lor  a  lime  put  a 
■lop  to  the  war.  George  of  Podifarad.  the  only  Kuiaiie  king  of 
Bohemia,  has  always,  wit  h  Charlnl  v..  been  the  ruler  of  Bohemia 
whose  memory  has  most  endeared  Itself  10  bla  countrymen. 

George  of  nxUbrad  had  undmibudly  doiin)  the  more  pm- 
pnous  pan  oF  his  nign  iniended  to  found  a  naiioiuil  dynasty. 
In  later  yeara.  htnrtver,  hope  o(  obtaining  aid  from  Poland  in  his 
itiuggk  against  King  Matthias  induced  him  10  offer  tlie  succnuon 
to  th*  Bohemian  throne  10  Vladislav  (Wladislavt.  Lsdislaus). 
ion  of  Casimii.kingol  Poland.  No  lomial  agreemenl  was  made, 
and  at  the  death  of  Geocge  many  Bohemian  noUti  supported 
the  claim  of  Uatthias  of  Hungary,  who  had  already  bnn  pro- 
dafned  king  of  Bc^mia.  nolncted  negotialiona  ensued,  but 
„,___,  they  ended  by  the  election  of  Prince  Vladislav  of 
™i^  Poland  al  Kotna  Hon,  the  I71h  of  May  1471-  Hia 
circtiaa  was  1  vicloiy  of  the  lutioDil  party,  and 
naj'  be  considered  as  evitlciice  of  the  strong  anti-clerical 
leelin^  which  Ihcn  ptevaned  in  Bohcnia;  For  Matthias  was  an 
BBoondiiional  adherent  of  Rome,  while  tlie  PfriiBh  envoys  who 
icpreiented  Vladislar  promised  that  he  would  maintain  the 
Compacts.  At  the  bcipnning  d  his  reign  the  new  king  was 
involved  in  (struggle  with  Malihiuof  Hungary,  who  maintained 
Us  claim  (o  the  Bohemian  throne.  Prolonged  desultory  wuf  ate 
continued  up  to  14)8,  when  a  treaty  concluded  al  OlnOU 
■ecured  Bohemia  to  Vladislav;  tUlthias  was  to  retain  the 
•o-ealled  "lands  of  the  BcJwmian  ciown  "—Moravia,  Kleiia 
and  Lusaiia-- during  his  lifeilme.  and  they  were  lo  be  tesiored 
10  Bohemia  after  his  death.  Thou^  Vladislav  was  faithful  to 
ha  proiHse  of  maintaining  the  Compacts,  and  did  not  attempt 
(0  prevent  the  Bohemians  from  receiving  the  comnnunion  In 
both  kinds,  yet  his  policy  was  on  the  whole  a  rcaclionaiy  one. 
both  as  regards  nutters  oF  stale  and  the  leligiDUi  controversies. 
The  king  appolnled  a*  govcmment  ofTidab  al  Prague  men  of 
that  section  of  Ihc  Ulnquist  party  Ihal  was  nearest  to  Rome. 
while  ft  severe  persecution  of  the  eitienw  Hussites  known  as  the 
eihrcn  look  p4an  (see  Htisnns}.  Serious  riots 
Prague,  and  the  more  advanced  Hussites  siormed 
n  halls  of  the  city.  The  nobln  of  the  same  Faith 
also  lomwd  a  league  to  guard  iheniKtvei  a^lnsi  the  meitued 
leaciioa.  A  raetiing  oF  all  ibe  csuta  si  Kutna  Hon  In  t^Sj. 
bowivei,  for  a  time  restored  pace.  Both  parties  agreed  lo 
Itapect  the  religlaut  views  of  their  opponenli  and  to  abilain  from 
all  vfofence,  and  the  Compacts  were  again  confirmed. 

A*  regards  mattRi  of  state  the  reign  of  Vladislav  k  marked 
by  a  decrease  of  the  n>yai  prerognlive,  while  the  power  of  the 
Dobility  attaiaed  an  unprecedented  height,  at  the  eapense.  not 
only  of  the  royal  power,  but  also  of  the  rights  of  the  townsmen 
utd  peasants.    A  decree  of  1487  practically  (      ' 


Bidienuan 


aggerile  the  in 
of  Bohemia.  T)it  ruler 
t  to  itly  on  that  Dim 


.    Hi 


penantry  of  iMA  the  amda  ot  2ilka  ini  the  Plokiva  had 

mainly  consisted.  Various  enaelmenis  bclorgirrg  to  this  reign 
also  curtailed  the  rights  of  ihr  Bc^emian  townsmen.  A  decree 
known  as  the  "  regulations  oF  King  Vladislav  "  codified  these 
changes.  It  enumerated  all  the  rights  of  IhE  nobles  and  knights, 
i...  __.._!..  r ,|j  ijujjj  gi  |[|^  lowns.    It  was  tacitly  as 


1   had    r 


rights, 


only  s< 


The  la 


1e  diet  look  plac 
'     er  In  ijiifi 

le  Princi 


•oveltign  with 
les  and  knights.  Civil  discord  was  the 
of  these  enaclmentt.  Several  mcelingi 
I  which  Ibe  towns  wen  noi  rejxesenied. 
led  a  confederacy  10  defend  Iheir  righls, 
of  hlUnslerberg— a  granibon  of 


Bartholi 
King  George— as  their  leai 

Vladislav  was  elected  king  of  Hungary  In  uv>  ant 
the  evcnu  of  his  laler  life  belong  to  Ihehiilory  of  Hun. 
married  in  i^of  Anna  de  Candale,  who  was  connected 
with  the  royal  family  of  France.  He  had  i>«o  children 
by  her,  Anna,  who  afterwords  married  Ihe 


died  in  Hu 


igary  in 


successor  was  his  son  Louis,  who  hod  already  been  { 
king  of  Bohemia  at  the  age  of  three.  According  10  the  inslrue- 
tions  of  Vladislav.  Sigismund.  king  oF  Poland,  and  the  emperor 
Minlmilian  I.  were  10  act  as  guardians  of  the  young  king.    The 

allow  the  guardians  any  right  of  inleilLTence  in  the  aSain  li 
Bohemia.  The  great  Bohemian  nobles,  and  in  particular  Ihe 
lupieme  burgrave,  Zdentk  Leo,  lord  of  Rolmital,  ruled  the 
eouQiry  almogt  wiihcn.t  control.  The  beginning  of  the  nominal 
teign  of  King  Louis  is  marked  by  an  event  which  had  great 

a  meelingol  the  estilct  in  1517  knownos  the  diet  of  St  Wenceilas 
—as  the  membrrs  firs!  assembled  on  the  iSih  of  Seplemher.  Iho 
annivcraary  of  that  laiM— they  cariie  to  terms  and  settled  ihe 
questions  which  had  been  the  causes  of  discord.  The  tiiitcns 
renonnced  certain  privileges  which  they  had  hitherto  daimett 
while  the  two  olhcrcstates  recognized  their  municipal  autonomy 
and  tacitly  sanctioned  Ihcir  presence  at  the  meeting  of  the  diet, 
to  which  they  had  already  been  inFormaJly  readmilled  since  1  JoS. 
At  the  Aral  sitting  of  this  diet,  on  the  i4ih  of  Orlobef.  il  was 
declared  that  the  three  estaies  had  agreed  henceforth  "  to  live 
together  In  friendly  inlepcourse,  as  became  men  belonging  to  the 
same  country  and  race. "  In  1511  Louis  arrived  in  Bohemia  from 
Hungary,  of  which  country  he  had  also  been  elected  king  On  hit 
arrival  at  league  he  dismissed  all  the  Bohemian  state  ofRcials, 
including  Ihe  powerful  Leo  of  Rolmital.  He  appointed  Charles 
of  hlUnslerberg,  a  cousin  of  Prince  Barlholonww  and  also  a 
grandson  of  King  George,  as  regent  of  Bohemia  during  his 
absences,  and  John  of  Warlenberg  as  burgrave.  The  new 
ofhcials  appear  to  have  sapporled  ihe  more  advanced  HussilC 
party,  while  Kolmilal  and  the  members  of  the  town  council  of 
Plague  who  had  acted  in  concert  with  him  had  been  Ibe  allies  of 
Ihc  Romanists  and  these  Utraquisis  who  were  nearest  to  Ihe 
Church  of  Rome.  The  new  officials  thus  incurred  Ihe  depleasuie 
el  King  Louis,  who  was  at  that  momtnl  seeking  Ihe  aid  ol  the 
pope  in  hb  warfare  with  Turkey.  The  king  therefore  reimtated 
Leo  of  Roimiial  in  his  oFfins  in  1315.  Shortly  aflerwanh 
Rofanital  became  involved  in  a  Feud  with  the  lords  of  Rosenberg; 
the  feud  became  a  civil  war.  in  whFch  moil  of  the  no'.ks  and 
cities  of  Bohemia  look  tides.  Meanwhile  Loois,  who  had 
returned  lo  Hungary,  opened  hb  campaign  against  the  Turks. 
He  requested  aid  from  his  Bohemian  sirbjecls,  and  this  was 
granted  by  the  Rosenberg  faction,  while  Rotmilal  and  lus  party 
purposely  delayed  sending  any  force»  lo  Hungary.  There  were, 
therefore,  but  few  Bohemian  troops  at  ihe  bilile  of  Mohkcs 
(August  ig,  1514)  at  which  Louis  was  dccisisvly  defeated  and 

The  dniih  of  Looii  found  Bohemia  in  a  slate  of  great  disorder, 
almost  of  anarchy.  The  two  lasl  Vin^  had  mainly  resided  in 
Hungary,  and  in  spile  oF  the  temporary  agreement  obtained  at 
the  diet  of  St  Wencetlas,  the  Bohemians  had  nol  succeeded  In 
catabUihiDg  a  strong  indigenous  govenuDem  which  might  ha«t 


Uktn  tht  phce  al  thi  ■bacnut  meoarch*.  Aichduke  Ferdiund 
ol  AuiUia-^fletmrdi  the  coiperoi  Ftidiund  I.— laid  diim  to 
(Mt>*/  t)>c  Bohemian  Ihrooe  1*  htubaad  of  Aona,  daughter 
iw  d(  King  Vladiilav.  King  Sigiimund  of  Polaad, 
niiiiuj  the  duka  Louia  and  William  ol  Bavaiia,  itvtad 
*■"*'■  olh«  German  princa,  at  well  aa  icveial  BohemiaB 
Bobltmen,  at  vhorn  Leo  ol  Rolmiul  waa  Ihc  moit  Impotiatil, 
mn  alto  cudidatea.  The  tliet  ccMlvcd  to  entrust  the  cleclioD 
to  twenty-four  ol  their  membcn,  choien  in  equal  number  from 
(be  three euaiea,  Tbcacelectoia,osilie]jrdof  Octobct  (i5>6}, 
f^,^^^  cboieFerdJiuind  of  HabibuTgaa  their  king.  Thiidaie 
ia  memorable,  u  ll  Durka  the  permanent  iccnaion 
of  the  Habibuig  d/ntaly  in  Uie  Bohemian  iluone,  though 
the  Austrian  archduket  Rudolph  and  Albert  had  pievioualy  been 
tulen  ol  Bohemia  for  ihoil  periods.  Though  Ferdinand  fully 
durcd  that  devotion  to  Rome  which  is  traditional  in  tha 
Habsburg  dynasty,  he  showed  great  moderation  in  religious 
ma tten.  particularly  at  the  beginningofhii  reign.  His  principal 
object  waa  to  eiiabliab  the  bcrcdiiaiy  right  of  h[i  dynasty  to  the 
fecjiemian  throne,  and  this  object  he  pursued  with  chancteris lie 
obslioacy.  When  a  great  Gn  broke  out  at  Prague  in  1S41.  which 
destroyed  all  the  stati  documents,  Ferdinai  '     ' 


.0  then 


a  charle 


that  he  had  been  recogniud 

hereditary  rights  ol  his  ^ife  Anna, : 

which  had  ataled  that  he  had  become  iing  oy  eictiion.    iiui 

oi  the  Iroublci  that  broke  out  ahorlly  ■ticiwants.  Fetdiiund 
had  in  ijjr,  mainly  ihiough  the  influence  ol  his  bioihtr  the 
emperor  Charles  V.,  been  elected  king  of  the  Romini  and  hcli  to 
the  Empire.  He  hencelorth  took  a  large  part  In  the  politics  ol 
Ceimany,  particularly  after  he  had  in  ij4)  concluded  a  titaiyol 
peace  with  Tarkty,  which  assured  the  safciy  of  th»  easicrn 
fmntien  of  hit  dominiona.-  Oiarlcs  V.  about  the  atat  lima 
Gondudcd  his  war  with  France,  and  the  bniLhcra  determined  to 
tdopit  fimieipelicy  towards  the  l>ratcsUniB  of  Ccrmany,  whose 
power  had  recently  greatly  increased.  The  latter  had,  about  the 
lime  of  the  tccoinilioo  of  Ferdinand  as  king  ol  the  Ranuini,and 
partly  in  eotuethuence  of  that  event,  formed  at  Schmulkaldcn  a 
league,  of  which  John  Frederick,  elector  of  Suony,  and  Philip, 
bndgravc  of  Hate,  were  the  leaden.  War  brokcoui  in  Ccinuny 
Id  the  summer  of  1  u6,  and  Charles  i^cd  on  the  aid  of  hi)  brother, 
while  ihc  German  Proicttanta  on  the  other  band  appealed  to 
Iheir  Bohemian  c&-rcligionisis  fur  aid. 

Since  the  beginning  ol  the  Reformation  in  Germany  t^eviFw■ 
Of  the  Bohemian  rrformcn  had  undergone  a  considerable  change. 
j^  ,  Some  ol  the  more  advanced  Uliaquijls  differed  but 
Hu*M'  ''"'' '"""  '*"  Cctman  Lulherani,  while  the  Bohemian. 
tmuu  Btelhren,  who  at  this  moment  gicaily  increased  in 
J™"  Influence  through  the  accession  of  several  powerful 
^y^  noblo,  strongly  sympathitrd  with  the  Troiestants  of 
Germany.  Ferdinand's  laak  of  raiting  ■  Bohemian 
amy  in  support  of  his  brother  was  Ihercfore  ■  diflicult 
one.    He  again  cmphjyed  hit  usual  tortuous  policy.    He  per- 

countiy  under  the  somewhat  diiingenuout  preleil  that  Bohemia 
wat  menaced  by  the  Tutki;  for  at  thai  period  no  armed  forre 
could  be  raised  in  Bohemia  wiihout  the  conKnl  of  the  esules  ct 
Ihe  reitm.  Ferdinand  hied  the  lawn  of  Kaaden  on  the  Saxon 
Ironlicr  as  the  spot  where  the  iioopa  were  to  meet,  but  on  hii 
■nival  there  he  found  that  many  cities  and  noble*— particularly 
(hOK  who  belonged  to  the  community  ol  Ihe  Bohemian  Brethren 


—hadx 


.    01  tl 


soUler 


Pratotantt  who  sympalhiicd  with  their  German  co^rcligia 
The  Bohemian  army  refused  10  crosi  the  Saion  frontier 
lowaida  the  end  of  the  year  1S16  Ferdinand  wasobligtdiodi! 
his  Bohemian  forces.  Early  In  the  following  year  he  again  1 
on  his  Bohemian  subjects  10  fumidi  an  army  in  aid  of  his  bri 
Only  a  few  of  the  Romanisls  and  more  retrograde  Ulrai, 
obeyed  hit  order.  Tlic  large  majority  of  Bohemians,  on  the  other 


(HKTOKV 

la  varloiu  wayi  by  dalmtaj  hendiUry  right  lo  tk*  cnwn  mnd  bF 

curtailing  the  old  privileges  of  the  land.  The  estalca  met  at 
Prague  in  Uarch  154),  without  awaiting  a  royal  summona, — 
undoubtedly  an  unconstitutional  proceeding.  The  assembly, 
in  which  the  influence  of  Ihe  rrpresenta  tivei  of  (be  town  nf  Prague 
tnd  of  the  knighu  and  ooblr*  who  belonged  to  the  BohemiaB 
Brotherhood  was  predominant,  bad  a  veiy  levolutionary  cha> 
tcier.  This  became  yet  more  rnaiked  when  the  ncwi  of  the 
elector  of  Saiony'i  vicury  al  Rochliia  reached  Prague.  The 
lUlei  demanded  the  re-otablikhmcnt  of  the  elective  character 

the  Bohemian  kingdom,  the  recognition  of  religious  liberty  for 

all,  and  varioui  enacimenti  limiting  the  royal  prcrcptive.    ll 

decided  to  enlrusl  Ihe  management  of  state  al!ain  to  a 

mitleeof  twelve  memben  chosen  in  equal  number  from  the 

eestalei.    Of  the  memberiof  the  conunitleccbo(cn.by<ihe 

jhti  and  noblca  four  belonged  to  the  Bohemian  Brotherhood. 
The  commit  tee  decided  to  equip  an  armed  force,  the  command  of 
which  was  conferred  on  Kispat  Pflug  of  Rabenstein  (d.  IS76). 
According  to  his  Inslructiona  he  was  merely  to  march  to  the 
Saion  frontier,  and  there  await  further  orders  from  the  eilatei; 
there  scemi,  however,  little  doubt  that  he  was  secretly  inatructcd 
to  afford  aid  to  the  German  Pmlestanla.  PAug  marched  to 
Joachimsthal  on  the  frontier,  but  refused  to  enter  Saion  terriloiy 
without  a  special  command  ol  the  estatei. 

Meanwhile  the  great  victory  of  the  Imperialiati  at  Uiihlbcrg 
had  for  a  time  crushed  German  Protestantism.  The  Bohemians 
were  in  a  very  diJBcult  pcaition.  They  had  seriously  offended 
their  sovereign  and  yet  aOorded  no  aid  to  the  German  Pro- 
teslanla.  The  artny  of  Pflug  hastily  di^KIacd,  and  the  ealaici 
sliil  assembled  at  Prague  endeavoured  to  propitiate  Ferdinand. 
They  sent  envoyi  10  the  camp  ol  the  king  who,  with  his  brother 
Charles,  was  then  besieging  Wittenberg.  Ferdmand  received 
Ihc  envoyi  belter  than  they  had  perhaps  eipected.  He  inilRd 
always  maintained  his  pUn  ol  making  Bohemia  a  hereditary 
kingdom  under  Habsburg  rule,  and  ol  cuitalling.as  far  aa  pouibfe 
its  ancient  coiutiiulion.  but  he  did  not  wish  lo  drive  to  decpair 
a  siill  warlike  people.  Ferdinand  demanded  that  the  Bohemiana 
should  renounce  all  alliances  with  the  German  Proleslanli,  and 
declared  that  he  would  make  hit  will  known  after  hit  atiivil 
in  Prague.  He  arrived  there  00  Ibe  »lb  of  July,  with  a  large 
force  ol  Spanish  and  Walloon  mercenaries  and  occupied  the  city 
almost  without  lesistancc.  Ferdinand  treated  the  nobles  and 
knighti  wlih  great  lorbearance,  and  conltntcd  hiniclf  with  the 
confiscation  ol  Ihe  estatee  of  tome  of  ihoae  who  had  been  nHOl 
compromised.  On  the  other  hand  he  dealt  very  severely  with  (he 
towna — Prague  in  pariicular.  He  declared  (hat  their  ancient 
privileges  should  be  revited— a  measure  that  prieiically  tigni6ed 
t  broad  confitcaiion  of  lands  that  bckuiged  10  the  municipaliiin. 
Ferdinand  also  forced  the  townsmen  lo  acccpl  the  control  of 
■late  officials  who  were  lo  be  called  lown-judgei  tnd  In  Prague 
lown-captaini.  Thete  royal  repretenuiivei  weic  given  ahnoit 
unUmitrd  conlrol  over  municipal  iffaira.  Tlie  Bohemian 
Brelhien  were  also  teverely  pcneculcd,  and  their  blahop  Augusta 
was  imprijonod  !or  many  year*. 

Ferdinand's  policy  here  waa  u  able  u  il  always  waa.  The 
peasantry  had  ceasol  to  be  dangerous  tince  the  citablislunent  of 
teridomi  the  power  of  the  cilin  vu  now  thoroughly  undo- 
mined.  Ferdinand  had  only  to  deal  with  Ihe  nobles  and  km'ghli, 
aad  he  hoped  Ilial  the  inBuence  ol  his  court,  and  yet  mire  that 
of  the  Jesuits,  whom  he  cttablished  in  Bohemia  atnut  this  lime, 
would  gndually  [cnder  them  amenable  to  the  royal  will.  II 
we  consider  the  euslomi  of  hit  time  Ferdinand  annoi  be  con- 
»dered  as  having  acied  with  cruelty  In  the  mcntcnl  of  his  auceeM. 
Only  four  of  (he  principal  leaders  ol  Ihc  revolt— two  km'ghis, 
and  two  citiiena  of  Prague — were  icntenccd  to  dcalh.  They 
were  decspitaied  on  the  aquare  outside  Ihe  Hradfany  palace 
where  the  eitiica  met  on  thai  day  (Auguit  »).  This  diet 
Ihercfore  became  known  ai  (he  "  Krvavy'inim  "  (bloody  diet) 
In  one  of  the  last  yanof  hit  life  (i$6i)  Ferdinand  aucceedcdin 
obtaining  the  coronation  of  hit  eUeit  sen  Maaimitisn  as  king  ol 


niUbertieaofSohi 


in  which  FcrdinaDd  had  en 


.    At  Ftidiaud  1.  waded  lo  Uw  Honiiijan  thmm  al 


tk  ume  time  m  to  tint  el  Bcbemii,  md  u  bt  ilao  bscanie  kine 
(I  the  Rcottaa  and  itler  tbe  detth  of  CfaaHs  V.  cmpcnir,  Eov 
tKDti  of  bb  life  do  net  bdong  to  the  liiiti^  ef  Bohemii.    He 

ur  ofifMitioa.  C&tamtuicti  vcie  gRStly  in  bb  {ivohf:  be 
htd  Id  ha  ><Mtth  mainl]'  been  educalid  by  Pnuaunt 

zl—  tut«i,*nd  tea  time  opeoly'vinRditniiigiympi.tb]' 
[or  the  patty  at  dniKh  r^onn.  Ibis  Sict,  irhkh 
id  lor  lam  tbc  lupfjort  of  the 


fgm,  asd  buked  if tei  a  lime  bi^iti  agim  to  ainit  at  the  fuaclioni 
et  the  Rnoui  cboicb,  from  wliidi  he  bad  kog  atseated  hiBoelf. 
tndiffemice,  pcrbapi  fomided  on  idigtma  iceptkum,  diai- 
aarriaed  tbc  king  dajiaa  Ibc  many  ecflc&laAtif^  di^iiztca  tbat 
pbijed  K)  laTge  a  pan  in  hit  idgn.  In  1 567  Maidmilian,  who  liad 
aba  wcccaJHt  hia  fatbcr  a>  lung  of  Himeaiy  aid  Empenr, 
nlled  the  Bobemians  lor  the  finl  time  (Ence  bia  accmlon  ts  the 
tbioDe.  Ukt  moat  pimm  cl  the  Habibiae  djnaatjr,  ha  «ai 
mnataallr  amlnnted  at  ihi)  period  bj  tlie  diffiniky  ot  lafaini 
fondi  for  *aifan  agabut  tbe  Tucki.  When  be  asked  the 
St^emiaiB  to  ganl  luD  mnifiea  foi  IbB  puipoia,  they  bomedi- 
,i,M>a  *tely  letorKd  by  brining  forvaid  thrir  denandt 
•rut  niA  Rffod  to  Batten  of  RbgioD.  Tbeit  prindpal 
-a—  denuad  anmi  nmnriiat  atiauie  in  the  U^t  of  the 
'*'*'"  eraitaaf  the  past.  Hie  olattaeipnned  tbe  viih  that 
Ibe  eddmted  Compacti  ahoald  cme  to  fcnn  put  id  the  Ian 
o(  the  ajnnlry.  Tbcse  caactmenti  had  indtcd  granted  fnedon 
<f  mtsb^  to  the  matt  modcnte  Ulnqnista— nwB  who,  except 
that  ther  elalmcd  the  rigbt  to.mxira  Ibe  commiminii.  in  both 
kindi,  banOr  diSend  hi  their  failh  bom  tbe  Rwian  cbwcb. 
On  tbe  o^er  haad  Feidinaad  I.  had  laed  tbe  Compacts  u  an 
TOcmnDcnt  vtdch  fitiTift*d  bin  in  oppnvsing  tbe  Bohemian 
Bretinen,  and  .Ibc  adoameed  Utnqniati,  iriuae  teaching  now 
diCend  fast  Httie  ton  that  of  LnHier.  He  had  aigned  that  all 
t^M  vhopntaied  docUfHt  diOrringfiDm  the  Cbonh  of  Kome 
BBie  wtddy  tbm  did  tbe  Tetrognde  Utiaquiats,  woe  ootsde 
Ibe  pale  of  reBgioBa  tolcnthm.  MaximXan,  indiSeient  aa  usnal 
■a  mnttciE  ol  celigloin  mllt»>«™y.  eonaenlMl  to  tbe  abobtion 
tl  lite  Compacii,  and  thete  enactmenti,  y/bltii  bad  once  btoo 
aacToi  to  the  Bidwinlali  people,  pcitdted  unrr«Tetttd  by  all 
parties.  TbaRomaniitahadalwayabatedibem.beliiviiigUiem 
Hit  to  be  in  acoocd  wttb  tbc  genanl  cntlom  el  the  papal  chutib, 
vhfle  tbe  LHtheiasa  and  Bohcufiii  Bretbien  coniidend  tbeii 
iiilniniiiiiii  a  gnataalia  irf  tbdr  omi  Ebeny  of  wonhip. 

In  I S7S  Maiindlian.  lAo  bad  kmg  been  absent  from  Bohemia, 
mumed  thae,  aa  tbe  tstatea  lefued  to  giant  tubildlB  to  an 

very  prolongtd.  The  king  mafntaincd  a  TadUiUng  attitude, 
|,rilTifiyTi>  no*  by  tbe  tbrtata  of  tbe  Bohemians,  now  by  ibe 
adtioe  of  tbe  papal  mmcia,  who  bad  fidlowed  i^  to  Pngue. 
Ihe  latter  tum^y  repiaented  to  bim  bow  great  vould  be  Ibe 
dKcnltiea  that  he  would  encoonttr  En  bb  other  dominlona, 
■hDoId  he  make  conaaloDt  to  tbe  FrolcslaDU  oC  Bobtmii. 
lie  prindpil  demuid  ot  the  Bebemiaiu  <ru  ibat  die  "  Coti- 
_  .  .  feiaiooof Augsbdig"— aiummaiyoILolher'ateacbing 
p  ^ ' '-  — ibODld  be  retognised  in  Bobemia.  They  futthei 
mewed  ibe  deraud .  wbkb  they  bad  abcady  eipnued 
at  tb  dkt  of  1567,  that  tbe  ntalcs  iboold  ban  the  i(^t 
■f  appointing  tbe  members  of  the  consfatoiy — Ibe  ecdeal- 
Biikal  body  wblcli  ruled  the  Utiaqubt  chuirb;  for  >uK«  tbe 
deuh  of  John  ot  Kokycan  thai  cbuith  bid  had  no  aicbbbbop. 
Attrr  Imv  ddlbentiona  and  tbe  iing'i  final  refuBl  10  recogniie 
tbc  coBleaiion  of  Augibuig.  the  najottty  of  the  diet,  mraiiting 
el  Bcmbeia  ol  tbe  Bohemian  broCbeifaood  and  advanced  Vtn- 


quills,  drew  vp  a  pnltulDn  of  faith  that  became  known  at  tbfc 
C«/enu  Bainmai.  It  was  in  mat  point!  identical  with  the 
Augibuig  cBufeBioB.  but  difleml  fnan  ii  with  regard  to  the 
doctrine  ol  tbc  ■acrament  oF  tbe  Lord's  Supper-  Here  the 
Bohemian  ptofenion  agreed  wiib  ihc  vicwt  ol  Calvin  niber  than 
with  tbae  of  Lutber.  Tbit  is  undoubtedly  due  to  the  bifluenc* 
of  tbe  Bohemian  Bieibien.  The  Conjtuio  Balumia  wai  pre- 
sented to  Maomiliao,  who  verbajjy  eiprcued  bb  approval,  but 
would  not  OHisent  to  thil  being  nude  puUic,  and  also  refuted 
his  amsent  10  )be  Inclmkin  ol  the  Cenjaae  among  tbe  chanen 
of  the  kingdom.  MaiimiTtin  rejected  the  demand  of  the 
Bohemian  estates,  that  they  and  not  the  king  should  in  future 
appidnt  the  members  of  tbe  consbtory.  He  finally,  however, 
ooasented  to  exempt  the  Lutberans  and  advanced  Uuiqubts 
from  tbt  jurbdlction  of  the  consbtory,  and  allowed  them  to 

:e  to  heloog  to  eadi 

x  control  oicr  the 


laapeti 


lor),w 


and  dbcipline  among  the  deigy.  AatbeBohendanBiothertiood 
bad  nerct  recogniied  the  contittory,  that  body  now  loat  whatever 
iBflaence  It  bad  itfll  poaeaed.  It  hecame,  Indead,  nbtctvien 
to  the  RomaiAt  aichlAheiiric  ot  Prague,  wbidi  had  ben  !•■ 
eiUblbbed  by  Ferdinand  LI 


men  who  had  joined  tbe  Roman  thuich.  but  coBtimed  tiy  aider 
ot  their  aupetton  to  remain  merabHa  ot  tbe  conistaiy,  wbete 
It  ma  thou^t  that  tbeit  infloencc  might  be  naefal  to  tbctt  new 

Tbe  tanlt)  of  tbe  dfcl  of  1J75  were  «b  the  irfiole  lanaabb 
to  tbe  esUtea,  and  tbey  leen  to  haw  taken  thb  view,  tcr  ahoeal 
bnaedlalely  aftciwaidi  they  lecogniied  MaxiBitHinfa  ..  . .  . 
cIdettaoaXndoliAaa  hit  soccewcr  and  consented  to  Ma  ^ 
bebg  crowned  kbig  of  BotKOifa.  MaximfliaB  died  in  the  following 
year,  and  Rnddph  tncceadtd  Urn  wtttaaut  any  opporitioK 
The  events  of  the  last  yCai*  of  the  lelgn  ol  Rndo^  bai«  the 
greatest  importance  for  Bobemlm  bittoiy,  but  the  earlier  part 
of  bbnignrequlrcBlillte  notice.  Asltad^phbadbeenednnted 
in  Spain  it  was  at  first  thoogkt  that  be  wonU  tnot  die  Bahcmian 
church  reformers  with  great  severity.  Tbe  new  sovefei^D,  how- 
ever, shomd  with  tei^Td  to  the  uoceasbig  letlgious  conttovetsy 
the  same  apathy  and  indiSerena  wiA  whiii  be  also  met  nulteii 
of  state.  He  had  been  from  hia  early  yonlh  silbjeei  to  tits  •< 
melancholia,  and  duHng  teverd  short  perkxb  waa  actually 
iasaoe.  Rsdoiph  wasagreotpalron  of  the  aria,  and  be  greatly 
conlrihulfd  la  tbe  cmbellithmcnt  ol  Prague,  which,  as  it  was 
hit  (ivouiite  residence,  became  the  irnln  of  the  vast  Habshurg 
dorahiions.  In  1600  the  menial  condition  oi  Rudolph  bccnmeso 
seriously  Impaired  that  the  princes  of  the  house  of  Uahabug 
thought  it  neceasajy  to  oonalder  the  lulure  ot  the  Mate,  parti- 
cnlat^y  as  Rudolph  bad  no  legitimate  dcsceodanu.  Matihias, 
the  eldest  of  hb  bnnhets,  came  lo  Prague  and  pointed  out  to 
KudbliA  the  neceaiity  ot  appointing  a  madjuior,  ibooM  be  b* 
fncapadtated  from  fulfilling  hb  loyal  duties,  and  obo  ot  making 

suggestions  were  bidignantly  lepdled  by  KndiJpb,  wboac  anger 
was  greatly  iDoeased  by  a  iMIet  of  Fope  Clenenl  VUL  Tbe 
pope  In  a  {ordUe  Ihoo^  ftomally  courtcan  manoet  pobited 
out  Id  Urn  the  evil  lanlta  wblcta  hb  n^ecl  ot  hb  nyal  diUIei 
would  entail  on  hb  aobfact*.  and  called  ml  him  to  appoint  one 
of  tbe  Hatsburg  prloHS  his  inccessor  both  to  the  mperial 
crown  and  to  tbe  thronei  of  Bobemia  and  Hungry.  It  ii 
probaUe  that  tbe  fear  that  the  pope  might  make  ^od  tbe 
threats  contained  in  thb  letter  induced  Rodoli^  who  bad 
hitherto  been  indiffemit  to  matten  rf  religion,  to  become 
more  suhservlenl  10  the  Roman  church,  Tbe  papal  nuncio  at 
Prague,  fn  particular,  appears  tor  a  thne  to  have  obtained  gnat 
influence  over  the  king.  Under  Ibb  inBueno,  Rudolph  in 
i6ai  bsued  a  deCroe  which  renewed  obsolete  enactment!  against 
the  Bohemian  Biethten  that  had  been  pnblbbed  by  King 
VU&lav  In  150S.  The  nyal  deem  was  puipeaely  worded 
iB  an  obBcm  mamiet.    It  referred  lo  the  Compacts  that  bad 


been  abditbed,  and  «a>  liable  to  u  Interpmation  ndoding 
from  tolerance  alJ  but  the  RDjiunliti  ud  (he  Rlrogrode 
UlraquBLs.    It  appeared  thcrcfon  as  a  menace  lo  the  Lutherans 

thai  cned — ai  well  it  tv  the  Bobemian  Bicthren.  Tl»  ctlalrs 
of  Bohemia  met  al  Prague  in  January  ifiej.  T]ic  discustiont 
wrre  voy  Manny.  Budovec  <A  Budova,  a  nobleman  belongint: 
la  Ibc  conununit]'  of  the  Bohemian  Bnihren,  became  ihc  leadi 
of  all  thOM  who  vers  oppowd  lo  Ihe  Church  of 


nyatdi 


jihedi 


olatca,  la  altempt  ii 


.....  B  nade  by  Kii  _ 

ever,  ndvBed  [be  atata  lo  vote  tbc  luppliea  tbit  King  Rodolpfa 
Itad  demanded.  Immediately  afier  thli  vote  had  been  pasaed. 
the  diet  wa9  ckscd  by  order  of  the  Idsg.  Thougb  the  toyit 
pover  wit  at  that  period  very  weak  in  Bohemia,  tfae  <^ien 
piitiuiuhip  of  tbe  lung  eneounged  Ihe  RamaniU  noblei,  who 
*  ut  among  whom  wen  tome  ownen  of  huge 
o  re-atabLiih  the  Roman  creed  on  tbeir 
noUca  committed  great  crueliiea 
while  attempting  lo  obtain  tkcse  foroblc  convetaiona. 

Strife  again  broJie  out  between  Rudolph  and  bf»  IreacheTDIu 
youngo  brotber  Matthiaai  who  used  liie  rdigiolu  and  political 
controveiuu  of  the  time  for  Ibe  purpoM  of  cupplanlmg  hii 
brother.  Tlie  fonul  cause  of  tbe  ruptiue  between  the  two 
princes  wia  RudoI;rfi'a  reiuul  to  sanction  a  treaty  of  peace  with 
Turkey,  which  Matthias  had  concluded  as  hhs  brother's  repre- 
sentative in  Hungary.    The  Hun^iians  accepted  Matthias  as 

that  county  had,  by  Charles,  lord  of  Zerolin.  alw  renounced 
the  lUigiinCB  of  BudoJpL  Matthias  then  invaded  Bohemia, 
ind  invited  the  estates  of  (he  kingdom  to  meet  lum  at  £aslav 
(Ccslau).  In  coniequcnce  of  a  sudden  revolution  of  feeling  for 
which  it  a  difficult  to  account,  the  Bohemians  declined  the 
overtures  of  Matthias,  The  estates  met  at  Prague  in  March 
i6o3,  and,  though  afaln  submitting  their  demands  oonceming 
eccl^astiial  mattetB  la  Rudolph,  authoriied  him  lo.  levy 
troops  for  the  defence  of  Bohemia.  Tbe  forces  of  Matthias  had 
Ineanwhile  entered  Bohemia  and  had  aiTived  at  LibcA,  a  small 
town  nisi  Prague  now  incorporated  with  that  city.  Kere 
Uatlbiu,piobaUy  disappointed  by  Ibe  telusai  of  the  Bohemians 
to  ioln  bis  ttandaid,  came  lo  an  understanding  with  his  brother 
Ura*  >j,  iffS)-  Rudolph  formally  ceded  to  Matibias  tbe 
Bovemnent  d  Hungaiy,  Moravia,  and  Upper  and  Lower 
AUstfi*.  but  retained  his  rights  as  king  of  Bohemia, 

Soon  after  the  conclusion  of  this  tempoiaiy  letilement,  the 
estates  of  Bohemia  again  brought  thdr  demands  before  their 
j^^  -  king.  Rudolph  had  declined  to  discvas  aU  religious 
££,  maltert  during  the  time  Ibal  tbe  troops  of  his  brother 

OnHaf  occupied  pan  of  Bohemia.  The  diet  that  met  on  the 
^  lotb  ol  January  r6o(i  is  one  of  tlie  moat  important 

Jjjjj™  in  the  history  of  Sclieraia.  Here,  as  so  frequently 
in  tbe  I7tb  century,  the  reti^oui  controversies  were 
largriy  influenced  by  personal  entrn'ties,  Rudolph  never  foifave 
the  tieaehety  of  bia  brolher,  and  wia  secretly  negotiating  (at 
the  lime  when  he  again  appeared  as  cbaminan  of  CatbolidnnJ 
with  Christian  of  Ashali,  the  leader  of  the  German  Pniiiatants. 
Tbfi  was  known  to  the  court  of  Spain,  and  tbe  Bohemians  also 
knew  that  the  king  could  therefore  rely  on  no  aid  from  that 
tiuattec.  Tbey  were  theicfore  not  intimidated  when  Rudolph, 
vacilbtHig  as  ever,  suddenly  assumed  a  most  truculent  attitude. 
The  esutes  had  at  their  meeting  in  Mi.reh  of  the  previous 
year  dnvn  up  a  document  consisting  of  iwenty-hve  ao-called 
Artides,  wbicb  formulated  their  demands  with  regard  lo  matters 
Of  religion.  The  king  now  demanded  that  this  document, 
which  he  considered  illegal,  should  be  delivered  up  to  him  for 
desInicUon.  The  "aiticles"  expressed  the  wish  t)ut  the 
CBnjtisia  BeAeniua  should  be  rccofiniied  as  one  of  the  funda- 
mental law*  ^  tlie  kingdom,  and  that  complete  religious  liberty 
should  be  granted  to  all  datses.  Tbey  further  demanded  that 
the  Pratetlanlr-^s  it  now  became  cuttomai;  to  call  Jointly 
the  Utnquiso,  Lutherans  and  BtJiemian  Bittbien— and  tho 
BftmiBi  ^ntlrtift  should  btvo  MU  coual  if^ht  to  bold  aQ  the 


affii:es  of  state,  and  ibal  the  power  of  Ibe  X<ioil)  lo  acquire  land 
should  be  limited.  They  finally  asked  for  redttsi  of  seveta! 
grievances  caused  by  the  misrule  of  Rudolph.  This  document 
had  remained  in  the  hands  of  Budova,  who  refused  to  driver 
it  to  the  king.  The  estates  then  chose  twdve  of  thdr  number — 
among  whom  was  Count  Henry  Matthias  Thura — who  were  to 
negotiite  with  tbe  king  and  bis  eoundllon.  Protracted  dis- 
cussions ensued,  and  lire  king  finally  ttalcd,  on  Ibe  jitt  of  Match, 
that  he  could  grant  no  concosions  in  matten  of  idigion.  On 
Ihcfoliowingdaytheeitatcs  met  luider  the  leadership  of  Budova. 
They  decided  to  am  for  the  defence  of  their  rights,  and  when 
:ly  afterwards  dissolved  the  diet,  il 


solved  l£ 
mmons.  When  they  returned  t 
e  burgtave,  again  informed  Budi 
>  concessions  in  ecclesiastical  : 


without  a  rojr^ 
Prague,  Adam  of  Sternberg, 
vn  that  tbe  king  woold  grant 
lattera,    Bohemia  appeared 


tbefaequeni  and  amtndiciory  resolutions  of  the  king,  influenced 
now  by  the  ottreme  Romanists,  now  tiy  those  of  bia  CQimcillots 
who  favoured  a  pea'ceful  solution.  Finally— on  the  glh  at  Juljr 
t6o$ — Rudolph  aigned  tbe  famed  "  Letter  of  Majesty  "  which 
gave  satisfaction  lo  all  the  legitimate  demands  of  the  Bohemian 
Protestants.  Jn  the  "  Letlcr  of  Majesty  "  Rodolph  Tecogniicd 

estates  the  control  over  the  university  of  Prague,  and  lulboriad 
them  to  elect  Ibe  members  of  the  Ulrsquist  consbtoty.  They 
were  further  empowered  to  elect '"  defEnderi "  dwsen  jn  equal 
'  im  the  estates  of  the  nobtes,  knights  and  citicens. 


d  the  I 


n  of  tl 


the  Letter  of  Majesty  and  generally  to  uphold  the  tights  of  the 
Protestants.  On  tbe  aame  day  tbe  Romanist  and  the  Protestant 
members  of  the  diet  also  d^ied  an  agnnneDt  by  which  they 
guaranteed  to  each  other  full  liberty  of  idigious  wonbip  and 
declared  that  this  tilKTty  ahould  be  extended  to  all  daBeriJ 
the  population. 

Ill  1611  the  peace  of  Bohemia  was  again  disturbed  by  the 
invasion  of  tlie  archduke  Leopold  of  Austria,  bishop  of  Pasaau, 
who  probably  acted  In  connivance  with  hu  cousfai  j„^,um. 
King  Rudolph.  Leopold  succeeded  In  obtaining 
possession  of  part  of  tbe  tonn  of  Pcagne,  but  his  amy  wai 
defeated  by  the  itoops  which  the  Bohemian  estates  had  hurriedly 
raised,  and  he  waa  obliged  to  leave  Bohemia.  -  Vsltbias  ma- 
sidered  his  hereditary  rights  menaced  by  the  raid  of  -LeopoU 
and  again  occupied  Bohemia.  Mainly  at  his  instigation  the 
estates  now  forinally  deposed  Rudolpb,  who  survived  his  de- 
thronement only  a  tew  montba,  and  died  on  the  loth  of  January 
1611.  Though  Matthias  had  allied  himself  with  tlie  Bohemitn 
Protestants  during  his  prolonged  atru^e  against  bis  brother, 
he  now  adopted  that  policy  favouiable  to  the  Church  of  Roma 
which  b  traditional  d  tbe  Habshuig  dynasty.  His  itiations 
with  tbe  Bobemian  Protestants,  thereforti  soon  became  strained: 
In  1615  Matthias  convoked  a  general  diet,  ij-  one  that  besides 
tbe  Bohemian  representatives  included  also  the  represenlalivcs 
of  the"lBndsof  theBobemianerown,"  Al  the  meeting  of  ihit 
diet  the  qiieal>on  of  nationality,  which  ibnjugh  the  constant 
religjous  coDtroversIes  had  receded  to  tlie  background,  again 
became  predominant.  Former  .enactmeati  enlorringthe  UJ* 
of  the  nationa]  language  were  reai^med,  and  il  woa  decreed  that 
Bohemian  ahould  be  the  "  authoriied  "  the,  official)  hnguage 
ofthecounlry. 

As  Matthias  was  childlets,  tbe  question  at  la  tbe  succession  ■ 
to  tbe  Bohemiau  throne  again  arose.  The  king  wiibed  to  secure 
the  sucttsslon  to  bis  cousin  Ferdinand,  duke  of  Siyrli. 
Fentinend  was  kriown  as  a  fanatical  adherent  of  tbe  Church  of 
Rome  and  as  a  cruel  persecutor  of  the  Protestanti  of  Siytla'. 
Kotie  the  less  the  state  officials  of  Bohemb,  by  not  very  (CTupuloua 
means,  succeeded  in  peisuatling  the  eatales  (0  accept  Ferdinand 

look  plau  at  Prague  on  ibe  r^th  of  June  r£i7.  No  doubt 
throus^  the  InBuence  of  Ferdinand,  the  policy  of  Matthias  hence* 
forthaBumeda  y«t  sum  pronouncedly  ultramontane  character. 
Tbe  kill's  coundUoo,  all  adbaeMi  a(  tbe  Cfaurcb  of  Bmm, 


H1ST0RY1  BC 

(pealy  eqMtH«l  thdi  hope  Ibil  tbe  Citlulic  Qmrtb  voOd  I 
Ksvet  it*  lodEst  bold  over  Bahcmu.     Oc  the  otbn  band  the 
BobcDUU  PrelotuU,  led  by  Coupt  nuni,  oDa  (i{  the 
nho  hid  i«liiBGd  to  vote  for  the  lect^EoitioQ  of  Ferdlund  n  heir 
lo  the  thnne,  did  not  -wiab  to  defer  whit  Ibey  coDtklcnd  i 
iorvitabh  OH^ict.    It  appeand  to  them  mon  advute^out 
cDCouoUi  the  mak  Mattbiei  than  hiijniuci^  and  more  luatit 
■Bcttmg.     A  comparatinljr  nnimpottaiit  inddest  pndpitat 
Biatten.    Id  December  ifii;,  the  aidibUnp  of  Fngue  and  the 
ibbot  of  BfcvnoT  (Biaunau)  aidotd  the  ■Dppnsston  «{  the 
Piolatut  nligioiia  anvieta  in  chuichti  that  luid  been  built 
their  damaiiB.     Ihii  waa  a  direct  infrinftmeat  ol  the  ngrtemcDt 
awduded  by  the  R<aaaiiht  and  UttaqoiM  tatatn  <in  the  day  on 
■liich  Kint  RoMfb  had  alffwd  the  Letter  of  UmjcEty.    The 
defendeia  took  immediate  aclkui,  by  tnviting  bU  FiatolaaC 
Bemboi  of  the  diet  to  meet  at  Piasoe.    They  aSKmbled  there 
OB  i»l  ot  Hay  iCiS,  and  decided  to  proceed  in  lull  annoui  to 
the  Hrailiany  pahct  to  brine  theii  rxunplaiiiD  to  the  knoinrlcdgc 
of  the  coaiidllor*  of  Mallhiu.     Oa  the  Idlowbg  day,  lluni. 
Wescolu  ui  Ruppa,  Ulricb  of  KiEsky,  and  oibet  memben  of 
Ihe  nam  advanced  patty  held  a  lecnt  meeting,  at  which  it  waa 
decided  lo  pot  lo  death  the  mogt   ioBueDiial  d[  Matibiai'a 
toundlloi*.    On  Ibe  ijnj  Ihe  teprtaeniativea  ol  the  Frotettanu 
of  BcAcmia  proceeded  to  the  Hndiany.     violent  accuutio 
veie  broulllt  fotvatd,  panictdarly  against  Maniaic  and  Slaval 
the  king^t  moaL  iniated  conncilloi^  who  mre  accused  of  having 
idvoed  him  to  cppoae  the  wisbee  of  the  Bohanians.     Finall] 
ibae  two  rouncQlora,  together  with  Fabridua^  fccretary  ol  Ihi 
royal  ooundJ,  were  thrown  from  the  windowi  of  the  Hradfany 
inlo  Ihe  Doat  below — an  event  known  in  hiilory  la  the  De- 
fcotslntioD  of  Prague.     Both  Matlinic  and  Slaval 
Ellle  injured,  and  loccoeded  in  cacaixng  from  Pi 
Bobcmiana  immediately  eitablished  a  pioviiiODal  l 
anukting  of  thirty  "  diiecloii,"  ten  ol  whom  mrie  choaen  by 
each  of  the  eitatei.    They  alio  p[OC«ed«l  to  raise  an  anned 
Una,  the  command  of   which   wii  even  to  Count  Thum. 
BoOilities  with  Austria  began  in  July,  wbeo  an  irapeiial  [one 
ealmd  Bohemia.    The  Iroofa  of  Matthias  were,  hovever,  soon 
npulsed  by  the  Bohemians,  and  in  November  Thum's  array 
enieied  Amtiia,  but  was  soon  obliged  to  letiie  to  Bohemia 
becatoe  of  the  lateooa  o[  the  leaKin. 

In  the  fcdlowiag  March  the  Bobetoian  oown  became  vacant 
by  the  death  of  Haithias.  On  the  jist  of  July  the  Bohemian 
if^  estates  pronounced  the  formal  depotiiion  of  Ferdinand, 

•■a  (to  and  on  the  Kilh  ot  Augutt  they  elected  as  Iheii  king 
^y"  .  Frederick,  elecioi  paLitine.  The  new  king  and  his 
queen.  Elizabeth  of  England,  arrived  in  Bohemia  in 
October,  uid  were  crowned  somewhat  latex  at  St  Vitui's 
fatbedral  in  Ftague.  Warfaie  with  Austria  continued  during 
iliis  yeiv — ifiip.  Ilium  occupied  Moravia,  which  now  tbrvw 
in  its  lot  with  Bohemia,  and  he  even  advanced  on  Vienna,  but 
B  soon  obliged 


a  faul  ti 


.    Ihe  p< 


eiful  di 


ia  joined  his  forces  to  those  of  Ferdinand,  who  bad  become 
Malthiaa'a  auccessor  as  emperor,  and  who  wu  doternuDed  to 
recDnqoer  Bohetnla.  Ferdinand  also  received  aid  from  Spain, 
i^]l3nd  and  leveral  Italian  states.  Even  the  Lutheran  elecior  of 
Saiony  ttOfioA  his  cause.  A  large  imperiiJisl  army,  under 
the  CDUUBand  of  the  duke  ot  Bavaria,  TlUy  and  Bouquoi, 
tnteml  Bohemia  in  September  1610.  After  seveial  skirmishes, 
in  all  of  which  the  Bohemians  were  defeated,  the  imperial  forces 
airived  at  the  outskirts  of  Prague  on  the  evening  ol  the  ;ih 
of  November.  On  the  following  morning  they  attacked  the 
Bobemiab  army,  which  occujued  a  slightly  fortified  position 
OB  Ibe  plateau  kiwwn  as  the  "  Bila  Hora  "  (White  Hill].  The 
BolmuaiB  wet«  defeated  after  a  atrug^e  of  only  a  few  hours, 
and  im  the  evtoiog  of  battle  the  impenatitls  already  occupied 
the  pen  of  Prague,  tiiuated  on  the  leli  hank  ol  the  Vluva 
lUoidaa).  King  Frederick,  wbo  had  loil  all  rourage,  buriedly 
left  Prague  on  the  fallowing  monilng. 
Babnna  Itself,  aa  well  as  Ihe  laiiils  of  ihe  Bdwnlan  crown, 
'■■"'■       ■     ■      St  without  leuitance.    The 


LMIA  ijr 

bktiket  the  WhileHiUmarkaaaepocbln  the  history  of  BiAenla. 

The  euculion  of  the  principal  leaden  oT  the  natkinal  nnv*- 
ment  (June  11,  ifiii)  was  Idlowed  by  a  lyiteqi  -  --iit 
of  wholesale  cmilisrarion  of  the  lands  of  all  wbo  itoaaf 
had  in  any  way  participated  in  the  natioaa]  move-  "•'"'»■ 
ment.  Alnnit  the  entue  ancient  nobility  ol  Bdiemia  wai 
driven  into  exile,  and  advcntureia  from  all  countria,  moatjy 
men  who  bad  served  in  the  imperial  atmy,  dumd  the  spoils. 
Gradually  all  thote  who  refused  to  recogniu  the  creed  ol  the 
Roman  church  were  expelled  from  Bohemia,  and  by  the  use  of 
terrible  cruelty  Caiholiciam  was  entirely  re-etublislied  In  the 
country.  In  1617  Ferdinand  publtslied  a  decree,  whkb  Eotmally 
suppreased  the  ancient  free  constitution  of  Bohemia,  tbou^  i 
semblance  of  represenutive  goveimnent  was  left  to  the  country. 
The  new  constitutimi  prochuoied  the  heredity  o(  the  BohemiaB 
crown  in  the  house  ot  Hibsburg.  It  added  a  new  "  cslale." 
that  of  the  ckrgy,  to  the  three  already  existing.  This  estate, 
which  was  to  take  precedence  of  all  the  others,  consisled  of  the 
Roman  archbishop  of  Prague  aiHJ  of  aU  the  ecdoiaalics  who  were 
endowed  with  landed  estates.  The  diet  was  deprived  of  all 
legislative  power,  which  was  exclusively  vested  in  the  sovcteign. 
meelinp  the  diet  was  to  discuss  auch  malten  only  as  were 
laid  before  it  by  Ihe  repcesentativea  of  the  king.  The  estate* 
:QDtiDued  to  have  the  right  of  voting  taxes,  but  they  were 
ipeciaUy  forbidden  to  attach  any  condilioni  to  the  granta  of 
soney  which  they  made  to  their  sovereign.  It  was  hnally  decreed 
that  the  GeiDiso  laj^uaff  should  have  equal  right  with  the 

the  kingdom.  This  had  indeed  become  a  necessity,  uocs,  in 
quence  of  the  vast  conGsations,  the  greatest  part  of  Ibe 
was  in  the  bands  of   foreigners  lo  whom   the  nalienal 

langiugB  was  nnknown.  Though  these  enactments  still  left 
autonomy  to  Bohemia,  the  country  gradually  lost  all 
duality.    Its  hislory  from  liiis  moment  to  the  beginning 

of  Ihe  j^th  century  is  but  a  part  of  the  history  of  Austria 

Bohemia  was  the  theatre  of  hostilitfea  during  a  large  part  of 
be  Thirty  Years'  War,  which  had  begun  in  its  capilaL  In  ifijl 
the  Saiona  for  a  time  occupied  a  large  part  of  Bohemia,     0*1*4^ 

!vec  attempted  to  re-establish  Protestantism.     mm*tr 
During  Ihe  later  period  ol  the  Thirty  Years'  War    .*"«« 
Bohemia  was  Irequeotly  pillaged  by  Swedish  troops,     *|^'"' 
and  tbe  laluDgotpart  ot  Prague  by  the  Swedish  general 

'ipXHrk  in  ifitS  was  the  last  event  ol  the  great  war.  The 
ipta  of  Ihe  Swedish  envoys  to  obtain  a  cctlain  amount  of 
taleiation  tor  tbe  Bohemias  I^Biestants  pnvcd  fniiilett,  a*  the 
iperial  represents  lives  were  infiexible  on  this  point.  At  tbe 
beginning  of  tbe  rfith  centuiy  the  possibility  of  the  exljiution  of 
-  e  male  line  of  the  bouse  of  Hababurg  arose.  The  estates  of 
jhemla,  at  a  meeting  that  took  place  at  Prague  on  the  16th  of 

throne  and  recognized  the  so-called  Pragmatic  Sanction  which 

proclaimed  the  indivisibility  of  the  Hababurg  realm.    The 

archduchess  Maria  Theresa,  in  whose  favour  these  enactments 

■ere  made,  none  the  less  met  with  great  opposition  on  the  death 

if  her  father  the  emperor  Charles  VI.    Charles,  elector  of  Bavaria, 

aised  fl^ini^  to  the  fiobemian  throne  and  invaded  the  country 

vith  a  large  army  ol  Bavarian,  French  and  Saxon  troops.    He 

Ictupied  Prague,  and  n  large  part  of  the  nobles  and  kiu^ts  ot 

Bohemia  look  the  oath  ol  allegiance  lo  him  (December  ii). 

^     The  fortune  of  war.  however,  changed  shortly  afterwards. 

ia  Theresa  recovered  Bohemia  and  the  other  lands  that  had 

lindertheruleol  the  house  ol  Hababurg,     During  the  reign  of 

Maria  Theresa,  and  to  a  greater  extent  during  that  of  her  son 

Joseph  11-,  many  changes  in  the  interna]  administration  of  tbe 

Halfihurg  realm  took  place  which  all  tended  to  limit  yet  further 

itoncmy  of  Bohemia.    A  decree  of  1749  abolished  the 

te  law.couru  that  itill  existed  in  Bohemia,  and  a  lew  yean 

in  Austio-Bohcmian  chancellor  was  appointed  wbo  waa  to 

have  tbe  control  ot  the  administration  ot  Btjiemia,  as  well  as  of 

German  domains  of  the  bouse  of  Habibuig,    The  power  of 

the  niyal  oSdils  wbo  cooitltuted  the  executive  govetamenl  ol 


I3» 


BOHEMIA 


Bobanu  wu  Rn>.tly  curtaikd,  and  though  the  chief  itpre- 
K«utive  ol  the  tovcreign  in  Prasuc  continued  lo  bar  the  aadent 
title  of  lupreme  burgnve,  he  iru  iiutnicted  M  coDfoim  ia  ill 
miiicn  to  the  ordcn  o(  the  ceotrgl  government  ot  Vienna.  Yet 
more  extreme  meuures  tending  to  ceo  tlulintkin  wcie  int  roduod 
by  tbs  emperor  Joseph,  who  refuied'  to  be  crowned  at  Prague  as 
king  oi  Boherai*.  The  powers  ol  the  Bohemian  diet  and  of  the 
ro^  officials  at  league  wcte  yet  further  limited,  and  the  German 
langaage  «u  Inltodund  into  all  the  upper  ichoals  of  Bohemia. 
Some  (rf  the  reforms  Introduced  by  Joiepb  were,  inddentilly  and. 
contrary  to  the  withe*  of  Iheir  originator,  favourable  to  the 
Bohemian  nationality.  Thus  the  greater  liberty  whicb  be  granted 
to  the  press  enabled  the  Bohemians  to  publish  a  newspaper  in 
the  nalionai  language.  After  the  death  of  Joseph  in  1790  the 
Bohemian  eslntes^  vhoM  meetinp  had  been  suspended  during 
his  reign,  again  assembled,  but  they  at  first  made  but  scanty 
attempts  to  reassert  their  former  righu.  During  the  long 
Napoleonic  wiu,  in  which  the  house  of  Habsburg  was  almost 
continuously  engaged,  Bohemia  continued  in  its  previous  leth- 
argic state.  Tn  ign^  a  merely  formal  chnngc  in  the  constilu- 
tional  position  of  Bohemia  took  place  when  Francis  I.  assumed 
the  hereditary  title  of  emperor  of  Austria.  It  was  stated  in  an 
imperial  decree  that  the  new  title  of  the  sovereign  should  in  no 
way  prejudice  the  andent  rights  of  Bohemia  and  that  the 
'  u  kinn  of  Bohcr 


crthe 


15  the  Ion; 


national  aspirations  of  Bohemia  began  to  revi^ 
rbe  national  movement,  however,  at  first  only  foui 
espression  in  tfie  revival  ol  Bohemian  litcratuj 
The  arbitrary  and  absolutist  government  of  Prin 
Mettemich  rendered  oU  political  action  Impossible 
rated  by  the. house  ol  Habsburg.    In  spite  ot  tt 

>f  opposition  lo  the  government  of  Vienna.    Thi 
heir  right  of  voting  the  taics  of  the  country — a  rig 


/ercpres 


obtahi  the  support  of  the  wider  classes  1 
determined  in  1S47  lo  propose  at  their  : 
year  that  the  towns  sboidd  hive  a  more  c 
at  the  diet,  that  the  control  of  the  estates  over  the  fli 
country  should  be  made  more  slrlngenl,  and  that  the  Bohemian 
language  should  be  introduced  into  all  the  higher  schools  ol  the 
country.  The  revolutuinary  outbreak  of  1848  prevented  this 
meeting  of  the  estates.  When  the  news  of  the  February  revolu- 
tion in  Paris  reached  Prague  the  ciciteroent  there  was  very  great 
On  the  nth  of  March  a  vast  public  meeting  voted  a  petition  to 
the  government  of  Vienna  wluch  demanded  that  the  Bohemian 
language  should  enjoy  equal  rights  with  the  German  in  all  the 
government  offices  of  the  country,  that  a  general  diet  comprising 
■U  the  Bohemian  lands,  but  elected  on  an  eitensive  suffrage, 
should  be  convoked,  and  that  numerous  Ubenl  relorms  should 
be  introduced.  The  deputation  which  presented  thcsc.demands 
in  Vienna  received  a  somewhat  equivoca]  answer.  In  reply, 
however,  to  a  second  deputation,  the  emperor  Ferdinand  declared 
on  the  fith  of  April  that  equality  of  rights  would  be  secured  to 
both  nationalities  In  Bohemia,  that  the  question  ol  the  reunion  of 
lloravla  and  Silesia  to  Bohemia  should  be  lell  to  a  general 
__  ■  meeting  of  representatives  of  all  parts  of  Austria,  and 
UatT  ''"'  '  "'*  meeting  of  the  estates  ol  Bohemia,  which 
would  Include  representatives  of  the  principal  towns, 
would  shortly  be  convoked.  This  assembly,  which  was  to  have 
had  full  powers  to  create  a  new  constitution,  and  whicfi  would 
have  established  complete  autonomy,  never  net,  thoogh  the 
election  of  its  members  look  phce  on  the  i;th  of  May.  In 
consequence  of  the  general  national  movement  which  is  so 
characteristic  of  the  year  i8j8,  it  was  decided  to  hold  at  Prague 
*  "  Sbvie  congress  "  to  which  Slavs  of  all  parts  of  the  Austrian 
emigre,  as  well  as  those  belonging  lo  other  countries,  n-erc 
invited.  The  deliberations  were  interrupted  by  the  serious  riots 
that  broke  out  in  the  streets  of  Prague  on  the  nth  of  June. 
They  were  suppiessed  after  prolonged  fighiing  and  considerable 
bloodshed.    The  Austrian  commander,  Prince  Windijchgrati, 


ked.  though  the  Bohemians  took  part  In  the 
nusinan  constituent  assembly  that  met  at  Vienna,  and  after- 
wards at  Kromffii  (FLremslet), 

By  the  end  of  the  you  1S4P  all  cDnstitutional  government  had 
ceased  in  Bohemia,  is  in  all  parts  of  the  Habsburg  empire.  The 
reaction  that  now  ensued  was  felt  more  leverely  than  in  any 
other  part  of  the  monarchy;  lor  not  only  were  all  attempts  la 
obtain  self.govemment  and  liberty  nithjessly  suppressed,  but 
a  determined  attempt  was  made  to  eilerminate  the  national 
language.  The  German  language  was  again  eidusivety  used  in 
all  schools  and  government  offices,  all  Bohemian  newspapers 
were  suppressed,  and  even  the  society  of  tiir  Bohemian  museum — ■ 
1  society  composed  of  Bohemian  lublernen  and  scholaiv^-^was  (or 
a  time  only  allowed  10  hidd  its  meetings  under  the  supervl^n  ot 

The  events  of  the  Italian  campaign  of  iSjq  rendered  the 
continuaiioo  of  abtotutism  In  the  Austrian  empire  impossible. 
It  was  attempted  to  estahiish  a  constitutionat  system  ^aitrtmrn 
which,  while  maintaining  to  a  certain  extent  the  unity  nwi»M> 
of  the  empire,  ihonld  yet  recognije  the  andenl  cdnaii-  1*^ 
tutional  rights  ol  some  of  the  ronntries  united  under  "•" 
the  rule  of  the  house  of  Habsburg.  A  decree  published  on  the 
joth  of  October  1K60  established  diets  with  limited  powers. 
The  corapoaitioii  ol  these  pailiaraenisry  assemblies  was  to  a 
certain  extent  modelled  on  that  of  the  anoent  diets  of  Bohemia 
and  other  parti  of  the  empire.  This  decree  was  favourably 
receivedinBohemia,  but  Ihehopeswhich  it  raised  in  the  country 
fell  when  a  new  imperial  decree  appeared  on  the  afith  of  February 
tS6i.  This  established  a  central  parliament  at  Vienna  with  very 
extensive  powers,  and  introduced  an  electoral  system  which  was 
grossly  partial  to  the  Germans.   The  Bohemians '    '     '  -    ' 


rcprts 


It  they  left  the  parlia. 


ilating  that  the  assembly  hod  cncna^icd  oi 
power  which  constitutionally  belonged  to  the  diet  of  Praguev 
Two  years  later  the  central  parliament  of  Vienna  was  suspended, 
and  in  the  following  year —  iB6fi — the  Austto-Prossfan  war  caused 
a  complete  change  in  the  conititutional  position  of  Bohemia. 
The  congress  of  Vienna  in  iSij  had  dedarod  that  that  country 
should  form  part  ol  the  newly  formed  (krmanic  Confedentioii; 
this  was  done  without  consulting  the  estates  ol  the  country,  as 
had  been  cuilomary  even  after  the  battle  of  the  White  HHI  on 
the  occasion  of  serious  constitutional  changes.  The  treaty  vtith 
Prussia,  signed  at  Prague  on  the  ijtd  ot  August  1B66,  excluded 
from  Germany  all  lands  ruled  by  the  house  of  Habsburg.  As  a 
natural  consequence  German  influence  dech'ncd  in  the  Austrian 
empii«,  and  in  Bohemia  In  particular.  While  Hungary  now 
obtained  complete  Independence,  tlie  new  constitution  of  1867. 
which  applied  only  10  the  German  and  Slavic  parts  of  the 
Habsburg  empire,  maintained  the  s>'slcm  of  centralization  and 


should  be  te-establlshed 

he  tealited.    The  new 

Karl  Hohenwart,  took  office 

accomplishing  on  agreemcn  ,. 

the  other  parts  of  the  Habsburg  emjMre.    Prolonged  1" 

establish  a  constitutional  system  which,  while  sallstylng  the 
claims  of  the  Bohemians,  would  yet  luve  firmly  connected  them 
with  the  other  lands  roled  by  the  bouse  oi  Habsburg.  An 
imperial  message  addressed  lo  tfw  diet  ol  Prague  (September  14, 
1B71)  staled  that  the  sovereign  "  in  consideration  ol  the  fonner 
constitutional  position  of  Bohemia  and  remembering  the  power 
and  glory  which  lis  croum  had  tfvcn  to  his  ancestors,  and  the 
constant  fidelity  of  its  population,  ^adly  rccotniied  the  rights 
ol  the  kingdom  ol  Bohemia,  and  was  witling  tn  confirm  this 
assurance  by  taking  the  coronation  oalh."    Various  influences 


I*  *ttRnpt  to  recooetia  B<Aanls  vi 
RnimcaC  with  a  pnmoimced  Germ 


UTERATtmai 

CMicd  the  bihira  M 
Amtria.  la  1S71  >  | 
tendency  U6k  office  Ii 
afun  rcfoKd  to  attend  tht  parliuncntiry  BsKmblks  of  Vienna 
and  Pngue.  In  1879  Count  Eduiid  TaaEfe  bccams  AiutHan 
inime  ainislo',  and  be  succctdfd  bt  penunding  the  repnsen- 
lalivti  el  BobtmJa  to  take  pait  In  tbe  dcUbaitiou  of  the 
parliament  of  Vienna.  They  did  »,  after  stating  tliat  they  took 
thii  tlep  vitbout  prejudice  to  thdr  view  th^t  Bohemia  with 
Uonvia  and  Silesia  constituted  a  separate  state  under  the  rule 
of  the  same  sovereign  as  Austria  and  Hungary.  The  govcm- 
neot  uf  CouaE  TwBe,  in  recognitioa  oE  this  conce^lon  by  the 
Bohemia  H,  consented  la  nmove  some  of  the  grossest  anomalies 
ODuwciixl  with  the  electoral  system  of  Bohemia,  tUrh  had 
Utheno  been  grossly  partial  to  the  Cernian  Dinotity  of  the 
piqiulation.  The  government  of  Count  TaaSe  also  consented 
(o  the  fmmdation  of  a  Bohemian  university  at  Prague,  which 
gmtly  contributed  to  the  intellectual  developmenC  of  the 
country.  On  the  fait  of  the  government  of  Count  TaaSe,  Prince 
Alfred  Windiscligrlti  became  prime  minister.  The  policy  of  bis 
ihort^Hved  govemtnent  was  hostile  to  Bohemia  and  he  wis 
■Don  replaced  by  Count  BadenL 

Badenl  again  atlempted  10  conciliate  Bohemia.    He  did  not 
indeed  consider  it  feasible  to  reopen  the  question  of  its  autonomy, 

but  he  endeavoured  lo  remedy  some  of  the  most 
?^^  serious  grievances  of  the  country^  In  the  be^nning 
^Sulta.    of  iS;7  Count  Baden!  issued  a  decree  which  lUted 

tEiat  after  a  certain  date  aU  government  officials  who 
wished  to  be  employed  in  Bohemia  would  have  to  prove  a  certain 
knowledge  of  the  Bohemian  as  well  as  of  the  German  language. 
This  decree  met  with  violent  opposition  on  the  part  of  the 
Cennan  InhalHtanU  of  Austria,  and  caused  the  fall  of  Count 
Badeni'*  cabinet  at  the  end  of  the  year  1997.  After  a  brief 
Interval  he  wu  succeeded  by  Count  Thun  »nd  then  by  Count 
Oary,  whose  govemraent  repealed  the  decrees  that  had  10  a 
certain  extent  granted  equal  rights  to  the  Bohemian  laTiguage. 
In  consequence  troubles  broke  out  in  Prague,  and  were  severely 
repressed  by  the  Austrian  authorities.  During  the  subsequent 
minislriea  o(  Kllrber  and  Cautsch  the  Bohemiaos  continued 
Is  oppose  the  central  govenunent  of  \lcniui,  and  lo  assert  their 
natiopa]  lights. 
See  geaeraH; 


BOHEMU 


1896).    The  ' 

(Ua»uu<d  Fr 
Lirly.  theearli 

RwCTcia^ 


U  iffoUf «  Bluukt  (1 
Bohemian  hiKoty  f  ion  I 


^ 


S'Se'l. 


LtTERATintC 

The'  earEesI  records  of  the  fiohenlan  or  Cech  language  are 
very  andent.  though  the  so-called  MS5.  of  Zekna  Hon  (Crilne- 
berg)  and  Kialodvuc  (KOniginhot)  are  aliaoit  certainly  forgeries 
of  the  early  pan  of  the  i^th  century.  The  earliest  genuine 
documents  of  the  Bohemian  knguigc  comprise  several  hymns 
and  legends;  of  the  laiiet  the  legend  of  SI  Catherine  and  that 
of  St  Dorothy  have  the  greatest  value.  Several  andent  epic 
fiagmenu  have  also  been  preserved,  such  as  the  Alciaadrat 
and  Taadarim  a  Fhribtlla,  Tliese  and  other  early  Bohemian 
writing!  have  been  printed  since  the  revival  oE  Bohemian 
Uierature  in  the  igth  centUTy.  Of  considerable  historical  value 
is  the  rhymed  chropide  generaHy  though  wron^y  known  as  the 
chronicle  of  Dalimil.  The  author,  who  probably  lived  during 
llie  reign  of  King  John  (J310-1346),  records  the  events  of 
Bohemian  hiitory  from  the  eailist  period  to  the  reign  o(  King 
Pxaiy  of  CuinUua,  the  immediate  predecessor  of  John.    A 


■tiong  (edb](  of  ndtl  autlpatlv'  to  tha  Onnans  perradea  tha 

chronjde. 

It  is  undonhtedlT  to  be  attributed  to  tlie  high  Intdlectua] 
level  which  Bohemia  attained  in  the  14th  century  that  at  that 
period  we  already  find  writers  on  rellgioua  and  philo-  -u^-^,^ 
sophical  subjects  who  used  the  national  language,  /hi^^'^ 
Of  these  the  most  important  la  Thomas  of  Stito;  (c. 
■33'-r4oi).  Of  his  works,  which  contain  tnany  Ideas  similar 
to  those  ol  his  contemporaiy  Wydiffe,  tht»e  entitled  O 
oiecnyc*  viceck  Knslaiakych  (on  genera]  ChritUan  matters)  and 
Btsedni  r^i  (in  a  rough  translation  "  learned  entertainments  ") 
have  most  value.  Siitn^  and  some  of  his  contemporaries 
whose  Bohemian  writings  have  perished  are  known  as  the 
forerunners  of  Huss.  Huss,  Lke  many  of  his  contempoiorics 
In  Bohemia,  wrote  both  in  Bohemian  and  In  Latin.  01 
the  Bohemian  ncitmgs  of  Huss,  who  contributed  greatly  to  the 
development  of  hb  native  language,  the  most  important  is  his 
KJWad  viry,disaloa  Batiho prikiaam.a  ^feri (ciposilionof  the 
creed,  the  ten  eommandmenB  and  the  Lord's  Prayer)  written 
In  r4ii.    01  his  numerous  other  Bohemian  works  we  may 

fBHOBi  usij  prme  k  sfastni  (the  true  road  to  salvation)  and 
O  svalotupectti  (on  simony),  and  a  large  collection  of  loltcis; 
those  written  in  prison  are  very  touching. 

The  years  that  followed  the  death  of  Huss  formed  In  Bohemia 
■  period  of  incessant  theological  strife.  The  antl.Roman  or 
Hussite  movement  was  largely  a  dcmocralic  one,  and  It  is  there- 
fore natural  that  the  national  bnguage  rather  than  Latin  should 
have  been  used  in  the  writings  that  belong  to  this  period.    Un- 


of  this  controversial  literature  has  perished.  Thus  the  writings 
of  the  members  of  the  eitrrme  Hussite  parly,  the  so-called 
Taborltes,  have  been  entirely  destroyed.  Of  the  writings  of  the 
more  moderate  Hussites,  known  as  the  Caliitines  or  Uttaquists, 
some  have  been  preserved.  Such  are  the  books  entitled  Of 
Iki  Crial  Torment  cfUit  Holy  Churih  and  the  Lha  eflh  FrUs(j  »/ 
Tahor,  written  in  a  sense  violently  hostile  to  that  community. 
A  Bohemian  work  by  Archbishop  John  of  Rokycan  has  also 
been  preserved!  It  Is  entitled  Poiiilh  and  is  Eimilar  though 
inferior  to  the  work  of  Huss  that  bears  the  same  name, 

A  quite  independent  religious  writer  who  belongs  10  the  period 
of  the  Hussite  wars  is  Peter  Chelficky  (born  in  the  last  years  of 
the  iith  century,  died  14(0),  who  may  be  called  the  Tolstoy  of 
the  isih.  His  dominant  ideas  were  horror  of  bloodshed  and  the 
determination  to  accept  unresbtingly  ill,  even  unjust,  decrees  of 
the  woridly  authoriries.  Though  a  strenuous  enemy  of  the  Church 
of  Rome,  CbcKIcky  joined  none  of  the  Hussite  parties.  HIi 
masterpiece  Is  the  Sll  viry  (the  net  of  faith).  Among  his  other 
works  his  fowU/a  and  polemical  writings  In  the  form  ol  letters 
to  Archbishop  John  of  Rokycan  and  Bishop  Nicolas  of  PelhKmov 

The  Hussite  period  is  rather  poor  in  historical  works  written 
In  the  language  of  the  country.  We  should,  however,  mention 
some  chroniclera  who  were  contempotarles  and  sometimes 
eye-witnesses  of  the  events  of  the  Hussite  wars.  Their  writings 
have  been  collected  and  published  by  FrsDtiIek  Palackf  undet 
the  title  of  Slare  leski  Utopuj. 

In  the  i6th  century  when  Bohemia  wu  In  a  state  of  com- 
parative tranquillity,  ibt  native  literature  was  lugdy  developed. 
Besidesthewritersof Ihecommunityof IheBf'--    "      "     ■ 


.    01  th 


(ar  the  best-kn 

wnis 

Wencesias  Hajek  of  Ubotan.    The  >-ear 

of  his 

birth  is  u 

n,  but  we  read  of  bim 

as  a  priest  in  1514; 

he  die 

i  in  rss3 

His 

Ereat  work  JCrcnifo 

«i»  was  dedicated 

to  the 

cmpero 

Ferdinand  I.,  king  of  Bohemia,  and  appeared 

under 

cesof 

It  has  therefore  a 

dynastic 

andR 

manist  tendency,  an 

its  dtculation  was 

permi 

ted  even 

atth 

time  when  most  Bo 

prohib 

totally  destroyed. 

Hajek's   book   waa 

translated  into 

several  languages  and  Ircq 

endy  quoted.    We 

■3+ 


BOHEMU 


wiitcn  who  had  probably  uvci  bard  of  Hajck.  His  book'  is, 
faowETcr,  iiuccuratc  nod  groialy  partiuL  Very  Hltlt  kjiowo  on 
die  other  hiDd  are  the  vorks  ol  BaitoS,  ■uioaioed  "  piiit  " 
(Ihe  writer],  u  he  was  tor  numy  yein  eioptoyeil  as  secittary  by 
the  dty  of  Fiagne,  and  those  of  Siit  of  Oiwradorf.  The  work 
of  Birtof  (oi  Butholomew)  <nlilled  the  Cbimidt  o[  Pratu  hu 
■mt  hbtoricil  value.  He  detoibei  the  Uaables  ih^it  befell 
Piagoe  ud  BohcmU  ■cnerally  duiiog  the  reign  ol  the  weak 
and  absentee  iavndin  King  Louif.  The  year  of  the  birth  of 
Bart(^  is  lucertain,  but  it  ii  known  that  lie  died  in  1539.  Tilt 
lomewhatlatcrworkof  Silt  of  OtIcndorf(i5<»-i5Sj)  deals  with 
a  (hort  but  very  important  episode  in  the  history  of  Bobemia. 
It  is  enttlJed  UemmaU  a/  Iht  TrouUcd  Ytan  ii4^  and  isif. 
!tia  book  describes  the  ansucixtsful  rising  of  the  Bohcmianj 
against  Ferdinand  I.  of  Austria.  Sin  took  a  onaiderable  part 
in  this  niovenieat,  &  fact  that  greatly  enhances  the  value  of  bis 

Thou^  the  life  of  ChelScky,  who  baa  already  been  mentinDCd, 
Ivaa  an  isolated  one,  he  is  undouLledly  the  indirect  founder  of 
the  communily  of  the  "Bohemian  Brethren,"  who  greatly 
influenced  Bohemian  literature.  Almost  all  their  historical  and 
theological  w«ks  were  written  in  the  national  lingiuge,  which 
through  their  ioGueoce  became  far  more  refined  and  palkhed. 
BefoK  referring  lo  some  of  the  writings  of  members  of  the 
comTnunity  we  should  mention  the  famed  translation  of  the 
Scriptures  known  as  the  Bihit  ej  Kraliee.  It  was  the  joint  work 
of  severs]  divines  of  the  brotherhood,  and  was  £rst  printed  at 
Kialice  in  Moravia  io  1:93,  Brother  Gregory,  sunumcd  the 
paltiircb  of  the  brotherhood,  has  [eft  a  large  number  of  wrilinp 
dealing  mainly  with  Ihedogical  matters.  Most  impottant  are 
the  Litters  lo  ArcAbiik&p  Rokycan  and  the  book  On  ioadandail 
priests.  After  the  death  of  Brother  Gregory  in  14&0  discord 
Effoke  out  io  the  community,  and  it  resulted  in  very  great  literary 
activity.  Brothers  Lucas,  Blahoslav  and  Jaffct,  as  wcU  a> 
Augusta,  a  bishop  of  the  cotnmUDity,  have  leil  us  nuraaoua 
conlroveisial  works.  Very  interesting  is  the  account  of  the 
captivity  of  Bi^p  Augusta,  wrillenby  his  compmuon  the  young 
priest  Jan  Bilek.  We  have  evidence  that  DumFroua  historical 
■orks  written  by  mcmben  of  the  broiheihood  existed,  but 
most  of  them  perished  in  the  i7ih  century  when  nearly  all 
anti-Roman  books  written  in  Bohemia  were  desUoyed.  Thus 
only  flagoMnts  of  Blahoslav's  Hislsry  ej  lie  l/nily  [i.e.  the 
brothethood)  have  been  preserved.  One  ol  Ihe  histoeians  of 
the  brotherhood,  Wenttslas  Bleian,  wrote  a  Hisiory  of  tht 
House  of  Rosenbert,  of  ohlch  only  the  biographies  ol  WilUam  and 
Peter  of  Rosenberg  have  been  preserved.  The  greaiat  vniter 
of  the  brotherhood  is  John  Amos  Eomensky  or  Comcniua  (15Q1- 
l6;o).  Of  his  many  works  written  in  his  native  language  the 
most  impc.tant  is  h^  Lebyrinth  of  the  World,  an  allegorical  tale 
which  is  perhaps  the  most  famous  work  written  in  Bohemian.' 
Many  of  the  numerous  devotiooal  and  educational  writmgs  of 
Comenius, — his  works  number  143,— art  also  wiittea  in  bis 

The  year  1610,  wbicb  witDcued  the  downfall  of  Bohemian 
Independence,  also  marks  the  be^oing  of  a  period  of  decline 
of  the  tiattooal  tongue,  which  indeed  later,  in  the  iSih  century, 
waa  almott  extinct  as  a  written  Isnguagc.  Yet  we  must  notice 
bnldei  Comenius  two  other  wiiten,  both  historians,  whose 
works  belong  to  a  date  bter  than  1630.  Of  these  one  was  an 
adherent  of  the  nationalist,  the  other  of  the  imperialist  party. 
Paul  SkUa  le  Zhole  (ijSi-c.  1640)  was  an  official  io  the  service 
of  the  "  wiolei  king  "  Frederick  of  the  Palatinate.  He  for  a 
■ttrae  followed  bis  sovereign  into  eiHe,  and  ^tent  the  last  yean  of 
his  life  at  Freiberg  in  Saxony.  It  was  at  this  period  ol  his  tile, 
after  bis  political  activity  had  ceased,  that  be  wrote  bis  historical 
works..  His  £rtt  inoik  was  a  short  book  which  h  a  mere  leriea 
of  cbronologica!  tables.  Somewhat  later  be  undertook  a  vast 
work  entitled  Hiiloire  clrtetni  (history  of  the  church).  In  spite 
of  its  iitle  the  book,  which  consists  of  ten  eooimous  MS.  volumes, 

'TliH^wprli  liaibeen  trasaliled  into  English  by  Count  Laiaow 


ILITBKATUItS 

dcdi  la  Dnidi  «1(L  [■^■"f*  aa  with  ecdeaiuticBl  matun.  Tb* 
moat  valuatdc  part,  tlml  dealing  with  events  of  1601  to  1693,  cd 
wbkbSkilawrila  ti  ■  contemporary  aud  of  ten  at  ineyo-witnesa, 
has  be«n  edited  and  published  by  Pcol.  Tieltrunk.  A  coatem- 
poniy  and  ■  pditjcal  opponeut  of  Sltila  was  William  Count 
Slavata(i57i-ifi5i].  He  was  a  tuihful  servant  of  the  bouae  ol 
Habsburg,  and  one  of  the  govemment  oScialt  wUo  were  thtowD 
from  the  windows  of  the  Hrad£any  palace  in  1618,  at  the  begin- 
ning of  the  Bohemian  uprising  In  1637  Slavata.  publiahed  his 
PamHy  (memoui)  which  deal  exclusively  with  the  events  id  the 
year)  i6tS  and  161Q,  in  which  he  had  played  so  great  a  pan. 
During  the  leisure  of  the  last  years  of  his  long  life  Slavata  com- 
posed a  vast  work  entitled  EislsricU  SfiamiU  (historical 
works).  It  conslita  of  fourteen  large  MS.  volumes,  two  of  which 
contain  the  pteviomly-written  mcmoin.  These  two  volume* 
have  recently  been  edited  and  publislicd  by  Dc  Jos.  Jitlcck. 

After  the  dcaiha  of  Skila,  ^vata  and  Comeniut,  no  worka 
of  any  importance  were  written  io  the  Bohemian  language  lof 
a  considerable  period,  and  the  new  Austrian  govern-  ^^ 
ment  endeavoured  in  every  way  to  discourage  the  mL* 
use  of  that  language.  A  dunge  took  place  when  the  mrira^ 
romantic  movement  started  at  the  beginning  of  the 
igtli  century.  The  early  revival  of  the  Bohemian  language  was 
very  modest,  and  at  £nt  almost  exclusively  translations  from 
foreign  languages  were  published.  The  fiiit  writer  who  again 
drew  attention  to  the  then  almost  foigottcn  Bohemian  languaga 
was  Joseph  Dobrovsky  (]753-i3>9).  His  works,  which  include 
a  grammar  ol  the  Bohemianlanguageanda  history  of  Bohcmiiiik 
literature,  Here  mostly  written  in  German  or  Latin,  and  his  only 
Bohemian  works  are  some  essays  which  be  contributed  to  the 
early  oumbeis  of  the  Caiopii  Uuxa  KrtlociHI  CesUia  (Journal 
of  the  Bohemian  Museum)  and  a  collection  of  letters. 

It  is,  however,  to  four  men  belonging  to  a  time  somewhat 
subsequent  to  that  of  Dobrovskj'  that  Ihe  revival  ol  the  boguage 
and  literature  of  Bohemia  is  mainly  due.  They  are  Jungmano, 
Kolir,  SafaHk  and  PalackJ.  Joseph  Jungmann  (1773-1847) 
published  early  in  life  numerous  Bohemian  translaiiona  of 
German  and  English  writers.  His  most  important  n'orks  are  his 
D^epei  titeratitty  teska  (history  ^  Bohemian  literature),  and 
hia  monumental  German  and  Bohemian  dictionary,  which  largely 
contiibuted  to  the  development  of  the  Bohemian  bnguagc. 
John  Kolat  (i)9]--i852)  was  the  greatest  poet  of  the  Bohemian 
revival,  andit  is  only  in  quite  recent  days  that  Bohemian  poetry 
has  risen  to  a  higher  level.  Kolar't  principal  poem  is  the  Slavf 
dcera  (daughter  of  Skvla),  a  penonification  of  the  Slavic  race. 
Its  prirtdpal  Importance  at  the  present  time  consists  rather  in 
tbc  pan  It  i^yed  in  the  revival  of  Bohemian  literature  than  in 
ita  artistic  valuer  KoLir's  other  works  arc  mostly  philologica] 
studies.  Paul  Joseph  Sifalik  (1705-1861)  waa  a  vny  fruitful 
writer.  HU  StaroliHusti  StmtisU  (Slavic  antiquities),  sn 
attempt  to  record  the  then  almost  unknown  history  and  literature 
of  the  early  Slavs,  has  still  considerable  value.  Fronds  Polack^' 
(17^1876)  is  undoubtedly  the  greatest  of  Bohemian  bistoriaaa. 
Among  his  many  works  bis  history  of  Bohemia  from  the  caillcst 
period  to  tbe  year  1536  fs  the  most  Important. 

Other  Bohemian  writen  wboos  work  belongs  mainly  to  the 
earlier  part  of  the  igth  century  are  the  poets  Francis  Ladolav 
telakovsk^,  author  of  the  Side  Xg/uUw  (the  hundred -leaved 
rose).  Erben,  Macha,  T^l,  to  mention  but  a  few  of  the  most 
famous  writers  The  talented  writer  Karel  HavL-£ck,  the 
founder  of  Bohemian  journalism,  deserves  special  notice. 

During  the  latter  part  of  the  19th  century,  and  particularly 
after  tbe  foundation  of  tbe  national  university  in  iSSi,  Bobemian 
literature  baa  developed  to  an  extent  thai  few  perhaps  forcsav-. 
Of  older  writers  Bf^na  Nimcova,  whose  Babillia  has  been 
translated  into  many  languagea,  and  Benca  Tfebizky,  autiior 
of  many  bistojicaJ  novels,  should  be  named.  John  Nerutfa 
(iS]4^i8or)  waa  a  very  fruitful  and  talented  writer  both  of 
poetry  and  of  proiev  Perhaps  the  most  valuable  of  h^  many 
works  is  his  pbjlouphical  epic  entitled  Kosmidie  iotiu  (cosmic 
poems).  Julius  Zeyer  (1841-1901).  also  wrote  much  both  in 
pcoae  and  in  verse.    His  epic  poem  entitled  Vy!eknd,  wbkb 


BOHEMUND 


'35 


odebcatct  tbt  uuim  glaqr  at  iteictopabafPnpR.hnt'*** 
value,  and  of  hii  miny  novsli  Jm  Uaria  Pl^kar  hu  tad  Ibe 
fKitat  KKCCB.  Of  htct  Bohcmiui  pocti  tbt  btit  an  Adolf 
SrrAak,  Sntopliik  Cech  and  Jan^T  VnUickf  (b.  igjj). 
Of  SvatoplBk  Cecfa't  many  pocma,  which  an  all  Inqted  hj 

(ite  tioalh  of  Lcaedn)  and  Batm  tlr»l»  (tfae  idd^  of «  liave) 


Frida)  has  bo  k«*  atnog  patdatk  lulbiat,  ha  haa  been  men 

poetry  and  in  pna*.  Of  Ub  manf  eoUcctkiEB  of  Ijnlc  poeiiia 
JU  Hjite  (a  year  in  Iha  aonth],  J'nti i  £ldanidB(pl]ptaiapi 
k  Bdorado)  and  Stmtf  Sanutan  ^ooBCta  of  a  ndiae)  hav* 
paniculai  lahie.    VithUckf  ii  abo  a  voy  brilliant  diamatiit. 


b  Bohotfa  haa  bwn  VBj  tRiitf ul  b  liittofk 
T«Mk  (1818-190J)  )efl  many  hhftarteal  iMcki,  e(  wUdt  hia 
Dljtfii  Mibtt  A«^  (hbtoiy  of  Uw  torn  of  Rague)  ii  the 
scat  fi^ortant.  Jaiola*  GoQ  (b.  1146)  ii  tbs  ratbot  c(  many 
hinorieal  woHo,  opcdDlly  on  tba  canumulty  ol  tlw  Boheoun 
Bieihim.  PlofMaor  Joicph  Kaloauk  baa  «iitton  moA  oa  the 
«rly  UMory  of  B«he  mia,  ajMl  iaako  tb*  ambocola  my  valoable 
■tody  cf  tbf  andent  amthnUoD  (ShM  f")  ^  Bohemit. 
Dr  AuMB  Rewk  k  tbft  anlbor  of  Impoctant  Urtnksl  Madka, 
■anyofwhkb^pctndlntbejoonialof  tbtBobcndao  IfoMma 
■nd  In  the  £^  Cutfb  BUeriOf  (Bobralan  BMwlcnl 
Revfe*),  wUd  h>  lotuuM  Id  1S9;  Jofaitly  irilh  FrdoMn  JaRatav 
GoO.  Hon  nomly  Dr  Vldiv  Flijauii  few  pnbtlihed  Moe 
esxIlBit  Msdlea  on  tba  life  and  wiitinp  ol  ^ilui  Huu,  and 
PrafoHf*  Ptc  and  Nedola  bave  ptiblkbed  Itarntd  udiMO- 
bgical  itBdHi  m  tbe  calliest  period  d  Bohemian  bittoiy. 

See  CooBt  Lficsnr,  A  BitUrt  li  Bttmin  UloahiH  (London, 
ig»}:  W.  R.  UorfiN.  Jitoqaic  li><nW»>  (isaj);  A.  N.  Pypla  lod 
V.  D.  Snaovit,  Aulfry  ^SloKmit  tUtnttm  (writtni  in  RUBiaa. 
tniuktcd  iolo  Ccman  by  TraiwKt  Pech,  Gmk,  ier  liar.  Littratuien, 
»vol».,Lejp»g,  18*0-1*84),  Tfiereire  modern  hlitoriaiJBoliBmiin 
HMnlDn  wrlttim  in  the  ntfonal  Lancuaie  by  Dr  Kaid  TWlrunk, 
DtVii:laTFlaiiliaHaKlMr]aroiUv\lxlt  (L.) 

BOBZKniiD,  the  natne  ol  a  anlea  of  princes  of  AdIiocIi, 
altenniA  counti  ol  Tripdi.    Tbelt 
ioBoiRnB  table:— 
RabcTt  Cuiicard-Cl)  Albcnda:  (3)Sic 

Bohemand  I.-CoutaDce.  dughtcr  of  Philip  I.  otPnuce. 

Bohemirad  II. -Alice,  daughter  (i  Baldwin  It.  oT  Jenualen. 
<i)  Raynund  -Coasuact  -  ORaynald  ol  CUtiOon. 
idl!I.-(i10rt>imeaK. 

BobeinuiKl  IV.-(i)PluBnc9. 

I  (a)Meliiioda,  daughttf  <t  AhuMe  H. 


htnn  caieer,  and  tbot^  helped  to  detandne  the  fabtoiy  of 
die  Fint  Cnuuk,  of  whid)  Bohemund  may  be  Kgaided  u  the 
leader.  On  the  dtMb  of  GuiKanl  fai  10B5,  bit  younger  100 
Roger,  bom  "  in  the  pniple  "  ol  a  Lombaid  pdnceaa  Scelgaeta, 
■Bcceedad  tothedocbyotApidkand  Calabik,  anda  waraion 
between  8<AemiiDd  (whom  hit  tatbtr  lad  ■'t''t'*^  for  the 
throne  ol  CowliBliTiople)  and  Dnte  Roger.  Hh  war  wh  finally 
compowd  by  the  nediallao  ol  Urban  U.  and  the  award  of 
Omnto  and  other  poaunknu  to  Bebeound.  In  1096  BohennnuJ, 
•loss  witk  Uf  nacle  the  peal  coast  of  SUily,  waa  atticUng 
Analfi,  lAid  bad  levolled  (galnat  Dake  Ro«er,  wton  bandi  of 
diiaden  begaa  to  pan,  on  their  way  thiOD^  Italy  to  Cootinli- 
Dople.  Hie  Mat  of  the  cnuader  oama  upon  Baheomnd:  it  ii 
pOMlble,  too,  that  be  aaw  b  tba  Krat  Ctuauk  a  chance  of 
RaUttug  U>  lather  "t  policy  (whidi  ma  alK>  n  oM  N«ne  imUiict) 
«(  the  DraHf  *«*  OOm,  aad  hoped  turn  the  Ikit  to  carve  for 
MnocU  w  uattm  priodpaliiy.  He  ptbend  >  fine  Noman 
■imy  (periiapa  the  Sscat  dIvWon  ta  the  cmtdlBC  beat),  at  the 
head  of  wUdi  he  ooned  the  Adriatic,  and  peoetnted  to  Con- 
atanUnople  along  the  route  he  bad  tried  to  fcHow  b  iogi~ 
iog4.  He  W15  careful  to  obaerve  a  "conect "  attitude  toward 
AlcDui,  and  when  he  anivid  at  Constantinople  in  April  10117  he 
did  honuge  to  the  empcior.  He  may  have  ncgoiiited  with 
Alexius  abonl  a  piioclpallty  at  Anlioch;  il  be  did  >o,  be 
bad  little  encouTageraenl.  From  ConEtantlnople  to  Antlodi 
Bohemund  waa  the  teal  leader  of  the  Pint  Cniude;  and  il  sayi 
much  for  his  lading  that  the  Fint  Cnaade  succeeded  in  crauiog 
Asia  Minor,  idiich  the  Cruaada  of  iiei,  114T  and  iiSg  fiiied  to 
aocBispliah.    A  ^ilijiH,  Bohenniad  was  raohrd  to  engineer 


nqAew  TaacMd  Ut  the  main  aimy  at  Henclca,  and  attempted 

to  catiUlih  ■  looting  b  Glida,  the  moVEniFnt  may  hive  been 

■ina<^  InlCDdcd  a*  a  pnpaiatjon  for  Btdtemnnd's  eailem 

principrifty.    Bohonund  was  the  fiiM  to  get  lots  poiitiim 

before  Anttoch  (October  109J),  and  be  took  a  gnat  part  In  the 

■lege,  beating  off  the  Mahommedan  attempta  at  refief  fnra  the 

east,  and  oonnecting  the  bealegeta  cm  the  west  with  the  pcct 

of  St  Simeon  and  the  Italan  ih^  wtdch  lay  then.    Tbs  optun 

of  Anliocb  was  due  to  Ua  coaneiioD  with  Flrnz,  one  of  the 

he  dtyi  hut  be  muld  not  bring  matters  to  an 

aesiian  of  the  dty  was  aasnnd  him  (May  io$S), 

if  the  apprcachof  Ketbo^witbagnatuny 

Il  a  reservation  hi  tavDor  of  Aledua,  if  Aleiha 


I  aid  the  < 


ol  Antioch,  I 


n  after  Its 


(iJUidiiia,  daughter  of  count  ol  Segm. 


of  Cy|HUB  I 

Hi«h  II. 
L  (c  aj).  ta5&-titi),  prince  of  Otiasto  and 
>f  Antioch,  wboac  first  name  was  Uarc,  wai  tbb 
eldest  ton  of  Bobeit  Gmacard,  dm  Atrial  Calobriae.  hjtn 
early  marriage  contracted  before  1059.  He  served  under  his 
bther  in  the  great  attack  on  the  East  Boruid  empire  (1  oSi>< 
toSs),  and  commanded  the  Noimaai  during  Cuiicaid's  absesca 
(1081-1084),  penetrating  into  Ihesuly  as  far  aa  Larisaa,  bi;t 
being  repulsed  byAleiius  Comnenus.  This  early  hostility  to 
Aledia  hid  e  great  influence  in  deleimining  the  coarse  of  his 


bogha;  he  had  to  make  good  hii 
claims  tgsuisl  Riymund  of  Toa- 
lome,  who  championed  iba  rights  of 
Alexius.  He  ohtained  full  possession 
in  January  1095,  and  stsyed  in  the 
neighlMurhood  of  Antioch  to  secure 
his  position  ,whJ1e  the  other  cnissdrrs 
moved  southward  to  the  capture  of 
Jenaalem.  He  came  to  Jerusalem 
■t  Cbrlsunaa  1099,  and  bad  Dago- 
bert  of  I^sa  elected  as  patriarch, 
peifcaps  in  order  to  check  tlie  growth 
of  a  stiong  Lotbutnglan  power  in 
the  dty.  It  might  seem  in  iioo 
.*m?_'"'  t*^'  Bohemund  was  destined  lo 
eat  principality  in  Anlioch , 
luld  dwarf  Jeruulem;  be 
had  a  fine  territoty,  a  good  strategical  position  and  a  strong 
array,  Btit  he  had  to  face  two  great  forces — the  Enal  Boroin 
empire,  irtiich  deimed  the  whole  of  bis  territories  and  was 
supported  in  its  dslm  by  Raymond  of  Toulonie,  and  the  strong 
Uihomracdin  principalities  in  the  north-east  of  Syria.  Against 
thoe  two  forces  he  failed.  In  tioo  be  was  capinied  by  Dinish- 
Dend  of  Slvas,  and  he  languished  m  prison  till  1103.  Tkocted 
'    bis  place;  bat  meanwhile  Raymi    '      -■'■•■'■       '• 


BobemnBdVl.-SibyfIi, 


Bdemimd  Va.—vJ.p. 


with  the  aid  of  Alexiiu  in  Tripoli,  and  w 


a  check  the 


13^ 


»iliit'«"  el  Aadacb  to  the  amtk  IhuMstMd  in  iios  by  tbc 
icncnaity  of  in  Aimeniui  prince,  BobemDiid  muk  [t  hb  Gnt 
object  to  attack  Ibe  nd^dnurinl  Mihomnwdaa  powen  in 
orda  to  saia  ntptHki.  But  In  bMding  u  attack  «d  Hairu. 
is  1 104,  ht  wai  Mvntljr  defeated  at  Balkh,  uat  KaUa  on  Ihe 
Eqihiatea.  Tbe  defeat  na*  decisive-,  it  made  ioipoaible  (be 
great  aaateni  pKocipallty  miicb  Bohcmund  had  contemplated. 
It  «ai  foUawed  by  a  Gieek'atUck  on  Cilida;  and  deipauinf  of 
hia  om  looiuccs,  Bohemiuid  retuined  to  Eurafie  lor  nfaifuct- 
mesti  In  order  10  deleiui  bti  posilioa.  Hi)  atttacUw 
won  bim  the  hand  ol  CoiBlaDCe,  tbc  daugbter  ol  the 
Philip  I.,  and  he  collected  a  large  anny.  Denied  by  his  1 
be  [udved  [o  Die  bii  aimy  not  to  deleod  Anitoch  itai 


bytt 


lofAl 


T-aiwW  (TObli 


to  cede  dbpiited 

a  Greek  paliiaich 

bnkcD  mao.     lie  died  viihout 
buiad  at  CanoMa  in  Apulia,  in 

Haaeiuneyer)  li  wr'" 

iUOMof  AonaC ,. ,  ,  .-. 

th  ait.  Hb  caner  k  d)KW»d  ay  B.  von  KQtler.  Bn-rm,^  «. 
robliuni,  iWlh  while  L  van  Heinemaaii,  Ciakitku  *ir 
■  nSicilint  md  Viilcniaiicn  (LdpiiB.  ie94),  and  R. 

Mliricht,  Ciicticib  in  mun  KraaotN  (Inntbruck.  1901)  and 

dackitUt  du  KInifrdcIa  JirusaUm  ilnmbruck,  tS^S).  may  alube 

BobcicuhdU.  (iic^ii3t),  aonol  the  freal  Bohcmnnd  by  bk 
naiiiage  with  Coutance  of  Ftance.  wai  boni  in  i  loS,  Ibc  year  of 
bit  btber'i  defeat  at  Daraaio.  In  ii)6hecaliicfn>m  Apulia  to 
Antioch  (which,  aincE  the  tall  of  Roger,  the  HiCEcBOr  of  Tancred, 
In  1119,  bad  bees  nndet  the  nffncyoIBatdoinlL);  and  Id  1117 
Ik  manied  Alice,  tbe  yountei  danihier  of  Baldwin.  Afta  gome 
tRnMe  »hb  JucdiD  of  EdeBa,and  after  jaininj  with  Baldwin  U. 
in  an  attad  on  Dnmatcna  (111;),  be  wu  defeated  and  ilabi  on 

(mi)'  He  hadibown  that  he  had  hit  fathei^  oourace:  if  time 
hadauSiccd.  he  mliht  have  ibown  Ibat  be  bad  the  olbcr  qnalitia 
of  the  fintBohrannd. 

tie  aoD  of  Conatance,  dau^ter  of 
id  n.,  by  hei  firat  hiuband,  I^ymond  ot  ADtiocb.  He 
ed  bi>  Dwthei  in  the  principality  ol  Antiodi  in  116},  and 
Kara  prominently  in  ii6t,  ai  lefent  of  tbe  kintdom  of 
■.a  diirint  tbe  eipedilion  ol  Aoalric  I.  to  Egypt.  Btiiiog 
icaca  of  Amalric,  he  wa>  defeated  and  cqiiuietl  by 
in  (AufiM  1164)  at  Harenc,  to  (he  eait  of  Antioch.  He 
act  mneonied  by  hd  brother-in-law,  tbe  empcroi  Uanuel, 
iDd  went  to  CoaUiatiDople,  whence  he  returned  nilb  a  Cmk 
patriarch.  In  iito  he  dewrted  hti  iccond  wife,  tbe  [MincOB 
(hgiulleuK,  for  a  certain  Sib)41a,  and  be  wai  in  comequence 
excommunicated  By  OrguiUeuse  he  bad  had  two  ma,  Ray- 
mund  and  Bobemuud  (the  future  Bohemund  IV.), whose  relalbns 
and  acUoD)  detetmiDcd  tbe  mt  of  hi>  life.  Raytaund  mairicd 
AUce.adaughtei  of  tbe  Armeiuan  prince  Rhupen  [Rupia),  bioiher 
ol  Lao  of  Armenia,  and  died  in  1 11J7,  leaving  beliind  him  a  eon. 
Kaymnnd  Rbupeo.  Bahctound,  the  younger  brotber  of  Ray- 
■DHod,  had  BiKcecded  the  lail  count  of  Tripoli  in  the  poaaeasion 
oi  that  county,  nS;;  and  the  problem  whicb  occupied  the  last 
yevi  (<  Bobemund  III.  wu  to  detcrmipe  whether  hii  giaiuUon, , 
Rajmund  Rhupen,  or  bii  younger  ion,  Bohemund.  ihovld  succeed 
Un  In  Antioch.  Leo  ol  Armenia  waj  naturally  tbc  champion  cJ 
bit  greal-nephev,  Raymund  Rbupen;  indeed  he  had  already 
claimed  Antioch  in  bit  own  right,  bclore  tbe  marriage  of  hit  niece 
to  Rajnund,  in  iigt,  when  he  had  captured  Bohemund  QL  at 
Gailin,  and  attempted  witboi:t  luccen  to  force  him  to  cede 
Antioch.'    Bohemund  tbc  younger,  however,  prosecuted  hit 

about  tioo;  but  he  waa  ouatcd  by  Leo  (now  king  of  Armenia  by 

'  During  the  captivity  ol  Babemuad  HI.  tbe  patriarch  of  Anlioch 

helped  to  lound  a  comcnune,  which  penistcd,  inlh  iti  mayor  and 


the  grace  of  th>  mpaiot,  Hemy  VL),  and  BohcEitMl  UL  died 
In  potMMion  of  hit  {Kincipaltt)'  (1101). 

Boaano  IV.,  yooBiaraon  o(  BohtmoDd  m.  byhittecond 
wile  OrgtiiUeuM,  becaiat  ooam  at  Tripoli  in  I  ig  7,  and  nicceeded 
hit  father  in  the  princ^alitjr  of  Antioch,  to  dc  esEdnaion  of 
Raymond  Rbupen,  In  itot.  But  the  di^te  Inted  fee  Btny 
yean  t&eo  of  Aimcnla  OMilinidnc  to  ■*"■[■'—  the  cauie  of  bb 
peat.BeiAew},  and  loog  occuided  Ibe'nttenlkn  of  Iimortnt  UL 
Bobemond  IV.  enjoyed  tbe  luppoit  of  th(  Tcmplan  (who,  lika 
tbe  Knighti  «l  St  John,  had  eiUtei  In  nipatD  and  of  the  Greek 
inbaUtantaof  Antioch,  to  whom  be  giaaled  their  own patiiatcb 
in  1107,  while  Leo  appealed  (iiro-iiii)  both  to  InnoCEBt  IIL 
andtheemper()rOttolV.,aDdwaiiiipportedbylbeHospitalleia. 
In  1116  Leocaptured  Antioch,  indcitabliibedRayiBiiiidRlnvca 
ai  iti  prince;  but  he  loot  it  apfn  in  leaa-tbia  four  yean,  audit 
wu  once  more  is  the  pTiiiitinn  of  Bobcmuiul  IV.  when  Leo  died 
in  ijio.  Raymund  Rhupen  died  In  ijti;  and  alter  tbe  event 
Bohemund  reigned  In  Anlioch  aadTiipolitiUbia  death,  proving 
himself  a  detetmiDcd  eocmy  of  the  Hoepitallen,  and  thereby 
incurring  eicommunicalioB  ui  tijo.  He  Exit  fotaed,  and  then 
deserted,  the  emperor  Frederick  XL,  doling  (he  cruaade  c4 
131S-19;  and  be  wu  enluded  Eram  the  operatioD  itf  Ibe 
(mty  of  ii>9.  When  he  died  in  iijj,  be  had  jntt  concluded 
peace  with  the  Ho^iitaUcn,  and  Giegory  IX.  had  ideated  him 
from  the  ricommunkation  of  1  ija 

BoomuHD  v.,  ton  of  Bohemund  IV.  by  bit  wife  PIttiance 
(dau^terofHughof GibeieI),iDccccdedbisfatliclinia}s.  Ha 
wat  prince  of  Antioch  and  count  of  Tripoli,  like  hit  father;  and 
like  him  he  enjoyed  Ibe  ailiancc  of  tbe  Templars  and  eaperijced 
the  hoitility  of  Armenia,  which  wu  not  appcaaedtill  usi.whea 
the  mediation  of  St  Loult.  aod  tbe  ptairiage  of  tbe  future 
Bohemund  VL  to  the  liiter  oi  tbc  AnMnlaa  king,  finally  bno^t 
peace.  By  hii  linl  marriage  in  11)5  with  Alice,  the  widow  of 
Hugh  L  o[  Cyprus,  Bohemund  V.  connected  the  hbtaty  of 
Antioch  for  a  time  with  ihu  ol  Cyprus.  He  died  in  iisi.  He 
had  resided  cbieSy  at  Tripoli,  and  undei  bim  Antioch  wat  left  to 
be  governed  by  its  bt '"" 

BoBUtUNU  VI.  wi 
daughter  of  the  co 


ithe  t( 

It  of  Segni.  nephew  al  tnnfcent  HI.  Bom 
loncmund  VL  luccecdcd  bis  father  in  1J51,  and  wu 
jy  St  Louii  in  11  jj.  His  aiatcr  Plaitance  had  married 
cnry  L  of  Cyprus,  the  sod  of  Hugh  I.;  and  tbe  Cyptiot 
ol  Anlioch,  origiuaUy  lonced  by  tbe  miniage  of  Bohe- 
mund V.  aod  Alice,  tbe  widow  of  Hu|ji  L,  waa  thus  maintaiotd. 
In  1151  Bobemund  VL  esiablished  himself  in  Antioch,  leaving 
Tripoli  to  itself,  and  in  1157  he  procured  the  recognition  of  hit 
nephew,  Hugh  U..  the  too  of  Henry  L  by  Flaltance,  u  king  ol 
Jerusalem.  He  allied  himself  to  the  Moogolt  against  tbe  ad* 
vance  of  tbe  Egyptian  tultan;  but  in  ii6g  be  lost  Anlioch  to 
Bibari,  and  when  be  diedm  1175  he  wu  only  count  of  Tripoli. 

BoHEUiniD  VII.,  son  of  Bohemund  VI.  by  Sibylla,  sister 
of  Leo  UL  of  Armenia,  succeeded  to  tbe  county  of  Tripoli  in 
1 175,  with  bis  mottxr  aa  tigcot.  In  his  sbcat  and  troubled  ttlgn 
be  had  trouble  with  tbe  Templtis  who  were  established  in 
Tripoli;  and  in  the  very  year  of  his  death  (11S7)  he  lost  Laodice* 
to  the  lultan  of  Egypt.  He  died  without  issue;  and  u,  within 
two  yean  of  hit  death,  Tripoli  wu  captured,  the  county  of 
Tripoli  may  be  uid  to  have  become  eilinct  with  bim. 
LrTBa«Tiina.~The  hijiory  of  the  Bohrmnndi  is  the  Uttsryol 

thcprincipality  orAr"""-   ---*  -'—=-■■ -""    -■ 

olTripoUalto.    For _, 

...     J       iitOnal 


and  two  anidcs  en  ta  history  him  apoiand  in  lb 
ijrns_[P»iis,,i»M,,falJ,  ,boa  ,^^.,^  f  Rasa 

dela 


lulogifue 


principauu  d'Antiodi^'*  < 
rlMir^ki  Jtmaltm  {Inm 


iiafSf-w. 


'ripolL      (E.  Bn.) 

BBmint,  mtum  fribdbicb  (1795-1163),  GermM 

historian,  son  of  Karl  Lodwig  BSbmer  (d  iSt;),  wu  bora  at 
Franklort-on-Haln  on  the  imd  of  April  1795.  Edocated  at 
tbe  universities. of  Heidelberg  and  Gettlngen,  be  showed  an 
interest  In  art  and  viiitrd  Italy;  but  TTtutnbg  to  Frankfort 
he  turned  bia  attentkni  to  the  study  of  hitloty.  and  beeann 


BOHN— BOHUN 


•ecntuy  at  the  Gudbttafl  ftr  ttia*  itttidt  Cacludittlaiiii: 
He  wu  (Iw  irchivJst  and  Choi  Ubrariui  of  the  dly  of  Fnmklott. 
Bekioet  bad  ■  grekt  lUilike  of  PnissU  ukd  the  Proltttwit  fifth, 
and  a  cone^mHUnf  iffection  for  Aiutiia  uui  the  Roman 
Catholic  ChmiJi,  to  which,  however,  he  did  not  belone.  Hi) 
crftkil  seme  wai,  pethips,  umewhat  vuped;  but  hii  reaeartbet 
are  of  gnst  value  to  ttudents.  He  died  uaraairied,  at  FtanUait, 
on  the  iiod  of  October  1863.  BShoiec^  hiatotfcal  muk  wii 
dueSy  concetiied  with  caDectinc  and  tabulatmji  charten  and 
other  imperial  docnraents  of  the  middle  ago.  Hnt  q^Ksied 
an  abstract,  the  AiuU  dtreiuiepia-iiflBiiKiicB  rcpnm  aljut 
imptralenim  Svmaiianim9"-i3'3(Fnak!ott,iR3i),wbkh  wu 
folloiRd  by  (lie  Kcgala  dumalii^iyiiftimalica  KarotonBm. 
Dit  UrktaiimSmUkkirKariiinieTinktinenAiatUtaiiTajik.- 
fott,  iSjj),  and  1  icria  of  Kcfute  impaii.  For  the  pnfod 
1314-1347  (FianLfoTt,  1839)  the  Reiata  wu  followed  by  three, 
and  for  the  peiiol  U46-1313  (Frankfort,  1844)  by  two  nipple- 
menCaiy  volumes.  Tbe  remaiamg  period  of  the  fiifetlit,u  edited 
by  Behmer,  [i  ii»S-iiS4  (Slultgart,  1840),  TleM  collectioos 
nmtain  introductiona  and  eipknAtory  paUajes  by  the  author. 
Very  valoable  also  ii  Ibe  Fonia  rerUM  Camaxication  (Stnltgin, 
1843-1868),  a  collection  of  ori^oilauthoritiea  for  Gtnnan  hitloiy 
dutiai  the  13th  and  14th  centuriea.  Tbe  fourth  and  last  volume 
of  this  work  was  edited  by  A,  Huber  after  the  autbot'i  death. 
Other  coDectiona  edited  by  Bjjhmer  are:  DU  RekJuietetu 
fao-i^ae  [Frankfort,  1S31);  WiUtliiacUjcit  RrtesU*  im  dcr 
BrwrimidaHaatfi""  Baytnibittiil34o{SlaUt*n.  1854)1 
and  Ceiiz  diplmalicui  Motna-FrancBfioianut.  Urkmimlnich 
ia  gacisslaiU  Frantjut  (Frankfort,  1836;  ne*  edition  by  F. 
Law,  ipoz).  Other  volumes  and  editions  of  the  Kegtsla  imptrii^ 
edited  by  j.  Fickxr,  E.  MUhlbacher,  E.  Wlnkelcunn  and  others, 
are  largely  based  on  BAhmer's  work.  BOhmcr  left  a  great  amount 
of  unpublished  material,  and  after  his  death  two  other  works 
were  published  from  his  papers:  Ada  imperii  tdeda,  edited  by 
].  Ficker  (Innsbruck,  1870];  and  Rtftila  arckicpiKOporum 
Mtpalmouiim,  edited  by  C.  ViiX  (Innsbruck,  1877-1886). 

See  J.  JansKD,  /.  T.  BSkmm  LOn,  BHtfi  ud  Uc^uh  Siirifini 
(FreimrE*  iSfiS). 

BORV.  BBXKT  dEOROB  (i;q«-iSS4).  British  publisher, 
■on  of  a  German  bookblndet  settled  in  England,  was  botn  In 
London  on  the  4th  of  January  1706.  In  183J  he  started  as  a 
dealer  in  race  books  and  "  remainders."  In  1S41  he  issued  his 
"  Guinea  "  CoAj/at"  of  books. 


held  {n  1S4S  lasted  four  days,  the  „  ... 

folio  pages.  Printed  on  IIUs  catalogue  was  tbe  information: 
"  Dinner  at  3  o'clock,  dessert  at  4,  tea  at  5,  and  supper  at  10." 
The  name  of  Bohn  is  piincipalfy  remembered  by  the  important 
IJhraria  which  he  inaugurated:  these  were  begun  in  1846  and 
comprised  editions  of  standard  works  and  translations,  dealing 
with  history,  science,  classics,  tbeology  and  archaeology,  con- 
sisling  in  alt  of  766  volumes.  One  of  Bohn's  most  useful  and 
laboriotti  undeitaklnp  was  his  revision  (6  vols.  18G4}  of  Tin 
BOIiopaplitr'i  ilanxat  of  En^uk  Liitratvt  (1S34)  ol  W.  T. 
Lowndes.  The  plan  includes  bibliographical  and  critical  notices, 
particulars  of  prices,  be.,  and  a  considerable  addition  to  the 
original  wt>rk.  It  had  been  one  of  Bohn's  ambitions  to  found 
a  great  pnblislung  house,  but,  Eai^iig  that  hil  tons  had  no  taste 
(or  the  trade,  he  si^  the  Uirariti  in  1864  to  Messrs.  Bell  and 
Daldy,  afterwards  G,  BeH  h  Sons.  Bohn  was  a  man  of  wide 
culluic  and  many  Interests.  He  himself  made  eonsideiable 
contributioni  to  hil  Uttariit:  be  CDllecl«d  pictures,  china  and 
ivoriei,  and  waa  a  famous  roee-giow«r.  He  died  at  Twickenham 
on  the  iind  of  August  1884, 

BOHTUIIOB^  otto  VOK  {181J-1904)  German  Sanskrit 
Kholar.  was  btnn  on  the3alh  of  May  (iilh  of  June  O.S.)  181  j 
at  St  Petersburg.  Having  studied(i83J-i835)OTiental  languages. 
particularly  Arabic,  Persian  and  Sanskrit,  at  the  university  ot 
Si  Petenbutg,  be  continued  his  studies  in  Ceiinany,  Gist  in 
BerUn  atul  then  (1839-1841)  fa  Bonn.  Returning  to  St  Fetere- 
boigin  ia4i,liewa)attadiedtotbe  Royal  Academy  of  Sciences, 
and  wna  elected  an  ocdinaiy  member  of  that  sodety  In  1855. 


In  iS6a  be  wu  made  "  Rnsaian  : 
"  privy  esundlloT  "  with  a  title  of  nobility.  In  1868  he  settled 
at  Jena,  and  in  1S85  removed  to  Leipiig,  where  be  leaided  until 
hil  death  there  on  the  ist  of  April  1004.  BOhtllngk  waa  one  of 
the  most  distinguished  scbotan  of  tho  i^th  oetitury,  and  hfa 
works  are  of  t^e-eminent  value  in  the  field  of  Indian  and  com- 
parative philology.  His  £rTt  great  work  waa  an  edition  of 
Panini'a  AcU  Bidur  pamKuUiBlur  Riid»  (Bonn,  iB39-t840), 
which  was  in  reality  a  criticism  of  F^ana  Bcf^p's  philBlogJad 
methods.  This  book  BUitlin^  again  look  iq>  foTty-^enn  yean 
later,  irtien  he  npublished  It  with  a  com[Jele  tianalatiDa  under 
tbe  title  i'aHiiiuOuanHfaiiBtftcmttwuadp^.iSSj).  Tlie 
earlier  edition  was  followed  by  Vffaifat  Oammallk  (St  Petera- 
burg,  1847);  £'>'rdieffraotad<r/aiMM(SIFelaibDig,i8si); 
JadiicfeS^rAcie  (md  ed.  In  5  pun,  St  Fetenbmt,  18^0-1873,  to 
which  an  hideit  ana  published  by  Blan.LeipdK  1893)  ;a  critical  ei- 
aminadoD  and  Daaslatioa  oI  CUpnJggyoHi^BiHnM  (St  Peters-' 
buig,  1SB9)  and  a  tianstathm  of  £lriladaniiiy«la-«fawiij|ad  (St 
Petenbuig,  18S9).  In  addition  to  these  he  pnblubed  several 
smaller  Dtatisca,  notably  one  on  the  Sanskrit  accents,  Diir  im 
Acuta  in  Satahil  {liiz).  But  his  nutnuiw  epus  Is  his  great 
Sanskrit  dictionary,  SayukrU-Wlrltrbmk  (7  v^s..  St  Feteisburg, 
'853-1875;  sewed,;  vols., St  iytersburg,i87o~iS8o),  which  with 
tbe  assistance  of  his  two  friends,  Rudolf  Roth  (1811-1895)  aUd 
Albrecht  Weber  (b.  1815),  was  completed  in  twenty-three  toil 
BOHOH,  the  name  of  a  family  wluch  [^yi  an  Important  part  In 
English  history  during  the  13th  and  14th  c«ntutiet;  it  was  taken 
fn>m  a  village  situated  In  the  CotentiA  between  Coutanees  and 
the  estuary  ol  the  Vire.  The  Bohuni  came  Into  England  at,  of 
■hottly  after,  the  Noimaa  Conquest;  but  thdt  eariy  histoty 
there  i>  obscure.  The  fooadet  of  their  grealneai  wai  Humphrey 
lU,,  who  in  the  latter  years  of  Henry  I.,  make*  Us  appearancn 
aa  a  dapifcr,  or  stewaid,  in  the  luyal  household.  Hie  manfed 
the  daughter  of  Milo  of  Gloucestec,  and  [dayed  an  amtnguous 
pott  hi  Stephen's  reign,  siding  at  first  with  tbe  Uag  and  after- 
wards with  the  empress.  Humphrey  HI.  Hvcd  until  1187,  but 
his  history  Is  uceventfuL  He  remained  loyal  to  Heniy  II. 
through  all  changes,  and  fought  in  1175  at  Farnham  agilnal 
the  rebels  of  East  Anglia.  Outliving  his  eldest  >on,  Humphrey 
IV.,  he  was  succeeded  In  the  family  estates  by  his  gTandsOB 
Henry.  Henry  was  connected  with  the  royal  house  of  Scotland 
through  his  mother  Mar^ret.  a  sister  of  WlUam  the  LJon; 
an  alliance  which  no  doubt  assisted  him  to  obtain  the  earldom 
of  Hereford  from  John  (1199).  The  lands  of  the  family  by 
chleBy  on  the  Welsh  Uarchcs,  and  from  this  date  the  Bohuns 
take  a  foremost  place  among  the  Marcher  barons.  Henry  de 
Bohuu  Egure*  with  the  earls  of  Oare  and  Gloucester  among  the 
tweety-Bve  barons  who  were  elected  by  their  (ellowa  10  enforce 
the  terms  of  the  Great  Chatter.  In  tt>e  subsequent  civil  war  he 
fought  on  the  side  of  Louis,  and  was  captured  at  the  battle  of 
IJncDln  (1117).  He  took  the  cross  in  the  tame  year  and  died 
on  his  [ulgcimage  (June  i,  mo).  Humphrey  V.,  his  son  and 
heir,  relumed  to  the  path  of  loyalty,  and  was  permitted,  some 
time  before  1139,  10  inherit  the  eartdom  of  Eisei  from  his 
maternal  uncle,  William  de  Mandeville.  But  In  mS  this 
Humphrey  fell  away,  like  his  father,  from  the  loyal  to  the 
baronial  cause.  He  served  as  a  nominee  of  the  oppoaition  on  the 
conunittee  of  twenty-four  which  was  appointed,  la  the  Oifoid 
parliament  of  that  year,  10  reform  the  administration.  It  wai 
only  the  alliance  of  Montfort  with  Llewelyn  of  North  Wales  that 
brought  the  eail  of  Heietotd  back  to  his  allegiance.  Humphrey 
V.  headed  the  Erst  secession  of  the  Welsh  Marchers  from  the 
parly  of  the  opposition  (itGj).  and  was  amongst  the  captives 
whom  the  Montlortians  took  at  Lewci.  .  The  earl'ssonand  name- 
sake was  on  the  victorious  side,  and  ihaied  in  the  deleat  of 
Evesham,  which  he  did  not  long  survive.  Humphrey  V.  was, 
therefore,  naturally  selected  as  one  of  tbe  twelve  aibitralors 
to  draw  up  the  Inn  of  KenHworth  (1166),  by  whidi  the  dis- 
[nhetited  rebels  were  aUowed  to  make  their  peace.  Dying  in 
1175,  he  was  succeeded  by  his  grandson  Humphrey  VIL  ''^* 
Bohun  lives  ui  lustory  as  one  of  the  recalcitrant  baronsoftheyeai 
1 997,  who  eitotled  from  Edward  I.  the  Cnufrautt)  CBttmm 


■38 


BOIARDO— BOIE 


Hk  Diotivo  oi  ibe  tacl'i  deGuCc  mrt  noI  illogelhci  disin- 
URSted.  Hcbidiuflcrtd  twice  Itom  Ibe  chiuncry  o[  Edwztd'i 
Ulryeni  io  1184  wbcn  i.  dispute  between  himself  and  the  royal 
favDUrile,  Joho  CiSicd,  was  decided  in  the  latler'i  [avouc; 
ud  igaio  in  ilCJ  when  he  wai  punished  with  tempocsrjr  im- 
prbonraenL  and  sequeitritlon  for  a  leduiical,  and  apparently 
ODwittipg,  contempt  of  the  kin^'i  court.  In  company,  therefore, 
with  the  earl  of  Norfolk  he  nluied  to  nnder  fotetgn  service  in 
Gaicony,  on  the  plea  that  tbey  were  only  bound  to  serve  with  Oic 
king,  who  «u  himself  l»und  for  Flandcn.  Their  altitude 
brought  ID  >  bead  the  general  discmleni  Khich  Edward  had 
eniled  by  ha  aibiliary  laiallon;  and  Edwacd  waa  otli^ 
to  make  a  lumnder  on  all  the  lubjecli  of  complaint.  At 
Falkirk  (iiqS)  Humphrey  VII.  redeemed  his  character  [or 
loyalty,  Hii  ion,  Ilun^rcy  VIIl..  who  lucceeded  him  m  the 
aame  year,  wu  allowed  10  marry  one  of  the  king's  daugbters, 
Eleanor,  the  widoved  caunlat  of  Holland  (1301}.    This  doe 

not  prevent  Earl  Thomu  of  Lancailer,  from  Joining  the  oppoti- 
tion  Id  the  feeble  Edwud  U.  In  i]io  Humphrey  VHI.  figured 
amoBg  the  Lords  Ordiinerei  though,  with  more  patrbiiim 

the  king  to  Bannockbum.  He  wai  taken  captive  ia  the  battle, 
but  eichaoged  for  the  wife  of  Robert  Bruce.  Subsequently  he 
relumed  to  the  ause  ol  hi>  order,  and  fell  on  the  side  of  Earl 
Tliomaial  the  6e!d  o(  Bomughbridge  (iju).  With  hun,  as  with 
bit  talber.  the  politla  of  the  Marches  had  been  the  main  con- 
lideiitioo;  his  Cnal  change  of  side  wu  due  to  jealousy  of 
the  younger  Deapenaer,  wbcoe  lordship  of  Glamorgan  waa  too 
peat  rot  the       -.-.-■        -    »    .  .     .,.-.l  .i_  j — v 


of  Hun 


y  VIII.  tl 


,    (d.    : 


peaceful    (tage. .-     

Humphrey  IX.  (d.  rj6i)  merely  diiLinguiihed 
captain  in  the  Bielon  campaigni  of  the  Hundred  YcUl'  War, 
winning  the  victoria  of  Morhiii  (ijti)  and  La  Socbe  Derrien 
(IJ4;).  Hit  nephew  and  heir,  Humphrey  X.,  wbo  inherited 
the  earldom  of  Northampton  from  hit  father,  was  teniloiially 
IheiDoaC  important  icpresentalive  of  the  Bohuns.  But  the  male 
line  was  eitinguiihed  by  his  death  {i3;3).  Ilie  three  earldoms 
Uid  the  broad  land)  of  the  Bohuns  were  divided  between  two 
co-heiressc*.  Both  married  nemben  of  the  royal  house.  Tbe 
elder,  Eleanor,  was  given  bi  HJt  to  Thomas  of  Woodstock, 
•eventh  son  of  Edward  III.:  <bc  youngrr.  Mary,  to  Henry, 
Ctrl  of  Derby,  son  of  John  of  Caunl  and  afterwards  Henry  IV., 
is  l]So  or  1381.  From  tbeie  two  marriages  sprang  the  houses 
dLancuterandStaHord. 

•Phtch  of  G.  E.  C(oluyne),  (1887-1808)  j^T.  F.  Tour'i "  Wtle.  and 
the  March  duiieg  Ihe  Bamn'  Wat."  in  Oeni  CiMf  HiUoricnl 
Sinn.  pp.  87-I36  ('90»!  I-  E.  Morri.-  WOik  VTvi  tf  X»g 
Bimi  C cha.  vf ,  viiL  ti90»-  (H.  W.  C  D.) 

BOtARDO.  MAnSO  MAHIA,   CotFHT  [i4M-i4M),   lUliao 

KI,  who  came  of  a  noble  and  illustrious  house  otabltsbed  at 
laia.  but  originally  from  Reggio.  was  bom  at  Scandiano, 

about  the  year  uM-  according  to  Tiraboschi.  or  1410  according 
to  Mauuchtlli.  Al  an  early  age  he  enleird  the  university  of 
Fermn,  wbeie  he  acquired  a  good  knowledge  of  Creek  and 
I^tiD,  aod  even  of  the  Oriental  languages,  and  waa  in  due  time 
admitted  doctor  in  philosophy  and  in  law.  At  the  court  of 
Ferrari,  where  he  enjoyed  the  favour  of  Duke  Bono  d'Eile  and 
Us  lucccnor  Hercules,  he  was  cnlnsted  with  several  honourable 
employments,  and  in  particular  was  named  governor  ol  Reg^o, 
an  appointment  which  he  held  in  Ihe  year  1478.  Three  years 
kflerwards  be  waa  elected  captain  of  Modena,  and  leappdsled 
governor  of  the  town  and  citadel  of  Reg^,  where  he  died  in  the 
year  1494,  though  in  what  month  b  uncertain. 

Almoal  all  Soiardo'i  works,  and  opedilly  hb  sreat  poem 
oi  the  Orlando  Inamaala,  were  composed  for  the  amusement 
of  Duke  Herculei  and  his  court,  though  not  written  within  its 
ptednctt.  His  ptactice,  it  is  said,  was  to  retire  to  Sctndiino  ot 
pome  Mbet  of  bis  eilates,  and  there  to  devote  himsell  10  com- 
VnltioD!  and  Caitelvctro,  ViUIuiicri,  MauucbeUi  and  Tiia- 


botchi  *U  unite  la  slating  that  be  twk  cut  to  Inuit  im  tlw 

desciiptiou  oi  bis  poem  thote  oi  the  agneable  environs  o{  ba 
ch&lcau.  and  that  the  greater  part  of  the  names  of  his  heroei,u 
Mandticardo,  Cradasse,  Sacripant,  Agramant  And  others,  wen 
merely  the  Bamei  ot  some  ol  his  peasants,  which,  (lOm  their 
uncoutbness,  appeared  to  him  proper  to  be  given  to  Saracen 
warrioti.  Be  this  as  it  may,  tjie  Orlawit  InamaaUi  deserve* 
to  be  considered  as  one  of  the  mnt  important  poems  in  Italian 
litenlure.  sioce  it  forea  the  Gnl  eaasple  of  the  romantic  epic 
worthy  ID  serve  a>  *  model,  aod,  u  such,  undoubtedly  produced 
Ariosto's  Orlando  Furieto-  Grmvina  and  Maasuchell  have  said. 
and  sucuediog  wtiten  have  repealed  on  their  authority,  that 
Boiaido  proposed  to  himieU  as  his  model  the  Hitil  of  Uomet; 
that  Parii  is  besieged  like  Ihe  dty  of  Tioy:  that  Angelica  hoti^ 
the  pUce  of  Helen;  and  that,  in  ihon,  the  one  poem  ia  a  lort  of 
reSei  image  ai  the  other.  In  point  of  Eacl,  however,  the  subject- 
matter  ol  the  poem  ia  derived  froai  the  FaMcv  Chenitit  ot  tbc 
pseudo-Turpin:  though,  with  ibe  cjiceplJon  oi  the  lume*  ol 
Charlemagne.  Roland,  flliver.  and  some  other  principal  wairion. 
who  necessarily  £gun«i  irapoitant  cbtinclen  in  the  various 
scenes,  there  it  little  ttsemblance  between  tbe  detailed  plot  of  tlw 
one  and  that  of  the  other.  The  poem,  which  Boiardo  did  not 
live  to  finish,  was  printed  al  Scandiano  tbe  year  liter  bis  death. 
under  tbe  luperinlendence  of  his  son  Count  Camillo.  The  title 
of  the  book  a  uHlhout  dale;  but  a  Latin  leltet  itora  Antonla 
Caraffa  di  Reggio,  prefixed  to  the  poem,  is  dated  the  kalends  of 
June  1405.  A  second  edition,  also  without  date,  but  which 
must  have  been  printed  before  the  year  ijoo^  appeared  at 
Venice;  and  tbe  poem  was  twice  reprinted  there  during  the 
first  twenty  yean  of  tbe  i6th  century.  These  editions  are  the 
more  curioui  and  valuable  smce  they  contain  nothing  but  tbe 
teit  of  the  author,  which  is  comprised  in  three  books,  divided 
Into  cantos.  Ihe  third  book  being  incomplete.  But  Niccolo 
degli  Agostini,  an  indiHerent  poet,  bad  the  courage  to  continue 
the  work  commenced  by  Boiardo.  adding  to  it  three  boots. 
which  were  printed  it  Venice  in  iii(-iiji,  in  4tDi  and  since 
that  time  no  edition  of  Ihe  Orlanio  has  been  printed  without 
the  continuation  of  Agostinl,  wretched  ai  il  im questionably  is. 
Boiaido'i  poem  sufFen  from  the  incurable  delect  of  a  hiboured 
and  heavy  style.  His  iLory  is  tlilf  ully  consirucied,  the  charactera 
are  well  drawn  and  lusliined  throu^out;  many  ol  die  incidenla 
show  a  power  and  fertility  o(  bnaginatJan  not  EnFerior  to  that  of 
Arioato,  but  the  perfect  warkmanship  indispensable  lot  a  great 

popular,  and  has  been  completely  superseded  by  the  Rifaciivlo 
of  FranccKo  Bern!  {q.vX 

The  other  works  of  Bcdardo  are— (i)  Il  Timnt,  a  comedy. 
Scandiano.  ijoo,  4I0;  (1)  Smmlli  i  Catatni.  Reggio,  [4W. 
41a;  (])  Cvwai  Buc^ken.  Reggio,  1500,  410;  {4)  Cii>^ 
CafUM  in  ierw  rim-,  Venice,  1513  or  ijjj;  (s)  Afm^i'  dtir 
■  iCOrP.  Venice,  tjiS,  1518;  (6)  .fr.ii»  d'Oro  de  Iskiom 
Iradoao  in  tflgarr.  Venice,  isii.  8vo:  (;)  EreJelt  Alicatnaua 
-ileriu.  IraiMo  a  Crtm  in  Iiirgw  /fstiaim.  Venice.  153J  »^ 
Sjg,  Svo;  t8)  ScrMtn  Ilalialnim  Saiplertt. 
See  Panirii's  Bviatdo  (9  vdIs..  1830-1831). 
BOIB.  HEIMRICH  CHBJSTtAM  (i744->8o6),  Certnan  author, 
ras  born  al  Ueldorf  in  the  Ibcn  Dsnbh  province  oi  Schleswig- 
HoIsLein  on  the  islh  ol  July  1744.  After  studying  law  at  Jens, 
he  went  in  1769  to  CSIiingen,  where  be  became  one  of  the 
ig  spirits  in  the  CMtinjen  "  Dichierbund  "  or  "H«in." 
poetical  talent  was  not  great,  but  his  thoiou^  knowledge 
ralure.  his  eiLcellent  taste  and  sound  judgment,  made  him 
al  person  to  awake  the  poetical  genius  of  oiheii.  Together 
with  F.  W.  Gotier  (f.r)  he  founded  In  1770  the  CEiiitigrn 
UtaenalmaKack,  which  he  directed  and  edited  untD  1 7;s.  when, 
in  conjunction  with  C.  W.  von  Dohm  (1751-1890),  be  brought 
oui  Das  dtidiclu  Umtani.  which  became  one  of  ibe  best  literary  I 
perfodicals  of  the  diy.     In  1776  Bole  became  secretary  to  the 


1  Han 


jiDtcd 


iIstntOT  of  the  province  oF  SUderditmarachen  In  Hi^stein. 
He  died  at  Meldorf  on  the  jrd  of  March  1806. 
See  K.  WebhoM.  Htintitk  Clriuiu  Btk  (HCk.  IKt)- 


BOIELDIEU— BOn 


FHAICOa  UUn  (i77S-iSm),  FimCh 
■Die  <ii«n.  wu  boni  at  RmHat  on  tkc  15th  ot 
Dfxcmbn  1 775.  He  nctivtd  hii  Ant  Diittlal  edvoitkni  front 
H.  Bnxbc,  tbt  culwdrii)  orsudK,  wlw  ippnn  to  bivt  tnaud 
.. . — ..._     ...  . .    ^  ^jjj  chuBber 


M  OkiuIM,  MEbtJ  ud  oDicn,  bat  met 
wAh  Uttle  apprDbatHB,  Gnod  apam.  mi  tbe  ords  ^  the  dey. 
Boieldiai  hwl  lo  Ul  bact  so  hi)  taint  m  1  pteietortf^jreT  for 
■  linlihood.  Suom  cune  M  lut  froin  ui  unopccted  tonm. 
P.J.Gumt.tluhionableilngaodhepCTiodiUlDiiRdBDicldicu^ 
loDch  on  the  pUno,  and  'mute  Um  hfa  accoiDpuibt.  In  tbe 
imnBg-noittt  of  the  Dinctoin  Cant  Bug  the  chanmiii  ung> 
and  ballada  •rilh  whkli  the  ymiBi  compaer  lapfdied  htm. 
Tbui  Bokldini's  irputation  gndoally  atended  to  wMet  circles. 
In  1 796  La  Dna  Ittira  vu  produced,  and  in  1 747  £a  Fam^t 
niitr  appeand  for  the  fint  time  on  1  Paris  itage,  and  mi  well 
recefved-  Several  other  Dperas  followed  [d  rapid  sueeasloD,  of 
■hkk  only  U  CtHfi  it  Ba^ai  (itoo)  baa  eseaped  oUivkm. 
Alter  tbe  enomom  lucttas  of  this  woik.  BoielrKeu  ttit  the  want 
ft  a  thoron^  rauaicai  (raining  and  look  Icuons  (ran  Cheniblni, 
the-  inHuence  of  that  gnst  mulct  being  dcariy  diicemlbk  In 
ihe  higher  arttslic  Gniah  of  hi)  pupil'i  later  coupcoilioni.  Id 
iSoi  Boieldieu,  to  ncape'  the  domestic  tnnblei  cained  by  hit 
nurriage  wiih  aolilde  Aug.  Maflenny,  a  ctkbnted  ballet- 
dancer  of  the  Paris  opera,  took  flight  and  went  to  Roisia.  whers 
be  was  received  wilh  open  arm)  by  tbe  emperor  Alexander. 
During  his  prolangRl  stay  ■(  St  ^Unbotg  be  oompoied  a 
minbeT  of  operas.  He  aba  Ml  to  music  tbe  cbonBes  of  Racine's 
AOndit,  one  of  hii  few  altempti  at  tbe  tiagic  ityk  of  dnmatic 
writing.  In  liii  he  relumol  to  hia  own  couotiy.  when  the 
MlDwing  yciT  tdtnesied  the  produFtkm  of  me  of  his  finest  works, 
itam  At  Farii,  in  wWch  he  depicted  with  much  felicity  tbe 
charming  coquetry  c*  the  queen  ol  Navarre,  the  cUvalrou*  wie 
of. the  king,  the  officious  pedantry  of  the  «eiie«ebal.  and  tbe 
amorooB  tenderness  of  the  page.  He  ittceeeded  MttuI  u 
professor  of  composition  at  the  Conservatoire  fai  1817,  i> 
CiafttM  mp  was  produced  with  great  succen  In  1S18. 
Bmeldieu'i  wcond  and  greatest  masteqHece  was  his  Dam 
Umckt  (iBisl.  Tbe  libretto,  written  by  Scribe,  was  partly 
nggoted  by  Walter  Scott'i  Mnasltry,  and  several  origliial 
ScDlIisIl  tunes  cleverly  introduced  by  the  composer  add  to  the 
melodloia  charm  and  local  colour  of  tbe  work.  On  tbe  death 
of  his  wife  In  1SJ5,  Boleldleo  married  a  siitger.  His  own  death 
was*due  to  a  violent  attack  of  pulmonary  disease.  He  vahJy 
tried  to  escape  the  rapid  progress  of  the  BJoess  by  liavd  in  Italy 
and  tbe  soutb  of  France,'hut  returned  Co  Paris  only  lo  die  OD 
the  Stb  of  October  iBm- 

Livi*  of  BoieWlBu  have  beoi  written  by  Poujia  CPa™,  i87S)i 
J.  A.  Rcfeuvailk  (Rouea.  iai«,  H«urt  (Park,  Hi*).  Emile  Duvil 
j&wa,  ISSJ).     Seeal«Ad<iIpl^CliadBAihin,DviMrtinintrl 

nHan.  naOtr  m.  Cotnn  (i75i-iS]o),  the  Snt  of  the 
FieDch  military  adventurers  in  India,  was  bom  at  ChaniWry 
in  Savoy  on  the  8th  of  hbrch  i;ji,  being  tbe  son  of  a  fui 
■nenhmt.  He  Joined  the  Irish  Brigade  in  France  In  176S,  and 
mbsequently  he  entered'  the  Ruisiui  service  and  wu  captured 
by  the  Tur^  Hearing  of  the  wealth  of  India,  he  made  his  way 
to  that  country,  and  after  serving  for  a  short  time  in  the  East 
India  Company,  he  resigned  and  joined  Mihadji  Siidbla  In 
r7R4  for  the  purpose  of  training  iii  troops  b  tlw  Eunipcui 
methods  of  war.  In  the  bitltcs  of  Lalsot  and  Chaksana  Boigne 
and  bis  two  hatlalions  ptovtd.  thdr  worth  by  holding  the  field 
when  the  rest  of  the  Mahntti  army  was  defeated  by  the  Rajpuli. 
In  the  battle  of  Agra  (r;^^)  be  restored  the  Mahralta  lortnnes, 
and  made  Mahadji  SIridhia  undisputed  master  of  Hindoatan. 
Tib  succen  ted  to  his  being  given  tbe  conunud  1^  a  brigade 
of  ten  battalioni  of  infantry,  wllh  which  be  won  tbe  vtctoriea 
•IPHtanand  Mertain  t790,    "  "'  ~        . 


at  least  by  nan 
tifey  sf^t  up  in 


to  raise  two  fuithcT  brigules  ot  dbdpUned  inbntry,  ud  made 
commander  .in-chief  o<  Sindhit'i  army.  In  tbe  batik  of  I^khairi 
(■793)  ha  defeated  Holkar*!  amy.  On  the  death  of  Mahad^ 
Sindhia  hi  1794,  fioigne  could  have  made  himadi  muter  of 
HiDdoatan  had  he  wished  it,  but  be  nowlned  loyil  lo  Duilal 
RaoSbdhitt,  In  I7gs  hb  beahh  bepn  tofail.  tad  henslgMd 
U)  oommuid,  and  hi  the  follosrini  year  returned  to  Europe 
with  >  fortune  of  £400,000.  Ha  llnd  hi  ntitcmm  during 
the  liletlBM  of  Napdeon,  bnt  wa*  giea^  boDOund  by  Loak 
XVm.     He  dkd  on  the  >ist  of  June  iSjo. 

See  H.  CooptDB,  EmnfcaM  UBibrj  Abaltrtn  rf  BMmil— 
ti8»»). 

■Ml  (perhaps  ••"  tbe  lerribk  "].  a  Celtic  people,  wbeae  origin*) 
~  ilpina.  Tltey  were  known  to  the  Romans, 
he  time  of  Pliutus,  as  Is  shown  by  the 
:  hi  the  Copfin  (BSS),  At  an  early  date 
main  gitjups,  one  of  which  made  its  way 
Jito  Germany.  Some,  however,  appear 
to  have  stayed  behind,  since,  during  tbe  Second  Punic  War, 
Hagalus,  a  Goian  prince,  oSered  lo  show  Hannibal  the  way  Into 
Italy  after  he  had  dossed  tbe  Pyrenees  (Livy  ni.  10).  The 
iint  group  of  immigrants  is  said  lo  have  crossed  the  Pennine  Alps 
(Great  St  Bernard)  into  the  valley  of  the  Po.  Trndbig  the 
disttkt  already  occupied,  they  proceeded  over  the  river,  drove 
out  tbe  Etruscans  and  Umbrians.  and  established  themselves 
as  far  as  the  Apennines  in  the  modern  Romagna.  According 
to  Cato  (in  Plmy,  Nat.  Hill.  iii.  116)  they  comprised  as  many 
as  in  different  tribes,  and  fronrthe  remains  discovered  in  the 
tombs  at  HaDslatt,  La  Tei>e  and  other  placet,  they  appear  to 
have  been  fairiy  civilized.  Several  wars  took  place  between  them 
ud  the  Romans.  In  j8j  they  were  dcfralcd,  together  wllh 
the  Etruscans,  at  the  Vaifiinanian  lake-  in  114,  after  tbe  battle 
oClVlarDonrnElruria.thpy  were  forced  losubatit.  Buttbeyitfll 
dierished  a  haired  of  the  Romans,  and  during  the  Second  Punic 
War  (11S),  irrilaled  by  the  (oandalion  of  the  Roman  colonies 
of  Cremona  and  Fbcentia,  they  rendered  valuable  assistance  to 
Hannibal.  Tbey  continued  the  struggle  against  Rome  from 
loi  loi^t,  when  they  were  finally  subdued  by  P.  Cornelius  Sd[te 
Nasica,  and  deprived  of  nearly  half  their  territory.  According 
lo  Simbo  (v.  p.  iij)  the  Boii  were  driven  back  across  the  Alp* 
and  settled  on  tbe  land  of  their  kinsmen,  the  Taurisd,  on  the 
Danube,  wlfainlng  Vindelicia  and  Raetia.  Most  authorities, 
however,  assume  that  there  had  been  a  settkment  of  the  Bdi 
on  the  Danube  from  very  early  times,  in  part  of  the  modem 
Bohemia  (anc.  BeiBhcmum,  "  land  of  the  Boii ").  About  So  B.C. 
some  of  the  Boii  migtated  lo  Noricum  and  Pannonia,  when 
]>,ooo  of  them  joined  lite  erpedilion  of  the  Helvetians  hilo. 
Gaul,  and  shared  their  defeat  near  Bibracto  {58).  They  wete 
lowed  by  Caoar  lo  settle  in  the  territory  ot  the 
.een  the  Lidre  and  tbe  Allier.  Thefr  cUH  town  wai 
(site  muxitain).  Ttaotc  who  remained  on  the  Daqulie 
were  exterminated  tiy  Uw  Dadan  king,  Boerebista,  and  the 
district  they  had  occuj^ed  was  afterwards  called  the  "  desert  of 
the  Boii "  (Strabo  vli.  p.  191).  In  iJi.  6«  a  Bobin  named 
Uariccus  stfrred  up  a  fanatical  revolt,  bur  was  soon  defeated 
and  put  to  death.  Some  remnants  of  tbe  Boil  are  mentioned 
as  dwelling  near  Bordeaux]  but  Mommaen  inclines  lo  the  ofdnion 
that  the. three  groups  (in  Bordcata,  Bohemia  and  the  Po 
dktricts)  were  not  really  scattered  biuches  of  one  and  the  same 
stock,  but  that  they  are  bistances  of  a  mere  similarity  ol  name. 

The  Boii,  as  we  know  them,  belonged  almost  certainly  to  the 
Early  Iron  age.  Tbey  probably  used  long  fno  swords  for  dealing 
euttbig  blows,  ud  from  the  size  of  the  handles  they  most  have 
been  a  r»ce  of  large  men  (ef.  Polybius  ii,  30).  For  their  ethno- 
kgical  affinities  ud  eqiedally  their  poaiible  connexion  with 
the  Homeric  Achaean!  see  W.  Ridgewa/i  Early  Aft  0/  Crmt 
(voL  L,  190J). 

See  U  Contien.  Dit  fTanderiMfn  ia  Kdtia  (LupilE.  1R61); 
A.  DBJardias.  CtepapMi  kiaeriaat  it  la  Ganii  rvmaimm,  u.  (1B76- 
iSul:T.  R.  Halines.Cuur'>(r««iii(rC>»((iS99),  PP-4S«.4»I 
T.  Homrasen.  ITul.  si  Hmh,  a  (En*,  trui.  j  vol*..  IlM).  P-  373 
note;  M.  Ihn  In  Panly.Winwa'i  KtalmyUiUdi;  iu.  pt.  I  <l«97)t 
A.  Holder,  AlU^tittl^  SfnclUthut. 


Aeduibc 


BOIL— BOILEAU-DESPREAUX 


iliin,  taking  Ibe  lonn  ol  ■  hud  luppimting 
al  4c«l  tiuae»  retultloff  from  iDicctjon  by 


TrcatmeDt  fSoceedi  on  the  Imo  of  bringuig  the  mischief  out, 
■^lififpng  |]ie  cvadutiOD  of  the  boiL  by  the  laocct,  uid  deuing 
the  lyBtem.  la  the  En^lJih  Bible,  aud  also  in  pc^ular  medial 
tfffvunokigy,  *' boil"  11  lucd  of  varioua  fonzu  of  ulcerous  nifecliaii- 
The  boils  which  weie  one  of  the  pligues  io  Egypt  Tcre  qipareotty 
the  boboTuc  plague-  Hie  termi  Aleppo  boil  (or  button),  Delhi 
boil,  Oriental  boil,  Biikn  button;  &c.,  have  been  given  to  a 
tro[Hcal  epidemic,  chaiacteiucd  by  ulcen  OD  the  face,  due  to 
a  diplococcu  poiaaite. 

BOILUB-DESPHftAnK.  inCOUS  (1636-1711),"  French 
poet  and  critic,  waa  bora  on  the  ut  ot  November  1636  fo  the 
nie  de  Jirasalem,  Paris.  The  same  Desprfauit  nu  derived 
from  a  small  property  at  Ctoane  neat  Villencove  S»inl-G«org«. 
He  was  the  Glleenth  child  of  Gillcs  Boileau,  a  ciai.  in  the  parle- 
ment.  Two  of  his  brothers  attained  some  diitiaction:  Gillo 
Boileau  (ifiji-1664).  the  author  of  a  translation  of  Epictetui; 
and  Jacques  Boileau,  who  became  a  canon  of  the  SainW-Chapell*, 

died  when  he  was  two  yean  old;  and  Nicnlas  Boileau,  who  had 

went  of  care.    Sainte-Beuve  puts  down  his  somewhat  hard  and 

stances  ol  these  days  sa  to  the  general  character  of  his  time. 
He  cannot  be  said  to  have  been  early  disenchanted,  for  he  never 
seems  to  have  bad  any  illusions;  he  grew  up  witha  single  poulon, 
"  the  hatred  of  stupid  boolia."  He  was  educated  at  the  College 
de  Bcauviis,  and  was  then  sent  to  study  theology  at  the  Sor- 
bonne.  He  etchanged  theology  for  bw,  however,  and  was  called 
to  the  bar  on  tbe  4th  ol  December  1656.  From  the  pnfeasion 
of  law,  after  a  short  trial,  he  recoiled  in  disgu&t,  complaining 
bitterly  of  the  amount  ol  chicanery  which  passed  under  the  niDie 
of  law  and  justice.  His  father  died  in  1657,  leaving  him  a  smaU 
fortune,  and  thenceforward  he  devoted  hiniaelf  to  letters. 

Such  of  his  e&rly  poems  as  have  been  proerved  hardly  contain 
the  promise  of  what  he  ultimately  became.  The  first  piece  in 
which  his  peculiar  powers  were  displayed  was  the  first  satire 
(1660],  in  imitation  of  the  third  satire  of.Juvenili  It  embodied 
the  farewell  of  a  poet  to  the  dty  of  Paris.  This  was  qukkly 
loUowed  by  eight  others,  and  the  number  was  at  a  bter  period 
facreascd  to  twelve.  A  twofold  interest  attadiea  to  the  satires. 
In  tbe  first  place  the  author  skilfully  parodies  and  attacks 
wtiter)  Who  at  the  time  were  placed  in  the  vciy  Gut  titnk,  audi 
~u  Jean  Chapcloin,  the  abbi  Charles  Cotin,  Philippe  Quiosult 
and  Georges  de  Scudfiy;  he  openly  nfsed  the  standard  of 
revolt  against  the  older  poets.  But  in  the  second  place  he  showed 
both  by  precept  and  practice  what  were  the  poetical  capabilities 
of  the  French  language.  Prose  in  the  hands  of  such  writers  as 
Descartea  and  Pascal  had  proved  itself  a  fleidble  and  powerful 
instrument  of  cipression,  with  a  distinct  mechaabin  sod  fono. 
But  eicept  with  Ualherbe,  there  had  been  no  attempt  Co  fashion 
French  versification  according  to  rule  or  intthad.  In  Boileau 
for  the  fiist  time  appeared  teisctitss  and  vigour  ol  eipcession, 
with  perfect  regularity  ol  verse  structure.  His  admuation  lor 
Holi^  found  eiprcsslon  In  thestaniasaddleased  tohim  (ib6j), 
and  in  tbe  second  satire  (1664).  In  1664  he  composed  his  prose 
Dialii(iic  del  lUriii  de  rctnan,  a  satire  on  the  elaborate  tomanccs 
of  the  time,  which  may  be  said  to  have  once  for  all  aboLishcd 
the  lucubrations  of  La  Calpren&le.  Mile  de  Scudjry  and  their 
fellows.  Though  fairly  widely  read  in  manuscript,  the  book 
was  not  published  till  171J,  out  of  regard,  it  is  said,  for  Ulle 
de  Scudjry.  To  these  early  da^  belong  the  reunions  at  the 
Uoulm  BlaiK  asd  the  Pomnie  du  Pin,  where  Boileau,  MoU^, 
Radne,  Chapelle  and  Antoine  Funti^  met  to  discuss  litenry 
quationa.  To  MoU^re  and  Radne  he  proved  a  constant  friend, 
and  supported  their  InterBta  on  many  ocissions. 

In  1 666r  prompted  by  the  publicatian  of  two  nnauthoiized 
cditlou.  be  pubUttud  Salira  4n  Sinr  D.  . 


seven  satires  and  the  DUituii  aa  nl.  tmrn  1M9  omwda 
appeared  bis  epistles,  graver  in  tone  thu  the  saliies,  matum 
in  thought,  more  exquisite  and  polished  in  style.  The  £pUrtt 
gained  for  Idra  tbe  Favour  ot  Louis  XIV.,  who  desired  his  prcKDoe 
at  court.  Tbe  king  asked  him  which  he  thought  his  best  verses. 
WherenpoD  Boileau  diploDialically  sdected  as  his  "  least  bad  " 
some  still  unprinled  lines  in  bonour  ot  the  grand  monarch  and 
proceeded  10  recite  them.  He  recdved  forthwith  a  pension  of 
sooo  livres.  In  1674  bis  two  masterpieces,  L'Art  petliiia  and 
Le  XafriH,  were  pubUsbed  with  some  earlier  works  as  the  (Ehtm 
iivena  du  liair  O.  .  .  .  The  first,  In  imitation  ol  the  An 
PoaUa  of  Hoiace,  lay*  down  the  code  for  all  future  French 
verse,  and  may  be  said  to  fill  in  French  literature  a  parallel  pUc« 
to  tbkt  bdd  by  its  prototype  in  Latin.  On  English  liteiaiuis 
tbe  mniims  ol  Boileau,  through  the  translation  revised  by 
DrydeUj  and  through  the  magnificent  imitatinn  of  thetn  in 
Pope's  £iiity  m  Criliciim,  have  eierdsed  no  slight  iDSuenc& 
Boilcaudoearu>tmcrdylay  down  rules  for  the  language  of  poetry, 
but  analyses  carefully  the  various  kinds  of  verse  compositiOD, 
and  cnundates  tbe  prindples  peculiar  to  each.  Ol  the  four  hooka 
of  VArl  poUique,  tbe  first  and  last  corkslst  of  general  precept^ 
Inculcating  mainly  the  great  rule  of  bon  letts^  the  second  treitft 
of  tbe  pastoral,  the  elegy,  tbe  ode,  the  epigram  and  tatirej  uid 
the  third  of  tmgic  and  epic  poetry.  ThtHigb  the  rules  laid  down 
are  of  value,  their  tendency  is  rather  to  hamper  and  render  too 
mechanical  the  eEons  of  poetry.  Boileau  himself,  a  great, 
,thougb  by  no  tneAits  infaUIblc  critic  in  Terse,  cannot  be  coovdered 
a  great  poet.  He  rendered  the  utmost  service  In  dcatroylng  tbe 
eisggeiated  reputations  ol  the  mediocrities  of  hi*  time,  but 
bis  iudgmeol  was  sometimes  St  fault.  The  LulrtK,  •  mock 
heroic  poem,  of  which  four  cantos  appeared  in  1674,  furnished 


moddfor 
inridiaei 


Rafojli 


II  Ibe 


01  invention.  The  filth  and  slitb  cantos,  alterwaids  added  by 
Boileau,  nihet  deliact  from  the  beauty  ol  the  poemj  the  last 
canto  In  particular  Is  quite  unworthy  of  his  genius.  In  1674 
appeared  also  his  translation  ol  Longliuis  On  tie  SaUiKU^  to 
which  were  added  in  1693  ccrtoin  critical  reOections,  chiefly 
directed  against  the  theory  of  tbe  superiority  of  the  modcrm 
over  the  andents  as  advanced  by  Charles  Perrault. 

Boileau  was  made  historiographer  to  the  king  in  1677.  From 
this  time  the  amount  of  bis  production  diminished.  To  tbia 
period  of  his  Ufe  belong  the  satire,  5ar  tci/cMMU,  the  odc,5ar 
la  prise  de  Namvr,  the  epistles,  A  mer  ktj  and  Stir  ramour  it 
Dteu,  and  the  satire  Sur  Vkonme,  Hie  satires  had  raised  up  > 
crowd  of  enemies  against  Boileau.  Ibc  loth  satire,  on  womelk, 
provoked  la  Ap^iie  del  Jeiamei  From  Charles  PcrraulL 
Antoine  Arnauld  In  the  year  of  his  death  wrote  a  letter  in  defence 
of  Boileau,  but  when  at  the  desire  ol  his  Friends  he  submitted 
bis  reply  to  Boosuet,  the  bishop  piunounod  all  satire  to  be  ii^ 
compatible  with  the  s[Hrii  ol  Chiistiaalty,  and  the  loth  satire 
to  be  subversive  of  morality.  Tlie  Friends  ol  Arnauld  had 
declared  Ihsl  It  was  inconsistent  with  the  dignity  of  a  churclt- 
roin  to  write  on  any  subject  so  trivial  as  poetry.  Tbe^ilatk, 
5iir  I'amair  de  Diex,  was  a  triumphiDt  vindication  on  tbe  put 
of  Boileau  of  tbe  dignity  ol  his  ait.  It  wis  not  until  the  ijlh 
oF  April  16A4  that  he  was  admitted  to  the  Academy,  atid  then 
only  by  tbe  king's  wish.  In  16S;  be  retired  to  a  coimtiy-house 
be  had  bought  at  Auteuil,  which  Kadne,  because  cd  the  numemui 
guests,  calls  his  tidtetlerU  d^  Auieuil.  la  1705  he  sold  his  house 
and  returned  to  Paris,  where  he  lived  wilh  his  conlessor  in  the 
dolstcn  of  Notre  Dame.  In  the  i  ith  satire,  5 v  I'lquitogia, 
be  attacked  the  Jesuits  in  verses  which  Soiote-Beuve  called  a 
recapitulation  of  the  LeUiei  frmttdalts  of  Pascal.  Hiig  was 
wiilten  about  1705.  He  then  gave  his  attention  to  the  amnj^ 
meat  of  a  complete  and  definitive  edition  of  his  works.  But 
the  Jesuit  fathers  obtained  from  Louis  XIV.  the  withdrawal  ol 
the  privilege  already  granted  for  the  publication,  and  demanded 
the  suppression  of  (be  nth  satire.  Tliese  annoyances  are  said 
to  have  hastened  his  death,  which  wA  placo  on  the  ijtii  ot 
March  i;ii. 

Boileau  waa  a  man  ol  warm  and  kindly  fceliiijts,  honeat. 


SBUptAeo  tod  benevotcat.'  Uuiy  inccdota  ue  Idd  o(  hti 
IrankntM  o!  qi«ch  »t  coiut,  and  of  his  gPiteiaiD  actiou.  He 
boUs  B  udl-defined  plice  tn  French  Utf  raiure,  u  lit  £rat  who 
reduced  its  venification  to  rule^  and  taught  the  value  of  votkULU' 
ihip  foe  ill  onuke.  Hii  inSucncc  on  English  literature,  through 
Pope  •«]  his  contemporariea,  wai  not  lesi  atrong,  though  less 


Alter 


byte 


ID  BoUeai 


It  bu  bcea  shown 

lite  of  undue  horahocss  in  Eodividual  cases  most  of  his 
have  been  tubstanliiUy  idoptBl  by  fan  luccesson. 

(iTor),  known  as  the 


Eletiine.    The  lax  o(  theib  tEmrti 

-  i:.w— n'»  "  tHiirnn  Of  |K«  poR,  wai  _., 

PaoEv  (1  vola.,  i8m).    The 
hed  by  P-^-  "-■- ■>-^-  ■ 


PKi,  (EonJ  it  Bnla 


nliled  with 
loesHybrSain 

-L'eoMliqHd 


'^i  }a^  iMa). 

<.»<fc™r,.tap5i,: 

C.  Uuon.  BtUau  (1*91),  in  the  icriH  of  Gm-ub  taiaifu  JrnHfaii. 

BOILER,  a  vessel  in  which  water  or  other  liquid  is  healed  to 
the  boiling  point;  ipedScally.  the  BFfiaiatuB  by  which  Ream  ii 
tmduced  from  waler,  as  one  step  in  the  process  whtreby  the 

■  niialenetgyofcoalorolhcrfi -" .-.:....         .      ■    . 


™tk  by  K 


loftt 


lof  tl 


«oIial  features,  whilst  of  other  qualil 
Ul  arc  deutaUe  some  may  not  be  altogether  compatible  w 
be  special  conditions  under  which  the  boilers  are  to  be  worL 
jnongst  the  essentials  (re  a  receptacle  capable  oi  cootaioi 
be  water  and  the  steam  produced  by  its  evaporation,  and  sleo 
Boo^  continuously  id  withstand  with  silety  the  highest  prcssi 
f  steam  lor  which  the  boiler  is  intended.  Another  essential  i 
farnace  loi  buming  the  fuel,  and  a  further  one  is  the  pi 


y  at  heal 


it  the  t 


If  the ) 


produced  by  the 
required  to  be  evaporated.  Desitalfle  qualities  are  thai  the 
Uraogements  of  the  furnaces  should  be  such  that  a  nasooably 
perfect  combustion  of  the  fuel  should  be  paBsIble)  and  that  the 
heating  surfaces  should  be  capable  of  tnnsmitliiig  ■  targe 
proportion  of  the  beat  produced  to  the  water  so  as  to  obtain  a 
high  evaporative  efficiency.  Further,  the  design  gentraUy  should 
be  cocnpacl,  not  loo  heavy  or  costly,  and  such  that  the  deaaing 


tSected.  It  should  also  b 
■mall,  and  that  only  an  b 
will  be  required  under  wo 
tbese  qualities  In  diSeie 


such  that  the  cost  of  uptteep  nill  be 
lerage  atnount  of  sUD  and  atlentioa 
king  coadiiions.  It  is  for  providing 
t  degrees  according  to  the  ^>edal 
rcumstances  that  the  vtty  diQerent 
disigiis  of  the  various  types  of  boilers  have  been  evolved. 

Claisa  ej  BoiieM.— Boilen  generally  may  be  divided  into  two 
distinct  dasscs,  one  comprising  thc«e  which  are  generally  called 
**  lank  "  boilers,  containing  relatively  large  quantltfa  of  water, 
and  tbe  other  those  which  are  generally  called  "  waUr-tube  " 
boilcfs,  in  which  the  water  is  mainly  contained  In  tlunicroul 
comparatively  small  tubes.  There  are,  however,  some  types  of 
boiler  which  combine  to  some  extent  the  properties  of  both  these 
dasses.  Each  class  has  its  representatives  aoongit  both  land 
andmarine  boilera.  In"tank"boilers  theoutershdl  is  whoUy 
ot  paitiaily  cylindrical,  this  form  bring  one  in  whteb  the  neceisary 
nrengtb  can  be  obtained  without  [be  use  <j  a  laige  Dumber  of 
niys.  The  bsUen  are  generally  internally  fired,  the  furnace 
plates  being  surrounded  with  water  and  forming  the  most  effidmt 
portion  of  the  heating  surfacea.  On  leaving  the  furnace  the 
products  of  combustion  are  led  into  a  diamber  and  thence 
tbmugb  flues  or  through  numerous  small  tubes  which  serve  to 
transmit  some  of  the  heat  of  combustion  to  the  water  contained 
ID  tbe  boiler.  Id  "  wacer.tube  '*  boilera  the  fire  Is  usually  placed 
Dnder  a  collection  of  tubes  containing  water  and  forming  the 
major  poctioD  of  the  beating  surface  fA  tbe  boiler.  Both  the 
fire  aod  t!ic  tubes  art  eodosed  in  an  outer  osiog  of  brickwork 


ER  141 

oiler  the  fire  is  estirdy  nrTODDdad  by  water-tube*  and  tlte 
islng  is  in  no  part  crpcoKl  to  the  direct  action  of  the  fire.     In 

tank  "  boilers  generally  no  difficulty  Is  eiperienced  in  keepdng 
11  the  heating  surface*  in  dose  contact  with  water,  but  In 

water-tube  "  boilera  spedal  provision  baa  to  be  made  in  the 
esign  for  m«.nf»iniTijj  the  rirculatioD  of  water  through  the 
iibcs.     (For  "  flash  "  boileii  see  Moioa  VKmtXES,  and  for 

Ttnk  Builtri.—Ot   large  sutionaiy   boHen   the  forau   raoit 
Dmnwaly  ufled  are  (bote  known  as  the  "  Lancashire  "  boiltr,  and 
•  modiiicnrian  the  "  CaUoway  "  boiler.    These  boDen       , 
II  made  from  16  lo  30  ft.  lone.  With  diameten  fron  et  10       ""' 

I •.:.-■■  k_:i 1 1..:.,  -rhole  length  ft(e^.  3).  Tbenrk- 

''  "   in  tbe  older  boilers,  from 
WPlying  Ram  to  ™>- 

^^'^  are"^""ln'8™e'aies"th«'have  ban  eonslnicled  fora 
imsure  of  200  1h  per  sq.  in-  The  furnace  flues  are  uaualEy 
tudeinieciionsfrDmi  la  jl  ft.  loog.    Each  Kctloa  coniieti  of  one 

velded.  and  f>  llan^  ar  both  end 
'eriDui  piecnbeinfl  jt^ned  lo^rher 

tlikkriuB  cf  plate  to  tl^  ad 


the  fire;  they  fi 


ings  to   prevent    collapee   of  the    flue. 


IJL 


jlloway"  tubes.  TheK  ai. 
led  to  the  furnace  plate.  They  axe  »  pnAorlio 
ler  of  the  lar^  end  OC  the  tube  ii  flightly  grfi 
le  Bange  of  the  imsll  end;  this  inablct  them  id 
'----'"-  "^utlhey^d^t^lhr- i-— "?- 


D  .the  boiler,  a 


>  the  fine 


a  large  chamber  Of  flue 


nibcro("Galloway"tubei  are  fitted,  a! 

irnnceendlotbeendof  theb^ler.  Across  section  of  this 
ng  the  distribution  o[  the  Galloway  tubes  is  shown  in 
ler  boilers  lest  than  about  61  ft.  in  diameter  are  needed, 
t  ilnUlar  type  (a  the  Lancashire  boiler  ii  used  coatainhg 
iraace.  Tlis  Is  called  a  *■  Cornish  "  boiler, 
tee  types  of  boiler  the  biiekwoik  is  lonstrwcted  to  fotm 
I  BuE  pniiiiig  ahjng  the  bsttom  d  tbe  boiler  and  two  sido 

«"5iewaw 


as    they    leal 
e"™the°iron™ 


m 


KS 


?55 


tt^d  drculatJDq  cf  wai 


Vhere  fiooi  HBce  ii  limited  aad  aUo  for  kuO  iuMaUallana.  other 
ns  ol  cylindrical  boOeis  are  used,  most  ol  them  being  of  the 
ileal  type-    That  most  commonly  used  Is  the  simple     nrffrM 


aplainvef^calGre'boii^aiida 

dog  tbe  steam  space.  The  fim-boakwadesllglidy 

„j -t,  the  qiaoe  between  It  and  the  iheU  beingljlcd 

with  water.    In  all  bnt  tbe  smaU  liiescraaatubnangeiienlly  fitted. 
These  are  made  aboot  9  la.  la  diameter  oflJn.pts     -        -    - 
each  end  to  enable  them  lobe  riveted  to  tbe  fiie-boa  plat 
usually  fitted  «Ith  ■  (Eght  incflnatioB  to  facilitate  WB" 


149 


BOILER 


Mrf  a  kud-hob  donl  by  >  MdMW*  4w  b  pmldtd  In  itw  aour  I 
)kcll  OKUiU  la  cull  tubs  for  ukulnc  pnTTom.  A  boiltr  of 
tUi  kiad  ia  lllintnud  in  lit-  4-  Thii  lorca  ii  ofua  wed  «  board 
^tpfor^uJdliKry  purpoH-  whuemDreheaciiiEBiirfda  if  rrqiured 
Uw  caa  b*  obljiiwil  in  Uk  cna-tubc  boiki  otEet  tnn  ol  mtical  I 


•  cyUndriial  (ocm  wlih  i  nbUd  lo,. -^ 

■  .■. — I..  ^BHKx  bttvtc*  tbaa  bclni  ia  tbs  «in  <■ 

tba  otber  Arc  tyn  lb*  phut  rnmi  wlikh  [be 
■R  nlkd  wiib  rib*  or  lEkkcBcd  poniou  u 


nBtilD{MewiTink».  Ltd.). 


PC  iCfaow  to  rcilit  colli 
icH.  aMl  uomuBodra  tb 


II  portton  For  riveting  to  tKc  lube  pUtc,  ci>d 
funucc  if  riveted  to  tbc  "  wnpfKr  "  or  bdc 
indumbcr.  In Ucollxr  type.iiiowii  iafif.  7. 
'  '"--    "Gourla;^  back  end, "  the  end  of  the 

I  av«r  mnirtl  Innn,  nnd  if  thcp  lUnged 

.    Tbt  tub*  plate  u 


funuec  h  rivetwl  to  Ibe  lube  plait.  The  cdvantaae  of  Ibe  Couday 
back  end  b  that  In  cue  of  Ba£lenl  to  IhF  f umact  11  can  be  Rmoved 
trom  ibe  boiter  and  be  replaced  by  one  of  ifac  aame  deaiiii  wiihout 
diatuibiat  tlie  End  pbtca,  aAicb  i>  not  pfwbic  with  the  other  doiifii. 


bvllad.baHn'.biDt  mtifluilic  otbcr.ud  u 


Ita  CcMin  tail  lad.  bOHHr,  !•  iDt  B  Kit 

lo^todifla]  tuyi  on  nqBircd  in  the  bdkr- 

"nt  Alt  Ma  mi  backi  of  the  combiutio 


lb  tb«  two  plAlct  tbey  con 


pUit*.  neodplatasf  ikbaOtrlatbtMnmutra^bvIo* 
ibe  comlHialon  ctumbcn  in  naycd  by  lootf  tudinu  Mayi  PMiiiis 
ikicuah  tbB  whok  lagth  of  the  bailee  ud  ttcariA  by  double  luu 
uca(£eiid.  Ibe lube phmnfegMpheiMd by »t»y tuba tminl 
When  mtunt  or  cUmdev  dnu^t  b  ued  tbe  tube*  an  wicnny 
nude  s  or  at  »■  mlBdi  ifiuiieter  ud  ue  nitir  niore  tEu  7  Cl 
loDi,  but  wbm  "  Icnad  "  dnuehi  ie  eoiiloyad  the*  tie  oiuDy 
made  l)  hk  di»»Uf  and  ■  la  B)  ft.  loot.  A  ckar  qjtca  c4  tt  io. 
betvRO  the  tubs  u  abiuat  ilnyt  inangcd  for.  Hmpcctive  afiat 


al  the  lube  pliie,  which  ii  o( 
copper,  by  aliowira  the  two  or 
three  croeft  rowa  of  lUyi  orarHi 
tbt  tube  plate  to  have  fitedom 
of  motion  upwarda  but  not  dowa- 

-^  wiirda.  The  ordinary  tnb«  art 
uauaUy  l|  in.  diameter.  The  Gic- 
)  ban  an  senenllyi   though   not 

^^  aJwaya,  made  to  alopc  down- 
wanu  away  tron  tbe  fin  dcwr, 

■  firelnidge  tr  balBe  ii  tuna, 
extending  about  haU-way  Iron 
the  tube  plate  to  the  bt-donr 
aide  of  the  fae-box.  In  aaine 
caaea  vater-tabea  are  6tiFd»  eic- 
tendini  l^ht  ama  the  fire-bon. 
In  a  Inkier  [or  the  Landon  & 
SoDth-W«tem  luaway  Co,,  hav- 
ing m  Enip  irra  ofpi  -i  aq-  ft.  and 


rraiiEU   in   two 


they  ait  itayrd  by  vertical  ataya  attachni  Co  ]  and    an    expandet 

bnrloc  shell.     A  few  boilen  an  maelc  in  which  1  ol    Itine    tubes    lU    vu.u     ».». 

t  Rnngtbned  by  hetvy  naiuvcne  girder  |  alay   ban  fBaaini  liiht  through 


r the  fire-btidce.  a 

tbe  olhi*  act  BcaRT  the  hni- 
door  end  o(  the  boikr.  Ihi 
waicr-tubs  an  ol  eiamlril  ittd. 
Are-hax    aide    platea.     In  -way 


.ffiT-Kt 


BOILER 


IJ5  %  la  toa  lb  fa 


I  boOen,  tbty  nqdr*  M 
t  fnqaaaiy  dantd  If  lapuR  ICEd-witcr  b  lucd,  bvt  ibe  imiglit< 
m  s(  EMtr  totn  tublB  ilicir  conditioei  to  be  ucemlnal  ii  any 
IK  wb«  tb*  boUer  b  out  <d  ue,  kod  Kay  iccuimiiklkiii  of  acale  to 
r  Rmoird-  Hh  luperticatBi.  which  ue  frrquttiily  £t»d,  coaaist 
f  two  cm^-bnn  or  bodni  pUod  cnunndy  nader  the  eylin- 


n  (iluiltd  IwwiKn  t 

otLom  of  the  drum  i 
ubaintg  Ibe  lower  be 


tubn  iDd  the  tu  . 
ah^ta  iiLKrad  pipe  pa 


pkndiU 


lM  bftBt  boiln'  nude  bu  two  no 
lit  (t.  Iaii(  ■  pue  iiuiKB  oi  85  iq.  fi 

Anodier  type  o[  waWr-tnbi  bolkr  E 
.  .1-  •■Suj«iw"  (fig.  II).    Tfcii^b 


,  ud  ■  loul  bfatinf  to 


s  the  eylindtr 

_i^^^      tubesptindertheuHKreridoFi 

fniot  U  fitted  wiif  Jia  Ina  c^"ng'li°ned  wit 
Suiuble  brickwoik  tuffln  iff  imngcd  I 

■eveni  lepanle  element*,  OBch  fonned  by 
made  of  vrrooghl  fteel  of  vnuom  farm  en 
lubei.  The  ucoer  endi  <4  Ibe  front  b< 
•hsrt  tubei  to  llie  front  cnjo-boi  of  tbe 
lover  end!  beii«  doaed.  The  upper  endi 
eonnected  by  loafer  i^pea  to  the  bsick  ci 
endi  by  ibott  pipet  to  a  bocuoDtiit  mud  t 
cock  and  pipe  are  attached.  Tbe  beaden 
An  twn  nnmite  aidea:  Ihooe  on  oae  aide 
m  the  hndcra  and  tubea»  ao 


»    betlnen  the  Iiib« 


!    dovn  ihe"ihird  tel  of  Igbei 'inlo^th*  loliS  drom^'brfore' 
'    leacbei  the  other  parti  of  tbe  boiler.    Thut  ttie  colden  water 

"  re  the  temperaluie  o*  "*■"  '" -.-->-<-    .  . . 

It  throu^  the  lowc 


belitf  oval,  the  iniide  hi 


being  lecimd  by  the  on 


by  the 

oeoveflta'* 
water  •bould  tbe  b 

be  provided  for  in 
aa  hiih  •*  Soo  Ri 


be  furnace  psea  u  lowest : 

r r-  , _ ,,-,,  Jrnm  b  tnghl,  the  solid  nu. 

t  Mparaled  from  tbe  feed-water  vhUe  iti  temperature  {•  bcia|  n 
.  baH  aa  opportunity  of  lettlinE  to  the  bottom  of  tbii  drum,  wl 
1  the  heal^  ii  not  peal  and  where  therefore  their  preience  will 
,  he  ii^uriouL  When  uperhaten  ate  required,  they  arc  mad 
ml  drum  connected  by  Rumennn  tiuli  tuba,  and  are  aonte* 
.  ..inihr  is  coutmctian  to  the  boiler  empet.  T^e  lupetheaH 
,  ptaeed  betweea  the  Gtit  and  iccond  leii  ol  tubei.  whne  i 
I  eapoaed  to  the  lunun  faan  bcfon  too  much  heal  ha>  been  ta 
'    ' them.  Arrangemmisaniprovidediorfloodini  Iheauperbe 

:  iieam  i>  bcin)[  niwd.  and  lor  draining  it  b^oie  the  aiea' 

li  Ibtoiiih  It. 


ab.Googlt; 


BOILER 


>+5 


I  ud  OE^N  U  tt*  ON  o(  tto  KMiW  «ad  low  oBou  tbc  traot  b(  tba 
boiler.  cKh  cDUKcn  ihc  upper  end  o(  oiw  mbe  vith  the  Iovet  chI 
of  Iht  KU  lutH  of  (he  tleiaenl.    Tlw  bout  it  tbc  buk  o[  tbi 

nree  inuuer  lower  oruBi  ub  co^  [  ft  aatii  ovit  bo1e»  oppoeile  to  each  tube  end.  c1h«I  by  hei  mtcrnal 
The  upper  ud  lomr  ikumt  vt  J  don  vith  boll  aqd  croet-bor:  Ibe  purpoee  ol  tbne  optninp  k  to 
permit   the   ioeide  of    the   i"' —  '"    ■" ' — ^    "-'' 


ir  bgOer  h  made  by  Mwn.  Chita,  I 

--'-•■■"-l™in"he"--"-   — 


Tbe   k 


lont  on  be  rradily  dj 


r   pan   ol    ihe    ntmni-chni   ii 

„  — lector  by  vertical  pipn  u  each 

eaq  at  iha  boucr,  and  prohngatioiie  of  tbeie  pipn  below 
Ibe  Jevd  o(  the  tccd4JkcIor  (orm  cloaed  pacheu  for  the 
lUectioo  ot  aedimeat.  The  tuhet  are  nude  of  annloia 
vL  They  are  feaenily  about  4I  ia.  in  extfraal 
aims:  iNe  two  lower  rowi  are  ]  in.  ihfek,  the  neat  tm 
FWt  f,  in.,  aod  the  rmaiBiki  aboui  |  in.  The  conunK- 
M  of  the  ecananuB  i>  unikr  to  [bat  of  the  bnlcr  proper, 
It  the  tuba  ait  ■barter  and  imalkr.  hcijia  nnermllv 
il  ia.  in  diunetei.    The  lower  bqu.  oTiC:  n»»- 


of  the 

Fio,  II.— BibcQck  ft  Wikm  Water-tube  Boiler  fitted  with  Superbeateift      ^^^itoSi  "''^"prf" 

tgeatcted  by  Bumeraiii  nearly  wnical  itnitht  lubei.  The  whole  ]> 
wloBd  la  &nbrick  eaainf.    The  di^n  permiu  of  th*  i^irf- 
if  tU  the  lubee  bejnc  leadily  in^iectcd^  aad  alio  of 
and  leaened  wilhodt  di^ilaeii 


nci.  ti.— StiiUni  Waiu-iube  Bciler. 


!  above  tbe  boiler,  the  inn 
a  ambtntkm  chamber.    Ej 

.. of  itrTiiifat  tubea  connected 

1^  nean  c4  eertwedjointa  to  junction-boxB  vbid 
uUcabla  can  inn.  Theae  an  anaoged  vettkaOy  on 


Hi-ucud  of  a  numbei 


It 
it 


a.  ij.— WoodcKin  Boila  (Mean  Clarice.  Chapman  ft  Co.)- 

in  an  allmd    op  and   miierf.    their  conbntion   befnf 

)e  of    thereby  facilitated  befon  they  pnsn  into  the  qwei  between  the 
thCT.    tuln.    A  ilmilar  aiMuhe  ii  provided  for  the  qsv  belwaea  ^ 


146 


BOILER 


tnileT  pmper  vu 

Mam  IS  tcnnted  in  a  ipecial  wparBtor  fitted  in  thr  main  ttnin- 

fnpCi  and  thcneam  u  f  urthrr  diwd  by  paninE  ihnHiEh  AredDcini- 

Ihitamlini  fluniinlnnl  oC  pmaurc  in  the  boilrr.     The 

1.11^ . mnintaweJat^bojit ^}0   Ib^J'^^ 

o  provide  for  Invguur  Arin^  or 


il  al  ■Ikh  ill 


[her  type  of  larfe-tube  bfiiler  which  hat  bttn  uml  j 

I  and  in  other  aavia  a  (he  "  NicUune."  (ha*n  In  G| 

It  il  al»  in  ate  on  land  in  aeveral  cMiilc-light  ini 

tlou.     Il  CDDiin*  ol  a  hariBntal  itewn-chen   

vhkh  II  placed  a  number  of  etenenti  arrannd  aide  by  lidi 
wa  the  IIr,  the  whole  bdni  enctoaed  In  an  Iroa  cadni  line- 
riih  firebrkk  where  it  b  expeoed  to  the  diiect  action  of  tne  fin 


—  _--_.  --.-.--,  _-  .-'placed  by  one  Ur^e  *jler- 
^hamher  fonnnl  of  Keel  pUtei  with  welded  jointi*  and  ioKcad  of 
the  tube*  bein^  wcured  by  "  lanternei "'  to  two  platea  they  are 
■eciired  Co  the  inner  pfale  only  by  conical  ^ointa.  the  hc4ca  in  the 

In  fiiinff  fhir  tubei  each  ia  aeparatelj'  forced  into  ita  poiilian  by 

Ballte  pUlei  an  filled  amonipl  ihe  tubea  10  enauic  a  cnculaiioa 
of  the  furnace  iaiea  anlimcat  them.  Above  the  nuin  set  of  tubes 
■-"—  M  mmpd  horilDnlMJv,  and  coniKCIed  dirtoly  10  Ihe 

■n  from  Ihe  cheat  ci'rculilEithfMali 

n  ill  way  10  the  Hop-vilvei.    Thia 

jHerdenary  an  of  lubea  is  intended  to  aen-e 


imben  bv  tarf*  plf»  outi 

.J  vicwcf  unprorlnE  tliedi,-_ 

The  larieat  but  of  Mngfe-enderf  lar^  tube 

t'i^'^.^°bu"muS'llii^*J2£ 
_bave  been  made,  Ihcae  being  find 


lonicdo  boats  the  ^ 

.  _ _  I'foe  this,  and  the, 

tnged  in  two  parts  connected  bv  a  bolted 
-..,  .  Jicb  makea  alllhe  tube  ends  aaoiible. 
The  Babcock  ft  Wilcoi  marine  boiler  (ft.  !?'•  - 
luchnedintbeAineriranaiid  Britidi  naviea. 
hasabobeenuKdinaevenlyachtsa  ' 


It  riveted  to  ilw  bottom  of  the 

-.  —^    It  may  be  ea^iy  removed.    The 

tube-boka  are  accnrately  boivd,  at  an  anrie  to  suit  Ihe  inediMlion 
o(  the  tubea,  Ihrough  both  the  Iront  and  back  of  the  header*  and 
throuch  the  dUphncrn,  ihoie  in  ihe  header  walk  brini  ilighlly 
conical.  The  tubea  thMiaelves.  which  are  made  of  seanieiB  steel, 
are  of  peculiar  construction.  The  hiwir  or  beck  enda  are  reduced  in 
dianieta-  and  screwed  and  fitted  with  cap-nut*  which  entirely  close 
then).  The  froat  ends  are  thickentit  by  bejni  Bpaet.  and  Ihe  pwla 
iriiere  th^  fit  Into  the  header  walls  and  in  Che  dUphnsni  me  care. 
[uUy  turned  to  jange.  The  upper  and  kiwer  pula  of  the  tubes 
between  these  S[tin|  perliOBi  He  then  cut  away,  Ihe  nde  pnrtlona 
only  beinj  retained,  ud  Ihe  end  b  tmacd  a  "  lanteree."  A  small 
walercirculatiai  tube  of  Ihin  sheet  steel,  fitted  Imade  each  (encruini 
labe,  la  open  at  the  lower  end,  and  at  the  other  is  secund  to  a 
smaller  "  laDtene,"  which,  howew,  only  emends  bmi  tbe  front 
ef  Ihe  header  to  the  dlaphiacn.  This  ■maUet  "  IntenR  "  ckises 
the  trout  end  of  the  fentratinf  tube.  The  wbote  amncement  is 
Hch  that  iriien  the  Cubes  are  In  place  only  tbe  BnaH  Inner  CHtvlating 

and  the  diiphraim,  wWIe  Ihe  asm 

between  Ihe  diaphrapn  and  Ihe ..     __.  

fanned  hi  the  tubes  escapes  Iron  them  hm  iMs  hack  spaoe.  lhrou|h 
iriiich  it  lim  kuo  the  steam-ehesi,  whilst  Ihe  apace  in  the  front 

the  inner  drculaiing  tube*.  The  tubes  *r  malnUlned  In  po^'iioa 
by  cms-ban,  each  aecured  by  one  atud-boU  screwed  into  the  header 


hltheceaentini 
>R  onfr  with  lb 


ds  of  the  beaden  being  dosed,    llie  beaden  arc  made 


hole  fbind  en  Ihe  otIwiSdeof  the  header  opposite  cncE  ottJie  tubeh 
when  they  are  grooped  in  Coun,  and  Iv  one  larger  hole  opposite 
each  gmip  of  two  tube*.  The  laiger  botes  are  oval,  and  art  doeed 
by  hlting*  aimUar  10  those  uaed  in  the  land  boiler  (fig.  IB).  T^e 
smaller  holes  ace  conical,  with  Ihe  larger  dianxtci  on  the  tsalde. 


g«l  fay  qicdll  onk^  Sldiuii  Uw  CDBiol  psftba  j 
IK  rorilii*.  and  the  nut  b  doK-«ided.  In  out  ol 
il  the  DolL  the  fodni  wogld  be  ntcbicd  is  pUcc  bv 
wn.  A  HI  o(  CnMck  b>B~  I*  nUml  •>;••»>  i« 
nibu  ball  e<  the  ipMS 


BOILER 

Ibc  —tn^ewt '  Tin  twoboer 
of  tbe  koftb  BC 


--  of  Urge  lubei.  ukd  uwha  let  ol  b«flCa  coven  ebont 
of  Ibe  ipecci  betiitcn  tbe  UHief  eouD  tut^    Vertidl 
■bo  buill  bctvees  the  iniaaer  tubei,  u  ibom  in-  Ibe 
lioa.    ThCK  baffle*  compel  Ibe  pcoifBrli  o(  ooi- 

Eapqkncc  bat  Hoim  that  thU  afiaiisBiiBPt  givea  a  betltf 


7f  than  where 


pas  mhaineil  nnilht  DP  bclwecn  the  tubn.      Tbe 
■luillr  BnnI  la  paif*  placid  back  to  back,  aad  ' ' ' 


iMeofiadib 


«+7 

I. '  Tin  two  boer  nw  o(  MbcL  vUb  an  but  w  Ik* 

the  Ssim,  alu  f  onn  a  vattr-nn  (or  tbe  larger  pottloB 
_._  bC  tbe  bolkf,  and  thtu  rampd  tbe  enducti  of  cmii- 

to  paaa  ia  a  dtAnite  «ogne  uaoasR  all  ffie  tube*.    In  tte 

Bkcbyaden  and  WUte-FcRcr  boilen  tbci*  an  abo  tbna  cbaaibai 
maeeied  by  bent  lidiea,  tbaciirvatun  bejai  laiiniisad  tbai  In  tbe 
fonnet  boOerur  ol  Ibe  tuba  can  be  ulcrn  out  of  theboaer  itarootb 
anal]  door*  pnvlded  [a  the  upper  part  of  tbp  ateam-chHc,  and  la 
the  WUte-FoMer  haOer  ther  can  be  uken  out  thnwih  tbe  nunhoto 
In  the  tad.e<  tbe  MzaaKbegt. 

In  tbe  Reed  boiler  ibe  tube*  an  loonr  and  moie  cunod  than  ia 

tbe  Nonnand  boiTet,  and  there  are  oo''  waler-walla,"  the  piodiict* 

el  combunlaa  pamn;  from  the  Gre-fnte  amongn  all         _    ■ 

tbe  IBlie*  direct  to  tbe  chimney.    The  neclil  feature  of         ****' 

the  bcikr  ii  that  (acta  tube,  taitead  of  beJoc  *f«MH  intii  tba 

tube  plau,  i*  fined  at  awh  end  iriih  apedaUir 

dedfiied  acftw  «od  nut  connodon*  toeu^ 

nen  to  be  quickly  takeo  oat  and  replaced  a 

Ai  Adr  1—  —■ ^  -■-  — ■—  ~ 


d  t^  lubeii  which 
_-  ..-— , —  ...  — t  najov  portion  of 
tbelr  U^ph  but  bent  -     -'     -"  '- 

tbeo  to  eiin  tb 

aormany.  Theou 

VaU*"  at   their  lower   pnrxa,   mii  pernm   UK 

paaKSe  ti  the  laae*  between  them  at  theii' 

*  opper  end*.     SfmOaily  tbe  inner  mr*  fom 

*'  w"tiT.wJI» "  mf  tbnr  upper  part*,  but  are 

r   end*.    Tbe   product*   of 


FtO.  IJ.~Nidan»ie 
doon,  throufh  any  of  which  a  atcam  )et  can  be 

....  ,^.  . ;>urpo*c  ol  twceping  the  tubes. 

cla^  of  watcr-Iube  boileri  largely  in  uae  In  torpedo-boat 
L  and  eruiien.  where  ihe  nuuiniuni  of  power  ii  tetjuired 

iu  praportioA  ID  the  local  weight  of  tbe  inatallalion,  it 

;?T?*  |ti>Dally  knowD  ai  eaoieu  bcSen.  In  tbeae  Ibe  tube* 
am  made  of  •mailer  diameter  than  ihue  lued  In  the 
boilen  abcady  dcKribed,  and  the  bdlera  are  deiigned  to  admit  of  a 
hiiih  rate  of  combuMion  of  fuel  obtained  by  a  hlih  drgrM  of  "  forced 
dnufht."  Of  Ibe«  eapm*  boilen  the  Yarrow  1*  of  timiki  con- 
nruction  to  the  larve  tube  Yarrow  boiler  already  dsaibcd,  with 


n  of  tube*  fonn  " ' 


— lie  of  thg  heatini  taliam.  The  tn-rowm  of 
tabe*  in  thii  boDer  an  made  i|  in.  outwJe 

I  diameter  and  the  xeraairtder  are  made  i^  in. 
diameter.  Larce  ouuide  dteulatlug  pipe*  an 
provided  at  the  Innt  end  of  the  boiler. 

In  Ibe  oeber  type  of  bailer,  known  ai  iha 
Tbomycnfi.Schuli  bailer  (fif. »),  tbeie  ait  lour 
chamben,andtJbe£r»nteiaaiTan|ed      »j 
In  two  leparate  porAma.    Tbe  two.     JJJ^ 

are  arranced  to  form  wam-wallt  at  **■" 
their  lower  part,  and  permit  the  guet  to  pfi* 
between  them  at  tbe  upper  part.    The  row* 

I  in  the  Tbomycrofl  boiler.  Cimlatml  la  tb> 
outer  aeti  of  tube*  ia  amnEod  lor  by  outer  cir- 
culating pipe*  of  1ar«  diameter  connecting  the' 
■ItwB-  asd  ntercEamben.  For  tb*  middl* 
water-chamber  aevenl  nearly  vertical  down- 
fsmen  are  provkled  In  tbe  ctalie  d  the  boiler. 
Boilen  of  tbli  type  arc  entennvdy  uicd  in  tbe 
Brldih  and  German  navie*. 

UaUrial   tf   Bi>itiri.--Ia    ordbuu?    land 

boilen  and  in  naiina  boikn  ol  all  typei  tbe 

plate*  and  ways  an  almoat  iamrjably  loade 

of  mild  Had.    For  tbe  iheU  plalc*  aod  for 

long  itayi,  a  quality  having  a  tclMilc  UTcngth 

Tanging  Imm  iS  to  31  ton*  pet  aq.  in.  b  aninllr 

employed,  and  lor  furnace*  and  Aaea,  for  plate* 

whicb  have  to  be  Sanged ,  and  foe  ilMHt-Ktewcd  dayt,  ■  unDCwhat 

•oflet  (teel  with  a  atrength  langini  from  >«  to  10  loni  per  iq.  In. 

i*  wed.    TIm  tube*  ol  onUnaiy  land  and  marine  boiltn  *n 

tuually  made  of  tap-wdded  wnught  inn.    Id  watcr.tube  bofltra 

for  naval  purpoae*  wunleu  Med  tubei  an  invariably  aed.    In 

locOBUtiv*  boilen  Ibe  ihdb  are  generally  of  mild  ilcd,  the 

Gre-boi  platti  ol  copper  (in  America  ol  ited),  tbe  Gre-boi  nda 

May*  of  copper  or  qwdal  bnmie,  and  other  Hayi  of  aitet.     The 

tube*  ate  oiiially  at  bran  with  a  conpoaition  dtbcr  of  two  part* 

by  weight  ol  copper  to  one  ol  linc  or  70%  t<Vpa,  jo%  ainc; 

■ametlmea,  however,  copper  lube*  ai 


reuied.    Wbete water tabm BR Bi 

BtOit  Aaanria. — AD  btnlcn  n 
mounllngi  and  actaioiie*.  The  ' 
kept  above  tbe,  higbeat  part  of  tb 


lenadeoliti 


beating  aoitacaa.    In  w 


•48 


BOILER 


bnd  bgllen,  and  Id  lofde  o!  tit  vmler-Uibe  beOoi  oed  on 
Ihlpboua,  lie  FcediDg  is  lulonuticaQy  Kguhled  by  mcdualun 
ftduatcd  by  ■  ftwt,  but  in  Xbac  cues  mtuu  ol  itvubtinc  tb* 
fEad«]pply  by  hud  lira  ilio  provkkiL  Id  nwat  boibn  hisd 
ngobtian  only  b  itlied  upon.  Hie  (ctnU  levd  i)(  water  tn  tbB 
boiler  li  ucoUistd  by  ■  ^us  mui-f*n|c,  lAkh  ccm^its  of  ■ 
BIu  tube  ud  thitt  a>clu.t*nconununiCTliin4i«ttlyiiitiilhe 
bofler,  one  above  *ud  ODC  belo*  the  dnbtd  w>Ur-Ievel,uid  ibe 
third  acttog  a*  a  Uaw-«ut  (or  deanlPC  the  gauge  and  tor  tcitmg 
lu  working.  Tbree  »iiiill  tiy-eocks  are  alto  filled,  one  Juil  at, 
ooe  above,  and  one  helow  the  piopcf  walei-levcL    The  feeding 


It  i)  imponu 

bole*  u  accuntely  ll 

out  ol  ill  propel  poiitioD.     In  the  (ew  ata  whne  doon  art 

fitted  outside  a  bdia,  u  tb*t  tbe  iteam-preaure  tends  to 

open  ibcm,  tfaey  are  alwaya  tecuied  by  leveral  bolts  u 

Ibal  tbe  bnakage  of  ooe  bolt  will  not  allow  the  doot  U>  b« 

forced  dS. 

If  a(er-»^i>rii>[. — Seeing  that  tke  hnporitiea  contained  in  the 
feed-»stei  am  not  evapoialed  la  tbe  tteam  tbey  become  con- 
ccnlrated  in  the  boQei  water.  Hou  of  Ihta  beconie  pEicipitated 
in  the  hcikicitbeT  in  the  {oRnof  mud  DC  else  as  scale  which  fima 
on  tbe  beadof  suriaaa.  Some  of  the  mud  and  such  ot  tbe 
impurjtlet  a*  icmain  aohiUe  may  be  lemoved  by  meani  of  the 
blow-cfi  cock),  bat  tb*  acal*  can  only  be  removal  by  periodical 
*■'— l'"C      IncruslBtians  on  tbe  heal> 


plalei  and  lubes,  but  it  eKodve  tbey 
bccoaw  a  source  of  eon^derable  danger 
by  pennitiing  ibe  plates  lo  beoomc  over- 
heated and  Ibeieby  weakened.  When 
tbe  (eed-water  ta  very  Impure  tben- 
fore,  Ibe  boilcn  used  arc  tboK  whidi 
permit  ol  very  easy  '*""'"n,  aucb  a* 

type*,  (a  tbe  onlmloB  of  moltltDbolar 
or  walci-tube  boilert  in  whkb  Ibotongh 
deaniag'ii  more  difficult.  lo  otlici 
caaea,  bowever,  tbe  feed-waui  la  pnii- 
fied  by  pudng  it  Ihroo^  soma  lypt 
of  "nttener"  before  puoidag  it  inlo 
the  boilet.  Uoil  of  the  impinitiel  in 
ordinary  leed-water  are  dtbci  Umc  or 
i3gnc]J»  salts,  sditcb  allboogh  aidubls 
I  cold  water  are  mach  less  so  in  hot 
Iter.  In  tie  "  softener  "  meuuied 
iljliea  c^  feed -water  and  of  some 


other  I 


Fio.  1&— Yarn*  Water-tube  Boiki. 


hand-riiiel,  and  which  when  tbe  f  eed-punp  ii  not  working  Is 
kept  OD  Its  sating  by  tbe  bailer  prtaiure. 

Every  boLlei  li  In  addition  supplied  with  a  ataain-gangB  to 
indicate  tlie  sleam-pressurc,  with  a  stop-valve  for  rcfulating  tbe 
admisBOn  Of  steam  to  llieBteam.pipea,  and  with  one  ortwD  safety- 
valves.  Ibeae  last  in  statJcsiBiy  boikra  usually  consist  of  valvei 
kept  ta  tbdr  seat*  avinil  tbe  ateam-piesnte  in  the  boiler  by 
Irreti  carrying  wdghta,  bitt  In  marine  and  lacanotiw  hoOen  lb* 
Tdvsankqxcloaedbymanaofiteeliiirjnv.  Ontatlealtol 
tbe  saleljMnlvaa  ia  fined  with  caring  gear  by  wUch  it  caa  he 
lifted  at  any  tine  for  blowincoB  Ibe  steam.  Btowmut  cocks  are 
f  tied  for  emptying  Ibe  boilet. 

Opealnci  must  always  be  nude  in  b^len  for  aocess  lor  rleaning 
■ad  ennination.  When  tbeK  are  large  eoougb  to  allow  a  man 
to  enlei  tbe  boiler  Ihey  are  temed  man-boles.  Tbey  are  usually 
Bade  oval,  ■*  Ihb  shape  permit*  the  doors  by  wtdcb  tbey  are 
dOKd  to  Ik  placed  on  the  inside  so  that  the  pteisnie  upon  them 
lead*  to  kew  tben  ibul.    The  dooa  an  held  in  placet^  one  or 


bcmicsl 


Moat  of 

the  impurity  is  thus  precipitated,  and 
some  of, tbe  rcinaindei  ij  converted 
into  man  sduble  salu  wbidi  remain 
In  solution  in  the  boilei  until  blown 
DUL  Tlie  waler  is  filtered  befOR  being 
pumped  Into  tbe  boOer.  Tbt  quantity 
and   kind    of    cbemlcal  employed    is 

and  amount  of  the  impurity  In   the 

"  hard  "  feed-water. 

rjbcraHiJ  Staragr.-^hi  some  cuea 
where  the  work  required  is  very  inlerniitlent,"  Ihennal  slanga  " 
Is  employed.  Above  the  bi»Ier  a  hrge  cylindrical  storage  vBsel 
Is  placid,  hiving  sufficient  capacity  to  contain  enough  feed-water 
to  supply  tbe  boilet  throughout  the  periods  whs n  the  maximum 
output  is  required.  Tbe  upper  put  of  tbis  storage  vmeris 
always  in  free  communication  with  ibeatum  apace  ol 


KF«d-w 


lebyw! 


face*  expoaad  to  tbe  steam,  Its  Icmpenture  being  tbui  raised  to 
that  of  tbe  stean.  At  tinie*  when  less  than  tbe  normal  snp^ 
of  steam  is  re<|uiied  for  tbe  eagiae  more  than  the  average  quantity 
ot  leed-water  a  pumped  into  Ibe cbamber,and Ibe encaiaccuan- 
litea  with  It*  temperalnre  rabed  to  the  evaporation  p<HBt. 
Wlicn  an  eiira  aupply  of  steam  is  required,  the  feed-pump  it 
stopped  and  tbe  boiler  ii  fed  with  the  hot  water  stored  in  tb« 
cbambtT.    Beridca  tha  "  stooge  "  elect,  it  i*  fowkl  tbu  maiyr 


Oil  Stfartlm.—Whfo  Lhc  K«in  (mm  the  entii 
much  diOcuhy  It  oltcn  cipcricsccd  with  the  oU  v 


DKiiUic  contict  bMinen  the  iliK  (nd  tb«  boikc^iUle.  IV 
fuDctloB  of  the  ane  ii  lo  xt  up  galvuiic  actioD;  it  pliyt  the 
pan  of  the  negative  ntelal,  ud  i*  diaxrivBl  white  the  tnetal  ol 
the  tbell  it  kept  elcctrv-pcsiiive.  Cm  mun  alwajrt  be  itkaa 
thai  the  [raiiMiiit  which  bmic  oil  lhc  linc  ai  itwattet  awajr 
caDDOt  ItU  upoD  the  besliiii  luif ica  oI  the  boiier. 


piRidet  that  they  pi 
On  the  evaporation  ol 
t  IhiD  fibn  upon  the 


cmuliiDD  difficulty  by  uniformly  mixing  with  the  walet  a  small 
■TUatity  of  solution  ol  line.  On  ibe  waler  being  raised  in  tcm- 
penlurt  the  lime  'a  precipililed,  and  tbe  minute  pirticlet 
"puiiEdapparenlly  attract  the  small  globules  oF  oil  and  become 
micBi'ed  in  sufficient  liee  to  dcpotit  themselves  in  quiet  pins 
ot  Ibe  boiler,  whence  Ihey  can  be  occasionally  removed  cither 
by  blowing  out  or  by  cleaning.  Much,  however,  still  remains 
U  be  done  before  the  oil  difficulty  will  be  thorou^ly  lemoved. 
Cvrwigii.— When  chemicals  ol  any  hind  ire  used  lo  sollen 
t  puiity  feed-water  It  it  essential  Ihal  neither  they  not  the 
ptoiluctt  they  lorm  should  have  a  corrosive  effect  upon  the 
boiltf.plates,  ic.  Much  ot  the  corrosion  which  occasionally 
wcura  has  b«n  traced  to  the  action  ol  the  oiygen  ol  the  air 
■bitb  tnieti  the  boiler  in  loluiion  in  the  Iced-waler,  and  the 
eiy  of  Ihe  leed  Into  the 


huted  p 

^ipontlnily  ol  becom 

ftKtt  at  the  boiler. 

^"^I^eiv  comaioa  Is  fi 
■"et  ipacet  ot  the  boi 
ta  mike  them  of  rolled 
thmt  on  itadt  wbkb  ca 


eakaget  in  the  cycle  ol  the  c 
■ilthe< 


ufeed-w 


faporaton.  "  Of  these  there  are  many  lonot 
ilb  different  provisions  for  cleaninf  the  cdb,  but  Ibey  are  all 
entical  in  principle.  They  are  fed  with  lea-water,  and  means 
V  provided  lor  blowing  out  the  brine  produced  in  them  when 
ime  of  the  water  is  evapoisted.  The  beat  required  lor  the 
raporation  it  obtained  from  h've 
earn  from  Ihe  boilers,  Khkh  <■ 
Imitted  into  coils  ol  copper  pipe. 
he    water   condensed    in    these 


p  the  low-pressure 
steam-enguie    or 


amouniof  fuel  consumed  different  ^"^  i».— Hindhota  Fittinja. 
conditions    have    10    be   fulfilled 

[rem  those  required  where  a  Urge  output  ot  steam  from  a  giveD 
plant  it  of  more  importance  than  economy  of  fuel.  For  a  high 
efficiency,  conpklenett  of  combustion  of  fuel  niM  be  coobioed 
with  luScicDt  heating  nuface  to  abaotb  ic^ndi  <rf  ^f  heal 


produced  u  iriU  reduce  tba  UmpentUK  of  the  funnel  g: 
to  neuly  that  of  slcwn,  Complcltiicu  at  umbiutiaa 
only  be  obtaioed  by  admittinji  consldenbly  more  air  lo  the 
UuD  ii  LhntedcoUy  occosuy  ("^y  i'  oiidize  the  combuu 


he  fuel,  a 


ibypioi 


■.ot  il 


is  lowered  to  th>t  ciiticil 

atly  eoiuidered  that  ilic  amaunt  of  ticess  air  requited  is  nearly 
equal  to  ibat  tbeoielically  necesuryi  eiperience,  however, 
lends  to  ihow  that  mudi  less  (ban  thii  ii  really  required  if 
proper  mealu  an  provided  foi  ensuring  an  early  complele  mil- 
lure  oi  the  gases.  Different  means  are  needed  lo  eltect  this 
with  different  kitids  of  coal,  Ihose  neceasary  for  properly  burning 
Welsh  coal  being  altogether  unsuitable  lor  use  with  North 
Country  0(  Scottish  coal.  As  all  the  eiiess  air  has  lo  be  nisrd 
to  the  ume  temperature  as  that  ol  the  really  burnt  gases,  it 
follows  that  an  excess  of  air  passing  Ihiougb  (be  6rt  towers  the 
temperature  in  Ibe  lire  and  flues,  and  therefoK  lessensilhc  heat 
transmission;  and  as  il  leaves  the  boiler  at  a  high  temperature 
it  carries  off  some  o[  the  beat  produced.  A  reduction  of  the 
arnonat  of  lit,  Iberefoie,  may,  by  increasing  ibe  £re  temperature 


purposes,  although  "  nitoial  "  dnught  is  the  loote  comiBOii, 
muiy  boiler  intUlUtions  are  fitted  with  "  lotted  "  draught 
arringcmenu.  Two  distinct  systems  are  used.  In  that  knowD 
as  the  "  closed  stokehold  "  the  stokehold  compaitmeni  of  the 
vessel  is  so  closed  that  the  only  eiit  lor  air  from  it  la  through 
Lhe  &ies  .    Air  is  driven  into  the  stokehold  by  means  of  lani 

stokehold  above  that  of  lhe  outside  alrnosphere.  This  is  the 
system  almost  umvcmlly  adopted  in  war  vessels,  and  it  ii  used 
alu  in  some  last  passenger  ships.  The  ait  premute  usually 
adopted  in  latge  vessels  is  that  corresponding  to  a  hei^t  o(  Irom 
E  to  1^  in.  of  water,  whilst  so  much  as  4  in.  is  sometimes  used  in 
torpedo-boats  and  similar  craft.  This  is,  of  course,  in  addition 
lo  the  chimney  .draught  due  10  the  height  of  the  tunnel.  In  Ibe 
closed  ashpit  or  Hnwden  system,  the  stokehold  is  open,  and  fana 

through  which  the  products  of  combustion  pass  on  their  way  to 
the  chimney.  The  air  thus  becomes  healed,  and  part  of  it  is 
ihen  delivered  into  the  ashpit  helo*  the  fire  and  part  into  a 
casing  round  the  furnace  front  from  which  il  enters  the  furnace 
above  lhe  fire.  In  locomotive  boilen  the  draught  is  produced 
by  the  blast  or  the  exhaust  steam.     With  naluni  dtaugbl  a 


and  lessening  the  chimney  »i 

ness  of  combustion. 

Utclaaiai  S»*i>i{.— Mos 
involving  much  labour  and 
doors,  whcieby  latge  quintii 
lhe  fires.  Many  systems  of  ] 
but  none  has  been  found  I 
usually  employed  is  known 


;r,  by  th 


luiUble 


(Woodcson  boiler),  thi 
rmed  of  short  cast-iton 

it  which  the  grate  travels  very 


1  (mm  a  hopper  over  the  whole  width  of  the  grate,  the  thick- 
ss  ol  the  fire  being  regulated  by  a  door  which  can  be  raised  or 
irertd  as  desired.  Thus  the  volilOe  portions  ot  the  coal  are 
itilled  at  the  (toni  ol  the  fiie.  and  pass  over  the  incandescent 
:!  at  the  back  end.  The  sp«d  ot  travel  is  so  regulated  that 
the  time  the  remaining  parts  ol  the  fuel  reach  the  back  end 
'  latioa  is  nearly  compteie.    It  will  be  seen  that  the  fire 


igthclt 


uotvan 


combustion  of  about  15  to  20  lb.  of  coal  persq.  ft.  ot  gnue  area 
per  hour  can  be  obtained.     With  forced  draught  much  greater 

even  go  lb  per  sq.  It.  in  lhe  express  types  ot  boiler  used  in 
torpedo  boals  and  similar  craft. 


P^l^r. 


i  of  BoUtrSr — The  makers  of  several  types  of  boikra 
^  particulars  regarding  the  efficiency  of  the  boilers 
:t,  but  naturally  these  results  have  been  obtained 
St  tavouiable  circumstances  which  may  nol  always 
conditions  of  ordinary  working.    The  fallowing 


iselulbf 


St  the  in 


f  the  coal  being  weighed  and  lhe  leed-water  measured  throughout 
helrialahyakilledobscrvcra.  Tbevariousltialscanbecompared 
jooogst  themselves  as  South  Welsh  coal  of  excellent  quality  was 
iBcd  in  all  cases. 

In  eipeiimental  tests  such  as  those  above  referred  to,  many 
onditions  have  lo  be  taken  into  account,  the  principal  being 
he  duration  ol  the  trial.  It  is  essential  that  the  condition  of  the 
oiler  at  the  conclusion  of  the  lest  should  be  pi     '    ' 


unsumed  coals  on  the  fire., 
be  steamiiressurs  in  the 
(hich  the  observations  are  I 


t,  both  as  regards  the  < 


id  the  quantity  of  water  ■ 
The  longer  the  period  0' 
e  leu  is  tbc  InflucDce  at  err 


he  atiiMtlini  at  tiae  pirtkolm.    FonliR,  fn  order  propniy 
represfnl  varkin^  coDdLliou,  the  alt  of  combiutioii  oj  the 
liil  Boat  be  the  ume  Is  Uut  inteBdud 


lAdtmt  ta  indudc  praportioulely  b  mudi  deanmg  el  fins 
nild  occur  undei  the  Domal  mrkiag  condil  ions.  Tlie  testi 
Id  4lBa]ii  be  made  with  (he  kind  al  ccul  ioteiukd  la  be 
nllr  tatd,  ■■d  tbg  mudi  ihould  indiide  ■  teM  ni  Ibc 
He  nha  ot  >  UBipk  dl  ths  fuel  cuvfally  lelectcd  so  •>  f tirly 
TUAU  OP  ViiiODJ  Tr 


(td  lo|ttlttr,  becanM  rinfliT  materiils  kol 


inelhddsireem[4<1]r«liaacli,  nolwJthstudfnK  th 
of  divergence  Id  pnctlet  fenently  itlegtu  them  is  w] 
dcpanmenU.  Tlie  luterUli  lacd  ue  cbieljr  bin  and 
The  methods  mostly  idopUd  ut  tbote  Invohcd  In  the  wi 
of  plates  aod  rotted  lectiou,  which  vastly  pRdomiute  ov 
binuidnidtiiiedcliieflyiiidHUBitby.   Bui  there  «n  Bun 


X  in  boflenukiiil,  lot  cnd-pistei,  tube-plitcs,  fe 


C-I 

» 

w.« 

Omufp^^a^. 

H 

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^ 

s 

^ 

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i^ 

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is. 

"3" 

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*3M 

'i 

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o'ei 

0-6S 

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14.611 

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I876  in  boiler 

S^^t^^,^!^ 

766  in  sir 

■1 

M-6 

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t'SS 

11-30 

11-13 

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0-19 

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*°-i 

O-IJ 

;a 

14,640 

69-i 

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14.640 

wU»tpc».» 

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7.61 

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lj.63« 

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"'^"^'■■S.'-^^V^ 

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in 

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ii 

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^■s 

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10-J9 

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lubes;    17a     lb    wt^iKI 

«■» 

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I3.JO0 

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J33_ 

14.340 
14.340 

'  la  Ihe  bit  tlim  triib  no  iH^tdcn  ■ 

'  The  fnt  [our  liialimie  maile  »ilh  ha 
W  Rproent  the  bulk  of  the  con]  used  during  the  trial.  The 
ptriodic  iKords  taken  are  the  weights  ol  Ihe  fuel  used  and  of 
■Ik  aiba,  kc,  prodnced,  the  tetnpcntuie  and  quantity  oE  the 
fced-waler,  Ihe  slnm  pRenie  nuinlained,  aiid  the  wetness  of 
the  iieam  produced.  This  list  should  be  asceciained  from 
•nqiles  taken  (lom  the  sliam  pipe  at  ■  position  where  the 
Ml  pceisun  is  nsinuincd.  In  oiiler  to  leduce  to  ■  common 
flSBdiid  observations  taken  under  dIRerent  conditions  of  (nd 
(enpcnturcs  and  ileaiti  pressures,  (he  results  arc  cilculated 
ta  an  equivalent  evipDraticin  i(  the  atmospheric  prenuie  (lom 
s  hed  teapcntuie  ol  >ii°  F.  (J.  T.  Ml.) 


iH  witli  the  baflling  deiciib 


flues,  &c,,  but  is  scarcely  rc| 
Plates  are  hen(  to  cylindiic 
and  furnacei,  but  pm  la  gi 
coBinon  in  (he  Eni  than 
slwayi  welded  and  itand 


ircscnied  in  bridge  and  girder  work. 
il  shapes  in  boilerraaking,  {or  shelb 
rder  work.  Wetding  Is  Buch  more 
in  the  second,  (umace  flues  bdng 
pipes  frtqucntl]'.  In  bdter  work 
irough  the  scams  of  adjacent  plain. 
ir  bar  is  usually  drilled  Dr  punched 
lilers,  apin,  being  subject  to  hi^ 
must  be  coBstnicied  wiih  provisions 
1  freedom  o(  movement  under  vary- 
It  fractures  or  grooving,  and  must 
ombine  high  dnciilily  with  MRDglh 
enpenttnet.  Flan^ng  of  ecfUdli 
ilution  ol  the  length  of  the  tube*, 


152  BOI 

tht  tarna  of  whkk  in  infecnntly  mak.  prorida  lot  Ibi  Gnl; 
Ihc  Klection  ol  iicd  oi  iron  ol  iitb  pttuniagc  cloocitian, 
uid  Ibe  impoHtioD  ai  umpci,  oi  bending  ttsu,  bolb  bot  and  eM, 
ptovidc  for  Ibe  iccoiiiL 
The  loUowiiu  in  the  IculiiiE  fiilura  of  praeDt-<Uy  metbodi, 
ft  miaht  be  EmDy  HippovfftKtt,  bcc«uv  pViltt.  angld,  ttt*. 
cauld  be  left  for  the  plater  and  boilirmiker.  But  ■dually  m  mucli 
ti  tauplcl'makiiig.  rolling,  pliniiif,  puodiiiv  aod  ilinrinc,  beading. 


nteHthia  about  ,Oa. 
|h  cdga  bef OR  Scraftt 


d(  iK^ei  in  diSere nt  pUtea  ' 

I  upeitd  nd  driven  fordUy  by  huuiar  biumt  Ihnn^  i 


long  exiited    When  holea  an 

kv  to  be  bnwElit  Ititetlw  ior 
... — .  ... ■  igg  drtft.— 


Fig.  ».— Tlicniyeroft-Schi 
welifiBfandfargti^,  flanging,  drill  ing,  rived nr,au1ldiw.  and  tubing 
rDqucrr  the  laboun  of  aevenil  group*  of  machine  attendanta.  and  of 
fangi  ol  pniJiiUed  labourer!  at  belpen.    Some  oneratLons  alao  have 

The  fact  tbat  lonK  kindBottraaljnent.aaaiiaring  and  punching, 
flaaging  and  bending,  vr  of  a  very  violent  character  eapUini  why 
practice  haj  changed  radically  in  reganj  to  the  method  r^  performing 

.-J  _.. — L. i.-^^  aewerely  dctruiive  operationa  perfoemed  on 

re  jagged  edgea  and,  aa  eiperiencr  hia  proved, 


rere  forcibly  dra  a 


pUtei,  by  artilcfc  vlelenl  tnlnenl  (h*  hals 
toalignment.  Thbdriftingatreaaedibeplatea, 

1  'hr%T  been  ckarl^'lun^^lo  theabuK  oi 
.  apecihcationt  inaiited  tfiat  all  hnlei  ahould  be 
imenngg/terlbeplaieiwcn  in  place.  But  even  that 
I  aaleguatd,  becauae  it  dien  happened  that  the  nul 
warly  an  removed  from  one  arv  of  a  hole,  aa  leaving 

k.    Fnr  awrage  prrier  and  bridge  work  th>  pacSa 


BOILING  TO  DEATH— BOISGOBEY 

kind  of  plate  Handndtof 
X  cut  oe  (U  alike,  and  dril 


i>ci(iidaahi<iA«'rl>tt«'    Ennpln  accor  in 

f  LaocaiUn  ukI  Cgrank  boilB*.  tlw  (rout  and 

the  Adanion  mini  a(  lumm  Hun.  Thn  pnrricF  has  lEpmrdcd 
tba  oMer  lyataia  ol  elfectuK  iniloD  bj  moaaa  (if  nop  f  Drming  tvp 
■Ida  of  s  nctaDfolw  atedoa  (*iclr  faun  liofi).  Tim  mt<  ■ 
fniitlul  ■OBict  of  gnuvliit  and  eiploalaiu  la  itcaa  boilan,  bacaiiaa 
tlieir  iharp  anpilaf  fonii  lacked  elaatkity;  hence  tbe  naaonror  the 
nbetitutiDii  ola  Aanse  turned  with  a  bne  radha,  *ibkh  afforded  the 
elMicicr  Irrr^ry  to  ctmtenet  tk^efecK^of  rhlint*  in  teinpBV 
of  unkm  with  ani 


?J^; 


t  do  act  eMO,  the  netbod , 

Id  theMity  dannl  laiH- 

.    mi  wu  pcrfonoed  is  detail  by  a  ikiHed  nAiiua  llEt 

•aele  Mnanth),  and  It  ii  nlD  ao  done  hi  aoiaN     "  ' 

A  tei%tli  of  tigt  d  abaiit  M  Is.  at  •  teoc  h  heati 
hamnoiac  anund  the  adn  of  ■  Uoclc  of  iron  c( 
Then  umhci  "  beat "  b  fflu  -    ■-         • 

•inrlr  >•  roinpletc.    But  ia  n>ndi._ — _ 

r;  Inatod.  phlet  4  fl.,  6  ft.,  or  a  ft.  in  dUniFtrr,  and  firp. 


The  Bai^naf  Adan 
Aleaf^ef  littia 


tKlabuKettbeJ 


'S^ 


IE  U  alu  more  liable  ti 


id  plating  ihopa  ia  tha  enaraou 
•^^1'"  "«»-  ...»^  .-.-^  to  be  uiadc.  and  of  riwa  to  be 
_           r    TlMe  mjuiremtBla  are  lefltciKi  in  nuchine  dtdgn.    To 
punch  or  dral  hgld  •iiglr  b  too  ilow  a  piwaa  in  the  beat  practice, 
— * -->-= iiq  made  lor  produeiaf  r—  *--'—  -—- ■ ■-- 


to  the  balk 

,  Which  b. 


al  eneHsbea  and 


thw  beiru  avDidad  ol  marldu  oiu  1  he  hols  a  A  guidca  to  the  diiUa. 
lland-nvEiinE,  hu  mortly  been  diiplaced  by  hydiaullc  and 

■d*iiiit*(e  al  ibdi*  Ummwiliy  amrniiilana  nwlta.  ^or  boiler 
mik,  BieUaea  are  Dntlv  of  Emd  type:  lor  btUga  aadfirder  work 
they  an  portable,  beiDi  iluiw  [too  chaina  and  pninded  with 
pmsuRiraterarcanipnwdurby  (yitema  of  fleidble  ripei. 

WeUlni  liUi  a  tarje  place  fai  bdlR  work,  but  it  ia  IhalS^  edjM 
o(  pUlea  cbkBy,  pnd«fliBBtin[  tiwrr  that  of  the  ban  and  redi  of 
■be  atnlihy.  Tbecdici  to  be  ■mud  an  this  and  loni.  ao  that  aboit 
leanbafaBvetobedoBeiaaUHndonatamniive'nnta.'-  Uuch 
el  lUi  i>  hud  work,  and  "  ^uti "  or  ingenioo  piecet  are  generally 
prefemd  to  ovvrlappjng  Tolata.  But  in  biie  uiopfl,  atca~  '''' — 
power  hwnnen  an  wed  far  doiiat  the  wcMi.  Farti 
oornmoilr  wnJded  an  tbe  furaaca  Bue^  (ho  GOtucal  gmn-t 
anftlennBi. 

AQOther  u»ct  of  tbe  work  ol  these  departmeatt  ir  the  ioimcnK 
proportionfl  of  the  modem  machine  loolr  uied.  Thir  dcvtlopment 
jidueinEicat  degrreto  tbe  tubetilutionof  atnifor  Iron.  The  itpH 
•hell-plaKi  (<  the  Urjett  bsilen  are  1)  ia.  thick,  aul  tbne  hcva 
lobebent  inlDryllndricalfbnQa.  In  the  old  dayi  ci  iroo  hcrlen  tbs 
Opjicity  of  roll*  nnxr  exceeded  about  ]  ia.  pbtc  Often,  alEema. 
lively  to  lollinf,  Ibeic  thick  plitei  an  bent  by  iqiieeilntj  them  In 

preenuE  aetlDf  On  Innle  leven.  And  other  aiachinn  boidci  the 
nUa  am  oude  mon  n^raive^thui  lormerly  to  dol  viEh  the  *•*■"**"-* 

Tbe  baler  and  platiog  ihope  have  been  affected  by  the  teneni 
Imdeacy  to  ipeciaUat  maniifectiirea.  Flma  have  fallen  inio  the 
pnctin  si  Ritiletiac  thairnnff  o(  pnxliict,  with  inci^aae  in  vahme. 
Tbe  tloie  haa  tone  put  when  n  linrie  abop  could  turn  out  levefal 
claiaea  of  bcilen,  and  undertake  aiy  brkteeand  lirder  work  ai  wcIL 
0«  reaionii  tobelbundia  thedininJttonotlKDd  wotband  tbe 
(rowth  ol  the  naditae  toeL  AfanoN  «vtnr  tbdnct  opentlon  on 
every  lectHHi  ol  a  boiler  ar  bcidge  nay  BW  be  HBornpliihed  Iv  o» 
ol  leTenl  UfUy  apecialiied  machiiiea,     Repetidve  opeatlooa  an 

Sovided  lor  thui,  and  by  i  lyneni  of  templctiiw.    l(  ti 

any  will  b 

will  be  marked  ainiiUrty;  or  In  m 

It  all,  but  pitched  and  drilled  at .,  

csbodied  in  ddllinf  Dachinca  ipeciaDy  deaifcicd  h 


»53 

cIii|b«>larbrM|« 
or  puDcbed  Irod  n 
ir  puce  In  bridn  or 

u.  G.  iTj 


andcifikrB  wil 

BOIUHO  To"DEA''m.'^  puoishmcDt  once  c 
En^ud  mi  on  the  coDli»aI.  Tbe  ody  e 
DOIke  ol  it  in  Enjlabd  occun  in  an  act  paucd  in  1531  durinf 
the  Rign  of  Henry  MIL,  pravidiog  that  convlclcd  palsonen 
ibould  be  boiled  to  dealh;  it  ii,  hovcvei,  frcqucblly  nrentioned 
earlier  11  a  punishtoeot  for  coining.  Tbe  Ckrotiidtt  1^  tit 
Crty  Friari  (published  by  Ibc  Camden  Sadety,  lis')  luve  ui 
tcojunt  of  boiliag  for  poiunisg  it  SmilbSeld  in  tbe  year  isii, 
ibe  mui  being  futencd  to  a  cbiin  and  lowered  into  bailing 
vatet  leveial  liioei  until  lie  died.  Hie  preamble  of  ibe  italute 
of  Beniy  Vin,  (which  made  pciioning  lieiion)  in  ij]i  iccilci 
that  one  Riclurd  Boaie  (or  Coke),  i  cook,  by  putting  polion 
in  lome  food  Intended  lor  the  houacbold  of  tbe  tiibop  of  Kocb- 
CElei  and  Ibi  the  poor  of  the  pimb  of  LltDbetli,  killed  a  man 
and  woman.  He  was  found  guilty  of  tieasoD  ind  Kntenccd  to 
be  boiled  10  death  without  benelit  of  clergy.  He  wu  pablidy 
boilcdat  SmithScId.  In  tlie  lame  year  a  Euld-aervanl  tor  poiaoo- 
ing  ber  mistress  wis  boiled  it  King's  Lynn.  In  i  J41  Margutt 
Davy,  1  servant,  for  poifooing  ber  employer,  wis  boiled  at 
SmithEeld.    In  the  reign  of  Edward  VI.,  In  Ij47i  the  act  wu 

See  ilu  W.  Andnrwa,  OU  nw  fni'iJiiwiU  (HuD,  1990);  JTgtei 
BHd  Qiuiia.  vdt.  L  (iMi),  vol.  ix.  (it«7];  DnCange  (i-v.  CaUonu 

BOIS  Bttfitfia,  ar  Binis  (■  Fnncb  tianalitlon  ol  theli 
Indian  name  SicnAiTGo),  ■  sub-tribe  of  North  American  Dakota 
IndiiiB  (Telon  river  division).  Tlie  name  ii  nvM  frequently 
associated  with  tbe  biif-bReds  In  Hanliata,  who  in  1869  came 
Into  tenponry  prominence  in  conneiion  with  Riel'a  Rebellion 
(sec  Red  Rivn);  at  that  time  tbey  had  lost  all  tribal  purity, 
and  were  alternatively  called  Uitii  (ball-cutea),  Ibe  Eaajority 
being  descendants  of  French-Caoadkns. 

BOISi.  a  city  and  the.  cminty-seal  of  Ada  county,  Idaho, 
U.S.A.,  and  the  capital  of  tbe  itate,  ^luaud  en  tbe  N.  aide  of 
the  Bob*  river,  in  tbe  S.W.  part  rf  the  state,  at  an  iKliude  o( 
about  ijoo  ft.  Pop.  (iSfci)  \tv>;  C'900)  J957;  C'9"ol  irjsS- 
It  bietved  by  the  Oregon  Short  LIncnulway,  being  tbe  termlinB 
of  a  branch  connecimg  with  the  main  line  at  Nampa,  about  »m. 
W.;  and  by  electric  lino  connecting  with  Caldwell  and  Nampa. 
The  principal  building  arc  the  aUle  capltol,  Ibe  United  Stales 
assay  office^  a  Carnegie  library,  a  nstatorium,  and  the  Federal 
bnOding.  containing  the  post  oSice,  the  United  States  divuit 
and  district  court  rooms,  and  a  U.S.  land  oflice.  Boist  ts  the 
seat  of  the  slate  school  for  tbe  deaf  and  bKnd  (l90«),  and  hat 
outside  the  dty  Kmiis  are  the  slate  soldiers'  home  and  Ibe  state 
penitentiiiy.  About  >  m.  fnm  Ibe  dly  are  Federal  bamcki. 
Hot  water  (17;*  F.)  from  atttsian  wclk  neirtbe  dty  is  uiillnd 
for  tbe  natatorium  and  to  heat  many  re^dencei  and  puUic 
building  The  Boisj  valley  is  an  eicdlent  country  lor  raising 
apides.ptunes  and  other  (ndu.  The  manufactDied  products  of  tbe 
city  are  such  as  an  demanded  by  a  mining  couoUy.  piindpally 
lumber,  fiour  and  machine^bop  products.  "Bciat  is  the  trade 
centre  ol  tbe  inirounding  fruit-growing,  ggricullural  and  mining 
country,  and  is  an  important  wool  market.  Tbe  oldest  settle- 
ment in  tbe  vicinity  was  made  by  the  Hudson's  Bay  Fur  Company 
on  tbe  west  side  ol  the  Bols*  river,  before  iS«o;  the  present  dty, 
durteted  In  1864,  dales  from  1863.  After  1900  the  dly  pew 
very  rapidly,  principally  owing  to  the  great  irrigalloD  tcbema 
in  soulbem  Idaho;  the  water  for  tbe  immense  Bobt-Paycite 
Irrigation  tystem  is  taken  from  tbe  BoM,  8  m.  aborc  Ibe  dty. 
(See  IDABO.) 

BOIBOOBBT,  PDRTUlrt  OD  (1S14-1BQ1),  Frendi  writer  of 
fiction,  whose  real  surname  was  Castille,  wu  bcm  at  GranvHk 
(Hanche)  on  the  nth  of  September  1814.  He  served  in  tbe 
army  pay  department  b  Algeria  Irom  ill44to  1S4S,  and  extended 
Us  travels  to  the  East  He  made  his  lilciary  dtbut  In  the  FuS 
jiunid  with  a  story  entitled  Dtux  imAfEmi  (1K68).  With 
It  Ftrfal  ccl^ntl  (1871)  he  becitne  one  of  the  most  populai 
(euilletoa  writen.    His  police  stories,  though  not  so  conitndni 


'54 


BOISGUILBERT— BOISSIER 


M  thoM  at  tmSt  Gibsiiui,  vltk  whom  hii  atme  a  fcne 
UKcUltd,  hid  a  (ml  drcoUlim,  lud  mtaj  al  IbetP  bivr 
tiuslaled  into  English.    Amang  bii  sloHa  ntr  be  mentia 

(iSSj),  £a  UanfrtUi  (iSSq).    B<ns|obey  died  on  Ihc  361I1  cl 
Fcbniir?  1S91. 

BOISaOILSBRT.  PtBRRB  IS  PBSAHT,  SiEtn  Dt  (1676- 
1)14),  Frencb  economiit,  wu  born  il  Rouen  o[  an 
fumiiy  of  Noimudy,  illied  to  that  of  CornuUe. 
hii  dauical  education  in  Rouen,  entered  tbe  m: 
beooe  judjc  at  Moativillien,  near  Havre.  Id  16. 
pie^dent  of  the  baSIiaci  «f  Rouen,  a  put  which  he  retained 
alracst  until  hii  death,  leivinf  il  to  hi>  un.  Id  these 
tituationi  he  made  ■  dose  study  a!  local  tcocomic  condiii 
poisODiUy  Eupeivising  the  cultivation  of  ba  lands,  and  entering 
[nta  te1atia»  with  the  principal  menhanU  of  Koucn.  He  vis 
Ihua  led  to  consider  the  misery  of  the  people  under  the  burden 
of  laialion.  In  iSfls  he  published  hi*  principal  work,  U  Dtlail 
il  la  fraud,  la  aiat  ie  la  diminiilioH  it  ta  bieni,  a  la  fadliu 
ill  raHtit.  ...  In  il  he  diew  a  picture  of  the  genenl  luin 
of  all  claisei  of  Fienijunen,  caused  by  (he  bid  ecODOmIc  rtgime. 
In  opposition  to  Colbert'*  vicn  he  held  that  the  wealth  of  a 
country  consists,  not  in  the  abundance  of  moi^ey  which  it  poGsesscs 
but  in  what  il  produces  and  eichangea.  The  remedy  for  the 
evils  of  the  time  was  not  so  much  the  reducilon  a>  the  equaHia- 
lioB  of  the  imposts,  which  would  allow  the  poor  to  consume 
more,  ntne  the  prodocliou  and  add  10  the  general  wealth.  He 
demanded  the  reform  of  the  lailli,  (he  suppression  af  btcmal 
customs  duUa  and  (reatec  freedom  of  tnde.  In  hit  Fatliim 
di  la  Framl,  published  in  1 705  ot  1 706,  he  gave  a  mare  concise 
r^iimJ  of  hit  ideas.  Bui  hit  propoaal  to  substitute  for  all  aide] 
And  customs  duties  a  tingle  capitation  lax  of  a  tenth  ol  (he 
leveoiw  of  all  properly  was  naturally  opposed  by  the  farmers 
of  uses  kod  found  little  support.  Indeed  hii  work,  wtitlen  in 
a  difloie  and  inelegant  style,  passed  almost  unnoticed.  Saint 
Simon  iditei  that  he  once  asked  a  beuing  of  the  comte  do 
Pontebarttatn,  saying  that  he  would  al  £ttl  belit 


»  bicrcsted,  a 


aright. 


train  bluntly  told  him  that  be  did  think  him 
his  back  on  him.  With  hlichel  de  ChamiUart.  whom  he  had 
known  as  intendant  of  Rouen  (i6Sg-i690),  he  had  bo  belter 
success.  Upon  the  disgrace  of  Vaubca,  whose  Dtwu  myall 
had  much  in  common  with  Bolsii^lbcrt'i  pUn,  Boisguilberl 
violently  attacked  the  controUec  in  a  pamphlet.  Sappltmiat 
aa  illi^  it  la  Frana,  The  book  was  seiied  and  coDdemoed, 
and  lit  author  exiled  to  Auvetfne,  though  toon  alk>ved  la 
return.  At  last  is  1710  the  controUet-^aettl,  Nicola*  Dtt- 
marela,  eiUblithed  ■  new  impotl,  the  "tenth"  {iiatmt), 
which  had  tome  analogy  with  Ihe  project  of  Boisguilbert, 
Intead  of  repladng  the  former  impoatt,  however,  Desmarett 
timply  added  his  diBtne  to  Ihera^  the  eqieriment  was  naturally 
ditatltous,  and  the  idea  wta  abandoned. 

Inl7iiippnim]iT(ilonicnl*iifi/i0iciK  JV.  jf  Vanhiii,  whkhls 
nmplv  Bc%ui1ben'i  Z)/laJI  ibk  Fnum.  ViMbin;  Mmi  rcyolt 
was  fbnnerfy  wronflv  allribuled  to  him.  Bmifiiilbert'e  worki  were 
esllgcced  by  Itaire  in  the  Cm  valume  of  the  Ollttlim  da  panii 
fttmmitltt.  His  ktien  am  in  tbe  CtmHmilaiKi  do  cmMlnri 
(Mnu,  vol.  i.,  puUiibed  by  H.  da  Bdilule. 

BOHHOBBIIT,  PRAHCOIS  IE  MKTBL  DB  (1591-1M1), 
French  poet,  wai  bom  at  Caen  in  1591.  He  was  trained  for  the 
bw.  and  practised  for  some  time  at  the  bar  at  Rouen.  About 
161]  he  went  to  1*1119,  and  by  the  neit  year  had  established  a 
footing  at  court .  for  be  had  ■  share  in  Ihe  ballet  of  the  fiiKAanoJci 
performed  at  the  Louvre  in  Februuy.  He  accompanied  nn  em. 
basiy  to  England  in  161  J,  and  in  1630  (itlied  Botae,  where  he  won 
the  favour  of  Urban  VIIL  by  hit  wit.  He  took  oidert,  and  wai 
made  1  canon  of  Rouen.  He  had  been  introduced  to  Richelieu 
In  tfiij,  «    ■  ■ 


n  made  himself  indispensable  to  the 

M  one  of  the  Eve  poets  who  carried  oui 

He  had  a  passion  for  pby,  and  wai 

lotj  tod  hit  cnemia  fouitd  ready  1 


Richelieu's  dramatic 
1  friend  of  Ninon  de 


in  Ihe  iindtsgiiiiwl  lonstniw  ef  hit  life.  H«  ma  moR  (fau  eao 
disgraced,  but  never  for  long,  ilthou^  In  his  later  years  he  «u 
compelled  to  give  more  atteotion  to  his  duties  as  «  prictl.  Il 
was  Boisrobert  who  suggested  to  Richelieu  the  plan  of  (he  Aa- 
demy,  and  he  was  one  of  lis  earlletl  and  mOEt  Ktive  memben. 
Rich  as  he  was  (hrougfa  the  bcnefica  conferred  on  liiDi  by  hli 
patron,  fie  was  liberal  to  men  of  letters.  After  the  death  of 
Richelieu,  be  attached  himself  to  Mazarin,  whom  he  served 
faithfully  throughout  (Ib  Fronde.  He  died  on  the  jwh  of 
Uarch  iMi.  He  wrote  a  number  of  comedies,  tooneodtbich, 
La  Btllt  Plaiinm.  Malik's  L' Atari  is  said  to  on  tometbing; 
andalso  some  v(4umet  of  verse.  The  licentiout  C«<ei,  puUi^ed 
under  Ihe  name  ei  bis  btolhci  D'Ouville.  an  olten  attributed  i« 


JBAH  JACqUEl  (Tji3-t6oi),  French  inticgnaTy 

Latin  poet.  711s  bom  at  Betancoo.    Be  studied  at  Louvaio  \ 

diiguttcd  by  tbe  severity  of  hia  master,  be  secretly  kfl 

senunary,  and  after  tnvetiing  a  great  part  of  Germany 

retched  Italy,  where  he  renained  tevmd  years  and  was  often 

reduced  to  great  ttiiitt.    Hit  coidence  in  Italy  developed  in 

mind  a  taste  for  antlquitiet,  and  be  aooo  farmed  •  coUcclion 

ofthemoatcuiioutmonumeiiUfniinRameMidfMvlclidt)'.    He 

~  the  islands  of  the  Ardilpelago,  with  tbe  iDtentioD 

of  travelling  through  Greece,  but  a  severe  mnets  obliged  )um  to 

return  to  Rome.    Hen  he  lesumed  hk  bvoorite  puanila  with 

great  ardour,  and  having  completed  hit  coUectlon,  returned  tohk 

nfitive  countiyjbut  not  being  petmftled  to  profos  publicly 

tic  Prote3lan(  religion,  which  he  hid  embraced  some  time  before, 

'  withdrew  to  Metz,  where  he  died  on  tbe  301b  id  October  1601. 

is  moat  important  works  are:    Pocnata  (1574);  EmbUmaia 

584);  Inna    Vinmm   nltstnam    (1597);    Vilae  a  Icnts 

ilancrtim  TurtUaram,  kt.  (i;«7);  TJualrum  Vilai  Hmmaiat 

(isa6];fiD)UMu  [7rW(7c^(rii^ia(i597'i6D>},no«veTyniRi 

Dl  Dninatitiu  il  Ifaiidi  Praaliiiii  (ite;);  HabUnt  Vahaimm 

Orbit  Gentium  (ifSi),  omtmenled  with  seventy  jUumfnfttcd 

BOISSIEK.  HABIB  UVII  UnQINB  gASTW  (iSij-igoS); 
French  ^tn—ir*!  scholar,  and  secretary  of  the  French  Academy, 
was  bom  al  Nlraea  on  Ihe  isth  of  August  1813.    Tbe  Roman 
numents  of  his  native  town  very  eariy  atlncted  Gaston 
istiet  (0  the  sludy  of  ancient  history.    He  made  epifrapby 
panicuUr  theme,  and  at  the  age  of  twenty-thm  becunc  ft 
professor  of  riietoric  at  Angoutfme,  where  be  lived  and  worked 
I  years  without  further  ambition.    A  travtlUng  in^ieclor 
university,  however,  hippetied  to  hear  him  lecture,  apd 
rr  was  called  to  Paris  to  be  professor  at  the  Lyde  CharEe^ 
He  began  his  literary  career  by  a  thesis  on  the  poel 
(iSjr]  and  a  study  on  the  life  and  work  of  M.  T^ntiut 
(1S61).    InlSiihewasmadeprolessorofLalinoratoryaL 
Ihe  Callage  de  Fnnce,  and  be  became  m  active  contributor  to 
Xmt  ill  itui  mandti.    In  lEUSs  be  published  Cictren 
ri  DMir  (Eng.  trant.  by  A.  D.  Jones,  1847),  vbich  has  enioyed 
ucceis  such  a*  nrely  falli  to  tbe  lot  of  a  work  of  erudition, 
(tudying  the  manners  of  ancient  Rome,  Boiasier  had  leaned  to 
rteale  its  society  and  to  reproduce  its  characteristicB  with 
exituisite  vivacity.    In  1874  he  published  La  Siliiitn  rmuint 
d'AttgutU  auz  AnUmiHt  (1  vols.),  in  which  he  analyted  tbe 
great  religious  movement  of  anticpnty  that  preceded  the  accept- 
ance of  Chrlstianily.    In  VOfttaiOini  nut  la  Cttari  <iS75)  he 
drew  a  remarkable  jncture  of  the  political  deddence  of  Rome 
under  tbe  early  succetton  of  Augustus.    By  this  time  Boiiaier 
had  drawn  to  hbnsell  the  vniveml  respect  ol  ichaltrt  Ud  men  ol 
rn,  and  on  the  death  of  H.  J.  G.  Patin,  the  author  of  &Hdej 
trT  Iraiiqiia  irea.  In  1876,  he  wat  elected  ■  member  ot  the 
ich  Audcmy,  of  which  h«.  wat  ippointed  peipelutl  tecte  tuy 

it  later  xrorks  include  Promeiada  ardiieiogi^mtt :    Jteme 

a   Pempti   (iSSo;  second  series,   iS8d);  VAjtvtiu  tamaiiu, 

fromaiaits  arMjiativutt  (igoj);  La  Ftit  in  patOMitmt  (1  vols., 

~  1)1  Li  CmjuratifO  ie  Ctliliiu  (looj);  Tacilt  (190J,  Eng. 

a.  by  W.  G.  Hutchison,  t«e6).    He  was  a  representative 

Dple  of  Ihe  French  talent  for  luddity  and  elegance  applied 


BDISSONADE— BOrVIN 


'5S 


■attoiefUuntui*.  TVo^ 
_IMI  tbcmt,  ttaa  Rcmnln  ' ' 
of  tht  (ImdibU  of  Roam  tockty,  b*  ■!»  mM*  modog 
QB  jr^kM  <r  ^li^M  (iMt)  ud  5ai*^$««m  (il9t).  He 
dted  Ea  Jam  190C 

. F««(Oli  (1774- 

Puta  OB  tht  iith  ol 
id  tht  pabUc  Hnio*  daring  tbe 

be  «u  rwtotd  ty  Uultm  Bonipuu^  durfatg  wbow  Ub*  oI 
oficchtmrediiMaMuytotlMpftfcctvTaar  tbe  I^ipn  Mvbb. 
Be  then  dtfliitclr  iMtlDcd  pobUc  anptojvient  ud  4natcd  Ud- 
•ctt  to  tbc  itndy  of  Greek.  In  1809  he  mi  appolnud  dqnty 
prefenot  of  Gicek  it  Ibt  bcvttj  at  letten  it  Piili,  ud  tilnlai 
pret««or  ia  tlij  on  Iha  deatk  ot  t,  B.  Ludur.  Id  iSiS  he 
lucMcded  J.  B.  GiB  in  the  cknit  ot  Greek  at  the  CeDigc  dc 
Fnn«.  HeKbobddtheoakeialUbniluiDltbaBiUkithiqiie 
du  Roi,  vd  of  perpetu]  leactuy  of  tbe  Acadfmii  da  Inacrip- 
tion*.  Ha  iHed  on  ^  Stb  ot  S^rtember  1857.  Boimude 
diieSy  derated  hb  (tlenthn  to  later  Greek  litenlure:  PIulo- 
ftratn,  Btntc*  (1806)  akd  Epiilelat  UW);  Mariaiu,  Vila 
fracH  (1814);  TRnrim  Rbetoc,  Di  FifMrit  <iSt;);  Nkitu 
Eogeninnii,  DmiHa  tl  Ckaritla  (iSig);  HcTodtaa,  ParlUiima 
(i»ig);  Arbunetai.  Bfiililiu  (iSlii-.Emajaia,  Vita4  Stfkil- 
Itrmm  (iSiz);  Babriiit,  Fobla  (1844)1  Tutcd,  AUettriat 
lli^at  (tB!i);  uA  \  CtOaHtinf  Cnek  PatUbi  14  vota.  The 
Anadela  Criucit  (lii^^Sj])  uid  Atiedtla  f/n*  (1844)  ait 
iniponint  for  BjtiDtine  histoiy  and  tbe  Gmk  gnamirians. 

A  irieclkin  of  bii  papcn  vai  piibliihcil  by  F,  Cotincinip,  Cnliquc 
OlrniiH  mti  It  prnmtr  Emfirt  (1M3),  vo].  I.  oT  whkh  contain  I 
axnplBte  }at  ot  bii  wofkt>  and  a  "  N«j«  Hutorique  vir  Monseur 
B,"b|tM*adat. 

anmr  VAmus,  nuipin  unom  in  {i75«-iBi8), 

Frmcb  atitaman,  receivsd  *  tardul  eduoillon  and  bialed 
bfmaelf  at  fint  *Ilh  Ulmtun.  He  had  been  a  nemberof  aevrril 
prov^idal  aadRnlca  bcfm*  comfaig  to  Paris,  *h<rt  h«  purduMd 
■  posttion  as  advocate  to  the  parlenient.  Id  i7B9heinie)Hlcd 
br  the  third  eitste  of  the  stntctausilr  o(  Anwmay  aa  deputy 
to  tbe  atatea-jEDcnL  He  wu  one  of  Ihme  vho  induced  the 
■tatei-gmeal  to  proclaim  ItadI  a  Natioml  Aaembly  an  the  i;ih 
of  Jane  rTSg;  ■ppTovcd.  in  Kvemf  tpeedm,  of  the  oiptuit  of 
tbc  Bulllk  and  ol  the  taking  of  (he  roynl  family  to  Pat4s  (October 
1789);  demanded  that  alilct  meaiiuits  be  taken  igsiut  the 
li^alijti  who  were  tatrrguinginthesoithof  Fnince,  and  published 
Kime  pami^eta  on  finance.  During  the  Legiiliiive  Aoembly 
be  was  pfKumr-iyttJit  for  the  dliectoiy  o(  the  drparlmenl 
ot  Aidedie.  Elected  to  the  Convention,  he  aal  in  the  cnlre, 
-b  Itarau."  votbg  in  tbe  trial  of  Louli  XVI.  for  hii  deltniion 
BntH  deportation  abovld  be  lodged  eipedient  (or  the  ilate.  Re 
was  then  lent  on  ■  misaioti  to  Lyons  to  invtstigate  tbe  frands  in 
conneiion  with  the  supplies  of  the  army  of  the  Alps.  During 
the  Terror  he  wis  one  of  those  deputies  of  ih*  centre  who  sup- 
ported RobespiciTc;  but  he  wis  gained  over  by  the  members 
•I  (he  Mountain  luHtilc  to  Robespieire.  and  his  agppoit,  along 
with  that  of  sonie  other  Icadcis  of  the  tfamli,  made  pcnsible  tlie 
Dth  Thcnnidor.  He  was  then  elected  1  member  of  Che  Cammltlte 
of  Public  Safely  and  charged  with  the  saperinlendence  of  the  pro- 
viiionfng  of  Paris.  Heprcsented  the  report  supporting  Ihedecree 
of  the  :;rd  Veniose  of  the  year  III.  which  established  liberty  of 
mnhip.  In  the  critical  days  of  Germinal  ind  of  Pniriii  of  the 
yrki  III-  he  showed  great  counge.  On  the  iJth  Germinal 
be  wis  in  the  tribune,  reading  a  report  on  the  food  supplies, 

inlcTTuptcd.  On  the  isl  Pnirial-  be  presided  over  the  Con- 
tention, and  rematned  unmoved  by  the  insults  and  menaces  of 
the  hisurgmta.  When  the  head  of  the  deputy,  Jean  F*raud,  was 
presented  to  him  on  the  end  of  a  pike,  he  saluted  it  impassively. 
He  was  reporter  ot  the  commiltci!  which  drew  up  the  ccmslilu- 
tiira  of  the  year  It!.,  and  his  report  shows  keen  apprehension 
ol  a  return  of  the  Retgn  of  Terror,  and  presents  reicllonary 
aeasD  nt  as  precaut  ions  aga  last  the  le-eslablishmenl  of  "  tyranny 


and  wamiAf."  This  tvport,  the  proposal  that  be  ■ 
(August  17,  r795)  10  kasen  the  teveilty  of  tb 
lam,  and  tba  eulogiti  be  recdved  from  aeveral  Parte  ac 
nsptctid  of  dUoyalty  to  tbe  npubfic,  Ttoultod  in  hit  being 
obliged  10.  Justify  loiiiidf  (October  15,  17QS).  Ai  a  membet 
'''"'* '  of  llw  Five  Bmufaed  be  becune  more  and  m 


la*oBT  ot  tbc  ilcponed  p 
in*  unectory.  Aconlhigl)'  be  waa  ptooeilbeJ  no  tba  iStb 
Fmnldor,  and  Uvod  b>  Eo^and  imtB  tbe  Coaiulatft  Ea  iSoi 
ha  wu  made  a  member  ol  tb«  TribuuHo,  and  tl  iBoj  a  aanatoT. 
In  1814  he  voted  (tor  N^ioleon's  abdkatlOD,  wMch  won  tot  bin 
a  aeat  In  tha  lAaubm  of  peelt)  but  dari«t  U>e  Hindred.Daya  be 
served  Napoleon,  and  fn  oaoKqncacc,  on  tlw  aeoond  Rtatoation, 
waa  for  a  ahort  while  octudod.  Inlbi  danbcr  be  atiU  aonght 
to  obtain  Hberly  lor  the  pim  ■«  thenn  opoa  iddch  he  pabUsbed 
a  Vohirae  of  his  speecbe*  (Paris,  1S17).  He  wai  a  member  of 
the  bsdnte  from  iu  looBdatioB,  and  fn  rSiS,  at  tlKieorgaala- 
tlon,  became  a  member  ol  tbe  Acedfmie  da  Inaeiiptiinf  el 
BeUex-Lettret.  He  pahHtbed  la  tSiQ-iSai  a  two-volume  Rim 
stir  la  tie  a  la  afinuxu  iill.it  Ualtdiata. 

See  F.  A.  Aulird,  Let  Oratetm  ii  la  Rltaliittim  (ind  cd.,  loofi); 
L.  Scloul,  Li  DirecUin  (4  vsh.,  iCIaJ):  and  the  "  Notice  lui  la  vlt 
et  lea  ouvtes  de  M.  Boiiay  d'Anglas  "  in  the  i^AwHt  di  r.iaLMiif 
—  '-  (R.A.*) 

ItaUan  poet  and  mttdcal 
eomposer,  waa  oom  ai  raona  on  the  34lh  of  Pebmary  1841 
He  studied  mualc  at  the  Milan  Consemloire,  but  even  in  those 
eariy  days  be  devoted  as  much  ol  Ins  time  to  Uleraloie  as  to 
musie,  fotncasting  the  divided  allegiance  widdt  was  to  be  the 
duel  charactcrfstic  ol  Us  lilt's  history.  While  at  the  Onuerva- 
toire  he  wrote  and  cempond,  in  collaboration  with  Franco  Faccio, 
a  cantata,  Li  StreBi  i'llalia,  which  waa  pcrioRned  with  racceti. 
On  completing  bis  studies  Boito  tnveiled  (or  some  yean,  and 
after  his  return  to  Italy  lellled  down  In  Milan,  dividing  his  timt 
between  journalism  and  music.  In  1866  he  fought  nnder 
Garibaldi,  and  In  t36g  conducted  the  first  performance  of  his 
opera  UcfijUifrU  at  the  Scala  theatre,  Milan.  The  work  failed 
completely,  and  was  withdrawn  after  a  second  performance. 
It  was  revived  hi  1875  at  Bologna  in  a  much  altered  and  ab- 
breviated form,  when  Its  success  was  beyond  question.  It  was 
pejformed  in  London  in  iSSowitb  success,  but  in  spite  ol  frequent 
revivals  has  never  succeeded  In  firmly  establishing  itself  in  popular 
(avour.  Boito  treated  the  Fiast  legend  in  a  spirit  far  more 
neariy  akin  to  the  conception  of  Goethe  than  Is  found  in  Gounod's 
Fonil,  but,  in  spile  of  many  isolated  beauties,  his  opera  lacks 
eoheaioa  and  diimatic  Interest.  His  energiet  were  afterwards 
chiefly  devoted  to  the  composition  of  h"hrettl,  of  which  the 
principal  ere  OltUt  and  Falilef,  set  to  music  by  Verdi;  La 
Ciecmia,  set  by  nmchielli;  Amiria,  set  by  Faccio;  and  Era  i 
Ltandrt,  set  by  Botteaini  and  MancineDi.  These  works  display 
a  rare  knowledge  of  the  requiremenis  of  dramatic  poetry, 
together  with  uncommon  literary  value.  Boito  also  published 
1  book  of  poems  and  a  novel,  L'Alfir  Afttu.  The  degree  of 
doctorofmusicwas  conferred  upon  him  in  1893  by  the  uniwrsily 
of  Cambridge. 

BOIVIN.  FRAXCOn  DS,  Banm  dc  Vlllan  (d.  i6t8),  French 
chronicler,  entered  the  service  of  Charles,  Marshal  Brissic,  as 
secretaty,  and  accompanied  him  to  Piedmont  in  1550  when  the 
marshal  went  to  take  command  of  the  French  troops  in  tlie  war 
irlth  Spain.  Remaining  in  this  service  he  was  sent  after  the 
defeat  ot  the  Frenth  at  SlQuentinin  r  557  to  assure  the  French 
king  Henry  II.  of  the  support  of  Brissac.  He  took  part  in  the 
negoliallons  which  led  to  the  treaty  ol  Caleau-CambrFsii  In 
AprU  ts59,  but  was  inialJe  to  prevent  Henry  II.  from  ceding 
the  conquests  made  by  Brissac.  Boivin  wrote  Itlmoirts  nr  let 
IHtrrts  dtmtUei  Ib»I  data  It  Pilmml  fn'rw  Mmljerral  tl  itrht 
it  Milan  far  Ciarlii  it  Caiii.  onH  dt  Btiuac  (Paris,  1607), 
which,  in  spite  of  some  dnwbicks.  is  valuable  ss  the  testimony 
ol  an  eye-witnett  of  the  war.    An  edition,  carefully  revised, 


156 


BOKENAM— BOKHARA 


•ppcui  In  the  Utmtim  rdaUfi  i  Fhiiflrt  de  Fraaa,  uaot  x., 
edited  by  J.  F.  Mkluud  ud  J.  J.  F.  PaulouUl  (Firii,  iisf>). 
He  tlto  wrole  ImlrucOtn  iw  It  agaim  iUat  (I^oni,  itio). 
Ses  J.  LdoDg.  fiOHMUfw  UHviiH  ii  la  rnaa  (Puii,  itU- 

MEBHAM,  OtBBM  (1393?- i44T?),  En^ish  (utbiM.  wu  born, 
by  hbovnaeemiiiliDiilhefithoi  October  ijgj.  Dr  UDnlnunD 
umiati  that  he  mty  hive  been  k  utive  o(  Boluhun,  do* 
BooUun,  in  Sanqr,  and  derivEd  his  name  tnnn  the  pUce. 
In  ■  oonduding  note  to  bit  liva  sf  Uu  Sainli  he  ii  detciibed 
u  "  *  Suflolke  num,  fren  Aiutyn  of  Stoke  CUic."  He  tnvcUed 
In  luly  on  &t  Icul  two  occuiotu,  ud  in  1445  mi  i  pilgrim  to 
Santiago  de  Compostcla.  Ho  vrotc  a  series  ol  tliirteen  Legendi 
of  boly  miideni  ud  women.  These  any  written  chiefly  in  leven- 
asd  dght-Uned  itiniai,  and  nine  of  them  an  preudtd  by 
fialofaa.  Bt^nam  wai  a  lollower  of  Chaucer  and  Lydcate, 
and  doublleai  had  in  mind  Chnucer'i  Zfffnd  of  Good  Women- 
His  chief,  but  by  no  mcani  hit  only,  source  ma  the  Lttmla  Anna 
of  Jacobui  de  Voiagioe,  archtusliop  of  Genoa,  whom  be  cile* 
u  "  JanucnCB."  The  finl  of  the  legends,  Vila  Scat  Uari/ntlat, 
tirpnii  il  marlirii.  wa*  vntten  for  hi)  friend,  Tbemu  Burgh, 
a  Cambridge  monk;  othera  aie  dedicated  to  i^oua  lidici  who 
Retired  the  history  of  their  ume-saiDts.  The  Anindrt  US,  J17 
<Britl»h  Museum}  is  a  unique  copy  of  Bokenam's  woik;  it 
vas  finislKd,  according  to  the  concluding  note,  in  1447,  and  pr&- 
■entcd  by  t]»  icribe,  Thomas  Burgh,  to  a  convent  unnamed 
"  that  the  nuni  may  remember  him  and  hji  sitter.  Dame  Bctrice 
Burgh."  The  poeos  veie  edited  (iSjsJ  for  the  Roibuighe  Qub 
»ith  the  title iytyiiC SiyiUy-i  -  ■  -,  and  by  Dr  Carl Hoisinuna 
as  Cubtrn  BaiiruiMi  Lttadat  (Heilbronn,  iSSj),  in  E.  KGIbing'a 
AllfitL  BiblieUuli,  vol.  i.  Both  editions  include  a  dialogue 
written  in  Latin  and  English  taken  from  DugdaJc's  Uonaslicoa 
Aiiilkamim-(ii.  1&46,  vol,  vL  p.  i£ao];  "  this  dialogue  bctwijt 
a  Secular  asking  and  i  Frere  answerynge  at  the  grave  of  Dame 
Johan  of  Acres  ihewilh  the  lyneil  descent  of  the  loidit  of  the 
bonoure  of  ClaiB  fro  .  .  .  MCCXLVIU  to  .  ,  ,  MCCCLVI " 
Bokenam  wrote,  a>  be  tells  us,  plainly,  in  the  SuSoUt  speech. 
He  uplains  hit  lack  of  decoration  on  the  plea  that  the  finest 
Aawen  had  been  already  plucked  by  Chaucer,  Gower  and 
Lydgate. 

,  BOKHABAi  or  Bueoaia  (the  common  central  Asian  pro- 
nunciation is  Bukhlit),  a  stale  of  centml  Asia,  under  the  pro- 
tection of  Ruatia.  Il  lie)  on  the  right  bank  of  iha  middle  Oius, 
between  37*  and  41°  N.,  end  Ixlwccn  61°  ud  71°  E.,  and  is 
bounded  by  the  Russian  governments  of  Syr-darya,  Samarkand 
and  Ferghana  on  the  N.,  the  Pamirs  on  the  E.,  Afghaniitu  on 
Ihe  S.,  and  the  Truscaipiu  territory  and  Khiva  on  the  W. 
lu  wulh-CMtem  frontier  on  the  Pamirs  is  undetermined  except 
where  it  touches  the  Ruuian  dominioiu.  Including  the  khanates 
oCKarateghinandDarvaztheareaisahout  Sj.ooosq.m.  The 
western  portion  of  the  state  is  a  pbin  watered  by  the  Zarafshan 
and  by  countless  Irrigation  canals  drawn  from  it.  It  has  in  the 
east  the  KBmap.chul  steppe,  covered  with  grass  in  early  summer. 


>[  theK 

found  only  in 


»ft.in 


:cupied  by  hi^  plateau! 
■    ■'■in-shan,ud  inter 


ivers,  flowing  towards  the  Oi 
region,  very  fertile  in  the  valleys  and  enjoying  a  cooler  and  damper 
climate  than  the  lower  plains,  fs  densely  populated,  and  agri- 
culture and  cattle-breeding  are  carried  on  extensively.  Here  are 
(be  towns  of  Karshi,  Kitab,  Shaar,  Chiiakchi  and  Cuiar  or 
Huzar.  The  Hissar  range,  a  westward  continuation  of  the  Alai 
Mountains,  separates  the  Zarafshan  from  the  tributaries  of  the 
Oius— the  Surkliu,  Eafimilian  ud  Vakhsh.  Its  length  u 
about  30om.,  and  its  passes,  rooo  to  3000  ft.  below  tbe  surround- 
ii^  peaks,  reach  altitudes  of  is/x)o  to  14,000  ft.  and  are  eitremely 
diihculL  Numbersof  rivers  pierce  or  florin  wild  gorges  between 
its  ipura.  Its  southern  foot-hills,  covered  with  loess,  make  (be 
lertUevalleysof  Hissar  and  the  Vakbifa.  TlKdimate  iatodry, 
tnd  the  rains  are  so  scarce,  that  so  absence  of  fotcsu  ai>d  Alpioe 


meadow)  It  diaracteilMic  ol  ibt  lidcc;  but  lAfm  ktny  nfa 
falls  limullatteoiuly  with  the  ueltlig  si  the  sanrt  ia  the  ■won' 
tabs),  the  watercoorMi  become  filled  with  furiou)  loReoM,  i4id 
cntu  great  havoc  The  miilii  gladen  (p)  »r«oti  tbamwh  tlopa, 
bulnanecreepsbeh>wro,oaotoii,ooafL  The Pelei the Gml 
range,  or  PeiKiith-tan,  in  Kanteshiii,  Ntth  of  ttw  lallor  cf  the 
Vakh^,  nns  west-south-west  to  eait-Mdh-eaat  for  about  t  jo  m, 
and  ishigher  than  the  Hissar  range.    Fnmtbemeiidiancf  Gam 

in  the  Sary-kaudal  peak,  and  K^eoo  fL  farths-  cast  where  it 

joins  the  snow-clad  Darvai  laaga,  and  whoa  the  group  Sandal, 
adorned  with  sevetal  tfadeta,  rite)  to  14^100  or  a3,<iOD  It.  Only 
three  posse),  very  difficult,  an  known  aciou  it. 

Darvai,  ■  unall  vtati  state  of  Bokhara,  li  aitvated  on  tha 
Pan),  where  it  make*  its  sharp  bold  wcttwatds,  and  it  enphatic- 
ally  a  mountainous  region,  agriculture  bdng  pottlble  only  in 
the  lower  pans  of  the  valleys.  The  populallon,.abotit  35,000, 
muiiU  chiefly  of  Moslem  Tajiks,  awl  the  dosdy-idaled  Galebas, 
and  its  chid  town  is  E^ala-i-kbumb  00  the  Fuj,  at  u  altitudi 
of  4370  ft. 

The  chief  river  of  Bokhara  is  the  Oiut  oc  Amo-darya,  which 
separates  it  from  Afghanistan  on  the  south,  and  thai  Hows  aloBg 
its  south-west  border.  It  Is  navigated  from  the  mouth  of  tha 
Surkhan,  ud  steamboats  ply  on  it  up  to  Karki  near  the  Alglua 
frontier.  The  next  largest  river,  the  Zaratshan,  660  m.  long, 
the  water  o(  which  is  largely  utilised  lor  irrigation,  is  kat  in  the 
sands  w  m.  before  reaching  the  Oxus.  The  Ka^ika-darya, 
which  flows  wttiwards  out  of  the  glaciers  of  Haaret-cultao  (west 
ot  the  Hissar  range),  luppUes  the  Shahri-»b>  (pcopeily  Sbiar- 

KarihL 

The  climate  of  Bokhara  is  eitreme.  In  the  lowlands  a  vei7 
hot  summeria  followed  by  a  short  but  cold  winter,  during  iridch 
a  frost  of  -10'  Fabr.  may  set  in,  arid  the  Oius  may  freeze  for  ■ 
fortnight.  In  the  highlands  this  hot  and  dry  summer  is  foBowed 
by  four  months  of  winter;  and,  finally,  in  the  rcgiou  above 
Sooo  ft.  there  is  a  great  development  of  saow£elda  and  ^aoo^ 
the  puses  are  buried  under  snow,  and  the  short  au      ^     '       ' 

is  widely  prevalent,  and  in  tome  yeat),  alter  a  wet  spring,  astuma 
a  malignant  character. 

The  populaiionis  estimated  at  1,950,000.  Tie  domiiiant  lue  . 
ia  ibe  Uibcgt.  who  are  fanatical  Moslem  Suanitet,  scorn  work, 
despise  their  Iranian  subjects,  and  maintain  their  iM  division 

Kirghiz  are  also  of  Turkish  origia;  while  the  Saris,  who  constitute 
the  bulk  o[  the  population  in  the  towns,  are  a  mixture  of  Turks 
with  Iranians.  The  great  bulk  of  the  population  in  the  ooontry 
is  composed  ol  Iranian  Tajiks,  who  diller  but  veiy  Little  from 
Sarts.  Besides  these  there  are  Afghans,  Pcrsbn).  Jews,  Arabs 
ud  Armenians.  Much  of  the  trade  is;n  the  bands  of  a  colony 
ot  Hindus  from  Shikarpur.    tlai]y  »  %  of  the  population  an 

On  the  irrigated  lowlands  rice,  wheat  and  other  cereal*  are 
cultivated,  and  exported  to  the  highlands.  Cotton  is  widely 
grown  and  exported.  Silk  is  largely  produced,  and  tobacco, 
wine,  flax,  hemp  and  fruits  are  cultivated.  Cattle-breeding 
is  vigorously  prosecuted  in  Hissar  and  the  highlands  generally. 
Cotton,  sUlcs,  woollen  doth,  and  felt  aie  manufactured,  also 
boots,  saddles,  cutlery  ud  weapons,  pottery  and  various  oils. 
Salt,  as  also  some  iron  aiul  copper,  and  small  quantities  of  gold 
are  extracted.  Trade  has  been  greatly  promoted  by  the  bmldiog 
of  the  Transcaspian  railway  across  the  country  (from  Charjui  on 
the  Oxus  to  Kali-kurgan)  in  ISS6-1SSB,  The  eiporu  to  Russia 
oinsist  of  raw  cotton  and  silk,  larcb-skins,  fruits  ud  carpels, 
and  the  imports  of  manufactured  goods  and  sugar.  The  bnport* 
from  India  are  cottons,  tea,  shawls  and  indigo.  Tlwtc  arc  very 
few  roads;  goods  are  transported  on  camels,  or  on  horse*  and 
donkeys  in  the  billy  met). 

Bokhara  ha*  for  agei  been  looked  upon  as  the  centre  ot 
tioD  Id  ceot^  Api*.  ^A^t  P^Jf^  b"!* 


pcfMtitioa  k  nid  lo  be  abl*  ts  nd  and  wilto.  Tk  primuy 
■cboolt  we  umRcnii  ia  the  opiul,  m  «U  u  la  the  oUtn  citio, 
ud  even  cxiit  ia  viUagci,  and  madmai  m  Ihanlagnl  Kmlurici 
(«  tusber  coum  of  itudjF  an  compualjvdy  pIcnlifuL  The 
tuiUoMt  w  prieiu  enjoy  very  greal  mSoHicc,  but  Ihc  poiple  ate 
vay  lupcnUtioui,  believing  in  viuhcnfl,  dmeai,  ipuit*  and 
the  evil  eye.  Wonenwccujiy  a  low  poaiiionni  tlia  aociil  icale, 
ihou^  tlavciy  hdi  been  abolitbcd  at  the  uvtaacfl  ot  Raaiia- 
Tht  emir  of  Boldura  a  an  autociatic  nilcr,  hit  pmKi  being 
United  only  by  the  Iiadilioaal  cuslon  Uiiria/i  ol  the  Uuawl- 
mani.  Ue  oiainliiai  an  inny  o(  loiae  ii,aoa  men,  but  ii 
abject  Id  Simian  B0tiln>I,  being  is  fact  ■  vaaal  ol  that  eapire. 
Hii<vy.— Bokhara  ni  known  to  the  aadaau  under  the  name 
o(  Sogdiaoa.  It  vM  loo  fat  noMved  to  the  eaat  eva  to  be 
brought  under  the  dominiea  of  Rooa,  but  it  ba*  thtni  deeply 
inall  the  vaiiout  and  bloody  lemluiiouol  Aiia.  Tbt  loundalina 
o[  the  cipiul  ia  aacribed  la  Elniiab,  the  gnat  Pcniaa  hno. 
AltR  the  conqneiu  el  Alennder  the  Cieat  Sogdiana  fotned 
pictol  the  empire  ol  the  Sdeucidae.  and  ahand  the  fortUMi  of 
the  raiher  belier-tnown  Baciria.  Somewhat  latei  the  nomad 
Yue-chi  be^n  lo  move  into  the  valley  ot  lh<  Oiu)  Irom  the  etJt. 
and  gradually  became  a  aetllcd  lemtorial  power  in  Bactrla  aod 
Sogdiana,  and  tbe  dominions  oi  theii  king,  Kadphiica  L  (wl 


).  .S).  « 


ended 


fniin  Bokhara  10  the  Indus.  The 
conquered  by  Pcriia  under  the  Sawnian  dynasty, : 
of  Neatorian  Christian!  at  Samarkami,  at  any  nii 
century.  Islam  vaa  introduced  ahortly  after  the  Ar 
of  Feraia  (640-642)  and  apcediiy  becaine  the  dominant  hi\h. 
In  Ibeeariy  ccnmrieaorMahdmniedan  nit  Sogdiana  waioneof 
the  moat  celebrated  and  flourithing  diitricts  of  central  Aaia. 
It  waa  called  Sughd,  and  conlaincd  the  tna  great  ciliei  of 
Samarkand  and  Bokhara,  of  which  the  fonner  nu  gcnently  the 
•eat  of  gevenueent,  while  the  latter  had  •  high  reputation  aa  a 
seat  of  Kligkm  and  leaning.  During  the  early  middle  tga  Ihii 
region  vat  alw  known  aa  ila  wan  'I  Nahr  or  Ma-ven-un-nabr, 
the  meanlui  ol  which  is  given  in  the  alternative  chinlcal  tllte 
of  TraSMabna.  Ualik  Shah,  third  of  the  Seljuk  dynasty  of 
Pcnia,  pasted  the  Onus  about  the  end  of  the  i  ilk  cestury,  and 
subdued  tba  whole  country  walcrcd  I)y  thai  river  arid  the 
JaUftea-  In  1116  Bokhara  was  again  subdued  by  Mabomned 
Sbah  Khwariim,  but  his  cooqueat  was  wrested  From  him  by 
JengUa  Khan  in  iiio.  The  country  vas  waited  by  the  fury  of 
this  savage  conqueror,  Iwt  recovetod  something  of  its  fonner 
pnapei]^  under  Ogdsi  Khan,  bis  ton,  whote  dltposHftin  vas 
humane  and  benevoknC-  His  posterity  kept  poneaion  till  1369, 
when  Hmui  01  Taaeilane  bore  down  everything  bcloie  bim,  aiid 
cuabiishcd  bit  capital  at  Samaikand,  wUcb  with  Bokhan 
regained  bi  «  time  iu  formei  aplendoBT.  Kthar,  the  fifth  in 
descent  from  Timuij  was  originally  piinc«  ol  Ferghana,  twt 
conquered  Samarkaiid  and  northern  India,  where  he  founded 
the  Mogul  (Jdugba])  empirn.  His  descendants  ruled  in  the 
country  until  about  1500,  when  it  waa  overrun  by  the  Uibcg 
Titui,  under  Abulkhair  or  Ebulkheic  Khan,  the  founder  of 
the  ihiih-nl  dynasty,  with  which  ibe  history  of  Bokhara 
pi^Krly  GommnKta.  The  moit  remarkable  lepretentttivc  of 
this  lainily  waa  Abdullah  KhoB  (ils6-i»S),  wba  gnatly 
ei  t  ended  the  limiti  of  his  kinfdoiii  Iq' the  conqucit  of  Badalohtn, 
Herat  and  Veshhed,  and  iwicased  ill  puMerfqr  by  the  public 
woika  whkh  be  authoriied.  Before  the  doae  ol  the  ccntory, 
however,  the  dynasty  wa*  eztinct,  tad  Bofcbara  was  M  mk* 
desolated  by  a  Kirghia  invasion  and  districted  by  >  diqiulad 
nicecMioik.  At  length,  in  159S,  Baki  Uebemet  Khan,  of  the 
AatraLlMB  branch  ol  the  Tlranr  lamOy,  Dountod  the  threna, 
and  thva  introduced  ll^  dynaaty  of  the  ^f^tirf^'^ftf*?  The 
priodpal  event  of  his  reign  was  the  defeat  be  inflicted  on  Siah 
Abbas  of  Persia  m  the  neighbourlioad  of  Bslkh.  His  brother 
VaiiUehemet,  who  succeeded  in  r  605,  soon  alienated  hit  Bttbjecta, 
and  was  tupplnntcd  by  his  nephew  Imunfaili'  After  a  highly 
prosperous  reign  this  prince  resigned  in  favour  ol  bia  brother, 
Naar  Uehemet,  under  whom'  the  country  vaa  greatly  tmubled 
by  thenbdlionsf  hisiona,  whoco ......... 


olberatletlMlfhtber^  death.  HesnwUletJiedlttrlMatKMin, 
previoialy  subject  to  Bokhara,  waa  made  an  independent 
khaonta  by  Abdnl-Goif  Bahadur  Khan;  and  hi  the  idgn  0! 
SubhankaU,  whn  ascended  the  throne  bi  r6go,  the  political 
power  of  Bokhara  waa  atill  further  lescened,  though  it  amtlniied 
lo  enjoy  the  unbouiuled  respect  of  the  Sunnile  Mahommcdans. 
SubhankuU  died  In  1701,  and  a  war  ol  iiiri  laJnii  bnkc  out 
between  his  two  tons,  who  were  lupported  by  Ae  tivdry  of  two 
Uabeg  tribci.  Aflet  five  yean  lhe«antat  temlnattd  In  favour 
ol  OtaeidalUh,  wIm  waa  Ktik  betto-  than  a  poppet  bi  the  hands 
orilehiinBIAtaUk,Ui«Ucr.  The  tawigo  ot  Nadir  Sbah  of 
PMda  came  lo  coapkte  the  degnibttaa  of  tbcland;  tad  In  iT<o 
the  foiUe  king.  Aba  T-Fiii^  paid  honige  to  the  oooqucnr,  and 
was  ason  after  murdered  and  tnppiiDted  by  htt  vialer.  The 
time  of  lbs  AihtarUanidea  tad  been  fir  the  meet  part  a  time  of 
dissolution  and  decay;  fmalidtin  and  inbecOlly  went  hand  In 
hand.  OnlBfallfiTS;)  ibethronewuwisedby  theHin^ih 
family  la  the  poton  ol  Mir  Ua'sum,  who  pntouled  to  the  me« 
cilravigaut  aaBCtUy,  and  pnved  by  his  miGlBry  career  that  he 
had  BO  sdmU  inwmt  of  aUlity.  He  turned  hia  atlentlan  to  the 
eKroadinenlt  of  the  A^ana,  and  In  i/St  rsconqoered  the 
peatac  part  tl  what  had  been  lost  to  the  louth  of  the  Oini. 
Dying  In  iSm  be  wat  luccceded  by  SaM,  who  In  bigotry  and 
fanaticitni  wal  a  Ime  ton  of  his  father.  In  il>6  NatniBah 
mounted  the  throng  and  began  wilh  the  murder  of  Ui  brother 
areignolcanlitHifldsiiprBiionandiiudty.  Meanwhile  Bokhara 
bccatDC  aa  obtect  of  rivalry  to  Russia  and  En^and,  and  envoyi 

■""  "■  "■ ""     ""  cnltivite  the  famur  ol  Ihe  emir, 

the  Ea^tk  wilh 
.  . .  British  govenDBent,  Colonel 

■_  Sisddart  and  Captain  A.  Conolly,  were  thrown  by  Natttdlah 
inU)prnon,«hnttheyweRputladeaihinil4i-  In  rUi-i8«4 
Annlniut  Vamb^  ag«de  in  the  ditguiie  of  a  dervish  a  memonbic 
journey  ihroogh  this  fanatical  stale.  At  this  tbne  the  Rusdan 
armies  were  gradually  advancing,  and  at  last  they  appeared  hi 


Khohandibuttbeae 
ing  to  expiate  the  intntEi  of  hli  ptedeoeunr,  tant  a  letter  ta 
Gcaeral  U.  G.  Chemaynr  (unmoning  him  to  •vaoitte  the 
coanlry,  and  threatoung  to  raise  all  the  ftlthtui  agafntt  hhu. 
Is  ig6d  the  RatiinBS  minded  the  teniiocy  of  Bokhara  proper, 
and  a  dcdiin  battle  was  fdnght  on  the  SMh  of  May  at  Irdjtr 
ontheleftbankoitbejaxartea.  The  Bokfaarians  were  defeated; 
bat  after  a  petted  el  rdnctant  peace  they  forced  tha  emir  to 
TOMWthcwar.  In  1S6S  the  Bnaitnentend  Samarkand  (May 
itl.indtheeaiirwibooBStninedtotibinfl  tOtheUrrnsoF  the 
OMMineror,  becomiag  henceforward  only  a  Rouian  puppet. 

Sa  Khanikav-s  SnUan.  tnaslatcd  by  De  Bode  ( I S45) ;  Vmh^, 
Trmds  in  CtMnl  Alia  iiU^.  Sliatliu  1/ Caml  AmS  (laes).  tii 
Kislwyv/AiiUanliSu):  Fedchenko's  "Sketch  cf  ibe  Zaiafsliaa 
Valliry  "  In  Jcum.  k  Cii>p.  Soc.  (iSjDl;  HrllxalJ,  Dh  Sauia  B 
Cnantl  AA*  (1173);  iJnky,  Dpftr  SaHsrs,  in  fluidan  (iQOl); 
Skhne  and  Roas,  Tki  Hart  i^ Alia  {1899);  Lord  Rnnildihay. 
OnUMrti  of  Empm  ■'■  Atia  (iMs] ;  and  LsSltaaae,  Ilit  £aa^  d  lit 
EjtUan  CaltftaU  (ijnjl.  (P.  A.  iC  i  C.  El~) 

BOKHARA  (.BtUara-iSiurijy.  capital  of  the  sute  of  Bokhan, 
on  the  left  bonk  of  tha  Zantshan,  and  on  the  irrigation  canal  of 
Shahrl-rod,  situated  hi  a  fertile  fUta.  It  it  g  m.  from  the 
Bokhara  ttathm  si  the  Tnaica^ilan  railway,  tdi  m,  by  rail 
W.  of  *=•—*-"■.  In  »*  41'  N.  laL  and  84*  'Y  E-  long.  The 
dty  h  tumnnidcd  by  a  stone  wall  tS  It.  high  and  S  m.  long,  with 
lemidicuha  towen  asd  devm  gales  of  Utile  valoe  at  a  defence. 
The  preteni  dty  waa  begun  in  >jl  S30  on  the  aite  of  an  older 
cJty,  wat  destroyed  by  Joghia  Khan  hi  ri»,  aad  rebuilt  tub- 
tequoiily.  The  waler^upply  is  very  unhealthy.  The  dty  hat 
ao  ksa  than  jdo  tooaquaa.  Keariy  10,000  pupih  are  aald  10 
receive  thelredacatlon  In  lis  r40  ma^asu  n  theological  coUegrs; 
primary  sdiools  are  kept  at  moat  mosques.  Some  of  these 
buQdings  exhibit  very  fine  architectun.  The  molt  notable  oi 
th*  mosques  11  the  Mit-Aiab,  built  hi  the  i6lh  century,  witb 
ila  bmulilul  leclnre  halls;  the  chief  mosque  of  the  emir  b  the 
Uejid-kalyan,  or  Kok-bumbet,  close  by  which  stands  a  brick 
minaret,  toi  ft.  high,  fiom  the  top  of  which  state  criminals  used 
Olthenumemiis  squareathaltaghislan 


■158 


BOKSBURG— BOLESLAUS  I. 


h  Uw  priotjpd.  It  hu  on  «M  tide  the  diadtt  ttceud  «a  u 
■HlBcidljr  awde  anacoce  41  II.  hi|li,  •uiRnBdad  bjr  ■  <nlt 
I  DL  lon(.  and  mUlBiDi  UiB  palao  of  Ihc  emir,  tha  basMS  ol 
the  chief  iuDCliaiiuia,  tl|a  prim  uid  Iht  •>tar<lM«ni.  TIm 
bouM*  u«  Biiitlji  odi  rtBwy«d,  built  of  ubanwd  bikk*|  ud 
btvaOitRBb. 

BaUatm  hu  lor  age*  been  •  ccatnol  leuidpf  utt  nBrfwa 
fila.  -niemyitkiun  vUcblMkbold'imPccrfila  ihcBMdk 
■(S^iretd.ata)  10  BoUum,and  liter,  when  the  Monfol  Inndou 
ol  Ibe  ijth  cestuiy  laid  waiu  Samarkand  and  oibs  Madam 
* '  s,  Bokhara,  remainins  iBdepenfant.  CDBtinueit  IB  be  a  cbld 


Hill  iRuata  ol  Utciatnn 
AUhan,  Penian,  Atmoikii  and  Tlufcbh  UbliophDea 
Kpaii  (o  Bokhara  u>  buy  rare  boohi.  Bokhan  ii.  In  fact,  the 
priocipal  book-raaifcet  ef  central  Ada.  The  popidalkiB  k 
avppned  by  lUnJui  iraToUen  not  to  aceed  jd>»  1  Ao,ooo, 
but  ii  DtbenaiK  eatiiBalHl  at  7s,aB>  la  iBBiooa  Ann^lheB 
it  a  laifB  aad  ■■dent  cotoax  of  Jewa.    Bokhara  la  tb«  moat 


Kaift-kul  {it.  asuakhaa)  lanb^kina  and  caipilft 

fffw  AUcm,  or  Xotu,  a  Bnaian  Kna  near  the  nDmy 
itatiOB.  8  m.  Iram  Bakhan  iUdi,  la  npidly  powing,  oo  a 
Uiriloy  ceded  by  tbo  emir.    Pop.  xjoa  (P.  A.  K.) 

BOKIBURO,  a  town  of  the  Tnomal,  14  m.  E.  of  Johtnnei- 
bvti  by  Tad.  Fop.  ol  the  manidpalilr  (1904)  14,  jst,  of  whom 
417s  were  wUtca.  It  ft  (be  beadiiatrtert  of  the  Witmtervind 
coal Diinini indwtry.  ThecolUertaeueDdfronBoktburgeiit- 
wird  Ut  Sprlnp,  1 1  m.  diaUal  Brakpan,  the  lalseit  collieiy 
in  South  Atika,  lie*  midway  betweea  the  phta  named. 

BOUH  PASS,  an  important  paai  on  the  Baldch  Iranticr, 
conMclIiC  Jtcobabad  and  Sibl  with  Quetta,  whicb  baa  alwari 
occupied  an  iDWonast  |da<e  In  Ihe  hiMory  of  BrliUi  campaign! 
in  AlibaDiHtn.  Since  the  Irtaty  ol  Candamak,  iriiich  ma 
aigDedal  the  doiecf  the  Gnt  phase  of  the  Afghan  War  In  tin. 
the Bolaanutehu been bmughidimtly  under  Britiih  conml, 
and  it  waa  tdecKd  lot  the  £iM  attpiment  of  the  Slnd-FiiMn 
railmy  Iran  the  plaiot  10  the  plateau.  From  SOi  the  line  nun 
aoutihvaM,  akirtiof  the  hilla  to  Rindli,  vid  flfligloally  followed 
tbft  owvH  of  the  Bolanttream  to  ill  head  OB  ihs  plateau.    The 


lo  the  plalna  deae  to  Sbi),  aid  i* 
carried  fnun  near  the  head  cf  the  Mathkaf  to  a  juactioo  with  the 
Bolan  at  Hack.  An  allBsative  loutc  (ion  SiU  to  Quctta  waa 
found  in  the  Hamai  viliqr  to  the  N.&.  of  SiU,  the  &k  itaitinf 
[n  exactly  the  oppoiltc  direction  10  Ibat  of  the  Bolan  and  enlerinf 
Ihe  billt  at  Nan.  The  Harnai  route,  ahhou^  longer,  la  the  one 
-  adopted  for  all  oidinvy  Inffic,  the  Botan  loop  bdni  iceerred 
for  emeiicnciei.  At  the  Khundilani  gotge  irf  Ihe  Bolan  mute 
cenglomrralccliStendcoetbevall^iiJdng  •..-'-  - 
and  al  Sic.i-BcAin  Ihe  patMge  '" 
hardly  idmiu  ol  three  penont  1 
lure  ol  the  pan  in  (ummer  ia  very  -Ugh,  whnteaa  in  w^let, 
■aai  ita  had,  the  cold  ia  eiutme,  and  tha  ic»«nld  wind  ruih- 
jng  down  the  narrow  outlet  btcomea  dcttmctin  to  hte.  Sines 
iSif,  when  the  Quelta  agency  waa  founded,  tha  faeedom  of 
Iht  pan  from  plundering  bands  of  Baluch  mamndaa  (chiefly 
MacHa)  haa  been  lecured,  and  It  ia  now  at  i^e  aa  any  pan  in 
Scotland.  (T.  K.  H.') 

SOUS  (plural  of  Span.  M*.  ball),  a  South  American  Indian 
weapon  of  war  and  Ihe  cbaae,  cou)itin|sl  ballt  of  Woie  attached 
lolliecndioI«ropeo(twitledDrbcai<kdhideorhemp.  Cliailea 
DiiwiD  ihiu  dcaoiba  Ihcm  in  his  Kayaff  af  At  <M({e:  "  The 
Mat,  or  balk,  are  of  two  Undi:  tha  dapliat,  which  It  wed 
chiefly  for  catching  oalricbei,  caniiiti  of  two  Koad  itonaa, 
covered  with  leather,  and  united  by  a  lUn.  plaitad  ibong,  about 
a  a  long.  The  other  kind  diScrt  ody  in  Imvmg  thtaa  ballt 
.    TbtGaiKh»(aailv«ol 


SpaaUt  detent)  boldi  the  RMllM  o(  the  thnee  (n  bb  hand,  tnd 
wblrli  the  olhet  two  amind  hfi  head;  then,  taUng  aim,  aendt 
tbea  like  chatn  (hot  revolving  through  the  air.  The  baBa  no 
•oonci  itritt  any  ab|eet,  than,  winding  round  It,  they  cnaa  eadi 
other  and  become  fimly  Utcbed."  Bobt  have  been  need  (or 
coihukt  in  the  South  American  pampas  and  even  the  forcat 
nviniii  of  tte  Rio  Gnnde.  F.  Katarf-  {HiUmj  if  IfUni) 
■nppoaea  ihea  to  be  a  form  tt  lama.  The  P-fci-wr  use  a  tome- 
whal  simOar  weapon  lo  kiD  bints.  Btlat  ta4Ua  (Lr.  loel)  are 
stooB  atlached  10  a  very  short  thong,  or,  in  soma  cases,  having 

•OLBlCi  a  town  o(  northern  Fiance,  in  the  depatlBient  of 
Sdochlntbienn,  on  the  Bolbec,  19  m.  E.N.E.  of  Kavit  by  nil. 
Pop.  (lOoS)  lo.g^  Bolbec  it  important  for  ia  cotton  apinning 
and  weavb^,  and  (arrica  on  the  dyeing  and  printing  ol  the  (abtfc, 
aadthemaantsctanadugar.  IVre  are*  chamber  of  comnertt 
and  a  board  of  imdtwbilmdoa.  The  town  waa  catbuaiastic 
in  Ibe  ciuK  a(  the  Refonwd  RcUgion  In  the  lAth  ctntnry. 


the  gmmd  in  itOj. 

BOtB  <Gr.  |33Xot, 
of  ted,  brawn  or  ycU 


II  w 


dod  of  earth  "),  a  day-like  aubtUnce 
T  ycuow  colour,  constating  essentially  of  hydrout 
ite,  with  moie  or  less  iron.  Mosl  bolediffenfnin 
t  not  bdng  plutic,  bul  in  dropping  M  pieces  when 
r,  thus  belttviag  nlbcr  like  fuUerWacth.  Bole 
waa  totmeny  In  gnai  repute  medlrinally,  Ihe  most  famooa  Und 
bdng  Iha  Lcmnian  Earth  \,-A  AfjiHi),  from  the  tde  o(  Lemnoa 
In  Ihe  6reek  Archipdago.  The  eank  was  dug  wjih  much  cero- 
Rtonyonlyoncea  year,  and  having  been  mind  with  goals' bkiod 
*M  made  Into  lilUe  cako  or  biDi,  which  were  iiampcd  by  ihe 
pri«u,  whence  they  became  known  it  Ttrta  liplleia  ("  sealed 
earth  ").  Large  qumtiiiei  ol  bole  oxur  a*  red  partings  between 
the  lucceslve  lava  Sows  of  the  Tertiuy  volcanic  series  in  Ibe 

resulted  liom  the  decompostioo  of  the  basalt  and  kindred  locks 
by  mclMiic  agenda,  during  pcriodi  of  volcanic  repose^  In 
Antrim  the  bole  la  tssodated  wllh  Itlhomatgc,  bauiile  and 
pjioUtk  lraiv«n^  Bole  occnn  In  like  mannet  between  the  great 
theett  of  the  Deccan  traps  hi  India;  and  a  limilar  •obituice  Is 
alao  found  inlerhedded  with  Kime  of  the  doleiitic  lavas  of  Etna. 
In  the  tense  al  stem  or  trunk  of  a  tree,  "  bole  "  is  from  Ibe 
tstr,  d.  Ger.  ANUc,  plink.  II  is  probably 
the  luge  number  o(  words,  tudi  as  "  boll, " 
"  Ac,  v^icfa  stand  for  a  round  object. 
I„  called  "  The  Great,"  king  of  Pdand  (d.  loij), 
fint  Ouhilan  prince  ol  Poland,  tnd  the 
"^  na,  whose  chai^n,  Jordan, 
Cathididsm.  He  succeeded 
Ut  (atber  in  9t>.  A  ban  warrior,  he  tpeedlly  raised  the  liltle 
ttrugtfng  Pdbh  prfac^Mlilr  on  the  Vistula  10  the  tank  of  a 
great  power.    In  w"  he  gaiued  a  inboard  by  sdiing  Foraetania, 


.  pcevloudy  a  Ciech  dly.  Like  hit  conlen- 
peraiiea,  Stephen  of  Hungary  and  Canute  of  Denmark,  BoleaUnt 
recDWniied  from  the  fint  Ibe  eiaential  supetlofity  of  Chrlitlanily 
over  every  oihei  form  oC  nli^oo,  and  he  deservta  with  then 
the  name  of "  bent "  beause  he  ddibetately  aaaodated  himtdf 
with  theaewlalth.  Thus  deqiiteanmocdinate  love  of  advealUR, 
■lUdi  niakes  him  appear  rather  a  wandering  chieflain  than  an 
I  of  Insight  and  pngrata. 
tfat  fugitive  Aihlbcrt, 


the  hamttof  lb*  pagan  Slavt  (ApiH  >j.  997)t  Boletlaut  pwdmted 
his  rcBetandaaloaoly laid  ihemtnthediBrehofCnesen,  (bunded 
by  hit  tatbtr,  whirl  now  becamo  the  metropolitan  ace  of  Fobnd. 
It  wat  at  Gaeten  (hat  Boktlaut  b  tha  year  leoo  entertained 
Otla  UL  to  magnifocnlly  that  the  tmperoi,  dcdarfng  anch  a 
man  toi  woilhy  M  be  mrady  frimapi,  conferred  ivon  him  the 
royal  crown,  tbough  twenty-6ve  yean  later,  ta  the  laal  year  of 
Ut  Vie,  Bohabaa  tbougbt  it  neceitaty  to  crewa  himself  king 
a  tecood  time.    Ou  the  death  of  Otto,  Boktlaut  bvided 


BOLESLAUS  11.— BOLEYN 


Hdwa  on  Ui  w*y,  lad  «rtcndad  ha  doniuUK  to  the  EblR 
ud  ibe  Stale.  He  (l>»  occupied  Bobcmic,  liU  drivta  out  by 
thenspHiicHcnrylV, JD10114.  TheGcnnmnwrnrvuMnniulEd 
in  iDiS  by  tin  pan  of  Bwitap,  (rntly  U  Ihe  advuUcE  of 
nnlf iliiM,  »tin  irriinrH  I  iintli  HtlhtMtiini«ilhi»»nn»»g»iii*t 
Jamlir,  (lud  dnkc  of  Kitv,  •bam  be  nwlcd  OD  tbc  bcnki 
tt  th*  B14,  then  tic  bonnduy  bctsten  Ramkt  aDd  P<  . 
For  ua  noiuki  Bskdini  naitted  >l  Kkv,  wbtncc  be  uldHMid 
uiaaphuit  kiun  to  tbs  cnpcnn  ol  tbc  Eut  ud  WcM. 
bb  death  In  1015  ha  letl  FokBdoM  of  the  niiblicMtUti 
Eorapc,  utcodlac  tnm  (be  Bu(  tQ  Ihe  Elbe,  and  IraiB  tbe  Baltic 
III  Mil  naiialn.  iiiiliiiaiiMiinliiiiiliili Iiaihliiii  iitttiiiiii 


Mr*  (Daa^  tHo);  OrMic* 
b  R.  voa  £iHbciw.  £ic  Krita 
Jtilaim  1.  CVieiuii,  I&S). 


See  I.  N.  PislomU,  .S  AiMiH  (D» 
WciLnt  (ViniB,  iMo);  Htioricb  R.  vim 

BOIESUOS  It.,  cillcd  "  Hie  Bold,"  tint  el  Poind  (i 
iii3i).  eldeil  loa  of  Cuimir  I,,  luuccded  his  bihn  in  lajs. 
The  domeltic  older  and  Iranquillily  of  tbc  kingdom  had  been 
Rttmd  by  hii  palnsUlunf  father,  but  Pokmd  had  ihnink 
ItnltoibJIy  lines  the  age  of  hii  (randlalhcf  Boluliui  I.,  and 
it  wai  the  aim  of  Boletus  n.  to  restore  her  dignity  and  in- 
bad  lately  been  compelled  to  pay  tribute  for  her  oldest  pcatesiian, 
SDoia.  But  Bolcsbiu't  £nl  Bohemian  wai  proved  unsucceuful, 
and  wu  (ermioaied  by  the  marriage  oChb  listcr  SwaUitta  with 
the  Ciecb  Ling  Wialyilaus  II.  On  the  other  hand  Bole^am's 
ally,  the  fugitive  Magyar  prince  Bela,  auccceded  wilb  Polish 
aaiitanee  in  wiimiug  the  oown  of  Hungary.  In  the  East 
Balcslauf  vaa  more  succe&sfui.  In  ioAq  he  succeeded  to  placing 
Iiaslaus  on  the  throne  of  Kiev,  thereby  conGrmlng  Fotind's 
ovcrlordship  over  Russia  and  enabling  BoleslalB  to  chastise 
bis  other  cnemia,  Bohemia  among  tbem,  cilh  the  co-operation 
of  bii  Russian  auiiliaries.  But  Wratyilgu  of  Bohemia  speedily 
appealed  to  the  emperor  for  help,  and  a  wai  between  Poland 
and  the  Empire  was  only  prevented  by  the  sudden  rtipturc  of 
Henry  IV.  with  the  Holy  See  and  the  momeolous  evtnis  which 
led  10  the  humilialing  Eurrender  o(  the  emperor  at  CanosH. 
Iliere  is  noibing  to  show  that  Boleslaus  took  any  part  In  this 
iiruggle,  though  il  this  lime  he  was  on  the  bcjt  ol  terms  with 
Giegoiy  VII.  and  there  was  some  talk  of  sending  pajtal  testes 
10  lesIOR  order  in  the  Polish  Church.  On  the  l6tb  of  December 
io;6  Boleslaus  encirelcd  bb  own  bruws  vrilh  the  royal  diadem, 
a  siriiing  proof  that  the  Polish  kiaip,  did  nol  even  yet  consider 
their  title  quite  secure.  A  second  successful  eipediliOD  to  Kiev 
to  reinstate  his  tiMfl  Iiaslalia,  is  Bolcslaus's  last  recorded 
exploit.  Almost  immediately  afterwards  (io;g]  we  find  him  an 
exile  in  Hungry,  where  he  died  about  toSi.  The  cause  of  this 
sudden  eclipse  was  the  cruel  vengeance  be  took  on  Ihe  mitiltl, 
in  noble  order,  who,  emulating  the  example  of  IbeIr  brethitn 
in  Bohemia,  were  already  attempting  (o  curb  the  royal  power. 
Ihe  churchmen  headed  by  Stanislaus  Siciepanowskj,  lushop  of 
Ciacow,  look  the  side  of  Ibe  nobles,  whose  grievauca  seem  to 
have  been  real.  Boleslaus  in  his  fury  slew  the  aiintly  lushop, 
but  to  general  was  the  popular  Indignation  that  be  had  to  fly 
bit  kJBKkiin. 
Sec  mT  Miksymnian  Cumnlow^ci,  Ztr  CricMeJUt  Petal  im 

f^it^a  Ktmip  B^Bltm  II.  mi  dn  Siiclul  Slaniilm  (Then, 
(•9S)- 

BOLEIUnS  III,  king  of  Poland  (1086-11^9),  Ihe  bod  of 
Wladislaua  L  aad  jadilh  of  Bohemia,  was  bom  on  the  13rd  of 
Dccoabci  10B6  and  succeeded  his  father  in  iiei.  His  earlier 
years  were  troubled  CBntlnually  by  Ihe  inlriguel  of  hit  natural 
balf-hrotbeT  Zbifniew,  who  till  he  was  imprisoned  and  blinded 
invalved  Bsleabua  in  frequent  rontesis  with  Bohemia  and  Ihe 
tmperot  Kouy  V.  The  firslof  IheGerman  wanheeanin  iiog, 
wbcD  Henry,  materially  assisted  by  Ibe  Bohemiani,  invaded 
Siletl*.  It  was  mainlya  war  of  sieges,  BenrysittlngdowD  before 
iubusz.  Clogaa  and  Greslau,  at]  of  which  he  failed  to  Uke. 
The  Polet  avoided  an  eocDunter  in  the  open  lield,bnt  banied  the 
Cetnantaotucceisfully  araund  Bitslau  tbtt  the  jjais  was  covered 


with  corpMa,  whick  Heniy  had  to  leava  to  the  d«Q  ob  hit  dit- 
astfoua  RUcat;  hence  tbc  scene  of  Ihe  action  was  kaowD  as 
"  the  £dd  of  dogt."  Tbe  chief  political  result  of  this  disaster 
wu  tbe  complete  independence  of  Poland  for  the  next  quutei 
ol  a  c«Btuiy.  It  vaa  duriog  this  respite  that  Boleslaus  devoted 
hioneU  to  Ibe  nain  buiineu  of  h»  life—the  subjugation  of 
PonwiaiJa  (m;  Ibo  Buxiline  province)  with  Ihe  view  of  gaining 
acoM  to  Ibe  m.  PoDetania.  protected  on  Ihe  south  by  virgin 
lomtt  and  alnoit  iniCDeliiiile  norasset,  was  m  thcoe  days 
bihabiled  1^  a  valiant  and  tavage  Slavonic  race  aldn  to  the 
Wsodtt  wfao  clung  to  pajuiiioi  wilb  unconquerable  obstinacy. 

build  idalively  laige  townt  luch  aa  Stettin  and  Kolberg,  whibt 
they  lavapd  at  will  tbe  teiriloifes  of  their  sontbem  nciglibaun 
tbi  Poles.  In  tdf-defenct  Boleilaus  was  obliged  la  subdue 
them.  The  iinig^e  began  in  nog,  when  Boleslaus  iaBiclcd  a 
terrible  defeat  00  Ihe  PoiocianlaBs  at  Nackel  which  compelled 
thdr  limpoiaiy  tubmisaion.  In  iira'ii>4  the  rebellion  of  bis 
vassal  Prince  Warcctlaus  of  Sleltin  again  brought  Boleslaut  Into 
the  country,  but  the  R3itlanccwatasslaulascvcr,Bad  oolyaftci 
iS,oao  of  bis  foUowcii  had  fallen  and  Sooo  moic  bad  been  ex- 
palriated  did  Waccetlaustnbmit  to  hii  conqueror.  Tlic  ohsiinicy 
of  tbe  iTiislantT  convinced  Boleslaus  Ihat  Fomennia  must  be 
cbristianiied  before  it  could  be  completely  subdued;  and  this 
important  work  was  partially  accomplished  by  St  Otlo,  bishop 
of  Bamberg,  an  old  tiiend  oi  Bolcslaus's  father,  who  knew  Ibe 
Slavonic  languages.  In  1124  the  soutlicm  prvtions  of  the  bnd 
were  converted  by  Si  Otto,  but  il  was  only  under  the  threat  ol 
oxtennioation  if  Ihey  persisted  in  their  evd  ways  that  the  people 
ol  Stctltn  acctplcd  the  lalih  in  the  following  year.  In  1118, 
at  tbe  council  of  Uiedon,  St  Oito  appoinlid  his  disciple 
Boniface  biihop  of  Jtdin,  tbe  first  Pomeranian  diocese,  and  ibc 
fousdationef  a  tietlet  order  of  things  was  bid.  In  bis  Utet  ytsrs 
Bolctlatu  waiedan  unawceKl u]  ku  with  Kuogaiy  and  Bohemia, 
and  watforccdtodaim  tbc  mediation  ol  Ihcctupetotl'iihali,  to 
whom  be  did  honuge  for  Pometania  and  Rugen  at  the  diet  ol 
Uciseburgia  no.    He  died  in  iij> 

Si*  ColliB,  dronian,  ed.  Finkal  (Cracow,  igoo):  Maksymillao 
Cumplowlca.  Ztr  CtithiikU  Fdeiu  in  UiUdalur  (fiuuhruck.  legS). 
BOLBTUt,  a  we]|.inarked  genus  of  fun^  (order  Piiyptmac), 
characteriaed  1^  tbe  antral  stem,  tbe  cap  or  pUeus,  the  toll, 
fleshy  tissue,  and  the  verlicil,  closely^iacked  lubes  or  pores 
which  cover  Ihe  under  surface  of  the  [uleuE  and  are  easily  de- 
(aduble.  Thespedeaallgrowoa  the  ground,  in  woods  or  under 
Itett,  in  tbe  early  autumn.  They  are  brown,  red  or  ycUow  in 
colour;  tbe  pores  also  vary  in  colour  from  pure  while  to  brown, 
red,  yellow  «  green,  and  are  from  one  or  two  lines  to  neatly 
inch  long.  A  few  ate  poisonous;  several  arc  good  For  eating. 
On*  of  the  gteatetl  favourites  for  the  Uhle  it  Bclaus  linlh, 
giied  by  it*  brown  cap  and  white  poie*  which  become 
when  old.  It  it  ihe  aft  of  the  conlineniil  European 
markets.    There  are  forty-DiM  British  spedct  of  Biiilus. 

BOLSTH  <«c  BvuaK),  AHXB  (e.  1507-1536],  queen  of  Henry 
VOL  of  Engbod,  danghlei  of  Sir  Thomas  Bolcyn,  afterwards 
arl  of  WiluUra  and  Otmoade,  and  ol  Eliuhclh,  daughter  of 
laa  Howard,  eari  of  Sutiey,  aflerwank  duke  of  Norfolk, 
.  on,  according  ta  CamdeUi  in  1  yi;,  but  her  biiib  has  been 
aacrfbcd,  Ibou^  not  cooclusively,  to  an  earlier  date  (10  1501  or 
ijoi)  by  pone  laler  vriten.'  In  1514  she  accompanied  Alary 
Tndgi  to  France  on  Ibe  narriagi  of  the  princeti  to  Louia  XII., 
ned  there  alter  Ihe  king's  death,  and  became  one  of  the 
n  in  waiting  to  Queen  Qaude,  wile  ol  Francis  I.  She 
led  in  1511  or  ijii  to  England,  where  tbe  had  many 
en  and  suiloea.  Among  Ibe  former  was  Ihe  poet  Sir 
at  Wyatt,*  and  among  the  latter,  Henry  Poty.  heir  of  Ihe 
earl  of  Northumberland,  a  marriage  with. whom,  however,  wai 
ilopped  by  tbe  king  and  arulhtr  match  provided  for  hei  in  tbe 


■Jt<4Knit  Htnrj  VIIL.  tr.  by  M.  A.  & 


penon  of  Sir  JamfS  Butler.  Aime  Bdei'n,  however,  rein 
unmaiTial,  Bnd  a  leria  of  gnnu  lod  fiivoun  bolowed  by  I 
on  her  father  between  ijii  and  1513  have  been  Iikea,  tbouth 
veiy  dmibtfuUy,  as  ■  symplgm  of  the  king's  aHectioDL  Unlike 
her  sister  Mary,  who  bad  [alien  a  viclim  to  Heniy'i  solidUlioBS, 
Anne  had  no  intention  o(  being  the  king's  mistress;  she  aiein 
to  be  his  queen,  and  lier  conduct  seems  lo  iuve  been  governn 
Fn[ircly  by  motives  of  ambition.  Tbe  exact  period  of  the  be- 
ginning cf  Anne's  rdationa  with  Henry  is  not  Itnown.  They  hive 
been  sunoised  aaoripnatmgii  eiriy  as  i  s  J3 ;  but  there  is  nothing 
to  prove  that  Henry's  pas^on  was  anterior  to  the  proceedings 
taken  for  the  divorce  in  May  1517,  the  celebrated  love  leltets 
bc<tig  undated.  Her  name  is  £ist  openly  connected  with  the 
king't  ai  a  possible  wife  b  the  event  of  Catherine's  divor 
a  letter  of  Mesdoza,  the  imperial  ambassador,  to  Charles 
the  t6Ih  of  August  1517,'  during  the  absence  In  t^ince  of 
Wolsey,  who,  not  blinded  by  passion  like  Hcnry»  natutBlly 
opposed  the  undesirable  alliance,  and  was  negotiating  a  minisge 
with  Renfc,  daughter  of  Louis  XII.  Henry  meanwhile,  hot 
had  sent  William  Knight,  his  secretary,  on  a  separate  misii 
Rome  to  obtain  fadtitics  for  his  marriage  with  Anne;  ajid  t 
cardinal's  return  fn  August  he  found  her  installed  as  the  king's 
companion  and  pioposed  successor  lo  Catherine  of  Aragon. 
Alter  the  king's  final  scpaiiiiion  from  hij  wife  in  July  1531, 
Anne's  position  was  still  more  marked,  and  in  1531  she  aceor 
panied  Henry  on  the  visit  to  Francis  t.,  while  Catherine  was  Ic 
at  home  neglected  and  practically  a  prisoner.    Soon  after  the 


HenrymatTiedhcrabout  the  ijth of  January  IS]3' (thi  ... 
dale  is  unknown),  their  union  not  being  made  public  till  the 
foUowiilg  Easter.  Subsequently,  on  the  13rd  of  May,  Ihdr 
marriage  was  dedared  valid  and  that  with  Catherine  null,  and 
in  June  Anne  was  crowned  with  great  slate  in  Westminslcr 
Abbey.  Anne  Boleyn  had  now  readied  the  tenith  of  her  hopes. 
A  weak,  giddy  woman  of  no  stability  of  character,  her  success 
turned  her  bead  and  caused  her  to  behave  with  insolence  and 
imprapriety,  In  strong  contrast  with  Catherine's  quiet  dignity 
under  her  misfortunes.  She,  and  not  the  king,  probably  was  the 
author  ol  the  petty  persecutions  Inflicted  upon  Catherine  and 
opon  the  princess  Mary,  and  her  jealousy  of  the  latter  showed 
itself  in  spiteful  molict  Mary  was  to  be  forced  into  the  position 
of  a  humble  attendant  upon  Aniv's  infant,  and  her  ears  were  to 
be  board  if  she  proved  reealdlmnt.  She  urged  that  both  should 
be  brought  to  trial  under  the  new  statute  of  succetaion  pasaed  in 
1 534,  which  declared  her  own  children  the  lawful  heirs  to  the 
throne.  She  was  reported  as  saying  that  when  the  king  gave 
opportunity  by  leaving  England,  she  would  put  Mary  10  death 
even  if  she  were  burnt  or  flayed  aUve  for  it.'  She  Incurred  the 
remonstrances  of  the  privy  council  and  alienated  her  own  rricDds 
and  relations.  Her  uncle,  the  duke  of  Norfolk,  whom  ihe  was 
reported  to  have  treated  "  worse  than  a  dog,"  reviled  her,  tailing 
beta  "grande  puialne."  But  hcf  day  of  triumph  was  destined 
to  be  even  shorter  than  that  of  herpredeccssor.  There  wctc  soon 
signs  that  Henry's  affection,  which  had  before  b«n  a  genuine 
passion,  had  cooled  or  ceased.  He  ttscnted  her  arrogance,  and 
a  tew  months  after  the  marriage  he  gave  her  cause  for  jealousy, 
and  disputes  arose.  A  strange  and  mysterious  fate  had  prepared 
for  Anne  the  same  domestic  griefs  that  had  vexed  and  ruined 
Catherbc  and  caused  her  abandonment.  InSeptember  [j]3the 
birth  of  a  daughter,  iltcnrards  Queen  Eb'nbeih,  Instead  of  the 
long-hoped-for  son,  was  a  heavy  disappointment;  next  year 


chiefly 


nsofihe 


daded  the  siupen»n  of  ■!■  canon*  relaliM  to  inpedimcnts  crestrd 
hqr  "  afhniiy  ruing  tx  iUUitt  coUu  in  any  degree  even  in  the  Jirsi." 
FiDUde  ^jects  [he^whalE  Slary.  Dntru  c]  CaOaitt  if  Ansffa,  p.  54 ; 

'  Cat,  ^  Sl  Faf,  E»t)a»d  nMd  Sfain,  iil.pl.  ii.  11 J17. 

■  Aceocdiog  to  Crannwr,  LtlUn  onA  Fafrrs  n/fffary  VIII.  vl. 
p.  300,  the  only  aaiharity;  and  Cranmer  himself  only  knew  of  it 
a  lonniihl  alter.  The  marriage  was  commonly  antedated  to  Ihe 
Mih  ol  November  lyj, 

•  Ca.i4Si.Far.Eii^amim*iStiiiii,i.  198. 


the  day  of  Catheri 
child. 
On  the  1st  ol  May 


,    Tbec 


ring  the  king  tnddenly  brake  up 
aving  tlie  conpany  la  bewik' 
oon  koowD,    loqui 


bad 


reports  of  the  queen's  .  _  ., „ 

ol  bet  reputed  lovers  had  been  aiTeated.  On  the  and  Anne  her- 
self was  committed  to  the  Tower  on  a  charge  of  adultery  with 
various  persons,  induding  her  own  bnlber,  Lotd  RochlonL 
Oa  the  T  lib  Sir  Fnodi  Weston,  Henry  Morris,  WaUtn  BreRton 
and  Mark  StDeiton  were  deducd  gnllijr  of  Ugh  iKuini,  whOa 
Anne  heraell  and  Lord  Rochfoid  weic  tsademned  untainMisly 
by  an  assembly  eS  iwenly-ate  peeii  onlhe  ijth.  Het  iinde^  the 
duke  of  Norfolk,  imsided  »  lord  ateward,  and  gava  aaiteDce, 
weeping,  that  hit  niece  was  to  be  burned  or  beheaded  aa  plcued 
the  king.  Her  former  lover,  the  eari  of  Norljiumbcrliad,  left 
the  court  scited  with  sudden  Dlncss.  Her  lather,  wlio  wai 
excused  attendance,  had,  however,  been  present  at  the  trial 
ol  the  other  oSenden,  and  had  there  dedared  his  conviction 
ol  his  daughter's  guilt.  On  the  i6Ih,  hoping  probably  to  save 
herself  by  these  means,  she  informed  Cranmer  Of  a  certain  sup- 
posed impediment  to  her  marriage  with  Ihe  king^-according  to 
some  accounts  a  previous  marriage  with  Northumberland,  though 
the  latter  solemnly  and  positively  denied  It — which  was  never 
disclosed,  but  which,  having  been  considered  by  the  archbishop 
and  a  committee  ol  ecclesiastical  lawyem,  was  pronounced,  on 
the  i7tb,  sufficient  to  invalidate  her  marriage,  "nie  same  day 
all  her  reputed  lovers  were  eiecutcd;  and  on  the  Iqth  she  herselt 
suffered  death  on  Tower  Cteca,  her  head  being  struck  off  with 
a  sword  by  the  executioner  01  I^lats  brought  to  England  for  the 
purpose.*  She  had  regarded  the  prospect  ol  death  with  courage 
and  almost  with  levity,  laughine  heartily  as  she  put  her  hands 
about  het "  little  neck  "  and  recalled  the  skill  of  the  executioner, 
"  1  have  seen  many  men  "  {wrole  Sir  William  Kingston,  governor 
ol  the  Town)  "and  also  women  executed,  and  all  they  have 
been  in  great  tonow,  and  to  my  knowledge  this  lady  has  much 
Joy  and  pleasure  in  death."  On  the  loUowing  day  Henry  was 
beltothed  lo  Jane  Seymour: 

Amidst  the  vituperations  ol  the  adherents  ol  the  papacy  and 
the  bter  Elizabethan  cidogies,  and  In  the  absence  ol  the  records 
on  which  her  sentence  was  pronounced,  Anne  Boieyn's  guilt 
remains  unproved.  To  Sit  William  Kingston  she  protested 
her  entire  Innocence,  and  on  the  scafluld  while  ciprcssing  her 
submisuon  she  made  no  conletsion.'  Smcaton  alone  ol  her 
supposed  lovers  made  a  full  conlession,  and  it  is  possible  that  fits 

ol  pardon.  Norris,  according  to  one  account,'  also  confessed, 
bulsubsequentlydcdaivdlhalbehad  been  betrayed  hito  making 
his  statement.  The  others  were  all  said  to  have  "  conlessed  in 
a  manner  "  on  the  scallold,  but  much  weight  caiuiot  be  placed 
on  these  genetal  confesiions,  which  were,  according  to  the 
custom  ol  Ihe  time,  a  declaration  of  submission  10  the  king's  wiH 
and  ol  general  repentance  rather  than  acknowledgment  ol  the 
special  crime  "I  pray  (5od  save  the  king,"  Anne  herself  is 
reported  to  have  said  on  the  scaffold,  *'  and  send  him  long  to 
reign  svei  you,  for  a  gentler  noi  a  moie  metcilul  prince  was  then 
never;  and  to  me  he  was  ever  ■  good,  a  gentle  and  sovereign 
lord."    A  principal  witness  for  the  chai^  ol  incest  was  Roch- 


misdcet 


intrigues  of  Catberfne  ] 


aner  with  Henry's  disa 
lale  heir,  while  the  king's  ( 
lopularity  of  Anne  both  ter 
lure  jusiJM.    Nevertheless 
lore  than  probable.    It  is  j 

Uama^Fttm^  Batty 

According  to  the  most  iruilworthy  __. 
f  Bfwi.  X.  p  381  The  well-known  letter  I 
to  her !«  now  recognlied  ai  en  Eliiabethai 

AHhatdtpa,  juiiii-  6^ 


"■PP- 174.381,  38J. 

:iliyVni.  attributed 


'-ra-o^le 


BOLGARI— BOLINGBROK.E 


^Kiu,  k  pMtr  t<ny,  and  >  UibunsI  eoiwtini  o<  ocarly  ill  the 
lay  pccn  of  EngUDd.  with  ihc  evidence  before  tbetn  which  we 
do  not  now  poMeM,  should  b«ve  all  uiAnitnoiuI]'  piued  >  sentence 
tl  guilt  ceatnty  to  the  f»cu  and  Ihrir  convictiaia,  »nd  th»t 
such  a  semence  should  h4ve  been  iuppofi«d  by  Anne's  om 
Father  and  unde.  Every  year  una  bermarriageAnne  had  given 
birth  to  a  child,  and  Henry  had  do  Tcason  to  despair  of  more; 
i^tc,  if  Heniy'i  Hate  o(  bcallh  -waa  lucb  as  ms  tcported,  the 
desire  for  children,  which  Anne  shared  rrith  hin.  may  be  urged 
as  an  argument  (or  her  guilt.  £ir  Francis  Weston  in  a  letter 
u  his  (amny  nlmosl  acknowledges 
especially  for  oQences  against  his 
and  chatBcler  almost  prepare  us  foi 
inoocmt  nf  guilty,  however,  her  I 
misfortunet  did  not  raise  a  sinele 


catastrophe.    Whethei 


imph,  h 


I,    Among  the  people  she  had 
d;  theloveof  juslice,  andlhcfcaci 
breach  with  Charles  V„  combined  I 
She  appealed  to  the  king's  less  refined 


herunpopolar. 

1,  and  Henry's 
ition  of  chancter  may  be  diiled  ' 
«  is  described  aj^'not  one  of  the  handwi 
orld;  she  is  o[  a  middling  stature,  swarthy 
:k,  wide  mouth,  busom  not  much  raised, 
ling  but  the  English  king's  great  appetite,  ■ 
e  black  and  beauliiul,  and  take  great  effect." 


«s),  "upon  a  horse  litter,  richly  apparelled,"  at 

BiBLiOCtAn<v,-^-An.  In  ihc  Dili,  tf  Ktl.  BitexMyand  auihoti- 
tic9 cited:  tfoiry  V///.  by  A.  F.  Pollard  (toos)r  Ahm  Bi^tjn.by 
?.  FrKdman  OSS4):  Til  Etrly  Liti  tf  Avm  Btlnn.  by  J.  H. 
Rouitdliltie);  Till  DiHKi  0/ Caltmiu  tf  Anitm,  by  I.  tL.FToaiic 
(laoi^fDer  ■^^'■^g_der  Eh»chc>duii|  >Uni;Keiiuichs  VIII." 

ruEbxtut  101:  Z.rKi. 

by  Mil*. E,  liMiefllti 

Ounu  tj  El  nj  Buried 

»  ilu  fooB  I  k!  Hnn 

Vttl.  by  »  by  N.  H. 

Nkelas  {la.  //.  tr,  by 

M.  A.  S.  K  N.  Pococl 

V/jj^bJ't,  'ff'c^fi^Il 

Ettrat'a  Jrom'lht  Lik  5'o™  Ahtu  i'iii™''<^^'  Wyat  '(laij)', 
ITt  NitpH^i"'  <4  rio>miI  B'oliJJ,  by  Sir  W.  Cavendish  (1641,  rep. 
HalleiH  Mi»c.  iSlov.);  C.  Wiiolhcsley'i  CMronidt  (Camden  Soc, 
1875-1877);  JVoliJ  anil  OlrtrrtJ,  i  ki..  viii.  141,  1S9,  All.  350: 
II Si^irat  it  li  MtiU  ii la  Rnina ii  i»(*flfcmi  (iSj6l:  rtt  iftnrr 
^  1*1  rrymptu  rf  CaUji  and  BxUm,  and  the  SatU  Ttymmflitiml 
CtnMacyan  it  Qitm  Anne  (rsii.  rep.  iSSi):  Suu  Fatttt  Uinn 
Vlll.:  iaitri  aid  Pafcri  of  tle^  VIIL.  by  Brewer  and  Gardiner, 
eip.  the  prefaces:  Col.  ef  SuU  Paf.  Eatland  and  Spain,  Vtnilian 

and  fMin  (tjJ5*-15»},P.  Sn  (*!•  ae™-' '-"  ->  -»■■■■ >■ 

CMM  USS.  (Brit,  Nfii*.).  Oibo  C.  10:  " 
iii.,  App^  H.  of  t>ep.  Keeper  of  Public  R( 
Dokumen  re,"  v.,  M .  S.  EhK>  (Ctlrm-feiefli 


at  f  uU  of . 


ds._p.  341 :     ROmische 
/I.Bd.ii.,l8oj).SeealKi 
amcHom-AiHEiuniiurnKAUun  ana  niiKav  Vlll.      (P.  C.  Y.) 

BOLOABI,  or  Bolgabv,  a  rumed  town  of  Russia,  in  tEi  gov- 
eminent  of  Kaian,  4  m- from  the  left  back  of  theVcilgs,inss*N. 
laL  It  i*  generally  considered  to  have  been  (he  capital  of  the 
Bulgaiians  when  (hey  were  rslablished  in  that  part  of  Europe 
(sih  to  t  jtb  umury].  Ruint  of  the  old  walls  and  towen  iiill 
survive,  as  veil  as  numerous  kitriaia  or  burial'inoundSj  with 
inscriptions,  some  in  Arabic  (13^3-1541),  others  in  Armenian 
(yean  jSTi9A4"d  (>&6],  and  yet  othoa  in  Turkic  Updn  being 
opened  these  tombs  were  found  to  contain  weapons,  implemeou, 
uleniiti,   and  lilver  and  copper  coins,  bearing  iacriptiona. 

■  Uobi  and  Paptn,  i.  jsB. 

■  "SuutoDiactES,   October]!. TU', in <:u.e/a.i>a^,  Vemtian. 

''o^ul  tMiri,  ed.  by  Sir  H.  Ellis,  I  icr.  ii,  ]7,  and  Col.  ef  Si. 


[  epigraphll 
:  (.7")  are 
Petersburg. 


in  ordinary  Arabic,  others  in  Kufic  (a  I 
Arabic).  These  and  other  antitiuities  coUecti 
preierved  in  mmeunis  at  Kazan,  Moscow  a 

ruins,  which  were  practically  discovetea  in  tne  reign  01 

r  the  Great,  were  viiiicd  and  described  by  Pallas,  Humboldt 

others.    The  dty  of  Bolgari  was  destroyed  by  the  Mongols 

ijS,  and  again  by  Tamerlane  early  in  the  following  century. 

'  which  it  served  as  the  capital  of  the  Khans  (sovereign 

les)  of  the  Crolden  Hordaof  Mongols,  and  finally,  in  the  second 

of  the  i;th  century  it  became  a  part  of  tbe  principality 

ioEBn,  and  so  eventually  of  Russia.    The  Arab  geographer 

Ibn  Haukal  states  that  in  bis  time,  near  the  end  of  the  roth 

?nturv.  it  waaa  place  of  10,000  inhabitants. 

See  Ibn  Fidhlan.  NacirichUn  Bbcr  4it  Wdta  Bulturr*  (Cer.  trans. 

by  FiAhn,  St  Peteimburg.  iSjlJ. 

BOU,  the  cUef  town  of  a  sanjak  of  the  Eastamunt  vilayet 
in  Asia  Minor,  altitude  1500  ft.,  situated  In  a  rich  plain  watered 
bythcBoliSu,  aliibuta]yoftherillyasChai(£iNuiii}.  F<^ 
|i8m)  io,79«  (Moslems,  964';  Greeks,  7S8;  Armenians,  396). 
Cotton  and  leather  arc  manufactured;  the  country  around  Is 
fertile,  and  in  the  ndEhbourhood  are  large  forests  of  oak,  beech, 
elm,  chcstnutandpine.  the  timber  of  which  Is  partly  used  locally 
and  partly  eiportcd  to  Constantinople.  Three  mllm  east  of 
Boli,  at  Eskibissar,  are  the  ruins  of  Bithynium,  the  hiithpUce 
of  Antinous,  also  called  Anliiuopelii,  and  in  Byzantine  times 
Ctavdiopoiii.  In  and  around  Boli  are  numerous  marbles  with 
Greek  inscriptions,  chiefly  sepulchral,  and  architectural  frag. 
ments.  At  Uija,  southof  the  town,  arc  warmsprlngs  much  prized 
for  their  medicinal  properties. 

BOUHGBROKB,  RBHBY  ST  JOHM.  Viscoinn  (ie7S-i75i), 
English  statesman  and  writer,  son  of  Sir  Henry  St  John,  Bart, 
(afterwards  15I  Viscount  St  John,  a  member  of  a  younger  branch 
of  the  family  of  the  earls  of  Bollngbrokc  and  barons  St  John  of 
Blctso),  and  of  Lady  Mary  Rich,  daughter  of  the  ind  cati  of 
Warwick,  was  baptized  on  the  10th  of  October  ifiiS,  and  was 
educated  at  Eton.  He  travelled  abroad  during  iSpS  and  1659 
and  acquired  an  exceptional  knowledge  of  French.  The  dissipa- 
tion and  extravagance  of  his  youth  exceeded  a ' 


He 


ipent  V 


t,  his  it 


n  informant 
mce  "  run  naked  through  the  park  in  a 
Throughout  his  career  he  desired^ 
e  friend,  to  be  thought  the  Aldbiades 


highest  political  tc^ionsibilil 
daughter  of  Sir  Henry  Winchcombe,  Bart.,  of  Bucklcbury, 
Berkshire,  but  matrimony  while  improving  his  fortune  did  not 
redeem  his  morals. 

He  was  returned  to  parliament  in  1701  for  the  family  borough 
of  Woolton  Basset!  in  WQtsbire.  He  declared  himself  a  Tory, 
attached  himsell  to  Harley  (afterwards  Lord  Oiford),  then 
speaker,  whom  he  now  addressed  as  "  dear  master,"  and  distin- 
guished himself  by  his  eloquence  In  debate,  echpslng  his  school- 
fellow, WalpoTe,  and  gaining  an  extraordinary  ascendancy  over 
the  House  of  Commons.    In  May  he  had  charge  of  the  bill  for 

r  conduct  concerning  the  Partition 
bjurlng  tbe  Pretender.  In  March 
ler  for  taking  the  public  accounts. 


of  the  Whig  loida  for  ihc 


against  occa 

jjonal  conformity,  an 

d  took  a  lending  part 

m  the 

di^teswhi 

wo  Houses.    I 

n  1704  St  lobn 

took  office  with  Harley  as  secrets 

ry  at  war,  thus  bdng  h 

ought 

e  relations  with  Ma. 

Iboiough,  by 

whom  he  was 

treated  witl 

paternal  partiality. 

In  1708  lit  qu 

tedofBc 

Harley  on  U 

he  failure  of  the  latte 

telired 

to  the 

country  tin 

privy  councillo 

of  sUle  in 

ilailey's  new  ministry,  representln 

Berks: 

re  in 

parUimenl. 

He  supported  the  bill  for  requiring 

arealpr. 

for  a  seat  in  parUam 

ent    In  .7.1 

he  found 

dtbt 

LalM 

aimy; 

MisDcUoey 

..i£.l6& 

BOLINGBROKE 


Bnitlitn'  Oub.  ■  Mdety  of  Toiy  ptUtldasi  tnd  dwd  of  letter*, 
and  the  ume  yur  witceiaed  Oie  [uluie  of  the  two  npcditioiu 
to  the  Wat  lodis  and  to  Caiuids  piomoted  by  him.  In  1711 
be  wu  the  lutboi  of  the  bill  tiling  ncwspapcn.  Bui  the  greit 
builaeu  of  the  new  govtiometit  vt^  the  nuking  of  the  peace 
with  France.  Thfiefusal  of  the  Whigs  lo  gnnt  terms  in  ijo6, 
and  utala  in  1700  when  Louis  XIV-  offered  to  yield  evecy  point 
for  which  the  lUiei  professed  to  be  fighting,  showed  that  the 
war  wu  not  being  continued  for  EngUih  oatioul  iDteresu,  and 
the  ministry  were  supported  by  the  queen,  the  parliament  and 
the  people  in  thdr  doign  to  terminate  hostilities.  But  various 
obstacles  arose  from  the  divctsity  of  aims  among  the  allies;  and 
St  John  wu  induced,  coauity  to  the  most  solemn  obligations,  lo 
epler  into  sepai»te  and  secret  negotiations  with  Fiance  for  the 
security  ol  English  interests.  In  May  1711  St  John  ordered  the 
duke  of  Ormonde,  who  had  succeeded  Marlborough  in  the  com- 
mand, to  refrain  from  any  further  engagement.  These  instruc- 
tions were  communicated  to  the  French,  though  not  to  the  allie*, 
Louis  putting  Dunkirk  as  security  into  possession  of  England, 
and  the  shameful  spectacle  was  witoeswd  of  the  desenion  by 
the  English  troops  of  their  allies  almost  on  the  hatileheld. 
Subsequently  St  John  received  the  congratulations  of  the  French 
minister,  Torcy,  on  the  occasion  of  the  French  victory  over 
Prince  Eugene  at  benain. 

In  August  St  John,  who  had  on  the  7 Ih  of  July  been  created 
Viscount  Bolingbroke  and  Baron  St  John  of  Lydiatd  Trego«, 
went  to  Fiance  to  conduct  negotiations,  and  signed  an  atmiitice 
between  England  and  France  for  four  monthson  the  iglh.  Finally 
Ihc  treaty  of  Dlrecht  was  signed  on  the  jist  of  March  1713  hy 
■11  the  allies  except  the  empemr.  The  £rsl  production  of  Addison's 
CiOt  was  made  by  the  Whigs  the  octasion  of  a  great  demonstra- 
tion of  indignation  against  the  peace,  and  by  Bolingbroke  [or 
presenting  the  aclor  Booth  with  s  purse  of  fifty  guineas  for 
"  defending  the  cause  of  liberty  a^iinst  a  perpetual  dictator  '* 
[Marlborough].  In  the  terms  granted  to  England  there  was 
-  .  .>  '  !u:  peacemaking. 


inbya; 


csofund 


:if  by  open  conferences  with  the  aUies, 
and  was  tharacterised  throughout  by  a  violation  of  the  most 
solemn  inteinatlcnal  assurances,  left  a  deep  and  lasting  stain 
upon  the  natioiul  honour  and  crcdit;and  not  less  diihonourable 
was  the  abandonmeut  of  the  Catalans  by  the  treaty.  For  all 
this  Bolingbroke  must  be  held  ptimaiily  responsible.  In  June 
hit  cnmmercial  treaty  with  France,  establishing  free  trade  with 
that  country,  was  rejected.  Meanwhile  the  friendship  between 
Bolingbroke  and  Harley,  which  formed  the  basis  of  the  whole 
Tory  administration,  had  been  gradually  dissolved.  In  March 
171T,  by  Guiscird's  attempt  on  bis  life.  Hatley  got  the  wound 
which  had  been  intended  for  St  John,  with  all  the  credit.  In 
Itlay  Haifey  obtained  the  earldom  of  Oxford  and  was  made 
lord  treasurer,  while  in  July  St  John  was  greatly  disappointed 

ritinct  in  his  family,  and  at  being  passed  over  for  the  Garter. 
In  September  1713  Swift  came  10  London,  and  made  a  bsl  but 
vain  attempt  to  reconcile  his  two  friends.  But  now  a  further 
cause  of  diBerence  had  arisen.  The  queen's  health  was  visibly 
breaking,  and  the  Tory  ministers  could  only  look  forward  to 
ihcir  own  downfall  on  the  accession  of  the  elector  of  Hanover. 
Both  Oaford'  and  Bolingbroke  had  malniained  for  some  time 
secret  communications  with  James,  and  promised  their  help  in 
mioring  him  at  the  queen's  death.  The  aims  of  the  former, 
prudent,  procrastinating  and  vacillating  by  nature,  never  «- 
tended  probably  beyond  the  propitiation  of  his  Tory  followers; 
and  it  is  difEcnlt  to  imagine  that  Bolingbroke  could  have  leiUy 
advDcoted  the  Pretender's  recall,  whose  divine  right  be  repudi- 
ated and  whose  reh^on  and  principles  he  despised.  Neverthe- 
less, whatever  his  chief  motive  may  have  been,  whether  to  dis- 
place Oitord  as  leader  of  the  larty,  to  strengthen  his  pouljon 

king,  01  to  reinstate  James,  Bolingbroke,  yielding  to  his  more 

impetuous  and  adventurous  disposition,   went    much    further 

>  Bfrwia-i  UtM.  (Peiiioi),  voL  livi.  119. 


than  Oxford.    It  is  pouible  to  Mppoac  a  coaoeaion  betwMa 

his  leal  for  making  peace  with  France  and  a  desire  to  forwaid 
the  Pretender's  iotctesli  or  win  support  from  the  JacobiWi.' 
During  his  diplomatic  mission  to  France  he  had  incuned  blame 
for  temaining  at  the  opera  while  the  Pretender  was  preMnt.' 
and  according  to  the  Maclcintoah  transcripts  he  had  acvenl 
secret  interviews  with  him.  Regular  communications  were  kept 
up  subsequently.  In  March  1714  Hcrvillc,  the  French  envoy 
in  London,  sent  to  Torcy,  the  French  foreign  minister  in  Pariti 
the  substance  of  two  long  convcrulions  with  Bolingbroke  in 
which  the  latter  advised  patience  till  alter  the  accession  o[  George, 
when  a  great  reaclioa  wu  U  be  cipccicd  in  favour  ol  (he  Pre- 
tender. At  the  tame  time  be  spoke  of  the  treachery  of  Marl- 
borough and  Berwick,  and  of  one  other,  presumably  Oxford, 

with  Hanover.*  Both  Oxford  and  BoUngbroke  waned  James 
that  he  could  have  little  chance  of  aucccsa  unless  he  changed 
his  religion,  but  the  latter's  refusal  (March  13)  docs  not  appear 
to  have  stopped  the  communications.  Bolingbroke  gradually 
superseded  Oxford  in  the  leadership.  Lady  Masbam,  the  queen's 
favourite,  quarrelled  with  Oiford  and  ideDlificd  heitclf  wiih 
BolingbroVe'slnieicsts.  Thehinhtreatoicnlof  the  Hanoverian 
demands  wu  in^iired  by  him,  and  won  favour  with  the  queen, 
while  Oxford's  influence  declined;  and  hy  his  lujiport  of  the 

S ism  Bill  in  May  1714,  a  violent  Tory  measure  lorbidding  all 
cation  by  dissentera  by  making  an  episcopal  licence  obligatory 

up  the  game,  finally,  a  charge  of  corruption  Innught  by  Oxford 
in  July  against  BoUngbroke  and  Lady  Masbam,  in  connciioa 
with  ibe  commercial  treaty  with  Spain,  failed,  and  the  loid 
tteasuier  was  dismissed  or  teiicod  on  the  i7tli  of  July, 

Bolingbroke  was  now  supreme,  and  everything  appealed 
tending  inevitably  to  a  Jacohiu  restoration.  The  Jacobite  Sir 
William  Windham  had  been  made  chancellor  of  the  csdiequcr, 
important  military  posts  were  placed  in  the  hands  of  the  faction, 

queen's  sudden  death  on  the  1st  of  August,  and  the  appointment 
of  Shrewsbury  to  the  lord  treasurerahip,  Instantly  changed  the 
whole  scene  am]  ruined  Bolingbroke.  "  The  eart  of  Oiford  *a* 
removed  on  Tuesday,"  he  uTOte  to  Swift  on  the  3rd  of  August, 
•'  the  queen  died  on  Sundayl  What  a  world  is  ihia  and  bow 
irtune  banter  usl"  According  to  Herville,  the  French 


docs  fi 


have  secured  everything.  Nevertheless  the  exact  nature  of 
bis  project!  remains  obscure.  It  is  probable  that  his  statement 
inhisleiterto  Windham  that  "none  of  us  bad  any  very  settled 
rcKdution  "  is  true,  though  his  declaialion  in  the  Pttritt  Kini 
that  "  there  were  no  designs  on  foot  ...  to  place  the  crown 
on  the  head  of  the  Pretender  "  is  a  palpable  falsehood.  Hi) 
great  object  was  doubtless  to  gain  supreme  power  and  to  keep 
it  by  any  means,  and  by  any  betrayal  that  tbe  drcumstaruxs 
demanded;  and  it  is  not  without  significance  perhaps  that  on 
the  very  day  of  Oxford's  dismissal  be  gave  a  dinner  to  the  Whig 
leaders,  and  on  the  day  preceding  the  queen's  death  ordered 
overtures  to  be  made  to  the  elector.' 

On  the  accesiicai  of  George  I.  the  illumiiutions  and  bonfire  at 
Lord  Bohngbroke's  house  in  Golden  Square  were  "  particularly 
fine  and  remarkable,"'  but  be  was  immediately  dismissed 
from  office.  Be  retired  to  Bncklebury  and  is  said  lo  have  now 
written  the  answer  to  the  Steel  Hiihrj  «/  IKt  WIrilt  SlaJ 
accusing  him  of  Jtcohltism.  InMaithi7T5heinvaIoattcispIed 
to  defend  the  late  ministry  in  the  new  parliament;  and  on  tbe 
announcement  of  Walpole's  intended  attack  upon  the  authors 
of  the  treaty  of  Utrecht  he  fled  in  disguise  (March  sS,  r;:;) 
to  Paris,  where  be  was  well  received,  after  having  addrftued 
a  letter  to  Lord  Lansdowne  from  Dover  protesting  hii  iDBOceace 

>  Hill.  USS.  Ctmn    PprOtni  USS.  v. 


^  Skber>Ai>liM{b»lc,l.j40;£«U>irtPaf«r'ii-46oiUacphenoQ. 


BOLINGBROKE 


>63 


M  toTttenitf  of  Mi  etwmlei  to  pndnce 
._^    .    .  .  inuul  coimpoBdmce/'    BoHngbrcAe 

n  Jttf  CBtlidy  MtalUcd  hmudl  wlih  the  iiitneiU  of  tb* 


_ _..       .   itlfuitberi 

Xq^jrlDS  W  Uuy  bI  Uodeu,  vho  hn!  Knt 
dqiRGUfBB  Ui  91-wffl,  ha  wiihcd  hb  arm  mi^  iDt  ^  H  ha  n 
bhI  pcnornrerdbitlHliiaviBipfal* 

He  Dov  turned  tath^En^iahgDViriiiiBnitlQhofiadfpudfnL 
laMudHyifihedediRdhiiGDaltbiBddtuiieBti  "'  " 
tod  proBdKd  to  vh  Ut .. . 
lit  MauU;  bat  be  nfimd  to  bMtiy  any 
£«iduiLb.  He  wrote  ik  K^alwmt  afiit  MxOt.  and  to  1717  U* 
letter  10  Sir  W.  Wtodham  to  eipluatioa  tf  Ue  pMltidB,  gBunDjr 
(onUend  me  of  fall  AmM  ennpetitiaM,  hat  not  pabUAed 
tai  ITS3  ■<*«  t'*  <I>**k.  The  Mm*  jreir  h«  lonMd  >  IniMD 
with  Uatie  CUin  Dachanipe  da  HaniBjr,  vidnr  ol  the  menpiis 
At  VDIette,  whom  h*  manied  to  17)0  after  the  death  to  171S 
o(  Lady  BoBcgbtoke,  whom  be  had  tnated  irith  crael  nc^ect. 
Heboail^taadtaldedattbeaMauelLaSoarca  near  Odean*, 
■lodied  phnauphy,  ctitidMd  the  dniBole(y  ef  the  Bible,  ud 
wu  Tlutad  aauofft  othen  by  Vdlalre,  iriw  e:tpeeiMd  nt- 
boDDded  adrairttloD  for  hb  IcKviBK  and  poWtenfM.     In  171J, 

thm  Tftl  thf  mntilir*  ***  T^  ***g^  ■"*—  '*^.  '^  Hhi-Iim  nt  KmwiAml^ 

k  at  lart  nxelved  bb  pardon,  ntnmcd  to  Laden  in  Jime  or 
July ,  and  plucd  U*  eavieaa  a  t  the  dipoaal  dI  Walpole,  by  whom, 
luwever,  U*  ofint  to  pnciac  the  acccBlOD  ol  Kveial  Toiica  to 
the  adeaiuiuntlon  vera  ncehtd  very  coldly.  Dnrlog  the 
UlcnriBg  wtater  be  nuule  btouelf  uieful  in  Fnncc  in  gainiaj; 
Will  ■■lion  lor  the  lOTemnieDt.  In  ijis  an  act  vu  paiaed 
aKbling  Ub  M  bc4d  real  aiate  but  nibout  power  ol  aUnailng 

it'    Bn(  tUe  bad  been  eSected  in  to -" — 

It  Watpola'i 
-     a  the 

kon^t  a>  eatale  at  Diwky,  near  Uihrldge,  where  he  renewed  Ua 
iuJDucy  with  Fcpe,  Swift  and  Vdlalre.  tmk  pan  to  Pope*! 
Klerary  iquabblei,  ud  wrato  the  pUhwopby  tot  the  Ettaj  m 
Jfoa.  Oa  thefintocoulDn  wfakb  offered  itielf,  that  ofPulteDey*! 
nqNaie  irilb  Wpol*  to  1714,  he  CDdcavmned  10  oisBRiK  an 
•ppoatka  la  eM}nnetiiA  with  the  foincr  and  Wtodhan;  and 
to  17*7  bcffm  U>  edebiated  acrlea  tt  lelten  to  the  Cnfitmaii, 
attacking  Ike  Walpdht,  dgacd  an  "Occadeiul  Writer."  Ha 
Ittoed  irrer  the  dBchea  ol  Kcndil  wtib  a  btibr  of  £1 1^  ftom 
Idb  wife^  Btales,  and  with  Walpole'i  approval  obtained  an 
ladieiice  with  Gear|B.  Hi*  loccen  we*  immioFiit,  and  li  wai 
tboaght  U>  appc^tmenl  ai  chief  minbter  wu  uturcd.  In 
Walp^s  own  wordi,  "  ai  St  John  had  the  dncheu  entinly 
an  bii  ride  I  need  not  add  what  mtut  or  night  In  line  have  been 
xl  for  Ut  diimiuil.  But  onoe 
liuEbroke'i  "  fortune  turned  roltcn  at  the  very  moment 
it  STEW  ripe,'"  and  fak  projecti  and  hopes  were  ruioed  by  the 
bai'i  dralh  tn  June.'  Further  papen  from  hii  pen  «gned 
"John  Trot "  awJeared  in  the  O^fiaun  in  171S,  andin  1730 
followed  KtmaU  «  Uu  Hillary  (f  £H|faiirf  ly  BumflBcy  OU- 
<iitfr,attackin|  the  Walpotei' policy.     TfaeauaultonlheKOvetn- 

■  fifU,  USS.  Cpmm..  Smvt  Paftn.  i.  joo;  Berwick'!  Utm. 
(Petitat],  wil.  Ixvi.  i6j. 

■  Coie'a  Walptlc,  L  100;  Sluarl  Pafwi, IL  511.  and  aianifi,^6o. 


I.J  O^^aw  ItSS. ; 
it  briow  either  yon  ■ 


He  addi,  ■' 


(  BahiutrMhf,  li.  267;  Jlaalefr,  IL  itji  SuL  IfSS. 
..—.m^  w«l«w  iiSS.  516,  Bth  Rep.  Pt  III.  App-  p.  ]-  '^'- 
naurlable  Incident  it  dliciediled  by  H.  Wilpok  in  LtUrri 


Cmmm^  Oultw  MSS.  516,  Bth  Rep.  Pt  III.  App-  p.  ]- 
naurlable  Incident  it  dliciediled  by  H.  Wilpok  in  '-— 
1903)4  &  369;  but  he  wu  not  ahnyi  wrii  infonned  go 


ment  pranpted  by  BtHstbiakt  wu  coBttoaad  to  the  HMm  nl 
CaBinaa*  hy  Wtodhan,  and  plat  eflorta  wcte  midt  to  Calab- 
dah  the  allianaa  batwaea  tho  Twki  and  (he  OppeaHka  Whip. 
TW  Eidie  BH  to  ■7U  »>d  the  Septennial  Bill  to  Aa  Idtowiiw 
year  ofoad  oppoctD^tki  tor  farther  atlails  aa  the  fnnniaeBt, 
_i.j.  >>.u..i — L-  imertad  by  a  b«w  Mrtn  of  papen  to  the 


Cnflimn  t^rled  "  A  DhamaUoa  on  Paitiaa  ";  but  the  wfaide 

Walpete  to  pvwtr  h  173;  with  a  lai 
-  -    •  -'  '  b^bd  aad  d 


to  France  to  June,  teridlns  prfac^talb' at  the  cfaUaan  o(  Aneville 
near  Fonlainebleen.  He  sow  wrote  Ui  LtUirt  n  Ito  5My  tf 
Biliary  (printed  ptfntely  before  hii  death  and  pnbUdied  to 
I7J>),  and  the  I>w  Uf  ^  IMnrntM.  Jn  1731  he  vWted 
EnglaBd,  bacmme  one  ot  the  kadtaf  Iilendi  ai^  adilaeii  of 
Frederick,  prince  o(  Waki.  who  now  beaded  the  ^vpealtion, 
■Bd  wnw  lor  the  oceaeioB  TJke  iWM  Ki«t,  iridch  toielher  with 
1  pievloaa  ci^,  r*a  StwU  ^  Polrlatltm,  aod  rile  5W>  4 
Partial  at  ika  Aaaitlaii  if  Gttrril^inntatzaaBaioPeft  mi 
not  pnhlUed.  Having  bfled,  however,  to  obtato  ar"  -'- 
topolItloi,heieUiiiedtaFtancetoi739,ai  ' 
Dawley.  In  174*  and  1743  he  ajpta  viwea  uignna  ana 
((namllad  with  Waifanrtaa.  In  1744  be  Ktdcd  buny  at  Bat- 
tenaa  with  Ua  biend  Hn^  Haaie,  3rd  eail  tl  Uarduaont, 
and  wai  piennt  at  Popa'a  death  to  U^.  Hie  diKO*ety  that 
the  poet  had  printed  acciatlytjaoeopieiitf  Tit  Filrial  Kint 
caoMd  him  to  pnbliib  a  eentcl  vartion  la  1749,  and  alined  ap 
a  further  altercatton  with  Warborten,  irin  defended  hb  Mcinl 
aydnit  Boltogbrdu^  bllter  aqwirioDa,  the  latter,  wboae  con- 
duct  wa*  leneiaUy  leprdKoded,  pnbliddng  a  Foaiiffar  £fiitft 
la  tkieuK/iifiidnl  ««£»>■(.  In  1744  he  bad  bees  very 
bmy  aiiiiting  to  the  negotiatioiia  for  the  iWililiihiia  iil  of  the 
new  "  broad  bettom  "  admtolnntkn,  and  ihowad  no  lymiHlliy 
tor  the  Jacobite  expedition  to  1745-  He  recommended  the  tutoi 
for  Piiiiai  Geoige,  afterwards  Geoige  CO.  About  1740  he  wrote 
the  Pmtnl  Stale  af  Ike  Saltan,  an  nnfiniibed  pamphleL  Lord 
Cbeilcrfield  lecordi  the  laetworda  heard  from  himi  "Cod  who 
placed  me  hen  wHJ  do  what  He  pleasei  with  me  hereafter  and 
He  knows  belt  what  to  do."  He  died  on  Ibe  ilCh  of  December 
i75t,his  wife  having  pndcoeaacd  him  m  1730.  They  were  both 
buried  to  the  puab  clund  at  Battoaea,  where  a  monument 
wllb  mtdaflloni  and  toxiiptiDni  coopcaed  by  Bolbgbnke  was 
erected  to  their  memoiy. 

The  writinp  and  career  of  Bdingbroke  make  a  far  weaker 
imptcnion  upon  poateriQ'  than  tbey  made  on  coDtemponiiea. 
Hii  genini  and  cbanctei  wete  luperiicial:  hh  abilities  were 
exerdied  iqion  ephnncml  objects,  and  not  inspired  by  luting 
or  nnivemi  Ideas.  Bute  and  George  111.  indeed  derived  their 
poUtical  Ideal  from  Tit  PiUrJul  Kjxf,  but  the  inAnenee  which  be 
Is  said  to  have  exercised  upon  Voltaire,  Gibbon  and  Burke  !i 
very  problematical.  Burke  wrote  hii  VtWiiafisn  af  Katutal 
SiKtily  in  imitation  at  BoUngbroke's  style,  bul  to  relulation  of 
his  priodpin;  and  in  Che  Refttaim  an  It4  Fmth  SntlnHen 
he  eidainu,  "  Who  now  tadi  BoUn^roke,  who  ever  read  him 
Ihiovgh?"  Buike  denit*  that  Bdiogbrokc's  wordi  left  "any 
penuinentimpitaiicinoohiimind."  Etolingbroke'ieonveisetiea, 
desciibed  by  Lord  Cbesterfldd  aa  "  fucb  a  Oowing  bwpinea 
of  espnialon  that  even  hit  moat  familiar  convcrsnUom  if  taken 
down  in  writing  would  have  bomc  the  laesi  wilbout.Utt  kait 
correclioii,"  Us  deli^itfnl  cotnpanionihip,  Up  wit,  good  lo^i. 
eiul  eodal  qaalitita  wUcb  cbaiiiiid  during  his  UfelinK  and  made 
firm  IfiendtUpa  with  men  of  the  hmm  oppa^te  chanctar,  can 
now  only  ba  faintly  imagined.  Hit  DMt  MDiaot  gltl  was  Ut 
eloqneaea,  which  according  la  Sertf t  wa*  acknowkdged  by  men 
of  all  facliont  to  be  unrivalled.  Kooe  tt  bii  gieit  oraliont  hat 
urvived,  a  iota  regretted  by  Pitt  more  than  tbat  ot  Ihe  miming 
books  of  Livy  and  Tadtui,  and  no  art  pcriibet  more  conidetely 
with  it*  poMcttor  than  that  of  oratory.  Bit  poUticat  worki,  in 
wUch  Ihe  eipKiiioD  it  often  tpkodidly  eloquent,  (plrited  and 
dignified,  ate  foe  the  moet  part  eioecdingly  rhetorical  to  ilyle, 
while  hit  philotophiCBl  estays  were  undertaken  with  the  chid 
object  d  diiplaying  bis  eloquence,  ud  no  characleiJMie  icndcis 


1*4 


«ritliw  1e«  naiUUa  br  pottoitT.  Iliey  arc  both  defident  in 
wlidity  lod  in  pennuient  inteiat.  The  £nl  dnli  with  muc 
puQr  qootioni  without  siacerity  sod  without  deptb;  and  ttu 
iCCOAd,  composed  u  an  amiiienient  in  retirement  without  iny 
KTioasprB|Kntion,  in  tlieif  sttacJu  on  metaphysics  and  Ihcdiogy 
tnd  in  their  feeble  deism  present  no  onginsLily  And  csny  no 
conviction.  Both  kinds  leflect  in  their  Voluirim  supeiCcisIiiy 
Boiingbroke's  BiaDDCr  of  life,  which  ns  throughoul  unin^ircd 
by  any  great  ideas  or  principles  and  thonushly  false  and  super- 
ficial. Though  t  libertine  snd  s  irec-thiiiket,  be  had  championed 
tbe  most  bigatedand  tyrannicaJ  bigh-churcb  mcssuTcs.  His  diplo- 
macy had  been  suboidinited  to  party  necessities.  He  had 
Mppnrted  by  turns  and  simultaneously  Jacobite  and  Hanoverian 
Inuiata.  He  had  only  conceived  the  Idea  of  Tit  Palriol  KiKg 
In  the  peison  of  the  worthless  Frederick  in  order  to  stir  up 
Mdirion,  while  bis  eulogies  on  Rtirtment  snd  study  irere  pro- 
nounced from  an  enforced  exile,  Ue  only  attacked  party 
government  because  he  was  cicludcd  [mm  it,  and  only  railed 
at  conuptioa  because  it  was  the  corraption  of  bis  antaganiits 
and  not  bis  own.  His  public  life  presents  none  of  those  acts  of 
devotian  and  self-sacrifice  which  often  redeem  a  career  char- 
acterised by  errors,  follies  and  even  Crimea. 

One  miy  deplore  bis  unfortunate  blMory  and  wasted  genius, 
but  it  Is  impossible  to  regret  his  eidnsion  from  tbe  government 
of  England.  He  was  tucreeded  in  the  title  as  Jnd  Viscount 
Bolingbioke,  according  lo  the  special  remainder,  by  his  nephew 
Frederick,  3rd  Viscount  St  John  [s  title  grsnted  to  Bolingbioke's 
father  in  wifi),  from  whom  tbe  Utle  has  descended. 


A  life  of  Bolincbroke  appeared  in  bi>  lifetime  about  1740,  entitled 
ilMba/u  ilimSn  (in  ihe  Crcnville  Library.  Brit.  Mix.),  which 
lecoimted  hisescapade:  ;othercan(eniporarva<:coiinttwcrepubli^cd 
Ib  i;u  and  1754,  and  a  life  by  CUdBmilli  In  1770.  Of  the  more 
mden  UogiapViet  may  be  noted  that  in  Ihe  DkL  tf  jVnI.  Biitz-  by 
Sir  Leslie  Stephen.  [B97;by  C.  de  Remuiat  inI.'.4nfJ(lcrnaa/Sn( 
likfc  (iBsS),  vol.  r.:  by  T.  Macknight  (iStl.);  Ey  J.  Churlon 
Collins  (rSW);  by  A.  Hassan  (!8a9);  and  by  Walter  Siilid  (1901- 
l«u),  eiaborale  and  briUi.nt.  bul  unduly  ciiloginic       <P.  C.  Y.) 

BOUVAR,  SIMON  (i7S]->e3o),  the  hero  of  South  American 
tndependaice.  was  bom  in  the  city  of  Caracas,  Vcneiuela,  on 
the  I4"l>  of  July  'JBJ-  His  father  his  Juan  Vicente  Bolivar  y 
Pante,  and  his  motder  Maria  Concepcion  Pslados  f  Sojo,  both 
descended  from  soble  families  in  Venezuela.  Bolivar  was  sent 
to  Europe  to  prosecute  his  studies,  and  resided  at  Madrid  lor 
•eveial  yean.  Having  completed  his  education,  he  spent  some 
time  in  IiavelUng,  chiefly  in  the  south  of  Europe,  and  visited 

the  Revolulion.  Returning  to  Madrid,  hematried,  in  iSoi,  the 
daughter  of  Don  N.  Toro,  uncle  ot  tbe  macquisof  Toro  in  Caracas, 
and  embarked  with  her  for  Venenela,  intending,  it  is  said,  lo 
devote  himself  to  the  improvement  of  his  large  estate.  But  tbe 
premature  death  of  his  young  wife,  who  fell  a  victim  to  yellow 
fever,  drove  him  again  to  Europe.  Returning  home  in  iSop 
he  passed  through  the  United  Sutcs,  where,  far  the  first  time, 
he  had  an  opportunity  of  observing  the  working  of  free  institu- 
tions;  and  soon  after  his  arrival  In  Venezuela  he  appears  to  have 
Identified  himself  with  the  cause  of  independence  which  had 
already  agitated  the  Spanish  colonies  for  some  years.    Being  one 


of  the  piomoten  ot  the  bumcction  at  Canoa  Id  AptS  iSio^ 
he  received  a  colonel's  commission  from  th^  revolutionary  iniktap 
and  was  associated  with  Louis  Lopes  Mendes  in  a  mission  to  tbe 

the  jth  of  July  iSii,  and  in  the  following  year  the  war  com- 
menced  in  earnest  by  the  advance  of  Montevetde  with  the  Spanish 
troops.  Bolivar  was  entrusted  with  the  command  of  the  import- 
ant post  o£  Puerto  Cabello,  but  not  being  supported  he  had  to 
evaciute  the  places  and  owing  to  the  inaction  of  Miranda  the 
Spaniards  re 


rolhen 


-eaching  Curasao  in  safety.  He  did  not,  bovever, 
n  retirement,  but  in  September  rSis,  hearing  of 
ivements  in  New  Granada,  refjaired  to  Cartagesu, 


I  eipedition  he  proved 
Is  Snya  post  to  post, 


Bis' 


nthansooma 
■uragcments,  he  forced  his  way  1 


Merida  and  Tiudlto,  V 
Vencnicls,  and  luccccdtd  in  nising  tbe  population  to  hia 
support.  Forming  his  increased  fortes  into  two  diviaona,  ha 
committed  the  charge  of  one  to  his  colleague  Riva%  and  piirii- 
ingon  for  (Caracas  the  capital,  issued  his  decree  of  ''wai-  to  the 
death."  A  decisive  battle  ensued  at  Lastoguanes,  where  the 
SpaoUi  troops  under  HouiEvetde  auiiained  a  crushing  defal. 
Caracas  was  entered  m  triumph  on  the  4ih  of  Anguit  iSij, 
and  Monleverdc  took  leluge  in  Puerto  CabeUo.  General  MariAo 
effected  Ihe  liberation  of  ibe  eastern  district  of  Venesuela,  and 
the  patriots  obtained  entire  possession  of  the  cuuntiy  in  January 
iBw.  This  success  was,  however,  of  very  brief  duration.  The 
royalists,  effectually  roused  by  the  reverses  they  had  stistairied, 
oonuntrated  all  their  means,  and  a  number  of  sangtiinary 
encounters  ensued.  Bolivar  wsa  eventually  defeated  by  Boves 
near  Cura,  in  the  pkins  ol  La  rucrla,  and  compdled  to  embatk 
for  Cumana  with  the  shattered  remainsof  his  fores.  Caracas  was 
retaken  by  the  Spaniards  In  Julyj  and  before  the  end  of  Ihe  year 
tSi4  tberoyallsts  were  again  the  undisputed  mnstersofVeiKzudq. 
From  Cumana  Bolivar  repaired  to  Cartagena,  and  thence  to 
Tunja,  where  the  revtJutionaty  oongiesl  of  New  Granada  wai 
«ttlng.  Here,  notwithstanding  his  misfortanes  and  the  efibrla 
of  his  personnl'  en«nie3,  be  was  received  and  treated  with  great 
connderalioii.  The  congress  appointed  bim  to  conduct  an  ex- 
pedition against  Saala  Ft  de  Bogota,  where  Hon  Cundinamarca 
had  refused  to  acknowledge  the  Tiew  coalition  of  Ihe  pfovlnces. 
In  December  tSi4  he  appeared  before  Bogota  with  a  force  of 
looo  men,  and  obliged  the  recalcitrant  leaden  lo  cspitulale, — 
a  aervice  for  which  he  received  the  Ihanki  of  coBgresi.  In 
the  meanwhile  Stnla  Martha  had  fallen  Into  the  hands  of  tba 
royalists,  and  Bolivar  was  ordered  to  the  relief  of  the  place.  In 
this,  however,  he  was  not  successful,  General  Motillo  having 
laiidcd  an  overwhelming  Spanish  force.  Hopeless  of  the  allenqil 
heroigned  his  commjsBlan  and  embarked  for  Kingston,  Jainaica« 
in  May  rBi4.  While  residing  there  an  attempt  was  made  upon 
hit  life  by  a  hired  iwswin,  who,  in  mistake,  murdered  hb 

Fmm  Kingston  Bolivar  went  to  Aui  Cayes  m  Ibiti,  wbete  he 

vaa  lumiahed  with  a  small  force  by  President  Pclion.  An 
eipedition  was  organised,  and  landed  on  the  mainland  in  May 
rS]6,  but  proved  a  failure.  Nothing  daunted,  however^  he  olv 
tained  reinforcements  at  Aua  Csyes,  and  in  December  landed 
fint  in  Margarita,  and  then  at  Barcelona.     Here  a  provUonal 


formed,  e 


Lteredea 


.  of  February 


and  the  two  lol  low  ingday3,and  ended  in  Ihe  defeat  of  the  royalists. 
Morillo  retired  in  disorder,  and  being  met  on  hij  retreat  1^  J.  A. 
Paei  with  his  JJdwro],  suffered  an  additional  and  more  complete 
oveitbiaw.  Being  now  retogoiied  as  comraandei-iit<hi«t,Bolivu 


«6j 


EI  at  *klarr,  tad  before  Ok  doe  of  lit* 
(dqnarleii  U  An^oMm  on  the  OrimicoL 

At  iht  o|iiBii«  of  Ike       . 

OB  tbe  isth  FstKW]'  iSig  ha 


n  Aaioitura,  is  okIo  to  cna  the 
Cordillciai,  t£aet  *  Jundioa  witb  CeaenI  StiniDdtr,  ate  caa- 
muukd  tlie  lepoblian  lone  is  Nev  Oiuuula,  uid  bring  tbeic 
united  loroei  into  wtioo  isuMI  tin  amunoB  enoBy,  Iliit  bold 
ud  originil  denfn  mt  cmncd  with  oninpleH  rkcck.  in 
July  iSig  he  eaW>edTuBJi,>fteTn  (hup  action  on  tbeadfoinliis 
hdghti;  uid  4a  the  7di  oi  Augmt  he  pined  the  ifictuy  of 
Bcywa,  which  gikve  him  immediate  pwKHJon  of  Bogoli  ud  all 
NewCiuada. 

I  a  HKt  of  uIIoBil  fnlinL  Ha 
d  Father  of  hii  cotintiy,  and  all 
nunnor  ot  diVloctioDi  and  confratutatiou  vov  heaped  upon 
him.  Availmg  hiouclf  of  the  favourable  momenc,  ho  obtahHd 
the  ouctBWM  of  the  fandaracDtil  law  of  the  i;th  ol  SMcBber 
1S19,  bjr  which  the  lepubUa  of  Vnieiucla  and  New  Gnuuda 
weiE  faoicefanh  to  be  anilcd  in  a  sin^  ilate,  undct  hia  pRsi- 
deocy,  by  the  title  of  the  Republic  of  Colombia.  The  teat  of 
goveimment  was  al«  Inluferred  provi«jonal1y  to  Koiaiio  de 
Cucsta,  on  the  frooljer  ol  tbe  Cvo  pravincts,  and  Bolivnt  agiia 
tooii  the  field.  Bciii£  Hnr  at  the  bead  of  the  nio*t  ouinHam 
and  beat  ^iponled  anny  tbe  republicau  had  yet 
be  gaiaed  impoclant  advanUfle*  over  '  " 
Uoiillo,  and  on  tiK  15th  of  Noverabei  iSi 
an  armiitke  of  aix  month*,  probably  In  the  Eupe  that  the  Span- 
iarda  would  come  ts  trrmi,  and  that  the  tnrths  efimioa  of  blood 
miihl  be  roared.  If  nch  were  hii  views,  bowncr,  they  wen 
Morillo  was  recalled,  and  Cenosl  Tom  unuBod 
~  allowed  to  cxpiR.  and  ■ 
reiuwa]  of  tbe  content  became  inevitable.  Bolivar  tbDrcfore 
molved,  it  poalihle,  to  itiiko  a  deci»vl  lAnr;  and  Uu»  atcord- 
in^y  be  did  at  Canbobo.  where,  eDcounUnng  Tocre,  he  10 
Dimplelelv  nmied  the  Spaiaardi  that  tbe  shattered  remaim  of 
their  army  wen  fonxd  to  take  triuie  in  Poerlo  CabeUo,  wbeie 
two  you*  after  they  lumndeRd  to  Peea.  The  battle  of  Canbobo 
may  be  coniidered  ai  bavins  put  an  end  to  the  war  in  Veociueh. 
On  the  iQth  at  June  181I  Bolivar  entered  Camaa,  and  by  the 
doae  of  the  year  the  Spaolaid*  wen  driven  from  every  port  of 
the  pcovinca  uoept  Puerto  Cabdlo.  The  neit  Mep  wu  to 
Mcnre,  by  pcnna>eal  poUtical  hutitntioni,  the  independenco 
■Udi  had  beat  to  dctdy  pntthued;  ud,  accordingly,  on  the 
joth  ol  Augnt  iSai  Ibe  eonatitulioD  el  Colombia  una  adopted 
wiAVMnl "-■= — ■■' ■"-' '-■—  '-■' 


remsiforUmtodo.    TheSpanimb, 
mbta,  atiU  bdd  pouemfonof  theneigb- 

_^  .   ..  .  dotandPemiandBolivardetermiiied 

u  coDpiete  the  Uberation  ol  tbe  wl^le  cosntry.  Placing  hlo- 
tell  at  Ibe  bead  of  Iht  army,  he  maichtd  on  Quito  In  Eoiador. 
A  Kvan  bMtle  wn  foncht  at  PiAiDcbB,  whete,  by  the  peoweu 
of  bi(  colleatue  Sncre,  the  ^anierdi  were  lOMed,  and  Qoho 
wa«  otcnd  by  the  repuUkev  la  Jnu  iSai.  BtUvar  then 
nuTTt™*  ivoa  linm.  *luch  tbe  nyaHtta  enotatcd  at  U* 
■nmwcfci  and  eateilng  the  ovital  m  triumph,  he  «u  inveMed 
wttih  abntoM  power  a*  tScMtor,  and  authorind  to  call  into 
■ctiaaeB  tbe  Teeoumi  if  the  country.  Owfaic,  hoaewet,  to  tbe 
Intrifaa  of  the  repnblkaB  faction*  in  Feni  he  wu  forced  to 
wllhdnw  to  Trmdllo,  kttvbig  tbe  cafiai  to  the  maty  el  Ibe 


ihdr  tetml  to  Uppa  t> 
with  eqaal  aUlity  and 
Ayacncfao,  and  Ibua 

>  ot  tbe  Spaaianb  hi  Pou  were  now 
ol  CiHm,  whkh  Roda  malntaiaed  lot 
upwanti  of  a  year,  in  ipite  «l  ell  the  bkwu  that  coaM  be  em- 
'ployed  for  tbeir  ndaciloa.  In  Jaoe  iSt;  BoUmi  vlitted  Upper 
Peni,  which,  having  detached  iUeV  froa  tho  (owmment  ot 
Biefw*  Aim,  wai  formed  Into  a  teparate  itale,  called  BeHvia. 
in  henoui  of  tha  liberator.  The  fint  coniitM  of  the  new 
republic  auenUed  hi  Augurt  rSij,  when  Bolivar  wu  dedared 
perpetual  protector,  md  rcqueited  to  pr^iaR  for  it  a  ninatita- 


wai  now  dliected  to  the  admbdatratiaB  of  tbe  affilri 
of  the  freed  ptovlnaa.  Hla  endcavoun  Id  latlify  hli  country- 
men In  tUen^MCt  did  bdI  alwayi  meet  with  eocouragement,  and 
•ometima  expeaed  him  to  alander.  In  December  xtt*  Bolivar 
convoked  a  coaithueBt  coogRaa  fdr  the  February  (oltowbig; 
hat  tUi  body,  takbg  into  conudemtlon  the  imieltled  itate  of  the 
OHmtry,  tbmiihl  It  proper  to  invest  him  with  dictatorial  power 
tor  ano^r  year.  Hit  project  of  a  conslitDtlon  for  Bolivia  was 
Pfmented  to  the  con(rc»  ^  that  Mate  OD  Ibe  tsthof  May  TS16, 
addreu,  in  which  be  embodied  hii  opbdsns 
of  gDvemment  which  be  ooncdved  nott 
eipedient  (or  the  newly  established  repablks.  TUa  code,  how- 
ever, did  not  give  satisfaction.  Its  most  ertraordlnaiy  feature 
consisted  In  the  provisioii  for  lodging  tbe  executive  autfaorily 
in  the  hsnds  of  ■  president  for  life,  without  rcsponsIUIiqr  and 
with  power  to  nominate  his  lUKcssor,  a  proposal  which  ahinned 
the  friends  of  liberty,  and  eidtsd  lively  apprebmaions  BIDongst 
the  tepublicans  of  BucniB  Aires  and  Chile;  whilst  hi  f^ra, 
Bolivar  was  accvaed  of  a  design  to  unite  into  one  state  Cotorabia, 
Pen  and  BoUvk,  and  to  tender  himidf  perpetual  dictator  of  th< 
confederacy. 

Id  the  neanwhlle  the  alTaIn  of  Colombia  had  tilien  a  turn 
which  demanded  the  presence  of  Bolivar  In  his  own  country. 
During  his  absence  Santander  had  administered  tbe  government 
of  the  state  ably  and  uprightly,  and  its  independeiux  had  bee* 
recognized  by  other  countiks.  Bat  Pact,  who  commanded  ia 
Veneuda,  having  been  accused  of  aitalraty  condnct  in  tbe  enrol- 
ment of  tbe  dtiiens  of  Caraou  fai  tlie  militi*,  refused  obedience 
.  and  placed  hianelf  In  a  state  of 
guvemment,  being  encouraged  by  a 
Bortbera  departments  who  deseed 
■epitatlon  from  the  rest  of  the  republic 

Accordingly,  having  entrusted  the  goventmcnt  to  a  councQ 
Domliuted  by  himself,  with  Santa  Crui  st  its  bead,  Bolivar  set 
out  flora  Lima  hi  September  1816,  and  baslenuig  10  BogDla, 
arrived  then  on  the  14th  of  November.  He  immediately 
auumcd  the  extraordinary  powers  wfafcb  by  the  constitution 
the  president  wai  antbotlied  to  enrcbe  In  case  of  rebelUon. 
After  a  sbDrl  stay  to  the  c^iltal  he  pteaaed  Corrard  to  stop  the 
effuiloD  el  bleed  In  Veneiudi,  whoe  mattos  bad  gone  muc^ 
farther  than  be  could  have  eontemplatcd.  On  the  31st  ef 
December  be  readied  Puerto  CabeUo,  and  tha  fUlowing  day  he 
itsacd  a  deoee  offering  a  geocral  amuea^.  He  had  then  ■ 
friendly  meetlngwithPuaaBdaoaiafUrenteRdCincas,  where 
■    ' -  • '    ■    -        -       depart- 

,andbybwtbey 
ihoBMbnFeqealliedumcbtaijBinBrytSsj.  In  Febnmry,  how 
ever3olfmrlotBilyTerifliied  tbe  pniMency  of  therepublic,at  tha 

of  ambitloDidiictaltidbccniefredjrcutuponUm,  1^  retiring 
Into  private  lite,  and  spendlni  the  remainder  of  hii  days  on  hi* 


ing  his  own  conviction  that  Ibe  tnrabk*  and  agtutiom  of  tbt 
country  could  oidy  be  appeased  by  tbe  authority  and  penooal 

fnflnence  of  the  Uberatix  bimself .    This  vie*  bdng  coiiEtmed 
by  a  reviution  ol  cengrwi,  eltkiegh  it  «a*  i    ' 


BOLtVAR— BOLIVIA 


Cotiunbla.  Bii  uiivd  ni  uxdaaled  by  (ha  oi 
event*  in  Feni  and  [he  louUiaii  depuInMot*  which  nnicfc  at  the 
veiy  branditiaD  of  hii  paver.  Not  tons  after  hudeputnn  Iron 
Lima,  the  Boliviao  axle  had  btoi  ail^iled  M  tha  coulitutisa 
of  Pen,  and  Salivu  had  been  dcdwed  |K<aideot  for  life  on  the 
gth  of  December  1816,  tliaaaiiinnaiy  of  the  tiittkof  Ayicucbo. 

jil  tV,i.  ttm-lh»  l-alaaiM.a  .i.rili..y  .n.>y-.T.-v|tln-H  h  """. 

tmoft  tmder  Laa  tad  Stoit,  becune  diUnBtfnl  of  Bolivar'i 
detiina  on.  the  fieedoai  of  (be,iqwbtlc  Accofdinifr,  in  about 
■ii  weeka  tiler  the  adoption  of  BoUvu'a  new  omititutioo,  a 
coualet-tevoIutioD  in  the  govenuoent  dI  Peni  wai  effected  by 
thia  body  of  diwarhfind  veieraoi,  and  (be  Peniviam,  availing 
theouelve*  of  the  opportunity,  abjured  the  BoUvltn  (ode,  de- 
pcaed  the  coundl  appointed  by  the  liberator,  and  pnxeedcd 
to  organiu  a  proviiional  government  for  tftenuelvea*  After  ihii 
blaodleu  RV^ption  the  third  division  embarked  at  Callao  on  the 
17th  of  Hatch  tSij,  and  landed  In  the  touthon  deparUDent  of 
Oilombia  In  the  following  laoBlli.  iDteUiicnce  t4  thoe  eventa 
reacbcd  Bolivar  while  in  the  north  of  Colombia,  and  be  lost  no 
time  in  prepaiing  to  march  against  the  refnutoiy  timps,  who 
fonnerly  had  placed  inch  implicit  confidence  in  him.  But  he 
waa  spared  the  ncccsaity  of  coming  to  blowi.  for  the  leaderi. 
finding  the  govenuttejtt  in  the  hands  of  tfie  national  executive, 
hadpeaceaUy  (ubmiiiedto  GooeRd  Ovando,  In  the  meanwhile 
Bolivar  bad  accepted  the  prc^dency,  and  resumed  the  lunctions 
'  '  '  Bat  although  Colombia  was, 

.....  itcd  to  tranquillity,  the  utioD 
>o  parties.  Bolivar  had,  no  dnibt,  regained 
the  personal  confideooB  of  the  oflicen  and  idldicra  ti  the  third 
divisioiii  but  the  rtpublicati  party,  with  Sanlander  at  their 
hrad,  continued  to  regard  with  undisguiacd  qtprehension  his 
ascendiUicy  over  the  army,  tuqKCtmg  him  of  a  doire  to  imitate 
the  career  of  Napoleon.  In  the  meanwhile  all  parties  looked 
aniiously  to  the  convention  of  OcalU,  which  wai  (oasKeiUe  in 
March  iSig,  for  a  decided  e^ircBaion  o(  the  nattcoal  wiU.  The 
republicans  hoped  thai  the  Issue  of  iU  deUbemtioas  would  be 
favouiable  to  tbeit  vfewi;  whilst  the  military,  on  the  other  hand, 


of  the  Spanista  vloe-royalty  of  Fern  and  kBown  ai ,__ 

cai,  or  Upper  Fern.    It  ia  the  third  laigcK  peUtiol 
of  the  contii 
.    .,     D  11°  j^  S.  lal.,  and  from  j» 
bounded  N.  and  E.  by  Baiil,  S.iijf  I 
and  W.  by  Chile  and  in™.     "    " 


manent  form  of  govemmcnt  was  narntial  to  the  puUic  welfare. 
Hic  latter  view  gnenu  to  have  prevailed.  In  virtue  of  a  decree, 
dated  Bogota,  the  17th  ol  August  iSiS,  BoUvar  assumed  the 
supreme  poiner  in  CdomlMa,  and  CMitinued  to  eaerdse  it  until 
his  death,  which  took  place  at  San  Pedro,  iKar  Santa  hfatta,  on 
the  I7lh  of  December  iSjo. 

Bolivar  q>ent  nine-tenths  of  a  iftaidid  patrimony  in  the 
service  of  bjs  country;  and  altbmigh  he  had  (otacoaidtiable 
period  unliinitcd  control  over  the  revenues  of  three  oouDtik* — 
Colombia,  Peru  and  Bolivia— he  died  without  a  ibiUing  of  puUic 


a  1S4S  to  Caracas,  where  a  moBu- 
ment  waa  eRCted  to  his  meinoiy;  a  statue  was  put  up  in  Bogota 
la  tt^i  in  iS}B  the  Parnviao*  followed  the  example  by  erecting 
us  MtiuMrlan  Matuo  of  the  libciator  In  Uma;  and  in  18B1  a 
autne  was  erected  in  Central  Park,  New  York. 

Twenty.two  vtdumei  of  officul  docuiDcmi  bearing  oa  Bolivar's 
career  were  offidaBypubliitied  at  Caracai  in  IIU6-lSti.  There  arc 
Gth  by  Lartaabaf  TNew  York,  re66):  Rojas  (Madrid,  188})  ;an<) 
DwnKtrsy-HolHeln  (P»U.  1831).  Two  volumes  ot  his  cmTt- 
•poodnn  were  pubUsbed  la  New  York  In  it66. 

■OUTAB.  till  ifog  a  department  ol  Colombia,  bounded 
N.  and  W.  by  the  Caribbean  Sea,  E.  by  the  departmenu  of 
''sylikiia  and  Santander,  S.  to  Anlioquia  and  S.W.  by  Caaca. 


It  baa  as  area  ol  tjfitt  aq.  bl,  T<f*  la  (cent  part  of  low, 
aUuviat  plain*,  denady  wooded,  bM  dlghJy  cnlUvatad  and 
unsuUed  fee  BOfth  Euopcan  laboor.  TbepopuIatioo,*MimaU)] 
■t  13},097  hi  tSw,  Is  coMoaed  largely  e4  ida^  raceaj  fi  some 
localitteatbeinhabilantsof  mixed  mceaieestimated  to  coosllniEe 
foitr-fiftba  ol  die  populttinL  Tht  capital,  Cartagena  an  the 
Catibbeaa  coait,  wai  ODce  the  principal  commcrdal  entrepAt  o( 
Colooibia.  Otbci  impoiuat  town*  an  Bananqidlla  and 
Udmpox  (8000),  OD  Itac  Migdalnta  ilvtr,  and  Comod  («ooe) 
and  Locica  {io,nt  In  igoi},  near  the  wtilini  coast. 

BOUVAS.  an  inlawl  Male  ol  Veaenwli,  lyfaig  S.  of  tiK 
JrinocB  and  Apure.  wiib  the  YurDaii  tenitoiy  ea  the  £,  the 
Carooi  river  loniuBS  the  boondaiy,  and  the  AmtaoBi*  UrriUMry 

havn  led  to  various  _, 

state,  which  comprise*  Isrss 

Is  a  country  of  extensi^ 

siBson  with  nutritious  p 

^f   "*■**",  and  of  gR..  ....«-  -».  »«...._  ...»^ 

population  was  given  in  i8m  »  tJS>>I9i  hot  its  ana  baa  bb^ 
laigtly  reduced  lino*  (bea.  Tbe  ca|dtal  li  Qadad  Bolivar, 
formaly  ealkd  AofMlBn,  wUcb  I*  *jt)urted  on  the  right  ba^ 
of  the  Orinoco  ahait  mo  m.  ihart  it*  month;  pop.  ii,4t4. 


have  been  considerably  confuted  by 

tq.  m.,  but  Sipan  (Sis  BaUhmmt  dr  Srdt,  190*)  pfauM  it  at 
515,156  sq,ni, 

Onunfane), — lltt  botmdary  line  betwuui  Balhaa  and  Biaxil 
has  its  origin  in  the  Hmiti  beweta  the  Spanish  and  Portugese 
cohmies  determined  by  the  treaUta  of  Uadiid  and  Sta  Udefoen 
(i7So  and  1777),  wfaii^  acta  Budified  bf  the  Ucatia  ei  lUj 
and  100].  Bc^nnlag  at  the  outlet  of  BaUa  Hegm  into  the 
Paraguay  rivet,  lat.  *S^  oS*  35'  S.,  the  Una  asctads  tha  laHel 
to  anoint  on  the  wen  bank  9  kDoaettc*  below  Fort  Coimbn, 
tbence  Inland  4  kllometTO  to  a  point  ia  laL  ig*  if  36'  S.  and 
long.  sS*  04'  i>'7'  W.,  whence  UfgUowaaBimfidareaamH. 
and  E.  ol  N.  to  Laka  ItaadiotC  Galbaat  GahSia,  and  Ubcnba, 
then  up  the  Saa  MaTlai  ilver  aad  N.  ahmg  tlM  Sittra  ^fr^f^^ 
Ftatiro  to  the  headwater*  ot  the  Rio  Vcnie,  a  trUntair  ot  the 
Cnvori.  llifs  paK  of  the  bonadaiy  wa*  turned  iidand  imii 
the  Paraguay  to  iadadii  wftUn  Bniitiaa  Jialadtetloa,  Fott 

waa  BMdiCed  in  190J  by  the  nccidon  al  abeat  itjS  tq.  n.-  u 
Bolivia  to  provide  better  commeitial  fadUlie*  on  tte  Puagnay. 
The  11k  lollows  tlK  Verde,  Cuaport,  Mtmoit  aad  Uadeiis 

>down  lo  the  moulh  of  the  Abuna,  in  about  lat.  C*J4'  S., 
«  w,4einlaed  by  the  tnaty  of  igoj.  This  it  •  part  al  the 
oigiaal  eotonltl  fiontitf.  ediich  cxtoided  down  the  Madaita  to  a 
poiat  midway  betama  the  B«ni  and  the  Amaioa.and  tbn  lan 
dneW.totbaJavaqr.  Thetreatyof i867clwM»thiBttMtii«< 
pcint  to  the  neathol  the  BenI,  in  lat  ia°  4^  S.,  and  deaignatad  a 
straight  Una  10  the  aouroe  of  the  Javaiy  a*  the  bontier,  »Ucli 
gave  to  Biaiila  laigeareaof  territory;  but  when  thevalutblerabber 

a  of  the  upper  Fur6s  became  known  the  BtaiUiaia  invaded 
^.m^iL  and  dcDUJuled  another  modificaUoa  of  the  boundary  line. 
This  waa  fmslly  settled  In  1003  by  the  treaty  ^  Pelnpslia, 
which  provided  that  the  line  ahonld  ascend  the  Abuna  livcf  to 
lat.  10' so' $.,  Iheoce  along  that  paraUel  W.  to  the  Rapiiran  river 
which  it  followed  to  its  principal  aoune,  tbence  due  W.  to  the 
Itiuv  tint  vhich  is  followed  W.  lo  iU  toiua,  thenta  to  tte 


BOLIVIA- 


•67 


leufcc  oi  Bahii  Cnck  whkh  a  foUowed  to  tbc  Aof  or  Aquijy 

6gth  moidiui  il  nma  direct  lo  Liu  1  ith  panUd  which  wiU  form 
lit  bounduy  lint  to  the  Peniviu  frontier.  This  frosliei  give 
ilmu  60,000  Iq.  B.  ol  temloiy  to  Bnzil,  for  which  the  liller 
put  in  indemnily  of  £>,ciooAeo  md  (bsut  115S  )q.  m.  of 
lenitoiy  on  the  Uitto  Giotu  fnntier.  The  bmatiary  wilh 
Pmgiuy  i(  nnuiiled,  but  an  unnlibnl  tienty  o(  Ibc  ijnl  ol 
"  n  1894  prorida 


ibtPatg 


lyrtver 


Ih  of  Fori 


oulb-». 


in  long. 


il°  98'  W.,  where  it  unite*  with  the  Argentine  boundaiy.  Thi 
bsonduy  with  Chile  wu  gmtly  nodiAed  hy  the  results  ol  the 
WIT  of  1879-S],  u  determined  by  the  tieatis  of  iSSi,  i£E6  ud 
i«9j,  BolivU  loting  her  depinmcnt  of  the  lilloral  on  Ihe  Picific 

Pro™ioni  wen  made  in  189s  lor  the  cesiioo  of  the  port  ol 
Me)iUoiKi  del  Norte  (nd  ■  right  ol  way  ums  the  province  of 
Tinpui,  but  Pern  protested,  ud  negotidiont  fdloHnl  lor  the 
<nt«o  of  Cobijt,  in  the  province o(  Anlol>gii»Uu  TbeM  ne)toti»- 
Uoni  proved  Iniilless,  niid  in  1904  Bolivia  nccepled  *  pecuniary 
indemnity  in  lieu  of  tenilory.  The  new  boundary  line  itarla 
Iran  Ihe  MBuait  of  the  Sapderi  <or  Zapalerii),  where  the 


td  Chilfan  boundarie 


Lo  Licancaur,  thence  north  to 
it  follow 


St  southern  sotiice  of 


direction  of  the  Oyahujt  volcano,  and  thence  in  a  straight  hi 
to  the  Tua  volcano,  on  the  fronlJet  ol  the  province  ol  Tarapaci. 
From  this  point  the  line  follawi  the  lummiu  ol  the  Cordillera 
SiLlliea  north  10  the  Certo  Paqulia,  on  the  Tama  frontlet,  and 
to  the  Nevada  Pomarape,  near  the  fionliei  of  Peru.     Tbeoce  it 

Lake  Titicaca,  and  crosses  the  latter  diagonilly  lo  Huaicho  i 


thcK 


mlhii 


pmnt 


le  Cordi 


esLake, 


i'j(y>>»pa/ib'-—KeusUy  calculated,  ino-hlihsof  Ihe  lolal  ana 


Real  thro 

«h  the  valley  olth 

Sanju 

mdelOrolo 

Cololoa 

dApolo 

ngestothe 

he  Sine  r 

ver,  and 

thence  d 

owntha 

Unc  eitht 

follows 

the  lane 

Midrede 

Dios,  or  1 

parting 

letHeen  that 

Tambop. 

a  or  Fand 

,tolhe 

valley  0 

the  Madre 

BOLIVIA 


«f  Bolivia  i)  comprised  »i  [bin  the  Andein  cotdil>r»s  which  crosi 
tu  Kiuth-west  comer  »nd  project  aat  toward  the  BraiQian  high- 
bbdliD thcfoTTDofrngmtobCuKanfJe,  Tlw Cordilleras^ divided 
into  (wo  great  panHel  chBlnSi  with  flanking  rangea  and  spun  IQ 
the  eait,  reach  their  greatol  breadth  at  Ibii  point  and  toroi 
the  maisi/  of  the  Aodean  lysttni.  It  is  made  up  of  ■  nuobei 
el  panlle]  nDgi*  encloaing  gretc  devMrd  plalesui  bnlieD  by 
tranavene  iaiig«8»nd  deep  nvino.  Noriii-Bi»t  of  Lake  Tiiicaca 
there  is  a  conFtued  maaa  or  knot  (the  Nvido  de  Apolobamba) 
of  lofty  mlerHectiDg  iidge»  which  indude  loiDe  of  the  highest 
yeaks  in  South  America.  Below  this  mountainous  ares  the 
langes  open  out  and  enclose  eitcniive  pbtcaus.  The  western 
lange,  the  Cordillera  Occidental,  a  pari  of  the  boundary  between 
Bolivia  and  the  northern  pioviocts  of  Chile,  closely  toUowi  the 
coast  outline  and  lonns  the  westecii  isinput  of  th«  gieat  BoUt^an 
tabletapd  or  nlfa-^niRnc,  which  eitnids  from  Che  Vilcaoota 


LotheSe 


□.  broad,  and 

about  4o,ooD  sq.  m.  The  noithctn  part  of  this  plateau  ii  com- 
monly called  the  funa;  the  southern  part,  the  "deurl  of 
Upei,"  in  character  and  apptatancc  ii  pan  of  the  gmt  Fviui 
dt  Alicinii,  This  plateau  has  an  avenge  elevation  of  about 
ii,6jo  ft.  Dcu  Lake  Titfcaca,  but  descends  about  looo  f  L  toward 
III  iDuthern  eitremity.  II  is  a  great  lacustrine  basin  where  once 
existed  an  inland  sea  having  an  outlet  to  the  cast  through  the 
La  Pai  goige.  The  pUteau  is  bllsk  and  inhospitable  in  the 
Doith,  bartea  and  arid  towikrd  the  south,  coatsinmg  great  saline 
depressiom  coveted  with  water  in  the  rainy  eeason,  and  bnlceo 
by  ridges  and  peaks,  the  highest  bung  the  Cerro  de  Tahua, 
I7,4S4  ft-  Overlooking  the  plateau  fmm  the  west  are  the  snow- 
dad  poJu  of  Pomanipe  (10,505  ft.},  Parinacola  (10,918  ft), 
Sajama  (]r,D4;},  Huallaliri  (11,1154),  Ijrima  (iQ.iiS),  and  the 
three  volcanic  peaks,  Oyahua  (ig,ii6),  Saa  Pedro  y  Pablo 
(i9,*J3)  and  Licancaur  (15,685).  The  eastern  tampan  of  this 
great  jjatcau  is  ioimed  by  the  Cordiikra  Oriental,  which  el- 
tends  notlh-west  into  Peru  under  the  name  of  Canbaya,  and 
■Duth  to  the  frontier  in  broken  nngei,  one  o(  whicli  trend)  wuth- 
eastin  the  vicinity  of  Suci*,  Tie  main  part  of  thii  great  range, 
lioown  as  the  Cordillera  Real,  and  one  of  the  most  imposing 
oioiiDtaln  masses  of  the  worid,  extends  from  the  Peruvian  border 
■0u1h.ea$t  10  the  ifith  parallel  and  exhitnts  a  series  of  snow- 
crowned  peaks,  notably  the  triple-created  I'lampu  or  Sonta 
(ai,4«o  ft.),  niimani  (Conway,  11,904),  Cacaaa  (10,571)  and 
Chachicomani  (11,434).  Of  the  ranges  extending  south  frotn 
the  CordQlera  Real  and  bnnchkg  out  between  the  iSth  and  19th 
parallela,  the  mnre  prominent  are  the  Frailea  which  fanci  the 
eastern  rampart  of  the  great  central  plateau  and  which  is  cele- 
brated for  its  mineral  deposits,  the  Chichas  which  runs  south  from 
the  vicinity  of  Polosi  to  the  Argentine  frontier,  and  the  Livichuco 
tibicb  turns  south-cast  and  forms  the  wntcnhed  between  the 
Cachioiayo  and  Pilcomayo.  The  more  ptomioent  peaks  in  and 
between  these  ranges  are  the  Asanaque  (16,85;),  Michaga 
(17.389),  Cuzco  (17,930),  Potosi  (is,3Si),  Chorolque  (18,480) 
and  Tuluma  (i5,5Bt).  At  the  soulbcm  eitremity  of  the  great 
plateau  b  the  transverse  Serraaia  de  Lipei,  the  culminating 
crest  of  which  stands  >S,404  ft.  above  sea-teveL  The  nstem 
rampart  of  the  Bolivian  highlands  comprises  two  distinct 
chains— the  Sierra  de  Cochabamba  on  the  north-east  and  the 
ra  de  Hisioneian  the  east.    Between  these  and  the  Cordillera 


Orien' 

or  leu  closely 
deeply  cut  by  rii 
fall  is  hev 
rtigged  in  charai 


ssof  hi 


.    Ther 


especially  on  the  n 


:,  when  the  rain 


■gione 


angesis 


is  esteemed  highly  for  its  fertile 
valleys  ana  its  tine  cumnlc,  and  is  called  the  "  Bolivian  Swiuei- 
land,"  Lying  wholly  within  the  tropics,  these  mountain  masses 
form  oo(  of  the  most  interesting  as  well  as  one  of  the  moat 
Impoting  and  difficult  regions  of  the  world.  At  their  feel  and  in 
their  lower  valleys  (he  heat  is  intense  and  the  vegetation  is 
tropical.  Above  these  are  cool,  temperate  slopes  and  valleys, 
and  lii|b  above  tbesc,  bleak,  vriod-iw^  passes  and  anavrchd 


peaks.    West  of  the  Cordillera  Oriental,  where  spedal  conditioitt 

prevail,  a  great  desert  plateau  stretches  entirely  aoosi  one  comet 
of  the  republic  Apart  from  the  Andean  syilem  thne  iaa  grogp 
of  low,  broken,  gneiss  ranges  ilretcfaing  along  tlie  east  aide  trf 
Bolivia  among  the  upper  affluents  of  the  Mamorf  and  Onapaii, 
which  appear  to  belong  to  the  older  Brazilian  otngraphic  ayston, 
from  which  they  have  been  separated  by  the  erodve  action  of 
water.  Th^  are  known  sa  the  Sierras  de  Chiquito«,  vi  arc 
geologically  mterrsting  because  of  their  proximity  to  the  eastm 
projection  of  the  Andes.  Thar  culminating  point  is  Cerro 
Cochii,  3894  ft.  above  sea-level,  but  iw  the  most  part  they  are 
but  little  mwe  than  rangn  of  low  wooded  hiila,^having  in  general 
a  north-west  and  eoulh<aat  direction  between  the  tjth  and  iglh 

The  popular  conception  of  Bolivia  Ii  that  of  an  extremely 
rugged  OKHintainous  counliy,  although  fully  Ihree-fifths  of  it, 
including  the  Chiqaitos  region,  is  composed  of  low  alluvial 
plains,  great  swamps  and  flooded  botloiilandi,  and  gently 
undulating  forest  regions.  In  the  eitrecoe  south  are  the  Bolivtaa 
Chaco  and  the  lianos  (open  grassy  plains)  of  Manio,  while  above 
these  in  eastern  Chuquisaca  and  southern  Santa  Crux  are  extcn- 
dvpswampsand  low-lying  plains,Bubjecl  to  periodical  inundations 
andof  little  value  for  agricultural  and  pastoral  purposes.    Tlwre 

tie  above  (he  floods  and  afford  rich  giaziog  lands.  Tlie  great 
drawback  to  this  region  is  defective  drsiaege;  the  atrcams  havn 
"  '  in  the  rainy  seaaon. 


n  the  Chtquito 


re  the  I 


diversified  suilace.  North  of  this  elevation,  which  formed  the 
southern  shore  of  the  ancient  Mojos  Lake,  are  the  llanoa  of 
Guanyoi  and  Mojos,  occupying  an  citcnuve  region  tnvened 
by  the  Ciiapot^,  San  Miguel,  Cuapay,  Mamort,  Yacuma,  Beni 
and  Madre  de  Dios  riven  and  their  numerous  tributatiea.  It 
was  once  covered  by  the  great  Mojos  Lake,  and  still  cont^Da 
large  undrained  areas,  like  thatof  Lake  Rojoagua  (or  Roguaguado). 
It  contains  ric±  agricultural  dbtricts  and  extensive  open  ^aina 
where  cattle-raising  has  been  successfully  followed  lince  tbe 
days  of  the  Jesuit  missions  in  Ifaat  regioiL  The  hmei  slope*  of 
the  Andes,  especially  'toward  the  nor^-*eat,  wheie  the  country 
is  tiBVciWd  by  the  Beni  and  Madre  de  DIos,  are  coveted  with 
heavy  forests.  This  is  one  of  the  richest  diitricu  of  Bolivia  aiul 
is  capable  of  sustaining  a  Urge  population. 

The  rivcuysiems  of  Bolivia  fall  naturally  Into  three  disUnct 
regions— the  Amaion,  La  Plata  and  Central  Plateau.  Tbe  lint 
includea  the  rivers  flowing  dircclly  and  indirectly  into  tbe 
Madeira,  one  of  the  great  tributaries  of  the  Amazon,  togetlieT 
with  some  small  tributaries  of  the  Acrt  and  Furtis  In  the  north, 
all  of  which  form  a  diainage  basin  covering  more  than  onaJmll 
of  the  repnblic.  The  two  principal  rivers  of  this  system  at*  the 
Mamori  and  Beni,  which  unite  In  Ul-  la*  ga*  S,  to  form  the 
Madeira,  Th^  Maraort,  the  upper  part  of  which  is  caUid  the 
Chimor*,  rises  on  the  north-east  slopes  of  the  Sierra  de  Codia- 
bambaa  little  south  of  the  17th  parallel,  and  foUowa  a  northerly 
serpentine  course  to  lis  confluence  with  the  Beni,  the  pcater 
part  of  which  course  is  between  the  65th  and  66lh  meridiaBS. 
Tbe  river  has  a  length  of  about  too  m..  fully  three-fonrtha  ol 
which,  from  Chimor£  (935  ft,  above  sea  level)  to  Ihe  rafwla  acaf 
id  mouth,  passes  across  a  level  plain  and  is  navigable,  Tbit 
principal  Bolivian  tributary  of  the  Mamoif, the  GuapayorCrande, 
which  is  larger  and  longer  than  the  former  above  their  coafltienca 
and  should  be  considered  the  main  stream,  rises  in  the  CordiPera 
Oriental  east  of  Lake  Parppa  Anllaguas,  and  Oowi  east  to  the 
north  extremity  of  the  Sierra  deMiuones,  where  it  emetfca  upon 

curve,  it  passes  around  the  southeast  extremity  of  the  Sion  de 
Cochabamba,  skirls  the  Llanos  de  Chiquitos,  and,  turning  10  the 
north-west,  unites  with  the  Uamort  at  Junta  de  lo>  Rjos  in  about 
15°  10'  a  lat.  and  £4°  40'  W,  long.  It  has  a  tortnoua  eaiine 
of  over  Tcs  m.,  which  is  descrilxd  as  not  navigable.  TIn 
principal  tritntariea  ol  the  Guapay  are  the  Uitque,  Piny  01 
Sari  and  Yapacani,  the  last  lising  on  the  cast  llcpa  of  ttaa 


16, 


lint  BiDW  wboc  It  biBiki  Ihroivti  with  k  gR(t  bead  U)  tb«  imtl). 
The  oUwr  lui*  Boliviin  tribuuiie*  <d  the  Haaiorf,  »ll  riling  on 
the  McUi<ut  fluk*  of  the  Aodcs,  ue  the  Qupui,  Siam, 
HwUque  at  Apat  uid  Yunuu.  the  lut  dninlng  ■  ngion  of 
hke>  and  (wunpe  nortb  of  the  Siem  ChunayK.  The  Beii  and 
Us  gKat  afluBit,  the  Uadxc  de  Dioi.  Uiough  ai  unalki  vcJoine 
and  eKtml  than  the  Mamorf,  an  of  mucfa  greater  cconoiuic 
importance  owing  to  their  navigability,  the  fertility  of  the 
region  they  tiraia,  and  the  great  faralB  along  tbdi  banks. 
Noith  of  the  Bedi,  the  Abuna  Son  into  the  Madeira.  Seviral 
of  itn  tooth  tributariei  belong  lo  Bolivia.  The  Cuapoii,  or 
Itenefc  an  aSuent  ol  the  Hamorf,  ii  the  thlnl  laigc  river  of 
Ihii  Bidinu  drainage  baiin,  hut  it  diet  in  Biuil,  cm  the 
HHUh  slopes  oi  the  Siena  do*  Faitcii,  where  it  flowa  in  a  gieal 
bend  to  the  Miulh  and  then  nat  of  noith  to  the  Bolivian 
froDliiT  in  14*  S-  lac  From  this  point  to  ita  junction  with  the 
Uamori,  a  little  north  of  ihc  i  ilh  panild,  it  flowi  in  a  uuth- 
wcsterly  direction  and  forma  the  boundary  line  between  the  two 
repuhlica.  iLaBraaiiiaji  tributaries  arc  comparatively  uninpott- 
Bnl,  but  fnm  Bolivia  it  reoivcs  the  BauRS  and  the  San  Miguel, 
both  rising  in  the  Sienas  dc  Cbiqiulos  and  flowing  north-wett 
actoa  the  Hanoi  to  the  Guapori.  The  Bauici  hai  one  large 
tributary,  the  Blanco,  and  the  Itaauoa  (San  Miguel)  has  its 
m  Lake  ConcepuAn,  lying  among  the  west  ranges  of  the 


u  gsi  1 


The  south-east  drainage  basin,  which  is  iculler  and  elononiic- 
aHy  less  iuportant  than  that  of  the  Madeira,  disjjiargea  into  the 
Paraguay  and  eitends  from  the  Sierras  de  Chiquitos  south  to 
the  Argentine  frontier^  and  from  the  Cordillera  Oriental  east 
to  the  Paraguay.  It  possesses  only  one  large  river  in  Bolivia, 
the  I^comayo.  which  rises  on  tlie  east  slopes  of  the  Cordillera 
Oriental  opposite  Ih*  south  end  of  Lake  Pompa  Aullaguai  and 
Bows  east  and  souih-eut  llmugh  the  sicna  retion  to  the  Bolivian 
Chaco.  It  Bows  through  a  nearly  level  djunlTy  with  so  sluggish 
a  current  that  ill  diiuincls  are  greatly  obitnicted.  Nothing 
definite  is  ksDim  ol  ill  tributaries  in  the  Chaco,  but  in  the  sierra 
region  it  posiesws  a  number  of  traall  Ihbuiatie^  the  largest  of 
which  are  tbe  Cachimiyo,  Maiaca  and  Fflaya  or  Comblays,  the 
latter  formed  by  the  Colagaita  and  San  Juan.  The  Berraejo, 
which  Is  an  Argentine  river^  receives  one  brge  tributary  from 
the  Bt^vian  uplands,  tbe  Tarija  or  Rio  Grande,  which  drains 
a  soall  district  south-east  oC  tbe  Santa  Victoria  sierra.  The 
Bolivian  tributaries  of  tlie  upper  Foniguay  are  amaQ  and  un- 
imporlanL  TIk  Oluquis,  the  jnosl  souibem  of  the  group,  is 
formed  by  the  San  Rafael  and  Tucabaca,  which  drain  both 
slopes  of  the  Cerro  Cochii  range;  but  is  lost  in  some  great 
mar^b^  50  m.  from  the  Paraguay.  Another  considerable  stream 
of  this  region,  which  is  lost  in  the  great  marshy  districts  of  the 
Bolivian  plain,  is  the  Parapili,  which  rises  on  tbe  eastern  slopes 
of  the  Sierra  de  Misiones  and  flows  aotth-calt  through  a  low 
liiaia  for  about  150  m.  until  lost. 

Ti^  third  drainage  basin  is  that  of  the  great  central  plateau, 
or  i^la-ptankii,  Tliis  is  ane  of  the  most  elevated  lacustrine 
basins  in  the  Koild,  and  though  it  once  drained  eutwaid.  now 
ha*  no  surface  outlet,  lake  Titicaca  receives  the  waters  of 
levctal  short  streams  Inm  the  neighbouring  heights  and  dis- 
charges through  the  Desaguadero,  a  sluggish  river  flowing  south 
for  tit  m.  with  a  gredually  dirouii-Jiing  depth  to  Lake  Pampa 
Aullaguaa  or  Poopo.  The  DEuguadcm  is  navigable  for  (moll 
cralt.  and  has  two  or  three  tmoll  tribuUrita  from  the  west.  Two 
small  streams  empty  into  Lake  Pampa  Aullaguas,  which  has  a 
small  outlet  in  the  Lacahabuita  Bowing  west  for  £0  m.  to  the 
Dcnegas  de  (salt-swamps  oQ  Coiposa.  The  drainage  of  this 
estensive  district  seems  to  be  wholly  absorbed  by  the  dry.sr^ 
of  the  doeit  and  Iiy  evaporation.  In  the  extreme  south  the  Rio 
Grande  de  Lipu  i>  absorbed  in  the  same  way. 

Few  of  the  Bolivian  lakes  are  at  all  well  known.  The  great 
lacostrine  basin  between  the  Ben!  and  the  Mamort  contains 
Kveral  takes  and  lagoons,  two  of  them  ot  large  use.  These  ore 
Lake  Rogagua  whose  waters  find  llicir  way  into  the  Beni  through 
Sio  Negro,  sod  the  Roguaguado  tsgoan  and  nuirshea  which 


covetalargeanaaftetrttdty  Dear  the  Uimori.  Thehtlahaa 
u  devalion  little,  if  any,  above  the  level  of  the  Mamort,  which 
appuently  drains  this  region,  and  iu  area  b*i  'been  oliiutid 
M  about  5S0  *q.  m.  Lake  CoacepdAo,  io  the  Chiquitoa  mouo. 
tains,  belongi  to  this  same  hydiagiapbic  area.  In  the  leuth-caat 
there  are  several  large  shallow  lakes  whose  characlei  and  siie 
change  with  the  season.  Tliey  hll  ahght  deprcvlons  and  at* 
caused  by  delective  drainage,  fieax  the  Paraguay  there  a^ 
several  of  these  lakes,  partly  caused  by  obstructed  outlets,  such 
as  Bahia  Negra.  Cicerea,  Mondlorf,  Gaiba  and  Uberaba,  soma 
of  them  of  su^ident  depth  to  be  navigable  by  small  craft.  Abovo 
the  lallet  are  the  great  Xoiayes  swamps,  sometlmci  described 
as  a  lake.  This  cegion,  like  that  of  tbe  iwrth,  is  subject  to 
periodica]  IniudalioDs  In  the  summer  months  (NoremlKr-March 
or  even  May],  when  eilcnsive  areas  o[  level  counity  arc  flooded 
and  tiafBc  is  pas  jbleooly  by  the  use  of  boats.  Tbe  two  principal 
lakes  at  the  plateau  legiaa  are  Tiiicnca  and  Fampa  Aullaguaa  01 
Foopo.  Tbe  former  lies  near  the  north  end  of  tbe  great  Bolivian 
aUa.^nUii,  11.644  It-  above  lea-level,  being  one  of  tbe  most 
elevated  lakes  ol  the  world.  It  is  indented  with  oumeioua  haya 
and  coves;  its  greatest  length  is  138  m.,  and  its  greatest  breadth 
6g  m.  According  to  a  survey  made  by  Dr  M.  Kevcau-Lemairo 
(La  C»cra^ir,  IK  p.  409,  Paris,  IV04),  its  water  BWfacc,eadDd- 
tae  Islands  and  peninsulas,  is  i^eg  sq.  ra.,  and  Its  greatest  depth 
is  B91  ft.  The  level  of  tbe  lake  rises  about  j  in.  in  mmmM;  th« 
loss  in  irintcT  is  even  grcalet.  Tbe  kike  belongs  to  both  Bijivia 
and  Peru,  and  is  aaviested  by  steamer*  running  between  Boiivha 
port!  and  the  Peiuvtan  railway  port  of  Puno.  The  outlet  of  tbi 
lake  is  Ihtou^  the  Desaguadero  river.  It  has  several  islands, 
the  largest  of  which  bears  the  same  name  and  contains  hi^ily 
intoesting  srchaeolocical  mooumenls  i^  a  preltistoric  dvillcatirai 
usually  attributed  to  the  Incas.  Lake  Panpa  Aidlagust  w 
Foopo  Is  about  1S0  m.  south-east  of  Tlticacn,  and  is  fed  prind- 
pally  by  its  outBow.  It  Ucs  $05  fL  below  the  level  of  Titicaca, 
which  gives  an  average  fsU  for  the  Desaguadero  of  very  nearly 
9}  ft  per  mile.  The  Pampa  AuUaguos  has  an  estimated  area  id 
386  >q.  ra.,  and  has  one  large  inhabited  Island.  The  lake  is 
shallow  and  the  diitrJct  about  It  is  sparsely  populated.  lu 
outlet  is  through  the  Lacahshulra  river  into  tbe  Coipasa  swamp, 
and  it  is  estimated  that  the  outBow  Is  mncb  less  than  the  inflow, 
showing  a  considerable  loss  by  evapotatioa  and  earth  absorption. 

Having  no  sca-OHit,  Bolivia  hu  no  le^Mit  except  wbat  may 
be  granted  in  usufruct  by  Chile. 

CaJoa.—Tbt  esilers  rai^™  ol  the  Boliwaa  Apdn  ire  fomied  al 


leUvo* 


whJe  t 


VEUioE  plateau  is  covocd  by  fmfawater  and  temstrial  depokiLs 
through  whidi  rise  rid)pesof  Palaeoroc  rock  and  of  a  Kries  of  red 
saodiuoes  and  [ypslferous  marls  of  soDicwhar  uncertain  age  (prob- 
ably,iDpanallea>t.Cretaceout).  The  Paloeoiok;  beds  have  yielded 
fouQt  or  Cambrian,  Ordovicion,  DevoBisn  and  Carboniferout  ago. 
In  sotithera  Bolivia  Cambrian  and  OrdovkiaD  beds  form  the  ffmaler 
part  of  the  eaklern  Andes,  but  farther  north  the  Devonian  and 
CorbonifcrouA  an  extcn^vely  developed,  especially  In  the  north. 
eislFm  ranges.  The  hill],  known  as  the  CbiquitoL  srhich  rise  from 
the  plains  ol  esKem  Bolivia,  an  oomposcd  of  ancient  ■edincmary 
rocks  of  unknown  ag*.  The  PalacemK  beds  are  dinctly  oveilaki 
by  a  series  of  red  sandstones  and  gyptiferous  norl^  Bniilar  to  th* 
/omocws  fOnlftn  of  Atgentiiu  and  Bnzil.  At  the  baie  there  i> 
iremisnily  a  eon^oment*  or  toff  of  porphyrltic  rocks,  Marine 
loftil*  foaad  by  Coicav  Sleimana  In  ibe  middlt  o<  the  Hieiait 

iLowat  CretaceoHL     ll  is.hoiicver,  not  impn^ble 
■present  more  than  one  geological  lyiiem.    No 

I >1ian  been  foond  ellher  in  tbe  easuni  Andes 

or  in  the  pUn  of  Bcili^  bat  ImhwMcr  beds  of  Tcrtiai]' and  laiB 
dale  ooauiy  a  wide  area.  The  mMdesMila,  which  cover  so  lata 
a  pan  ol  Ibe  depreirioD  between  the  Eastern  and  Ike  Westeta 
Cordillera,  appear  to  he  partiy  of  toj  '"  "  '  '"  *"---*---■---'- 
-.  ...  ,.^  J  mouotai '- 


that  tbe  seifes  mi 


t?iW<^!; 


<»iB   t  -     -       . 

ttvtty  gradatkia  of  Icmpentuie,  from  that  of  the  titjpicai  1qi 
luidsto  the  Antic  cold  of  the  toow-oqipcdpakidirtctly  (have. 
nil  vtrtiol  ■mngcmnit  of  dimatlc  taaa  ii  moiSfied  to  nine 
eitait  Ch  thin  in  Ai|entin>)  by  vurinf  nbdill  cowBtioni, 
which  uc  govcned  by  tht  hij^  moumtln  nnfcs  cnnini  one 
oonur  of  the  repuMk,  and  (bo  by  the  prenUinf  winds.  The 
trade  windi  five  to  S.  Bolivia  a  wd  and  diy  Kaaaa  limilti  to 
thai  of  N.  Argentina.  Farther  north,  and  eait  of  the  Cordillera 
Orienta],  nini  faO  throughout  tlw  year,  tluiu^  the  mmmer 
raonthi  (NovfDibcT-Hardi)  an  mudljr  described  aa  Oe  ninjr 
uaion.  On  the  wot  tide  of  the  Coidilleca,-wUdt  eitncU  the 
moiiture  from  the  prevailiogeiMedy  vindt,  the  elevated  plat 
have  a  litoiled  rainfall  in  the  north,  lAich  dii '  ' ' 
■outh  until  tlie  eorface  tieconui  ainaltitdy 


tticK  are  not  frequent  and  occur  during  a  ibiitt  eeaian  onljr. 
Electiici]  wind  storms  ate  fnquent  in  thcM  high  altitndes. 

Bolivia  hu  a  «4de  twife  of  temperatine  bMmtn  places  of  the 
same  latimde.  The  nativea  ifr linme  the  BeHviaH  dimatie  aonea  i 
nnfof,  hBi  atrntiiayaga  caioaa  ii  soUc.  Mih  and  fa—  tnm. 
The  jwiKu  coBpiliea  all  the  tovlaada  and.tb*  nsiutaia  vallejn 
up  to  IB  elevaUoB  d  jooo  ft.  The  ttsipentiiic  ig  tninl,  iriater 
h  aaksowo  and  the  uauaphere  ia  euxediiwly  hamid.  The  mean 
leiopentiire.  aHnding  to  tilBcuX  eitiiiiam  b  70*  P.,  but  thii  pnh- 
ably  lepreieafa  the  avefafe  betoeco  the  Uftier  devstlons  anil  the 
tmr  countiy.  The  pottc  loiH  isdiutM  the  deep  vaUeyi  froa  9000  to 
9300  Ic,  hu  a  varmcLnute  with  modenEe  vanatlou  in  teekperatun 
ud  «  cold  weather,  11  ■ub-tr^nol  in  chancter  aod  prooiKtioni, 
and  b  Kiqietiniet  described  as  a  nvitn'ef  pemetiial  sumner.  The 
MtMn  il  Hlh,  as  tlB  name  incUatc*,  iBclades  the  beads  d  the 
deep  vbUbts  aboH  the  Mflf  sone,  vith  dsvatigos  nnfiar  from 

. .. .  ,^  J , ^  .-  j!.^^_^  y,(^  lemlar 

,, , r- ^r nd  vegetables. 

The  pno,  iriiich  lies  between ■• '■    '—■"'--  -■- 


I  season  Is  too  shoit  for  the  pioductini  ot  any^iiBt 

. eaandbsjiey.    The  mean  tempeialiin  is  offidsHy  estimi. 

•s  u>  F.  The  pKu  Irasa  extends  {ran  la^so  ft  np  to  the  snow 
UD?(aba«  I7isooft),  and  eoma  a^  Itak,  inhoiiiiaJ^  tenitocv, 
iohiUled aBly  t^ ihe^indB and  obnisrAbDielhls k the  rekw 
rf  elcnal  snow,  an  Arctic  Mas  wiUun  lbs  tnplcs.  In  texnl,  the 
aab-tmpical  (mlU)  and  tempente  (taiutra  dt  salfa)  unions  of 
Bolivia  an  bialthy  end  agrreMt,  hana  plentirnl  tainlslt,  DodcTBte 
temperatuTT  in  tbe  slude,  aod  varied  sad  abusdanl  products. 
Then  is  >  ld|h  nic  ni  mHtality  atnong  tbs  nathie^  doi  to  un- 
■nlCsiY  Inbits  and  diet,  and  net  to  the  dimate.  In  the  tropical 
yutu  the  Enmnd  b  CDvcied  with  dstarinf  vetetailan,  and  malsriB 
and  fevers  an  coainwa.  -Tbvta  BUB  locahtfas  la  the  open  country 


and  &c  lonmil  niefi 
Slojg'F.and  ji-sin. 


DoUvia  B  sHoearpoied  to  hot, 
»  violent  cold  winds  [n 
bc^  kmwn  to  cause  a 


nnheahhy.    Tl_, . 

usa  Biaia  f  rem  the  Attandc. 
indsftoBtbe 

ntineplaJfia 
of36'wilhic 


30-7  in.  rainfall ; 


Fawu. — He  bdigenow  fanna  of  Bdivia  oarnsponds  doaely 
to  that  d  the  nefibbouriiig  dislricfa  of  AiaenliBa,  Braxi]  and 
Peru.  Numeraai  tptda  of  monheya  inhabit  the  fcrcsts  of  the 
iTopbal  region,  tognber  with  the  puma,  Jagnai,  wildcat,  coatl, 
tapir  01  aula,  doth,  ant.bear,  paca  (CMbftayt  foca)  aiul  capy- 
bau*.  Anu«q>ecieao(beai,tlie(/rnu<nMlw(speeta(lcdbeu} 
Ii  found  anraog  the  wooded  Andean  foothills.  Hie  .-MiifMn. 
jC.  JoiBJpr] ,  also  (Dund  in  nortben  Aqentina  and  ChOe,  tnhaUta 
Ibc  colder  plateau  resians  and  is  piiied  for  its  tor.    Ha  plateau 

&al  ttaa  visodia  llMfUmm  aaivit  and  the  wlddy 
led  South  Americaa  otta  (Imka  panmmii)  aie  also 
^umttdfMthdiskint.  Tbe  peccai7,irtdApKietaapaitlally  open 
CDUBti7,  ranfea  bom  tbe  Oaco  to  the  doiady  sraodtd  dntricts 
ofOeMra.  Tbere  are  two  or  three  umiea  ef  dsT,  the  moat 
nWM*  beint  tba  laiie  manh  deer  at  tbe  Cbaca;  bot  the  deer 
tMBBt  ~  ■"  ... 


[VIA  (FAONA  AND  WMi 

are  widdy  diitiflatad.  Tbe  ampUGIa  are  wd  lepracsted 
throngbout  tiie  lower  (icfilcal  districts.  -  Alligatefi  an  foond  in 
the  tributaries  of  the  Paiaguu'  and  tlieir  lagooas,  Hmds  and 
turtles  are  nnmerous,  and  ttie  batndiiana  are  wprtnated  by 
aevetal  ipedes.  Swjua  are  also  nnmenms,  including  tatll»- 
■nalu*  and  the  great  boa^eonstticton  of  tbe  Amatos  re^on. 

Ibe  noat  Interesting  of  aS  tbe  B^vlaa  animals,  however,  MC 
the  gnaiuoo  {AuikeHlc  kaanaa)  and  its  congenen,  the  Uamn 
{A.  Bama),  aWa  (A.  pocM)  and  vIenSa  (i4.tJiSfH),belcHigbiB 
to  the  Cantdidae,  with  the  ittuctun  and  haUti  of  tbe  African 

ou>  and  not  a  level  sandy  regiDn.  Tbey  are  able  to  go  without 
food  and  drfnk  for  long  periods,  and  inhabit  the  arid  and  setni- 
ufd  idateaus  of  the  Andes  and  the  iteppes  of  Fatagoua.  The 
guanaco  Is  supposed  to  Iw  tbe  original  type,  is  the  latgrst  of  the 
four,  and  has  the  greatest  range  from  Peru  to  Ttaa  del  Fnego. 
The  llama  and  alpacs  were  domaticated  long  before  the  dis- 
covery ol  America,  but  the  guanaro  and  vicoBa  are  found  In  a 
wild  state  only.  Tlie  llama  Is  used  as  a  pack  animal  In  Bolivia 
and  Pen.  and  Its  coarse  wool  is  used  in  the  making  of  garments 
for  the  natives.  The^  alpaca  Ii  hl^y  prlied  for  Its  &ie  wocd, 
which  is  I  staple  eiport  from  Bolivia,  but  the  animal  is  reared 
with  difficulty  and  the  product  cannot  be  largely  inoeaaed. 
The  vicufia  also  is  cdebrated  for  its  wocA,  which  tbe  nativca 
weave  into  beautiful  and  costly  ponchai  (blanket  rioaks)  and 
other  westing  ^iparcL  Ibe  guanaco  is  hunted  for  its  sidn, 
wUdt,  when  dtcoed,  makes  sn  altnctive  ng  or  robe.  Tie 
slau^iter  of  tbe  goanaea  and  vicnfia  b  rapidly  HiminNtiit^ 
thdr  number.  Tbe  rearing  of  Uamas  end  alpacas  is  a  recognlin] 
indnstiy  In  the  Bcdivian  highlands  and  is  wholly  in  the  hands  of 
the  Vidians,  wbo  alone  seem  to  nndtrstard  the  habits  and 
peculiarities  of  these  interesting  animals. 

Of  birds  and  insects  the  genera  and  tpeda  an  vesy  numerona 
'  •  -  ■'  g.  The  high  aiems  are  frequenttd  by  condor* 
the  iKgcst  size,  and  the  whole  country  by  the 
common  vuirart,  whQe  the  American  ostrich  (Elua  amtrkBiim) 
and  a  spedea  of  Urge  stork  ( the  baia  ot  jaburA,'Mycima  ameri- 
eaju^maa'mum  height,  fl  ft.  ^  spread  of  win^  S  ft  6  in-)  Inhabit 
the  tropical  pUins  and  valleys.  Waterfowl  are  Dumercus  and 
the  foreals  of  the  warm  Valleys  are  filled  with  song-birds  and 
birds  of  beautiful  plumage.  Many  qxdes  of  hummlng.blrds 
are  found  even  far  up  in  the  momilalDS,  and  great  numben  of 
pBHoti,  araias  and  toucans,  beautiful  of  feather  but  hanh  at 
voice,  enlivea  the  forests  of  the  lowlands. 

Uke  other  South  American  states,  Bolivia  benefited  greatly 
from  the  introduction  of  European  animals.  Horses,  cattle, 
sbe^,  goats,  swine  snd  poultry  were  inliodnced,  and  m  now 
sounxs  of  food  and  walth  to  a  large  part  ol  the  population. 
Mules  an  used  to  a  Luge  otent  as  padi  animals,  but  they  are 
Imported  from  Argentina.  Silkworms  have  been  bred  with 
success  in  some  departments,  and  the  cochineal  insect'  is  found 
wherever  tbe  coaditiaiis  are  favoutable  for  the  cactus. 

Ftifd.— Owing  to  the  diverdties  In  altitude  the  flora  of  BoSvia 
rqiteaents  every  tfimatic  aonc,  from  the  scanty  Arctic  vegetation 
of  the  lofty  Cordilleras  to  the  luxuriant  tioplrsl  loresls  of  the 
AmaiOQ  ba^  Between  these  eilremcs  the  diveisity  m  vege- 
table life  Is  as  great  aa  ibtt  of  climate  and  soil,.  The  flora  ot 
Bolivia  has  been  studied  less  than  the  flora  of  the  netghbourlng 
teputdics,  however,  becauK  of  the  inaccessibility  of  these  inland 
Rgians.  Among  Ae  more  Important  productions,  the  potato, 
oca  lOxcfii  Menus),  quinoa  Ickciupodiiaii  ^ima]  and  somo 


for  fodder.     Indian  com  was  cultivated 
warm  regions  long  before  the  advent  ol 

^ .  who  Introduffd  wheat,  rye,  oats,  beans,  pcsse  and 

tbe  fruits  and  vegetables  of  the  <IM  World,  for  each  of  which  a 
favourable  soil  and  dimate  was  easily  f otmd.  In  the  snb.tn>idcal 
and  tropical  sone*  the  indlgenoDs  plants  are  tbe  sweet  potato, 
cassava  [UaHiktl  Miltin'iu  and  It.  aipfi,  peanuta,  pine- 
apple, guava,  diirimoya  (^ona  cttHmtlia),  pawpaw  (Carlca 
pBfttya),  Ifecaaunka  ICifkatllt),  sanspaiilla,  vanilla,  blae 
jalap  lltiraHlii  jOapa),  copaiba,  toh  (JfyraiylM  lofa^tawsi). 


BOLIVIA 

li,  coma  iBd  ■  inat  nunbe' ot 


»T« 


laiJtMmmJmfofr)  mdtgiaomaveoKtoor  tllif«tor  ptu,  ham 
g  diipuud  origio.  Coo,  ow  of  tbe  in«t  importuit  pluiU  ol 
the  (onouy,  i*  cultiwcd  on  the  euteiu  tiepei  of  the  Ands 
It  lA  iltitiule  o(  jooo  to  fiooD  ft.,  when  the  tempeniture  a 
uniTorm  ud  frotti  *»  uoknoini.  Quma  or  caliuym  is  i  luf ui>l 
FcodBct  of  Um  cuten  Anik*,  ud  u  foimd  at  u  ■ititude  of  3000 
10  (000  ft.  ibove  K>/4cvd.    71m  caHu^  tm  of  Bolivia  laok 


Ii>fEi(D  tiadt  The  dotiuctiv*  methoilt  of  "h"--"'"B  tba  ba(k 
an  (tcadilr  dtminWiiTig  th*  natunJ  iminxa  of  (uppi)'.  ud 
cqnlmaUf  is  dnchona  culcivBtiao  wen  undHtakoi  durins  ths 
l«t  qnutec  of  tbs  igth  ceatniy,  wiih  fail  pmspecB  of  lucizia. 
ne  nut  iopoiUnC  of  the  indigoioiu  fonat  pinducU,  honcvei, 
b  raHier,  derived  i^iDcipaUy  fnua  the  Haea  piayaatiuii  (vai. 
frarifwiMw),  grovinf  along  the  river  counei  in  the  ymmffli 
i^KHU  of  the  norths  Ihough  mata^oAa  nibbei  is  alio  obtained 
fmc  Ximikot  Gaiorii  on  the  drin*  uplands.  Ainong  the 
le,  rise  and  tobacco  are  cuitivBled  in  the  waim 


P0^fele/i#ii.^^Tbe population  of  Bolivia  is  compoeed  of  Indians, 
riBcinJiBi  of  Europeao  origiB,  ud  a  miituie  ol  the  tvo  mn. 
"  ^  '  "  *  There  is  ako  a  very  email 
cslntiodured 
A  ran^Jy-tihen  ccnsm  oi  i«oo  ^vcs  the 
Mil  pgpulatioD  u  1,8111,171.  including  the  Liioial  depaitmenl, 
B»w(idiiinlntoChih(4p,g>o),<uidestiinatesthe  number  ol  wild 
Uiuuof  tbefoRCt  Rfionaat  gi,ooo.  Of  this  total,  so-?  % 
■en  ckaed  u  iDditm,  ii-R  %  as  whites,  16-S  %  as  hkiUhi, 
o-l%ai>egiaeKaBdii'4%un>knowB.  In  i904BiioffidBlesti- 
Dtti  oiede  the  popuWloo  >,i8M>5i  alsoindi  " 
lie  LiMol  (59,784),  bat  of " 


■Mkcd  by  «)u)y  InvMlkn  tm^  nme  ei  tk  ttibe*  ef  tbtU 
Pblaicgleiiof avoldinctheieuiicalchiUiea.  (See &iullMy'i 
Uitltry  ^  Biua,  iii.  pp.  401, 1(7^)  Of  tha  vrild  Indians  very 
little  1*  knows  in  legaid  to  eithei  utuDben  oi  cuitoBU. 
Hh  white  poptUation  (i]i,a8t}  li  deeootded  in  great  part 
—  .1.  .__i_  t- — !_..  _j — tuiHs  whocDteied  the  oountiy  in 


son*  Putugoat  Amakuu  Imm  BiaiiL  Tboe  hu  been  n 
diRd  immigutioa  fnm  Europe,  though  Euiopeuu  ol  vatioui 
nationiUlka  havcfouod  Ihelrny  into  the  couotiyaiid  eetlled 
thete  u  miners  or  mden.  Tlie  pocentage  of  whiles  theiefon 
doe*  not  incniM  at  in  Aqeutina  and  Bruil,  and  oumol  until 
nwani  *R  [ound  to  piomole  EufopEan  icimigniion. 

T^  SHiIUH  (486^13)  are  less  numenuii  than  the  Indiuo,  bat 
outnumber  the  whites  by  more  than  two  to  one.  It  hu  been  >aid 
of  the  wMtfiifli  elaewherc  that  tlicy  inherit  the  vices  of  both  races 
and  the  vjitoei  of  neither.  Yet,  with  a  decnaaiug  Indian 
population,  and  with  a  white  populaiion  wanting  in  energy, 
barely  able  to  hold  its  own  and  aunprising  only  onc^eighth  of 
the  total,  the  future  of  Bolivia  mainly  depends  on  them.  As  s 
rule  they  are  Ignorant,  unprogresaive  and  apathetic,  intensely 
'       '  '  -  though  individual  strong 


,  ^  .  B  £z*t  century  of  self-gova 
c  said  to  have  ^ven  much  promise  ol  such  a 
DaitinH  awl  renu. — Tlie  republic  is  d 


in  hardly 
o  eight 


le  colony.  The-name*,  areas  and  populstioas  of  the  depait- 
cnts.  with  their  capitals,  according  to  the  cctinia  ol  rgoo,  to 
It  be  made  oa  account  of  the  ki*>  ol  lerritocy 


It  Isigeiy  nunpnfjj  of  the  MMadled  dviHKd  tiibei  La  Pss 
*l  the  Aude^  whicfa  ODce  fbnned  put  of  the 
nstieuliQp  ruled  by  the  lucai.  tad  ot  thoN  of  the 
Hojoaud  Chlquite*  region*,  irttfeh  were  orpniieil 
blD  induttiiat  commoaitk*  by  the  Jtndt*  in  Ibe 
i;th  ccotury.  The  tocmet,  wUdi  an  chiefly 
Ayned*  tooth  of  the  latitade  of  Lake  Tltlcsca, 
sltiined  a  considerable  degree  al  dvJUiation 
hcliHi  tb*  dttcnveiy  of  America  and  have  been  in 
doscr  cmtact  with  Suropcani  than  the  other  tribes 
of  Bolivia.  It  is  doubtful,  however,  whether 
Ihtir  conditian  has  besi  improved  under  these  influences. 
The  Ifejci  and  Chiquitos  tribes,  also,  have  been  less  pros- 
penos  (lace  the  eipubion  of  the  Jesuits,  but  they  have 
xnuBed  together  in  organiied  cammuaitin,  and  have 
Uawed  the  industries  and  preserved  tbe  idi^n  taught  them 
M  fell  as  drcumitances  pcmiiltcd.  Botfa  these  groups  of 
ladiaoi  are  peareable  and  industrious,  and  form  an  important 
Wmniog  dement.  They  are  addicted  to  the  cicessive  me 
ol  cUia  (a  native  beer  made  fn>m  Indian  c«n),  and  have 
lltde  or  no  ambition  to  improve  their  c^ulitirai,  but  thit 
"»y  be  atlrtbukd  in  p*rt  to  Iheir  profound  ignonnce  and  to 
tl>c  Usle  d  peonage  in  which  they  ite  held.  Inhabiting  tbc 
ualhem  port  ol  the  Bolivian  plain  are  the  Cfairiguanos,  a 
fcndicd  tribe  ol  the  Guarini  race  which  drifted  weaiward  10 
the  vidniiy  ol  the  Andes  long  ago.  They  ue  of  a  lupcrioi 
pliyiital  ind  mentnl  type,  and  have  made  noteworlliy  pmgreu 
lo*anl  dvilliatioa. .  Tbey  an  agriculturiitj  and  stock-raisers 
tnd  have  the  nputatlon  ol  being  pciceaUe  and  industrious. 
Tht  rcnaunng  native  tribes  under  the  lupcrvision  of  the  state 
have  made  little  prognsi,  and  their  number  is  said  to  be  decitssing 
(notwithstanding 'the  favouraUe  climatic  conditions  under  which 
D«t  of  them  Uve)  because  of  uiuanitaryand  intemperate  habits, 
"i  for  other  tkuie*  not  well  understood,  one  beint  tht  cuitoo 


™0(fedai 


i"3S 


MS*'* 

u.iSo 
H.oSi 


SsBt*  Cruade 


IS.S74 


The  to 


toGotbscD 


ef  territory  to  Braril  in  19DJ.  is  jis,i56  Kj.  m. 
There  am  no  populooi  town*  other  than  the  provincial  capitals 
above  enumersted.  Four  of  thtte  capitals— Suctt  or  Cbuquissca, 
La  Fas,  Cocbabamba  and  Oruro— have  served  a*  the  national 
capital,  and  SiKsi  was  chosen,  but  alter  tbc  revolution  of  1S98 
the  capital  w*>  at  La  Fas,  which  is  the  commercial  meCropolls 
and  is  more  tcoessible  than  Sucrt.  Among  the  imallet  towns 
prominent  because  of  an  industry  or  commercial  position,  may 
be  mentioned  the  Huanchaca  mining  centre  of  Pulacayo  (pop. 
6511),  where  3300  men  are  employed  In  the  mino  and  surface 
works  of  this  great  silver  mining  compuy;  Uyuni  (pop,  15^7)1 
the  function  of  the  Fulacayo  branch  with  the  Antofigosta  and 
Oruiwrail way,  and  slso  the  convergilig  point  lor  several  impon«M 
highway*  and  projected  railways;  and  Tupiia  [pop.  1444),  a 
commercial  and  mining  centre  near  the  Argentine  frontier,  and 
the  terminus  of  the  Argentine  railway  eitensioD  into  Bolivia. 
All  these  towns  are  in  the  department  of  PoloaL  Viacha  (pop. 
1670),  a  small  station  on  the  railway  IromCuaiiui  to  Alto  dc  La 
Pax,  14  a.  Iiom  the  latter,  li  the  (tuting  point  ol  in  ImporUel 
projected  railway  to  Onifo.  In  Ibe  department  oi  Cocbabamba, 
■  The  Gguna  ler  poputstion  iodude  a  J  %  edditloB  for  uiiiiHinn 
--■ ' — Md  the  eNimattd  number  ol  wiM  iBdiaaa. 


1 74  BOL 

TtnU  {4681)  Mil  Totort  (jsoi)  •«  two  Important  trading 
centrci,  *nd  [n  the  departnicBl  of  SinU  Cm,  Asansifitl  (pop. 
4rS4)  ii  >  large  mi»»ii  lUtion  in  Ibe  CbiquiUB  hflb, 

CemmnniiBlieni. — Under  b  tittty  with  Brazil  is  i{>a  j  and  with 
CbOi  la  1904  (ratified  1935)  provitioiis  wiie  nude  {or  nilway 
contructioii  in  Bolivia  to  biiiig  this  iwUtEd  rcpin  into  more 
effective  CDmmimiciCion  with  the  Dutiide  wotlcL  Bnin  agreed 
to  aTBtma.  a  naway  around  the  Ulb  of  the  Madeira  (about 
180  m.  long)  to  ^ve  narth-eaitern  Bolivia  a«as  to  the  Aoiazon, 
and  paid  down  £j,ooo,ooo  in  cash  which  Bolivia  waa  to  eipend 
on  railway  construction  within  her  own  temtory.  Chile  also 
aEr(*d  10  eomlnicl  a  laBway  bow  Arica  to  La  Pai,  njs  m.  (the 
Bolivian  section  becoming  the  property  ol  Bolivia  fifteen  yean 
■flor  completion),  and  to  pay  the  inlnnt  [not  over  ;%)  whkh 
Bolivia  mi^t  guarantee  oD  the  capita)  Invested  in  certain  in- 
terior raDwayi  if  constructed  within  thirty  yean,  providing  these 
intertst  payments  should  not  exceed  £100,000  a  year,  nor  ejtceed 
£r  ,600,000  In  the  aggregate,  Argentina  had  already  undertalcen 
to  Bilcnd  her  northern  railiny  from  Jujuy  to  the  Bolivian 
Itonlier  town  of  THipiaa,  and  lh«  Peruvian  Corjioiation  had 
coutructedfor  the  Bolivian  goveranHnta  short  line(M'D'  long) 
from  Guaqui,  on  Lake  TSllctca,  to  Alto  de  La  Fax,  which  ii 
connected  with  the  city  of  La  Fiti,  w>}  ft-  below,  by  an  electric 
line  5  m.  long.  This  line  gives  La  Pai  acee»  to  the  Fenivian 
port  of  Mollcndo,  49A  m.  distant,  and  proniK)  in  time  to  give 
It  railwiy  communication  with  Cuzco,  Rivahy  for  the  control 
of  her  trade,  Ihoefaie,  pmmisei  to  give  Bolivia  the  railways 
needed  lot  the  development  of  her  resourrta.  Up  to  190J  the 
only  tailwayi  in  Bolivia  wrre  the  Aniofaguia  and  Oruro  tine, 
with  a  total  length  of  ;u  m.,  of  which  jso  m.  are  within  Bollwan 
tetritory,  a  private  branch  of  that  Knc  (16  m.  long)  nrnnlng  to 
the  Piilicayo  mines,  and  the  tine  {54  m.  lon^  from  CuaquI  to 
Alto  de  La  Pai— a  total  of  only  4^0  m.  A)  a  result  of  her  war 
with  Chile  in  1E7S-81,  the  railways  (iS>  m.  lon^  of  her  Ldtoral 
department  passed  mider  ChUran  cenird.  Lines  were  In  19117 
projected  from  La  Pal  to  the  navigable  waten  of  the  Beni,  from 
La  Pai  to  Cochabamba,  from  Viacha  to  Oruro,  from  UyunI  to 
Polos  and  Sucrf ,  from  Uyvni  to  Tupia.  and  from  Aria  to  La 
Pii  via  Corocoro.  TTie  central  northern  line  of  the  Argentine 
government  wai  completed  to  the  Bolivian  frontier  in  1908,  and 
this  line  was  dalpied  to  eitend  to  Tuplia.  The  undertaking 
of  the  Arlca-La  Paz  line  by  the  OOean  govcnuaent,  also,  wu 
an  important  step  towards  the  improvement  of  the  etonomic 
situation  In  Bolivia.  Both  these  lines  ofier  the  country  new 
outtels  for  its  pmducls. 

Public  hi^Mys  have  been  constructed  between  the  lirga 

coachca  are  run  on  some  of  tbera.  The  roads  are  rough  and  at 
times  almost  impassable,  however,  and  the  river  crossing 
(UfficuU  and  dangerous.  The  large  cities  sre  connected  withone 
another  by  telegraph  lines  and  are  in  tomiouiucaiion  with  the 
outside  wocldlbroughArgentiiia,Chileand  Peru.  Telegraphier- 
vice  dates  from  18S0,  and  in  1904  there  were  jits  m.  inopention, 
of  which  ifljS  belonged  to  the  state  and  1 1 79  to  private  corpora- 
tion]. The  littei  includes  the  lines  belonging  to  tbe  Antofagasta 
and  Oiuro  railway,  which  are  partly  wkhin  ChileaB  leiritory. 
Bolivia  Is  a  ncmtxT  of  the  Intemalionil  Fatal  Union,  and  has 
pltDCl  and  money  order  conventions  with  some  foreign 
Special  agreements  have  been  made,  also,  with  Argent 
and  Peru  for  tic  tiaramhsion  of  tbe  Bolivian  foteiin  maus. 

The  loss  ol  het  maritime  department  has  left  BolivU  with  no 
other  port)  than  those  of  Lake  Titiccca  (especially  Guaqui,  or 
Hui qui,  which  trades  with  tk  ftruvlan  pnt  o(  Puno),  and  those 
of  the  Uadeira  and  Paraguay  riven  and  their  tOuenta.  As 
none  of  these  can  be  reached  without  traeahlixnent  In  fordgn 
territory,  tbe  cost  of  nanspoit  Is  Increased,  and  ber  nci^ibaurs 
■n  enabled  lo  eidude  Bolivia  ftoiii  direct  eomnierclBl  Inlcicourag 
with  other  nations.  An  eiceplion  fonnerly  eiiitcd  at  Poerto 
Acrf ,  on  the  Acrt  river,  to  which  ocean-going,  stcamen  roold 
ncnd  from  Pari,  but  Bra^  first  dosed  the  PmAs  and  Aat 
rivers  to  foreign  vessels  seeking  this  port,  and  then  under  a 
tre*t)>  of  19O]  acquired  poueaaioii  of  the  port  nnd  idjaoent 


a,  Chile 


LVIA  tnOXISTRIES 

territory.  Sua  then  BoUvia*!  outlet  to  the  Amaaon  li  lestifctcd 
to  the  Madeira  river,  the  navigation  of  which  1)  interrupted  by  a 
series  of  falls  before  Bc4ivtBD  territory  breached.  TluBolivIaa 
port  of  entry  for  this  trade,  Villa  Bella,  ia  sitnalcd  above  the 
falls  of  the  Madeira  at  the  confluence  ol  the  Betd  and  Uaraor^ 
and  is  reached  from  the  lover  rivet  by  a  long  aad  costly  pettafe. 
It  is  also  shut  off  from  the  navipUe  itvun  abon  by  tin  Idb 
of  the  BenI  and  ManwiC  Tbe  nSmy  to  be  btdt  by  Brad 
will  remedy  this  unftvooralile  siluatkMi,  wBt  aOerd  ■  belter 
outlet  for  aot1h«a)tem  Bolivia,  ud  iboiid  promote  a  laon 
ra[nd  devdopment  of  that  regiiNi,  which  ii  aneRd  with  la 
admirable  system  of  navigable  rivets  above  the  StSb  of  the  Bed 
and  Mamoiil  Connected  with  the  upper  Punfuy  uc  PuertA 
Pacheco  on  Bahia  Negra,  Puerto  Suana  (about  itieo  m.  fron 
Buenos  Aire*  by  river),  on  Lake  Cieeres,  throng  iridch  pasaci 
the  bulk  of  Bolivian  trade  in  that  direction,  and  Puerto  Qui  jano, 
on  Lake  Gaiba,  a  projected  pott  said  to  be  man  aoccMlbte  than 
any  other  In  this  region.  Whenever  the  trade  of  aodtheni  Boflvia 
becomes  Important  enough  to  warrant  the  eipense  <■(  opening  a 
navigable  channel  in  the  Pilcomayo,  direct  river  cotnraunicfr 
tion  with  Bucm  Aim  and  Uontevuko  will  be  possible. 

f)iiliu(nei.~Stod[-raiuBg  was  one  of  the  earliest  Industries 
of  tiie  country  after  that  ol  mining.  Horses,  fofmeily  iuctew 
fully  raised  in  certain  parla  nf  the  nHlh,  have  not  Oaariibed 
there  since  the  iflUoduction  of  a  fait  from  BraiH,  hit  some  in 
now  raised  in  L4I  Paa  and  other  departments  of  the  tevperate 
legion.  Tbe  Jesuit  founders  of  tbe  Mofoa  ndoioiia  took  cattle 
with  them  w)^  they  entered  that  tetfon  to  labour  antong  the 
Indians,  with  the  result  that  tbe  Uojo*  and  Chiquilos  Oanas 
were  soon  wril  stocked,  and  have  iiiice  alteided  an  unfaiUiiX 
supidy  oS  beef  for  the  neighbouring  Inland  inarfccts.  Tbeto 
iDacccssibQlty  and  the  coals  of  transportation  have  prcveutad 
a  development  of  the  industry  and  a  consequent  .impiwetBent 
in  stock,  but  the  persistency  of  the  {ndustry  undBT  coidkioitt 
so  unfavDiuable  Is  evidence  that  the  soil  and  cHmate  1*  suited 
to  its  requirements.  Farther  toMb  the  DaiiDS  of  C3nM|uiuct 
and.Torija  also  sustain  huge  herds  of  catileoB  the  mort  elevated 
districts,  and  on  the  weU-watered  plains  of  tbe  ChacOL  lliere  ore 
small  districts  in  La  Paa,  Polcal  and  Cochabamba,  also,  iriieie 
cattle  are  raised.  Apart  from  the  cattle  driven  into  the  mining 
districts  for  consomptioii,  a  uunbct  of  mMbm  an  empkiycd 
ID  preparing  (moally  salting  and  tuiHlryJntf  beet  lor  the  Iibim 
maikets.  Tbe  hides  ore  exported.  Gosti  are  raised  in  the  worm 
and  lempersle  regioin,  aiid  sbeep  (or  their  wool  fn  tbe  latter. 
On  tbe  hi^  and  colder  plateaus  aiDCh  aiuation  ia  tfvea  I* 
the  bleeding  of  llamas  and  alpacas.  Another  Indastry  of  a 
diEferent  character  it  that  of  br«ding  tbe  fur^bearing  chlwhilla 
(C.  lanitcr),  which  is  a  narive  of  the  bl^ier  pUteans.  Ihe 
Bolivian  govenuient  has  prohibited  tbe  exportation  of  tbi  liv« 
animals  and  is  encouraging  their  prodnctioo. 

The  a^icdlural  resources  of  tbe  Rpeblic  are  varied  and  ef 
great  value,  but  their  development  bos  licen  riow  and  hestating. 
IIk  cultivation  of  cereals,  fruits  and  vcgetaEila  in  tbe  teraperaie 
and  warm  valleys  of  the  Andes  followed  doody  the  "*'"l"^ 
settlements.  Sugar-cane  also  was  introduced  at  an  early  <kt«, 
hot  as  the  demand  for  su^r  was  limited  the  psodoct  waa  devoted 
chiefly  to  the  manufacture  of  rum,  which  is  the  principal  idqebt 
of  cane  culthratlon  In  Bcdlvia  to.day.  Hie  dimatic  conditum 
are  hi^y  favourable  for  this  product  in  eastern  Bfllivia,  but 
it  is  heavily  taxed  and  is  restricted  to  a  saall  homn  market. 
Rice  is  another  eiotic  grown  la  the  tro(acal  dartiicts  of  aastem 
Bolivia,  but  tbe  qoantlty  produced  it  far  faon  saOdcnt  to  meet 
local  requirementa.  Tobacco  ol  a  lair  quality  is  produced  in 
the  warm  regions  of  tbe  east,  ■~<"'*™g  the  ymfot  vaUeys  ol 
La  Pox  and  Cochabamba;  cocto  of  a  aupeito  grade  is  ffown 
in  the  department  ot  Beni,  where  large  orchards  were  plinlcd 
at  the  mlnioiis,  and  also  in  tbe  wann  Andean  valleys  ol  L>  Fax 
and  Cochabamha;  and  coffee  of  the  best  flavour  Is  gtovn  tn 
some  of  llK  wanner  dbtricts  ol  the  eastern  Andes.  The  two 
indigenopa  inducts  which  receive  most  allcniioB,  perinps,  are 
Uiosc  of  qulnoa  and  coca.  Quinoi  is  grown  fai  large  qnantllics, 
'      "    daswosthenativaa.    CosaisU^y 


OOVBRiniENTT 

otcHBect  b)r  Uw  ntlvel,  wbo  mutlcilc  (ba  Inl,  tod  b  Ao  m 
utide  of  export  for  iDRUdBBi  pmpoMf.  II  b  CTteMlvdy  cuiti- 
n.tcil  is  tbe  depaTtments  ef  Codubamb*  uid  La  Ru,  c^ediU]' 
in  tbe  province  of  Yud^iu. 

In  LEr  nqjicHtatkpn  of  her  fonal  pTodncta,  however,  am  to  btt 
found  the  indiotries  thit  yldd  the  greiim  iiDTnediiile  proGt  to 
B^j^ia.  Hie  moat  prominent  and  ptoliEable  of  these  ia  that  of 
nibber-o^ecting,  wliich  was  be^n  ia  Bolivia  bet*eeil  1B80  uid 
1B9D,  and  which  reached  m  re^atered  uinu^  output  of  nearly 
jjDO  metric  torn  Just  Ijetoic  Bolivia's  best  nibber  forelts  were 

d  forest  oa  the  Beni  and  Madie  de  Dios  in  which  the  rubber- 
pndiidnc  Htna  i>  to  be  toond.  Although  reptesentiog  leu 
rtlae  in  tbe  atigregate,  the  collecting  of  dnchona  hark  la  one  of 
tbe  oldest  forest  industries  of  Bolivia,  which  ia  said  iiill  to  hive 
tifXe  areas  of  vir^n  forest  to  draw  npon^  Hie  Bolivian  pro- 
duct la  of  the  beat  because  of  the  high  percentage  of  quiniae 
nlpliite  itUcb  It  yieklg.  Tlie  induitiy  Is  destructive  in  metlud, 
and  tbe  ana  of  dachona  forests  is  steadily  diminishing.  Many 
other  Bolivian  plants  are  eommeidally  valuable,  and  organized 
iadtatry  and  trade  in  tbaa  win  cotaiuly  be  profitable. 

Tbe  indnstrial  activitlea  of  the  Bdivian  people  ate  still  of  a 
very  primitive  character.  Aa  act  was  passed  in  iS94autboriiIn£ 
the  government  to  offer  premiums  and  grant  adyantageous 
concrssiona  lor  tie  development  of  manufacturing  indnstries, 
especially  in  sugar  piodueiion,  but  eonditioos  have  not  been 
favouraUe  and  the  results  have  been  disappdaliog.  Spinning 
and  weaving  are  carried  on  among  the  peo^e  aa  a  household 
occupotioa,  and  fabrics  are  made  of  an  aceptionaJIy  aubstantlal 

their  nsie  bundles  as  they  follow  their  troops  of  pack  animals 
over  rough  movnlain  roads,  and  the  yam  produced  la  woven 
into  doth  in  their  own  houses  on  rough  Spacnsh  looms  of  cololiial 
IBttena.  Not  only  [a  coane  doth  for  their  own  gaiments  made 
in  tins  aanaeT  from  the  fleece  of  the  llama,  but  cotton  and 
miDlleD  goodi  of  a  serviceable  diaxacler  arc  manulactured,  and  ' 
stfll  £du  fabrlci  are  woven  from  the  wool  ol  the  alpaca  and 
vicoSa,  sonietiineB  miied  with  silk  or  lamb'a  wooL  The  Indian 
women  are  eipert  weavers,  aad  tbcir  handiwork  often  commands 
higb  piicei.  In  Ihe  Mojos  and  Ctuqultos  districts  tile  natives 
wDe  taught  by  the  Jesuit  missionaries  to  weave  an  excellent 
cotton  cioth,  and  the  industry  still  exists.  Casbmere,  baixe, 
wateiproof  potuJua  of  fine  wool  and  silk,  and  many  other  fabrics 
ate  made  by  the  Indiana  of  the  Andean  departmcnta.  Tbty  are 
skilled  in  the  use  of  dyes,  and  Ike  Indian  women  pride  themsdves 
on  a  large  number  of  hndy-woven,  hriHiandy-colourcd  petticoats. 
Tanning  and  saddlery  are  carried  onliy  the  natives  with  primitive 
methods,  but  with  excellent  results.  They  are  skilful  in  llie 
preparation  of  lap  lobes  and  ruga  from  the  skins  ol  tbe  alpaca 
andvicufia.  Thehomc  markets  aresupplied,  by  native  industiy, 
with  dgars  and  cigarettes,  soap,  candlea,  hats,  gloves,  stan^, 
cheese  and  pottery.  Sugar  is  still  made  in  tbe  old  way,  and  there 
b  a  small  production  of  wine  and  silk  in  certain  districts.  No 
country  is  bcttei  supplied  with  water  power,  and  electticligbting 
and  dectric  power  plants  have  been  established  at  La  Pai. 
Cmrtmiric.— The  foreign  trade  of  Bolivia  is  comparatively 


BOLIVIA 


«7S 


;  the  Imports  of  1904  acgregnlcd  only  £i,7^4,i5i 
ID  vaiuc,  spd  the  eiports  only  £1,851,758.  TTiC  imports  con- 
tiited  of  cottons,  woollens,  live-slock,  provisions,  hardware  and 
niicbinery,  wines,  ipiribi  and  clothing,  Tbe  prindpil  eiports 
were  (in  1903)  ^ver  and  ita  ores  (£616,743)1  tin  and  Its  ores 
(£i,o39,J9S),  copper  ore*  C£iSJ,6o9),  Usoiuth  C£ifijS4),  other 
tnine[d3(£iD,94S),rubbcr  (£i6o,s  59) ,  coca  (£i8,907),andcinchona 
(£9197)— total  eipotla,  £1,453,638.  "  Theae  figntea,  however, 
do  not  correctly  represent  ibe  aggregates  ol  B^ivlan  trade,  aa 
bet  imports  and  eiports  pasting  through  Anloiagasla,  Arica 
asd  Mollendo  are  to  a  large  eileni  ciciled  to  Chile  and  Peru. 
Tbe  import  trade  of  Bolivia  ia  itslrieted  by  the  poverty  of  the 
ptople.  Tbe  geographical  position  limits  the  erporta  to  mineral, 
forest  and  some  pastoral  products,  owing  to  cost  of  tranqiortatlon 
and  tbe  tariffs  of  neighbouring  countiio. 


GoKrnmnl. — The goretument  of  Bo&vto fa ■  "unltarisn  " or 
ccntiafiaed  repubUc,  representative  In  form,  but  autocratic  ia 
some  important  particufars.  The  constitution  in  force  (igo6) 
was  adopted  on  the  98th  of  October  1880,  and  ia  a  modd  in  form 

presided  over  by  a  president  and  two  ^ce-presidenCs,  who  are 
elected  by  direct  popular  vote  for  a  period  0!  (our  years,  and  am 
not  eligible  for  re-election  for  Ihe  next  succeeding  term.  Tha 
president  is  asusted  by  a  cabinet  of  five  ministers  of  state,  via.: 
foreign  retations  and  worship;  finance  and  industry;  interior 
and  fomento;  Justin  and  public  instruction;  war  and  coloniza- 
tion. Evtry  eiecutlve  act  must  be  countersigned  by  a  mioIstCT 
of  stale,  who  is  held  responuble  for  its  choncterand  enforcement, 
and  may  be  pnxecute^  before  the  supreme  court  (or  ita  QlegaUfy 
and  effect].  The  legislatb^  branch  is  represented  by  a  nationd 
congress  of  two  bouses— a  Senate  and  Chamber  i^  Deputici. 
Tbe  Senate  is  composed  of  16  members,  two  from  each  depart- 
ment, who  are  elected  by  direct  pt^ular  vote  for  a  period  of  six 
years,  one-thnd  retiring  every  two  yea™.  Tbe  Chamber  of 
Deputies  is  tompoaed  of  75  memben,  who  are  cleeied  for  a  period 
offouiyears,  one-half  reliringevery  two  yeata.  In  Impeachment 
trials  the  Chamber  proaecutea  and  the  Senate  sits  aa  a  court,  as 
in  the  United  States.  Ope  of  the  dutiei  of  the  Chamber  is  to 
elect  the  justices  of  the  supreme  court.  CongrcaamcetaaTmuallx 

ninety  days.  The  chambetabave  separate  and  ctmcutrmt  power! 
defined  by  the  constitution,  Tbe  right  of  suffrage  is  eierdsed  by 
all  male  diiiens,  twenty-one  yeara  of  age,  or  over,  if  aingle,  asd 


n  real  a 


oo  boUviani 


a  year, 


he  country,  no  matter 


Theelccloralbodyistherdore  small,  an 
political  Dligatcby  which  practically  rules  th 
which  party  is  in  power. 

The  Bolivian  Judldary  consists  of  a  national  supreme  court, 
eight  superior  district  courts,  lower  district  courts,  and  jtt^adtt 
ifiiulruaifin  for  the  investigation  and  preparation  of  cases, 
Ttt  iorrt^idora  and  alcaJda  also  eierdse  the  functions  of  a 
justice  of  the  peace  in  the  cantons  and  rural  districts.  The 
supreme  court  is  composed  of  seven  justices  elected  by  the 
Cbambei  of  Deputiea  (Tom  lists  of  Ibtec  names  for  each  seat  sent 
in  by  the  Senate.  A  justice  can  be  removed  only  by  impeach- 
ment proceedings  before  the  Senate, 

Tbe  supreme  administiatiOB  ia  each  department  is  vested  in  ■ 
prefect  appointed  by  and  responsible  solely  to  the  ptesldeot. 

officials,  Induding  the  alcaldei,  the  authority  of  the  national 
executive  reaches  every  hamlet  in  the  republic,  and  may  easily 
become  aulocratic.  lltcre  are  no  legislative  asseaiblies  In  the 
dcpirtmcnta,  and  their  government  testa  with  the  national 
executive  and  congress,  Suboidinitc  to  the  prefects  are  the  sub- 
prelects  in  the  provinces,  tbe  cotrtcidota  in  the  cantons  and 
the  alcalde}  In  the  lural  districts— all  appointed  ofBcials.  The 
national  teirltoiy  adjacent  to  Brazil  and  Peru  is  governed  by  two 
delcgadoj  nacionalii,  appointeea  of  tbe  president.  The  depart- 
ment capitals  are  provided  with  munidpal  councils  which  have 
jurisdiction  over  certain  local  affairs,  and  ov  ' 
of  the  highways. 


-*™y.— The  ( 
:S90  regulars  ani 


[tolled  fo 


n,  divided  Into  a 


territorial  guards.  The  enrolled  force.  Is,  however,  both  un- 
organized and  unarmed.  The  strength  of  the  army  Is  fixed  in 
each  yell's  budget.  Tbatfor  1903  consisted  of  1933  officera  and 
men,  of  which  175  were  commissioned  and  558  non-commissioned 
officers,  1S1  musidana,  and  only  1 906  rank  and  file.  A  conscrip- 
tion law  of  1S94  provides  for  a  compulsory  military  service 
between  the  agea  of  twenty-one  and  fifty  years,  with  two 
years'  actual  service  in  the  regulara  for  those  between  twenty- 
one  and  twenty-five,  but  Ihe  law  is  practically  a  dead  letter. 
Then  Is  a  military  school  with  (o  cadets,  and  an  arsenal  tX 


174^  BUL 

Bimdian, — AlthoucV  BoUvU  bM  >  tree  ud  compulvry 
■ebonl  lyucm,  tducatioD  uid  the  provision  (oi  cducitiaii  hiva 
mide  litlk  progren.  Only  ■  uoaU  peiacUge  o[  tliii  paofda 
an  Tcwl  vid  write.  Althou^  Spuiuh  a  the  iuigiugt  of 
the  Awwiwnf  minoTity,  Quichiu,  Aymarft  and  Cuuuii  arr  the 
Ungiugci  ol  the  ullva,  nho  (ono  a  nujoiily  at  tbe  populUioD. 
A  conudenble  pcrtenuge  of  the  Indians  do  pot  undcnund 


id  they 


eveiyefi 


them.  Even  the  duliis  (maiizoi)  ue 
native  jdiomi  than  with  Spanish,  as  ia  the  case  in  some  parts  of. 
Ar^entica  and  Paraguay.  AcGording  to  offidaL  estimates  for 
iQOE^the  total  number  of  primary  schools  ia  the  republicwas  733, 
with  93S  leacheis  and  41, JS)  pupili— the  total  OJst  of  thdr 
mainleaance  beins  estimated  It  5S5,  jfij  boliviioot,  oc  only  14  a; 
boUviaoos  per  pupil  (about  £1:4:6).  The  Khool  entolmcnt 
vas  only  one  in  4J-7  of  population,  compared  vitb  one  in  10  lor 
AigeDtina,  The  Bchools  are  Uigely  under  the  control  of  the 
munidpaJitiea,  thou^  nearly  half  of  Ihem  are  maintained  by  the 
utioDiJ  government,  by  the  Church  and  by  private  means. 
There  were  In  the  same  year  13  institutions  of  secondary  and 
14  of  iupeiior  instruction.  The  biter  include  so-called  uni- 
venitiei  at  SuctE  (Chuquisaca),  La  Pu,  Cochahamba,  Tatija, 
Polosi,  Santa  Cnii  and  Orun>— all  of  mhich  give  insnuciion  in 
law,  the  first  three  in  medicine  and  the  first  four  in  theology. 
The  univeraity  at  Sucrf,  which  dates  from  colonial  timefl,  and 
that  at  La  Paz,  are  the  only  ones  on  the  list  luSdeotly  well 
equipped  to  merit  the  title.  Sccoodary  iostructioa  is  under  the 
control  of  the  univenities,  and  publjc  Instruction  in  genera]  is 
under  the  direction  ol  a  cabinet  minister.  All  educational 
matters,  however,  are  practically  under  the  supervision  of  the 
Church.  The  total  appropriation  for  educational  purposes  in 
1901  vat  7S6|943  bolivianos,  or  j£6«,ijj;  6s.  There  area  military 
academy  at  La  Pai,  an  agricultural  school  at  Umala  in  the  depart- 
ment of  La  Paz,  a  mining  and  dvil  en^neering  school  at  t^uro, 
commercial  schools  at  Suct£  and  Trinidad,  and  several  mission 
schools  under  the  direction  of  religious  orders. 

Kilitim. — The  consiituiion  of  Bolivia,  art.  1,  defines  the 
attitude  of  the  republic  toward  the  Church  in  the  following 
words: — "  The  stale  recognizes  and  luppotu  the  Roman 
Apoat^c  Catholic  religion,  the  public  exetdse  of  any  other 
woifhip  being  piohiluted.  excEpt  in  the  cntanici  where  it  is 
tolerated."  This  toleration  is  tadtly  eitcnded  to  resident 
foreigners  belonging  to  other  tcligioui  sects.  Hk  census  ot  iqoo 
enumerated  the  Roman  Catholic  population  at  1,609,36],  and 
lliat  of  other  creeds  at  14,145,  which  gives  the  former  9S5  and  the 
latter  ij  in  every  thousand.  The  domesticated  Indians  proicss 
the  Soman  Catholic  faith,  but  it  is  tinged  with  theaaperatitioas  of 
their  ancestors.  Tliey  hold  the  clergy  ingreat  fear  and  reverence, 
however,  and  are  deeply  influenced  by  the  forms  and  ceremonies 
ol  the  church,  which  have  changed  little  ^CE  the  first  Spanish 
settlements.  Bolivia  is  divided  into  an  archbishopric  and  three 
bishoprics.  The  Gist  hidudes  the  departments  of  Chuquisaca, 
Oturo,  Potoai,  Tarija  and  the  Chilean  provioce  of  Antoiagaata, 
with  its  seat  at  Sucrt,  and  ii  known  as  the  archbishopric  of  La 
Plata.  The  seel  of  the  three  bisboptici  are  La  Pai.Cochabamba 
indSanUCrut  Mission  wotkaroongthelndiansismtoistcd  to 
the  Pnpaianda  ^idi,  which  has  five  colleges  and  a  large  number. 


estimated  that  Ihcsi 
The  annua)  ippropf 
leligioua  ordt  ,  ' 
maintain  several  co 


T  been  suppressed  in  Bolivia, 


ns  of  lecdpu  and  eipcnditurea 
are  ever  published,  and  the  estimatei  presented  to  congress  by 
the  cabinet  ministers  furnish  the  only  lource  from  whidi  infor- 
mation on  be  drawn.  Tie  eipendituies  are  not  taitc,  and 
taxation  ia  not  conudertd  heavy.  Tie  estimated  rtvenuei  and 
eipeodituia  foi  1904  and  rfo;  at  91  pence  pel  boliviano, 
were  «a  lollawa:  1904,  revenue  ^631,773  •■  15s.,  expendllure 
£74i,S7i  :  ten  ipos,  revenue  £6M,Tfi3  ■  H  ■  ^,  expenditure 
£S>8,937  :  19  :  9.  The  revenue*  ale  derived  prEnclpally  from 
duties  arid  lae*  on  ImjMirt^  eiciie  taxes  on  spirits,  wioei.  tobacco 


impart  duties  are  inodente,  so  much  so  that  BoUvia  is  sei 

addition  to  the  schedule  rates  of  10  to  40%  4i  Klerrm  on  in- 
porta,  there  are  a  consular  fee  of  il%  for  the  registration  of 
invoices  exceeding  300  bolivianos,  a  consumption  tax  of  so 
cenlavos  per  quintal  (46  kilogram  Dies),  fen  for  viiiing  certi- 
ficates 10  aconnpany  merchandise  in  transit,  sjiedal  "octroi " 
taxes  on  cetlain  kinds  of  merchandise  controlled  by  mnnofinlif* 
(spirits,  tobacco,  &c.},  and  the  import  and  coniurapiion  taxes 
levied  by  the  depattmentaand  municipalities.  Theeqienditurea 
are  chieBy  for  olhcial  salaries,  subsidies,  public  works,  diurch 
atid  mission  si4:>port,  justice,  public  instruction,  military  ex- 
penses, and  interest  on  the  public  debt.  Tliea[^>ropriationslor 
1903  were  as  follows:  war,  i^i.iig  bolivianos;  finance  and 
industry,    1,461,359;    government    and    fomento,    3,03 1,4 tSj 

The  acknowledged  public  debt  of  the  counlty  Is  compatalivdjr 
small.  At  the  cjose  of  tlie  wu  with  Chile  there  was  an  in- 
demnity debt  due  to  dtimu  of  that  republic  ol  6,550,830 
bolivianos,  which  had  been  nearly  liquidated  in  1904  whoi  Chile 
took  over  the  unpaid  balance.  Hiis  was  Bolivians  only  fordgu 
debt.  In  1905  her  internal  debt,  including  1,993,300  boliviano* 
ol  treasury  bills,  amounted  to  6,143,170  bdivianos  (£j46,>S6). 
The  govenmicnt  in  1903  authoriied  the  issue  of  treasury  rules 
tot  ibe  department  of  Beni  and  the  Natiaul  Territory  to  the 
amount  ol  one  million  bolivianos  (£87,500),  for  the  redemption 
of  which  10^  of  the  customs  receipts  ol  the  two  districts  is  set 
apart.  The  papercurrency  of  the  republic  consists  olbank-botea 
issued  by  four  private  banks,  and  is  therefore  no  part  ot  Ibe 
public  debt.  Tht  amount  m  circulation  on  the  30th  of  June 
1903  was  officially  estimated  at  9,144,154  boUvianns.[£&]o,ii3], 
issued  on  a  par  with  silver.  The  coinage  of  the  country  b  of 
silver,  nickel  and  copper.  The  silver  coins  are  of  the  denomina- 
Ltavos,  50,  10,  10  and  5  centavoi. 


lafroi 


a  year.     TIk  silver  mining  a 


panics  are  required  by  taw  to  send  to  the  mint  to%  of  tlieJT 
product.  The  silver  boliviano,  however,  is  rarely  seen  in  drcu- 
lation  because  of  the  cheaper  paper  currency.  To  check  the 
exportation  ol  silver  coin,  the  fractional  denominations  have 
been  sUghtly  debased.  The  nickel  coins  are  of  jandiocentavoa, 
and  the  copper  i  and  1  centavos. 
The  departmental  revenues,  which  are  derived  fr 


rom  the  national  treasury  and  other  small 
lied  at  1,196,171  bolivianos  hi  1903,  and  the 
,193,791  boUvianof.  The  eipenditotes  were 
poUre,  public  wotks,  public  in 


eqienditures  at 
chiefly  for  Justin  . .  _  .,  , 
the  Church.  The  munidpal  revenues 
bolivianos  in  rpoi,  and  the  expenditures  01,510  Douvianoa  tn 
excess  of  that  sum.  These  revenues  are  derived  from  a  lighring 
tax,  leases  and  ground  rents,  cemetery  fees,  consumption  and 
market  taxes,  licences,  lolls,  taxes  on  hides  and  skins,  peraooal 
and  various  minor  taxes.  Then  is  a  multiplication  of  taxes 
ia  trade  which  recalls  the  old  colonial  alabata  tax,  and  it  serves 
to  restrict  commeree  and  augment  the  cost  ot  goods  in  much  the 
same  way,  if  not  to  the  same  degree. 
AtiTHOMTTES.— M.  V.  Balliviin,  AftaUi  uin  Is  Wulru  d* 

no  i&uliu.  ic.  (La  Pal.  1896):  A'sficu  Pditiia.  Gtapifita, 
uH'utl,  y  Eiudiilka  it  Bdmk  (La  Pax.  190a}:  firisu  /lufica- 
cinu  pare  d  limitmlt  y  d  Viajtro  I  Mma  (La  Pax,  itoB): 
'     iinuSai  4i  la  Iximarit  ilium  n  Btlma,  three  pans  (La  Pas. 

lUUciitaCtimiftmitiBttmaaitttiiMndJtrthwr 

Naataal  ii  fmmipuitm.  Ac.  (La  Pax,  iBjSt:  M.  V. 


BanivUnand 


Edoarda  I( 


■  it  Btlma  a 


PtM,  1900):  Andrfr  Bnn 
»  il  it  Mfn  iiMt  tAi 


AU*  Ptnrmi  ye^i  Id^ou  Giila  (BoeBo*  AGaTism);  G.  E. 
Church  TUlttiM It '"'-■- " " ' 


ItBUwioPiaUu 


B.  i»77): 


a  E.  dnnli, "  Biilvii  br  tiM  ma  dt  h  Phu  RiHiu.-' CWr. -rw- 
IB-  PP'  t*fn  <L«te  ism);  C.  B.  Ciimm  ud  R.  E.  Gar-"- 


Qinia,  i8aS);  Su  W.  M, 
Ba/nuit  Auiu  (LoDckuL, 

iBrii;  J.  I.  Mors.  Wkmb^  (Ofrqlig  A  SoMi  (Socrt.  1U9); 
EJlnid  D.  UMkvm,  I/#  tkt  Am-m  ami  Mait*a  Jbiwi.  Ontti 
Bflma  fmi  Pint  (Londan,  'tT9i;  ^^■r'<"„¥*^P^W>  Btlmt  a 


M.  F.  SoMut,  Vomc^M  <t  Ghm  il.  CMb  .        -  "- 
^Pj     ^  ..  ^  ... .  ._ 

ATPet 


Oa  Pu,  I  <S4)  I C  M.  P«p«.  f««u  1*  ^Mitnii  (CUcuA  ig(i6) ; 
ArPEinookiiio,  .Uov  lb  >Wa,  ia  Arfiiia.  An^  cf  EemJtr 
'LoBdoa,   igoj);  Comce  C.  d'Und,  SaS  AtntritiH:  St: 
■  BiinC,  «  BaJnc,  ftc  (I^rb,  iB79)r  CIiuIh 


Tbe  couBtiT  DO*  fOnnlog  tbc  npnbtic  of  Bolivia,  naned  after 
the  gnat  Gbcntar  Simon  Botivu-  (;.>.).  was  in  early  diyi  umf^jr 
a  pntion  of  tlw  anpin  of  the  Idcu  of  Peru  (q.t.).  After  the 
cooqaeit  oi  Peru  by  (he  Spauianli :' 


D  bo  bH  that  modi  c 

<f  the  eDoTti  and  the  wbfaoi  of 
whoK  le^slative  eSorli  to  protect  tb 


m  KTf  dom  and  - 

Kitlen  and  mine-gwnere,  who  bid  defiaocc  to  the  biunane  and 
pntcctin  iqnl*tiaii*  of  the  oniidl  of  the  Indies,  and  tnaud 
the  nnhappr  natlns  liltle  better  than  beaiti  o[  bmden.    Tlw 

■Htl-P""*.  —"'""'"■i  tlntJfnn*  ■■glri  Tnill-m.^  lT.H;.T..p>i4«h>i< 

thnni|^fanedlab0iuiDlfaeiaine)iia(niaciaaieratii]O.    Ittt 

BBdoabtedlj  «ef)t  peat,  bnt  it  «a>  due  fai  mm  to  the  inilt  oi 
Eampean  ry^-^'^^  and  to  indnlfem  in  aknhol  than  to  hard 
■oik.    n«  aboitiv*  inuinctiOB  of  17S0-JI1,  led  liy  the  Inca 

"iiKted  tather 

rntbieak,  and  their 
dislike  and  dlitruM  of  the  colonial  Spuiaid,  account  for  the 
mmpaiativt  indiSeniKe  with  vhich  they  viesol  the  liM  and 
HmuM  oi  the  1814  nlonial  levoll  afaimt  Spain,  which  |ave 
the  South  Anoicaanatii  theit  indtpcndeDa. 

Wc  are  only  cmeemcd  hoe  with  the  War  of  tndqiaHlcna  lO 

taraailafleclEdUpper  Pen,  theBoliriaof  btndari.     When 

tbcp«lnst*«f  Biwooi  Aucthld  nKceeded  in  libeialiiii 

J^S^if-^  from  the  doninioD  of  Spain  the  intsior  proriiiGei  of 

llii  the  Rk>  de  la  Plata,  they  taiud  their  aima  againat 

'd  UppB  PkU.    An  alraact  an- 

gn  ju)y  1809  mi  Aosnat  1S15, 

_ __._    BthiMeeftbeSpuidioTrayalin 

and  the  SoMli  AnMdcra  ot  patriot  fona*,— th*  acene  of  actiaa 
lying  chkfly  between  the  Aigentina  pwiinc  of  Saha  and  Jojuy 
and  the  ilMni  of  Lake  Tlticaca.  Hm  fint  nonmeut  ol  the 
war  wn  the  auDcetif  ol  iunaan  of  Upper  Finn  by  thn  atmy  ef 
BaBioaAiRa,nnfcti<ainl  Balcarae,  ^dch,  after  Iwlct  dchat- 
ii«  th«  Spaaiih  troopo,  wu  aUe  to  cddnale  the  Ant  annl- 
yemryoftedtpoHkaoB  near  Lake  ThicKa,  in  May  ilcc.  Soon, 
ho  ■«»«>,  the  patiiM  anqr,  owing  to  the  ■*'—'*■'«  cmidact  and 

kad  detatcd,  in  June  iBi  i,  by  the  Spuddi  inny  imder  Oenaal 
rByenifbt,  uid  driven  back  into  Jnjoy.    Four  yean  of  warfare 


[VIA  17s 

tn  ^ck  victory  wai  alternately  with  the  Spaidardi  and  the 
p*UioM,  wu  tcrminited  la  iSij  by  the  total  toot  of  Oe  latter 
bi  bailie  which  took  ptiw  between  Potod  and  Orani.  IVittiii 
■ucceeded  ■  revolt  of  the  Indians  of  the  lonthem  prorinca  of 
Pern,  and  the  object  being  the  independence  of  the  wbok 
comtty,  It  wag  joined  by  niuneroiu  Creotei.  Thii  fnimrectioa 
was,  bowem,  ipeedily  put  down  by  the  royalliti.  In  liifi  the 
Spanidi  general  Luena,  having  been  appointed  coranander-in- 
cUef  of  Upper  Feni,  oiade  an  attempt  to  Eovide  the  Argentine 
province),  tBleDding  to  nurcfa  on  Bnenog  Ains,  bni  be  wu 
corapletdy  foiled  in  this  by  the  activity  of  the  irregutai  lancht 
troops  ol  Salta  »nd  Juiuy,  and  wu  lorcwi  to  retire.  During  thii 
tine  and  En  the  six  succeeding  yean  a  goertOla  warfAie  wai 
maintained  by  the  paCrioti  of  Upper  l^em,  who  bad  taken  refuge 
in  the  mountain],  chiefly  of  the  ptDvince  ol  Ytmgss,  and  who 
beqncnlly  haiaased  the  royaUit  Una!*.  In  June  iSij  the 
eipedltion  of  Genera]  Santa  Crtii,  prepared  with  great  leal  and 
activity  at  Lima,  miTcbed  in  two  divisions  upon  Upper  Peru,  and 
(n  the  foUcnriog  months  of  July  and  August  the  whole  country 
between  La  Pas  and  Oturo  was  occupied  by  his  forces;  but 
later,  the  Indeciikin  and  want  of  judgmenl  displayed  by  Santa 
Cmi  allowed  a  retreat  to  be  mode  beloiT  a  smaller  loyaKsl  army, 
and  ■  severe  storm  oooverted  tbdr  retreat  into  a  precipitate 
flt^t,  only  a  temunt  of  the  eipedilion  again  reaching  Lima. 
In  1814,  after  the  great  battle  of  Ayanjcbo  In  Lower  Pern, 
General  Sucre,  whose  valour  had  cmtiibutcd  so  much  to  the 
patriot  success  of  thai  day,  nanhed  with  a  part  of  the  viclorloui 
army  into  Upper  Peru.  On  (he  news  of  the  victory  a  universal 
rising  of  the  patriots  took  place,  and  before  Sucre  had  reached 
Oruro  and  Puno,  in  February  iSij,  La  Pax  was  already  in  (heir 
possession,  and  the  royaliil  garriaona  of  •creral  towns  had  gone 
overtstheiriide.  The  planish  gaoenl  Ohfleta,  with  a  dimhuahed 
armyof  »oonien,wai  confined  to  the  pnviiice  of  Potoal,  when 
he  held  oat  till  Hatch  tgij,  when  he  was  mtttally  womided  In 

General  Sucre  wu  now  tnvetted  with  the  supreme  command 
Id  Upper  Ftau,  until  the  Teqtddte  measuiet  could  be  taken  to 
establish  in  that  oooBtry  a  rcgukr  and  OonslitMional  gDvemment. 
DqMttes  from  the  rafious  ptoidnct*  to  the  nBrnba-  of  fifty-fonr 
were  awcmbled  at  Omquinca,  the  capital,  to  decide  upon  the 
quettion  proposed  to  Ihem  on  the  part  of  the  goremment  of 
theAigeatIuepravlnces,nhethertheywouldor  would  not  remain 
iepsiBte  fram  that  country.  In  August  1895  they  dedded  this 
question,  dadaring  it  to  be  the  national  will  that  Upper  ^_^_. 
Peru  should  in  future  coostiluie  a  distjoct  and  lode-  ?^i_ 
pendent  nation.  ThisauemblycontlnuedtheJrsenlon, 
although  ibe  prloAiy  object  of  ihcir  meeting  hod  thus  bees 
accompUihed,  and  afterwords  gave  the  name  of  Boliiria  to  the 
counUy, — Issuing  at  the  same  time  •  foimsl  deduatloci  of 
indepeodence. 

The  first  genera]  assembly  of  deputies  of  Bolivia  dlsBiilvid 
Itseif  00  the  Mh  of  October  iB>5,  aiul  a  new  congreas  was  tum- 
moned  and  fonnally  Installed  at  Chuqnisaca  00  the  95lh  o(  Uay 
igi4,  to  take  Into  cmdderatton  the  constitution  prepared  by 
Bolivar  for  the  new  republic.  A  favourable  report  wu  made 
to  that  body  by  ■  oommittee  appointed  10  enmlne  it,  on  which 
itwaaappnrradbythecongnu,  and  declared  to  be  tfaeconxtfto- 
tionottbeiepublic;  and  aa  ancb,  it  waa  sworn  to  by  the  people. 
Coienl  Socta  waa  Aeeen  president  tot  Ufa,  aecmding  (o  the 
consttlntlaa,  but  only  accepted  the  qipolntmMil  tor  &  space 
of  two  year*,  and  on  the  eipRn  condittea  that  sooo  Cdomblao 
tnwp*  should  be  permitted  to  nmain  with  Um. 

The  hkhpendaice  of  the  country,  u  deuly  boo^t,  did  not, 
however,  tecnre  for  it  ■  peaceful  futare.  Repeated  lidngs 
occutnd,  tin  in  the  end  ot  iSi;  General  Sncre  and  his  Gikmbtu 
tioopt  wen  driven  from  La  Pu.  A  new  oongreas  waa  formed 
■t  Chnqoiuca  in  AptH  iSiB,  which  modified  (he  umstilutlen 
given  1^  B^vir,  and  choae  Uanfcal  Santa  Crat  for  president ;  but 
only  a  year  later  a  revnluttOB,  led  1^  Ceocial  BlanoD,  threw  tbe 
eomtiy  bito  diiotdcT  and  for  a  time  ewtnmed  the  govern- 
ment. Quiet  being  again  restored  In  iSji,  Santa  Crni  pco- 
nBlgatedthecDdaoiflaiaawhich  bore  Utnami^  and  brought  the 


,76 


BOLIVIA 


fiiuB'l"''  alltbt  at  tbe  eonntiy  Isto  fomc  eider;  he  4Im  am- 
duded  ■  tical/  of  comineicc  with  Pciu,  uid  for  Kvml  ytu> 
Bolivia  remuned  in  puce.  In  1S35,  vbcn  t  itiuggtc  for  the 
chid  power  hxd  nude  two  foctioiv  in  the  aei^bouiing  repablk 
d  Feni,  Sula  Cnu  wu  induced  lo  tike  ■  part  in  the  contnC; 
he  muched  into  tivt  country,  and  mfter  deickting  Ceneni 
Girnan*,  the  lEadei  of  one  of  the  oppoung  puliei,  completed 
tlie  padfiatton  of  Peru  in  the  ipring  of  iSj6,  mmed  bimielC 
iti  piDtcctor,u>d  had  La  view  iconlcdciaUoTioC  iha  two  counuiei. 
At  thfl  Junctuie  the  govcinmctit  of  Qiile  inleifend  tctivil/. 
and  opoiuiofi  the  aiiie  of  CsDiarni,  Knt  troopt  into  PenL 
'nine  yaa  of  filbting  eniued  till  in  a  battle  at  Juogiy  in  JlUK 
iSjg  Santa  Cm  mi  defeated  and  exiled,  Gamaira  became 
pietident  ol  Pern,  and  G«Dera]  Veluco  provisional  chief  in  BoL  via. 
The  Santa  Cm  party,  bowtver,  nmained  itrong  in  Bdivia, 
and  soon  revolted  succosfully  agaiist  the  new  head  of  the 
Kovemnunt,  ultimately  installing  Cenetst  Ballivian  in  the 
chief  power-  Taking  advantage  of  the  disturbed  condition  of 
Bolivia,  Gamarrs  made  an  attempt  to  anoex  the  rich  piovinca 
ol  It  Pa»,  invsding  ii  in  August  1841  and  besiegiiig  the  capital; 
bat  in  a  battle  with  Ballivian  his  army  nas  totaJly  routed,  and 
Camnna  himself  was  killed.  Tie  Bolivian  geDcial  wa<  now  in 
turn  lo  invade  Peru,  when  Cbile  again  interfered  to  prevent  him. 
Balliviaa  remained  in  the  presidency  till  1S4S,  when  be  retired 
to  Valparaiso,  and,in  the  end  of  that  year  General  Bcliu,  after 
leading  a  lucccsfut  military  revolution,  took  the  chief  power, 
and  during  hii  preiidency  endeavouitd  to  promote  •gricultuie, 
induitry  and  trade.  General  Jorge  Cordora  lucoeeded  bim, 
but  had  not  been  long  in  ofEcc  when  a  new  revolt  in  September 
■S57,  originating  with  the  gnnisan  of  Otura,  spread  over  the 
land,  and  compelled  bim  to  quit  the  country.  His  place  was 
taken  by  Dt  Jott  Maria  Linarca,  the  originator  of  the  tevolotion, 
who,  laldng  into  his  own  hands  all  the  powers  of  government, 
■od  acting  vriih  the  greatest  severity,  caused  hiaself  to  bt 
prodaEmed  dictator  in  March  i&sS.  Fteih  disturbances  .led 
to  (be  depodlioD  of  Linares  in  i86t,  when  Dr  Maria,  de  Acha  wu 
cboacn  pnsidcnt.  In  1861  a  treaty  of  peace  and  commerce  with 
the  United  Sutea  wu  ratified,  and  in  the  following  year  a 
(imilar  treaty  was  conduded  with  Belgiimi;  but  new  causes  el 
disagreament  with  Chile  had  arisen  in  the  discovery  of  rich  beds 
of  guano  on  the  eastern  cout-land  of  the  desert  of  Atacama, 
whicJi  threatened  wariaie,  and  were  only  set  ht  teat  by  the 
tnaty  of  AuguH  1S66,  in  which  the  14th  panlld  of  latitude 
was  adopted  as  the  boundary  between  the  two  repuUics.  A  new 
tnHitary  revolution,  led  by  Maria  Mclprejo,  broke  out  in  1865, 
and  in  February  of  that  year  the  troopt  of  President  Acha  were 
defeated  in  a  battle  near  Potoai,  when  Md^rcjo  took  the 
doraision  of  the  country.  Aflet  defeating  two  revoluliDDi,  io 
i86s  and  161U,  the  new  prealdent  declared  >  political  amnesty, 
and  ia  iS6<),  after  imposing  a  rcviKd  conatilutioa  on  the  coontiy, 
be  becarne  itt  dictator. 

Id  January  1871  President  Md^n^o  was  In  ha  turn  depoeed 
and  driven  from  the  couolry  by  a  revolution  beaded  by  Colonel 
-^^  Augmtin  Horaks.  The  latlei,  hecnniing  ptesidenl, 
JjJiJ^,  was  hiouelf  mncdoed  In  Kovember  1873  and  wai 
succeeded  by  Cdond  AdoUo  Btilirian,  wbo  died  in 
1874.  Under  thia  preaideU  Bolivia  entered  upon  aaecrel  agrec- 
aeot  with  Pern  which  waa  destined  to  haie  grave  conaequetioes 
for  both  conntriet.  To  nndenlUHl  the  muon  that  urged 
Bolivia  to  take  tUi  atep  it  ia  DeccMaiy  to  lO  bock  to  the  abovc- 
aentieiKd  treaty  ot  iU«  between  Chile  aad  Bolivia.  By  this 
initrument  BoUvk,  bciidM  cooonling  the  Mth  pualld  ■*  the 
bouodary  of  CUIeu  MnitOfT,  tsiccd  that  CkDe  ataonld  have  • 
half  share  of  the  ciMma  and  full  lacilitiM  foi  tiadlng  on  the 
coast  that  lay  between  the  ijid  and  14th  panOi^  Chile  at  that 
timebelDclanelyintetMedintbetndeofthetnpon.  Itwas 
also  apecd  that  CUle  ahotild  be  aOcwed  to  Dfaie  and  eiport  the 
preducti  ot  this  diatilct  without  tax  et  Undiaiui  on  the  pact  of 
Bolivia.  In  ilio,  in  initber  coiaideiBtian  of  the  lum  of  tto,ooo, 
Bolivia  gnntcd  teas  Anglo-Oiilean  csopaBy  the  ri^t  of  work- 
ingceitaln  nitrate  dcpoiita  tturth  of  the  14th  panlld.  The  great 
wealth  which  wai  faailin  into  Chilean  hMMb  owing  to  theK 


ompncl*  cnated  bs  Utile  JhtWH—l  ia  BoMi,  nar  wm  Pet* 
any  better  plened  with  the  bold  that  CbBeaB  capita]  wm  cata^ 
lisfaing  In  the  ifch  diitricl  of  Ttnpaci.  On  fith  Febmaiy  li?] 
Bolivia  entered  upon  ■  secret  agtcemeat  with  Pent,  the  oelensitd* 
object  of  wfakhwu  the  pnaetvatioBoI  their  tenilnial  integrity 
and  their  mutual  defeuee  againtt  etteriar  aggnaako.  There  can 
be  DO  doubt  that  the  aggiessicn  contemplated  a*  pcskibk  by 
both  countries  waa  a  fnrths  encroachment  on  the  part  o(  CbDe. 

Upon  tlie  death  of  Adolfo  BalliviaB,  fmmedlalely  after  the 
conclusion  of  this  tmty  with  Peru,  Dr  Tetnai  Frfas  incceeded 
to  the  presidency.  lie  rigned  yet  anoihet  treaty  with  ChDe,  by 
which  the  latter  agreed  lo  witlidnw  her  cUioi  'to  half  (he  dntie* 
levied  In  Bolivian  ports  on  condition  that  all  ChileaiB  iodutfiei 
established  in  Bdivian  teuitory  should  be  Itee  tran  duty  lot 
twinty-Bve  years.  This  treaty  was  never  ratified,  and  four  yean 
later  Genera]  Haarion  J>ua,  who  bad  succeeded  Dr  Frias  a> 
president  fo  rS7S,  demanded  as  the  price  ol  Bdlvla'a  consent 
that  a  tu  of  to  cents  per  (juinlal  should  be  paid  mi  all  iiitiatca 
eiported  froio  the  country,  funhei  declaring  that,  unkB  thia 
levy  was  paid,  nitrates  in  the  bands  of  the  exporters  would  be 
seiud  by  (he  Bolivian  govemraeiit.  As  an  answer  to  these  de- 
mand*, and  in  ordct  to  protect  the  property  ot  Oillean  aabfecta, 
the  ChQean  Beet  was  sent  to  blockade  the  ports  of  Antofaffita, 
Colnja  and  TocapUla.  On  the  14U1  Fcbnisiy  1879  the  Chileaa 
coIoimI  Sotomayor  occupied  Anlofogasta,  and  on  rst  March, 
a  fbrtaight  later,  the  Bolivian  government  deckred  wu. 

An  o9cr  on  the  part  of  Peru  to  act  as  mediator  met  wilb  no 
favour  from  Chile.  The  existence  ol  the  seoet  treaty,  w^ 
known  to  the  Chilean  govemmeot,  rendered  the  tattaveolioi  ol 
Peru  more  than  questiocaNe,  and  the  law  paiaed  by  the  latter 
in  1S75,  whkh  ptictically  created  a  mcmopaly  of  ibe  Tanpact 
nitrate  beds  to  the  serious  prejudice  ol  Chilean  enterpne,  ofEeicd 
no  guaranteeof  her  good  faith.  Chile  replfed  by cnrtly  demanding 
the  annulment  of  the  seam  treaty  and  an  uaatxx  of  Puuvtau 
neutrality. .  Both  demands  being  refuKd,  she  declared  wax  npiM 

The  tuperiority  of  the  ChUcans  at  lea,  tbou^  dieckcd  for 
some  time  by  the  hennc  ^Uantry  of  the  ftnrvians,  aoon  enabled 
them  to  land  a  lufiicient  number  ei  tio<^  to  meet  the  alUcd 
forces  which  had  cotKentiMed  at  Axica  and  othn  peanta  in  tha 
south.  The  Bolivian  porta  were  already  in  CMean  han^  and 
a  >ca  attack  tqno  PingnasDTpdKd  and  routed  the  tmopaaader 
the  Peimian  geaetal  Baendia  and  opened  the  way  into  ih* 
southern  tecritoiyef  BetiL  Genera)  Il«i*,  who  tbotdd  have  co- 
opeiated  with  Baendia,  tnriKd  beck,  on  receivlBg  newt  of  the 
Peruvian  defeat,  and  led  the  Bolivian  tiooinloltoM  Id  a  baty 
and  aomewhat  disorderly  retreat.  The  fall  of  San  Ftaadaco 
foUowcd,  and  Iqnlque,  which  waa  evacuated  by  the  aDia  wilb- 
out  a  atmggla,  was  occupied.  Seveni  fighttag  took  |dut  before 
T^rapaii  samidaed,  but  the  end  id  iS»  saw  the  Chileuia  in 
complete  pwuMJonof  the  province. 

MeanwhOe  a  double  cevolntion  took  place  in  Pern  ami  Bolivia.' 
In  the  fanner  conntiy  General  Piado  wia  depoeed  and  Ceionel 
Piatdapndaimed  dictator.  The  B^viaosfothnnd  the  example 
of  ***<r  mKrm  ^Q  tTOopa  at  Ttiott  fndlgunt  at  the  intfeaio^ 
part  they  had  been  condemnad  to  play  by  the  iDOMipelence  or 
cowardice  of  theii  president,  deprived  him  of  thefi  ceouuand  and 
elected  Coknel  ff—rf-.  to  Ind  them.  At  the  lane  tiow  a 
molmioa  In  La  Pan  piBciaiiaed  Oensal  NndSB  CaBpcr4  preai- 
dant,  and  be  WM  elected  to  that  poet  hi  the  foUowing  June  by 
the  oidiaary  procedure  «f  the  crastitutiDn.  t>utfiic  iSSo  the 
wu  wu  (U^y  maintainad  at  aea  between  Chile  and  Ptiii, 
Bolivia  taking  tittle  or  no  part  in  the  stiug^  In  Janoary  ol 
iS8t  were  fo^rt  the  battles  of  Chnrllk>s  and  Uhafloret,  attended 
by  heavy  slau^  ter  andaaviBe  encsKi  on  the  part  of  the.  Chileu 
ttoopa.  Hey  were  Mlowedafanoat  Immediately  by  the  tuncndei 
of  Lima  and  Callao,  which  left  tbt  C  ~  "    " 

ofPeru.    Inthein     '      ' 

Montoo  had  foriB. .    .  ,.     .  _  ... 

lingered,  and  in  September  18S1  a  conference  took  place  hetwcea 
tlm  latter  and  Pretldenl  Campero,  at  wUch  It  was  decided  that 
they  abould  Md  wvt  for  better  terms.    But  the  Peraviani 


BOLKHOV— BOLLANDISTS 


««uM  <l  lb*  omIcm  UTtg^  On  lb*  lotli  al  Octobvr  iBBj 
tlitr  anduikd  ■  tnatjr  of  peace  alth  CUIc;  Ibe  iroopsit  Are. 
qo^,  oBdn  Ad«<nl  MmMo,  inrmdcKd  that  town,  lad 
Maateto  himtdr,  OoUIr  Rcdnd  In  BsUvb,  whitber  be  bid  fled 
foe  nfuge,  wilbdmr  bom  Ibc  cmintry  (o  Europe  On  tbe  gib 
of  November  tbe  Cbilcin  anaf  of  omiptliaa  *n*  omecnlnled 
•t  AiBjatp*,  wbOe  nbal  renialned  of  tb*  BoBriu]  iimjr  !■;  M 
Onn.  Negollatlont  mn  opened,  and  on  iitb  Deaaibcr  ■ 
peace  «u  dgncd  betwetD  CbOe  and  BoHvto.  By  Ibis  tiBly 
BaliTh  oded  to  CbOr  the  «bak  of  it*  tn-sooM,  Ittdndinf  tbe 
pon  of  CMS*. 

On  tbe  tStb  ol  Kay  iSgj  t  treaty  vat  afgned  at  Sulligo 
betmcn  Qiile  and  BoCivii,  "  with  a  view  to  itrenfthenjns  tbe 
bondi  of  friembblp  wUcb  unhc  tbe  two  countiiei,"  and,  "  In 
accord  with  the  higber  neceult/  that  the  (uture  devdopment 
and  conmerdal  proqierlty  of  Bolivia  reqdro  her  free  access  to 
the  aeo."  By  lUa  tiea^  CbOe  decUitd  thai  If,  in  coniciiueiice 
of  tbe  pldusdle  {lo  lake  plico  luuleT  the  Ueaty  of  Ancoa  witb 
Ptn),  or  by  virtoe  of  direct  ananBcmtDt,  ibe  ^wuld  "  aci[uiie 
domlaioD  and  pertnancnt  sovereignly  over  Ibe  teiciton'es  ol 
T^cna  and  AricB,  ibe  Dndertjkei  to  Uansfn  tliem  to  Bolivia 
In  the  same  form  and  to  the  same  eirtent  u  she  may  acquire 
them";  the  lepnblicof  Bolivia  paying  as  an  Indenuiliyiot  that 
transfer  tSiOciajwo  silver.  11  Ibis  ceulon  should  be  cScctcd, 
Chile  tbould  advance  bcr  own  fronlier  north  ol  Camcrono  to 
Vilor,  Iron  tlw  «a  iq>  to  the  Itoutler  tdiich  actually  lepanles 
that  dialrict  [ran  Bidivia.  Chile  also  pledged  heisdt  to  use  her 
atmoM  eodeavonr,  either  leparately  or  Jointly  with  Bolivia,  to 
obtain  pooetiion  ol  Tacna  and  Arici.  It  ibc  fiHed,  she  bound 
becietf  to  cede  to  Bolivia  Ibe  noddead  (.aUla)  of  Vitor,  or 
■DOtbei  analogDui  one,  and  (5,000,000  iDver.  SupplemcDIary 
potocal*  to  Ihii  treaty  nipnialed  that  the  port  to  be  ceded  mutt 
"  folly  aalafy  tbe  pitMnt  and  fatni*  leqnlRmeots  "  of  tbe 

(hi  tbe  gjid  of  May  1(95  [ortbei  Ittattes  of  peace  and  com- 
ncToe  war*  ligoed  witb  Chile,  but  tbe  pnivisfora  with  regnTd 
U  the  cetllon  of  a  leaport  to  Bdlvia  ilill  remained  onlulfilled. 
Soring  tboae  ten  yean  at  recovery  on  tbe  part  of  Bolivia  from 
the  cfecti  of  tbe  wit,  Ibe  pmidenty  vis  held  by  Dr  Ticbcco, 
wlu  aocecaded  Cinipeto,  and  held  office  for  the  lull  term ;  by 
JH  Anktlo  Aice,  who  held  it  until  ig«i,  and  by  Dr  Mariano 
Baptbta,  hi*  tuccetsor.  In  [S9S  Dr  Severo  Alonso  became 
pTMideBt,  and  during  his  tenure  of  office  di[domaIic  relatioiu 
*<t«  renuned  with  Great  Britain,  Seftoc  Ataraayo  being  seat 
to  Loadah  ai  mlnliler  plenipotentiary  in  July  1897.  As  an 
ootcone  of  bis  miiaian  an  extradltlDn  treaty  wis  concluded  with 
<^t  Britain  In  Marcb  189S. 

bi  December  an  attempt  was  made  to  pass  a  law  creating 
Sncn  the  peipettul  capital  of  tbe  tepuUic.  Until  this  Sucre 
bad  taben  tu  turn  wiih  I*  Pai,  Cochabamba  and  Oniro.  La 
hinae  In  open  revolt.  On  tbe  i;thal  January  of  tbe  following 
yeii  a  battle  waa  fanght  some  40  m.  from  La  Pu  between  the 
inxuisents  and  the  govemmoit  forcra,  in  which  the  litter  were 
defeated  with  the  Ion  of  a  colonel  and  forty-three  men.  Colonel 
Puulo,  the  insutgent  leader,  having  giiiwd  1  strong  following, 
Ukarched  upon  Orara,  and  entered  that  town  on  nth  April  1809, 
afloc  completely  defeating  tbe  government  troops.  Dr  Severo 
AlonfO  took  t^Dge  b  Cbilein  lemlory;  and  Colonel  Pando 
fMoied  ■  pfoiriahmal  government.  He  had  no  difficuliy  fai 
obtaining  Uadeetiom  to  the  presidency  wilbont  opposition.  He 
entcied  upoa  olSee  on  the  iCth  of  October,  and  proved  Mnaelf 
to  be  a  (trong  ind  capable  chief  ma^ttfatev  He  had  to  deal 
with  two  dlScvll  Rttlenwiit*  ai  to  bonndaiiea  with  Cbile  and 
Biuil,  and  to  take  itepa  foTtaiprawIiig  tbe  neata  of  communica- 
tioa  ia  the  ceontiy,  by  this  meana  reviving  it>  mining  and  other 
lodaalilei.  The  dlqnite  witb  Braifi  over  Ibe  rich  Aci€  rubber- 
prododng  terrflory  waa  aneotoaled  by  the  maforlty  of  thoae 
engaged  la  the  rubber  Indmtry  being  Bradiana,  wbo  reunted 
the  altcnpti  of  BoUviu  oOdab  to  enrcbe  antboiity  in  tbe 
district  Thii  led  W  ■  dedaratioB  of  Independence  on  tbe  part 
of  tbe  itate  of  AcrC,  and  the  despatch  of  a  body  of  BolMin 
inM^  In  rtiDo  lo  rciloie  order.    There  was  no  deaire,  however. 


on  tlie  part  of  Prcddent  Pindo  lo  involve  himseU  fn  bostflltlet 
with  B[uU,and  ia  1  sinril  ol  concession  the  dispute  waa  letlled 
amicably  by  diploma  tic  toeaos,  and  a  treaty  signed  in  November 
190J.  A  new  boundary  line  was  drum,  and  a  portion  of  the 
AccC  province  ceded  M  Biuil  in  Donslderationola  caab  fudemnity 
of  (10,000,000. 

The  lon(.«taBding  dfapute  with  Chile  witb  regard  lo  ita  occupa- 
tion of  tbe  fetmer  Bdlvlan  provincei  o(  Thcna  and  Arlca  under 
tbePartodeTtegnaof  the  4lh  of  April  iSS^  waa  more  difficidt 
to  arrange  aatUactorily.  In  iBoj  there  bad  been  some  prospect 
of  Chile  conceding  an  outlet  on  tlK  sea  b  eicbange  tot  a  recogni- 
tion of  the  CUIeanowDenhip  of  Tacna  and  Arica.  The  discovery, 
boTcver.  of  eecret  negotiations  between  Bolivia  and  Argentina 
caused  Chile  to  change  ill  condlistoiy  attitude.  Bollvii  wu 
in  no  position  to  venture  upon  bostihllci  or  to  compel  the 
Chilcins  lo  make  concesskiDS,  and  tbe  final  settlement  of  the 
boundary  dispute  between  Argentina  and  ChDe  deprived  tike 
Bolivians  of  the  hope  of  oblaining  the  support  ol  the  Aigenllnes. 
President  Panda  ind  his  successor,  Istnail  Montes,  who  beama 
president  in  1904,  lan  thil  It  wu  necesuiy  to  yield,  and  to  mike 
the  best  term*  tlMy  could.  A  trcaiy  was  accordingly  latificd 
In  i(>as,  which  was  in  tniny  ways  advantageous  to  Bolivia, 
Ilwugh  the  repuUic  was  oompclled  to  cede  to  Oiile  tbe  nuriiime 
provincei  occupied  by  the  titter  power  since  tbe  war  of  lUi, 
and  lodo  without  a  Kiport.  Thegovcmment  af  Chile  undertoak 
to  construct  1  tiDway  at  Its  own  cost  ftom  Arica  lo  the  Ballvim 
capital,  La  Paz,  and  to  ^ve  the  Bolivians  free'  transit  thraugb 
Chllun  territory  to  certain  towns  on  the  cout.  Chile  further 
agreed  topayBdiviaa  cash  Indemnlly  ind  lend  certain  pccuniaiy 
assistance  10  tbe  coeatraction  of  otlier  tailwayi  ceccisuy  for 
tlw  opening  out  of  the  country. 

See  C  Wieiier,  Bolvir  K  Fhtu  (Paris.  iSSo):  E.  HonbH:h. 
Bofiiia  (Leijuig,   ia7j)j  Theodore  OiIld.T^  SaUk  Amtricai 


Gentrel  dun  Jial  Man 

-.- -  impeKlia  dt 

fnJuicia  Idtlai  iMmai  it  iida  Ittfutlia 


AMu 


de  Chile,  1S?4)- 


>«■  iSei  (Smatiasto 
(W.  Hd.;  C.  E.) 
town  of  Rnssli,  In  the  govemment  of  Orel,  ind 
3Sm.  N.of  ihedlyof  Orel.  Pop.  (1897)  »0,70].  It  Is  prettily 
situated  amongst  orchards  and  possesses  a  cathedral.  Ibere 
is  a  lively  trade  in  hemp,  bemp-ieed  oil,  hemp  goods  and  cattle, 
and  there  an  hemp-mills,  soap-works  and  tanncrlca.  The 
mucb-venented  monastery,  Option  Pustyn,  is  close  by. 

BOUt  a  bolaidcal  term  far  a  fruit-pod,  puticululy  of  the 
cotton  plant.  The  word  is  In  O.  Eng.  bulla,  which  is  also  repre- 
sented In  "  bowl,"  a  round  vessel  for  liquids,  a  variant  due  to 
••  bowi,"  ban,  which  it  from  the  Fr.  bonle.  "  BoU  "  Is  alio  used, 
chiefly  In  Scotland  and  tbe  north  ol  England,  u  1  meuun  ol 
weight  for  flour»i4o  tb,  and  af  apacity  for  grain;  itf  pecks 
-I  bdL 

BOIUIIDISTS,  the  Belglut  Jeniita  who  publish  the  Ada 
Saiuterum,  tbe  greit  collection  of  biographies  ind  legends  of  the 
sainti,  arranged  by  dayi.  In  tbe  order  of  the  calendar.  The 
original  Mea  wai  conceived  by  a  Jesuit  lalher,  Heribert  Roiweyde 
(see  RAdOUMv),  and  waa  explained  by  him  in  a  sort  of  pro- 
spectus, which  be  blued  In  ifo?  under  the  title  ol  PMi  tanOontm 
qmnm  r0«  In  Bt/tkU  BlblhUidi  manuscritlat.  His  inlenlloa 
waa  lo  pebUih  In  ei^Ieen  volumes  the  llva  of  tbe  saints  cotn- 
pQed  from  the  MSS.,  at  the  same  lime  adding  lobei  notes.  At 
the  time  of  Ids  death  (1639)  be  had  coDected  1  large  asMniDI  of 
mileriil,  but  had  not  been  ible  actuilly  to  he^n  the  work.  A 
Jesuit  fitber,  John  Holland,  wis  ippmnled  to  carry  On  tbe  pro- 
ject, and  was  sent  to  Antwerp.  He  continued  to  amaii  material, 
and  extended  the  scope  of  the  work.  In  liu  tbe  two  vidume* 
for  January  ^iptarcd.  The  thite  vchmiia  for  Fdmmy  ap- 
pealed in  it  jS,  the  three  lor  Hanh  In  i66B|thotliTeefOT  April  In 
it75i  and  ao  on.  In  1635  Heiuebeidni  (Godlrled  Semcben)  waa 
BBOdated  witb  Holland,  and  coUaboialed  In  tbe  work  UDlQ  iWi. 
From  tAs9  to  1714  Papebrocb  (Daidel  van  Papenbroeck)collabar> 
■ted.    TUi  wu  ihe  soit  brtlliaat  period  In  the  bfeRny  <rf  the 


178 


BOLOGNA,  G.  DA— BOLOGNA 


AcU  Saacleram.  The  fRcdom  of  Fipebrodi'a  ciitidim  mdi 
him  Dvuiy  enemies,  and  he  bad  often  (o  defend  himself  agtnut 
theicattuks.  Hie  work  wu  continued — with  »me  ioequalitics, 
but  always  in  the  samr:  spirit— until  the  luppitsiionol  the  Society 
o£  Jesui  in  17;].  The  last  voliune  puUiihed  iraa  toL  iii.  o[ 
October,  vhidi  appeajid  in  1770. 

On  the  dispcmoo  of  the  Joniti  the  Bolluidiiti  wireauthoriicd 
to  continuB  thdr  work,  and  remnincd  at  Antncip  until  1779| 
when  they  were  tnm&fcTTcd  to  Brussels,  to  the  monasteiy  of 
canoui  legulat  of  Coudcnbog.  Here  they  published  vol.  iv.  of 
Oclobci  in  17S0,  and  vol.  v.  of  October  in  17S6,  obeii  the 
moBUleiy  of  Coudenlxcg  was  suppressed.  In  17S3  the  work 
of  (he  Eollandists  ceased.  Hie  remsiiu  of  their  libcaiy  vere 
acquired  by  the  Prcmoaslnilentiins  of  Tongeiloo,  who  en- 
deavoured to  contiuue  the  work,  and  in  theii  >bbey  voL  vL  of 
October  appeared  in  IJM. 

Alter  the  rc-esublishineal  of  the  Sodety  of  Jetm  in  Belgium 
the  work  wu  agaia  taVtn  up  Id  1S37,  at  the  auKeaiion  of 
the  Acadfrule  Royale  of  Belgium  and  with  the  iu[^rt  of  tho 
Belgiou  govemmenl,  and  the  BoUondiats  were  installed  at  the 
college  of  St  Michael  in  Brussels.  In  1B45  appeared  voL  yii.  of 
October,  the  first  of  the  new  series,  which  reached  voL  jdlL  of 
October  in  iSSj.  In  this  series  the  Jesuit  fsthsi  Joseph  van  der 
Mocn,  Joseph  van  Hecke,  Becjanun  Bossue,  Victor  and  Rem!  de 
Buck,  Ant.  Tinnebroeck,  Edu.  Cirpeniier  and  Henr.  Matigne 
collabonted.  Father  John  Uartinov  of  Theuan  was  entrusted 
with  the  editing  of  the  XnnKitTroec^fonciu,  which  appeared  in 
the  beginning  of  vol.  xLof  October  In  rS^ 

In  iSSi  the  activities  of  the  Bollaodists  were  exerted  ia  &  new 
diicction,  with  a  view  to  briugiiig  the  work  more  into  line  with 
the  progress  of  historical  raetluxU.  A  quarterly  review  wu 
established  under  the  title  of  .liuiAAr  ^aUmiduiio  by  the  Jesuit 
fathers  C.  de  Smedt,  G.  van  HooS  and  J.  de  Backer.  This 
reached  its  a^th  vdume  in  1906,  and  was  edited  by  the 
BoUsndists  de  Smedt,  F.  van  Outroy,  H.  Delehaye,  A.  Porcelet 
and  F.  Feelers.  "Hit  review  contains  itudiea  In  prepatntion  for 
the  conllnuatioi]  tnd  lemoulding  of  ibt.AilaSiinctiinm,  inedited 
texts,  dissetutiotu,  and,  since  1S9),  a  Btlldin  da  pMiailiimi 
kagiopatld^aa,  conlaining  criiidsnu  of  recent  wocki  db  hi^o- 
grapbic  questions    In  addition  to  this  leview,  the  BoUandisij 


undertook  the  analy^  of  Ih 


.tuftcfaCe.t.thoscof  Chutrea,  Nam    .  . 

etc.),  separate  volumes  »eic  devoted  to  the  LiUn  MSS.  in  the 
BibUoth<queRoyiJeatBrusscl3(]vols.,iSS6-iS8«),IotheLatIi 
and  Greek  MSS.  in  the  BibliothJqueNationale  at  Faris  (;  ytis. 
188$-|896),  to  the  Greek  MSS.  In  the  Vatican  (1990),  and  to  thi 
Latin  MSS.  in  the  libniies  of  Rome  (1905  leq.).  They  also 
prnpued  inventorieaof  the  hagIo(nphie  texts  hitherto  puUisbed, 
and  of  these  there  have  arocued  the  BiUinilKta  kapcpatkia 
traaa  (i89S)>  the  BiHialiica  kapapafliita  Jgfino  (iSg^)  and  Ihi 
Batid^ucaliaiiepa^icaOnailalii.'  These udi^peniable  woiki 
delayed  the  publication  of  the  principal  collection,  but  tended  t< 
^ve  it  a  nore  solid  basis  and  a  strictly  sdentific  stamp.  In  1SS7 
Biqieued  vol.  L  for  November;  in  1894,  vol,  ii.,  preceded  by  the 
UattyriAe^HU  Blttenymianan  by  J.  B.  de  Roui  and  the  abbi 
Louis  Duchesne;  In  1901,  the  Picfylatum  ad  Ada  Saiuliiriim 
Nattmtrit,  comptiiiDg  the  Sjmuaiiim  laJaiai  ComUaiUiiu- 

There  are  three  editions  of  the  Ada  Sandtnim:  the  original 
edition  {Antwerp,  ToDgerloo  and  BruaBela,6j  vols.,  1643-1^1)^ 
the  Venice  edition,  stopping  at  vol.  V.  of  5eptcmtKr(r  7^-1770); 
and  the  Faris  edition,  stopping  at  voL  xiiL  of  October  (6t  vols., 
iMj-iSSj).  In  addition  to  these,  there  is  ■  vdume  of  IntJes, 
edited  by  the  abb<  RigaUot 

See  AM  Sa»deniin  apileplicii  lOrii  .  .  .  vndioUa  (Antwerp 

— ^S):  L.  P.  Gadiard,  Uinuirt  UifirifH  inr  Jii  SMiKliiUi 

-udi,   ISJI):  vu  Hceke^  "  De  ntione  opait   BolUndiini" 

^a  StwtUiKm  Odetrir.  vii.) ;  and  Cartinol  J.  B.  fitn,  Elmiii  tmr 


JbutB 


It  BouixokgneI, 


Antwerp  but  a 

thaageollwenly 

five  he  went  t 

olcUyaadte 

settled  i 

m  FtottBce,  where 

his  best  works  itiU  renalo. 

His  two 

celebrated  produc 

single  brooM 

figure  ol 

Mercury,  poised  on  one 

»!.  resting  on 

Lhe  head  Ufa 

lephyi. 

theactolspringinj 

into  the  air  ( 

athoBugello 

gallery), 

andlht 

marble  group  km 

<n»theRapc 

ftbeSabinea, 

Francesco  de'  Medici  and  re 
.  after  it  wu  61 
Leggis  de  Lami  of  the  ducal  piaua. 
ployed  at  Genoa,  wbeit  he  eiecuttd  various  ci 
chiefly  in  bionie.  Mmi  of  his  jm 
spirit  and  elegance.  His  great  fountain  it  BoIogBa  iis6i-is6j) 
'  .lematkohlc  lor  beauty  of  proponion.  Notewotlby  aha  are  hji 
to  fauntaini  in  the  Baboli  gardens,  one  completed  in  r  J76  and 
the  other  in  1585.  He  also  cast  the  fine  broue  equetliian  itaiuo 
of  Cosimo  de'  Uedid  at  Florence  and  the  very  richly  decorated 
rest  door  of  Fisa  cathcdraL  One  of  Bologna's  bat  works,  a  (roup 
3f  two  nude  figures  fighting,  is  now  lost.  A  fine  e^iy  in  lead  waa 
Lt  one  time  in  the  front  quadran^e  of  BmsenoseCQlleEe,OxfonL 
In  iSii  it  was  sold  for  old  lead  by  the  principal  and  fellows  of  the 
college,  and  was  melted  down  by  the  plumber  who  bought  it. 
Sre  La  Vii  It  rantndiJtiuiBtlivu.  fat  AUDajtMu.d^i^iH 
cs  maxustrill—rtcuriUil  par  fnugsu  itVagimmlll  (I«Sj.  DUOHrOU* 
lluslratiooii  list  of  woclu]. 

BOLOflKA,  a  dty  and  archiepiseopal  aee  of  Emilia,  Italy,  llM 

capita  of  the  province  of  Bologna,  and  beadquarlera  of  the  VI. 

ly  corps.    It  is  siluated  at  the  edge  of  the  [dain  of  F-'^tifc 

IL  above  sea-level  at  the  baseoC  the  Apenninei,  Ss  m,  due  N. 

of  Florence  by  rail.  6j  m.  by  road  and  50  m.  direct,  and  rja  m. 

'.E.  of  hlDan  by  rail.     Pop.  (r<jor}  town,  loi.isi;  commun«> 

Tbt  aon  or  less  reclangulat  Roman  dty,  orientated 


ithepc 


It  right 


angles,  can  be  easily  distinguished  from  the  outer  tity,  which 
KKved  its  fortifications  in  r  106  (see  G.  GoizsdinI,  Sladi 
rcka^pco-topografia  suBa  tiUa  di  Boiofiu,  Bologna,  1S6S}. 
Tbe  streets  leading  to  the  gates  of  the  tatter  radiate  from  the 
~  irts,  and  not  from  the  centre,  of  the  forms.  SooM  of  the 
oldest  churches,  however,  lie  outside  the  limits  of  the  Roman 
dty  {of  which  00  building)  remaia  above  gtound)  sudi  at 
S.  Stefano,  S.  Giovanni  in  Monle  and  SS.  Vilale  ed  AgricoU. 
The  £rst  consists  of  a  group  of  no  less  Chan  aevcn  diScrent 
buildings,  of  different  dates;  the  earliest  of  which,  the  former 
cathedral  of  SS.  Pietro  e  Paoh),  was  consuuded  about  the  middlo 
of  the  4ih  century,  in  part  with  tbe  dibris  of  Roman  buildings; 
while  S.  Sepolcro,  a  circular  church  «ith  omameDtalion  in  biick 
and  an  imitation  of  tftu  riUmlaliim,  sbnuU  prabaUy  be 
attributed  to  the  6th  or  7lh  centuries.  The  present  cathedral 
(S.  Pietro),  erected  in  91a,  is  now  slmost  entirely  in  the  baroque 
style.  The  larsest  church  In  the  town,  however,  is  that  ot 
S.  Petronio,  the  patron  saint  of  Bohigna,  which  was  btfun  in 
1390;  only  the  nave  and  aisles  as  far  as  the  tranaepti  were, 
however,  completed,  but  even  this  is  a  fine  [ragmeac,  in  the 
Gothic  style,  measuring  3S4  ft.  long,  and  r57  wide,  vhocas-tho 
projecbed  length  ol  tire  whole  (a  crucilorm  basilica)  was  over 
700  ft.,wiih  a  breadth  across  the  traniept*of46oft.,aiidBdoma 
300  ft.  high  over  tho  crouing  (see  F.  Cavaiia  in  Ratittmi  i'  Artt, 
190s,  t&().  Tliechurcht^S.Domenico,whichcontalns  the  body 
of  the  saint,  who  died  here  in  riii,  is  unfiaUied  extenully, 
while  the  interior  was  remodelled  in  the  rSthcentwy,  llicteaitt 
many  other  churches  of  interest,  among  them  S.  Fraoi 
perhaps  the  finest  medieval  bulldiag  in  Boloffoa,  begun  in 
and  finished  in  t36o;  it  has  a  fine  bliek  ""r*""*  of  lltB  sul 
of  the  14th  century.  It  was  restored  to  sacred  UMi  in  1S87,  and 
has  been  csiefuUy  liberated  from  later  alleiatioiii  {U.  Betd  in 
RiiuiKi  a  AwU,  1901,  sj}.  The  churck  of  Corpus  Itoninii  hu 
fine  t  sih-century  Urra  oottaa  oa  tho  {a(ade  (F.  Mahgiiaal  Valeti 
in  .4r^F^  Staia  dtiC  ArU.  aer.  ii.  vol.  IL  (Rome,  i8g6),  71). 
The  centre  of  the  town  is  formed  by  the  FiauaVIttorio  Eraanueie 
(focmeily  Fiaua  Maggiore),  and  the  Piazza  del  Nettuno,  whidi 
lie  at  right  angles  to  one  another.  Hue  an  the  church  <rf 
S.  Fclronio,  the  massive  Falatio  Comunale,  dating  ftnm  1145, 
the  Palaiio  del  Podesia,  con^ileted  In  the  same  year,  aadtbe 


BOLSENA— BOLSOVER 


tne  IKMIB  Mtue  al  Ncpnse  bjr  Gtowml  di  Boloiaa  (Jna 
Bokcne  ni  DomO. 

The  fuBom  milmilty  of  Bolasiu  wb  rounded  In  th 
cenlniy  (its  fmodAtkin  by  TbcDdouut  <be  Gremi  In  aj 
is  ksnHhiy)^  and  icqiiired  a  Eunpeui  irputation  u  h  icbml 
of  jurispnidcDce  unds  Fepo,  the  fint  kncnm  locher  al  Bolosnt 
of  Roman  law  (about  1076),  and  ha  roccMOr  Ifatiia  and  their 
MIoweia  the  gtosaton.  The  itudenti  immbered  between  tlmo 
■Bd  fne  tboioaad  fn  the  iitb  to  ilie  15th  cntury,  and  In  iiti, 
it  ti  laid.  neailT  ten  tboinand  (among  them  imt  both  Dante 
ind  Petnnh}.  Anatomy  wai  taoght  here  Id  the  t4ih  century. 
Bm  dopill  its  lame,  the  university,  though  an  autonomoui 
coipwjlion,  dors  not  seem  to  have  had  any  6ied  rtaidenciT 
the  pmfosofs  lectured  in  their  own  boioo,  or  later  in  rooma 
hired  ot  Itm  by  the  dvic  authoritiea.  It  was  only  in  1510  that 
the  profcBOn  of  law  were  ^ven  ipirtmenls  in  a  biding  belong- 
ing lo  the  chnreh  of  S.  PetroBio;andin  isfij,  by  order  of  Pius  IV., 
the  uoivmiiy  itself  waa  conslnicted  close  by,  by  Carlo  BotTomeo, 
titen  csrdibal  Tegile.  The  reason  of  this  nieoiue  was  00  doobt 
punly  discii^iniry,  Bologna  itself  having  <B  IJ06  passed  imdet 
Ihe  dominion  of  the  papacy.  Shortly  after  Ibii.  in  1564,  TaBO 
wat  a  student  there,  and  waa  tried  for  writing  a  wtirical  poem- 
One  of  the  Dioil  famlFiB  professon  w»  Mircello  Malpighi,  a 
^11  anitomiit  of  the  irth  century.  The  buUding  has  Kived 
u  the  commonal  libruy  ilnce  iBjS,  Its  courtyard  contaiis  the 
arma  of  those  studenta  who  wm  elected  a*  represenUiti«»  of 
their  respective  nations  or  faculties.  The  uiriversity  lu»  since 
lEoj  been  established  in  the  (tfith  century)  Palsiio  Poggi- 
Betwcen  1S15  and  iM  the  Dumber  of  stodcnts  lank  to 
(boot  ■  hundred  in  some  yean,  chiefly  owing  to  the  poIitiCBl 
petseeutloniot  thegovemnient:  in  1859  the  namber  had  riito 
to  jjs-  It  now  poacnes  four  iacoltiei  and  is  attended  by  lome 
1^10  sludeiiti.    Antonf  Us  professon  womcD  have  mora  than 


Tttt  Mtseo  CimfD  Is  one  of  the  most  important  niBI«nni  In 
Italy,  containing  espedally  fine  colledto™  of  anIlqtiiUea  from 
Bologna  and  its  nel^bourhood.  The  picture  pUlery  Is  etjoaUy 
Important  In  its  way,  afloiding  a  survey  both  of  the  eartkr 
Bolognese  painting  and  of  the  works  of  the  Bologneae  edeciia 
of  the  i6th  and  17th  centuries,  the  Citacd.Cufdo  Reni,Doroeri- 
chino,  Cuerdno,  be  Tbe  primitive  maslen  are  not  «f  great 
eaoenence,  bw  the  works  of  the  masteii  ol  the  isth  oentuty, 
Bpcdllly  IhOM  of  Francesco  Fmneia  (i4S<»-'5'7)  and  Lorenio 
Costa  of  Fermra  (1460-iij;),  ate  of  considerable  merit.  The 
treat  t[t»nre  of  ite  coDeclion  Is,  however,  Raphael'i  S.  Cecilia, 
piinled  for  lb*  church  of  S.  Giovanni  En  Monte,  about  isij- 

Tie  two  leaning  towers,  the  Torre  AslnefU  and  Ihe  Torre 
GaiBCnda,  dating  from  1109  and  Mio  respectively,  at  among 
the  meal  reoiarkaMe  structurei  in  Bdogna:  they  are  square 
brick  towen,  the  former  being  ]io  ft.  in  hci^t  and  4  ft.  out  of 
the  perpendicular,  the  latter  (unEntshed)  16s  ft.  hl^  and  10  ft. 
out  of  the  perpendicular.  TTie  town  contains  many  fine  private 
palaces,  dating  from  the  13th  century  onwards.  The  strwta 
ue  as  a  rule  arcaded,  and  this  charactcrbtic  has  been  pracrved 
in  modem  additions,  which  have  on  the  whole  been  made  with 
ronsfdcraljlc  taste,  as  have  also  the  numeirna  restotaliona  of 
medieval  building  A  fine  view  may  he  had  from  the  Madonna 
di  S.  Luta.  on  the  joulh-west  of  the  town  (oj8  ft.). 

Among  the  EpcciaJilics\if  Bologna  msy  be  noted  the  alami 
or  mortaddla  (Bologna  sausage),  lurlSIiri  (a  kind  ol  macaroni) 

Bologna  is  an  important  railway  centre,  jtBt  a>  the  andenl 
Bononia  was  1  meeting  pdnt  of  important  roads  Hen  the 
main  line  from  Milan  divides,  one  portion  going  on  parallel  to 
the  line  of  the  ancient  Via  Aemilia  (which  it  has  followed  Irora 
Piicenaa  downwards)  to  Rimini,  Ancona  and  Brindtsi,  and  the 
other  through  the  Aprnninci  to  Florence  and  thence  to  Rome. 
Another  line  runs  to  Ferrara  and  Padua,  another  (eventually 
IB  be  [Kolonged  to  Verona)  to  S.  Felice  sul  Panaio,  and  a  third 
toBudrioandPorlomag^ore  (a  station  on  the  line  from  Ferrara 
to  Rivmna).  Steam  tramways  run  lo  Vignola.  Reve  dl  Cento 
aid  Malilbergo. 


Bolofu  WH  only  (or  ■  ihocl  wtfle  aobjaet  to  the  Lembaidi, 
emaining  genenlly  VDdei  the  nde  of  the  enrthata  ol  Ravoma, 
uCil  Ihk  in  rjG  waa  given  by  Pippin  to  the  papacy.     It  urn 

eked  by  the  Himgiilsnt  In  901,  bnt  othetwiK  Itt  balory  ia 


Utile  k 

Bnt  th*  fiiM  "  coiBtltDtjoa  "  o(  the 
commmM  of  Bologna  datB  fm  abmit  iitj,  and  al  that  time 
we  find  It  afitt  ud  independent  dly.  Fmci  the  iMh  to  the 
i4lh  eeotury  it  «a  very  treqoently  at  w 
ported  the  Otidph  ea- -'-■  "  ' 
neighbonting  dtiaa  ol  ,  ..... 

... .... .--..  £g^  the  empenrt  10^  pAoder.  and  kept 

far  the  Kit  of  faii  Ufa.    Bnt  the  strngita 


weakened  that  In  1337  Taddco  de' 

T  o(  the  town,  and  in  1350  tut  sou 

sold  it  to  Giovanni  ViKooti  el  MDaa.    Ten  yoata  lucr  it  waa 

given  to  ile  papacy,  but  soon  itvolKd  and  leceiaed  its  liberty. 

'    1401  Giovanni  Benliva^  made  Umidl  lerd  <d  Bologna, 

waa  killed  In  a  rebcUion  of  1401.    It  then  munwd  to  the 

ViscoDti,  and  alter  vatioui  atmgglei  with  the  papacy  was  again 

secured  in  tAit  by  the  BentivoeJio,  wlu  hdd  it  ilU  ijot,  wbea 

Pope  Jnllua  U.  drove  then  out,  and  hrou^it  Bologna  once  mon 

under  Ihe  papacy,  under  the  sway  of  which  it  rauiDcd  (eictpt 

"    "ipoleonlc  period  between  I7t6and  iSilasdduringtfae 

«of  igiiandiS]l}untilin  iS6d  it  became  part  ol  the 

iJ  Italy 

S  the  most  flliatrloui  aativet  of  Bologna  may  be  noted 

Lufgi  Gaivani  (17J7-170S),  the  discoverer  of  ^vaniim.  and 

Prupero  Lambertini  (Pope  Benedict  XIV.). 

SnC.RkdiCiHiliJiBsbiu  (3rd  ed.,Bol()«Da,  1900).  rr.As.) 

BOLSEHA  (anc.  Yoljlniil'  a  town  of  ibe  province  of  Rone, 

Italy.  i»m.  W.S.W.  of  Orvielo  by  road,  lituated  on  the  nortb- 

sl  bank  of  the  lake  olBolwRa.     Pop.  (1901)  jitS.    Thalovii 

dominated  by  a  fdctnresque  medieval  castle,  and  contalna 

e  church  ol  S.  Chriilina  (mailyred  by  drowning  In  the  lake, 

according  to  the  legend.  In  178)  which  dates  from  the  nth 

:entury  and  conlaini  some  frracoes,  perhaps  of  the  school  ol 

jiotto.     It  has  a  fine  Renaissan«  facade,  constructed  about 

isooby  Cardinal  Giovanni  de' Medici  (afterwards  Pope  Leo  X.), 


5cavf,  iSSo,  361:  G.  B.  de 
lioia,  1880.  los).    At  one 


irch  ate  catacomhe,  with  the  tc 

18S0  (E.  Stevenson  in  Neiiiii  rfrj 

tsi  in  BuUdtina  i'Arcfieohgia  Ct 

he  altars  in  this  crypt  occurred  the  miracle  bl  Uolsena  In  1 103. 

Bohemian  priest,  sceptical  of  the  doctrine  of  tramatatauia- 

1,  was  convinced  of  Its  truth  by  the  appearance  of  ikopa  of 

this  Pope  Urban  IV.  instituted  the  festival  li  Corpm  Chriiti, 
I  ordered  the  erection  of  the  cathedral  ct  Ocvielo.    The 
rade  fonm  the  aubjcct  of  a  celebrated  fresco  by  R^ihael  in 
the  Vatican. 

T\f  Lake  of  Bobena  [anc.  Zociu  Vifrimaiuli},  tooo  It.  above 
sea-level,  71  sq.  m.  in  area,  and  480  It.  deep,  la  ahnost  drcolai, 
and  was  the  central  point  of  a  large  volcaidc  district,  tboo^  il  is 
probably  not  itself  an  extinct  crater.  Its  sldn  show  fine  basaltic 
fonnation  in  places.  It  abounds  in  fish,  hot  its  banks  arc  looie- 
whal  deserted  and  not  free  from  malaria.  It  contains  two 
islancb,  Baentino  and  Mariana,  the  former  containing  a  church 
conslnicted  by  Vignola,  the  latter  remains  of  the  cnlle  where 
Amalasnntha,  the  dau^Ier  of  Tieodoric,  1 


logled. 
BOLSOTXR,  a: 


r.As.) 


I  urijan  district  in  the  north^cistem  pariia' 
division  of  DeibyiWte,  England,  j)  m.  £.  of  Chester- 
branch  lines  of  the  Midland  and  tix  Great  Ceotn) 
railways.  Pop.  (1901)  6844.  It  lies  at  a  considerable  bei^t 
sharp  slope  above  a  stream  tribolary  to  the  liver 
Rother.    TV  castle  round  which  the  town  pew  up  wai  founded 

0  the  theory  now  Eenerally  adopted,  the  Etnivan 

1  Ihe  site  of  Orvieto,  obicli  was  hence  called  E/rti 
^cal  and  medieval  irmes,  while  the  RomaD  VoUnii 
ID  Bolaena  (■*  VoislMU). 


BOLSWARD— BOLTON 


tbotilylta  the  Conquest  by  WlUkm  Pereril.bDt  the  eiliUng 
building,  B  fine  castellited  tesidence,  wu  erected  cm  ill  elte  in 
iCij.  The  town  itseli  ni  fortified,  aod  traces  ol  early  woiIls 
rerauii.  The  chuichal  St  Miiy  ii  ol  Nonnui  ud  liter  date;  it 
cnnUins  iiome  inleresling  eirly  stoowarving,  snd  nKHiunienU 
to  the  lamily  oE  Csvcadish,  who  scquired  tbe  castle  in  the  i6th 
cenluiy.  Coil-mioiiig  ind  qBUtyisg  an  canied  ob  in  the 
DcighbosrhiMd  el  Boliover. 

BOUWAHD,  ■  toitn  in  (he  piovioce  of  FiiesUDd,  HdUnd, 
61  m.  W.N.W.  of  Sneek.  A  steam-tremny  CDOoects  It  with 
Soeek,  Mskkum,  Harliiigen  sod  Fraoekcr-  Fop.  {1900)  6517. 
The  Grest  chuich,  or  St  Msilin's  [1446-1466)  is  1  luge  building 
containing  some  good  carving,  a  bat  organ  and  tbe  tombs  of 
,    The  so-called  Small  church,  dating  irom 


il  the  Ti 
{.6: 


-i6iS]b[ 


a  draw 


Lionel  ai 


It  hi 


•rhich  00. 
aritable  inj 


in  igdcullursl  pndu' 
pottay  *at1u.  The  Iowa  is  mentioned  in  715,  when  it  vaa 
stuated  on  the  Middle  Sea.  When  this  receded,  a  canal  was  cut 
to  the  Zuider  Ze«,  and  in  1411  it  was  made  a  Hansa  town. 

The  medieval  constlmiion  of  BobwanJ,  though  in  its  govem- 
mtol  by  eight  scaiini,  with  iudidal,  and  iour  councillius  with 
adminisirativB  functions,  it  followed  the  ordinary  type  of  Dutch 
cities,  was  in  some  ways  peculiar.  The  family  of  Jongema  had 
certain  hereditary  rights  in  the  administration,  which,  thougb 
not  mentioned  In  tlie  town  charter  of  1455,  were  defined  in  that 
of  ]4fi4.  According  to  this  the  head  of  the  family  sat  for  two 
years  with  the  Koiini  and  the  third  year  with  the  coundilors, 
and  had  the  right  to  administer  an  oath  to  one  of  each  body. 
More  singular  was  the  influential  position  assigned,  in  dvic 

junction  with  the  coundllora,  there  was  even,  in  certain  cases, 
an  appeal  Etom  the  Judgment  ol  the  labini. 

See  C.  Hegel.  SMU  a.  CiUcs  dtr  gtmiHBJtea  yjtter  im  UiUil- 
allrr  (Leipiig,  1891]. 

BOLT,  an  0.  Eng.  word  (compare  Ger.  Bsb,  an  arrow),  lor  a 
'*  quarrel  "  or  crues-bow  shaft,  or  the  pin  which  fastened  a  door. 
From  the  swift  aighl  of  an  arrow  comes  the  verb  "  to  bolt,"  as 
appliedtoahoise,  &c.,  and  such  expressions  as  ''bolt  upright," 
meaning  Itraigbt  upright^  also  the  American  use  of  *'bolt"  for 
refuBAg  to  support  a  candidate  noiainaled  by  one's  own  party. 
In  the  sense  of  a  ttraight  pin  for  a  iastening,  the  word  has  come 
to  mean  various  sorts  oi  appliaDcei.  From  the  sense  of "  fasten- 
ing together  "  is  derived  (be  use  of  the  wonl "  bott "  as  a  definite 
length  {in  a  roll)  of  a  fabric  C40  ft.  of  canvaa,  &c-). 

From  another  "  bolt "  or  "  boult,"  to  sUt  ((hroogh  O.  Fr. 
tuUltr,  Irom  the  Ued.  Lai.  bvtlari  or  ttJdari),  come  such 
esprcasions  as  in  Shakespeare's  Winttr't  7a£c,  *'  Tbe  fanu'd 
snow,  That's  bolud  by  the  northern  blasts  twice  o'er,"  or  eucb 
a  figurative  me  as  in  Burke's  "  Tbe  report  ol  tbe  committee  was 
examined  and  sifted  and  bolted  to  the  bran."  From  this  sense 
comes  that  of  to  moot,  or  discuss,  as  in  Milton's  Comut,  "  1  hate 
when  via  can  bolt  her  aigumenta." 

BOLTOH,  DUKBS  OF.  The  title  ol  duke  of  Bolton  was  held  in 
the  family  ol  Powlett  or  Paulet  from  16S0  to  1794.  Charles 
Povtctt,  the  itt  duke  (c.  rfiij-ifiw),  who  became  6(h  marquess 
ol  Winchester  on  his  father's  death  m  1675,  had  been  member 
ol  pariiament  lot  Winchester  and  then  lor  Hampahire  from  1660 
to  1675.  Having  supported  the  claim  of  William  and  Mary  to 
the  English  throne  in  r6B8,  he  was  restored  (0  tbe  privy  council 
and  10  the  office  ol  lord-lieu  tenant  of  Hampshire,  and  was 
created  duke  of  Bolton  in  April  iCSo-  An  cccenUic  man,  hostile 
to  Halifax  and  afterwards  to  Marlborough,  be  is  said  10  have 
tiavdled  during  1687  with  four  coaches  and  loo  horsemen, 
sleeping  during  the  day  and  ^vlng  entertainmcnis  a[  night. 
He  died  in  February  1699,  and  was  succeeded  by  bis  dder  son, 
Charlei,  ind  duke  of  Bollon  (i66i'i7"),  "ho  bad  at»  been  a 
member  of  parliament  for  Hampshire  sjid  a  supporter  ol  William 
Ol  Orange.    He  was  lord-lieu  tenant  of  Hampshire  and  ol  Dorset, 


anaoge  the  imioD  of  En^d  and  ScotUidt 

and  was  twice  a  lord  justice  ol  (be  kingdom.  He  was  alto  lord 
chambcriain  of  the  royal  household;  governor  of  the  Isle  of 
Wight;  and  for  two  shiMt  periods  was  loid.McuLcnant  ol  Ireland. 
His  third  wile  was  Henrietta  [d.  1730),  a  natural  daughter  o( 
James,  duke  of  Monmoiith.    According  to  Swift  this  duke  was 

a  great  booby."  His  eldest  son,  Charles,  jrd  dulce  of  Bolton 
{rMs-r7S4),  was  a  member  of  parliament  Irom  1705  to  wry. 
when  he  was  made  a  peer  as  Baron  Pawlet  ol  Ba^ng.  He  filled 
many  of  (he  public  offices  which  had  been  held  t^  bis  lather, 
and  also  attained  high  rank  in  the  British  army.  Having 
displeased  Sir  Robert  Walpolc  he  wu  deprived  of  several  of  bis 
offices  in  17J3;  but  some  of  them  were  afterwards  restored  to 
him,  and  he  raised  a  regiment  for  service  against  the  Jacobites 
in  1745.  He  was  a  famous  gallanl,  nnd  married  for  bis  second 
wile  the  singer,  Lavinia  Fenlon  {d.  1760),  a  lady  who  bid 
previously  been  hit  mistress.  He  died  ill  August  1754,  and  was 
succeeded  as  4th  duke  by  hia  brother  Harry  (c.  i6^a-ijs')), 
who  bad  been  a  member  of  parliament  for  forty  years,  and  who 
foUowed  the  late  duke  as  lord.ficulenant  of  Hampshire.  Tbe 
4th  duke's  son,  Charles  Ii.  I7r8-i76s),  who  became  jlh  duke 
in  October  1759,  commillcd  suicide  in  London  in  July  17631 
and  was  succeeded  by  hb  brother  Harry  (c.  1719-1794),  an 
admiral  in  the  navy,  on  whose  death  without  sons,  in  December 
1794,  the  dukedom  became  extinct.  The  other  lamily  titles 
descended  to  a  kinsman,  George  I>aulcl  {1717-1903),  who  thus 
became  iilh  marquess  of  Winchester.  In  177S  Thomas  Otde 
(i746-rSo7)  married  Jean  Mary  (d,  1814),  a  natural  daughter 
ol  the  5tb  duke  ol  BoUoo,  and  this  lady  iaheriled  Bolton  Castle 
and  other  properties  on  the  death  of  the  61b  duke.  Having 
Uken  the  additional  name  of  Fowlelt,  Orde  was  created  Baron 
Ballon  in  1797,  and  the  baiony  has  descended  Id  his  hdis. 

BOLTOK  (or  Bom-TON),  EDHUHD  (i575'^i6]J')i  Ecflisli 
historian  and  poet,  was  bom  by  hii  own  aciouni  tn  157s.  He 
was  brougbt  up  a  Roman  Catholic,  and  was  educated  at  Trinity 
Hall,  Cambridge,  afterwards  residing  in  London  at  (he  Inner 
Temple,  In  160a  heconIribuled(o£H(IaiiJ'ii/cl{i:ini,  Hewasa 
ictaincr  of  the  duke  of  Buckingham,  and  Ihiough  bis  influence  he 
secured  a  small  place  at  Ihe  court  of  James  I,  Bolton  formulated 
a  scheme  for  the  csUblishmeni  of  an  English  academy,  but  (he 
project  feU  through  after  the  death  of  the  king,  whd  had  regarded 
it  favourably.  He  wrote  a  Lije  0/  Kin^  Hairy  II.  for  Speed's 
Ctwnuik,  but  hii  Catholic  sympathies  betrayed  (hcmjclves  in 
his  treatment  of  Thomas  Bcckct,  and  a  tile  by  Dt  Joha  Barcham 
was  substituted  (Wood,  ^U.Oim.  ed.  Bliss,  iii.jfi).  The  most 
important  of  his  numerous  works  arc  Hyfaailica  (1618?),  a 
short  critical  treatise  valuable  for  its  notices  of  contemporary 
authors,  reprinted  in  Joseph  Hsslewood's  Aiuietil  CtUiiol  fiiaju 
(vol.  ii.,  i8rs);  Ntr»  Cnaar,  nt  UoniatkU  Diprimd  [1614). 
with  special  note  ol  British  alfaiis.  Bolton  was  still  living  in 
lOjj.  but  the  date  of  bis  death  is  unknown. 

BOLTOK  (Bot-TON-LE-Moois),  a  municipal,  county  and  parlia- 
mentary borough  ol  Lancashire,  England,  iifi  m.  N.W.  by  N. 
Irom  Loudon  and  rr  nL  N.W.  Irom  Manchester.  Pop.  (1891) 
146487;  ('901)  168,115.  Area,  is,J79»"e!.  It  has  stations 
on  the  London  &  North- Western  and  Ihe  Lancashire  &  Yorkshire 
railways,  with  running  powers  lor  (he  Midland  railway.  It  is 
divided  by  the  Cioal,  a  small  tributary  of  the  Irwell,  into  Great 
and  Little  Bolutn,  and  as  the  lull  name  implies,  is  surrounded 
by  high  moorland.  Although  ol  early  ori^'n,  its  ai^arancc, 
like  that  ol  other  great  manufacturing  towns  ol  the  vicinity. 
Is  wholly  modem.    It  owes  n        ■■    ■     ■      


t  two  hou 
especially  gc 


softbciC 


Lillle  BoltoD,  .  -_ 

of  Tudor  work.  The  site  ol  tbe  church  ol  St  Peter  has  long  been 
Dccu[Ned  by  a  parish  church  (there  was  one  in  the  i](h  century, 
il  not  earlier),  but  the  existing  building  dates  only  Iiom  1S70. 
There  may  also  be  mentioned  a  large  number  ol  other  places  ol 
worship,  a  town  hall  with  fine  clasucal  lacnde  and  tower,  market 
.ball,  museums  of  oatuial  history  and  oi  art  and  industry,  an 
exchange,  assembly  tooms,  and  various  benevolent  institutions. 
Several  Iree  Ubraties  are  maintained.     Lever's  grammar  school. 


BOLTON  ABBEY— BOMB 


hmiM  (n  it^i.  hud  Robnt  Ainsvorth,  the  Latin  1 
ind  John  LcmpriiR,  BUlhw  of  the  cbiuicaJ  dicliooary. 
its  muten.  Tlurc  ue  municipiJ  technical  Kbooli.  A  uig 
public  puk,  opened  in  iSM,  wu  laid  out  a*  ■  Rlief  woclc  fo 
voeisployHl  (^nativo  duiing  Uu  cotton  famine  ol  the  eailic 
pan  of  the  deode.  On  the  moon  to  Ihc  sorth-wett,  uul  incLud 
inc  RiviBfton  Pike  (1192  ft  J,  ia  anoUicr  public  park,  and  liKp 


iniai^p) 


rofco 


ce  of  industry;  printioff^  dyeing  and 
UcKhing  of  cottOD  and  ciJico.  iplneins  and  vvaving  madkinc 
making,  ttoa  and  ited  wocki,  and  coUictis  in  the  neighbouihood, 
■ic  aho  ImpCHlant.  The  ipedality,  howiiver.  is  line  spinning,  i 
pfptCTi  tMltled,  by  the  dunp  climate,  Tbc  pulionKntttry 
bwouih,  ocalcit  In  iSji  and  [eturaint  two  aembets,  fails  wiihin 
the  WcstluDgkloii  diviiloD  of  the  county.  Befon  iSjS,  when 
Bgllon  uti  iucoipontcd,  the  torn  was  governed  by  a  buiough- 
recve  and  two  conttabia  appoinlcd  at  tbc  annual  court-lceb 
The  oouBty  bonHigh  uti  created  in  1SS8.  Tbe  OHpoIttioa 
contista  of  a  mayor,  14  aldermen  and  73  councillora. 

The  eullcat  form  of  the  name  ia  Bodletoa  or  Botbeltun,'  and 
the  inoU  importast  of  the  later  forms  are  Bodcltown,  Botheltun- 
le-Moort.  Bowellon,  BoIIutk,  Boiton-super-Moraa.  Bolton-in-ye- 

to  Roger  de  Foiclou,  sod  passed  thiougfa  the  families  of  Ferrers 
and  rilkiagion  to  the  Haninjiions  of  Hornby  Castk.  oho  lost 
it  liitb  thtii  other  eit^ilet  for  their  adhi^rcnce  10  Richard  III. 
In  t^Bs  Henry  VII.  granted  it  to  the  first  earl  of  Derby.  The 
BiaBor  is  bow  beld  by  diSercnt  lords,  hut  the  earlt  of  Derby  uill 
have  a  fourth  put.  The  manor  of  Little  Bolton  loenu  to  have 
been,  at  least  fn>m  Henry  IIl.'s  rdgn,  distinct  from  that  ol  Great 
Botlon,  and  m  held  till  tbe  17th  century  by  tbe  Botheltons  01 


a  measure  and  stamp  a 
af^ihted.  and  it  is  dear,  Ilierefoce,  that  (he  place  was  already 
accntre  of  tbe  woollen  cloth  Uade.  Itt.ijj7  the  industry  received 
an  impuke  from  the  settlement  of  a  puty  af  Flembh  clothier), 
and  eaiended  so  greotly  thai  when  it  was  found  tiecessary  in  1566 
tO'appoint  by  act  of  parliament  deputies  to  assist  the  aulnegers, 
Bolton  ia  named  as  one  of  the  places  where  these  deputies  were 
to  be  employed.  Lcland  in  his  Itinerary  (155'?)  recorded  the 
fad  that  BoltiHi  nude  cottons,  which  were  in  reality  woollen 
goods.  Real  cottongoods  wen  notnuulc  in  Lancashire  till  i64t, 
■ben  BeltoB  la  named  la  the  chief  teal  of  the  manufacture  of 
fustians,  vcimiliona  and  dimities.  After  the  revocalion  o(  the 
edkt  of  Nantei  the  settlement  of  eome  French  refugees  fiuthei 
ItinuUIed  this  industry.  It  was  here  thai  velvets  were  first 
made  about  1756,  by  Jeremiah  Clarke,  and  muslins  and  cotton 
quQtingH  in  1763.  Tbe  cotton  trade  received  an  aslonishing 
hnpetus  from  the  Inventions  of  Sir  Richard  Arkwiighl  (1770), 
and  Samuel  Crompton  (r7ao),  both  of  whan  were  bom  in  the 
parish.  Soon  after  the  inttoduction  of  cnachinery,  spinning 
factories  were  CTected,  and  the  fitst  buili  in  Bolioa  Is  said  to  have 
been  set  up  In  i7flo.  The  number  rapidly  increased^  and  in  iSst 
there  w«re.«  cotton  mills  with  860,000  throstle  ^lindlca  at 
work.  The  cognate  industry  of  bleaching  'baa  been  cairicd  on 
aince  early  in  the  iSth  century,  and  luge  ironworks  grew  up  in 
tbc  latter  half  of  the  i^th  century.  In  i^i^r  a  canal  was  con- 
atmcted  from  Manchester  to  Bolton,  and  by  an  act  of  parliament 
(ijqi)  Bolton  Moor  was  enclosed. 

Duiing  the  Civil  Waj  Bolton  sided  with  the  pajUamerrt,  and 
Id  February  1643  and  March  1644  the  royalist  forces  assaulted 
tbe  town,  but  were  on  both  occasions  repulsed.  On,the3Sthof 
Kay  11^44,  however,  it  was  attackoLby  Prince  Rupert  and  Lord 
Derby,  and  stormed  with  great  slaughlel'.  On  the  rjtb  ol 
October  16;  I  Lnd  Derby,  who  had  been  taken  prisonei  after  the 
battle  of  WoKeater,  wia  brought  bEis  and  cxccmed  the  tune 
day. 

tip  to  tie  bcgiimiiig  of  the  19th  centary  the  market  day  woa 
Uonday,  but  the  customary  Saturday  market  gradually  luper- 
•tded  thif  ohl  cfaattettd  market.    In  r  151  William  de  Fetren 


obtaitied  from  tbe  ciown  a  charter  tor  a  WMkly  inarfcet  wid  ■ 

yeaily  fait,  but  gradually  this  annual  lair  was  nplaced  by  four 
othen  chiefly  (or  hone*  and  cattk.  The  New  Year  and  WUt- 
sunlide  Shew  fain  only  arow  during  the  tgtb  century. 

BOLTON  ABBir,  a  vUlege  in  the  West  Riding  of  yorkshin, 
Erigland,  ii  m.  N.W.  from  Leeds  and  j)  Irom  Ilkley  by  the 
Midland  railway.  It  takes  !u  name,  Inoccarstely,  from  the  great 
foundation  of  Bolton  Priory,  the  ruins  of  nluch  am  among  the 
most  exquisitriy  situated  in  Englaul,  They  stand  near  the  right 
bank  of  the  uppa  Wharfe.  the  valley  ol  which  ia  beautifully 
wooded  and  closely  enclosed  by  hills.  The  euUeit  part  of  the 
church  is  of  transitional  Norman  datei  tbe  nave,  which  i) 
perfect,,  ts  Early  English  and  Decorated.  The  tronsqitt  and 
choir  ore  ruined,  and  the  remaina  of  domestic  buildings  are 
tlighl.  TbemanorofBoItoc  Abbey  with  the  rest  of  the  district 
of  Craven  was  granted  by  William  the  Conqueror  to  Robert  da 
Ro&ili,  who  evidently  held  it  in  10S6,  although  there  is  no 
mentiDa  made  of  it  in  the  Domesday  survey.  William  de 
Mcschines  and  Qcely  de  Romili,  his  wife,  heiress  of  Robert, 
founded  and  endowed  a  priory  at  Eubtay  or  Emmetay,  near 
Skipton,in  riio,  butitwos  moved  herein  1151  by  their dsivhter, 
Alice  de  Romili,  wife  of  William  FiliDunun,  who  gave  the 
manor  to  the  monks  in  eachange  for  other  landa.  After  the 
dissolution  of  the  monasteries  the  manor  was  sold  in  ts4i  to 
Henry  Clifford,  ind  cari  of  Cumberiand,  whoso  descendants, 
the  duko  of  Devonshire,  


•J/.?;,* 


..   HuUry 


(ed.  Mcmnl.  1878) ;  Dugdale'i  ituMoilicai 
BOLZAHO,  BBRNRARD  (1781-1848),  Austrian  piiesl  . 
phllowpher,  was  born  at  Pia^e  on  the.  5th  ol  October  1; 
lie  distinguished  himself  at  on  catly  age,  and  on  his  nrdi 
tion  to  tbe  priesthood  (r&05)  was  appointed  professor  of 
philosophy  of  religion  in  Prague  University.  His  lectures 
ibich  he  endeavoured  to  show  that  Catholic  theology  ia 


rompleU 


ly  with  rci 


impelled 


of  thinkers.  But  his 
much  opposition;  and  it  was  only  through  thi 
the  archbishop.  Prince  Solm-Salm,  that  he  v 
retain  his  chair.     In  1&20  he  was  accused  of  being 

to  leslgn.  Several  doctrines  (itracted  from  I 
condcnmcd  at  Rome,  and  he  was  suspended  from  hit  priestly 
fUQCtiODs,  spending  the  rest  ol  his  life  In  literary  work.  He  died 
at  Prague  on  the  tSih  of  December  TB4S.  The  most  Important 
of  his  numenius  works  are  the  WisstiuchajltltlBi,  edir  Vasucli 
finer  neuen  DarsttUvni  der  I^fiA,  odvDcatljig  a  scientific  method 
in  the  study  of  logic  (4  vols.,  Sulzbach,  1S37);  the  Lehrbuck  der 
RelithnnBiisatsdialt  (4  vols.,  Sutibich,  tSj4],  a  philosophic 
rcprcxnlalion  of  all  the  dognias  of  Roman  Catholic  theology; 
and  Alkanoiia,  tier  QrUndi  Jltr  die  Vnskrbliehlieil  del  Sedi 
(ind  ed.,  Miini,  iSjS).  In  philosophy  he  followed  Relnhard 
In  ethics  and  the  monodology  of  Leibnitz,  though  he  was  also 
influenced  hy  Kant. 

Sec  Lebeitiles^hrei^ant  dei  Dt  Botiano  fan  autobioaraiAy,  |8]A); 
Wnhaunt,  SUacn  am  dem  Ltbm  Dr  Belanai  (1S30I:  Paligy. 
Kamt  rmd  Bsfaau  (Hoik,  190a). 

BOHA  (piopedy  Mtama),  ■  port  on  the  rionh  bank  of  the 
river  Conga  abeut  to  Dt.  fiom  ita  month,  the  admintitrative 
capital  of  Belgiau  Csngo.  Fop.  about  sooo.  It  was  one  of  the 
places  It  iridch  the  Eu^ieaD  traders  00  the  west  coast  of  Africa 
established  MotiOBS  in  the  i6th  and  nth  centuries.  It  became 
tbe  eatrcpAt  let  the  commerce  of  tbe  lower  Congo  and  a  well- 
Iebowq  mart  for  tiavea.  Tlw  tiado  was  chiefly  in  the  hands  of 
Dutch  merchania,  Init  British,  Fiotch  and  Portuguese  £na> 
also  had  facloriea  then.  No  European  power  elerciaed  tovet- 
eign^,  though  shadowy  daima  were  from  time  to  tinM  put 
forwud  by  Portugal  (sec  ArucA,  i  j).  In  1884  the  natives 
of  Boma  groBted  a  prDtectDrotc  of  their  country  to  tbe  Inta- 
of  the  Congo. 


See  K.  M.  Staoley,  TU  Ckv  <»< 

(l.i;ndan,  ISSJ}. 

BOMB,  a  term  formerly  used  (or  an  eiplosli 
KumnoN)  fired  by  artillery.     The  word  ii  di 


inf  ^  ill  Free  Si 


l32 

Gr.  |Ufi^"i  ■  kunmeilBg,  biuiDg  nolie,  cf.  "  bambird  "  (q.t.}. 
At  the  pioent  diy  It  i>  meat  [nqixady  died  of  ■  ihattcibig  or 
iucendivy  grcEUdCi  or  of  ui  aploaivc  vend  actuBtcd  by  dock- 
work  or  trip  mechanism,  employed  to  destroy  Life  or  property- 
In  naval  wufue,  belore  the  intruduclion  ot  the  BbcU  gun,  ei- 
ploaivc  projectiles  were  carried  priodpally  by  qtedal  vobcIs 
known  u  bomb-vcsieli,  bombardi  or,  cnHoquiaUy,  bomba. 

In  geology,  Iha  name  "  bomb  "  is  given  to  colain  mana  o( 
[bv*  which  hive  been  bulled  fonk  Iiom  ■  vi^cinic  vent  by 
eiploiive  icUon.  In  >hnpe  they  are  iphenidil,  cllipuid^  or 
diicoidat:  in  itiocture  they  may  be  solid,  hcJlow  orraoie  or 
whilst  to  siie  they  vary  ftom  that  of  a  walnut 


BOMBARD— BOMBARDON 


It  is  generally  held  thai  the 
c  mass  during  its  aeiial  flight, 
omes  twisted  by  a  gyratory 
to  Dl  H.  J.  Johnston-Lavis, 
suvius  are  not  pmjecliles,  but 
a  slraun  of  lava;  and  in  like 


to  msues  weighing  seveial  toni 
focm  is  partly  due  to  rotation  of 
and  in  some  aaa  the  bomb  t 
movement.  According,  howevt 
many  of  the  so-catled  bombs  of  ^ 
merely  globulu  masses  formed 

manner  Professor  J.  D.  Dana  showed  that  what  wen  reguaea  as 
bombs  in  Hawaii  are  in  many  cues  merely  lawballs  thai  have 
not  been  hurled  through  the  til.  Certain  masses,  of  pomice 
eiccted  from  Vulcano  have  been  called  by  Johnston-Lavis 
"  biead-ctust  bombs,"  since  tbey  present  a  coating  of  obsidian 
which  baa  ban  bent  and  cracked  in  a  way  suggestive  of  the 
crust  of  a  lolL  It  ii  probable  that  ben  the  add  magna  was 
ejEpelled  in  a  very  viscous  condition,  and  the  cniM  which  fonucd 
on  cooling  wBi  burst  by  the  steam  from  the  occluded  water. 
Some  of  tbe  bombs  thrown  out  during  recent  eiupiions  of  Etna 
consist  of  white  granular  quart;^,  encased  in  a^black  scoriaccous 
crust,  the  quartz  representing  an  altered  sandstODe.  The 
bombs  of  granular  olivine,  found  in  soma  cS  the  tufb  in 
the  Eifd,  are  represented  in  most  geoiogical  cofkctknu  (see 
VotoiKo). 

BOMBARD  (derived  through  Ued,  Lat  and  IV.  forms  from 
Gr.  paiiffHy,  to  make  a  hummliig  noise),  a  term  api^ipl  to 
the  middle  ages  to  a  sort  of  ^umon,  used  chiefly  tn  sieges,  and 
throwing  heavy  stone  balls;  hencd  the  later  use  as  a  verb  {sec 
BauBAiDUEHT).  The  name,  to  various  forms,  was  also  given 
to^a  medieval  musical  instrument  ("bombard,"  "bumhart," 
"  pumhart,"  "pommer"),  the  totitunner  of  tbe  bass  oboe 
or  scbalmey.  \c  the  present  day  a  small  primitive  oboe  called 
iamtardir,  with  eight  holes  but  no  keya,  ta  used  UDong  the  Breton 

BOMBARDIBR.  oiigiiudly  an  aitlDeryman  in  charge  at  a 
bombatdi  now  a  non-commlsiiooed  otEcer  to  the  artiUeTy  of 
the  British  army,  ranking  below  a  corporal. 

BOHBARJIIIBKT,  an  attark  by  aitHleiy  fire  directed  against 
forlificationi,  troops  in  position  or  towns  and  buildings.  In  its 
strict  sense  the  term  is  only  applied  to  the  bombatdment  of 
dcfeoeeless  or  undefended  objects,  houses,  public  buildings,  Ac, 
the  object  of  the  assailant  being  to  dishearten  his  opponent,  ind 
qKcially  10  force  the  civil  population  and  authorities  of  ■ 
besieged  place  to  persuade  the  military  commandant  lo  capitulate 
before  the  kCIual  defences  of  the  place  have  been  reduced  to 
impotence.  It  is,  therefore,  obvious  that  mere  bombardment 
a.n  only  achieve  its  object  when  the  amount  ol  suffering  infUcted 
upon  Don-combatants  it  sufficient  (o  break  down  their  resolutioii, 
•nd  when  the  commandant  permits  himself  lo  be  influenced 
or  coerced  by  the  nSeren.  A  thrrat  of  bombardment  will 
aomettowa  induce  a  place  to  nrtender,  but  instances  of  its 
fulfilment  being  folloired  by  success 


with  I 


nandant,  bombatdmcnlt  fail  of  thcii 


object.  Further,  an  totentionally 
unUke  the  slow,  steady  and  mlnutdy  aeenrate  "  artillery 
■Itacks  "  directed  upon  the  fortlficatiaaa,  requires  the  cipendi- 
luK  of  large  quastitiea  of  ammBniliaa,  and  wean  out  the  guns 
Ol  the  UUiA.  Bonbudmeatt  an,  honewg,  frequently  tootted 
(o  to  order  lo  tcsl  the  temper  of  tits  ganiaon  and  the  civil  popu- 
fatitn,  ■  Double  tDStanos  bdng  l3»t  oi  StrUiburg  b  iSio. 
The  term  b  often  hioscly  em[doyed  lo  describe  aitllleiy  altads 
iqion  foru  or  fortlGod  potldoDS  in  ptepantfon  lor  aiaaulta  by 


before  the  Inventioii  of  the  fagotto,  lOiaied  the  baia  of  medicvj 
otdacttna;  ItlaaitouKdIocabaaaieedNopof  lAft.  tone  on  tbe 
organ,  lie  bombudon  wu  Uw  voy  Gnt  basa  wtod  instrument 
fitted  with  vtlvca,  and  II  «**  at  fim  known  as  the  cpnw  iu», 
ilatlur  01  bau  ktm  (not  to  be  coDfounded  with  the  ban  bom 
with  keyi,  which  on  being  perfected  became  the  ophiddde). 
The  name  was  attached  more  to  the  position  of  tbe  wtod  ustni- 
meuts  as  base  than  to  the  todividual  InstruracnL  The  original 
como  basao  was  a  brass  instrument  of  narrow  bon  with  th« 
pistons  set  boriionlally.  The  valve-ophicldde  to  F  of  German 
make  had  a  wider  bore  and  three  venica!  pistons,  but  it  was 
only  ■  "hall  instrument,"  measuring  iboul  n  It.  A.  Kslk- 
brennei,  in  his  life  of  W.  Wieprecht  (tSSi),  states  that  to  the 
Jiger  military  bands  of  Prussia  the  como  basso  (keyed  bus 
horn)  was  introduced  aa  bass  to  r879,  and  the  bombardon  (or 
valve-ophiclelde)  to  iSjr;  to  the  Guards  these  instruments  were 
superseded  in  iSjjby  tbebiiataba  toventedby  Wiepmchland 
J.  G.  Morita, 

The  modem  bombudon  Is  made  to  two  forms:  the  upright 
model,  used  in  stationary  band  muric;  and  the  dnailar  model, ' 
knowD  aa  the  helicen,  worn  round  the  body  with  the  large  bell 
resting  on  the  bit  shoulder,  after  the  style  ol  the  Roman  cunm 
(see  HORM),  which  fs  a  more  convenient  way  of  canying  this 
heavy  instrument  when  marcbing  The  bombardon,  and  the 
euphonium,  of  which  It  is  the  boss,  are  the  outcome  of  tbe 
applieatlon  of  valves  to  the  bugle  family  whereby  the  saxhorns 
were  also  [sodueed.  The  radical  diflerence  between  the  saibonts 
and  tlie  tubas  (including  the  bombardon)  is  that  the  latter  have 
■  auffidcntly  wide  conical  bore  to  allow  of  the  production  of 
[undamentsl  sounds  in  ■  rich,  full  quality  of  immense  power. 
This  diSerence,  first  recognised  to  Germany  and  Austria,  has 
given  rise  to  those  cotmtrio  to  the  chissifiaitiaD  of  the  brass 
wind  as  "  hall "  and  "  whole  "  tostrudients  {Hulbt  and  Gaiat 
iHsiritmaiie).  When  the  brasa  wind  instruments  with  conical 
bot«  and  cup-shaped  mouthpiece  first  csjBe  toto  use,  11  was  & 
well-understood  principle  that  the  tube  of  each  instrumexit  mult 
theoretically  be  made  twice  as  tong  as  an  organ  pipe  giving  th« 
same  note;  for  example,  the  Frendk  horn  sounding  tbe  Sit.  C 
of  an  S  II.  organ  pipe,  must  hnve  a  tube  ifi  ft.  long;  C  thev 
becomes  the  second  harmonic  ol  tlie  scries  f«  the  ifilt  tube, 
Ibe  first  or  fnndamental  being  unobtainable.  Alter  tbe  intro- 
duction of  pistons,  tostrument-nakers  enperiraenting  with  tbe 
fnjgle,  which  has  a  conical  bore  of  very  wide  diuneter  in  propor- 
tion to  the  length,  found  that  baritone  and  ban  instruments 
constiuned  on  the  same  principle  gave  out  the  fundamental 
full  and  dear.    A  rww  em  to  tbe  construction  of  braas  iHinA 


J  that  t1 


of  Che  bugle  have  been  adopted,  the  Cubes  of  the  tubas  are  mUds 
just  half  the  length  of  those  of  the  older  instruments,  correspond- 
ing to  the  length  of  Che  organ  pipe  of  the  same  pitch,  so  that  ■ 
euphonium  sounding  8  ft.  C  no  tonget  needs  to  be  i(i  ft.  hmg 
but  only  S  ft.  The  ddcr  insCniments,  sudi  as  the  saxhorns, 
with  narrow  bore,  have  tbcrefon  been  denomtoated  "half 
Instruments,"  because  only  half  the  length  of  the  Instrument  iS 
of  practlcsl  utiUiy,  while  tbe  tubas  with  wide  bore  ate  atylnl 
"whole  Instruments."!  Bombardoni  are  made  tn  E  flat  and 
Fol  the  i6  ft.  ocCave.  corresponding  lo  the  ordieatrsl  bass  tuba, 
double  basa  in  strings,  and  pedal  clarinet  and  contrafagoito 
in  Che  wood  wind.  The  bombardon  to  B  flat  or  C,  an  octave 
lower  Ihan  the  euphonium,  corresponds  to  the  contrabass  tuba 
In  the  ordtestra. 

<Se*  Dr  E.  Schalhlutl'a  article  db  Mniicd  Iniitnimena, 
•ectioa  4  of  BiriM  itr  Brmtiiilimtiammiiiwn  bei  itt  AOt. 
iatuhtn  Itduaru-Aiuiltlliutt,  iSu  (Munich,  1851),  pp.  Iter 
170;  alio  Friedc.  Zammlner.  Oil  ifilik  >cinf  tit  UuSU<<4Si,«wZ 


BOMBAY  CITY 


.8} 


the  music  beidfl  vntten  at  »uixM,  ucept  in  Fiaim  and  Belgium, 
wttm  ImnpoMton  b  uhuI.  The  uuenmiiK  Bota  an  obtained 
by  Bcaoi  «l  iHUaaa  or  vilvci.  which,  oi  bcGi(  dcpmicd,  cillwr 


tWv  Dt  Four  pHlojiB  loiRr 


Lni  (he  pi 
El<^uni, 


addiliuAAl  length!  of  tubing  to  lower ^ 

tcncih  in  onJei  to  nuie  it.    Bombnrdoni  uauaJiy  have 

-■ ' '— iheriichof  ibeinnnimeBifeipcctiiiirly 

■-'--  -.l.iandatone.).  Yhe  v.lw 
Bharic  aibd  pnHtnn  of  the  bcU 
noctta  at  kcU-kaovn  makerk 

^tf^  iwd:  for   the  iH9(on  or  pump  u  •ubftituEed  a  [our-way 
j«  rtirlr  opeiared  by  RKansof  a  loFy  anda  Bprinaf  cranlta. 

-  "-  -'-'--- idrtc  cBromade  scale  thmuglhrtil  the 

— '■—  ~rtn  diflereat 

iSo(N^I 

<■  >^w*.  >,  a.  3,  4.  £vE  aul  a  half  taaaa,  ftc  A  conibiaation  of 
p>««iik  hpwmr,  laila  Is  (ive  ike  iniervaJ  with  an  abaolutely  correct 

Ibeurelical  knjih  rrouirtd  to  produ™  it.  Manr  in^nlom  con- 
Iriviiicct  have  bcm  invented  frDm  time  to  lime  to  remedy  thb 
ii»lvfVDt  defect  of  the  valve  ■yatam,  auch  aa  the  ii»valve  indiMieiideAt 
lynen  ol  Adolphe  San;  the  Bwtn  Ktptln,  ti^nf,  'V"'-  '"^ 
pendcot  jnitiDat;  tbe  Bcvon  conuicnaming  eyitem  TraMspoiiteur; 
ihe  Booiey  autonulic  compenntME  |uslan  invented  by  D.  f. 
Blaikley.  and  V,  MahiDon'i  automatic  ic(ulatiii(  jiiiIdbi.  Man 
TTfenilv  the  Beeaon  enhamonic  valvv  mtam,  vJth  rii  ind«peadeut 
tuning  dakaaiidthREiutoAkt  and  Riidall,  Carte  &  Compaov'i  new 
IKhi&unanA'i  patent)  bore,  conical  throughout  the  open  tube  and 
aijEjicioDai  Icngiha,  have  produced  inalrumenti  which  leave  norhirg 
to  be  desired  iiiointonilioa.     (SeeVaLVUandTuiA.)    (K.  S.) 

BOMBAY  cm,  the  apSlt3  of  Bombay  Pnsldency,  and 
the  chief  UBpoit  of  Valrrn  India,  liluited  fn  iS*  5s'  N.  and 
;i*  S*'  ^  ^^  'lily  stBiub  OD  in  sland  of  the  nine  name, 
which  fonm  one  of  a  group  now  eanneclcd  by  camewayg  wllh 
the  ntainland.  The  area  is  iim.  m.;aiid  the  popubtloii  ol  the 
town  and  island  (iijoi)  776,006  (eatimlte  In  1Q06,  977,831). 
Bombay  b  tbe  second  most  populous  city  fn  tbe  Indian  etupire, 
having  fallen  behind  Calcutta  at  the  onsus  of  1901.  Its  position 
on  Ibe  side  of  India  Dearest  to  Eutope,  its  advantages  as  A 
port  and  a  railway  centre,  and  its  monopoly  of  the  cotton 
industry,  are  counteracted  by  the  fact  thai  the  re^n  which  ft 
serves  cannot  Vit  with  Ibe  valley  of  the  Ganges  in  pmnl  of 
leitility  and  has  no  gicat  natcrway  like  the  Ganges  01  Biahma- 
puira-  Nevertheless  Bombay  pushes  Calcutta  hard  EoraopiemBCT 
in  point  ol  population  and  commercial  prcsperity. 

The  Bombay  Island,  or,  as  it  ought  to  be  more  eorrtclly 
oiled,  the  Bombay  Peninsula,  stands  out  from  a  coast  ennobled 
by  lofty  bills,  and  its  baibout  a  studded  by  rocky  bland)  and 
pfeci|rices,  whose  peaks  rise  to  a  great  beigbL     Tbe  approach 


rtnEiiea,  10/4/,  p.  lu- 

The  bomtaidon  Is  used  in  the  milttanr  bands  oT  Austria,  but 
in  tivHe  o/ Germany  it  hasliecn  wperaednf  by  a  faaB  tuha  diflerint 
^htly  is  leen  and  oogsuuction  from  the  boabatdoa  and  baa* 


(lom  Ibe  sea  dlseleiq  on  of  the  finest  panonmu  In  tlw  wotfd, 
..-the  only  European  analogy  being  the  Bay  of  Naf^o,  The 
island  consists  of  a  plain  about  11  m.  long  by  j  broad,  flanked 
by  two  parallel  Hnea  ol  low  hiUs.  A  neck  of  land  stretching 
towards  the  south-west  Eorms  the  harbour  on  Ita  eastern  ude, 
sbdteiing  it  from  tbe  force  of  tbe  open  lea,  and  enclosing  an 
erpinie  of  water  botn  s  to  7  m.  wide.  At  the  soulfc-west  o( 
tbe  island,  Back  Bay,  a  shallov  basin  rather  more  than  i  m. 
Id  breadth,  tuns  inland  lor  about  3  m.  between  tbe  estreme 
points  of  the  two  ranges  cd  bflls.  On  a  slightly  tailed  stiip  of 
land  between  the  head  o(  Back  Bay  and  the  bubour  is  situated 
the  fort,  the  nucleus  of  the  city  of  Bombay.  From  tils  poiol 
the  land  slopes  westward  towards  the  ciolial  fdain.  a  low4yiBg 
tract,  which  before  the  construction  of  the  emhanknent  knoa'ti 
as  the  Ifomby  Vellard,  used  at  high  tide  to  be  submerged  by  the 
■ea.  The  (own  itself  CDiBsttcd  well-built  and  unusually  band- 
tome  native  bauata,  and  of  ^udous  streets  devoted  to  Eutoixan 
coiDmera.  In  the  native  baiair  the  houses  riM  three  or  lour 
ttorrys  in  height,  with  eUboratcly  oirved  piQai^  and  front  woik. 
Some  d(  tbe  European  hotels  and  csminerdal  buildinga  ait  on 
the  Ametican  scale,  and  have  w>  tival  in  sny  othet  city  of  India. 
Tbe  Taj  Mahal  balel,  which  uas  built  by  Ihe  Tata  family  In 
190^,  is  tbe  most  palatial  and  modetn  hold  in  India.  The 
private  house*  ol  tbe  European  tesidenu  lie  apart  alike  ftom 
the  native  and  from  the  meianiilc  quatien  ot  the  town.  As  a 
rule,  eacb  fa  fau3t  in  a  large  garden  or  compound;  and  although 
the  style  of  architecture  is  less  imposing  than  that  ot  tbe  stately 
Ttsidencei  in  Cilcutla,  it  is  well  suited  to  the  climate,  and  has  a 
beauty  and  comfort  of  its  own.  The  Favourite  suburb  is  Malabar 
hillj  a  high  ridge  numing  out  into  the  sea,  and  terraced  to  the 
\op  by  handsome  houses,  which  command  one  of  the  finest 
vieivs,  0/  its  kind.  In  the  world.  Of  recent  yenrs  we^lhy  imtivcs 
have  been  competing  with  Europeans  For  tbe  poscsaion  of  this 
desirable  quarter.  To  tbe  right  of  this  ridge,  looking  towards 
the  sea,  runs  another  suburb  known  as  Breach  Candy,  buQt 
dote  upon  the  beach  and  within  the  rcFieshing  sound  o[  the 
raves.  To  the  left  of  Malabar  hill  Ees'Back  Bay,  with  apio- 
lODlory  on  its  farther  sbote,  which  marks  the  site  of  the  old 
lombay  Fort;  its  walls  are  demolished,  and  the  arts  is  chiefly 
devoted  to  mercantile  buadingL  Farther  round  the  island, 
beyond  the  fort,  b  Maiagon  Bay,  commandiiig  tbe  harbour, 
and  the  centre  ik  marilioie  activity.  The  defences  of  the  port, 
remodelled  and  aimed  with  tbe  latest  guns,  consist  of  batteries 

three  laise  batteries  on  the  makland.  Hieie  is  also  a  loipcdo- 
boat  detachment  staEiooed  in  the  harbour. 

No  dty  in  the  world  has  a  finer  water-front  than  Bombay. 
The  great  line  of  public  offices  along  the  esplanade  and  fadng 
Back  Bay,  which  are  in  the  Gothic  style  mixed  with  Saracenic, 
individually  distingubbed  for  aichittctural  merit,  but 
they  have  >  cumulative  effect  of  great  dignity.  The  other 
Botable  bulldiogi  in  tbe  dty  are  the  Victoiia  terminus  ol 
ileal  Indian  Peninsula  railway  and  the  Taj  Mahal  hotel. 
Towards  the  nottbem  end  ol  Malabar  hill  lie  the  Partce  Towen 
of  Silence,  where  the  Psisees  eaposc  their  dead  till  the  flesh  is 
devnarcd  by  yulturo,  and  then  cast  the  boocs  into  ft  wcU  where 
munble  into  dint.  Tbe  foundation^toiie  of  a  museum 
id  by  the  prince  of  Walea  in  1005. 

ol  CnemnuM.— Tbe  port  ol  Bombay  (induding  docka 
rarebouses)  is  managed  by  a  port  trust,  the  membcra  of 
which  are  nominated  by  the  govtinmcat  from  among  tlie  com- 
merda]  community.  T^  munidpal  government  of  the  dly 
la  framed  by  an  act  of  the  Bombay  legislative  council  passed 
iSSS.  The  governing  body  consists  of  a  munidpal  corporation 
idalowncoundl.  Theci>rporationiBComposedol73mcmbeia, 
whom  16  are  lumlnated  by  IhegovemmenL  Of  the  remainder, 
'  am  elected  by  the  ratepayer!,  16  by  the  ^ticea  of  the  peace, 
by  the  senate  of  the  university,  and  a  by  the  chamiicT  of 


BOMBAY  dITY 


Hiodiu,  MihomiiiMlaiu  uid  Fanett.  The  Bombuy  Uslvenily 
wu  conititutcd  in  iSj;  t>  an  eumlning  body,  m  the  modd  of 
the  univcniij'  oi  Landon.  The  ciiiff  eduutionil  institutiani 
ta  Bombay  City  »te  the  govemromt  Elpliinitone  CoUege,  two 
miirioBary  colleges  (WiUon  ud  St  X»viet),  the  Grant  nwdicil 
colkgi,  the  govemmeot  law  »chool,  the  Sir  Jaraietjee  Jeejeebhoy 
icbool  of  art,  and  the  Victoria  Juliilee.iediiiial  inttitute. 

Dxki.-~The  dockyard,  originafly  built  in  ijjS,  huaiea-face 
o[  nearly  70a  ydi,  and  u>  wea  of  about  loo  acrca.  Then  ire 
five  paving  doclu,  tluee  of  which  together  nulte  one  large  dock 
e4S  ft,  long,  wliiie  the  other  two  make  a  lingle  doclc  jSi  It.  long. 
There  ure  also  four  building  tlipi  opposite  the  ApaUo  Bandar 
(linding-placelDntbctouth-eaitEideof  t^endoiure.  The  dock- 
yard i)  lighted  by  dectricity,  so  that  work  can  be  carried  on  by 
night  u  well  ai  day,  Bombay  ii  the  only  important  plice  near 
the  tea  in  India  whete  the  rite  of  the  tide  is  luSicienl  to  peiinlt 
dock!  on  the  latgesC  scale.  Tlw  Ughesi  ipring  tides  here  reach 
1}  ft.,  but  the  average  is  14  ft.  Piince'i  dock,  of  which  the 
foundation-stone  was  Uid  by  the  prince  of  Wales  in  1S7J,  wai 
opened  in  iSyg,  and  I>  14S0  ft,  long  by  1000  ft.  broad,  with  a 
water  are*  of  30  acres;  wWle  the  Viciorii  dock,  which  vrai 
completed  mid  opened  in  iSST-tftSS,  hasa  water  area  of  isacret. 
SouUl  of  the  Viclorii  dock,  t  he  foundation-itone  of  the  Aleiandra 
dock,  the  largest  in  India,  waa  [aid  by  the  prince  of  Wala  In  JQ05. 

Ctllon  Hills.— The  milling  Indusliy  ia,  next  to  the  docki, 
Ihc  chief  feature  of  Bombay'i  commercial  success.    Tie  staple 


in  additi' 


flour  mills  and  ivorksht^  to  supply  local  needs. 

of  factories  incieaied  from  fifty-thicc  In  iSSi  to  eighty-thr 

iB!io,»ndthatdecadc         ''       *       '  


of  a  RTeat  Industrial  popula 
;  but  the  decade  iSoi-iooi 
-back  owing  ' 


witnessed 

caused  by  plague  and  the  effects  of  over-production.  In  addiiio 
to  tiie  actual  mortality  it  inflicted,  the  plagMC  caused  an  eiodus 
of  the  population  from  the  island,  disoiganitcd  the  labour  it  the 
docks  and  in  the  mills,  and  swallowed  np  laige  sums  which  were 
spent  by  the  municipality  on  plague  operaliona  and  sanitary 
improvements.  After  1901,  however,  both  population  and  trade 
began  to  revive  again.  In  igoi  Ihete  were  1^1,796  persona 
employed  in  the  cotton  industry. 

fafnifolim.— Owing  to  its  central  position  betwcco  East  and 
Wat  and  to  the  diveisily  of  races  in  India,  no  dly  in  the  world 
can  show  a  greater  vstiely  of  type  than  Bombay.  The  Mahntta 
nee  Is  the  dominant  element  neit  to  the  European  ruleis,  but 
in  addition  to  them  are  a  great  and  influential  section  of  Parsec 
metchsnls,  Arab  traden  fRm  tbe  Golf,  Afi^ians  asd  Sikh) 
tnta  northern  India,  BengaHs,  Rajputa,  CUnae,  Japanese, 
Malays,  negncs,  Hbetana,  Hnhaltse  and  Sianae.  Bombay 
is  the  great  port  and  meeting-place  of  the  Eastern  world.  Out  of 
IlK  large  sections  of  it)  population,  Hindu,  Hahomtnedan,  Farsee, 
Jain  and  Christian,  the  Putees  ait  one  of  tlie  smallest  and  yet 
the  most  influential.  They  number  only  some  46/»o  all  told, 
but  most  of  the  great  bu^ess  house)  ate  owned  by  Paisee 
millicmaires  and  most  of  the  hitge  charities  are  founded  by  them, 
t  Histtry.—TiK  name  of  the  island  and  city  of  Bombay  is  de- 
rived from  Mumba  (a  fom  of  ParvaU),  the  goddes)  of  the  Kolis, 
a  race  of  husbandmen  and  fishermen  who  were  the  earliest 
known  inhabitants,  having  occopied  the  island  probably  about 
the  beginning  of  the  Christian  era.  Bombay  originally  consisted 
Of  seven  islands  (the  Htftanaia  of  Ptolemy)  and  formed  an 
outlying  portion  of  the  dominions  pf  successive  dynasties  domi- 
nant in  wfstem  India:  Salavihanas,  Mauryaa,  Chahikyas  and 
Rashtnkutas,  In  the  Maurya  ind  Chalukyi  period  (4SO~7io) 
the  dty  of  Puri  on  Elephanta  Island  waa  the  prindpal  ^toc  in 
Bombay  harbour.  The  first  town  built  on  Bomtay  Island  was 
Mahikavati  (Mahim)  ,founded  by  King  Bhimi,probablyamember 
of  tbe  honse  of  tbe  Yadavai  of  Deo^,  as  a  result  of  Ala-ud-dln 
Khllii'a  raid  into  the  Deccan  in  11Q4.  It  remained  under  Hindu 
rule  until  1348,  when  it  was  captured  by  ■  Hahommedan  force 
from  Gujarat;  and, the  islands  remalnnl  part  of  the  provmce 
(lattT  Uogdom)  of  Gujarat  tDl  1514,  when  they  were  ceded  by 
Stdtan  Bahadur  to  tbe  Fortii|iiet>. 


Tbe  Island  did'  not  prosper  under  PortugtMe  nit '  jij  tht 
system  known  as  ofarantciUit  the  tands  were  gradually  parcelled 
out  into  ■  number  of  fieig  gnnled,  under  the  cmwn  of  i^rtu^, 
to  individuats  or  to  religious  corporations  In  return  Ita  milEtary 
seniM  01  eqi^valenl  quil-ients;  The  northein  diatiicli  wera 
divided  among  the  Fiandsrans  and  Jesuits,  who  boiK  a  numbs 
of  chuiches,  some  of  which  still  survive.  Hie  bloleranca  of  their 
rule  did  not  favour  the  growth  of  the  settlement,  which  b  lUi, 
when  It  was  tnnsierred  to  the  Brilish,  had  a  popnlalion  of  only 
10,000.  Hie  English  had,  however,  long  recognized  its  vahie 
as  a  naval  base,  and  it  was  for  this  reason  that  they  hHighl  tbe 
battle  of  Swally  (T614--161S),  attempted  to  capture  the  place  In 
1616,  and  that  the  Sutat  Council  uiged  the  purchase  of  Bombay 
from  the  Portuguese.  In  1654  the  director)  of  the  Company  drew 
Cromwell's  attention  to  this  suggestion,  laying  stress  on  the 
eicehcnce  of  its  harbour  and  its  safety  from  attack  by  Jand. 
It  finally  became  the  property  of  the  British  In  tMi  a)  part  of 
the  dowry  of  the  infanU  Catherine  of  Portugal  on  her  marriage 
to  Charies  II.,  but  was  not  actually  occupied  by  the  British  until 
1665,  when  they  experienced  much  difficulty  in  ovencomlnc 
the  opposition  of  the  Portuguese,  and  especially  of  the  religioua 
orders,  to  the  ce^'on.  In  iMS  it  was  transferred  by  the  crown 
to  tlie  Eaat  India  Ccmpanyj  who  placed  It  under  the  factory  of 

The  raa!  foundation  of  the  modem  dty  dates  from  this  time, 
and  was  the  work  of  Gerald  Aungier  (or  An^er],  brother  of 
Frandfl  Aungier,  jrd  Lord  Aungier  of  Longford  and  1st  earl  of 
Longford  in  Ireland  (d.  1700),  who  succeeded  Sir  George  Oxendea 
a3presidentolSuratIni66qandd!edin  1677.  At  this  time  Sam- 
bay  was  threatened  by  the  Mahratlls  from  inland,  by  the  Malabar 
pirates  and  the  Dutch  from  the  sea,  and  was  cut  oS  from  the 
mainbnd  by  the  Portuguese,  who  still  occupied  the  island  at 
Salsetle  and  had  established  a  cusloms-baniet  In  Ibe  cbannd 
between  Bombay  and  the  ibore.  In  si^te  of  the  niggardly 
policy  of  the  court  of  dircclon,  who  refused  to  incur  Ibeeapenae 
of  employing  skilled  engineers,  Aungiei  succeeded  In  foitifyini 
the  town  and  shore;  be  also  raised  a  force  of  milltii  and  itgulan, 
the  latter  mainly  Germans  (as  more  trustworthy  than  tbe  rift- 
laCr  collected  in  London  by  the  Company^  crimpsj.  In  1671 
Ann^er  transferred  his  hcadtiuarteri  to  Bombay,  and  liter 
frightening  ofl  an  imposing  Dutch  fleet,  which  in  1*70  attempted 
to  surprise  the  island,  set  to  work  to  organiic  the  setileinent 
anew.  To  this  task  he  brought  a  mind  singuLirly  enlightened  and 
a  thiceie  belief  in  the  best  traditions  of  Eu^ish  liberty.  In 
its  fiscal  policy.  In  Its  religious  intolerance,  and  in  Its  oikI  and 
contemptuous  treatment  of  the  natives,  Portuguese  rule  had 
been  alike  oppressive.  Aungier  altered  all  this.  With  the  can- 
sent  o(  ^^  a  getieral  assembly  of  the  chief  representatives  of  the 
pet^Ie  "  be  commuted  the  burdensome  land  tax  for  a  fixed 
money  payment;  he  protected  all  castes  in  tbe  celebration  of 
their  r^gious  ceremonies;  and  lie  forbade  any  compulsion  of 
natives  to  carry  burdens  against  their  will.  Tbe  result  was  that 
the  population  of  Bombay  Increased  npirlly;  a  spedal  quarter 
was  sec  apart  for  the  banyo.  or  capitalist,  class  of  Hindus;  while 
Farsees  and  Armenians  Socked  to  a  dly  where  they  were  secure 
of  freedom  ahke  for  their  trade  and  their  religion.  Within 
eight  years  the  population  had  grown  from  10,000  to  60,000. 
The  immediate  result  of  this  concentration  of  people  in  a  spot 
to  unwholesome  was  the  prevalence  of  disease,  produced  by 
the  appalling  sanitary  conditions.  This,  too,  Aungier  set  himself 
to  remedy.  In  1C75  he  initiated  the  works  for  draining  the  foul 
tidal  swampsi  and,  failing  the  consent  of  the  Company  to  tbe 
erection  of  a  regular  hospital,  he  turned  the  law  court  into  an 
infitinaiy.  He  also  set  up  three  courts  of  justice:  a  tribunal 
for  petty  causes  under  a  factor  with  native  assessors,  a  court  of 
appeal  under  tbe  deputy  governor  and  membera  of  councD,  and 
a  court- martial.  A  regular  police  force  was  also  established  and 
a  gaol  buHt  in  the  Baxaar.' 

During  this  period,  however,  tbe  posflltm  of  Bombay  was 
sufficiently  precarious.    The  Malabar  pirates,  though  the  dty 


itself* 


>  Hui 


t  strcoig  for  them, 

w,  NiH. «/  BrilMJiUia,  H.  pp.  ail,  jtc 


BOMBAY  FURNITURE— BOMBAY  PRESIDENCY 


Indri  uul  it  requind  lU  Ihc  gcniui  (A  Auatjtr  lo  mainUin  the 
KttleiDait,  isolated  u  it  mi  betixeD  tlie  rival  powcn  ol  the 
llihntui  uid  the  Mogul  cmpiie.  Aftcc  hii  death,  on  the  joth 
gl  June  i6;;,  its  liliutioD  becimc  even  mare  piecarioui.  Even 
under  Aungiei  the  Siddi  admirals  of  the  Moguls  had  aasertcd 
thejr  li^t  to  UK  Bomtuy  harbour  as  winlei  quartos  foi  their 
fleet,  tbiMigb  ilHV  had  failed  to  secuic  it  as  I  hue  agiiut  Ibe 
Mahiaila*.  Under  his  weak  luccesior  CBoll,  i6;j-itSi),  the 
English  nalin,  the  vahie  of  which  had  now  been  proved,  became 
Ihj  baitle-giound  between  the  rival  navies,  and  for  some  yean 
Bmabay  by  at  the  mercy  of  both.  The  Company's  rule,  more- 
over,  ma  eipoied  to  another  danger.  The  niggardly  p^cy  of 
the  board  of  directOTA,  more  intent  on  peaceful  dividends  than  on 
varlike  rule,  could  not  but  be  galling  to  soldiers  of  fortune-  A 
mutiny  at  Bombay  in  1671  had  only  been  luppmsed  by  the 
etecntiai  of  the  ringleader;  and  in  16B]  a  mDit  fonnidable 
mDvcmcnt  toalL  place  under  Richard  Kcijfwin,  a  naval  oflicer 
vho  had  been  appointed  governor  o(  St  Helena  in  reward  lor  the 
part  played  by  him  in  the  capture  of  the  island  fi 
In  1073-     Keigwin.  elected  gov 

imied  a  proclamation  in  the  king's  name,  utmg  tnc  "  mtoicraoie 
extortioDS,  oppiesaions  and  exactions  "  of  the  Compa^iy,  and 
dedariog  his  govcninicnt  under  the  immediate  authority  oE  (he 
crown.     He  ruled  with  moderatioIL,  reformed  the  syslem  of 

iuTcucd  (he  tnde  ot  the  port  by  the  adoussion  of "  interlopers." 
But  he  failed  lo  extend  the  rebcUion  beyond  Bombay;  and 
■dun  a  letter  atiived,  under  the  royal  sign  manual,  ordering  bin 
10  fufTBidcr  the  fort  to  Sir  John  Child,  appointed  admii^  and 
captain.gciietal  of  the  Company^s  forces,  be  obeyed.^ 

Meanwhile  the  Company  had  decided  to  consider  Bombay  as 
'' an  inikpcndcnt  Bettlemcnt,  and  thescatof  the  power  and  trade 

back  the  devolspmenl  of  the  dty,  notably  the  ptevalenoe  of 
^■tae  uid  cholera  due  to  the  silting  up  of  (he  crccka  that 
divided  iu  component  islands;  and  it  ma  not  til|  attti  the 
tmaJgamation  of  the  old  and  new  cumpaoics  in  ijoS  that  the 
tovenxK's  Mat  was  tmnsferred  (rom  Sumt  to  Bombay.  In 
ibedtywallwaacomptelediKti' 

fmn  distracted  Cujantl  and  a  tenes  01  wise  aamuuslrauve 
idorBa  increased  Ibis  tendency  until  in  17*4  the  popula- 
(ioD,  which  in  i>iS  had  sunk  to  16,000,  had  risen  to  70,00a 
Ueanwhilc  the  Mahratta  conqueat  of  BasseinaDd  Salwtie  (1737- 
iIjq)  hod  put  a  stop  lo  the  bostilily  of  the  Ponugucsc,  and  a 
treaty  of  alliance  with  the  Siddis  (iJ3j]  had  secured  a  base  of 
Bipplics  on  the  mainland.  The  French  wars  of  1744-1748  and 
1756-1763  led  to  a  further  strengthening  ol  the  rortificatioiu; 
aad  the  influK  of  settlers  from  the  maiularul  made  the  queitians 
nl  cuiqJies  and  of  the  protection  of  trade  fiom  piracy  more 
pressing.  The  former  was  in  part  settled  by  the  acquisition  ol 
Bankot  (1755)  as  a  result  of  an  alliance  wilh  the  peshi 
latter  by  the  successful  eipediiion  under  Wa 
agaijut'Viiayadiug  (1756).  During  this  period, 
ance  of  Bombay  as  a  naval  base,  long  since  ] 
jTifT^mrl  by  the  fauQding  of  a  dock  [1750),  B  second  being  added 
in  1763.  The  year  1770  saw  the  begiDning 
with  China,  the  result  of  a  famine  in  that  at 
government  having  issued  an  edkt  cooimu 
be  used  for  growing  gnin.  Tbii,  too,  was  a  period  of  searching 
reforms  in  the  administtation  and  the  pluming  and  building  of 
Ibe  dty;  the  result  bci:i^  a  further  immense  growth  ol  iU 
population,  which  in  1780  was  iij.ooo.  This  was  still  furtJuT 
increased  by  the  famine  of  1803,  which  drove  large  Humbert 
people  from  Eonkan  and  the  Deccan  to  seek  employment 
Bombay.  A  great  £ie  broke  out  in  the  fort  in  the  Mme  year  u 
caused  enormous  loss;  but  it  enabled  the  government  to  optn 
vider  thonnigbfarcB  in  the  more  congealed  parts,  and  greatly 
ttimulated  the  tendency  of  the  lulivei  lo  build  their  houses . 
■  Sec  Hnnter.  tp.  ri 


f,  the  figure!  for  iSoi  being  Sii.ooo.    Thi    „ 
as  due  to  the  influence  of  railwayi,  ol  which  the  first  line 
mpleted  in  iSsj.  the  opening  ol  Ibe  Sues  Canal,  and  the 
tion  of  cotton  factories.    In  1866-1867  <he  tide  of  ptos- 
.  WW  loienupted  by  «  finandal  crisis,  due  lo  the  fall  in 
Ihe  price  of  coitos  00  the  lemlnation  uf  the  American  war, 
Bombay,  however,  soon  recovered  herself ,  and  in  iG 


prosptroua 


and  Cliue 


18s 

naoftbe 


sbi^  ootaide  the  walla  of  the  lort  in  wkit  ar 

The  British  victory  over  the  Mahnttas  and  the  anneaation 
of  the  Decoui  opened  •  new  period  of  UDrcttricttd  dewilopment 
Ede  Bombay.  Ai  this  time,  too  (i8ig],itsfoiiunes were  vigoiously 
fottettd  by  Uounliluart  Elpbinsiont,  and  in  iKjS  the  population 


a  =3«.« 


r  before 


s  played  by  plagne  Iq.t.)  with  b( 
dhcJ  trade.    Inaddition  toadeclineof  6% 
c  eiporta  also  dedined  by  7%,  whenaa  Calcutta' 
le  during  the  same  period  by  JS  %. 


her  population 


See  S.  M.  Edwarde*.  ni  Sue  ^  BmloT  <i9n):  Jamn  Doiigla*. 

-  90J):  Sir   William   Hunter,   HijJor.  0/   =-— '    '--■--    ■r'-J— 


, 10;  J 

0/  BrilUk  Iniui    (Loi 

<i>    ..  •■  Hombay  City. 


S?^ 


BOMBAY  FCRNITUHB.  "  Bombty  blackwood  luniiliin  •-' 
a  term  applied  to  a  tathtt  etlensive  das)  of  articles  mum- 
ctured  hi  tbe  dty  of  Bombay  aitd  in  Ibe  lowna  of  Sural  and 
Ahmodabad  in  India.  The  wood  nsed  is  Shisham  or  blackwoDd 
(iJoUerfia),  a  htrd.graliicd  dark-coloured  timber  which  with 
pTopa  tnatment  aaiumea  ■  beautiful  natural  polialL  Much  ot 
the  soHsUed  Branbay  furniture  is  dumsy  ud  inelepnt  in  form, 
defects  which  it  is  sugiested  by  opetls.  like  Sir  Gcotga  Birdwood, 
it  owes  to  the  clrcuinttMioe  tbat  tbe  original  model*  wen  Duldi. 
Socae  of  the  smalls  anjclct,  sucb  ■•  Qowei  at«Dd>,  tmall  Ublct, 
and  ornamental  stand*,  are,  however,  of  eictedingly  giacefid 
'aanqdeaanhighlypiizodhyctilecloi*.  TU 
canipg  at  its  best  is  laai.like  in  diancui,  ind  apart  from  it* 
inherent  beauty  iiattiactivB  on  account  of  the  ingenuity  shown 
by  the  workei  In  adapliog  his  design  In  detail  lo  the  purpose  of 
the  article  he  is  faihioiilns.  Ike  workmen  wbo  mawfactura  tW 
':  BotnbayiumitureueaveciilclMiwJthiaberiled 
Of  ten  •  nun  know*  only  ooe  dcdgn,  which  bu  been 
to  him  by  his  father,  who  la  Ui  Wa  had  had  it 
lather  bdore  him.    "  "      ~ 


induitty  by  Introducing  poniont  of  the  nativ* 
work  into  fuinituie  of  Western  design,  bi  ibe  mtin,  however, 
Ihe  conventional  palterna  are  still  adhered  to.  "  Bombny 
bous  "  are  inlaid  in  geometrical  patterns  on  Hood.  Tlie  inlay- 
ing materials  conaisi  of  (he  wire,  sandal  wood,  Mpan  wood, 
:bony.  Ivory  and  *tagi'  bonis,  and  the  lEect  produced  by  the 


altogether  pc 

BOMBAY  PRBUDBMOY,  a  pnvlnct  or  pnddepcy  of  Brilidi 
India,  fnariMlng  partly  ol  Bnliib  district*,  ud  partiy  of  native 
state*  uodei  (he  administntion  ol  a  governor.  This  territory 
utends  from  13°  33'  to  iS°  43'  N.,  and  iron  66°  40*  lo  76°  30'  £., 
ami  is  bounded  on  (he  N.  by  Balucblaun,  the  Puoltb  and 
RajpsIBB*;  on  tbe  E..  by  Indoee,  (ho  Central  Province*  and 
Hyderabad;  on  the  S.  by  Madna  and  Myaore;  and  c«t  (he  W. 
by  the  Arabian  Sea.  Within  these  limits  lie  the  F 
settlements  ol  Diu,  Damaun  and  Ga 
Baroda  which  has  direct  relations  with 

while  politicaUy  fioiid»y  mdudes-  the  settlement  of  Aden. 
The  lotol  area,  including  Sind  but  cidudiog  Aden,  is  tU,74S 
sq,  m.,  of  which  iiirf)34  aq.  m.  an  under  British  and  6],76f 
under  native  rule.  Tie  total  pi^uUtion  (loar)  I*  95,466,>og,  of 
which  i8,5<5,iS7  ate  letideu  in  Biilisb  territoiy  and  6,908,644 
in  native  (late*.  The  province  isdivided  into  four  commtssinnn- 
ship*  iDd  tweniy-^ii  districts.  The  four  divisions  an  tbe 
notthem  or  Gujarat,  the  centnl  or  Deccan,  (be  aouthen  oi' 
Camaiic,  and  Sind.  The  twenty-sii  districts  are:  Bombsq' 
City,  Ahnedabad,  Broach,  Kain,  Pandi  Mahab,  Swml,  Thaoi. 


l86 

Ahrncdltfgir,  Klundah  (parlitioiKd  Into  tvo  diitricts  In  rpotf), 
Nuik,  Poona,  Salin.  Sholapur,  Belganm,  Btjipur.  DhiTni, 
Kanin,  Kolabi,  IU1n>E<ri,  Kancbl,  Hydcnbud,  SUIaipur, 
Thxi  ind  Pirkar,  and  tipper  Sbd  Fnictier.  TV  native  lUIn 
comprise  in  lU  353  tepiiale  uniu,  nhich  at  adminblered 
either  by  polilic»l  agCDti  or  by  the  «il!«1oij  of  the  ditlricla  ia 
which  thetmillerttatM  are  liluiled.  Ths  diief  groups  of  lUla 
are  North  Gujarat,  rompri>iiig  Cutch,  JEatfiiawar  agency, 
Pelaapur  agency,  Mahi  Kaniha  agency,  Reva  Kantha  agency 
and  Cambay^  South  Gujarat,  compriaing  Dharampur,  Bajuda 
and  Sachin;  North  Ronkan,  Nasik  and  Khandeih,  comprising 
Kiiandesh  polirical  agency,  Sur^naind  Jawhar;  South  Konkan 
and  Dhanrar,  comprising  Jaoj'in,  SawinCwari  and  Savinur; 
the  Deccan  Salara  Jaffrs.  comprisfag  Akalkot,  Bhor,  Aondh, 
Phiitan,  Jath  and  Daphlipur;  the  southern  MahratU  lUtei, 
comprising  Kolhapur  tnd  other  •tats,  and  Khairpni  in  Sind. 
The  native  iiaies  under  the  supeivision  of  the  govemnieni  of 
Bombay  are  divfded,  bistotiaUy  and  giKigraphfcaUy,  Into  two 
rnain  gronpa.  11k  northern  or  Gujarat  group  includes  (he 
tenitoriea  of  the  gadcwar  of  Baroda,  Tith  the  imalkr  states 
which  form  the  administntive  divisions  of  Cutch,  Palanpur, 
Rem  Kantha,  and  Mahi  Kanlha.  Tliese  territories,  vith  Ibe 
eiccption  of  Cutch,  have  an  historiul  conneiion,  u  being  the 
allies  ot  tributaries  of  the  gaekmi  in  iBoj,  when  Enal  engage- 
ments were  included  between  thai  prince  and  Ihe  Btiriah 
government.  IhesouthemorMahTattB  group  includes  Kolhapur, 
Akalkot,  Siwantnri,  and  Ihe  Snura  and  southern  Mahratia 
Jagfn,  and  has  an  historical  bond  of  union  in  the  (tieodship 
they  showed  to  the  British  in  their  final  struggle  with  the  power 
of  the  peshws  in  1S18.  The  remaining  territorirt  msy  con- 
veniently be  divided  into  a  small  duster  of  indqKndent  lamin- 
daris,  situated  in  the  wlkl  *nd  hilly  tracts  at  the  northern 
eitRmity  of  the  Sahyadri  range,  and  cetuia  prinapalitics 
which,  from  (hcit  history  or  geographical  position,  in  to  some 
citent  isolated  from  (he  rest  of  (he  presidency. 

Pkyticol  AtptilL-^TtK  Bombay  Presidency  tomists  of  s  long 
strip  of  land  sJong  the  Indian  Ocean  from  the  south  of  the  Punjab 
to  the  noitb  of  MysDR,  Tlie  coast  is  rock-bound  snd  difficult 
of  access;  and  though  it  conuins  several  bays  forming  fair- 
Wcather  ports  for  vessels  engaged  in  Ihe  coasting  trade,  Bomb»y, 
KancU-ln-Sind,  Marmagoa  and  Karwar  alone  have  harbocrs 
(ufliciently  IlDd-locktd  10  ptstect  shipping  during  the  prevalenee 
ot  the  Mnitli-west  awasoon.  The  coast-tine  is  tegular  and  Bttle 
brdtn,  nve  by  the  Cults  of  Csmbay  snd  Ctitcb,  between  which 
Kc*  the  pcninula  of  KitUawsr, 

SpeaUng  goendly,  a  range  of  hiUs,  known  as  the  Western 
Obats,  runs  down  the  coast,  st  i^ces  rising  In  splendid  blufls 

y!f  inginland,andleaviogafiitferUl(strfpof  s  to  Jo  m. 
between  their  base  and  the  sea.  In  (he  north  of  the 
presideneyon  the  right  bank  of  (be  Indus,  the  Ilsla  mountains, 
4  continuation  of  the  great  Suleiman  range,  separate  British 
India  from  the  dMnlnions  of  the  khan  of  KalaL  Leaving 
Sind,  and  pasung  by  the  ridges  ot  low  sandhills, — Ihe  leading 
feature  ot  the  doeit  east  of  the  Indus, — and  Ihe  wjaied  hilU- 
ot  Culch  *ud  Kathiawar,  which  form  geologically  tlic  weslem 
cntenhy  of  Uw  Aravalli  range,  tbe  first  eitensiTe  mountain 
range  Is  that  separating  Gujarat  from  the  states  of  central  India, 
Tlie  ragged  and  mountainous  country  south  of  the  Tapti  forms 
theOMtbeniexUmnityof  the  Sahyadri  or  Weslcm  Ghats.  This 
(test  nnge  of  UUs,  soinetlnus  overhinglng  the  ocean,  and 
fCBtnSy  randai  pmDd  to  it  at  a  ditunce  DOwhere  exceeding 
50  tn.,  with  u  ■»»(«  devatlon  of  about  iSoo  ft.,  contains 
bdlvMual  peat*  ifsinf  to  more  thsn  donUe  thai  height.  They 
■ticlch  watkwanls  Im  upwards  ol  ;ao  m.,  with  a  breadth  of 
lotoiam.  The  wutaradtclivilyisabiupl,  the  land  at  the  base 
•IthBhffisbdDfbutsUghllyTalsedabovethelevdoItheaei.  As 
Is  iiimIIj  the  cm  with  the  tin]>  dsiutlon,  they  descend  to  tbe 
pUin  hi  unttx*  wilh  nlmipt  tnoti.  n>  ludsntd  slope  is  in 
away  plien  ivy  fentle,  the  cccM  of  the  mig*  bdngtotiKtimes 
bat  sui^tly  nlied  above  tba  level  at  the  plateau  of  the  Deccan. 
Tbelr  bestteowD  devsUoa  it  Mihabakihwuc,  4s»  ft  high,  a 


BOMBAY  PRESIDENCY 


EiMi^teau,  J7  m.  tromPDona,  coveted  (rlTliridivtsetallaD,  and 
used  by  the  Bombay  government  as  Its  Eummer  ittreal  and 
sanitarium.  In  the  neighbouihood  of  tEie  Sahyadri  hUb,  par- 
ticulariy  towards  tbe  northern  eilremity  of  the  range,  tbe 
country  is  nigged  and  broken,  containing  isolated  peala,  masses 
of  riKk  and  spurs,  which,  running  eastwird,  form  waterdieds  for 
the  great  rivers  of  the  Decon.  The  Salpura  hUls  separate  tbe 
valley  of  the  Tapti  from  the  valley  of  the  Nerbsdda,  and  the 
district  of  Khandesh  from  Ihe  tertltoiia  of  Indore.  Tlie 
Salnula  or  Ajanta  hUls,  which  are  rather  the  northern  slope  of 
the  platau  than  a  distinct  range  ot  hilb,  separate  Khandcsh 

The  more  kvel  puts  of  Bombay  consist  of  five  well-demarcated 
tracts — Sind,  Chijant.  (he  Konkui,  Ihe  Deem n,  and  Ihe  Cainacic. 
Sind,  or  the  lower  valley  of  the  Indus.  Is  very  flit,  with  n,^ 
but  scanty  vegetation,  and  depending  for  productive- 
parts,  conusis  of  rich,  highly  cultivated  alluvial  plains,  watered 
by  the  TVpIi  and  Netbudda,  bul  not  much  subject  to  inundation. 
The  Konkan  lies  between  the  Western  Chats  and  the  sea.  It  is 
a  rugged  and  diffictdt  country,  intersected  by  creekB,andaboimd- 
Ing  in  istdatcd  peaks  and  detached  ranges  of  hills.  Tic  plains 
of  the  Deccan  and  Khandesh  are  watered  by  large  rivers,  but  as 
the  rainfall  is  uncertain,  they  are  generally,  during  tbe  greater 
part  ol  the  year,  bleak  and  devoid  of  vegetation.  The'Gamatic 
plain,  or  the  rauntry  south  of  the  liver  Kistna,  consists  of 
extensive   tracts  ol  Itlack  or  coKon  soil  in  4  lugh  state  of 

The  chief  river  of  western  India  Is  the  Indus,  wUch  entera 
the  presidency  from  the  north  of  Sind  and  aowing  south  in  a 
tortuous  course,  falls  into  the  Arabian  Sea  by  several  j,^^^ 
mouths,  such  as  the  Ghizrf  oeek,  Khudi  Week,  Piliani 
creek,  Sisa  creek,  Hajamro  creek,  Vatbo  creek.  Mall  atek.  Warl 
creek,  Bhitiara  creek.  Sir  creek  and  Khori  creek.  lo  the  dry 
season  the  bed  varies  al  diOcrent  places  frem  4S0  lo  i6aa  yds. 
The  Bood  season  begins  in  March  and  conliuua  IHI  September, 
Ihe  average  depth  of  the  river  rising  from  9  to  14  ft.,  snd  the 
velocity  of  the  current  increasing  from  j  lo  ;  m.  an  hour.  Neit 
to  (he  Indus  comei  the  Nerbudds.  Rising  in  the  Central  Pro- 
vinCFS,  snd  traversing  the  dominions  of  Holk^r,  the  Nerbudda 
the  nonh-westem  extremity  of  the 


Khandesh  distrr 


ward,  I 


rot  joo 


•-,  falls  into  the  Gulf  of  Cambay,  forming  nr 
mouth  the  alluvial  plain  of  Broalb,  one  of  the  richest  distrkti 
of  Bombay.  For  about  too  m.  from  the  sea  the  Nerbudda  is  at 
all  seasons  navigable  by  smaD  boats,  and  dniing  the  rvhs  by 
vessels  of  from  30  to  jo  tons  burden-  The  Tspti  enters  the 
presidency  a  few  miles  south  of  Ihe  town  of  Burhanpur,  a  station 
on  the  Great  Indian  Peninsula  nDvay,  flows  eastward  througb 
the  district  of  Khandesh,  Ihe  native  slate  of  Rewi  Kanlha  and 
the  dtstrici  of  Sural,  and  falls  into  Ihe  Gulf  of  C»mbay,  a  few 
miles  west  of  the  town  of  Sunt-  Tbe  Tapti  drains  sboul  950  m. 
of  country,  and  is,  in  a  commerdal  point  of  view,  Ihe  most  useful 
of  the  Gujarat  riven.  Besides  these  there  ire  many  minor 
streams.  The  Banas  and  the  Ssriswati  (ike  Ihcir  rise  in  the 
Aravalli  hiDs,  and  flowing  eastwsrd  throu^  tbe  native  state  of 
Palanpur,  fill  into  the  Runn  of  Cutch.  The  Sabatmitf  and  Ihe 
Mahi  rise  in  the  Mahi  Kanllh  hiUs,  and  flowing  southwards, 
drain  the  districts  of  Northern  Gujarat,  and  fall  Into  the  sea  near 
(he  head  of  the  Golf  of  Cambay.  The  streams  which,  rising  In 
(he  Sahyadri  range,  or  Western  Chats,  flow  westward  into  the 
Aralnan  Stib,  are  of  little  importance.  Dining  the  rains  they  are 
fottnidable  torrents,  hot  with  the  return  of  (he  fair  weather  they 
dwindle  away,  and  during  the  hot  season,  with  a  few  eiceptions, 
(hey  almost  dry  up.  Clear  snd  rapid  as  they  descend  the  hfUs, 
on  reaching  the  lowlands  of  the  Ronkan  they  become  muddy 
and  brackbh  creeks.  Tbe  Ksnarese  tivm  have  a  larger  body  ot 
water  and  a  mote  tegular  flow  than  the  stresras  of  the  Kenkin. 
One  ot  them,  tbe  Shsnwati,  fordng  its  wsy  thiough  Ihe  weileni 
idgt  of  the  Chats,  plunge*  feom  the  Ugh  to  ihe  low  countiy  by 
luccesdon  of  falls,  the  principal  of  lAich  is  t^  tt,  in  h^i^t. 
The  Sahyadri.  or  Western  Ghats,  al--"- -■     • 


»  U^row^o^^Kf  (be^^sraid 


BOMBAY  PRESIDENCY 


ihe  two  prindiMl  riven  of  (he  Madm  Pmidcncy,  tlie  Godivui 
uid chc KUuiK.  ThticrivcnciiUutUHmtlaitribulurBtmmi, 
KiDe  ol  UiUB  oi  cniuidenble  iltc,  uid  diiio  llic  Eatin  pliin 
d  the  Decctn  u  tbey  pau  eulwud  umudi  ihc   B&y   of 

Tlie  Uuchir  Ltke  Is  tituiiol  on  the  right  bui  oE  the  Indu. 
Ihuisg  inuiuUtiom  it  ittaiu  n  Icnglh  of  h>  tn.,  Dud  m  breadth 
■  -  of  lo,  covering  1  tDtil  urcii  eitituud  \t  iSo  iq.  tn. 

But  the  most  peculiar  Ucustrioe  fetture  of  the  pre- 
lidacjr  ii  the  Runn  or  Like  of  Cuich,  which,  *ccordin(  to  the 
Muon  of  the  year,  ii  ■  ult  muih,  u  jDland  like,  or  an  arm  ol 
IhcjcawithuiiRaof  Soooiq.  m.  It  fomu  the  western  boimdary 
tl  the  province  of  Gujinl,  uid  when  fiooded  during  the  reiru 
nitci  the  Gutfi  of  CutchmdCambi}',  and  convert*  IhetenitotT 
•(  Catch  imo  an  island. 

CaUtf. — South  ol  Gujaiat  nearly  the  vhole  of  Boniluy  [| 
cimred  by  the  horiiontal  lava  Aowi  of  Ihc  Deccan  Trap  teriei, 
and  Ihfae  Bonn  iprcad  over  the  greater  part  of  the  Kathiivar 
poiiittula  and  eileul  into  Culch.  In  Culch  '  "  " 
Ihcy  are  underlaid  by  Junssic  and  Neocoi 
Jurauic  bcdi  are  marine  and  contain  numei 
bnl  tbe  beds  which  are  Fcfeired  to  the  Men 
tenea  of  landslonea  and  ahaln  with  remabu  of  plants.  Seven! 
ef  tbe  plants  ore  identical  with  farms  which  occur  in  the  upper 
portion  of  the  Condwsna  lytlEDi.  Tetliaiy  liRieslones,  sand' 
UDoea  and  ihalea  overlie  the  Deccan  Tiap  in  Cutch,  but  the 
(rciteil  dcvelotoient  of  depoiiti  of  this  a^  is  to  be  met  with 
on  the  wcslem  dde  of  the  Indus  (see  Sum].  The  [Jain  of  Sind 
and  of  euUm  Gujarat  1)  covered  by  alliurium  and  witid-blown 
and. 

Oiaiate.— Great  varietiei  of  donate  are  met  with  in  the 
pisidency.  In  its  eitreme  dryness  and  Iieit,  combined  with  the 
aridity  of  a  sandy  soil.  Upper  Sind  resembles  the  sultry  dtwrt* 
of  Africa.  Tie  mean  maximum  temperature  at  Hyderabad,  in 
Idwer  Knd,  during  the  six  hottest  months  of  the  year,  is  t/A"  F. 
in  the  shade,  and  the  water  of  the  Indos  reaches  blood  heat; 
in  Upper  Sind  il  is  even  hotter,  and  Ihe  thermomeier  has  been 
known  U>  lesisteT  ijo°  in  tne  shade.  In  Culch  and  in  Cujitat 
Ihe  beat,  tboo^  less,  is  atill  very  greaL  The  Konkan  is  hot  and 
■HHSt,  the  fall  of  rain  during  the  monsoon  sometimes  ai^nnaching 
JOS  in.  The  tible.land  of  the  Deccan  above  Che  Glials,  on  the 
ccDtrary,  has  an  agreeable  climate  except  in  the  hot  months, 
as  has  also  the  soulherti  Mahntta  country:  and  in  the  hills  ot 
Uahabaleahwar,  SingarK  and  other  detached  heights,  Europeans 
may  go  out  at  all  houci  with  impunity.  Bombay  Island  itself, 
tboogh  Id  leneral  cooled  by  Ihe  sea  breeie,  Is  oppressively  hot 
doriag  Uay  and  October.  The  south-west  monsoon  gmeially 
sets  in  abont  the  Gnt  week  in  June,  and  pai;n  down  Tohoaei 
of  nia  along  the  coast.  From  June  to  October  travelling  ii 
di&cull  and  unpleasant,  cicepC  in  Sbid,  irhece  the  meiuoon 
laina  exert  little  inllnenCT.' 

FariiU. — Bombay  Presideney  pouesKt  two  gnat  daises 
af  (iinita^thase  (d  the  hills  and  tboae  of  the  alluvial  plains. 
The  biD  'forests  are  tcttleted  over  a  wide  area,  eitending  from 
ij*  u  14°  N.  [at  Moil  of  them  lie  among  the  Sahyadtl  iiiUs  or 
Westein  Ghats.  The  sUuvial  forests  lie  in  Smd,  on  or  doee  to 
the  banks  of  the  Indus,  and  eitend  over  an  area  of  jjo  sq.  m. 
The  prindpal  limber  trees  in  the  forests  are— leak;  blackwood 
of  two  varieties  (Deltrrgia  5uii  tndDalbcrpa  laiijalia).  Dalia-pa 
mjcintmii.  PlrrMnrfni  Marnifium,  Temiiialid  (folni,  Acada 
aiabka,  Acaiia  Cattcka,  Naiuha  ardifalia,  Naudta  panijolia, 
Biiiiia  ipimoia,  HtrdmcHa  h'luUo,  Jufa  xyUcatfa,  Fa^mi 
afitttlita,  and  TamarindHi  indica.  The  forests  contain  many 
tree*  which,  on  account  of  their  trulls,  nuts  or  berries,  are 
valualile,  irrc^ieclive  of  the  quality  of  theit  timber.  AoMBg 
llKie  are  the  mango  (if«f(/(ra  adkai;  the  jack  (ArUarpni 
Hkpiftlia),  Ziiffku  J^Aa,  Aiilt  Utrmdai,  Ttrmituilia 
CkiMe,CaIapliyUiiwilMafliyllin»,Baaial<ilffilictai  Fimtamia 
^atra.  The  jungk  tribes  ooUtct  gmn  fnm  several  varieties  oI 
tnca,  aod  tai  Snd  thi  Fonst  DqmrtiMfit  derives  a  small  revmna 
tmn  tac.    The  pabns  of  tlic 


187 

■  of  1901  gave  a  total  cf  is,ta,)ot. 


<9«iA.43t 
4.]e7J95 
SU.9S0 


In  Slod  Islaa  has  been  the  predominant  religion  from  the 
earliest  Arab  conquest  la  the  Sth  century.  In  Gujarat  the 
predominant  religion  is  Hioduinn,  ihou^  ixtcy  Habommedan 
kingdoms  have  left  their  induoKe  in  many  patts  oI  the  province. 
The  Deccan  is  the  home  of  the  hf  ahnitu,  who  constitute  30% 
of  the  population.  The  Xonkan  is  QOtahle  for  various  Christian 
castes,  owmg  their  origin  to  Portuguese  rule;  while  in  the 
Cams  tic,  Lingayatismj  a  Hindu  refbrmatloi]  movetneal  of  thf 
i9th  century,  has  been  embraced  by  45%  c4  the  popuIalioiL 
Tbc  Mahiattas  an  the  dominating  race  next  to  the  Europeans  and 
number  (igoi)  3,650,000,  ctanposed  of  i,ijoD,oooKunbis,  350,000 
Konkanis,  and  1,400,000  Mahrallas  not  otherwise  specified. 

Laitiuatit. — The  chief  Unguages  of  the  presidency  are  Sindhi 
In  Sind,  CutchJ  in  Culdt,  Cujarati  and  Hindustani  in  Gufacat, 
Mahratil  in  Than*  and  tie  central  division.  Gijjsiati  and 
Uahratti  in  Khandesh,  and  Hahraiti  and  Kanarese  in  the 
southern  division.  There  are  aiao  Bhit  (j3o,oooj  atid  Gipav 
(30,000)  dialects. 

ApictUun. — The  staple  crops  are  as  iollows: — Joar  (fgrptwii 
wJian)  and  hajra  {Holm  ifialas)  are  the  staple  food  grahis 
in  the  Deccan  arul  Khandcah.  Rice  is  the  chief  product  of  the 
Konkan.  Wheat,  generally  grown  in  the  northern  part  of  the 
Presidency,  but  sprdally  in  Sind  and  Gujarat,  Is  eiponed  to 
Europe  in  large  quutitits  from  Karachi,  and  on  a  smaller  scale 
iiotn  Bombay.  Barley  is  prindpiUiy  gmwn  in  the  northern 
parts  of  the  presidency.  Nacbani  (£^j(rjncavruend)  and  kodra 
(/'ar^HfH  jcr£>AiciiAe/aiii),  Inferior  grains  grown  on  the  hill-sldeB, 
furnish  food  lo  the  Kolis,  Bhils,  Waralis,  and  other  aboti^nal 
tribes.  Of  the  pulses  the  moat  important  are  giam  (Ctco-  aru- 
iiiBi],tur  (Co/anajindtfHj),  kulti  {DoliduibiJSorus),  and  mug 
(PlaiiBlas  Uvmit).  Prindpal  oilseeds:  til  (JSe$amiait  (rifli- 
Qustard,  castor-oil,  siSDver  and  linseed.  Of  Gbtes  the 
oportanl  are  cotton,  Deccan  hemp  {/fiMifvi  cdmefriiiiKr), 
im  or  tag  {Cre/aiarM  junaa).  Much  haa  been  done  to 
'e  the  cotton  of  tlie  presidency.  American  varieties  have 
itroduced  with  much  advantage  in  the  Dharwar  coUec- 
and  other  parts  of  the  southern  Mahittta  coimtry. 
LndeSh  tha  indigenous  plant  from  which  one  ol  the  lowest 
of  coltau  In  tha  Btanbay  market  takes  its  name  ha*  been 
mtlRly  siQiecseded  I9  the  lap^or  Hinganghat  variety. 

latuoui  crops;  sugar-cane,  requiring  a  rich  soil  and  a 

perennial  water-supply,  and  only  grown  in  favoured  localities, 
red  pepper,  potatoes,  tunneric  and  tobaccoL 

ifain/iscterej^ — Tie  chief  feature  <rf  the  nvdem  indnsttial 
life  of  Bombay  Is  the  great  development  In  the  growth  and 
tfacttwe  of  cotton.  Large  steam  mills  have  rapidly  aprung 
Bombay  Clly,  Ahmedabad  and  Khandesh.  In  igo;  there 
were  43*  factories  in  the  presidency,  of  which  by  far  the  greater 
itunber  were  engaged  in  the  preparation  and  muiufscture  of 
otion.  The  indusiiy  is  centred  in  Bombay  City  and  Island, 
which  conlaini  nearly  two-ihirds  of  the  mills.  During  the  decade 
goi  the  mill  industry  passed  throu^a  period  of  d^reSBon 
widespread  plague  arid  famine,  but  on  the  whde  there  has 
been  a  marked  expansion  of  Che  trade  as  wdi  as  a  great  im- 
provement in  the  class  of  good*  produced.  In  addition  to  the 
mills  there  are  (iter)  T;B,ooahand-kiom  weavers  in  the  peovince, 
who  still  have  a  position  of  Ihetr  ova  in  the  tnanipidstlon  of 
designs  woven  into  the  doth.  Silk  goods  are  mauuiactured  in 
Ahmedabftd.  Sural,  Yeob^  Naaik,  Thana  and  Bombay,  tha 
material  being  often  dtoonted  Willi  printed  or  w«ven  designs; 
tnt  owing  to  the  competition  of  Enrc^ican  goods  most  btanchei 
ot  the  iudualiy  are  declining.  The  custom  of  iovtsting  savings 
ia  gold  and  sUvtc  ornaments  gives  emptaymenl  to  many 
■oUsmithi;  the  metal  is  usually  supplied  Iqr  the  customer,  and 


I88 

tbe  loklunJih'diuit*  lor  bit  hboor.  Ahmtdntxd  and  Sunt 
ttt  ftmoui  for  their  urved  wood-work.  Uany  ol  the  hoiaa  in 
Abtned&lHd  an  covered  with  eUbonte  wood-aiving,  ind  u- 
celkni  eumpla  eiiit  in  Bnnch,  Buodi,  Sunt,  Nuik  ind 
Yeoli.  Silt  is  made  in  laige  quinlilia  in  the  Kovtinmelit  weeks 
St  Kbin|hods  nod  Udu  in  Abmedibui.  wbcsce  It  is  nprated 
by  nil  to  Cujant  and  ccDtnl  India.  There  is  one  bnwery  at 
Dipuri  near  Foona. 
-    Raiittvys  and  Itrigattnt. — The  province  is  well  nippiied  with 


BOMBAY  PRESIDENCY 


oC  which,  1 


fiomliay  City.  The 
enlen  Sind  from  the  Punjab  end  finds  iU  natuial  tenninus  at 
KaiBCbl.  Tbe  other  chief  lion  att  the  Great  Indian  Peninsula, 
IndUn  Midland,  Bombay,  Baroda  &  Central  India,  KajpuUna- 
Jdalwa  &  Souibem  Mahntia  (ystenu.  In  1905  the  loul 
length  of  railway  under  the  Bombay  ga\Femnienl  open  for  traffic 
was  79^0  m.  These  figures  do  not  include  the  railway  syitem 
In  Sind.  With  the  uccplion  of  Sind,  the  water-supply  of  the 
Bombay  Presideiicy  docs  not  lend  Itself  to  the  construction  of 
large  inigatioD  works. 

jlmy.— Under  Lord  Kitchener's  re-arrangement  of  the 
Indian  amy  in  1904  the  old  Bombay  cotamaad  vu  abolished 
■nd  iU  place  wai  taken  by  the  Western  army  corps  under  a 
lieutenant-general.  The  army  corps  was  divided  into  three 
divisions  under  major-generals.  The  4th  division,  with  head> 
quarters  st  Quctla,  comprises  the  troops  in  the  Quetti  and 
Sind  dittticti.  Tbe  jth  division,  with  headquartm  at  Mbow, 
consiilsof  three  brigade),  located  at  Naiinbid,  Jubbulpoie  and 
Jhansi,  and  includes  the  previous  Mhow,  Dcesa,  Nagpur.  Ner- 
budda  and  Bundelfchand  districts/  with  the  Bombay  district 
north  ol  the  Tipti.  Tbe  «tb  division,  with  hcadquaRers  at 
Poona,  consists  ol  three  brigades,  located  at  Bombay,  Ahmed- 


Bombay  district 
of  the  Tungabhidn, 

Eiacaliim.—Tbe  unlve: 
IS  a  body  corporate,  cotu 


listricl 
Duth  of  the  Tipti,  Belgsuin  district  north 
war  and  Auruagabad  districts. 
'  of  Bombay,  eslablished  in  ifl;7, 
ig  of  a  chucelloT,  vice-chancellor 
ana  leuows-  ine  governor  of  Bombay  is  ex  ofieio  chancellor. 
Hie  education  department  is  under  a  tUrector  of  public  instruc- 
tion, who  ii  responsible  for  the  administntian  of  the  department 
in  accotdaoce  with  tbe  general  educational  policy  ol  the  state. 
Hie  native  states  have  genenlly  adopted  the  goveioment 
■yatera.  Baroda  and  tbe  Kathiavar  atste*  employ  their  own 
inspectors.  In  1905  the  total  number  of  educati«ial  institutions 
was  ]o,Tt>4  with  503,451  pupils.  There  are  ten  art  colleges, 
of  which  two  are  managed  by  government,  three  by  native 
states,  snd  five  ire  under  private  raaugemeat.  Accotding  to 
the  census  of  iQor,  ont  ef  1  populstioD  oi  )j)  miUiaii*  neatly 

^dnnulralim.— The  government  of  Bombay  It  adminlUerEd 
by  a  governor  in  coundl  consluing  of  the  governor  *t  president 
and  two  ordinary  members.  The  governor  is  aH»(nled  from 
En^and;  the  coundl  is  appointed  by  tlie  crown,  and  selected 
from  the  Indian  dvll  service.  Tliese  are  the  executive  members 
ef  government.  For  i^aViTig  liwi  there  is  1  legislative  council, 
ceniltting  of  the  governor  ind  his  oiecutive  council,  with  ceruin 
other  penea,  not  fewer  thin  eight  or  more  thin  twenty,  at 
leut  half  ef  them  being  non-offidiis.  Eich  ol  the  members  of 
the  execntlve  council  has  in  his  charge  one  or  two  departmenta 
of  the  gevemnient;  and  eidi  departtneni  bu  a  secretary, 
an  nnder-iecretiry.  ind  in  assistant  secretary,  with  a 
numeioni  ttafi  cJ  detks.  The  political  adminlttriiion  of  the 
native  ilile)  it  tmder  tbe  aupetiniendence  ol  British  agents 
[riaeed  at  the  ptincyuJ  native  courts;  their  position  varies  in 
diSetent  states  accmding  to  the  relations  in  which  the  prind- 
palitia  stand  with  the  paraawunt  power.  Tbe  administration 
of  Justice  Ihcouabeat  the  pnwlmcy  is  conduled  by  ■  high 
court  at  Bombay,  oootisllng  ef  a  cUtf  Jnuice  and  leven  puisne 
jtidgM,  iloiii  wllta  district  and  aabtint  }adgta  thnxighont  the 
disnicu  of  tbe  pRBdency.  Tite  adminbtratioB  of  the  distrlcit 
'  *   o  by  eollecton,  issiilant  coQecton,  and  a  varying 


Hiatty.—la  the  earliest  times  of  which  any  RConl  Rmafnt 
the  greater  part  of  the  west  coast  of  India  was  occupied  fjy 
Dnvidian  tribes,  living  under  their  kings  in  fortified  villages, 
caiiytng  on  tbe  simpler  irts  of  life,  and  holding  a  faith  in  which 
the  propilialkin  of  spirits  and  demons  played  tbe  chief  part. 
There  is  evidence,  however,  that  »o  early  a*  1000  n.C.  an  eipott 
trade  existed  to  tbe  Red  Sea  by  way  of  East  Africa,  and  before 
7JO  B.C.  a  umilar  trade  had  sprung  up  with  Bsbyhia  by  way  ol 
the  Peniu  Gulf.  It  wis  by  this  litter  nnte  thit  tbe  traders 
brought  bick  to  India  the  Bnhmi  alphabet,  the  art  of  brick- 
making  and  the  legend  of  tbe  Flood.  Later  still  the  lettloatnl 
of  Snibnuns  along  tbe  west  coast  hid  ibody  Aryinlaed  the 
counliy  io  trligion,  and  to  some  eitent  in  language,  before  the 
Persian  conquesi  of  tbe  Indus  valley  it  the  cloae  of  the  6th 
cenlury  B.C.  Hie  Persiin  dominion  did  sot  long  survive;  and 
the  march  of  Alennder  the  Great  down  the  Indus  paved  the 
way  for  Chindrignpta  ind  the  Maurya  empire.  Under  thia 
empire  UJJain  was  the  seat  of  a  viceroy,  1  prince  of  the  imperial 
bouse,  who  ruled  over  Kathiavar,  Milwi  and  Gujiimt.  On  the 
death  ol  A»ka  in  iji  I.e.  the  empire  ol  the  Mauryas  broke  up, 
and  thdr  heritage  in  tbe  west  fell  to  the  Andhn  dynatiy  of 
the  Saiavihanit  of  Palthan  on  the  Codavsri,  a  Dravidfan  family 

the  deltas  of  the  Godavari  and  Kistni  to  Nislk  and  the  Western 
Gbals.  About  k.o.  110,  however,  their  power  in  the  west  aeema 
to  have  died  out,  and  their  place  was  taken  by  the  foreign  dynast/ 
of  the  XihahinUs,  tbe  Sake  sattaps  ol  Sunshtn  (KithiiwiiO, 
who  in  110  hid  muleted  Uj)ain  and  Gujarat  md  hid  built  up 
1  rival  kingdom  to  tbe  north.  Since  ibout  sj>.  40  tbe  coast 
dtiefl  hid  been  much  enriched  by  tnde  with  the  Romin  empire^ 
which  both  the  Sitavahanas  arxl  tbd  satraps  did  modi  to 
encourage;  but  alter  the  fall  ol  Palmyra  (173)  and  the  eatioctka 
ol  tbe  main  Ksfaihinu  dynitty  (c.  300}  thit  cemmem  fdl 
into  decay.  The  history  of  the  eentury  and  a  half  that  foDown 
it  vety  obscure;  short-lived  Saka  dynittlet  succeeded  one  uotbec 
until,  about  jSft,  the  country  was  conquered  by  the  Guptn  ef 
Uagadha.  who  kept  a  precatioui  teruire  of  it  (ill  about  470^ 
res  destroyed  by  the  White  Huns,  or  Ephthil- 


»(?-..),  who,  al 


the  Kudian 

Sind,  sod  establithed  their  dominie 

Under  the  Hun  tytaimy,  whic 

tbe  White  Huns  on  the  Oiui  by  the  Ttulia  (c  {65),  nitii« 
dynasties  had  survived,  or  new  enct  had  ettabllthcd  themadvc*.' 
In  Kitbiiwir  1  chief  nimed  Bhatarka,  pndiably  of  fbtdgn 
origio,  had  established  himself  at  Vilabhi  (Wila)  on  the  mha 
of  the  Gupta  power  (c.  500),  and  founded  a  dynasty  whiA 
lasted  until  it  was  overthrown  by  Arab  invadiis  from  Sind  fa 
770.1  The  nottheni  Konkin  was  held  by  the  Hanrysa  of  Puii 
near  Bombay,  tbe  toutberiy  caul  by  the  Kadambas  of  Vanavaai, 
while  In  the  southern  Decern  Cbalukyas  ind  Rasbtnkntni 
struggled  for  tbe  msstery.  A  new  powta-,  too,  appoicd  from 
the  north:  the  GurjatBi  (ancestors,  it  Is  supposed,  ol  the  Gsjar 
caste),  who  bid  probably  entered  India  with  tbe  White  Huns, 
established  their  power  over  Gujsrat  and  (c  600)  overrin  berth- 
eistem  Kathtawar,  made  the  raia  of  Valabhi  their  tributary,  and 
established  a  branch  at  Broach  (585-740).  Dnrlng  the  ihort- 
llved  empfat  of  Huiha  (d.  647  or  648),  Malwa,  GalacBt  and 
Kathtawarweresohrect  to  hissway;  but  the  southern  boundary 
of  his  kingdom  wis  the  Nerbuddi,  south  ol  which  the  Chalukyai 
in  the  7th  en  tnry,  having  overcome  the  Rash  tnkutat  and  other 
rivals,  had  ibtorbcd  the  unolkt  kingdom!  into  theli  empire. 
In  710-711  (g)  A.B.)  tbe  Arab!  fanaded  India,  and  In  jti  con- 
quned  and  ettabUihed  tbemadvte  inSind;  they  did  not, 
however,  ittenqit  any  leiiotit  attack  on  the  Gur^ra  ind  Chall^ya 


770  they  destroyed  the dty  ef  VoItbU  and,  aaabeady  mentioned, 
braoght  Its  dynitly  to  an  end.  Meanwhile  the  Cbatakyas, 
after  successfully  strag^lni  with  the  PtUavia  (whose  capita) 
was  taken  by  Vikiaraaditya  U.,  c.  740),  bad  In  their  turn  ra^ 
combed  to  their  ancient  rivafa  the  RashtrakDias,  who  tucceeded 
>  V.  A.  Snitb,  Eaiiy  KMsn  ^Jtiif,  a  »&  , 


BOMBAY  PRESIDENCY 


189 


M  Ihcbirikcf  tbifr  dunlDku,  bdndlBc  Cnfmi,  wbcK  flurhid 
•tt  ■!>  ■  bnach  lln*.  For  •ddw  tn  ctBluria  it.  7SO-i)5o) 
tbcK  «u  ■  IwliDCi  ol  poiKT  bctwccB  (ha  Coijuu  mud  Ruk- 
tii>iiWi,  nrirhtc  fcingdnm  twins  itniag  aou^  to  aKnadi  on 
"      -  -     ' .    Tka  Huhtnkutu  use,  mocaoRT, 

ji  dynuty  (rbkh  itHy  hid  *n  up  In  CoJum  ud  by 
UK  CDOunt  thiMi  of  ■luck  by  Ibe  Cbalntyu  tmm  Uytoa. 
Nevenhdni  thcit  pom  uxl  ■BCnificaacB  (Ibey  wm  nutaUe 
baQdn  ud  pMiom  «(  fittntsn)  snuly  inpniHd  th*  Anbi, 
by  wbpm  tba  Uns  **■  known  *•  Bilbul  (.i*.  ValUtba,  "  wdl- 
bdoved  "),  a  llllt  bonowtd  fran  Ibc  pnctdlng  dynuty.  Veda 
tkoK  the  *"****■  ftod  tlu  coAst  fftrther  uuth  mre  ftrrcntid 
bycUebotUwSIUhinfuBfly.vluw  '  ' 
the  Rvinl  of  inda  «ith  tbc  Poriui 
lauli:  c(  tho,  tbo  «Rinl  b  775  OB  tbo ' 
hne*  nfu^o,  wbo  foond,  in  a  <o>a  . 
were  Mkmij  nqoilly  boooortd,  the  totentioa  denied 
H-Tr-*—  Poiu.  Bat  In  tbi  lotb  ccoluqr  tbc  Rittalnkula 
pons  bcfsn  to  break  up;  In  961  Uvhnifi  SoUnU  (Ckilukjn) 
oonqoEnd  tbe  Ui«doin  cf  Aohflvwli  (AnbUmm)  In  Gojant, 
wbcR  iia  dyouly  ttifned  till  ii4>>  "^  tweln  yeui  Utei  tbe 
Ctulakyu  once  RMK  overthrc*  the  Kubmkntai  In  tho  Deccan, 
eaubliiUnf  tbeii  (apitd  U  Eal^nni,  wbile  1  brand  line  wu  Kl 
in  wtnbeni  GD{int     Fnnbei  lOMli  tbe  Sihibuu,  bomvcr, 


bidepeodeace  mtil  after  tbe  bul  fall  oi  the  OnlnkyM  Iniigi. 
Tbe  cwae  of  thadownlaU  of  Ibe  dynaity .  iplendld  and  enUihtaied 
a>  any  of  its  predeaaion,  wai  ibe  (yiten  cd  vivBiiing  by  meant 
of  ffoiX  feodatoiiea,  whlcb  alto  ivond  btal  to  1b>  Solankl 
lajasof  AnMvidi.  Frran  114J  onntdthe  power  of  tbe  latter 
had  beoi  arcnhadowal  by  that  of  tbe  Vagbda  cbieb  ofDhalka, 
nod  during  the  aame  period  tbe  Deccan  bad  been  rapidly 
bpsng  Into  ahaohite  anaithy,  amid  which  rival  chieb  itniggled 
(or  the  lupmDe  pown.  In  tbe  end  tbe  Yadavai  of  Devagiri 
(Danhlabwl)  prevailed,  and  la  iiQi  eitabltilied  >.  ifaort-lived 
empire  to  which  the  Dholka  piincea  were  ultimately  forced  to 
beamie  tributary.  * 

Bat  meanwhile  a  ne*  power  had  iiqwared,  which  waa  deitined 
to  eftabliah  ths  Mvuuluan  dominatioo  In  weatem  and  aouthem 
Indi*.  lnioT3  Hahmnd  of  Gbaaniliad  already  Invaded  Gnjarat 
witbnlar^  army,  deitroycd  tbe  national  Hindu  idol  of  Somnath, 
and  carried  away  an  immaiiB  boo^.  Uabommsd  Choii  b1» 
Invaded  Gujarat,  and  left  a  gaittiMi  in  Itt  opitaL  But  it  was 
not  tm  after  tbe  Uuiulnian  power  wu  Grmly  cMiUiihed  in 
northem  Indin  that  tbe  Uabomnedan  •oveteifiu  of  Delhi 
■tlempted  tha  coDqttest  of  the  eouth.  In  rij^  the  emperor 
Ala.ud-din  firat  hivaded  tbe  Deccan;  and  in  rig?  he  conquered 
Cojant.  In  ijri  tbe  Habotmncdan  armt  were  triumphant 
tbnoBh  the  Mehntta  ODontiy;  and  aev^  ytan  later  tbe  wbole 
of  Milf*"'  fen  kpny  to  the  Invaden.  In  tbe  middle  of  the  t4th 
ccntory  the  weakneB  of  the  IWhi  aovenlsni  temptid  the 
foveiume  el  provincei  to  Rvolt  a^imt  thdr  diacant  maiter, 
■nd  to  farm  independent  Idngdoma.  In  thii  way  the  BahmarJ 
Ungdom  was  sUbHihed  in  the 
«f  tba  Bombay  pialdeDiT.     Ahmednagar 


mbracedapart 
d  Gujarat  also 
I  tnj  Akbar  coaqoered 
to  the  ci^iifB;  In  1599  be  effected  the 
and  In  1600  thai  of  Ahmednaipr. 
aa  Ibe  colmtry  wu  never  tianqiul.  and  Ahnednacar 
bemme  the  locya  of  constant  lebdUom.  Dnrinc  tbe  latter  part 
aftheiTthi 


In  1498  tbe  ftirtasnesa 
first  lo'CaBeal,  tbeb  earUeat  posodon  in  the  [nridency.bring 
thektandofAnJIdi*.  Afts  their  vfctery  at  tihi  over  tba  Etyp- 
llan  Sect  their  mastery  of  the  Indian  Ocean  waa  Dndiipated. 
aadtbeyptocaededtoeataMiAtbeaBdviBonlbecoBtL  Ibey 
etptand  Goa  ta  ijio,  Ifalacca  in  ijii,  and  Onnui  in  iitj. 
TheyBatUokadvutueoflbedeayof  tba  hinidmn  of  Gujarat 
to  occupy  Chaul  (isjt),  Basseip  wftb  Iti  dependendes.  indudlng 
Bombay  (1  a«),  Dia  <i  ari  ■"<  naman  ('!»)■    Bntthelnhennt 


vtcea  of  theb  btoloant  tystem  tn  .    ... 

ne  EM  Enfliita  eettlemtat  In  (be  Binibay  pieddeiu^  ms  io 
itiiS.wbea  tbe  East  bidia  Compas^kahBdnd  a  factory  at  Snnt, 
piMected  by  a  chatter  obUAMd  from  Ihe  empenr  Jahangir. 
In  1S16  tbe  Dntd  and  Eotfill  nada  an  oniucceetful  attempt 
to  vda  painwlon  of  tbe  idsnd  of  Bombay,  and  In  165$  propoHh 
WBo  ntpsted  for  ita  pnichaH  from  tba  Rirtnsuese.  In  i«6t 
It  was  ceded  to  (be  Eotfab  cnwD,  as  part  of  the  dower  of  th 
infant*  Oitbeiina  of  Portugal  m  ha  marriace  with  Charica  II. 

"    tbe  acqaiiitlou  etteemed  In  Enflaiid,  and  so 

■  the  adminiitialion  of  the  oown  oScen,  that 
18  Bombay  was  tiansfentd  to  Ihe  East  India  Coi^wny 
aasnal  paymeat  of  £ia  At  the  time  of  the  Imoiter, 
I  for  its  de^H»  and  for  the  adinlnietTation  of  Juitke'vere 
onfared;  a  European  re^ment  was  euoHed;  and  tbe 
fortlficatlona  erected  proved  mffident  to  deter  the  Dutd)  from 
their  btanded  attack  in  r6;j  (see  Boubat  Ctty:  Hiilarj). 
In  1687  Bombay  was  tdsced  at  the  head  ol  all  the  Gompiny^ 


the  En^iih  with  the  Mahnitn  power  vis  in  1774  and  resulted 
in  17S1  in  Ihe  treaty  of  Silbai,  by  wtilch  Sslselte  was  ceded  to 
the  Britiih,  while  Broach  was  handed  over  Io  Sndhla.  More 
Important  were  Ihe  results  of  Ihe  second  Mahratta  war,  whidl 
ided  in  iSoj.  Sural  had  alieidy  been  annexed  in  iSee;  the 
ast  India  Company  now  recdved  the  dlstiicU  of  Broach, 

In  iSaj  the  Bombay  pre^dency  induded  only  Sabelte,  tbe 
blaoda  of  the  harbaur  [^nce  1774),  Sural  and  lUokol  (since 
17^);  bat  between  this  dale  and  1817  the  framework  of  the 
presidency  took  its  present  shape.     The  Gujarat  districts  were 

iSiSi^d  lhE6nt  meaiureifDrthetetllementof  Kalhiawar 
and  Hahl  Kaniha  were  Uken  between  ige?  and  lEio.  Bajl 
Rao,  the  lait  of  tbe  pediwu,  who  hod  attempted  to  altike  o9 
Ibe  British  yoke,  wai  deftaled,  captured  ai>d  penrioned  (1S17- 
:S[8),  airiIai|epc(doiDolhbdomiiiiooi(Fooai,  Ahmednatar, 
Naslk,  Sbolapor,  Bdgaam.  Kabdfi,  Dharwar,  ftc)  were  included 
'  Ihe  pRsidency,  tha  tettleraeot  of  wUch  was  completed  by 
nmtstuart  EJ^diinstone,  governor  from  1S19  to  rB>T-  Hil 
policy  was  Io  nile  aa  far  as  possible  on  native  lines,  avoiding 
all  changes  for  which  the  population  was  not  yet  ripe;  but  (lu) 
grosser  abuses  of  the  old  r^me  were  stopped,  the  country  was 
pad£ed,  the  laws  were  codified,  and  eouns  and  schof^  ware 
esUbUihed.  The  period  that  fi^oned  is  notable  mainly  for  the 
enlargement  oi  tbe  presidency  through  the  lapse  of  certain 
native  sUtei,  by  the  addition  of  Aden  (iSjg]  and  Sind  (rS^j), 
and  the  lease  o(  the  Panch  Mahiii  from  Eindhia  (iBsj)-  The 
establishment  ol  an  orderly  adniiniatnlion,  one  outcome  o[ 
which  wss  a  geocnl  fall  of  prices  that  made  the  unwonted 
teguladty  of  the  collection  of  taus  doubly  unwcttome,  naturally 
cadled  a  certain  amount  of  mbgrving  and  resentment;  but 
on  tha  whde  Ibe  populalion  wu  prosperous  and  canlenled, 
add  under  Lord  Elphlusione  (tS53-i£6o)  the  presidency  passed 
through  the  crisis  of  the  Uuliny  without  any  general  riling. 
Outbreaks  among  tbe  troops  at  Karachi,  Ahmadabad  and 
KolhapuT  were  tjuickly  put  down,  two  re^menta  being  disbanded, 
and  the  tebelliDns  in  Gujarat,  among  the  Bhils,  and  in  tha 
■oalhem  Uihntia  country  were  local  and  isoUted.  Under 
Sir  Banle  Frera  (iSfii-iSfi;)  agricultunl  prosperity  readied  itt 
highest  paint,  ai  a  nsnit  of  Ibe  American  Civil  War  and  the 
eonseqnent  caormoBa  demand  for  Indian  cotton  In  Europe. 
The  money  thus  poured  into  the  munuy  pnduced  an  epidemic 
of  spaculatiou  known  as  the  "  Shaie  Manii "  (iM4-tS6s), 
wUifa  ended  b>  a  rommerdal  oiiia  and  tlu  failure  of  the  bank 
•I  Bombay  (iMA).  But  the  peasantry  gained  on  tha  <4ole 
mof*  IhtB  they  kat  and  ths  trade  of  Bondiay  wat  iwt  pe> 
maiMntly  in  jmed.  Sit  Bartle  Frera  aneonragad  Ibe  completioa 
of  tha  great  trunk  Unet  of  railways,  and  with  tbe  funds  obtained 
by  the  demolition  of  the  town  w^  (lUi)  be  bt^n  the  tntgnifi- 
cent  series  of  public  buildlnp  that  now  tdom  Bsmbty. 


tQO 


BOMBAZINE—BONA 


Dnrioc  Rant  Umta  tlw  callte  huioiy  cl  Bombay  hu  benD 
ndly  afiected  by  plague  uul  [mint.  Bubonic  pUguc,  of  a 
fatal  and  Tirtitagiwa  natw^  first  bn>kc  out  in  Bombay  City  in 
Septembci  i8q6,  and,  deq^  all  Ihe  tBora  o[  Ilie  govenuocnt, 
quickly  ipntd  to  the  (utioniuiiiig  counliy.  Dohu  to  tha  end 
at  October  1901  over  u>-°°°  datha  bad  taken  place  due  U> 
plagub  In  1903-1904  there  IreR  4'('^h  cut*  with  Jl6,i>] 
dtatlu,  »nd  190+-190J  Iheie  wtie  185,897  caset  with  113,948 
dcatlis.  The  great  dlia  ol  Bombay,  Kiiacbi  and  Poona 
suBatA  moit  leveidy.  A  lev  diltricti  in  Gujarat  almoit 
entirely  aapedi  but  the  morlality  wu  very  heavy  in  Sataca, 
Thano,  Sunt,  Pooni,  Kolaba,  and  m  the  native  itata  of  Culch, 
Baroda,  Kolhapur  and  Palanpur-  The  only  sanitary  measun 
that  can  be  said  to  have  been  succaafut  vaa  complete  migiatlon, 
vhich  could  only  be  adopted  in  viilagea  and  imaller  tuwna. 
Inocuiation  vas  citeniivdy  tried  in  some  caies.  Scy^atton 
«u  the  one  general  method  of  fghting  the  diaeaici  but,  unfoi- 
tnoately,  it  wai  miHwdBiiUMd  if  the  people  and  ltd  to  (ome 
dcplorabls  outbnaka.  !■  Poou,  dndng  18(17,  two  Eunpcan 
oSciali  wen  aumiatted;  the  editor  of  a  pRiniinent  native 
paper  was  lentenctd  to  impRunmenl  for  leditionj  ml  two 

At  Bombay,  in  March  lA^fl,  a  riot  begun  by  Hahonunedan 
weavers  wu  not  eupprcDcd  unttl  leveral  European!  had  been 
fatally  injured.  In  Naiik  diitrict,  in  January  iggg.  the  native 
chairman  o<  the  plague  commiltee  wu  bmially  murdered  by  a 
mob.  But  on  the  whole  the  people  aubmitied  with  chsncterutlc 
dodlity  to  the  tuiuryregulationaof  thcgovenuncDt.  Bombay, 
like  the  Central  Province^  aufiocd  fnun  famine  twice  within 
three  yeaia.  The  failure  of  the  monsoon  of  1S96  earned  widc- 
apicad  distrcsa  throughout  the  Dcccan,  ova  an  area  of  46,000 
aq.  m.,  with  a  population  of  7  milliona.  The  lai^cit  numher  of 
penoni  on  relief  wai  301,016  in  September  1897;  and  the  total 

adopted  were  (ignilly  tucccuful,  both  in  laving  lile  and  in 

Gujarat,  when  famine  biiherto  had  been  almoat  unknown; 
and  the  winter  rami  failed  m  the  Dcccan,  10  that  distrea 
gradually  spread  over  almoat  the  entin  pteiiijency.  The  wont 
feature  wu  a  vin)]ent  oulbre^  of  cholera  in  Gujarat,  specially 
in  the  native  ilatea.  In  April  igoo  the  total  number  of  pervnu 
in  receipt  of  relief  wai  1,181,159  >n  British  diitricti,  566,^71 
in  native  Mate*,  and  71,714  in  Baroda.  For  1900-1901  the 
total  e:qieDditure  on  famine  relief  wu  nearly  j  ciotei  (uy, 
£9,000,000  iterimi)  1  and  a  coniinuaace  of  diought  necoiitated 
an  eitinute  of  1  crore  in  the  budget  ol  the  following  year.  The 
Bombay  government  eihauated  its  balanca  in  1A97,  and  was 
lubocquently  dependent  on  gnnta  from  the  govemmoit  of 

See'sir  Janei  Campbell,  OaulUtr  g/ Smlay  (16  voli.,  i89«): 
S.  M.  Edwardea.  Tkt  Riu  4  Bimiar  ll^oth  Jams  Dauglu. 
Btmbay  amd  WiHtr*  India  Ijttit:  and  Sir  n^Iliam  Lee-Wemer, 
Tttt  FrtMmcy  tf  Bombty  (SoclHy  of  AitiL  14114):  7^  Imftrial 
CatiUaT  •!  tuiia  jOifotd.  loia) ;  and  for  tin  sily  himry,  V.  A. 
Smith,  rUBarlj EitUry i/ India (Md ad.. Oaffird,  1908). 

BOMBAZan  or  BotauatXE,  a  ituS  origiully  made  of  lOk 
or  illk  arid  wocd,  aDd  now  alio  made  of  cotton  and  wool  or  of  wool 
tlone.  Good  bombadneU  made  with  aulk  warp  and  a  wonted 
wefL  JtlilwiOedoreocdedaiHluiedloidTeaa-maleriaL  Black 
bombuiiw  ha*  been  ojed  bifdy  for  mourning,  but  the  aaterial 
hai  gilK  out  of  laduoo.  The  word  ia  derivad  (nm  the  obwilete 
FRKh  Umiium,  aivUed  onginally  to  iHk  but  afleiwaidi  to 
"  tre»«Bk  "  or  cotunk  Bombaiiiie  ii  aaid  to  hare  been  made 
in  Qiieai  EUnbeth's  reigi,  and  eady  In  the  igth 


,  lUBC  MiatE.  lltf«m  SB  (i744-i>>i), 
French  diplomadat  and  ecckfiaitic,  waa  the  (OB  «f  the  comtt  de 
BoabeDei,  tutor  and  guardian  <l  tlw  dolceolOrieana.  Bawaa 
bon  at  Bllidi  In  Lorraine,  and  lowd  Id  the  army  through  tba 
Seven  Yean' War.  In  176]  he  cnloed  the  di[riinaatie  lervice, 
and  alter  aeveral  diplomatic  miiaiani  becanw  anbuudor  ol 
KanoB  to  Portugal  in  1786,  being  charged  to  wfn  Dvwr  that 
coonliy  to  the  Faaily  Co^act;  but  tlu  Wii1nr«  ol  the  qiucn 


tnnifened  la  VinnB  oariy  in  1789,  bat  iha  KcvoiiilkB  at  (ben 
hii  diplomatic  canir,  and  he  waa  derived  of  hia  poat  b 
September  1790.    Ha  remained  allachod  to  tonia  XVL.  and 


thdr  aid  lot  Louie.  Id  iigi  he  em^nted,  and  after  Valmy 
lived  in  retiKatent  in  Switactlaad.  In  1804,  aftn  U»  death  ol 
hia  wife,  Ite  withdrew  to  the  moaaalcqr  of  Brfinu  in  Awlria,  a^ 
became  iMiup  of  Obei^ogau  in  Fnnaia.  In  1815  haiclainMl 
to  Fiance,  and  liecame  hulup  ol  Amieni  (ilifd-  Be  died  in 
Pariiinigii. 

Uii  son,  LoiTii  Pmupra,  comte  de  BonbeDca  (i7go-rl4j), 
bom  at  Rcgeniburg,  passed  hii  life  in  the  diplomatic  ae    ' 
Austria,     in  1814  be  became  Auitrian 
and  in  1816  bUed  1  dmilarpoaition  at 

BOHBBBO.  DAHIBL,  a  lamoui  Ck    .     ..  . 

books.  His  chiai  activity  was  in  VoiicB  betwaen  isifiand  ij 
(tbeytnrolhlideatli).  BomberglntiDduocdaoeweraiBHebKw 
'nxwity.  Among  otiier  great  entttiniica,  he  published  tita 
edtlia  tHMaft  (1S16-1517)  of  the  Tabbinieai  Bible  (Hehiew  tett 
with  rabbinical  oommcntariea,  Ac).  He  also  pRxInced  the  Grtf 
Complete  edition  of  tha  Talmud  ( 1 5  so- 1 5ij) . 

BOHl,  JOHir  (1609-1674),  Italian  cardinal  and  author,  waa 
bom  at  Uondovi  In  Piedmont,  on  the  loth  of  October  1609.  Im 
iG>4  he  Joined  the  Cosgl^alion  of  FeuiUants  and  wM  *UC£(b- 
lively  elected  prior  of  Asti,  abbot  ol  Houlovi  and  geneml  of 
hit  Older.  He  waa  created  cardinal  in  1669  by  Ckment  OL,  and 
during  the  conclave,  which  followed  thai  pope^  death,  waa 
ngiidcd  ai  a  poaiible  candidate  for  the  papacgr.  Hadied  on  tbc 
17th  ol  October  1674.  Bona'a  wiitingi  arc  nainly  -"•'-v^ 
with  litUTxical  and  dnotkiul  aabiKt*.  Of  tlw  niBunu 
editioEis  of  hii  voika,  tike  best  ata  tliaaa  tl  Paris  (1617),  luiiii 
(1747J  and  Antwerp  (1777).  Storaa  ol  intoMtiag  nibrkal 
informattDn,  intertpened  irith  versa  and  prayma,  am  to  be 
found  m  the  Cc  LUrU  tOnrpdi  and  tba  Drtimm  Psofmsdia; 
recent  advances  hi  litiugical  itudiei,  however,  bava  aomewhat 
leiiened  theii  vahw.  ^  fie  DitaMent  Stirilmim  tnata  oi 
certain  highcTphaieiolmyiticism;  the  Via  CfrnftidU  id  Dtam 
waswdl  tranilatedin  ig76  by  Hoiy  CoUina,  O.  C^iit.,  undei  the 
litleoIitrtSujFlfayleCsd.  SirRofcrL'Xatrange'straiulatioii 
(7'^  Guide  la  Hcattm,  1680]  ol  the  Uammittia  at  Ct^mm  waa 
reprinled  fa  1898,  and  a  new  edition  ol  the  frimcifia  Vilat 
CifisliaMot,  ed.  by  D.  O'f^MUwr,  appeared  in  19S6l  The  devo- 
tional treatise  Dt  Sair^tia  Ui$iat  h  the  dauica]  woek  In  ita 
field  (new  edition  by  Udephoosui  Cuiamina,  I9ajl. 

The  chief  nuree  for  the  Ufa  of  Bona  la  the  bkigtaphy  by  iha 
Ciitercian  abbot  Bertolotli  (Aati.  1677)1  tlie  beat  modeni  Kudy  is 
by  A  Ighina  (Mondavi.  1874). 

BONA  (BSm),  a  leaport  of  Algeria,  in  jG*  53'  N.,  7*  46'  £,  on 
a  bay  ol  tlK  Ueditemacan,  chief  town  of  an  amudisBciiieiu 
ia  the  depaitntent  of  Conatantine,  im  m.  by  tail  W.  d  Ttuiia, 
andis6ni.N.E.ofConatantlne.  The  town,  wbidi  is  situated  al 
the  foot  of  the  wooded  lK<dM  of  Edu^  ia  nmnnded  with  n 

olwhichwaafoUDd  too  small  tor  ita  grmith.    Much  ol  tha  old 

ol  a  dooiUdng  French  dty.  The  atreeta  ai«  wide  and  well  laid 
out,  but  aocae  are  very  steep.  Ibou^  the  centre  ol  the  Iowa 
runa  a  brad  ma-ltaied  prameaada,  tba  Conta  JCrAmc-BertagBa, 

' ■-••--  Coun  Natkoal,  in  lAidi  are  the  piiidpal  buildiBtt 

uifca,hot(la,  M  ita  aoMhen  nd,  by  the  quay,  is  a 
Mouc  tiatue  of  Thien,  and  at  the  northeiB  end,  the  cathedral 
of  St  Augustine,  a  large  church  built  in  quasi-Byiantiikc  st^e. 
In  it  fi  patierved  a  reUc  supposed  to  be  the  right  arm  of  St 
Angnstine,  bnnight  from  Pavia  ta  1841.  The  Grand  Usaque, 
bi^  oat  of  ruins  of  the  ancient  Hippo,  occupies  one  aide  of 
the  chiel  square,  the  Place  d'Aimm.  Thaia  arc  bameha  with 
Bcoomnmdatioo  for  jooo  men,  and  dvil  and  militaiy  '-^'■'fi 
The  Kasbah  (dtadtU  stands  on  a  hH  at  the  nsnh.east  of  the 
town.  The  inner  harbour,  covering  i;  acres,  is  snnouadMl  by 
fine  quays  at  irttlchvcaselB  drawing  11 "  ' 


BONA  DEA— BONALD 


■905-19117,  Bnui  b  In  dinet  *uu>Mp  connuitoDan  «IA 
MuioUa,  tad  b  the  cccln  ot  m  lirp  cMnnwrce,  nnUDg  aftn 
Alfio  utd  Onn  iIodc  In  Algen.  It  iraporu  gnienl  ma~ 
dundbe  ind  numnbctuns,  ud  opoits  phc^ilittes,  ban,  tine, 
bailer,  ihtcii,  wool,  ceil,  taparto,  ftc  Then  ir  nunufietorla 
o(  native  (gmwnt],  Upatrr  ind  lather.  TIk  mirdws  Bt  tlK 
■BODtlB  ol  the  SrybUK  aod  Bajcma  riven,  whkh  mtrr  tbt  sea 
10  tbe  uath  of  Boris,  bavr  been  drained  T^  a  lyifem  of  ciuIb, 
(0  theimpfovcTTicot  oftheaanilflryconditiopQt  thetowD.  wtkft 
hmtlie  fuitheradvantaje  of  an  abundant  wilanipptyobtBioed 
from  the  Edugh  hflh.  There  are  cork  woods  and  marblt  qmrriei 
in  the  vicinity,  and  the  vaJiey  of  the  Sryhuse  and  (be  DdshbODr- 
inj  iJaiiis  are  rich  in  apicujtural  produce.  The  popolaliOB  ot 
tk  town  of  Bona  io  i^oA  was  36,904.  of  the  coraranue  4 
of  the  Hjtondioenient,  wbidi  inclada  la  CaUe  ({.t.)  a: 
other  comtnuiua,  77,803. 

Bona  b  ideotiGed  wtlh  the  iDdclit  Aftirfiitium,  the  Kapart 
ol  Hlppa  Ktfiui  et  Ubic,  but  it  derivei  itx  name  fiom  Ibe  laUei 
city,  tbe  tuina  of  whidl,  cwuiitini  ol  lai^  ditenis,  now  restored, 
and  (ngmenti of  walls,  an  aboat  a  mile  to  the  south  of  the  tows. 
In  tlie  fint  Ihiec  centuries  of  the  Oiifitiin  era  Hippo  wis  one 
of  the  ridkiat  dties  in  Roioaa  Africa;  but  its  duef  title  to  fame 
is  derived  fram  its  caazicxioD  with  St  AuinsUne,  who  lived  liere 
as  priest  and  bisht^  lor  thirty-five  yean.  Hippo  was  captured 
by  the  Vandab  under  Geraeric  ra  431,  after  a  sicfie  of  fourteen 
Btooihi,  during  which  Augustine  died.  Only  the  cathedral, 
toother  with  Augustine's  Ubcaiy  and  MSS.,  escsped  the  general 
desUuctioo.  The  town  was  partially  reitarEd  by  Beisarius, 
and  sgain  sacked  by  the  Arste  in  the  7th  century.  On  the  (op 
of  tbe  hill  on  which  Hippo  stooif,  a  luge  builiak,  with  chancel 
lawiilds  the  west,  dedicated  to  St  Auguitinc,  was  opened  in  i$oo. 
An  altar  numoanted  by  a  bioiue  stilue  of  the  saint  has  alio 
been  erected  among  the  ruins.  The  ptacc  was  named  Hippo 
KeflDS  (Royal)  by  tbt  Romam  because  it  was  a  bvoorite  residence 
of  the  Numldian  kings.  Bona  (Arabic  oinuhi.  "the  dty  bf 
jujube  trees  ").  which  has  passed  through  many  vicositudesrwas 
biUlt  by  the  Arabs,  and  wis  for  ceDtoiie  a  possesion  of  Ibe 
ruleisofTunB.whobuiiilbeKuluhinijoD.  From  tbe  beginning 
of  the  14th  to  tbe  middle  ot  the  istb  centuiy  It  was  Icequtnted 
by  Italians  snd  Spanltrds,  and  in  tbe  idth  It  was  held  (or  some 
lime  by  Charles  V,,  who  slrengihrned  its  citadel  Tbeieatter 
il  *ai  bdd  in  turn  by  Cenoen,  Tuniiiaas  and  Algerincs,  From 
the  time  of  Louis  XIV.  to  the  Revolution,  the  French  Ctmpafne 
fAfrvjut  maintained  a  very  active  trade  with  tbe  port.  The 
town  was  occupied  by  the  French  tor  a  few  raontlu  in  1830  and 
itoccupted  in  1S31,  wIkh  Captalus  Amundy  and  Yusuf  with  ■ 
small  force  of  marines  seised  tbe  Kiibih  and  heM  it  for  some 
Doritla  untH  help  arrived.  From  that  time  the  history  of  Bona 
b  one  of  industnal  development,  greatly  stimulated  aiace  iSSj 
by  Ibe  discovery  ol  the  phcaphate  beds  at  Tebcssi. 

BWA  DBA,  tbe  "  good  goddess,"  an  old  Roman  deity  of 
(ruilfuloesa,  both  in  the  earth  and  k  women.  Sbt  wis  Identified 
*itb  Fauna,  and  by  later  syncretism  also  with  C^  and  Mala— 
the  IMter  00  doubt  because  the  drdicatlon-day  of  her  tem[)de 
on  the  Avcntine  was  tst  May  (Ovid,  Fnifi,  v.  149  lolL).  This 
Umple  was  caied  for,  and  the  cult  allendcd,  by  women  only, 
and  the  same  was  the  case  at  a  second  celtbratlan  at  the  begin- 
ning ol  Decemba  in  the  bouse  of  a  migisime  with  JMjtcriKiii, 
which  became  famous  owing  to  tbe  profanatiDn  of  these  mysteries 
by  r.  Oodius  in  61  B.C.,  and  the  political  coDSequenccs  of  his 
act.  Vim  and  myitk  were  tabooed  in  the  cult  of  this  deity, 
sod  myths  Kre*  up  to  eiptain  these  features  of  the  cult,  of  which 
ID  account  may  be  read  in  W.  W.  Fowler's  Reman  Falnals, 
pp.  103  foD-  Herbs  with  healing  properties  were  kept  in  her 
temide,  and  aira  snakes,  the  nsual  symbol  of  the  medicinal  art. 
Her  victim  was  a  forca,  as  in  the  cults  ol  other  deities  of  fcrtDiiy, 
and  was  (ailed  itdMiiMi,  and  we  bk  told  that  the  goddess  henell 
VIS  known  as  Damia  and  her  priestess  as  damiatrix.  Tliese 
Baraes  are  almost  certainly  Greeks  DamEa  Is  found  worshipped 
at  several  places  in  Greece,  and  also  at  Tarentum,  where  there 


•9« 


on  of  Damla,  ptrbapa  after  (be  coDtputt  of  Tinntnn  (tf  *  *.&>. 
It  is  no  longer  possible  to  distinguish  cicariy  the  Greek  and 
Roman  dcnents  In  Ws  euriou  colt,  though  It  la  itself  qmie 
btdll^Ue  as  that  of  an  Earth-goddess  with  myitcties  attached 
See  alio  P»nly-Wfiiwa.  Kmlimfthttdm.  (W.  W.  F.'l 

BORA  FIDE  (Lat.  "  In  good  faith  "),  In  law,  a  term  Implying 
the  sbaence  of  aH  Inud  or  qnfair  dealing  or  acting.  Il  Isitsnally 
employed  hi  conjunction  with  a  noun,  i.|.  "  bona  Sde  pnrduser," 
one  who  has  purchased  property  from  tti  legal  owner,  to  wham 
be  has  paid  the  coniidentlon,  and  from  whom  he  has  taken  a 
legal  conveyance,  withont  having  sny  notice  of  any  trust  affect- 
ing the  property;  "  bona  fide  bolder  "  of  a  bill  of  entenge, 
one  who  bis  taken  a  lull  compfele  and  regular  on  the  lace  oi 
It,  before  it  was  overdue,  and  in  good  fslth  snd  for  value,  and 
■fthout  Dolke  ot  sny  def«t  fn  the  title  of  the  pencil  wb* 
negotiated  It  to  him ;  "  bona  fide  inveller  "  under  the  Kcmsing 
acts,  one  whose  lodging-fdace  dnttng  the  preceding  night  Es  (t 
least  3  m.  distant  from  tbe  place  wiiere  be  demandi  to  be 
supplied  with  licjuor,  such  distanee  being  olcnlaled  by  tbs 
nearest  public  tborotigbfue. 

BCHIALD,  LODIS  GABRIBL  AHBROm  ^COKTr  01  {1754- 
1840),  Frencb  [^liloflopher  and  politician,  was  bom  at  Le  hfonna, 
near  iditlsu  in  Aveyion,  on  the  md  ol  October  i7M'    DBliking 
tbe  principles  of  (be  Revolution,  he  emigrated  in  1791,  joined 
tbe  army  of  the  prince  of  Cond^,  and  soon  afrerwajds  iellled 
at  Heidelberg.    There  be  wrote  his  first  importanl  work,  the 
highly  conservative   T/ttotit  Ju  pwaeir  poiiiiqus  et  nUptia 
(3  vth.,  ijg6;  new  ed,  Paris,  1S54,  1  v(ds.).  which  WM  con- 
demned by  the  Directory.    Returning  to  France  he  found  UbkH 
an  obfcct  of  susjucion,  snd  was  obliged  to  live  in  ittintaent. 
In  iSs6  he  wis  associated  witb  Cbiieaubriand  and  FftvAe  in 
the  conduct  of  the  Ifmivf  rft  Fronce,  and  two  yeira  later  wss 
app<^ted  counriDor  o(  the  Imperial  University  which  he  had 
often  attacked.    After  the  restoration  he  was  a  menbee  of  the 
icil  ol  public  insTtucllon,  and  from  rRi;  to  rSis  sat  In  the 
nher  as  deputy.    His  jpeecbes  were  on  tbe  eitreme  con- 
itive  side;  he  even  idvocited  ■  litetsry  censorship.    In 
be  was  made  mbisler  of  state,  and  presided  Over  the  censor- 
commcoioB.    In  Ibe  (qllowing  yeu  be  was  made  a  peer, 
gnity  which  he  loM   through  letosing  to  take  the  oalh 
in  1B30.    From  rSiS  be  had  been  a  member  of  the  Academy, 
"e  took  no  part  In  puUIc  sfTaiis  sfter  iKjo,  but  retired  to  Us 
St  at  Le  Monna,  where  be  died  on  the  33rd  of  November  1840. 
Bonald  was  one  of  tbe  leading  writers  of  the  theocratic  or 
aditionalist  school,  which  included  de  M^tre,  Laraennaisi 
illanche  and  d'Eckstein.    Hil  writing  are  mainly  on  sodd 
id  political  philosophy,  and  are  based  ultimately  on  one 
great  principle,  the  divine  origin  of  language.    In  Ui  own 
words,    "  Lttomme    pense    si    parole    ivant    de    parin   at 
pensie";  tbe  first  language  contained  the  essence  of  iSl  truth. 
"    m  thb  be  deduces  Ibe  eiislencs  of  Cod,  the  divine  otli^ 
coBseqtKDt  snpteme  anlhority  ot  ibe  Holy  Scriptures,  and 
infinibaily  of  tlie  church.    While  Ihb  tbcnight  lies  at  the 
:  of  iH  bb  speculitiora  there  h  a  formol*  of  constant  ap- 
alion.    All  rriatloni  may  be  silted  as  tbe  triad  of  cause, 
ins  and  effect,  which  be  sees  repealed  Ibroogbout  nature. 
Thus,  in  the  universe,  be  finds  the  first  cause  is  mover,  move- 
tnt  as  tbe  means,  and  bodies  as  the  result;  in  tbe  state,  power 
tbe  cause,  rainittera  as  tbe  meins,  and  subjects  as  tbe  eRects; 
the  tsmlly,  the  same  relation  is  exemplified  by  father,  molher 
and  children,    Thne  three  lerms  bear  specific  rdilioiii  to  one 
another;  ibe  Gist  h  to  the  second  as  the  second  to  tbe  tidid. 
in  the  gRB(  triad  of  the  rtligions  world— Cod,  tbeMediatoT, 
and  Min— God  Is  to  (Ik  God>Man  as  the  God-Man  b  to  Man. 
On  this  basis  be  constructed  a  system  of  political  absoIutisiD 
which  lacks  two  thinp  only? — well-grounded  premisses  inalead 
of  baseless  hypotheses,  and  tbe  acquiescence  i  those  ^K>  wen 
-  I  be  aali}ected  to  it. 

Bonald's  style  is  remarkably  fine;  ornate,  bat  pvie  and 
vignnus.  Many  Iiuitful  thougbli  art  scattered  among  bb 
works,  but  bissystm  scarcely  deserves  the  nam 
In  ststnct  tlMO^t  be  was  a  one  dBetlante. 


BONAPARTE 


by  is  tht  vifouT  md  tincaity  of  hla  lUtemAti  tiiIkc  tku  in 
ngency  of  nuonuis. 

He  had  [our  kuo.  Of  tlieu,  Victor  M  BohUo  (1710-1871) 
loUawed  liii  fktliET  in  hii  ente,  VM  jeaot  of  the  acndRny  1^ 
MontpellicT  ■Elcr  the  nstontion,  but  lost  his  pod  during  the 
Hundied  Diys.  Beguiling  it  it  the  Kcond  reitontion,  he 
R«ign«I  finally  in  iSjo.  He  wrote  Da  wait  primcipa  tppoUi 
ui  main  ia  XIX-  littU  (iSsj),  iiotii  el  hi  tblsfou 
mtimit  (iSjs),  end  ■  liie  of  hiE  lathei.  Loun  Jacqdes 
Uauuci  (1787-1870],  cudioAl  (1841],  was  contlcmned'by  the 
council  of  state  for  a  paitoial  lettei  attacking  DupintlieeLder^e 
Uanutl  de  droit  eaUiiastiqut,  In  1848  he  held  a  memorial 
■ervice  "  for  tluse  who  leji  gloriouily  in  defence  ot  civil  and 
nllgiaua  liberty."  In  1851  he  nevettbelen  advticaled  in  the 
Kute  the  maintenance  of  the  temporal  power  of  Rome  by  fona 
of  irmi.  Hehu  (d.  184^)  wai  a  couiribuior  to  let^tiinitt 
jouinab;  and  Aaii  mi  intolm  piefccl  of  Avcyron  in  1817. 

BtMa  the  TUrU  above  meniiantd,  the  vkamtt  de  Baiald 
pubtished  Eini  amalytiaita  imt  '      '  ^  ' 


^ideUMBd.  HiOtry  •/  PMUtucpiy  (tniM.  j.  H.  Tulti.  i8m); 
Fagutt  in  Ra.  du  Jiux  mndu  (April  i;,  1889). 

BOIAPAftn  the  name  of  a  family  made  lamooi  oy 
Napoleon  L  Iq.r.i,  enperoi  of  the  French.  The  Fnnch  form 
Bonapane  was  not  commonly  uied,  even  by  Napolean,  until 
after  Iha  ipriog  of  1796.  The  original  name  wia  Buonaparte, 
which  wu  boma  in  the  early  middle  ages  by  Kveral  distinct 
bmiliv  in  Italy.  One  ot  these,  which  letltcd  at  Florence  before 
the  year  1100.  divided  intbe  ijth czaiury  into  the  twobnnchea 
of  SanMiniatoandSuuna.    /  ■        - 

Buonaparte,  emigfitdd  in  the 
Corsica,  where  his  descendants 
with  the  aftsin  of  law  and  the  magistral^. 

CaiUi  BnoiuFutTE  ICharlci  Uarie  de  Bonapattc]  (i74(>- 
'178J),  the  father  of  Napoleon  I.,  took  hia  degite  in  law  at  the 
'rMia'ii-'-  university  of  Pisa,  and  after  the  Donqunt  of  Corsica 

■a'  Ajaccio  and  the  neighbouring  districts    His  restless 

■"""'  and  dissatisBed  nature  led  him  to  press  or  intrigue 
for  other  posts,  and  to  embark  in  risky  businest  enterprises 
which  compromised  the  fortune  of  his  family  for  many  years 
to  come.  In  1 764  he  married  Letiua  Ramolino,  a  beautiful  and 
U^-^^ted  girl,  aged  fourteen,  descended  from  a  well-con- 
Btcled  family  domiciled  in  Corsica  since  the  middle  ol  the  i  jth 
ccnlnry.  The  first  two  children,  bom  in  1765  and  1767,  died 
in  Infancy;  Joseph  (see  belpw),  the  first  son  who  survived,  was 
bom  in  1768,  and  Napoleon  in  1769.  The  latter  was  bora  in 
the  midst  of  tho  troubles  consequent  on  the  French  conquest, 
Letiaia  having  recently  accompanied  her  husband  In  several 
Journeys  and  escapes.  Her  firm  and  coursgcous  diBposition 
(bowed  itself  at  that  trying  time  and  throughout  the  whole 
of  her  singulaily  varied  career.  Simple  and  frugal  in  her  tastes, 
isd  devout  hi  thought  and  manner  of  hfe,  (be  helped  to  bind 
her  children  to  the  life  of  Corsio,  while  her  husband,  a  schemer 
by  natuK  and  a  Vollaliian  by  conviction,  pointed  the  way  to 
careers  in  France,  the  opcouig  up  of  which  moulded  the  fortunes 
of  the  family  and  the  destinia  of  Europe.  Be  died  of  cancer 
in  the  stomach  at  Montpelliet  in  1785. 

Letiiia  lived  to  witness  the  glory  and  the  downfall  of  her  great 
ton,  surviving  N^oleon  1.  by  siiteen  yean.  She  never  accom- 
tDOdated  herself  to  the  part  ahe  was  called  on  to  play  during 
the  Empire,  and.  though  endowed  with  17"^*"*^  wealth  and 
distinguished  by  the  title  of  lladamt  Iftrt,  lived  mainly  in 
retirement,  and  In  the  eierdse  of  a  strict  domestic  economy 
which  her  early  privations  had  made  a  second  nature  to  her, 
but  which  rendcnd  her  very  unpopular  in  Fnnce  and  was  dis- 
iJrawng  to  Napoleon.    Afia  the  evenli  of  18L4  she  joined  tht 


tD^eror  ia  Ike  Uand  of  Elba  and  was  prby  Id  bb  |<iw  «(  eaofit^' 
returning  to  Paris  during  Ibe  Hundred  Day*.  Alts  the  final 
downfall  o<  Waterioo,  ibe  took  DP  hei  retfdBice  at  Kooe,  when 
Pope  PhuVU.  treated  her  with  great  kiaduis  and  CDUidoatiod, 
and  pntecled  her  fran  the  auspidoua  attentions  ol  the  powers 
ot  the  Grand  Alliance.  In  tSiS  the  addttoscd  a  pathetic  letter 
10  the  powsi  assembltd  at  the  congreM  ot  Aix,  petitioning  Sat 
Napoleon's  release,  on  the  gtoiud  that  hit  mortal  Blnen  bad 
removed  any  possibility  of  hit  ever  again  bcconiing  a  maiaa 
to  the  world's  peace.  The  letter  remained  nntauvered,  the 
power*  having  naaon  to  believe  that  it  ma  a  mere  political 
movCr  and  that  its  tcnnt  had  been  previously  concerted  with 
Napoieon.  Henceforth,  saddened  by  the  death  of  Napoleon. 
of  her  daughtcn  Patdine  and  Elisa,  arid  of  several  gnndchUdren, 
ahe  lived  a  lite  ot  mournful  seclusion.  In  r8jg  she  was  cripp^d 
by  I  seiiooi  tiiU,  and  was  ail  but  blind  before  her  death  miSjA. 

Fk  tbi  Boaapaiti  faraBy  bl  gcatesL  and  Carlo  and  Lctiiia,  we 
Sunt  lataUiia  Mia  fumidit  Brmafaili,  iiU*  aa  trirhu  fat 
a;r  (Hinft  K  £1  row  Fti  uiMM  adla  ciM  dl  £  iTiimto,  (cnBa  da  ■■ 
JiiiiniiiiialiHlD.  Moral!)  (Flarcaee.l8aS)iF.deStetaiii,.£<ss(idWi 
M  BflHfwrii;  fm<t  Mr  aaa  iamimiiiu  (L  Bcretta)  (VnicB, 
IIST)!L.AmbrwUai>dA.Hiiaid.£aAa>iU>MMil(.  Bul.it 
laimiUtBamatarUi'faiiitiitrMiKftHiM-nltiSlFurli,  iSM); 

C.  Levnadier,  ^iifaD*  iit  ^a  AnHUt  Smttartr  Aran  lotot  Fit  Ilil 
(»<Ui»>fa>>I«-ni  I<M  Mr  di  ia  ffrwfra)  (Paria,  iSiS^ ;  A.  Kleiii- 

D.  A.  Bioghan.  r*>  Mviatu  ^  Hi  Bnatarta  (1  vols.,ToadD« 
i88i)i  F.  Hasnn.  SatdhmUafimmi  (4  vob..  Park  i89r->9<")i 
A.  Chiiquet.  La  Jtwuau  it  ItafeUem  (3  mis.,  Paris,  rtyT-TSgo); 
T.  Nsuca,  Mhmcira  nr  rnftiia  «  In  iamuii  it  iltpjin 
hUom'i  fiit  it  wiiut-^vii  omt;  triMt'  fawt  itetw  liiiimitm  iw 
ttn  Wrij  Ganiii  H.  laney.  ifsJam  Utrt  0  voIl,  Parii.  1891); 
Clara  Tachudi.  Nafnlani  JfallB.-  oh  dm  nirmp'ditm  lOmtM 
ten  H-  tea  Laik  (I.ciptit.  I90I). 

The  brothers  and  sisters  of  Napoleon  I.,  taken  m  order  oT  ag^ 
are  the  following: — 

L  Joeuv  (i7S8-Tt44),  was  bora  at  Cone  b  Cordca  on  tbt 
7th  of  January  r7d8.  He. was  educated  at  the  college  at  Autun 
In  France,  returned  to  Corsica  in  17S4,  tbottly  after 
the  death  oI  his  father,  and  thereafter  studied  law  »l  ^^^'^'"' 
the  university  of  Pisa.  He  became  >  bairiitet  al  tad 
Bastia  in  June  1 7S8.  and  was  soon  elected  a  coundHor  iWvxi 
of  the  municipalily  of  Ajacdo.  IJke  his  brothers,  ^''*>* 
Napoleon  and  Luden,  he  embraced  the  French  or^^^ 
democratic  side,  and  on  the  victory  of  the  Paolist  party 
fled  with  his  family  from  Cornea  and  sought  refuge  In  France. 
After  ^xnding  a  short  time  in  Paris,  where  he  was  disgusted 
with  the  aixati  of  the  Jacobhis,  be  settled  at  Maraeillea  and 
married  Mile  Julie  Claiy.  daughter  of  a  merchant  of  that  town. 
The  Bonapartea  moved  from  place  to  place,  mainly  with  the  view 
of  concerting  measures  for  the  recoveiy  of  Corsica.  Joseph 
took  part  in  these  efforts  and  went  oa  a  mission  to  Genoa  in 
171;;.  In  t796  he  accompanied  his  broihet  Napoleon  in  the 
eariy  part  of  the  Italian  campaign,  and  had  some  part  in  the 
negoliatioDs  with  Sardinia  which  ted  to  the  anniitlce  of  Chemsco 
(April  iS].  the  news  of  which  he  bore  to  the  French  govem- 
menl.  Later  he  proceeded  to  Leghorn,  took  part  in  the  French 
eipedilion  for  the  recovery  of  Corsioi,  and,  along  with  the 
commissioner  of  the  French  Republic,  Miot  de  Melito,  helped 
in  the  teorganiution  of  that  island.  In  March  r7g7  he  was  ap- 
pointed by  the  Directory,  minister  to  the  court  of  Patina,  and 
early  in  the  sununer  he  proceeded  to  Rome  in  the  same  capacity. 
Discords  arose  between  the  Vatican  and  the  French  RepubUc, 
and  it  is  clear  that  Napoleon  and  the  Froich  Directory  ordered 
Joseph  to  encourage  revolutionary  movements  In  Rome.  On 
the  >8th  of  December  r7g7  a  disturbance  took  place  opposite 
the  French  embassy,  which  ted  to  the  .death  of  the  French 
general,  Uonsrd  Duphot.  Joseph  at  once  left  Rome,  which 
toon  became  a  republic.  Repairing  to  Paris,  he  ei 
patfiamenlary  life,  becoming  one  of  the  nembers  fc 
the  Council  ot  Five  Hundred.    He  nude  no  raA  Ir 


chamber  an 


If  SUat  of  BrumiLtt  he  helped  Napoleon  In 
making  overtures  to  Sieyh  and  Horeau,  but  otherwise  did  little. 
Thereafter  he  refused  to  enter  the  ministry,  but  became  a  member 


BONAPARTE 


of  llie  nauncil  «t  Hila  ud  of  tk  Cte|r  UlJUtil,  wfetn  Ui 
idvn  00  tlw  itMc  ot  poblic  o|riabui  m*  traqwMly  rnduL  U* 
h*da  hud  is  tbc  nofMutiaM  loi  the  CooceniM,  but,  ■ccndlii 
(■  Ludcn  Boupuu,  Isotod  on  tbM  mcaiun  n  "itt^dviNd 
ud  nmcndc."  Hu  Mcvitca  in  ibe  diplonatk  tgtian  were 
mon  imparUnt.  At  UonfonuiiK,  liii  coaDUy-hinuo.  be  con- 
dudtd  siLh  cha  eavoy  of  ibc  Uniud  Suta  a  coavoitioa  which 
txanilut  imiik(iS(»J.  He  lUo  preoidcd  over  the  nefotiunu 
■hkh  led  10  Ihc  tnaly  oi  Lunfvilk  with  Ainiiu  (Febreaiy  n, 
itai);  ud  be  ud  Uanl  Rptaented  fnan  ia  Ihe  ^sagiby 
dhcuuions  with  the  Britiih  envoy,  Lwd  ComwaUis,  which 
ItMlled  in  the  Hioaiiue  o(  the  tieaty  of  Amieu  <Huili  ij, 
iSaj).  This  diploinatk  iHuinpb  in  iu  luin  led  to  the  con- 
nlidation  ol  Nipgleon'a  power  as  Fint  Consul  lor  life  (Aii(ust 
I,  iSoii  wllb  the  chief  voice  in  the  Miection  of  hii  succeoor. 
Chi  this  question  ihe  hiothtrs  disagreed.  As  neitbei  Joseph 
DCr  NspaltoD  had  i  male  heir,  (he  ejdest  brother,  whoee  ideas 
d  pcimogeniturc  were  very  strict,  claimed  Co  be  recoflDtsed  *a 
heir,  shiJe  Napoleon  wished  to  recosnise  the  son  of  Louis 
Bonapaile.  On  the  proclamation  of  the  French  empire  <Uiy 
1304}  Ihe  liiction  became  acute.  Napoleon  offered  10  make 
Joseph  Ung  ol  Lombvdy  il  he  would  waive  all  dlim  of  snc- 
CHsioD  to  the  French  throne,  but  met  with  t  firm  refusal. 

Meanwhile  Joseph  had  striven  earnestly,  bin  in  vain,  to 
avert  a  rupture  wiih  England,  which  came  about  in  May  iSoj. 
In  iSoj  he  acted  u  chief  of  Ihe  French  ■Dvemment  while 
Napoleon  wai  campaigning  in  Germany.  Early  Id  iEo<S  he 
proceeded  to  Naples  with  a  French  force  in  order  to  eipel  the 
Bourbon  dynasty  from  southern  ILaly,  Kspoleon  adding  the 
promise  that  the  Neapolitan  crown  would  be  for  Joseph  if  he 
chne  ID  srccpt  it.  The  conquest  ol  the  mainland  was  ^leedily 
elected,  though  Catia,  Re^a  and  the  rock  □(  Scylla  held  out 
for  Mme  months.  The  Bourbon  court  retired  to  Sidly,  where 
il  hid  the  prolection  of  a  Bntilh  force.  By  Ihe  deciee  ol  the 
jothof  March  180S  Napoleon  proclaimed  Joseph  Iiing  of  Naples, 
but  dlowed  hira  to  keep  iniact  his  claims  10  ihe  ihrone  of  France. 
In  several  letters  he  enjiuned  hit  brother  to  greater  Grmoess  ia 
Uj  adminillration:  "  These  peoples  in  Italy,  and  in  general  all 
iitioiu,  if  tbey  do  not  find  ihcir  masieis,  art  disposed  to  re- 
bdlion  and  mutiny."    The  memoirs  of  Count  Mioi  de  Mclito, 

the  difficulties  with  which  Ihe  new  monarch  had  lo  contend — 
an  ahnost  bankrupt  Ireasury,  a  fckle  and  degraded  populace, 
Bourbon  intrigues  and  plots,  and  frequent  all^cks  by  Ihe  British 
from  SicDy.  General  Sluirt's  victory  it  Maida  (July  3) 
thook  Joseph's  throne  to  its  base;  but  Ihe  surrender  ol  GaCla 
•eon  enibl«iMassena  to  march  louihwardsand subdue  Calabria. 
Doling  his  brief  leign  at  Naples,  Joseph  efiected  many  improve- 
nenis;  he  abolished  the  relict  of  feudaliiin,  relormcd  the 
guuslic  Didcn,  reoiganited  Ihe  judicial,  Goancial  and  educa- 
iioniIsysienu,sndini  listed  several  public  works.  In  everything 
he  showed  his  desire  lo  carry'out  the  aims  which  he  ei^nessed 
to  his  consort  In  April  1806:  "  Justice  demands  that  I  should 
nukethispeopteaalup^as  the  scourge  of  war  will  permit." 

From  theie  well-meant,  but  not  always  successful,  cClorts  be 
was  suddenly  called  away  by  Napoleon  to  lake  the  crown  ol 
Spain  (May  iSoS).  Thers  his  diflicDltia  were  far  greater. 
Deq>ite  the  benevolent  inlenlions  announced  to  the  Spaniards 
ia  bis  proclamalion  dated  Bayomie,  Ijid  el  June  iSei,  all 
rrcsociliilicin  between  them  and  theFrenchwu  impossible  aflei 
Napoleon's  treat  hi  eat  (d  Iheil  dt  faill  king,  Ferdinand  VII. 
For  the  varying  lottuoes  o(  King  Joseph  in  Spun  and  itt  Ihc 
eventful  yean  of  the  PeoiDsulsr  War,  see  Spain  and  Peninsvlai 
WsL  Hissoveieigaly  was  little  more  than  litidir.  Compelled 
lo  leave  Madrid  hastily  In  Auguu  iSog,  owhig  to  the  Spanjsb 
nicceu  at  Baylen,  be  was  teiruuted  by  Napoleon  at  the  dose 
ollhey^r;andhe  was  thereafter  kept  in  a  subordinate  po 


wUhmorecnagy.     Between  Fel 
plated  the  northern  and  iiorth.eastcm  pro« 
(Bmmaiid  of  French  genuaU  as  military  d 
IT.S 


deredhi 


bMian 


•i  Joiqikis  ■utharily.    Asrin  tbc  klnc  pntcned. 

At  Ui  misted  tdvber,  Hio«  de  Udito,  obecrved  is 

,  Joeeph  tried  10  be  oonstituiional  uig  of  Spain. 

■  yeaiB  iSoS-iSog  he  could 

of  A  nitUlBTT  power."  "  Bearing  a  title  wbich  was  only  an 
cftpresBVB  burden,  [be  king  had  in  nolity  ceescd  to  eaU  as  a 
nKHiaich,  and  Uuely  telaioed  some  semblance  of  auibarjtybver 
a  iBiaU  put  ol  tbe  Flench  amy  as  >  geneial.  Reduced  by  the 
eihauMed  stile  of  Us  iieasuiy  to  tbe  last  estrenity  he  at  length 
seriously  thought  of  departure."  JowfA  took  thia  step  In  April 
1&11,  and  proceeded  to  Paris  in  order  toeitort  better  terms,  or 
offer  hisabdicatlon;  but  he  had  to  return  with  a  monthly  suhMy 
of  sao,ooo  francs  and  the  promise  that  tbe  army  of  the  centre 
(the  smalleat  ol  the  hvc  French  armies)  should  be  under  his 
contisl.  Late  in  that  yen  Napoleon  united  Catalonia  to  France. 
Wellington's  victory  at  Salamana  (July  11,  1811}  compelled 
Joseph  la  leave  hit  c^)jlal;  and  dcipite  tbe  retirenient  ol  the 
British  in  tbe  Mtlunn  of  that  year,  Jowph's  authority  never  Inllir 
recovered  from  that  Mow.  'nweod  ol  hit  nomliul  rule  came  la 
the  neat  year,  when  Wellington  utterly  overthrew  Ihe  diief 
French  army,  ccHnmanded  by  King  Jnwph  and  Harahal  Jourdan, 
at  Vittoria  (June  91,  iSij).  Tbe  king  Sed  from  Sfnin,  wst 
disgraced  by  Napoleon,  and  received  tbc  order  to  reiin  incognito 
10  Mortfontafne.  The  erapeciir  wrote  to  tbc  ndnister  of  war 
(July  II,  1813):-"  His  Uoaeph'a]  befaaviour  hai  never  ceased 
bringing  mlsfartime  vpoa  ray  armyi  It  is  tiraa  to  Dtak*  an 
end  of  il." 

Napolcnn  was  equally  disutiificd  wilb  bit  bralbet't  conduct 
as  lieutcnant.ceDeral  of  France,  while  he  btasell  was  conducting 
tbe  campaign  of  iSt4  bi  the  CMl  of  France.  On  the  joth  o{ 
Maid),  Joseph  empowered  Uarmont  to  make  a  truce  with  lbs 
astallBBis  ol  Paris  if  tbey  ihould  be  In  owerpoweiing  Mieogth. 
On  the  surrender  oi  Ihe  capital  JetiphU  once  retired.  Thepart 
which  be  played  during  tbe  Hunlred  Days  (1S15)  was  alto 
insignificant.  It  is  sUBBge  that,  four  days  after  Waterloo, 
Napcdeoa  should  have  urged  hbn  to  in^rit  tbc  Chamber  ot 
Drpulies  with  a  view  10  a  national  reustance  (LiOra  attadUt 
dt  NatMoni^  In  prant  of  fact  Joaepb  did  liltle  beyond  seeking 
to  lunher  the  eupctor's  plans  of  escape  lo  America.  After  Ihe 
sunender  ol  bit  biolher  to  the  captain  of  H.M.E.  "  Bellerophon  '■ 
at  Kochdort,  Joseph  went  lo  the  UnKed  Stales.  Settling  in 
Bordentown,  New  Jersey,  he  adopted  the  title  of  comic  da 
Sorvilliers,  and  sought  to  peomote  plans  [or  the  rescue  of  hii 
bnther  from  St  ttdena.  In  i8]ohepleided.  but  unsuccessfully, 
for  the  recognition  ol  the  claims  of  the  duke  of  Reichstadt  (king 
of  Rome)  10  the  Fmch  throne.  He  afterwards  visited  England, 
aodlDratlBeresidedalCcnDaand  Florence.  In  the  latter  dly, 
the  cradle  of  his  race,  he  died  on  the  iStb  of  July  1844-  In 
person  bBiomewhal  resembled  Napoleon,  but  utterly  lacked  hit 
strengtb  and  energy.  Hewatbttedlocanembauyoiiudgcshjp, 
but  was  too  mild,  supine  and  lumriont  Ibi  the  tatka  Ihnn  upon 
him  by  bit  bcollWT.  Yet  bis  cone^Modence  and  memdn  pnva 
thai  be  letained  for  Napdeos  warn  leeHnp  «I  aflectkn. 

Of  (he  man  wdiIib  dealhig  with  Joatpli  BsBspartc  we  nay  eh* 
Baron  A.  du  Caste,  Jilmi'il  t  amipamiatui  liilili^m  it  mailain 
4<i  nijotrtli  (10  vols..  F^rii,  1854),  and  La  Rns  frba  it  Nattlitin 
(1S83);  J.  S.  C.  Abbott,  HiKwy  tf  J'"ff*  BwefoTe  (New  Vork. 
iWD);  C.  Beitlii.  Jmt*  BauafaiU  in  Aimrin:  /eirM  Bimtfara 
jiitiar  m  mM^funn  Ifain.):  tbe  Mt-mt  ■/  (&»l  ultl4a 
UililQ  (uaoilalkM.  edited  by  General  FloKhminn,  1  vols.,  iMi): 
R.  M.  johnslaa.  7^  Wnpelgsnu  Empin  n  SoiiArm  llalj  (1  vols., 
with  an  eicdlcnt  bibliojiaphy.  Lonilon,  1004I ;  Corw^nrfmri  flf 
NafalmitUk  JaMf*  Bempartt  (1  vols..  New  York.  iMsli  Baron 

ri  J'JtaSJ:  fc^sS-iBsrt:  F.  MaMon,'SiipB(*«'rt  m  Jamilk 
U  vols.,  Paris.  1SS9-1900). 

n.  LirciEN  (1775-1840),  prince  of  Canioo,  wai  botnal  Ajaccio 
onlheaiito(M»yt77S-  He  ioUowed  his  elder  brolbtrs        ^^ 
10  the  schooll  of  AulHn  and  flrienne.  At  that  lime  he     „,^^ 
wished  to  enter  the  French  army,  but.  bring  debarred     f^M. 
by  defective  tight,  i 


BONAPARTE 


dildpIlH  of  Ibt  pkcc,  ud  on  the  outbmk  ef  tbe  Kevolntlon  Id 
1739  be  eagedy  espoiueil  the  democratic  ud  Anti'derica]  mo\c- 
meDt  then  iweeping  over  France.  On  retumiDg  to  Conkm  he 
bcame  tlie  lading  tpcakei  in  the  JnccAb  dub  at  Ajiccki. 
Poshijig  even  Kapoleflu  [0  maxe  decided  action.  Ludeb  urged 
hii  brother*  10  bmk  vrith  Paoli^  the  leader  of  the  mote  taa- 
invative  pany,  which  sought  id  ally  ilsdf  nith  England  a> 
i^imi  the  regicide  republic  ol  France.  He  headed  a  Conican 
deputation  which  vent  to  France  in  order  to  denounce  Pa^ 
and  10  Hlidt  ijd  for  the  decwcrals;  bul,  on  the  PaoliiU  gaining 
the  upper  band,  the  Boupana  Ml  the  island  and  jwied  Lucien 
at  TouIdd.  In  the  touth  of  Fisncc  he  worked  hard  I<h  Ihe 
Jacobinical  cauw,  and  figured  ai  "  Brutui  "  in  the  Jtcobin  club 
of  the  amall  tows  of  St  Uaxirain  (Chen  renamKl  UtnlhOR), 
There  on  the  4th  of  May  1794  he  raanied  MUe  Catherioe 
Beyer,  though  he  was  a  minor  and  had  nnt  the  conieni  of  his 
faniily — an  act  which  brought  him  into  a  itale  alnnt  apptoach- 
Ing  disgrace  and  penuiy.  The  ccup  d'ttat  of  Tbenmdor  (July 
iB,  1794)  compelled  the  ynung  disciple  of  Robespierre  hurriedly 


tod  imprisoned  for  a  time  until 
release,  aud  f urtber  gained  f 0 


vist*  Tor  his  powers  of  oratory  and  political  intrigue,  and  repaired 
to  Corsica.  In  the  hope  of  being  elected  a  deputy  nf  the  Island, 
be  refused  an  appointment  offered  by  N^uleon  in  the  army  of 
Egypt  in  1798.  Bis  hopes  were  fulfilled,  and  in  179$  he  enleied 
the  Council  of  Five  Hundred  at  Paris.    There  his  vivacious 


irought  hi 


of  that  body  od  the  eventful  day  of  the  19th  of  Brumaiie 
(November  loj  1799,  when  Napoleon  overtluew  the  national 
councils  of  France  at  the  palace  of  Si  Cloud.  The  refusal  of 
Luden  In  put  the  vole  of  outlawry,  for  which  the  majotily  of 
Ihe  council  damoured.  his  opportune  dosing  ol  Ihe  silling,  and 
his  (l^ieal  ID  the  loldiers  ouuide  lo  disperse  Us  rifrtstnlerai 
dH  peitiiird,  (unied  the  scale  in  bvmir  of  his  brother. 

By  a  sliange  tiany  this  event,  the  chief  event  af  Lucien'*  life, 
was  fatal  io  the  cause  of  dcmocrracy  of  which  he  had  been  Ihe 
most  eager  exponent.  In  one  of  his  earlier  leiten  10  his  brother 
Joseph,  Lucien  staled  that  he  had  detected  in  Napoleon  "  an 
amtnlion  not  allogether  egoiistlc  bul  which  surpassed  his  love 
for  the  general  weal;  ...  in  case  of  a  counter-revnlution  he 
Tould  try  to  ride  on  Ihc  oesi  of  evenu."  Napoleon  having  by 
his  hdp  triumphed  over  patliamentury  iutilullons  Id  France, 
Luden 's  suspicion  of  his  brother  becamo  a  dominant  feeling; 
AuA  ibc  relaticms  belwecn  them  became  strained  during  the 
insulate  (1700-1S04).  He  accepud  office  as 
nterior,  but  was  soon  deprived  of  it  owing  M 
sonat  diflerences  with  Ihe  First  Consul.  In 
se  blow,  NaptHeon  appointed  him  ambassador 
lo  the  court  of  Madrid  (November  iSoo).  There  again  Luden 
displeased  his  brother.  Fruice  and  Spain  were  then  about  to 
partition  Portugal,  and  the  Sptnish  forcea  were  beginning  10 
invade  that  land,  when  the  court  of  Lisbor 


pohlical  a 


said)  lo  the  frci 


bribes,  i: 


g  Godoy 


Spanish  minister,  and  Luden  Bonapute  lo  sign  Ihe  preliminaries 
ofpeaceonlhefilhof  June  iSoi  alBadijot.  The  First  Cooiul, 
finding  his  plana  of  seidng  Lisbon  ftutinted,  remonsiraied  with 
his  brother,  who  thereupon  resigned  bis  post,  and  returned  lo 
Paris,  thete  uking  part  In  the  oppoution  which  the  Tribunate 
offered  to  someof  Napoleon's  schemes.  Luden's  neil  proceeding 
compteled  Ihe  breach  between  the  Iwo  brolheta.  His  wile  had 
died  in  tSoa;  be  became  enamouied  of  ■  Mme  Jouberihou  in 
the  early  summer  of  1801,  made  her  hit  mistress,  and  finally, 
despite  the  express  prohibition  of  the  First  Consul,  Kcrrtly 
married  her  at  his  residence  of  Plesiis  (on  October  ij,  iSoj). 
Al  that  time  Napoleon  was  pres^g  Luden  for  Imponar 


.  of  the  king  e 
on  hearingof  his  brother's  action  he  ordered  him  I 
lerritory.  Luden  dtparlcd  for  Italy  with  his  w 
■OB,  after  annoying  Napoleon  by  bestowing  on  hi 


,and 


[«  abo  charged  Joseph  aevn  to  tiy  H 


name  of  BoBipatte.    1 
reconcile  Nlpdooil  to  I 

For  loiBB  years  he  lived  in  Italy,  chiefly  at  Rome,  showing 
marked  hosillity  to  the  emperor.  In  Decenber  1807  the  laiier 
soughl  to  come  to  an  airangement  by  which  Luden  would  take 
his  place  ss  a  French  prince,  provided  that  be  would  annul  his 
mairloge.  This  step  Lut^n  refused  to  lake;  and  after  mlding 
for  some  lime  al  fab  estate  of  Canino,  from  whidi  he  took  Ihe 
papal  title  a!  prince  of  Caniao,  be  led  for  America.  Captured 
by  a  British  ship,  he  was  taken  [0  HalU  and  Ihence  (o  Englsnd. 
where  be  re«ded  under  loine  mainre  of  surveillance  up  lo  the 
peace  of  1S14.  Reluniing  to  Rome,  he  oSered  Napoleon  his 
help  during  the  Hundred  Days  (iSr;),  stood  by  bis  side  si  the 
"  Champ  de  Mai  "  at  Paris,  and  was  the  tasi  to  defend  his  pre- 
rogativea  at  the  time  of  his  second  abdication.  He  spent  the 
rest  o[  hia  life  in  llaly,  and  died  at  Rsme  on  the  igth  of  June 
I S40.  His  family  comprised  four  sons  and  aii  dsuf  hten.  He 
wisle  as  epic,  Ciarlemapii,  «  Fiflut  Miittt  (s  voh.,  1814), 
also  La  VlrM  nr  la  Cat  Sum  and  Uemeiri,  which  were  nol 

For  (oorees  ice  T.  Jung,  Lueitu  BnapetU  H  iri  m^miiwii  (3  voh.. 
Paris.  lS8>-lMl];  ao  anonyiaoui  work,  U  Prima  Xkh  awb 
parlr  d  aJamiiU  IPadt,  iSS)];  F.  Muku.  NapMt*  M  jafamilU 
U  vola,  Puis.  18*7-19™).  n«i  H.  HouHiye,  "  igrj  "  li  voU.. 
Pans.  1899-190;). 

m.  Mauanhi  Eusa  (i  777-1  Bso}  was  bom  al  AJacdo  on 
the  3rd  of  January  1777.     Owing  to  Ihe  eflonj  of  her  brolhera 

the  entered  Ihe  establishineni  of  St  Cyr  near  Paris     ,  

as  a  "  king's  scholar."  On  its  disruption  by  the  ^^ 
nvolutionisia  in  179s  Napoleon  look'  charge  of  her  and 
brought  her  back  10  Ajacdo.  She  shared  Ihe  fortunes  of  Ihe 
family  in  the  south  of  France,  and  on  Ihe  jlh  of  May  1791 
married  Felil  Bacdochl.  ■  neH-connected  Coisican.  In  iSo;, 
■fler  the  foundation  of  Ihe  French  empire.  Napoleon  bestowed 
upon  her  the  principality  of  Fiombino  and  shortly  afterwards 
Lucca;  in  1S08  her  imporlunilies  gained  for  her  Ihe  grand 
duchy  of  Tuscany.  BacciochI  being  almosl  a  nuUily,  her  pride 
and  ability  had  a  great  infuence  on  the  idminlslralicoi  and  on 
Italian  aDairs  in  general  Her  relationa  with  Napoleon  wen 
frequently  strained;  and  In  1813-1814  she  abelted  Mural 


rilh  the  title  of  ct 


■e  Mus»i). 


irolher- 


of  Compignano,  first  lo  Bologna  and 
Andrea  near  Trieste,  where  sSie  died  oa  the 
blh  of  AugusI  I  Bjo. 

See  J.  Tumu»n,  La  Snti  it  KapMn  (Pari^  1896);  P.  Mar- 
molhan.  fJiia  ^Dufurb  (Paris.  iBoS):  E.  RodocaoBchJ,  Aifs 
Bnattrli  en  Halic  (Paris,  1900};  F.  li*mm.  JfafMn  tt  la  firmiOl 
(4  vols.,  Paris.  1897-1900). 

IV.  Louis  (17JS-1S46)  was  Dom  ■!  Ajacdo  on  the  ind  of 
September  17  78.  H  is  elderbrolher  Napoleon  supervised 
his  educalion  with  much  care,  gaining  for  lum  scholar-  i-J!^^ 
shipe  lo  the  royal  military  schools  ol  France,  and  during  mm^ 
Ihe  lime  when  the  elder  brother  was  a  heutensnl  in 
garrison  al  Aiuronne  Louis  shared  his  scanty  fare.  In  tJ9S 
Napoleon  procured  for  hin  admission  lo  the  military  school  at 
ChAlons,  sod  wrote  ttius  of  the  boy^— "  I  am  very  pleased  with 
Louis;  he  fulfils  my  hopes;  inlelligence,  warmth,  good  health. 
talent,  good  address,  kiiidness— be  possesses  all  these  qualiiies-'* 
Louis  went  through  the  lulisn  campaign  of  179(I--<I7  with 
Napoleon  and  acted  as  his  aide-de-camp  in  Egypi  in  1798-99. 
In  180a  the  First  Consid  married  him  to  Horlense  Bcjuhamaia, 
I  forced  union  which  led  to  most  deplorable  results.  In  1804 
Louis  was  raised  Lo  the  rank  of  general,  and  entered  the  council 
of  slate  in  order  lo  perfect  his  knowledge  of  adminismtivo 
afTalTs-  In  Ibe  next  year  he  became  governor  of  Paris  and  unrler- 
look  vaHoui  militaty  and  administrative  duties. 

After  the  viriory  of  Auslerlilt  (December  1,  rSo5)  Napoleon 


lion  of  a 


in  dose  alliance  wlih,  ifat  French  empiie.  He  destined  Louis  (or 
the  throne  of  Holland,  and  procUimrd  hin  king  of  Ihal  country 
on  the  6lh  of  June  1806.  From  (he  fitn  Ihe  emperor  repmached 
him  with  being  loo  easy  with  his  subjects  and  with  couning 
popularity  100  much.    The  ipi~       '       '  ' '' 


ri»at  M^lfi^  XMtiMDtal 


BONAPARTE 


>« 


Q(UM  tnuabt  the  t*o  kotken  td  u  opca  niptu 
tcUlIoni  wen  cmblltemt  by  ■  violent  jc*loiBy  wt 
■dDCctnd  i^iiHi  hb  wife.  In  iSoi  ihe  impcnw  offi 
tbe  thnne  of  Spnjn  thcD  vuvm;  but  on  Louii  n 
koxpt  It  the  honour  wtnt  to  JoKph.  Hie  dtaputi 
LoDB  ind  the  emperor  conlinun!.  In  the  latter  pari  ol  iSc4 
Napoleon  virlually  rculved  lo  annn  Holbnd,  in  order  to  itop 
Ihe  Inde  whidi  the  Dutch  serreily  carried  en  with  Eoiland. 
At  the  cloae  of  the  year  Louis  vent  to  fub,  partly  In  onlec  to 
procure  ■  divonx  from  Horfensc  and  partly  to  gain  better 
lema  for  Hcdland.  He  fitted  In  both  rt^KtiL  In  Juuaty 
ttio  Napoleon  anneied  the  aland  oS  Wnleberen,  tUeglni  that 
LouB  hid  not  done  his  share  in  ikleDdtng  the  faileteMa  ol  Fnnce 
u  the  liow  of  the  British  Watchncd  eipedilioa  (1809).  The 
Fr«Kb  troDpi  also  occvpied  Breda  and  Bergtn-op-Zowp.  Looii 
gave  my  on  all  the  points  in  diipntc;  but  hii  acquiticcnce  only 
paBtponcd  the  crisis.  Altec  the  coUapM  of  negoliatloni  with 
Great  BiiMtn  In  the  spring  o(  iSio,  the  emperor  agKia  pressed 
Louri  hard,  and  finally  sent  French  Imopa  against  the  Dutch 
cipltil.  TlicTeupon  Louis,  despairing  of  offering  leaittuce, 
Bed  fram  his  kingdom  and  finally  settled  at  TllpUti  In  Bohemia, 
On  Ihe  glh  of  Joly  1810  Napoleon  annaied  HoUud  to  the 
French  empne.  Louis  spent  the  rest  of  hii  life  lepuated  fmm 
his  wife,  And  in  iSij  gained  the  cistody  of  hia  eMer  aon.  He 
lived  chlefiy  at  Rome,  concerning  hinuelt  with  litcnny  and 
philosaphic  studies  and  with  the  (ortonet  of  bb  sono.  Itieir 
devotim  to  the  national  and  denwcratic  eaoM  in  Italy  in  lEjo- 
rSji  pve  him  moch  pleasure,  whidi  wja  ovetdouid  by  the 
death  of  the  elder,  Nspdeon  Louis,  in  the  spring  campaign  of 
1B3I  in  the  Ronugna.  The  failure  ol  his  aher  ion.  Charlct 
Louis  Napoteon  (aflerwards  Napoleon  III.),  to  nest  the  Firoch 
crown  from  Louis  Philippe  by  the  attempts  at  Stnsibuig  and 
Boirfogne  also  caused  him  much  diiappdnlnent.  He  died  on 
the  >slh  of  July  1846  and  was  buried  at  St  LeIL  Under  mote 
ravounblc  conditions  Louis  would  have  gained  a  Dane  for 
Idodneaa  and  philanthrop)',  proofs  of  nhich  did  bdeed  appear 
dotinf  hi>  leign  In  Holland  and  gained  him  the  esteem  of  hit 

rebttoai  Vtth  of  a  domestic  and  ol  a  political  nature  and  10  sour 
Ui  own  dhpoaitlon.  His  literary  works  are  uuiinponuil.  His 
■ODi  were  Napoleon  Charles  (jSot-itty;),  Napoleon  Loul*  (ila4- 
rS^t),  and  Charles  Louis  Nnpdeon  (ieo»-t873),  afternrdi 
einpert* ol  the  French  as  Nvoleoh  III.  U'')' 

The  chief  wdAls  on  the  life  and  leign  of  LodIs  are  le  comre  de 
SKinE'Lnr,  Dtcumentt  kiitoiiaiui  tl  rifirions  nr  It  laiarrwemtirl  dt 
laHnOiiii^  jvi>k.,inded.,  )^Iir^IBloJ:F.  Racqain.  KaptUim  I' 
nil  Itiii  L*mj.  fmprb  III  dHimwUi  omitnii  am  areHwtj  iMlisiuId 
■--■-    -— ':  Baron  A.^u  Cane,  Lit  Rnii  frha  dt  NifalfuM 

•ri>.i<Kij|^A  Cariu'er,  La  Our  it  Hallatir  uks  Itriptric  ' 

ufarti,   ^    —    -*-■■--    -"--■-    — •    ■ ■—     -••- 


ay.  ilTWh'^ 


1;  Baron  A.^u  Caat,  Lci  Re 

•-    rnier.  La  Qur  <(.  HiJ/a^il. 

aiJOtiB    tParii   and    AmMerdim,    iSaj);    _. 

l~tlkniit  HcUamii  USa6~ili})  iTe^ii  ia 

■—  tl  inUiu  (Paris  and  The  Hague,   ie68Jj 

iMrlr.   Kem»t  «"   Hi^'-ti   (Ainilenkiin. 

Iltirtrint  »"  JCgniiiF  loinnit  Sapclen 

...— ,   ,- ,  .891):  F.  Masson,  f/apMim  t  m /amilb 

(4  vota.,  Pacii,  1897-1900). 

V.  Maxie  PttJinn  (17S0-1ES5),  (he  gayest  and  most 
beauliftil  member  of  the  family,  was  boni  at  AJnccio  on  Ihe 
t,  -  -  "*I<  of  October  ijBa  At  seventeen  yean  of  a{c  she 
marriedGeneralLeclerc.atftaffDJ^cfrof  Napdcon,  and 
accompanted  him  to  St  Domingo,  where  he  died  of  yellow  fever  in 
1801.  Rttumlngto  Pari)  she  espoused  Prfnte  Cimillo  Borghese 
(August  »3,  iSoj)  and  went  to  reside  with  Mm  in  Rome.  She 
Kara  tired  of  him,  returned  to  Paris  »nd  gratified  her  whims  in 
ways  that  caused  some  scandal.  In  ijoftshe  received  thetllle  of 
duchess  of  CuajlalU.  Her  offhand  lirstmem  ef  the  new  empress, 
Marie  Lcrube.  in  igioled  to  bet  removal  from  court.  Nevenhe- 
lesi  In  I8i4ihe  repaired  with  "Madame  Mtre"  to  El  ba,BndlsBld 
to  have  exptessed  a  wish  lo  share  Napoleon's  eiite  in  St  Helena. 
She  died  in  tSi;  of  cancer,  Cenova'i  statue  «l  her  as  Veilua 
ttdining  on  a  coucb  is  well  known. 
See  T.  Tunoai 


VL  Haut  ANMCNCtATA  Cuiauiii  <i;8a-iaM}  wti  botn 
at  Ajatdo  on  the  >jth  ol  Maicb  r;Si.  Early  In  iSoo  afae 
.  miRiedJntchimMurat.whiiHinteresUsheaflcrwardi  r_«_ 
advanced  with  all  the  power  ol  ber  ambitious  and  jrw*^ 
Intriguing  oalure.  He  become  gDverm  ol  Paris, 
manhal  of  Franca  (iS<m),  grand  duke  of  Berg  and  of  deves 
(i&iS),  lieutenant  ol  the  emperor  in  Spain  (i£oS),  and  early  in 
the  ninuaer  of  that  year  king  of  Naples.  The  distance  of 
thii  capital  iron  Paifa  displeased  Cardine:  ber  relationi  with 
Napoleos  became,  Mnined,  and  she  aitoclated  beiaelf  with  the 
equlvood  movemeau  of  her  husband  In  1814-1815.  Before 
hii  tragic  end  at  Piuo  on  the  ijth  of  October  iSij,  she  had 
retired  to  Austrian  territory  and  was  placed  under  •omemeainre 
of  nstiiint.  Finally  she  lived  at  Trieste  with  her  liiter  Elm. 
She  died  on  the  igih  of  May  1S39. 
See  J.  Tulquln.  Carijllin  Veraf.  riw  lb  Kcfla  (Paiii,  iBgo): 

" in  Mif«M«i «  «/«Riec  l4  vols.,  Parii,  ie9f-i900).^H! 


r.  MUKm,  nofeniKi  •Bjamuli  [4  vols.,  Parii,  lOsf-iJoo). 
aba  under  Muaar,  JolCBU. 

Vn.  Jraoii£   (1784-1860)    was  bort  at  Ajaccii 
15th  of  November  1784;  he  shared  ihe  (onunes  of  the  family 
tha  cariy  years  of  the  French  Revoluticm,  was  then 


d 

acate 

dal 

Juilly  a 

d  was 

called  to 

the  tide  of  his 

ther 

Ihe 

First  C 

nsulo 

France, 

in  1800.    Uany 

dillustn 

ting  his 

impetuo 

ushuiaEection- 

While  in 

Ihe  Co 

nsulVrC 

uardhefoughLa 

the  younger 

brother  olGenen 

iIDavou 

and  was  wound 

the 


afterwards  he  was  transferred  to  the  navy  and  cruised  in  the 
West  Indies,  unlQ,  when  blockaded  by  a  British  cruiser,  he  left 
hbshipandtravelledthroughtlie  United  Sutes.  Al  Ballimon 
be  fell  in  love  with  Misi  Eliubelli  PsKenon,  aod.Ihou^  a  minor, 
Dunied  her.  This  disregard  of  discipline  and  of  the  bws  of 
France  giealiy  annoyed  Napoleon;  and  when  la  iSoj  Jerome 
brou^t  hit  wife  to  Europe,  Ihe  emperor  ordered  her  to  he 
excluded  from  his  states.  Jerome  vainly  sought  to  bend  bis 
brothfr't  wiU  in  an  interview  at  Aleiandtia,  In  May  igoj  he 
received  command  of  a  small  squadron  in  tbe  Mediterranean, 
while  bis  wife  proceeded  10  Camberwdl,  where  she  gave  birth  to  a 
■on.  In  November  Jerome  sailed  in  a  squadron  comnianded  by 
Admiral  WUlaumei,  which  was  to  ravage  the  West  Indies;  but  it 
was  scattered  by  asloim.  After  dama^ng  British  com  merce  in 
the  North  Allantic,  Jerome  reached  France  «ith  hii  ship  in 
safely  in  August  1806.  Napoleon  made  him  a  prince  of  France, 
and  gave  bim  command  of  a  division  of  South  Germans  In  tbe 
campaign  of  iSoS.  After  Jena,  Jerome  received  the  surrender  of 
aevoal  Frusian  towns.  An  imperial  decree  having  annulled  tbe 
Patterson  marriage,  the  emperor  united  Jerome  to  Ihe  princess 
Catherine  of  WUrtlemberg;  and  in  pursuance  of  the  leims  of 
the  treaty  of  Tilsit  (July  ;,  1S07)  raised  him  to  the  throne  of  Ihe 
kingdom  of  Westphalia.  There  Jerome,  though  frequently 
Lked  by  the  emperor,  dis[Jayed  bis  londncss  for  luxury, 
indulged  in  auneious  omsiuf  and  ran  deeply  into  debt.  Id 
[KCts  his  kingdom  benefited  by  the  connexion  with 
Feudalism  was  aboUshed;  the  Cade  Natellia  was 
inliDducedi  the  Jews  were  freed  from  npresaive  laws;  and 
education  received  some  impulse  in  its  higher  deportmenla. 
3ut  the  unpopularity  of  Jerome's  rule  was  shown  by  the  part 
aken  by  the  peasants  in  tbe  abortive  rising  beaded  by  Baran 
iVilhelm  von  DBinbcTg  and  other  Weslpbalian  officers  in  Ai^ 
1809.    Despite  heavy  taxation,  tbe  state  debt  increased  greatly; 

,tate  to  the  veixe  of  bankruptcy.  In  tbe  early  part  of  thai 
campaign  Jerome  was  entrusted  with  an  important  movement 
rhich  might  have  brought  the  southern  Russian  army  into  grave 
danger;  on  his  failure  (which  was  probably  due  Id  bis  lack  of 
rgy)  the  emperor  promptly  aubfected  him  to  tbe  conlrol  of 
MarshalDavout.andJeiomeretumcdtoCasleL  Inigij.onihe 
fall  of  the  Napoleonic  r^^mc  in  Germany,  Jerome  retired  to 
Fnnce,  and  in  1814  spent  sorae  lime  in  Switicrland  and  at 
Trtete.  Returning  to  France  in  1815,  he  commanded  a  division 
the  French  left  wing  at  Waterloo  and  attacked  Hougomonl 
with  (teal  pertinacity.  On  Napoleon's  second  abdication 
Jeconc  proceeded  10  WDrttetnberg,  *ras  tbteatentd  with  aircsl 


196 


BONAPARTE 


unlos  he  give  up  hli  wife  and  cMId,  (nd  wu  kept  under  >ur- 
veillance  at  Goppift^en;  fin^y  he  wu  allawed  to  proceed  to 
Aujsbucg,  and  IbercBftei  raided  at  Triule,  or  id  Italy  ot  SwiUer- 
Lsnd.  His  nmson  died  in  1BJ5.  He  lelunied  to  Fnnce  in  1847, 
and  slier  the  ri»  of  Louis  Mapoieop  to  power,  became  aucas- 
(irely  governoi  of  tbc  Invalidcs,  manbid  of  Fnuice  and  pRtldenl 
of  tlie  uaate.  He  died  00  tbe  14th  of  June  iSta.  Hit  diUdHn 
wen  Jenme  Mapdeon  (see  XIV.},  Matlillde  (stt  XII.)  and 
Napoleon  Joseph  Clutio  Paul  (bom  in  iBli);  the  luc  was 
aftcrvraTds  knDwa«A  Pnnre  Napoleon  (i«e  XI.  below)  and  finally 
became  the  heir  to  the  forainn  of  the  Napoleonic  dynasty. 

The  diieC  worla  relating  to  Jerome  Booaparte  an:  Baron  Albert 
du  Caise.  Ittmttm  1  eirrapc«Jii<fu  du  roi  Jiftmt  u  ii  la  rtitu 
ColUrnu  (7  vols.,  Patih  tMl-lSM)  and  La  fyiijitrii  di  XatM^m 
(iSgi);  M.  M.  Kaisenberi,  Xmlt  laumi  JVapotim;  W.  T.  R. 
SaSeU  rb  BmaparU-PalUruin  Manine:  AcgusI  von  SchLoH- 
bener,  Bti^widuH  it  Kiwip*  KMarint  luif  in  Kemia  Jmmi 
ton  WiitfiUta  Mil  KIMi  Friidrick  tm  BVrtfnilfrf  (Suitlean, 
1U6-18S7).  Bonplemeiitd  by  du  Cassa  in  Ctnaf.  iMiilt  it  U 
Milt  CaOhin  dt  WulplulU  (Paris,  lB8g-l»93)!  A.  Maninel, 
Jlttmt  NatMm.  tti  Jt  Walldit  (Paris.  1901)1  k  W.  fxtpaM, 
Tin  Darluiu  Nafiltm  (I90J)  i  F.  Mawn,  Stptlft*  it  afamiUi 
(4  vols.,  ftrii,  1897-1900).  [J.  Hi-  R.) 

Hke  fortunes  of  the  Bonaparte  fanuly  may  be  further  followed 
under  tbe  later  biographies  of  lis  leading  members,  mainly 
descendsnu  ot  Ludcn  (II.  above)  and  Jerome  (VII.  above). 

vm,  Cbau.es  Luciem  Jdles  Lauieht  (iSoj-iBjt),  prince 
o[  Canino,  ion  of  Lucicn  Bonaparte,  ms  >  scientist  rattier  than  a 
j^j^^,  politician.  HeinatticdhIscousIn,Z£naTdeBonaparle, 
iMUnt  daughtei  ol  Joseph,  in  |8».  Atibeageoftirenty-lwo 
tmtiai  he  began  the  publication  of  an  Amtrican  OrnMaliify 
a.  nulla.  (^  ^[j^  Philadelphia,  1815-1833),  which  eiublished 
Us  scientific  reputation.  A  series  of  other  woriu  in  loology 
foltowed:  hnopafUa  ddia  fauna  lUlica  {3  vols.,  Rome,  1S31- 
1841],  Calalaga  mitadao  drfll  uccdli  europd  (i  vol.,  Sologna, 
184!),  Catoloto  mtUdico  dci  fesci  airopd  (i  vol.,  Naples.  184s. 
4I0).  Calalnie  melodieo  iti  vamnijai  turopd  (i  vol.,  Milan, 
1845).  TiladioTam  Muta  aialyfica  (Neukhatel,  1B38).  He  wns 
elected  honorary  member  ot  the  academy  ot  Opsala  in  1833,  of 
that  of  Berlin  in  1843.  and  correspondent  of  the  Institute  of 
France  in  1S44.  Towards  1847  he  took  part  in  the  political 
notation  in  Italy,  and  presided  over  scientific  congresses, 
notably  at  Venice,  when  he  declared  himself  in  favour  of  tbe 
independence  at  Italy  and  the  expulsion  of  the  Austritns.  He 
entered  (he  Junto  of  Rome  in  1S48  and  was  elected  deputy  by 
Viierbo  to  the  national  assembly.  Tie  (ailufe  ot  the  revolution 
forced  him  to  leave  Italy  in  July  1849.  Regained  Holland,  then 
France,  where  he  turned  again  to  jcicnw.  His  principal  works 
were,  Cemptitm  tyittmalh  otnithelo^at,  naila^opae,  erfttt- 
tsike  tl  amphibalDcUa:,  Iiklkydopiii  (Leiden,  1S50),  Tabla%  dct 
ei!cauT-m0utka  [Paiu,  1854),  OHiiiftofojie/oirifa  (Paris,  1858). 
Eight  childten  survived  him:  Joseph  Lucien  Charles  Napoleoa. 
piinu  ol  Canino  (1S14-1865),  who  died  without  heirs;  Lnden 
Louia  Joseph  Napoleon,  bom  in  i8jS,  who  took  holy  orders  in 
lgS3  and  became  a  cardinal  in  186S;  Julie  Chellotte  ZAilIde 
Pauline  Laetilia  Dfsirte  Bartholom^,  who  married  the  manguis 
of  Rocragiovine;  Charlotte  Honorine  Josephine,  who  married 
Count  Primoli;  Marie  D^r^  EugMe  Josephine  Fhtlom^e, 
who  married  the  count  Campcllo;  Auguste  Amtlie  MaiimiKenne 
JacqUE^Iine,  who  married  Count  Gab 
CtCgoirc  Jic( 


e  Leonie,  who  married  the  com 
.  Louis  LnciEN  (iBij-1891),  s 


de  CambacMs.    The 

of  Luden  Bonaparte, 
,  En^ond,  on  the  4lh  of 
^  _  ^_  January  1813.  He  passed  his  youth  In  England,  not 
j^^YT*  EOing  to  Fnnce  until  1848,  when,  after  the  revolution, 
he  was  elected  deputy  for  Corsica  on  the  58th  of 
November  1848;  his  elettion  having  been  invalidated,  he  was 
letumed  19  deputy  for  the  Seine  in  June  1849.  He  sat  In  the 
light  of  the  Legislative  Assembly,  but  bad  no  direct  part  In  tbe 
OMp  d'f't  o(  his  comin  00  the  ind  of  December  iBji.  Napoleon 
til.  nuoed  him  senator  and  prince,  but  he  took  baldly  any  put  in 


politia  during  tk*  SecsBd  Eapte,  Mid  •ftci  llw  BCDdHiuloBal 
the  Third  Republic  la  iSio  he  wiilidiew  to  Englud.  ntnbe 
busied  hiniidf  witb  phtlokity,  a&d  published  neubly  tomt  wotkt 
oa  the  Basque  langnife:  Gnmmairt  tdsgiie,  Mimtrgmt  tut  ' 
HMtkurt  aatnitai  cenanu-U  i*  hmtK  teifW  (it|6},  Otune- 
liani  iir  li  haiqti  FmavabU  (1878).  He  died  on  the.sid  «f 
November  1891,  leaving  bo  children. 

'  X  FiuiE  NwDLEON  (1S1J-1881),  aon  of  Luckd  Bona- 
parte, was  bom  at  Ksme  on  ibe  iilh  of  ScfNenber  1815.  Hb 
twgan  his  life  of  adventure  at  the  age  of  fiftefa.  Join-  _ 
ing  the  insuriectionary  bands  in  the  Romagna  (1839* 
1B31);  was  then  in  the  United  Sutei,  when  he  went  to  Join 
his  uncle  Joseph,  and  in  Colombia  with  Cener*l  Sanlander 
(1831).  Reluming  to  Rone  be  was  taken  piiaoou  by  onkr 
of  the  pope  (1835-1836).  He  finally  look  refuge  in  H-^l—'l 
At  the  levolution  dC  1848  bentumedto  Fnnce  and  wu  dcctcd 
deputy  tor  Cotsica  to  the  Constituent  Assembly.  He  declared 
hinuelf  an  out-and-out  republican  and  voted  evm  with  the 
todiliita.  He  pronounced  hiraself  in  favour  of  ibe  natiaiuU 
workshops  and  agniut  the  lot  FaUnux,  Hisaliitudc  contributed 
greatly  <o  give  popular  confidence  to  hia  cousin  Louis  Napdaon 
(Napoleon  III.),  of  whose  fM/  flml  on  the  ind  of  Decenba 
iSji  be  disapproved;  but  he  was  soon  recorudled  to  the  emperor. 
accepted  the  title  of  prince.  The  republicans  at  -once 
idiHied  him.  From  that  lime  on  he  led  a  debauched  life, 
and  lost  all  political  importance.  He  turned  to  lltenturc  and 
published  some  mediocre  poems.  In  January  1870  a  violent 
incident  brought  him  again  into  prominence.  As  the  result 
□f  a  Mntroversy  with  Paschal  Crousset,  the  latter  gent  him  two 
JDUmalisIa  to  provoke  him  to  a  duel.  Pierre  Bonaparte  took 
them  peisonaily  to  account,  and  during  a  violent  discussion 
ha  drev  his  revolver  and  killed  one  of  them,  Victor  Noii.  Thii 
crime  gre*lly  ciclled  the  republican  pmis,  which  demanded  his 
trial  The  High  Court  acquitted  him,  and  criticism  tl«o  fell 
upon  lEie  governinent  Fienc  Sonaparle  died  in  obscurity 
at  Versailla  on  the  7th  ol  April  1S81.  He  had  mairird  the 
daughter  of  a  Paris  working-man,  Justine  Eleanore  RuSd,  by 
whom  he  had,  before  hia  marriage,  two  childnai:  (i)  Riband 
Napoleon,  bom  on  the  19th  of  May  1858,  whocnicrod  tbearaiyi 
was  eicluded  from  it  in  iiS6,  and  then  devoiod  himself  (o 
geography  and  scienliSc  ciqilotationai  (i)  Jeanne,  wife  of  Iho 

XI.  Napoleon  Journ  Cuiilee  FauL,  commonly  Icnown 
as  Prince  N^iokan,  or  by  the  sobriquet  of  "  Ploo-Flon,"  > 
(i83t-i89i),  was  Ibe  second  son  of  Jerome  Bona- 
parte, king  of  Westphalia,  by  his  wife  Catherine,  prin-  *■■■■' 
cess  of  WOrtlcmbc^,  and  was  bom  at  Trieste  on  the  XZ^ 
9lh  of  September  1S21.  He  soon  rendered  himself  (/•  AOn 
popular  by  his  advanced  democratic  ideas,  tvhich  ^'(y'"* 
he  eipiesied  on  all  possible  occaaions.  Aim  (he  J«^ 
French  revolution  of  1B48  he  was  elected  to  the 
National  Assembly  as  a  rcprescniaU've  of  Corsica,  and  (his  elder 
brother,  Jerome  Napoleon  Chorics,  dying  in  1847)  usiuned  the 
name  of  Jerome.  Notwithstanding  his  ostetuibte  oppositioit 
to  Ihtitap  d'etat  ol  rSji,  he  was  designated,  upon  Ibe  esUbiish- 
ment  of  tbe  Empire,  as  successor  to  the  throne  il  Napi^con  III. 
Aould  die  childless,  and  received  a  liberal  dotation,  but  was 
allowed  no  share  in  public  aHairs.  Privalely  he  professed  hint, 
self  the  representative  ol  the  Napoleonic  tradilion  in  its  dcmct- 
ciatic  aspect,  and  assodaled  mainly  with  men  of  advanced 
politic*]  ivinions.  At  court  he  repiesentcd  ihe  Liberal  party 
against  the  empress  Eugfnie.  In  1854  he  look  part  m  ilie 
Crimean  campaign  as  general  of  division.  His  conduct  at  the 
battle  of  the  Alma  occasioned  imputations  upon  his  pcrsoiuil 
courage,  but  they  seem  to  have  b«n  entirely  groundless.  Be- 
tucning  tn  Fnnce  ha  undertook  the  chief  direction  of  the  Natioiuit 
Exhibition  of  18:5,  in  which  he  manifested  grcU  capacity. 
In  185S  be  was  appointed  minister  for  the  Colonies  and  Algeris. 
and  his  ■dminiatntlon  aroused  great  hopes,  but  his  activity 
was  diverted  into  a  diSerent  channel  by  his  sudden  maniacc 

>  Derhnd.  it  istuppoHd,fromthe 
'-Craiei-pUab-'  (fear-lead),  given  bin 


lombHibinb,'' 
Ts  in  the  Cria 


BONAR— BONAVENTURA 


Jb  Juouy  tSj9  vitli  the  princai  lliria  OodUa  of  Sivojr, 
duigliui  of  Vtctoi  Emnunud,  ■  pnhidc  to  tlie  mi  for  tbo 
libcntian  of  Italy,  la  thii  wir  Frincs  Nipolean  oonmudtd 
the  FiBidi  ooipi  ttut  occupied  Tutaay,  and  It  wu  oqwctnl 
thil  ke  would  become  rulet  of  the  principality,  but  he  refined 
u  eiat  uy  pnnuie  tqno  the  bhaUuati,  who  pref  entd  union 
with  the  ItilieB  Ungdom.  He  next  fcv  yean  vac  cUeSy 
diitiagBtdiid  by  PTnirtilrlf  ^Moehu  which  dlqdayed  the  princa 
b  the  nneipacted  ehaiactcr  of  a  great  ontot.  Unfortimatdy 
bii  indumllaB  equalled  hie  doquesce;  one  ipitA  (lUi)  lent 
him  to  Aneilca  to  avoid  a  duel  with  the  duke  d'ADmala;  another 
(1B65),  in  ididx  he  juMly  but  Intempeisttly  pnteated  egiinit 
the  Mfrif B  eqieditioD,  coet  ^^w^  all  his  offidal  dlfnl^ltfi  Never- 
Ihdea  he  >■•  inHueatlal  la  eflectinc  the  Tctonn  by  iririch  in  iWg 
it  wu  lougbt  to  lecoscUe  the  Empin  with  LJbenl  prindplo. 
Tke  fatal  war  of  iSto  wai  laolved  upon  during  hie  abicnce 
in  Norway,  and  wai  itrongly  coodemned  by  him.  After  the 
bit  diusien  he  undenook  an  ioeSectDal  miiaion  to  Italy  to 
implore  the  aid  ol  hii  fathei-ln-lawi  and  after  the  fall  of  the 
Empiie  lived  in  comparative  letlrement  imtU  In  iln  the  death 
of  Napoleon  in.*!  ion,  the  Prfaitc  Inpettal  (lee  Xm.  bdov), 
■   '■     "'*'  to  the  Napoleonic '"     "' " 


in  18S4.  Hedicdat  Rome  on  the  r7th  of  March  iS«i.  Id  the 
character  ^  hi*  Intetlecl,  ai  in  penmal  appearance,  be  bore 

xo  eilnonlinaiy  resemblance  to  the  fint  NapoIeoD,  poaieeaing 
tlu  ume  marvelloua  lucidity  of  insight,  and  the  lame  gift  of 
icfaliibly  diitloguiihiiig  the  euential  from  the  non-rnmitial. 
Be  was  a  warm  Iricnd  of  litentute  atid  art.  and  in  a  private 
itaiinn  ttoutd  have  achieved  high  distinction  u  a  man  of 

Hia  eldest  son.  Prince  Napoleon  Victor  Jdome  FiUfaic  <b. 
1861],  became  at  hti  death  the  lecogniied  bead  of  the  Freuh 
Bdupartist  parly.  Hh  secood  sod.  Prince  Louis  Napoleon,  an 
aSc«  in  the  Russian  army,  showed  a  Itta^et  dlqwaition,  and 
ns  more  favoured  in  tome  tnonarchiit  qaarten;  fa  iga6  he 
ma  made  govemat  of  the  Caucans. 

XII.  MjtTBnra  Letttu  Wilkeuiikk  (1810-1904),  dan^ter 
el  Jerome,  and  tiller  ol  ?na<x  Napdeon  PCI.),  was  horn  at 

Trieste  on  the  roth  of  Hay  itio;  after  being  ahnoit 
,^^^j,      betrothed  to  her  cousin  Loub  Napoleon,  bi  1840  she 

was  married  to  Prince  Anati^  Deraidor.  Hii  conduct, 
however,  led  to  a  separation  witUn  five  yean,  and  the  tiar 
Nichirias  compelled  him  to  make  Piinceu  MathOda  a  handsome 
allowance.  Alter  the  election  of  Louis  Napoleon  to  the  pieai- 
dency  of  the  repoblic  she  took  up  her  retidence  fa  Paris,  and 
did  the  IwDoun  of  the  Elysie  till  his  marriage.  She  continued 
to  liv«  in  Paris,  having  greet  inSuence  as  a  friend  and  patron  of 
men  of  an  and  letters,  till  her  death  on  the  n)d  of  January  1904. 

XIII.  Napoliok  EoGem  Loms  JuK  Joann  (1856-1879), 
FVince  Inpeilal,  only  son  of  the  emperor  Napoleon  in.  and  the 

_^^  emprees  Eugfnle,  was  bwn  at  Puii  on  the  i4th  of 
f"r^  Match  t8s6.  He  was  a  delicate  boy,  but  when  the 
■H  mf  war  of  1S70  broke  out  his  mother  seci  him  to  the  army, 
"•I'"*  10  win  popularily  for  him,  and  the  govtrtmienl  journals 
"  vaunted  his  bravery.    After  the  first  defeaU  he  bad 

to  See  from  France  with  the  empress,  and  settled  In  England 
at  ddslehiuit,  com[deIing  his  military  education  at  Wool*lcb. 
Ob  tlx  death  of  his  father  on  the  9th  o(  Jsnuary  187]  the 
Imperialists  piocUioKd  him  Xapoleon  IV.,  and  he  became 
Iht  official  Pietender,  Re  was  naturally  inactive,  but  he  was 
inloenceil  by  hh  mother  on  the  one  hand,  and  by  the  Bonapartist 
k»)en  in  France  on  the  other.  Ihey  thought  that  he  should 
win  his  crwra  by  tnDitaiy  prestige,  and  he  was  persuaded  to 
■tlath  himself  as  a  vohinteer  to  the  En^sh  expedition  to  Znhi- 
had  in  February  1B79.  It  wu  a  blunder  «>  have  allowed  him 
to  10,  and  the  bhinder  ended  in  a  tragedy,  for  while  out  On  a 
ce  with  a  few  Uoopdi  they  were  mprlwl  by  Znhn, 


the  Prince  Imperial  wu  killed  (June  I 

wu  brought  hack  to  England,  arbd  buried  at 

XIV.  The  BoHaniTES  or  Bumrau  a 

hmily  settled  in  America,  dcacended  from 

(VIL)  by  his  uuiM  with  Eliiabeth  (b.  1785), . 


a  Isanch  of  the 
le  Bonaparte 
eiofWiUiam 


Robert  Fatecaon  who  was  the  oii^nal  of  Sir  Walter  Scott's  "  Od 
Mortality."  The  macri^atodt  place  at  Baltimore  on  the  14th  of 
Decembef  iSoj,  hut  it  wu  greatly  disliked  by  Napotcon,  who 
_.._..!..  —  :Qg^in  {ts  legality.  However,  it  wu  valid  actnding 
la«,%nd  P^  Pinl  VH.  lefused  to  dcdaie  it  void. 
I  JeKOM  «u  forced  by  his  brother  to  separate 
himsell  fram  Us  wife,  •ham  he  had  brought  to  Europe,  aid 
after  a  stay  hi  ""gi"^  Uadatne  htterson,  or  Madame  Bona- 
parte, u  aha  wu  usually  caBed,  Mtumcd  to  Baltimore.  She 
"  ''  '  '  ma's  inly  child  by  this  marriage  was  Jerome 
.  rt*  (1805-1870),  who  was  bom  in  England, 
but  redded  chiefly  in  Baltimore,  and  is  said  to  have  shown  a 
marked  nMnUanca  to  his  uncle,  the  great  emperor.  He  wu 
on  good  terms  *fth  Jcmme,  who  for  some  time  nude  him  1  large 

10  called  Jtmns  Napoleon  Bcnaparte  (tSj»-i89j],  entered  the 
rench  army,  with  yrUch  ha  served  In  tha  Crimea  and  In  Italy. 
Chsries  Josqih  Bonaparte  (b.  1851),  younger  son  of  the  frit 
Jerome  Napoleon  Bonqiaite,  and  ■  grandson  of  Joome,  king 
of  Westphalia,  attahied  a  disthtguished  place  in  American 
pontics.  Bom  at  Baltimore  on  the  $th  of  Jons  iS;i  and  edu- 
cated at  Hamrd  Unhenfty,  be  beoime  a  lawyer  in  1874  and 
hat  been  pre^dent  of  the  National  Mnnidpa]  League  and  hu 
fiUed  otlier  public  poslthns.  Me  wu  secretary  of  the  navy  in 
President  Roosevelt's  caUneC  from  July  1905  to  December  190*, 
and  then  attamey-gateral  of  the  Dnlied  Staia  untn  March  1909. 
~  ~  kR,  BOUIira  (1808-1889),  Scottish  Presbyterian 
wu  bom  h)  Edinburgh  on  the  19th  of  December  iSog, 
icated  at  the  high  school  and  univenily  of  his  native  dty. 
term  of  mission  work  at  Leith,  he  was  appointed  parish 
T  of  Kelso  in  1837,  and  at  the  Disruption  of  184J  became 
T  of  the  newly  formed  Free  Church,  wheie  he  remained 
6,  when  be  vent  to  the  Chalmers  memorial  church,  Edin- 
borgh.  He  had  in  1S5]  received  the  D.D.  degree  from  Aberdeen 
~  '  >I1y,andin  i8Sjbcwas[nodetaIorof  thegeneialasscmbly 
of  his  church.  He  died  on  the  31st  of  July  1889.  Bonar  was  a 
writer  of  religious  literature,  and  edited  several  Journals, 
including  the  Ckriiliiiii  rreonry,  the  PruCylertsis  Rniev  and 
the  QmMtrly  Inmal  0/  Fnpkecy;  but  his  best  work  was  done 
In  hymnology,  and  he  published  three  sctSta  of  Hyvini  tj  Failk 
and  Htfe  between  1857  and  1866  (new  ed,  18S6}.  Nearly  every 
modem  hymnal  contains  perhlpl  1  score  of  his  hymns,  mduduig 
'■  Go,  labour  on,"  "I  beard  tbevmce  of  Jesus  siy,""  Here,  Omy 
Lord,  I  see  Thee  (ace  to  face,"  "  When  the  weary,  seeking  lert." 
See  Banlimi  Baaat,  DJ).,  a  Vosenof  (i$B9). 
BOHAVBriTTRA,  lAIITT  (Job*  01  Fidakea),  Frandacu 
thedogian,  wu  bOTnin  iiii  at  Bagnaru  b  Tuscany.  Bewu 
destined  by  his  mother  For  the  church,  and  b  said  to  have  received 
his  cognomen  of  Bonavtnlura  Irom  SI  Francis  of  Assisi,  who 
performed  on  him  a  mitaoUou)  core.  He  entered  the  Franciscan 
order  in  1343,  and  studied  at  Paris  possibly  under  Aleiander 
of  Hales,  and  certainly  under  Aleaander's  successor,  John  o( 
Rochelle,  to  whose  chair  be  succeeded  in  1153.  Tliree  years 
earlier  h^  fame  had  gained  (or  him  permission  to  read  upon  the 
.S'cMouer.andin  tijsherecefved  thedegrceofdoctor.  So  high 
was  his  reputation  that  ia  the  fidlowlng  year  he  was  fleeted 
general  of  his  order.  It  «u  by  his  order*  that  Roger  Bacon  wu 
intenKcled  from  lecturing  at  Oxford,  and  compelled  to  pot 
himself  under  the  surveillance  of  the  order  at  Puis,  He  was 
Instrumental  hi  procuring  the  election  of  Gregoiy  X.,  who 
rewarded  him  with  the  titla  of  cardinal  and  bishop  of  Albano, 
and  insisted  on  his  presence  st  tiie  great  coundl  of  Lyou  in  tha 
year  1174.    At  this  meeting  be  died. 

Bonaventura's  character  seems  not  unworthy  of  the  eulo- 
gistie  tlUe,  ^Doctm^SetapWcas,"  bestowed  on  him  by  his 


198 


BONCHAMPS— BOND,  SIR  E.  A. 


coatemponrio,  ind  of  the  plue  utignxd  la  Um  by  Duita  Jn  Ui 
Paradiu.  He  wu  faniully  usimiied  Id  1481  by  Siitui  IV., 
■nd  nuked  u  liiili  usoiif  the  pal  doclon  o(  the  chuicb  by 
SUtiu  V.  in  ijS;.  Hiimcki,  u  unoged  in  the  Lyosa  edJtion 
(7  volt.,  folio],  OBuiit  ol  npoaitiooi  ind  uimoni,  Mlog  the 

Lcnnlwidui,  in  two  votomei,  celdiatsl  uaumg  medieval  theo- 
~    u  u  toaiaipiimbly  the  heal  eipoiition  ol  tlie  thiid  put; 


.dD(m 


«  then 


;t  Fancit.  Tin  mullei  work*  ire  tlie  mott 
tmportuic,  aacl  of  tbem  the  bol  are  the  fBoaiu  llimrarium 
ilenlii  ni  Dcum,  Brmlf^un.  Dt  RUmlimt  Artium  ad  Ti€»- 
lofiam,  SiliiefHiiim,  and  Di  uflem  ilinirliia  atlonilalis,  in  which 
moil  oi  irb*t  ii  individuil  hi  liii  teaching  ii  coauioed. 
In  phikeophjr  Bonaventun  pnaeatt  t.  nuked  contiul  to 

While  thew  nay  be  tiken  u  lepicMoticg  nvectlvaly  phyiinl 
■dence  yel  1b  in  lafuKy,  utd  Aii«toteliu  acholaatidim  In  its 
Dwtt  perfect  fona,  be  bmici  befon  ui  (he  myatiol  utd  Pktonii- 
iag  Bwde  of  veculitlan  which  hid  already  to  aome  extent  found 
aprenion  in  Hugo  and  Richud  of  St  Vicioi,  and.  in  Benard 
of  ClaJivauT.  To  him  the  puiely  Intellectual  elemeiil,  though 
never  abaenc,  fi  of  Infciioi  [ntereit  when  compared  with  the 
living  powei  of  the  aSectioni  or  the  heart.  He  rejects  the 
authority  of  Aiiitotle,  to  whose  InSucnce  he  aicribca  much  ol  the 
bcretical  tendenc;  of  ^e  age,  and  lome  of  whose  caidinal 
doctrines — such  aa  the  eternity  of  the  world— he  combats 
vigoiously.  But  the  Plateaiim  be  lecdved  was  Plato  ai  undcr- 
■tood  by  St  Augustlae,  ud  ai  he  had  been  handed  dawn  by  the 
AJeandiian  acbwl  and  the  auitcr  of  the  myilkal  woiki  pawing 
UDdei  the  name  of  Dionyiius  the  Areopigite.  Bonaventun 
acc^ta  at  Platonic  the  theory  that  ideas  da  not  eiist  in  ttntm 
mUura,  hut  as  thoughts  ol  the  divine  mind,  according  to  which 
ictua]  Ihlnfs  were  formed;  aad  this  conception  hai  no  tligbt 
iDSuence  upon  his  philasophy.  Ljke  all  the  great  scholastic 
doclon  he  tlmti  with  the  discussion  of  the  relatiou  between 
reuon  and  fallL  All  the  sciences  arc  but  the  handmaids  of 
theology^  reason  can  discover  aooie  of  tlie  moral  tiuthi  which 
(onn  the  groundwoik  of  the  Giristlan  system,  but  othen  it  can 
only  receive  and  apprehend  through  divine  illumination.  Id 
Older  to  obtain  (hii  illuniinailon  the  soul  must  empby  the 
proper  mean),  which  are  prayer,  the  eierdse  of  the  vhrlues, 
whereby  It  Is  rendered  fit  to  accept  the  dlvbe  light,  and  medi- 
tation whkJi  may  rise  even  to  ecstatic  union  with  God.  Tbe 
Mpreme  end  of  Ufe  is  such  union,  union  in  conteaiplatlon  or 
hltellcct  and  in  Intense  absorbing  love;  but  It  cannot  be  endrely 
reached  in  this  life,  and  remains  ss  a  hope  for  futurity.  The 
mind  in  contemplating  Cod  Eias  three  distinct  aspects,  stages  or 
(tades^the  senses,  giving  empirical  knowledge  of  what  Is 
without  and  discerning  the  traces  (Kifijia)  of  the  divine  in  the 
worid;  the  reaaOD,  which  eiaminea  the  soul  iisc!!,  the  Image 
of  the  diWae  Bdng;  ud  lastly,  pure  Intellect  (iiUdlitniUa) , 
which,  Ina  tmucendest  act,  grasps  the  Being  of  the  divine  laose. 
To  these  thtee  cotmpmid  the  three  kinds  of  tbeology— fikufsf  ia 
$ymMUa,  ditela(ia  pnpria  and  M{g/c{ia  myilia.  Each  stage 
it  subdivided,  for  in  contempUting  the  outer  world  we  may  uie 
the  sense*  or  the  imagination;  we  may  rise  to  a  knowledge  of 
God  fa  talitia  or  i*  Kjfifiu.  In  the  £[>t  cue  the  three  great 
propeniet  of  physical  bodio— weight,  number,  meaaure, — in 
the  second  the  division  of  created  ihjngs  into  the  cLuses  of 
those  that  have  merely  physical  existence,  those  that  have  Ufe, 
and  those  that  have  thought,  Irreaiatibly  lead  us  to  conclude  the 
power,  wisdom  and  goo^ieu  of  the  Tiiune  God.  So  in  the 
•eoiad  stage  we  may  ascend  to  the  knowledge  of  God,  ftr 
AiMfJncn,  by  reason,  or  in  tmotine,  by  the  pure  understanding 
(biUfiiCliu) ;  hi  the  one  case  the  triple  division — menory, 
UDdcEstandlng  and  will, — in  the  other  the  Christian  viriuea — 
faith,  hope  and  charity, — leading  again  to  the  conception  of  a 
Trinity  of  divine  qualities — eternity,  truth  and  goodneia.    In 


foi  Don-beiBi  Caanot  be  conccivccl  apart  (totn  being,  of  «U^  it 
is  but  the  privation.  To  this  notion  of  abaoUite  bung,  which  is 
perfect  and  the  greatest  of  all,  objective  eiisleace  muit  b« 
ucdbed.  la  its  last  sad  highest  form  of  activity  the  mind  leatt 
In  the  coatenplatiea  ol  tits  iafiaite  goadnsaa  of  God,  wUdi  It 
appnhe&dcd  tqi  Dieaai  ^  the  UgbeK  faculty,  the  a^  aaiiMi  Of 
tynitnA  lUs  apaik  ol  the  diving  Hhmdnatian  h  emuBoa  la 
alt  lonns  of  nqpitklBn,  Init  BouMntioft  adds  to  it  peculiarly 
ChtistiaD denenl*.  llecoaipklejwIdiaiupofniadaDdlieart 
'  ~  God  Is  uaaltalaaUe  without  divine  grace,  aad  oolhing  icndeit 
.  so  fit  to  recdve  tlus  gift  as  the  asedlutive  and  aacdic  iife  ol 
the  cloister.    The  nonastic  life  is  the  heat  oeana  of  grace 

Bonaventnra,  however,  is  not  menly  a  tneditalivc  thinhef, 
whose  work*  may  font  good  manuals  ol  devotioD;  he  b  a 
dopaatlc  thaologlaa  of  Ugh  tank,  and  on  all  the  diluted 
(juesUoDs  of  schidaslic  thoii^t,  such  aa  univoials,  tnaltec, 
Uh  principle  of  individualism,  or  the  tnUSicJiu  agau,  he  gives 
weighty  and  weU-reaaancd  dedsions.  He  agRai  with  Alberto) 
Magnus  la  re^rding  thoofogy  as  a  practical  va/a 
according  to  his  view,  arc  peculiarly  adapted  U 
affections.    He  discusses  very  carefully  the  aatur 

■■  '        be  the  ideal 

ns  pn.«is(jng  in  the  divine  mind  acoocdinf  to  which  tUnp 
e   shaped;  holds  matter   to  ba   pue  poteatiality  whkk 

'er  of  God,  acting  according  to  the  ides*;  aad  Easily  mainlaiai        ' 
that  the  itildUdta  afu  ha*  no  separate- existence.   Oa  thesa        | 


EnrrKMs.— 7  vols.,  Rome.  ijM-isoS;  7  nW.,  Lyons.  iGM:         1 
t]  voU.,  Venice,  17SI  a.;  bv  A.  C,  Peltier,  IS  vols.,  Faria.  lU]  8.; 
10  voli.,  fiome.  i^-iSoi.    K.  J.  Hefiie  edited  llie  Bntiltvamm 
and  the  7li>i.  Menlii  (jid  ed.,  Tubingen,  I>6l);  two  voluniea  ol         . 

"^LtruATi?!.— W.  A.  Hol'k:iiber^^i:Hufin  n  Bemmt<Hn  (1B61):         ' 
F.  Nit(icb.an.iaH[noc-Haiick,]EMi(iwyjt./erf>nM;n<iJ..wheK         I 
a  list  of  moHHraphs  is  pven,  to  wbkh  add  one  by  De  Chtviuct 
(ISW).  (H.Ad.;X.)  I 

BOHCHAim,  CBULBS  HBLCKOB  AfiTUS,  MakqCie  Dg         | 
(f.  1760-1793),  Vendfan  leader,  was  bom  at  Jouverteil,  Anjou. 
He  gained  his  first  military  experience  in  tfic  American  War  of         j 
Independence,  and  on  his  return  to  France  was  made  a  captain         < 
of  grenadiers  in  the  French  army.    He  was  a  staunch  upholder         j 
of  the  monard^.  and  at  the  outbreak  of  the  French  Revolution 
resigned  bis  conuoand  and  retired  to  his  chiteau  at  &t  Florent.         1 
In  tbe  spring  of  1 793  he  was  chosen  ieada  by  the  insurgents  of         I 
the  Vend^  and  to  his  counsels  may  be  attributed  in  gteM 
meaiure  the  auccess  of  the  peasanla'  atma.    He  was  pteacot  at 
the  tailing  oi  Bressuire,  Thousn  and  Fontonay,  at  which  last 
place  he  waa  wounded;  but  dissensions  among  their  Isadert 
weakened  the  insurgents,  and  at  the  bloody  battle  of  Cholet 
(October  titii  the  Vendfana  sustained  a  severe  defeat  and 
Bonchsmps  waa  mortally  wounded.     He  died  the  ocit  day. 

repubUcsn  priionen,  whom  his  troops  had  swotn  to  kill  ia  : 

revenge  for  his  death.    A  statue  of  him  by  David  d'Angoi  | 

stands  in  the  church  of  St  Floient.  1 

BOND,   SIB  BDWABD  AnantTUI      (iSis-iggS),   English 

Ubraiian,  was  bom  at  HanwcU  on  the  31st  of  December  iSij,  | 


a  tduulmaiUT.     He  was  cducatei 


Tiybts'  school,  and  in  iSji  obtained  a  post  in  tbe  public  cecoid 
office.  In  1838  he  becune  an  assistant  in  the  Bunuscttpl 
department  of  the  British  Museum,  where  he  attracted  tht 
notice  of  his  chief,  Su  Frederick  Madden,  the  most  enunenl 
palaeographer  o(  his  day,  and  in  i8;a  he  was  made  Egerton 
librarian.  In  iSjt  be  became  assistant  keqier  of  MSS.,  and  ia 
igfiy  was  promoted  to  the  post  of  keeper.  His  work  in  re- 
organiaing  the  manuscript  department  was  of  lasting  value, 
and  to  him  it  due  the  classified  catalogue  ol  MSS.,  and  the 
improved  eSdency  and  punctuality  of  publication  of  the 
department.  In  iS;E  he  was  appdnted  prindpal  librarian. 
Undn.his  supervision. were  erected  the  new  building*  of  lbs 


BOND— BONDE 


"Whiu  WlBf,"  which  pRivUe 

d/iwmgs,  miuiuKiipts  tud  aewipApcn,  and  the  purchaac  of 
ihe  Slowe  MSS,  vu  omdudcd  whOs  he  nnokcd  in  office. 
He  fbimdcil,  in  coniunctioa  vith  Sir  E.  Maiinle  llMmpMn.  thi 
Piluopiphicul  Sodety,  wid  Gnt  made  dwia]  paluogmphy 
u  euct  KJeiice^  He  tru  mtde  LL.D.  of  Cambndge  In  1879, 
cnLcd  C.fi.  in  iS8^  and  K.C.B.  the  day  before  his  death  on 
the  ind  of  Juuaiy  189(1.  tl'  '"*'  '^  editor  of  four  volumes 
of  (inifniv  ol  Augto-Saion  chaiteit  from  6jg  tn  the  Conquest, 
rtt  S#«fel  in  tti  r™j  */  Wairm  HaHixp  (1859-1841),  uk) 
A  number  of  other  mtereating  historic  documents. 

BONO,'  In  Enfliih  law,  >n  ohliguion  by  deed  Its  dciign  Is 
10  Kcure  that  the  obligor,  >j:.  the  penon  giving  the  bond,  mil 

tod  lor  this  purpose  the  obJigor  hinds  him^lf  jn  ^  penalty  to  the 
cl^gs,  with  a  condition  added  tfut,  if  the  obligor  pays  the  sum 
SKiired— which  is  usuall)'  half  the  penalty — or  does  or  rebnins 
fimi  doing  the  specified  act,  the  bond  shall  be  void:  Dthenrise 
It  ihill  nmain  in  full  fwoe.  Thil  condition  Is  known  as  the 
ddcasancc  because  it  defeats  or  nndaes  the  bond.  Hie  form 
^  a  common  money  bond  mas  as  follows: — 

Know  AU  Men  by  these  pmcntt  that  I,  A.  B.  Iiume,  addieo  tod 
docripiHja  ol  abli^r),  am  IfDund  to  C,  D.  (name,  ttddreia  and  dcicrip. 
iLonofohliiicFj  Jn  the  lum  □(  ^(iDoal  lo  be  paid  totbe  laid  (abli|ee1. 
his  txecuton,  adminiBtntDn  or  amrDs  or  to  lib  or  their  atumey 

f  uacaeyt,  for  which  naymmt  1  Bind  myeelf  by  -"- 

SoMvlihinrwU    Dated  thil       ,       iby  of 


The  nndilnn  of  the  above-wiitten  bond  is  luch  that  if  the  (t 
diTp'i. 


pay  Co  the  above-named  C.  D.,  hta  beira,  vi 
uinnnimiiiis  or  uiipit  Ihe  sum  of  ([lOOO],  with  Inteiec 
■ne  from  the  date  of  ihe  above-writleo  bond  al  tlie  rale  o 
pa  cent  per  anDum  without  any  deduclion,  tlien  the  above 
bool  ifaall  be  void :  otherviie  the  band  ihall  remain  in  (uU : 

Stannl.  Kukd  and  cMIveied 
by  the  above-named  A,  B. 
in  tlie  presence  of  (witnesal 

Kccitals  are  frequently  added  to  nphln  the 
indri  which  the  bond  is  given. 

If  Ihe  condition  i>  not  peifoimed,  i.i.  if  the  obligor  doa  not 
pay  the  money  l>y  the  day  stipulated,  w  do  w  tefrain  fnun 
dcing  the  act  pnrvided  for,  the  bond  beomnei  forfeit  or  absolute 
It  law,  and  chatRes  Ihe  obligor  and  his  estate  (see  ConweyanchiR 
Act  1881,1.  59).  In  dd  days,  when  1  Iwnd  was  iorfelt,  the  whole 
peially  was  recoverable  »t  law  and  payment  fell  Htm  conld  not 
be  pleaded  to  an  action  on  It,  but  the  court  of  chancery  early 
ioierposcd  to  prevent  opprcsdon.  It  betd  the  penalty  of  a  bond 
to  be  the  form,  not  the  sobslance  of  It,  a  pledfte  merely  to  Kcnn 
tepaymenl  ol  the  sun  bona  fide  advanced,  and  would  not  permit 
i  man  to  t^e  more  than  in  conscience  he  ought,  i^.  in  caso'ol 
s  common  money  bond,  his  principal,  interest  and  eiipeiim. 
Thil  equitable  triief  received  itatotory  recognition  by  an  act  ol 
I7°S,  which  provided  that.  In  cue  of  a  common  naney  bond, 
[ayiacnt  of  the  lesser  sum  with  interest  and  coMt  shall  be  taken 
m  lull  sititfactlon  of  the  bond.  An  obligee  of  a  common  money 
bond  cau,  since  the  date  of  the  Ju£cature  Act,  obtain  Bummary 
Hpnent  under  O.  »iv.  (R.S.C.  iMj)  by  qiecially  endorsing 
to  wft  under  O.  IH,  R.  6. 

-Bondt  were,  however,  and  itin  Kit  i^ven  to  secure  peifbrmance 
4 1  variety  of  matters  other  than  the  payment  of  a  tum  of  money 
K 1  filed  date.    They  may  be  given  and  ace  givn,  lor  Inatance, 

'  Tbu  word,  meaiung  "  that  which  hinds,"  la  a  phonetic  variant 
of "  hind."  and  i>  derived  from  the  Teuioitic  foot  leen  in  biricn, 
to  bind:  it  mint  be  dIadnnUshed  fnm  the  obnlete  "  bond." 
■■aninf  ofliMlTahBUiehorder.  lo  the  lawsof  Canute  thisword 
hnMalequd  to  the  Old  English  cnrJ  (>«  Ciiuu,).and  thus,  a* 
U^nd'i  pi^n  became  lea  free  after  the  Nomun  Canqueii,  the 

ThewordisinOld  English  tends,  aod'appean  In  "  husband  "  (g.i.), 
aM  im  dnKHl  fnin  the  not  of  the  vertl  Ma,  (o  dwell,  10  han  a 
■e>"e,'  the  Latin  ttUrt,  and  thua  in  orimn  ia  cofnaie  with  Gcrmaa 
Urn  and  Engtiih  "  bi«r," .  The  tian!ilioa  in  meaning  to  the  Idea 

tnnniEion  of  meaning  in  "  bondage,"  properly  "  lenUR  in  vUIcJa- 
aft,"  but  now  vatd  ai  Byooinrniaua  with  "  ■Uvcry."  A  tOCC  of  the 
tarty  oeaai^  stQI  lurvivts  la  "  bondager  "  (^.t.). 


m  settle  a 


IT  that  a 


rival  bosinCM  shall  not  be  carried  on  by  the  obligor  ocept 
within  certain  Ucnils  of  time  and  space.  The  same  object  can 
often  be  attained— «iid  mora  conveniently  attained — by  a 
covenant  than  by  bond,  and  coveiaDts  have  in  the  practice  d 
coDveyanctrs  largely  tupetseded  bonds,  but  then  ire  caMS 
wh^  security  by  bond  Is  still  prefemble  to  aecutity  by  covetianl. 
Thus  nnder  a  bond  to  aecure  an  annuity,  if  the  obUgor  makes 
default,  judgment  may  be  entered  for  the  penalty  and  stand  as 
security  for  the  tuluie  payments  without  the  necessity  of 
bringing  a  froh  action  for  each  payment.  In  cases  of  bonds 
with  spedil  conditions,  such  as  tbote  Instanced  above,  the 
remedy  of  the  nUigee  for  breach  ol  the  condition  is  prescribed 
by  an  act  of  1696,  the  procedure  under  which  is  preserved  by  the 
Judicature  Act  (O.  nli,  R,  t,  O.  ilii.  R,  u).  The  obtigee 
aisigns  the  particular  breaches  of  wbtch  he  complains,  dainsgei 
in  reelect  of  such  breachea  arc  assessed,  and,  on  payment  Into 
court  by  the  obligor  of  the  amount  of  such  damagei,  the  cmirt 
entenaaiayofcuculion.  Adifficultywhich  has  much  elerdied 
and  still  cierdiei  the  courts  is  to  determine,  In  these  cases  ol 
special  conditions,  whether  the  sum  for  which  the  bond  Is  given 
is  a  true  penally  or  uily  liquidated  damages.  There  is  nothing 
to  prevent  the  parties  to  a  bond  from  agreeing  the  damages  fot 
a  breach,  and  if  they  have  done  to,  the  court  will  not  inleittte, 
as  It  will  in  the  case  of  a  penalty,  Tix  leading  case  on  the 
subjcirt  is  KtmbU  v.  Panen  (1819;  6  Bing.  148). 

Bonds  given  to  secure  the  doing  of  anything  which  Is  contrary 
to  the  pijicy  of  the  hiw  are  void.  Such,  far  instance,  is  a  bond 
^ven  to  a  woman  for  future  cohabitation  (as  distinguished  from 
past  cohabitationl,  or  a  nurrhge  brocage  bond,  that  Is,  a  bond 
^ven  to  procure  a  marriage  between  parties.  (Sec  the  matif- 
nionlal  agency  case,  ffmtuBB  V.  CfcirfcjTPffrt*,  1905,  iK.B.  iij). 
It  was  not  without  design  that  Shakespeare  laid  the  scene  of 
Shylock's  lult  on  Antoiuo'a  bond  in  a  Venetian  court;  the  bond 
would  have  had  short  shrift  in  an  English  court, 

Poti  Obil  Bondi. — A  poat  oint  bond  Is  one  given  by  an  expectant 
heir  or  legatee,  payable  on  or  after  ibe  death  of  the  persoa  from 
whom  the  obligor  has  eapectatSoH.    SiKh  a  bond,  if  iha  obligee  kaa 

ilDOssuy  Aaadi.— A  botUBiry  bond  Is  a  omlnct  of  faypotbecatioa. 
by  which  the  owner  of  a  ship,  or  the  master  as  his  agut.  borrows 
rannfu  fnr  the  UK  01  Ac  ahfa  to  meet  khAc  emergency,  ix.  necessary 
lod  pkdga  the  ship  (or  keel  or  bottom  of  the  A^  ^^^^ 


eM*)  as  •acunty  (or  npmMBt.    If  the  diiii  aef  eb'  •ccoi 
KoyoB.  the  sbliiaa  get!  kis  miiey  bade  with  Ihe  agreed  i 
if  the  sUp  I*  lotall*  kiat,  he  loses  it  altogether. 

lityi^i  Amidr.— Lloyd's  bonds  aie  IniltDments  nnder  the  icw  «  ■ 
Tslway  company,  admitting  the  Indebtedness  ol  th*  eoDpaay  w 
the  oHlgt*  to  a  speciiad  amouai  for  worit  doo*  ar  goods  nopM, 
with  a  covenant  to  pay  him  auch  amount  with  mterest  on  a  futuiff 
day.    Tbey 


of  record  and  Iherc^  becoming  ai 


Dftnian  il«di, — Lleheni 
theaiiet?    (See  Dmenidi 

obl«Btion  of  icoird. 

joioed  with  a  conveyance  ol  land,  and  held  by  a  creator  as  aecuriiy 

for  hit  debt, 

For  pKida  "  in  bond  "  ne  BoHnen  WAURoraa.         ^  Ua.) 

BOVDAGBR.  a  wotd  meaning  generally  a  aervnnt,  bat  q>ecl- 

ally  used  In  the  south  of  Scotland  and  NorthumberbuuJ  as  the 

term  lor  a  female  outworker  whom  a  married  fann-bbavier.  tlvtng 

in  a  cottage  attached  lo  the  farm,  undertakes  ai  a  coDdltion  of 

his  tenancy  to  supply  for  field-bbour,  sometimo  abo  to  board 

and  lodge.    The  ori^n  of  the  system  was  a  dearth  of  fidd-lsbowl. 

BORDB,  QQETAV.  Cotnrr  (ieio--i66T),  Swedish  ttaletinali. 

Re  is  remarkable  for  being  the  permstent  advocate-ol  a  pacific 

policy  at  a  lime  when  wai  on  the  sDghtest  provocation  iru  the 

watdwmd  of  every  Swedish  politician.    Even  the  {lopular 


200 

Pdish  advenlun  ot  Chsriti  X.  vu  itRnamiily  appatcd  bjr 
Bonde,  though  when  onu  It  wu  decided  upon  be  rnkterliU/ 
uilsled  the  Ung  to  find  the  aeaxa  tot  cmying  it  on.  Be  vu 
■iu  fa  £&VDur  of  itiict  comomy  coupled  with  the  iccoveiy  of  the 
loytl  domains  tihkli  hul  (alien  into  the  huds 
though  hit  iiatunlpiftulityfothiifeilow-peeiicuDeoiii  deuly 
fwiwig^  vhea  in  t6ss  be  wn  afftoiated  a  member  of  Chuiea  X.'i 
hod'Tecoveiy  iT^fnWii"T*  In  1659  he  laccecded  Henziaa 
FlenilDff  as  lord  tugh  ticasureri  and  waa  oae  of  the  council  of 
regency  appdnted  to  govern  Sveden  during  the  mlnodty  of 
OoHei  XL  In  iMi  he  pntcDled  lo  the  lenate  >  plan  which 
aimed  at  Tendering  Sweden  altogether  iodependent  ol  [oreign 
aahsidirs,  by  a  policy  oE  peace,  econony  and  trade-development, 
and  by  fuitbcr  lecovsy  et  alieoated  estatet.  Hk  budget  in 
the  following  year,  Irajfted  on  the  lame  ptindplei,  suheeiiuenlly 
■crved  as  u  invaluable  fiUeta  Cliarki  XL  Bonde'i  eitra- 
wdinaiy  teudty  of  purpoM  enabkdhim  fei  tontt  yean  to  carry 
ogt  hti  pngnmme,  deqiite  th*  oppaalUul  of  tbe  najority  of 
tin  lenaCe  and  hii  co-Rgents,  who  prefened  the  more  adventur- 
ous methods  of  the  chancellai  Mignut  de  bi  Gardie,  ultimately 
10  ruDons  lo  Sweden.  But  tie  ambition  of  tbe  digaicbs, 
the  feai  and  jealousy  of  innumetable  monopoliMs  who  roi 
aims  (gainst  bis  policy  ol  economy,  proved  at  but  loo  •tracg 
toi  Bonde,  wbUe  the  ccetly  and  uielca  expedition  agairat 
BnoKn  In  i££j,  undertaken  contrary  to  hk  advice,  completed 
the  rain  of  tbe  finances.  In  hit  lalec  yean  Bonded  powcn  of 
itiiilance  were  weakened  by  £ekaaa  and  mortiftcatlon  at  the 
tiTOni[Ji  of  reckless  eitravaganee,  and  he  pncticaUy  rctiied 
from  tlie  governcoent  some  tfme  hUratt  hb  death. 

See  MaiHo  VbIwII,  Sitritts  SUiluma  (Stockholm,  lUi). 

WUIDSD  WABBHOUA  a  warehoase  esUblisbed  by  the 
Hate,  Or  t^  private  enleiprise,  in  utiich  gooik  liable  to  doty 
arc  lodged  until  the  daty  upon  them  has  been  paid.  Frevions 
to  the  eslabtlahment  of  bonded  waiebouaea  in  Eagland  the  pay- 
ment of  duties  on  imported  goods  bad  to  be  made  at  the  time 
o(  importation,  or  a  bond  with  security  for  future  payment 
given  to  the  revenue  autboriUea.  lie  inconvenieruxa  of  this 
system  wot  many;  it  waa  001  always  potsible  lor  tbe  importer 
to  God  sureties,  and  be  had  often  to  niake  an  immediate  sale  ol 
the  goods,  in  order  to  raise  the  duty,  frequently  selling  when 
the  market  was  depre(9ed.and  price*  low;  the  cbity,  having  to 
be  paid  In  a  lamp  sum,  raised  the  price  of  tbe  go(>di  by  the 
amount  of  tbe  Intenst  on  the  capila]  required  to  pay  tbe  duty; 
competitioD  was  itifled  from  the  (act  thai  Urge  capital  was 
required  (or  tbe  importation  of  the  mmi  heavily  taxed  articles; 
there  waa  alio  the  dlSculty  ol  granting  an  exact  equivalent 
drawback  to  the  exporter,  on  go«b  which  had  already  paid 
duty.  To  obviate  these  difficulties  snd  to  put  a  check  upon 
(rahik  on  tb  rtventie,  Sir  Robert  Walpok  inpend  In  hia 
"  eidH  scheme  "  of  17J3,  the  syitem  of  waicbonring,  so  lai  sa 
Concerned  tobacco  and  wine.  ^K  proposal,  however,  waa  very 
•opopular,  and  It  was  not  tiH  tSoi  that  the  lyitem  waa  actually 
adopted.  By  an  act  of  that  year  Impcrted  goods  were  to  be 
placed  bi  warehoilses  approved  by  tbe  cuHoma  anthoijtks,  and 
Importer!  were  to  ^vc  "  bonda "  fta  payment  of  dntiei  when 
the  loodi  were  removed.  It  was  from  this  that  the  wajebomea 
received  tbe  name  ol  "  bonded  "  or  "  bonding."  The  Customs 
Conwdidation  Act  iSs3  dispensed  with  the  giving  ai  bM^,  anil 
Uid  down  various  provbioBt  for  securing  the  paymoit  of  cnttcnn) 
duties  on  goods  warehoused,    lliese  provWans  ace  Contained  in 

the  Ciistnns  and  InUnd  Revenue  Act  lUo,  and  the  Seventie 
Act  1881.  The  warchousea  are  known  as  "  Ung^  vaiebouics," 
and  by  a.  *l4  oi  the  act  o<  1S76  are  defined  aa  "  any  piace  pro- 
vided by  the  down  or  approved  by  the  commiMianeis  of 
customs,  lor  the  deposit  oi  goods  for  leaulty  tbereol,  and  the 
duties  due  thereon."  By*.  11  of  the  same  act  the  treasury  may 
appoint  HVEhoualng  porta  or  places,  and  the  nunmiialnneri 
oi  cnttooB  may  from  time  to  time  approve  and  appoint  ware- 
htosei  in  such  ports  or  plaoea  when  goodi  nuy  be  wsrebouied 
or  kept,  and  fix  the  amount  of  rent  payable  In  respect  tit  tbe 
(Oodk  The  iBopiktororoGcupleroI  every  warehouieao  approved 


BONDED  WAREHOUSE— BONE 


(except  EiistinK  oarehoiBa  «f  spedal  aecurtty  In  reject 
of  which  security  by  bond  has  hitherto  been  dispensed  witb), 
or  some  one  on  his  bcbslf,  must,  before  uy  goods  be  warebouied 
therein,  ^ve  secorily  by  bond,  or  such  other  security  aa  the 
coomizisionen  may  approve  of,  for  the  payment  of  the  full 
duties  chargeable  on  any  goods  warehoused  therein,  01  for  the 
due  expoitBlk)D  thereof  (s.  rj).  All  goods  deposited  in  a  wire- 
hoiae,  without  payment  of  duty  on  the  first  Importation,  upon 
being  entered  tor  home  consumption,  are  diargeabfe  with 
existing  duties  on  like  goods  under  any  cuatoma  acta  En  tore* 
at  the  time  of  passing  su^  entry  (i.rg).  The  act  abo  pctscribei 
various  nda  (or  tbe  unsbipiiing,  laridiog,  examlnalioa,  ware- 
homing  and  custody  of  goods,  and  tbe  penaltfas  on  breach. 
The  system  of  wsrehousing  bat  proved  of  great  advantage  both 
to  tmpottett  sod  purcbaiers,  as  the  payment  of  duty  It  deferred 
until  tbe  goods  are  required,  while  the  lillHiDedB,  or  warrants, 
are  tratisferaUe  by  endorsement. 
While  the  goods  are  fa  ibe  warduwte  ("ia  bond")  tbe  owner 


y  subject  them  tr 


o  fit  tl 


the  muket,  such  as  tbe  repackiag  snd  mbdng  of  tea,  the 

arising  from  sudi  processes  or  (mn  leakage,  evaporatioo  and 
ibeUkL 

BOHim,  a  Frendi  peotectorate  In  West  Africs,  depaideot  on 
the  colony  of  Senegal  Boodu  lie*  between  tbe  Falcsoe  river 
sod  the  upper  covrse  of  tbe  Gambia,  that  is  betwem  ij°  and 
r5°N.,andii*aodi]°  W.  The  country  is  an  elevated  plateau, 
witb  bins  in  tbe  southern  and  central  puts.  These  are  gowrally 
unproductive,  sthI  covered  with  stunted  wood;  but  the  lower 
country  is  ierlile,  sod  finely  ckiihed  with  tbe  baobab,  the 
tamarind  and  various  valuaUe  fruit-trees  Bondn  is  traversed 
by  lorrcots,  vbicb  flow  rsfndly  during  tbe  rains  but  are  empty 
in  tbe  dry  leasin,  such  slresms  being  known  in  this  part  of  West 
Africa  as  maritsli.  The  inhabitanis  are  mottiy  Fula,  ihout^ 
tbe  trade  is  largely  in  tbe  bands  of  Mandingcs.  The  religion  and 
laws  of  tbe  country  are  Mahomnkrdan,  thov^  the  precepts  of 
that  iaitb  are  not  very  ligorouily  ohxived.  Mungo  Park,  the 
first  Europesn  traveler  to  vlut  tbe  (Oimtty,  paued  through 
Bondu  in  im,  and  bad  to  submit  to  many  exactions  iron  the 
reigning  priitce.  The  roysl  residence  waa  tbeo  at  Fatteconda; 
but  when  Mafor  W.  Gray,  a  British  officer  who  attenipted  to 
solvn  the  Niger  ptobltn,  visited  Bondu  in  181S  it  had  been 
removed  to  Bulibani,  a  small  town,  witb  about  jooo  population, 
■nrrounded  by  a  strong  clay  waU.  In  August  1S4S  tbe  king  of 
Bondu  ligned  a  tnaty  recogniiing  French  sovereignty  over  hit 
coontiy.  Tia  maty  was  disteffirded  by  the  natives,  but  in 
1858  Bondu  canMi  definitely  under  French  conlnl.  The  country 
baa  siOEe  cafiqied  conildarable  pnaperity  (see  Seneoal).  . 

Sae  A.  KaBEOB,  U  BtmdtK  Unit  ii  ^atntUt  M  tUtlinrt 
nuianiiiui  it  Ml  i  najmi  (Bordeaui,  itM). 

Km,  BBntT  (iTSS-i8m}>  En^ish  entmd  painter,  waa  bom 
at  Tinra.  Be  was  mudi  employed  by  London  jewellem  for  small 
designs  in  enamel,  before  his  merits  ss  an  artist  were  wdl  krtown 
to  the  pobUc  In  1800  tbe  beauty  of  bis  pieces  attracted  the 
notice  «(  tbe  Royal  Academy,  of  which  be  was  then  admitted 
aa.an  aaodate;  in  iSii  be  wss  made  an  acsdemlrian.  Dp  to 
l8]t  ha  executed  many  beautiful  miniatute  piece*  of  much 
larger  siie  than  had  been  attempted  before  in  England;  among 
these  his  eitfity-five  portraits  of  the  time  of  Queen  EUsabetb, 
ol  diSerent  tlies,  from  5by4toi3by81n.  are  most  admired. 
They  were  dbpoied  of  by  public  sale  after  his  death.  His 
BacchBs  and  Ariadne,  after  'ntian,  painted  on  a  l^te,  brought 
tbe  gieat  price  of  iim  tiiiiifai 

BMB  (a  word  common  in  vaitoos  foms  to  Teutonic  lantnagea, 
in  many  of  which  h  b  confined  to  the  ibank  of  tbe  leg,  as  In  the 
German  iUa),  tbe  hard  tissue  constituting  the  ftanicworkol  the 


ung  pnpte.    II  is  due  to  the 


icddica 


Ibsut  o(  Ibe  bone  uid 

uflk  ninmytiiiii.  which  hu  Ibc  advuUfe 

axt  IS  well  u  tlw  euci  sut  (juitXit,  murow)  oi  me  mum- 

mtion  h  SlapiylaimM  tytma  anraa,  which  mcuu  Uul  Uk 
paa  (nllfci  in  diuKn  like  si*pa,  Uul  ibiy  (ic  of  the  viiukot 
pus-pioducing  kind,  tad  that  Ihcy  h)v«  k  ycUow  tiii|C.  Al  ■ 
mic,  ihc  gtrau  find  iheii  way  to  the  bone  by  the  blood-stnan, 
ibich  they  luvi:  cntcrtd  through  the  membivie  liniiLg  the 
iHiuiliai(u11ei.  dcumeDthcipanaf  the  iliioenuiiy  cuuL  la 
the  ptc-jDtiieptic  dayt  they  oflen  entered  the  sawn  bone  dming 
Ibr  ADiputation  oF  2.  limb,  ud  were  not  iztfrequently  the  came 
dI  bJood-poisonlog  and  death.  When  the  individual  ii  well  and 
itront.  and  there  haa  been  no  hurt,  atiuo  or  accident  In  lower 
111'  power  of  nsutance  of  the  bone,  the  ilaphylococd  may 
citciiblF  harmlculy  in  the  hiood,  until  thejr  an  gndually  eaten 
up  b}'  the  white  corpuscle*^  but  ii  a  bone  haa  been  injured  it 
utm  a  likely  and  attractive  focui  to  the  wandering  genu. 

havio^  begun  to  germinate  in  Lhe  damaged  bone  find  their  way 
by  the  bkod-atmm  into  othei  tiuues,  and  developing  (ttei  their 
tind,  aie  ipt  to  omu:  blood-jwiwning.  Should  a  suigeon  piick 
hii  finger  whilst  t^ieiating  on  1  case  ol  septic  esteoayeliiU  his 
bkxtd  also  might  be  poisooed,  and  he  would  nm  the  risk  o[  losing 
his  ^nger,  his  hand,  01  even  his  life.  The  starting-point  of  the 
dijc;ise  is  the  delicate  growing  tissue  recently  deposited  between 
tlu  main  pan  of  the  shaft  of  the  bone  <di>pbysis)  and  the  cuttla- 
ginmis  end.  And  it  often  happens  that  the  eailicst  complaint 
of  piin  is  Just  above  «  bekiw  the  knee;  just  (bav«  the  ankle, 
the  elbow  or  the  wiisl.  It  the  nrgun  b  ptompl  In  operating 
he  nay  find  the  disease  limited  to  that  spoL  la  the  case  of 
infints,  the  gemu  are  very  apt  to  make  thtit  my  into  the 
uighbouring  joint,  givuigrise  to  the  very  MrJouidiseuekBawD 
ii  aaU  orfAHfii  tj  infaMl. 

Probabty  the  fint  vgn  of  there  being  anything  anfss  with  the 
Hflib  will  be  a  complaint  of  aches  or  pains  near  a  joints  and 
Ih&e  pains  an  apt  to  be  miscalled  rheumatic  Perh^a  they 
occoi  during  convalescence  from  scarlet  or  typhoid  fever,  ta  after 
t^iosuie  to  injury,  or  to  wet  or  cotd,  or  alter  unusual  fatigue, 
lie  put  beCDtnes  swollen,  hot,  red  and  eicessively  tendei;  the 
lendemess,  however,  is  not  in  the  skin  but  in  the  bone,  uid  in 
the  engorged  DicnbiiDe  araund  It,  the  periosteum.  The  tem- 
penioie  may  mo  up  to  104*  and  may  be  associated  with  con- 
vuliiont  or  thive ringt.  The  patient's  nighu  in  disturbed,  and 
my  likrly  Ip  has  violent  dellnum.  If  the  cue  is  allowed 
to  drift  on,  abMBn  forms,  and  death  may  aaae  boa  ttptk 
pDeuiiKinia,  or  pericarditis,  or  from  some  other  form  of  blood- 
poiwung. 

As  soon  ai  the  disuse  is  recogniied  an  Incision  should  bi  made 
dcwn  I0  the  bone,  ud  the  aSected  area  should  be  scraped  out,  and 
ilisinitcted  with  a  solution  of  corrosive  sublimate.  A  consideiable 
im  of  the  bone  may  be  found  stripped  bare  by  sub-pciiosteal 
■iMccss,  and  neootis  Is  likely  to  ensue.  Perhaps  the  shaft  of 
Ibe  bone  will  have  to  be  opened  up  in  the  chief  part  of  lis  length 
iootdertbatil  may  be  cleared  of  grnfls  and  pus.    The  surgeon  is 


in  theii 


«  Uttle  in 


. ly  be  that  the  whole  of  that  piece  of 

tone  (diaphysis)  which  ties  between  the  joint-ends  Is  found  loose 
in  a  large  abscss  cavity,  and  in  some  esses  immediatp  amputa- 
tion of  the  limb  may  be  found  necessary  in  order  tosave  life;  in 
oth«  cues,  amputation  may  be  called  [01  later  because  of  Icog- 
coatinued  suppuration  and  grave  conslilulionai  distuibance. 
Scnul  bones  may  be  affected  at  the  same  time,  and  large  pieces 
oi  ihcm  may  be  killed  outright  (muHifli  •uaosii)  by  inflam- 
DUoty  engorgement  and  devastating  abace&s. 
Septic  ostitis  may  be  coolouaded  witk  erysipclBs  and  rhiumi- 


^e.  201 

dsn.but  ihecutnl  tkkfcnJBiaBd  tfndrmeii  ihwiW.  snffict  10 
distinguish  it. 

CImau  titilii  aod  ptHtttilU  dcuite  long-continued  and 
increased  VBSculai  supply.  Thiamay  bedue  toinjury,syphilisot 
rhramatiun.  The  disease  is  found  chiefly  in  the  shafts  of  Ibe 
bones.  Then  is  a  dull  pain  in  the  bou,  which  is  wane  at  ni^l, 
and  the  InBamed  piece  of  bone  is  Ihicluned  and  tender.  Tlte 
tump  thus  formed  is  called  a  hard  nodt^  and  its  outline  showi  ^ 
dearly  by  X-rayi.  Tic  affected  limb  should  be  rested  and  k^ 
elevated.    Leeches  and  fomentations  may  ease  the  pain,  and 

Ckmk  imfammaiuai  tj  tubaiiJiia  arigim  affects  the  soft, 
cancellated  tissue  of  such  tiones  as  the  vertebrae,  and  the  tioncs 
of  the  hands  and  feet,  as  well  as  the  spongy  ends  of  the  lotigbortes. 
In  tuberculous  ostitis  the  presence  of  the  bacilli  in  the  spongy 
lisstK  causes  an  escape  of  colourless  corpuscles  from  the  Uood, 
which,  collecting  around  the  bacilli,  form  a  small  greyish  white 
heap,  ilubtnll.  Thoe  tubercles  may  be  present  in  large  numbcn 
al  the  eipense  of  the  hviog  tissue,  and  a  rarifyiitt  oililii  is  thus 
produced-  Later  the  tubercles  break  downandfoim  tuberculous 
abscesses,  which  slowly,  and  almost  painlessly,  find  ev^pc  upoo 
the  surface.  They  should  not  be  allowed  toopenspontaneouslyr 
however,  as  the  wounds  an  then  likely  to  become  infected  with 
pus- producing  germs,  and  fuel  being  added  to  the  fin,  aa  it  were, 
destruction  sdvsnces  with  increased  rapidily.  The  treatment 
for  these  tuberculous  fod  is  I0  place  the  limb  or  the  part  at 
absolute  rest  upon  a  splint,  to  give  plenty  of  fresh  air  to  the 
patieni,  and  to  prescribe  cod-liver  oil  and  iron.  And  when  it  is 
seen  thai  in  spite  of  the  adoption  ol  these  measures  the  tubercu- 
lous absciss  is  advancing  towards  the  surface,  the  Burgeon  should 
cut  down  upon  the  part,  scrape  (Hil  lhe  tod,  and  disiofecl  with 
lotion.    Consideration  should  also  be 


St  by  in 


(lOltenness,  decsy)  b  the  nime  given  to  tuberculous 
disease  bS  bone  when  the  tubercles  ut  runnlag  together  and  are 
breaking  down  the  cancellous  liuue.  In  ahtnt,  ciiics  generally 
means  tuberculous  ostitis,  though  syphilitic  ukentioa  <A  bone 
has  also  received  the  same  Dune. 

FraititHt. — A  bone  may  be  brdten  at  the  part  whtie  il  il 
struck  (fraclun  from  direct  violence],  or  it  may  bnak  b  conse- 
quence of  a  strain  apfJied  to  It  (fractun  from  indirect  j^_,^._ 
vicdcnce),  or  the  fractuie  may  be  due  to  muscular  action 
as  whesi  a  violent  cough  causes  a  rib  to  break.  In  the  first  case 
the  fracture  is  generally  transverse  and  In  the  second  more  or  less 
obliipie.  The  fully  developed  bone  Is  brdien  faidy  acnasi  the 
soft  bones  of  young  peopte  may  simply  be  bent^pwn  slici  or 
stilfw  /rufm.  Fractures  are  either  n'mffi  or  campaiai.  A 
sim|de  fractun  is  analogous  to  the  subcutaneous  laceration  In  the 
soft  parts,  and  a  compound  one  to  an  open  wound  in  the  soft 
parts.  The  wound  of  the  soft  parts  In  the  cmnpound  fracture  nuy 
he  due  either  to  the  force  iriiich  caused  the  fncture,  as  in  the  cose 
of  a  cart-wheel  (oini  ever  a  limb,  first  wounding  the  soft  parts  and 
then  fractutinc  thn  bone,  or  to  the  sharp  point  of  the  fractured 
bone  coming  out  Ihtongh  the  skin.  In  el  ther  case  there  Is  a  cem- 
munication  between  tbe  cMenuI  air  and  injured  bone,  and  the 
probability  arises  of  the  germs  ol  sopptuatioii  fiodiiig  thcii  wiy- 
to  the  scat  of  Itactute^  This  grcal^  Incieuei  the  Tidii  of  lliir 
case,  lot  septic  iaSammatioa  and  suppuration  may  lead  loddaysd 
union,  to  death  of  large  pieces  of  the  bone  (necrasis),  and  to  gaies- 
rayeUcIi  and  to  blood-poisaaing.  b  lhe  treatmoit  of  a  fractnn,- 
every  can  should  be  taken  (a  prevent  any  sharp  fngmeat  coming 
near  the  skin.  Careless  handling  has  often  been  the  means  ol  a 
simple  fractim  being  GonTCTted  Into  a  compound  oae. 

In  i^t  esse*  of  fractun  atfUui  can  be  made  out;  this  is  the 
feeling  eUcll«l  when  two  rou^  osseous  surfaces  are  rubbed 
together.  When  a  bone  is  DKtdy  bent  there  is,  of  course,  no 
ciepitua.  It  Is  also  absent  in  fractures  in  which  the  broken 
eitRmities  an  driven  into  ocn  another  (impacted  fractun). 
In  order  to  get  firm  bony  union  It  is  necessary  to  accun  accurate 
apposition  of  Che  fngments.  Putting  the  broken  ends  together 
b  termed  "  settint  the  fracture,"  and  the  needful  amount  of  RSt 
b  obtained  by  the  use  of  qtlints.    As  a  rule,  It  ia  also  advisable  to 


202  » 

fix  witbthc  (plinl  Un  foint  sbon  or  bdow  tlw  fnctun.  Ii 
cues  [n  which  a  splintcriiig  of  (he  bone  ioto  a  joint  hu  take] 
^acc,  more  especially  Lq  tbo»  caaes  [a  whicfa  (etidoiia  have  beei 
injured,  llie«  may  br  a  good  deal  of  effusion  inio  the  joint  azii 
Ihc  tendon  shealiu,  and  Ihii  (nay  be  organiied  into  Cbinu 
liuue  leading  to  pemumcnC  sliffneu.  This  ii  paninilarly  apt  t< 
occur  in  dd  people.     Care  musl  be  taker  '         '   ' 


CUR,  Id  keep  the  joint  and  tendoni  free.  To  take 
enample,— in  fracture  dose  to  the  wiist  joint,  it  ii  ncosucy  to 
arrange  the  sptiot  »  that  the  patient  can  move  His  £agcn  and 
thumb,  and  the  iplinl  mint  be  taken  ofl  eveiy  day,  in  order 
that  the  wmt  and  fingen  may  bi  gently  bent,  atnighteocd  and 


that  manage  and  movementa  of  the  limb  may  be  resorted  to. 
This,  oi  counc,  is  done  prith  the  utmost  gcntlenesa,  and  with  the 
result  that  BHelUng,  pain  and  other  evidences  of  the  serious 
Injury  qukkty  dinppEar,  whtht  >  more  npid  ud  ctmplete 
recovoy  is  ensured.  Still  hands  and  feet  after  fracture  are  much 
len  frequently  met  «ith.  By  the  aid  of  (he  X-rays  it  la  now  eaiy 
tor  the  turgeon  toaaaartUniwlf  that  fiufuiefl  aurfacea  have  been 
well  ad  juiled  and  an  fn  doM  appcailion.  Bnt  if  they  are  not  in 
a  saljafactory  position,  and  it  be  found  impracticable  to  assure 
their  dose  adjustment  by  ordinary  method5.  (he  surgeon  now, 
without  undoe  loss  of  time,  cuts  down  upon  the  broken  endi  and 
Gies  them  together  by  a  strong  irire  suture,  which  remains 
permancnlly  in  the  tissue*.  If  the  fracture  be  asaodated  with  an 
«pen  wound  of  the  part  (compound  fiactuie),  and  the  broken 
ends  an  fouod  incapable  of  easy  adjustment,  imuiedlate  wiring 
together  of  the  fiagmenU  is  now  consideied  to  be  a  neosiary 
part  of  the  prtmaiy  treatoenl.  The  French  aurgeon,  Just 
Luc*»4UianipKinni^,  hu  done  more  than  any  one  else  to  show 
theadvnnUceof  diKteet  movemcnla,  of  massage  and  of  exetaies 
in  the  treatment  el  fiaduieL 

Special  Fracl*re  in  KmBf  PtepU. — The  long  boDM  of  cUldreo 
and  growing  persmi  cooalBt  ol  a  abaft  with  anilagfoons  ends 
Invhidi  bone  ii  developed.  At  the  rtanit  of  injury,  the  end  of 
the  bone  may  bcooma  detached,  »,  variety  of  Iractun  known  as 
diatlaA.  StKh  a  fracture— however  well  titated— may  be 
lollowad  by  aiRSl  of  growth  of  tin  bow  or  bjr  Mifinos  of  the 
iKlghboating  joint. 

Ddayii  imhn  means  that  conadidation  is  taking  jHux  very 
■lowly,  U  U  an.  Thi*  may  ba  due  to  local  or  conatitational 
cauiea,  but  provided  the  bones  ate  in  good  puitlon,  nothing 
further  than  patience,  with  manage,  and  with  due  attotllon 
to  general  health-mcaaurca,  k  Decenary. 

An  mimiled  fractal  b  one  in  wUdi  alter  many  we^  or 
Months  no  attempt  hai  beenmadebynatantoconMUdatcthe 
paiti.  Thii  may  ba  doc  to  lh«  cndt  not  having  bacB  bnoght 
dose  caonfb  tet^ha;  to  tim  wu  oi  bactnn  hkving  been 


between  the  broken  enda,  or  to  tht  .  _ 

tntlonal  detect  hi  the  patient.  Enxpt  In  the  laat-named 
conditloD,  the  tnatment  consist*  in  cutting  down  to  the  broken 
ends;  frcsbeung  them  up  by  sawing  oS  a  thin  slice,  aid  by 
ndjiattog  and  blng  tben  by  a  wire  or  screw.  Ununited 
iaOim  of  the  l^bonci  In  chUdien  is  a  most  uotatiriactgy 
and  irtdliwia  ooDdition  to  deal  with. 

Ibsn  b  ttSI  a  diAceBsa  of  opi^m  as  to  the  best  way  at 
treating Bl«c(Bt>adi(r««^A«f«l(ila(knaiMap)'  Maoynugeoni 
an  still  ttvtmt  to  follow  the  oM  phn  of  fidng  the  limb  on  a 
bach-apllnt,  or  in  plainer  oi  Paris  si^t*,  md  awaiting  the  result. 
It  b  beytod  qoMloa  thai  a  targe  poeentago  oi  then  cases 
nOOVer  with  ■  perfectly  useful  limb— especially  It  the  Bbrou 
bond  oi  tmioa  between  the  t^ece*  of  the  broken  knefrcMi  is 
adsqualdy  pncected  ataimt  bdng  stretched  by  bendbig  the 
kgaltoocarty  a  date.  But  in  tome  csni  the  f rsgnentt  bava 
been  eventually  found  wide  apart,  the  patient  being  left  with 
•B  enfeebled  limb.    StiU,atanyi —  -'---'^ '■ — ■ • 


rith  riak.    But  alter  LJKer  showed  (iSSjl  that 

with  due  can  and  deanlincas  the  knee-joint  could  be  opened, 
and  the  fragments  of  the  broken  patella  secured  in  dose 
appooitKHi  by  a  iioul  wire  sulurc.  the  ireaimeal  o(  the  injury 
underwent  a  rcmarkabtc  change.  Tfaegrcal  advantageof  Littert 
IrealRient  wu  that  the  fngmeais,  being  fixed  dose  logellier 
by  the  wire  stitch,  became  solidly  umicd  by  bone,  and  (he  jrant 
became  as  suund  as  it  wag  befoie.  Some  luigioni,  however, 
objected  (0  the  operation — is  spile  of  (he  eicillence  of  the 
teiulu  obtainable  by  il— because  of  tlie  uiidoubled  risk  which 
it  entailed  of  the  joint  becoming  invaded  by  septic  miciO' 
orpnisms.  As  a  son  ol  compromise,  Pioftssoi  A.  E.  J.  Barker 
introduced  the  method,  which  he  deemed  to  be  less  haaaidous, 
of  holding  the  fragments  dose  together  by  rocans  of  a  stroikf 
silver  wire  passed  round  them  venically  by  a  Urge  needle  without 
ictuaBy  laying  open  the  joint.  But  eiDeiience  has  ahown  that 
n  (be  hands  of  careful  and  skilful  turgMu  Lister's  operation 
ol  openly  wiring  the  fragments  givei  a  perfect  result  with  a 
comparatively  small  risk.  Other  surgeons  secure  the  fragments 
in  d«e  contact  for  bony  union  by  passing  a  silk  or  metal  sutuic 
around  them  drcumferentially.  Many  years  ago  Lister  rematked 
that  the  ardu!  seleciion  of  one's  patients  is  an  antiseptic 

the  most  peifeci  taulij  for  his  opentive  work,  be  must  card iJly 
consider  i^cther  any  individual  patiehl  is  pby^ially  adapted- 
for  the  perforraance  upon  him  of  any  particular  opention.  Tlus 
aphorism  implies  that  not  every  patient  with  a  broken  knee-cap 
' — ited  for  the  opening  of  his  knee-joint,  or  even  for  (be  tub- 


u  adjustmr 


An  operative 


t  of  the  bi 

admiitibly  suited  for  one  .  

■  adopted  foranother,  and  it  is  an  important 
business  to  know  what  to  advise  in  tatit 

indirtduol  case."  (E.  O.*) 

Iii4iairiia  ApfliuilmB  tif  Batiti. — By  the  inotaiii^  inveniiveneaa 

of  nun.  the  inaiutria]  [rtilixatioa  of  animal  bane  has  bM»  developed 

Compoaed  of  mineral  matter — phoiphatea,  Ac— fat  w]  gelatiaoua 
subfllances,  tbe  pboqihates  are  used  as  artificial  rUDUces,  the  Eat  ia 
worked  up  by  tlie  Koap-maker  and  chandler,  and  the  geUtinous 

>  of  lb*  E(la|I>  ■■>•<  'lu*  n* <-^ 

of  bone,  fm 

and  booe  pitch  am  obtained.    To  Ibeie  V-foductt  tli 
added  tbe  direct  utea  of  bone— for  maUi^  DatiDai,  Ici 

these  components  oi  the  animal  Iruob. 

WhDc  n»Bt  of  the  wortd't  supply  of  bones  goes  to  the  glue  and 
gelatin  works,  the  leg  and  ibii^h  bonei.  termed  "  raanowa  "  and 
"  knucUo."  are  nsnf  tor  the  nunufietnn  cS  bone  artlelem.  Tbe 
traatDcnt  which  they  receive  ia  very  diffcfenl  from  thai  pnctiied 
in  the  glut-works.  The  endi  an  irnuvcd  by  a  Hw,  and  &c  bonra 
are  steeped  in  a  i%  brine  Klutkin  fat  three  to  four  days,  in  wdcr 
to  separate  the  fibroui  matter.  The  bone!  are  now  heated  with 
water,  and  allowed  to  liniiner  IW  ibotrt  u  lioim.    Jhk  nmove*  a 


tradasi  tbe  booea 


I.  diinl,  and  il 
the  ht,  which  it  mpplied  to  ' 


grour^  (o  a  fine  or  coarse  mul.  and  supplied  either  diiectly  as  a 
lertUEier  or  treated  with  niphuric  acid  to  form  tbe  more  loluble 
tuptrphotpbates,  which  are  more  readily  anlmllatad  by  giwlns 
phnla.  In  aedle  pbeca,  eapeciall|r  South  Aratfica,  tW  rniduea  arc 
burasd  in  a  retort  to  a  white  ash,  the  "  hnnr  aih  "  of  cemBetc*. 
which  cooiaios  tome  70-10% of  tiicaklum  photphttt,  aodis  much 
uied  at  a  maann,  and  in  the  manufacture  nl  Mgh-gnde  supei^ 
phoqihaiet.  In  the  gehtln  iDdaioy  (saeGBLAtm)  the  nineral 
matter  hta  to  be  racavered  fnB  iu  solutkia  la  hydncbhiiiE  acid. 
To  eftsci  this,  the  Kquon  an  (reed  trsn  lutpendtd  mattcc  hv 
fillration.  and  tben  ran  mto  vata  where  thn' are  ndxed  with  laDk  tf 
lime,  or  tomeuimlar  iwDaKier.    The^t&ghth  tohtble  Wcalcium 


phHphale.  CaH 


t.  CWFOih.    Tlw  ce 


BONE  BED— BONFIRE 


r- ,  __  ttoalwAMBapltMtamMKl 

d  chunben.    Thlt  product  It  a  very  vhUivUc 

UK  of  phMDhMU). 

^  _  .  - iu  mailer  UDm  defAVKd 

X  of  DctnctiDv  aboat  ose  half  ud  GarbaniiJnr 

It  [Rqunnly  ukicted.    Tli*  boiaa  urn  hntcd  in  hocf 

, ,.-,^J^  ,ho„  S  cwl,  Md  tin  optniita 

..  _  Mcnhoun.'  Tba  nsdue  is  the  nunti 

is  niKiwd  while  (til  icd-hM'     '  

nddled  Iw  Kvdviig 

tia%>itifKboaaail ,_ 

of  cuten  and  about  75  %  of  aiQiini  pnofiputei  %mt  reiuinaer 
bcinf  vuiDut  ioofjiadic  ana  ■nd  bk^dr  (fr-7  %).'  Aslm«]  chu^ 
nul  baB  a  dc«p  buck  (»t«ir»  and  it  much  med  ■■  k  fherinf  uid 
darityinf  matEHaL  The  VBpoun  ivotnd  rlnrfny  rarhwiiitiftn  ert 
condcDied  in  veriical  air  cmdeiBen,  Tlie  liquldiefBrmlea  Into  two 
bycn:  ihe  upper  tairy  layer  Ii  Boated  cB  and  ndinilled:  the 
diitiDaH  ia  termed  "  bnoe  od,"  *  and  mainly  conifati  of  natry  utty 
anuna  aad  pyridine  derlvatim,  characteriicd  by  a  moat  df^wdi^ 

manu^ciBre  d  bUck  vaituhea  and  fike  compoaitliiBiL  The  knm 
Uyrc  h  ammosiacal  Hqooi:  it  Ii  nanrfemd  to  Milh  dIniDad  with 
aeam,  aad  the  anunoDia  leeehicdiniuljdiuric  ttid;  tbeanunoduni 
wIplHia,  which  aepantei,  la  removed,  drained  and  dried,  and  la 
pijiicipally  lued  aa  a  Biaaire*  Both  darmf  the  cnrbonlutlon  of  (hr 
110110  aad  the  ditcination  of  the  lar  inAannublc  ^ieiarerw>1ved; 
tlieic  9rv  gpnerally  uied,  after  purification,  for  motive  or  illuminatlRK 
purpowa.  I.C  E.') 

BOn  BED,  •  term  boicly  uicd  by  (tolo^i  what  ipeaking 
tmerany  of  any  aiiatuin  or  deposit  whitb  conUioi  bones  ol 
vhatint  lund.  It  is  also  applied  to  Uute  biecdatcd  uid  itAlag- 
■ailic  deposits  on  ifae  floor  ol  cav«,  which  frequently  contain 
Dtteoua  remains,  la  a  more  mliicted  seme  it  ii  used  to  connote 
certain  thin  layeis  of  bony  (ligments,  wliich  occur  upon  well- 
defined  geological  botitoiu.  One  ol  the  best-known  of  these  is 
the  Ludkiw  Bone  Bed,  nhich  is  found  at  the  base  ol  ihe  DowaloD 
SandsloDc  ia  the  L'pper  LudloiY  leties.  At  Ludlow  itself,  t«o 
re  actually  koown.separated  by . 


boufhqt 


ie  Ludic 


X  folloived  from 


._. isteishire  for  a  iliiuaee  ol  <s  ra.     .. 

almost  nude  up  of  fragmenls  of  spion,  l«th  and  tcaln  of 
(anoid  fish.  Another  wdl-kaown  bed,  fDimeily  known  aa  the 
■'  Btilttrf  "  or  "  Lias  "  Bone  Bed,  eiUta  in  the  form  of  Kvcral 

and  uurians,  which  occur  in  the  Rhaciic  BLick  Paper  Shales 
that  lie  above  the  Keupa  marls  in  the  south-we«  of  England. 
It  is  noteworthy  that  a  similar  bone  bed  has  been  traced  on  the 
ume  geclogical  horizon  in  Brunswick,  Hanover  and  Franconia. 
A  bone  bed  has  also  been  observed  at  the  base  ol  the  Csiboni- 
feroui  limestone  seiics  in  certain  paita  of  the  soutb-ntM,af 
England. 

BOMB-UCB,  a  kind  of  lux  made  upon  a  cuihion  from  linen 
thiead:  the  pattern  is  mukiid  out  niih  pins,  tound  wbicb  are 
twilled  tbt  diSerent  ihiEsds,  each  wound  on  iu  own  bobbin. 
Ibc  lace  va>  so  called  from  the  lacl  Itul  bobbins  weic  formerly 
made  of  bone. 

BONIR  (or  BOHEUDS),  VLRICR  (0.  t4lb  <«Dluiy),  German- 
Swiss  writer  of  fables,  was  bom  in  Bern.  He  wasdncended  of 
an  old  B«raese  family,  and,  t^  Iir  at  can  be  ascertained,  took 
deiical  orders  and  became  a  raanki  yet  as  it  appears  that 
he  lubtequcntly  married,  it  is  ceruin  that  be  received  the 
"  UHUUte  "  only,  and  was  thus  entitled  to  the  benefit  of  the 
ilirici  Hitriali,  who.  on  divEtiing  ihenuelvo  ol  the  clerical  garb, 
oiuld  return  to  seculu  life.  He  il  mentioned  in  records  between 
liH  and  ij<g,  but  neilher  before  nor  after  these  dates.  He 
wrote,  in  Aliddle  Higli  German,  a  collection  of  fables  entitled 
Dir  Edduiln  {c.  1349),  one  hundred  in  number,  which  were 
based  principally  on  those  of  Avianus  (4ih  ciniuiy]  and  the 
A/mywua  (edited  by  I.  Nevcltl,  i6io).  'Hiis  work  he  dedicated 
10  the  Bernese  palcician  and  poet,  Johana  von  Rinkenberg, 
advDCilui  (V»i/)  o(Brieni(d.  c.  1350).  It  was  printed  in  1461 
at  Bamberj;  and  it  is  chimed  lor  il  thai  It  wu  the  hisi  book 
ai  Dippel'i  oil.  was  oritliialiy  produced 
reivlated  In  iijf>  by  T.  Andenon  pyridine 


prlnUd  In  the  Germu  lugutCB.  Bonct  titau  Ut  min 
conaidenble  freedom  and  ortfinaUlyi  be  writes  •  di 
•impte  style,  and  Ihe  necoufUy  didacdc  tone  of  the  cc 
is  relicvnl  by  IDuchts  of  hsnooi. 

Drr  Edilarin  has  b 

K-™..  Heifler  (Lei- 

K.  Panniei  w 


by  K.  Panniei  *iU  Is 
(Giewn,  1897;. 


1  Sedan's  Uamntl-Batallidi 


udmportafLinUthcov  ....    

gjot.  ]l  liea  on  the  aoutheni  abore  of  the  Firth  of  Forth,  ij  lo. 
W.  by  N,  of  Edinburgh,  ud  14  m.  by  nil,  being  the  teiminm 
«[  the  North  Brilisfa  tsQway's  hnnch  lint  from  Manuel.  In 
tbs  iBtb  ccBluiy  il  ranked  neit  (oLdth  ti  a  port,  bat  the  growth 
of  Cnngemmilh,  bi^Kr  up  the  firtta,  wrionly  allKted  It*  diip. 
pinctnde,  wbicbit,  however,  yet  con)iidersble,cotl  andM-lroa 
(taadoi  tlw  prindpal  oiiBrt*,  and  pit  props  from  the  Baltic  the 
kadiog  Import.  U  baa  an  exluilve  hwhoiu  (tb>  ann  ol  the 
dock  bnng  7)  acres}.  Hie  great  indualiiei  are  coatmintnir- 
somc  of  the  pita  eiUDdinf  In  a  long  distance  beneath  the  filth — 
iron-founding  (with  several  blast  fninans)  and  engineering,  bat 
it  has  alw  Important  maaulactuies  of  sail,  soap,  vitriol  and  olbet 
cbemitats.  -  Shipbuilding  and  whaling  are  eitinet.  Traoe*  o( 
the  wall  of  Aatonjiius  which  ran  throu^  the  pariali  Bay  slill  be 
made  out,  e^iedaliy  near  Inveravon.  Blockneis,  on  Ihe  coast 
farlJirt  tatt,  was  the  seaport  of  Linlithgow  tUl  the  ila*  of  Bo'nesi, 
but  lit  IDUU  eipan  trade  now  mainly  constats  of  coal,  bricks, 
liles  and  Ume,  Its  castle,  standing  on  a  promonlory,  is  oC 
unknownage.  JameallL  of  Scotland  is  staled  lohtvecMislgned 
certain  of  tbe  iosurgeal  nobles  to  its  cells,  and  later  it  was  used 
aa  a  [sison  in  which  many  of  the  Covenancen  were  immured. 
It  was  one  of  the  lour  castles  that  had  to  be  rnainlahied  by  tha 
Articles  of  Union,  but  when  its  uadessness  for  defensive  purposes 
became  apparent,  il  was  converted  into  an  ammunillon  depot. 
Kinneil  House,  i  m.  south  ol  Bo'nets,  ■  scat  of  the  duke  of 
Hamilton,  formerly  a  keep,  was  fortified  by  the  regent  Arian, 
plundered  by  the  rebels  in  Queen  hlary's  niga,  and  recoosi  tucted 
in  the  time  ol  Charlta  if.  Dr  John  Roebuck  (i;iS-I7m), 
founder  of  the  Curon  Tion  Works,  occupied  it  for  several  years 
from  1764,  It  was  here  that,  on  his  invitation,  James  Walt 
conairucli^  a  model  of  his  sieam-engine,  which  was  tested  in  a 
now  disused  colliery.  Though  Roebuck  lost  all  his  money  in  the 
coal-mines  and  siJt  works  which  he  established  at  Bo'nets,  Ibe 
devetopmcnl  of  the  mineral  resources  of  the  district  may  be 
ngarded  at  due  to  him. 

BOHnaLI,  BEHEDETtO,  isth  century  Italian  pabiier,  Vat 
bora  at  Perugia.  Until  neat  the  oiddle  of  the  islh  century  the 
Umbtlan  school  was  far  bcbind  those  of  Florence  and  Ihe  North, 
but  in  the  person  ol  Perupno  and  tome  of  his  followers  It  suddenly 
advanced  into  the  very  first  rank.  Among  the  latter  none  holds 
a  more  distinguisbed  i^ace  than  Benedetto  BonSgli.  The  most 
important  of  hb  cilonl  works  are  a  anits,  in  fresco,  ol  the  life 
ol  St  Louis  of  Toulouse,  in  ihf  conununal  palace  of  Perugia. 

BOlfnBE  (in  Early  English  ■'bone-fire,"Scollish"bane-6  re"), 
originally  a  fire  of  bones,  now  any  large  fire  lit  in  the  open  air  on 
an  occasion  of  lejoicing.  Tliough  tbe  spelling  "bonfire"  was 
used  in  the  i6th  ceatury,  the  earlier  ^'boite-fire"  was  common 
till  1760.  The  earliest  known  insttoce  of  the  derivation  of  the 
word  otcurnd  as  ban  iyt  iiniiaisium  iu  the  Calhaiitea  AntH""', 
A.a.  14SJ.  Other  derivations,  now  rejected,  have  been  sought 
foi  the  word.  Thui  some  have  thought  it  Baal-fte,  patting 
through  BmI,  Bam\o  Ban.  Oibets  have  declared  it  tobeiMH- 
fire  by  analogy  with  bim-lurew,  i.i.  "harrowing  by  gift,"  the 
suggestion  being  that  these  fires  were  "contribution"  fires, 


every  one  m 

nulerisl,  jus 

Days"  are  k 

Whatever 

the  origin  ol  the  word, 

t  bat  long  had  several 

)  a  fire  of  bones,  (»)  a  fire 

or  corpses,  a  funeral  pile. 

(rt  a  Bre  fo 

t  in  which  herctici  and 

BONGARS— BONGO 


which 


pcoKifbed  bonki  **n  boni.  W  >  Uri*  £n  lit  la  ibc  open  li 
on  acculoM  of  biu'diibI  n}tiiclii(,  or  u  ■  litul  of  abrm  ui 
u  Che  boidni  which  vuncd  Eotlud  of  the  mppRMch  oC  the 

AniudL  ^Hiroughout  Eurc^  the  pcAiuiti  from  time  imme- 
morial have  Ughud  bonfiiB  as  rartais  dayi  of  Uic  ycai,  and 
duccd  around  or  leapt  ovB  them.  TUi  cuwam  can  be  traced 
back  to  the  middle  igei,  and  cotain  maga  id  aoiiquity  lo  Hidy 
Teiemble  it  u  to  sugseM  that  the  bonfin  has  ' 
earl/  days  of  heathen  Europe.  Indeed  the  eatlitii  proof  of  Uie 
obKrvance  of  iheie  boofiie  cerenwnies  in  Europe  ii  aSordtd  by 
the  atlempti  made  by  Chriwlan  lynodi  in  the  7ih  and  Stb 
ctnlnilM  to  loppreaf  then  ai  pagan.  Iliui  the  tlilid  council  of 
CoutaDtllMvIe  <a  JL  6&i),  by  its  6sch  canon,  orden: "  Those  ILrs 
tlul  are  kindled  by  certaine  people  on  nev  moonea  before  their 
Aapt  utd  homes,  am  which  alio  tliey  use  ndknlooily  and 

tbea  fnm  heiucfonh  to  ctue."  And  the  SjniMhs  Fnndo 
omkr  Pope  Zachaiy,  jux  ni,  forbids  "  those  ncrilt^ons  Ins 
Which  ibey  call  NtdfH  <ac  botuSres),  and  ali  other  obsetvatloiia 
of  the  Ps^ns  vhitsoevei."  Leaping  ovei  the  fires  fs  meMloMd 
■nunc  thenperstilioiis  rites  used  at  ihe  PaUHa  (the  tost  trf 
Pales,  tke  shqifcenls'  goddess)  in  Ovid's  FaiH,  when  the  sht^ 
Icfda  lit  Imps  of  suaw  and  jumped  over  them  as  iltey  burned. 
The  U^tf >g  of  the  bonfies  in  Christian  [eiilvals  was  significant 
of  the  conpronnsc  made  with  the  heaihen  by  the  early  Church. 
In  Cornwall  boofirei  ire  lighted  on  the  eve  of  St  John  the  BaplisI 
and  5t  Peter*!  day,  and  midsummer  is  thence  called  rn  Comish 
GdMi,  which  means  both  "tight"  and  "  (esllvily."  Snne- 
limes  effigies  are  burned  in  these  fires,  or  a  pretence  it  made  of 
bnming  s  living  person  in  diem,  snd  tlwie  an  grounds  for  believ- 
ing that  andenily  baman  sactiGces  were  actually  made  In  the 
bmfiies.  Spring  tod  midiumner  are  the  usual  times  ai 
these  bonfires  are  llgbied,  but  In  some  countries  they  are  i 
HaHove'en  (October  31)  and  at  Chiislmaa.  In  spring 
Sunday  in  Lent,  Easter  eve  and  the : 

See  J.  C.  Franr.  CaUn'Bn>|t,  vcJ.  iii.,  tora  very  full  account  of 
the  bonfire  cuuoas  of  Europe,  Ac. 

BOXOAItS,  JACQUES  (iS54-ifii>),  French  scholar  and  diplo- 
Inalitl,  was  bom  at  Orleans,  and  was  brought  up  in  thereformed 
f^lh.    He  obtained  his  early  education  at  Marbuigand  Jena, 

Bourges.  After  spending  some  time  in  Rome  he  visited  eastern 
Europe,  and  subsequently  made  the  acquaintance  ol  Sigur 
Pardaillan,  a  repmentallve  of  Henry,  king  oi  Navarre,  ifter- 
waids Henry  IV. ol  France.  HeenletedlhesenriceofPardaillsn, 
and  in  1587  was  sent  on  a  mission  to  many  of  the  princes  of 
Bonhetn  Europe,  alter  vhich  be  visited  En^ad  lo  obiiin  help 
from  Queen  Elisabeth  for  Henry  of  Navsne.  He  continued 
to  serve  Henry  as  a  diplomstist,  and  In  1593  becante  the  repre- 
sentaliveol  the  French  king  si  the  courts  ol  the  Imperil  I  princes. 
Vigotously  seconding  the  efforts  ol  Henry  to  curtail  the  power 
ol  the  bouse  ol  Hsbsburg,  he  spent  hetllb  and  money  ungrudg- 
ingly in  this  service,  and  continued  his  labours  until  the  king's 
murder  In  ifiio.  He  then  returned  to  Frana,  and  died  at 
Paris  on  the  19th  of  July  iGii.  Bongirs  wrote  an  abridgment 
of  Justin's  ■biidgmttil  oi  the  history  o(  Trogus  Potnpeius  under 
(he  Uik  Jviinut,  Tnti  Pimfrii  Hiiitnamm  Pkaipfiianm 
Iftltma  it  mmfltriplh  laHeibm  emriulalar  tl  frtloiit  aiulior 
(Psris,  t}8i}.  He  collected  the  worksof  several  French  writers 
who  as  contemporaries  described  the  crusades,  and  published 
them  under  the  title  Gala  Dti  per  Francii  IHinover,  iCril. 
Another  collection  made  by  Bongars  is  the  X<ti»|  HniiarUimim 
ariflura  tarii  (Frankfort,  ifioo).  His  EfiiMat  were  puMiUied 
at  Letden  in  1647.  and  a  French  tnnshition  at  Paris  in  166S- 
167D.  Many  of  his  papers  are  preserved  in  the  library  at  Bern, 
to  which  they  were  presented  in  1631,  and  ■  lilt  of  them  was 
nade  b  i6]t.    Other  papers  and  copies  of  inslructloni 


d  libni 


lot  Ol 


BOaSHl.  KDBOttO  (ig>8~i8»5).  ItaBu  (cfcobr,  wriut 
and  politician,  was  bom  at  Naples  cm  the  loth  of  Mardi  1818. 
Exiled  Irom  Naples  in  consequence  of  the  movementoIi84S,he 
took  refuge  in  Tuscany,  whence  he  was  compelled  to  See  to 
Turin  on  account  of  a  pungeut  article  against  the  Bonrbons. 
At  Tutin  he  resumed  his  phitosophlc  sitidies  and  his  tianslalion 
of  Pbto,  but  In  iSj8  refused  a  professonhip  of  Greek  at 


iiSSflir 


the  luliaa  govemntent  after  ilie  liberarioa  of  Lomtwdy.  In 
i860,  with  the  CavDur  party,  he  opposed  the  work  of  Garibaldi. 
Crispi  and  Bertiol  at  Naples,  and  became  lecietaiy  of  Luigl 
Carlo  Faiini  during  the  la  iter's  lieuLeoancy,  but  in  1865  assumed 
coDinnporaneously  the  editorship  of  the  Ffrsatranu  of  Milan 
and  the  chair  of  Latin  literature  at  Florence.  Elected  deputy 
In  1S60  he  became  celebrated  by  the  biiijig  wit  of  his  speeches, 
whUe,  as  journalist,  the  acrimony  of  his  polemical  writings.mads 
him  a  redoubtable  adversary.  Huu^  an  ardent  su[^urtet  of 
the  historic  lUght,  and,  as  such,  entmsted  by  the  Laiua  cabinet 
with  the  defence  of  the  law  of  guarantees  in  1^70,  he  was  no 
lespecler  of  persons,  his  caustic  tongue  sparing  neither  friend  nor 
foe.  Appointed  minister  for  public  instruction  in  1873,  he, 
with  fevnith  activity,  reformed  Ox  Italian  educational  aysirm, 
suppressed  the  privileges  of  the  univenily  of  Naples,  fotmded 
the  Viltotio  Emaouelc  hlnmry  in  Borne,  and  prevented  the 
establiiluHnt  of  a  Catholic  university  in  the  capital  tlpon  the 
fall  of  the  Right  frotn  power  In  1S76  be  joined  the  opposition, 
~~''  ~ith  characteristic  vivacity,  protracted  diLting  tv  ~* 


s  Unlve 


f  Refon 


Bill,   : 


single-handed,  its  rejection.  A  bitter  critic  of  King  Humbert, 
both  in  the  Fmcvfraira  and  In  the  Umira  Anloletla,  he  was,  In 
jSg3,  excluded  from  court,  only  securing  readmisslon  shortly 
befwe  his  death  on  the  jTnd  of  October  1895.  In  foreign 
policy  a  Francophil,  he  combated  Ibe  Triple  Alliance,  arkd  took 
considerable  part  in  the  organlalloB  ol  the  Is(er-pa)tiaDieiilai7 
peace  cenlereoce.  (H,  W.  S.) 

BOHOO  {Doi  or  Deun>,  a  tribe  of  I^QoIic  negroes,  probably 
related  to  the  Zandeb  tribes  of  the  Welle  district,  Inhabiting 
the  south-west  portion  of  (he  Bahr-el-Ghaial  province,  Anglo- 
Egyptian  Sudan.  G.  A.  Schwelnfunh,  who  lived  two  yean 
among  them,  declares  thai  before  the  advent  of  the  tlave-Taidrrs. 
c.  1850,  they  numbered  at  least  300,000.  Slave-raldeti,  and 
tly  reduced  their 


itabtishmi 


:ro[  by  the  Suda 


.  ^   .   1906)  that  recuperation  was  possible,     

Bongo  formerly  lived  in  countless  little  independent  and  peaceful 
communities  and  under  the  Sudan  government  they  again 
manage  their  own  aBaiia.  Their  huts  are  well  built,  arid  some- 
times X  ft.  high.  The  Bongo  are  a  race  ol  medinm  hd^t, 
inclined'to  be  thick-set,  with  a  led-brawn  compledon — "like 
Ihcsoiluponwhichtheyresidc" — andblack  hair.  Srhweinlurtk 
declares  their  heads  to  be  nearly  round,  no  other  African  race, 
to  his  knowledge,  possessing  a  higher  cephalic  indti.     The 

together  with  the  tail  ol  bast  which  they  wore,  gave  ihem,  as 
they  walked,  Schweinlurtb  says,  the  iKKarance  of  "  dancing 
baboons."  The  Bongo  men  fcmierty  wore  only  a  loin-cloth, 
and  many  doien  iron  rings  on  the  arms  (arranged  10  form  a  sort 
of  armour),  while  the  women  bad  simply  a  girdle,  to  which  was 
aitiched  a  tuft  of  grass.  Both  seies  now  largely  use  cation 
cloths  as  dresMS.  The  tribal  omamenii  consist  of  nails  or  plugs 
which  are  pened  through  the  lower  lip.  The  women  often  wear 
1  disk  several  inches  in  diameter  in  this  fashion,  together  with 
■  ring  or  a  bit  of  straw  in  the  upper  lip,  slrtws  in  the  ofiu  of  the 
nosliili,  and  a  ring  In  the  uplam.  The  Bongo,  unhke  other  of 
the  upper  Nile  Negroes,  are  not  great  citile-brecden,  but 
employ  their  time  in  agriculture.  The  crops  mostly  cultivated 
are  sorghum,  tobacco,  sesame  and  duna.  The  Bongo  eti  the 
fruits,  tubers  and  fungi  in  which  the  country  is  rich.  TliBy  also 
eat  almost  every  creature — bird,  beast,  insect  and  reptile, 
with  the  eiception  of  the  dog.  They  despise  no  flesh,  Ireah  or 
putrid.  They  drive  the  vulture  from  carrion,  and  eat  with 
of  the  OI.    Eaith-eailog,  too,  aa 


BONGO— BONI 


205 


tOBBoa  UBOBS  tlnn.  The?  ■"  partlmluty  tUHcd  Id  the 
■udtfnc  >sd  wurking  of  iron.  Iron  fonis  tike  cvrttncy  of  the 
KOOBtrr,  mai  a  extenrivcty  employed  [or  all  kinds  of  umIbI  and 
onwiiBital  pBipoao.  Bongo  ipeaii,  knivn,  linga,  and  other 
utida  ue  Ireqaaitly  fuhioned  villi  great  irtiitlc  daboraiioD. 
Thejr  have  a  satiny  of  iBiuioil  halnunmli — dnim,  itringed 
tmUuneBta.  and  bona— In  ihe  ptaclkc  o(  which  tbey  take 
tftat  ddlght:  and  they  indulge  in  >  vocal  redutive  which 

Sdivemfunh  aayi  that  Bongo  mualc  Is  like  the  la^hg  of  the 
denmla.  Uarriage  ia  by  purchaH;  and  1  man  b  allotted  to 
uquin  thite  wim.  but  not  n»Te.  l^llooing  fa  paniolly 
pnetted.  As  Kgardi  burbl,  the  coipae  is  bound  in  a  cioudilng 
pmitkia  with  the  kneet  dnwn  np  to  the  dan;  men  are  pliced 
IB  the  gnve  with  the  face  to  the  north,  and  women  ttith  (he 
fKc  to  the  wmh.  IV  fonn  of  the  grave  fa  peculiar,  con^tlng 
of  >  BidK  in  a  venkaT  thaft,  recalling  the  nust«b«  gtavn  of 
the  udenl  Egyptlani.  The  lombi  at*  frequently  oraamenlfd 
with  rough  moden  figoFci  infonded  10  Tepnsenl  the  deceased, 
(X  the  Immortality  oF  the  aeul  they  have  do  debied  notion; 
and  their  only  approach  to  a  kDowkdEe  of  a  beneficnt  drily  con- 
MtainavagDC  idea  of  luck.  They  have,  however,  a  mot  inteOBe 
belief  in  a  great  varfety  of  petty  gofiffm  and  witcbei,  which  are 
enentfally  malignant.  Anowi,  qKan  and  chiha  fonn  their 
npons,  the  first  two  dfalDigufahcd  by  a  muitiplldty  ol  barht. 


in  for 


Their  language  fa  mtakal,  Mid  abounds  in  the  voweli 
(  and  «;  its  voobnlaty  of  toncrete  teran  fa  veiy  ttch,  but  the 
same  word  ha*  often  ■  gttat  variety  of  meaning).  The  gram- 
maticnl  structure  is  simple.  Ai  a  race  the  Bongo  are  gentle  and 
(QduBtrioDa,  and  eihibit  itrong  family  affection. 

See  C.  A.  Sctweiidurtli,  TJt  Htart  rf  Africa  daaiao.  1873); 
W.  Juker.  TVostf)  »  AJria  (Eog,  edit..  London,  1890-1891). 

BOIt&O  (Aiftxnu  mrycrmi),  a  West  African  busfabock,  the 
largcit  of  tbc  ponp.  The  male  fa  deep  chemut,  marked  DO  the 
body  with  narrow  white  ilripa,  on  the  chat  with  a  white 
imcait,  and  on  tbc  bee  by  two  white  ipots  below  the  eye. 
In  the  £^  African  bongo  (.B.  t.  Itaaei)  the  body  hue  fa  ittcnget 
and  lidier.  There  a,  aa  yet,  no  evidence  as  to  wbelbet  the 
teniala  of  tbe  true  bongo  bear  hams,  tbau|^  It  fa  probable  they 
dot  but  as  the  boms  ate  present  in  both  sens  of  the  Eait 
African  form,  Mt  OldSeld  Thomu  has  made  that  the  type  of  the 

MMdiM,  a  town  and  the  aninty.Kat  of  Fannin  county, 
Tent,  U.S.A.,  about  14  m.  &  of  the  Red  river,  in  the  north-east 
iwt  of  the  state,  and  70  m.  N.  of  Dallai.  Pop.  (iSoo)  S!l6t; 
(lgoo)fD4>  (iiijbeingnegioei);  (19101,4844.  It  is  served  by  the 
Mhsonrl.  Kansas  k  Tens,  and  tbe  Tens  k  Pacific  railways. 
Bonham  fa  the  seat  of  CSrltos  College  (Chtfatfan),  a  womsn's 
college  founded  In  i9£7;  and  its  hi^  school  ii  one  of  tbc  best 
in  the  state.  It  fa  a  tniding  and  shipping  centre  of  an  extensive 
larming  tetriioiy  devoted  to  the  raising  of  live^Iock  and  to  the 
frowing  of  cotton,  Indian  com,  fruit,  &c.  It  hoi  large  cotton 
^Bs  and  compicssea,  a  large  cotton  mill,  flour  mills,  canning 
and  ice  factories,  railway  repair  sb<^,  planing  ttiiIIs  and  carriage 
works.  The  town  was  named  in  honourof  J.  B.  BanhiDi,  a  native 
of  Sonth  Candbia.  who  was  kiTled  In  the  Alamo.  The  £nt  set  lle~ 
ment  here  was  made  In  iB]6.  The  lawn  was  Incoipoiftted  in 
iSy).  and  was  leincorpontcd  in  1SS6. 

gOMBKDB  IMaih  Rosaue],  HOU  (iSinSw),  French 
pamler.  was  biiin  at  Botdcsoi  on  the  smd  of  March  iSii. 
Stie  was  of  Jewidi  origin.  Jacques  Wiener,  the  Belgian  medallfal, 
>  native  of  Venloo,  says  that  he  and  Raymond  Benheur,  Xosa's 
father,  used  to  attend  synagogue  in  that  town;  while  another 
silborfty  asserts  that  Rosa  used  to  be  known  In  common  parlance 
by  the  name  of  Rosa  Mazeltov  (a  Hebrew  term  for  "  good  luck," 
CaKa  Bonbeur).  She  was  the  eldest  of  four  children,  all  of 
whom  were  artists— Auguste  (1314-1884)  painted  animals  and 
hndscape;  Jolielte  (lisir-iigi)  was  "honourably  mentioned" 
SI  the  ediitdtioa  of  iBsj;  Isidore,  bom  in  1817,  ws*  a  sculptor 
of  anrmilt.  Rosa  at  an  early  age  was  taught  to  draw  by  her 
■  Xnoli  Md  Vog.  MMTiif.  voL  a.  (seventh  Nifas],  p.  JO}. 


father  {wto  died  In  Tg49),  and  he,  percefving  her  very  nmi^ble 
talent,  petmitted  her  to  abandon  the  busmcss  of  dressmaking. 
to  wtikb,  much  against  her  will,  she  had  been  pnt.  hi  order  to 
devote  herself  wholly  to  art.  From  1840  to  J845  she  eihiblled 
at  the  salon,  and  five  time*  Rcelved  a  piiic;  in  1S48  a  medal 
was  awarded  ID  her.  Her  fame  dates  more  especially  from  ihe 
eihiHlkm  of  iSss;  from  that  time  Rcbb  BonhearS  vorb  nvie 
much  sought  after  ' 


s  and  public 
Lgerly  for  then.  What  fa  chiefly  lennrk- 
aue  and  aomiraMe  in  her  work  fa  that,  like  her  contemporary*, 
Jacques  Raymond  Braicasial  (iSa«~ig67),  she  [eptesenis 
anlmafa  as  they  really  are,  as  she  saw  them  In  the  country. 
Her  gift  of  accurate  observslion  was,  however,  allied  to  a  certain 
dryness  of  style  in  painting;  she  often  failed  to  f^vea  perfect 
sense  of  atmosphere.  On  the  other  hand,  the  anatomy  of  her 
anfmsb  fa  always  faultlessly  true.  There  fa  nothing  feminine 
In  ber  handling;  her  treatment  fa  always  manly  and  firra. 
Of  her  many  works  we  may  note  the  following: — "  Ploughing 
tn  Ihe  Nivemab"  (1848),  in  Ihe  Luxembourg  gaflery;  "The 
Horse  Fair  "  (iSsj),  one  of  the  two  reidicas  of  which  fa  In  the 
National  GaDery,  London,  the  original  being  in  the  United 
States;  and  "Hay  Harvest  in  Auvergne  "  (1855)-  She  wis 
decorated  with  the  Legion  of  Honour  by  tbe  empress  Eugtnie, 
and  was  subsequently  piomoted  to  the  rank  of  "  officer  "  of  the 
order.  After  1S67  RoiaBonheureihibitedbulonceinthesalOn, 
In  iSog,  *  few  weeks  befoie  her  death.  She  lived  quietly  at  her 
country  house  at  By,  near  Foniaincbltau,  whete  for  some  yesra 
she  had  held  gratuitous  c7aises  For  drawing.  She  left  at  her 
death  a  considerable  number  of  pictuia,  studies,  drawing  and 
etching,  which  were  iiM  by  auction  in  Pitfa  in  the  spring  of 
1900.  {B.  Fi.) 

■ntHBtni  DU  JOnR.  the  name  for  a  lady's  writing-desk, 
so  catted  because,  when  it  was  introduced  in  France  about  I  ](o, 
it  speedily  became  Intensely  fashionable.  The  bonheur  du  Jour 
is  always  very  light  and  graceful;  Its  specfal  characferfattc 
is  I  rafaed  beck,  which  may  form  a  little  cabinet  or  a  nest  of 
drawers,  or  may  simply  be  fitted  with  a  mirror.  The  top,  often 
surrounded  with  a  chased  and  gilded  bronie  gallery,  serves  for 
placing  small  ornaments.  Beneath  the  writing  surlBce  there  fa 
nsnalFy  a  sin^e  drawer.  The  details  vary  grrally,  hut  the 
general  characteristics  ate  always  traceable.  The  honbeuf 
du  four  has  never  been  so  delicate,  so  charming,  so  coquclllsh 
as  In  the  quarter  of  a  century  which  followed  ils  intraducllon. 
The  chdccr  examples  oF  the  time  are  inlaid  wHh  marqueterie, 
edged  with  exotic  woo^,  set  In  gilded  bronie,  or  enriched  with 
panels  of  Oriental  laccpieT. 

BOKI  (Bunt),  a  vsssal  stale  of  the  government  of  Celebes. 
-      ■   - insula  of  Celebes,  on 


le  Gull  of 


It  pro. 


of  them  important  aa  ex- 
ports. Ilie  breeds  of  bufiatoes  and  horses  in  Ihfa  state  sr  hlt^y 
esteemed.  Tbe  chief  town,  Boni,  lies  So  m,  N.E.  of  Macassar, 
and  9)  m.  from  the  east  coast  of  the  peninsula.  The  native  race 
of  Bu^  (f.s-),  whose  number  within  tbfa  ana  fa  about  70,000. 
fa  one  of  the  most  interesting  in  Ihe  whole  arcfaipelago, 

Boni  was  once  tbe  most  powerful  state  of  Celebes,  all  the 
other  princes  being  regarded  as  vaesab  of  its  ruler,  hut  its  history 
fa  not  known  In  detail.  In  tM6  tbe  rajah  Palakkah,  whose 
father  and  grandfatluT  had  been  murdered  by  the  famSy  of 
Hassan,  the  tyrant  of  Sumatra,  made  comnon  cause  with  the 
Dutch  a^insl  that  despot.  From  that  date  till  the  beginning 
of  the  loth  century  Dutch  InSuence  in  the  stale  remained  un- 
dfaputed.  In  1814,  however,  Boni  fell  lata  the  bands  of  the 
British,  who  retained  It  for  two  yearn;  but  by  tbe  Euiapcan 
treaties  concluded  on  the  downfiU  of  Napoleon  it  reverted  to 
Its  original  colonisen.  Their  influence,  however,  was  ccsfalcd 
more  than  once  by  the  natives.  An  expedition  in  i8is,  under 
General  van  Geen,  was  not  fully  successful  in  enforcing  it; 
and  in  1858  and  tbe  following  year  two  expeditions  were 
necessary  to  appose  an  attempt  by  the  princess  regent  toward* 
independence.  In  1860  *  new  prbice.  owning  allegiance  to  the 
Dittch,  was  set  np.    A*  in  other  native  atsta  in  Celebes, 


2o6  BONI 

wifnwiiro  to  Uk  thmoe  tit  tb>  tMUla  line  bu  pncedcBes  •¥« 

For  Ihc  wm  in  Boai.  Be  PneUcr.  Di  Benitclii  aptJiUhi.  itS9- 
iMo (Leiden,  iS7a);aadMe><i>.ln(beifil>Mtf(5fccMM'(ilSoJ. 

BOHIFACE,  MINT  [6&>-;;4],  the  opoiile  ol  Gmnuy.  who» 
le*]  luoie  wu  Wysfrith,  wu  bom  ol  s  good  Suon  [imiiy  mt 
Crediton  or  Kinon  ia  Dcvou^n.  While  ilIU  young  he  beamo 
ft  mank,  and  sludjcd  gnmour  arid  theology  Arat  nl  Euler,  then 
at  NutceU  near  Wincheller,  under  Ihe  abbot  Winberht.  He 
won  diiiinguuhed  himielf  both  as  scholar  sod  preacher,  ind  hid 


Frankiih 


d  lh»  eiunple  ol  oiher  Suoa 
"  ■  ■       He  w: 


probsibjy  owing  to  the  hostlUiy  of  Rulbod.  kii 
(hen  at  war  with  Charlea  Martcl.  At  the  end  ai  ;  t;  nc  mm  to 
RomCf  where  in  710  Pope  Gregory  II,  CORimissioned  him  to 
evangelize  Germany  and  to  f^njateracl  the  influence  of  the  Iriih 
monka  there.  Cn«tiiig  the  Alp>,  Bonifice  visited  Bivuia  and 
Thuringja,  hut  upon  heaiing  of  the  death  of  Radhod  be  hurried 
again  to  Friaia,  where,  under  the  direction  of  hi*  countryioaD 
WiUihninJ  (d.  Tit),  the  lint  biahop  of  Utrecht,  he  preached 
auccesafuUy  for  three  yeara.  About  t22  he  viiited  Heuc  and 
Thtuingia,  won  over  BOOK  chief  tains,  and  converted  and  baptiaed 
great  numbcn  of  the  heathen.  Having  leni  ipecial  word  to 
Gregory  of  hii  success,  he  was  aummoncd  to  Rome  and  coose- 
oated  biihop  on  the  joth  of  Novemlxr  7?  j,  alter  takinganoath 
of  olxdience  to  the  pope.  Then  his  mission  was  enlarged.  He  re. 
turned  with  lettersof  recommendatiop  to  Charles  Martel,  charged 
not  only  to  cnnvert  1^  heathen  but  to  luppresa  iictrsy  as  wvU. 
Chaiiei's  protection,  as  he  himself  CDnJeised,  made  poHibJe 
his  great  caiccr.  Armed  with  it  he  passed  safely  into  heathen 
Germany  and  began  a  systematic  crusade,  baptising,  overturaing 
Idols,  founding  churches  and  monasteries,  and  calling  from 
England  a  band  of  missiouary  helpcn,  monk)  and  nuni,  some  of 
whom  have  become  famous:  St  LuU,  his  successor  in  the  ace  at 
Mains;  St  Burchard,  bishop  of  WUrsburg;  St  Gregory,  abbot  at 
Utrecht;  Willibeld,  his  biographer;  St  Lioba,  St  Walhurgc,  St 
Thecla.  In  731  Bonilace  was  created  archbishop.  In  jjS  for 
the  third  time  he  went  to  Rome.  On  his  return  he  organiicd  the 
church  in  Bavaria  into  the  four  biihopnaof  Re(ensburg,  Frelsinc, 
Salibuig  and  Passau.  Then  his  power  naa  eitended  still  further. 
In  741  Pope  Zochariaa  made  him  legate,  and  charged  him  with  the 
reformation  of  the  whole  Fnnkish  church.  With  the  support  of 
Carloman  and  Pippin,  who  had  just  succeeded  Charles  Mirtel  as 
mayors  of  tjte  palace.  Boniface  set  to  worlc  As  he  had  dono 
in  Bavaria,  he  organised  the  east  Prankish  church  into  four 
biahoprica,  Erfun,  Wtlraburg,  Burabutg 


foU! 


:  abbey  of  FuM 


Tally 


er  the  Bavsiian  Sturm,  whose  btography 
gives  us  90  many  pictuicsque  glimpses  of  the  time,  and  making 
its  rule  itricter  than  (he  Benedictine.  Then  came  a  theoloeicsl 
and  disciplinary  controversy  with  Virgil,  the  Irish  bisbop  0! 

worlds  than  ours.  Virgil  must  have  been  a  most  remarkable 
man;  in  spite  of  his  leaning  toward  science  he  held  his  own 
against  Boniface,  and  was  canoniicd  alter  his  death.  Boniface 
was  moie  successful  in  Fiance.  There  a  certain  Adalbert  or 
Aldcbert,  a  Ftankish  bishop  of  Neustiia,  had  caused  great 
digturbauce.  He  had  been  performing  miracles,  and  claimed  to 
have  received  his  relics,  not  from  Rome  like  those  of  Bonilace, 
but  diiectly  Irom  the  angels.  Planting  crosses  in  Ihe  opeit  fields 
he  drew  the  people  to  detert  the  churches,  and  had 
following  throughout  all  Neustria.    < 


divided  as  to 
ional  Frankiih 
the  charlatan  that  Boniface  paints  bim. 
in,  Bonilace  secured  Adalbert's  condemna- 
Soissons  in  744;  but  he,  and  Cletrietit,  a 
da  heretic  on  predestination,  continued  to 
ol  legale,  council  and  pope,  for  three  or 


I  746  and  74t  fiaaUaet  wra  nade  liUop  ol  Utioi,  lad 
;tmpolitan  over  the  Rhine  huhopiics  aad  Utt«cht,  as 
I  those  he  had  esUblisbed  in  Genniny— IbiB  foundiof 
linence  of  ihe  tee  of  Maiot.  In  747  a  synod  of  the 
lishops  sent  to  Rome  a  fotmll  sutemenl  at  their 
sut)mission  lo  the  papal  authoiily.     The  lignifinince  ol  this  act 

formation  of  naiioiul  churches,  which  had  been  w  powerful 
under  ihe  Klriovirigians,  Boniface  does  not  seem  ta  have  taken 
pari  in  the  arioiniing  ol  Pippin  as  king  of  the  Franks  in  7J1.  In 
7i4  he  rcvgned  his  archbishopric  in  favour  of  Lull,  and  took  up 
again  his  eirtlcil  plan  of  a  mission  10  Frlsii;  but  on  the  5lh  of 
June  754  he  and  his  companions  wen  mailacrcd  by  Ihe  heathen 

St  Bonilace  has  well  been  called  the  procmuul  of  the  papacy. 
His  orsaniaing  genius,  even  more  than  his  missionary  ual,  left  its 
maik  upon  Ihe  Cermin  church  throughout  all  the  middle  age*. 
The  miuionaiy  movement  which  until  his  day  had  been  almost 
indeptndcDt  of  control,  largely  carried  on. by  Khiimatic  Irish 
monks,  was  brought  under  the  direction  of  Rome.  But  in  » 
welding  together  the  scattered  centres  and  binding  them  to  the 
papacy.  Boniface  secnifl  to  have  been  actuated  by  simple  2<al  fcHT 
unity  of  Ihe  faith,  and  not  by  a  conscious  political  motive. 

Though  pte^miricmly  a  man  of  action,  Booilaca  has  [eft  several 
literary  remains.  We  have  above  ail  his  Letters  {Epiittlat)'. 
difficult  to  date,  but  eiitemely  impoitani  f  mm  the  standpoint  of 
hisuny.  dogma,  or  literature;  tec  DUmmlei'i  edition  in  the 
Uanumali  Gmuniu  hislorica,  iSgi.  .  Besides  these  there  are 
a  grammar  [Di  xUt  tarlibia  aralimiiia,  ed.  Mai,  ~      ~ 


rii,),  w 


tested  ai 


1,  ed.  DUmmler,  PkIoi  lalm  oat  Caniuii.  i. 
iSSi),  a  penilenlial,  and  some  Dkia  Batifacii  (ed.  Nilmberger 
in  Thtoiepsclu  QiurUlictriJt.  Tubingen,  vol  w.  IKSB).  Ihe 
authenticity  of  which  it  is  hard  to  pnve  or  to  refute.  MigDe 
in  his  PaliJapt  Lalitta  (vol.  89)  has  rqavduced  Ihe  edition  ol 
Bouiface'i  works  by  Gil«*  (Londos,  1844}. 

There  are  very  maov  monographs  aa  Bonifatc  and  on  diHeimt 
phaics  of  his  life  (see  Folibait.  BMiellua  miiii  iih.  and  Lllyne 


._-■■•  Bittwt'-r 

!tely  sitirfactoTy.    Among  re 
OBB.  Dir  kiiliit  Ba*ifaliK-   " 


c  those  of   B 
nlPaderbpn. 


Bnifaa^adni.,  191H),     m.  uvitaa 

has  edited  the  KUue  unUi  Btnijalii  (Haoover,  1905).     (J,  T.S.*) 

BOKIFACX  {Bimilaciia),  the  name  of  nine  ol  the  popei. 

Bouiraci  I.,  bishop  of  Rome  front  41S  lo  411.  At  the  death 
of  Pope  Zosimus,.  the  Roman  dcrgy  were  divided  into  1*4 
factions,  one  of  which  elected  the  deacon  Eulaliua,  and  the 
other  the  priest  Bonilace.    The  imperial  govemment,  in  the 

Eulalius  having  biokcn  hb  bun,  the  emperor  Honoriua  decided 
to  recogniae  Bonifacs,  and  the  council  was  countermanded. 
But  Ihe  [action  of  Eulalius  king  tnnlinued  to  foment  disotden, 
and  the  secular  authority  was  com[iclled  to  intervene. 

BONIMCE  II.,  pope  Irom  jjo  to  J31,  was  by  birth  a  Goth, 
and  owed  his  elecUon  lo  the  nomination  of  his  predecessor, 
Fdii  IV.,  and  to  the  influence  of  the  Gothic  king.  Tlie  Roman 
electors  hod  opposed  to  him  a  priest  ol  Aleiaadria  aUed 
Dioscoius,  who  died  a  month  after  his  election,  and  thu*  left 

custom,  the  proceeding  by  which  he  had  benefited;  hni  tbe 
clergy  and  tbe  senate  of  Rome  farced  him  to  cajicd  this 
arrangement. 

BoNiricE  III,  was  pope  from  tbe  15th  of  Febrnaiy  lo  Ihe 
nth  of  November  606.  He  obtained  from  Phocas  lecognition 
of  the  "headship  □[  the  church  at  Rome,"  which  signifies,  no 
doubt,  that  Phocas  compelled  the  latriaith  of  Canstantinople 
to  abandon  (momentarily)  his  claim  to  the  title  ol  oecumenical 
patriarch. 

BoNiraci  IV.  was  pope  from  60S  to  615.    He  leceived  from 
Ihe  empeioi  Phocas  Ihe  Panlheon  at  Roine,_whkb  «i 
Into  a  Christian  church. 


Ihe  Pantheon  at  RoitK,_whkb  «•*  convti 

"»•     i.zodbvGoogk; 


BONIFACE  OF  SAVOY— BONIFACIO 


207 


BcmiTiiCE  v..  ptipc  (rotn  619  la  fi>5,  (Kd  mncb  for  tht  dirMiaa- 
iiing  ot  EngUnd.  Bcdc  mcnlloia  (/fuC.  Ecd.)  tbiit  he  mole 
cncoui3gin<  inttn  to  Mdlitus,  ntchbishop  of  Cinlerbury,  and 
JiBtm.  bishop  of  Rodwster,  irnd  quote)  three  lettets — 10  JdKi», 
lo  Eidwiii,  king  of  Northumbri*.  niul  to  hi»  wife  ,£thdbergii, 
WillUm  of  Malmesbury  gives  «  Ifller  10  Josliia  at  tb«  year  6*5, 
in  Hhkh  CinitrburjF  ii  constituted  Ih*  metropolitiui  lee  of 
Britun  lor  ewr. 

BoNtTACE  VI.  wu  elected  pope  in  April  Sofi,  ind  died  fifteen 
diyi  ^erwardft. 

BoTtitAct  VII.  wu  pope  from  August  9^4  to  July  ^j.  Hia 
fudily  name  wu  Fnna>.  In  974  he  wu  lubitituled  by  Cm- 
frntioi  uul  Ibe  Roman  barons  for  Benedict  VI.,  who  had  been 
assaasinatcd.  Re  was  ejected  by  Count  Sicca,  (he  representative 
of  the  emperor  Olta  II.,  and  Acd  to  Conitanlinapk.  On  the 
d«Ih  of  Otio  (qS})  he  returned,  aeiled  Pope  John  XIV.,  threw 
him  into  prison,  and  inatalied  bimielf  in  his  place.      (L-  D.*) 

BoHiFtCE  Vltl.  (Benedetto  Gaetano),  pope  tram  1194  to 
1303.  wu  bom  of  noble  family  at  Anagni,  studied  canon  and 
dvO  law  in  Italy  and  possibly  at  hria.  After  being  appointed 
to  canoniates  at  Todi  (June  ii«o)  and  in  France,  be  became 
an  adrocile  and  then  a  notary  at  (he  papal  court.  With 
Cardinal  Ottoboni,  who  wu  to  aid  the  En^ish  king,  HenTy  III,, 
against  the  bishops  of  the  baronial  party,  he  was  besieged  in  the 
Tower  of  London  by  the  rebellious  earl  of  Glouceslel,  but  wu 
rescued  by  the  future  Edward  I.,  on  the  17th  oF  April  I1A7. 
Created  cardinal  deacon  in  1181,  and  in  iiqi  cardinal  prteM 
(SS.  SyWcsIri  et  Martini},  he  wu  entrusted  with  many  diplo- 
matic misiions  and  heoime  very  influential  in  the  Sacred  CoHege. 
He  bdped  the  ineflective  Celestinc  V.  to  abdicate,  and  wss  him- 
self choKn  pope  at  Naples  on  the  14th  of  December  1194. 
Contrary  to  eiatom,  the  election  wu  not  made  unanimous, 
probably  because  of  the  hostility  of  certain  French  cardinals. 
Cdestioe  allempled  to  rule  in  eitreme  monutic  poverty  and 
humitily;  not  so  Boniface,  who  ardently  asserted  the  lordship 
of  the  papacy  over  aU  the  kingdoms  ot  the  world.  He  wu 
crowned  at  Rome  in  January  119J  with  great  pomp.  He 
planned  to  pacify  the  West  and  then  recover  the  Holy  Land 
from  Ibe  inEdd;  but  during  his  nine  years'  rdgn,  ao  far  from 
bdng  ■  peacemaker,  he  involved  the  papacy  itself  in  a  series 
of  cotllroversies  with  leading  European  powers.  Avarice,  lofty 
claims  and  frequent  eihibltions  of  arrogance  made  him  many 
foes.  The  policy  of  sopporling  the  interests  of  Ibe  house  of 
Anjou  in  Sicfly  proved  a  grand  failure.  The  attempt  to  buOd 
up  great  states  lor  his  family  made  most  of  the  Colonna  hit 

u  the  lii^tful  German  king.  Assuming  that  he  wu  oveHord 
of  Hunsiry,  he  dedared  that  its  crown  should  fall  to  the  bouse 
of  AnJou.  He  bumbled  Eric  VI.  of  Denmark,  but  wu  uimicnss- 
tul  in  the  attempt  to  try  Edward  I.,  the  conqueror  of  Scotiaod, 
on  the  charge  of  hietfering  with  a  papal  fief;  for  patliament 
declared  in  ijei  that  Scotland  had  never  been  a  fief  of  Rome. 
-nie  most  noted  conflict  of  Boniface  wu  that  with  Philip  IV. 
of  France.  Iri  1  ig6,  by  the  bull  Cltricii  laiats,  the  pope  forbade 
the  levying  of  tiies,  however  disguised,  on  the  clergy  without 
his  consent.  Forced  to  recede  from  this  position,  Boniface 
canoniied  Louis  IX.  [1147).  The  hostilities  were  later  renewed; 
in  ijoi  Boniface  himself  drafted  and  published  the  indubitably 
genuine  bull  Utui  lanclam.  one  of  tfae  ilrongesi  official  slale- 
meois  ot  the  papal  prerogative  ever  made.  Tie  wdght  of 
i^nion  now  lends  lo  deny  that  any  pari  of  this  much^liscussed 
document  save  the  lut  sentence  bars  the  mstlu  of  an  Infallible 
uttcfance.  The  French  vlce.chaacellot  Guillaume  de  Nogaret 
was  sent  lo  arrest  the  pope,  against  whom  grave  charges  had 
been  brought,  and  bring  him  to  France  to  be  deposed  by  an 
oeciunealca]  council.  The  accusation  of  heresy  hu  usually 
been  dismissed  (s  a  dander;  but  recent  investigations  make 
it  probable,  though  not  quite  certain,  that  Boniface  privately 
hdd  certain  Averroistlc  tenets,  such  as  the  denial  of  the  immor- 
tality of  the  Joul.  With  Sciarra  Colonna,  Nogaret  surprised 
Boniface  at  Anagni,  on  the  7ih  of  September  IJD3.  as  the  latter 
woi  abvut  10  pronouDce  Ibe  ' 


against  the  king.  After  a  nine-hours'  truce  the  ptha  «>* 
stormed,  and  Boniface  was  found  lying  In  his  bed.  n  ctoss 
dasped  to  hi*  breait;  that  be  wu  sittirig  in  foil  regalia  on  Ibe 
papa]  throne  it  a  legend.  Nogant  claimed  that  he  saved  Ibe 
pope")  life  from  the  vengeful  Colonna.  Hireatened,  but  Mt 
maltreated,  the  p^ie  bad  (enained  three  days  under  arrest 
when  the  citiiens  of  Aoagni  freed  hjra.  He  wu  conducted  to 
Rome,  only  to  be  confined  in  the  Vatican  by  Ibe  Onlid.  He 
died  on  the  irth  or  r^  of  October  T303,  not  eighty^Iir  yean 
old,  as  hu  commonly  been  believed,  hut  perhaps  under  seventy. 


[n  like  a 


n,  die  like  adog,"is 


AoTHoinias.— Di'gaid, 
Btni/aa  VIII  (Paris,  1M4 
vol.  ii.  ^nd  cd-,  Frdbu 
KaUntyibipidit.i'i.  iiL  (3. 
an  eliborate  bibliagniphy 


"He  I 

rrongly  held  to  be 
Dante,  who  had 

[ace  while  on  a  politiol  mission 
3l  the  new  Pharisees  "  (Iwjinw, 

87  f.). 


im  Titm 


~. :  Gee  and 


R.  SchdaTDit  PMi^ik  a 
Vlir.  (Stmiprt,  1901); 
Kener?"  in  voii  Sybel's  » 
iml.  146.  Spnd  liten 
QiMat  w  CttcUcUt  du 
14S  f.l  KircUnInibm,  icii. 
liDo;  H.  Finlce,  146-190;  J 

tliMry,  vol.  i.  (BoBon.  tot,,,  j-.  _     _ 

Hardy,  DxumntU  IkmanltM  ifBmi/uk  Ctarck  Biiltn  (Loadoo, 
1896),  87  H-  (W:  W.  R.-) 

BomrAix  DC  (Pieio  TomaceUO,  pope  from  1389  to  1404, 
wu  bom  at  Na[jes  of  a  poor  but  andcnt  family.  Created 
cardinal  by  Urban  VL,  be  was  elected  luccessor  to  the  latter 
on  the  ind  of  November  i}89.  In  1391  he  canoniied  Birgitia 
of  Sneden.  He  wu  able  10  restore  Roman  authority  in  the 
major  part  of  the  papal  states,  and  in  rjgS  put  an  end  to  the 
republican  liberties  o(  the  dty  itself.  Boniface  won  Naples, 
which  had  owed  spiritual  allegiance  to  the  antlpopes  Qcment  VI I . 
and  Benedict  XUL  of  Avignon,  to  the  Roman  obedience.    In 

Wenceslaus  and  the  declion  of  Rupert.  Negotiations  for  the 
healing  ot  Ihe  Grcii  Schism  were  without  resulL  In  spite  ot 
his  inferior  education,  the  contemporaries  of  Boniface  trusted 
his  prudence  and  morsl  character;  yet  when  in  finanrn^iT  straits 
he  sold  offices,  and  iD  IJ99  transformed  the  annates  into  a  per- 
manent tax.  In  139a  Ew  celebrated  the  regular  jubilee,  bul  B 
rather  informnJ  one  hdd  in  1400  proved  more  profitable. 
Though  probably  not  penonally  avaridous,  he  wu  justly 
accused  ot  nepotism.  Be  died  on  the  ist  of  October  1404,  bdng 
still  under  uity  years  of  age.  (W.  W.  R.*) 

BOKIFACB  OF  SAVOY  (d.  1170),  archbishop  ot  Canterbury, 
became  primate  In  1143,  through  ita  favour  ot  Henry  III.,  ot 
whose  queen,  Eleanor  of  Provence,  he  was  an  uncle.  Boniface, 
though  a  nun  ol  violent  temper  and  too  often  absent  from  his 
see,  showed  tome  sympathy  with  the  refomung  party  in  the 
English  cbunh.    T^ugh  in   1:50  be  provoked  the  English 

took  the  lead  at  the  council  of  Merlon  (1:58)  in  vindicating  the 
imvilegei  of  his  order.  In  the  batons'  war  he  took  the  royalist 
side,  but  did  not  distinguish  himself  by  great  activity. 

See  Matthew  Pari^  Omict  Uajcra;  Frantoii  Mugnier,  Ln 
Smyardi  rH  AniltUrri  (Ctambtry,  1890). 

BOHIFACIO.  a  maritime  town  at  the  southern  eitremily  of 
Corsica,  In  thearrondisscment  of  Sart^ne,S7  m.  S.S.E.  of  Ajacdo 
by  road.  Pop.  (1906)  194°.  Bonifacio,  which  overlooks  the 
straits  of  that  name  separating  Corsica  from  Sardinia,  occupies 


lo  caverns  accessible  only  by  boat. 


BONIFAaUS— BONITZ 


Si  Dominic,  i  chnrdi  boiii  in  tlie  liUt  caitinr  by  the  Templui, 
and  ihe  cithednl  of  Sbdu  Maria  Macgion  whidi  bdongi  luiniy 
to  Ihe  I3th  ccDlury,  are  ihe  duel  bnildinil.  llie  fortiGcadooi 
and  dtadcl  daU  (lom  the  Ifith  and  iplh  ccnturica.  A  malavt 
mtdievaltoircraavQuapavnler-magaaint  Tlu  trade  ol  Booi- 
ladD.whicfaiicuricdaD  chiefly  with  Sardinia,  is  in  cereali.  wine, 
corlt  and  olive-oii  of  fine  quality-  Cork-cultinc  tohacco-manu- 
faclure  and  lotal-fijiing  an  earned  on.  The  olive  is  laigelyculii- 
valed  <a  tbe  neighbourhood  and  there  lie  Mj-*oikj  in  the  town. 
Bonitaoo  wa>  founded  about  818  by  the  TuKan  nurquii 
«boM  name  it  ban,  ai  a  defence  against  the  Saiacen  pirates. 
At  the  end  of  Uie  nth  century  it  became  subject  to  Fiia,  and 
at  the  end  of  the  1 2lh  was  taken  and  coIoiuMd  by  tlie  Geiioeu, 
whose  influence  may  be  traced  in  tbe  chancier  of  ttic  population. 
In  1410  It  herotcaUy  withstood  a  piotmcud  siege  by  Alphonao  V. 
of  Aiagon.     Is  1554  it  fell  Into  the  hands  of  the  Franco-Turkish 

BONlFACtDS  <d.  4ji),  the  Roman  gavenor  irf  the  province 
of  Afrha  who  Is  generally  believed  to  have  invited  the  Vandals 
into  that  province  in  revenge  for  the  hostile  action  of  Pladdia, 
ruling  in  behalf  of  hn  son  the  emperor  Valcntinlln  III.  (41^419). 
That  action  is  by  Ptccopiua  attributed  to  his  rival  Aitiui,  but 
the  earlieat  authorities  q>eak  of  a  certain  Felii,  chief  minister 
of  Placidia,  as  the  calumniator  of  Bonlfadue.  Whether  he  really 
invited  the  Vandals  or  not,  there  is  no  doubt  thai  he  soon  luroed 
against  tiiem  and  biavely  defended  the  dly  of  Hippo  from  their 

by  f^ddia,  and  appointed  maatnof  the  soldiery.  ACtiua,boW' 
ever,  resented  his  promotion,  the  two  rivals  met.  perhaps  in 
tingle  combat,  and  Sonlfaciuaf  though  victoriouB,  ivceived  a 
wound  from  the  electa  of  which  be  died  Ihfee  moMhi  Uter. 

Tbe  aulhoritieB  for  the  olrcinely  oUcuit  and  difficult  hioeiy  of 
these  transadioiiaafe  well  Jiicinicd  by  E.  A.  Fitemaa  in  *□  ankle 
in  the  BmOiik  Hitltrial  Kaiim,  July  1U7,  to  whkh  the  reader  Is 
reftned.  But  compare  alio  Cibbon.  flwtHH  and  AH  gf  (b  ItnwR 
Emp^,  vol.  iiL pp. SOS-ID^  edited  Iqi  J.  B.Bury  [London,! S97). 

BOHIN  ISLAIIDS,  called  by  the  Japanese  OcASAWtaA-inu, 
!)  belon^ng  10  Japan,  attctchiBg  nenrly 


a  little  ( 


ainland  of  Japu).  They 
investlgationa,  and  have 
ies  of  iS'Si  iq.  m.  Only 
,  and  these  are  named — 
ima  [Bridegroom  Wind). 


to  7,*  45"  N,. 

a  coast -line  of  174  lis  m.  and  a  super 
ten  of  them  have  any  appreciable  si 

Nakadachi-shima  (Go-between  Isia 
Island),  Ototo-jima  (Youngei-brother  Island),  Ani-shima  (Elder- 
brother  Island),  Chichi-jiina  [Father  lsUuid),Haha-Jim^  (Mother 
Island),  Mei-jima  (Niece  Island),  Ani-jima  (eder-sister  Island} 
and  Imolo-jima  (Younger-slslei  Island),  JEunpean  gFographeti 
have  been  accustpmed  to  divide  the  islindi  fnio  three  groups  for 
purposes  oi  nomenclature,  odling  the  northern  group  tbe  Parry 
Islands,  Ihe  ceninl  Ihe  Beeehey  Islands  and  the  loulhera  tbe 
Coffin  or  Bailey  Islands.  The  second  largest  o[  all,  Chichi-jima, 
In  Japmese  cailogtaphy  waj  called  Peel  Island  In  1817  by 
Caplai  a  Beeehey,  and  ihe  same  officer  gave  Ihe  name  of  Supleion 
IsUnd  to  the  Olottv-jima  of  the  Japanese,  and  that  of  Buckland 
bland  10  Iheir  Ani.jima.  To  complete  this  account  of  Captain 
Beechey's  nomenclature,  it  may  be  added  that  he  called  a  lar^ 
bay  on  the  south  of  Peel  Island  Fitlon  Bay,  and  a  bay  on  the 
south.wesi  of  Buckland  Island  Walker  Bay.'  Port  Lloyd,  tbe 
chief  anchorage  (situated  on  Peel  Island),  is  conaidoed  by 
Commodore  Perry — who  visited  the  islands  in  iSsj  and  strongly 
urged  the  eslablishmeni  of  a  United  Stales  coaling  slaiion  ihwe 
— to  have  been  fomierly  the  crater  of  a  volcano  from  which  the 
to  the  harbour 


T  through  w 


:h  tava  used  to  pour  ic 


e,  indeed,  plainly  volcanic  in  their  nature. 

Hislory. — The  diveraily  ol  nomcnclatnn  indicated  above 

■  lUeiring  to  the  lapanese  custom  of  employing  a  go-belween  Id 

"^l1i«e"lkuJiriR  uken  from'  TU  Bnit  Iilaadi  by  Runll 
RobertHm.  fomierly  H.B.H.  eouul  la  Yokohama,  wbo  vuiud  the 
Wnrlii>i87S. 


auneati  that  the  owno^p  of  the  Uuidt  vu  foe  nne  lime 

doubtful.  According  ID  Japanese  annals  ihey  were  tUKOvered 
towards  Ihe  dose  ol  the  ibih  century,  and  added  to  tbe  fief  of 
a  Daioayo.  Ogasawa  Sadayori,  whence  the  name  Opaawaia- 
jima.  They  were  also  called  Biaiin^ima  (corrupted  by  loreign 
into  Bonin}  because  of  their  being  without  (Am)  inbabilanta  (i  ' 
EBective  occupation  did  not  take  place,  however,  and  com- 
munications with  Ihe  islands  ceased  altoget)»r  in  163$.  aa  was  A 
of  the  Japanese  govenunenl'a  veto  a^nat 


iretgncrB 
Ltaft.). 


jnofiei 


]g  fitful  CO 


the  then  representative  of  Ihe  0 
family,  only  to  be  again  iulerrupled  imtil  1861.  when  an  unsuc- 
cessful atlecnpl  was  mack  lo  establish  a  J^ianese  colony  at  Poet 
Lloyd.  Ucanwhile,  Capuin  Becchey  vistied  Ihe  islands  in  the 
"  Blossom,"  assigned  names  10  some  of  them,  and  published  ■ 
desoiption  of  their  features.  Sal  a  imall  puly  consisting  el 
two  British  subjects,  Iwo  American  dtiient,  and  a  Dane,  sailed 
from  tbe  Sandwich  Islands  for  Fori  Uoyd  in  1S30,  taking  wilh 
them  some  Hawaiian  natives.  These  adonists  boisled  tbe 
British  flag  on  Fed  Island  (Chichi-jima),  and  letlled  thCR. 
When  Commodore  Ferry  arrived  in  iSjj,  there  were  on  Fed 

one  Portuguese  and  the  rest  native)  of  ihe  Sandwich  Islands,  the 
Ladrooei,  &c, ;  and  when  Mr  Russell  Robertson  visited  the  place 
io  iSjs,  the  colony  had  grown  10  siiiy-nine.  of  whom  only  five 
were  pure  whites.  Mr  Robertson  found  them  without  education, 
without  reli^on.  without  laws  and  wilTiout  any  system  of  govern- 
ment, but  living  comfortably  on  clearings  of  cultivated  land. 
En^ish  was  Ihe  language  of  Ihe  setllen,  and  they  rtprdod 
Ihemselva  as  a  British  colony.  But  in  1S61  the  British  govern- 
ment  renounced  all  claim  toibe  islands  io  rHngailioD  of  Japta'i 
righl  of  possession.  There  ig  now  legulai  steam  commuDiatioa; 
the  *9aua  of  tbe  islands  are  duly  administered,  and  ihe  popula- 
tion has  grown  to  about  4500.  There  are  do  mountains  of  any 
considerable  height  in  the  Ogasawara  Islands,  but  the  scenery 
is  hilly  with  occasional  bold  irags.  The  vegetation  is  almost 
tropically  luxuriant^palms,  wild  pineapples,  and  ferns  growjns 
profusely,andIhevBlleysbdng  filled  with  wild  beans  and  palchea 
of  taro.  Mr  Robertson  catalogues  a  niuvber  of  valuable  timbcrt 
that  are  obtained  there,  among  ihcm  being  Tremana,  cedar, 
rose-wood,  iran-wDod  (led  and  while),  box-wood,  sandal  and 
white  oak.  The  kekop  tiee,  Ihe  oran^  the  laurel,  Ihe  juniper, 
the  wild  cactus,  the  cuny  plant,  wild  sage  and  celery  flourish. 
No  minerals  have  been  ducovered.  The  shores  ace  covered 
with  coral;  earthquakes  and  tidal  waves  are  frequent,  the  latter 
not  Inking  Ihe  form  o[  bores,  but  of  a  ludden  steady  rise  itid 
equally  sudden  fall  in  the  level  of  tbe  sea;  the  dimato  is  rather 
tropical  than  temperate,  but  ■■rftm.*^  is  almost  unknown  BDon|[ 
Ihe  residents.  (F.  Bv.) 

amaz,  HERMAHN  (1814-1888),  Ckmun  scholar,  va*  bom 
at  Langenaalaa  in  Saaony  on  tbe  39th  of  July  JB14.  Having 
studied  at  Ldpiig  under  G.  Ucimann  and  at  Berlin  under 
Btkkh  and  Lacbmtnn.  he  became  succcasivety  teacher  at  the 
Bloclunann  institute  in  Drodca  (iSj6),  Oberlehrer  at  tho 
Friedrich-Wilhclnis  gynmasium  (iSjS)  and  the  Graues  Slostcr 
(1S40)  in  Berlin,  professor  al  the  gymnasium  at  Stettin  (1S41}, 
profeasor  at  the  university  of  Vienna  (1S49},  member  of  lit 
imperial  academy  (1854],  member  of  tbe  council  of  educalloD 
(1S64),  and  director  of  the  Graues  Klosler  gymnasium  [iE6j). 
He  retired  in  18S8,  and  died  on  the  ijih  of  July  in  that  year  at 
Berlin.  He  took  great  interest  in  higher  education,  and  was 
chiefiy  responsible  for  the  system  of  teaching  and  eiaminatioii 
in  use  in  Ihe  high  schools  of  Prussia  after  iSfli.  Bttl  it  is  as  a 
commenUlor  on  Plato  and  Arialntle  that  he  ii  best  knows 
outside  Germany.  His  most  important  works  in  this  conncaioD 
are:  Diipulaliimt!  Flalaiitai  Diue  UHl);  F'alixtiKii  Sludim 
[jrd  ed.,  1886);  Obitnatuna  Ciiiieat  »  ArklUdit  liba 
UtUpliysicol  (liit);  Obiavitimts  CnlUa  in  AriiHUiu  quat 
ferualv  Uatmi  Uoralia  el  Elkica  Eultwiia  [.B44);  ..ffooBdrs 
Apkroiisieiuu  CommeiUanmi  tit  lihrst  Mtlapkyjicoa  Aristaldii 
[1847)1  Aritteldii  MtUthyika  (iS<S-ig4{i);  Ottr  iU  KaU- 
(trw»4ei<l.(iSjj}i    AriOtlduiit  Sluiita  i,iKi-i»j)i  Indtx 


BONIVARD— BONN 


a  (tSTo).    OtbB  woAtt    (Tlv  if  Urifnuf  Sr 

Tkukyiida  <iS5t).  ^  SapkeUa  (1856-1857)-  B'  *1»  mot 
Uigdy  OB  *-l»Mif1  ukd  ■dacAtiaul  lubjccu,  mEifily  for  the 
ZrilidirijI  ftr  die  isUrtatkuduK  GywrnasUm. 

A  fun  lilt  of  hB  vritinn  (>  livm  ia  tbt  ebitiucy  aiM.ii:t  by  T. 
GoopcfU  u  tk  BiapafUtcka  Jtkrlmlifiir  AUcrtutulnutdM  (iK»o). 
,  BONIVABOb  FRA>GOU  (i^qj-isto),  the  huo  of  Bymo's 
poem,  r^  Prutmir  a{  Ckillm,  wit  bom  at  5eyHd  ol  u  old 
Savoyanl  UmSy.  Booiv^nl  hu  been  described  u  "  a  mu  of 
Ibc  Rmiuunce  wbo  had  Hnycd  inlo  the  ige  o(  the  Keionna- 
lim."  Hm  ntl  citaaa  und  hiitoiy  ue,  however,  widely 
diSetent  from  the  legauluy  ucoont  which  wu  populiilied  by 
ByRin.  Is  I  jta  he  succeeded  hk  unde.  who  hid  edsated  him, 
■I  prior  of  the  Cluuiic  pnory  oi  St  Victor,  clac  to  Genevi. 
He  MtunJly.  thcrcfon,  oppoied  the  ■ttcmpti  ol  the  dnlLe  of 
Savoy,  aided  by  hz>  relativt.  the  biihop  of  the  dty,  to  maintain 
bii  rigliti  a*  lewd  of  Gtnen.  H«  wu  Impriaoned  by  the  duke 
■I  Gen  froDi  ijiq  to  ijii,  1st  hiaptloty,  andbeame  more  and 
Boic  antl-SavoyanL  In  i  jjo  he  wu  again  seited  by  the  duke 
aod  isiiftlwDed  fet  fouc  yean  undcrgtauud,  In  the  eaiCk  of 
CbiUoD,  tfll  he  wa*  rtleaaed  in  [sjfi  by  the  Bemeie,  who  then 
wttned  Vaod  from  the  dafce.  He  had  been  ntqiriioned  for 
pobtlcal  mwm,  for  he  did  not  become  a  Protestant  till  after 
his  rckue.  and  then  loond  that  his  prioiy  had  been  deatroyed 
in  1534.  He  obUiaed  a  pension  from  Geneva,  and  was  four 
times  married,  but  owing  to  his  extravagances  was  always  in 
debt.  He  was  oSdally  entrusted  in  1541  with  the  task  of 
compilint  A  history  of  Geneva  from  the  earliest  times.  In  1551 
hii  MS.  of  the  Ctraniqmtj  it  Cnif  (ending  in  isjo)  was  sub- 
milted  to  Calvio  for  cotitttloB,  but  It  was  not  puMisbed  tUl 
iSji.  Ilie  best  editino  is  thai  of  1U7.  The  work  is  ncdilical 
and  partial,  but  is  his  bat  title  to  fame. 

BOn,  a  town  gf  Germaay,  in  the  Prosaiin  Rhine  province, 
on  the  left  bank  of  the  Rhine,  ij  m.  S.  by  E,  from  Ci^ogne,  on 
Ibe  main  line  ol  railway  to  Maitu,  and  at  the  function  of  the 
Hues  to  the  Eilel  and  (by  ferry)  to  the  right  bank  of  the  Rhine. 
Pop.  (i*8j)  35,989;  (ipoi)  81,1x17.  The  river  is  here  cmsled 
by  a  fine  bridge  (1896-139I),  141;  ft  in  length,  [tanked  by 


(,'  with  'b 


which 


the  Coblenier- 

reaching  down  to  Ibe  Rhine.  The  central  part  of  tJ 
ooinpoaed  of  narrow  streets,  but  the  outskirts  contain  numerous 
fine  buildings,  and  the  appeatsoce  of  the  town  fiom  the  river 
b  attractive.  TbetT  ureiii  Roiun  Catbolic  and  two  ProtcsUnI 
diarclics,  the  tnoil  hnponanl  of  which  is  the  MUnster  (minster), 
an  imposing  edifice  of  grey  stone,  in  the  Romanesque  and 
Truuilioa  style,  nimwunted  by  five  (owen,  of  whkh  the 
central,  ri^ng  to  a  height  of  31;  ft.,  is  a  landmark  in  the  Rhine 
valley.  The  church  dates  from  the  i  ith,  nth  and  ijth  centuries, 
wsB  restored  in  1875  and  following  years  and  in  iSqo-t8{)4  was 
adorned  with  paintlngB.  Among  other  churcbce  are  the  Slifts- 
kircbe  (monasterlal  iburch),  rebuilt  1879-1884;  the  Jesuiten- 
kin:h*  (1693);  the  Minorilenkirche  (1J78-1318),  the  Hen 
Jesn-kirche  (1861]  and  Die  Maricnkiiche  (iSqi).  Then  is  also 
a  synagogue,  and  the  university  chapel  senses  as  an  English 
church.  The  town  also  possesses  a  town  hall  sitnate  on  Ihf 
mniket  square  and  dating  from  1737,  a  fine  block  of  lav-court 
tmildings,  several  high-grade  schools  and  a  theatre. 

By  far  the  finest  of  Ibe  buildings,  however,  is  the  famous 
univenity,  which  occupies  the  larger  part  of  the  sauthera 
fiontage  of  the  town.  The  present  esCaMbhment  only  dates 
from  i8i8,andowcsitseiistence  to  Ring  Frederick  Wmiamlll. 
of  Prttnia;  but  as  early  aa  T786  tfie  academy  which  bad  b#«n 
founded  about  nine  years  before  was  raised  t>y  Archbishop 
Maximilian  Frederick  of  Cologne  to  the  rank  of  a  university, 

ifissolved  by  the  last  elector.  The  building  now  occupied  by  the 
imivenity  was  originally  the  deetoral  palace,  constructed  about 
1717  out  of  the  materiah  of  tlie  old  fortiGca  trans.  It  was 
remodelled  aRer  the  town  came  into  Prussian  possession.  There 
■re  Gvf  faculties  in  the  unlvertity — a  legal,  a  medieal,  and  a 


ibers  upward*  of  130,000  voluna; 
and  the  antiqnariaD  museum  contains  a  valuable  collection  of 
Roman  cdici  diaomnd  in  the  nel^boorhood.  Connected  with 
the  univtrsiiy  are  also  pbyiiological,  pathological  and  chemical 
institutes,  five  dlnical  departments  and  a  laboiatoiy.  An 
academy  of  agriculture,  with  a  natural  hiilory  museum  and 
botanic  gaidok  attached,  b  established  in  the  paUcT  of  Ocmena- 
ruhe  at  Foppelsdoif.  which  b  reached  by  1  fine  avenue  about  % 
mile  hug,  bordered  on  both  sidei  by  a  double  row  of  chestnut 
trees.  A  iplendid  observatory,  long  under  the  chaise  of  Friedricb 
Wilbelm  ArgeUoder,  stands  on  Ihesouih  side  of  the  naiL  The 
Roman  Catholic  archlcpiscopal  tbeolagical  coUege,  bctutiluUy 
situiiedos  an  eminence  overlooking  the  Rhioe,  dates  fiom  i8gi. 

in  the  MOnstei-pltti  in  184;.  fi.  G.  Niehuhr  It  buried  in  the 
cemetery  outside  of  the  Stemtor,  where  a  monnmenl  was  jiaaA 
to  his  memory  by  Frederick  William  IV.  Here  ate  aba  the 
tombs  of  A.  W.  von.Sdilegel,  the  diplomatiii  Chiiiiian  Karl 
von  Bunen,  Robeit  Schumann,  Eari  Slmrack,  £.  H.  Arcdl 
and  SchiUer'i  wife.     The  town  b  adonred  wiih  a  marble  monu- 

and  a  itatue  of  the  Old  Catholic  bishop  Reinkeni.  In  1889  a 
mutetun  of  Beethoven  relics  was  opened  in  the  house  In  which 
Ibe  composer  was  boni.  There  are  further  a  municipal  miueum, 
arranged  in  a  private  bouse  since  i33],  an  academic  art  rauseniB 
(1884),  wilbsome  classic  originali,  a  creation  of  F.  G.  Weltker, 
and  the  provincial  museum,  standing  near  ttie  railway  station, 

works  of  art,  beside*  a  small  pictuie  gallery. 

One  of  the  moat  contpicuout  features  of  Boon,  viewed  from 
the  rtver,  u  the  pilgtima^  (monistic)  church  of  Kreuibcig 
(1617),  behind  and  above  Foppclsdort;  it  bat  a  ffigfat  of  iS 
tteis,  which  pilgrims  used  to  ascend  on  their  knees.  "  Der  alte 
ZoU,"  commanding  a  nugnificent  vicir  of  the  Siebengeblrge,  la 
the  only  remaining  bulnuk  of  the  old  fortifications,  the  Stemtor 
having  been  removed  in  order  to  open  up  belter  comnnraicatloD 
with  the  rapidly  iocnaalog  veatem  itiburbs  and  the  terminus 
of  the  light  railway  to  Cologne. 

But  for  ila  univeraity  Bonn  would  be  a  jdace  df  comparatively 
little  importance.  Its  trade  and  commerce  being  of  moderate 
dimensions.  Iti  ptirtcipal  industries  are  jute  spinning  and 
,__   __j  jjij  DUBufacture  of  porceUin,  Hags,  i      " 


d  bera,  and  it  hu  to 


Then 


re  ctHisiderable 


ibeia  tA  fordgB  rtsidenU,  notably  English, 

natural  beauty  ol  the  place  and  by  the  educational  fadllljet  it 

Bonn  (Bmiia  or  Csilni  Btxmtnna),  ortgliully  a  town  of  the 
Ubii,  became  at  an  early  period  the  ^te  of  a  Roman  military 
seltleraent,  and  u  tuch  It  frequently  mentioned  by  Tadliu. 
It  was  the  scene,  in  a.n,  70,  of  a  battle  in  which  the  Romlns 
were  defeated  by  Claudius  Civilis,  the  valiant  leader  of  the 
Bstavians.  Greatly  reduced  by  inciassive  barbarian  Inroads,  it 
was  restored  about  js9  by  the  emperor  Julian.  In  the  centutiea 
that  foDowcd  the  bieak-up  of  the  Roman  em^nre  it  again  suSeied  , 
much  from  baibariin  tttadu,  and  was  SiuUy  devastated  in 
88«  by  bands  of  None  niden  who  had  tailed  up  the  Rhine. 
It  wu  again  fortified  by  Konrad  von  Hochtuden,  archbisb^ 
of  Cologne  (iijg-iiet),  whose  successor,  Eogelbertvon  Fallcen- 
Inirg  [d.  i>74),  driven  out  of  his  cathedral  dty  by  the  towns- 
people, estabUsbed  himself  tiere  (116;);  from  which  time  until 
t7p4itremainedthere3idencea[theelectorsof  Cohigne.  During 
the  vatious  wan  that  devastated  Germany  in  the  16th,  17th  and 
iBth  centuries,  the  town  wu  frequen  tfy  b^eged  and  occtif^ed  by 


tinned  to  beloni 


0  the  el 


till  1794,  when  the  French  took  postetslOB  e 
LnnMUe  they  were  formally  recognleed  fn  their  occupation; 
bat  hi  1B15  the  town  wu  made  over  by  the  congress  of  Vienna 
to  Prussia.     The  fortifications  had  been  dbraantled  In  T717. 

See  F.  Ritler,  AUiUihiiii  itr  drti  iiUOn  SUilt  sh  Rbii.-  Xtln. 
Bam  Hid  Uaua  (Bonn,  iBjl);  H.  von  Sybel,  Dit  Gniaiftxr  iter 
CuAcrnW  Am  (1869):  anTAUnr  in  ifMH  fiocb  cd..  tjoir. 


2tO 
BomuT,  iloN  joura  rtxasmm  dsjj-     },  Fnoch 

painter.  HU  bom  at  BayoDoe  on  iIh  lOth  of  June  iSjj.  Hewu 
eduoled  in  Spain,  undei  Uadiaio  at  Uadiid,  and  tii)  bog  trrin 
of  pottDUU  iiuwi  the  ■""""■"  of  VcbiMtuei  ud  tbe  Spudah 
naliili,  Ib  1864  ht  woo  a  nnU  of  tunoiu  at  Puii.  where  he 
became  one  ol  Uie  kadiog  artiiU  o[  hi)  day,  and  in  iSSS  be 
became  pioleaaoi  of  paiitins  at  the  Ccnie  da  Beaux  AiU.  In 
Uay  igoj  be  ntccecded  Paul  Dubob  a*  directoi.  His  vivid 
portnll-piinUng  ii  hi*  moit  ctuvKlcriiiic  wock,  but  hii  subject 
{ricturo.  luch  at  the  "  Uulyrdom  of  St  Denii "  In  the  PantlitaB, 
arc  abofamoUL 

BOHHE-CASKteB,  OUILUUMB  DB  (its4->S>j1,  French 
diplomaiiit,  waa  bom  at  Uuiet  in  Languedoc  on  ihe  15th  of 
Febniaiy  17S4.  He  began  hil  caieei  in  the  aimy,  but  man 
entiieil  the  dipleraatic  aeivice  under  Vergennca.  A  friend  of 
Miiibcau  and  at  Dumouiiei,  he  became  very  active  M  the  Revolu> 
lion,  and  Dumauriei  ic-eitabUshed  for  him  tbe  title  of  direclor- 
feneml  of  Ihe  deparlment  of  foiTJgn  affun  (tlajcb  1791).  He 
remained  at  the  mioiitry,  preMcvtng  the  hibiu  of  the  diplonuiiv 
of  the  old  rffime,  until  December  tjqi,  when  he  wu  tent  la 
Belgiura  as  a«enl  ol  the  republic,  but  he  was  involved  In  the 
treason  of  Dumouriei  arid  was  armted  on  Ihe  md  M  April  1793- 
To  juttiiy  himself,  be  pobliibed  an  account  of  his  conduct  from 
Ihe  beginning  o<  the  Revolution.  He  was  freed  from  prison  in 
July  1744-  Napoleon  did  not  uuiC  him.  and  gave  him  only 
■ome  unimponant  missions-  Alter  1815  Bonnc-Cairire  retired 
Into  private  life,  directing  a  pm&taUa  busineu  in  public  ctniages 
belwien  Parit  and  Vtrsajllea. 

BOmtBR.  EDHUIID  (i5oo^'is69),  bishop  of  London,  was 
perhaps  the  natural  un  of  GearJIe  Sjivsge,  rector  of  Davenham, 
Cbcdure,  by  Eliaabetb  Fiodsham,  wba  was  *f  lerwaidi  muricd 
Id  Edmund  Bonner,  ■  uwjrer  of  Hanley  in  Wotastenbire, 
Thb  account,  which  was  printed  with  many  drcumitantial 
deUilsbyStrype(£uJll.  if«<r.  III.  i.  iji-iij),  was  disputed  by 
Strype's  coQIeiaparary,  Sir  Edmund  Lechmere,  1^0  asserted  on 

was  of  legitimate  birth.  He  was  educated  at  Brotdgatet  HoU, 
now  Petnbrolce  CoUege,  Oitord,  grudualing  bachelor  of  dvil 
and  canon  law  in  Juoe  ijig.  He  was  ordained  about  the  same 
time,  and  admitted  D.C.L.  in  1S15.  In  iji«  be  was  Wolsey's 
chaplain,  and  be  was  with  the  ordinal  ii  Oiwood  at  the  lime  of 
his  arrest.  SubKqucDity  he  was  tnuulened,  periiaps  through 
Cromwell's  influence,  to  the  service  of  the  liing.  and  in  January 
I5JS  he  was  sent  to  Rome  to  obstiuct  the  judida]  prooeedings 
•gtiiut  Henry  in  ihe  papal  curia.  In  October  1533  he  wis  en- 
trusted with  the  unmannerly  tniii  of  intimating  to  Clement  VII., 
while  be  was  the  guest  ol  Francis  I.  at  Mancilles,  Henry's  appeal 
from  Ihe  pope  to  a  general  council;  but  tbcre  seems  to  be  no 
good  autlv»ity  fo|  Burnet's  11017  that  Clement  threatened  lo 
have  him  burnt  alive.  For  these  and  other  services  Bonner 
bad  been  rewarded  by  the  grant  of  several  livings,  and  in  1535 
be  was  eoaije  archdeacon  of  Leicester. 

Towards  the  end  of  that  year  he  was  sent  to  further  what  he 
csUed  "the  cause  of  the  Gospel"  (Lcn<ri  and  Paptri,  1536, 
,  No.  469]  in  North  Ceimanyi  and  in  1S36  be  wrote  a  preface  lo 
Gardiner's  Di  V€ra  Ohediexlia.  which  usetted  the  royal,  denied 
the  papal,  supremacy,  and  wss  received  with  delight  by  the 
LutberaDS.  After  a  brief  embassy  to  the  empenr  in  the  spring  o[ 
iDpersededGsrdiner  at  Paris,  and  began  bis  mission 


BONNAT— BONNER 


byse 


decessor  (U,  ij]3,  iL  144).  He  was  almost  as  bitter  against 
Wyitt  and  Mason,  whom  be  denounctd  as  a  "  p^ibt,"  and  the 
violence  of  bis  conduct  led  Fiaads  I.  to  Ihrtaten  him  with  a 
hundred  strokes  of  the  balbenL  He  seems,  however,  to  have 
ptessed  his  patron,  CromweQ,  and  perhaps  Henry,  by  his  energy 
in  seeing  the  king's  "  Great  "  Bible  In  English  through  the  prem 
in  Psria.  Ha  was  already  king's  chaplain;  his  appointment 
'   Paris  had  been  accompanied  by  -       -     .■ 


:reford 


ind  before  be  Riumed  to  take  pessenion  be 


bled  lo  the  bishopric  ol  London  (October  ijjg}. 

Hitherto  Bonner  had  been  known  as  a  somewhat  coarse  and 
unscrupulous  tool  ol  CnunwcU,a  sort  of  errlesiiiliral  Wiiothtiley. 


m  agent;  but  be  hi 


He  is  not  known  to  have  protested  ogBlnit  toy  ol  the  ctiniil 
effected  by  his  masters^  he  professed  to  be  no  tbeoloflan,  and 
was  wont,  when  asked  theohigical  questions,  10  refer  his  inter- 
rogators to  the  divines.  He  had  graduated  in  law,  and  not  in 
theology.     There  was  nothing  in  the  ReCoraution  la  appeal 

one  of  those  numerous  Englishmen  whose  views  were  fallhluUy 
reflected  in  the  Six  Articles.  He  became  a  staunch  Conservative, 
»nd,  apart  from  his  embassy  to  the  emperor  in  1514-1543,  wal 
mainly  occupied  during  the  last  years  of  Henry's  relp  in 
brandishing  the  "  whip  with  six  strings." 
The  acotsion  of  Edward  VL  opened  a  fresh  and  more  credil- 

bardly  repudiate  thai  roya 
of  which  he  had  been  so  acli 

that  supremacy  when  be  sa  ,         _ 

a  Protestant  mundl,  and  either  be  or  Gardiner  evolved  Ifaa 
thtcry  that  the  royal  suprenucy  wu  in  abeyance  duriof  s  royal 
minority.  The  ground  wis  skillully  chosen,  but  it  wis  itM 
legally  nor  constitutionally  tenibit  Both  he  and  CaidiDeT 
had  in  lict  sou^t  Iieth  licences  lo  aecdie  Ibetr  tcckriutinl 
jurisdiction  Irhb  the  young  king;  ind,  U  he  was  snpRne  oougb 
to  confer  juritdktioa.  he  was  ntpreneenoaghloissiN  thefajoDC- 
lions  and  order  the  visitalian  lo  wUdi  Bamwr  objected.  Hne-, 
ovcr,ilaminorily  involved  an  abeyance  of  the  royal  supremvcy  in 
the  ecclesiastical  sphere,  it  must  do  the  same  in  the  temporal 
sphere,  and  there  could  be  nothing  but  anarchy.  It  was  on  this 
questioD  that  Banner  came  Into  conflict  with  Edward's  goveriK 
ment.  He  resitted  Ihe  vlsilation  of  August  IJ47,  and  wu' 
committed  to  the  Fleet;  but  he  withdrew  bis  opposllioa,  and 


10  take  SI 


ment  in  the  parliament  ot  Noveoiber  1  s 
November  i;48-March  1540,  he  wu  >  lesiling  opponciit  of  tbo 
first  Acl  of  Unffoimiiy  and-  Book  of  Coamoa  Pnycr.  Wben 
these  became  law,  be  ne^ectcd  to  enforce  then,  and  on  tbo 
1st  ol  September  IJ49  he  was  required  by  the  awndl  10  main- 
tain at  SI  Paul's  Crosi  that  Ihe  royal  authority  wis  as  great 
as  if  the  king  were  iorly  yean  of  age.  He  failed  to  contdy, 
and  after  a  seven  days'  trial  he  was  deprived  of  his  tHsbopric 
by  an  ecclesiastical  court  over  which  CraimKr  predded,  ajid 
wassenttoIbeManbalBea.  The  Eall  of  Somerset  in  the  foUowiog 
month  raised  Bonner's  hopes,  and  he  appealed  from  Cranmer 
to  Ihe  council.  After  a  struggle  the  Praleilant  faction  gained 
the  vppC!  hand,  and  on  the  7th  of  February  i;so  Boimer'* 
deprivatian  was  confirmed  by  the  council  sitting  in  the  Star 
Chamber,    and    he    was    funhei    condemned    lo    perpetual 


released  b] 


Mory^  occesrioB,  sod  was  at  once  rcMoted 
10  lus  see,  ms  oepnvaiion  being  regarded  is  invalid  aid  Ridley 
as  an  Intruder.  He  vigorously  resloced  Bonwn  Catbdidsm  in 
his  diocese,  made  no  difficulty  about  submitting  to  the  papal 
jurisdiction  which  he  had  forsworn,  and  in  ijsj  be|^B  Ibe 
penecuiion  lo  which  he  owes  his  fuse.    His  ipoJogists  eipUin 

who  brought  it  lo  posi  that  the  condemnation  ol  herelia  to  the 
fin  abould  be  port  of  bis  ordinary  official  duties.  The  enforce- 
ment of  Ihe  &nl  Book  ol  Common  Prayer  had  also  been  pan  of 
his  official  duties;  and  the  fact  that  Bwiner  made  no  ntch 
protest  against  the. burning  of  heretic*  as  he  had  done  in  the 
former  esse  abowi  that  he  found  it  the  more  congenial  duQf. 
Tunstal  was  OS  good  I  Catholic  as  Bonnet;  he  left  a  dlOertnt 
repute  behind  him,  a  dew  enough  indicaiioi]  of  a  di&erencc  in 
their  deeds. 

On  the  other  bind,  Bouer  did  not  go  oot  of  hi*  way  to  perse- 
cnle;  many  of  his  victims  were  forced  iqmd  him  by  the  DouncQ, 
whidi  semitimes  thought  that  he  bad  not  been  severe  enough 
(see  XcK  4/  Ifa  P.C.  IS54-'55'>.  PP-  "S.  iJOi  'iS^'S^, 
pp.  tS,  ig,  sid,  37fi).  So  completely  had  the  It  ~  '  '  ~  ' 
the  church  thst  rdigious  persecutions  hod  becoc 

cutions,  and  Bonner  was  acting  as  an  ecdesias 

'  iclery  district  of  the  rcaim.    Eten  Pole  recsrda 


BCHiNET,  C— BWINET 


w  Deny  lor  >  bUm  lot;  ud  ha  it  Kcn  M  Ul  wont  in  hli 
ImaJ  jecn  at  Ciuuner,  when  he  wu  oiUuMcd  with  Ibc  duly 
qI  dcgndws  hk  fonDer  chief.  It  is  a  man  rcnuTkahlc  Fact  that, 
IB  ipiU  oC  hi*  piumJoeiicc,  ndlhei  H«uy  VIII.  nor  Muy  ihould 

hiw  bcea  leganicd  bjr  hk 
cqiedilly  ia  dfaacRCtblB  - 

Oi  hB  (ccoaion  Eliubeth  refuied  le  allow  hia  to  Idu  her 
bind;  but  he  sat  and  voted  m  the  parliament  and  oanvocalion 
ol  ■;;«.  In  Uty  he  refued  tu  lake  the  oath  of  luprema^. 
icquiiing  like  his  coUeaguei  consistency  with  old  a^.  He  waa 
ml  to  ihe  Manhalsea,  and  a  few  ycara  Uler  waa  indicted  on 
1  diarfe  of  praentunirB  on  refnaing  the  oath  when  tendered 
kilabyhiidioanDiBiihapHonMof  Wlnchwer.  Heehallwigtd 
the  IwUily  of  Uonu't  conxcnlion.  and  >  •pedal  act  of  padia- 
mat  wu  pund  to  otecl  tlK  point,  while  Ihe  charge  aiainu 
BeoBeTwuwitUnwD.  Be  died  io  the  Uuabaliek  on  the  jth 
ttS^InnlMT  11A9,  and  wai  btnied  ia  St  CeoiBc'i,  Soulhwark,  at 
■Mii^t  to  avoid  tba  tiak  ol  a  boalile  deannitntioa. 

Sa  iMis  M<<  Fsfut  ^  Baa,  VIII.  vi^  iv.-ai.:  Acu  1^  lit 
tan  Catmett  (iMl-ljAui  Itrii'  JmiFmali,  voL  ■.;  WUluu' 
Cmkia:  FatVAM^ilammmenl,.  ed-  To«nx:iid;  Bur«1      ' 


IB  Dia.  Ntt.  Bitv-  (A.  F.  P.) 

lARUI  (t^la-^^9i),  SviM  D4lur*lial  aad 
iter,  wu  born  at  Geneva  on  the  i]tb  oi  Uarch 
iTia.  of  a  French  family  driven  into  Swiucdand  by  the  re- 
li^oiu  penecnlion  in  ^  ifiib  cealuiy.  He  made  Uw  his 
pmCorioa,  Iml  bit  lavootits  punuil  wu  the  itudy  of  natural 
KieHx.  ThcuxoDato(theuit-Uan(aN.A.Plucbe'iJf<iMcJi 
ii  Is  urtirr,  w4iidi  tie  read  in  hii  uteenlh  year,  tuned  his 
atlentioii  10  liuect  life.  He  piocured  R,  A.  F  do  BiaiunuT'i 
*ii[k  on  inaecta,  and  with  the  help  of  live  ipedmeni  lucceeded 
in  addinf  vrnny  olwnatiani  to  thoia  of  Rfaumur  aad  Pluche. 
Ill  ;«o  BoBaeteoBuntmicatad  to  tlie  academy  of  idctica  a  paper 


li  the  BcadeBiy.    In  1741  he  b<ipu 
foioe  nod  lb*  ifgeufiatinn  of  lot  puti  in 

catnpillam  and  bulteiflici  ii  pcilarmed 
name  of  Mtipiula  has  aince  baen  given. 
In  174J  ka  waa  admitted  a  fellow  ol  the  Royal  Sodetyi  and  Id 
le  ytar  he  became  a  doctor  of  laws— hia  -laat  act  la 
'     ^  n  which  had  oret  been  diitaiteful 

It  publiihed  work  apptaiad  in  1745,  enljlkd  Trailt 


njatding  ... 

lom  aul  the  aiale  of  otginiad  beinta.  Bolanr>  paitlailaily 
the  leave*  Of  plania,  neit  atmclad  hia  attentiim;  and  after 
•even]  yeaia  of  dOigait  atady,  mderad  iAsome  by  the  mireai' 
iii«  weahncaa  of  hia  eyes^ht,  be  pvblidKil  in  1754  ou  of  the 
moat  original  and  iatensUog  of  ia  ymka,  BtciBcitt  nir  fsuf* 
du  /aalltt  4am)  ht  tlaKUt;  m  which  among  other  thingf  be 
adnscu  many  ecMideratioDa  tending  to  ahow  {f  bu  quite 
Rcoitly  bum  done  by  Fiandt  Danrin)  tbat  plants  an  endowed 
•riih  powen  of  «"»"''"'  and  discerMnest.  Bat  Bonnel'a  eye- 
s|ht,  which  tbreatauad  to  tail  allogethet,  catncd  bin  to  lun 
lo  pfaaoaaphy.  In  1714  bit  Etiai  it  ftyduUfft  wu  publiihed 
aneoymauily  tai  t«iidon.  Hia  wat  MiMnd  by  the  £ua{ 
eH/)<>fwnirto/ii»Uitibr«w(CapeabigeD,i7M.  Id  which 
h(  dev^opa  hia  viewi  tcgardlnc  tbe  phyrioiogkal  cuiditions  of 
nviilal  activity.  He  mumed  to  pby^cal  ideBce,  but  to  tbe 
apeculative  aide  of  it.  in  hia  CanndtratfMt  Mr  lu  cir>i  arfonifa 
(AaatBdaB,  )76i),  deaigaed  to  itluta  tbe  tbaeiy  of  ipJuJiiu'li, 
and  to  explain  and  defend  the  doctrine  of  pte^sktent  gema. 
In  hk  CewKm^laliM  it  Ic  ■adn  (AnKenkm.  1764-I7fis; 
'~  ~  '  ~  ^  into  Italian,  Gcmian,  ^*i^^^  and  Dntdi},  one  of  hk 


211 

moat  popubr  and  ddighcful  wotka,  he  let*  tMth,  In  doqomt 
language,  the  theory  that  all  the  beings  in  nature  fortnagmdual 
tcale  tiling  from  lowest  to  highest,  without  any  break  in  its 
(onlinuity.  Kii  U<t  important  work  was  the  Pulinilnlsit 
pkitolftliiqlli  [Geneva,  1769-1770);  in  it  he  treats  of  the  past 
and  future  of  living  beings,  and  supports  theideaof  thegurvival 


Bonnet's  life  was  uneventful  He  ai 
Swilierland,  nor  does  he  appear  to  have 
affaiisuceptEor  the  pciiod  between  175: 


nnberollheco 


lever  to  bave  left 
any  part  in  public 
)  68,  durini  which 

five  years  of  hk  life  he  spent  quietly  m  the  country,  at  Genthod, 
neai  Geneva,  where  be  died  after  a  long  and  painful  illness  on 
the  lolh  of  May  xtu.  Hu  wife  was  a  lady  of  the  family  of 
De  la  Rive. 

They  bad  no  children,  but  Madame  Bonnel'i  nephew,  Ihe  ' 
celebrated  ILB.de  Saussure,  was  brought  up  as  Iheir  son. 

Bonaet'i  philowphicnl  system  may  be  outlined  at  lollows. 

lHjux  a  a  coDipouod  of  two  distinct  lubttinces,  mind  and  body, 

the  one  immaterul  and  tbe  other  maicruil.    AH  knowledge 

origuiatis  in  seHSalions;  muatious  follow  (whether  as  physical 

"cctt  or  merely  as  sequoits  Bonnet  will  not  say)  vibrations  in 

!  nerves  appropriate  to  each ;  and  lastly,  Ihe  nervei  are  made 

vibrata  by  eatemal  physical  slimulua.    A  nerve  once  tet  in 

itlan  by  1  particular  object  tends  to  repioduce  that  motion; 

that  wben  it  a  second  time  receives  an  Impression  from  tbe 

ne  object  it  vibrato  with  leu  resistance.    The  sensation 

lompanying  this  increased  flexibility  in  the  nerve  k,  according 

Bonnet,  the  condition  of  memory.    When  reflection— that  k, 

I  active  clement  in  mind — a  Bp[^ed  lo  the  acquisition  and 

nbination  of  sensstions,  those  abstract  ideas  are  formed 

Lich,  though  gencially  dktinguished  from,  are  thus  merely 

isations  in  combination  only.    That  ^bich  puts  the  mind 

o  sclivity  B  pleasure  or  pain;  happiness  a  the  end  ol  buman 

stenct.    Donnet's   metaphyiical    Iheory   it   based  on    two 

nciples  boimwed  from  Leibnitz — £m,  that  there  are  not 

xesaive  acts  of  creation,  hut  tbat  the  universe  is  completed 

tbe  tingle  original  act  of  the  divine  will,  and  tbercalter  moves 

by  its  own  inherent  force;  and  tccondty,  that  there  k  no 

break  in  the  cnnlinuity  ol  eiistence.    Tbe  divine  Being  ori^- 

ally  cteated  a  multitiide  o(  getmt  in  a  graduated  scale,  e^cb 

with  an  inherent  power  of  lelf-developmeiit.    At  every  tuc- 

cp  in  the  progress  of  the  univetse,  these  germs,  ai 

rely  modified,  advance  nearer  to  perfection;  If  some 

and  Dlhen  did  not  there  would  be  a  gap  in.  the  con- 

the  chain.    Thus  not  man  only  but  all  other  fonns  of 

arc  imnurtoL    Hoz  a  man's  mind  alone  immortal; 

hk  body  alto  will  past  into  the  higher  stage,  not,  indeed,  the 

body  be  now  potscssei,  but  a  finer  one  of  which  the  germ  at 

present  esuU  wiUiia  bim.    It  Is  impossible,  bowcver,  to  reach 

lute  perfection,  because  the  distance  k  infinite.    In  this 

proposition  Batuict  violates  his  own  prindpte  of  continuity, 

by  postulating  an  inteivai  between  the  highest  created  being 

and  the  Divine.    It  k  also  difficult  to  understand  whether  the'* 

advance  to  perfection  a  performed  by  each  mdlvidual, 
or  only  by  each  nee  ol  beings  as  a  whole.  There  seems,  in  lact, 
to  be  an  osdUation  between  two  distinct  but  analogous  doctrines 
'that  of  the  constantly  increasing  advancement  of  the  individual 
future  stages  of  eik1ence,Bnd  that  of  the  constantly  incieat- 
g  advancement  of  tbe  race  u  a  whole  according  to  tbe  tucces- 
>e  evolutions  of  Ihe  globe. 

Bonnet'i  RHiiplele  works  appeared  at  Neuchltd  ia  I779-I7g3, 
partly  rcviwd  by  hinuelf .  AnEisliih  Ranilationof  ceitain  ponioaa 
of  the  Ptinitftillif  pUanMifU  waa  publBbed  In  17^7,  under  tbe 
title.  PUImpllial  and  GUial  /anirwi  ttmtnit  Ctriiliaaily. 
See  tka  A.  Icnnlne,  Oksrto  BkhH  (FUth  ttjofi  Ibe  doc  de 
Caiwnaa.  Oorlu  Amsri.  Mifeis^*!  it  udmaliiU  (Fatls,  igM): 
Mu  onnar,  DIt  PnOilttS  C.  B.  (Ldpiig,  lSu)i  Joh.  Speck,  in 
Ank-t.  Cock.  i.  PI^Tl  (Ig97).  id.  [iS«),  pp-^l  foil..  A  (tSgt) 
pp.  i.3ii;J.Tienibley,  Kfc frS* rt fiufrafre St  Cfl.  (Bern.  1794)- 
OHHFr  (from  Lai.  hHulum,  a  kind  ol  stuff,  then  tbe  cap 
le  of  tbk  slafl),  originally  a  toft  cap  or  covering  for  Ihe  head, 


212 


BONNEVA^-BONNIVET 


tbe  eoDUDon  tcnn  to  EngUA  t31  Uk  oiil  of  the  17th  notnry; 
tUi  toot  survives  in  ScolUmtl,  apccuU;  u  applied  lo  tbe  cip 
ksown  u  >.  "  gLcnginy."  The  "  bonnet  "  d(  ■  ship's  nil  now 
mesas  ui  ulditionat  piece  Uced  on  to  the  bottom,  but  it  s«nu 
to  have  fonnrrly  meant  a  piece  laced  to  tbe  ti^,  tbe  term  "  lo 
viil  the  bonnet"  being  found  at  the  be^nnint  of  tbe  i6th 
century  to  mean  "itiike  sail"  (fromtheFr.nofer),  to  let  doMi. 
la  modern  timea  "  bonnet  "  has  come  to  be  used  of  a  type  of 
head-COTciing  for  women,  diSnentiated  from  "  hat "  by  fitting 
closely  to  the  bead  and  often  having  no  brim,  but  vaiying 
conslderi^bly  in  shape  according  to  the  period  and  fashioO' 


The  cc 


».  by  a 


im-cngine  or  aalety-Iamp,  01 


,iroiective  device*, 
slanf  use  to  «  gambler's  acconipl  , 
BOHHBVAL,  CLAUSE  AUZAITDR^  Come  de  (1675- 
-  1747)1  Frencb  adventurer,  known  also  as  Ahhcd  Pasha,  was  the 
descendant  of  an  old  family  of  Umon^n.  He  was  bom  on  the 
14th  of  Jnly  i6;Si  and  at  the  age  of  thirteen  joined  tbe  Royal 
Marine  Corps,  After  three  years  he  entered  the  aimy,  in  which 
he  rose  to  the  command  of  a  regiment.  He  served  In  the  Italian 
campaigns  mider  Catinat,  Villeroi  and  VendAme,  and  In  the 
Netherlands  nnder  Liuembiugi  ffving  proofs  of  indomitable 
counge  and  great  mililsTy  abilily.  His  iiwIeiittiearlDi  towards 
the  minister  of  wu  was  made  matter  for  a  court-manial  I1704)- 
He  was  coodemued  lo  death,  but  saved  himself  by  flight  to 
Cenoany.  Through  the  influence  ot  Prince  Eugme  he  obtained 
*  gCDcrsl's  command  in  ttie  Austrian  array,  and  fought  with 
great  bravery  and  distiaction  against  France,  and  afterwards 
■gainst  Turkey.  He  wu  present  at  Htlplaquel,  and  was  severely 
wounded  al  PeletwaTdein.  The  proi^edings  against  him  in 
Fnuice  neie  then  allowed  to  drop,  and  he  visited  Paris,  and 
named  a  daughter  of  Marshal  de  Blron.  He  retuned,  however, 
after  a  short  time  to  the  Austrian  army,  and  fouijit  with  dis- 
tinction at  Belgrade,  He  mi^t  now  have  rjen  to  the  highest 
rank,  bad  he  not  made  himself  disagreeable  to  Prince  Eugene, 
who  sent  him  as  master  of  the  ordnance  to  the  Low  Countries. 
There  his  ungovernable  temper  led  him  Into  a  quanel  with  the 
marquis  de  PCt,  Eugene's  deputy  govemor  In  the  Ketherlands, 


demned  to  death;  but  the  emperor  commuted  the  sentence 
to  one  year's  fmpriaonmoit  and  banishment,  Bonnevai,  soon 
after  his  release,  ofleied  his  services  to  the  Turkish  government, 
professed  the  Mahommedan  faith,  aod  took  the  name  of  Ahmed. 
He  was  made  a  pasha,  and  appwuted  to  organia  and  command 
tbe  aitillei7.  He  leodcied  valuable  services  to  the  sultan  in 
his  war  with  Russia,  and  with  the  famous  Nadir  Shah.  As  a 
lemid  he  received  the  governorship  of  Chios,  but  he  >oc<n  (ell 
under  the  susfHcian  of  the  Porte,  and  was  banished  for  a  time 
'to  the  shores  of  the  Black  Sea.  He  was  meditating  a  return  lo 
Europe  and  Christianity  when  be  died  at  Constantinople  on  (he 
3jrd  of  March  1747. 

'  The  Umoiri  published  under  his  name  are  aparioin.  See  Prince 
de  Liine.  iltmnin  nr  U  tamli  it  Bcnurvtl  ItMiit,  lSi7);  and  A. 
Vandal,  li  Padn  Bniaal  (I^ns,  iMs). 

BOKHBTlLLIt  BEHJAMIM  L.  B.  Ci795-r87S),  American 
military  engineer  andeiplorer,  was  boni  In  France  about  i;9S- 
He  emigialed  to  the  Uoiled  Stales  in  eatly  youth,  and  graduated 
at  the  United  States  Military  Academy  at  West  Pomt  in  1S15. 
He  was  engaged  in  the  construction  of  military  roads  in  the 
south-west,  ajid  became  a  captain  of  Infantry  in  1^35.  In 
1831-1B36,  having  obtained  leave  of  absence  from  tbe  army, 
he  conducted,  largdy  on  his  own  responsibility,  an  exploring 
eipeditlon  to  the  Rocky  Mountains,  proceeding  up  the  Platte 
river  through  parts  of  the  later  states  oi  Colorado  and  Wyoming 
into  the  Great  Salt  Lake  basin  and  thence  into  California.  After 
bring  absoluldy  cut  off  from  dvlliiitlon  for  seveia!  years,  and 
having  his  name  struck  from  the  array  list,  be  returned  with  an 
interesting  and  valuable  account  of  his  adventuit*.  which  was 
edited  and  amplilied  by  Washington  Irving  and  putiUshed  under 
tbe  title  Tie  Kaity  MonnUiiu:  a  Sam,  ImdaUs,  and  Adttn- 
Iva  in  Iht  Far  WiH;  frm  Ou  Jtarmil  if  Caflsin  BniiaiiiH 


L.  B.  BMonOt  ^At  Army  i^Ou  Unikd  SMti  it  vok.,  sBjrt, 
nibsequent  editions  hewing  the  title  Tti  Adtnlva  t)  Cafttia 
-  loiUf,  US.A.,  in  (b  Kach  UfmHaiai  ami  tin  Far  Ifeif. 
leville  Ixicame  a  major  in  184 j,  and  was  biwcted  Uentcsiant- 
lel  for  gallantry  la  tbe  battles  of  Contrcns  and  Chsnibuaco 
during  the  Mexican  War.  He  beounc  a  colond  in  1855,  com- 
mandid  the  Gila  river  expedition  against  the  Apaches  in  i8;7. 
and  from  1858  to  iSfii  commanded  the  department  of  New 
Mexico.  He  iras  retiied  In  1B61,  hut  served  during  the  Civil 
War  as  tectultlng  officer  and  commandant  of  bairadu  at 
St  Louis,  Missouri,  receiving  the  brevet  rank  of  brigadier- 
general  b  1865,  He  died  at  Fort  Smith,  Arkansas,  on  tte  nth 
of  June  tiji.  The  extinct  glacial  lake  wTiIch  once  covered 
what  is  now  north-weatern  Utah  lias  been  named  in  bis  honour- 

BONHET,  THOMAB  OBOBOB  (1S33-  },  EngUsll  geok«st, 
ddest  ion  oi  the  Rev,  Thomas  Bonney,  master  of  the  grammar 
school  at  Rugcley,  was  bom  in  that  town  on  the  ijih  of  July 
1833.  Educated  at  UpjJngham  and  St  John's  Cc^lege,  Cam- 
bridge, be  graduated  as  lath  wran^cr  in  1856,  and  was  ordained 
in  the  following  year.  From  1&56  to  ift6t  he  was  rontbematical 
master  at  Westminster  school,  and  geology  was  pursued  by  him 
only  as  a  recreation,  mainly  in  Alpine  regiona.  In  1S6S  be  was 
appoioted  tutoi  at  St  Jolui's  College  and  lectuni  la  geology. 
His  attention  wu  spedsUy  directed  to  tbe  study  of  the  igneout 
and  metamoiphic  rocks  io  Alpioe  tefpoos  and  in  various  parts  of  . 
England,  in  the  Lizard,  at  Salcombe,  in  Chamwood  Forest,  in 
Walea  and  the  Scotti^  Highlands.  In  1877  he  was  chosen 
professor  of  geology  fo  University  College.  London.  He  became 
secretary  and  afterwards  president  of  the  Geolaeical  Society 
[  1G84- 1 BS6),  secretary  of  the  British  Association  <i88i~iS8s), 
president  of  tbe  Minente^cal  Society  and  of  the  Alpine  Club. 
He  was  also  in  1S87  appointed  honorary  canon  of  Manchester. 
His  purely  scientific  works  are:  Camiridialan  Cetleiy  (t8;s); 
TAe  Sliry  ufeur  Plnnd  (1803);  CAsfei  LytUami  Ucitrm  Gmitty 
(ia«5);  la  Wrrl,  Past  ind  Praeal  (1896):  Vatcaiua  (1809]. 
In  addition  10  many  papen  published  in  the  Quorlerly  Jaatud 
tf  At  Gaiopad  Setiity  and  Galaptal  Uafaiiu,  he  wrote 
sereial  popular  works  on  Alpine  RegloBs,  on  English  and  Welsh 
scenery,  as  well  as  on  Iheologlcal  subjects. 

SttCeeiopai  Mafioime  for  September  E901  (with  bibliograpky> 

BOHHIBR,  AKQE  ELISABETH  LOUIS  AHTOIKB  (1740- 
1799),  French  diplomatist,  was  a  member  of  the  Legislative 
Assembly  and  of  tbe  Conventioa,  wiiere  he  voted  with  the 
majority.  I>iiring  tbe  Directory  he  was  charged  with  diplo^ 
matic  mistioBS,  first  10  LlUe  and  then  to  th«  coogress  of  Rutadt 
(October  1)9;),  wbete  tits  negotiations  dragged  sRaiily  along 
and  were  finally  broken.  On  the  38th  of  April  17(19  the  ideiu- 
potentiaries  on  leaving  Raaladt  were  aisaUed  at  tbe  gates  of 
tbe  town  by  Hungarian  hussars,  probably  charged  10  secuie  thdt 
papers.  Bonnier  and  one  ol  h^  collengues.  daude  Xobcijot, 
were  killed.    The  other,  Jean  Dcbry.  was  wounded. 

See  Huefer.  Dir  BaOuiurpn'^"'''"'*  (Bona.  iS9i>). 

BOmnVKT,  QDILLADlfB  QOUFPIEB,  Seigkedem  fc 
i4tlS~iiij),  French  soldier,  was  the  younger  brother  oC  Aitua 
CouSer,  sdgneot  de  Boisy,  tutor  oi  Francii  L  of  France. 
Bonnlvet  was  brought  up  with  Francis,  and  after  the  young 
king's  accession  iH  became  one  of  the  most  powerful  ol  the 
royal  favourites.  In  rjrj  ha  was  made  admiral  of  Fiance,  In 
the  impciial  election  o[  1519  he  superintended  the  candidature 
of  Frands,  and  q)ent  vast  sums  of  money  in  his  cSorts  to  secure 
tlK  votes  of  the  electors,  but  without  success.  He  was  the 
implacable  enemy  of  the  constable  de  Bourlxm  and  contributed 
to  his  downfall.  In  command  of  the  army  of  ^'avarrtin  i^at, 
he  occupied  Fuentefrabia  and  was  probably  rcsponiitde  for  its 
non-resloratioo  and  for  the  consequent  renewal  of  hostilities. 
He  succeeded  Marshal  Lautrec  in  151]  in  the  comman  of  tlie 
army  of  Italy  and  entered  the  MHancse,  but  was  defeated  and 
forced  to  eHeet  a  disastrous  retreat.  In  which  the  chevalier 
Bayard  perished.  He  was  one  of  the  principal  coDuasndeii  of 
the  amy  which  Frands  led  into  Italy  at  the  end  of  1JI4,  and 
diedalthehattleofPavtaon  the  14th  of  February  tsij.  Bni^ 
tame  say*  that  il  was  at  Bsnnivet'a  suneition  that  the  battle 


BONOMI— BONPLAND 


313 


olhTta  wn  Im^,  «Bd  dnt,  Ke(B|tliedhiK(ic  b>  had  OMcd. 
bttawttdudlounddothhcrolcillyinthefiiiit  I>  ■(■>«  «< 
bb  1aQutv«  At  ■  geHT*]  and  dtphnuCkt^  fata  Jna^ome  (■« 
uid  hcBliiBi  «H  Hiblcd  luni  lo  RUiii  UuQBKbimC  hk  life  the 
btlraur  km]  tooGdRKe  of  Ua  kbig.  Hi  •*•  >  mu  of  BceUioot 
rih.  AccordJDS  Id  Biul6Be  be  ni  thg  mx^ul  rinl  sf  tk* 
ktni  for  tte  [■vowi  of  kbduM  de  CUtenbriaud,  and  if  tn 
mar  bdieve  Um  to  haw  been— aa  la  wry  pmUUd— tta  hero 
of  the  loatDi  ftorr  of  tbe  Biffmemi,  Manwrilc  d'AraoaHoK 
had  onailm  lo  RsiM  hii  Inportrndtlia. 

B. — Beoalnt'a  CBncapaadem  is  the  BUiUatUqi 


.  -rq.)'    Sr  alio  EnwM  Livliac,  Hiatin  it  Fr 

i.  IrmaiiBT  (ifoj-igaf). 
,  OltMBPn  (irj^iSoS),  ^Dglidi  ardAact, 
it  RoDH  on  the  iqtb  of  January  1739.  Aftsr  attaiaiBi 
klenUe  rcpulatioa  fn  Italy,  ba  cbdh  b  i;ti7  to  ~  ' 
and  finallyKttlcdlii  practice  tbiTt.  H) 
of  the  lelirenKiit  ot  Sir  Joibua  Ri 
of  the  Royal  Academy.  Sir  Joahi 
foil  Aademician,  regarding  him  as  a  ftlting  ocmpant  of  tfaa  then 
ncant  chair  of  prnpecliw.  Bnt  the  tnajofity  dt  tha  Acade- 
Bician  were  oppoaed  to  thlisug(stioii,aiidBoBOdti  waaalectMl 
an  aneciate  oidy,  and  ilial  merely  by  the  pitaideat'a  caativg 
vote.  BoDomi  irai  largely  ttsponible  ior  tbc  levlnl  of  daMlcal 
architraun  in  England.  Hii  m«t  lamooi  mrk  *ai  the  Italian 
*3Ia  at  Roaenealh.  Dumbartonshire,  designed  for  the  duke  o( 
Argyll.  In  1804  he  irai  appointed  bononry  arcUlect  to  Si  I^eler't 
at  Rome.     He  died  <o  London  on  the  Qtb  ol  March  ttaS. 

His  son,  GivsEFFi  Bohou  (i  796-iS;S),  studied  art  bi  Loodon 
at  the  Royal  Academy,  and  became  asculptor.  but  li  best  kianrn 
as  an  ninslnlor  of  the  leading  Egyptola^ad  pubUcatioM  of  Ua 
day.  Prom  1S14  lo  ig]>  be  was  in  Egypt,  making  dramlaff 
of  the  monuments  In  the  company  ot  Barloo,  Lane  and  VRIUd- 
son.  In  iS]3  be  vished  the  mosque  d  Oaiar,  reluming  with 
detailed  drawings,  and  fmm  1841  to  T844  «a>  again  In  Eiypt, 
attached  to  the  Pruniaa  government  ei(d««tk>n  eipedition 
under  Lepahu.  He  assisted  In  the  arranEeirwiit  of  the  Egyptian 
court  at  the  Crystal  Palace  in  ig;j,  and  in  lUi  was  qtpoinlcd 
coratar  of  the  Svne  MnMum.    He  died  oB  the  jrd  of  Uaitb 

WMnrem  (or  BtromMtliR),  SDIVABRI  BAmiTA  {idjit- 
ITSO?),  Italian  mmial  wmpoaer,  was  the  son  ol  the  mapaaer 
Giovanni  Maria  Boiwiidnl,  best  known  as  the  author  of  a  treatise 
entitled  n  tlasia  PtaUicn  (Bologna,  1673),  and  bnthn  of  the 
composer  Marc*  AntcMiia'  Bottoncini,  with  whom  he  has  often 
been  confiaed.  He  it  said  to  have  been  born  BI  Modena  in 
1671,  but  (be  date  of  his  Urth  must  probaUy  be  placed  sook 
ten  yan  earlier.  He  was  a  pupD  of  Ks  father  and  of  Cdonna, 
and  produced  his  firat  operas,  TtJIa  Oaiilia  and  Seru,  at  RoBw 
in  i6fl4.  In  1696  he  was  at  the  court  of  BerUn,  and  between 
I70D  and  1710  divided  his  line  between  V^ienna  and  luty. 
In  1 7»a  be  was  summoDed  to  London  by  the  Royal  Academy 
cl  Musk,  and  produced  several  opeias,  enjoying  the  protection 
of  the  Matlboron^  (atnily.  About  17J1  it  was  discovered 
that  he  had  a  few  years  previously  palnied  off  a  madrigal  by 
loltl  as  hh  oini  work,  and  after  a  long  correspondence  he  was 
obliged  to  le*ve  the  eountry.  He  remained  for  scva^  yean  in 
Prance,  and  in  1748  was  summoned  to  Vieima  lo  compoae  musk 
fa  honour  of  the  peace  at  Aii-la-Cbapeile.  He  thai  went  10 
Venice  ■*  a  compoter  of  opens,  and  nothing  morek  known  oI 
Utlifc 

BooodcinTa  rivalry  with  HUmM  «ill  alwayi  ensure  Urn 
immoitalily,  hnt  he  waa  b  Umself  a  muaitian  of  considerable 
ed  the  style,  not  only  o(  Handel 
Either  he  or  his  brother  (oui 
knowledge  of  the 


ibaiply  rhythiqlcal  style  consptcoois  in  n  Trimfo  di  CamiUa 
(1697},  the  success  of  which  It  Katies  probably  induced  Scar- 
tsttl  to  adopt  a  similai  type  of  mdody.  It  b  ooticeaUe  in  the 
oooB  popular  ali  of  Boaoncini,  Vafrto  uaaJaert,  and  in  the  ait 


Vait  im  tftat,  long  attrlbattd  to  Satntor  Soaa,  hot  reaOy 
by  BonondnL 

BOKONU  (mod.  BsJapu],  the  thief  town  of  ancient  Aemllia 
(mc  Anmu,  Via),  in  Italy.  It  was  said  by  daitkal  wrilen 
to  be  of  Etracan  origin,  and  to  has*  been  founded,  nadcr  iIk 


of  wluch  the  latter  imnedialely  pcecnkd  the  Etn>caB  civil- 
laatlon  (c  600-400  a.c).  An  enenaiw  EtiuscaB  nacmpiilit, 
loo,  was  discovered  on  tha  site  of  the  iBodani  cenKtety  (A. 
Zannoni,  Scait  iilU  Coltta,  Beloffta,  tB7«},  and  others  Id  the 
public  ffuden  and  on  the  Anualdi  Veli  property  {NMUt  ii^i 
StMii,  imdm  iB7l(-i90O,  t.f.  "Botogna").  In  ii)6  i-C.,  when 
the  town  Erst  appeata  In  hBtory,  it  was  already  in  tha  peaiiwIoQ 
of  the  Bcdl,  and  had  probably  by  this  time  changed  tu  name, 
and  b  1S9  %.e.  It  beeuoe  a  Konian  colony.  After  the  ciHiqncat 
of  the  monntatn  uibea,  its  ln>pottaiK«  una  aaured  by  ill  pcrilion 
on  the  Via  Aemilia,  by  which  It  iras  connected  In  1B7  a.c  with 
Arlmlnnra  and  FUcentIa,  and  on  the  road,  constructed  In  tha 
same  year,  lo  Anetiom;  •rfule  another  road  was  made,  perbapa 
Id  17$  a.C;,  lo  Aquilella.  It  thus  became  the  centre  of  the  road 
system  of  noHh  Italy.  In  go  a.c  it  acquired  Roman  dtliendilp^ 
la  43  >.c  it  was  used  as  Us  base  of  opcratloDs  against  Dedu 
Bruins  by  Mark  Antony,  who  settled  colonists  here;  Augusiia 
added  olheit  later,  constructing  a  new  aqueduct  liora  the  Letta, 
a  tribnury  of  the  Rhcnua.  which  was  restored  to  use  in  iSSi 
(G.  G<iziadliilhi?/i>iB«d>if>  Jtori,  iSSi,  161).  Mter  a  fire  In 
A-D.  53  the  emperor  Clatidius  made  a  subvention  of  10  milUoa 

one  of  Ihe  moat  Important  cities  of  ancient  Italy.  «  Bologna  ti 
of  modem  Italy.  II  was  aUe  10  resist  Alaric  In  410  and  to 
preserve  its  eiistence  during  Ihe  general  ndn.  It  altetwardi 
belonged  to  the  Greek  eiarchale  of  Ravenna.  Of  remains  of 
Ihe  Roman  period,  however,  there  are  none  above  ground, 
■hough  various  discoveries  have  been  made  from  time  to  time 
within  the  dty  walls,  the  modem  streets  corresponding  more  « 
less,  as  il  seems,  with  the  andent  lins.  Remains  of  the  bridge 
of  the  Via  Aemiba  over  the  Rbeuis  have  also  been  found— 
coBafaUng  of  parts  of  the  parapets  on  e*ch  side,  In  brick-fated 
concrete  which  bdong  to  a  ratoration,  the  original  constnictlon 
(prahaUy  by  Auguslia  la  1  b.c)  having  been  in  blocks  of 
Veronese  ted  marble— and  also  lA  a  msnive  protecting  wall 
slightly  above  it,  of  late  dale,  in  the  construction  ol  which  a  large 
number  of  Roman  lombstones  were  used.  The  bed  of  the  rivet 
was  found  lo  have  risen  at  least  » ft.  since  the  coOapas  «f  thii 
bridge  (aboDt  >.n.  rooo),  the  total  length  of  winch  most  haw 
been  about  650  (t.  and  the  iridth  between  the  parapets  384  ft. 

See  E.  Briiio  in  SolaU  it^  Suti  (iSqA).  II].  45D;  (iBq7)  3Jo: 
(i»>»)  465:  (19DJ)  SJ>.  (f-  *»■) 

BORPLUID,  AIM*  JACODD  ALBXAHDRI  (1773-1858), 
French  Iravtllct  and  botanist,  wbcoe  real  name  was  Goujahd, 
wBS  bom  at  La  Rocfaelle  on  the  iind  of  August  I773-  After 
serving  aa  a  surgeon  in  the  French  army  and  studying  under  J. 
N,  Corvisart  at  Paris,  he  accompanied  A.  von  Humboldt  during 
five  years  of  travel  in  Meiica,  Colombia  and  the  districts  bordci- 
Ing  on  the  Orinoco  and  Amason.  In  these  esploralioiis  be 
collected  and  classified  about  6011a  planU  ini  then  mostly  un- 
known in  Euiupe,  which  he  aflerwards  described  in  Plimla 
t^aintriala,  tic  (Paris.  i8og-iSi6).  On  returning  to  Paris  he 
received  a  pension  and  ihe  superintendence  of  the  gardens  at 
Malmaison,  and  published  ifrmsfra^Mt  dts  UHaUtmia  (i««A}, 
and  Dacripliim  ia  fliutUi  rara  ii  flatatrt  (1813).  In  1816 
he  set  out,  taking  with  him  various  European  planU,  for  Buenca 
Aires,  where  be  was  elected  prolejsot  of  natural  hisiory,  aoi^ce 
which  he  soon  quilted  in  order  10  eiplore 
WhilejoutDcylngloBoIiviBhewaaaneateainiBji.  oyco 
of  Dr  Ftancia,  the  dictator  ol  Paraguay,  who  delalosd  hi 
1831,  On  regaining  liberty  he  resided  al  Saa  Borga  in  1 
vinee  of  Corrlentes.  unta  bit  removal  in  1S53  to  Sanu 
where  he  died  on  the  4U1  «i  Hay  jSjt. 


214 


BONSTETTEN— BOOK 


Sum,  uid  m  good  Kprocnt 


B  <174s-e8ji),  Siri» 
al  paCriciaD,  man  Frencb  tlum 
:  ol  ttw  CtUidad  Bern  of  tbe 

£unilia  of  Bun,  he  wu  cducaUd  in  his  uilin  loirp,  ii  Yverdon, 
■nd  [1763-17M)  ■  t  Gcacva,  whne  he  came  under  Ihe  influence  of 
Rousseau  ud  of  Chacles  Bonnet,  andimbibcd  liberal  teDtiaenU. 
Recalled  to  Bent  by  hi)  lather,  he  «a>  looa  mdI  to  Leiden, 
and  then  vuiled  (1769)  Eoglind,  nhere  be  bcaune  a.  friend  of 
the  poet  Cny.  Afler  bia  tathct'i  deaih  (1770I  be  made  a  bog 
jouney  in  llidy.  and  on  hi*  tttuin  to  Brd  (1774)  entered  poU- 
tkal  liic^  for  which  he  vaa  unfitted  by  reason  of  his  liberal  ideu, 
which  ted  him  to  patroniie  and  encourage  Johanna  UUUei,  the 
future  Swiu  hiitotiin.  In  1779  he  was  named  the  Beneae 
bailifl  of  Saanen  or  Gtsseoay  (hen  he  wrote  his  i^eUrd^aifgraJei 
nraiuaiMrfc^  fa  5nJii<,  published  In  Geimanin  1781),  and  in 
3787  was  trftDtlerred  b  a  nmilar  capacity  to  Nyon,  from  which 
post  he  had  lo  retire  alter  taking  part  (i^gi)  in  a  festival  to 
celebrate  the  destruction  of  the  Bastille.  Fiom  1795  La  1797  he 
governed  {for  the  Swlib  ConJcdeiation]  the  Italian -speaking 
diatiicUoE  Lugano,  Locarno,  Mendiislo  and  Val  Uaggia,  of  which 
be  published  (1797)  a  pleasing  description,  and  into  ithlch  he 
it  uid  to  have  intioduced  Ihe  cultivation  of  the  poulo.  The 
French  revolution  of  ]7qS  in  Switzerland  drove  him  again  into 

his  friend  Fredirika  Biun.  and  then  Killed  down  In  iSoj  in 
Geneva  for  the  test  of  hie  life  There  be  enjoyed  the  sodeCy  ol 
many  dktioguished  pcnoos,  among  whom  was  (iSog-iSi?) 
Madame  de  Stid.  Ic  wu  during  this  period  that  he  published 
his  moat  cdebiated  work.  L'Hamni  dn  mii  d  I'komnH  dm  nord 
(tSu},  a  study  of  the  Influence  al  climate  on  diSctent  nations, 
the  north  bdog  eaihed  at  tbe  eipense  ol  (be  touth.  Among 
his  Dlhei  works  an  the  Rakirdia  iw  la  ualiat  it  lo  Mi  di 
riiwtiiNUiM  (rSo7).  and  tbe  £tiida  dt  rhrmmi,  tu  Rtihotitt 
iMrUiJaaUlli  di  faua  H  dc  lailir  (1811),  bnt  he  was  better  ■> 
on  observer  than  as  a  pbiloAopber. 

Lives  by  A.  Stouten  (Unaaane.  iSfio),  by  C.  Morell  fWinterthur, 
IS61).  and  by  R.  Willy  (Bern,  igg«}.  Set  ahu  vol  liv.  of  Siinle- 
Btu  ve'a  Cauuria  in  Laiidi.  (W.  A.  B.  C.J 

BOmS  (a  iocular  application  of  tbe  Lat.  imw,  far  (mum, 
"  a  good  thing  "),  a  sum  paid  lo  iliareboldeTs  in  a  joiat-tiock 
company,  as  an  addition  to  the  ordinaiy  dividend,  and  generally 
given  out  of  accumulated  profits,  or  out  of  prohts  gained  from 

word  deiuites  the  addition  made  to  tbe  amount  of  a  policy  by 
a  distribution  pro  tola  of  accumulated  profits  or  surplus,  la 
a  Enorc  general  sense,  bonus  is  any  payment  or  remuneration  over 
aad  above  what  is  due  and  promised. 

BONZR  (from  JapancK  Imtte,  probably  a  mispronundation 
of  Chinese  /oh  iimt,  "  religious  person  "),  the  European  name 
for  Ihe  members  of  the  Buddhist  religious  orders  of  Japan  and 
China.  Tbe  woid  is  loosely  used  ol  all  Che  Buddhist  pci(«M  in 
those  and  the  neighbouring  countries. 

BOOK,  the  conjBion  name  for  any  literaiy  production  of  some 
bulk,  DOW  applied  particularly  lo  a  printed  composition  forming 
a  volume,  or,  if  in  more  Ihan  ttne  volume,  a  ungle  organic 
lilerary  work.  The  word  is  also  used  descriptively  for  tbe 
intemid  divi^ni  ot  seclions  of  a  comprehensive  work. 

The  word"  book  "  is  found  with  variationsof  form  and  gender 
in  all  the  Teutonic  languages,  the  original  form  postulated  for 
it  beiDg  a  iliong  fcniinine  Btki,  which  must  have  been  used  in 
tbe  sense  ol  a  weI  ting-tablet.  Ihe  most  obvious  conneiuni  of  this 
i>  with  the  old  English  bit,  a  beech  lice,  and  thouAb  this  is  nol 
free  from  philological  difhculties,  no  piobable  alternative  ha* 
been  luggetled. 

As  eacly  as  3400  I.C.,  in  Babylonia,  Ic^  dcosions,  revenue 
accounts,  ttc.  were  inscribed  in  cuneiform  characters  on  day 
tablets  and  placed  in  jaa,  atianged  on  ahelves  and  labelled  by 
day  tablet*  attached  by  straws.  In  the  7th  ceatucy  n.c.  a 
library  of  lilerary  work*  wriiien  on  *uch  cablet*  edsihI  at 
Nineveh,  founded  by  Sargan  (7JI-705  b.c.].  A*  in  tbe  cau  of 
the  "  Cnalion  "  lerie*  al  the  British  Museum  Ibe  naitative  was 


■ometiaei  continued  from  oM  UUet  to  UMitbir,  and  mow  cf 
the  tablet*  are  inscribed  with  entiia  fanning  ■  ataloguc  of  tha 
libnty.  These  day  tablets  are  perhaps  entitled  to  be  called 
books,  but  they  are  out  of  the  direct  auettry  of  the  modciD 
prinlai  book  with  which  we  are  here  chiefly  concerned-  One 
of  the  eariiest  direct  ancestors  of  this  extant  is  a  roll  of  eighteen 
colunms  in  Egyptian  hieratic  writing  of  about  tbe  a^th  century 
t.c.  in  the  Musfc  de  Louvre  St  Paris,  preserving  the  raaiimi 
of  Ptsh-hetep-  Papyrus,  the  mstcrial  on  whicb  the  manuscript 
(knownas  the  Papyrus  ?risse)iswrilten,,wa*madefram  tbe  pitk 
of  a  reed  chiefly  found  in  Egypt,  ac 


>  be  the  us 


Ilco 


Uieai 


■Tiling  until  the  ea 

r  pontlfiial  bulls  uritU  X-D.  loii,  and 
fen  later;  while  in  C(q>tic  rn^nuscript*,  for  which 
' '    "'        '  s  employed  al 


lebyw 


hihey 


called  the  papynis,  fili0>M  otfiffiei,  that  the  Greeks  fomed 
&^U»,  that  word  lor  a  book,  tbe  plunl  of  which  {mis- 
taken lor  a  feminine  siiigulai)  has  given  u*  our  own  word  Bible. 
In  the  :nd  century  B.C,  Eumene*  II.,  king  of  Petganrai, 
finding  papyrus  bstd  to  procuie,  introduced  impcovement*  into 
the  preparations  of  the  skins  of  sbeep  and  cslves  foE  wtilia£ 
purposes,  and  was  rewarded  by  tbe  Hme  of  his  kingdom  beimg 
preserved  in  the  word  ^gamrtilamt  whence  our  "  psrelunent," 
by  which  the  dressed  matoial  is  known-  In  the  tolh  century  tbe 
supremacy  which  parchment  had  gradually  etlablisfaed  wu 
attacked  by  the  introduction  from  the  East  of  a  new  writinc 
material  made  fiom  ■  pulp  of  linen  lagi,  and  the  name  ol  the 
vanquished  ptipyrii*  hi*  transferred  to  this  new  rivaL  Paper- 
mills  were  set  up  in  Europe  in  the  nth  century,  and  tbe  uk  of 
paper  ^Ined  ground,  though  not  vet;  rafMly,  until  on  the 
invention  of  printing,  tbe  demand  for  a  cfteap  material  for  books, 
and  tbe  ease  with  which  paper  could  be  worked  on  a  press,  gavft 
it  a  practical  monopoly.  This  it  preserved  until  needy  the  eiui 
of  the  iQlh  century,  when  substance*  mainly  composed  ol  wood- 
pulp,  esparto  gtau  and  clay  largely  took  its  plsce,  while  continue 
ing.asin  tbo  transilionfrempapyrus  to  linen-pulp,  to  pas  under 
the  aoue  name  (see  Patek). 

So  long  B*  the  use  of  papyrus  was  predominant  the  usual  form 
of  a  book  was  that  ol  the  Hliiinfli  or  roll,  wound  round  a  stick, 
(IT  sticks.  Ite  modem  form  of  book,  called  by  Ihe  Latins  «rfa 
(a  word  originally  used  for  the  stump  of  s  tree,  or  block  of  wood, 
snd  thence  for  tbe  three-lesved  UblcUinlo  which  tbe bk)ck Vaa 
*awn)  was  coming  into  laihioo  in  JMsriial's  time  at  Kome,  aad 
gained  ground  in  propottion  as  parchment  supenediKl  papyno. 
Tbe  Kluaun  as  it  was  luuolltd  revealed  a  series  of  narrow 

seen  in  the  number  of  columns  in  the  earliest  codices.  Thus  in 
the  Codei  Sinaiticus  and  Codex  Vatioous  of  tlie  Bible,  both  of 
Ibe  4th  century,  there  are  respectively  four  and  three  coliunoi 
to  a  page;  in  the  Code*  Alcundiinus  (jth  century]  only  two; 
in  Ibe  Qxlei  Beiae  (6th  century}  nsly  one,  and  from  this  dale 
to  the  invention  of  printing,  while  there  were  great  changes 
in  handwriting,  Ihe  anangemenl  of  books  changed  very  Uitle, 
single  or  double  coliunn*  bang  used  as  was  found  convenicnt- 
Id  Ihe  eitcmal  f  ocn  of  books  there  was  much  the  same  conserva~ 
tisa.    In  Ihe  Cod»  Amiatinus  written  in  England  in  the  aih 


eofth 


isiedlu 


that  of  Ibe  ijlh-centuty  red  leather  bindings  predominant 
in  the  Biblioteci  Ij-urenziana  at  Florence,  in  which  the  codex 
iCsdf  is  presetved.  In  tbe  lune  way  some  of  the  small  stamps 
used  in  Oxford  bindings  in  tbe  1  jih  century  are  nearly  indistin- 
guishable Irem  those  used  in  England  three  centuries  eatlicr. 
Much  fullerdeCails  as  Co  tbe  blsloiy  of  written  books  in  these  as 
well  as  other  respects  will  be  found  in  the  artide  Max 


1  of  prin 


1  jupplem 


I  attei  tbe 

al  ixtok-faand  and  *d 
rk,  printed  in  the  same  district 
iten,  tlic  diilercnce  in  general 


kpponBCcmirByifight  Tbeptfailtr'il)rp>(>ceTTro<UMT>v) 
mwld  u  I  lule  be  bued  on  m  huulwritiiig  consklend  by  the 
■cribs  ippnipiute  to  miki  of  the  Hmc  diss;  the  clupter 
headinca.  >i«i^^'ii*-*_  iiutiil-letlcn,  pangraph  turlu.  ud  in  pome 
cucBJUiatntioiUiireuldbe  added  by tumdinkityle  Hhich might 
doeily  RSeBible  the  like  dcconlieDi  in  the  muuKfipt  Imta  which 
the  ten  •>!  bdsg  priuled;  then  irould  be  do  title-p«(e.  und 
vety  pnbibly  ua  nalement  of  iny  kind  that  the  book  ni 
printed^  or  u  to  where,  when  or  by  whotn  it  wu  produced, 
iDforsuiun  ab  to  these  poinu,  if  given  at  all,  wu  reserved  for 
Lt  the  obd  of  the  book,  called  by  bibliognj^n 
Mm  (f.iL)j  to  iddch  th/t  prinler  often  attached  a  device 
sg  of  his  anns,  or  ihtm  of  the  town  in  which  he  worked, 
a  Fanciful  design.  These  devices  sre  aomelimei  beautiful  and 
oltc&takelheplaceof  a  SUtement  of  the  printer's  naniF.  Many 
ftcsimiles  or  copies  of  them  have  been  published.?  The  first 
dated  title-page  known*  ba  nine-litie  paragraph  on  an  otherwise 
Uank  page  giving  the  title  of  die  boek,  Strmo  ad  papulmn 
trtdicabilii  in  fttlo  pnunlaiienis  Btalisiimt  Uarit  Semptr 
rirffni,  with  some  woids  in:  Its  praise,  the  date  i47ainroinan 
ncfnerals,  and  a  reference  (o  further  information  on  the  neat 
page.  Tbt  book  in  which  this  title-page  occuts  wu  printed  by 
Araold  Iher  ffacmen  at  Cok^ne.  Six  yein  later  Erhtrd  Rat- 
dolt  and  hi)  partners  at  Venice  printed  their  nama  and  thed«te, 
togelha  with  some  vetKs  describing  tbe  book,  on  tbe  title- 
pace  of  I  L*lin  calendar,  and  lunoundcd  the  whole  with  a  border 
in  fonr  pieces.  For  anothet  twenty  yean,  however,  when  tille- 
pagei  wm  used  at  all,  they  niuilly  consisted  merely  of  the  shoit 
title  ci  the  book,  with  ■ometimcs  a  wwdcut  or  the  printer's 
(lubseqnentlythepublis&er'B) device bcneslhil,  decontioD being 
mora  often  bestowed  on  lbs  Gut  page  of  leiliwhich  was  loRe- 
tnnannoaiiiMbyuioniimeBlalbMdtr.  Titk-pagncomplelcd 
by  the  addition  of  the  name  aai  >ddie»  of  pcinlei  or  publisher, 
and  also  by  tbtdale,  did  Dot  baoomecoauDon  till  about  1510. 

Whn*  the  devdopUEat  oi  Ibe  title-pagt  was  thus  slow  the 
cgoipledDii  of  the  book,  independently  of  handwork,  in  other 
Rspect*  was  bady  rapid.  Printed  iUasMtkoD*  apptai  first  in  the 
fom  (i(  Ride  woodcirta  ia  mae  snail  books  pndaced  at  6am- 
bagby  Albrecht  PAstcraboat  1461.  Poginaiion  and  headlines 
were  first  osed  by  ther  Hoertien  at  Cologne  in  1470  and  1471 : 
printed  signatnies  to  guide  buidcrs  in  arranging  the  quires  cor- 
Kctly  (see  BmuooKArBy  iNC  BatiOLOCV)  by  johann  KoeUuS, 
■bo  at  Cologne  in  1471.  llluslnlions  sboulid  in  the  books 
printed  at  Au^burg  in  the  early  'seventies,  arul  in  the  'eighties 

ia  Italy  Iheir  fuU  development  dated  from  about  14Q0. 
perineal*  were  made  in  both  Italy  and  France  with  itiustr 
engraved  OD'coiipcr,  but  in  the  i  jth  ceuluiy  these  met  with  no 

Boand  with  wooden  bouds  coveted  with  stamped  leather, 
M  with  half  of  the  boards  left  mcovend,  many  of  the  earliest 
printed  books  are  inmemriy  large  and  heavy,  eqiccially  the  great 
<telr>books,  thcBIUcsaodthe  Bibikaland  legal  coramenlaries, 
ts  i^ch  a  great  maai  of  note*  lurroundi  the  tat.  Tbe  paper 
<■  which  Ibcsc  large  books  were  printed  wa*  also  e itraardiniiily 
■Idil  and  strong.  For  mote  pi^Hilac  books  small  folio  was  at 
6ist  a  (aronrite  siie,  bat  towatiU  the  end  of  tbe  century  small 
lUa  quartos  were  much  in  vogue.  Fsalttn,  books  of  hours, 
■  Worlts  especially  devoted  to  these  facHmiln  are: — Derjeau't 
'  '  ~  Jcjt.C(nur<»d£a(Jia/Vrii((r(' iVorb  (London,  1866); 
,  I9qx)i  Silvesue'i  Marquet 
-1S67);  Du  ilddtfrmirln 
Slnisburg.  1891-1191).  the 

.._  ,.^. linifig  the  device*  used  in  Alsace,  Italy,  Basel, 

Fankloit.  Miiiu  and  Cologne:  and  Uama  Itfeirafliuiia  its 
mtrimnBiUUbtvra^emattcfiBiuUiPaji-Bit  ((and.  1S94I. 
Numerous  devices  ait  also  reomdurrd  In  histarira  of  printing  and 
In  _j„«i»  .J  r>c<Iiiiil»  of  early  types. 

[  a  briot  Pope  Pios  H- injhe  John  Rylands  library. 


Ifpitnfiina  (Preach;  Parb.  1B5J-IS67] 
ik  StEdwitc  ■«<'  KHfi^niirtn  (Etnas 
s^msive  ports  oontainifig  the  device*  used  i 


,  Fust  and  Scboeffi 

K  first  page  the  words  "  Dii  Isl  die  titil  111 
•illgstcT  vattcr  der  bapsl  Pius  heiusBmnc 
idder  die  snoden  antleHbicen  lurckea.      This  is  attiibuied 
year  i^lkj.  and  is  cbinairas  tbe  £rst  bosk  with  a  printed 


ige.  tbcco 


^.jthce 


tremely  di&cult  (o  ascertain.  A  vellum  copy  of  the  £rst  printed 
Bible  (Majru.c.  1455)  io  two  large  folio  volumes,  when  n^ricated 
and  illuminated,  is  said  to  have  been  worth  100  florins.  In  1467 
the  bishop  of  Alcrii  wiiling  to  Pope  Paul  II,  speaks  of  the 
inttaduction  of  printing  having  reduced  pries  to  one-fifth  of 
whst  they  had  previously  been.  Fifteen  "  Legends  "  bequeathed 
by  Caiton  10  Si  Uargaret's,  Westminster,  were  sold  at  prices 
varying  from  6s,  8d.  to  5s.  This  would  be  cheap  for  a  brge  work 
tike  the  Gtidtn  Legend,  but  the  bequest  was  more  probably  of 
copies  of  the  Sarum  Liinda,  or  Lectionary,  a  much  smaller  book. 

16U1  Cn/ary.—The  pc^nilaiiiationof  the  small  ocuvo  by  Aldus 
at  Venice  In  i5or  and  the  iniroduciion  in  these  hatidy  books  ol 
a  new  type,  the  italic,  had  far-reaching  conseqaeocc*.  Italics 
grew  steadily  in  Favour  during  the  greater  pan  oF  the  cent  uiy,  and 
about  Tjjo  had  almost  become  the  standard  vermicular  type  of 
Italy.  In  France  also  Ihey  were  very  pi^uUr.  tbe  attempt  to 
introduce  a  rival  French  cursive  type  {letlrti  de  iiviJUi)  allainiog 
no  success.  In  England  they  gained  only  slight  popuUnty, 
but  toman  lype,  which  had  not  been  used  si  all  in  the  ijtb 
century,  made  steady  progress  in  its  contest  with  bUck  letter, 
which  by  the  end  of  the  century  was  little  used  save  for  Bibles 
and  proclarnaiions.  The  modem  practice  lit  the  use  of  i  and 
i,  u  and  V  dates  Fmm  about  T5S0,  though  not  Gmdy  esliblisbcd 
liU  the  reign  oF  Charles  I. 

In  the  second  quarter  of  the  ifithcenttuy  the  Frencb  printers 
at  Paris  and  Lyons  halved  the  sin  of  the  Aldine  octavos  in  their 
small  seitodecimos,  which  found  a  ready  market,  though  not 
■  lasting  one,  the  printers  of  Antwerp  and  Leiden  ousting  them 
with  siiU  stnaller  books  in  i4mo  or  small  twelves.  These  Utile 
books  were  printed  on  paper  much  thinner  than  had  previously 
been  uwd.  Tbe  site  and  weight  of  book*  was  also  reduced  by 
tbe  substitution  of  pasteboards  lor  wooden  sides,  fjold  tooling 
came  into  use  on  binitingB,  and  in  tbe  second  half  of  the  century 
very  claboiale  deconlion  was  in  vogue  in  France  until  checked 
by  a  sumptuary  law.  On  the  other  hand  a  Heady  decline  in  the 
quality  ol  paper  combined  with  the  abandonmeot  of  the  old 

it  incieasiogiy  difEcult  for  printer!  to  do  justice  (0  the  atlisls' 
work.aod  woodinits.st  first  in  the  Low  Countries  and  aflerwaidi 
in  England  and  elsewhere,  were  gradually  superseded  by  copper- 
plates printed  separately  Irom  the  tei  I.  At  the  beginniog  of  this 
century  in  Eo^nd  a  ballad  or  Clirittmas  carol  sold  for  ahalfpetmy 
atid  thin  quarto  chapbooks  for  4d.  (a  price  which  lasted  thtotj^ 
the  century),  the  Great  Bible  of  1541  was  priced  at  los.  hi  sheet) 
and  in.  bound,  Edward  VI, 's  prayer-book  (is4g)  at  >s.  id. 
unbound,  and  3s.  Sd.  in  paste  or  bnrd*;  Sidney'*  Arcadia  and 
other  works  ia  IJ98  sold  for  gs. 

i7li  Cenlt/y. — Although  the  miniature  editions  issued  by  the 
Eluviis  at  Leiden,  especially  those  published  about  1635,  have 
attncled  coUcclors,  printing  in  the  1  jlh  century  waa  at  its  wotil, 
reaching  its  lowest  depths  in  England  in  the  second  quarter. 
After  this  there  was  a  steady  improvement,  partly  due  to 
sliKhl  modifications  of  the  old  printing  presjes,  aiii^ted  fiisl  in 
led  by  the  Eiilish  printers.  In  the  first  half 
ly  English  books,  although  poorly  printed, 
~'  "■'       '     iti&pieces,  or  portraits, 

engraved  on  copper.    During  the  same  period,  English  pnyer- 


KoUand  1 

of  the  century  n;     , 

copper.  During  th 
book*  and  small  Bibles  and  New  leiument*  were  trequentiy 
covered  with  gay  embtoideries  In  coloured  silks  and  gold  or  silver 
thread.  In  tbe  second  half  of  the  century  the  leather  bindings 
of  Samuel  Mearae,  to  some  extent  imitated  from  tliose  oF  the 
great  French  binder  Le  Gascon,  were  tbe  diialiesl  England  had 
yet  produced.  For  trade  bindings  cough  calf  and  sheepskin 
were  most  used,  and  the  practice  oF  lettering  books  on  the  back, 
instead  of  on  the  sides  or  fore-edges  or  not  at  all,  cime  gradually 
into  favour.  Owing  to  the  increase  of  money,  and  in  some  cases 
to  the  action  of  monopolists,  in  olhen  to  the  increased  payments 
made  to  authors,  book-prices  rather  rose  than  fell.  Thus  churdi 
Bible*,  which  had  beenaoldat  loa,  in  i}4i,  rose  successively  10 


2l6 


BCXJKBINDING 


t5i.,  joa.  and  On  <'4>)  to  4e*-  Single  pl4ya  in  qiuna  coit 
Sd.  cwJt  id  Shakttpeut'i  time,  il  ifur  tin  Restonitlao.  The 
Sliikeipc«n  tolio  of  i6>]  b  uid  lo  hew  been  publblwd  >.t  £i. 
Bishop  Walton's  polygloC  Bible  in  lii  large  voluma  «u  told 
for  £io  (0  lubicrilKn,  bul  leiulted  in  a  heavy  loM.  Ixuk 
Wiltos'g  Ctmpltal  Anfltr  was  priced  at  ii.  6d.  in  ibcepakin, 
ParaJist  Laa  at  js.,  FAt  PSpim;  Prtpai  al  it.  6d.;  Diydea's 
Viriil  wai  pnblilbed  by  tubmiplion  at  £5:51.  It  was  a  hand- 
some book,  omimentcd  with  pUta;  but  in  the  case  of  this  and 
olh^r  Ktibscriplion  books  a  desire  lo  honour  or  befriend  the  author 
was  mainly  responsible  for  the  high  pifce. 

iS!li  Cmfary.— During  this  century  there  was  a  notaUe  jm- 
provFment  alike  in  paper,  type  and  presawarfc  in  both  France 
■Bd  England,  and  towards  Ibc  end  ol  the  cenliuy  in  Germany 
and  Italy  alio.  Books  became  generally  mat  and  sametinies 
elegant.  Book-Dlustration  revived  with  the  French  litra-i- 
ripuUa,  and  English  books  were  illustrated  by  Gnvdot  and  other 
French  ailtiU.  In  the  last  quarter  of  tbe  century  the  votk  of 
Bewick  heralded  a  great  revival  in  woodcut  iUmlnlkHU,  or  as 
the  nu  oF  the  graver  now  entitled  them  to  be  called,  wood 
eogtavlii^  The  best  iSthnxntury  binders,  until  the  advent  of 
Roger  Payne,  were  inferior  to  those  of  the  17th  century,  but  the 
technique  of  the  average  work  was  better.  In  trade  bindings 
the  UK  of  theepskin  and  calf  became  much  leas  common,  and 
books  were  mostly  cased  in  paper  boards.  The  practice  of  pub- 
Kshlng  poetry  by  subscripiion  at  a  very  high  price,  which  Dryden 
had  found  lucrative,  was  followed  by  Pifoi  and  Pope.  Single 
poems  by  Pope,  however,  were  sold  al  11.  and  ts,  6d.  Novels 
were  mostly  in  several  volumes.  Theprice  at  the  beginning  of  the 
century  was  Dostly  is.  £d.  eacli.  It  then  remained  fairly  steady 
for  many  yean,  and  It  the  doe  of  the  century  row  again.  Thus 
Miss  Bumey's  Eitllna  {3  vob.,  i;rS)  sold  for  7)-  M.,  her  Ctcilia 
(svols.,ij8i)  lor  iH.6d.,«ndherCop-iUa(svolt..  1796)  for  £t:r.. 
Johnson's  Didumery  (i  vols,  folio,  1755)  coat  £4:41.  In  sfaetts, 
£4:158.  in  boards. 

rgtA  Century.— A  great  change  in  the  appearance  of  btt^  was 
caused  by  (he  use  first  ol  ^aaed  calico  (about  1870),  afterwards 
(about  1830)  of  cloth  for  the  cases  of  books  as  issued  by  ihelr 
publishers.  At  first  the  lettering  was  printed  on  paper  labda, 
Iwit  soon  it  was  iiamped  in  gill  on  the  cloth,  and  in  the  last  quatler 
of  the  century  many  very  beautiful  covers  were  derigned  tor 
En^ith  and  American  books.  The  designs  for  leather  bindings 
were  tor  many  years  chiefly  imitated  from  older  work,  but  to- 
wards the  end  of  the  'eighties  much  greater  Driginalily  began 
to  be  shown.  Book  iUuslrations  passed  through  many  phases. 
As  subsidiary  methods  colour-prints.  Line  engravings,  lithographs 
and  etching  were  all  used  during  the  first  half  of  the  century, 
but  the  main  reliance  was  on  wood-engraving,  in  which  eitra- 
ordiitry  technical  ikill  was  developed.  Jn  the  'sixties  and  tbe 
years  which  immediately  preceded  and  followed  them  many 
of  the  chief  English  artists  supi^ied  the  engravers  with  drawings. 
In  the  last  decade  of  the  century  wood-engraving  was  piactlcally 
killed  by  the  peifectton  attained  by  photographic  methods  ol 
reproduction  (see  PaocESS),  the  most  popular  of  these  methods 
entaib'ng  theuseofpaper  heavily  coated  with  chinaclay.  During 
the  century  trade-printing,  both  In  England  and  America,  steadily 
improved,  and  the  work  done  by  William  Morris  at  his  KelmscDtt 
Press  (1891-1896),  and  by  other  amateur  printers  who  Imitated 
him,  set  K  new  standard  o(  beauty  of  type  and  ornament,  and 
of  richness  of  general  effect.    On  the  other  hand  the  demand 


m  of  Ibe  r 


if  (air 


dbysc 


s.  6d.  and  is,  and 
of  how  lo  produce  books  at  moderate  prices  on  good  piper  and 
well  sewn,  waj  left  for  the  loth  century  to  settle.  About  1894 
the  number  of  such  medium-priced  books  wss  greatly  increased 
In  England  by  the  substilulion  of  sIngle-volDme  navels  at  Ks. 
each  (subject  lo  discount)  for  the  Ihree.volumc  editionsat  j ts.  6d. 
The  preposterous  price  of  1st.  £d.  a  volume  had  been  adopted 
dnring  the  first  populatrly  of  tbe  H'ltstrfy  Nndi,  and  despite  the 
example  of  France,  where  the  ilsodard  ptkc  mt  3  ft.  so,  had 
coElinued  In  force  fortikegteatttputdtlwceDtury.     Evcnafter 


novels  were  (old  at  reuoaaUe  ram  artfUdal  prfcea  ante  nulo- 
talned  for  books  ol  travel  and  biosraphies,  w>  that  the  dmi- 
Uting  libraries  were  practically  the  only  cuslomcrs  (or  the  first 
editions.    (See  Pitbughuis  arid  Booueluhc).     (A.  W.  Pa) 

BOOKBIMDIIG.  Binding!  or  covers  to  protect  written  or 
printed  matter  have  always  ioUowed  the  shapes  ol  the  material 
on  which  the  writing  or  prinling.was  done.  Veryeftrly  lAsciip- 
tions  on  rocks  or  wood  needed  no  coverings,  and  the  earliest 
instaocesof  protective  cavers  an  to  be  found  among  thetmallci 
AByrian  taUcts  of  about  the  8lh  century  B.C.  Tbcae  tablets, 
with  cuneiform  iasci^IionB  recording  tain  of  slaves,  loans  id 
money  and  amall  otttten  generally,  are  often  cnckied  in  an 
outer  ^eil  ol  the  mat  shape  and  impteued  with  a  short  title. 
Egyptian  papym  roll*  were  generally  kept  in  roll  (Drm,  bound 
round  with  papyitu  tape  and  often  sealed  with  seals  <m^ 
of  Nile  mudiasd  (be  loib  in  turn  srcR  of  ten  preserved 
in  mtangnbr  hollow*  cat  in  wood.  The  next  earliest  material 
IS  psOTiva  "*ed  lor  writing  irpon  was  tree  barL  Bark  hooka, 
'    iHtd  by  nncultnicd  natiofls,  often  consisting  of 

thonadves  like  tlM 
Al  Pompeii  1b  1S7S  seven!  diptycht  were 
toUDO,  tne  wodoea  Kavci  hnOowed  00  Ibe  inner  sides,  filled  with 
blackened  wax,  and  hinged  Wgetbec  at  tbe  back  with  leather 
thongs.  Writing  were  found  seralcbed  on  lbewax,oneoltbem 
bebg  a  record  nl  a  payment  to  Unbrida  Jaaturia  In  aji,  sj. 
This  is  tbe  eaihest  luuwn  Latin  nasiMcript.  Tbe  diptyehi  UB 
the  prototypes  of  the  modem  bocA.  From  about  tbe  lU  to 
the  6th  rentury,  omamenUd  diptych*  were  made  of  caned  ivory, 
and  preaented  to  great  petsooage*  by  the  R«Bian  connli. 

Roll*  of  papyrus,  vdlum  or  paper  were  written  upoa  In  Ihics 
way*.  (1)  In  short  lines,  at  light  uitfc*  M  the  knglh  «I  tba  KilL 
(9)  In  iMig  linea  each  the  entire  length  of  tbetolL  (j)Inaboit 
lines  paialld  to  tbe  length  of  the  roll,  each  column  or  page  of 
wriliug  having  a  space  left  on  each  idde  of  it.  Rolls  written  in  the 
first  of  these  ways  were  sim[dy  rolled  up  and  kept  in  cylinder* 
ol  like  shape,  nometimcs  several  together,  with  a  title  tag  at 
the  end  ol  each,  in  a  box  called  a  sciinlum.  In  the  case  of  the 
secondform.  the  most  obvious  instances  of  which  are  to  be  found 
In  the  Buddhist  prayer-wheels,  the  rolls  were  and  are  kept  ia 
circular  boxes  with  handles  through  the  centre*  BO  that  they  can 
revolve  eanly.  In  the  third  manner  of  aiiangiBg  the  maniociipt 
the  page  forms  show  very  clearly,  and  it  is  stQl  used  in  the  scrolls 
of  the  law  In  Jewish  synagogues,  kept  on  two  rollers,  one  at  each 
end.  But  thia  form  of  writing  also  developed  a  new  inethod 
for  its  own  more  ctAvenient  preMTvation.  A  roll  of  this  kind  cnn 
be  folded  up,  backwards  and  forwanb,  tbe  bend  coming  in  tbe 
vacant  places  between  the  column*  of  writing.     When  this  is  done 

form  known  as  *fi*«i — all  the  writing  on  one  side  of  the  roll 
or  strip  of  paper  and  all  the  other  side  blank.  Some  books  ol  Ihi* 
kind  are  limply  guarded  by  two  boards,  bul  generally  they  are 
fastened  together  along  one  of  the  sides,  which  then  beoMnes 
the  back  of  the  book.  The  earliest  fastening  of  such  books 
cODsisis  of  a  lacing  with  some  cord  or  fibre  ran  through  bol^ 
slabbed  right  through  the  substance  of  the  roll,  neai  the  edge. 
Now  tbe  irMffi  is  complete,  and  it  la  the  link  between  the  ml] 
and  the  book.  This  "  stabbed  "  form  of  binding  Is  tbe  earliest 
method  of  keeping  the  leaves  ol  a  book  logether;  it  occnra  in 
the  case  of  a  Coptic  papyrus  of  about  tbe  Ath  century  ftrund  ttt 
Thebes, bul iiiararelyusedintlieca3colpapyrn>,a»  rtie  material 
is  too  iMilile  to  retain  the  threads  properly. 

The  method  of  folding  vellum  into  pages  seems  to  have  been 
first  followed  sbout  the  5th  century.  The  sheets  were  folded 
once,  and  gatherings  of  four  or  more  folded  sheets  were  nuulc, 
BO  that  stitches  ihiough  the  fold  at  the  back  would  hold  all  the 
sheets  (ogether  and  each  leaf  could  be  conveniently  turned  over. 
Very  soon  an  obvious  plan  of  fixing  several  of  thoe  gatheria^, 
or  quires,  together  wna  followed  by  the  simple  expedient  of 
fastening  the  threads  al  the  back  round  a  strong  strip  of  leather 
or  vrilum  held  at  rightangles  lo  the  line  of  tbe  back*.  This  early 
plan  iri  "  sewing  "  books  u  tiKlay  used  in  the  case  ol  valuable 


BOOKBINDING 


ig.  I.— Winchester  Domesday  Book  o(  the  Fig.  s.— St  Cuthbert's  Gospels. 

ijth  Century.  Red  leather  with  repoussf  dedgn,  prob- 

Dark  brown  morocco,  blind  stamped.  ably  the  work  of  the  7th  or  Sth  century. 

The  fine  lines  are  impre^ed  by  hand,  and 
painted  blue  and  yellow. 


Fig.  3.— Binding  Made  tor  Jean  Grolier.  Fig.    4.— Binding    Made    tor 

Pale  brown  morocco,  gold  tooled.  James  I. 

Dark  blue  morocco,  gold 
tooled.  The  red  in  the  coat- 
of-arms  inlaid   with   ted   mo- 


BOOKBINDING 


Fig.  5-— Common  Prayer  (London,  1678).  Fig.  6.— £<  Livrt  des  Slaluii  tl 

Smooth  red  morocco,  gold  tooled  with  black  Ordonmttces  dt  L'ordre  du  Ben- 

aieta.     Bound  by  Samud  Meanie.  ">'  ■Sai^;  Esprit  (Parii,  1578). 

Brown  morocco,  gold  to69fd, 
arms  of  Henry  III.,  Kin^  vt 
France.    Bound  by  Nicholas  Eve. 


Fig.     7.— Catalogue    of    the    I^ctureB    at  Fig.  8.— Walton's  Compteat  Angler  (i77»)- 

Hagtey  Hill.  Golden     brown     morocco,    gold    tooled. 

Red  nigcr  morocco,  gold  tooled.     Bound  Bound  by  Miss  E.  M.  MacCon,-.f-.,iL.> 

Oouglas  CockereU.  lUU^It 


BOOKBINDING 


boeJt*!  tl  b  known  *s  "  Brdbk  "  mrii,  md  hi*  never  been 

Ai  aooo  mft  the  method  of  lewLng  qiiim  together  hi  th£i  ny 
>***-"**■  irtU  underatood,  it  mi  fouod  tbit  the  proiectlag  buidi 
It  the  back  Desdeil  pnitectioa,  u  that  nhai  >H  the  ipDiei  wa« 
joiDediii(ethcruu],iolu,£tiMwd,Mcipio(katheci>eRf>iteMd 
•llowthdwck.  ButitmiilialoaBdthitveUiunlemmre 
■pt  to  cud  anB^y,  aod  to  eonntenct  tUi  Indenc/  nnng 
■Doden  boinb  were  put  on  eich  tide.  Hk  looie  eodi  of  the 
bindi  veie  fiitcncd  to  the  boudi,  iriiidi  hioged  upon  them, 
ind  the  proledins  itrip  of  leather  at  the  back  wu  djxwn  over 
the  haudifu-eaougfa  10  covet  the  hinge.  So  *e  get  the  medieval 
"  {uU-bindinc  "  which  ihon  the  itrip  ot  ieiilur  ovu  the  back 
ol  the  book,  pnjecting  lor  i  ihoit  way  over  the  boudt,  tlje  leil  of 
■rtiich  ii  left  uncovered.  The  bsaidi  were  luuilly  kept  ckaed  by 
meani  of  claips  in  front. 

The  leather  iltip  loaa  deveb^Kd,  and  amtai  the  wholo  of 
the  boanb,  "  ohDle  "  binding  a>  it  B  caUed,  and  it  via  cpnckljr 
found  that  thete  Hoe  flat  piccci  of  leather  offered  a  ipteodid  fidd 
for  aitfstic  decoration 

The  firm!  omameDtation  on  leather  binding  mi  probaUy 
Mudc  by  meani  of  loipreBJons  from  ftmaU  metal  poinu  or  liao, 


J  of  unali 
Dted  in  the  tame  way.     It 


decorative  atampi  Co  be 
>  camidned  that  Enclish 
!  "  bUnd'"  nusping,  Uut 


binden  eiceUed  in  thii 
is,  without  the  use  of  gold  Isaf.  .    ., . 

intaglia,  so  thai  theil  inpreuioiu  arc  in  omeo  form.  Such 
binding  were  made  to  perfection  during  the  iith  and  ijtb 
centuries  at  Durham,  Oxford,  Cambridge.  London  and  other 
places.  One  of  the  most  charming  uamples  left  is  the  binding 
ot  the  Winchester  Domewlay  Book  of  the  i>th  century  (Flale, 
fig.  i],  DOW  belonging  to  the  Society  of  Aniiqwries  of  London. 

FroDi  about  the  7th  to  the  i6lh  century  illuminated  manuuripts 
were  held  in  the  greatest  esteem.    Among  them  can  be  found  not 
~~e  calligraphy  but  eiquisite  miniature  painting. 


T,theg« 


gorgeousaess  of  the  outside  co' 
in  metals  with  jewels,  enamels  1 
Tttceplmy  Gcsfdi  0/  Tlitaioli 


of  the  il 


,  BO  We  £nd  splendid  work 
■vcd  ivory,  dating  from  the 

_  . .    .    ^        ,       ,  Monia,  the  Irish  cumdach 

the  5<iwe  AfiuaJ,  the  liiidaK  Cdipefi  now  in  America,  and  the 
Gtifds  e]  Ckoflernxgru  in  the  Victoria  and  Albert  Museum  at 
South  Kensingion,  ig  the  magnificent  bindings  of  i^lh-ccntury 
Limoges  enamel  in  the  British  Museum.  Such  Fjglish  bindings 
of  this  kind — intrinsically  precious— as  may  have  eidsted  bave 
all  disappeared, — most  likely  they  were  melted  up  by  Henry 
VIII.  or  £dward  VI.;  but  at  Stonybucil  there  is  a  book  known 
•1  SI  CuMal't  Cvfelt,  which  is  bound  in  red  leather  with  1 
lepousit  dengn  upon  it,  and  [1  probably  the  work  of  Um  ;th  01 
tlh  century  (FUle,  fig.  0- 

When  printing  was  introduced  into  Europe  about  the  middle 
of  the  IJIh  century,  there  was  very  soon  a  reaction  against  the 
hrge.  beautiful  and  valuable  illuminated  MSS.  and  their  equally 
precious  covers.  Printing  brought  smaJl  books,  cheap  books, 
v^y  books,  generally  bound  in  calf,  goatskin  or  sheepskin, 
and  ornamented  with  large  panel  itanpt  in  blind.  But  a  new 
art  came  inU  birtb  very  shortly,  namely  the  art  of  gold  locding 
on  leather,  which  in  capable  hands  is  almost  a  great  art,  and 
qKcimeu  of 'the  work  of  the  few  great  masters  that  have  prac- 
t^  it  arc  now  much  sought  after  and  likely  to  increase  in 
estimation  and  value.  All  this,  as  usual,  brings  a  school  of  jkillcd 
/aeiiairci  Into  the  field,  and  already  the  collector  of  £ne  bindin) 
must  be  waty,  or  he  may  easily  give  Ihousandi  of  pounds  f< 
forged  or  made-up  objecu  that  are  worth  but  little. 

In  the  matter  of  leather  bindings  with  gohl  tooling,  in.  a: 
which  vaa  probably  brought  to  Venice  from  the  East,  the  fine 
eanplei  are  to  be  found  in  late  rjth-century  Italian  work.  11 
an  quickly  i)>read,  and  Thomu  Berthelel,  Royal  Binder  1 
Henry  VIII,,  seems  Id  have  been  the  first  binder  who  practised 
it  in  En^and.  Benhelei's  work  is  Etrongly  Italian  in  feeling, 
eq>ecialty  at  Snt,  and  it  is  likely  that  he  waa  taught  the 
■rt  by  an  ItalUo  mailei;  he  worked  until  about  ijjB, 


During  the  late  15th  J 
of  fine  printed  books  w 
th  enamels,  aomcl 


d  the  ifiih  oentuiy  in  En^nd,  numbers 


«s  embroidered.  Tlicse  booka,  having 
freely  nsed  upon  them,  have  lasled 
than  would  be  eipecled,  and  inslances  of  such 
for  Henry  VUl.  are  ititl  in  eictUeat  condition, 


The  fashion  of  ornamenting  English  royal  books  with  heraldic 
deslgm,  which  ii  considered  to  have  begun  In  the  reign  of  Ed.ward 
IV.,  hai  continued  without  break.  The  same  fashion  in  book) 
belonging  to  private  owner)  was  first  followed  during  the  later 
TVidor  period,  and  then  numbcn  were  made,  and  have  been,  more 

During  (he  whole  Tudor  period  several  small  bindings  at  gold 
otikaaented  with  enaoieli  were  made.  Some  of  tfase  still  eiiit, 
utd  tlwy  "  diaiDiIng  little  jewels.  They  were  always  provided 
■itha  ring  at  the  top,  no  doubt  for  attaching  to  the  girdle. 

Aklus  Hanutins,  Aa  peat  Venetian  printer,  had  levenl  ot 

knot  leava  and  small  dolphins  both  in  blind  and  gold  tooting; 
and  Ginnu,  a  Florentine  pdnler,  had  his  books  bound  in  a 
similai  way  but  without  the  dolphins.  Many  early  Venetian 
binding  have  receded  pandi,  made  by  the  use  of  double  boards, 
the  upper  of  whidi  is  [derced,  finished  in  true  oriental  fashion. 

Jean  Ctolier,  viscount  d'Aguby,  treasurer  of  Frsnee  in  IS4J. 
was  a  great  coUecior  of  fine  books,  most  of  which  were  bound  for 
himaelf,  and  bear  upcm  then  bis  legend,  Pertia  Itu  itmliu  tU 
i*  una  RDnUiuM,  and  also  his  name,  lo  Gndieril  et  Amlcorura 
CPlate.fig.3).  TominasoMaioli,anItallancaUe<:torofab«Btthe 
same  lime,  used  the  same  form  of  legend.  Books  bound  for  hii« 
are  mriouily  marked  viih  atoms  of  gold  remaining  in  the  Irregn. 
larltles  of  the  leather. 

Demetrio  Canevari,  phyiidan  tn  F^ie  Urban  VUL,  had  hh 
books  bound  in  dark  green  or  deep  rod  morocoo,  and  upoa  them 
is  a  fine  cameo  stamp  with  a  design  of  Apollo  driving  a  chailot 
with  one  white  faoise  and  one  Mack  hone  towards  a  mountain 
OD  whicb  il  a  silver  Pegasus.  The  stamp  wal  coloured,  but  hi 
meat  cases  the  colour  has  now  worn  off.  Round  the  stamp  is 
■     ■         ■  OPOfll  KAl  MU  AI 


Tie  It 


lelor 


arc  always  of  much  inleieit 
nile  later  Italian  Ihndlngs  ar 

Geoffrey  Tory,  printer  and  engraver  lo  Fraocn  I.  of  France, 
designed  aomc  fine  binding  lome  for  himaelf  and  qidte  poasiUy 
some  for  Jean  Crolier. 

For  Henry  II.  of  Fiance  much  highly  decsative  work  in  lAid- 
ing  was  doiie,  richly  ^ded  and  c«loui«d.  Tbtm  bin^ngi  have 
upon  them  the  king's  inltiala,  the  initial)  of  U)  queea,  Catheiine 
de*  Uedld,  and  the  emblems  of  oncaiti  and  bowa.  Heny'i 
device  wu  a  cteactat  with  the  leffnd,  0HSK  laffari  fafKw  ertno. 
Binding!  of  similar  style  were  made  for  Diane  de  Fmtien.  dudicne 
de  Valentinois,  with  her  initials  and  the  same  devjceiol  crescent) 
and  bows.    They  are  alwayi  fine  work. 

German  binding  are  mostly  In  pigskin,  findy  itampcd  in 
blind.  Several  are,  however,  m  calf.  Cilding,  when  !t  cditi, 
Il  gencraUy  bad. 

In  g"[fl«n't  during  the  i;tb  century  much  fine  work  wai  done 
in  binding,  matt  of  It  in  notocco,  but  Henry,  prince  of  Wales, 
alwayi  had  his  books  bound  in  calf.  The  Jacobean  i^le  ii 
heraldic,  with  semis  of  imaU  itunpe  and  heavy  oimen,  but 
James  L  has  left  some  very  fine  bindings  in  another  styli 
(PUte,  fig.  4),  very  possibly  done  for  Urn  by  John  Cibwn,  wbo 
bound  the  royal  iMoks  whUe  James  was  king  of  Scotland  only. 
During  theregoof  Chsries  I.  Nicholas  Femr  founded  his  cuiioui 
esuhliihmeni  at  Little  Gidding,  and  there  his  niece  Mary  Collet 
and  her  sisters  set  up  a  bindery.  They  made  Urge  acrap-booki, 
harmoniei  of  the  Gospels  and  other  parts  of  the  Bible,  with 
iUustrations,  and  bound  them  magnificently  in  velvet  lumped 
in  gold  and  silver.  They  were  tau^t  by  s,  binder  wbo  worked 
for  Joha  and  Thomas  Buck,  printers  to  the  univenily  of  Cam- 
bridge, and  the  Little  Gidding  ilBmiii  at*  oltea  identic  with 


BOOKBINDING 


Stmucl  Mearnc  (d.  1683]  mu  rayil  tundn  to  Chuio  H.,  ind 
invCDlcd  the  coiuge  style  □[  decoralioii,  1  style  which  hu  luted 
till  the  prcKnl  diy;  the  Bible  on  which  Edwud  VII.  took  the 

b  run  paiallel  lo  the  edgn  ol  the  book,  uid  the  upper  and  lower 
Upca  arc  broken  outwards  into  the  outline  of  a  gible  Tool. 
Memne's  work  u  a  binder  (Plate,  £g.  j)  u  of  the  highest  merit. 
Uany  of  his  booki  have  their  lotc-cdge  punted  in  such  a  way  that 
the  work  is  invisible  wheo  the  book  i>  shut,  and  only  sh«wt  when 
the  edges  an  fanned  out. 

In  France  i&th-  and  i;th-century  binding  ii  diiiinsuishrd  by 
Ihe  work  of  such  masters  as  Nicholu  Eve,  who  bound  the  brauil- 
ftd  LitH  dts  SlalKl!  cl  Ordcniuiuil  di  I'ardrt  in  ficntiif  Satxt 
Bipril  for  Henry  III.  (Plate,  fig.  6) ;  Clovis  Eve,  who  is  credited 
with  the  Invention  of  Ihe  style  known  u  "  fanfare,"  a  ddicate 
tnccry  over  the  boards  a(  a  book,  filled  out  with  ii^nls  of  leafy 
alems;  and  Lc  Gaaeoa,  who  invented  the  dotted  work  which  hu 
been  used  morv  or  less  ever  since.  Le  Gascon  caused  his  smalt 
gilding  tools — curves  and  arabesques— to  be  scored  across,  so 
that  when  imprctiiaiu  were  made  from  them  a  dotted  line 
showed  imleid  of  a  right  Une.  Florimond  Badier  worked  in  a 
style  very  ilmilar  la  that  of  Le  Gascni  and  sometimea  signed  his 
work,  which  Lc  Caicon  tievn  did.  Le  Goscap  had  many  imila- 
ton,  the  best  and  closest  being  Poncyn  snd  Magnus,  Dutch 
lundcrs  who  worked  at  Amstrrdam  in  the  i7t]i  (aitury,  and  his 
style  has  been  craitinuously  (ollowed  to  the  pievnt  day. 

The  bindings  ol  Psdcloup  lc  Jcune  oflea  have  small  tickets 
with  his  name  upon  them;  tbcy  usually  have  borden  of  lace- 
like  gold  tooling  known  as  "  dentelle  "  and  are  often  Inlaid. 
He  belonged  to  a  family  of  hinders,  all  of  whom  wete  excellent 
workmen,  and  lived  in  the  i7tb  and  iSth  centuries. 

The  Deromes  wen;  another  of  the  great  French  families  of 
hiodefi;  the  meet  celebrated  was  Nicholas  Denis,  called  "  Lc 
Jeiiac,"  bom  in  1731.  He  used  dentelle  borders  membling 
those  of  Padeloup,  hut  mth  little  birds  inloiqiened  among  the 
•nbesqaf*— "  dnitellea  1 1'oiseau." 

Among  the  many  French  binders  of  the  iSih  century  who  used 
delicate  inlays  ol  coloured  leathers,  Jean  Charles  le  Monnlcr  «u 
pcthaps  the  most  skilled.  He  often  signed  his  bindings  lo  tattU 
n|dlali  impressed  in  gold  somewhere  about  the  Inlsid  part 

Eliot  and  Ch^Hnan  bound  the  b'biuv  «4  Robert  Hartey, 
«ai1  of  Oxford,  sboul  the  middle  of  the  iSlh  century.  The  bind- 
ings an  in  morocco,  with  broad,  richly  gold-tooled  borders,  and 
id.shaped  centre^nece.    This  is  known  aa  the 


ry  were  lwthiii|  man  thin  distant  imitalloBS  at  Binil 
Payne.  Kallhoeber,  Slaggemeier,  Walthci  and  Heiing  wen  al 
'_  let  of  this  master,  but  Charles  Lewis  worked  on  original 
hoes.  Ue  developed  arabesques  and  paid  particular  aMcntioa 
Hchly  gold.tooied  doublurcs.  Ue  slu  used  gold  endpapers, 
aod  the  bands  at  the  back  of  his  bindinp  sre  often  double 
Iways  bioad.  flat  and  gold-taaled.  His  workmanship  is 
«icellcnt ;  he  worked  largely  lot  Tbomat  Crenvilk  and  other  gnat 


d  in  Ane 


Harlcian  style. 

Thomas  Hollis  had  his 
ornamented  with  small,  well.cut  stamps  engraved  by  The 
Pingo.  the  medallist.    These  stamps  comprise  a  cap  of  liberty, 

Towards  the  end  of  Ihe  iSthcenluiy,  when  binding  in  England 
was decoiatively  at  a  tow  level,  Roger  Payne,  a  nativeof  Windsor, 

known  as  the  "  straight  grain."  '  1 1  is  said  'that  Payne  cut  his  own 
binding  tools  of  iron;  they  certainly  an  eicruisitciy  made,  and 
ID  many  of  his  bindings  he  has  put  a  written  dcscriplian  of 
loving  work  he  has  done  upon  them.  Payne  was,  urJortunately, 
a  drunkard,  but  he  has  in  spite  of  this  rendered  ati  immortal 
service  to  tine  art  ol  booklunding  in  England. 

In  1185  John  Edwards  ol  Halifax  patented  1  method  of  making 
veDam  IiusparenC,  and  using  it  as  a  coveting  over  delicate 
paintings.  He  tbo  painted  pictures  on  tlie  fote-edges  of  many 
of  his  books  Id  the  sane  manner  as  that  foOowed  by  Samuel 
Meame  In  the  irlh  centaiy,  so  that  they  did  not  show  until  tlic 
bocA  was  opened,  John  Whitaker  used  call  for  tni  bindhigs, 
but  omanienled  the  call  hi  a  curious  way  with  strong  acids  and 
with  prints  from  engraved  metal  plates.  Both  Edwards  and 
Whitaker  liked  dusicsl  botdeR  and  omaoieiils,  and  thcii 
bindings  are  Jo  conseqisenee  often  known  as  "  Etiuscan.'* 

Hie  main  ityles  used  in  Englaiid  at  t)>B  beginning  oi  tbe  igth 


French  binding  of  the  i«tfa  century  is  remarkalile  fa 
leehnical  eicdlcDCe  In  every  part  Among  the  most  skilled  of 
these  admimble  workmen  and  artists  may  be  particulaily  men- 
Thauvcnin.  llautonnct,  Loitic,  Nicdrtc,  Ctpt  and  Duru. 
iriunately  they  generally  sign  their  work  in  Email  gold 
lettering  either  on  the  back  ol  their  bindings  ot  inside  alang  Ihe 

Recent  yeals  have  witnessed  a  marked  revlvsl  of  interesi  in 
he  art  ol  bookbinding,  but  modem  hinders  have  two  seriou 
iilicullies  to  contend  with.  One  of  these  Is  the  pit;.  __^_ 
jvcrlndcn  with  clay  and  with    ZHaZt. 


10  the  faci 


leaihcii  are  badly  prepared  ■ 
sulphuric  acid,  which  fn  time  i 
Society  oJ  Arts  has  appointed  c 


dangerously   treated   with 
iuhly  rots  Ihe  fibrt     TTie 

published  accounts  id  both 

res  arc  of  much  value,  and  il  is  to  tie  hoped  that  the  results 
e  benefidal.  Connirrently  with  the  fevivjl  of  the  arliiiic 
the  subject  .thetehaaalsoarisena  teBarkablc  development 
technical  processei,  owing  to  the  invention  of  ingenious 
clicale  machinery  which  ii  capable  of  eieculing  the  work 
had  hitherto  been  always  laboriously  done  by  hand-  Tlie 
processfsoffoldiiTg  the  printed  sheets,  and  sewing  them  togctticr 
'ing  tlie  backs  when  sewn,  and  of  making  tlie 
'ring  them  with  doth  or  kalhcr  and  stamping 
designs  upm  them,  can  now  all  be  efRciently  executed  by  means 
of  machines.  The  saving  in  time  and  labour  thus  effected  it  vety 
great,  althnagh  it  must  be  Slid  that  the  old  methods  of  carrying 
out  tbe  pracettof  Kwjng  and  rounding  the  backs  of  books  by 
liand  labour  were  safer  and  stronger,  at  wcDas  bemg  much  less 
lisUe  10  bruise  and  injure  the  paiKr.  These  processes  unfortun- 
ately an  not  only  slaw  but  also  necetiitate  highly  skilled  labour. 
Already  the  larger  trade  binden  utiliie  machines  eitcnsivdy 
and  advantageously,  but  eicluijvely  high-clati  trade  binders 
lio  not  Bs  yet  matcnally  depart  from  the  older  methods.     Private 

and  dclicaie  examples  of  large  metal  blocks  or  dirs  have  been 
very  successfully  used  for  the  decoration  of  cavers  iMSSuring 
about  11)  by  S  in. 

Besides  ttie  laigc  trade  binders  working  mainly  by  tbe  help 
of  machinery,  and  producing  a  great  quantity  of  bovnd  work 
which  is  not  expected  to  last  bng,  there  also  cxiatt  In  London, 
Paris,  New  York  and  other  targe  cities,  a  imoU  class  of  art 
binders  who  work  thniughout  upon  the  principles  which  have 
been  continuously  in  use  (or  first-class  work  ever  since  shout 
the  jth  century.  The  initial  impetus  to  this  school  can  be 
traced  to  William  Morrb,  who  himself  made  some  beautiful 
designs  lor  bookbinduig?,  to  be  executed  both  in  gold  and  in 
blind.  Although  he  probably  did  not  fully  appreciate  eittier  tbe 
pectdiir  iTmitalions  or  tbe  possibililies  of  the  art  of  gold-tooling 
on  leather,  nevertheless  his  gemui<guidcd  liim  truly  as  to  the 


t  stage  of 


inder  the  gi 
airly  be  considcre 


of  Mr  T,  J.  Cobdcn 

as  tlie  founder  of  the  mooem  scnooi  o[  design  lor  goLd.looung 
on  txiok-covers,  the  pre.eminence  snd  individuality  of  Jjis  work 
in  this  direction  being  proved  by  the  number  ol  bis  imiiaton. 
Amoogttie  most  tuccessful  of  his  pupils  is  Mr  Douglas  Cockerell. 
whose  work  (Plate,  £g.  7)  is  distinguished  by  a  marked  ori^nalily 
of  treatment,  while  II  thaws  a  tcbolirly  appreciation  of  andenl 
methods.  Mi  Alfred  de  Sauly  has  succeeded  In  developing  a 
new  and  admirable  style  Id  inlaid  lealheis,  combined  with  ddi- 
catepirinlllle  work.    A  Dumbciof  women  utitti,  both  in  England 


BOOKBINDING 


ind  In  Amelia,  have  ■lieul]' dtKOvmd  in  bMktnnding  i  Gltin( 
uul  [ucntive  field  for  their  eiicitia.  One,  Mis  Surah  Priduui, 
is  DOC  only  sitiLled  and  original  in  her  own  work^  but  &bc  has  a1» 
fivca  OS  much  valuable  lilenlure  on  ber  (ubject.  Mia  E.  M. 
MacCoU  nuy  claim  la  be  the  inventor  of  the  imiH  curved  gold 
line  produced  by  meani  el  a  liny  wheel,  for  though  the  pouibi lily 
of  producing  lucb  a  line  in  blind  wu  known  loi  a  long  time, 
it  wu  rarely  uied.  The  graceful  cutva  and  Una  found  on  Miia 
tlicColl'a  work  have  been  dnisned  for  her  by  her  brother, 
Mr  D.  S.  MacColl  (Plate,  fig.  8).  Miu  Joinni  Birkenrulh 
rtcidb  the  highly  decorative  medieval  binding  by  ber  UM  of 
jeweb  cut  en  cab<xktii,  but  let  in  morocco  inilead  of  gold  or 


and  ll 


.   others 
L  art  lunding  with  delicate  akOl  and  laitc. 


«(fig. 


Sr 


219 

nly  be  (akn  wbere  there  (•  a  hie 

^rSt 

i™k! 

Opiate  of 

ihi^  lu^k  by  filing  S^     •"*» 
inielioK 


jgh  (he  upper  and  kwcredgnoj  the  back  of  each 

by  to  Bine  einent  weakening  each  leclion.  bin  at  v 

tnii  weakening  can  be  10  leme  extent  neulnlized  by 

banding.    The  other  ayatem,  vheR  ihe  band  it  replated  by  a  . 
iiiich,  brin^  hack  the  lelura  ihnwf  inaide  each  ■ectian:  Ihe  objec- 
tion Fo  thti  q  chat  thete  ie  a  flattening 


backoflh 

iiii.  'The  lectioiil  are  tewn  contirniouily  Id  a  long 
rwaidi  cut  apart.  Tbe  thnadi  calch  into  hookrd 
nwn  Ihrough  holea  made  by  pepcert  let  to  a  certain 
[le  like  tbat  uied  ia  an  oirdioary  aeviiif-madiiiia 


tha  inner  ciide  of  professional  bookbin 
up  a  oev  profession,  that  of  tbe  desigi 
<uvers,  especially  those  intended  to  be  sh 
or  paper.  Among  notable  designers  ma 
F.  Day,  A.  A.  Turbayne,  Walter  Crane 


ind  Charlea  Ricketti. 


Uadiiiu-biiiJIiif.—Tht  prlndoil  typei  of  machine  foi  cummeid 
binGng  are  deKtibed  below.  They  are  almou  all  due  lo  Ameria 
or  Gerrnan  ingenuity.  It  may  be  noted  that,  while  books  sewn  I 
'     id  on  band*  liave  the  loote  ends  of  the  bands  actually  dra< 


ly  Kiting  of  mow  o(  them  accurately  la  ume  particular 
ok,  tbey  are  not  lulublc  for  binding  looki  of  diBerent  u 


>r  controtkd  1^  a  (uel-levet  or  pedal.    Thb  machine  it 
ter  to  work,  and  although  ihe  inner  threadt  an  too  balky 

■  talisftctory.  Ihii  it  not  a  ter' '■'-  •■■ '-- 

ler  and  lower  edgea  of  the  ha 


__ :k  already  di 

lie  of  being  nther  impiovt 

of  tmalf  importance. 

nachine,  wMch  aewa  t> 

r«itrtS,'«?^lxS 


«d.  siirf! 


The  machine  for  roundiiv  and  backing  levn 
raiber  elaborate  and  very  careful  telling  of  tev< 
exact  requirement  of  each  ii«  to  be  worked.  The 
book  with  tbe  back  glued  it  eaughl  in  a  clip  and  fore 
tween  two  tight  rollert.  Ihe  reiult  being  ttitt  the  hi 
flat  back  is  automalkslly  turned  into  a  rounded 


BOOKBINDING 


of  tlw 

■  ■  bkck  <A  tud  wilh  >  poCibnl  (nnn 


iiwliiii  pluc.  which 
Ibe  back  of  the  book  betiv  il  lori^y 


luirvd-  Thii 
sf  beavy  twnur-wdghu.  mud  oa  Ibt  bick  o(  the  b 
pnaHcf uiinB  il,  it  mriva  the  penuneal  (onD 
In  it.  It  tM  HiDe  IiBW  *  Btrong  fnp  on  each  Hk  < 
die  ledfe  to  rue  up  aloDC  each  outer  fdgt  at  Ibe  ItM^m-  ■  m*  mjp  » 
ia  whidi  eubia  the  beardi  to  be  mJiwiuaitJy  find  in  mch  a  way 
ae  to  hlntc  oo  •  Use  ovtHlr  the  KtiMl  and  lutml  boondaiy  <4  the 
book.  BeloRibediicaveryofibeiMaiibiliiyiifpiixladDcthiikdcc. 
the  boardi  «(  boob  biacol  npoo  ■  line  coinddau  with  Ibe  iiuKt 
edgei  id  tbe  back,  tbe  null  at  which  wai  that  whes  the  book  vai 
oiieiied  ibcn  w»  an  invariable  tendency  to  open  and  puti  away  the 

diB(mbk  peculHricy.    Tbne  nuchiaa  are  capable,  alter  they 
an  pnperiy  iH,  oT  imaUiii  and  backiof  about  7y>  volume!  of  the 


ifpr* 


'^°bcl^~^**'°"bf^*  o(    no.  1 1.— Section  o(  ane  book  i/ter 

lor  rotindiQC  and  bacbdE- 
f llinn  Bbile  olhem  an  larfe  aiKl  inweHnl.  Tbe  machiiK  k  fed 
with  plecea  at  cacdboird  cat  euctly  to  tbe  liH*  of  Ibe  nquired 
boanb.  other  plecea  cut  to  tbe  ■■»  of  the  tack,  and  i  kint  roll  of  the 
doth  ohh  nhicb  ibe  can  are  to  be  covrml,  and  whcn^  workjnl 
the  coll  of  doth  it  ftadually  unwound  and  glued  by  conuct  vilh  a 
roller,  wbkfa  ia  drawn  alont  undl  it  reachei  a  point  where  tbe  two 
boardi  are  lagcnuKiiIy  dropped  upon  It-snr  by  one,  then  on  again 
to  when  a  bof  am  twiuci  backward!  and  forwardi.  at  each  nove- 
neiit  piddor  up  a  pin  of  cardboard  for  tbe  hack  and  pladac  h 
leally  endly  mm  tbe  ^ned  bed  Idt  for  it  between  tbe  two  boardi 
already  ftud.  Nsu,  aa  the  cloth  pawa  ahnu.  it  eonea  under  Che 
aharp  Influence  of  two  recuwilir  (ouiea  which  cut  out  the  comen. 
the  remaiolni  udt  piecet  beia*  rr^iiSlv  but  irreaiatibly  turned  up 
by  hoDo*  laueraand  BatteneirdDwn  by  (oall  roOen.  a  very  dclicale 

Kt  tl  machiaery  innhlni  the  CHnna  in  ■  laaatefly  way.  Tbu. 
.H'  r^*^I!!9^?^'.5L'^^  aad  rdlen  aaia(  «  ri^bt  a^« 


lit  MoR  tbe  tuniac  ii| 


lur  of  aay  ill 

-  («(.  13)  pi 


Fio.  I}.— Smyth  Casng-in  Machiae. 

B.  Side  of  Caio  lloppcr.  >.  ind  pnliion. 

C  PaRe  boi.  3.  Jrd  poiitioa  and  SaL 

D.  Head  Clamp  Rod.  When  in  >ad  powlis 

E.  HeadClanp.  dnpa  to  Icvii  of  pa 


o  tbeja'ati 
IbwKtfroai 


ia  Icflftb  at  the  rate  of  40  a  aumte. 

Wrint  i>  a  cheap  method  ol  keepinc  tocether  tUn  pan 
ealaoTiiacta.  The maduaa that encutaalt ■  liBpk in  1 


dbyGoogle 


BOOKCASE— BOOK-COLLECTING 


221 


i>  ol  ■  book  or  ihrouih  the  atin 
tia  the  nuniKr  of  MAHnf .    tbc 

_, tbrcM^  ilic  uibitABCB  of  rlw  PUKT, 

fanEBcdBHUtiipfinaly.    Tht 


Ux;^  moedied. 


tetter  hcuidc  of  the  blocJo  lucd 


IT  joJd  work.  A  blockxDC  pm* 
DTminy  of  the  blocLv  1  liiie 
'  '  -  eII  i>  £ud  Ermlr  Eb  i 
rmii  o(  It  ta  fitted  with 
•  («kt|iha.    FntM 


mrk  the  block  [■  fccpt  _ .  . 
fro,  kod  tbe  CDver  being  pnl 
on  iti  table,  directly  undrr 
uiwmidt  ueii  ' 
mbbitl  oC    ' 


iropFFly  overfaid  »Llh  gold  leaf  ia  pawd. 


_.. , k  need  not  be  haled, 

■IS  a(  a  KiIIr  for  eacb  imprauon.  A  icpaiate 
r  lor  each  coloar.  '  That  prinliiigl  tlwaya  req< 
put  d(  the  opentor.  who  baa  to  vatch  the  m 


ladf.     In  the  I 

K  (Old  ^JHll  adL_ 
Hadbenobece 


W.  y.  Fkicket,  I 
FKnt*  ShIKh 
liBniHt  ramM 
•fBMi  (i>«4t: 

Jtdirmrt  w*^— " 


l'iffi^°iJt™« 


rldng  of  each  pull 


l»d<a(  (iBSo). 

BOOKUn  an  article  of  futniture,  tonning  a  jhdvcd  re- 
KjiUtdc,  nnully  popeiidicalat  or  hodionlal,  fen  tlw  (toragc  of 
booki.    Wbcn  booJu,  beiiic  written  by  band,  weit  ciceuiveljr 


acam,tbe]i  wen  U|it  Is  unfl  EoOai  lAkfc  the  gnat  cuikd  aboM 

wilhlli»innnlli>iTi«miii>yi  AtmammTipHmliimj.  f..f^|[nii||||B| 

io  lbs  idipoua  hnuaea  or  in  icfil  ptlua,  they  wen  itoied  upon 
ihelvct  et  in  copboanb,  and  II  it  Iron  that  cupboardi  that  the 
bookcaMollo^UTdiiectlydeaciBda.  At  a  aanievliai  later  date 
the  doon  wen,  foi  couvenicBce'  aake.  ducaided.aod  the  evolution 
ol  the  bookcaae  made  one  Utp  lonrard.  Even  IhcD,  boweva, 
the  rolium  mtt  not  aiiu«Bd  ia  the  nudeia  faabion.  They 
were  dtbcr  placed  in  pile*  upon  thcii  aidq,  or  if  opiight,  were 
ranged  with  their  backa  to  [ha  wall  and  their  edgea  outwaida. 
Ihe  band  ol  leatbcr,  vellum  or  parchment  which  ckiacd  the 
book  waa  often  uiod  foi  the  imoiption  of  the  title,  which  waa 
thoa  on  the  fon-adge  imtead  ofoo  the  back.    It  wu  not  untH  the 

the  practice  to  write  the  title  ea  the  back  and  place  the  edge* 
inwuda.  Early  bookcuet  wen  uaually  of  oak,  which  it  ttill 
deemed  te  be  the  moat  (Kirapiiau  wood  lot  a  atatcly  library. 
The  oMeit  bookcstei  In  Eoglaiu]  an  thoK  in  the  Bodleian  Ubrary 
at  Oiford,  which  were  pltoad  in  poaition  in  iJk  latl  year  or  two 
of  the  iMh  oentiUTi  In  that  library  are  ibe  arUcal  alant 
eiaidfJet  cf  ibelveil  galletiea  over  the  Bit  wtli^aica.  Loni 
lam**  of  b(K>k-tbel*ea  are  neceiaarily  aomewhat  aevere  in 
affMaranct,  and  many  attempu  have  been  made  by  meant 
W  caived  cocnica  aid  pilaaten  la  j  '       ' 


•i  bookcaaet,  moatly  gLaaed  with  little  la     , 

in  Irct'Work  framea  often  oil  treat  chann  and  deganca.  The 
alluring  grace  of  tome  of  Sbciataa'a  aalinwood  bookcaics 
hat  very  ruely  indeed  been  equalled.  The  Fiendi  cabinet- 
maken  ol  the  ume  period  were  alao  highly  luccetaful  with  tnall 
ornamental  caiea.  Mahogany,  naewood,  satinwood  and  even 
choicer  exotic  timbers  were  uied;  tbcy  were  often  inlaid  wilb 
matqueterie  and  mounted  with  chaicd  and  gilded  bronte. 
Dwarf  bookcaaes  were  frequently  hnished  with  a  slab  of  dioice 
marble  at  the  top.  In  the  great  pubhc  librariet  t^  the  »Hh 
century  the  bookcaaoa  are  often  of  iron,  as  in  the  fiiititb  Museum 
where  the  ihclvet  are  covered  with  cowhide,  of  tte«l,  aa  iti  the 
library  of  Coogresa  at  Waahington,  or  of  ilale,  am  in  the  FiEo- 
lihrary  at  Cambddge.    Then 


I  bookcai 


e  waUi  i 


to  allow  of  the  passage  of  a  librarian;  or  in  bays  or  alcovei 
casta  jut  out  into  the  room  at  right  angles  to 
The  stack  tyttem  it  tuiUble  only  for  public  libraries  where 
emnomy  of  q>ace  ii  etsential;  the  bay  tyttoa  it  not  only  hand- 
some  hut  utilizes  the  space  to  great  advantage.  The  hbrary  of 
the  dty  of  London  at  the  Cuildhall  is  a  peculiarly  efiective 
example  at  the  bay  arrangement. 

cases  was  learnedly  disajned  ia  the  llfht  of  enpencnce  by  W.  E. 
GLiditcne  in  the  SintltmOi  Ctntitry  for  Match  1I90.     (J.  K-B.) 

BOOK-COLLECTIHO.  the  bringing  logethec  of  books  which 
LU  Ihdr  contents,  their  form  or  the  hialoiy  of  the  individual 
copy  postal  aorae  element  of  permanent  inlereit,  and  either 
DClually  or  prospectively  arc  rare,  in  the  sense  of  being  difficult 
to  procure.  This  qualification  of  rarity,  which  6gurei  much  too 
largely  In  the  popular  view  of  book-collecling,  is  entirely  sub- 
ordinate Io  that  of  interest,  for  the  rarity  of  a  book  devoid  of 
iDtete$t  it  a  matter  of  no  concern.  On  the  other  hand  to  long  at 
a  book  (or  anything  else)  it  and  appeart  likely  la  lonlinne  to  be 
easilyprocurable  at  any  moment,  no  one  bat  any  reaton  for  collect- 
ing it.  The  anticipation  that  it  will  always  be  easily  procurable  is 
often  uotoundcd ;  but  so  long  at  the  anticipatian  exists  it  rcalraint 
collecting,  with  the  mult  that  Hom-bookt  art  much  rarer  than 
Pint  Folio  Shakespeatet.  It  bat  even  been  laid  down  that 
the  ultimate  rarity  of  books  vatiet  in  the  inverse  ratio  ol  the 
number  of  copies  otiginally  ptiuied,  and  though  the  geneialiia- 

Ihe  chid  element  in  gamci  of  ikilL  lb* 


332 

(BHcreDt  varietka  of  booli-aillKltni,  wliicli  offer  timdt  u  nuny 
vulilui  of  gada  of  dUEcolty,  make  eicellent  bobbin.  But 
Id  !U  aaeaet  the  puiunc  of  i  book-collector  ii  Ideatiol  with  the 

bnnch  ol  the  dutla  of  the  libruun  of  uiy  libruy  at  mpecuble 
■ge.  In  lu  Inception  eveiy  library  ts  a  liutuy  workihop,  with 
more  or  baa  oC  ■  gardes  or  icctiatloo  graood  atuched  accordini 
as  iu  ni»B«(en  are  influenced  by  the  hmoaaitia  ot  by  a  narrow 
conceplien  of  utility.  Ai  the  bHirary  powi,  the  books  and 
editiona  which  have  been  the  loob  of  one  genemioB  pais  out  of 
UMiand  il  becomci  largely  a  depolllaty  or  itoiebauie  of  a  stock 
much  oi  which  la  dead.  But  fron  out  oi  Ihli  seemingly  dead 
Rock  preserved  al  haphuard,  critics  and  antiquaries  graduaQy 
pick  out  books  whicb  ihey  find  to  be  still  alive.  Of  some  of 
these  the  interest  cannot  be  reproduced  in  its  entirety  by  any  mere 
icpfintf  and  it  ia  this  salvage  which  forms  the  literary  museum. 
Book-collcclqn  are  privileged  lo  leap  at  once  to  this  stage  in 
their  relations  with  books,  using  tbe  dealers'  shops  and  catalogues 
■s  depositories  from  whkh  to  pick  the  books  which  will  best  fit 
with  the  aim  or  central  idea  of  their  coUeclion.    Foi  in  the 

xeatral  Idea  must  befully  recognlied.  Neither  the  collector  nor 
the  nmtor  can  be  content  to  keep  a  moe  enrloaily^hop.  It  Is 
the  collector's  buuncas  to  Ulustiate  his  emtnl  idea  by  his 
choice  ol  ciami^,  by  the  can  with  which  he  descflbta  them  and 
the  AIU  with  which  they  are  amnged.    In  all  these  mitten  many 

and  libntfaus,  and  not  teldom  their  coUectians  are  made  with  a 
view  to  iJieii  lilllmaie  translerence  to  public  ownership.  In  any 
case  it  it  biy  the  leil  of  coUeeiara  that  books  wUch  otherwise 
would  have  petisfaed  from  neglect  nre  discovered,  and  for  and 
preserved,  and  those  who  achieve  these  rttulti  certainly  dnecve 
welt  of  the  comraunily. 

Whenever  a  high  degree  of  dinKzatlon  has  been  att^ed 
bfiok-loven  have  multiplied,  a    ^ 


BOOK-COLLECTING 


Jrinled  ■ 


itood,  is  esienlially  o 
nnut  be  regarded  u  t 
tbe  PkilMhUm.  ■Itiit 


.F  author  in  a  wcU-written  or 
f  there  has  been  added  a  cUu  of 
more  for  the  extemaZs  of  books  than 
Jned  by  reading  them.  But  although 
mder  the  Roman  empire  and  towards 

em  growth.  A  glance  through  wliat 
dieval  text-book  on  the  love  of  books, 
to  Richard  de  Buty  (written  hi  1345). 
idusfvdy  with  the  delights  of  liteia- 


tnre,  and  Sebuiijui  Bntit't  allat 

century  and  a  half  later,  dcDionstnles  nothing  m 

the  possession  ol  books  is  a  poor  substitute  for  learning.    This 

b  so  obviously  true  that  before  book-collecting  in  the  modem 

sense  can  begin  it  Is  essential  that  there  should 

there  was  no  room  for  tbe  collects      •    "    '  ■         - 
the  invention  of  printing  had  reduo  .,  ..     . 

So%,  book-collectors  did  not  immedialdy  appear.  There  Ii 
k  natural  temptation  to  Ima^ne  that  the  early  tioot 
'whose  libraries  have  enriched  modem  collectors  witl 
their  best-known  treaamo,  tnust  necessarily  have  been 
themselves,  lliis  is  fu  from  being  the  case.  Hardl 
of  all  that  Jean  Grolwt  (14)9-1565)  caused  to  be  bound 
fully  for  himself  and  his  friends  reveals  any  antiquarian 
in  iu  liberal  owner,  who  bou^t  partly  to  encourage  the  best 
printers  ui  his  day,  partly  to  provide  his  friends  with  tbe  most 
recent  fiuita  of  Renaissance  schfdanhip.  In  England  Arch- 
bishop Cranmet,  Lords  Anmdel  and  Lumley,  and  Henry,  prince 
of  Wales  (1504-1611).  In  France  the  famous  historian  Jacques 
Auguate  de  Thou  (1553-1617),  brought  together  the  best  books 
of  their  day  in  al!  departments  of  learned  literstUR.  put  them 
Into  handnme  leaihec  jackets,  and  enriched  them  with  their 
ootts  of  arms,  heraldic  badges  or  other  marks  of  possession. 
Bat  they  brought  their  book)  together  for  Dse  and  study,  to  be 
nad  by  themselves  and  by  the  scholars  who  frequented  their 
booHi,  uxl  so  avideDCe  hu  bcenjuoductd  that  they  apprecUled 


what  a  collectar  n^  now  ctfl  tlw  p^U  of  *  book  othertbtti 

not  ■  few  other  name  or  less  buDons  OMn  have  been  dublied  Col- 
lect«s  on  the  icott  U  >  KMity  (hdl-fuU  of  vDlnmei  knaws  10 
have  been  stamped  whhthtirarma.  Odecting,  aa  distina  both 
from  the  fonaadoB  o(  woAing  libraries  and  from  casual  owoenhip 
of  this  lattti  kind,  mv  pofcapa  b«  laid  to  have  hesum  in  g"^*"" 
at  the  tiac  of  the  udquriu  nactien  pndacad  by  the  book- 
maasaetei  when  the  moBiitnfei  wen  dinolved  byBany  Vin., 

book!  were  phindeicd  and  Mtipt  by  tl*  oonmkiiontnef  Edwud 
VI.  To  rescue  good  booki  from  pnbUnf  Is  one  d  the  main 
objects  of  book-coUecting,  ud  when  Aichbisbop  Psifcer  ind  Sit 
Robert  Cotton  set  to  work  to  gather  what  they  couU  of  th* 
scattered  records  of  EngUah  statecnft  and  Utentura,  and  of  the 
decorative  art  beatowed  so  lavishly  on  tb«  books  ol  pnUic  ud 
private  devotion,  they  were  book-oollectoit  in  >  sense  and  on  a 
scale  to  which  few  of  their  modem  Imitaton  can  pKtend.    Men 


Parker's  special  powers,  woriied  according  to 
similar  lines.  Humphrey  Dyson,  an  Eliiabet 
collected  contemporary  prodaniatioiu  and  books  fram  the  tally 
English  presses,  and  Geoije  Thomason  Id.  1666),  the  baciksellcT 
who  bought,  stored  and  catalogued  all  the  p*Di[AlM  litaatun 
of  the  Civil  War,  were  mindful  ol  the  future  biitoriint  of  the  days 
in  which  they  lived.  By  the  end  of  the  i;th  century  book-coBect- 
ing  vas  in  full  swing  all  over  Europe,  and  much  of  its  apparatus 
had  come  into  eiistcnce.  In  167G  book  suctions  wen  InlnidKed 
into  England  from  Holland,  and  soon  we  can  trace  in  priced  cata- 
logues the  beginning  ot  a  taste  for  Csiions,  and  the  books  piiud 
by  coUecton  slowly  fought  their  way  up  (torn  aoiid  the  heavy 
volumes  ot  theology  by  which  they  weie  at  Gtst  overwhelmed. 

While  book4»llecling  thus  caoie  into  eiistence  it  was  [alhet 
as  an  added  grace  in  the  formation  of  1  fine  libiaiy  than  as  a 
separate  pursuit.  Almost  all  the  large  book-buyeti  of  the  16th, 
i;ih  and  iSth  centuries  bought  with  a  public  object,  or  woe 
rewarded  for  their  leal  by  thelc  tteasurei  b^ng  thought  worthy 
of  a  public  lealing-plate.  Sir  Thomu  Smith  (d-i ;;;)  beqncathcd 
his  books  to  Queens'  College,  Cambridge;  Archbishop  Paper's 
were  left  under  severe  restiiclions  to  Corpus  Chriiti  CoUege  in 
the  same  univenity;  Sir  Thomas  Bodley  refounded  during  hit 
lifetime  tbe  nniverxlty  Uinry  at  Oiford,  to  which  also  l^ud 
gave  tiberaUy  and  Seldcn  bequeathed  his  books.  Tbe  library 
of  Archbithop  WiUIams  went  to  St  John's  College,  Cambridge; 
that  of  Anjibithop  Ushet  was  boughlfot  Trinity  College,  Dublin. 
The  mathematical  and  sdenlific  books  of  Thomas  Howard,  earf 
of  Norfolk  (d.  1A4C),  were  given  by  his  grandson  to  the  Royal 
Society^  the  heraldic  collections  ol  Kdph  Sheldon  (d.  1684)  lo 
Heralds'  CoUege^  the  Ubrary  in  which  Fepys  took  so  much 
pleatntc  to  Magdalene  College,  Cambridge.  BiitaopUoore'sbaoks, 
including  a  little  volume  of  Cakton  quartos,  almost  all  uniqne, 
were  bought  by  George  I.  and  presented  to  the  university  library 
at  Cambridge-  Archbi&bop  Marsh,  who  had  previously  bought 
Stillingflecl'i  printed  books  (his  manuscripts  went  to  Oifbrd), 
founded  a  library  at  Dublin.  The  immense  accumulaUoBS  of 
Thomis  Rnulinson  (d,  1715)  provided  materials  for  a  series  of 
auctions,  and  Hailey's  printed  books  were  sold  to  Osboume  the 
bookseller-  But  the  trend  was  all  towanls  public  owno^iip. 
While  Richard  Rawiinson  (d.  1755)  allowed  his  brother's  hooka  to 
be  s<^,  the  best  of  his  own  were  bequeathed  to  Oxford,  and  (he 
Harldon  MES.  wen  oSered  to  the  nation  at  a  sum  far  bdow 
their  value.  A  similar  offer  of  (he  great  odlections  formed  i>y 
Sir  Hans  Sloane,  induding  some  jo.ooo  printed  books,  together 
with  the  need  for  taking  belter  care  o(  what  remiloEd  o)  the 
Cotton  manusciipls,  vested  in  trustees  for  public  uk  in  1701  and 
partially  destroyed  by  Gre  in  1731,  led  to  the  fouodatioa  of  tbe 
British  Museum  in  175),  and  this  on  its  (fl)ening  !n  1757  wan 
almost  Immediately  enriched  by  George  II. 't  gift  of  the  old 
royal  library,  formed  by  the  kings  and  queens  of  England  from 
Henry  VII.  to  Charles  II.,  and  by  Henry,  prince  of  Wales,  aoD' 
of  James  I.,  who  had  bonght  the  books  belonging  In  ArchfaUnp 
Cnnmer  ud  L«tda  Arundel  and  Lvmley-    A  ftw  notable  beok- 


BOOK-COLLECTING 


huyta  could  nol  aSord  to  b«que*lli  Ihcir  (RiHm  U>  lAnuin, 
(.(.  Ridwrd  Smith,  t)ie  Kcondiry  ol  Ibe  Poullry  Comptn 
(d.  i»75).  «l  -haM  bcvk-sale  (iSSi)  b  doicn  Caitgnt  Bold  foi 
fnfm  75.  U)  i8*.  ApiccVj  Di  Fnncii  Bernard  (d.  169SJ,  Nuduus 
Lutlrell(d.i;jj)jiidDfRich»tdM(ad(d.i»t).  Altheoppowtc 
tndol  Ibt  xalc,  in  tht  arli  o(  Sundccbnd  (d.  1711)  and  Fem- 
biskc  (d.  l)jj),  oe  harciruly  cumplaof  Ihc  atlcmplt,  iddoin 
nKcmful.  of  bootJoviiig  pc«r>  10  mike  their  llbncici  inlo 
penuiKnt  hcidoomi.  But  »  hu  been  Hid,  the  diiil  141  to 
1760  wu  ill  towi ids  public  owDtraliip,  and  the  libraiici  were  (or 
tbe  nwc(  part  goKRl  in  chanelH,  thoueh  \ht  intcnit  in  lypo- 
gnphical  antiquitici  mi  already  well  nutked. 

Wben  Chksb  IIL  time  to  the  thmne  lie  found  UmwU  boak- 
IcB,  and  the  maiQt&cenl.  libnry  of  evet  So.ooo  bookt  and  pamph- 
lets tad  440  punDKiipli  which  he  accumulated  thaws  on  t  large 
Kale  tiir  alholic  and  literary  spirit  of  the  book-hjveraol  his  day. 
Ai  bcGtled  the  Lbrary  of  an  Engliih  kinf  it  ni  rich  in  Engliih 
didica  ta  well  ai  in  thoic  of  Greece  and  Rome,  and  the  typo- 
fraphical  finl-fruili  of  Maim,  Rome  and  Venice  were  balanced 
by  numecoua  works  from  the  Ant  preuciof  WeslminatcT,  London 
IDdOlfoid.  Thii  noble  library  paued  in  iSij  la  Ibe  British 
Uuseuio,  which  had  already  received  the  much  smaller  but  care- 
Idly  chosen  collcclionotihe  Rev.  C.M.CnchciodeCd- 1799). and 
in  1S46  w«i  further  tntiched  by  ihc  wonderful  library  (onoed  by 
Tbomas  CieDville,lbelitloiiIicrcat  book  -loving  benefuior).  who 
died  in  ihil  year,  aged  ntneiy-one.  A  few  leu  weilthy  mm  bad 
kepi  uplheoldpublic-apiiiledt  ndi  lion  during  Geoige  Ul.'t  tcign, 
Carridi  bequcalhinc  ids  fine  coUection  of  English  plays  and  Sic 
Joseph  Banks  hii  atturat  history  books  10  the  British  Muieura, 
whUe  Capell'i  Shikeqitarian  (icaiuici  enriched  Trinity  College, 
Cambrfd^,  and  those  of  Makme  went  to  the  Bodleian  libiaiy  tl 
Oilord,  the  foimation  of  these  special  collections,  in  place  of  tbe 
large  geoeial  library  with  a  Iptinkling  ol  rarities,  being  in  Iticif 
worth  noting.  But  the  noble  book-buyen  cdebnited  by  the  Rev. 
Thomas  FrogniU  Dibdin  in  hii  numenius  bibliogcaphical  works 
kepi  mainly  on  ihe  old  lines,  though  with  aims  lesipiilriotlc  than 
their  p>edete«or».  Tbe  duke  o[  Roiburghe's  books  were  sold 
in  iSti,  and  the  eicitetneot  produced  by  the  auction,  more 
especially  by  Ihe  competition  between  L^  Spencer  and  the 
dukeol  Marlborough  (at  that  timemarquosof  B[andfo[d)fo[an 
"  '>naiBoccacciaprintedbyVa!darferat  Venice  in  14)1,  led 


0  the  Ion 


the  Boccaccio  for  which  he  had 
(d.  I»n)  lot  i^so,  10  pais  will 
Xylaodt 


id  £!,(-,  weni 


were  sold,  and 
D  Earl  Spencer 
eitoirusraiebookstoMis 
the  John  Rylands  library 
Sir  M.M.Sykei  were  sold 
ia  1814,  thoscoIJ.B.Inglis  in  i8i6  (liter  which  he  collected  again) 
and  tboieolGeotge  Hibbeii  in  iSig.  The  ijo^ooo  volumes  brought 
logelher  by  Richard  Hebti  at  an  eipense  of  about  ^100,000  were 
di^Haed  oi  by  suceesiive  sales  during  Ihe  yeaia  iSj4-iSj7  and 
realiird  not  much  more  than  half  theircosl.  The  wonderful  library 
«f  William  Beckiord  Id,  1844). especially  iichin&nebindliig>,be- 
quei  ibediohisdiughlcr,theduchessofKainillon.waitoldintSS3, 
with  the  Hamilton  minuicripts,  for  the  most  pari  to  the  German 
fovenunent-  Their  disperaal  was  preceded  in  ifiSi  by  that 
of  Ihe  Sunderland  colleciion,  already  mentioned-  The 
library  ol  Brian  Fairfii  (d-  I74q],  which  had  paued  to  the  earls 
of  Jeney,  waisold  in  1^85,  that  of  Sir  John  Thorold  (d.  181s) 
in  1884.  his  "  Culenbtcg  "  Bible  felehing  £3|}«>  and  his  Maini 
Psaliet^ojo-     The  great  cdleclion  of  manuscripts  formed  by: 


aiPhillipi 


>(d.~iS7i)hasfi 
led  books  oil 


rials  for  n 


(d.  1S78) 
I  the  auclionceit  buy  in  1S97  and  i3q8|  his  raanuKripl; 
!  sokl.  some  to  (he  British  govemmeni  (the  Slowe  coilec- 
thired  belwTen  the  British  Museum  and  Dublin),  the  Ger- 


it{pa.t 


is  eoUecl 


save  one  MS.  of  ijth  century  German  ballads,  resold  to  France), 
Ihe  lulian  govemmeol  (Ihe  rett  al  the  Ubri  collection) 
Mr  Vslet  Thompson  (Ihe  MSS.  kiu>wn  as  the  Appendii)  and 
Mr  J-  Pierponl  Mor^n  (the  Lindau  Coqxli).  The  collecliotu 
lonned  by  Mr  W.  H.  Miller  (d.  1S4S,  maioly  English  poetry Jj  the 


duke  of  Devanahiic  (d.  iSjS)  anl  Hi  Heciy  Untti  (d.  1S7S), 
ate  itiU  intact. 

Among  Ihc  book-buyen  of  the  retgn  of  Goorge  m,,  John 
Raldifle,  an  ci-coal-tnerchant,  and  James  Weat  had  devoud 
themselves  ^lecially  to  Cutoni  (of  which  the  Comet  possCHed 
48  and  the  latter  34)  and  the  pfodocU  of  other  early  EngUih 
presses.     The  collections  of  C^pdl  asd  Garrick  were  ibo  nnall 

libraries  that  have  just  been  enumented  might  fairly  be  COB- 
ijdereda  collection  inilself,  the  union  of  aeveral  collections  in  the 
same  library  being  made  possible  by  the  wealth  of  their  putthaier 
and  the  small  prices  fetched  by  mosl  dauts  of  books  in  com- 
pariaon  with  thaw  which  are  »r  paid.  Bui  peiiiaps  the  modem 
cabinet  theory  of  book-coUecling  wu  first  carried  out  with 
conspicuous  ^ill  by  tienry  Petlini  (d.  1855),  whose  S6s  line 
manutcripti  Cid  ifiecimens  of  early  prindng,  whenaald  in  1870, 
tealiied  nearly  jCifi.eoo.  If  surrounded  by  a  niffident  quantity 
ol  genera]  literature  the  collection  might  not  have  seemed 
noticeably  different  from  some  of  those  already  mentioned,  but 
the  growing  cost  of  books,  logelher  with  difficulties  aa  to  house- 
room,  combined  to  discourage  tnbcellaneoui  buying  on  a  large 
scale,  and  what  has  been  called  the  "  cabinet "  Iheuy  of  cdlect- 

populir  among  book  buyers,  alike  in  France,  England  ud  the 
United  Slates  of  America.  Henri  Bicaldi,  inUs  calalofne  of  his 
own  collection  (printed  i89a),hasdncTibed  how  in  Fiance  a  little 
band  of  book-loving  amateurs  grew  up  who  laughed  at  the 
blblietkOi  ii  la  nolle  mJit  as  they  diirespeclfully  called  their 
predecessors,  and  prided  themselves  on  the  unity  and  com- 
pactness of  their  own  tressurcs-  In  piece  of  the  miscelLincous 
library  in  which  every  class  of  book  claimed  to  be  represented, 
and  which  needed  a  special  room  or  gallery  to  house  it,  they  aimed 
".epitomize  the 


a  hold 


them.  TI1C  French  lubliophilca  whom  M-  Biraldi  cetebraied 
applied  this  theory  with  great  success  to  collecting  the  dainty 
Fnnch  illuittaled  books  of  the  iSlh  century  which  were  their 
especial  favourites.  In  England  Richard  Fisher  ireatcd  his 
fine  eiamplcs  of  early  book- til  ultra  lion  as  part  of  hii  collection 
of  eEgnvings.etchingi  and  woodcutsdil  ustnted  catalogue  piuilcd 
1879),  and  Frederick  Locker  (Locker-Lampson)  formed  in  two 
small  bookcases  such  a  gathering  of  first  editions  of  English  imagi- 
native  literature  that  the  mere  calalogue  of  it  (printed  in  1886) 
produced  ilbe  eScct  of  a  stately  and  picturesque  procession-  Some 
of  the  book-hoards  ol  previous  gcncrationi  could  have  spared  the 
equivalent  of  the  Locker  colleciion  without  seeming  noticeably 
the  poorer,  but  tbe  compactness  and  unity  ol  this  small  collection, 
in  which  eveiy  book  appears  to  have  been  bought  for  1  special 
reason  and  to  form  an  integral  part  of  the  whole,  gave  ilanariisiic 
individuality  which  was  a  pleasant  triumph  for  its  owner,  and 
eicited  so  much  interest  among  American  admiien  of  Mr 
Locker's  poetry  that  it  may  be  said  to  have  set  a  fashion.  Ai 
another  example  of  the  value  ol  a  small  collection,  both  for 
delight  and  for  hiiloricil  and  artistic  sludy,  mention  may  be 
made  of  the  Utile  roomful  al  manuscripts  and  Incunabula  which 
William  Morris  brought  together  lo  illustrate  Ihe  history  ol  Ihe 
bookish  arts  in  the  middle  ages  belorc  the  Renaissance  inlRxIuced 
newidenla  Many  livingcollectois  are  working  in  a  similar  spirit, 
and  as  this  spicil  spreads  the  monotony  of  the  old  libraries,  in 
which  the  same  editions  of  the  ume  books  r«:urTed  with  weari- 
some frequency,  shouldbc  replaced  by  much  greater  individuality 
and  variety.  Moreover,  if  they  can  be  grouped  naund  some' 
'  * '  books  may  yield  just  as  good  sport  lo  the 


works  may  render  admi 
limilition  is  against  book 

porary  first  editions  was 
booksellers  beginning  to 
and  Mr  Lang's  Ku  Fair 


I,  and  the  collector  of  quite 
bic  service  to  posterity.     Ine  amy 
IKS  specially  manufactured  lo  atliacl  him, 

as  brought  lo  nought  about  18S9  by  Ibe 
Id  board  copies  of  Browning's  Aielandt 
liry  Bast  on  tbe  day  of  publication,  while 
linoT  poet  was  made  riilictdous  by  j(ioo 
o(  bis  privately  printed  efaKStn.    The 


BOOK-COLLECTING 


petty  gambtjng  in  booln  prinlH  *t  tlie  Kdnucotl  and  Dove 
preua,  and  in  thf  fine  papfr  mpies  of  s  certain  Liji  aj  Qua 
Viclaria,  fot  which  »  premium  of  250%  wai  asked  before  put 
lication,  u  anotbei  pKM[  that  until  the  nunufactuiing  ttagt 

the  field  is  open,  and  the  iqth  century  oflem  ai  good  A  huDlis 
fTOUAd  as  any  of  its  ptedeceator*. 

While  book-collecting  may  Ihui  talie  an  endless  variety  c 

lonu  the  hcadi  under  which  these  may  be  grouped  are  few  an 

fairiy  easily  dtBned.    They  may  be  here  briefly  ii 

"jT"*       dicaled  together  with  some  notes  ai 


■nupro 


Thet 


vhich  bibliographical  Uterature  hai  tajcen  Is  Indeed 
very  significant  of  the  changed  ideals  of  collectors.  Brunet's 
Uamtel  iu  tibraire,  first  published  in  iSio.  attained  ill  fifth 
edition  in  1860-1864,  and  has  never  since  been  re-e<litc<i  (sup- 
plement, lijS-itSo).  The  BiUiapifka'i  Uanial  ej  En^iih 
IMaaliai  by  W.  T.  Lowndes,  first  pubUshed  in  1834,  was  revised 
by  H,  G.  Boha  in  itn-ilA*,  uul  of  this  also  no  funhei  edition 
has  been  printed.  These  two  works  between  them  gave  all  the 
information  the  old-faahioned  collectors  required,  the  Trlsor  de 
lam  ram  el  frlcvmi  by  J.  G.  T.  Gnene  (Dresden,  1859-1867, 
lupplementaiy  volume  in  1S69)  adding  little  to  (he  infonoation 
given  by  Biuncl.  ITie  day  of  the  omnivorous  coUectet  being 
past,  the  place  of  these  genenl  tnanuals  has  been  taken  by 
more  detailed  bibL*ogra[^es  and  handbeoka  on  special  hooks, 
.*nd  though  new  editions  ot  both  Lowndet  ind  Brunei  would 
be  useful  to  librarians  and  bookseUcn  do  publisbet  has  had  the 
courage  to  produce  them. 

To  attract  a  collector  a  bock  most  appeal  to  his  eye,  his  mind 
or  his  imagination,  and  many  famous  books  appeal  to  all  three- 
A  book  may  be  beautiful  by  virtue  of  its  binding,  its  illustrations 
or  the  simple  perfection  and  harmony  of  in  print  and  paper. 
The  attraction  of  a  fine  binding  has  always  been  fell  in  France, 
the  high  prices  tjooted  for  £bcvirs  and  Fiench  first  editioru  being 
often  due  much  mote  to  their  17th  and  iSIh  century  jacletathaa 
to  the  books  themselves.  The  appreciation  of  old  bindings  has 
greatly  increased  in  England  since  the  exhibition  of  them  at  the 
Burlington  Fine  Atti  Onb  in  ig^i  (iilustralcd  catalogue  printed 
(he  taoH  year),  English  bliad  stamped  bindings,  embroidered 
bindings,  and  bindings  attributable  to  Samuel  Meame  {Imp. 
Charles  U.)  bring  much  more  wughl  after  than  formeriy. 
(Sec  Bookbinding.) 
Illustrated  books  of  certain  periods  an  also  much  in  request, 
*■     ■     eieeplion  of  a  few  which  eariy  cell ' 


enled  b 


lis  in  incunabula  are  now  almost  toohi^y 
appreciated,  and  while  the  Nvrimbtat  Chrmdi  (i^qj)  seldom 
letches  more  ihan  fjoor  the  HypnmUmaikii  Pulitiili  IVenice, 
1404)  n»R  than  £110,  rarer  books  are  priced  in  hundreds.  The 
be^t  books  on  the  lubfecl  an :  tor  Italy.  Lippmann's  Wad  Eap"- 
{■{  i* /(afy  in  Ue  j^ljk  Cntary  (iSgg),  Xriildler's  forty  RimUiw 
WooiaUt  (iSot),  Ihe  due  de  Rivoli's  (Prince  d'Essling'i) 
BitHBtrithit  iti  Jura  i  fip""  tl-Uiini  i^p-ijis  (i««i. 
Dew  edition  1906);  for  Germany,  Muther^s  Dit  deutsclu 
BUtkcriaMitraliim  itr  Golkit  tinf  FrSlaauiiaaiia  (1884);  for 
Holland  and  Belgium,  Sir  W.  U.  Conway's  Tki  WoadcatUri 
(•/  Uu  .VtOtrlaidj  in  Ate  'Hk  CeWnry  (1884)1  for  France  t)ie 
Bialcria)  will  all  be  found  in  Oaudin'a  Hitlairl  il  I'imfrimtrii 
nPranaUgco,&c.).  Someinlorniaiianon  theillustraledbooks 
of  Ihe  early  i6th  century  is  given  in  Bulich's  Die  BUcitrtma' 
'  mentUt  itr  Raiautana  (1&78),  bat  the  pretty  Fnnch  books  of 
Ibc  middle  of  Ihecentuty  and  Uie  later  Dutch  and  English  copper- 
engraved  book  illuslraliona  (for  (he  latter  see  Colvin'i  Early 
Entmititam!  EiitriictriinBKglaiid,  190J)  bavebeen  imperfectly 
appreciated.  T^iscannol  besaidof  thcFnndibooksof  Ihe  18th 
century  chronicled  by  H.  Coboi,  Cuidi  it  J'siiiittiir  ift  lim 
i  panm  da  XVllI'  lOtlt  (5th  ed..  1SS6).  much  of  the  same 
faitormatton,  with  a  little  moR  abont  English  books,  being 
given  in  Lewine's  BOIistriph  </  EifUanlk  Ctnlary  Arl  and 
lllulrtird  Benin  (1898).  &iglisli  books  wiih  coloured  iUoslta- 
ttons,  for  which  Ihoc  ha*  atiien  a  niddea  (ishioii,  an  well 


described  in  Martin  Hardle'l  Entliih  Cofw  B»etl  (1906}. 
Benick's  work  has  been  described  by  M[  Austin  Dobson. 

Appreciationof  finely  printed  books  has seld€>meKleTtded  much 
beyond  the  15th  cenlury.  In  addition  to  tbe  works  mentioned 
in  tbeactideonincunibula((.t),noie  may  be  made  of  Humphrey's 
UajUrfitia  ef  lie  Early  PrMoi  und  EMpaitri  (1870),  while 
Uppmana'i  Driuiicliri/len  da  XV  Mi  X  VIII  JahkuHderll 
(i8g*-i«87)  covers,  though  not  very  fuUy,  the  litM-  period. 

Among  books  which  make  an  inteltectual  appeal  to  Ihe  col- 
lecLOTs  may  be  classed  all  works  of  historical  vihie  whidi  have 
not  been  reprinted,  or  of  which  Ihe  original  cdiliona  an  mOR 
authentic,  orconvincing,thin  modem  Rprints.  It  iscvideni  thai 
these  cover  a  vast  Geld,  and  (hat  the  collector  hi  taking  possession 
of  any  comer  of  it  is  at  once  Ihe  lervant  and  rival  of  tuslorkal 
studenu  Lord  Ctawfonl't  vast  colleclionB  of  En^ish,  Scoitish 
and  Irish  piDckmalioiis  and  of  papal  bulls  may  be  cited  as 
capital  instances  of  the  work  which  a  collector  may  do  lor  the 
promotion  of  blsloncal  research,  and  the  philohigical  library 
bTDught  together  by  Prince  Lucien  Bonaparte  {^h  AlUmpI 
at  a  CUaletiu  by  V.  Collins,  published  1894)  and  the  FoiweO 
collection  of  eaily  boakt  on  potilicol  economy  (presented  (a  the 
university  of  London  by  the  Catdsmilhs'  Company)  an  dm 
othei  iailaacci  of  recent  date.  Much  colleciing  of  this  kmd  Is 
now  being  carried  on  by  Ihe  Lbraries  of  instiiuies  aad  ladeijc* 
connected  with  special  pnifessions  and  studies,  but  there  is  ample 
room  also  for  private  njleclora  to  work  on  these  lines. 

Of  book*  which  appeal  to  >  collector's  imagination  the  nwH 
obvious  eiamples  ate  Ibose  whidi  can  be  aaaociated  with  some 
famous  person  or  event  A  book  which  has  belonged  to  a  klni 
at  queen  (m«n  especially  one  who,  like  Uary  queen  of  Scots, 
has  appealed  lo  popular  sympathies),  or  (o  a  gmt  ifatesman, 
soldier  or  poet,  which  bean  any  mark  of  having  been  valued  by 
him,  or  of  being  connected  with  any  sirikUig  incideni  in  his  life, 
has  an  bteiesl  which  defies  anolysis.  Collecion  ihcoselva 
have  a  natural  tenderness  for  their  predccesors,  and  a  copy  of 
a  famous  worii  is  all  (he  more  regarded  if  i(s  pedigree  can  be 
traced  through  a  long  series  of  book-loving  ownels.  Hence  ihe 
production  of  such  works  as  Criat  Btoh-Celltiier,  by  Charlei 
andMaiy£Jton(ig9j),£iifJ>]*BHj(-C>lfaeUrlbrW.V.PIetehtT 
(i«ai)  ynd  Guigard's  NHod  armsrial  d»  HUiepMUe  (1890). 
Books  condemned  to  be  burnt,  or  which  have  caused  (he  perKcu- 
lion  of  their  authors,  have  an  ioiaginitive  inleresi  of  another 
kind,  though  one  which  seems  to  have  appealed  more  10  writers 
of  books  than  10  collectors.  As  has  already  been  noted,  most  of 
the  books  specially  valued  by  ix^ecIciTs  nuke  a  double  or  itiple 
appeal  to  the  collecting  inttincl,  and  Ihe  desire  (o  possess  first 
editions  may  be  accounled  for  parlJy  by  then  positive  superiority 
over  reprints  for  purposes  of  study,  parfly  by  the  assodaliofis 
which  they  can  be  proved  to  possess  or  which  ima^nation  cmies 
for  Ibem,  The  value  set  on  thera  is  at  least  (o  some  eilent 
fandful.  It  would  be  difficult,  for  insunce,  to  justify  the  high 
prices  paid  by  collectors  of  the  days  of  George  III.  For  Ihe  Grat 
lied  editions  of  (he  Creek  and  Latin  ila 


nslhesi 


ssible 


by  which  Ibey  can  be  linked  wilh  the  personality 
of  their  authois.  It  may  be  doubted  whether  any  one  now 
coUecis  them  save  as  specimens  of  printing,  though  no  class  of 
books  wliicb  has  once  been  priied  ever  sinks  back  into  absalute 
obscurity.  On  Ihe  other  hand  Ihe  pmlige  of  Ihe  first  ediiians 
ot  English  and  French  liietary  masterpieces  has  immensely 
increased.  A  hnt  folio  Shakeq>ea;e  (lOlj)  was  in  igeC  sold 
separately  for  C3000,  and  the  UacGeoige  copies  oF  Lhe  fint  lour 
Folios  (1613, 16]],  iMj-1664  and  i63j)  fetched  collctlivcly  the 
high  price  of  £iofloo.  The  quano  editions  of  Shakespeare  plays 
have  appreciated  even  more,  several  of  these  liiile  books,  once 
sold  at  6d.  apiece,  having  fetched  over  £1000,  while  Iheunknown 


'  of  Ihe 


editu 


.1  TlMI  . 


covered  in  Sweden., 
(or  iiooo.  Inlormalion  as  'to  eariy  editions  of  famous  English 
books  will  be  found  in  Lowndes'  BiblKtrBplie's  Uamial,  fn 
Hailitt'i  Hamlbeek  la  Itc  PefiilarPamcaliai  Dramttii  LiHralmrt 
ef  Greet  Briioin  /rtm  Ab  lintnlie*  ef  Prinlint  le  lie  KislerliMi 


BOOK-KEEPING 


(iB6;)  and  Us  iutuequenl 


mi  K^a  (1876-190]), 
Earfy  Ediluni,  a  iihlia- 
po/ular  moion  aullan 


{1894).  wWI< 

in  Jults  Lt  Petit  {BUJiiigiaphii  del  priacifala  idiiiam  uriiinaltt 

fUrimm IraJiViil daXVau XVUI- liklf,  iBSS), 

Is  mnt  cua  Ibne  ii  a  markal  (ailing  off  in  the  iDterat  wllh 
K'hkh  cariy  editions  oiher  than  Ha  Gist  are  regacdcd,  and  con- 
tfqucntly  in  Liie  pHcea  paid  for  them,  though  important  changes 
in  the  text  give  In  the  edition  in  which  they  £rst  occur  some 
shadow  of  the  prestige  attaching  to  an  original  issue.  One  o[ 
the  recognized  byways  of  boolt-coliecling,  ho^'cver,  used  to  be 
the  collection  of  as  many  editions  as  possible  of  the  same  work. 
When  this  lesult  in  the  acquiulion  ol  numeroui  late  edilions  of 
no  value  for  [he  teal  its  only  usefulness  would  appear  to  be  the 
indti  i t  may  offer  to  Ihe  author's  popularity.  But  in  translations 
of  the  Bible,  in  liturgical  wor^,andineditionspublishcd  during  the 
author's  life  the  aid  offered  to  the  study  of  the  development  of  the 
final  teil  by  a  long  row  of  inlennediale  editions  may  be  very  great. 

positive  inlereal  a  boolc  may  possess  is  in  the  case  of  editions  which 
can  bo  connected  with  the  origin,  diBusion  or  devclqpmenl  of 
piiniing.  Piety  suggest)  thiit  baok-Iovets  shoiJd  like  a  ipedil 
interest  in  the  history  of  the  »it  which  has  done  so  much  (01  their 
happineis,  and  in  this  respKi  they  have  mosily  shoB-n  themselves 
religious.  The  Erst  book  piinted  In  any  town  is  reasonably 
coveted  hy  local  antiquaries,  and  the  desire  to  measure  the 
aniounl  arid  quality  of  the  work  of  every  early  piinttr  has  mused 
the  pceservation  of  thoiuandt  of  booki  which  would  olheiwisc 
have  perished.    (See  IhcO-nabuu.} 

The  financial  side  o(  book-collecting  may  be  studied  in  Sbtct't 
B4iit-Priat  Cwrenl,  published  annually  since  1887,  and  in 
Livingslon'i  Amauaa  Boat  Pricti  Currrnl,  and  in  the  sainc 
author's  .:4i«liao  Piiai  ef  flooii  (i»os).  WHle  largely  influenced 
by  fashion  the  prices  given  lor  books  are  never  wholly  unreason- 
able. They  are  determined,  firstly  by  the  positive  or  associative 
interest  which  can  be  found  in  the  book  itself,  secondly  by  the 
jnfiequency  with  which  copies  come  into  the  markci  compared 
with  the  number  and  wealth  of  their  would-be  possessors,  and 
Ihiidly,  eicept  ia  the  case  of  books  of  the  greatest  interest  and 
niity,  by  the  condition  o(  the  copy  offered  in  respect  to  com- 
pleteness, ^le,  freshness  and  absence  of  stains.      (A.  W.  Po.) 

BOOX-KEEPIHQ,  a  syilcnutic  record  of  business  transactions, 

viduali  or  cotporali 


any  t 


ooble  and  of  di 
i«(.)tl     ■ 


ig  Ihcm  » 
lothebi 


■d  pat  lie 


boUi.    . 


jcpi  ng,  sometimes  described 
Dmelimcs  as  an  art,  partakes  o[  the  nature  of 
a  mucb  a  discovery  as  a  growth,  the  crude 
oetlnd*  of  lormer  days  having  been  gradually  imptovcd  Id 
next  the  changing  requirementf  of  business,  and  this  proccs* 
of  evolution  is  still  going  on.  The  ideal  of  any  tystem  of  book- 
keeping  is  the  maximiun  of  record  combined  with  the  luinitaum 
oi  labour,  but  as  dishonesty  has  10  be  guarded  against,  no  system 
of  book-keeping  can  be  teganlcd  as  adequate  which  does  not 
enaUe  the  record  to  be  readily  veiificd  as  a  Ifue  and  complete 
Matement  of  the  transactions  involved.  Such  a  verification  is 
ciDed  an  audit,  and  in  the  case  oi  public  and  other  large  con- 
ccfu  is  ardinaiily  undertaken  by  ptolessional  accountanu  (;.>.)■ 
When  the  book-keeping  sinll  is  large  it  (t  usually  orgoniaed  » 
that  its  members,  to  some  eilcnt  at  least,  check  each  other's 

or  "iniemal  check,''  is  frequently  performed  by  the  book- 
kecpinc  staS  iisclf. 

Fonacrly,  wlicn  credit  was  a  considerably  lev  imponanl 
(actor  than  now  in  commercial  Iraniaciions,  book-keeping  was 
(Rquently  tioutcd  to  an  account  ol  receipts  and  payments  o( 
Boocy:  and  in  early  limes,  before  money  was  in  use ,10  an  account 
o(  the  receipl  and  issue  of  goods  of  diffeteni  kinds.    Even  now 


ihlcan 


s  equally  ue 


record  movements  ol  credit,  as  a 
and  payments  of  money  would  show  only  a  part  of  the  total 
Dumber  of  transactions  undertaken.  As  for  practical  purposes 
some  limit  must  be  placed  upon  the  daily  record  o(  transac- 
tions, certain  classes  show  only  a  record  o[  cash  receipts 
and  payments,  which  must,  when  it  is  desired  to  ascertain  tfie 
actual  position  of  aRairs,  be  adjusted  by  bringing  into  account 
those  transactions  which  have  not  yet  been  completed  by  the 

customers  with  goods  sold  to  them  at  the  date  when  the  sale 
ukes  pbce,  and  to  give  them  credit  for  the  amount  received  in 
payment  upon  the  date  ol  receipt  (thus  completely  recording 
every  phase  of  the  transaction  as  and  when  it  occursji  but  in 

credit  for  the  services  rendered  by  him  from  day  to  day,  but 
merely  10  charge  up  the  amounts,  when  paid,  to  a  wages  account, 
which  thus  at  any  date  only  shows  (he  amounts  which  have 
actually  been  paid,  and  takes  no  cognisance  ol  the  sums  accruing 
due  \Vhcn,  therefore,  it  is  desired  lo  ascertain  the  actual 
capenditure  upon  wages  lor  any  ^ven  period,  ii  is  necessary  to 
allow  lor  the  payments  made  during  thai  period  in  respect  of 
work  previously  performed,  and  to  add  the  value  of  work 
pciformed  during  the  current  period  which  remains  unpaid- 
In  the  majority  ol  businesses  those  accounts  which  deal  with 


:e  the  rt 


which  il  not  included  in  the  ordinary  day-lo^l 

y  record  is  that 

representing  ihc  loss  gradually  acciuing  by 

or  depreciation,  of  assets  or  general  equipment 

of  the  business- 

iroper  allowance  lot  these  losses  must  ol  course  b 

t  is  desired  to  ascertain  the  true  position  o(  afla 

The  origin  of  book-keeping  is  lost  in  obscu 

iiy,  but  lecent 

researches  would  appear  to  show  thai  some  mt 

thod  o(  keeping 

tshasci 


Is  have 


;  of  clay,  and  it  is 
o(  interest  to  note  IRaords  if  Ac  Past,  li.  89)  that  these  sbbi 
or  tablets  "  usually  contain  impresslonj  from  cylinder  seals, 
and  nail  marlu,  which  were  ooiuidered  to  be  a  man's  natural 
seal,"  thus  showing  that  the  modem  method  of  identifying 
criminals  by  finger  prints  had  its  counterpart  in  Babylonia  some 

papyrus,  and  contemporary  pictures  show  a  scribe  keeping 
accountof  the  quantities  of  grain  brought  intoand  removed  from 
the  government  store-houses.  It  will  thus  be  seen  that  some 
iorm  ol  book-keeping  existed  long  before  bound  books  were 
known,  and  tberelore  the  more  general  term  ottauntiii^  would 
seem  10  be  preferable— the  more  so  as  the  most  modem  develop- 
ments arc  in  the  direction  of  again  abandoning  the  bound  book 
in  lavouroflooscoreasilydetached  sheets  of  paper  or  card,  thus 
capable  of  being  rearranged  as  circumstances  or  convenience 
may  dictate.  Most  of  the  earitcr  accounting  records  are  in  the 
■hich — however  complete 


in  itscU— failed  to  fulfil  the  second  rcquiiei 
system  of  book-keeping  already  referred  to.  Prior  to  the  use 
of  money  nothing  in  this  direction  couM  of  course  well  be  al- 
tcmptcd^  but  for  a  long  time  after  its  employmenl  became 
general  money  values  were  recorded  in  Roman  figures,  which 
naturally  did  not  lend  themselves  to  ready  calculation. 

At  the  present  time  it  may  be  generally  stated  that  all  book- 
keeping records  are  kepi  in  three  distinct  colunu,  dealing 
respectively  with  the  dale  of  the  transaction,  its  nature,  and  its 
money  value.  The  earliest  citant  example  of  accounts  so  kept 
is  probably  a  ledger  in  the  Advocatet'  library  at  Edinburgh, 
dated  1647,  which,  it  is  of  interest  to  note,  is  ruled  by  hand. 
Prior  10  that  time,  however,  double-entry  boolL -keeping  had  been 
in  general  use.    The  eiacl  date  of  its  introduction  is  unknowni 


BOOK-KEEPING 


invcntlan  of  Lucii  dc  Bei|a,  in  or  about  1494.  Tliii.  however, 
is  Ihe  dale  of  [he  Brsi  i»ue  (at  Venice)  of  a  printed  book  entitled 
E.cr}lhint  abiul  Arilkmclic,  Cmmelry  and  Prupurliea,  by  Luca 
Paciolo,  vbich  contain!  iJi/erj^fa  An  CJiplanation  of  book -keeping 
by  double-enlry  as  then  undenloodi  but  in  alJ  piobabltily. 
the  syitem  had  Ihcn  been  in  uM  for  something  like  100  yan. 
It  n  perhaps  unfortunate  that  from 


andsludcr 


n  Ihc  ir 


:o[ii 

■iher  thin  bj 

ibled,  Ifaererore.wl: 


icalbi 


dhy 


of  Ii 


ii  the  ' 


/our.'.  Eiitf'l*  Syilcm  oj  Boot-ttepiiit  by 
Entry,  published  at  Bristol  in  1746.  fieloie  publishing  this 
book,  E.  T,  Jones  issued  a  prospectus,  staling  that  he  had 
paicnied  an  entirely  new  and  ^atly  improved  system,  and  lliat 
subscribcn  (at  a  guinea  a  copy)  would  be  entitled  to  a  special 
licence  empowering  them  lo  put  the  new  Invention  into  practice 
in  their  own  book-keeping.  With  this  bmii  he  secured  Ibouundt 
ol  subscribers,  but  so  fit  ai  can  be  gathered  his  system  was 
entirely  without  meiit.  and  it  b  chiefly  of  Interol  ■>  indicatini 
the  value,  even  (hen,  of  advertising. 

It  is  impossible  here  to  describe  fully  alt  the  Improvements 
that  have  been  made  in  methods  of  accounting  during  recent 
proposed  to  deal  w  ilh  the  more  impoi  tant 


book- 


principles  upon  which 
keeping  are  based  have  been  briefly  dcsaibcd. 

The  centre  of  all  book-keeping  syttems  it  the 
fnfjcr,  and  il  may  be  uid  that  all  other  books  arc 
only  txpt  as  a  matter  of  practical  convenience — 
hence  the  name  "  subMdiary  books "  that  is 
fre<iuenily  applied  Iheceto.  Inasmuch,  however,  as 
the  transactions  ate  litsl  lecorded  in  these  sub- 
sidiary books,  and  afterwards  classified  therefrom 
into  the  tcdgei,  Ihe  names  baaks  of  rniry  or  hooks 
ej  frsi  ally  ate  often  employed.  Subsidiary  books 
which  do  not  form  the  fatilis  of  iubset|ucnl  entries 
into  the  ledger,  but  are  merely  used  lor  sialislical 

In  the  early  days  of  book-keeping  the  led^  com- 
prised merely  those  accounts  which  il  was  thought 
desirable  to  keep  iccesuble,  and  was  not  a  compic 
record  of  all  trantacliona.  Thus  in  many  inslanc et 
records  were  only  kept  of  transactions  with  other 
bu»neM  houses,  known  at  frrunal  eciimnli.  In  the  eariiest 
e>amptcs  (lansacliont  lending  10  reduce  indebtedness  wen 
recorded  in  order  of  date,  a*  Ihcy  occurred  underneath 
Iransacliont  recording  Ihe  creation  of  the  indebtedness;  and 
Ihe  amount  ol  the  reduction  was  subtracted  from  Ihe  sum 
of  the  indebtedness  up  to  that  date.  This  method  wai  found 
10    be   inconvenient,  and   the  neil   step  wai   to    keep  one 


but  It  a  malter  ol  coavcnience  is  mualty  ruled  off  each  lime 

intervals,  so  thai  the  stale  of  the  account  may  then  be  readily 
apparent. 

very  incomplete  rccoid  of  Ihe  transaclionf  of  any  business, 
and  does  not  su  nice  10  cnjhleaslatementofilt  financial 
position  to  be  prepared.  So  at  an  early  date  other  ^^T 
accounts  were  added  10  the  ledger,  recording  the  U2,,,. 
acquisition  ol  and  disposal  ol  different  classes  of 
properly,  such  accounts  being  generally  known  as  ttal  acronnli. 
These  accounts  are  kept  upon  the  same  principle  as  personal 
accounts,  in  that  all  expciidiiure  upon  the  part  of  the  business 
a  recorded  upon  the  Dr.  side,  and  all  receipts  upon  the  Cr.  side; 
the  eicess  of  Ihe  debit  entries  over  Ihc  credit  entries  thus  showing 
the  value  placed  upon  those  asscti  thai  still  remain  the  property 
of  the  business.  With  Ihe  aid  of  personal  and  teal  accounts 
properly  nritleD  up  lo  date,  it  b  possible  at  any  time  to 
prepare  a  suiemenl  of  assets  and  liabilities  showing  Ihe  financial 
position  of  a  business,  and  the  following  is  an  enample  of  such  a 
statement,  which  shows  also  how  Ihe  profit  made  by  the  business 
may  be  thus  ascertained,  assuming  that  the  financial  position 
at  Ihc  commencement  of  the  currenl  financial  period,  and  Ihe 
movements  ol  capital  into  and  out  of  Ihe  business  duriitg  the 
period,  are  capabic  ol  being  ascertained. 
St  ATE  or  AFFAias  at  tr  JISI  OccCHaEi  1906 


ll<  Payable  . 

iver^_  liability 


ul  on  isi  Jai 
Balance,  being  n 


^'"'Zi^'^''!"': 


Biaiona  reducing  o 


T  kepi  on  opposite  sides  of  the  ledger 


tn  this  form  of  accounl  all  (ransaclions  creating  indebledneti 
due  from  the  person  named  therrin  to  the  business— thai  it  to 
■ay,  all  benefits  received  by  Ihal  person  from  Ihe  ' 
recorded  upon  ihe  leli-hand,  or  Dr.  side,  and  ftt 
Iraniactions  representing  beneltts  Imparled  by  hit 


upon   the  Cr,  tide. 


The  I 


I  may  mn  on  Indcfiniuly, 


The  method  of  accounting  hitherto  described  represents 
iiHfli-nrry,  which — albeit  manifestly  inromplele — is  itill  very 
gencTalty  used  by  small  business  houses,  and  particularly  by 
retail  traden.  lis  essential  weakness  is  Ihal  it  provides  no  auto- 
matic check  upon  the  clerical  accuracy  of  the  record,  and, 
should  any  misuke  be  made  in  the  keeping  of  the  books,  or  in 
the  eitraction  therefrom  of  the  lists  ol  aueti  and  liabilitiei, 
the  statement  of  assets  and  liibilitiei  and  the  profit  or  loss  of  Ihe 

Il  was  lo  avoid  this  obvious  weakness  of  single-entry  thai  t)w 


The  essenlial  principt 
complete  record  of  n 


record  of  transacli 


entry  of  equal  amount  upon  debit  in 

credit  sides  ol  the  ledger. 

the  aggregate  amount  entered  up  upoi 

the  debit  side  ol  the  ledger 

the  credit  side;  and  thus  a  complete 

list  of  all  ledger  balances 

credit  balances.    Such  a  list  is  called 

a  rridf  balance,  an  eiamplc 

1  bekiw.  It  should  be  observed,  however,  that 
d  by  the  trial  btlaiict  is  a  purely  mechaiklcal 
M  pravc  the  ^Molult  accuracy  cf  tbe  ledgtr  as 


BOOK-KEEPING 


(  remd  ot  tnimctioni.  Thui  tnniutions  whkh  hive 
iniuUy  taken  ptia  miy  have  been  omhleil  From  Ihe  booki 
iliogcEhcr,  or  Ihcy  may  have  been  ncoided  to  Ihe  wrong 
iccounu,  or  Ihe  muney  valuta  attached  lo  thetn  may  be 
incorrecLi  or,  yet  again,  fictitioui  iccoidi  may  be  entered 
TuAL  Balance,  yn  Deceubeb  1906 


Fiiiurn.  lucnituie,  Sc 
BiDt  payable    . 

Stock  IH  Jan.  1906  V 
Diicounu  alkiircd    ^ 


iij.oi 


J'      4 


in  the  ledger  of  tranjactioni  which  have  never  tako 
A  Iriai  talaxcc  is  thus  id  vety  adequate  safeguard  againi 
it  bring  to  light  mistakes  in  the  manetir; 


o  the  VI 


This 


especial  importance,  hi  that  the  monetary  value 
may  have  been  tmrectly  recorded  in  Ihe  £nl  instance, 

ibie.  This  o[  contse  means  that  the  altered  cira 
cmciiluUantddilioaal"  tnnsaclion  "which has  bcei 
It  will  be  observed,  iheretoie,  that  in  order  lo  cor 


E9  0|r| 


■dger  a  ihird  class  of  accounii. 

[  money's  worth,  which,  so  Tar 
ffling  of  assets  and  liabilities, 
involve  an  increase  in  or  a  reduction  o[  the  amount  invested  in 
the  business,  i-r.  a  pro&I  or  a  loss.  Transactions  representiTig 
profits  are  recorded  upon  the  Cr-  side  of  nominal  accounts,  and 
those  representing  losses  (including  expenses)  upon  Ihe  Dr,  ude, 
Thli  is  consistent  with  the  niles  ilieady  laid  down  in  conncrion 
with  real  and  nominal  accounts.  in:iimuch  as  elpcndtlure  which 
does  not  result  in  ihe  acquisition  of  an  asset  is  a  loss,  whereas 
receipts  which  do  not  involve  ihe  creation  of  liabilities  represent 
pK>liis.  All  debit  balances  therefore  thai  are  not  assets  are 
losses,  and  pir  iMlra  all  credit  balances  that  are  not  liabilities 
art  profiu.  So  that,  inasmuch  as  douhle-enliy  provides  iula 
alia  a  complete  statement  under  suitable  headings  ol  ail  profits 
and  all  l»ies.  it  It  passible  by  aggregating  these  results  10 
deduce  Iherefrom  the  net  prafii  or  loss  ol  carrying  on  the  business 
— and  that  by  a  method  entirely  distinct  Irom  that  previously 
described  in  cnnneiion  with  sIngle-cntTy,  thits  constituting  a 

the  fol lowing  represent  the  hedlnt  aeaual,  pnfiani  ha  aaimnt, 
and  balana  shot  compiled  therefrom.    The  trading       -.,._. 


record 

ng  the  mo 

Yemenis  olEoods  which 

epresen 

tthe 

•««t 

of)  the 

profit 

:nd  loss 

™int.    The  balance  1 

irrlis 

I  iiatemenl  oi 

!ls  and  li; 

ransfei 

h.ihnr 

eolthepr. 

fit  and  bss  iccDuni  to  ihe  capi 

alacco 

po«i( 

■  to  brini 

dalci 

.d  10  show  Ihe 

credit 

Mia  nee  r 

icescniing  the  surplus  ( 

nivl 

ovcrl 

bililies 

to  date— the  bal 

ice  sheet,  instead  of  sh 

-,-mg  ! 

"bah 

ce,"  reprc 

icntingwhatiiaiiumerf 

amou 

t  of  the 

Ci  ^m  capital  upon  the  other.    The  is 


Dr. 

TaADWo  Ac 

COUHT  for  the  Year  ended  3. 

1906 

a. 

To  Slock  on  hand 

ist  Jan,  1,06     . 
nsfen^ed  io'Pn>£t 

S.673    9    i 

By  Sates. 

..    SiDCk 

oba'nd 

aisi  Die  1,^   : 

M-iy 

,1 

(SiAii    *    7 

lM.4fii     S     7 

PaoriT  Awn  Loss  Account  for  ih 


,  Salaries  and  wage*       I«6s  li 


,  DeprecialkHi    ,        ,         ,         , 
,  Net  Profit  for  Ihe  year  tnimferttd 


T«  A.  B..  Capital  ac 
.,  Trade  dtdiura 
„  BDb  payable    , 


.,  Trade  drbton 


3^4"     7     ! 


Dr. 

A.B.  Capital  Aecotmr 

Cr. 

rT,. 

T°  Bata™*U'S3'4>wi    :    : 

ft.soo   0   e 

i4,9'8    7    » 

1906. 

tei, 

„  Profit"!  ndTosi  Bcxoi^,  bel*ng  net 
profit  for  tbe  ytarended  Ihii  dale 

By  Baltnet  brought  down. 

1,40s    s    7 

il64.<    7    » 

£lft4t«    7    » 

£14.918    7    1 

BOOK-KEEPING 


Id  the  Foregoing  example  tbc  cmtomaiy  method  bai  been 
Eollawcd  q[  deducting  withdrawals  oi  capital  from  tbe  capital 

boLmcr  nf  the  capital  account  remains  cmslaut,  and  the  draw^ 
ia£i  aad  net  profits  are  translerred  to  a  separate  accounl  called 
cmral  acttaiiL  This  plan  is  but  laidy  observed  in  the  caK 
oi  undcrtakinp  owned  by  individuals,  or  private  firms,  but  is 
invariably  adopted  in  coiukuod  witli  joint-i 
altbough  in  «icb  cases  the  name  iptripriatim  ejfffit 
generally  employed. 

Although  il  is  now  u)ual  to  cnphiy  seven]  books  ol  Gtst-entty, 

in  tbe  case  of  comparatively  snuiU  busintssa  one  such  book  is 

luflicient  loi  all  puipos".  ''"  ll"-'  it  >*  practicable  (or 

pUce  aa  and  when  they  occur.  A  book  of  this  description. is 
called  1hF>arflaf.  and  Ion  many  ycats  ceprcuntcd  tbe  only  book 
oi  bisl^intiy  employed  in  book-keeping.  An  eiample  of  the 
JQurnol  is  given  belour.  The  entries  appearing  thetcio  ue  lucb 
at  bould  be  necessary  to  piepaie  the  trading  and  profit  and  lou 
accounts  from  the  trial  balance  shown  above,  atJd  to  bring  tbe 


iato  numerous  books  of  first-enlry,  each  of 
case  be  employed  for  the  recordoEa  particuli 
The  first  method  has  been  generally  adopt 
countries  ol  Europe,  as  will  be  shown  later 
Britain  and  in  North  America  Ibt  latter  m 
obtains;  thai  is,  instead  o(  having  one  journ 


nrded  in 


DO- leoenny  kept  in  lections.    Thw  tbc  caik  accoBnt  ud  tb* 

book  called  the  laii  bttt,  showing  in  parallel  coluduu  the  move- 

menta  of  office  cash  and  ol  cash  at  the  bank,  and  by  the  >dditk>a 

DavBoo>i9o6 

0 

-^-^.7th  Dumber. 

'™  New  Si»i,  Walworth— 
J  doi.  V.C-  port                        Jl/. 
t     ..    A.C.pak,br«rfy          ;»/. 

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114  Ki^  Road.  Suiion— 
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of  >  Uu(d  coluoiD  tot  discounts  the  Decessity  of  ket^ng  an 
additional  book  of  first  entry  as  a  diimnl  iauwd  may  alw  be 
avoided.     Of  Uie  yean,  however,  most  businesses  pay  an  moneyi 
received  inlo  Ibeir  banken  witbotit  deduction,  and  pay  all 
accounts  by  cheque;  the  necessity  ol  an  aeegunl  foe  office  cash 
Ibos  no  longer  exists,  save  in  conneidoil  »ilh  petty  payments, 

Dec.  3. 

To  btcck^ount^^^     ■ 

97 

1 

S 

Dr. 
Ct»,t09'9    » 

S.673    9    i 
S^J    I    « 

1^08    J    7 

l.$00     0     0 

Cr 

£t07«l6    4 
«4,Jil     *  10 

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i.*73    9    S 

•,4«a  s  7 

i,SOO    0    0 

^§"S™.i    : 

" 

"S»S3l«™.,  ; 

Profit  and  Libs  account       . 
ToRem.  rain  and  taxes, 

'  Di«D?niVK»ed      \        '. 
Z  [4«ca''ioii     :        '. 

°*™p;i>fi?rJnis..ccoin. : 

" 

'•'tlt!^.^'^:^^    : 

To  Drawingi  account     ! 

MS.376  '  .1 

f.iB,376    .  .. 

.ts  of  trade  en 


t  frequently  scpa  rated 


.    Tbccu 


,  In  *  ledger  (or,  if  rwed  be, 
in  several  ledgers)  called  jafei  /edjiii,  or 
sM  Itdiai:  while  the  accounts  of  trade 
creditors  are  simUaily  kept  in  furcliBui 
Mjrtj  or  teatil  Mini.  TliB  nominal  and 
real  accounts,  if  logcibci,  are  kept  in  what 
is  called  Ihe  {rnrrot  Mfrr;  but  this  may 
be  further  subdivided  into  a  Kuminai 
IcJgtr  and  a  fitaic  Itditr.  This  test  sub- 
division  is,  however,  rarely  made  upon  a 


i  the 


itatia  beet  or  furciaia  hoei,  to  record  particulin  of  goods  pur-  1 
chased;  a  r<n(rni  inwardi  beali,  to  record  particulars  of  goods  sold  1 
but  aubwquenlly  returned  by  customers;  a  reVariu  gKnniril)  b*ek,  I 
10  record  the  like  partTeubn  with  regard  to  goods  purchased  and  : 
lubsequenlly  returned ;  a  biHi  reieivatir  ioot,  lo  record  purliculars  1 
of  bills  ol  exchange  received  from  debtors;  and  a  bills  fayable 
beet,  10  record  particulan  ol  bills  ol  eichange  given  lo  creditors,  i 
Witb  a  view  still  further  la  split  up  the  work,  thus  enabling  a  : 
Urge  (taS  to  be  simuluneouily  engaged.  At  ledger  ilscU  is    1 


ate  generally  kept  it 
al  though  St  tictly  spcaki  ng  nominal  accouiii  s ; 
while  the  bills  receivable  anount  and  the 
bills  payable  account  are  generally  kept  in 
the  nominal  ledger,  so  as  to  reduce  10  * 
minimum  the  amount  of  cfeticil  work  in 
conneiion  with  the  private  ledger,  which 
is  kept  nther  by  ttie  principal  himself  01 
Ltial  employee-    By  the  employment  of  aijmil- 


BOOR-KEEPING 


229 


ud  wilb  frealCT  caUtoty.     Tchdar  heek-iittl*t  U  *  devitc  In 

lAitve  ore  ot  more  oF  tbae  end)  by  the  luIuEitution  oi  booki 
ru^ed  vrilh  numerous  coJutDiu  for  the  more  usua] 
^^  form,  Tl»  lyilem  tnay  be  applied  ehber  to  bE»lu  of 
i,^j,-  fint  entry  or  to  [edgen,  Aa  epplioi  to  books  ol  fint- 
^^  entry  <t  epibls  Ibe  ume  book  to  deal  coDvenienlly 
nth  more  than  one  clus  ol  tranuction:  thus  if  Ihe  trad- 
ing of  a  business  k  divided  into  Kveral  dcparlmenti,  by 
ptonding  a  separate  column  lor  Ibe  ules  at  each   depail- 


oompatedi  after  which  Ihey  are  filed  away  b  a 

for  cefeience.    Sometime*  the  ptoceis  Is  earned  a  step  further, 

and  (he  original  slip*,  filed  away  with  luitable  guide-tuda 

ledger  record—which  in  such  cues  ii  to  tv  found  scattered  ova  a 
number  ol  ihtcu,  one  for  each  transactioa,  instead  of,  u  in  (he 
case  of  tfae  ordinary  book  ledger,  s  cansideiable  nnmberoftninac- 
tions  bcdng  recorded  upon  a  liiiglc  page  This  adaptation  of  ihe 
slip  syucD)  is  impncticable  etcept  in  cases  where  the  Iruuulioni 


the  ag^egale  sales  ol  each,  thus  simplifying  the  prepaiation 
of  drparlmenlal  trading  tuanuUj,  As  applied  to  ledgers,  the 
application  of  the  lyslem  may  be  best  described  by  the  aid 
ol  Lhe  above  eumple  (the  proceedings  ol  tlu;  columns  bring 
p»en  only),  which  (hows  how  a  very  large  number  of  personal 
•osunts  nay  be  rea>ided  upon  a  ungle  opening  of  a  ledger 
provided  lhe  number  of  entriei  to  be  made  against  each 
individual  be  lew. 


with  each  individual  are  few  in  number,  and  is  Dot  worth  adoption 
unless  the  exceedingly  large  number  of  personal  accouats  nukei  it 
important  as  far  aa  possible  to  avoid  all  duplication  ol  derical 
work,  flic  more  usual  adaptation  of  the  slip  system  to  ledgers 
is  to  be  found  in  the  employment  of  tori  Itititi  or  letaAml 
Irdcers.  With  card  ledgers  [fig.  i)  each  ledger  account  is  upon 
an  independent  sheet  of  cardboard  suitably  arranged  in  draweit 
or  cabineta.  Tie  ayilem  is  advinligeoua  aa  allowing  all  dead 
matter  to  be  eliminated  from  the  record  continuously  in  u4e,  and 
aspcrmittiogtbeorder  in  which  the  accounts  stand  to  be  varied 
from  lime  to  time  as  convenience  dictates,  thus  (if  necessary) 
enabling  the  accounts  to  be  always  kept  in  alphabetical  onler 
In  spite  of  the  addition  of  new  atxounts  and  the  dropping  out 
ol  old  ones.  An  e^Mcial  convenience  of  the  card  system  is  that 
in  times  of  pressuic  any  desired  number  of  book-keepers  may  be 
simultaneously  employed,  whereas  the  maiimum  number  that 
can  be  usefully  employed  upon  any  bound  book  is  two.  Tbe 
loose-leal  ledger  (Gg.  i)  may  be  dracribcd  u  midway  between 


Fio.  J.— Loose  Leal  Ledger  (Ubraiy  Bureau  System). 

and  bound  ledgers.    It  consists  of  a  number  of  sheets  in 


ion  ol  n 


slif  sysitm,  which  Is  in  many 
lespecls  a  revcnioa  to  Ihe  method  of  keeping  icconb 
^,11        upon  movable  slabs  oi  tablet!,  as  in  Ihe  Babylonian  ac- 
counts referred  to  at  the  beginning  ol  Ibis  article.   This 
^tem  piay  be  apphed  to  books  ol  ^t-entry,  01  to  ledgers,  or  to 
both.    As  applied  to  books  of  first -entry  it  aims  at  so  modifying 
(be  origioal  record  ol  Ihe  transaction — whether  il  represents  an 
invoice  lor  goods  sold  or  an  acknowledgment  given  for  money 
mdved— that  a  fsraimile  duplicate  may  be  taken  of  the  original 
entry  by  tbe  aid  ol  a  carbon  sheet,  which  instead  of  being 
imoovably  bound  up  Id  a  book  is  capable  of  being  handled 
teparately  and  placed  in  any  desired  order  or  position,  and  1' 
Biore  readily  recorded  in  the  ledger.     Postings  are  thus  m 
direct  (ram  the  otiginal  slips,  which  have  been  first  sorted 
bto  an  order  convenient  for  that  purpose,  snd  afterwards 
sorted  so  that  the  total  salea  ol  each  departioent  may  be  readily 


__ ipableof  being  readily  separated 

when  desired.  The  loose-leaf  ledger  thus  embraces  most  of  the 
advaolages  of  the  card  ledger,  while  remaining  sufficiently  like 
the  more  old-fashioned  book  ledger  as  to  enable  it  to  be  readily 
handled  by  those  whose  previous  eaperience  has  been  confined 
to  the  latter.  Both  the  card  snd  kxise-lcal  systems  will  be 
frequently  found  of  value  lor  records  in  conneirion  with  cost 
and  stores  accounts,  quite  Irrespecllve  of  their  advantages  in 
connexion  with  the  book-keeping  records  pun  and  simple  of 


Ul  book-keeping  methods  n 
odples,bi     ■    ■    ■      ■ 


by  the  manner  in  which 
business  is  (here  conducted,  and  by  tbe  le^slatlve  f^"'"''' 
requirements  imposed  by  the  several  slates.    InFtance  „^^ 
trader*  are  required  by  (he  Code  of  ConuBerci  to  keep 
three  boohs— a  journal,  an  inventory  and  a  letter  book,  some- 
what elsborate  provisiont  being  made  to  identify  these  booki. 
and  to  prevent  aubstiiution.    The  oompuboTy  journal  ttakea 
the  employment  of  numerou*  books  of  first-entry  imnMsibte 
without  an  uDdalnbk  aDMint  «(  daplj 


dBplij.ti^fi^vy,w«. 


BOOK-PLATES 


tbd  piovuioD  obuini  tht  book-kccpbig  nwtliodi  ar  io  ftn 

acrardin^ycompiinljvely  back  ward  lUte.  The  inventory  book 
comprisea  periodjcal  lists  of  ledger  baUncei  and  the  baUn^ 
•beet,  records  which  are  invariably  kept  under  every  adequate 

purpose.  In  Gennany  the  sUIulory  requiremtnu  an  )lBukr 
ID  (bote  in  Fiance,  sawe  that  Ihe  journal  is  not  compulsory; 

be  kept  in  benmit  books  with  the  pages  numbered  comecuiivtly — 
a  Rquitemeol  which  makes  the  iniioductiDii  of  card  or  locw- 
leaf  Icdgcn  of  doubtful  legality.  A  balance  shHl  must  be  drawn 
up  every  year;  but  when  a  stock-in-trade  it  rrom  iu  oatun 
or  ill  site  difficull  to  lake,  it  is  sufficient  for  an  inventory  to 
be  taken  every  two  ytan.  la  Belgium  the  law  requires  every 
merchaDl  to  keep  a  ioumat  recording  his  iraniaciIoDS  Icon 
day  to  day,  which  (with  the  balance  book)  must  be  initialled  by 
a  prvscribed  officer.  All  letters  and  telegrams  received,  and 
copiM  o(  all  such  jHit,  must  be  preserved  tor  ten  years.  The 
Commercial  Code  o[  Spain  requires  an  inventory,  journal,  ledger, 
ktter  book  and  invoice  book  to  be  kept;  while  that  of  Portugal 
pitmlbt)  the  UM  of  a  balance  bpok,  journal,  ledger  apd  copy- 
Inter  book.  The  law  of  HolL|nd  requires  business  men  id  keep 
books  in  which  are  correctly  recorded  Ibeir  commerciil  tiansac- 
Uons,  letleti  received  and  ct^es  of  letters  sent.  It  also  provides 
br  Ibc  piTparation  of  an  anaual  balance  sheet.  The  law  of 
Rumania  makes  Ibe  emjJoyment  of  Journal,  inventory  book  and 
ledger  conpubory,  a  small  tax  per  page  being  charged  on  the 
two  firel  ruined.  There  are  no  special  provisiona  as  to  book- 
keeping oonlained  in  the  Ruuian  law,  nor  in  the  United  States 
law,  but  in  Russia  pubbc  companies  have  to  supply  the  govern- 
ment with  cojriei  of  their  annual  acaounts,  which  are  published 
in  a  state  newspaper,  and  in  the  United  Sutes  certain  clakses  of 

In  genetal  terras  it  may  be  staled  thai  at  the  present  lime  Ihe 
employmcni  of  card  and  loose-leaf  ledger  systems  is  more  general 
in  the  United  States  than  in  Great  Britain. 

Apart  from  the  organiatlons 
there  it  none  of  ■  " 


n  purely  « 


iludy  of  book- 


es  those  in  the  United  Sutes  were 
le  accounting  aa  part  of  their  curriculum; 
iiain  the  London  School  ol  Ecmomici  (unt- 
i),  the  univcnity  of  Birmingham,  and  Ihe 
y  ol  Mancbcslei  have,  so  far,  alone  treated 
dy  and  upon  adequate  lines.  Quite  recently 
a  movement  in  (he 


oubtlcsi 


In  En^aod  there  have 


xie'ty  of  Arta,  Ibe  London  Chamber  of  Commerce 
liege,  Manchester — which  hold  eumiuations  in 
snd  grant  diplomas  to  auccestful  candtdatet, 
the  polytechnics  and  techtucsl  Khoolt  give  in- 
struction in  book-keeping;  these  latter,  however,  for  the  mott 
part  regard  jl  as  a  "  cnf  I  "  neiely. 

■ ains*.— Th<Me  interiBeJ  In  the  bibllognphy  tJ  hnah- 

re  relemd  to  tlie  catalog  of  the  library  of  the 


AuTMoains*.— ThMe  in 

keeping  are  relerred  to  the  cataloiiK  of  ttie  library  ol 
of  C^nered  AcsHiDtanlB  in  England  and  Wales,  w\ 


jmplttecc 


slMct  iTst  eoropritcs  lho«  mow  likely  robe  found  cJ  general  InerMt: 
G.  van  de  Uode,  B«ii-tmpini  (ilq*]:  L.  R.  UkkH.  B»it-bep<>i( 
(jlh  (d..  lOoG)  and  Aihaiad  AaovUint  (md  ed..  1903);  fniydii- 
taiiiB  cj  AamMiKi,  ed.  by  C.  Lisle  (lOOjJ ;  AuaimliniU'  Library, 
ed,  by  ihe  editor  of  TTie  Acmnlaiil  (1901);  J.  W.  Hr^ft,  Tki 
Xnrijliily  0/ Boiit-*M^>r  (1808) ;  Hiitory  0/ .^KMoKiiit  aai  ^  Koini- 
(anTi.  ed.  by  R,  Brown  Ctgai).  (L.  t*.  D.) 

BOOK-PLATBt.  The  book-plate,  or  aJitrii,  a  printed  label 
intended  to  Indicate  owacrthip  In  individual  volumes,  is  nearly 
■a  old  as  the  printed  book  itself.  It  bean  very  much  the  same 
reladoa  to  the  hand-painted  armorial  or  otherwise  symbolical 
persoiul  device  found  in  medieval  manutcriptt  that  the  printed 
page  doe*  to  the  scribe's  work.  The  earliest  known  eiimples 
of  book-plates  art  German.  According  to  Friedrich  Wimecke, 
of  Berlin  (ooc  of  the  beat  autboritita  OB  Iba  aubjcct),  the  oldest 


movable  a-litrii  are  ceruln  w 


a  luppofted  by  u  angel  (fig.  1],  1 


Fio.  I.— Gift -pi 


SfW 


presented  to  Ibe  Carthusian  monastery  of  BuKbeim  by  Bntber 
Hildebrand  Brandenburg  of  Biberach,  about  the  year  1480 — 
the  date  being  filed  by  that  of  ihe  recorded  gift.  The  woodcut, 
in  imitation  ol  similar  devices  in  old  MSS.,  is  hand-painted.  In 
France  the  most  ancient  aJibrii  as  yet  discovered  is  that  of  one 
Jean  Bertaud  de  la  Tour-Blanche,  the  date  of  which  it  15191 


jy\'Bacon  eques  aaratus  0'  nwgm 
JimiiiiJnglUeCuftoslibrumhunchU 
PUochecaeCantabrig.dtcatiiC. 
IT74. 

Fic.  1.— Boek-plat*  of  Sit  Nkbolaa  Bacm  [dightly  nduced). 
and  In  England  that  of  Sir  Nicholas  Bacon,  a  glh-plaie  for  tbe 
hooka  he  preiented  lo  the  university  li  Cambridge  (Gs.  i). 


BOOK-PLATES 


231 


HoUutd  cttSM  Mjrt  Bltb  Ibc  pUle  <rf  ft  cntiin  Adu  vu  der  Aa, 

ia  1597;  IhcD  Italy  with  one  itiiibuted  La  the  ytu  1613. 
The  orbat  known  Amcricsa  cumple  is  Ihe  plain  printed  libel 
of  one  John  WlUiuiu,  1679. 

A  iketch  oi  Ihc  h^oiy  of  tbe  boiA-pbte,  diher  u  >  minor 
work  dI  lyinboUcil  ud  dccarative  vt,  or  u  lUI  traatory  la  lit 
binding  of  books,  must  obvioudy  begin  in  GeRn^ny,  oat  only 
because  Ibe  culieil  euniples  known  uc  German,  but  alio 
became  they  are  found  in  great  numben  long  before  Ibe  fasbion 
spmd  to  other  conntriea,  and  are  often  of  the  highcit  arliatic 
jatetBt.  AlbitchtDilieritknowntohaveactually engraved  at 
least  lii  plates  (Bome  of  very  intponant  aiie]  between  ijoj  ud 
iSili  (fig'  ii.  ftnd  10  have  supplied  designs  for  many  otheti. 
Several  nolsble  {dates  are  (scribed  10  Luos  Cianidi  and  la 
Hans  Holbein,  and  to  thai  bevy  of  M-called  Little  Masteia.  the 


Fic.  3.— Book-pbte  of  Lsianu  ^ipencler,  by  Albrecht  Dai 


Jlieduc 


ir" 


Bchami,  Virgil  Soils.  Matthias  Zundt,  Jost  Amman,  Saldfirter, 
Ccgrg  HUpubmann  and  others.  The  InBucncc  of  these  draughts- 
men OTer  the  decorative  styles  ol  Germany  has  been  Felt  through 
subsequent  cenluiifs  down  to  the  present  day,  nolwithslanding 
the  Invasion  of  successive  Italian  and  French  lashions  diiring  the 
i7ih  and  iSib  centuries,  and  the  marked  eHon  al  Drigiralily  of 
romposition  observable  among  tnodem  designers.  The  heavy, 
over-elaborated  German  style  never  lefina  to  have  affected 
neighbouring  countries;  but  since  it  was  undoubtedly  from 
Crnnany  that  «ru  spread  the  fashion  of  ornamental  book-I^ates 
«a  marks  of  possession,  the  history  of  German  ci-librii  temslns  on 


them 


It  before  the  i^th  « 
nbly  common  in  Fn 


It  the  mnsl/e  ei-librii 


bad  beta  in  such  general  Favour  with  booh-owners  as  to  render 
tbe  nse  of  labels  superfluous.     From  the  middle  of  tbe  century, 
er  became  quite  naiuraliitd:eiaraples 
a,  and,  a*i  nik,  are  very  hud- 


■orae.    It  may  be  bera  polBOd  out  tbal  tbe  caproihn  tx^ibrit, 

book-plate  everywhere  on  the  continent,  found  Its  origin  in 
France.  Tbe  words  only  occur  in  the  posonal  tokens  of  other 
nationalities  long  afiei  they  had  become  ■  ncogDited  inicripLion 
on  French  iabela. 

In  many  ways  the  coniidenition  of  Ibe  Englisb  book-plaie, 
in  it*  numerous  styles,  fiom  tbe  late  Eliabelhan  to  the  late 
Vidoiian  period,  is  peculiarly  interesting.  In  all  ils  varieties  it 
reflects  with  great  fidelity  the  prevailing  taste  In  decorstjve  art 
at  difFerenl  epochs.  Of  Englisb  examples,  none  thus  far  seems 
to  have  iMen  discovered  of  older  date  than  the  gift-plate  of 
Sir  Nicholas  Bacon;  for  the  celcbralcd,  gorgeous,  hand-painted 
armorial  device  attached  to  a  folio  that  once  belonged  to  Henry 
VIII.,  and  now  reposes  in  the  King's  libtsry,  British  Museum, 
does  not  come  under  the  head  of  bed-plate  in  its  modem  sense. 
The  nest  b  thsl  of  Sir  Thatnas  Tliesham,  dated  15SJ,     Until  the 


i.jthce 


imbec  of  a 


iple,  and  displays  nothing  of  tbe  German  elaboral 
:  as  a  rule  very  plainly  armorial,  and  the  d( 


limited  to  a  symmetrical  ar 


aniling,  with  ai 


latkably 
.  They 
usnaUy 


lisplay  of  palms  or  wreaths.  Soon  alter  the  Restoration, 
however,  a  book-plate  seems  to  have  suddenly  become  an  estab- 
lished accessory  to  most  well-ordectd  libraries.  Book-plates  of 
that  period  offer  very  distinctive  characteristics.  In  the  sim- 
plicity of  their  heraldic  arrangemcnti  they  malt  those  of  thi! 
previousage;  but  their  physiogoomy  is  totally  different.  Inihe 
liist  place,  they  invariably  display  the  tincture  lines  and  dots, 
after  the  method  originally  devised  in  tbe  middle  of  the  century 
by  Petn  Sancta,  the  author  of  Ttiia-at  CetUililiai,  which  by  this 
lime  had  become  adopted  ihruughoul  Europe.  In  the  second, 
the  mantling  assumes  a  much-  more  daborate  appearance — one 
that  irresistibly  recalls  that  of  tbe  periwig  of  the  period — 
surrounding  the  face  of  tbe  shield.  This  style  was  undoubtedly 
imported  from  France,  but  it  assumed  a  character  of  lis  own  in 
England.  As  a  mailer  of  fad,  thenceforth  uniil  the  dawn  of 
the  French  Revolution,  English  modes  of  decoration  in  book- 
plates, as  in  most  other  cfasttels,  follow  at  some  yean'  dlitince 
■he  ruling  French  taste,  Tbe  main  characteristics  of  (he  style 
whicb  prevailed  during  the  IJueea  Anne  and  early  Georgian 
periods  are: — ortuuncntal  frames  suggestive  of  carved  oak,  a 
frequent  use  of  fish-scales,  trellis  or  diapered  pstlerna,  for  the 
decoration  of  plain  surfaces;  and,  in  the  armorial  display,  a 
marked  reduction  in  the  imponance  of  the  mantling.  The  intro- 
duction of  the  scallop-shell  as  an  sJmost  constant  dement  of 
omanenlation  gives  already  a  foretaste  of  the  RoctOie^aquilU. 
theso-called  Chippendale  fashionsoF  the  nut  reign.  Asa  matter 
of  fact,  during  the  middle  third  of  tbe  ceniury  this  rococo  style 
(of  which  the  Coaven  plate  (fig.  4)  gives  a  Iderably  typical 
sample)  aHccts  tbe  book-plate  as  universally  as  all  other  decora- 
tive objects.  Its  chief  element  is  a  fanciful  atrangemeDl  of 
scroll  and  shell  work  irith  curveting  acanthus-like  sprays— an 
.mplei  of  Ibe  bem  period  is  generally 


ntercurves.  Straight  or  concentric  lines  s 
flat  surface  are  atudiously  avoided;  t1 
imelrical  mantling  lends  to  disappear,  anc 
n  crest  on  a  Bllet.  The  earlier  examples 
rahty  pgnderous'  and  simple.  Later,  h 
ition  becomes  eiceedin^y  tight  and  c 
ceivable  and  often  incongruous  dement 


id  all  appearances 
is  replaced  by  the 


pagodaa.  During  the  early  part  of  George  III.'s  reign  there  is 
a  return  to  greater  sobriety  of  ornamentation,  and  a  style  more 
truly  national,  which  may  be  called  IA«  m  ^yU,  makes  ill 
appearance.  Book-plates  oF  this  period  have  invariably  a 
physiognomy  which  at  once  recalls  the  decorative  manner  made 
popular  by  architects  and  designers  such  as  Cbamben,  ibe 
Adams,  Josiah  Wedgwood,  Hepplewhite  and  Shenlon.  The 
ihidd  shows  a  plain  spade-like  outline,  manifestly  based  apon 
that  of  ttie  pseudo-diMir  un  itaan  *a  mMk  lo  tbe  foee.    TIm 


BOOK-PLATES 


lymBMliictl  ptlmi   uid  apnyi, 

wreMhi  ud  ribiodi.  Tbe  uchitcdunl  bini  ii  alio  aa  im- 
pOTtant  f ictOT.  iQFBUiy  pUta,  indeed,  the  shidd  of  trmB  tikd 
quile  •  iubsidiu7  poiftion  by  the  side  ol  the  pcedDininaDlly 
icthilKtunl  am.    From  the  beguming  ol  tlie  i^Ili  ceniury,  uolil 


Fig.  4.— Book-plate  of  P.  A 


,  I76>- 


lampajBtively  receot  dayi,  no  spediJ  atyle  of  decoration  aeenu 
to  have  eitabliihed  iticlf.  The  InuaeDie  majority  of  examples 
lispiay  a  plain  ahidd  of  arma  with  motio  on  a  uroU  below,  and 
3ut  on  a  fillcl  above.  Of  late  yean,  however,  a  rapid  impetui 
ippcara  10  hive  been  ^vcn  lo  the  dnigning  of  a-librit;  a  Dew 
!ra.  in  fact,  hu  begua  for  the  book-pUte,  one  of  gieat  intercit. 
The  duId  ttyles  of  decoralJoa  (aod  theie,  ollm  data  being 


«>i:_B 

s£;:n2X 

iS®. 

^i^^ 

Fio.  s.-Book 

plate  of  Frana 

G.^0 

UnHDor,  I6S)S. 

abaenl.  muM  alway.  in  the  coic  of  old 
criteria  of  dale)  have  already  been  ooti 
necenary  10  mint  out  ibat  certain  ilylea 

the  makdty  of  t^  ant  modem  oDci)  -et 

eumplej  remain  the 
«d.     It  i.,  however, 

Iheolder  plates  (like 

Of  this  kind  the  bot-deeud  Eu^JA  gEnin  may  b«  nailed: 
IM  Mrary  inUrifi — a  term  which  explains  iUelf— and  iaiH-^Ua, 
CBinpli6ed  by  (be  cz-liirit  (fig.  6)  of  W.  Hewer,  Samuel 
Pepfs's  KCrcliry,  We  have  also  many  ftrlnil-plslu,  tA  which, 
perhaps,  the  most  notable  an  thoae  of  Samuel  Pei^I  himself 
and  irf  John  Gibbi,  the  ardiilcct;  aUtioria,  such  ai  were  en- 
graved by  Hogarth,  Baitolozil,  John  Fine  and  George  Vertuc ; 
laniuaft-flala,  by  wood  engraven  of  the  Bewick  i^ool  [see 
Plate),  &c.  In  moat  ol  Ibese  the  armorial  element  playi  boi  ■ 
secondary  part. 

The  value  attached  to  book-plates,  othenrite  (ban  ai  an  obicct 
of  purely  personal  InieresI,  ii  comparaii  vdy  ntodetn.  Tlie  aiudy 
of  and  the  taste  for  coUeciing  these  private  token*  of  book- 
ownership  hardly  dale  farther  back  than  (he  year  iB;;.  Tbc 
Cn|  [T3l  impetui  wai  given  by  (he  appetratice  of  the  GaU*  It 
IMi  SinJy  tj  BBOk-Phlri,  by  Lord  de  Tablcy  (then  the  Hon. 
Ldcatcr  Wairen)  in  1880.  This  work,  highly  fnterewing  from 
DUiny  points  of  view,  established  what  ii  now  accepted  at  (be 
general  dassiScalion  of  styles:  early  arffurial  (ij.  previous  (o 
Restoration,  eiempUfied  by  Ihe  Nicholas  Bacon  plate) ;  /aukifl, 
a  BonKwhat  mlstcadjng  tcnn,  but  distincOy  understood  to  include 


Flc  G.~Daok-p1ale  of  Wniiam  Hewer,  T«99. 
the  heavy  decorative  manner  ol  the  Restoration,  Queen  Anne 
and  early  Georgian  days  ((he  Lansanor  plale,  Gg,  j,  is  typically 
Jacobean);  CJuppmdati  (the  siyle  above  described  aa  rocsca, 
tolerably  well  represented  by  Ihe  French  plate  of  Conven); 
lanlk  tui  ribtum,  belonging  lo  the  period  described  as  that  of 
the  um,  &c  Since  iben  (be  lileraiure  on  the  subject  has  grown 
considerably.  Societies  of  colieclors  have  been  founded,  fint 
in  EnglaDd,  then  in  Germany  and  France,  and  in  the  United 
States,  most  of  them  issuing  a  journal  or  ardu'ves: 
Tkt  Jamal  of  lit  Ei-librii  Socitly  (London),  the  Arckita 
de  la  lociM  Jranfaiu  it  aUu!i„,inturi  i'u-Jilni  (Paris), 
both  of  these  monihlics;   the  Ex-libris  Zeilidirijl  (Berlin),  n 

Much  has  been  written  lor  and  against  book-plale  collecting. 


:i-libriil 


(lor 


a  word  has  actually  been  coined)  have  ]  ..      _ 

ridiculous  diim  of  sdence  for  "  ci-libriime,"  the  bitter 
idversion,  on  (he  other,  of  a  certain  class  of  inlolerant 
philes    upon    the    vandalism    bf    Rnoving    book-plates 
old  books  has  at  limes  been  rather  eilrivagant.    Boolc- 
!  undoubtedly  very  ofUo  of  high  interest  (and  of  lvalue 
greater  (ban  (he  odd  volume  in  which  they  are  foutid 
affixed),  dlfaec  as  specimens  of  bygone  decorative  fashion  or  a* 
penoaal  relici  of  well-known  persani(es.    There  (u .  be  no 


BOOK-PLATES 


ab.Google 


BOOK-PLATES 


SI 

|S 

"S  to 


■dbyGoogle 


BOOK-SCORPION— BOOKSELLING 


br  Chuki  Eboi,  HabntFMacato  BoMtfidpNa,  Hi  Cnvdot, 
D.  N.  ChMknrkcU  or  Simon  CribdlBi  by  W.  tUntell,  W. 
F*itbami  David  ionu.  Sir  Kobert  StaniR,  Fnucoco 
Pina^lbr  UoCMth,  Cipiiuii,  BvtoIoBi,  Jidui  Ktjnc  Sherwin, 
WilliuB  Hoihaw,  lUmtt  or  Bewick  aiul  hii  isuuton;  or, 

10  tk«  hudfanll  o(  Thomu  Sutlunl,  Huckny,  Millaii, 
llidiM,  BcU  ScMI,  T.  C.  JukioD,  Wtllei  Cnw,  Caldccott, 
SUcy  Muk*,  Edvia  Abbey,  KiU  Smnavay.  Gonleii  Sicwiic, 
HECben  RultoD,  htSOK)  BcutUt^,  AUnd  Ponsoi,  D.  Y. 
Ctmtrao.  Piu)  Avcil— are  imrUi  '•^"'•'""t 

Until  the  adwBt  of  the  Bcw  lute  the  devliini  of  book^tei 
wu  alm«t  invariably  kit  to  the  rautiDe  akiU  o(  ihe  benldk 
italioDa.  Of  late  yean  the  corapoajtioa  ol  penonal  book- 
tokens  has  become  iccognued  aa  a  minor  biuch  of  a  hifhcc  art, 
ami  ibcre  hai  come  into  iBsbion  an  mtlrely  ncwdaaaof  deiifiil 
vhkb,  lor  all  tbeii  wonderful  vBnely,  bcac  a>  unmiilakable  a 
chanicta  ai  that  oi  tlie  moti  deSnUe  uyles  of  brrme  dtyi. 
Broadly  qseakinSi  H  may  tie  aajd  that  the  purely  heraldic  Clemen  t 
tenda  to  become  nibaidlaxy  and  the  alleforiol  or  aymbolic  to 
UKK  iuett  more  stron^y.  Among  modem  En^h  aniiu  who 
have  more  ^lecIaUy  paid  attention  to  the  deviling  of  book-pbta, 
and  have  produced  adminble  designs,  may  be  mentioned  C,  W, 
Sheibom,  G.  W.  Eve,  RobcR  Anning  BrU,  J,  D.  Batten,  Ent 
Hanison,  J.  Forba  Niron,  Charles  Rictcit?,  Jolm  Vinycomb, 
John  Lcigbtes  aod  Wamajtoa  liogj.  The  devclopmeDt  in 
various  i^tctiotH  of  piocesi  woik,  by  fadliuiing  and  cheap- 
tnhiB  the  nprodnctkHi  of  beautiful  and  eltbonte  designs,  has 
ao  doubt  helped  much  to  popularize  the  book-plate^a  Ibing 
which  inoldcT  days  WIS  aJnuBl  invariably  Tcstricled  iDancesml 
Ubiaries  or  lo  collections  oUKiwiie  unpoiUnl.  Thui  (he  great 
majority  of  modem  plate:  an  reproduced  by  proces.    There 

skill  with  the  gtavu.  Some  of  the  notk  ihcy  picducc  chaUengci 
comparison  with  tbe  finest  pToduclions  of  bygone  engiaveia. 
01  these  tbe  best-known  are  C.  W.  Sheibom  (see  Plate)  and  G.  W. 
Evt  in  England,  and  in  America  J.  W.  Spenceley  of  Boston, 
Uais.,  K.  W.  F.  Hopson  of  New  ilavcn.  Conn-,  and  £.  D.  Ftcncb 
of  New  York  City  (see  Plate). 

ADTHoairira.— The  cnriom  in  the  matter  of  book-plare  corapoii- 
■iiiB  will  And  It  treated  In  the  virioui  volumn  oT  ibi  Ei-Gbrii 
Series  {London).  5eeB)ioA.Poglct-MaL><iii.£«£^itnt/ra>«ifi 
(iS7S):  Hon.  J.  Leiceaer  Warrm  (Lord  lie  Tabley).  A  Cnte  n  lla 
StUy  at  Bttt-flaUl  (iMo) ;  Sir  A.  W.  Fnnka.  JVofu  M  fiMt-pMlt, 
IS7*-''^  (privale,  t«S7);  FrMricb  Wameekt.  Mt  ituickn 
BMmiiclHm  (itoo);  Henri  Boucbol,  Ln  £i-JiMi  H  la  monwi 
ti  fenocilH  *m  Mre  (iSoi):  EBnon  Cadle.  Enilitli  flnt-MUu 
(■•91):  Walter  Hliaiitoii.  Frtiitk  AhA-|Mm  (i«9».  Dim  int- 
flaUi  (ifog):  H.  W.  Fiacliin,  ArUa  and  Smpmtri  ^  Bniiik  iiuf 
AmiTita*  /hat-flam  (iBg7) :  I^nm  Betk-Oaui.  by  Count  K.  E.  to 
UiaiB(en-WeiIertiuig,tiaiilatKlbrG.R-DEnii(iooi).   (E.Ca.) 

BOOIMCORPtOII,  or  Fauc  Soskrom,  minnte  anchnlda 
■upnfidally  nMrnbling  uDloa  scoiploni  and  bdonging  lo  the 
Older  PHudoKOcpioDei  of  the  daia  Aiachaida.  Ocouring  in 
all  Muperale  u>d  tiopical  countries,  book-Kinplaas  live  for  the 
most  part  under  itonci,  beneaCb  the  bark  of  trees  oc  in  vegetatile 
detrilua.  Afrw9cdo,bciwevcT,)iketheconmiaoBtitiihlanni 
CMiJir  canmida  and  Ckaidium 


y  be  found 


n  books,  old  chests, 

t/ii  and  allied  qieda 
tmdrr  itonef  or  plecei  ol  coral  between  tiile<nutrk*;  wniie  omen, 
wliich  are  for  ihi  moat  part  blind,  live  pemuneatly  in  daA  tsvea. 
ndt  food  coniiili  of  minute  inaccu  or  mltet.  It  is  poaibty 
lor  tbe  pnipoee  of  feeding  on  parasitic  mite*  tbat  book-icoipioni 
lodge  ihenudvu  beneath  the  wing-oac*  of  Urge  tropical 
and  Ihe  Hme  explaoatioii,  in  ddault  oil  belter,  I 
to  IhelT  wcU-known  and  oft-reonded  babil  of  seising  hold  of  the 
1^  of  boiw-fils  or  other  two-wfaiged  bneet*.  For  safety 
dnrhig  Ubanallon  and  moultlnc,  book-acoiirions  iphi  a  small 
qiberial  tocoon.  Tbey  ore  ovjpuou*;  and  the  eggs  after  bdng 
hid  aro  canied  rtoat  by  Um  mother,  attached  lo  Ibe  lower 
ntlaee  of  ber  body,  tbe  yotmi  lemabiing  with  their  putnl  unto 


Frequently  they  were  tako  down  sf*a  face, 
to  mch  aa  were  veallliy  cnou^  to  purchue. 
In  tbe  book  oi  Jenmkb  the  pnphel  ii  TqHaated  aa  dictating  to 
Barudi  Ibt  Ktibe,  wbo,  «bin  qoeationed,  dfiltml  Ihe  mode 
bi  wbicta  bis  book  wai  written,  lliae  Bci9ica  wer^  b  fact, 
tbe  euliul  booladler*,  and  nipplied  copiCB  aa  tbey  were  de- 
manded. Aristotle,  we  are  toU,  poMOsed  a  aomewbat  (srtemive 
lihnryi  and  Plato  is  recotded  to  b>ve  paid  tbe  large  mm  of 
one  hundred  minse  lor  three  lamli  trealiKi  d  Philolans  tbe 
Pythagorean.  When  the  Aleaandrian  libniy  mi  foonded  about 
3DO  B.C.,  various  expedients  wen  rcsoncd  to  for  the  pwpon 
of  pmeurins  boda,  and  this  appears  to  have  ttimuisled  tbe 
ennsicB  of  tbe  Atfaenlaa  bookscUen,  who  were  teemed  A^Mvi 
■ie^Xat.  In  Rome,  towatd«  the  end  ol  the  republic,  it  becuae 
the  fashion  to  have  a  library  as  part  of  the  household  iumiture; 
and  the  bookselleim,  Jiinini  (CIc  D.  Ltf.  ill  it>)  or  Ubiitlnta 
(Martial  iv.  71,  liiL  3],  carried  on  a  OouriihiBg  (ttde.  Hudt 
shops  {laitnta  librarii,  Cicero,  Piil.  ii.  g)  were  diiefly  b  the 
Argiletunr,  and  in  tbe  Vicua  Sandalarius.  On  the  door,  or  on 
the  aide  posts,  was  a  list  of  tbe  books  on  sale;  and  MattLal 
(L  118}.  who  mentions  Ibis  also,  sayi  thai  1  copy  of  his  Fint 
Book  of  Epigrams  might  be  punhised  f«  five  dcnariL  In  the 
tioie  of  August  ut  Ihegtmi  bookeellen  were  tbe  Sosii,  Accurding 
to  Justinian  (ii.  i.  33),  a  law  was  passed  securing  lo  the  scribes 
the  property  in  the  materials  used;  and  in  this  cxsyHpetbapi, 
be  traced  the  6nt  germ  of  tbe  modem  law  of  copyright. 

'Die  spread  of  Chriuiaiuty  satunlly  created  a  great  demand 
for  copies  0!  the  Gospels  and  olkei  tacred  books,  and  later  oa 
for  m^sals  and  other  devotional  vdurues  for  church  and  private 
use.  Benedid  Biscop,  theiounderof  tbe  abbey  It  Wcaimouth 
in  England,  bnnight  home  with  him  from  France  (671)  a  whole 
cargo  ol  books,  part  of  which  tie  had  "  bou^t."  but  from  whom 
is  not  mentioned.    Passing  by  the  inlermediate  IRa  we  tnd  IbM 

(riofysiicrei).  who  sold  lupics  of  the  books  then  hi  use — Ihe 
A  B  C,  the  PatenuMier,  Creed,  Ave  Maria  and  other  MS.  copia 
of  prayers,  in  the  neighbourhood  of  St  Paul 't,  London,— wer^ 
In  1403,  formed  into  a  gild.  Some  ol  these  "  stacycnerrs  "  bad 
■       ■   -  "'   of  the  calbedral 


itself,  in  the  same  i 


eitiUto 


clou 


<d  the  older  continental  cities.  In  Keniy  Anstey'i  Uim 
Acadntia,  published  under  the  direclion  of  the  master 
rolls,  we  catch  a  ^mpse  ol  the  "  sworn  "  university  boi 
or  stationer,  John  Moreot  Oiford,  who  apparently  hrst  inpiSied 
papilswith  their  books,  and  thea  acted  the  pari  of  a  pavnbrc^er. 
AMteysaysfp.  jj), "  The  lad  is  that  Ihey  (the  students)  mostly 
could  not  afford  to  buy  books,  and  Tiad  they  been  able,  would 
not  have  lound  Ibc  advantage  10  connderable  as  might  be  sup- 
posed, the  butiuctioD  given  being  almoit  wholly  otaL  The 
chief  aeuite  of  nippiying  books  was  by  purchase  fcmn  the 
university  iworn  itaiionErt.  who  had  lo  a  great  extent  1  mono- 
poly. CH  luch  books  there  were  plaiiJy  very  large  numben 
consUntly  changing  hands."  Betides  tbe  iwom  sutionen 
there  were  many  bookscllera  in  Oilord  who  were  not  iwom;  lor 
one  of  the  statutes,  passed  in  Ihe  year  rj;},  eipressly  redtei  that, 
bi  csniequence  oi  Ibtir  ptr^ence,  "  books  ol  great  value  are  sdd 
and  cairicd  away  from  Oxiord,  Ihe  owners  ol  them  an  cheated, 
and  the  sworn  stationers  are  deprived  o(  their  hwfu!  huainess." 
It  was,  tbenfore,  enacted  that  no  bookseller  except  two  (worn 
stallonen  or  Ihelt  deputies,  ibould  sell  any  book  being  either 
bis  (rwn  property  or  that  of  another,  exceeding  half  a  mark  in 
value,  under  a  pain  ol  imprisonment,  or,  if  the  offence  was 
lepcMtd,  of  ibjoiing  his  trade  within  the  univcni  ty. 

"Tbe  trade  in  bookselliniieems,"  says  Hallam, "  to  have  been 
etubliihed  at  Paris  and  Boiogna  in  the  nth  ceaitny;  the 
lawyers  lod  ouivertt  tic*  oiUed  it  iota  lile.  It  is  very  inptobable 
Ibit  it  ndiUd  In  what  we  pcoptdyodl  tbe  darkens.    Petaof 


234- 


BOOKSELLING 


Blob  menUun  ■  booLvUdi  ba  1^  bou^  ttl  ■  public  deiler 
(a  fatdam  ti^i"  nHMfinK  IHnnm);  but  we  do  Dol  find  Buny 
dbtiact  accouali  ol  (ban  till  tbe  Dnt  MC-  nat  dolen  <m« 
dcundDilHl  ilaHenarii,  pcriit|«  fion  tbe  open  stiUi  it  which 
they  cinicd  on  Ihtir  btainen,  Ibau^  ilatit  li  4  pnenl  mrd 
for  (  (hop  JD  low  Lulin.  Tiay  ^ipeai,  by  the  old  ■Ulutei  of 
tbe  univcnity  of  PuU,  and  by  tbK  of  Bologni,  to  bivc  told 
book*  i^wa  oHDmissian^  uid  ar  lometima,  though  oot  nniformly, 
diltiiiguithcd  Irom  Ihc  tibnni,  x  word  which,  hivini  onginilly 
be«D  conhocd  to  (he  copyuti  of  booki,  wu  AflenvEidi  ipplied 
ID  ihofa  who  tndcd  in  them.  Ilicy  lold  psrdiiDent  Bod  other 
mitniili  of  wdtine,  which  hive  retained  the  nunc  ol  lUIionay, 
and  they  nttunlty  ueidxd  the  Hndnd  Dcnquiioni  of  bind- 
ing md  dHoraling.  TtfCj  pnibsUy  employed  Inucriben;  we 
£Dd  at  lent  that  there  mu  a  profestioa  of  copyiiti  in  the 
onirtnitiei  and  in  large  dtiei." 

The  modem  lyileiS  ol  boakielling  data  from  uon  ifln  the 
introdoclion  of  printing.  The  euiiol  printen  were  alio  editon 
ind  booksellen;  but  being  unible  to  lell  every  copy  of  the  wotki 
they  prinled,  they  hid  agrnti  at  most  of  the  leati  of  learning. 
Antony  Kobur^r,  w)w  introduced  the  art  of  printing  into 
Nuremberg  in  Mjo,  although  a  printer,  wu  Bore  of  a  bookielJer ; 
for,  besidej  his  own  liiteen  ihopi,  we  are  inloimed  by  hii  bio- 
graphen  that  he  had  agcnu  for  t)w  tale  of  hli  bookt  in  every 
cily  of  Chlijlendom.  Wynkyn  At  Worde,  who  lucceeded  to 
Caiion'i  pmt  In  Weitmiralei,  had  a  ifaop  in  Fleet  Street. 

The  religioiB  distcraioia  ol  the  conliDent.  and  the  Refonni- 
t«n  in  England  under  Henry  Vin.  and  Edward  VI.,  created  ■ 
great  demand  for  book;;  but  in  England  neither  Tudor  nor 
Stuart  could  toleiile  a  free  prca,  and  various  eSoiU  were  made 
to  corb  It.  Tbi  fini  patent  for  the  office  of  king'i  printer  was 
gnnted  to  Thomu  Bertbetet  by  Henry  VUI.  in  t;i9,  but  only 
such  booki  Bi  were  first  Ucensed  were  to  be  prinled.    At  that 

a  puniihiMe  ofienee.  In  1556  the  Company  of  SlalioBen  wai 
incorponted.  md  very  nteniive  powen  were  granted  in  order 
thu  obnoiiom  booki  might  be  repreued.  In  the  foUowing 
relgm  [he  Star  Chamber  eicrciied  a  pretty  eSectual  unaonhip; 
but.  in  ipiti  of  alt  precaution,  luch  tns  tbe  deouDd  for  books 
of  a  polemical  Datuie,  that  many  were  printed  abroad  and 
nmeptitiously  inlioductd  into  Eof^and.  Queen  Elizabeth  Inter- 
fered but  little  with  booki  eicept  when  they  emanated  fiom 
Xoman  Cathollo,  01  touched  upon  her  niyil  prcrogativti;  ind 
toward)  the  end  oi  her  telgn,  and  during  that  of  her  pedantic 
luc«i»or,  Jamea,  booluelling  Sourlibed.     Archbishop  Laud,  who 


'arIylll,^ 


ig  ihe  til 


the  Commonwealth.  So  much  had  bookjelling 
tbe  Protectorate  that,  in  1658,  wm  published  A  i-ohudim  ij  int 
meilVnlibU  Beehin  Entlaiui,iittiUdiindtrlliekiads  of  Ditinily, 
HitUrj.  Pkynt.  Ire.,  wnik  Siind  BmIis.  Hcbrm.  Greet  ami  UUi; 
end  an  Iiilradaaum,fcr  lit  uu  1/  Sckimli,  by  W.  London.  A  bid 
tbne  immediately  lollowed.  The  Restoration  also  resIDrtd  the 
Bfficeollicenierof  the  Press,  which  contiouedtni  i(«4. 

In  the  £nt  English  Copyright  Act  (1700), which  speciitlyrdites 
to  booksellcn,  it  ii  enacted  that,  il  any  pet«on  shall  think  the 
pubtithed  price  ol  a  book  unituombly  high,  he  may  thereupon 
make  cximptiint  to  the  irchbi»hop  of  Cintetbury,  ind  to  certain 
other  penoni  nimed,  who  shill  thereupon  eumine  into  hii 
compliint,  and  IF  well  founded  reduce  the  price;  and  any 
boolwUer  chiiging  moie  chin  the  price  10  find  shiU  be  fined 
£s  for  every  Dopy  sold.  AppuenUy  this  enactment  mniiaed  a 
dead  letter. 

For  later  time*  It  b  ncainiy  to  uke  ■  gndual  distinction 
between  beahdliri,  whose  trade  conalsti  in  selling  books,  either 
by  iitiil  oc  wholetile,  and  paHuhirs,  whoee  buiineis  involves 
the  production  oi  the  book*  (mm  the  author's  manuscripts,  and 
who  are  the  intennediariei  between  author  and  bookseller,  jW 
as  the  bookselleit  (in  the  restricted  sense)  are  Intermediaries 
betwees  tbe  author  and  publiiher  and  (he  public.  The  utide 
on  PcBtnomo  (q.t.)  deali  more  piniculiiiy  with  tbli  second 
diB,  who,  though  orlginilly  boohicllen,  fntdutUy  look  1  highei 


I  the  bont^nde,  ukI  wbow  Influence  npon  On  Ustacf 
of  liunlure  has  of  ten  been  very  greit.  The  convenience  of  ttab 
distinction  it  sot  impaired  by  the  (ict  either  thiC  1  pubtiiher 
i)  tlso  I  wbidcule  bookseller,  or  thil  1  still  more  recent  dcvdop- 
ment  in  publishing  (u  in  tbe  instince  ol  the  direct  sale  In  1409, 
by  the  LoodoD  Tima,  vl  the  iu|^meotaiy  TOlmnei  to  the  9lh 
edition  of  the  Eacyclat<Hdia  BrilanmH,  which  wei*  also  "  pub- 
way  of  undgnmating  the  two  functions.  The  scheme  of  Thi 
Tina  Book  Qob  (started  In  190;)  was,  igiin,  a  comUnatiad 
of  a  lutBoiption  libwy  with  the  business  of  booktetling  (tee 
Newspapeis);  and  It  brought  the  organiistion  of  a  newqiapcr, 
with  all  its  means  of  acbieviDg publicity.  Into  tbe  workof  puihini 
the  tale  of  book],  in  1  way  which  prictically  iattodaccd  a  new 
(actor  into  the  bookselliog  huslncM. 
During  the  i«lh  century  It  lemilnt  the  fict  thit  the  diitlnction 

n  publtihet  and  booksellei — liieri 


.he  leidi ., , 

na  be  found .  or  informatian  obtli 
ettlbliahmenu  over  1.000,000  ho 
It  it  here  thie  the  publiiher  calls 


Whic  m*y  be  kt 

mlficidsn  Is  the  rfl 
ks  ettiblltbed  i 


Is  first  00  showiiu  or  "  subtcriblng  " 

,  for  by  the  number  thus  tubscrfced 

Htimea  determined. 

d  the  third  panoer  Is  publiihlni  ind  ice 
bttkuUtt  \  xoi  lapcDIect  bit  inleretrs  there 
.  I  — I.- 1 — I — II — ■  — :„„^  which  bid  for 

f'kei  Bcneralfy  arid  control  iH  details' connected  with  the  trade. 
be  iDciety  a  lew  vtert  iFierwards  widened  ict  Geld  o(  openlkun  to 
as  to  lEXrlude  the  whole  of  tbe  United  Kii«dom,  and  in  det^auton 
then  became  "  The  Atiociiied  Booludkn  of  Gicit  Briuu  hkI 
Ilelind." 
The  iradeinoldortaglheyaie  lonietimeicined)  tecond-hind  book* 

ledn  of  bibliagnpliy.'  while  the  Irannctions  are  with  individual 
books  rather  tun  wufa  number*  cJ  copiea.  Oceasionfllly  dealers  in 
thit  dasa  of  books  repkniih  their  ttocu  by  ptiiehuiiig  remiiiKkci 
of  books,  whfeh.  having  eeiied  liim  one  ciuet  oranothei  to  sell  with 
tb*  publisher,  tbey  oBcr  to  the  public  at  bwgiint.  The  periodical 
tiade  inw  up  during  die  19th  couury,  and  wu  in  its  iDlaMy  wbea 
the  Pony  jfafcnH,  Ckamiirit  JutihI,  and  liniilu  pubhaiion 
first  appeared-  Thijntiwth  of  tlut  importani  pun  of  the  butiaea 
WIS  gnatly  pronuMcdliy  the  abolition  of  the  newtpaper  sump  and 
of  the  duty  upon  paper,  the  introduction  slatinciire  iltuKnliona, 
and  the  facilitiea  offered  for  puichating  boola  by  irHtllnients. 

The  history  of  booktetling  in  Ameiici  bos  a  qiedil  InleRtt. 
The  Sfunith  tetiiemenu  drew  iway  from  the  old  cotmtry  much 
o(  iti  enleipriie  and  best  talent,  ind  the  presses  of  Meiico 
and  other  diies  teemed  with  publicalioBs  motlly  of  1  rellgioui 
chincler.  but  miny  otheti,  espcciiUy  linguistic  and  hiatoricil, 
were  ilio  published.  Bookselling  in  the  United  Sutcs  wit  of  ■ 
tomewhil  later  growth,  although  prinliBg  wit  inlrodoccd  into 
Boston  It  euly  as  1676,  Pbiladelphia  In  ifiSs.and  New  York 
in  i6g].     Franklin  bad  served  10  make  the  iride  illuniioui, 

the  ipth  century.  Bookt  chiefly  for  tcbalan  ud  libniiei  vcre 
imported  fiom  Europe;  but  allet  the  t/eaaul  wu  ptinling- 
pttaaet  multiplied  rapidly,  lod  willt  tbe  qnead  of  newipaficn 
and  education  there  alto  arose  ■  demand  for  booki,  isd  publiihei» 
set  to  work  to  lecure  the  advantages  offered  by  tbe  wide  GeM 
of  English  Uieniure,  the  whole  of  which  they  bid  ihelibeityof 
reaping  free  at  all  cost  beyond  that  of  prodnclion.  Tlte  works  ol 
Scott,  Byton,  Uoore.  Southey,  Wordsworth,  and  Indeed  ol  every 
autlioi  of  note,  weie  reprinted  without  tbe  smalleii  payment  ta 


audianmn  Imiiln  tii  Mm  iliiwi  lit  ill  duHi  Ib  tb*  cbeapiM 
vuki/  «f  lormi.  In  conici)iwnce  of  the  CivS  W*r,  tbt  hish 
piitc  of  labour,  and  the  lemictivt  d«tk)  Uid  mi  in  otda  lo 
pnMct  Bttin  iaduttiy,  coHiiled  with  the  frequent  ioteraMuH 

ud  boobeOen,  while  there  wu  liiQ  no  intButioBil  oopytlihl, 
made  Ul>enl  oSen  lor  luly  iheeli  <d  aew  puhlicalioB*.  BotlOB, 
Ncir  Yoifc  and  PhiladdphU  Will  retained  their  eld  npnmacy 

*— '—'i*"^  (a  tboae  ef  Europe. 
lDtbeoonneo(thei6lhand  ■7thcetiluiicilheLosCoiiiitriei 

many  dI  tha  final  liJloi  and  quutoa  is  mr  libnrici  bcmr  Ihe 
oanKi  of  JaoMD,  BUuv  or  Flintia,  with  the  imprint  of  Amitei 
dam,  UtMcht.  Leiden  or  Antwerp,  while  the  ElHvin  bciidi 
athcr  woihi  produced  their  ihanning  little  pocket  daiajta.  The 
■outbenitowiuof  DonaiaodSlOnxrattheiametimefuni' ' 

Under  Pdbuihihg  an  DodoEd  variooi  Intlker  devdofuBeau  at 
this  HibJKt,  Much  iniervnini  iafomulian  on  liw  huiny  of  the 
book  tnde  will  be  found  in  Charlu  Knrghl'i  Biatmpkj  of  Wiaiax 
Cum,  and  In  tbe  iiine  ■uiher'i  Slu£mi  of  lit  oH  BttiHOtrj 
CtUs).  5aMiK>HmnCiiwrn.If<aarjifB<Bii,iUntl»7i)-.tnii 
Heinncb  Umpau,  BiUrr-iUJU  ur  GiiiiuiUt  4a  BitMai^rit 
(CirfotH,  l»S4), 

BO(U%  fiSOUB  (1S15-1S64},  Eogliih  lo^dan  and  mathe- 
■"'■"■",  was  bom  in  Lincoln  oD  Iha  md  ol  Novimber  iSi  5. 

diaiacici  and  aetiva  mind.  Being  Mpedali/  Interstcd  in 
mathematkal  idena,  the  father  gave  hb  ton  Idi  fin!  touni: 
hni  the  HlnonUnarjr  —  ii— — lE-i  powen  tt  Gcoige  Boole 
did  not  manifest  Ihcmselvcs  tneailylile.  At  Gnt  hiifavouHte 
(ubjeclnsdaaiica.  Notuolillhcaflief  leventeeDdldiieatluk 
the  higher  mathcmatio,  and  hit  pnigww  wu  micb  RUrded  by 
the  want  of  etGdent  help.  When  about  lixteen  yeui  of  age  be 
became  aniitant-maslcr  in  1  prlnte  acbool  at  Doncatter,  and 
be  maintained  hinudf  lo  the  end  ol  his  tile  in  one  grade  <u  other 
of  the  M-iwilM»jif  profeuion.  Few  datinguiabed  men,  indeed, 
b*vt  had  a  Icsa  eventful  life.  Almott  the  only  duoges  which 
can  be  called  eventi  (le  h]>  tuccesful  establithmenl  of  1  tchoo) 
ml  Lincoln,  iu  nmovil  to  Waddington,  hii  anMinmuDt  in 
1849  Bi  profeuoi  of  matheinatia  in  the  Queen'*  College  at 
Cork,  and  hit  marriage  in  1855  10  Uia  Muy  Everett,  wbo,  u 
Un  Boole,  afterwards  wrote  Hveral  ujefiil  educalional  work*  on 
Jh  huiband's  prindplea. 

To  the  public  Boole  was  known  only  ai  the  author  of  numeroui 
abitniie  papen  on  maibemtiical  topica,  and  ol  three  01  four 
distinct  publicatious  which  have  become  standard  works.  His 
eartieal  puUisbed  paper  was  one  upon  (he  "  Tbeocy  ol  Analytical 
Tmoformations,''  printed  ia  the  Ctmbriit'  Ualkemaikal 
Jtimal  lot  iSjo,  and  it  led  to  a  friendship  between  Boole  and' 
D.  F.  Gregory,  the  editor  of  the  journal,  which  lasted  until  the 
prrmature  death  ol  the  latter  In  1844-  *  long  list  ol  Boolt'i 
memoin  and  detached  papers,  both  on  logicil  and  mathematical 
topics,  will  be  found  in  the  Calaitgiu  af  Scitnlifii  iltmmn  pul^ 
liihed  by  the  Royal  Sodely,  and  in  the  supplementary  vnlume 
on  IHjirailiid  EquaHf*!,  edited  by  laaac  Todhunler.  To  the 
CawArUf  UatiKmaliid  Jmnal  and  iuiacceMor,  the  CambrUfi 
and  Dailia  Ualktmtllat  Jtanal,  Book  cootributed  in  all 
Iwenty-two  aitklci.  Id  the  third  and  fbnnh  wifa  of  the  PMle- 
tipkical  UaialMi  wiQ  be  fovnd  tliteen  pqien.  The  Royal 
Sockty  printed  six  imprataat  nemoin  in  tbe  Pkilaapkieal 
Trciuaclitia,  and  a  few  other  mcntoin  uc  to  be  found  fn  the 
TmuaeUmi  ef  Uk  Jbyof  5aiuly  if  £diiiiv|it  and  of  Ihe  Xiiyal 
Iritk  Acvlemj,  in  Ihe  BkOefn  dc  eAcaHmit  it  St-ftlaiiaiTt 
lor  lg«I  (noder  the  name  G.  Boldt,  vol.  iv.  pp.  I^S-llj),  and 
in  CnSJt  J»tiriial.  To  these  lists  should  be  added  1  ]Mper  on 
the  mathematical  baiia  of  logic  published  in  tbe  Uaiwac'i 
Uttadmt  lot  1548.  Tbe  works  of  Boole  are  thai  contained  In 
about  fifly  Kaltered  articles  and  a  few  separate  ptlblicaliont. 

Only  two  lyilenutic  Irealisea  on  malhematical  subjects  were 
cmnplcted   bj   Boole  during  hit  lifctimB.    Tfaa  inB-kDOwo 


J1.B  235 

rreoliM  M  Stfto«tfW  SifmHiia  t9tmi  In  1859,  and  ww 
(ollowed,  the  next  year,  by  a  Ittatiu  «■  Uu  Calmbu  ef  Fiuilt 
ajtHnaa,  deaivwd  10  lerve  aa  a  sequel  lo  the  fotmei  work. 
Thaie  treatiset  are  valuable  cnnlributiont  to  the  important 
bniKhc*  of  nalbenialia  in  quealion,  and  Boole,  in  oomposing 
them,  mm  to  have  combined  demealaiy  eipoaiiios  with  the 
pislound  Investigation  of  the  philoaophy  of  the  aubjecl  in  a 
maaoer  hardly  admltiiag  ol  impnnrenienL  To  a  certain  citoil 
IhcK  works  embody  the  toore  imporlaat  discDverics  of  thair 
author.  In  tbe  i6tb  and  i}th  chapten  ol  the  Dijtmitial 
£fu(tmi  we  find,  lor  bittance,  ■  ludd  account  ol  tbe  geoeial 
aymbolic  method,  the  bold  and  akilful  ei 


oiiginaUy  dcaoibed 
tefkical  Troiaaili 

sepanted  from  those  ol 
ol  calculation.  His  pi 
fidencc  in  any  result  ol 


melbod  in  aoalytii, 
hi)  famout  memoir  printed  in  the  fUto- 
riS44.  Botdewasone  of  the  most  eminent 
!  that  the  symbob  ol  openttion  could  be 
iiantity  and  treated  at  distinct  objeclt 
LCipt]  characteristic  was  perfect  con- 
sined  by  tbe  treatment  of  symbols  in 

During  the  laal  lew  yean  of  hit  life  B 
enpiged  in  exlending  his  reneanJua  with  tbe  object  of  producing 
a  second  edilion  of  hb  D\Jirtmtial  Bquataia  nnch  more  complete 
than  the  first  edilioni  and  pail  of  bit  laat  vacation  na  ipent  in 
the  libraries  ol  the  Royal  Society  and  tbe  British  Museum. 

scripts  left  ml  Jils  death  wen  so  incomiJete  that  Todbunter, 
into  whose  hands  they  were  put,  found  it  impossible  10  use  them 
in  the  publication  of  a  secuiul  edition  of  the  ori^nal  treatise, 
and  wltely  printed  then,  in  iMj.  hi  a  SBPFdemeDtary  volume. 

With  the  exception  of  Augustus  de  Morgan,  Boole  was  probably 
tbe  first  English  mathemtticitn  unce  tbe  time  ol  John  WalUs 
who  had  also  written  upon  logic.     Ha  novel  views  of  Uglcal 
'lod  were  due  to  the  same  profound  confidence  in  symbolic 
rning  to  iriiich  be  bad  successfully  trusted  in  mathematical 
(ligation.    Speculations  conceming  a  calcultrs  of  reasoning 
bad  at  different  times  occurred  Boole's  thoughts,  but  it  was  not 
till  the  spring  ol  1847  that  be  put  bis  ideas  into  the  pamphlet 
CMStd  UeAematicalAn^ysiipfljtpc^    Boole  afterwards  regarded 
this  as  a  hasty  and  imperfect  exposition  of  his  logical  system, 
tch  larger  work,  An  Imatitatitn  of  At 
Una  ef  Tia»tU,  m  nUol  anfetmici  Oil  Uallumaliiai  Tkearia 
ef  Lagie  and  PrehehSitia  (1854),  should  alone  be  consjdered  at 
'  '  '  g  t  mature  statemenl  of  his  views.    Ntvenbclem, 
L  charm  oi  originality  about  his  eariier  logical  wotk 
cmnpetent  reader  can  fail  lo  appredale.     He  did  not 
regard  logic  as  a  branch  of  mathinBatlcj,  Ms  ibe  title  of  his  earHer 
pamphlet  might  be  taken  lo  inqily,  but  he  pointed  out  such  a 
deep  analogy  between  the  symboh  of  tigebia  and  those  which 
can  be  made,  in  bis  oi^nion,  to  reptoeat  logial  forms  and 
sylliiglsns,  tint  we  can  hardly  help  saying  that  logic  Is  maihe- 
restrkted  to  Ihetwoquantities,eBnd  T.    ByunilyBoole 
denoted  the  universe  of   thinkable  objects;  literal  symboU, 
used  with  tbe  elective  meaning 
ttlacfiing  io  common  adjectives  and  substanlivea.    ITiut,  if 
homed  and  y-sheep,  then  the  successive  acta  ol  election 
'resented  by  x  and  y,  if  performed  on  unity,  give  the  whole  of 
'  class  kornai  ikttp.    Boole  showed  that  elective  symbols  of 
this  kind  obey  the  tame  primary  laws  of  combinaUon  at  alge- 
braical symbols,  whence  it  followed  that  they  could  be  added, 
Fbtracted,  multiplied  and  even  divided,  almost  exactly  in 

leraiionolicleclingalltluasiiotbeworid  except  litnuid  Hi*tt, 
lat  is,  1^  oal  kemd  limp,  and  (t— l)  (t— y)  would  ^ve  us  nfl 
laji  Htillitr  lunui  tar  ikeif.  By  the  use  of  such  symbols 
propoaitlons  could  be  reduced  lo  the  form  of  equatfons,  and 


236 


B(X)M— BOONE,  D. 


1  gcnenl  lymliDlie  metluid  of  logiisl  fntennn.  Glvci 
ptnposiiiona  tnvclving  any  ntuubet  ol  icnui,  Boole  ahowed 
by  the  purely  ftymboiic  treaiment  of  [he  premuea,  to  drai 
condiuiDD  logiolly  coDUiced  in  tboH  ptemiscs.  The  Kcond 
put  of  the  Lavi  ef  Tktugil  conuined  i  cnrrespcindiiig  etterapc 
to  discover  a  Etnervl  method  in  protAhQiliea^  ivhich  should 
enehle  us  f  mm  the  given  probabilities  of  uy  lystcra  of  events  to 
determine  the  consequenl  probability  of  my  other  event  kigicxUy 
ronnected  with  the  given  evenls. 

Tbongh  Boole  published  httle  except  Hs  mstfaemklical  md 
logical  worb,  his  acquaintance  with  general  Literature  was  i ' ' 
and  deep.    Dante  was  his  favourite  poet,  and  he  preferred 
ParadiutBtheliiftrwi.    The  metaphyiiQ  of  Aristotle,  the  etl 
of  Spinosa,  the  philosophloil  works  of  Cictra.  and  many  kindred 
vorb,werealsa  frequent  >uh)ecli  of  study.     Hii  leflectiou  opi 
scientific,  philosophical  and  reli^us  questions  art  contained 
lour  addrcsBCS  upon  Tlu  Ganui  nf  Sir  liaae  ffntsx,  Tin  SitU 
Uit  0/  Leiiurt,  TIk  Cleimi  cf  Sciaat  and  Tkt  Social  A)ptd  ef 
Inuaalaal  CkUkh,  which  he  delivered  and  printed  at  djff 

The  personal  charader  of  Boole  inspired  all  his  friendi  with 
Ibe  dcqxsl  Bteem.  He  was  marked  by  the  moduty  of  true 
genius,  and  his  life  was  given  to  the  slngte-minded  pursuit  of 
truth.  Though  he  received  a  medal  from  the  Royal  Society  tor 
his  memoir  of  ifl44,  and  the  honorary  degree  of  IJL.D.  from  the 
university  of  Dublin,  he  neither  sought  nor  received  the  ordinary 
rewards  to  which  his  discoveries  would  entitle  bim.  On  the  Sth 
ol  December  1S64,  in  the  full  vigour  of  his  inicQeciua!  powers,  he 
died  of  an  attack  of  fever,  ending  in  auffuuon  on  the  lungs. 

A-  (..^nHit  aVHrli  nf  hii  lifi-  ind  worlu.  by  the  Re«.  R.  Hailey, 

BOOH,  a  word  of  Teutonic  origin  (d.  the  Ger.  Baum,  tree, 
and  U>e  Fng  item)  lor  a  pole,  bar  or  baniec.  used  especially  as  a 
nautical  term,  for  a  long  spar,  used  to  extend  a  uil  at  the  foot 
(niain-boam,  jib-boom,  tic).  The  "boom "  of  a ctonon  (note of 
a  bcU,  cry  of  the  bltteiu)  ii  distinct  from  this,  being  onomatopoeic. 
In  the  sense  of  a  banin,  a  boom  is  generally  formed  of  timber 
lashed  together,  or  of  chains,  buill  across  the  mouth  of  a  river 
or  harbour  as  a  means  of  defence.  Possibly  from  the  metaphor 
qI  a  breaking  boom,  and  the  accompanying  rush  and  mar,  or  from 
the  rush  of  hsing  waters  Cmin^rled  with  the  onomatopoeic  use), 
*'  boom  "  began  In  America  to  be  used  of  a  sudden  "  spurt  "  or 
access  of  industrial  activity,  as  in  the  phrase  "  a  boom  in  coiton." 
Hence  the  verb  "  to  boom,"  meaning  to  advertise  or  push  inlo 

BOOKERAHO,  a  missile  weapon  of  the  Australian  aborigines 
and  other  peoples.  The  word  is  taken  from  the  lutive  name 
used  by  a  ^ngLe  tribe  in  New  South  Wales,  and  was  mentioned  in 
1817  by  Captain  King  as  "  the  Port  Jackson  term  "  (iVot.  Sun. 
CraiU  Amlral.  L  355).  Il  has  been  erroneously  connected  with 
the  wfimtra  or  spear-thrower,  and  equally  erroneously  regarded 
aa  onomatopoeic — for  it  docs  not "  bwm  "butwhistkainibeair. 
Two  main  types  may  be  distinguished:  (0)  thetetum  boomeraiLg^ 
(i)  the  non-return  or  war  boranerang.  Both  types  are  found  in 
most  parts  of  Australiai  the  return  form  was,  according  to 
General  Pitt-Rivers,  used  in  andent  Egypt;  and  a  weapon 
which  baa  a  close  resemblance  (o  the  boomerang  survivu  to 
the  present  day  in  N«th-East  Africa,  whence  it  has  spread  in 
allied  (oiDis  made  of  metal  (thtowiag  knives).  Among  the 
IS  of  South  India  i>  found  a  boomerang-shaped  iniiru- 


F.RA,  i>  to  be  found  in  the  fl> 
N0.B7- 


L  which  can  be  made  to 


His. 


r,  stilt  ui 


whether  the  so-called  boomerangs  of  Egypt 
real  resemblance  to  the  Australian  return  boomerang.  The 
Hopis  (Moquis)  of  Ariiona  use  a  oon-retura  form.  The  general 
form  of  both  weapons  ii  the  tame.  They  are  sickle-shaped,  and 
made  ol  wood  (in  India  of  ivc«y  or  steel],  so  modelled  that  the 
thickness  is  about  ^Ih'of  the  breadth,  which  again  ia  ^h  of 
the  lengtb,  (he  last  varying  from  6  in.  to  3  or  *  ft.  The  return 
boomerang,  which  may  have  two  slraigbl  arms  at  an  angle  of 
from  3D*t0f3o°,  but  in  Australia  is  alwaya  curved  at  an  angle  of 
go*  or  nioTe,  k  mually  ito  jfi.  in  length  and  wdgha  some  goi;; 


oe  upper  iiqe  m  ine  ngure  Dcing 


the  aima  have  a  skew,  bring  IwiitEd  1*  or  j*  f rom  At  plane 

rutming  thmugh  thecenue  of  the  weapon,  to  that  B  and  D  (fig.  t ) 
are  above  it,  A  and  E  below  it;  the  ends  Afi  and  DE  are  also 
to  some  extent  raised  above  the  plane  of  the  weapon  at  C;  the 
cross  section  is  asymmetrical,  tfie  upper  side  in  the  figure  being 
convex,  the  lower  flat  or  nearly  toi 
this  must  be  thrown  with  tbe  d^t 
band.  Tbe  non-return  boomerang 
has  a  skew  In  the  opposite  dii 
but  ia  otherwise  tindlar. 

The  peeuliarily  of  the  boomer-  p,^  ,_ 

ang's  fi^i  depends  mainly  on  its 

skew.  The  return  boomerang  ia  held  vertically,  the  coDcave 
side  forward,  and  thrown  in  a  plane  parallel  to  the  surface  of 
the  ground,  as  much  rotation  as  possible  being  imparted  to  it. 
It  travds  straight  for  30  yds.  or  more,  with  nearly  vertical  rota- 
tion; then  it  inclines  to  the  left,  lying  over  on  the  Sat  side  and 
rising  in  the  air;  after  desciibmg  a  circle  of  jo  or  more  yards  in 
diameter  It  returns  to  the  thrower.  Some  observers  state  that  It 
returns  after  atrlking  the  object;  it  ia  certainly  posdble  to  strike 
the  ground  without  affecting  tbe  return.  Throws  of  ico  yds.  or 
mom,  before  the  leftward  curve  begins,  can  be  accomfdisbcd  by 
Anstialian  natives,  the  weapon  rising  15  much  as  IJo  ft.  In  the 
air  am]  drding  five  times  before  returning.    The  oon-retum  type 


ly  throwing 


lyalso  be  made  to  return  in  a  neatly 

at  an  angle  ot  45°,  but  normally  il  L -  _. 

pc,  and  will  iben  travel  an  immense  distance.    No  accurate 
rasurementi  of  Australian  thmws  are  available,  but  an  Fngt^h 
throw  of  180  yds,  has  been  recorded,  compared  with  the  same 
er's  70  yds.  with  the  cricket  ball. 

:  war  boomerang  in  an  expert's  hand  is  a  deadly  weapon, 
Jie  lighter  hunting  boomerang  is  alto  effective.  The 
I  txBmeiang  b  chiefly  used  as  a  playtliing  or  for  killing 
birds,  and  is  often  as  dangerous  to  the  thrower  as  to  tlie  object 
at  which  it  is  aimed. 
^  See  Pin-Riven  (Lane  Foi]  in  /l<UA»f»lE«uiJ  ami  A 


Cellcclitn,^..-.  . 

inPlnl.  Irani,  o..   „.    .  _._ 

S.liiv.uS;  Broueh  Smytb,  jiftonnuj 
^.■^^,.  .~lb,  ElhSLpail  Slujia. 

BOON^  DAHIEL  (1734-18101,  Ameiican  pioneer  ana  naca- 
woodsman,  ol  English  descent,  was  born  near  the  present  dly 
if  Reading,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  ind  of  November  (N.S.)  1 734, 
^boui  ivji  his  father.  Squire  Boone,  with  his  family  settled  in 
Ihc  Yadkin  Valley  ia  vhat  is  now  Davie  county.  North  Carolina, 
■litn  on  the  frontier.  Daniel  worked  on  his  lather's  farm,  and 
W<t  much  ol  his  lime  hunting  and  trapping.  In  1755  he  served 
1  a  wagoner  and  bJacksmith  in  Braddock's  disastrous  eipedi- 
on  against  Ihelndiana.  In  1765  be  visited  Florida,  and  In  1767 
e  first  visited  the  Kentucky  region.  With  several  eom|»nlona, 
iduding  John  finley,  who  had  been  there  as  early  as  1751,  he 
Jeat  two  yeor»,i7S»-i77i,rDammgabout  what  ia  now  Kenlncky, 
leeting  with  numtierless  adventures,  coming  in  conflict  with 
iving  bands  of  Indians,  and  collecting  f>ear,  beaver  and  ties' 
lina.  He  served  in  lord  Dunmore's  War  (177*),  and  in  177J 
d  to  Ken  tucky  the  party  of  settlers  who  founded  BoonctbonMSb, 
long  an  important  seitktnenl.   Oathe  7tbof  Febnuy  tngbc. 


"(NTw^rr' 


BOONE— BOORDE 


md  tks  pulT  he  ted.  mn  optmcd  by  i  bund  of  Snmcs. 
He  wu  adofiMd  into  the  ShuwnR  tribe,  n«  uku  to  Dettsit, 
ud  so  Ihc  nlura  Irom  that  ph«  ocaped,  nadiiag  Boodo- 
bcniu^,  iftPT  a  perileu  Joarncy  of  r6o  m.,  withia  four  diyit  ia 
time  to  give  waminf  of  a  formidable  atUck  by  huopton,  Jn 
KpcUiog  lUi  ittuk,  nhich  luicd  [ram  the  8th  lo  the  i7lh  of 
Septeoba,  be  bore  i  conHiiaious  part.  He  ilM  laok  part  in 
tbc  laDiuinuy  "  Battle  of  Blue  Licka  "  in  178).  For  a  lime 
be  RpctWBted  the  lettlcn  in  the  ViisJoia  legiilature  (Kentucky 
thea  bang  a  pan  of  Viixiiua).  aad  he  tita  lerved  u  deputy 
nrveyor,  iberifl  and  county  Itrauuiit  of  FayrltE  county,  one 
of  ibe  Ibm  ooontiei  into  wbSch  Kentucky  irai  tbeB  dhiided. 
Having  kxt  all  fab  land  ihioiigb  Ida  arckuneta  in  Kgaid  to 
tides,  be  rctnoved  In  17SA  to  Paint  Pleaaant,  Vir^ima  (now 
W.  Va.),  wbHKc  aboot  1799  be  removwl  to  a  place  in  vhal  ii 

owned  by  Spain,  He  lecdved  a  giant  oi  1000  arpcnta  (at>out 
B45  acres)  of  laud,  and  was  appointed  syndic  of  tbe  diitrict. 
After  the  United  States  gaiiud  po«ewian  of  "  Louiiiiiia  "  In 
iSoj.  Boone'i  title  wai  louad  to  be  defective,  and  he  »u  again 
ditpoBcMed.  He  died  on  tb*  iind  of  Seplembn  iSio.  and  in 
1245  tu*  Kmaln*  woe  reaMved  to  FnnkfOrt,  Kentucky,  wbere 
at  bat  beta  encted  to  bh  memory.  Boooe  was  a 
lerjcao  [rioucer  and  backwooduoan,  a  great  bunier 
r,  Ughly  akiPed  In  all  tbe  atu  (^  woodctaft,  fi 


iitheli 


'warfare 


filter,  ratJess,  rcsonreefu]  atid 
have  been  greatly  oveivestiaiattd,  and  bo  waa  not.  as  fa  populariy 
believed,  dcher  tbe  fist  lo  eaplore  m  tbd  fnl  to  teltk  tfae 
Kentucky  region. 

u  biogripby  h  thai  by  Reuben  C  Tbwaltci,  Damid  Betf 

me%  nver  and  near  tbe 
rrjoo)  SSgo;  (1905,  state 


(New  YofV,  i»ia). 

BOONB;  ■  dly  and  tbe  counly-ieal  of 
U^A.,  a  ibon  diOanoe  fnra  tbe  Dea  Uol 
eenlK  oi  tbe  itale.    Fop.  (iSqo)  6%: 
otasus)  Qjoa  (13^4  loreign^boni) ; 


by  tbc  Chicago  &  Notth-Wetten  (wUcb  hat  consiructioa  and 
repair  abops  here),  the  Chicago,  MUwankce  &  St  Paul 
lailwiya,  and  by  the  Foci  Dodge,  Dcs  Haines  li  Southcm 
(inlcr-urtun)  nilway,  which  connect!  with  De*  Muncs.  Abo, 
fee  Boone  is  an  important  coal  centre;  bikki  and  lilc*  are 
BUiuJactared  from  tbe  clay  diiaitied  near  by;  ihve  is  a 
paddng  pbnt  for  tbe  raainlactiue  of  beef  and  pork  pndncu; 
and  from  the  tlcb  faimlBgaecttoB  by  which  ibe  dty  ii  lumnnided 
OORM  Urge  qoantitiei  o(  grain,  tome  of  whldi  i>  milled  bere. 
and  five4to^  Boone  waa  laid  ont  la  rS6s.  was  inoorpotatnd  as 
a  lawn  in  1B66,  and  waa  chartered  as  a  dly  in  iBM. 
BOONVILLB,  a  dty  and  the  coonty-seil  of  Cooper  county, 

m ;  u.Sjl.,  on  tbe  right  bankol  the  Missouri  river,  about 

110  m.  W.  by  N.  of  St  IouIl    Pop.  (1S90)  41411  (1900)  41>7. 

Pad&c,  and  the  Miaoiiri,  Kano*  &  Teua  inilways.  Tbc  dqr 
lio  alonca  bluff  aboot  leo  ft.  above  the  river.  It  la  the  scat  Of 
ibe  His>anriinioingscboolfarboya{ig89),  and  of  tbe  Kempor 
miUury  acbool  (1844)'  Among  its  manulactiua  are  eaitbcn- 
waie.  lobkcco,  vinegar,  flau,  laim-gatea  (inn),  aash  and  dooti, 
marble  and  granite  raanusiont,  caniagcs  asd  btkka.  Inn, 
one  and  lead  are  found  In  the  vidolty,  ud  io<Ba  coal  Is  mined. 
BoonviUe,  named  in  bonour  d  DabM  BooDCt  ns  utiled  in 
tiiD.  waa  laid  out  in  1B17.  ucccporated  a*  ■  viUage  Id  iSjg, 
aad  chartered  aa  a  dty  of  the  tUni  cUm  in  1846.  Hett  oa  the 
17th  of  June  1861,  Captain  (MaJDr-Geneial}  Nathanie!  Lyon, 
rammanding  about  1000  Uniiia  tioopa,  defeated  a  lU^tly 
larger,  but  nodiBdi^ad  Confederate  force  under  Brigadier' 
Cooal  John  S.  Manaaduke.  David  Barton  (d.  i8ji},  oucol  tbe 
first  two  Unltol  Stataa  •cnaloia  fiom  Idinoinl,  was  boiled  here. 
■OOBDl  tor  Boms),  AMBRB*  (i49B?-r54«),  Eoglisk 
phytkiaB  and  anthot,  was  bom  at  Booid'a  Hill,  Holma  Dal^ 
Snaaea.  H*  «u  educated  at  Oxford,  and  waa  admiltid  a 
member  fil  the  Caitbuaian  oidet  whOa  undo- age.    In  ijii  be 


tbe  office,  and  la  is>Qbe«u  treed  fnun  Us  monasric  vows,  oot 
being  able  to  endure,  as  be  nid,  the  "  nigoiosite  off  your  tety. 
gyoo."  He  then  went  abroad  to  study  medldne,  and  on  hia 
retam  waa  nunmoned  to  attend  the  duke  of  Norii^  He 
subscqatntly  vidted  iba  imivenltif*  of  Orieans,  Foltien, 
Toyoose,  IdoMpellier  and  Wittenberg,  aaw  tbe  practice  of 
~  1  watt  on  pilgrimage  with  oibets  of  his 

hi  Navture.  In  15J4  Boorde  was  agaia 
In  i5]6  wtote  to  TlwaiBa 
CtoaiweD,  compUittig  that  be  waa  In  "  thraldom "  there. 
Ctamwd  let  hba  at  Ubetly,  and  after  cntertafajng  him  at  bis 
booseat  Blabopa  Wal  than  In  Uampahfn,  Boema  to  have  en  trusted 
him  with  a  miailon  to  find  ont  Ibe  state  ol  public  tedlng  abroad 
whh  reprd  to  tbe  EngUsb  king.  He  wtitea  to  Ciomwd  Imn 
varioui  plaoea,  and  from  Catakmla  be  enuts  him  the  seeds  ol 
rhubarb,  two  hundred  yeais  befon  that  plant  wu  genenDy 
cidlKated  In  England.  Two  lelten  In  1  s]5  and  1 5jA  lo  the  prior 
of  the  Charterhouso  tmiiously  aigue  for  his  (om[deie  releaee 
from  monastic  vows.  In  1536  he  was  ttudjdng  medldne  at 
GUsgDW  and  gatbering  his  obiervalionB  about  the  Scots  and  tbe 
"  deveQyshe  dyspoakion  of  a  Scottysfa  man,  sot  to  kive  Bor 
favour  an  En^iihe  man."  About  ijjS  Bootde  set  out  on  hi* 
most  enemlve  jauncy,  visitiog  ncariy  all  tbe  countries  ol 
Eompe  except  Ruula  and  Turkey,  and  tusking  his  way  to 
Jerusalem.  Of  these  travels  he  wrote  a  full  itiaemry,  loet  un- 
lortunately  by  Ciomwcll,  to  whom  it  was  sent.  He  finally 
settled  at  MontpcUier  and  before  1541  bad  completed  hii  Pyra 
Balu  ol  ikt  Inindnalm  aj  KnawMtf,  which  ranks  as  the  eailiest 
continenUI  guide  book,  his  Ditlary  and  his  Brnynrj.  He 
probably  relumed  to  En^nd  In  1543,  and  lived  al  Winchester 
and  perhaps  at  Fevensey.  John  Ponct,  bishop  of  Wlncbesler, 
In  an  AptUgf  against  Bishop  Gardiner,  relates  as  matter  of 
conuBOD  kiMwkdge  that  In  IS47  Doctor  Boord,  a  phyudan  and 
a  holy  man,  who  atUI  kept  the  Carthusian  rules  of  failing  and 
•earing  a  halt  thbt,  was  cmivicied  in  Wiocbettet  of  keeping  in 
his  bouse  three  loose  women.  For  thli  oflenoe,  apparently,  be 
'  waa  lopiiuned  bi  the  Fleet,  where  he  made  his  will  on  the  9th  cl 
April  '540-  It  was  proved  on  tbe  15th  of  tbe  same  month. 
Thomas  Heamc  (Bnudicfu  Abbas,  i  p.  ;])  says  that  he  went 
round  tike  a  qaack  doctor  to  country  fain,  and  therefore  radily 
supposed  him  lo  have  been  the  original  mefrynindnw. 

Andrew  Bond*  was  no  doubt  a  leatiMd  pbysidan,  and  he  has 
left  lira  anmiiBt  tnd  often  eentible  wnek*  on  domestic  hygiene 
and  medldne,  bat  his  nosl  CDtertainlng  book  ia  Thi  FjrU  BaU 
ofikt  IiUrtdiitlim  e[  KtmltdiL  Tkt  Kkyduiodu  Uackt  a  ■»■ 
It  Iptlu  farlt  if  all  mamr  of  lamputa,  aad  It  kutle  Uc  HOfS  tnd 
Jaddtu  tf  aU  wuiur  ^  ataUrrji.  Amd/irUlmvmiitmtiliparU 
a/  aU  maatr  of  etjaa  tj  mimty,  H^  ■>^  *>  mrranl  u  (Wry 
rtptm.  MtdttjAtiimBtiit.efPhU'lxD'H''-  Didytaui 
It  Ikt  ritU  ttnuratlt  tad  jraifMu  fody  ifitry  daxfitftr  tf  our 
Mt(rayiH£erd(JC]M(fiawy(fe(yrU(c.i547).  The  EngHshman 
ijcKiibeB  UmacU  and  Ui  foiblci — his  fickleness,  bis  fondneu  for 
new  taahioaa  and  Us  obitiucy — In  lively  vene.  Then  foilows 
a  geoyaphkal  dcKilpllan  of  the  country,  foUowed  by  a  modd 
dialogue  In  the  Condab  language.  Each  country  in  tumisdealt 
with  on  similaT  lines.  Hia  other  authentic  works  are:  Ha* 
jfthmlk  t  CtmpoKtytui  Rttimtnli  er  Oytlary  if  ktolik.  ■uifi  fa 
JfMiKlfydar  (Thomas  Colwell.  1561), of  which  there  en  undated 
and  donbllea  earlier  editions;  fie  Br»>ori"'/H«aJi*  (1547')! 
r*i  PriacyUtt  if  AOteaamj  <IS47');  "The  Peregrination  of 
Doctor  Boaid,"  printed  by  Tbonii*  Heamein  BtiudiclHi  Atbai 
FsfreiiBfBuii,  vol. ii,  li7sil;A  PraattlyiacyiinraaAlmaBacki 
ItrAtymtfev  lerdi  ItCCCCCXlV.  auuU  ty  Aairem  BterJi. 
Hi*  Itimtrary  ^  Bunpt  and  Ttialjii  uttf  Biria  are  k»t. 
Several  lett-books  are  attributed  to  him  without  authority — Til 
Malt  Talis  ef  Hu  Mad  Itntf  GUtm  (aiUfat  atanl  e^lian, 
i6soj.SctiiH'lJami6a6),AmiryjeUi}lliiU:fiHai/Abtittlm, 
uUk  Ml  lyfi,  oad  k'l  itMiUii,  aad  tj  hte  fun  sdula-i  tf  Cam- 
M^  (printed  tqr  Wynkyn  de  Woidc),  and  a  Latia  poem,  Nat 


2$^ 


BOOS— BOOTH,  C. 


iSlh  of 


B00&  SASTUI(i76i-il>s),  . 
logiu»  wia  bom  at  Huttenricd  u  i»vuu  on 
Deceoibei  1763.  Orphtoed at  the  i|e el  font, bc' 
■D  unde  ■[  Augiburg,  trlw  ftuUy  Knt  htm  U>  the  BniKnil]'  oC 
DilUngSL  Tliere  he  Uid  the  (btUKUtion  of  the  Beden  piety  by 
which  bii  wholt  liic  ms  dittinguiihwL  Af lei  •eningu  prieMin 
levcitJ  Bivihaa  to»a>,  be  nude  U*  way  io  17M  (0  Liu  Id 
Aiuuit,  Khen  he  was  wekonud  by  Ktiiof  OiU,  udKt  towodi 

puioc  at  GaUneuldrcheiL  Hi*  irictiittc  iMtvemeDl  wa  coa- 
tidenble  way  among  the  Catbotic  laity^  and  evea  attncted  some 
fifLy  «  liity  prieiU.  The  death  of  Gall  and  ixher  pawsful 
frienda,  however,  ezpased  him  to  bitter  oumty  and  peneculion 
from  ^KHit  181J,  and  be  had  to  aniver  HMUeja  accuiationi  in 
the  comiatonal  cuuiit.  Hit  enemlei  EoUowed  him  when  be 
leiunied  to  Bavaiia,  but  ia  iSi;  the 
appoiated  him  lo  a  proEeasonhip  at  DOiaeldort,  and  it 
gave  him  the  paitoratc  al  Sayn  near  Neuvicd-  He  died 
30th  of  August  181$, 


[oTtelonic 


5b  Z^i  by  J. 

BO0T.(i}(Fn>mtheaEDi.liN,awoid  comi 
languaga,  i.[.  Gotb.  bUa,  "  good,  advulage,' 
Mod.  Cer.  Bum,  "  penance,  boe  ";  d,  "  better,"  the  compan- 
tive  of  "  good  "),  pioGt  ai  idvaotice.  The  woid  nuvive*  ia 
"  bootku,"  u,  ludeu  or  uoavaijing,  and  in  tuch  eipnaaioiu, 
chieSy  aiihaiitic,  aa  "  what  booti  it?"  "  Bete,"  aa  old  fonn.. 
wrvivei  in  »nH  c^d  compound  legal  woFda,  tvch  ai  ''  bouae- 
bote/'  "  fire-bole,"  '*  bedge-bote,"  frc.,  iot  particular  rights  of 
"  BBtover,"  the  Norman  Freitcb  word  corresponding  to  the  Saxon 
"  bote  "  (set  EsiovEUand  CoilKONS).  Hie  same  loim  lurvivca 
also  in  such  ejpieSHOni  as  "  thicE-bote  "  for  the  ^d  Fj^ti*>* 
customary  compeqsatioii  paid  Ebc  injuries. 

(1)  {A  word  of  uDCeitaiii  origia,  which  came  into  En^ish 
Ihmagh  the  O.  Fr.  ttU,  modem  iMi;  Ued.  Lai.  beUa  orisU), 
a  covering  for  the  loot.  Pnqxrly  a  bool  covers  the  whole  lower 
part  of  the  leg,  sometimes  reaching  to  or  above  the  knee,  but  in 
common  usage  it  it  applied  to  one  which  reaches  only  above  the 
Willie,  and  is  thin  distiifuislicd  from  "  ihoe  "(tee  CosTDHEand 
Shoe). 

IW  "  boot "  of  a  ooach  ba>  the  ume  derivilioD.  It  waa 
originally  applied  to  the  fited  outside  step,  the  French  ttUt, 
th«  to  the  UDCOvcied  space*  on  <a  beside  tbc  step  on  which  the 
attendant*  Mt  facing  sidcwayi.  Bol' 
the  term  now  being  apfJkd  to  the 

1^1  BooT.BooTS  or  BtKmuH  was  ai 
formerly  in  use  to  eiiott  confaaiant  from  sui^ieeted  penoos, 
or  obtain  evidence  from  gnwiliing  witDcsset.  II  originated  in 
Scotland,  but  Ifaedate  of  itsfirstuie  is  unknown.  It  was  certainly 
Ireqaenlly  employed  there  is  the  latter  years  of  the  i6th  centnry. 
In  I  case  of  forgery  in  isjg  two  witnesaet,  a  clergyman  and  an 
attorney,  were  IO  tortured.  In  a  letter  dated  15AJ  at  the  Record 
Office  hi  London,  Waltinghum  instructs  the  En^sh  ambassador 
at  Edinburgh  to  have  Father  Holt,  na  Engti^  Jesuit,  "  put  to 
the  boots."  II  teems  to  have  lallen  into  disuie  alter  i6ja,  but 
was  revived  m  16MOD  the  ocouioD  ol  the  Ojvenanters'  rebellion, 
and  was  employed  during  itie  Rigu  of  Charles  II.  and  James  IL 
Upon  the  acccsson  ol  William  IIL  the  Scottish  convenUon 
denounced"  theiueof  torture,  without  evidence  and  in  ordinaty 
ciimct,  at  contrary  to  hiw."  However,  a  ycac  or  to  later,  one 
Neville  Payne,  an  Eo^ithman  nnpccted  of  tnaioaahle  motive* 
locvititingSwIlaod,waspot  to  the  tottun  under  the  auihoriiy 
at  a  wanaot  tlgned  by  the  king.  Tbis  it  the  last  recorded  case 
of  iti  ate,  tcnore  bong  finally  abolished  in  Scotland  in  1 709. 
It  vat  not  uted  io  EDgUgd  aiiei  1640.  The  boot  was  nude  of 
iron  01  wood  and  iron  faitcDcd  on  the  kg,  between  which  and 
the  boot  wedges  wen  driven  by  blows  from  a  mallei.  After  each 
blow  a  quettion  was  pot  to  the  victim,  and  the  ordeal  wn  con. 
tinned  nntil  be  gave  the  information  or  fainted.  The  wedeM 
were  usually  placed  against  the  calf  ol  the  leg,  but  Bishop  Burnet 
■ayi  that  they  were  sometimes  put  agaii  '  '  -  ' 
titniUilnstiu(But,calkd"  Spanish  boots,' 


r  w(K  lUo  inn  boeu  vUA  woe  healed  ob  tb  victim^ 
A  less  (mtel  lom  wtt  a  boot  or  buskin  made  wet  and 
drawn  upon  the  legs  and  then  dried  with  fire. 
BOOlSB  (Cr.  fiUnv,  a  phni^iman,  from  fWf ,  a 
ellttii>n  of  the  boRhem  ... 
<4th  ceataiy  ■.&}  aad  A 
alluded  to  in  the  book  of  Job  (tec 
aodHeaiod.  The  wtcjent  Cretti  lymboUad  it  as  a  man  walking, 
with  Ut  righl  haad  gnifinf  a  club,  aod  his  left  extending  up- 


barking  at  the  Great  Bear.  PtrJemy  catalogues  twenty-three 
atars.TychaBrahetwEnty.«tght,HeveliusfiIty-twB.  In^dilioB 
to  Aicturut,  the  brightest  in  the  group,  Che  most  uilerBsting 
stars  of  tba  consIcUation  arc^  e  BoiUii.  1  beautiful  double 
star  OHnposed  of  a  ycQow  itar  of  magnitude  3,  and  a  bhie  star 
ol  magnitude  6t;  (  BeBlii,  a  douUe  star  coraposed  of  a  yellow 
tlai,  macoitude  4).  and  a  purple  star,  magmtude  6);  and  tV. 
BtHit,  an  iireguhiiiy  variable  ttar.  This  constellation  has  been 
known  by  many  other  uisei— Areas,  Aiclophyiai,  Arcturut 
minor,  Bubuleus,  Bubutua,  Canis  Utrans,  Clamator,  Icarus, 
I^caon,  Fhilometus,  Plaustn  custos,  EWsns,  Thegnit,  Voci- 
Eetalor;  the  Arabs  termed  it  Aramech  or  Archamech^  Hcsychiua 
named  it  Orion;  Jules  Schiller,  £t  Sylveit«i  Schidiaid, 
Nimnd ;  and  WdgeUus,  the  Three  Swedish  Ccowni. 

BOOTH,  BARTOH  <i6S>'i71]),  En^ish  actor,  who  came  of  a 
good  lancuhire  fandly,  was  educated  at  Westminsto-  school, 
where  his  success  in  the  Latin  play  Xufru  gave  him  an  IndinatioD 
for  the  ttsge.  He  was  intended  for  the  church;  but  in  1A08  Ik 
ran  away  from  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  and  obtained  emi^oy- 
ment  In  a  Ihealrical  company  in  Dublin,  where  he  made  hia 

returned  to  Loadon,  where  Belterlon,  who  on  an  earlier  applifa- 
tioD  had  withheld  his  active  aid,  probably  out  of  regard  for 
Booth's  family,  now  gave  him  all  the  'wifUmr  in  his  power. 
AtLincotn'tlcmFieldt  (1700-1704)  he  first  appeared  as  MaximiB 
in  ValaUimax,  and  fait  succst  was  unmediate.  He  wat  at  the 
Hayniarket  wilb  Bettertoa  from  tTOj  to  i}aB,  and  fur  the  PrM 
twcnly  years  at  Drury  Lane.  Booth  died  on  the  lolh  of  Hay 
173  j..aDd  was  buried  in  Weslmioslet  Abbey.  His  greatest  psrts, 
after  the  tillc-part  of  Addlsou'l  CaU,  which  esublished  his 
reputation  as  a  tragedian,  were  probably  Hotspur  and  Brutus. 
His  Lear  was  deemed  worthy  of  companion  with  Carricfc'a. 
As  the  ghost  in  Hamlei  he  is  said  never  to  have  had  a  tuperlor. 
Among  his  other  Shakespearian  rAks  were  Mark  Antony,  T^moB 
of  AthcBI  and  Othdlo.  He  also  played  to  perfection  the  py 
Lothario  In  Rswe'a  Fair  PcmUnl.  Booth  was  twice  manied* 
hit  second  wife,  Hester  Sanllow,  an  actrest  of  tome  merit, 
survived  him. 

S«  Cibber,  Cwn  aiut  Otnuttrt  aftiamtzl  •mitnl  AOm  h< 
^Clrcisei(l75]);  Viaai.  Utmain  cj Om  L<jc ^  Bwtan  Bttik  [17^. 

BOOTH,  CHARLES  (1840-  ).  English  todolo^M.  waa 
bomatLiverpodonthe3i>thaIhiBrchiS4o,  IniMihe  becams 
a  partner  in  Alfred  Booth  &  Company,  a  Liverpool  firm  engaged 
in  tbe  Braafl  trade,  and  subsequently  chairman  of  the  Booth 
Steamship  Company.  Hedevoted  much  time, and  no  Inconsider- 
able sums  of  money,  to  inquiries  into  the  statistioal  aqioct* 
of  todal  questions.  The  Rsidtt  of  theie  are  chiefly  embodied 
in  a  walk  entitled  Uft  niiil^iaMr^au  fetfU  hi  £«d*a  (1S91- 
ijsj),  of  which  the  earliB  portion  appealed  unda-  the  title  o( 
Uii  tM  Lahaa  in  1SS9.  The  boolE  it  desigBed  to  show  "ibe 
numeiical  relatku  which  poverty,  mitery  and  depcavlty  bear 
to  regular  earnings  and  eompaiative  oomtort,  and  to  describe 
the  general  conditiDns  under  which  each  data  Uvea.*'  It  containa 
a  most  sDrikint  aerio  of  maps,  in  which  the  varying  degiea  nf 
poverty  are  reproented  street  by  slieet,  by  shade*  of  oolour. 
Tho  data  for  the  mA.  were  derrved  in  part  from  the  detaUed 
ncoids  kept  by  tcbool-board  "  visitors,"  partly  from  lyitanalic 
inquiries  directed  by  hlr  Booth  biioBelf,  npplemented  by 
information  derived  from  relieving  officer!  arid  the  Charity 
Organiiatinn  Sociely.  Mr  Booth  aha  paid  much  attentiwi 
Id  I  kindred  ■ib)ect>~the  lot  of  the  aged  poor.  In  1894  h* 
publiri>ed  a  weloia*  of  stalittka  oa  tht  uUeA  y^  In  (Sbi 


BOOTH,  E.— BOOTH,  W. 


>39 


ud  itw,  wtrti  M  ttd«a>  pearinu,  Ui  )cbane  [«- the  latter 
dcptwbDC  DD  ■  leunl  prai^riciD  oi  'peuiDu  of  five  iihillingi 
t,  wak  CD  all  leKl  pmon.  incspective  of  the  tcu  to  tbc  ilatt. 
Bcmanicd.ln  i87i,tbed>Bcli<<'af  ChailaZachaiy  Maaulaj'. 

BOOTH.  EDWIH  [THOHUj  (1833-189]),  AmericaB  actor, 
mi  Ihe  KCOod  >on  of  the  attor  Junius  Bnitui  Booth,  and  vu 
boni  in  Bdair,  Muylaud,  on  the  13II1  ol  November  1833-  His 
father  (i  196-18!  1]  wu  bom  in  LoodoD  on  the  iit  of  Hay  1796. 
and,  after  trying  printing,  law,  painting  and  the  sea,  made  hli 
first  appearance  on  the  itagein  iSij.uidiippeiuedinLtHidonat 
Covenl  Garden  in  iStj.  He  became  almcnt  at  once  a  gteat 
favourite,  and  a  rival  at  Kesn,  vhom  he  nu  ihaugbt  to  raemble. 
To  Xean'i  OUwUo  nevertheless  he  played  ligo  an  uvciil 
OCUBOBS.  Richard  III.,  Hamlet,  King  Lear,  Shylock  and  Sit 
Cilei  Overreach  were  hi*  beat  puts,  and  in  America,  whither 
he  lemoved  in  i8si,  thef  brou^t  hfin  gnat  popularity-    HJa 

furious  fencing  ai  Kkliard  UL  and  aa  Hainktt  (reqantly  com- 
pelled the  Ridunond  and  I^Htea  U>  figbt  fCir  thor  Uvea  in  deadly 

Edwin  Bootk's  fini  tegular  ^ipeannca  waa  at  the  Boatoa 
Museum  on  the  loth  of  September  1849,  as  Treiiel  u>  Ul  father's 
Richard,  in  Colley  Cibber'i  veraioa  of  Jtiduri  III.  He  was 
lithe  and  graceful  in  figuie,  buoyant  In  ipiriti;  his  dark  hair 
fell  in  waving  curb  aciosa  fni  brow,  and  bii  eyes  were  soft, 
inminous  and  meU  eiptBiive.  Hia  father  watched  him  with 
greatintciestpbutwithEvidentdisappointment,  and  the  members 
of  tbc  theatrical  profceslon,  who  held  the  ac[ing  of  the  elder 
Booth  in  great  reverence,  seemed  to  agree  that  the  genius  of  the 
father  hod  not  descended  to  the  ion.  Edwin  Booth's  first  ap- 
pearance in  New  York  was  in  the  cbaracler  of  WiUord  in  TH 
Irtn  Chal,  which  he  played  at  the  Nationa)  theatre  in  Chatham 
Street,  on  the  iTtfa  ol  September  iSjo.  A  year  btet,  on  the 
illnesi  of  the  father,  the  ion  took  hi)  place  in  the  character  of 
Richard  IIL    Jt  wu  Dot  tmtU  alter  his  parent'!  death  that 

stage.  Between  1851  and  1856  hcplayed  in  Calilomia,  Australia 
and  the  Sandwich  Itltnds,  and  thoK  who  had  known  him  in  the 
cast  woe  nuprJMd  when  die  newi  cune  th&i  he  had  capliratid 
his  audiencci  with  hit  toilliant  acUag.  From  this  time  for- 
ward hia  dnmatEc  tiiumphi  woe  wuinly  acknondedged.  Hit 
Hamlet,  Richard  and  RidMlIea  weic  pronounced  to  be  luperior 
to  the  pcrfoimaneet  of  Edwin  Foinst;  Us  HKcen  u  Sir  Giles 
Overreach  in  j1  if n»  ITsy /«  Pdy  OU  JMU  iDtpaued  hit  faiher'i. 
In  1869  he  became  maaaga  of  the  Winter  CirdEn  theatre,  New 
York,  where  he  gave  a  leriea  of  Shakcspeariin  productions  of 
(hen  nueiampled  ntgnificence  (1864-1867),  including  Hamltt, 
Ollkdic  and  Tk,  Utnicnl  a/  Vmia.  The  qtlcndour  of  this 
period  in  his  career  wu  dadied  for  many  months  when  in  {36; 
his  brother,  John  Wilkci  Booth,  assauinaled  President  Lincala 
(>ee  LiMCOLN,  Abbahah),  The  three  Booth  btothen.  Junius 
Jlrutns  (1831-18S3).  Edwin  and  John  Wilkes  (i83irtS65),  had 
tAiycd  together  in  infill  Catsar  in  the  autunui  of  the  ptevious 
year — the  performance  being  memorable  both  for  its  own 
eicellenci,  and  for  the  tra^c  ^tuailon  into  which  two  of  the 
principal  performei*  were  subsoquently  buried  by  the  crime  of 
the  third.  Edwin  Booth  did  not  tta[^iear  on  the  stage  until 
the  jrd  of  January  1866,  when  he  played  Hamlet  at  the  Winter 
Garden  Ihealre,  the  audience  ■bowing  by  unstinted  applause 
tbdr  conviction  that  the  glory  of  the  one  brother  would  never 
be  imperilled  by  the  infamy  of  the  other. 

Id  iUig-1869  Edwin  Booth  built  a  theatre  of  hia  own— Booth's 
theatre,  at  the  miner  of  jjrd  Street  and  6th  Avenue,  New  Vork— 
and  organised  an  excellent  stock  company,  which  produced  XoM» 
and  Jtditt,  Tlu  WMa-t  Talc,  JiJIa  Catsar,  Macbtlli,  Umk  Ail 
atH(ffMHB(,rj|(»er(*MfD/reiil«andetherplayi.  InaUcuea 
Booth  UMd  the  tne  text  of  Shakespeare,  thus  antedati  ng  by  many 
yean  a  limtlatrefcnn  in  England.  Almost  Invariably  his  ventum 
were  successful,  but  he  ws*  of  a  generous  and  conBding  nature,  and 
iBgemcnt  was  not  economical.  Iiii874lbegranddramatic 
iehebBdi«i*edw)ttafceBfromhim,Bnd  with  it  want  hi* 


cntirelortuBe-  By  arduous  toQ,boweTer,beagiInacctmndatcd 
wealth,  in  the  use  of  which  his  generous  nature  wu  shown.  He 
converted  his  q»dous  residence  in  Gramercy  Patk,  New  York, 
into  a  club — The  Players'-~feT  the  dect  of  his  profession,  and 
for  such  member*  of  other  ptofeisions  as  they  might  dwose. 
The  bouse,  with  all  his  books  and  works  of  art,  and  nuny  lo- 
valoable  memento*  of  the  itage,  became  the  property  of  tla 
club.  Asingleapaiment  he  kept  for  himself-  In  this  he  died  on 
the  7th  of  June  1893.  Among  his  parts  were  Macbeth,  Lear, 
Othello,  lago.  Shylock.  Wolsey,  Richard  II.,  Richard  III-, 
Benedick,  Petiucdo.  Richelieu,  Sir  Giles  Overreach,  Brutg* 
(Payne's),  Beitucdo  (in  Tom  Taylor's  The  Fstt'i  Rae»ti),  Ray 
Bias,  Don  Cesar  de  Bazan,  and  many  more.  His  most  famous 
part  WIS  Hamlet,  foe  which  his  eitraordinary  gov  and  beaDly 
and  his  eloquent  sensibility  peculiarly  fitted  him.  He  probably 
played  the  part  oftener  than  any  other  actor  before  or  uvc  He 
visited  Lntdon  in  iSji,  and  again  b  iSSoand.In  iSSi,  playing  at 
the  HaymaAet  theatre  with  brilliant  iucceia-  In  the  last  year  he 
^so  visited  Germany,  where  his  acting  was  received  with  the 
highest  enthluiBsm.    His  last  appearance  was  in  Brooklyn  .as 

Devlin  (d  1863),  and  in  1869  to  Mary  F.McVicker(d.i8Si).  He 
icit  by  his  first  wife  one  daughter,  Edwlna  Booth  Gronman, 
who  published  Edmin  Baalh:  KatOaluna  (New  York,  1841). 

Edwin  Booth^*  prompt-books  were  edited  by  WilliBin  Wmtcr 
(1878).  In  a  aeries  of  volumes,  ^dsri  and  •fffnucjfrcniif  firkin 
atU  Aaitrita,  edited  by  Lawrence  Huttoa  and  Bnoder  Malthewa. 
Edwin  Booth  contributed  recdiectiona  of  his  father,  wUeh  eontaia 
much  vahiable  aulobiognphic  malcriaL  For  the  same  series 
Lawrence  Bairett  conlributed  an  article  on  Edwin  Booth.  See  *Im 
WiUiam  Winter,  Lifi  ami  An  </  £rfwiW  BoA  (189})  1  Lawienc* 
Hutton.  SAcin  Baolli  (i8u) :  Heniv  A  Clapp,  RemiHueeiua  tt  a 
DnLmalic  Crilk  (BoWon,  laoil;  A  B-  Clarke.  Tiki  £U>r  <twl  Il< 
YmBttB  Baulk  (Bonon,  tB83)-  (J- J-*) 

BOOTH,  WILUAK  (1819-  },  founder  and  "genetal"  of 
the  Salvation  Army  [;.*.),  waa  bom  at  Nottingham  on  the  loth 
of  April  18:9.  At  the  age  of  fifteen  his  mind  took  a  strongly 
religious  tun,  under  the  influence  ol  the  Wesleyan  Methodist*, 
in  which  body  he  became  a  loal  preacher.  In  1S49  he  came  to 
London,  nbete,  aocotding  to  his  own  account,  his  passion  lor 
open-air  preaching  caused  his  severance  from  the  Wesleyan^ 
Joioing  the  Methodist  New  Conneiuon,  be  was  ordained  a  minis' 
ter,  but,  not  being  employed  as  he  wished  in  active  '*  trammelling 
evangeliiation,"  left  thit  body  also  in  1S61-  Meanwhile  he  had 
(1855)  married  Miss  Catherine  Mumford,  and  had  a  family  of 
lour  children.  Both  he  and  his  wile  occupied  themsdves  with 
preaching,  first  in  Cornwall  and  then  in  Cardiff  and  WalsalL 
At  the  last-named  place  was  first  or^anixed  a  "  Halldujah  band  ** 
of  converted  criminals  and  others,  who  testified  in  public  of  thdr 
conversion.  In  1864  Booth  went  to  Loridon  and  continued  Ins 
services  in  tents  and  in  the  open  air,  and  founded  a  body  wlndi 
was  successively  known  as  the  East  London  Revival  Society, 
the  East  London  Christian  Mission,  the  Christian  Misuon  and 
(In  1878]  the  Salvation  Army.  Tbc  Army  opentcsd)  by  outdoor 
meetings  and  processions;  (?)  by  visiting  public-bouses,  prisons, 
private  houses;  (3)  by  holding  meetings  in  theatres,  factories 
snd  other  unusual  buildings;  (4)  by  using  the  most  popular 
song-tunes  and  the  language  ol  everyday  life,  (ic.:(s)  by  making 
every  convert  a  dailywitncss  for  Cbiist,  botbinpuhlicaDiI  private. 
The  army  It  a  quasi-mib'tary  orgaoicBtioD,  aiid  Booth  modelled 
its  "Ortlen  and  Regulations"  on  those  of  the  British  army. 
Its  early  "  campaigns  "  eidted  violent  opposition,  a  "  Skeleton 
Army "  being  organized  to  break  up  the  meetings,  and  ba 
many  yean  Booth's  lolloweis  were  subjected  to  fine  and  im- 
prisonment as  breakers  ol  the  peace.    Since  itSsi,  however. 

these  disorders  have  been ~ 

artny  were  eitended  in  1 

Ceylon  and  elsewhere,  "  f>eneml  "  Booth  himself  being  atl  hi- 
defitigable  traveller,  organiurand  speaker.  Mis  wife  (b.  iSiQ) 
died  in  1890.  By  ber  preaching  at  Gateshead,  where  her  busbanil 
was  drcuit  minister,  in  1860,  she  began  Ihe  women'*  ministry 
which  Ii  so  prominent  a  feature  of  the  army's  woik.  A  biography 
of  her  by  Ur  Booth  Tuckei  appeared  in  189). 


240 


BOOTH— BOPP 


Ib  1890  "  Gesen]  "  Booth  ittncud  frntber  public  attcDtioB 
by  the  publicitjoi)  ol  a  worii  entitled  In  Daritil  En^aai,  and 
llu  Way  Oul,  in  wbicli  he  pcapiM«l  to  nnudy  pinperlim  cod  vice 
by  B  mis  oi  UK  etpedieats:  (i)  the  dty  colony;  (1)  the  farm 
c^ony;  (3)  the  ovei-iea  adony;  (4)  the  houiehold  nlvi^ 

for  the  dFiiDkanl;  (7)  the  piiion-gete  briguie;  (0)  the  pooi 
mao'i  bank;  (9}  the  poor  diid'*  lawyeri  (id)  Whileclupel-by- 
tbe-Sei.  UoDcy  wis  Ubcnlly  lubscribed  and  s  Ui^  pert  o(  the 
icbeme  vu  carried  out  Ihe  apposi  tion  ind  ridicule  with  ohicb 
Booth't  work  wu  for  many  yeire  iccdved  ftve  «ty,  t«mrd> 
(heendol  ihc  iglhcentuiy,  toveiyiHdespKad  lympalhy  ii  hit 
genius  and  iti  mulls  wen  more  ftdly  reatiud. 

The  active  encoungenieDt  of  King  Edward  VII.,  at  wluM 
instance  in  1^1  he  was  invited  o&dally  to  be  present  at  the 
coronation  ceremony,  maiked  tJie  completencu  of  the  change; 
and  vbcn,  in  1905,  the  "  jencnl "  vent  on  a  progress  through 
En^and,  he  ns  received  in  state  by  the  nutyon  and  coipon- 
tions  oi  many  towns.  In  the  United  States  also,  and  elsewhen, 
his  work  was  cordially  encovjaged  by  the  authorities. 

See  T.  F.Cmcs,  Tie  I.i>Sl»~r «/ CduroJ  £mi1  (ind  ed.,  London. 
1906),  and  bibliography  under  Salvation  Abmv. 

BOOTH  (connected  with  I  Teutonic  lool  meatiing  to  dwell, 
wbe1>ce  abo  "  bower "),  primarily  a  temporaiy  dwelling  of 
bongbs  or  other  slight  materials.  Litet  the  word  gained  the 
special  meaning  ol  a  market  stall  or  any  non-penqanent  erection, 
such  as  a  teat  at  a  laii,  where  goods  were  on  sale.  Later  still  it 
was  applied  to  the  lemponry  structure  where  voles  were  [*gia- 
tered,  vi£-  polling-booth.    Temporary  booths  erected  for  the 


orally  te 


Tbni  Slow  states  that  the  houses  in  Old  Fiih  Stieel,  London, 
"  weie  at  first  but  movable  boards  set  out  on  market  days  to 
show  Iheir  fish  there  lobe  sold;  but  procuring  tiunix  toset  up 
sheds,  theygrcw  to  shops,  and  ^little  and  little,  to  tall  houses." 
As  Mky  or  bdliie,  la  Scotland,  meaning  generally  a  hut  or 
collage,  the  word  was  specially  aj^cd  to  a  barrack-like  room 
on  large  farms  where  Ihe  unmarried  iaboums  were  lodged. 
This,  known  u  the  Sulky  lyslem,  was  formerly  common  in 
Aberdeenshire  and  other  parts  of  tiorthein  Scotland. 

BOOTHIA  (BooMa  Fdii),  a  peninsula  ef  British  North 
America,  belmging  to  Franklin  disirici,  and  having  »n  area  of 
I], ISO  sq.  m.,  between  69°  30^  and  ;i°  50'  N.  and  91'  jo'  and 
9;°  W.  Ill  noctheminost  ptomenloiy,  MurcUson  Faint,  is  also 
the  Doithemmost  poiat  oi  ifae  American  mainland.  It  wta  dis- 
covered by  Captain  (afterwards  Sir  James)  Ross,  during  hit 
expedition  of  1819-1633.  and  was  named  after  Sir  Fdix  Booth, 
who  had  been  chiefly  inslrumcntal  in  fitting  cut  the  expedition. 
Boothia  fonns  the  western  lide  of  Boothia  Gulf.     " 


and  inlets;  a 


It  scpsraled  by  lakes 


annel  known  as  Belle 
leaes  between  it  and  North  Somerset  Isltnd,  whkh  wai  dis- 
covered by  Sir  £.  Farry  in  1S19.  The  peninsula  is  Tfot  only 
iDterHling  for  its  conneaion  with  the  Franklin  cipeditlon  and 
the  Franklin  search,  but  is  of  scienti^  importance  from  the 
north  magnetic  pole  having  been  first  distinctly  localised  here 
by  Ross,  on  the  western  side,  in  To"  s'  N..  96°  47'  W. 

Boothia  Cull  separates  the  tiorth-wcsteni  portion  of  Baffin 
Land  and  Melville  Peninsula  from  Boothia  Peninsula.  It  Is 
connected  with  Bsmw  Stinil  and  Lancaster  Sound  by  Prince 
Regent  Inlet,  with  Franklin  Strait  by  Bellot  Strait,  and  with 
Foi  Channel  by  Fury  and  Heda  StraiL  The  principal  bays  are 
Commiitee  and  Felly  in  the  Mulhem  portion,  and  Laid  Mayor 
in  the  wettem. 

'.  BOOTLB.  >  municipal  and  couDty  borangti  in  the  Bootle 
pariiamenlaiy  dlvEsion  of  Laneaibire,  Eagland;  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Hersey.  forming  a  nortbem  suburb  ol  Liverpool-  Pop. 
(igoi)  58,566;  an  increase  by  nearly  nine  times  in  forty  yean. 
The  greal  docks  on  Ibis,  the  cast  bank  of  the  Mssey,  extend 
failo  the  borough,  bnl  are  considered  as  a  whole  under  livilPOOL 

supply,  Iec.  may  be  considered  ss  part  of  the  grealer  systems  of 
the  same  dtv.    Tbc  chief  buildingi  and  intitutiotis  in  ■  huut 


some  town  b>ll,.>tn>»BU>,  tmUbnries,  t^hntn^l  schnols.  and 
several  public  picuute  grounds.  Bootle  was  incorporated  in 
iS6g  and  was  cieated  >  eounly  borough  in  1888;  the  corpontion 
consists  of  a  mayor,  la  aldermen  and  jo  counciltois.  A  pnposd 
to  mclude  it  within  the  diy  of  Liverpool  wu  ttjected  in  parlia- 
ment in  July  190J.     Area,  1576  acres. 

BOOTY  (awjarently  influenced  by  "  boot,"  O.  Eng.  M,  ad- 
vantage or  profit,  duougb  an  adaptation  from  an  eariier  Ibna 
cognate  with  Ger.  Beale  and  Fr.  Mill),  plunder  or  gain.  The 
phrase  "  to  play  booty,"  dating  from  the  16th  nntury,  means  to 
play  into  a  confederate's  hands,  or  to  play  intentionally  badly  at 

BOPP,  nUHZ  (1791-1867},  German  philologist,  was  bom  st 
Irfaina  on  the  14th  of  September  1791.  In  consequence  of  the 
political  tsDubles  ol  (hat  lime,  his  paimts  removed  to  AschaFien- 
buig,  in  Bavaria,  where  he  received  a  libenl  education  it  the 
Lyceum.  It  was  here  that  his  attenlion  wu  drawn  to  llie 
languages  and  literatura  of  the  East  by  the  eloquent  leclutei  of 
Karl  J.  Windischmann,  who,  with  G.  F.  Creuier,  J.  J.  Gerrc*. 
and  the  brothen  Schlegd,  waa  lull  of  enihusiaim  for  Indian 
wbdom  and  philnophy.  And  furiher.  Fr.  Schlegd's  book, 
Obtr  Jit  SprvMi  vnd  Wivkcil  da  I»dier  (fleidelberg,  1808), 
which  wu  just  then  exerting  a  powerful  influence  on  the  minda 
of  German  philosophers  and  historians,  could  not  fail  to  stimulate 
also  Bopp's  interest  in  the  sacml  language  of  the  Hindus.  In 
1811  he  went  10  Puis  at  the  ei|xnse  ol  the  Bavarian  govenunent, 
with  a  view  id  devote  himself  vigorously  te  tbe  study  of  Sanskrit. 
There  lie  enjoyed  the  society  of  such  imioeBt  men  Is  A.  1. 
Chfiy,  S.  de  Sacy.  L.  K.  LangUs,  and,  above  lU,  ol  Alexinder 
Hamilton  (1767-1834}.  who  had  acquired,  when  In  India,  an 
with  Sanskrit,  and  had  brought  out,  coBJoinlly 


with  Li 


(be  Imperial  library.  At  thst  bbrai 
only  to  (he  rich  collection  oi  Sanskrit  manuscripts,  most  ol 
which  had  been  brought  from  India  by  Father  Fons  eariy  in  tha 
18th  century,  hut  also  to  the  Sanskrit  books  which  had  i^i  to 
that  time  issued  from  the  Cilcutta  ind  Sctampon  presses.  Ths 
first  f  nut  ol  his  lour  years'  study  in  Patis  appeared  at  Frankforl- 
on- Main  in  1816,  under  the  title  £'ii>'iiiiiCiM;ii|iUini»yj'm  Jtr 
Sowkntsfiraeke  in  Verffdtkuni  mil  JetKm  Jrr  grieikiicktn, 
ioieiiiisciK»,  tatiicktn  md  itrnaniickcn  Sproikt,  and  it  wifl 
accompanied  with  a  prciace  from  the  pen  of  Windischmann. 
In  this  liisl  book  Bcfip  entered  at  once  on  the  path  on  which 
the  philolagicnl  leseuches  of  his  whole  subsequent  life  were 

puentsge  of  Sanskrit  with  Fenian,  Greek,  Laifn  and  Ccrmaii, 
(or  that  had  long  been  estatditbcd;  but  his  object  was  to  trace 
the  (onmon  origin  ol  theii  gramniiiliCDj  forms,  oi  thdr  in&ctions 
from  composition, — a  task  which  had  never  been  attempted. 
By  a  historical  analysis  ol  those  forms,  as  applied  to  tbe  verb,  he 
turaished  the  Gtsi  liustworthy  materials  lor  ■  hisloiy  o(  tlie 
languagn  compared. 

Alter  *  brid  sojourn  in  Germany.  Bopp  came  to  London, 
where  he  made  (he  acquaintance  of  Sir  Chatlea  Wilkins  aid  H.  T. 
Colebrooke,  and  became  Ihe  friend  ol  Wilhdm  von  Humboldt, 
then  I^UBuah  ambassador  at  the  court  ol  Si  James's,  to  whom 
he  gave  Instruction  in  SanskriL  He  brought  out,  in  the  Atmah 
efOritnlai  LOtralun  (London,  i8»),  an  essay  entitled,  "  Analy- 
tical Comparison  of  the  Sanskrit,  Greek,  Latin  and  Teutonic 
Langusges,"  in  which  be  extended  to  all  parts  of  the  gtKmmax 
what  he  had  done  in  his  first  book  for  the  verb  alone.  He  bad 
previously  published  a  critical  edition,  with  a  Latin  (riDslation 
and  nates,  ol  the  sloiy  ol  Nalu  and  Damayaaa  (London,  1B19), 
the  most  boutifulepisodeol  the  Mahlbhlrala.  Other  episodesof 
the  llahlbhlrata— /iKlriito:i4jai>MiitiM,  and  three  otheis  (Beriin, 
i8it);  IWiniHii,  and  three  olheii  (Berlin,  1819};  and  a  new  edi- 
tion ol  JVsIa  (BerUn,  iSjs)-<faUowed  in  due  course,  all  of  which, 
with  A.  W,  Schlegd's  edition  oi  the  BkatatadfiU  (i8lj],  proved 
exceUenI  aids  in  initiating  the  early  student  into  the  reading  ol 
Sanskrit  texts.  On  the  publication,  in  Calcutta,  of  Ihc  whole  Ma- 


aligaUoDi. 


hibhSrata,  Bt^p  discoi 

himacU  thenceforth  exduslvdy  to  grammatical  in 


BOPPARD— BORACITE 


Aktt  B  rimt  midcna  it  COMlugiii,  Bopp  mi.  on  the  no 
■Mufatkin  at  KumboliJi.  ippoiatcd  to  the  chtir  ol  Siiukrii 
compamivegninimicit  Bcrifnb  iSii.and  mi  elected  nen 
of  ihe  Royal  Pniuiai]  Aodcmy  in  tbe  foUmrins  year. 

Sfiacb,  on  which  he-  bad  been  engaged  ilsct  iSii.  A  i 
edition,  in  Litio,  wai  coDimenced  in  the  foUoiriiig  year, 
coinpleicd  in  iSji;  and  a  shoner  gramnur  appand  in  li  _ . 
At  the  lame  lime  he  compiled  a  Saukiit  *iid  Latin  gloBary 
(iSio)  in  which,  oiare  especially  in  Ihe  teconduid  thin)  edit io 
(i847an(liM7}, account  wai  alio  laltenaf  the  (agnate  languagi 
Hb  chief  activity,  honver,  centred  on  the  elaboration  of  t 
CtMfarttif  Cia*n*ar,  which  appeared  in  ibi  parti  at  coniidc 
aWe  inl»rv»ls  (Berlin,  i8]j,  iBjs,  i8*i,  1847,  i&ig,  i»SJ),  und 
the  Ihle  Vo^Ukivtt  Cramnatik  da  SaHiiril,  Zcni,  Criiii 
ickiH.  LalciKiidiHi,  Lilltauiicitit,  Alltlmulicn,  Celkiitlun,  i>i 
Dtuliclun.  How  carefully  this  work  was  matunsl  may  I 
Ellhcrcd  from  the  lerin  of  monograph]  printed  In  the  7>afl 
(Ufioiil  «/  (*c  Btrlin  Academy  (1814  to  1S31),  by  which  it  w 
preteded.  ■Iliey  bear  the  genera]  Uile,  Vnrglcictunde  Zer^i 
itrant  da  Smakiili  und  da  mat  ihm  KncandUn  SpraclicB.  Ti 
other  (suyi  (On  the  "  Numerals,"  1S35 Hollowed  the  publicatii 
of  the  first  part  ol  Ihe  CrmpjnUiK  Crammar.  The  Old-Slavonii 
began  to  take  its  stand  among  Ihe  languagel  compered  (lom  t! 
Kcond  part  onwards.'  The  work  was  tianslaled  InIO  Englbh  by 
E.  B.  Easlwicli  in  ig45-  A  second  German  edition,  thorou^' 
revised  (1856-1*61),  comprised  also  the  Old-Anncnian.  Fro 
Ibis  edition  an  eicelleni  French  lisnalalian  was  made  by  Pi 
tessor  Michel  Brfal  in  1866.  The  Usli  which  Bopp  endeavour 
tocairy  out  in  }iuCoiKparatiitGramrmir-*iaa  threefold,— lo  gi' 
a  description  ol  the  onginal  grammatical  slructure  of  t. 
Uoguages  as  deduced  from  their  intercomparison,  10  trace  the 
phonetic  lawi,  and  to  investigate  the  origin  of  their  gramnuUi 
forms.  ThefiniindsecondpointaweresubservieBt  tothethi^ 
As  Bopp'i  researches  were  bavd 


.  .rated  V  . 
light,  so  they  continucid  10 
Wilnesi  his  monographs  01 
bnguges  (.!j6),  on  the  t 
Prussian  [i!j])  and  AlbanL 
SaiDlirit  and  Cntii  (1854), 


I  of  Inforii 


bn  that 


I  their  progresj. 
ine  vowel  system  in  the  Teutonic 
Ilic  baguagcs  tiBjg),  on  the  Old- 
I  langusjea  (18S4).  on  the  accent  in 
>  of  the  Malayo- 


■  wrong  tiaclc.     Bopp  lias  been 


if  they  had  been,  they  would  have  ab»(bfd  his  eitlusiw 
itloa  lor  yean,  while  such  gramman  as  those  of  Wilkin 
Cokbrooke,  from  which  his  grammatical  knowledge  wa; 
"'       '  ■an.    Tie  further  ehargi 


=rived. 


^  Compc,« 
y  be  disproi 


il  by  his  own  words;  lor,  as  early  as 
tne  year  laio,  ne  gave  it  as  his  opinion  that  (reqiienlly  the 
cognate  languages  serve  to  elucidate  grammatical  fotias  lost  in 
Sanskrit  {Aniuli  if  Or.  Lit.  I.  ]),— an  opinion  which  he  further 
dmkqwd  in  all  his  subsequent  writing. 

fiopp'i  loearcbes,  carried  with  wonderful  penetration  Into 
tbe  mott  minate  and  almost  microscopical  details  of  linguistic 
pbenomena,  have  led  to  the  opening  up  of  a  wide  and  distant 
tieif  into  the  oii^nal  seats,  the  closer  or  more  distant  affinity, 
and  the  tenets,  practica  and  domestic  usages  ol  the  andent 
Indo-European  nations,  and  the  science  of  comparative  gramnur 
may  truly  be  said  to  date  from  hb  earliest  publication.  In 
grateful  reognitlDn  (rf  that  fact,  on  Ihe  Eft  lelh  anniversary  (Hay 
16,  it66}  of  the  date  ol  Wladiichnmui's  preface  to  that  woik, 
a  fond  called  DU  BtpfSliflutii,  tot  the  promotion  of  Ihe  study 
of  Samkfil  and  eompaiative  grammar,  was  established  at  Berlin, 
to  which  liberal  contributions  were  made  by  his  numerous  pupils 
and  admirers  in  all  parts  of  the  ^abe.  Bopp  lived  to  see  the 
mults  of  his  laboun  everywhere  accepted,  and  his  name  justly 
celebrated.    But  he  died,  on  the  ijid  of  Oclobec  1W7,  ■  poor 


him  to  all  who 

See  KT  Brdl'iiranilationar  Boiip'i  Ytr^-Gramm.  (iSM)  InirodK 
lioa:Th.  Benlcy.CwJk.  Jtr  SarsdhkimicV/f  (1869);  A.  Kuhn  i 
Unun  Zia,  Neuc  Fslge,  iv.  i  (i9U];  Ldmaui,  hami  Bepp  (Bcilii 


1B91-1897). 


M  Bepf  (BBlin, 


a  town  of  Cermuy,  in  the  Pnutiu  Shine  pro- 
vince, on  the  left  bank  of  the  Rhine,  la  m.  S.  of  Cobkas  as  Ihc 
main  line  to  ColoRH.  Pop.  (ipeo)  j8a6.  It  it  an  old  town  itiU 
partly  lunouDded  by  medieval  walls,  and  it*  moat  noteworthy 
buildinga  are  the  Rcmaa  Catholic  pariah  dinrcb  (nth  and  ijlh 
centuries);  the  CataxUtB  church  (ijt8),  the  forpMraillc,  now 
used  for  adminiMrative  officeii  the  EvanpUcal  chureh  (i8ji, 
enlarged  in  1887);  and  the  fsemer  BencdktiDe  moBaateiy  ol 
ltd  iiij  aod  dtttt  i&jo  a  hydiopalhic 
t*^>l'io°ft-abOva  the  Rhine.  B<qiFArd 
Eavouita  touritt  ctatn,  and  being  loa  pant  in  by  failli  than 
many  other  place*  In  lUt  part  of  the  ptclURKpie  gorge  of  the 
Rhine,  ha*  In  BwdoD  time*  become  a  lesidential  town.  It  hat 
some  conparatively  iuIgnUicaBt  iadustiics,  ntcb  la  tanning  and 
tobacco  naaufactuie;  Its  direct  trade  b  in  wine  and  Indl. 

Boppard  (JonJsirfga)  vai  fotmded  by  the  Rodmds;  under 
tbe  Merovingian  dynasty  It  becasM  a  n^  reiideDn.  During 
the  middle  ages  it  was  a  coajdetable  centre  of  coDUDcrce  and 
shipping,  aod  under  tbe  Hobenitaufcn  emperors  was  raised  to 
the  rank  of  a  free  hnperial  city.  In  ijii.  however,  the  eaiptror; 
Henry  VII.  pledged  tbetown  to  his  bnitber  Baldwin,  aichbisbcf>- 
electorof  Trier,  and  it  moained  In  tbe  pnseision  of  the  elector* 
until  it  was  absorbed  by  France  during  Ihe  Revolutionaiy  epoch. 
It  was  assigned  by  Ihc  CDDgress  of  Vienca  ia  iSij  to  Prussia. 

BOHA,  an  Italian  name  for  a  violent  cold  nonherly  and  north- 
easterly  wind,  common  in  the  Adri^ilie,  eqiecially  on  tbe  Islrian 
ind  Dalmalian  coasts.  There  is  alinyt  a  northern  tenrlency  in 
he  winds  on  the  north  Uediieiranean  sboiti  in  winter  owing  to 
he  ooM  air  of  tbe  mountains  sliding  down  to  the  sea  where  the 
pressure  is  less.  When,  therefore,  a  cyclone  is  loimed  over  the 
Mediienanean,  the  currents  in  its  nottb-weslem  area  draw 
theair  from  the  cold  nartbem  regions,  and  during  the  paoage 
of  the  cyclone  the  ban  prevails.  The  bora  also  occurs  at 
Novorouiysk  on  Ihe  Black  Sea.  It  Is  predldr  similar  in 
character  to  the  mistral  which  prevails  in  Proveocc  and  aloag 
the  French  Mediterranean  littoraL 

BOKAOTK  a  mineral  ol  special  inlemt  on  account  of  its 
optical  anomalies.  Small  crystals  bounded  on  all  tides  by 
iharplydefinedfacesare  found  in  considerable  numbers  enibedded 
a  gypsum  and  anhydrite  in  the  ult  deposits  at  LUntbutg  In 
ilanover,  where  it  was  first  observed  in  1787.  In  extetnal  form 
iheMcrytUlsare  cubic  with  inclined  hemihedilim,  ibe  symmetry 
King  the  same  as  in  blende  and  tetiahedrite.  Their  habit  varies 
according  to  whether  the  tetrahedron  (£g.  1),  ihe  cube  (Eg.  1). 
or  the  rhombic  dodecahedron  (lig.  ])  predominatta,     Penetralioa 


Crystals  of  Boracite. 
twin*  with  a  tetrahedron  face  as  twin-plane  are  umetiiW) 
observed.  The  eiystals  vary  from  translucent  to  transparent, 
are  possessed  ol  a  vitreous  lustre,  and  are  colourless  or  white, 
though  often  tinged  with  grey,  yellow  or  great.  Ite  hardness  is 
*ahighai?onMohj' scale;  specilicgravilyjo.  As  first  observed 
by  R.  J.  Hally  in  i;gi,  tlie  crystals  are  markedly  pyroclectlic; 
a  cube  when  heated  becomes  piMiiivcly  electrified  on  four  ol  its 
oomen  and  acgatiTdy  on  tbe  loui  apposite  oomen.    In  a 


BORAGE— BORAGINACEAE 


cry*Ul  facb  u  reprewnled  In  £C-  Ji  tbe  uuUei  snd  dull  iMn- 
hcdril  Steal  intitiuicd  >t  ihc uulogoiu poles (Bhich  become 
pmilively  electii£cd  when  tho  aysuL  ii  heated],  aod  the  Urter 
and  brijfat  tetrobcdnl  facn  j'  il  :be  anLLlogous  poles. 
The  cbanclen  »  <u  CDumeratcd  lie  elricil)'  in  ai 
with  cubic  lymmeliy ,  but  wben  a  Fiytiil  ii  eumiuR]  in 
light,  it  iriU  be  (Hn  to  be  doubly  leCncting,  ai  wai  £nt  obtetvcd 
by  Sir  Divid  Bnwuet  in  iSii. 
lamelUe,  and  ■  diviiion  into  deGnite  areai  whicb  are  optically 
biaxial.  By  cutting  lectiona  in  luitable  dinclioni,  il  may  be 
proved  that  a  rhombic  dodecahcdnl  cryital  is  really  built  up  ol 
twelve  orthoibombic  pynmids,  th«  apico  of  which  n 
nnirt  and  the  buses  coincide  with  ifae  doduahedrsl  fi 
compound  Ipitudo-cubic)  crystaL  Ctyslali  of  other  fi 
other  types  ol  intenul  tinicttitc.  When  Ibe<iyi>ais  j 
these  optical  chaiacten  change,  and  at  a  temperature  ol  16^" 
the  cryslali  suddenly  become  oplicalJy 
bowevei,  thecompleiily  ol  iDletnalsIiucI 
eiplanations  have  been  oBeied  la  account  far  iheee  "  eplical 
anomalies  "  of  handle.  Some  observen  have  attributed  them 
to  alteration,  others  to  internal  atraioa  in  the  crystals,  which 
onginally  grew  as  truly  cubic  at  a  temperature  above 
would,  however^  appear  thai  there  are  really  two  1 
modiCcslions  of  the  boradte  lubslaoce,  a  cubic  m< 
■Isblr  above  16  s'  and  an  orlborbombic  (or  moDodiiuc) 
at  a  lower  lempentuie.  This  is  strictly  analogous  (a  1 
silver  iodide,  of  which  cubic  and  rbombohedral  ma 
exisl  at  different  temperatures^  but  whereas  rbombohedral  as 
well  ai  pseudo-cubic  crystals  of  silver  iodide  iiodyritel  art 
known  in  nature,  only  pieudo-cubtc  crysUis  of  boracile  have  as 

Chemically,  boradte  i<  a  Diignoium  borate  and  cbloridt  with 
the  formula  MgiOiBiiOH.  A  usall  amount  of  iron  is  sometiines 
present,  and  an  imn-boradle  with  half  llie  magseiium  replaced 
by  ferrous  iron  has  been  called  huysMnite.  The  mineral  is  in- 
soluble in  walei.  but  soluble  in  hydrochloric  add.  On  cipoiutc 
it  is  liable  to  ilow  alteration,  owing  to  the  absorption  of  water 
by  the  jnagBciium  chloride:   an  altered  fom  ia  known  as 

In  addit»o  to  embedded  crystals,  a  massive  variety,  known  as 
(tasslurtite.  occurs  as  nodules  in  the  salt  deposits  at  Slassfurt  In 
Prussia:  thai  from  the  camallilc  layer  is  compact,  resembling 
fine-grained  matblf ,  and  white  or  greenish  in  colour,  whilst  that 
from  Ihe  kainite  layer  is  soft  and  earthy,  and  yello  wicb  oi  reddish 
in  colour.  (L.  J,  5.) 

BOBAQR  (pronounced  like  "  courage  ";  possibly  from  Lal. 
iwro,  rough  hair),  a  herb  (Btrago  iffdnalii)  with  bright  blue 
flowers  and  hairy  leaves  and  stem,  considered  10  have  some 
virtue  as  a  cordial  and  a  tebrltugei  used  ai  an  iil(redielit  in 

BORAOIHACEAS,  an  order'  of  ptanls  belonging  to  tbc  sym- 
petalous tcctioo  of  dicolyledans,  and  a  member  of  the  scries 
TubiOorae.  Il  is  represented  in  Britain  by  buglou  (EiAi'iin) 
(fig.  1).  comlrey  {Symfkylym),  tfy«olii,  hounds-longue  (Cyoe- 
ttauum)  (Bg.  1),  and  other  genera,  while  borage  [Boiaie  a^ci- 
nalii)  (fig.  j)  occurs  as  a  garden  escape  in  waste  ground.  The 
vugh-haired 


shrubby  0 
tiofiical  01 
alternate,  ate  usually  ei 


sub-lropkaL     The   li 


n  Csrtfio  and  EAnlia, 


vhich  are 
:    generally 


ia  (lungwort)  and  Cynoj/enicm,  differ 

limes  heaii-shiped.  A  characleristic  feature  is  Ihe  one-sided 
(rfdriiKnfro/)  inflorescence,  well  illustrated  in  fcrget-me-nol  and 
other  species  of  UyeulU;  Ihe  cyme  ia  at  Gnt  closely  coiled, 
becuming  uncoiled  as  the  flowers  open.  At  the  same  time  there 
is  oiien  a  change  in  colour  in  the  fiowen,  which  are  red  in  bud, 
becoming  blue  u  they  cifiand,  as  in  Uyoulii,  EMum,  Sym- 
piyfa*  and  others.  Tbi  flowen  ace  generally  regular;  the 
form  ol  the  corolla  varies  widely.  Thus  in  borage  It  is  rotate, 
tubular  in  comlrey.  Eunnel-shspecl  in  bounds-toDgue,  and  salver- 
tbaped  in  tlkancl  iAmkiuc);    the  throat  it  often  closed  by 


teals-like  oulgrowthi  from  the  eonlli,  iMnUig  the  MKaUad 
'orena.  A  departure  from  the  usual  ngukr  condk  oocun  in 
^iliiiK  and  a.few  allied  genen,  vheie  it  b  obliquei  In  Ljafiu 

KolU.    Tbe  ovary,  of  two  carpels,  is  sotted  on  a  ring-like  disk 


Fio,  I.-Viper' 

Biitloa(Scih 

— -fer, 

about  |n 

1.  site. 

r.  Single  Bo-er 

about 

ia(.  aiM.  «.  Calyi 

a.  Cc^lIaspUl 
3.  Calyx. 

opes. 

'■^^ 

pan    of 

calyx  cut 

4.  Pi«il. 

«.Two 

S.  Onewraeo. 

9.  Same 

enlarged. 

hich  secretes  honey. 

Each 

carpel  becomes  d>v 

ded  by  . 

four 

portioas, 

eadi  com 

aining  nu 

vule;  the  style 

firings 

from 

thecenttt 

of  the  group  of  lout 

The  Bowen  show  well-marked  adaptation  (1 

hdr  caloui  and  tendency  to 
Ihe  presence  of    honey,    serve    to 
attract  iosecti.     The  scules  around 
the   throat   of  the  corolla  protect 
the  pollen  and  honey  from  net  or 

--■  -irable  visitors,  and   by  their 

olla-lobes,  as  b  ,tbe 

'  position  of  the  he 
genera  the  fruit  coi 
seeded  nullets,  generally 

The  shape  of  the  nutlet 

hus  In  LiAesptrmum  th'i 

■e  hard  like  a  stone,  in      . 

lually    polijiied,    tn    CynoHeis 

ivcrcd  with  bristles,  it  puj.  3._( 

The    order    is   w^idely  tpmi  in  of  Fmget-mc-not ;  {1}  ripe 
■mperalc  and  tropical  regions,  and  Imiis- 
>ntiins  E;  genera  with  about  ixn  spedei.    Its  chief  centre 

the  UcdilctraDcao  rcgioD,  wbcoce  'a,  dleads  over  ccnti^ 


Eawpt frf Aih, tutomlng bw fnq«ait nonhwwli.    AniMller 
ccntR  (Kcan  on  the  Piciftc  tide  oi  North  AmcricL    Tbewdcr 
Ii  la*  developed  In  tlic  Muth 
"IIk  oidcT  ii  o(  h'ttk  cconoi 


BORAS— BORDAGE 

■d^vMoahr. 


tbc  imu  field  purpte  or  biowD  dim.  u  in  AJiamm  liatifria 
(alkiDd).  HcUoiropa  ix  ckeny-fw  (if rfHM^tMW  fantHHUM} 
i>  ■  »elI-kiiomi  fidea  pluk 

BOKAI.  ■  tan  of  Swedea,  in  tin  dUlrict  lUm)  of  Eltabon, 
45D.  EalCaUKnbiintaynil,Mitbt(ivuViik*.  Pop.  (iSSo) 
47iji  (1900)  ij,aj7'  It  nuiu  ainoiv  tbe  fint  lirclva  town* 
in  Sweden  both  in  popuhlion  tad  in  Iht  vthie  of  iti  naoulac. 
luring  induilriei.  Thew  ir  prinopilly  teilile,  ■*  Llien  ui 
Diuneroui  cottoB  tptDning  and  weaving  mUl),  lafclbcr  wilb  a 
leclinieal  weaving  icbool.  Hii  Iowa  wu  (Ouuled  in  ifijiby 
King  Guilavui  Adolpbua, 

BOHAZ  (Bdium  pyroboiaK  or  Kxllum  bibonte),  Na,B,Oi, 
a  nibaUEict  whkh  Ippcan  in  commem  under  [wo  foims, 
nantly  "ammoa"  m  primiitic  bom.  NaiBiOi'lOHiO,  and 
"  jcwelten' "  or  additdnl  bont,  NhBiOi'SHiO.  II  ii  to  be 
Doted  llial  the  lerm  "  bona  "  »u  uicd  by  the  akbemisti  in  1 
very  vague  manner,  and  ia  thtrdora  not  to  be  taken  ai  meaning 
the  wbstaDce  new  jpccifinUy  koown  by  the  canie.  Ptisioatic 
botaibfannd  widely  dlilribuledaianaluialpniduct  (ice  below, 
Uinaiiliti)  in  Tibet,  and  In  Canada,  Fern  and  Transylvania, 
■bile  the  bed  of  Bonui  Uke,  near  Clear  Lake  in  Calilomia, 
ii  occupied  by  a  large  mav  o(  cryilaUiied  borax,  which  it  £l 
(or  tne  by  the  auayer  withotil  undeitoing  any  preliningry 
purification.  Tbe  lupply  ol  boni  b,  however,  mainly  derived 
'  i-t--' — id  of  Tuscany,  which  '  '       ■'  '       - 


ifKdIui 


method  i>  lo  dimlve  lodiuni  carbonate  in  lead-lined  ilsim- 
heated  pini,  and  add  the  boric  add  gtadualjy;  the  lolulion 
then  being  conccnlraled  unlU  the  borax  ciyslalUua.  Borai 
is  alio  prepared  from  the  naturally  occurring  cakiuna  borate, 
which  ia  mind  in  a  finely  divided  condition  with  the  requiiite 
qoiniity  of  loda  aah;  the  niiiion  ii  [used,  eilncled  with  water 
and  concentrated  until  the  aolution  commcnca  to  cryilalliie. 

Fnun  ■  ■DOmtumted  aqiHOni  lolutlon  of  >■ 

hydrate,  Na.B,O,.aH,0.  i>  depovted  wl 


meh^ 


ullonb 


of  I  'I4A  anirihi 

bdnualrd  bet'  ..     . ... .. 

deahvdnle  a>  ordingry  boiai,  NaiBiO,-  lOKA.  ii. 

of  ordinaiy  boiH  tweduplo a  v< 


The  iryMah  of  oclahnl«l  boraj  In 
an  prefenUe  kr  igUeriRi  or  Hiuiii 


>ldering  dtpendi  0 


•okter  only  adherea  10  the  wrfi 

quenlty  a  lit  lie  borax  ii  placed  00  inemmce  01  me  metal  ano  heatca 
by  ibeaoldcrina  iron  in  order  ID  remove  any  tuperliciBi  filin  of  oiide. 
Ii  iialeo  uied  lot  gluing  pottery,  in  glau-naking  and  the  glaiing 

hydrotytie  dii 

litmua  red.  the  BJIculiDn  ol  a  large  volume  01  water  to  the  lol 
change!  Ike  colour  back  10  Uuf  i^n.     The  berk  aekl  being  id 


343 

lO  OMMtai  o(  Mon  Ian  wUlM 
imdBccd  bjf  tbe  bydidyeu  ooaiianei) 

10,  being  a  "  eirong  tuiae/'  ii  highly 
ivriy  targe  amount  of  hydnnyl  mti. 


Uimrahty. — Tbe  Tibetan  mlacial  deporit)  have  been  known 
■ince  very  early  limei,  and  fonneily  tbe  crude  nuterial  wai 
exported  to  £unpe,  under  the  name  of  b'acni,  for  the  preparation 
ol  pure  bocu  ami  other  boron  lalta.  Tbe  mow  weMerJy  oi  the 
Tibetan  depoaltiateinthelake-piainofPugbaai  tbe  Kulangcbu, 
a  tifbuiary  of  the  Indai,  at  an  devationol  i;,oooft.:  ben  tin 
Impure  borax  {M*a(o)  oceiin  over  an  area  of  about  t  i^  m., 
and  It  covered  by  >  Biiue  eSDietcoicei  luccewlve  cnu 
are  lAiained  by  tb«  aaion  ol  laJo  and  izuiw 
evaporation.  Depoalta  ol  poier  material  {tM  lull  or  * 
bomi)  occur  at  tbe  lakei  of  Radok,  dtnated  to  iIk  eatt  ol  tM 
Pngha  dislikt;  alao  Mttl  farther  to  the  eaji  at  tbs  great  lake* 
Tengri  Nor,  north  <tf  Utau,  and  acteral  oibcr  placet.  Uott 
recently,  the  eiteatfvc  depoati  of  bnatei  (chleSy,  however, 
ol  caldum;  aee  ComuRiTx)  fal  the  Mobave  dnert  on  the 
borden  of  Caliromlt  and  Nevada,  and  in  the  Aiacama  deaen 
in  South  America,  have  been  the  chief  comoierciBl  tmirca  ol 
boron  compound!.  The  boron  contained  intotution  in  tbe 
aali  lakn  hat  very  probably  been  mpplicd  by  hot  tptingt  and 
■ollatarai  of  volcanic  origin,  lurh  u  Iboie  which  at  the  prevnt 
day  charge  tbe  waten  ol  the  lagoong  in  Tuscany  with  boric  acid. 
Tbe  dcposin  fonned  by  evaporation  from  these  lakes  and  maiahei 
ortalinei,  an  mlilurei  of  borates,  virtons  alkadne  aalIt<Hidinra 
carbonate,  tulpbate,  chloride),  gypsum,  tic  In  the  mud  of  the 
lakes  and  In  the  surrounding  manby  geil  fine  iulaled  ciyilalt 
ol  borax  are  frequently  found.  For  eiample,  cryitals  up  to  7  in. 
in  length  and  weighing  a  pound  each  have  been  lovnd  in  large 
numbers  at  fioiai  Lake  In  Lake  county,  and  at  Bom  Lake  in 
San  Bernardino  county,  both  in  CaKlorala, 


of  the  cryUBls  being  MaiBiOi+iaHiO.    Tbe  ci^h  beknE  to  the 

Ihey  ctoaely  TM^mhr^  nwrnwru.    fa    aiNral^  /J  ,.>lrn.m     m?«u.i„,in 


if  0  perfect  cleavage  pa 
•""■Tget  parallel  to  -t— 

jlour.    Hairdnns  j-aj ;  ip.  gr-  i-do-t^i' 

thcTbnt  eumpib'The  opik  firiire  Ken   in  amvcigent 

polariaed  light  through  a  acciion  cut  janllel  to  the  plane  of  aym- 
nieiry  of  a  borax  crystal  it  ■ymir"       *  " "'     " '"'  "' 


^  It  tranwarent  to  opaque  and  wb 
^X'J^n'rf  the 


iXVs 


BOBDA,  JEUI CHASLE*  (trjj-iTgg),  French  malbematldaa 
nd  nautical  astronomer,  wai  bom  si  Dax  on  the4lh  ol  May  t  jjj. 
le  studied  at  La  FUche,  and  at  an  early  age  obtained  a  cotn- 
nisson  In  the  cavalry.  In  1756  he  preiealcd  a  Ulmtin  tar  te 
wHKMriil  da  frtjmila  to  the  Academy  of  Sciences,  w' 


Hew 


!  ol  Hast 


nbeck. 


rardt  Jtdned  the  nival  tcrvlce.  He  vitiled  the 
Lnoiei  and  the  Canary  Islands,  of  wL'ch  he  conitructed  as 
dmiiable  map.  In  1781  his  fiigale  was  Uken  by  a  British 
quadnin;  he  himself  was  cairicd  to  En^nd,  but  wat  almost 
nnediately  leleaied  on  parole  and  returned  to  France.  He 
led  at  Pan's  on  the  >otb  oF  February  1799.  Borda  contributed 
long  series  of  valuable  menioiii  to  tbe  Academy  of  Sdencts. 
lis  researches  in  hydtodynamicx  were  highly  useful  for  marine 

rToved  by  him,  were  ol  great  service  In  nautical  astronomy. 
le  wu  aaioclBted  with  J.  B.  }.  Delambn  and  P.  F.  A.  Mhbam 
n  the  attempt  to  determine  an  arc  of  the  meridian,  and  the 
reater  number  of  the  initrumoits  employed  in  the  task  were 


See  J.  B.  Biet.  "  Notice 

HBDAOS.     (i)  A  nan 

planking  on  a  ship's  side 


ia  the  JfAn.  rb  FAai.  in 


J4+  BO 

tldr  conatw;  ibo  the  lenlcci  doe  faon  thoe  vflU: 
"  twrdan."  A  "  bdtdar  "  (Med  Ui.  tmnlmiu)  vu  ■  1 
wbn  obtained  k  cottage  from  hii  lotd  in  [ctuin  tor  meniil  Ki 
(fit  Villbmaoe). 

■ORDUUZ,  m  dly  of  uulli-iRitcni  Fnnce,  eipitii  ol  the 
dqwiUieat  of  Giiwide.  iS9  m.  S.S.W.  ol  Puis  bj  ■  main  line 
of  tlw  (Mfan  nilwty  ud  159  m.  N.W.  ol  ToulouK  on  (be  main 
Um  of  t^  Southeni  nilwar.  Pop,  (i«o6)  ijr.TOf'  Bordeaui, 
one  of  the  fincit  aod  nHsl  citeniive  dlici  b  Fance,  it  filiated 
OB  the  left  or  rat  tank  ol  Uu  Caroone  about  60  m.  baa  tlie 
aea.  In  a  plain  which  ooapdMa  the  wine-gniiringdatricltfMMoc. 
The  Garonne  at  tbs  point  deacribca  a  HBiidide,  icpantiDi  the 
dtr  proper  on  the  lelt  taok  fnm  the  impoitanl  nibntb  of  La 
BaitUe  oD  the  rifht  tank.  Ibc  livtr  h  attei  tqr  ibe  Font 
de  Bordani,  a  fine  ilooe  (tructBie  ol  the  early  igtb  cenlDiy, 
meanrini  iJMft-  !n  Icngtb,  and  by  >  i*il*>y  brid|e  connecting 
the  itatioa  at  the  Orltam  ntlimv  company  in  I^  Baatide 
irith  that  oF  tta  Souiliein  company  00  Um  kit  banL  Looking 
weit  Inm  ihe  Pont  de  fiordeauii,  the  view  embraces  a  cnscent 
of  wide  and  btuy  qnayi  with  a  tackgroond  ol  lolly  wanhooMi, 
raCIorle*  and  man^oni,  bdkind  whkb  riw  lowm  and  steeplo. 
lUmoit  at  the  centre  of  the  line  e(  qii*T)  >i  the  FUce  del  QiiD- 
concn,  nnnd  whicb  lie  Ibe  nairow.  winding  ilneU  in  which  Ihe 
lUe  of  (ta  ciiy  is  concentrated.  Outside  thit  <|uailci,  whicb  con- 
tain! moM  of  tlie  important  buildiDgl.  Ihe  ttteeu  are  nirrow  and 
quiet  and  bordered  by  the  low  while  housn  which  at  Boideaui 
take  the  place  ol  the  hi^  IiMwmeDt$  characteriitic  of  other  large 
French  towns.  The  whoie  city  h  Kurrounded  by  a  semidrdo 
of  boulevardi,  beyond  wliich  lie  the  suWrba  ol  Le  BouMat, 
QiudiramMtrigniir.TaienceaiidBiglei.  The  principal  prome- 
nade* are  sifuaied  close  logeiher  near  the  centre  ol  Ibe  ciiy, 
Ihey  comprise  Ihe  beiatiiul  public  pirden,  the  alien  de  Touiny 
and  Ibe  Place  des  QuiDConcei.  The  latlcr  is  planted  with  plane 
Ireei,  among  which  stand  two  huge  sUiua  ol  Moattigne  and 
Hontoquien.  and  terminiles  upon  the  quuys  with  two  rostral 
columili  which  serve  as  lighlhousei.  On  in  west  side  there  is 
a  monument  to  the  Cirondin  deputies  piosctibed  undci  the 

Quinconcei  opens  into  the  Ptacr  de  la  ComHie,  which  oontaina 
the  Grand  Thtttre  (iBlh  century),  the  masterpiece  ol  the  archi- 
tect Wclor  Louis.  ThcPlaccdeliConi*il:e,lh(ccntfeofbusuKis 
in  BordcBUi,  b  traversed  by  a  street  whicb,  under  the  names  ol 
Cours  du  Chapeau-Rouge,  rue  de  I'lntendance  and  nie  JudaKpie, 
runslromthePUcedelaBoui^and  thequaidelaDouaneon  the 
east  to  the  outer  boulevards  on  the  west.  Another  important 
tborou^fare,  the  rue  Sainie  Cslhfrine,  runt  at  tight  angles  to 
the  rue  de  t'lntcndance  and  enlen  the  Place  de  la  ComSdie 
on  the  tooth.  The  Pont  de  Bofdcaui  ii  continued  by  the 
Cours  Victor  Hugo,  a  curved  street  crotaing  the  rue  Sainte 
Catherine  and  levJing  to  Ihe  cathedra]  olStAodri.  ThisChuich, 
dating  Iron  the  iitb  to  the  14th  centuries,  is  a  building  in  the 
Gothic  sl^  with  certain  Koraanesque  icstuna,  chief  unong 
which  an  the  arches  in  the  nave.  It  consiiU  ol  a  Urge  nave 
without  aisles,  a  transept  at  ihe  eitrrmiila  of  which  aie  the 
main  entrances,  and  a  dh^r,  flanked  hy  double  aisles  and  chapels 
and  coolaining  many  works  of  art.  Boih  Ihe  north  and  south 
facades  an  richly  decoiated  with  sculpture  and  statuary.  01 
the  fc«r  towers  flanking  the  principal  portals,  only  those  to  the 
north  an  lurmounled  by  spires.  Neu  the  cb^r  stands  an 
isdated  tower.  It  contalos  Ibe  ffet,t  bell  d  Ihe  cathedral  and 
ia  known  as  tta  Clocbei  IVy-Becland,  after  the  archbishop  of 
Bordeaui  lAo  erected  it  In  the  isth  ctnlury.  Of  the  numerous 
other  churches  of  Bordeaux  the  moM  notable  an  St  Seurin  (nth 
to  the  I  stb  centuries),  with  a  iicly  sculptured  southern  porut; 
Sie  Cr^  (i>th  and  ijlh  centuries),  ntnarkabte  lor  ila  Bctnan- 
esqoe  facade;  and  St  Micbd,  a  fine  Gothic  buDding  of  the  ijth 
and  t6ih  centuries.  The  bell  tower  ol  St  Michd,.*hidi  baa  the 
highest  ti^n  (]54  ft)  in  the  south  d  France,  data  from  Ihe 
end  of  the  tsth  century,  and,  like  that  ol  the  cathedral,  sUnds 
apart  from  its  church.  The  palace  ol  the  Faculties  of  Science 
and  el  Letters  (ilt<-itB6)  contains  the  tomb  of  Michel  de 
Hontalgne.  Thepnleclni«,thehUeIdevIIW,ttabo«fteandlta 


coUn^Mme  brtoBs  to  the  t jtk  cttMqr.  nHaw-MatttMd 
the  iMspital  of  St  Audit  (the  (ouodation  U  vUch  daua  bom 
1390)  belong  to  the  Bat  ball  of  tta  igth  Mntnry.  Of  ptatv 
antiqaaiian  inlaest  is  tta  Palab  Callicn.  rilMtcd  near  tbd 
public  suden,  consiuini  of  femaisa  of  lolty  arcades,  multioi 
and  fragments  of  wall,  which  enoe  focmed  part  of  a  Konaa 
amphitheato.  Botdeau  lost  ill  fortificationt  in  tta  18th  cen- 
tury, but  four  of  Ihe  old  gateways  or  tiinmplial  arches  bdongusg 
to  ttat  period  sUn  rtoiaiB.  Still  older  are  the  Pole  de  CaChaa, 
once  tta  entrance  to  tta  Palais  de  I'OmbciiR,  iridcb  before  its 
destruction  was  tta  residence  of  tta  dake  of  Aquitaine,  and  tta 
Forte  de  I'Hatel  de  Ville,  tta  fdnnei  of  Ihe  15th,  tta  latUr  d  Ita 

Bordeaux  is  tta  seat  of  an  archlusbap,  tta  beadquaitei*  of 
tta  XVni.  army  corps,  tta  centre  d  an  aiodlmii  (educational 
division)  and  tta  seat  ol  a  court  of  appeal.  A  court  of  assiui 
is  held  there,  and  there  an  tribunals  ol  £nt  inilince  and  ol 
coBuneice,  a  conncfl  ol  trade-arbilraiors,  a  chamber  ol  conmcKa 
andabrancbolttaBankof  Ptance.  ItscducalkDitlimiiiiiileni 
Inchide  faculties  ot  law,  ol  science,  of  letlei*  and  of  mcdIdiK 
and  pharmacy,  a  faculty  ol  Catholic  thaology,  lyctea,  lialains 
coltegrs,  *  hi^er  school  of  coounem,  a  chair  of  a^lndlun,  a 
school  of  .fine  art  and  a  naval  Bcbod  cf  Badtfatt.    IkeB  an 

The  trade  ef  Bordeaux,  tta  fourth  port  In  Fiance,  ii  chklly 
carried  on  by  sea.  Ita  port,  j}  m.  long  and  on  Ita  average  jjo 
yds.  wide,  is  lonned  hy  tta  basin  al  Ita  Garonne  and  is  divided 
into  two  portioDg  by  tta  Pont  de  Bordeaux.  Ttat  10  tta  south 
is  med  only  by  small  craft;  that  to  tta  north  is  accessible  to 
vessels  dmwing  liom  ai  to  >6  fL  according  to  tta  stale  ol  Ita 
tide.  .From  1000  10  isoo  vessels  can  ta  accommodated  in  tta 
tarhour,  which  a  lined  on  both  sides  by  quays  and  sloping 
wharves  served  l^  railway  lines.  At  the  nnttan  extremity 
of  Ita  harbour,  on  tta  kit  hank,  there  is  a  Boating  batb  of  ij 
acrr^  In  extent,  capable  ol  receiving  tta  largest  veasds;  it  haa 
over  iQOD  yds.  ol  quays  and  is  fumiabed  with  a  repairing  dock 
and  with  elaborate  machtnery  for  tta  loading  and  unloading  of 
goods.  In  i<)07  Ita  conslruction  of  new  dotb  behind  this  basin 
was  begun.  IhecilymainlainacDminefcialnlationBWiihiiaatly 
all  countries,  bM  chiefly  with  Gtcal  Brilain,  Spain.  Argentina, 
Portugal  and  tta  United  Sutcs.  The  mast  iraportsni  line  of 
steanteis  using  tta  port  k  tta  South  AmericsD  service  d  the 
McBsageries  MaHtimcs.  Hk  total  value  ol  tta  exports  and 
imports  of  Bordeaui  aveiagci  between  15  and  16  mil licats sterling 
yearly.  Of  this  amount  eiporls  mike  up  13)  millions,  of  which 
Ita  sales  of  wine  bring  in  about  one  quarter.  Tta  dty  is  Ita 
centre  of  Ita  trade  in  "  Bordeaui "  wines,  and  tta  wtoe^ellari 
□I  tta  quays  are  one  oi  Its  prindpd  si^ls,  Ottai  principal 
exports  are  hnndy,  hides  and  skins,  sugar,  rice,  wocdlOD  and 
collon  goods,  tall-fish,  chemicals.  oil-cilK,  pitwood,  fruit, 
potatoes  and  other  vegelaUcs.  The  chiel  imports  are  wool, 
fish,  limber,  riu,  wine,  rubber,  coal,  dl-ffiins,  hirdware, 
agricultural  and  oiber  machinery  and  dicinlctts.  A  laige  Beet 
is  annuity  dapatcbed  10  the  cod-fitberies  el  Ncwfotmdand  and 
Iceland.  Tta  most  Imporianl  industry  is  ship-building  and  re- 
Jittlng.  Irondads  ind  loipedo-boats  as  WeQ  as  merduiBt  vcsids 
ue  conslcucled,  Biulwiy  cutiages  arc  also  built.  The  industtiet 
subsidiary  to  tta  wine-trade,  such  as  winc-minng,  cooperage  and 
tta  making  ot  bottles,  cocks,  cipaides,  tiisw  envelopes  and 
wooden  cases,  occupy  many  hands.  Ttaie  are  also  Bour-miOs, 
su^r-iefineries,  breweries,  dstillerics,  oQ-wotkt,  cod-drying 
works,  manufactories  ot  canned  and  preserved  Iruits,  vegetables 
and  meat,  and  d  cbocolale.  Chemicals,  leather,  iton-wste. 
machinery  and  polte^  are  manufactured,  and  a  tobacco  factory 
employs  1 500  tands. 

Bordeaui  [Siirdi{ala)  was  caiginaliy  tta  chief  town  of  Ita 
Blluriges  VIvitd.  Under  tta  Roman  empin  il  becams  a 
flourishing  commercial  dty,  and  in  tta  4lh  century  it  was  made 
the  capital  of  Aquitania  Secunds.  Ausoniui,  a  writer  of  tta  4th 
canluy,  who  was  a  hatlve  of  tta  place,  describes  it  as  foui^quan 


BOROEN— BORDERS 


■id  ntmaadcd  vltli  nlli  umI  lofty  tovcn,  ud  oekbram  iU 

inqMiUnce  u  one  ol  Ihc  gnitnl  inluaiiaDaJ  cintrs  of  CiuL 
In  ihccvili  that  raulicd  fiom  ttw  disinie(iaiioiio[thecmpii« 
Bonlcuii  had  iU  lull  stun,  vid  did  iiai  recover  in  pioipci' 
tin  the  bcgiimiDs  ot  ihc  lath  ceniucy.     Along  with  Cuknni 
IxtUDced  (0  Ihc  English  kings  Tor  aaciy  ihrn  hundrcil  yean 
<Ii54-i4M),udwai[<iri  limcibeicalol  Ihebriiliant  courL    ' 
Ednid  ibe  Black  Prion,  fhme  un  Richard  wu  bom  in  i 
diy.    Ad  eileiuive  cnmaaa  »u  gradually  devck^Kil  bciwc 
tbe  Boideaui  iBctchantsaod  their  lellow-sibtKis  in  England, 
London,  Hull,  Enter,  QaiUnouIb.Bnblol  and  Cbntei  being  t 
principthLponiwith  which  they  tradfd.    The  English odmjniati 
lion  wai  bvoonble  to  the  libeilin  u  »ell  u  (e  the  trade  of  I 
city.    In  uj;  it  rcctivHl  tbe  nghl  o(  electing  its  uayon,  wi 

ewodl.  The  inHuencc  oi  Bonlcaui  wu  ttill  (urthei  inaeaiid 
irhfD  Kveral  trnportanr  ton'ni  of  tbe  region,  aaioDg  them  St 
Emilioo  and  Uboumc,  united  in  a  {edciation  undcc  iu  kadenhip. 
The  dEfBit  of  the  English  at  the  ballle  of  Caslillon  in  1453  was 
folloned,  a[tei  i  licgc  of  three  monlbi,  by  the  lubniisuan  of 
Bordcaur  to  Chailn  VII.  The  privileges  of  the  dty  were  at  once 
Quiailrd,  and  uen  only  partially  rcslond  und«  Umia  XL,  oho 
ettabliihcd  Ibere  the  parlcment  of  Guienne,  In  ijtS  the  in- 
habitanu  Rusted  the  imposition  ot  the  lall-isi  by  force  of  semi, 
■  rebellion  for  wbich  they  were  punished  by  the  (aostable  Anne 
de  Monlmonncy  iTiih  nennlns  KVerliy. 

The  reformed  religion  found  numerous  adherents  at  Bordeaux, 
and  alter  the  massacre  of  S(  Bartholomew  nearly  three  hundred 
of  its  inhabitants  lost  their  lives.  Tho  i7tfa  cenluiyvas  a  period 
of  diilutbauce.    The  cilynasfori  time  tbe  chief  support  of  the 


oreprs 


usaaaii 


In  the  r 


Ictivily  for  Bonlnui,  the  marquis  dc  Tourny,  tBlraianl  of 

and  laying  out  public  squares.  It  aas  the  headquarters  of  the 
Girondists  at  the  Revolution,  and  during  the  Reign  ol  Terror 
tufferfd  ahnosl  as  severely  as  Lyons  and  Maitf  jlie&.  In  com- 
mHcewasgreatlyieducedunderNipoteonL  In  1S14  ft  declared 
for  the  house  of  Bourbon;  and  Louii  XVIII.  afterwards  pve 
Jhe  title  of  due  de  Bordeaux  (0  hif  grand .ne^^w,  belter  known 
as  the  comte  de  Chambord.  In  1S70  the  French  goveromcDt  wa* 
tiansferred  to  Bordeaux  from  Tours  on  tbe  approach  of  the 
Gercuns  to  Ibe  Utter  dty. 

Sk  CamDIe  Julllan.  Uiu.  ii  Brrinat.  drMii  fei  trithmjiaam't* 
iSos  (Baideaui.  iSosJc  T.  MilvEiin,  HiU.  in  cammmtit  BgritniKi 
(Bordeaux,  1S91);  Berdram,  apercii  kiilatiqxt,  ul,  tattdatim,  in- 
dmOu.  ammcrci.  admmiilralion  (Dordeaui,  1691). 


Hay  1E47-    He 
■t  Harvard  Uni 


FHEDEIUCX  WILLIAH  [1S47-  ),  Can 
wmal  Gimwallis.  Nova  Scotia,,  on  tbe  1. 
wai  educated  at  Ring's  College,  Windsor 


rapracl 


tB,     Ini87ihewaselecUdlotheCai 
parliament  as  Liberal  member  for  King's  ooUDly.    In  1&96  he 
became  minister  of  miliTiaanddefencetnthcLiberalmini&try. 

BORDEH.  ROBERT  LAIRD  (1854-  ),  Canadian  statesman, 
nsbomac  Gnnd  Prf,  Nova  SailJa,on  the  i6th  ol  June  1854. 
Id  1B78  he  vai  oiled  to  the  bar,  and  became  a  leading  lawyer  In 
bis  native  province.  In  189$  he  was  elected  to  the  Canadian 
pailianient  for  the  dty  of  Halifax,  but  later  lost  bis  teat  there 
SDdwaselectcdforCatltoa.  In  February  1901,  on  the  resignaiion 
of  Sir  Charles  Tuppei,  he  becinie  leader  of  the  Conservative 
fipposition.  At  the  general  election  of  igoS  be  was  relumed 
again  for  Halifax. 

BOBDKHTDWW,  a  city  of  BurUngton  county,  New  Jeney, 
VSA.,  on  the  E.  bank  of  the  Delaware  rivet,  6  m.  S.  of  Trenton 
■nd  iS  m.  N.E.  of  Philadelphia.  Pop.  (1S90)  4131;  (igoo) 
4110;  Ujoj)  4"7JJ  (1910)  4150-  Ilisserved  by  the  Penniyl- 
vmik  nilway.  the  Camden  &  Tienion  railway  (an  ckclrie  line, 
farming  part  ol  the  line  between  Huladelpbil  and  New  York) 
and  by  frdgbt  and  pasiMget  steamboat  tines  on  the  Delaware, 
Botdeatown  ii  attractively  •iliuttd  on  a  bnid,  level  pUd.Aj  ft. 


above  the  river,  with  wide,  bcaulifnily  shaded  Mttiti.    Tbe  dty 

is  the  seat  of  the  BardcDlown  Miliury  Insiituie  (with  the  Wood- 
ward menurial  library],  of  tbe  state  nwniial  irainiac  and 
industrial  Khool  fat  coloured  youth,  of  the  Si  Joseph'*  isnvent 
and  nwlher-house  of  Uie  Sisters  of  Mercy,  and  of  St  Joseph's 
aademy  for  girls.  Then  are  ilip-yaids,  iron  foundries  and 
forges,  machine  shops,  shirt  factories,  a  potleiy  lor  llie  maau- 
facture  of  sanitary  earthenware,  a  woollen  imll  and  canning 
ladoties.  The  htii  selileia  on  (he  ajte  ot  the  city  were  several 
Quaker  Limilie*  who  tame  in  ibe  iSth  century.  Bordcniowa 
was  laid  out  by  Joseph  Botden,  tB  wtmc  honour  it  was  namedi 

1S49,  and  was  chartered  as  >  city  in  igfr;.  It  wis  Ibe  home  for 
some  yean  of  Francis  Hopkinionandof  his  son  Jo*eph  Hopiun- 
SDQ  (whose  residences  are  still  standing),  and  fivn  iBr7  to  iA3f 
and  in  iSjy-iSj^  was  tbe  bome  of  Joseph  Bonaparte,  eiiing 
of  Spain,  wiio  lived  on  a  bandsanKCalaU  knows  aa  "  BoBBpartc's 
Park,"  which  be  laid  ma  with  tonsidetabk  magnificence.  Hera 
he  enlertsined  many  disiinguished  viiit«s,  inchidipg  Lafayette. 
The  Icgialaluie  of  New  Jersey  passed  a  apedal  law,  enaUing  him, 
as  an  alien,  to  own  real  property,  and  it  is  said  to  have  been  in 
reference  to  Ibis  that  the  state  received  its  nickname  "  Spain." 
Prince  Napoleon  Lucien  Charles  Uuial,  the  second  ton  of 

known  as  "Irtmsides"  was  long  the  home  of  Rear<Admiral 
Charles  Stewart.  The  Camden  &Aaboy  railway,  begun  in  iSjt 
and  completed  from  Bordentown  to  South  AnJioy  (34  m.)  in 
TS31,  was  one  of  the  fine  nulwaya  in  the  Unlled  Suieii  in 
September  i£ji  the  famous  engine  "Johtmy  Bull,"  built  in 
England  and  imported  tor  this  railway,  had  its  first  trial  at 
Bonlentown,  and  a  monutnent  now  marks  the  site  when  the  Gnt 

ails  were  laid. 
S«  £.  M.  Woodwitd.  Bwaapmrti-i  Ptit  cud  Ht  llMtaU  rTrcatofi. 

879). 
BORDERS,  THE,  a  nune  ai^Iied  10  the  territory  on  both  sides 
of  the  boundary  line  between  En^nd  and  Scotland.    The  term 

.  meat  frequently  employed  oi  Ibe  Scottish  side.    The  line 


tervlck.  and. 

after 

running  a  short  dislacce 

W.andS.,  nach^ 

he  Tn«d  nca 

tihe 

viilage  of  Pailon,  vh 

ncei 

keep,  to  Ihe 

just 

beyond  C»ih»m.     Then 

itstrikesaifS.S.E. 

to  the  Cheviot 

Hills 

the  watershed  of  which 

he  boundary. 

whic 

is  thereafter  formed  bv 

serle 

BeUsBum.  Ih 

Kershope,  Ijddel  and  Esk. 

tolb-ingibe 

last  nomed  for 

im 

10  the  Sark, 

which  U  folk.* 

lit  river't  mouth  at  ihe  head 

(  the  Solway 

'irth.    The  kmgth 

of  the  boundary  thus  d 

escrib 

'!"■<'«  ■"■' 

Ihe  North  Sea  Ibe  distance 

is  only  70  m.    At  Ihe  eitreEDe  east  end  a  small  diil  ticl  ol  8  sq.  ro., 

'  '  e  tract  nerlh-of  tbe  Tweed  which  is  nol  included 

rms  the  "  bounds  "  or  "  liberties  "  of  Berwick,  ot 

tile  borough  and  town  of  Berwick  h^ -Tweed.    At 

si  belweeo  the  Sark  and  Esk  as  far  up  the  latter 

with  the  Liddel,  there  was  a  strip  of  country,  a 

nd,"  for  generations  the  haunt  of  oultawi  and 

brigands.     This  was  oiled  the  Debatable  Land,  bcauie  ihe 

■  ■  n  between 

England  and  Scotland  until  its  boundaries  were  finally  adjusted 

The  En^ish  Border  tountiea  are  Northumberland  and 

ind,  the  Scottish  Berwick,  Roxburgh  and  Dumfries; 

istoricaJiy,  and  still  by  usage,  the  ScotlUt  shires  of 

Selkirk  and  Peebles  have  always  been  classed  as  Border  ihirei. 

On  tbe  English  aide  the  region  is  watered  by  Ihe  Till,  fiowmont, 

Coquet.  Rede  and  North  Tyne;  on  the  Scoltisb  by  the  Tweed, 

Whiteadder.  Lcet,  Kale,  Jed,  Keishope,  Liddel,  Elk  and  Sark. 

Physicilly  Iheie  a  a  marked  diSeience  between  the  country  on 

:h  side.     On  Ihe  Kuihem  It  mostly  rsnsists  of  lofty,  bleak 

mrlacd,  afTotdtog  sobsiitence  lor  iheep  and  cattle,  and  rugged 

na  and  nvinn,  while  on  the  northern  there  ore  many  slietchea 

elleitilcioii,espei:iallyinlhevalley>Bnddaka,aod(belandsape 

b  often  nmaulic  ud  htaiiti|iil    Railway  ronamnlcatioB  ia 


246 


BORDIGHERA— BORDC»^E 


IhTBUch  LiddodilE,  ihc  London  &  Nonh-Weilcrn  by  Ctiluk, 
the  North  British  branch  [rom  Bernnck  to  Si  BoiwcUi,  and 
the  North  Euum  lias  (rom  Berwick  10  Kelio,  Alntrick  to 
Coldnrani,  and  Ncwnillc  to  Carliilc. 

At  [requrnt  inlcnili  during  a  period  of  ijoo  yean  the  region 
*u  the  Kcnc  ol  itrifc  and  UnkunnL  The  Ronan  road  ol 
Walling  StR«  ciossed  the  Cbeviou  ai  Brownhartlaw  (i«64  ft.), 
dow  to  ihe  camp  ol  /U  Fina,  by  miani  or  wliich  the  wulike 
Brigantei  on  the  viuih  and  the  Cadeni  and  Otodeni  on  the  north 
•KK  held  in  check,  while  anotbei  Roman  road,  the  Wheel 
Cauwway,  pUKd  inu  Scotland  iu*r  the  heidwaten  of  the 
North  Tyne  and  Liddei.  (For  early  history  lee  LOTHuH; 
North  tnnau^  Stiathcltde.)  In  the  rjth  century  were 
loiinded  the  abbeyi  of  Hexham  and  Alnwick,  the  prioiy  church 
af  Lindidame  and  the  cathedral  ol  Cariisle  on  the  En^iih  side, 
and  on  the  Scollisk  the  abbcyi  ol  Jedburgh,  Kel»,  MrlnHC  and 
Dryburgh.  The  deaths  ol  Alelander  III,  (iiM)  and  Margjint 
the  Maid  ol  Norway  (i>oa),  whole  right  IB  the  thione  had  been 
■cfcmwlcdged,  plunged  the  (uunlty  into  the  win  o(  the  suc- 
and  imtependi 


lendy  di 


Lirb«d. 


0  repeatedly  auaited,  and  battles 
Hilidon  HiU  (]))i),  Oltertmm  {i  jM],  Niibet  {1401),  HomUdon 
(HOJ),  Piperden  (143s),  Hcitecley  Moor  (.4154),  Hodden  dsi]), 
Solway  Moss  (1J41),  and  Ancrum  Uooi  (1S44).  In  addition  to 
many  hghts  arising  out  of  family  feud)  and  raids  Fomented  by 
the  ArmsIrDngi,  Elioli,  Grahams,  Johnslones,  Maxwells  and 
other  (amiiies,  ol  which  the  most  lerioos  were  the  encounten  at 
Arkenkrime  (Langholm)  In  r4;5.  the  Raid  of  Reidswire  (1 575). 
and  the  bkxidy  combat  at  Dryfe  Sands  [ijol).  The  Engliih 
npeditionsol  1:44  and  ijis  weie  cirepiioiully  disastrous,  since 
they  involved  the  dntiuctinn  ol  the  four  Scollisb  border  abbeys. 


The  only  other  i 


ol  Roabunh, 
nl  FonRict  belongs  to  the  Covcnanlcn' 
»  of  Montrose  was  defeated  at  Philip- 
haugh  In  164J.  Partly  lor  the  defence  of  the  kingdoms  ind 
partly  to  ovnawe  the  fttebooten  and  inoadoopen  who  were 
a  perpelml  menace  to  the  peace  until  Ihcy  were  suppressed  in 
the  ijtb  century,  culls  were  tncted  at  various  pointi  on  both 
sides  of  the  border. 

Even  during  the  period  when  rekilions  between  England  and 
Scotland  were  stnined,  the  lovcreignt  ol  both  countries  irceg- 
Diad  it  to  be  their  duty  to  protect  piopeity  and  regulate  the 
lawlessness  ol  the  borders.  The  Ironlier  was  divided  into  the 
East,  Middle  and  West  Marches,  each  under  the  control  ol  an 
English  and  a  Scots  warden.  The  peats  were  generally  Hlkd  by 
eminent  and  capable  men  who  had  to  keep  the  peace,  enlotot 
punlthRHnt  (or  breach  of  the  law,  and  take  cam  that  neither 
country  encroached  on  the  boundary  of  the  oiher.  The  wardens 
utually  conlerred  once  a  year  on  mitten  of  common  InterBt, 
and  as  a  rule  their  meetings  were  conducted  in  a  Irirndly  ^iril, 
though  in  i;;j'a  display  ol  temper  led  to  tbeallalrol  the  Raid 
ol  Reidswire.  The  appainlment  was  not  only  one  ol  the  most 
important  in  this  quarter  ol  the  kingdom,  but  lucrative  as  well, 

entitled  to  ration  and  loiage  lor  his  retinue.    On  the  occasion  of 
his  hnl  public  progress  to  London,  James  I.  of  England  attended 


:b  (Man 


,  16=3)  " 


For  his  peacelul  entry  Into  his  new  domini 

blot  out  all  mcmoly  ol  the  luttrr  past,  he  lorbade  the  use  ol 

the  word  "  Borders."  hoping  that  the  designation  "  Middle 

be  dismantled  and  theii  garrisons  rcdnnd  to  nominal  strength. 
In  course  of  time  this  policy  had  the  dalred  cfreci,  though  the 
eipressbn  "Botden"  proved  too  convenienl  geographically 
10  be  dropped,  the  king's  proposed  amendment  being  In  point 
ol  Fact  merely  sentimental  and.  in  the  relative  positions  then  and 
now  of  England  and  Scotland,  meaningless.  Some  English 
ttronghotds,  such  as  Alnwick,  ChllUngham,  Ford  and  Naworih, 
have  been  modemiad;  othcn,  like  Norham,  Wark  and  Wark- 
worih,  are  picturctque  nilnsi  but^osc  of  the  Scottish  lortretses 


have  been  demoUsbed  and  tl 

represented  by  gTiss.grown  m 

ibe  landscape  is  the  chain  0 


:.  Man 


nntry 
iding  chieb,  atxd 


give  alarm  of  foray  ot 
invasion.  Early  m  the  iSlh  century  the  Scottish  gipsies  fdond  a 
congenial  home  on  the  Roibur^uhire  side  of  Ibe  Chevlota^  and 
at  a  later  period  the  Scottish  border  became  itotorioui  for  a 
hundred  yean  as  oHering  hos[»tality  to  nitiaway  couplet  who 
were  clandestinely  married  at  Gretna  Green,  Coldslnani  ot 
Lamberton.  The  toll-house  ol  Lamberton  displayed  the  follow- 
ing intimation—"  Ginger.heer  sold  here  md  tnarriages  pel* 

Border  ballads  occupy  a  distinctive  place  In  English  literature. 
Many  o(  them  were  lesCDcd  from  oblivion  by  Sir  Walter  Scott, 
who  ransacked  the  district  for  materials  for  his  Uinslrdtf  sf 
ikt  ScMisk  BuMer,  which  appealed  in  iSei  and  1S03.  Border 
traditions  and  Folklore,  and  the  pictuoesque,  paiberic  and  stirring 
incidents  of  which  the  country  was  so  often  the  scene,  appealed 
strongly  to  James  Hogg  ("  the  Etlrick  Shepherd "),  Jobs 
WilsonC  Christopher  Norih"), and  John  Mackay  Wilsan(iSo4- 
183;),  whose  ro/H  o/lite  Agnfm, published  in  iSj5,km| enjoyed 


Cc...%y°iw 


resort,  especially 


ly  (lAob);  George  Ridpath.  Bordtr  Bit 

--'--  ''"" — '-  *■"-  C«tBe  DdubUi.  Hil, 
V.  S.  rrockeii,  Ttt  i 


'"^T 


(18^1  ;W.S 


&*(( 


1  of  Ligoria,  Italy,  in  the  pnviBce  ol 
W.  oE  Genoa  by  rail,  and  ]  m.  E.N.E. 
1901)  4671.  It  is  a  lawurite  wfntet 
ton  from  England,  and  is  situated  ia 
It  has  fine  gardens,  and  its  dowen  and 
LpeciaDy  lamous:  the  former  are  largely  exported. 
Iter  serve  for  the  supi^y  of  palm  branches  for  St 
Palm  Sunday.     The  new 


1  of  the  ac 


ie  Rivier 


From  i63i  until  the  Napoleonic  period,  Boidigheis  was  the  capital 
ol  a  Small  republic  ol  the  villages  oF  the  neighbouring  valleys. 
BORDORE,  PAHIt  daos-isio),  Venetian  painter,  was  botn 
Trcviso,  and  entered  the  batUta  ol  Titian  in  1509.     Vasari,  ■ 


holds  that  he  did 


d  For 


idded  much  to  our  knowledge — 

■he  utmost  of  his 
power.  Asa  ma tterot  fact,  the  Giorgionesque  traits  in  Bordone's 
earficc  works  aredcNvcdcnllrely  from  Titian,  whom  he  Imitated 

Titian's  name.  Crowe  and  CavalcaseUe  and  Dr  Bode  aKribe 
to  Bordonc  the  "  Baptism  of  Christ  "  In  the  Capitotine  gallcty, 
but  Moielli  sees  in  it  an  early  worit  oF  Utian.  Fads  Btirdone 
subsequently  executed  many  important  muni  paintings  ia 
Venice,  Tteviso  and  Vicenia,  all  nf  which  have  peridied.  In 
I5]g  be  was  invited  to  Fiance  by  Francis  I.,  at  whose  court  he 
painted  many  portnits,  though  no  trace  ot  them  is  to  be  found 
Id  French  collections,  the  two  poiualts  at  the  Louvre  being  later 
acquisitions.  On  h^  return  Journey  he  undertook  works  of 
great  importance  lor  the  Fugger  palace  at  Augsburg,  which 
again  have  been  lojt  sight  of.  Bordone's  pictures  are  ol  very 
unequal  merit.  They  have  a  certain  nobility  Df  style,  and  that 
golden  harmony  of  colour  which  he  derived  from  Titian,  together 
with  the  realiitic  conception  of  the  human  Ugart  and  the  dignl&ed 
character  oF  his  portraiture.  On  the  other  hand,  his  nudes  are  ji 
little  coarse  in  form,  and  the  action  of  his  figures  Is  frequently 
unnatural  and  affected.  A  true  child  of  the  Renaissance,  be 
tlw  painted  a  number  of  religious  [dctuies,  numerous  mytho- 
logical scenes,  allegories,  nymphs,  cupids  and  subjects  from 
Ovid's  fables,  but  he  excelled  as  a  portraitist.  His  principal 
surviving  work  is  the  "Fisherman  and  Doge"  at  the  Venice 
Academy.  The  National  Gallery,  London,  has  a  "  Daphnis  and 
ChkK"anda  poilnit  of  a  lady,  whilst  a  "Holy  Family"  from 
his  brush  is  at  Bridgwater  House,    Other  Important  woito  of 


BORE— BORGHESE 


hii  i«  tbe  "  Midonns  "  In  tJit  'nidiirf  coT1«iloii  tt  Loi 
Ihe  paintings  in  Iht  Duomo  of  TreviM,  two  mylholoff  al  pici 
al  the  ^Ua  Borghnr  and  the  Doris  pah«  in  Rome,  the  "  C 
BiyMi  "  in  Bcilin,  a  veiy  lillleknonn  portrait  of  lu] 
quality  in  thepoaicuion  ol  the  landgrave  nfHcuc  at  Kronbcrg, 
and  a  "  Baptism  of  Chrisl  "  in  Pliiladclphli.  Bai ' 
thcte  are  «amp1«  of  b!j  art  In  GcrgaTna,  Milan,  Cent 
Siena,  Venice,  FJorenre,  Munich,  Dresden  and,  Vieii 

Vasri.  Id  190a  (1»  nHnminte  of 

BanloK,  Trrviu,  published  L.  Bir - 

16,  1400)  RTntalRi  a  Hxrcen-pafc  paper  on  Paiit  Bordon«  bv  P,  C. 
HolBHti.  (P.  C.  K.) 

tms,  ■  Iilgb  Ilda)  mw  nuhing  up  a  luncw  eitiukry  or 
tidal  liver.  The  bart  oF  ihf  Srwrn  is  prad«nl  by  ■  Ud«  thai 
rn«  IS  fl.  in  *n  hour  and  a  hall.  TM«  body  of  valer  bcconB 
ootnpitBttJ  In  (hf  naiTOwing  funnri-ihaped  otuaiy,  and  haapfd 
up  inID  an  advancing  nave  eitcnding  from  hank  10  bank.  The 
pheoDiiMnan  i>  also  particularly  well  [llustrated  in  the  Bay  of 
Fandy.     TTk  origin  of  Ihil  » ' 


'iJr^il  ^ri. 


I  a  Scandinavian  word  Mrs,  a  wave,  btDow.  Thcolhei 
name  by  which  the  phenomenon  ia  known,  "  eagrv,"  is  alio  of 
nnknownongin.  ThrrTi>,o[caur3e,naconnBuon  with"  bore," 
to  nuke  a  bole  by  jHCrdngor  drilling,  wbkh  is  a  common  Teutonic 
word,  cl.  Ger.  bekrm,  the  Indo-Eumpean  root  being  seen  In  Lai 
fcratt,  to  piem,  Gr,  MfM,  plough.  For  Ihe  rnaking  oi  deep 
hoTei  foTshafta,  wells,  dr..  we  Bouhc.  The  sabttaotlvil  vseol 
this  word  fj  grnrruUy  confined  10  the  circular  cavity  of  objcclj' 
of  tubular  shape,  particularly  of  a  Run,  hence  the  internal 
diamelcrolagun,  its  "  calibre"  (see  Gum).  A  "  bore  "  is  abo 
a  timome,  wearying  person,  particular^  one  who  persistently 
harps  on  one  subject,  In  or  out  oF  season,  whatever  interest  his 
andience  may  lake  in  it.  This  bsi  pneially  been  taktn  to  be 
meiery  a  metaphorical  use  ol  "  bore,"  to  pierce,  Tlie  eailieit 
sense,  however,  In  which  il  is  found  In  English  (1766,  in  certain 
Sellers  printed  In  Jesse's  tr/ia/<;«>r;cSrfiiiyii)  b  thalof  «ui, 
and  a  French  origin  is  suggBled.  The  Ntw  Eatlith  IXitiaury 
conjectures  a  possible  uiirre  In  Fr.  beuntr.  to  tluff,  saljate. 

■OBEAS,  in  Greek  mythology,  a  perMniSalion  of  Ibc  north 
wind.  Re  was  descrilwd  as  Ihe  son  ol  Aslraeus  and  Em. 
bcother  of  Hesperus,  Nonis  and  Zephyrus.  His  dwellil1g.pUce 
was  on  Mount  Hatmns  in  Thrace,  or  at  Salmyrleuns,  near  the 
eountty  ol  the  Hyperboreans.  He  was  said  10  have  carried  off 
(be  beautiful  Oreilhyia.adaughIerol£rechtheus,  king  of  Athens, 
when  he  found  her  leading  the  dance  at  a  festival,  or  gathering 
flowers  on  the  banks  ol  the  Ilisaui  or  some  olher  ipol  m  the 
nrighbourbood  of  Athena.  He  had  before  wooed  her  in  vain, 
and  now  carried  her  off  lo  Mount  Haemus,  where  Ihcy  lived  as 
ting  and  queen  of  the  winds,  and  had  two  sons,  Zelcs  and  Calal^j 
and  two  daughters,  Cleopalra  and  Chione  (Apollodonis  iii.  is; 
d,  MOam.  vi.  677).     For  the  loss  ol  Oreilhyia  the  Athenians 


Inaf 


.'s  friendlint 


Albos  and  at  Sepias  (Herodotus  vii.  189). 
to  bim  a  sanctuary  or  altar  near  Ihe  Ilissi 
(Borcasfflos)  la  his  honour,  Thurii  also 
of  Athens,  olFered  sacrifice  to  him  as  I 
because  be  had  destroyed  the  hostile  fleet 
(Aeliin,  Var.  Hill.  ni.  61).  In  works  ol 
tented  as  bearded,  powerhil,  draped  against  cold. 


the  Persian  fleet  al 
For  this  Ihey  erected 
i,  and  held  a  festival 
which  was  *  colony 
lergcies  cvtiy  yot. 
[  Dionysius  Ihe  eldet 


winged. 


On  the  Tower  of  the  Winds  at  Athens 'he  is  figured  holdi'  _ 
shell,  such  as  Is  blown  by  Tritons.  Boreas  carrying  ofT  Oreithyla 
Islhesubject  of  ahnDlifulbramereliefin  the  British  Museum, 
found  in  the  Island  of  Calymna.  The  same  lubjecl  occurs 
frequently  on  painted  Greek  vases. 

BOnE[Ia  PBrnUS,  wliose  lull  name  was  Pm»E  Joseth 
Boul  D'KAimirvE  (180^1859),  French  writer,  was  botn  at 
T.yons  on  the  16th  of  June  i8og.  His  bther  had  been  ruined 
fay  taking  part  in  the  resistance  offered  by  Ihe  Lyonnese 
loyllisls  against  Ihe  Convention,  and  Pclrus  Borcl  was  educated 
ia  Pari*  to  be  an  architecl.    He  soon  abandoned  his  jnofession 


41  vloleni  pattisans  of  the  Ronantlc 
gant  aentinenta  were  lUustrated  ia 
nrftn  (iBji),  poems;  Cihsiii^atM, 
Moiamt  Fulifiar  (1834),  8ic  His 
mm  poverty,  but  through  Ihe  kindness 
Mme  de  Cirwdin  he  obtained  a  sniall 


ol  TMophile  Cat 

place  in  the  civil  service,     ne  coca  al  Ktatagaaem  in  Aigeiu  on 

the  14th  of  July  1859. 

See  Jules  CUrhic.  /Vfrai  Berrl.  U  LyaMlmft  (iH;)t  and  Cb. 
Andificiu,  BiUiapapkit  mHWtfH  (1871}. 

BOBELU,  OlOVAirm  ALPOHIO  (1608-1679).  Italian 
physiologist  and  physidst,  was  bom  at  N^les  on  the  28rh  of 
January  1608.  He  was  appointed  professor  of  mathemalki 
at  Messina  in  1640  and  al  Pisa  tn  165^.  In  itA?  be  tetumed  lo 
Messina,  tntl  fn  1674  was  obliged  lo  retire  to  Rune,  where  he  bved 
under  the  ptoteetfoti  of  Christina,  queen  of  Sweden,  and  died  en 
the  ]isl  of  December  tiji/.  Hi>  bcslJinown  work  it  Ik  melu 
anlmalium  (Rome,  1680-1681),  in  which  he  sought  toeipUn  the 
movements  ol  the  animal  body  on  mechanical  prlndplei:  be 
thus  ranks  as  the  founder  of  the  ialrophysical  tcbod.  In  a  letter, 
DH  Mnnunls  ddia  cdiwM  apforia  il  mat  ii  tatmhH  1664, 
published  in  i6ej  under  Ihe  pseudonym  Pier  Maria  MutoV. 
he  was  Ihe  first  to  suggest  the  idea  of  a  parlboLic  path;  and 
another  of  bis  astronomical  works  was  Tkanica  mtdiaenm 
^o«(o™w«coi'nJA*)''in"'a'"t'o(norence,  1666), In  which  he 
considered  the  influence  of  attraction  on  Ihesatctlitci  of  Jupiter. 
He  also  wnlc:  DrUn  Cauia  AiUi  Ftbbri  malipti  (Pisa,  r6j8); 
Dc  Fettam  iim  JuJliium  (Stnssburg,  1664);  Eadida  Rrililiilmi 
(Pisa,  i6jS);  Aftl'"'"  PTfnci'  C-mkorum  liM  >.,  n'.  «  tn'. 
(Florence,  i6«i);  De  ti  frriMSiiimis  (Bologna,  1667);  Utlr„n- 
htia  Amin  (Reg^o.  1660);  and  Dt  mminilna  naltinlibu 
a  fratilale  pfndtntibns  (Bologna,  1670). 

Bona  A  (Finnish  /'inDD).  a  seaport  in  the  province  of  Nyland, 
grand  duchy  of  Finland,  situated  al  the  entrance  of  Ihe  river 
Borgl  into  Ihe  Cull  of  finland,  about  jj  m.  by  tkI  N.W.  of 
Mclsingfors.  Pop.  (1810)  i6g];  (1870)  3478;  ("904)  5'5S. 
Il  is  the  scat  of  a  Lnlhcian  bishopric  which  exiends  over  Ihe 
provinces  of  Mborg  and  St  Michel  with  portion!  of  Tavastchus 
and  Kyland;  it  possesses  a  btautfful  cathedral,  and  a  high  school 
(where  Ihe  well-known  Finnish  poet  Runeberg  lectured  for  many 
years),  and  is  the  seal  of  a  loutl  of  appeal.  The  weaving  of 
sail-clolh  and  the  manufacture  of  tobacco  are  the  piindpal 
industries,  and  Ihe  chief  arlictes  of  trade  are  wood,  butter  and 
furs.  Borgl  was  once  1  dty  ol  great  dignity  and  importance, 
but  the  rapid  growth  of  Helsingfori  has  uimewhal  eclipsed  It. 
In  1809.  when  the  estates  of  Finland  were  summoned  to  a  special 
"et  10  decide  the  future  of  the  country.  Boigi  was  the  place  of 
eethig.  and  il  was  in  Ibe  cathedral  that  the  empemr  Afejlndci 
pledged  himscll  as  grand  duke  of  Finland  lo  maintain  the 
institution  and  liberties  of  the  grand  duchy. 
BOROHESK  a  noble  lulian  family  of  Sienese  origin,  lint 
entioncd  in  iijS,  a  member  of  which,  Marcantonto  Boighese, 
celllcd  In  Rome  and  was  the  father  of  CamiHo  Boighesc  (15JO- 
~  led  pope  under  the  tiae  of  Paul  V.  (1605).  Paul 
created  his  nephew  prince  of  Vrvero  on  the  r7ih  of  November 
Philip  in.  of  Spain  conferred  Ihe  lille  of  prince  of 
Sulmona  on  him  In  r6io.  The  family  look  IIS  place  among  ihe 
higher  Roman  nobility  by  the  marriage  of  the  prince's  son  Paolo 
with  Ollmpia,  heiress  of  the  Aldobrandini  fsmliy.  in  1614.  In 
iSoj  Camillo  Fiiippo  Ludovico,  Prince  Borghese  (b.  1775), 
nairied  Pauline,  sister  of  the  emperor  Napoleon,  and  widow  of 
jcneral  Leclere.  In  1S06  he  was  made  duke  of  Cuastalla,  and 
or  some  years  acted  as  govcinor  of  the  Piedmonieseand  Genoese 
irovinces.  After  ihe  fall  ol  Napoleon  he  fiied  his  residence  at 
Florence,  where  he  died  in  iSji.  The  Borghese  palace  al  Rome 
Is  one  of  Ihc  most  magnificent  buihlings  in  the  dty,  and  contained 
a  splendid  gallery  of  pictures,  most  ol  which  have  been  transferred 
10  the  Villa  Borghese  ouldde  the  Porlo  del  Popolo,  now  Villa 
Umberlo  I.,  Ihe  properly  of  Ihc  Italian  government. 

Sec  A.  von  Reunuml.  CiKiiitlc  ifcr  SUiU  Ham,  ui.  605,  Coo. 
fil7,  Ac:  Alma,-aik  ii  Gallia  (Cotha,  1901);  J.  H.  Oouglai,  fit 
Priniipal  flatU  Famdirs  of  Krmt  (Ra^>^  190S). 


248 


BORGHESI— BORGIA,  C. 


BOMHin,    BARTOUnUBO    (1781-1S60),    IdliiD    lati- 

JulytrSi.  HeatudiediLBoIaguuidRoine.  Hiving  weakened 
fail  eywgbt  by  the  study  of  documentt  of  the  middle  ageft,  he 
lunud  ho  atteotion  to  epigraphy  and  numismatics.  At  Rome 
he  arranged  and  catalogued  sevetal  eoileclioni  of  coins,  VBOufpt 
Ihem  Iboe  of  the  Vatican,  a  tail:  which  he  undertooli  Toe  Fiua 
VII.  In  coiuequence  of  the  diiturbincei  of  1811,  Borghesi 
o  San  Marino,  where  he  died  on  the  i6th  of  April  iMo. 


Although  mainly  11 


mthuu 


podcsti  of  the  little 
F'KmmnUi  dii  Fiuli  CoiiO^ri  Capilnlixi  [1S1S-1820I.  attracted 
the  aLtentirm  of  the  learned  woild  *i  furnishing  positive  bases 
for  the  chtobi^o^  of  Roman  hiitory,  while  his  contributions  to 
Italian  archaeological  joumala  established  his  lepulalioD  as  a 

publishing  a  collection  of  all  the  lalin 


if  Uie  R0D1 


the  Academy  of  Berlin  undei 
reiult  w«ihiC»^/jiji  ■ 
ordered  the  publication  c 


.    The  w 


ei  of  Mod 


Id  the 


a  complete  edition  irf  the  works  of 
tiorgnesi.  Tiiii  edition,  ui  ten  volumes,  of  which  the  £ist 
appeared  in  ifl69,  was  not  annjdclcd  until  1897. 

BOROIA,  CESARB.  duke  of  Valentinais  and  Romagna  (147&- 
IS07),  was  the  son  of  Pope  Aleiandei  VI.  by  Vuoui  del 
Catlanei.     He  was  bom  at  Rome  while  his  father  was  cardinal. 

archbishop  of  Valencia,  and  1  year  later  cardinal.  Ccsare  was 
Alexander's  favouiiie  son,  and  it  was  for  him  that  the  pope's 
notorious  nepotism  was  most  cileasively  practised.  In  the  early 
years  of  his  father's  pontificate  he  ted  a  proHiiigte  life  al  the 
Vatican.  When  Charh3  Vlll.  left  Rome  for  IhE.  conquest  of 
I4aples  (January  35, 1405),  Cesare  accompan^.d  him  as  a  hostafte 
ft>r  the  pope's  good  behaviour,  but  he  escaped  at  Vellcui  and 
ntumed  Id  Rome.  He  soon  began  togiveproofsoT  the  violence 
for  which  hc-afterwajds  became  notoiiousj  when  in  1497  his 
biQIher  Giovanni,  duke  of  Gandia,  was  murdered,  the  deed  was 
attributed,  in  all  probability  with  reason,  id  Cesare.  It  was 
suggested  that  the  motive  of  the  murder  wis  the  brothers' 

pt^'s  youngest  &on,  while  there  were  yet  darker  hints  at  in- 
cestuous relations  of  Cesare  and  the  duke  with  their  siilei 
Lucreiia.  But  it  is  more  probable  that  Ccsare,  who  contem- 
plated nchsnging  his  ecclesiastical  dignities  for  a  secular  career, 
legaided  hil  brother's  splendid  position  with  envy,  and  was 
dclcrnuned  to  enjoy  the  whole  of  his  lather's  favours. 

Is  July  1497  Cesare  went  to  Naples  as  papal  legate  and 
crowned  Frederick  of  Aiagon  king.  Now  that  the  duke  of 
Caudia  was  dead,  the  pope  needed  Cesare  to  carry  out  his  political 
Ktaemes,  and  tried  to  arrange  a  wealthy  mairiagc  for  him. 
Cesan  wished  to  marry  Carlotia,  the  daughter  ol  the  king  of 
Naples,  but  both  she  and  her  father  rescdutcly  refused  an  alliance 
with  "  a  priest,  the  bastard  of  a  priest."  In  August  1498,  Cesare 
in  the  consistory  asked  for  the  permission  of  the  carthnals  and 
the  piqM  10  renounce  the  priesthood,  and  the  latter  granted  it 
"  for  the  good  of  his  soul."  On  the  ul  of  October  he  set  forth 
for  France  with  a  magnificent  retinue  as  papal  legate  to  Louis 
XII.,  to  bring  him  the  pope's  buU  annuUing  his  marriage  with 
Jeanne  nf  France  (Louis  wished  In  many  Anne  of  Brittany). 
In  eichange  he  received  the  duchy  of  Valenlinois,  as  well  as 
military  assistance  for  his  own  enletprises.  He  found  Carlotta 
ol  Na[jes  in  France,  and  having  again  tried  to  win  her  over  in 
vain,  be  had  to  conlenl  hiinselC  with  Chatlolte  d'Albrel,  sister 
of  the  king  of  Navane  (May  141K1).  Aleiandec  now  contemplated 
sending  Ccsuc  to  Romagna  to  subdue  the  turbulent  local  despots, 
*nd  with  the  help  of  the  French  kins  carve  a  principality  lor 
himself  out  of  those  territories  owing  nominal  aile^ance  to  the 
pope.    Ccsare  made  Cescna  his  headquarters,  and  with  an  army 

IlaUan  troops,  be  attacked  Inola,  which  surrendered  at  once, 
ud  then  besieged  FottI,  held  by  Calerina  Sfona  (;.>.),  the 
wUow  of  GiiDlinio  Riario.     She  held  out  gallanlly,  Init  wu  al 


convenL  The  Sfonas  having  expelled  the  Free 
Cesare  returned  to  Rome  in  February,  his  schemes  checked  for 
the  moment;  Jus  father  rewarded  him  for  Etis  successes  by 
making  him  lonjsjoxiere  of  the  church  and  confemng  many 
honours  on  him;  be  remained  in  Rome  and  took  part  in  buU 
fights  and  other  carnival  festivities  In  July  occurred  the 
murder  of  the  duke  of  Bisc^e,  LucrciIa  Borgia's  third  husband. 
He  was  attacked  by  assassin  <hi  the  steps  of  St  Peter's  and 
badly  wounded;  attendants  carried  him  to  a  cardinal's  house, 
and,  feapng  poison,  he  was  nursed  only  by  his  wife  and  Sancha, 
Again  Cesare  was  suspected  as  the  instigator 


of  the  d 


the  Neapslilai  dynasty,  with  whose  enemies  the 
pope  was  allied,  and  he  hid  had  a  nuarrel  with  C(«a(e.  When  it 
appeared  thai  he  wu  recovering  from  hts  wounds,  Cesare  had 
him  murdered,  but  noi  apparently  without  provocation,  for, 
according  to  the  Venetian  ambaastulor  Cappello,  the  duke  had 
tried  to  murder  Cesare  first. 

In  October  ijoo  Cesare  again  set  out  for  the  Roniagna,  on  the 
strength  of  Venetian  friendship,  with  an  army  of  10,000  men. 
Pasdolfo  Malalesta  of  Rimini  and  Giovanni  Sfona  of  Pcsaro 
Bed,  and  those  citiesopened  their  gates  to  Cesare.  Faenia  held 
out,  for  the  people  were  devoted  to  their  hiid,  Ailorre  Manfredi, 
a  handsome  and  virtuous  youth  of  eighteen.  Manfredi  surren- 
dered in  April  1501,  on  the  promise  that  his  life  should  be  spared; 
but  Ceure  broke  his  word,  and  sent  him  a  prisoner  to  Rome, 
where  he  was  afterwards  foiJIy  outraged  and  put  to  death. 
After  taking  Castel  Bokignese  he  returned  to  Rome  in  June,  lo 
take  part  in  the  Franco-Spanish  intrigues  for  the  partition  of 
Naples.  He  was  now  lord  of  an  eatensive  territory,  and  the 
pope  created  him  duke  of  Romagna,  Tils  cruelty,  his  utter  want 
of  scruiJe,  and  his  good  fortune  made  him  a  terror  to  all  Italy. 
His  avidity  was  insatiable  and  he  could  brook  no  opposition; 
but,  unlike  his  father,  he  was  morose,  silent  and  unsympathetic 

was  now  greatly  shaken  by  the  conspiracy  of  la  Magione  (a 
castle  near  Perugia  where  the  plotters  met).  Several  of  the 
princes  deposed  by  him,  the  Oistnis,  and  some  of  his  own  captains, 
such  as  Vitcllouo  Vitelli  (f.«,),  Ollverotto  da  Fcrrao,  and  G.  P. 
Baglioni,  who  had  been  givm  estates  but  feared  to  lose  them, 

at  Urbuw  and  in  Romagna,  and  the  papal  troops  were  defeated; 
Ccsare  could  find  no  allies,  and  it  teemed  as  though  al!  Italy  was 
about  to  turn  against  the  hatrd  family,  when  the  French  king 
promised  help,  and  this  was  enough  to  frighten 


other.    But  Cesare, 
them  all.     Doring  1: 


of  them  had  si 


i  in  northern  Rgi 
:  duke  of  Gravina 
■JvA  Scnigallia,  which  stiU  held  fc 


in  Rome 


otto,Etrangl(d[Dceemhcr3i,isoj). 

Orsinh.  He  was  gathering  tm^  for  a  new  ei- 
pedition  in  central  luly  in  the  summer,  when  both  he  and  hh 
father  were  simultaneously  seiied  with  fever.  The  pope  died  on 
the  iSth  of  August,  while  Cfsaie  wu  still  incapacitated, and  this 
unfortunate  cinncidence  proved  his  luin;  it  was  the  one  contin- 
gency for  which  he  had  not  provided.  On  all  sides  his  enemies 
rose  up  agninst  him;  in  Romagna  the  deposed  princes  prepared 
to  regain  their  own,  and  the  Orsinis  raised  their  heads  once  more 
in  Rome.  Cesare's  position  was  greatly  shaken,  and  when  he 
tried  to  browbeat  the  cardinals  by  means  of  Don  Michelotto 
and  his  bravot,  they  refused  to  be  intimidated ;  he  had  to  leave 
Rome  in  September,  trusting  that  the  Spanish  cardinals  would 
elect  a  andidate  friendly  to  his  house.  At  the  conclave  Francesco 
Todeschinl-I^ccalomini  was  elected  as  Plus  III.,  and  he  showed 
every  (U^MBlion  to  be  peaceful  and  rcipcctabh:,  but  he  wu  old 


BORGIA,  F.— BORGIA,  L. 


'49 


•Bd  h  bid  boHh.  Ctun^i  domfadcm  at  tmcs  be^n  to  tiQ  to 
picca;  GuidolnIdD,  duke  o(  UtlKi».  Rtuncd  to  Ui  dneby 
wilh  Venctiu  bdp;  and  the  fenb  of  Piombiiio,  Slminl  ud 
PeuiOMoantiiiiedtliarDwiiiCeaau,  defended  by  >  (cmnior 
futbrtiltoCe>iR,«loneliddout  Km  UL  diedou  the  iSthcd 
October  Tjoj,  and  a  new  coDdive  was  herd.  Cenre,  vho  auU 
■til]  RHmt  on  tlw  Spanuh  cardinals,  wiihed  lo  prevent  the 
dection  of  GinHano  detb  Rovere,  Che  enemy  of  hli  bouw,  but  tin 
UliEi's^chaiKcs  mn  B  gmtly  improved  that  it  via  neccHaiy 
to  ajtat  to  tefini  with  him.  On  the  laC  of  November  he  wu 
dected,  and  anomed  the  name  of  Jnlhii  IL  He  ibowed  no  01- 
will  towards  Cesate,  but  dedated  iLst  the  latter'a  tsritoilM 
must  be  leslortd  10  the  church,  for  "  «e  denre  the  honour  of 
lecoTCTing  what  out  predecaaori  have  wrangfuny  alienaled." 
Venice  hoped  to  intervena  In  Reraasu  tod  stabliiti  her  pro- 
tectontte  ova  the  ptjndpalilia,  but  thli  Julius  wu  dctennined 
to  pievent,  and  after  tiybig  in  vain  to  d»  Ccsxie  as  a  means 
of  keeping  out  the  Venetians,  lie  had  him  armted.  Borgia's 
ponrer  waanowat  anend,  and  ho  was  obliged  to  surrender  all  his 
castlH  in  Romagna  save  Cesena,  Forli  and  Belliaoro,  whose 
governors  refused  to  accq)t  an  order  of  surresder  from  a  master 
■ho  was  a  prluner.  Finally,  it  was  agreed  that  If  Ceian  o-ere 
■et  at  liberty  be  would  surrender  the  castles;  tbh  having  been 
accomplished,  he  departed  For  Naples,  where  the  Spaniards  were 
in  possession,  'Hk  Spanish  governor,  Gonaalo  de  Cordova,  had 
given  him  a  ufe-couduct,  and  he  was  meditating  fresh  plans, 
when  GoTuilo  aiRSted  hira  by  cbe  order  of  Ferdinand  of  Spain  al 
■  di>lurb«o(  the  peace  of  Italy  (May  IJn4).  In  August  hewas 
•ent  to  Spain,  where  he  remained  a  prisoner  for  Iwe  years;  in 
November  1506  be  made  his  escape,  and  Bed  to  the  eourl  of  his 
brother-in-law,  the  king  of  Navarre,  imder  whom  he  took  lervice. 
While  besieging  the  cutle  of  VJana,  held  by  the  lebdlloua  count 
of  Leiin,  hewaikiOed  (March  11,  ijoj}. 

Cesare  Bor^  wu  a  type  of  ths  advectniers  with  wUch  the 
Italy  of  the  Renaissance  swarmed,  but  be  was  cleverer  and  mora 
mtscmpnloas  than  bis  rivals.  His  methods  of  conquest  were 
teiociDus  and  treaiherous;  hot  once  the  conqueal  was  made  he 
gDvatied  his  subjects  with  Ibmness  and  Justice,  so  that  his  rule 
wa>  prefetied  to  the  anarchy  of  factions  and  kxal  despoil.  But 
be  WIS  certainly  not  a  man  of  genius,  a*  ha*  long  been  Ima^ned, 
ud  his  success  was  chiefly  due  to  the  sui^urt  irf'tbe  p^acy; 
once  his  Father  was  dead  his  career  was  at  an  end,  and  he  could  no 
longer  play  a  prominent  part  In  Italian  affairs.  His  Ul  t^oved 
on  bow  unsound  a  bs^  his  system  had  been  built  up. 

The  rhief  auihoHlK*  lot  the  life  of  Cenre  Borgia  are  the  sane 
u  thoK  <d  Alennder  VI..  endaU*  M.  Cnightoa'i  HUUn  g/  Ma 
Fapacj.  vol.  V.  (Loadoa.  1897);  F.  Gregonviuri  GtKkiikU  &  Suit 
Kns.voLvii.(SlutItaiCISBi};aiid  P. VillaH'ii(iif*uidi  (London 
1B91);  aln  C  Yrlarte.  Ciaar  Sopf id  JFVit,  isaq),  in  adtnlnble 
piKEofwriilDgiSehuberl-Soldero,  iMtB«ffBinJ>trtZn((DiTiden, 
1003),  wfaii^  """I****  the  btcit  diKoveria  dd  the  labjrrt ;  and  E- 
Alvisi,  Cttan  Satps,  Dim  di  Xmapus  [ImoU,  1878).     (L.  V.*) 

BOtSIA,  PBMCU  (T510-15J1),  Roman  Catholic  laiat, 
duke  o(  Guidia,  and  general  of  tlu  order  ol  Jemlts,  was  born  at 
Candia  (Valencia)  on  tlie  loth  of  October  ijio,  and  from  boy- 
hood WW  remarkable  For  bis  piety.  Educated  from  his  tweUch 
ytar  at  Sangossa  nndii  the  charge  of  his  mcle  tba  aichtasbop, 
he  had  begun  to  show  a  sliang  Indinatka  towaida  the  monastic 
Itf^whenbls&tfaersaitldmin  1518  to  tbecoolt  ol  Charie*" 

de  CsBtio,  ■  PoctngBB*  ladv  at  Inah  : 

tbecBqwea.  H* accompanied Chariea od Ua : 

In  tSiSi  ""^  ■!■>  IbIo  Frannce  ]a  1536;  and  on  llm  death  ol 

tbe  euiprf  In  1539  he  saa  deputed  lo  tmni^  the  body  to  the 

don  10  leave  tbe  oonl,  and  alao^  abonld  he  mnrim  Us  couott, 
to  embrace  tbe  monaitlclifa;  On  hit  tetam  to  Toledo,  however, 
new  hoBoan  wcte  thnnt  iqion  Um,  orach  agaiut  bit  will;  be 
was  nado  vleeny  of  Catalog  and  conunuda  o(  the  ofdec  ct  St 
Jama.  At  Baicdona,  the  aeat  of  his  govemnwDt,  he  Gved  > 
I1&  of  gmt  austciitr,  twt  disdaiged  his  offidai  dnClea  with 


(albcf  in  the  dukedom,  he  at  kngth  obtained  pwmlwbnte  mtgn 
hi*  viCBOyally  and  to  retire  to  a  mors  congnlal  mode  of  Bfe  al 
Gandia.  Havtag  already  held  aims  anrsspondence  with  IgnaHu 
Loyola,  he  now  powerfully  aDCOUraged  the  lecoitly  foondcd 
Older  of  Jtans.  One  of  hb  fint  cam  at  Candia  wia  to  buiU 
a  Jesuit  college;  and  on  the  death  oi  Eleuw  in  1544,  be  nwlved 
to  beouM  himself  a  member  of  the  society.  Tbe  difficnilic* 
arising  from  piriitical  and  family  drcumitaaoci  vace  temoved  by 
a  pap^  diqnaatioD,  wfaM  aOowed  Um,  in  the  IntHsCa  of  his 


he  (lunidMd  the  aMani  tot  boildini  tlm  Coili^Hm  R 
Retumlng  to  S)ialn  in  the  following  y«ar,  be  foimalb'  R^gned  Ul 
rank  and  atate  in  favonr  of  his  ddeat^Ma,  aanmed  tbe  Jceuit 
habit,  was  ordained  priest ,  and  fisteied  opea  a  Ufeof  psunceaml 
prayer.  At  his  owd  earnest  rniueat,  aecoodcd  by  Loyola,  a 
pn^Hsal  that  he  should  be  created  a  cardinal  by  Julhla  UL 
was  departed  fromj  and  at  the  command  of  hla  mpetiei  ha 
employed  himself  in  the  work  of  itinerant  preadilng.  In  1554 
he  was  appointed  mmmiM.  ^[....r.!  o|  1^  onki  in  Spain, 
Portugal  and  the  Indki,  hi  which  eapiaXj  he  ihoiied  gieat 
activity,  and  wai  niODtarful  b  founding  many  new  and  thriving 
colleges.  In  ijs6,  abettlyafM  Cha  '  "  -  ■  - 
an  biterview  with  htm,  but  would  w 
to  tt«naf  a  bia  albiiaace  10 
Some  time  afterwaid*  Borgia  waaemployed  tv  Chaila  to  oondiKt 
negotlatlonsiiilth  reference  ton  placet  wUch  wai  lo  aconefor 
Don  Carlos  of  Spain  the  hHtugueaa  Biceeaion  hi  the  event  of 
the  death  of  Ua  cousin  Don  Sdiaatfan.  On  tba  death  of  Lafna 
in  I  sSs,  Frandi  Boigia  was  chosen  to  aocceed  him  aa  third  general 
of  the  Jesuit*.  In  this  capadty  he  ahowcd  great  seal  and  ad- 
ndnittrative  skill;  and  so  great  wm*  the  progcesi  pi  tbe  BO  ' 
bis  government  that  he  ha*  so      ''        ' 


was  beatified  by  Uihan  VIIL  In  i6m,  and  ca 

X,  in  i«Ti,  bit  fcstlva]  being  afterwards  (rMj)  fixed  b) 

XL  foe  lb*  lotb  of  October. 

Severn  wnrks  by  St  Fmodt  Ber^  have  been  pnU 
priDCifial  of  these  being  a  lerie*  -J  Rm^rti*,  ^mi\mr  *n  ih, 
Sptriamiui  of  Loyola,  and  a 
O^traOiHiiuiwerepuhtishedat 

by  his  csnlcBor  Pedro  de  Ribafleneira.    see  also  a.  Bntieri  j.fiBi 
Bf  1*1  SainU,  and  the  Brtriarim  Samanam  (sKood  ooctuni  for 

BORSIA,'  LUCRBZIA  (i4So-ist»),  duchesi  of  Fenara, 
daughui  of  Cardinal  Rodrigo  Borf^  alCerward*  Pope  Alexander 
VL  (f.f.),  by  Us  nistiTss  Vaoossa  dd  Cattanel,  waa  bom  at 
Rome  In  1450.  Her  early  yeara  mn  ^«it  at  ber  mother's  house 
neac  ha  tither'B  qilendid  palace;  hut  hter  she  was  given  over 
to  the  oue  ol  Adiiana  de  Mila.  a  relation  of  Cardinal  Borgia 
and  diother-in-lav  of  (riidla  Famese,  anolfux  of  bis  mistrene*. 
educated  according  h 


le  KhtUrva  CtracitmniL    The 


cnbnUenr,  paintiM.  ^:  ibe  ma  lamed  lot  bet  beaaty  and 
cbsim,  bnt  the  cotiupt  court  (rf  Rone  in  which  the  was  brought 
op  wu  not  condudvs  to  a  good  moral  education.  Het  lather 
at  int  contsnpUted  ■  ^laniah  maniacs  for  hn,  tod  at  the  age 
of  devM  the  vat  betoadied  to  Don  Cbecubin  de  CealeHes,  a 
SpHdsh  noUemao.  But  tbe  engagement  was  broken  off  almoet 
hnmeAatdr,  sod  Laoedl  was  manicd  by  ptoay  to  anotbei 
Spaniard.  Don  Cavaro  de  Ptodda,  ton  ol  the  count  of  Aversa. 
-      ■  •  -  VIIL  (r49J),  Cardinal  B      ' 


3  VI.,  and. 


lyetm 


amhitlouB  maniage  for  his  daughter,  he  annulled  the  union  with 
Piodda;  in  Februaiy  1491  Luoeiia  was  betrothed  to  Giovanni 
Slona,  lord  of  Pesaio,  with  whote  family  Aleiaoder  was  now 
in  ek)te  alliance.  The  wedding  wtt  celebrated  in  June;  but  when 
the  popc't  poU^  cbaoged  asd  he  bocaaM  biendly  to  the  king 


BORGLUM— BORGU 


of  Nipkl,  Iba  «Har  of  the  houit  ol  Sfooi,  bg  planned  the 

hi)  positioD  iuKCUte.  left  Rome  lor  Peuro  with  hie  irife.  By 
Qiiuuus  I44J  they  tntt  badt  in  Rime,  the  pope  had  all  hi> 
diildnD  araund  hiis,  tnd  celebrated  the  carnival  with  a  Kiiei 
o< magniGcent fotiviiies.  Buthedecided  thaihehaddonewiLh 
Sfoiu,  and  uutulled  tlw  ouniafe  on  the  gnmnd  oI  the  hiubaod'a 
impotOKC  (Hatch  1491).  In  order  to  txment  his  alliance  with 
Naplet.  he  Barricd  Luocda  to  A^thauo  of  Anfon,  duke  of 
BiacegUe,  a  h"**^f™*f  youth  of  cightrm.  related  to  the  Nea- 
politan king-  But  be  too  rcaliud  the  fickleiKia  of  the  Borgia*' 
Eavour  ■hen  Alnandei  backed  up  Louli  XII.  of  France  in  the 
Utter'i  Khems  for  the  conquest  of  Naplei.  BiHC^e  Bed  (lom 
Rome,  fearing  for  hia  life,  aod  the  pope  tent  Lucreeia  to  receive 
the  homage  ol  the  dty  of  Spoleio  u  governor.  On  bee  letutn  to 
Rome  in  14W,  her  hiubsod,  who  renlty  loved  bet,  vaa  induced 
to  join  her  once  more.  A  year  later  he  wai  siuidend  by  the 
ordei  of  her  bnther  Cctaie.  Alter  the  death  of  BiicegUe, 
Lucreiia  retired  to  Nepi,  and  then  returned  to  Rome,  where 
ahe  acted  for  a  time  ai  regent  during  Akxandcr^a  alaence- 
Ths  lailei  no*  wai  aniioui  far  a  union  between  hii  daufhlei 
and  Alpbonio,  aon  and  heir  to  Ercole  d'  Eiie.  duke  ol  Fcitara. 
The  negotiatioiu  were  umewhat  difficult,  ai  neither  Alphonw 
nor  hi)  father  wai  aniioui  tor  a  connexion  with  the  bouM  of 
B«gia,  and  Lucreiia's  own  reputation  wvt  not  unblemished^ 
However,  by  bribei  and  threat!  the  oppoaition  wai  overcome, 
and  in  September  1501  the  marnage  ira>  celebrated  by  pnuy 
with  great  magniGmice  in  Rome.  On  Lucretia'e  arrival  at 
Fcrrara  ibe  wan  over  fact  reluctant  huiband  by  her  youthful 
cham  (the  i>u  only  twenty-two),  and  from  that  time  forth 
the  led  a  peaceful  life,  about  which  there  wai  hardly  a  breath 
of  tcandaL  On  the  death  of  Erode  in  1 505,  her  husbajul  became 
didbe,  and  abt  gathered  many  learned  men,  poeti  and  artiiti  at 
ber  court,  among  whom  were  Ariosto,  Cardinal  Bembo,  Aldui 
hlanutiua  the  printer,  and  the  palnten  Titian  and  Dooao  Doui. 
She  devoted  heradf  to  the  education  of  ber  children  and  to 
diaritlble  inrA*;  the  only  tragedy  owDecled  with  thii  period 
of  her  Ufe  it  the  murder  of  Ercole  Stroui,  who  it  laid  to  hive 
admired  her  tad  fallen  a  victim  to  Al[^xinao't  jealouiy.  She 
died  on  the  34th  of  June  r^iQ,  leaving  tftree  una  and  a  daughter 
by  the  duke  of  Ferrara,  besidei  one  ion  Rodrigo  by  the  duke 
of  Bisceglie,  and  posubly  another  of  doubtful  patemitys  She 
■can*  to  have  been  a  vomaa  of  very  mediocre  talents,  and  only 
played  a  part  in  blttocy  because  the  wa>  the  daugbter  of 
Aleiandet  VL  and  the  litter  of  Ceure  Borgia.  While  she  was 
in  Rome  the  wat  probably  DC  better  and  no  worse  than  the  women 
■found  her.  but  there  ii  do  Krious  evidence  fm  the  charges  of 
bceil  wiih  bet  father  and  brothen  which  were  brought  against 
her  by  the  icandal- mongers  of  the  time. 

See  the  bibllaeraphiei  for  AtucANpna  VI.  and  BoaoiA,  Ciiaii; 
and  ei)iecially  F.  Giuininii('s  Lmiait  Jterpi  (Stuttgart,  It7e). 
tiK  itaodatd  weefc  on  the  subject  i  also  W.  Gilbert's  Laaaia  Berrig, 
OuJiiu  <i  Fmtn  (LoBdon.  Il%).  which,  while  eont^nirg  much 
InTormatlon,  la  quite  witboul  historic  value;  and  G.  Camporil "  Una 
Vhlima  delta  Storla,  Lncrula  Borgli,''  In  the  Nutm  A  ntilati*  ( A  uniit 
H.  1866),  which ainaat  the rehabiBtadanrfLuettaia.    (U  VT>) 

■OHfiUnl,  MUX  HAmnSAL  (igM-  ),  Amerkan 
tcniptor,  was  bom  in  Ogden,  Utah,  on  the  a  md  of  December  |S(I8. 
the  son  of  a  Danish  wood-carver.  He  studied  utuler  Louis  F. 
Rebisso  in  the  Cincinnati  art  schoid  In  1S4J-1S47,  snd  under 
Prtmiel  in  Paria.  He  took  as  his  chlel  subjects  ioddenti  of 
western  Ufe,  cowboys  and  Indians,  with  which  he  was  familiar 
fmm  hii  yean  on  the  ranch;  tutaUy  "  Lassoing  Wild  Horn," 
"  Stampeding  Wild  Hones,"  "  Last  Round-up,"  "  Oa  the 
Border  of  White  Man's  Land."  and  "  Burial  on  the  naint." 
Hit  elder  brother,  Gution  Borgtun  (b.  1S67),  also  showed 
himself  an  artist  of  some  od^naBty. 

BOROOOROin.  AMBROaiO  (a,  I413-ISI4),  Italian  pafaiur 
of  the  MHiiiisii  sebool,  wbon  real  name  wai  Anlsogio  Sichni 
da  Foasano,  was  approximately  ninteniponiiy  with  Leonanla  da 
Vinci,  but  rapraeated,  at  kait  during  a  great  part  of  his  career, 
the  tendencies  of  Lombard  art  anterior  to  the  arrrval  ol  (hat 


from  the  bands  of  Us  prejeceawri  Fopp*  and  Znak.  Ve  an 
not  ptecitely  informed  of  the  dates  either  of  the  death  or  the  birth 
of  BorgognoTW,  who  was  bom  at  Fosaano  in  Piedmont,  and 
whose  ^>peilation  was  due  to  his  artistic  affiliation  to  the  Bur- 
gundian  school.  His  fame  is  pjindpally  asaociated  with  that  of 
one  gTca(  building,  the  CertosSt  or  church  and  convent  of  the 
Calthuuans  at  Pavia,  for  tduch  be  worked  much  and  in  many 
different  wayl.  It  i>  certain,  indeed,  that  there  is  no  truth  in  tha 
tradition  which  represents  him  as  having  designed,  in  1473,  the 
cehtbialed  Ia£ade  ol  tbe  Certoia  itself.  His  residence 'there 
appeals  to  have  been  (A  ei^t  yean'  duration,  from  14S6,  when 
he  fumished  the  dsignt  ol  the  figures  of  the  virgin,  saints  and 
apostles  for  the  choit-iialli,  executed  in  lariia  w  inlaid  wood 
werk  by  BincJammeo  Pola,  till  14M1  "hen  he  leiumed  to  Milan. 
Only  01^  known  pictiue,  an  altar-piece  at  tbe  churdi  San 
Eustorgio,  can  with  probability  be  assigned  to  a  period  of  hia 
career  earlier  than  1486,  For  two  yean  after  his  rcttun  to 
Milan  ha  worked  at  the  church  of  San  Satiro  in  that  city.  From 
1407  he  was  engaged  for  some  time  in  dcconting  with  paintings 
the  church  of  the  IncoronaXa  in  the  neighbouring  town  at  Lodi. 
Out  notices  ol  him  thenceforth  are  few  and  iu  between.  In 
1508  he  painted  for  a  church'  in  Bergamo;  in  tsi'  his  signature 
appean  in  a  public  document  of  Milan;  in  1524 — and  this  is  our 
last  authentic  record— he  painted  a  series  ol  frescdes  illustrating 
the  life  ol  Si  Sisiniut  Id  the  portico  of  San  Simplidano  at  Milan. 
Without  having  produced  any  works  of  signal  power  or  beauty, 
BoiBBgnane  ii  a  paintei  of  marked  individuality.  He  holdt  ajt 
inlerating  place  in  the  most  inisesting  period  of  Italian  art. 
TV  National  Gallery,  London,  has  two  fair  example*  of  bis  work 
— tbe  leparate  fragments  of  a  silk  banner  painted  for  the  Ccrtosa, 
and  containing  the  hands  of  Iwa  kneeUBg  groups  severally  of  men 
and  iraiii>ca;andalaigaaltar-picceoi  the  iDarriaceal  St  Catherine, 
painted  for  the  chapd  of  Rchecchim  near  Pavia.  But  to  judge 
ol  bis  real  pawns  and  peculiar  idcals~^iis  lystem  of  faint  BDd 
clear  colouring,  whether  in  Iresoo,  tempcia  or  oil;  his  somewhat 
slender  and  pallid  types,  not  without  something  diat  reminds  us 
of  Bortbem  alt  in  thinr  Teutonic  sentimentality  aa  well  as  their 
Teutonic  fidelity  of  pottnitute;  the  confiict  of  his  instinctive 
love  of  placidity  and  calm  with  a  sonewhal  forced  and  borrowed 
energy  in  £gura  where  energy  it  demandod,  hi 


to  study  first  the  great  se 


d  Lodi,  in  w 


his  Brst  predilectiaoa. 

BOnOO  lAM  DOMHIHO,  a  town  and  episcopal  sec  of  gmOiii, 
Italy,  In  the  province  of  Parma,  14  m.  N.W.  by  rail  from  the 
UnmoIPaima.  Fop.  (1^1)  town,  fi]5i;oommuDe,  11,104-  It 
occupies  the  site  ol  the  iikcient  Fldentia,  on  the  Via  AeraOia;  » 
doubt,  aa  Its  name  Aom,  of  Kooiaa  odgin.  Ben  H.  Locollus 
defeitiid  tbe  demociau  imdet  Catbo  In  Bi  ax.  It  was  inde- 
pendent under  Vopasitn,  bat  leems  (oou  to  have  become  a  village 
dependent  on  Parma.  Its  preMiH  name  come*  from  the  maityt- 
domof 5.DoBniintBiindeTliaiimianiB*J>.]ci(.  Tbecathedral, 

~   '  '    *"  ona  ol  the  Gaest  and  bcat- 

chnnhi*  id  Iba  iitb-ijth 


fine;  the  Inteiior  It 


FMthaMrit>B',a 
tiihocntaiir,  ne  J!atN|Md'jlrle,i90S,igo.  Notlar  ttom  th 
town  is  the  bbU  chorth  el  S.  AutoolD  ikl  Vienteae,  a  t  jtb- 
cenniivslniclurclBbiick(>ft.,t9o6,i>).  The Palaiao Csnumak. 
in  the  GothiC'Lonbant  style,  is  a  wotk  ol  the  tath  oentutj. 
Borgo  S.  Donnino  li  aa  iBVOitant  centre  for  the  prodiice  and 
cattle  of  Emilia.  CT.  A&) 

aOROD,  ot  Buna,  as  inlawl  anantry  cd  West  Aftka.  Ih 
weatem  pan  ia  ioduded  in  tbe  French  colony  of  Oabonwy  (f.*.)i 
tbe  eastern  dlvlsIoB  lonnt  the  Borgu  province  of  the  bilidi 
protectoTBtc  of  Mifetja.   Bsigu  it  botinded  N.E.  and  E.  ty  lh« 


BORIC  ACID— BORING 


Witr.S.bytfceYonibii 

coosiit*  of  in  elevated  plain  traversed  by  iivm  draidiof  nortli 
or  nil  to  tbe  Niger.  'Die  witec-iartiiigbetwnBtluNi^Ebuia 
■nd  the  coul  stRBQu  of  Dahomey  4Dd  Ltta*  nuu  mittHait 
ind  Knith-Kat  Deu  the  TOlern  fronitn.  In  about  lo*  N., 
belov  the  towa  ol  Biuu,  laplds  Mock  tlie  coune  ol  the  Niger, 
TUTliable  np  la  that  point  Iron  the  tea.  Tbc  foil  it  moitlr 
(eitile,  and  ia  laiily  cultivated,  produdng  in  ■taondaBoe  biiUc^ 
ysmi,  plantains  and  limes.  Tbe  acad*  tne  h  eommon,  and 
fron  It  gum-arabic  of  good  quality  b  obtained.  From  the  nut 
e'tbehnse-radisb  (reeh«noill9eipi«std.  Cattle  are  oumeroui 
and  of  eictttent  breed,  ud  game  h  abundant.  Bocgu  is  in- 
haUted  by  a  nomber  o[  pagan  negro  tribes,  several  of  whom  were 
dependent  on  the  chief  of  Ifikki,  a  town  in  the  centre  of  [he 
coonlry,  the  chiel  being  ipolcen  of  as  (ultan  of  Borgu.  The  king 
■Af  Bossa  was  another  inore  or  less  powerful  potentate.  In  the 
early  years  ot  the  rath  century  Borgu  was  invaded  by  the  Fnia 
(^.r.).  but  tbe  Bariha  (at  the  people  arc  called  collectively)  miin- 
tiiDcd'their  independence.  In  i&q\  Borgu  became  the  object 
o(  rivalry  between  Fianre  and  En^nd.  The  Royal.  Niger 
Company,  which  had  already  concluded  a  treaty  of  protection 
with  the  king  of  Busu,  sent  out  Capuin  (afterwards  Sit)  F.  D. 
Luprd  to  nefotiale  treaties  with  the  king  <J  Nikki  sod  other 
.chie^i  and  Lugard  succeeded  in  doing  so  a  few  days  before  the 
arrival  of  French  eipeditiom  from  the  west.  Disiegardlng  the 
British  Iteiliet,  French  officcn  concluded  others  with  various 
chiefs,  Invaded  Butsa  and  established  theiaselvti  at  vaiioia 
punlt  en  the  Niger.  To  defend  British  iotereili,  the  West 
AIric«D  Fioolier  Force  was  raised  locally  under  Lugird's  com- 
ea«iid,aiid  a  penod  of  great  tensbn  eofiued,  British  and  French 
tnxip*  facing  one  another  at  several  rJacts.  A  conSict  was.  how- 
ewr,  averted,  and  by  tho  convealion  of  June  ligi  the  weilem 
pan  of  Borgu  was  declared  French  and  the  eastern  British,  the 
French  withdrawing  fmin  all  places  on  the  loner  Niger. 

The  British  portion  oi  Borgu  hu  an  area  of  about  ii.oooiq.  m. 
Up  lo  the  period  of  inclusion  within  the  proteclorale  ol  Nigeria 
little  or  nothing  was  known  ot  the  country,  though  there  were 
loleicsting  legends  of  the  antiquity  of  its  history.  The  population 
was  entirely  independent,  and  resisted  with  success  not  only  the 
Fula  from  the  north  hut  also  the  armies  of  Dahomey  and  Moni 
from  the  aouth  and  WEst.  Travellers  who  attempted  to  peoelrate 
this  country  had  never  relumed.  Since  i8^  the  country  has 
been  opened,  and  from  being  tiie  matt  lawless  and  Iruculept  of 
people  the  Bariba  have  become  ungulariy  amenable  and  law- 
aUding.  PnvindBl  courts  are  established,  but  Ibete  is  little 
Tie  province.    The  British  gaixisons  have  been  refJaced 


by  dvil  police.    The  u 


British  an 


ai  suecenafdly  carried  I  ,    ,. 

without  trouble.  In  south  Borgu  the  peopit  are  agricultural  hut 
not  industrious  or  inclined  for  trade.  In  the  north  there  are 
tome  puioral  seltleineats  ot  Fula.  The  Bariba  themselves 
reinain  agricultiral.  Cart-toada  have  been  coDstmded  between 
the  town  oIKiama  and  the  Niger.  The  agricultural  resources  of 
Borgu  in  great,  and  as  the  populatioD  laCRDses  with  the 
cosation  ol  war  and  by  immigration  the  country  should  show 
marked  development.  Shea  tita  are  abundant.  Dephints  are 
Sim  to  bo  found  in  the  ifty-mlle  Krip  of  fonat  land  which 
stretches  between  the  Niger  and  the  interior  of  the  province. 
The  forest  contains  valu&Ue  sylvan  product!,  and  there  arc 
peat  possibOitio  fa  the  cultivation  of  rubber.  There  are  also 
eatensivt  aRat  of  fine  land  suiuble  for  cotton,  with  the  water- 
way ol  the  Niger  close  at  hand.  Labour  might  be  brought  from 
Vorubilind  close  by,  and  a  Yeruba  colony  has  been  t;ipenmeDl' 
ally  started.    (SceNiCEiu  and  Bubea.) 

WUC  too,  or  BoMCic  Acm.  H|Ba,  an  acid  obtained  by 
diMolvJqg  boron  trioilde  in  water.  It  was  Srst  prepared  by 
Wilheln  Homberg  (1652-1715)  fiom  fwrai,  by  the  action  of 
mineral  adds,  and  was  given  the  name  al  udaSaum  Hamberp 
T*e  pntence  of  boric  acid  or  its  salts  has  been  noted  in  sea-water, 
whist  it  is  also  said  to  exisi  in  plants  atid  especially  in  almost  all 
fruits  {A.  H.  Allen,  Analyil.  1904.  joi).  The  free  acid  is  found 
native  in  certain  ivlcuiic  diitricta  lacb  as  Tuscany,  the  Lipari 


Uanrh  and  Nnada,  iMdng  «iiled  with  iteuo  fism  Gitarei  la 
the  grcrund;  it  k  also  found  as  a  constituent  of  mauj  mkkerala 
(bonu,  boradle,  boronatrocaldta  and  cclonamie). 

The  chief  louico  of  bncic  acid  for  commercial  parposei  is  the 
Matenma  of  TiBcany,  aBCiteiiilvg  and  doolate  tract  of  country 
over  which  jeti  d  v^xinr  and  healed  gaiea  lafienC)  and  spifnp 
of  baiUDi  water  apart  oot  from  chasms  and  fimrM.  In  tome 
places  the  fciaws  open  diiectiy  into  the  air,  bat  In  other  parts 
of  the  district  they  an  connd  by  amall  muddy  labs  {Itpt^. 
The  loffioal  coataia  a  luall  quality  ot  baric  add  (usaally  leia 
than  o-i%),  together  with  a  eulain  Hnount  cf  ammimiacal 
vapom.  Ia  ordtr  to  obtain  the  add,  a  sttlei  of  baiina  is  con- 
structed oVB-  the  -vcnta,  and  ta  amoged  as  to  pennit  ot  the 
paoage  of  water  thnwgfa  them  by  gnvltalloD.  Water  Is  led  into 
the  higbeat  baaia  and  by  the  action  of  the  heated  (ssm  la  soon 

fcr  about  a  day,  It  fs  ran  oil  into  the  second  one  and  Is  tvsatrd 
there  in  a  dmaar  nunner.  The  operatian  is  carried  00  throu^ 
the  entire  series,  until  the  Uquot  Id  the  last  basin  contains  ab«i> 
i%oi  boric  add.  Itlttbenn]ninlosettl)ngunfa,ftan  wUch 
it  next  passes  Into  the  evaporating  pans,  which  art  shallow  lead- 
lined  ptun  bested  by  the  gases  of  the  soSiani.  Tliese  pans  are 
worlied  on  a  contlnnom  system,  the  liquoi  In  the  fiiit  being 
concentrated  and  nm  off  inla  a  secMid,  and  so  on,  until  It  Is 
iuSdently  concentrated  to  cryslalllB.  "The  crystals  are  purified 
by  recrystallixation  from  water.  ArtiBdai  soffionl  are  sometimes 
prepared  by  boring  through  tike  rock  until  the  fissures  are  reached. 
and  the  water  lo  obtaioei]  Is  occasionally  taffidently  impngnated 
with  boric  add  to  bo  evaporated  directly.  Boric  add  is  also 
obtained  from  boronatroolcite  by  treatmetit  with  adphnric 
add,  foUoved  by  the  evapcatlion  of  the  solution  so  obtaioed. 
The  reddue  Is  then  healed  In  a  cvnent  of  superheated  slean.  bi 
wMcb  tbe  boric  add  vcdatiHtes  and  distils  over.  It  may  alio  be 
obtained  by  tbe  decompositiaD  ol  boradte  with  hot  hy#ocUoric 
add.  In  small  quantiliei,  It  may  be  [«epuid  by  the  addltian 
of  concentiBled  sulphuric  add  to  a  cold  sattualcd  solution  nC 

Na,B^-)-HSO,-t-SH,0-MB^.-MH.B(h. 

Bode  add  crysultiiea  Inoi  water  la  white  nacresw  tamiiHe 

bdaii(ln(  ID  the  iricliaie  syMem:  il  is  diKcullly  soluble  ia  coU 

— — T,  but  diwilvee  readily  IB  bol  water.    Itboacef  (he"  weak" 

.  ill  diswdatlon  eontunt  bdng  only  O'&lfif  (J.  Walker,  Jam. 

en.  Sec.,  igoo,  bucvU.  5),  and  consequently  its  salts  are  appred- 

bydtDlytediflaqiieaiBKilutiiiB.    Tbe  freeaeidtumsUiielknu 

claret  Dotovr.    Its  actlaB  apoo  turmeric  la  efaaesetefisdc  r  a 

eric  paper  moisteaed  with  a  sohitlDn  rf  boric  add  loms  brown. 

:a1ouc  becoming  much  duker  at  the  piper  dcleti  whDe  the 

addition  of  todlun  or  potiiBuni  hydroxide  turns  it  almcat  black. 

Baric  add  il  eiwl)>  eaiuble  lo  alcebol,  and  if  (he  vapour  ol  tbe  tdnliini 

■     "  "  -■■ '-'- --■  id  men  niloar.    The 

,  ---    — , aad  it  converted  into 

i4a'C..pyr«tgr>c«tf,HiB/>i.bpcDduced: 

- , jres,  bama  trknide  It  forined.    The  nlti  of 

the  aomal  or  enhoborle  add  la  aU  BnbabiHty  do  not  exitt:  ncU- 
berk  add.  however,  larmt  tever^  weltdeCKd  mlu  which  are  rewiay' 
converted,  even  by  caiboa  dkndde.  into  tahs  of  pyroborie  acid- 
That  onhobntie  add  it  a  tribttic  add  it  ihown  by  the  fonoatun  of 
rlhyl  orthoborate  on  eslerificatloo.  the  vf *""" '  — ^'-l 


feebteto^nlil 


ve  itching,  but  its  chief  ait  it  ai  a  mild  uliKptic 
11  or  eoClDO'WaDl.  Recent  work  has  dvwn  it  ii  laa 
d  upon  alone,  but  where  really  cfticieDt  ant iteptio, 
:  cUoride  and  iodide,  and  carbolic  add.  have  been 


_      ,        ....  ,    ,   ...»  mttiCB  df  tbe  anh. 

Anwaf  the  pmpoici  for  whidi  boiinf  it  tfadtaHf  aafiajei 
ut:  (i)  piov«ctlii|  or  "-"•'■"j  fm  mmcnl  dcpoiiU;  (3) 
•inkinf  pMioleum,  utunl  pi,  ulaiui  or  uk  wdb;  (j)  de- 
ttnualnc  the  dq>Lh  bdow  tbe  wrfacc  id  bed-rodt  or  other 
fifni  inbMntnm,  tofcthec  «ltli  the  chuaclei  ol  the  overiyinf 
BvleiiiJf,  piepentoiy  to  ndaiiif  or  dvil  enfineerinc  opentioiui 
(4)  cuiyini  oa  leolofical  or  other  ideatiSc  eiplotatkiiu. 

Pitapectini  bji  botfng  it  pnctiied  most  tucteafully  in  Che 
cueofminenldepotitsaiiUriteut*,  which  ue  ntsrly  hoiiuntil, 
or  at  leut  not  bighJ]'  inclined:  <(<  depisiti  of  cod,  iron,  lead 
and  ult.  Wide,  Sal  bcdi  of  sudi  ounenli  may  be  pierced  si  any 
dsired  aumber  of  points.  The  deplh  at  vbidi  each  bole  enlen 
the  depoiit  and  ihe  iliiduieu  of  the  niiaenl  itself  are  readily 
aicenaiiud,  w  lint  a  map  may  be  coiutruRed  nith  aome  degree 
of  accuracy.  Samples  ol  the  mineral  are  also  secured,  hmustung 
data  as  to  the  value  ol  the  deposit.  While  boring  is  sometimes 
adopted  for  pnopecting  irregular  and  steeply  iodincd  mineral 
depoiiu  of  imall  area,  the  results  are  obviously  less  trustworthy 
than  under  the  conditions  named  above,  and  may  be  actually 
nitleadios  unless  a  large  number  of  holes  are  boied.  Incident' 
ally,  bore-hates  supply  infotmatioa  as  to  Ihe  chancier  and  depth 
of  Ihe  valueless  depositions  of  eitth  or  rock  overlying  Ihe  mineral 
depoiiL  Such  data  assist  in  deddbig  upon  the  appnipriate 
nelbod  for,  and  in  eillmaliiig  the  cost  of,  sinking  shalls  or 
driving  lunoets  (or  Ilie  development  and  eiploiialioo  ol  the 
deposit.  In  sinUng  pelrolenm  wells,  boHog  terva  not  only  lor 
diacovering  Ihe  oit-beariag  strata  but  also  (or  eilncting  Ihe  oiL 
This  industry  has  become  al  great  importance  in  many  parts  of 
the  United  States,  in  southern  Rusua  and  elsewhere.  Rock  sail 
depoiita  are  someiimes  worked  ihrougb  bore-holes,  by  introduc- 
ing water  and  pumping  out  the  scjulioti  of  brine  for  further 
trcatmenL  The  sinking  of  artesian  wells  is  another  applicatiOD 
of  boring.  They  are  often  hundreds,  and  sometimes  thousands, 
of  feet  in  depth.  A  wejl  in  St  Louis,  Missouri,  has  a  depth  of 
3843  ft. 

Boring  Is  useful  in  mines  themselves  for  a  variety  of  purposes, 
such  as  eiploring  Ihe  deposit  ahead  ol  the  workings,  lesrehing 
for  neighbouring  veins,  and  sounding  the  ground  t 
dangerous  inundated  workings.  In  Ihe  coal  regie 
vanla,  bon-holes  are  often  sunk  for  carrying  steam  pipes  and 
hoisting  ropes  underground  at  points  remote  from  a  shaft. 

Several  of  the  methods  of  boring  in  soli  ground  are  empbyed 

Ing  the  depth  below  Ihe  surface  to  solid  rock,  preparatory  to 
eiaivaiiiig  (or  and  designing  deep  foundalJoni  for  heavy  struc- 
tures, and  for  eslimaling  the  co«t  of  lute  uak  eicavalions  in 
earth  and  rock. 

Lastly,  a  number  of  deep  holes  have  been  bored  for  geological 
eiplontion  or  for  observing  Ihe  Increase  of  temperature  in  deplh 
In  Ihe  earth's  crust;  for  example,  at  Paruschowita,  Silesia,  aboul 
£700  ft.  deep;  at  Leipilg,  Germany,  6165  ft.;  near  Pittsburg, 


I,  SSI"  f 


5000  (t.    The  11 


I  lasl  a 


iIMrginii 


nowledge  as  passible  of  the  b 


There  are  Eve  methods  of  boring,  vi>.:  by  (i)  earth  augen, 
(>)  drive  pipes,  Cj)  long,  joinled  rods  and  drop  driD,  {4)  ihc  rope 
system,  in  which  Ibe  lods  are  replaced  by  rope,  (s)  rolary  drills. 
The  Gret  two  methods  tn.adaplcd  to  salt  or  earthy  smls  only; 
the  otben  an  for  rodL 

r.  Eatlk  uuftri  conpnie  ipini  aikd  pod  aigvn.  The  ofdinary 
•(^I  aiiier  resembles  the  wood  auger  coaiooiily  used  by  carpenten. 
It  is  ttuchtd  to  the  itid  or  stem  tiy  i  Mcliel  Jolni,  lUceciiivE  sections 
ol  rod  Wngadded  as  the  hole  is  deepened.    The  aunr  Li  rotated  liy 

Dondr  iteny  1 — -- ■  -''-*-  j^'c— ^-     '^- --- 


dilfieahy.    1 

w  jevohitloiu  . 

soil  elingiiig  between  the  spiraU.  Dr 
Lily  bond  ^  band ;  deeper  holes  by  he 
<ohesive  Kflh,  the  auger  may  be  enc 


TM  ei^uagiiimy T«T  ■  nuniMis'  11^  Btn  Mtia.  ACOBBna 
fans  (Sa.  I)  couists  of  lais  ciwcd  tna  plalat,  one  allached  to  the 
lOd  ngidly,  the  other  by  hiofe  aed  ker.  By  beJog  turned  through 
a  few  (enluiwns  the  pod  Is^Ued,  aod  b  then  ratoEd  and  emptied. 
'^"- '- BOdy  sails,  the  open  rides  an  dosed  by  hinged  plMCs. 


einh  siiEin  are  huidkd  with  die 
aid  of  a  lighi  dmick. 

ig^^/fii-S.-ft'lS 

•olid  tecfc  aod  as  a  oecessaty  p^ 

Uminiry  to  rock  boring,  when  some 

hiekni.  of  «nfaol5il  must  Erst 

be  pa»d  ihroii^.  In  iu  sluuilat 
arm  the  drive  ^pe  consists  oToH 

J  ■■''5,;^f£p,;X^'fiSS 

mail  siie  the  pipe  is'^driven  fay  a 
Lcavy  hammeri  lot  deep  and  large 

loles.  a  light  pile^driver  bKon^ 

going  deeper 
tapenng  pale,  ny  30  ft. 


3.  Dritf  01^  Xa^.—Thli  method  has 
long  been  used  In  Europe  and  else- 
where for  deep  boring.  Id  Ihe  United 
Suies  it  is  rarely  enployed  lor  depths 
greaier  than  sod  or  ado  f  l  The  uhuI 
Ibrm  of  cutting  tooTcr  driU  ii  idiown 
in  fig.  ^  The  iron  rods  are  from  r  to 
1  in.  iqaue,  in  king  leuiihi  with 
•eiew  j«nu  (fig.  4)'  Woakn  rods  are 
ocaiionaUy  used.  For  (hallow  hole*  (a  to  7s  ft)  the  work  is 
done  by  hand,  one  or  two  crom-hsrs  being  clainpnl  la  Ibe  rod. 
The  ."oen^inniiiely  ""and  drop  ihe  drill.  miuwhJIe  slowly 

IrutTThe  cuttings  are  deaoed  oui  by  a  bailer,  si  for  dnve  pipe^. 

In  bonng  tiy  hand.  Ihe  praclicul  limit  of  depth  ii  soon  nached. 
OB  accouni  oflheincieasinf  weiijhl -*•' ■-     ■^- 

from  Ihe  butt,  the  Istler  being  fiimly  fiied!"Tiie  rodi 

hole.  Wilh  the  aid  of  the  spring  of  the  pole  the  stnikeB 
lie  produced  by  a  ilight  eflorl  on  the  part  of  the 
driller.  Average  speeds  of  6  to  10  ft.  per  10  hours  are 
easily  made,  la  depths  of  aoo  to  150  ft. 

For  deep  boring  the  rod  system  requires  a  moec 
elaborate  plant.  The  rods  are  auspnidcd  from  a 
heavy  "walking  beam"  or  kvei.  usually  oadHited 
bv  a  steam  eneine.  By  means  of  a  sciiw-leed  device. 
the  rods,  which  aic  intaled  slightly  after  every 
stroke,  an  gmduaUy  M  down  as  the  hole  is  dccpcixd. 
Icagth  after  length  being  added.  A  tall  derrick 
carries  the  shaves  and  rapes  by  which  the  reds  and 
tooliarenunipulsted.  Thediillbitcannat beallached 
rigidly  to  Ihe  todi  ai  in  dullow  bating,  because  Ihe 
mnmenlum  a(  Ibe  heavy  moving  puti^  tnunllled 
directly  to  the  bit  as  ihe  blow  is  struck.  nDld  cause 

sary.  Iheierore.  to  Inlmdncc  a  sUding.Unl:  Joint  be-      ^"-  ^ 
Cween  Ibe  rods  and  bit.    One  form  o?  link  is  shosm  SlIdiBtLink. 

while  t£e  rods  canlinue  In  descend  to  the  end  of  Ibe  sinke,  the  141(1(1 
memheraf  Ihe  link  sliding  down  upon  the  kiwer.  Then,  oa  the  up 
•trolie  Ihe  lower  link,  with  Ihe  bit,  is  raised  Icr  delivering  another  blow. 
'  rge  boles  the  sinking  weight  is,  ht.  Boo  to  looo  lb.  Inigth  ol 
'  a|  ta  S  ft.,  and  speed  from  M  to  y>  imfcBi  per  miauiB. 


mil  in>T  H  inall^  rSkaI.  ibc  oaly  itniii  b«n«  ihjtl 
Tu  ddivtr  ■  iharp,  (fftclii*  blow,  hoirmr,  ihe  rodi 
tkh  1  quvk  iiroVe.  wKich  briogt  a  heavy  drain 
Bpenling  imrhinfry.  For  DVFTCominf  Ihis  difliculty,  va 
UlLi(  tooli "  luTrWn  dcviicd.    By  ihoethebU  boU 


BORING 

ht  or  th< 


Tbe.]ur>k 


ind  pklu  *p  Ibe  bit.  Fnt-[a1lini  t<K 

'■'  thoK  by  which  Itie  bil  ii 

2>  tboor  opcrartd  by  a  ludt 
Dd  by  thedrillmn.  nnrni 
dw  ■  f  h>  Klad  I 


(6i.« 


the  bit  h  B^ipHl  ind  iilfunl  by 
J  J,  *orV«)  ihroiiih  t  lonfe  joint  by  mc 
I  oT  tlic  diib  D.    When  the  rod  bejinm  in  do 

■lighil>' nin  D.  Ilus  openini  Ikefiwt  iiid  RlcuuiE 
the  bit,  wluch  Laili  by  gnviry^    On  niching  (lie  end 

Fnbk"' 


i-c 


another  bkiw.    The 

_, 1  an  eaample  of  the 

BteDod  eha  Iftt  Kebler,  Uirlmct  4a  Bttibtrntumli, 
fh  n)'  TodU  art  aonictiniea  uicd  /or  cullans  an 
annular  Eroove  in  the  botioin  of  th«r  hoLe,  and  raiiiita 
■slhewrfaathecoRKfoniw-   '       '        '       ■ 

4.  KwcWAifprHli;— TlnmeihiidwuloDEuD 
iiHd  ■■  China,  bcauie  of  ila  ooeniive  apnUcation 
ia  Ihe  oil-fieMi  it  ia  genetally  dnignaled  in  tlie 
United  Slatn  u  the  "  oii-wclt  lyiiem."  In  ita 
varwii  modifioiliona  it  la  oltcn  employed  alio  in 
ffncral  proaprcliag  of  Blincnl  dcpoaita  and  in  ainkuil 
artesian,  natural  gu  and  fail  wclEa.  OiK  of  its  foinu 
CIO.  b.  ia  known  in  Engiind  ai  the  Mather  &  Pl^ll  syncm, 
KindFree-  '^^  ^^'"^^  point  ol  diflerence  Irom  rod-bocinp  ii 
FalJimt  TooL  tl"  lubilitulKin  o4  rope  Ice  tlie  pointed  rod*.     For 

tJx  loda.  a*  requ^ed  wluocver  Ihe  ixtle  b  to  be  clcaiied  oo(.  or 
t  duQ  bit  replaced,  aince  the  tooli  are  rapidly  nin  up  or  down 
bv  Efteaaa  of  (he  njpe  with  which  they  are  opented  while  driUinf. 
liK  ipeed  al  rope-barinc  ia  thcrefdre  but  Nttlc  affected  by  increaae 
ti  riepth,  while  with  rad-bnring  it  falb  off  nfndiy.   [n  ila  umpleH 

tonipaed  of  the  l^t  or  drill,  jin  and  rope-socket.  The  ian  are  a  pair 
of  illdiiiC  linki.  «iinE}ar  "      *  '  '  ■  '      ■ 


DOther  bar  above  the  jara  (iiiiiker-bar)  keepa  (he  rope 
taut.  Thelencih  iiinroVeand  Iccdarereiulaled 
by  the  ■'  lemper-icrew  "  (fig.  7).  a  teed  device 
rnemblin^  thai  lived  for  roa.boring.    Clamped 

ai  Ihe  hole  i>  deepened.    The 

being  gcnermlly  belwe 


houn.  accordiiig  (0  the  kind  of  rock. 
UK  in  caie  oftTtakage  of  pini  in  the  Kd 


ho^orvlher 

J.  ^aunJZlriJf.— Thcmelhodadeiciibedabove 
are  capable  of  boring  holea  vertically  down^ 
wfird  oiily.  By  the  diamond  drill,  holn  can  be 
1 1 : ji — :—  1 ijji]^  downward 


liamond  di 
any  d&Tction,  Irom  ven.- 
cally  upwartl.    Ii  haa  II 


?k."« 


leatrala  penetrated;  the  thick- 

-er  of  each  atralum  tn  iliown, 

er  with  it*  depth  behnr  Ihe  aurface.  Thia. 
anaond  drill  la  peculiarly  well  adapted  loe 
roapccting  mineial  depoiila  fron  which  tamplea 
«  deiind.  The  firn  practical  application  of 
monda  for  drilling  in  rock  waa  made  in  (86} 
f^rofoaor  Rudolph  Lqcbot.  a  civil  engines-  of 


:lean  and  inufaatfudcd.  Fv  iniverii(4e  OOK  and  in 


3S3 

Erii(4e  OOK  and  loanetiBatiM 

Jate«y)IoBfi.oldepth.T1ii( 

. — — -  ,, (Hc«  opanted  bv  the  drMac  eaaim, 

Diamood  driUa  ol  ataalari  d^Sn^.a)  ^  ho£^fl^ljri» 
>|i><.diameter,yitUufcorea(>llte>iH^<aaiieler,udBeciipabll 
of Twhmgde^Ihaif ■Itwhandrednfoaok.oraKas.    Tteym- 

■baUovtrbolea  Bpta6.9Vev«  I- ■'    -■- " 


Fia.  9.— Little  Champion  Rock  DrilL  Fio 
in  undergrmnd  wedinga  of  Dtiaea.  amall  and  i 
,T ,a«i  nacolunna  (fig,  9{^e; 


lUtea  iJ  advance  (o 

deplhi  raoiEe  naoaUy  bum  a  u  3  ft-  per  b 

= — '-idingofdinarydekyaiChdiigh  in  lava  -- 
^  higha  ipeedi  are  ohcn  al' 


dril|.rodiarota»d.  TTii  Daunond  DtOI  Bit. 
ccileeltubet,insioiofl.lengtha.  Forpfoduc- 

....  — vicea  am  employed,  Ihe  diflereniial  acrew  and 

hydraulic  cylinder.  Fat  Ihrdiffiraiiitl  feel  (%.  o)  the  engine  hai  a 
hallow  Ml-hand  threaded  icrew-ihart,  to  which  the  rods  are  coupled- 
Thia  shaft  ia  driven  by  a  apliae  and  bevel  gearing  and  is  supported 
by  a  threaded  feed-nutr  carried  in  the  lower  bearing.  Geared  to  the 

lew-shalliaaliBhluunter-ahaft.   Bypiop- 

1y  proportioning  the  number  of  teeth  in  the 

Firem  of  gcar-wneela.  Ihe  lei  ^        ' 

I  that  Ike  deill-rod  ia  led  do 


roeilht! 
'Ith  wal 


liy.  Ia  supported  by  the  leed 
cylindH  piston  and  cauaed  (n  move  slowly 


'™xSu  rate  of 


JS+        BORIS  FEDOROVICH  GODUNOV— BORISOGLYEBSK 

)■  cotoar.  taualin'  >>■>■  th*  brHliun,  aad  haw  no  ekaviEt  plii 
TlKy  ut  UKntm  niiiaUc  [or  driiUnc  in  hard  rack.  Bniu 
iqiich,  iaperfECI  briUanD,  Aad  uv  bttt  med  for  dw  lofltr  rot 

UKU  df  artDM  in  a  wen4et  bit  ii  tmaU.  thtHiih  cxircnidy  varia 
Abon  the  bh  an  Iht  cawJilter  aiid  con-biml.    Thr  on-li... 
(i^^  lit  A)  Aft  device  lbrgtiniii£  eod  bmkii^  oil  the  rwr  and 
miHBi  il  ID  (be  HfUcc.    Tlie  Hnvk 


bmkiis  on  I  he  « 
a  lolt,  long,  filBdr 


QianDfid  driHado  not  work  h 
>i  the  carboni  in  liabk  tu  be  i 
•e  Hi  net.  [n  Dick  dreurnitano 
bit  miiy  be  rvphaed  by  ■  areei  ti 
cofe-drilling  .<  the  Davii  Cily 


*hicb  thef 


CDiuideTjbl«  f(_  .  . .^  ..... 

Iiom  their  true  dimtion.    "niii  ii  3ue  to  tin  Tact  ihal  the  radi 
not  bi  cloaclf  in  tbe  hob-  tfid  tberefore  benif.     Il  it  al»  lively 


thebii 


Ihe  HI  of  the  rodi  lilti  up  I 

hole  may  be  quite  u  ukIuI  u  a  tlnlibl  me. 

AuTHoainis.  —  For  (aither  inlonulkin  on  boring  im  7>aai. 
Amtr.  Ina.  Uittinf  E*p.  voL  U.J>.  141,  vol.  lutyii.  p.  llj;  C.  \t 
Neve  Potter,  Tat-Ctct  vfOntmd  Smt  JVaint.ebap.  ul. ;  CiiUlmiJ, 
qtb  December  i8w,  »tn  and  37(h  May  ivy  SiitntiM  Amrriaiit. 
tltt  Augost  IM6;  Enpncerinf  uri  Vtei'nf  Jm.  voL  Iviji.  p.  IW, 

Entla^,  4t.l!SiL  p.  M^f&&^iii^^^ari^,  N.' V-I'vol.  ^'i. 
a,  1 1  Ztituht.  far  Sw,  Maia-  uad  Arlunnurn.  ml.  imr.  p.  19; 
Denny,  "  DianMnd  tMllinc."  ilina  and  Jfiiural>.*al.'iia..  AufuH 
iS44,p,7.toJanaary  i9(B.p.ui:Jtfi«^He7a«r.,26th  January  igoi; 
uSitt  a'iTScuMific  Prm.  iSeh  No^ber  I9P}.  p.  3U:  0"- 
Ziititb.  far  B^  mi  HiUIrmnn,  Hit  May,  41b  Jane  1904;  Trai. 
ImA  jViHiif  >ij  MfUUnrn,  voL  lii.  p.  ui ;  Gartnenai  MataiiiK, 
March  U96.  p.  lo7i  (Rn".*) 

BOmS  FBDOROnCB  OODONOV.  tur  of  Muicovy  (c.  isji- 

KuHian  lamily  of  Talai  oHgin.  whkh  niBnled  freni  Ibe  Horde 

to  Muscovy  in  Ibe  14th  century,  Borii'  careei  of  Krvicc  begin 
at  the  CDutt  of  Ivan  the  Terrible.  He  it  mentioned  is  is;o  ai 
taUng  part  In  the  Setpeiik  campaign  at  one  ol  Ibe  aichen  a( 

miniage  with  Mirii,  Ihe  daughter  of  Ivan's  abominable  fivoDiite 
Malyuta  Sliutalov,  In  isSo  Lhc  liar  choie  Irene,  Ibe  liiler  of 
Borii.  lo  be  the  bride  ol  Ihe  laarevich  Thevdorc.  en  vhich 
Kcavon  Boris  ■■>  promoted  CO  the  rank  oi  ieyir.  On  hii  death- 
bed Ivan  appointed  Boris  one  of  Ihe  guardians  ol  his  son  and 
sucmaor;  (or  Theodore,  despite  his  leven-and-lwcnly  years, 
was  of  ipmenvhat  weak  inlellecl.  The  reign  ol  Theodore  began 
with  a  itbellion  in  lavour  of  the  Infant  tsarevich  Demetrius,  the 
aonollvan's  filth  oHIc  Marie  Nagaya,  a  rebellion  multingin  the 
banishment  of  Demetrius,  with  his  mother  and  her  rcbliont,  to 
their  appanage  at  Uglich.  On  the  occasion  of  the  lur'a  corona- 
lion  (May  31,  ij80,  Boris  was  loaded  with  honouis  and  riches, 
yet  be  held  but  the  second  place  in  the  regency  during  the  iile- 
limc  of  his  co-guardian  Nikit*  Romanovith,  00  whose  dealh,  in 
August,  he  VB3  kit  without  any  aeriout  livaL  A  cons(Hracy 
against  him  ol  all  the  other  gnat  boyan  and  the  mctropDlitan 
Dionysy,  whkh  sought  to  break  Boris'  power  by  divorcing  the 
laar  from  Codunov'i  chUdlcsi  sbter.  only  ended  in  the  banish- 
nent  or  (omuring  ol  the  molcontents.  Hencelorth  Codunov 
was  omntpolenl.  The  diirclion  of  aflain  passed  entirely  Into 
his  hands,  and  be  corresponded  with  forvlgn  princes  si  their 
equal.  Hii  policy  was  generally  pacific,  but  always  moil  prudent. 
In  TS95  he  recovered  from  Sweden  the  town  lost  during  Ihe 
tormer  icifn.  Five  yean  previously  he  had  deletled  a  Talir 
raid  upon  Hoscow,  lor  which  aervice  he  itceived  the  title  ol  if>(a, 

'  Droagb.  WiiH  Svrttylnt.  pp.  17A-17B;  Marriott.  Tnni.  ImiL 
Umng  tni  SItlaBuTfj.  vol.  >iv.  p,  igj. 


ignlty  even  higher  than  (hal  ol  boytr.  TwnMb 
lintained  an  independent  altitude,  it^ipotlitic  at 
Faction  in  the  Crimea,  and  furnishing  the  emperor 


English  m 


bycaempti 


ouih- 


taslem  borden  ol  Muscovy  by  building  1 
lortmsee  lo  keep  the  Taur  and  Finnic  tribes  in  order,  ^iuiuira, 
Sanlov,  and  Tsariiayn  and  a  whole  seriea  oT  leaser  towns  drrin 
Inun  him.  He  aha  rt^ohintttd  Siberia,  which  dad  been  dipping 
Irom  the  gratp  of  Muscovy,  and  foimed  score)  ol  jww  aelik- 
mcnta,  including  Tobolsk  and  other  large  centres.  Ii  was  during 
his  government  that  the  Uusemrile  church  received  Its  palri- 
arclule,  which  placed  il  on  an  equality  with  ihe  other  Eastern 

poliian  ol  Kiev.  Boris*  most  imporianl  domestic  nform  >iii 
the  Ilia  (ijSj)  forbidding  the  peasaniry  10  Iranilet  themselves 
from  one  landowner  10  another,  thus  biniling  them  10  the  soQ. 
The  object  of  this  ordinance  was  to  secure  revenue,  bul  it  led  lo 
the  institution  ol  serfdom  in  its  most  grinding  form.  The  sudden 
dealh  of  the  Isarevich  Demetrius  at  Uglich  (May  IS,  150O 
has  commonly  been  allribuled  id  Boris,  becauic  it  cleared  his 
way  10  the  throne;  but  ihb  b  no  clear  proof  that  he  was  pmon- 
ally  concerned  in  that  tiagedy.  The  tame  may  be  said  ol  the 
many,  often  atvurd,  accusations  subflcquenliy  broughr  apinat 
him  by  jealoui  rivals  or  ignoranl  contemporaries  who  haled 

On  Ibe  death  ol  ihe  childless  isar  Theodore  (January  7. 1  iqS), 

aefze  the  throne.  Had  he  not  done  so,  lifelong  tpclusion  in  a 
monastery  would  have  been  his  lightest  fate.  His  election  was 
proposed  by  the  patriarch  Job,  who  acted  on  the  convrclton  that 
Boris  was  the  one  man  capable  of  coping  with  the  cilraordinary 
diljicullln  ol  an  unciamplcd  silualion.  Boris,  however,  would 
onlyacrcpl  tbe  thronefrom  a  ZrMi>r5ckr,  or  nalionil  assembly, 
which  met  on  the  17th  ol  February,  and  unanimoutly  elecled 
him  on  tlK  iilt.    On  ihe  isl  ol  September  he  was  solemnly 

popular  and  prosperous,  and  ruled  Ihe  people  eiceilently  well. 
Enlightened  as  he  nat,  he  luITy  recogiiicrd  the  {nlelleciual 
inteiioriiy  of  Russia  at  compared  with  the  West,  and  dW  hii 
~    bring  about  a  belter  state  of  thingi.    >{<r  wis  Ihe  first 


young  Ruisians  abroad  to 


.    Heat 


1,  lhc  fint 


icale,  the  lii 
ntloallou 
It  then 


send 


by  diplomaiie 

ins.  He  ciiltivalcd  friendly  rebl ions  with  lhc  Scandinavian*, 
rdcr  10  intctmorry  if  postiWe  with  foreign  royal  houses  «  as 
xf ease  th*  dignity  of  hit  own  dynasty.  Thai  Boris  was  one  o[ 
grealoi  of  Ihe  Muscovite  tsaTSiheiecan  benodoubi.  Bui  hit 
It  quilllleiwcre  overbalanced  by  an  incuribletutpiciausnest, 
ch  made  it  impouible  for  him  to  act  cordially  with  those  about 

lid  the  grcalesl  of  the  boyars  to  marry.  He  also  encourpgid 
rmeis  and  peneculed  suspects  on  their  unsupponcd  stile- 
ils.  The  Romanov  lamily  in  Bpetial  luHcred  severely  lre«n 
edclalioni.  Borisdied  suddenly  (Aprii  ij.  1605),  leaving  one 
ton,  Theodore  II.,  whoiucceededhim  for  a  few  monihsand  iheo 
foully  murdered  by  Ihe  enemies  ol  Ihe  Goduntvs. 
T  Pliton  Vasilievich  Pavlov.  Ox  lie  Ili<ltriral  Siimifimr  af 
iripitIBniiCeii><ml.a.<it.)l}*aKaf.\»s»):StitinW'V**i\(- 
Sokivev.  Hiilan  tf  XuuU  (Rus.)  (>nd  ed..  vols.  vl>,-vili„  St 
Pelersbuig,  -897).  (R.  N,  B.) 

BOBISOOLTEBSK,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  govemnenl  of 
Tambov,  leo  m,  S.S.E.  of  Ihe  cily  of  Ihal  namt.  in  ji*  1 1"  N.  lat. 
ind4}*4'E.  bng.  II  wat  founded  in  1646  to  defend  the  toulherB 
fiontietiof  Muscovy  against  the  Crimean  Tatars,  and  in  i6g6waB 
t  by  wooden  Ion ilicai ions.  The  priniipal  industries 
eparation  ol  wool,  iron-casting,  soap-boiling,  lallow- 
lid  brick-making;  and  there  is  an  active  trade  in 
I.  catlle,  and  leather,  and  two  imporianl  annual  lain. 


.,OOgi 


BORKU— BORNE 


'SS 


■OUnr.  or  BoiciT,  ■  Rtton  of  Cmlnl  Atrlci  bMncea  i^  ■nd 
ig'  N.  and  iS*  Bud  91*  E.,  fonniiv  pul  el  tht  InHttkinal  uhk 
btlwKn  the  uid  vutcs  of  Ihe  SiJun  ind  die  lertlle  laitdi  of 
thr  ccnln]  Sudan.  It  k  bognlcd  N.  by  Ihe  Tibesti  MooDIaEu, 
and  a  in  gnat  meuun  occupied  by  Itsser  cltvalioni  belonging 
10 the ume i>iteni.  Thesehilltio  thesoutlandeailmergt into 
lie  [^aim  of  Widai  and  Darlor.  South-vnt,  In  the  direction  ol 
Lake  Chad,  ii  the  Sodele  buin.  The  dtainage  of  Ihe  country 
k  to  tlv  take,  but  Ihc  ntimenjus  khnn  with  vrhich  iia  aurface  ii 
jnnedare  mostly  dry  or  contain  imter  (oibtiol  pertodtonly.  A 
coiBideraUe  part  of  the  loil  ii  light  und  drifted  about  1^  Ihe 
■ind.  The  irrigated  and  (erttle  poniolu  conaial  mainly  of  a 
Dumber  ef  valleys  icparatcd  f  mn  each  el  her  by  low  and  irregular 
limcstOM  tock^  Tliey  furnish  einllent  data.  Barley  k  alio 
eultivaled.  ThenorlhemvalleysarcinhabitedbyaKllledpopu- 
lltion  ol  Tibbu  stock,  known  as  the  Daia,  and  by  colonics 
of  negroes:  the  Mhm  ate  mainly  vijiicd  by  nomadic  Berber 
and  Arab  tribes.    The  inhlbilanti  own  large  numbers  of  puti 

A  caravan  route  Trom  Barca  and  ibe  Kufra  oaak  passes  through 
Borku  to  Lake  Chad.  The  ccmntry  long  remained  unknown  to 
Enropeans.  Cuslav  NacMlgal  spent  some  time  in  it  in  Ihe 
ynr  1871,  and  0ive  a  valuable  account  of  Ihe  regton  and  its 
idubilanuinhubook,  5ii*iiniiiiid  J'»Jdn(B(riin,  1879-1889). 
In  igQQ  Borkn,  by  agreement  witb  Gnat  Britain,  was  assigned 
10  Ihe  French  tphere  of  influence.  The  coiiniry,  which  had  for- 
merly been  periodically  raided  by  the  Walad  SUman  Arabs,  wu 
then  governed  by  the  Scnuiai  (gt.),  who  had  placed  gnrrisois 
id  the  chief  ctnlres  of  population.  From  it  raids  were  made 
on  French  territory.  In  1907  a  French  column  from  Kancm 
entered  Borku,  but  after  capturing  Ain  Calakka,  the  principal 
Senussi  itation,  retired.  Borku  h  also  called  Boisu,  but  most 
pot  be  confounded  wilh  the  Borgu  (q.t.)  wesi  o(  Ihe  Niger. 


Kction  ifl  of  Gmttaw  N^ 
(I  voL),  arjanged  by  ajc 
article  (wHk  nap)  by  Com 


;htwal'. 


win  be  ft 


Ii.  Bordeaux  inLaCtapapliit,  Oct.  1906. 
n  iilana  at  Germany,  in  the  Korib  Sea.  belonging 
In  tbe  ftiowan  F«nrince  oS  Hanover,  the  watenunost  of  ihe 
EtM  FriHad  chain,  lying  between  the  east  and  west  arms  of  the 
eaiDuy  ol  the  Ems,  and  opposite  id  the  Dollart.  Fop.  about 
ijoo.  The  island  is  J  m,  long  and  >)  m.  hioad,  k  a  favourite 
SDmiDcr  resort,  and  is  visited  annually  by  about  30,000  pcnons. 
There  k  a  daily  steamboat  Krvice  wilh  Emdcn,  Leer  and  Ham- 
burg during  the  summer  months.  The  island  aEords  pasture  for 
rattle,  and  a  breeding-place  for  lea-birds. 

BOHUSt.  WILUAM  (ifiq;-!;?!),  En^ish  antiquary  and 
oatoralHl,  was  bora  It  Pendeen  in  Cornwall,  of  an  ancient 
family,  on  the  >nd  of  February  1695.  Ue  wai  educated  at 
EjKier  College,  Oafoid,  and  in  1719  was  ordained.  In  i;ii  he 
w»  prcacnied  to  the  letlery  dI  Ludgvan,  and  in  17J]  be  obtained 
in  addition  the  vicarage  of  St  Jusl,  his  native  parish.  In  the 
puish  ol  Ludgvan  were  rich  copper  woiks,  abounding  with 
mineral  and  metallic  fossils,  ol  which  he  made  a  colleclioa,  and 
thos  was  led  to  study  somewhal  minutely  the  natural  history  of 
the  rounly.  In  1750  he  wai  admilled  a  fellow  ol  the  Royal 
Society;  and  in  17:4  he  puUlihed,  M  Oifoid,  hi>  AUi^tiliii  1/ 
CrrmtM  (ind  ed.,  LoDdon,  1769].  His  n»t  publication  wu 
Otimalieni  en  Ikt  Ariitnl  and  Pratnl  Stall  ef  Uu  Iilandi  a[ 
Slilly.  ani  »«f  Impiirlonn  U>  Ihi  Tradi  aj  Cnal  Britain  (Oiford. 
1756}.  In  iTjS  appeared  his  ^o/nral  Hijfory  11/' CprwniU.  He 
pnaenled  to  the  Ashmolean  museum,  Oaford,  a  variety  ol  fossils 
bkI  antiquities,  which  he  had  described  in  fais  works,  and 
received  the  thanks  of  the  univeisity  and  Ihe  degree  ol  11X.D. 
Be  died  on  the  3111  of  August  1773.  Borlase  was  well  acquainted 
with  moM  of  the  leading  literary  men  of  the  time,  particularly 
wilh  Aleiuultr  Pope,  with  whom  he  kept  up  a  long  cotiespond- 
ence,  UMl  for  whoM  grotto  at  Twickenham  he  furnished  the 
^eaier  pert  ol  the  fouili  and  minerali. 

Bort<a'ilcilasn>P«pe.Si  Aubyn  and  «bcn,  with  antwers.  fid. 
several  volin         ---*-.. 


Knplete  u 


n  of  lh(«  M5S.,  wHh  ea 


Klildvi 


in  (ke  (JutiUrij  XivWa,  OsMber  ItJjS.  Borbse's  raouira  U  Ua 
own  life  were  publitbcd  m  NicboE'i  Liltrory  Anrcdotti,  vaL  v. 

BORNIO  (Ger.  Wermj),  a  town  of  Lombaidy,  Italy,  in  tlM 
province  of  Sondrio,  41I  m.  N-E.  of  the  town  of  Sondrio.  Poph 
(1901)  i8r4.  It  a  situated  in  the  Valtellina  (ihe  valley  «t  the 
Adda),  40ra  f1.  above  sea-level,  at  the  foot  ol  Ibe  SldviO  pm, 
and,  owing  to  its  podtioD,  ma  of  some  military  importana  !■ 
the  middle  age*.  ItcoBUintinlttatingcliuitbeaaiidpictuieKiM 
towen.  A  cenelrry  ef  pN-Ronan  date  wai  diKovcnd  it 
Bormio  in  iSlo. 

The  baths  of  Bocmio,  t  a,  fartlier  up  the  valley,  art  nMatimwd 
by  Pliny  and  Caisiodorus,  the  secretary  of  Thcodoric,  and  Ue 
much  frequented. 

BORX,  IOHA&  Edlek  vcn  Uw-'m),  Aiatrian  nuDerab- 
gkt  and  metallurgkt,  was  bom  of  a  m^e  laioily  at  Kirlsbvrg, 
in  Transylvania,  en  the  16th  ol  December  1741.  Educated 
In  a  Jesuit  college  in  Vienna,  he  was  for  sixteen  months  a 
member  of  the  order,  but  left  it  and  studied  law  at  Ptsgiic- 
Then  be  travelled  eitensively  in  Germany,  Holland  and  France, 
St udying  mineralogy,  and  on  hk  return  to  Prague  In  i77Dcnieitd 
ihedepBrtmcntofmincsand  the  mint.  In  1776  be  wai  appointed 
by  Miuih  Theresa  to  arrange  the  imperial  m 


ncilirfm 


Id  them 


and  continued  to  reside  until  hk  death  on  the  94ihof  July  17. 
He  imroduccd  a  melhod  of  eTtrscIlng  metah  by  amalgaiaation 
(Vbrrdai  Anifmclmia  Ene,  17M),  and  other  improvement!  in 
mining  and  other  technical  processes.  His  publicatioiia  aln 
include  LMofkylaiinm  Bonrioeinw  (17T1-177S)  and  Btrfim- 
HuiNfe  (1789),  besides  MvenJ  museum  catalogues.  Von  Bom 
attempted  utin  wlib  m  great  lucceia-  Dii  Siaeiiftrtdii,  a 
tale  published  without  his  knowledge  in  1771,  and  an  attack  on 
Father  Hell.  Ibe  Jesuit,  and  king's  astronomer  at  Vienna,  ut 
two  of  his  satirical  woiks-  Fart  of  a  satire,  entitled  Mmacitlotiii, 
in  which  the  monks  are  described  in  the  technical  language  of 
luluril  hktory,  is  alio  ascribed  to  him.  Von  Bom  wm  well 
acquainted  with  Latin  and  ihe  principal  modern  languages  ef 
Europe,  and  with  many  branches  ol  science  nol  immediately 
connected  wilh  melallurgy  and  mineralogy.  He  took  an  active 
part  in  the  pdilical  changes  in  Hungary,  After  Ihe  death  of 
the  emperor  Joseph  II.,  the  diet  of  Ibe  stales  of  Hungary  re 


ause  of  the  Hum 


of  Ihe  St 

itions  of  that  ruler,  and  conferred  Ihe  rights 

been  favourable  to  the 


.,  ,  qdoyed  In  writing  a 

^ailt*  Ltefeldini,  probnMy  relating  to  the  prudent 
conduct  of  Leopold  II.,  the  inccesaor  ol  Joseph,  towirdt  the 
Hungariinj, 

■OHHA,  a  town  of  Cerauny  in  Ihe  kingdom  of  Samny,  on  thi 
Wyhta  at  its  junction  with  Ihe  Ficisse,  17  m.  S.  by  £.  of  Ldpdg 
by  rail.  Pop.  (1905)  9176.  The  industries  include  peat-culttoft 
Iron  foundries,  orgsn,  panoforie,  Iclt  and  shoe  factories. 

BORNB,  KARL  LDDWIO  (1786-1837),  Getraan  political 
wtilcr  and  satirist,  WB3  bam  on  the  6lh  of  May  1 7R6  al  Ftankfort- 
on-Maln,  where  hk  futher,  Jakob  Baruch,  cirried  on  the  bisintB 
of  •  banker.  He  received  his  early  education  ai  Giessen,  but 
*9  Jews  were  ineligible  at  that  time  for  public  appoinimenti  In 
Frankfort,  young  Baruch  was  scnl  to  study  medicine  at  Berlin 
under  a  physician,  Markia  Hen,  in  whose  house  he  resided. 
Young  Baruch  benime  deeply  enamoured  of  his  patron's  wife, 
the  talented  and  beautiful  Henrietle  Hen  (1764-1847),  and  gave 

medical  science,  which  he  had  sulwqoently  pursued  at  Halle, 
he  itodied  conslilutional  law  and  poliiical  science  at  Heidelberg 
'  "■  ...  ,k  his  doctort  degree  at  the  latter 


rsily.    On  his 


o  Frankfort 


_    ,  bishop  Karl  von 

Dalberg,  he  received  (1811)  theappoinUnent  of  police  acinary  in 
that  city.  The  old  conditions,  however,  returned  in  1814  and 
he  was  obliged  10  mjgn  his  oSice.  Enblltercd  by  the  eppres^on 
under  which  the  Jews  suffered  in  Germany,  he  engaged  in  toumal- 
ism,  and  edited  the  Frankfort  liberal  newspipers,  Slaalttillnnp 
and  Dit  ZrilKhvnnin.    In  181 B he  became  a  convert  to  Lutheran 


2S& 


BORNEO 


le  (nnn  LAb  Buueh  to 


ha  doceat,  in  order  (o  impn 
iS  to  iSii  tusUud  Dit  Wa 
^]y  politic&J  ATtklaindilipam 
raim.   Thii  papn  wu  lupproBcd 


BfinK.  TtusilcpnuUkcn 
u  ID  the  ose  ot  »  nuny  e 
hs  wdiil  >tiilidliig.  FcDin 
■  piper  distinguished  by  iu  Li 
ful  bul  MOTMtic  IhMIiiciI  cri 
by  the  police  Auihoritia»  uu 

tbe  field  of  puUicitt  VTitiog  ua  im  a  leureo  me  m  nra,  nvn- 
burg  (nd  FrniUixl.  Alter  the  July  Revolulioii  (1830),  be 
hurried  to  Parii,  expecting  to  find  the  nenly-consliluled  lUte  o[ 
•odetj  UDMirtuI  in  loxirduce  with  his  own  ideu  of  Citedoin. 
Althoagii  to  lonie  eitent  diuppojnted  b  his  hopes,  he  wu  noi 
diipcocd  to  look  my  more  kindly  OD  the  politicil  condition  of 
Genmny;  thk  lent  additionBi  leac  to  the  biUliint  uliiica) 
lelten  (Brit/t  aul  Pa™.  igjo-iSjj,  publiabed  Paris,  18J4), 
whichhebecanropublEihinhiiLaatliterary  venture.  La  Baianee, 
t.  nnrivil  under  iU  French  name  of  Dit  Watt,  The  Briifi  an 
Farii  was  BSme't  moat  important  publication,  and  i  landnuik 
irt  the  history  of  German  journalism.  Its  appearmnce  led  him 
to  be  Rgardnl  as  one  of  the  leaders  of  Ihe  new  literary  party  of 
'    He  died  at  Farts  on  Ihe  lilh  of  February 


nnge  bora  3000 10  1500  f (.,  tbe  Ulttr  being  the  helghl  of  Bukit 
Raja,  a  plateau  which  divides  the  wiicrs  of  the  Kipuas  from  the 
river*  of  MUIhern  Borneo^  and  (j)  the  Mliller  chain,  between  the 
eastern  parts  o[  the  Madi  pli teau  [prcMnlly  10  be  nientwnedj  and 
the  Kapuas  chain,  a  volcaruc  region  presenting  heights,  such  ai 

eilincl  volcano^  Tbe  Madi  plateau  lies  between  the  Kapuas  and 
Ihe  Schwaner  chains.  Its  height  a  Inm  jooo  to  4000  ft.,  and  it 
it  clothed  with  tropical  high  fens.  These  mounlaui  lyilems  ate 
homologous  in  structure  with  ihose,  not  of  Celebes  or  of  Halnu- 
here,  but  of  Mabccs,  fianka  and  Bitliton.  From  the  eastern 
end  o(  Ihe  Kapuas  mountains  there  are  futtber  to  be  observed: 
(1)  A  chain  running  norih-norih-cut,  which  forms  the  boundary 
between  Sarawak  and  Dutch  Borneo,  the  bighesi  peak  of  which, 
GunongTebang,  approaches  to,ooofl.  This  chairi  can  hardly  be 
said  to  eitend  conlinuously  10  Ihc  eilttme  north  nf  Ihe  bland, 
bul  it  carries  on  the  line  of  elevation  towards  the  mounlains  of 
Sarawak  lo  the  west,  and  Ihose  of  British  Nnnh  Borneo  10  the 


aikable  foe  brilliancy  ol  style  and  lo 


X  found 


1 8]  7, 
BSrne'si 


In  his  Dnliredt  a<4  Jean  J>E>f  (1816),  a  writer  tor  whom  he  had 
warm  sympalhy  and  admiration,  in  his  Draniatiapulu  BIHIIc 
(i«i9-l8>l),  and  tbe  winy  satire,  Uimd  in  FraHuunfriui 
(i8]7).  He  aUo  wrote  a  number  of  short  stories  and  sketches,  c 
which  Ihe  best  k  "  a 

tdintclu  (iSip)  a 

in  »  Yolome.  {H. 

qucntly.    The  lat  ka 

ft  vob.,  Uipiig,  ■ 

k.  CutAaw,  Bir  « 

L.  sunt,  uin  Lik  I) 

re-edited  by  L.  C  e 


vol-  VI.  (Copenha^d.  1S90.  Ceman  trans,  iSor;  English  trans. 
190s).  and  in  J,  PiwIh,  Diujiiwit  DtalxUtud  (Sluiqian,  i^l. 

BORMIO.  a  great  island  o{  the  Mahy  Archipelago,  extending 
from  j'  N.  to  4*  lo'  S.,  and  from  108'  sj'  10  ''9°  "'  E,  It  is 
830  m,  long  from  N.E.  to  S.W„  by  600  m.  in  maximum  breadth, 
lis  area  according  to  the  oloilations  of  tbe  Topographical 
Buteauof fiaIaviB<i(la4)comprises>g],4«6sq.m.  Thesefigurcs 
are  admittedly  spproiinute.and  Meyer,  who  is  generally  accurate, 
gives  the  «i»a  of  Borneo  at  ]S«,S6o  sq.  m.  It  is  rou^ly,  however, 
five  times  as  large  as  England  and  Wila.  Politically  Borneo  is 
(Uvided  into  four  portions:  (i)  British  North  Borneo,  the  terriloiy 
exploited  and  idDunisterFd  by  the  Cbsttcred  British  North 
Borneo  Company,  to  which  a  separate  seclioo  of  this  uticle 
is  devoted;  (»)  Brunei  (j.t.),  a  Malayan  luliaaate  under  British 
prolection;  (3)  Sarawak  (?.•.),  ihe  large  tetritoiy  ruled  by 
rafa  Brooke,  and  under  British  protection  into  far  as  its  (oreign 
relations  are  concerned ;  and  (4)  Dutch  Borneo,  which  comprises 
(he  remaindet  and  by  far  (be  laigesi  and  rnost  valuable  portion 
of  the  island. 

Pkpical  Feelnris,— The  general  character  of  the  country  is 
mountainous,  thou^  none  of  the  ranges  attains  to  any  great 
elevation,  and  Kinabilu,  Ihe  highest  peak  in  the  island,  which  is 
■iluated  near  Itsnorth-wcslem  eiiremity,  isonly  tj.6gS  ft.  above 
Ks-level.  There  is  no  proper  nude  us  of  mounUins  whence  chains 
nmify  in  dilTerenl  directions.  The  central  and  west  central 
parts  of  Ihe  island,  however,  ace  occupied  by  ihree  mounuin 
chains  and  a  plateau.  These  chains  ut:  (1)  the  folded  chain 
of  the  upper  Kipuas.  which  divides  the  western  division  ol 
Dutch  Butaeo  from  Sarawak,  eitends  west  to  east,  and  attains 
ncai  the  sources  of  the  Kapuas  river  a  height  of  jooo  to  6000  ft,; 
(i)  the  Scbwanu  ditin,  toulh  of  tha  Kapuaa,  whcoc  sumraiii 


Ihe  PC 


I  North  Borw 


als  with 
rn  Ihe  c< 


larly  re 


.    The 


ininitei  in  the  great  promontory  of  the  east  coast,  known 
ioiisty  as  Cape  Kanior  or  Kaniungan,  (j)  A  wellmatked 
chain  running  in  a  soulb-casterly  direction  among  the  congeries 
if  hills  that  cilend  soulh-euiwani  ttoni  the  ccniial  mounliint, 
ind  itiiining,  near  Ihe  southern  p*il  of  Ihe  east  coast,  heighls 
ip  10  and  exceeding  6000  ft. 

Cm]*i.— Resting  on  a  suhmirine  pfateiu  o(  no  gteil  depth, 
iie  coasts  of  Borneo  are  for  the  moat  part  rimmed  round  by  low 
illuvial  lands,  of  a  marshy,  sandy  and  sometimes  swampy 
:haracter.  In  places  the  sands  arc  fringed  by  long  lines  of 
Cctnarita  trees;  in  nihers,  and  more  especially  in  Ihe  neighbour- 
mud  covered  with  oiangrovcs;  in  others  the  coast  presents  to 
the  sea  bold  heidlinds,  cliffs,  mostly  of  a  reddish  hue,  ipancly 
clad  with  greenery,  or  rolling  hills  covered  by  a  growth  of  rank 
griss.  The  depth  of  the  sen  around  the  shnt  rarely  exceeds  a 
naxunum  depth  o(  r  loj  [itfwms,  and  tbe  coast  asawboleoRera 
ew acRssibte poru.  Theiownssndsesporlsarelabefoundasa 
ulcat  or  near  the  mouths  of  those  rivers  which  are  not  barricided 
00  efficiently  by  ban  formed  of  mud  or  sind.  All  raund  Ibc 
ong  coasl-line  of  Dutch  Borneo  there  Ire  only  seven  ports  af  nil, 
'hich  BR  habitually  made  use  of  by  the  ships  of  the  Duich 
Picket  Company,  They  are  Ponlianak,  Banfermasin.  Kota 
Bharu,  Pasir.  Samarinda,  Bern  and  Bulungan.  The  islands  oB 
~    ~  'of  alluviallonn- 


r  of  the  ri 


shore  which  owe  their  eiatenct  to  votcanic  upheaval,  ihc 
principal  islands  ut  Bsnguey  and  Balambangan  at  the  northern 
eitremity.  Labuin  (it),  a  British  colony  ofl  iIk  west  coast  at 
the  territory  of  North  Borneo,  and  the  Karimala  Islands  off  Ihe 
south-west  coatl.  On  Great  Karimata  h  situated  the  village  oC 
Palcmbang  with  a  population  of  about  500  souls  employed  in 
fishing,  mining  for  iron,  and  trading  in  ioresl  prodiice. 

iJiKTi.— The  rivers  fjiy  1  very  importmt  pari  in  the  tcerumy 
of  Borneo,  both  as  highways  and  as  lines  along  whidi  nin  ihe 
main  arteries  of  population.  Hydrogmphiciljy  the  ishnd  may 
be  divided  into  five  principal  versanis.  Of  these  the  sborlcst 
embraces  the  rwrlh-westrrn  slope,  mrth  of  the  Kapuas  range. 
and  discharges  its  waters  into  the  China  Sea.  The  moat  important 
ol  its  riven  are  (he  Sarawak,  Ihe  Bilang.Lupar,  the  Sanbis,  the 
Re|ang(navlgableformorelhan  loom.),  the  Baram, the  Limbang 
or  Brunei  river,  and  the  Padis.  The  riven  ol  Briloh  Nortli 
Borneo  to  Ihe  north  of  the  Pidis  are  of  no  importance  and  ol 
scant  practical  utility,  owing  to  the  fact  that  Ihe  mountain  range 
here  approaches  very  closely  10  the  eo*st  with  which  it  runs 
patalld.    In  the  south-western  verstnt  the  largcsl  river  ii  ihe 


g|  Ihe  isl 


llslnta 


sea  between  Mampawa  and  Sukadana  after  a  long  and  winding 
course,  lliis  river,  of  volume  varying  with  the  tide  and  the 
amount  of  rainfall,  ii  aotmally  navigable  by  tmall  itcanns  and 


>57 


native  prahus,  of  a  draught  o[  4  to  j  li.,  lot  jno  to  400  m.,  that  i 
to  uy.Irom  Pontiinakup  to  Sintang.and  thence  as  fir  as  Bcnul 
Th«  Biiddle  part  oF  ihii  rivet,  wider  and  more  ihaUom  than  ihi 
1o*tr  reachei,  gives  riic  to  1  region  oi  inundation  and  laket  whici 
niend  as  fai  u  the   nonhrcn  mounuin  chain.    Among  it 

vilh  ill  affluent  the  Penuh.  It  reacho  the  scaJhiough  sevcra 
channels  in  a  wide  matihy  delta.  The  Sambsa,  noith  ol  ih. 
Kapuas,  is  navigable  in  its  lower  course  foi  vea&cts  drawing  JsH 
~'     n  lying  tothe  south  ol  the  Kipuas,  but  oi  lets  Imp 


le  way  d 


le  Simpang, 


Pawanand  Kandawangan.inlbenclghbourhoo 
oc  upOD.the  adjacent  toast,  the  principal 
situated  in  each  cast.    The  Baiilo,  which  is  Ih 
Ibe  louthtfn  versanl,  takes  its  rise  in  the  Ku 

dolKhose  mouths 
alive  villages  are 
eprincipal  river  of 
i  Lama  Ufcc.  and 

IV. « 

1  of  It! 


.[  which  is  marshy.    Cross  branches 

ivcrs  of  considerable  lite  towards  the  west,  the  Kapuas  Mutung 
r  Little  Dyak,  and  the  Kahayan  or  Great  Dyak.  ThcKalingan 
r  Mendawel,  the  Simplt,  Pcmbuang  or  Surfan  and  the  Kola 
traringinarerlvcrsthaifati  into  the  sea  farther  lathe  west.  The 
Ivcrs  of  the  southern  venant  art  waters  of  capacious  drainage, 
be  basin  of  the  Kahayan  having,  for  instance,  an  aira' of  16,000 
H.  m.,  and  Ibc  Barito  one  ol  j8,ooo  sq,  m.  These  rivers  are 
avigablc  for  two-thirds  of  the !r  coune  by  iieamen  of  a  fair  site, 
ut  in  many  cases  the  ban  at  their  mouibs  present  considerable 
iTiculi  its  to  ships  drawing  anything  over  !  or  9  ft.  Moil  of  the 
irger  affluents  of  the  Barito  are  alio  navigable  throughout  the 


«s» 


■1  the  Xutd  or  Mihilun, 
moutlu  mio  Ibc  Siniu  of  Micuur. 


noulh  it  hu  ii^U  ■  depth  ol  thnc  laUio 

mi,  and  in  aU  iu  physical 

fUlum  [I  it  compilable  to  Ibe  Ktpuu 

and  Baiito.   The  Kayan 

or  Butimgin  river  is  IIk  only  olbcr  in  the  oUtm  vcnanl  thai 

cilti  tor  mtntian.    Mat  of  the  rivcrao 

TOW,  into  1  kind  ol  pro- 

Morlh  Bonn  ii  U»  met    imporu 

ni.      Laha  are  wiibu 

n  they  are  more  fittingly 

ol  the  upper  Kapuaa,  of 

■nhicli  mntion  hu  ilieady  btat  m»de 

there  oeiiirj  Lake  Luar, 

limiUr  character  in  the 

buini  »[  the  Barito  and  Kulei  river 

a.     Tlie  only  really  6ne 

ny  UK  hai  been  made  is 

thai  Ql  Sandakan,  the  principal  Kttlen 

icnt  of  the  North  Bonieo 

Omptay  on  tl>e  north  coait. 

Cid/ntr.— Tbc  feolaiy  ot  Bori 
The  mmnuin  range  afiich  Ii»  b 

coflsitii  chiefly  of  eryiuliu 
andlinxHonei.    Alltheie 

Jui»£cfo«iltha< 


pOHibly  of  (he  Tafnpatuni  Moui 
Midi  pUiau.  aiKl  lE^  Schvaner 

Tertiary  an.    IV  low-lyin)  mii 

bur  Cretaceoui  bedi  occur  at  le' 

hfvt  U<n  midBl  la  Suninki  an 


a  Triwic  (arm.  haa  teen  netEd  from  (he  lehiBiof  ib 

^~  '^~  " ~i«  district  ndiolariaik  chcfta  HippOfed  tc 


very  inpeifcctly  hnovn 
I  Sanwak^od  ihe  Dutch 
upon  H  lite  bacVbonc  id  the  itlaAd. 
ins.  toaelher  with  slates,  sdudstones 
ire  much  disturbed  and  folded.  The 
crly  bdieved  to  be  Palaeozoic,  but 
Kiwi  in  Ihem.  and  it  is  probable  that 
V  rrpmenled.  Som^rhal  similar 
the  iVDie  in  louth-cast  Borneo,  and 
iDtains.     But  the  Milller  range,  the 

Fvetal  kcalilics.     Someof  Itie  older 
c  been  referred  to  the  Devonian, 


Bt  iHth.    Undoubted  I< 


.,.._in  bdudes 

which  appear  w  be  of  Eocene,  OUiDcene ; 
(«ita!n  nuiDKDUa  seams  of  eaal.    The  Jbii^rt  i 
neatly  horlianUl  and  form  (he  lowet  hills,  but  in  i 
— '  ■■"  '-'- '-—  -■ a  be^hl  of 


_.  _ 'iKdi'S.ML 

. ranee  they  rise  id  a  beiil 

:.    Volcanic  rocks  oTTenaiy  and  late  Cn , 

ly  developed.  e^iecUly  in  the  MaHet  Mountains    The  whole 
Li. : .  .... 1  , lodeslte*  prevailiaf  in  the  west 


and  rbyoU:ei  and 

if  iKcro/i.— The  miDeral  wealth  ol  Borne 
It  indudet  diamond),  the  majoiily  ol  whii 
somewhat  ydlow  colour,  told,  quiduilvt 
iron,  tin,  antimony,  mineral  oils,  lulphur.  i 
'.    The  «i[doilal)On  of  the     ' 


It  and  varied. 


the  difficultin  and  eipenie  of  trajupott,  the  high  duties  payable 
in  Dutch  Bonwo  to  the  native  princes,  the  competition  among 
the  rival  lompanie),  and  oltea  the  limited  tiuantities  of  the 


leBoRH 


ir  Ihi 


impany  i 


ish  Ihe  largest 

tngaged  in  workinj 
d  the 


. .  .r  part  ol  the  Sai 

leniive  teak,  are  known  to  be  encouraging.  Diamond]  are  also 
found  widely  disltibuled  and  mainly  in  the  ume  regions  as  llie 
gold.  The  Kapuis  valley  ha*  so  far  yielded  the  largest  quantity, 
and  Pontiaoak  is,  lor  diamonds,  the  principal  port  ctl  export. 


Considerable  progresi  hat  been  nude  in  the  devriopment  of  the 
DH-field*  in  Dutch  Bomea,  and  the  Ntitrtandttk  ladiicU 
iHJuilric  n  //uwfif  Uaaiitkatpij,  the  Dnich  busiocss  ol  lite 
Shell  TranqxHt  and  Trading  Company,  incieued  ill  output 
from  iij,jgi  tons  in  looi  to  iSj,7»  tons  in  1904,  and  ibowcd 
further  satisfactory  IrKreaae  therealter.  This  company  owns 
citensiveoilfieldsatSalikPapanaDdSanga-Sanga.  Tbequaliiy 
of  the  oil  varies  in  a  temarluble  wiy  according  to  the  depth. 
The  upper  stratum  is  si  ruck  at  a  depth  of  600  to  700  ft.,  and  yklds 
a  natural  hqiud  Fuel  ol  heavy  specific  gravity.  The  neit  source 
IS  rnet  with  at  about  r  n»  ft.,  yielding  an  oil  which  is  much  lighter 
in  weight  and,  as  such,  more  suitable  for  treatment  in  the 
refinery.  ThefonBeroiliaalmosliavaiiablyo(ana^>hallebaiis, 
whereas  the  latter  somctimei  is  found  to  contain  a  considerable 
percentagerfpiralEnwaa.  The  average  daily  production  is  veij- 
high,  owing  to  a  large  number  of  the  wells  flowing  under  the 
natural  pressure  ti  the  gas.  Hkerc  is  every  reason  to  bebcvc 
that  the  oil-Gelds  ol  Dutch  Borneo  have  a  great  luture.  Coal 
mines  have,  in  many  instances,  been  opened  and  abandotted, 
failure  being  due  to  the  dil&:ully  d  production.  Coal  of  good 
quality  has  been  found  in  Pengaron  and  dsewbere  in  the  Banjer- 
masin  district,  hut  most  Borneo  coal  is  consideratJy  below  thia 
average  o{  eicelleace.  I1  has  alio  been  found  in  laic  quantitie* 
at  various  places  in  the  Kutei  valley  and  in  Sarawak.  The  coal- 
mines of  Labuan  have  been  worked  spasmodically,  but  success 
has  never  attended  the  venture.  Sadong  yields  something  under 
lio  tons  a  day,  and  the  Brr»ketown  mine,  the  pioperty  of  the 
ra|a  ol  Sarawak,  yields  some  50  tons  a  day  of  nliier  indifferent 
cmI.  The  discovery  that  Borneo  produced  antimony  was  made 
in  iSi}  by  John  Ccawiurd,  the  orientalist,  who  kimed  in  that 
year  that  a  quantily  had  been  brought  to  Singapore  by  a  native 
1radcrasbilla!t,  The  supply  is  practically  tmlimited  and  widely 
dislrihuled.    The  principal  mine  it  at  Bidi  in  Sarawak. 

ClimaU  and  HalU.—Ks  Is  to  be  aniicipalcd,  having  Ttgard  to 
its  insular  position  and  to  the  fact  that  Ihe  equator  panes  through 
the  veiy  middle  of  the  island,  the  climate  is  at  once  hot  and  very 
damp.  In  the  hills  and  in  the  interior  regiont  ate  found  which 
may  almost  be  described  as  temperate,  but  on  ibe  coast*  Ibe  aimo. 
sphere  is  dense,  humid  and  oppressive.  Throughovi  the  averace 
tempenlutt  it  from  78*  to  So'  F,,  but  the  thermametcr  rarely 
fails  bdow  70*,  except  in  the  hills,  and  occasionally  on  excep- 
tional days  mounts  a*  high  •*  96'  in  the  shade.  The  rainy 
westerly  winds  {S.W.  and  N.W.)  pttvaU  at  all  Ibe  meleoto- 
logica]  stations,  not  the  comparatively  dry  south-east  wind. 
Even  at  Banjermasin,  near  the  south  coaii.  Ihe  noclh-west 
wind  biiugs  annually  a  ninlall  of  60  in.,  as  against  33  in.  ol  rain 
carried  by  Ihe  >Duib-easl  wind.  The  difference  belireta  tbe 
seasons  it  not  rigidly  marked.  The  climate  is  practically  un- 
changing all  the  year  round,  tbe  adnoqihere  being  uniformly 
moist,  and  though  days  of  continuous  downpour  are  nte,  com- 
paratively few  days  pass  without  a  shower.  Most  rain  falls 
between  November  and  May,  and  at  this  season  the  loneots  are 
tremendous  while  they  last,  and  tqualli  of  wind  are  frequent  and 
violent,  almost  invariably  preccriiDg  a  downpour.  Over  nch  ao 
eatennve  area  there  is,  of  course,  great  variety  in  the  climatic 
character  of  different  diiliicts,  especially  wbea  viewed  in  rflatioo 
to  health.  Some  places,  auch  as  Bidi  in  Sarawak,  for  instance, 
are  notoriously  unhealthy;  but  from  the  statistic)  of  tbe  Dutch 
government,  and  the  record)  ol  Sarawak  and  Britiih  North 
Borneo,  il  would  appear  that  tbe  European  in  Bomeo  haa  in 
general  not  appreciably  more  to  fear  than  his  fellow  in  Java, 
or  in  the  Federated  Malay  SUIei  ol  the  Malayan  Peninsula. 
Among  Ihe  native  races  the  prevailing  diseases,  apart  from  Ihote 
malarial  origin,  are  chiefly  tu  ' 


ufficiir 


Tbe  habit  of  allowing  their  meat  to  putrcly  briore  regarding  it 
ai  fit  for  food,  and  of  encouraging  children  o[  tender  age  to  drink 
to  intoxication,  account)  for  absence  ol  old  folk  and  the  heavy 
mortality  which  art  to  be  observed  among  tbe  Mututs  ol  Biilish 
North  Borneo  and  tome  ol  the  other  more  debased  tribes  ot 
the  interior  of  the  island.  Scrofula  and  various  [ormi  of  lupua 
are  ccrammi  among  the  natives  thtauibout  tbe  country  tai 


t^cdtDy  IB  iht  interior;  tItplHiitiub  Ii  (rHFitnlly 

on  ibc  cMit.  Smallpoi,  dyMntcry  lad  feven,  fitqucniJy  ol 
■  bilioui  cluncicr.  >n  radfuic  tad  ocatioiaiiy  epideviic. 
Chokn  bntia  oui  Iran  lime  id  tin»  and  worlii  gnat  havoc,  u 
ni  ilw  OIK  ID  igoj  irheo  one  ol  the  caja  ol  Sanvalc'i  punitive 
cxpeditHni  WAS  ilncLen  while  ajccoding  the  Umbans  river  by 

<m]d  be  ncained,  OphlJialmia  u  cnxungn  tod  wmetimcs  vi[\ 
lltici  whole  Iribo.  About  one  aiilb  ol  the  nalivi  popuUtioa 
of  At  intriior,  and  a  imaLLer  proportion  oT  thoH  living  on  ihe 
cutt,  uiffcr  from  a  kind  of  lingwonn  called  kurap,  «luch  alH 
pnvaili  alnutt  univenally  among  the  Sa^i  and  Semang,  Ihe 
jbonglAal  hill  Cribeft  ol  the  Malayaa  Peniuala.  The  diieaie  a 
believed  to  be  aggravated  bj  chronk  anaemiL    Consumptiqa  a 

fdus.— The  [anna  of  Bomeo  com|Miu«  a  Liite  variety  of 
ipcdes»  many  cJ  irhlch  are  numerically  ol  great  tmportanr^. 
Among  the  quadnipeda  the  most  remarkable  is  the  orvig-utan 
(Malay,  iiani  Alan,  ij^  jungle  man),  ai  the  huge  ape,  called  mfar 
ei  mlyti  by  the  nalivea,  la  named  by  Euiupeaoi.  Numciom 
■peds  of  monkey  arc  lound  In  Bomeo,  induding  the  wihwih, 
t  kind  of  gibbon,  a  ciealure  far  more  human  in  ippcanncc  and 
bibtU  than  Lhc  oiatig-ulan,  and  Kvcial  Stmnttilhai,  luch  u  the 
biDg-no«d  ape  and  the  golden-black  a  tivyivnulat.  The  large- 
eyed  SItntpi  laiiipadiii  nlw  dnervet  mention.  The  laiger 
l«uti  of  prey  an  not  met  Kith,  and  little  check  it  thetdorc  put 
OS  ihe  nalucal  fecundity  of  the  graminivorgu*  ipecit*.  A  uuull 
pinther  and  the  clouded  (Igcr  (»  cal]ed)'--fcfii  mamsdis — 
uc  the  largest  animali  of  the  cat  kind  thlt  occui  in  Borneo. 
The  Bengal  ligci  ii  not  found.  The  Malay  oi  honey-beat  U 
vny  common.  The  [hinoccroi  and  the  elephant  bolb  occur  In 
the  noitbcrn  part  of  the  island,  though  both  lie  inmewhatiaie, 
•Bd  in  ihii  conneiion  it  ihouU  be  noted  that  the.ditiribuLion 
e(  quadrupcdi  ai  bctueen  Bomeo,  Sumatra  and  the  Malayan 
ftniniula  n  aomewhat  peculiar  and  seemingly  iomtwhat  cap- 
riciovi.  llany  qudiupeds,  luch  ai  the  honey-beac  and  the 
thinocenM,  are  common  to  all,  but  while  the  tiecc  ii  cainnuui 
both  In  the  Malayan  PcAinaulaasd  in  Sumalia,  it  doei  not  occur 
a  Botneo;  the  elephant, »  common  in  Ihe  pcnuuula.  «nd  found 

pleatiful  in  paiti  of  Bomes  and  parti  of  Sumatra,  hu  never 
been  discovered  In  the  Malay  Peninsula.  It  his  been  suggested, 
bulniih  very  scant  measure  olpiobabilily,  that  the  ciiiience  of 
ilephaais  in  Borneo,  whose  confinement  to  a  linglo  ditiikt  it 
Rmitkable  and  uneiplaincd,  i>  dua  to  impoitalioD;  aod  the 
lut  is  OB  record  that  when  Magellan's  ship*  visited  .Bmoci  in 
liJi  lame  elephant*  ireie  in  use  at  the  coaiX  of  thr  lulun  of 
liunri,  WildoicnoflheSlmdarace.not  lobe  many  way  con- 
founded with  the  hlalayaa  tdaiaai 
vhole  country  awarmi  with  wild  i 
n  bom-like  lusks,  is 


ani "]  and  the  ttm»  Ui4  ("  pepper  ant "),  vhoie  bitet  aif 
peculiarly  painful.  HcmeU,  beet  and  waspt  at  many  varietie* 
abound.  The  honey  and  the  wai  ol  Ihe  wild  bee  are  collected 
by  the  utivea.  BntterSiet  aid  moth*  arc  lemukable  lor  their 
number,  lize,  variety  and  beauty.  Beetla  aie  no  kst  numer- 
ously represented,  as  is  to  be  eipecled  in  a 


The  3 


»  the  s 


rounding  seas,  swarm  with  lish.  The  juimh  is  a  species  of  fish 
found  in  the  riven  and  valued  for  its  spawn,  which  ie  salted. 
The  nativesare  expert  and  ingenious  fishermen.  Turtles,  trepang 
and  pearl.ahcll  arc  of  some  commcrciaJ  importance. 

The  dog,  the  cat,  the  pig,  the  domestic  fowl  (irhich  is  not 
very  obviously  related  to  the  bantam  ol  the  woods),  the  buflalo, 
a  imalier  breed  than  that  met  with  in  Ihe  Malayan  Peninsula, 
and  in  some  districts  bullocki  of  the  Brahmin  breed  and  natti 
hones,  are  the  piindpal  domealic  animala.  The  character  of  the 
country  and  the  mnudic  habits  of  many  of  the  natives  ol  the 
interior,  who  rarely  occupy  their  villages  for  more  than  a  few 

modes  of  life.  The  buSaloes  are  used  not  only  in  agriculturt, 
but  alto  M  beam  of  burden,  at  diaught.aninuU  and  for  the 
saddle.  Hortei,  introduced  by  Europeans  and  ownfd  only  by 
the  weallbier  dastes,  an  fottsd  in  Banjermasin  and  in  Sarawak. 
la  British  Natlh  Borneo,  and  especially  in  the  di*irict  of  Tern- 
pasuk  ml  the  north-west  coast,  Borneo  ponies,  bred  otigiaally, 
it  B  supposed,  from  the  slock  which  is  imligenoui  to  the  Sulu 
archipelago,  are  common. 

Kbtb.— The  Bon  of  Borneo  Ii  vary  rich,  the  g"*'"'  portion 
of  the  (uiface  of  the  island  being  clothed  in  luxuriant  vegetation. 
The  king  ol  the  forest  is  the  Ufan,  which,  rising  to  a  great  height 
wiLboul  fork  or  branch,  culminates  in  a  splendid  dome  of  foliage. 
The  oflidal  seats  ol  some  of  the  chiefs  are  moslnicted  from  Ihe 
wood  ol  this  tree.  Ijon-wood,  remarkable  lor  the  durability  of 
Its  timber,  is  aburtdant;  it  is  used  by  the  natives  for  the  pillars 
of  their  homes  and  forms  an  article  of  e:tport,  chic£y  to  Hong- 
Kong.  It  is  rivalled  in  hardness  by  the  My-  Umbtm.  In  all, 
about  siEly  kinds  ol  timber  ol  marketable  quality  are  furnished 
ill  moie  01  lets  profusion,  but  the  difficulty  of  eairaction,  even 
in  the  ngioitt  situated  in  close  praiimily  to  the  large  waterways, 
renders  it  improbable  that  the  limber  trade  of  Bomeo  will  attain 

lupply  have  become  cahausted.  Patm-tiees  are  abundant  Ia 
great  variety,  including  the  ntpak,  which  is  much  used  for  thatclu 
ing,  the  cabbage,  fan,  sugar,  coco  and  sago  palms.  The  last  two 
furnish  large  supplies  of  food  to  the  natives,  some  copra  is  ex. 
ported,  and  sago  factories,  mostly  in  the  hands  of  Chincsej 
prepare  sago  for  the  Dutch  and  British  markets.  Cutia-pcrcha 
lltuk  pircha  in  Ihe  vemacular),  ca      '  ' 


Ihc  ii 


idlni 


with. 


a  large  f  rui 


of  tbe  II 
It,  to  the  unir 


beauty,  about  the  siie  of  a  hare  but  considerably  leu  heavy. 
Squirrels,  flying-squirrels,  porcupines,  civet-cats,  nts,  bata, 
flyiag-foies  and  lizards  are  found  in  great  variety;  snakes  ol 
various  kinds,  from  the  boa-coast rictor  downward,  are  abundant. 
■hiJc  the  forests  snrni  wi 
hone-lcecbea  and  frogs.     A 

by  Professor  A.  R.  Wallace,  siios  arc  somewnat  nie  u  some 
<tusrters.  The  most  important  are  eagles,  kites,  vultures,  falcons 
owls,  bom-bills,  cranes,  pheasants  (notably  the  argu),  £re-baclr 
Ud  peacDck.pheasants),  panridgcsi  ravens,  craws,  parrati 
liigeont,  woodpeckers,  doves,  snipe,  ifuail  and  twallowt.  Of  moil 
"  v»ri«iet  are   met  with.    The  Crfie/io 


ring  coDiposed 
pyrammal  spikes,  wrucn  grows  upoD  the  biancho  ol  a 
and  occasionally  in  falling  iofiicts  convdetable  injuries 
upon  passers-by.  Yams,  several  kinds  ol  sweet  potatoes,  mcloas, 
pumpkins,  cucumbcn,  pineapples,  bananas  and  maagosteeas 
re  cultivated,  as  also  are  a  large  number  of  other  fmils.  Rice 
I  grown  in  irrigated  lands  neai  the  rivers  and  in  the  swamps, 
nd  siso  in  rude  clearings  in  the  interior;  sugar-cane  of  superior  . 
uality  in  Sambas  and  Montrado;  cotton,  lomeilmei  eiporied 
1  small  quin Lilies,  on  the  banks  of  the  Negaii, « liibuuty  of  the 
Barilo;  tobacco,  used  very  largely  now  in  the  produclion  ol 
:lgaii,  in  various  pans  of  nonhem  Bomeo;  and  tobacco  for 
lativT  consumption,  which  is  of  small  commcidal  importance, 
.ivatcd  in  moat  pans  of  the  inland-     Indigo,  coSee  and 


■bith  are  built  mostly  in  liniettoni 
in  the  archipelago.     Mosquiloesan 


:  iSss  ie 


d  the  nests,    of  Dutch  BomL_ _ 

rhododendrons,    orchids   and   pitchcr-ptants— the 

Uttn  naching  eilraordinary  development,  eqxdally  in  the 

.    Botthem  districls  about  Kinsbalu.    Epiphytous  plants  an  very 

n,  many  that  are  usually  independent  assuming  hen  tl« 

I    parmsilic  chtiuter;  the  Vaada  tani,  iat  uomple,  grows  on  tbc 


26o 


BORNEO 


Imrer  tmndci  e(  tmt,  uid  its  Knnie  pendnt  Bowtr-iUlki 
oftCB  hug  down  >o  u  iSrwat  to  rtach  tlK  ground.     Fenn  ve 

i'D^ofim.— TIk  poputsllon  of  BornN  u  not  Iidowb  wfth  uy 
■ppRMch  to  mccunicy,  but  iccording  to  Ihc  piJitlut  divitioa*  of 
the  liluid  it  u  atinutcd  ii  falla«i. — 

Dutch  Elornni  .        .'...'.      I.IJO.OOO 

Brililh  North  Bomco IO0.00O 

Sinwik joojioa 


No  effective  census  of  the  populatloD  hu  ever  been  tikea 
vut  inu  ia  Dutch  Borneo  and  in  British  North  Borneo  re 
uneiplored,  inri  frre  from  sny  pr«etic«l  iuthorilj'  or  co; 
Id  SatsFSk,  owitij  to  Um  high  sdminislrative  eenius  of  th( 
nji  and  his  luqceuor,  tlic  natives  have  been  brmight  faJ* 
completely  under  conirot,  liut  the  raja  his  never  found  oce 
to  ulUlte  the  tnachineiy  of  "  '       ' 

Ihitch  Borneo  is  divided  h  ,     , 

divi^loni,  the  wetLcm  and  tlx  south  and  eastern  respectively. 
Of  the  two.  the  fomei  is  under  the  more  complete  and  eHective 
contioi.  The  estimated  popidation  in  the  tresteni  divisioa  is 
413.000  »nd  in  the  south  and  eastern  717,000.  Europeans 
number  baitly  looo;  Aiabs  about  jooe,  and  Chinese,  mainly  in 
the  wbtem  division,  over  40,000.  In  both  divi^ona  there  is  an 
avenge  density  ot  little  more  tlian  i  to  every  >  sq.  n,  Tbe 
sparseness  of  the  population  throughout  the  Dutch  territory  is 
due  to  a  variety  of  causes — to  the  physical  character  of  the 
country,  which  for  the  most  part  restricts  the  ares  of  population 
to  the  near  neighbourhood  r^  the  rivers^  to  the  low  standard  of 
dviliiation  to  which  the  majority  of  the  natives  have  itlatned 
and  the  consequent  disregard  of  Hnitation  and  hygiene;  to  wars, 
piracy  and  head-hunting,  the  last  of  which  hu  not  even  yet  been 
tfiectuillychctked  among  some  of  the  tribes  rf  llie  inleiior;  and 
to  the  aggression  and  opprosions  in  earlier  tima  of  Malayan, 
Anb  and  Bugis  aeltlers.  Among  the  natives,  more  especially 
of  the  inleiioi,  an  Innate  restlessness  whith  leads  to  a  life  of 
spasmodic  nomadism,  poverty,  insufficient  nDurishment,  an 
incredible  i«providence  which  induces  them  to  convert  into 
intoidtalmg  liquor  a  large  portion  o[  Iheir  annnal  crops,  feasts 
of  (t  semi,  religious  character  which  are  invariably  accompanied 
by  pnjlonged  drunken  orpes,  and  certain  superstitions  which 
necessitate  the  frequent  proctirition  of  abortion,  have  contributed 
10  check  the  growth  of  populstion.  In  Sambas,  Montrado  and 
some  parts  of  Pontiamk,  the  greater  density  of  the  popul»tion 
is  due  to  the  greater  lerlility  of  the  u^.  theoperung  of  mines,  the 
naviption  and  trade  plied  on  the  larger  rivers,  and  the  con- 
centntion  of  the  populaiion  at  the  junctions  tl  rivers,  the  mouths 
of  rivers  and  the  seaU  of  government.  Of  the  chief  place  in  the 
irstem  division,  Ponrianak  has  about  qooo  inhabitants;  Sambas 
■bout  BoBo;  Montrado,  Mampawa  and  Landak  between  1000 
■nd  4000  eachi  and  In  the  south  and  eastern  division  there 
are  Banjermasin  with  nearly  50,000  inhabilants;  Marabahan, 
Amuntii,  Negara,  Samarinda  and  Tengarung  with  populations <ri 
from  Jooo  to  10,00a  inhabitants  each.  In  Amunlai  and  Haiu- 
pura  early  Hindu  cokmiiaiion,  of  which  the  traces  and  the 
{nUnence  still  arc  manifest,  the  fertile  soil,  trade  and  industry 
aided  by  navigable  rivets,  have  co-operated  Inwards  the  growth 
of  population  to  a  degree  which  presents  a  marked  contrast  to 
the  conditions  in  the  interior  parts  of  the  Upper  Barito  and  of 
the  more  weslcily  rivers.  Only  a  very  small  proportion  o(  the 
Earopeam  in  Dutch  Borneo  live  by  agriculture  and  industry. 
thegieatnujorityotlhembeingOlScials.  "Ilie  Arabs  and  Chinese 
are  enpged  in  trading,  mining,  fishing  and  agticulli—     ™  -■- 


cs  fully  90  %li' 


re  confined  to  such  c 
and  dyeing,  the  manufacture  of  iron  weapons  and  implements, 
boat-  and  shipbuilding,  tic.  More  particularly  in  the  south- 
eastern division,  and  especially  In  the  districts  of  Negin, 
Banjermasin,  Annmta!  and  Martapura,  shipbuilding,  iron- 
lorging,  gM-  and  silveni^tb'i  work,  and  the  pgtishing  ol 


diaDwniis,  an  Indistiiei  •(  Ugk  dcvclii|)RKnt  in  lb*  lalfct 

ceotiet  ol  population. 

Rata. — The  peoplei  ot  Bonito  belong  to  a  oomldettbk 
variety  of  races,  of  different  mipa  and  degrees  of  dviHmion. 
Tbe  most  important  numerically  are  tbe  Dyaks,  tbe  Disuns  and 
MuTuta  of  the  interior,  tbe  Malays,  among  whom  must  be 
coimted  such  Malayan  tribes  as  the  Bajaus,  Ilanum,  &c.,  tbe 
Bu^s,  who  were  originally  immigrants  from  Celebel,  and  the 
Chinese.  Tbe  Dutch,  and  to  a  miner  eitent  the  Arabs,  an  ol 
imponance  on  account  of  their  political  Infiucnce  in  Dutcli 
BoriKo,  while  the  British  communities  have  astmilar  Importance 
in  Sarawak  and  in  British  North  Borneo.  Accvunts  of  Ibt 
Malays,  Dyaks  and  Bugis  are  ^ven  under  their  several  headings, 
and  some  information  concerning  the  Dusuns  and  Muruts  Inll 
be  found  in  the  sccLion  below,  which  deals  with  British  North 
Borneo.  The  coniKiion  <^  the  Chinese  with  Borneo  caHs  for 
notice  here.  They  seem  to  have  been  the  Bnl  dvlliied  pei^ 
who  had  dealing  with  Borneo,  if  the  colonlutiDn  of  a  portion 
ol  the  south-eastern  ciHner  of  the  island  by  Hbidus  be  eicepted. 
Tbe  Chinese  annals  speak  ol  tribute  paid  to  the  empire  by  [4ia-la 
on  the  nonh-east  coast  of  the  island  as  eariy  as  tbe  7th  century, 
and  later  documents  mention  a  Chinese  oolouiiation  in  the  15th 
century.  Tbe  traditions  of  the  Malays  and  Dyaks  seem  to  coo- 
firm  the  statements,  and  many  of  the  leading  families  of  Bnmd 
" in  their 


tbe  flourishing  a. 
centuries  was  largely  due  to  the  energy  ot  Chinese  selllers  aitd 
to  trade  with  China,  In  the  iSlh  century  there  was  a  consider- 
able Chinese  population  settled  hi  Brunei,  engaged  lor  the  most 
part  in  planting  and  eaporting  pepper,  but  the  consistent 
oppression  ot  the  native  rajas  destroyed  tlicir  Industry  and  led 
eventually  to  the  practical  extirpation  ot  the  Chines*.  The 
Malay  chiela  of  other  districts  encouraged  Inunigratjoei  front 
China  with  a  view  to  developing  tbe  taiincta]  resources  of  Their 
territories,  and  belbre  long  Chinese  seltleti  weie  to  be  found  b 
considerable  numbers  in  Sambas,  Montrado,  Pontlansk  and  ebe- 
where.  They  were  at  first  forbidden  to  engage  ui  commerce  ar 
agriculture,  to  carry  firearms,  lo  possess  in  manufacture  gun- 
powder. About  1779  the  Dutch  atqiilted  immediate  authority 
over  all  strangers,  and  thus  assumed  letponsibilily  tW  tin 
contni  ol  tbe  Oiinese,  who  presently  proved  themselves  some- 
what tnulilesome.  Their  numbeia  cunstanlty  Increased  tut 
were  reinforced  by  new  immigtonls,  and  pujMng  inland  in  teaich 
ol  fresh  mineral -bearing  areas,  they  contracted  frequent  (nter- 
marriages  with  the  Dyaks  and  other  rton.Mahommedan  natives. 
They  brought  with  them  from  China  their  aptitude  for  iba 
organisation  of  secret  societiea  whidi,  almost  from  the  first, 
assimied  the  guise  of  political  associations.  These  secret  societtca 
furnished  them  with  a  maiidnery  whereby  collective  action  waa 
rendered  easy,  and  under  astute  leaders  they  offered  a  formidabte 
of^iosition  lo  the  Dutch  government  Later,  when  driven  into 
the  interior  and  eventually  out  of  Dutch  teniiory,  they  cost  the 
£nt  raja  ol  Sarawak  some  severe  contnlt  lielore  Ibey  were 
at  last  reduced  to  obedience.  Serious  disturbances  among  the 
Chiooe  ate  now  in  Borneo  matters  of  ancient  history,  and  to-day 
the  Chinaman  forms  perhaps  the  most  valuable  dement  in  the 
civiliiation  and  deveJopmeal  of  the  l^and,  just  as  doeihis  fdloir 
in  the  mining  states  of  the  Malayan  Feniniula.  Tbey  are  in- 
dustrious, frugal  and  inlelhgenti  the  richer  among  them  are 
eicellent  men  of  business  and  are  peculiariy  equitable  in  their 
dealings;  the  majority  ol  all  classes  can  read  and  wtlle  their  own 
script,  and  the  second  genrntion  actjuires  an  edtnalion  ot  an 
Eoropean  type  with  great  fadlity.  The  bulk  of  the  sbop. 
keeling,  ttading  and  mining  industria,  ao  long  as  the  minins 
is  of  an  alluvial  character,  is  in  Chinese  hands.  Tbe  greater 
part  of  the  Chinese  on  the  west  coast  are  originally  drawn 
from  the  bouhdaties  of  Kwang-Inng  and  Kwang-si,  Tbey  are 
called  Kebs  by  the  Malays,  and  are  of  the  same  tribes  as  tlKM« 
which  lumidi  tbe  bulk  of  tbe  wocken  to  the  tin  DDnea  of  th« 
Malay  hahaala.    Tbey  iM  ■  imgh  and  harty  people,  and  ar^ 


tpt  at  tboa  to  be  (utbdcDt.  Itc  iltt^btpiot  dtm  coma 
BM^r  bi»  Fob-kin  ind  Ihe  aitu  datrim  o(  AB07.  Tbey 
ut  known  to  tbc  BoTDeiiH  u  OIlahL 

0itfW7.--Ai  Iv  n  B  known,  BonKD  sner  Itacincd  »  [wUtflxI 
DBty,  ind  trcn  Id  gXBtpUal  mity  n  >n  bhnd  ii  ■  Inct 
nuppitdtud  br  tlie  ml  maJDrily  o<  Ri  nuiw  inkihituiu. 
The  UDc  ot  Kalmuua  hu  been  fnci 
(on  whit  erisinnt  itttborily  it  ii  DM  petti 
u  tlK  nttve  name  lor  the  bltui  ol  Be 
vbiile;  but  it  is  uSc  to  ever  thit  emong  the  lathei  of  Ihe  Mead 
ibdt  Borate  bai  never  borne  any  icnaal  dnifiintkn.  Tiithb 
day,  UDoac  the  naiivei  of  the  MdeyiB  AccUpdafs,  meB  apeak 
efxeiiigtD  PantiaDak,  to  Sambat  oi  to  Brunei,  ai  tkeeaie  may 
be,  bat  auike  use  oT  no  term  irtdch  iccogniie*  that  OeM  locdUet 
■n  put  of  a  rin^e  whde.  The  oaly  aRhaeslo^cal  itaialm  aic 
4  f»  RJndu  tenipln.  Bad  it  b  probable  thai  the  eari;  letllenleni 
<(  lie  Miith-fuieni  pcetton  of  the  Uand  by  IBndat  datea  frDM 
war  time  during  the  £nl  six  centoriea  ot  oar  eia.  There  eiU. 
Imwew,  ne  dili.  tnt  even  any  tmstwottby  traditton,  from 
■tkichtoRRHBtract  iheeariyhBtoiyofBoneo.  BanKabyp 
to  be  known  10  EutopeaiB  ef  ter  (he  laill  of  Milaaa  in  ijii,nu 
AtptioRso  d'Albuqueique  dopatthed  Anionlod'Abmiwithlh™! 
iliipi  in  (urch  of  <re  tfolncta  or  Spkc  blinds  with  ImrBctions 
le  sLibruh  friendly  irtilloni  with  all  the  uitfve  MiUt  ihnt  hi 
niskt  encounter  on  hb  way.  D'Abiru,  sailing  in  a  lonlh- 
tHIerlydirfction  from  the  StnhmfMiliai.skirted  the  soBlhern 
cout  of  Borneo  and  lud  up  bis  aUp)  11  Amtwyna.  a  small  isliod 
neir  the  uuth-weilcrn  eittemily  of  Cmm.  He  rrturoed  to 
Ualiccain  1514,  leaving  one  of  his  captains,  Prandico  Serrano, 
•iTmule, where Magellan'sfoHowersfoondhimin  isn.  Atier 
Uigcllan'i  death,  hb  coniadci  uDcd  from  the  Holoccis  acnes 
Ihe  Ctlebcs  into  the  Sufu  Sea,  and  were  the  fint  wfatte  men  who 
■ft  known  to  have  vfslicd  Branei  on  the  norih-weal  coest  of 
Bomeo.  where  they  arrived  in  ijii.  Pigifetia  givn  an  interat- 
iag  iccount  of  the  place  and  of  the  reception  of  the  adventwen 
by  the  suttan,  TTie  Molucca  Islands  being,  at  that  tflne,  the 
leiea'pal  ob)ective  of  European  traders,  and  the  route  ioUowed 
by  Magellan's  ihipi  being  frequently  osed.  Borneo  wis  often 
(eocliid  at  during  the  remilnder  of  the  iMh  cenlnry,  and  trade 
(ilations  with  Brunei  were  sumitfully  ciliblbhed  by  the 
Purlugufse.  In  ijM  the  Spaniards  tried  somewhat  uosuccess- 
Mly  lo  obtain  a  share  of  this  commerce,  bui  it  wu  not  until 
Ijte,  when  a  dethroned  lulian  appealed  to  tbem  for  aibunce 
ud  by  their  agency  was  restored  lo  hb  own,  that  they  altiined 
UkIc  object.  Thereafter  Ihe  Spaniards  milntaincd  1  Cttul 
intcioiurM  with  Bmnei,  varied  by  not  Infrequent  hostilititl, 
aid  in  1645  a  punitive  eirpediiion  on  a  larger  scale  than  hetttcH 
lore  was  sent  to  chaitbc  Brunei  for  persistent  acts  of  piracy. 


in  follow 


both  the  Spinii 


ritory  being  at  this  period  Ihe  prime  object  of 
id  the  Pottugucso,  whose  influenca  apon 
UK  naiives  was  aecordiaj^y  proportionately  small.  The  only 
e0oa  at  ivwctytizing  of  which  we  have  record  came  lo  in 
lolinxly  end  in  the  death  of  the  Theatine  monk,  Anlomo  Ventl- 
^ia,  who  had  been  iu  otiginalor.  Meanwhile  the  Dutch  and 
Biiiiih  East  India  Companies  had  been  famed,  had  destroyed 
the  monqxily  10  long  enjoyed  by  Ihe  Portuguese,  and  to  1  lest 
cntnl  the  Spaniirtb,  In  the  trade  of  Ihe  Malayan  Archipelago, 
ind  had  gained  a  tooting  in  Borneo.  The  eslaWshmenl  o( 
ihilch  trading-posts  on  the  west  coajt  ol  Borneo  dales  from 
1I04.  nine  years  afler  the  first  Dutch  Beet,  under  Houtman, 
■^ed  from  the  Teict  to  dUpute  with  the  Portuguese  the  posses- 
)l0B  ol  the  Eastern  trade,  and  In  1608  Samuel  Blommaert  wn 
•Ppointed  DiOdi  resident,  or  head  factor.  In  Landak  and  Suke. 
ona.  The  fcjt  appearance  ot  the  Britbh  in  Bomeo  dates  from 
'kg,  end  by  i^tS  they  had  an  ImporUnt  settlement  it  Banjcr- 
uuin,  whence  they  were  subsequently  expelled  by  the  Influence 
<f  Ihe  Dutch,  oho  about  1733  obtained  from  Ihe  sullen  a  trad- 
>"(  momqiQly.  The  Dutch,  in  fact,  speedily  became  the  pre- 
™eiinant  European  race  Ihroughont  the  Malay  Archipelago, 
otftaliin  the  Britbh  by  superior  energy  and  enterprise,  and  the 
''i^og-poiu  all  along  the  western  and  southern  coasti  of 


MEO  a«t 

BeeneovewprcBotly  iMrffitdodvapaaaeBlato,  itetBhanof 
Bintun,  <rbo  was  the  overhird  ot  theie  Atrto*,  ceding  U 
rltfda  to  the  Dn^    The  BKttA  neamUle  bul  tnml  Ihefc 

attention  to  the  north  ol  ibe  idaid,  over  which  the  mltui  H 
Sula  eBfaie4  tba  riabta  ol  atiMnklB,  and  froB  Mm,  ia  1754, 
Alexander  Dalrymple  obtained  possessioa  of  the  idand  of 
Balaubangan,  and  the  whole  of  the  noetb-rattera  pnoKMory. 
A  nOituy  peat  was  ealaUbhed,  bnl  il  wv  (ktlnqied  In  1771 
by  the  natina  tUHla  the  JtW,  «r  vaMd  dMi,  who  icMBled 
the  omimi  of  theft  leiritory.  Thb  mbhap  rtndeied  a  treaty, 
irtiicfa  bid  been  condvded  in  1774  with  the  lultao  of  Brunei, 
practically  a  dead  letter,  and  by  the  end  of  the  cntnry  British 
hriheaoe  la  Banco  wai  to  all  Intents  and  purpoia  at  an  end. 
The  Ddteh  also  mluniniged  their  iffiin  in  Bomeo  and  suflere4 
troto  a  leric*  of  mbfonnnei  wMdi  led  Manhd  Diendeli  f n  iBog 
tOardertheabandonnienlDf  all  their  poets.  The  Htlva  at  the 
coasti  of  Borneo,  aanled  ud  atbnulaled  by  hnmitrant*  liom 
Ihe  neighbooiliig  bland)  to  the  north,  devoted  Ihemelvea  mora 
and  more  to  ot^niied  t^racy,  and  pulling  to  tea  In  great  Peata 
manned  by  two  aiul  tfaee  thottsand  men  on  onisB  that  letted 
for  two  and  even  three  yean,  they  tetroriied  the  >Klghbourfn| 

seaaandrenderfdtbefndeafdviliMdiii-* '-       ■ — " 

for  a  prolonged  period.  Duiln(  the  oc 
Britbh  aa  embaiay  via  despatched  lo  a 
the  snltan  ot  BaBjennasin  asking  for  n 
Alenndcr  Hire  was  dfspatched  thither  aa  commissioner  and 
resident.  He  not  only  obtained  for  his  government  an  advari- 
tageous  treaty,  bot  lecured  lor  himself  a  grant  of  a  dbtrict 
which  he  proceeded  to  ci^oniie  and  cnltlvale.  About  tbe  same 
lime  1  Britbh  eipcifitiati  was  ilso'  sent  igiiSst  Sunta  and  a 
postestahlbhedat  Ponlianak.  Cta  the  tcetDratton  at  Java  to  The 
Dutch  ia  iSii,  al!  these  irmngraaenia  wot  cancelled,  atid  the 
Dutch  government  was  left  f n  uncEsputed  posKiilon  of  the  id<L 
An  energetic  policy  wis  soon  after  adapted,  and  iboM  half  the 
kingdom  of  Ban)rrmasln  was  surrendeTed  to  the  Dutch  by  its 
sultan  in  iSij.  further  concessioiB  being  made  two  yean  lata-. 
MeanwbDe,  George  MflUer,  wMIe  exptoelng  the  eiit  coast, 
obtained  from  the  suhan  of  Kntd  an  acknowledgmeat  at  Dutch 
auihoriiy,  1  conceistoo  ipeeday  repented  by  Hi  dooot,  alKoIiie 
enterpri^ng  travdler  wis  shortly  atttrwards  UUcd.  The  out- 
break of  war  in  Java  caused  BMneo  le  be  more  or  Itia  neglected 
by  the  Dutch  (or  a  consIdetaMe  period,  and  no  eBective  check 
wn  Imposed  upon  the  natives  with  a  view  to  stopfilng  fincy, 
which  WIS  innually  becoming  more  and  more  itr»endi&nae.  On 
Ihe  rise  of  Singapore  direct  Iinde  hid  been  estaUished  with 
Sarawak  and  Brunei,  and  it  became  a  matter  of  moment  lo 
Britbh  merchants  that  tUs  ttalEc  ihould  be  >afe.  In  iljg  Sir 
J^mes  Brooke,  ID  EngUshman,  4nae  atlentlOB  bad  been  turned 
to  the  state  of  iSairs  in  die  Eulera  Aiehipetage,  let  out  for 
BoincD,  determined,  3  potdfale,  to  remedy  the  cvlL  By  1II41  he 
had  obtained  from  Ihe  sultan  of  Brunei  Ibe  gnnt  of  sapteme 
authority  over  Sarawak,  In  which  state,  on  the  suitin'e  behaU. 
he  had  waged  a  successful  war,  and  befoR  many  yean  bad 
ela)Jtcd  he  had.  with  Ihe  aid  of  tbe  British  government,  iiK- 
ce«Ied  in  suppressing  [nracy  (see  Baoou,  Sia  Jum;  and 
Sabawak).  In  1S47  the  sultan  o(  Brunei  agreed  to  make  ne 
cession  of  territory  lo  any  ruitlon  or  intfividuai  without  the 
coraent  ot  Great  Britiin.  Since  then  more  ind  more  territory 
has  been  ceded  by  the  tifltans  of  Brunei  to  the  raja  of  Sariwak 
and  to  British  North  Borneo,  and  to-dny  tbe  merest  remnant 
M  hb  once  e«ensive  state  b  left  within  the  jurbdkliaa  of  Ihe 
sultan.  The  treaty  in  1S47  put  an  end  once  lor  all  to  the 
hopes  which  the  Dutch  had  eherUicd  of  Including  tbe  whole 
island  in  their  dominions,  but  it  served  aba  to  stimilate  their 
effdrls  to  consdidite  thdr  power  within  the  ijAere  alnady 
subjected  to  their  influence.  Gnnong  Tebur,  Tanjong,  and 
Buiungan  had  made  riominn]  submission  to  them  In  I0J4,  and 
tn  r8«  theaullan    ■ "   ■  ■      '        ■  '     ■  ■•  -    -   - 


.  ,  . .  a  similar  chiracti 
ie  sflth  Pislr.  The  boun 
™  finally  defined  by  a  tr 


being  conclodcd  about  Ihe  larae 
[ics  of  Britbh  and  Daieh  Borneo 
y  conduded  on  the  lolh  of  Jane 
*er,'Iai9e  HHl  ^,lM  Ucder, 


BORNEO 


bolli  in  Dutch  Bocnca  ud  In  Iht  Unitocy  owned  by  tie  BiUiili 
ttenh  Bonm  Compuy,  us  iliU  only  noiaiiudly  under  Europon 
conUnl,  and  kin  iipciiuictd  few  dinct  eficcti  ti  Eunipun 

BimsB  NaiTE  Bomo  ok  Sana 
Silnh  B  llie  nuiM  applied  by  tbc  oilivct  to  urUin  portisnc 
of  the  leniloiy  tituUid  on  the  nonb-watcra  cout  ot  the  uluid, 
and  «igin«tly  in  pa  way  included  the  icouiader  of  the  country 
■Hw  owDcd  by  the  Biitiih  North  Borneo  Conptny.  It  hu 
become  cnitomury,  howemr,  for  the  name  to  be  used  by 
Eurapeaia  In  Bonieo  to  denote  tht  aholc  of  the  company'a 
territory,  and  liiile  by  little  the  more  educated  nativci  are 
iuenjibly  adopting  the  practice. 

Hiilory, — Ai  has  been  BCD,  (be  British  connenon  with  DOtth- 
crn  and  norlh-weatem  Borneo  ttrminited  with  the  iStb  ceoiury, 
■or  wu  it  returned  oata  iSjg,  ithcn  Baja  Brooke  set  out  Tor 
Brunei  and  Siramk.  The  island  ol  Labuan  («.t.)  wat  occupied 
by  the  Britiih  u  I  cmwn  colony  in  1S4S.  and  thit  may  be  taken 
aa  the  itaitint-point  a(  renewed  Biillib  telaliooa  wilh  that 
ponion  of  aortbetn  Borneo  which  t>  lituaied  to  the  north  oi 
Brunei.  In  1871  the  Labuin  Trading  Company  was  sUblUhed 
in  Satidakan,  the  &ne  harbour  on  the  northern  coait  which 
wu  BUlscquenily  the  cental  of  the  North  Borneo  Company'i 
tenitory.  In  1B78,  thieigh  the  imtrumentality  ol  Mr  (atier- 
*ardi  Sir)  Alfred  DcDt,  the  tul  tan  of  Sulu  wu  induced  lo  tnnifei 
lo  a  lyndicale,  fanned  by  Baron  Ovcibeck  and  Mr  Dent,  all  hii 
li^ti  in  North  Borneo,  of  which,  u  hu  been  teen,  he  had 
been  tn>ni,tu»»  immemorial  the  overlord.  The  chief  pronwten 
of  this  ayDdieate  were  Sir  Rutherfoid  Alcock,  Admiral  the  Hon. 
Sit  Hiny  Keppel,  who  at  an  eariiet  stage  of  hii  career  had 
■mdered  great  aasiitance  to  the  first  raja  of  Suansk  In  the 
liQi|iTe*sianofpiracy,  andMiKichaidB,  Martin.  EulyiniSSi 
the  BriliUi  North  Borneo  Pcoviiionil  Asjodation,  LImiled,  was 
(onned  to  take  over  the  conceitioa  which  bad  been  obiained 
[ram  the  sultan  nf  Sulu,  and  in  November  ol  that  year  a  pelilion 
WH  addicned  to  Queen  Victoria  praying  lor  a  royal  charier. 
This  ms  panted,  and  tubaequiDIly  the  British  North  Boioeo 
CknnpBiiy,  which  wai  fonoed  in  May  tSSi,  took  over,  in  i[nle  of 
•nae  diplomatic  pioluu  on  the  part  of  the  Dutch  and  Spiniih 
■ovemnents,  all  the  soveieign  and  teiritoiial  rights  ceded  by 
the  orifliBil  granu,  and  proceeded  under  its  charter  to  oiganiie 
the  administraUon  (rf  the  territory.  The  company  subsequently 
aa]uired  further  sovereign  and  leccilorial  rights  from  the  lultan 
at  Brnui  and  hii  chiefs  in  addiliOD  10  some  which  had  already 
bten  obulned  at  the  time  of  the  formation  of  the  company. 
The  Putatan  river  wai  ceded  in  May  1S84,  the  Padai  ditliict, 
lodudinf  the  Padas  and  Kaliu  riven,  in  November  <iS  the  same 
year,  Iha  Kawing  river  in  February  iSij,  and  the  Mantananl 
Uawis  in  April  1881.  In  1S8S.  by  an  Kgrcemeat  with  the  "  State 
oi  North  Borneo,"  the  territory  ol  the  company  was  made  * 
British  pmUctotate,  but  its  administiatian  rtmaioed  entirely 
la  the  hands  of  the  oompany.  the  crown  reserving  only  control 
tt  its  fotiifpi  rehtiaB.  and  the  appuniment  of  its  governors 
being  tequbtd  10  itcelve  (be  fonnal  sanction  ol  the  secretary  ol 
state  lot  the  coloaic*.  UiSsOthcBtitiihgovcmRienl  placed  the 
colony  (d  Lalraan  uadcT  the  administnliaii  of  the  company,  the 
tornnor  of  the  state  of  Noeth  fiwneo  tbeieaf tet  laridi  ng  a  loyal 
cemaiiiinn  as  govnaar  of  Labuan  in  addition  to  Ms  commission 
Inn  tke  eoaipany.  This  ananiCDeiU  held  good  untD  i»o5. 
when,  in  antwai  to  the  inqueiUly  and  ttion^y  eqxeiscd  dsiic 
0(  the  coIoBiils,  Labuan  was  lenuncd  from  the  jurisdiction  of 
the  Doopaay  andattadwl  to  tlw  colony  eftheStraitiSeltlements. 
In  Uaiih  1(98  anantemcDti  aeit  made  whereby  the  sultan 
C(  BnuKl  ceded  lo  the  company  all  his  sovereign  and  ttniiorial 
tight*  lo  the  district*  situated  to  the  loith  of  the  Padas  river 
•hich  Bp  to  that  lime  had  been  telained  by  him.  This  had  the 
eSect  of  taufldins  dS  the  compai^  tertilories,  and  had  the 
additlooal  advantagt  of  dcnng  away  with  the  various  no-nun's 
laad*  which  had  long  been  used  by  ihe  discontented  among  the 
tativcs  M  >o  many  Caves  si  Adullam. '  The  ccmpan/a  acquisi- 
tion al  lanitory  was  viewed  with  amudenble  diualiifaction 


bymanyot  the  natives,  and  tHi  found  eipitMioB  in  [mpKBtaOi 
of  violence.  The  most  noted  and  tbc  moat  BUCCOsful  of  the 
native  leaders  was  a  Bajau  named  Mat  Saleh  (Mahomet  Saleh), 
who  for  many  yean  defied  the  (ampapy,  wbcte  policy  in  his 
lepjd  was  narked  by  consideiahle  weakness  and  ndlUliotL' 
In  189(1  a  compotitioD  was  madi  with  him,  the  lenns  ol  which 
were  unfortunately  not  defined  with  lufficienl  deamess,  and  ho 
retired  into  the  Tambunan  country,  to  the  east  of  the  range 
which  runs  parallel  with  the  west  coast,  where  for  a  period  he 
lorded  a  unchecked  over  the  Dusun  tribes  of  the  valley.  In 
i&Og  It  was  found  necessary  to  eipcl  him,  since  hii  sets  of  a^gre^ 
sion  and  defiance  were  no  longer  endurable-  A  short,  and  this 
lime  a  tuccesslul  campaign  followed,  ictulting.  on  the  list  ol 
January  i^ce,  in  the  death  of  Mat  Saleh.  and  the  desttuclion  cf 
* '  I  defences.     Some  of  hi>  loUoweis  who  escaped  raided  the  town 

Kudac  on  Martidu  Bay  in  April  of  the  tame  year,  but  caused 
mote  panic  than  damage,  and  little  by  little  during  the  neit 
yean  the  last  amauldeting  embers  of  rebellion  were  cilinguiihcd. 
At  Ihe  present  time,  though  eflective  administration  of  the  more 
fnaeeessihle  districts  of  the  interior  cannot  be  said  to  have  been 

Htbhed  even  yet,  the  paciEcatioD  of  the  native  populatkm 

all  Intenta  and  purposes  com|dcle-    The  Tambunan  district, 

the  last  itnnghold  of  Mat  Saleh,  is  now  thoroughly  icllled. 

~    '  joo  sq.  m.  in  ealent,  and  catrie*  a  population  ol 

Cegfrs^Jry.— The  stale  ol  North  Borneo  may  roughly  be  said 

I  fonn  a  pentagon  of  which  three  aides,  the  north-west,  north- 

ist  and  east  ate  washed  by  the  sea,  while  the  rcmalmng  two 

sides,  the  souib-west  and  the  south,  are  bordcitd  respectively 

by  the  Malayan  sultanate  of  Brunei,  and  liy  the  tecrilories  of  the 

*    of  Sarawak  and  of  tlie  Dutch  government.    The  boundary 

reen  the  compaoy'i  terriloiy  and  the  Dutch  govenunenl 

fined  by  the  treaty  concluded  in  June  iB«i,  of  which  mention 

ha*  already  been  made, 

of  the  company's  Icirilocy  b  eslimaled  at  about 

frith  a  coast-line  of  over  Qoa  m.    The  greater 

pottion  b  exceedingly  hilly  and  in  pacts  mountainous,  and  the 

lor  conuits  almost  entirely  of  highlands  with  here  and  there 

valleys  and  platesui  of  50  to  60  sq.  m-  In  extenL    On  the 

coast  the  mountain  range,  as  already  noted,  runs  parallel 

with  the  seashore  .^.  -. 


enlral  fc 


bibem 


main  of  Kinabatu,  which  ia 
1  igneous  rocks  and  allalna 


composed  of  poiphyrilic  gran 

lo  a  height  ol  iJ,6s>B  ft-  Mount  maooion,  some  ij  01  lo  m.  m 
'  is  5000  ft.  in  height,  and  inland  across  the  valley  of 
tlv  Pagalin  river,  which  run  through  the  Tambunan  country 

~    '  s.  rises  the  peak  olTrus  Midi,  estimated 

sea-leveL     The  valley  of  the  Fagnlan  is 

Irom  loooloioooft,  above  the  sea,  fonn- 

the  sites 


lothcci 


of  huddled  hills  broken  here  and  there  by  TCglom 
nmtainoui  character.  The  principal  plateaus  are  in  ine 
kan  and  Xaningau  valleys.  In  the  basin  of  the  Pagalan, 
Ranau  plain  to  ihe  eastward  of  the  base  of  Kinabolu. 
Similar  plateaus  of  minor  impoiUnce  are  to  be  found  dotted 
■     ■       ■         ~  ■■     of  them. 


ception  of  the  Padas.  U 


if  the  w 
:  rapid,  I 


d,  boulder^jbstru 


>nfoT 


he  single 
,  shallow 


than  half  a  doien  miles  from  their  mouths. .  The  Padas 
vigable  for  ligbi-diaught  steam-launches  and  native  boaia 
distance  of  nearly  jo  m.  from  its  mouth,  and  smaller  craft 
le  punted  up  as  far  as  Bayoh,  some  if  m-  faiihcr,  but  at 
^ut  its  bed  is  obatrucled  by  impassable  falls  and  rapids, 
1  are  of  such  a  cbaraclei  that  nolhing  can  even  he  brought 
I  them.  Even  below  Bayoh  navigation  is  rendered  difficult 
iccasiomJIy  dangerous  by  similar  obstructions-    The  other 

ipnlrivenoflhiwest  coast  are  the  Kaliaa,  Kimanii .  Benoneh. 

Papar.  Kinaiut,  Putatan,  Inaman,  Mengkabong,  Tampasuk 
SAdPandasan.noneof  which,  however,  bof  any  great  importance 
There  Is  a  stout  breed  of  pony 


a63 


ItbtA  ■lool  Ihe  Tampuok,  shIcS  ji  alio  noted  for  the  Kihipii 
mtcrtill  (ijoa  ft.),  (me  of  the  tufhcti  in  iJie  vorid,  lhou(h  the 
mluM  of  walei  ii  not  gnat.  Hen  lUo  ue  thi  pnadpil 
Bijiu  Ktiltments.  HinnigbDiit  ths  Uilajru  Archlpelsia  Iha 
w^di  Bdjam  and  ftr^m^k  tpirmtc)  ue  still  used  m  syiwDymom 
Icnas-  At  the  northern  nlreimty  of  the  illajid  Mjtrudu  Bay 
ncoves  Ihe  nten  of  Ihe  Manidu  which  risei  on  ihc  walera  tide 
of  MooDt  MidaloD.  Onttieeastcoultheprincipalriveninlhe 
Sogoi,  which  rnei  [d  the  hills  to  the  cut  of  KinatuJu  snd  forms 
its  delu  neir  Toiongohok  or  Pura-Pun  Island;  the  Labuk, 
vbkh  has  its  sources  70  m,  inland  and  debouchei  Ldio  Lobuk  Bay ; 
and  the  Kinabalangan,  U>e  largest  and  roost  inrportant  river  in 
the  teiriiory,  which  is  believed  to  have  its  rise  eailward  of  the 
nigtt  of  which  Tnu  Madi  Is  ihe  principal  leature,  and  is  navigable 
by  neamei  (01  ■  considerable  di&laiice  and  by  nativa  boats  foe 
■  distance  ol  ever  loo  ra.  fiom  its  month.  Some  valuable 
lohacco  land,  which,  however,  fa  aomewhal  liable  <o  l^ood,  and 
iODM  remarkable  burial-caves  an  found  In  the  valley  of  the 
Kinibalangsn.  The  renuining  riven  el  the  east  coast  are  the 
Scpmah,  which  rises  west  of  Darvel  Bay,  the  Kumpong,  and  the 
Jjlabakang,  which  debouches  into  Cowie  Harbour.  Taking  ft 
as  a  whole,  the  company's  temiory  it  much  less  gtoerausly 
watered  (hso  aie  other  parts  of  BomcD,  which  again  compares 
rmfavouratily  In  this  respect  with  the  Malayan  states  of  the 
peninsula-  If  any  of  the  rivers,  especially  Ibow  of  the  west  cnast, 
aRobstiueUd  by  bars  at  theirmouths  that  render  Ihem  difficult 
o(  access.  Several  of  tlie  natural  harbours  of  North  Botneo,  on 
theother  hand,  are  accessible,  safe  and  commodioiu-  Sandakan 
Harbour,  on  the  north-east  coast  (;°  40*  N.,  itS*  lo*  E.),  rum 
inland  for  aome  17  m.  with  a  vel^  irregular  outline  broken  hy 
Ik  months  of  numerous  creeks  and  streams,  llie  mouth,  only 
t  m.  acron.  Is  s[Jit  into  two  channels  by  the  Uttle,  high,  bluS- 
Eke  Island  o(  Barbala.  The  depth  in  the  main  entrance  varies 
from  ID  to  17  fathoms,  and  vcscis  dra»ing  lO  (t,  can  advance 
ball-way  up  the  bay.  The  princlpil  town  in  tbe  territory,  and 
ibe  seat  of  government  (though  an  attempt  has  been  unsuccess- 
fully made  to  transfer  this  10  Jessclton  on  the  west  coast),  is 
Sandakan,  situated  just  bisfde  the  mouth  of  the  Sarwaka  inlet. 
At  Silam,  on  Darvel  Bay,  there  is  good  anchorage;  and  Kndat 
in  Marudu  Bay,  6r»t  aurveyed  by  (lomniaBder  Johnstone  ol 
H.M.S.  "  Egeria  "  in  ittr,  it  a  small  but  useful  harbour. 

Ctimali  ani  Peflalim. — The  dimale  of  North  Borneo  Is 
tropical,  hot,  damp  and  enervating.  The  rainfall  Is  steady  and 
not  usually  eacessive.  The  shade  temperature  at  Sandnkan 
ordinarily  ranges  from  71*  to  94*  ?.  TTie  population  of  the 
company's  territory  is  not  known  with  any  approach  to  accuracy. 
bml  is  estimated,  somewhat  liberally,  to  amount  to  175,00a, 
indoding  lt,oaa  Chinese.  Of  thta  total  about  three-fourths  are 
found  in  the  districts  of  Ihe  west  coast.  ITie  seashore  and  the 
eanntry  bordering  closely  on  the  west  coast  are  inhabited  chiefly 
by  Dtisuns,  by  Kadayans,  hy  Bajaus  and  Qanuns — both  Malayai 


by  Brund  Malays.    The  e 


.paraely 


popubted  and  its  inhabitants  an  mostly  Bajauj 

fiom  the  neighbouring  Sulu  archipelago.    The  interior  is  aotteo 

■ilhf  infrequent  villages  inhabited  by  Dusans  or  by  Murots, 

into  cubicles,  one  for  the  use  of  each  family,  opening  out  on  to  a 
common  verandah  along  which  the  ^ulls  captured  hy  the  tribe 
■re  restooned.  It  has  been  customary  to  speak  of  these  tribes  as 
beknging  to  the  Dyak  group,  but  the  Muruts  would  certainly 
■eem  10  be  the  representatives  of  the  aboriginal  inhabitants  of 
the  island,  and  there  is  much  reason  to  think  that  the  Dusuni 
abo  must  be  classed  as  distinct  from  the  Dyaks.  The  Dusun 
bnguage,  it  b  inlercsting  lo  note,  presents  very  curious  gram- 

lound  among  the  tongues  spoken  hy  any  of  the  other  peoples 
of  tbe  Malayan  Archipelago  or  the  mainland  of  south-eastern 
Asa.  DusunsandMuTutsa1ikeaninavetylo«>stBteofdvilii.v 
tloD,  and  both  indulge  Inotdinatdy  hi  the  use  of  intoxicating 

5(tl/riMeiiri  ani  CtmMualrBliini.—Tht  company  possesses  a 
aumber  of  small  suilons  along  the  coast,  of  which  Sandakan, 


with  a  popuUtion  of  g  soo,  Is  the  moM  inportanL 

which  call  for  separate  PNOtion  an  Labat  Datu  on  Darvel  Bay 
on  the  taal  eosist;  Kudat  on  Marudu  Bay  and  Jettelton  on  Gaya 

nina  along  the  west  coast  from  Jeuelton  to  Weston  on  Brunei 
Bay,  with  a  branch  along  the  banks  of  the  Fadaa  to  Tenom  above 
therapida.  It  waa  originally  intoidcd  that  thfaihoald  eventually 
tbe  territory  to  Cowla  Haibonr  (Sabulu  Bay) 


1  theea 


10  render  Ihe  pmaecu  tloo  of  any  luck  pmjecl  hlj^y  !nq>rahable. 
Sandakan  it  coEwected  by  telegt^li  with  Hempakul  00  the  west 
coast  whence  a  (able  rant  Is  I^boaii  and  to  gives  tdegraphic 
communkalion  with  Sfaigapoic.  The  overbad  line  faoin  Mam- 
paku]  10  Sandikan,  however,  paaaea  thmgh  tontt-dad  and 
very  difficult  country,  and  Ide^phie  conununkatiaD  it  thenfaro 
subject  to  very  frequent  InleimiNlon.  Telegraphic  oomonnlca* 
tion  between  Uempakuland  Kudat,  via  JeitelIon,hia  also  been 
established  and  ia  mon  ngulaiiy  and  succesifuUy  maintained. 
The  only  loadi  In  the  teiiftory  an  bridle-paths  in  tbe  immediate 
vicinity  of  Ihe  oompany't  principal  tlaciona-  The  Sthah  Steam. 
slilp  Company,  subsidized  by  the  Chane;vd  Company,  tuns 
steamers  along  the  coast,  calling  at  all  the  company's  ttaticot 
at  which  native  produce  Is  accumulated.  A  (lerman  firm  nut 
vessels  at  approximately  bi-monthly  intervals  from  Sia^i^m^ 
to  Labuan  and  thence  to  Sandakan,  calling  in  cm  occasion  at 
Jessdton  and  Kudat  »  rmtf.    There  la  also  fairiy  frequent 

of  four  dayi'  steaming. 

Prtdudi  end  Trait, — The  capabDitiei  of  the  oompany't 
teiritoiy  an  only  dimly  known.  Coal  hat  been  found  la  the 
neighboorhood  of  CowIe  Harbour  arkd  eltcwhere,  boi  tkongh  ha 
quality  it  believed  to  be  as  good  as  that  ciported  from  Dutdi 
Borneo,  It  b  not  yet  known  whether  it  exists  in  piyabla 
qnaniitiet.  Gold  has  been  found  in  alltrvial  deposits  on  the 
banks  of  tome  of  Che  rivers  of  the  east  coast,  but  here  again  the 
quantity  availabte  Is  still  in  serioot  doubt.  The  territory  as  a 
whole  has  been  very  Imperfectly  examined  by  gado^ts,  and 
iw  opinion  can  at  [vesent  he  haiarded  as  to  the  mineral  wealth 
or  poverty  of  the  com^ny's  property.  Traces  of  mineral  oH, 
iron  ores,  copper,  sine  and  antimony  have  been  found,  but  the 
wealth  of  North  Borneo  still  lies  maiidy  in  its  jungle  produce. 
It  possesses  a  great  profu^n  of  excellent  timber,  but  tfia 
difficulty  of  extraction  has  so  far  rcttricled  the  lumber  industry 
wllbin  tomewhtt  modest  limita.  f}utia.  rubber,  rattans, 
rnangrove-buk,  edibla  nuts,  guarw,  cdlUe  birds'-neita,  frc.,  an 
all  valuaUe  articles  of  export.  The  principal  cultivated  produce 
Is  tobaccOi  sago,  cocoanuia,  coffee,  pq>per,  gamhier  and  sugar- 
canes.  Of  these  the  tobacco  and  the  sago  an  the  most  important 
Between  rgg6  and  1900  tlie  value  of  the  tobacco  crop  increased 
tnm  £«,.  10  £«»,ooo. 

As  is  common  throogboul  Malayan  lands,  the  trade  of  North 
Borneo  is  largely  in  the  hands  of  Chinese  shopkeepers  who  aend 
their  agenis  inland  to  attend  the  Tamui  (Malay,  Umm,  to  meet) 
or  fairs,  which  are  the  retognlaed  aceoes  of  barter  between  the 
natives  of  ihe  interior  and  those  of  the  coaat.  At  Sandakan 
there  is  a  ChineM  population  of  over  looo. 

AirniiiislraliHt. — For  adminialratlve  puipotel  the  territory 
Is  divided  into  nbie  provinces;  Alcock  and  Dcwhurst  hi  the 
north;  Kep^l  on  Ihe  west;  Martin  in  the  centre;  Myburgfa, 
Mayne  and  Elphinilone  on  tbe  ost  coast;  and  Bent  and 
CunliRa  in  tlie  louth.  Tbe  bcaindaria  of  these  province*,  how- 
ever, ate  purely  arhicnry  and  not  accurately  de&aed.  The  fdim 
of  government  it  modelled  roughly  upon  the  lytlem  adopted 
in  Ihe  Mahiy  States  of  the  peninsula  during  the  eariy  days  of 
their  admlnlstrallon  by  British  residents.  The  government  ts 
vested  primarily  in  tbe  court  of  directors  appointed  under  tbe 
oompany't  chatter,  which  may  be  compatul  to  the  eolotual 
offiot  in  Its  relation  to  a  British  colony,  though  Ibe  comt  el 
directors  iaicrett*  Itself  (tr  more  dosely  than  doe*  Ihe  oahmial 


864 


BORNHOLM— HORNIER 


departmnit  <n  ih«  uuUei  detida  of  loc^  BdmtiiiitcitiDn.    The 
ftUpTcme  AULhorily  on  the  tpoi  is  rcprcacntcd  by  the  (Ovcri 
under  ithoin  an  tbe  reiideiiti  ol  Kudit.  Dsrvd  Bay  uid  Kepptl, 
oBiccn  who  eccapy  niudi  tbs  lame  positinn  a*  IhiE  u»iilly 
kDann  by  the  title  of  magitlnte  and  collector.    TIh  lev  ini' 
poitant  dnliicti  ue  idminiitend  by  diitrict  masiitriles,  who 
also  coUecI  the  laxcL    The  priacipal  depajtmenta,  whooe  chiefa 
mide  at  the  fi]Htal»  an  the  IRaiury,  the  land  and  survey,  the 
public  workl,  cite  constabulary,  the  medical  and  the  JudidaL 
The  iccretaiiat  ii  under  the  charge  of  a  govenunent  lecrelajy 
who  ranks  neit  in  pncedcricB  £0  Ihe  governor-    Lcgulation 
by  the  pjocLamatitni  oE  the  governor,  but  then  ii  a  counc 
meeting  at  irregular  intervals,  upon  which  the  principal  heads 
of  departments  and  one  uno£ciai  member  have  aeats. 
public  service  i<  recruited  by  nomination  by  the  court  of  dirtclon. 
The  govcnior  is  the  chief  judge,  of  the  (Burt  of  appeal,  but 
Indge  who  is  tubordiiiate  to  him  take*  all  otdinuy  supreme  court 
oues.    The  iawi  an  the  Indiaa  Foul  and  Civil  Procedure  Codei 
•nd  Evidmce  Acu.  luppletmnted  by  a  tew  [ocal  laws  . 
□lulgated  by  prodamation.    There  is  an  Imam's  court  for  the 
'  '  '    '  "    ling  Mnhommedan  law  of  marriage,  auccel^n, 


IlK  n 


luible  U 


af  law  and  order 
Kstricled  Judicial  powers.    The 

Uabommedans.  Dyaks  and  Malay 
There  it  a  Protestant  mission  nhicb  supi 
■tone  bulldint  in  the  temioiy — and  a  » 
hcaocbci  at  Kudal.  Kmiitigau  and  Tembi 
Cathdlic  miuiou  nuiniaios  an  otphanage,  a  1 
Sandakan,  and  has  missions  among  the  Dusi 
H/a  the  iKst  coast  and  in  the  Tai  ~ 


itabuLary  numbers  som 
f  Sikhs,  Palhans,  Funjat 
cered  by  a  fen  European! 


Snndakan,  with 
a.  The  Roman 
[ch  and  school  at 
at  several  point* 
itry.    lis  hcad- 


;hoola 


,       Sarawak.    The  Chii 

the  vast  tmtjority  of  the  native  inhabitants  are  pagans  who 
bave  no  huildingi  set  apart  Sot  rdigious  purpose*. 

Finaiut  EBd  Mmtey.— -The  principal  aourccs  of  revenue  are 
the  liccicet  gninud  for  the  impottatian  and  teiniling  of  opium, 
wine  and  ipitiu,  vhich  are  la  the  hands,  of  Chinese;  a  customs 
duty  of  J  %onimports;aiicnporttaxof  5%  on  Jungle  produce; 
a  polUtox  sandjoncd  by  ancient  native  custom;  and  a  stamp 
duly-    A  land  revenue  is  derived  from  the  sole  of  government 

briog  in  a  small  amount,  and  the  issue  and  sale  of  posuge  and 
levenoe  stamps  have  proved  a  fruitful  aourcc  of  income.  Tbo 
people  of  the  country  are  by  no  mean*  heavily  taxed,  a  large 
number  of  the  native*  ol  (be  interior  escaping  all  payment  of 
duct  to  Ihe  company,  the  revenue  being  lot  Ihe  most  part  con- 
(ribuied  by  the  mote  ctvjbicd  meinbcn  of  the  community 
teiiding  in  tbe  ndghbouthood  of  the  company's  station*.  Theco 
an  bank  agencies  in  Sandakan,  and  the  company  doe*  banking 
buiine*)  mben  ie<funTd.  The  (late,  vhich  hu  adopted  tbo 
penny  postage,  ij  m  Ihe  Postal  Union,  and  tnoney  «den  on 
Korth  fiomeo  are  Issued  in  the  Unitod  Kin^om  ud  in  most 
British  colonic*  and  vice  vena.  Notes  issued  by  tbe  principal 
banks  in  Singapoie  wen  made  current  in  North  Borneo  in  ifno. 
Then  is  also  a  government  note  issue  issued  by  Ihe  company  'or 
use  within  the  territory  only.  The  cumncy  i*  the  Mencan  and 
British  dollar,  the  company  issuing  iIj.own  copper  colli — via. 
Is  and  half  cents.    It  is  proposed  to  adopt  tbe  CDiii*«e  ol  Ihe 

a  have  been  taken  with  a  view 
In  the  Interior  the  principal 

natives  is  tbe  large  eariheaware 
iai^  Inpocted  oti^nally.  It  Is  believed,  from  China,  which  form 
tbe  chttf  wealth  both  of  tribe*  and  iodividuali.         (H.  Cl.) 


PInkertoa'i  Cnmt  nlUaiani  { 


.  .  I.   KeppH, 

, , ,.-,*):  R.Mltndy, 

m  Btntt  mi  OtOa  (Loodoa,  ia*B)j  F.  S. 


u*  (LoDdon, 
VetdkSonu* 

"w'liewcn- 


I  ffiem"?; 

BOBNBOUi.  an  island  In  the  Baltic  Sea,  si  m.  S.E.  of  the 
Swedish  coast,  belonging  to  Denmark,  lying  on  15°  E.,  and 
between  i^  and  ss°  iB'  N.,  and  measuring  14  m.  from  S.E.  l» 
N.W.  and  19  (cjiremc)  from  E,  loW.  Pop.  (1901)  4o,SSg. '  The 
surfati  is  generally  hilly;  the  scenery  Is  fine  in  the  north,  where 
Ihe  dills  reach  a  height  of  ijs  ft,  and  the  granile  hill  of  Hdlig- 
domjkllppcc  dominalci  the  island.  Besides  freestonei  exported 
for  buildint  limeslonc,  blue  marble,  and  porccliin<lay  are 
worked.  A  little  coal  is  found  and  used  locally,  but  it  it  not 
of  good  cpiality.    Oats,  Hoi  and  hemp  are  cultivated.    Tbe 

disiiUaiion  and  the  manufacture  of  earthenware.  Weaving 
and  doclcmaking  an  also  canicd  on  to  some  eitent.  Tbe 
capital  is  Roonc  tiij  m.  by  tea  from  Copenhagen),  and  there  are 
five  other  small  towns  on  the  Island— Svanikc,  Nek»,  Hosle, 
ALinge,  and  Sandvig.  A  railway  connecU  Rttnne  wiih  Nekati 
(ji  m.  E.  by  S.J,  when  a  bust  commcmoralcs  J.  N.  Madvig.  ths 
philologist,  who  was  bom  then  in  1S04  (d.  1886).  Blanch's 
Hotd,  10  m.  N.  of  Rbnnc,  is  the  moil  favoured  resort  OD  the 
island,  which  attracW  many  visitors.  On  the  north-west  coast 
are  the  ruins  of  the  casUc  of  Hammershus,  which  was  built  ia 
"jS,  and  long  served  B*  a  slate  prison;  while  aoolher  old 
castk,  erected  by  Christian  V.  in  16E4,  and  impoiUnt  as  cata- 
maDding  Ihe  entrance  to  Ihe  Baltic,  is  situated  on  ChrisIiansO, 
one  of  1  (mall  group  of  island*  1 5  m.  E.  by  ti.  The  island  ol 
Bomholm  has  bad  an  eventrul  history.  In  early  time*  it  wai 
long  the  indcpcadcnl  scat  of  marauding  Vikings.  In  Ihe  I  alh 
century  it  became  a  Acf  of  the  archbishop  of  Lund.  In  1510  it 
was  captured  by  the  Hanscalic  Lcaj^e,  in  1512  it  canSe  under 
Danish  inlay,  and  in  ijaS  it  was  made  directly  subject  to  the 
city  of  LlibecL  In  164}  Ihe  Swedes  took  it  by  storm,  and  thcic 
possession  of  it  was  coaBrmcd  by  the  peace  of  Boskilde  in  1658; 
but  the  sympathies  of  the  people  were  with  Denmark,  and  a, 
popular  insurrcctioB  succeeded  in  eipclling  tbe  Swatiih  forces, 
Ihe  inland  coming  finally  inlo  the  possession  of  Denmark  in  1660 
BORHIEB,  HENRI,  Vicouie  de  (i8ij-i(«si)  French  poet 
md  dtajnatisl,  was  bora  at  Luncl  (Himult)  on  Ihe  JSth  ot 
December  iSis.  He  came  to  Paris  in  1845  wilh  the  object  of 
itudying  law,  but  in  that  year  he  published  a  volume  ol  verse, 
la  Prmilret  FeuilUs,  and  the  ComMie  Franjiise  acct^tcd  ji 
phy  of  his  entitled  Lc  Uaruii  ii  Laiia.  He  wa»  given  a  po^i 
tbe  library  of  Ihe  Arsenal,  where  be  Krvcd  for  half  a  century, 
becoming  director  in  1S89.  In  187;  was  produced  at  ihc  ThCA  t  re 
Frantai*  hii  heroic  drama  in  vcr*e.  La  Fillc  ie  Roland.  The 
action  of  the  play  turns  on  the  love  of  Gerald,  son  of  Ihc  traitor 
'on.  for  the  daughter  of  Robnd.  The  patriotic  subject  and 
the  nobility  of  the  character  of  Gjrnld,  who  renounce*  Be  t  I  ho 
when  he  leiini  Ui  nal  origin,  procured  for  Ihc  piece  a  great 
icctss.  The  conflict  between  honour  and  love  and  the  grandiose 
rntiment  of  the  play  inevitably  provoked  comparison  with 
orneille.  Tbe  piece  would  indeed  be  a  maslcijucce  if,  as  it% 
itici  were  not  ilow  to  point  out,  the  verse  had  been  quite  eciual 
to  thi  (ubject.    Anoaf  ^  ^um^nus  other  mark*  of  tt.   da 


BORNU 


BonW  tbcM  ba  MMAnid:  DfaM  (ilTe),  UMto  of  u 
open  by  H.  V.  dc  Joncttni;  ind  Ibe  diu>>i,  lit  lltta  i'ABUt 
tiMo)  >»d  Malmttt  (iSIS).  The  piadnctioD  «( thb  lut  piece 
wu  larblddca  in  d«(aciicc  t*  the  nprcKDUtloni  of  (lie  Turlildi 
■mhuwdor.  HcDil  de  Bornkr  m*  critic  of  Um  ITmwcU*  Sam 
fnBiS7gtaiSS7.  Vb PtliiactrntUla wen pahliUxiiaiigt. 
Be  tffd  in  JuHiuy  iqor. 

BOHinr,  &  country  in  tlie  CcBtnl  Sudan,  lyini  W.  and  S.  ol 
Ukc  Chid.  Il  ii  boBodtd  W.  and  S.  by  tbe  Haun  itatts  and 
K.  by  tha  Sihin.  Farmcrty  an  independent  Mabommcdan 
nliaute  it  ku  been  divided  bet-veen  Gieal  Brilain,  Germany 
and  Fnnct.  To  Fnnce  bu  (alien  a  portion  of  norlbcm  Borau 
asd  alio  ZIndet  (^.t.),  a  tiibuUry  sUte  to  tbe  noitb-nst,  vhile 
the  uolh-west  part  b  incotpolated  in  the  German  colony  of 
CaDwroDD.  Thlce-lfnirtha  ol  Bornu  proper,  aome  jo,i»o  tq.  m., 
(ormt  part  of  the  Britiih  protectorale  of  (Nigeria. 

Bornn  ii  for  the  moat  port  an  alluvial  plain,  tbe  country  aloping 
(radiwtly  to  Lake  Chad,  whkh  [onnerjy  ipreod  over  a  much 
laigtt  ana  than  it  na«  ocoipiea.  The  Konudugu  (i.e.  river) 
W»nbe — lenerally  known  aa  the  Yo — and  Its  (ribularfn  rise 
in  tbe  bigUandt  ohich,  beyond  tbe  neatem  border  of  Bomu. 
lonn  tbe  watenhed  between  the  Niger  and  Chid  lyilemi,  and 
Do*  tM>nli  and  cut  anou  the  pbini  to  Lake  Chad,  the  Yo  io  lu 
lail  few  nBei  matking  the  (ronlier  between  the  French  and 
Btidsh  poneariona.  In  Ibc  south-west  i  part  of  Borau  drains 
telbeBenue.  The  riven  are  intermittent,  and  water  in  aoutbem 
BtHtin  b  obtained  only  tnibi  weDs,  which  are  sunii  to  a  great 
depth.  Tbe  nut  plain  of  Bomu  is  alonekis,  except  for  care 
ootcropa  oF  ironslene.  and  consists  of  the  porous  Eaiureil  black 
earth  called  "  cotton  khI  "  In  Indk,  alternating  with,  or  more 
probaUy  overbid  by,  suid.    Throughout  the  flat  country  water 


entlyfou 


to  the  level  of  Chad.  Towards  Datnjiri  In  the  north-west  tbe 
country  becomes  more  broken,  hiUy  and  tinbeted.  In  the  amitb 
Hmestone  li  fonnd  near  Cujba  and  alao  along  the  Oongola 
tribnUiy  of  the  Benue.  A  folat  of  red  and  green  barked 
icada.  yielding  the  apeciet  of  gum  most  valuable  in  the  market, 
extendi  from  tbe  Gongola  to  Cujba.  Immense  baobBbi(^igii- 
MKJa  iifilaU),  fine  tamarinds  and  a  few  trees  of  the  genus  Picti 
an  met  with  in  the  south.  North  ol  Mailoni  (latitude  ii°  N.) 
the  baobab  ceasea,  eiccpt  at  Kuka,  where  eitensive  plantationi 
have  been  made,  and  its  place  ii  taken  by  the  Kitdia  and  also 
by  ■  very  handsome  speciea  ol  Oioifyrai.  North  of  Kuki  is  a 
dense  belt  of  Hyplmtnt  pilm  with  fine  tamarinds  and  figs. 
Cotton  and  indigo  grow  wild,  and  aHord  tbe  materials  (or  the 
doth«,  finely  dyed  with  blue  stripes,  ubich  form  the  staple 
bbric  of  the  country.  On  the  shores  of  Lake  Chad  the  cotton 
growniaofa  peculiarly  fine  quality.  Rice  and  wheat  of  excellent 
quality  are  raised,  but  in  small  quantities,  tbe  staple  Food  being 
■  spedel  of  millet  called  fiuiiii,  wKch  b  made  ' 


Duntrypt 


with  b 


EstheEi 


I,  yam; 


imbers,  find  both  food  and  cover 
wood  and  marsh.  TJoiu,  giraflea, 
.,  hippopotami,  antelopea,  gazelles 


Wild  animals.  In  great 
in  the  extensive  districts  ol 
elephanls.  hyenas,  crocodlii 
and  ostriches  are  Found.  1 
the  chiefdorne>tlcanitn«b;all  are  used  as  beoaisoF  burden.  The 
country  aboundi  with  ben,  and  honey  forms  one  of  tbe  cbltl 
Bomueje  delicacies. 

The  cnmale,  especially  from  March  to  the  end  of  June,  b 
oppreoiTely  bot,  ti^tig  lometimei  to  lo^  and  107*,  and  even 
during  moat  of  the  night  not  falling  much  below  100*.  In  May 
Oie  wet  ......  .... 


lightnii 


n  the  ei 


>  and  lak< 


begin 


anitry  weather,  are  almost  incessant.  The  Inhabita 
leasOD  luRee  greatly  hum  Fevers.  In  October  the  r, 
cool,  fresh  winds  blow  irem  the  west  and  nortb-wc! 
KTRal  months  the  cHmaie  is  healthy  and  agreeable. 
jsfaUlMli.— The  inhaUtants.  of  whom  the  great  Dujotity 


j6j 


:eelh  ai 


Hu  Otai  poiwlation  oi  B 

Tbe  domiDaot  tiibe,  oUea  mrnuese, 

Negro  race  with  an  Infloion  ol  Berber  b 


-  —  beauty  by 
eiuasm  Utloolng;  tbey  also  slain  their  laces  with  isdigo, 
and  dye  tbdrfionttectb  black  and  Iheir  canine  tectb  red.  The 
law  aHowa  polygamy,  but  the  richest  men  have  seldom  more 
than  two  or  three  wives.  The  marriage  ceremonies  last  for  a 
whole  week,  the  £nt  three  days  being  qwnt  In  feasting  on  tbe 
favourite  natlonaldlBhes,  and  the  others  appropns ted  to  certain 
lymbolical  rll^  A  lavourite  amusement  Is  the  watching  of 
wrestling  matches.  A  game  bearing  some  cesemblince  to  chesa, 
played  with  beam  and  bdea  In  the  land,  is  alio  a  favourite 

The  paaloral  diatiicti  al  Ibe  country  are  occupied  by  (be 
9iti«as,  who  are  of  Arab  origin,  and  speak  a  well-preservod 
dialttt  of  Arabic  Of  the  date  of  their  Immlgratjan  from  the 
Eait  there  !s  no'recotdi  but  tbcy  were  in  the  country  aa  early 
U  tbe  middle  of  the  i;lb  century.  They  are  divided  Into 
nunterous  disdnct  dans.  Their  villages  In  general  conust  ol 
rudely  constructed  huts,  of  an  exaggerated  conical  form. 
Another  tribe,  called  La  Salas,  Inhabits  a  number  of  low  fertile 
ids  in  Lake  Chad,  aepanted  from  the  mainland  by  fordable 


noted  honemen,  and  in  times 


channels. 

TbeB 
borses,  aa  w^  aa  tbe  ridera,  used  to  be  cased  in  light  Iroi 
The  Eliuwas,  however,  are  dad  only  In  a  light  shirt,  ana  the 
Kinentbu  ipeannen  go  almost  naked,  and  Bght  with  shield  and 
•pear.  It  ii  ladlaptmable  to  a  chief  of  rank  that  be  should 
poauat  a  huge  belly,  aiul  wheo  high  feeding  cannot  produce  this, 
padding  givei  the  appeitutce  ol  It-  Notwithstanding  the  heat 
ol  (he  climate,  the  body  is  enveloped  la  iiiccesiive  robes,  the 
number  indicating  the  rank  of  the  vearer.  The  head  Ukewiie 
h  enclosed  io  aumetDHi  tutbina.  The  prevailing  language  is 
Bamu  Is  the  Eanuti.  It  has  no  sfGnlty,  according  to  Hclnrlch 
Barlh,  with  the  great  Berber  family.  Agnmmat  was  publlslwi 
In  1854  by  S.  W.  KOellc,  as  well  as  a  volume  of  talcs  and  fables, 
with  a  tranalallon  and  vocabulary. 

The  towns  in  Bomu,  which  have  populations  varying  from 
ro,Doa  to  ;o,ooo  or  more,  are  lunancded  with  walls  j  ;  or  40  It. 
In  height  and  »  ft.  in  thickness,  having  at  each  of  the  four 
comers  a  triple*  gate,  composed  of  strong  planks  of  wood,  with 
bars  of  iron.  The  abodes  of  the  principal  inhabitants  form  an 
enclosed  square,  in  which  are  separate  bouses  lor  each  ol  the 
wives;  tbe  chiefs  palsCB  consists  ol  turrets  connected  together 
byterraces.  These  are  well  built  oFa  reddish  clay,  Ughlypidiilied, 
ao  as  to  resemble  stucco;  tbe  interior  roof,  though  composed  only 
ol  branches,  is  tastefully  conitiucted.  HaidH^ri,  which  in  igeS 
beODie  the  seat  of  the  oatlve  government,  is  a  thriving  com- 
mercial town  some  70  m.  south-west  of  Lake  Chad.  Tbe  former 
capital,  Kuka  (i;,>.),  and  Ngamu  (the  town  of  "  blessiog  "],  ate 
near  the  shores  of  lake  CbwL  Ob  the  Yo  an  still  to  be  «ai 
extensive  remains  ol  Old  Bomu  or  BIrni  and  CamhariMi  or 
Cbambaru,  which  were  destroyed  by  the  Fula  about  iBo^ 
Dikws,  (he  Capital  chosen  by  Rabab  (see  below),  lies  in  the 
Ccrman  part  ol  Bomu. 

Hillary. — The  history  of  Bomu  goei  back  to  the  oth  centiuy 
AJ).,  but  Its  early  portions  are  very  Iragmentary  and  dubious. 
The  first  dynasty  known  is  that  of  the  Sefuwa  or  descendanta 
ol  Scl,  which  came  to  tbe  throne  in  the  person  of  Dugu  or  Duku, 
and  haditscaplul  al  Njimiye  (Jima)  in  Kanem  on  tbe  north-east 
shores  oF  Lake  Chid.  The  Sefuwa  arc  of  Berber  origm,  the 
descent  from  5eF,  tbe  HimyariLic  ruler,  being  mythicoL  From 
this  Berber  strain  come*  the  name  Bcrberi  or  Ba-Berbercbe, 
applied  by  the  Hausa  to  the  inhabitants  of  Bocnu.    Mobom- 


d  hat  since  a 


ol  the  1 1  th  ceotur] 


inucd  the  religion  ol  the  country.     Frui 


kingdom  was  greatly  catendcdj  and  Duna 


266  BOW 

wu  ilio  I.  powerful  ud  wulike  prince  Id  Ihe  (oUaoiDg  rdfu 
Ihc  proipcriijr  of  tbe  country  bcgui  to  diiniiiiib,  ud  ibeut  ijSiS 
the  iyauty  wu  eipellcd  ftaio  Njimiyc,  ud  lorced  to  tcek 
refuge  in  Ibe  wouni  pirt  ol  iu  territory  by  (he  iovuion  of  the 
Bukta.     Uii  AH  (f.)  dujideui,  who  fouuded  the  cit/  of  Bind, 

SLCCeuor,  Id rii  II.,  completely  v&nquiihed  the  BuLiLftkndiubju- 
^ted  Kuiem ;  uid  ujider  MAhommed  v.,  the  Dexl  mourch,  Bqtdu 
RAcbed  ill  highest  pitch  of  greatneu.  At  this  period  Zjader 
beuRie  1  tributary  state.  A  series  of  for  the  moit  part  peaceful 
leigni  succeeded  till  about  the  middle  of  the  iSih  ccntuiy,  when 
AH  (IV')  Omarmj  entered  upon  a  violent  struggle  with  the 
Tuarei  or  Imosha^.  Under  his  son  Ahmed  (about  iflofi)  the 
kingdom  began  to  be  harassed  by  the  Fuls,  who  had  already 
conquered  the  Hausa  country.  Eipclled  from  hii  ca{utaj  by  the 
invaders,  Ahmed  was  only  restored  by  the  assistance  of  the  fakir 
Hahonuned  aJ-Amin  aI-Kaneini,>who,  pretending  to  a  celestial 
mildan,  hoisted  the  green  flag  of  the  Prophet,  and  undertook 
the  delivennce  ol  his  country.  The  Fula  appear  to  have  been 
taken  by  lurprue,  and  were  in  ten  months  driven  completely  qui 

kings  with  all  the  appeaiance  of  sovereignty — reserving  for 
himself,  however,  under  the  title  of  sheik,  ill  its  reality.  The 
court  of  the  sultan  (i*e«H)  was  established  at  New  Bomu, 
or  Bimi,  which  was  made  the  capital,  the  old  dty  having 
been  destroyed  during  the  Fula  invasion;  while  the  sheik,  in 
military  stale,  took  up  his  residence  at  the  new  city  of  Euka. 
Fairly  etiafalithed,  he  ruled  the  country  with  a  tod  of  iron,  ud 
at  the  same  time  inspied  his  subiccis  with  a  superstitious  notion 
of  hb  sanctity.  His  Hal  was  peculiarly  directed  against  moral  or 
reli^ous  offences.  The  most  frivolous  faults  of  women,  as  talking 
lr»Ioud,and*iIkinginthe>ltfetuiivciled,ienderedthe  ottender 
Bable  to  pubU'e  indictment,  while  graver  errors  were  visited  with 
the  most  ignominious  punishments,  and  often  with  death  itself, 
Kanemidiedin  1835,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  kib.  Sheik  Omar, 
who  altogether  abolished  the  nomtnnl  kingship  of  the  Sefuwa. 

During  Omar's  reign,  which  histed  about  fifty  yean,  Bomu 
wu  visited  by  muy  Europeans,  who  leached  it  via  Tripoli  and 
the  Sahara.  The  first  to  enter  the  country  were  Waller  Oudney, 
Hugh  Clapperton  and  Diion  Denham  (i«>]).  Tliey  were 
followed  in  1851-1851  by  Reinrich  Birth.  Later  (ravellen  in- 
duded  Gerhard  Rahl[s(iS»)  and  CustavNachiigal.  All  these 
Uavellen  were  well  received  by  the  Kanuri,  whoae  power  from  the 
middle  of  the  iglh  century  be^  to  decay.  This  was  foreseen  by 
Earth;  and  Nachligal,  who  in  1870  conveyed  presents  sent  by 
King  William  of  Prussia,  in  acknowledgment  of  Ihe  sheik's  kind- 
ness to  many  German  eiplorerj,  writes  thus  in  Scccmher  lijt: 

"  The  lapM  decleiuian  oi  Bonni  is  u  undeid^ile  and  lamentable 
fact.  It  IB  tskirig  place  with  increasing  rapidity,  and  the  boundlcis 
Makncs  of  Shak  Omar— otherwise  so  worthy  and  brave  a  man— 
Biint  bw  alimu  all  the  blame.    Hit  sou  and  mlniiien  plunder 


|dsliH^  good  fi 
lie  iheik  and  the  b 


nonwe.    The  iiid(._ .__ _._ 

and  aoathy  nod  a  Uck  of  security  on  1 


h  aJid  confidenfv  ei 


nlity  A 


After  the  visit  of  Nachtigal  Ihe  country  was  visited  by  no 
European  traveller  until  1S9J,  when  Colonel  P.  L.  Monteil 
raided  fat  a  time  at  Kuka  during  his  great  Journey  from  Ibe 
Senegal  to  Tripoli.  The  French  Uaveltcr  noticed  many  signs  of 
decadence,  the  energy  of  the  people  being  sapped  by  lnury, 
while  a  virtual  anarchy  prevailed  owing  1g  rivalries  and  intrigues 
among  memben  of  the  royal  family.  The  chief  of  Zinder  had 
ceased  to  pay  tribute,  and  the  lultan  was  not  strong  enough  to 
eisct  It  by  force.  At  the  same  time  a  danger  wu  threatening 
from  the  southeast,  where  the  negro  sdventurer  Rahah,  once 
a  I'cve  of  Zobeir  Puha,  wu  mtnadng  the  kingdom  of  Bagirmi. 
Alter  making  himself  muter  of  Ihe  fortified  town  of  Manila, 
Rihah  proceeded  against  Bomu,  defeating  the  army  of  the  sultan 
Ahsem  in  two  pitched  battles.  In  December  iSgj  Ahsem  fled 
(torn  Kuka.  which  wu  entered  by  Rabah  and  soon  afterwards 
deitnyed,  the  apllal  being  transferred  (0  Dikwa  in  the  louth- 


eut  of  tb«  UnfdoB.  Thtu  evtui  rulMd  for  may  yeat*  tk 
trade  between  Tripoli  ud  Kuka  by  the  lopg-estabGi^  note 
via  Bilna.  Rabah  had  raised  a  luge,  wdl-diiUed  army,  and 
proved  a  fotnidabie  i^iwaeDl  to  Ihe  French  In  Ihesr  advance  oa 
Lake  Chad  Inm  Ibe  south.  However  in  rgeo  he  was  kiUed  at 
Kussuri  near  the  lower  Shati.  by  the  csmbtned  tdroca  of  thre* 
French  eipeditioni  which  had  been  convcfgiiig  Inn  the  CeagD, 
the  Sahara  and  the  Niger. 

By  u  Anglo-Fiench  agreement  of  i3«g  tike  tributary  state  of 
Zicder  in  the  north  had  been  indudcd  in  the  Fnnch  ipbeR. 
and  after  (he  defeat  of  Rabah  French  military  cipedition* 
occupied  both  the  Gennao  and  British  portions  ol  Bomu,  hut 
in  inoi  on  the  appearance  of  British  ud  German  eipeditiona 
the  French  withdrew  to  their  own  country  cut  ol  tlie  Shari. 
The  British  placed  en  the  throne  of  Bomu  Shehu  Carbai,  a 
descendant  of  tlie  ancieBt  lultaiu.  and  Kuka  wu  again  clioaai  u 
the  capital  of  the  sute.  From  that  dale  British  Bomu  hu  been 
under  adminisirtitive  tontnil.  It  hu  been  divided  into  East  and 
Wat  Bomu,  the  line  of  division  bciM  fised  appreaimauly  at 
hingiiude  >  >*,  and  placed  uodEr  the  sdrnitiittriiian  of  a  letidcnt. 
Malfoni  and  Kuka  were  selected  for  British  stations  In  the  eut, 
and  Damjiri  and  Cujba  In  the  west.  Garrisona  are  quartered  at 
these  point*.  The  province  hu  been  mapped,  and  a  networii  of 
tracka  available  for  wheeled  transport  bat  be«n  made  through  it. 
Water  comrnunication  with  the  Benue  and  Niger  hu  beea 
opened  ihrougb  the  Gongda  river.  The  lAotn,  who  look  ihc 
oath  of  allegiance  to  the  BHtiib  enwn  on  the  occaaioo  of  hit 
formal  installation  in  November  igo^,  is  maintained  In  all  local 
dignity  u  a  native  chief,  and  co-operaua  loyally  with  the  Biidsb 
adminlstratioiL  Peace  has  pievaiied  in  Bomu  since  the  British 
occupation,  and  it  is  estimated  Uiat  the  population  hu  incnued 
by  immigration  to  about  50%  more  thah  it  wu  in  igH,  Tlie 
people  are  industrious.  Eilcuinanaaara  being  tmut^tnBda 
coUeclod  without  difficulty.    Owioc 


1  its  in 


then) 


in  1908  transferred  ti 
and  RABita). 

AOTWolrrm— HebBkfa  Barth's  IVuft  <■  HtM  eod  CnlrM 
Aftiai  [iBj;.  new  ed..  Loodog,  1890)  toitaiH  an  nact  pjctnre 
of  Ihcitare  in  Ihe  period  fc.  1850)  piecedinB  it*  decay-  The  earlier 
rreiirfi  of  Denham  and  Clapperton  (London,  rail)  may  also  ba 
CCMllled,  uwell  ■•  Rohlfi.  fjind  n^  Knft  ii /l7n'*a  [Bremen,  1870)  ; 
Nachti^l.  Salmra  mid  SutmM.  vol.  L  (Beriin,  1879);  ami  Monteil, 
^£l.-£initd7>ifiS(ipBrlilaE7'c*ad(Pu'i%i84S)-  For  later  inloi^ 
mation  consult  Lady  Lufard's^  rro^iu/Hr^BdnifTfLoDdao.lpos), 
and  the  ituniisf  Klfarll.  Iram  Tooo  onward,  on  Kanhern  Nigei-La, 
iiHied  by  the  Cotonlal  Office,  London.  (F.  L.  L.) 

WRODW,  AlBZAVDEB  POSPYRIBVICH  (iSh-iES?), 
Kusilan  musical  composer,  natural  son  of  a  Russian  prince,  wan 
bom  in  St  Petersburg  on  the  lilh  of  November  1834.  He  was 
brougbt  up  to  the  medical  profession,  and  in  186s  was  afmointed 
asustant  professor  of  chemistry  at  the  St  Petersburg  academy  ot 
medicine.  He  wrote  several  works  on  chemistry,  and  took  a 
leading  part  in  advocating  women's  education,  helping  to  found 
tlie  school  of  medicine  for  women,  and  lecturing  there  from  1873 
till  his  death.  But  be  is  best  knowa  as  a  musician.  UIs  inteiat 
in  music  wu  indeed  stimulated  from  iflfii  onwards  by  his  friend- 
ship with  Balakirev,  and  from  iM]  by  his  marriage  with  a  lady 
who  wu  an  accomplished  ^Aanist^  but  in  bis  earlier  years  he 
had  been  profident  both  ia  pbying  the  piano,  violin,  'cello  and 
other  instrumenlj,  and  also  in  compotingi  and  during  life  be 
did  his  best  to  pursue  hli  studies  in  bath  music  and  chemistry 
with  equal  enthusiasm.  Like  other  Russian  composers  he  owed 
much  to  (he  influence  of  LJut  st  Weimar.  His  Snt  symphony 
wu  written  in  1861-1867;  his  open  AiKe /ggr,  begun  in  '^, 
wu  left  unfinished  at  iiis  death,  and  wu  completed  by  Rimsky- 
Korsakov  and  Gluounov  {1880);  his  symphonic  sketch,  "  Id 
the  Sleppc)  "  (1880)  is,  bowevcr,  his  beat-known  work.  Borodin 
also  wrote  a  second  symphony  (1871-1877),  part  of  a  third 
(orchestrated  after  bis  death  by  Ctaiounov).  and  a  few  airing 
quartets  and  some  fine  songi.  His  music  is  characIcristloUy 
Russian,  ud  of  an  advanc^  modem  type.  He  died  auddenly 
at  St  Petersburg,  on  the  litb  of  February  SSI7. 


BORODINO— BORON 


267 


*  vfllift  of  RoaU,  TO  ML  W.  by  S,  d  MoKO«, 

w  tht  KokHKba,  u  MSBatot  ol  Uk  rivu  Mokvs,  famaiu  *i  the 
■ose  ol  ■  imt  battle  betncn  tlw  •may  ol  Nipelcoa  uid  tbs 
RuMbuBnukrKuluKWaa  Ihc  Tib  o<  Scp«Bibc[  iSi>.  TboD|h 
ibc  tnlUc  h  noHnbcnd  chiifiy  (or  iht  tenibic  Vatet  Incuiml 


lie  Jib  oi  Sqilembs  bolb  tidapnpand  for  bttilcon  IheGtli, 
KipolcoD  hoti^Df  bsck  In  tlw  bogt  of  coaGnaIn(  Ihc  enemy  fa 
hi>  (oolutiDD  (0  G|bl  ft  dcdiive  bMtlck  F«c  l£e  uow  icuen 
tWFt«nchri|tti»ii^,  which  could  >«vrm»Dee«»nd  tht  RiaiUni 
fmm  tbeit  poiitloa,  woi  dcripwdly  ■alwDcd.  The  RuMJtn 
right,  bent  tick  it  in  ingk  isd  Rnnfl]'  potted,  wu  iho 
Btglccted,  [or  Napoleon  ialsoded  lo  make  a  dinct  Irontal  ■Itath. 
The  emnjr'i  iJiht  cvntn  MU  tta  viUav  ol  BondiM  «u  ID  ht 
ittathed  by  the  vkeioy  of  luly,  Ea|tM,  who  m*  ■Itemuib 
lo  [Oil  Dp  Ihe  Rimiia  line  tovudi  iti  centre,  tht  UKalted 
"  great  ledoubl,"  wbich  «u  to  be  attacked  itiRCtJ)'  Iroai  tht 
Iroat  by  Ncy  ud  Jonol.  Fanhet  to  the  Fnoch  ri^t,  Damut 
ms  to  attack  ftoDtaUy  •  (roup  of  Md  vorki  on  whkh  the 
Ruciaii  left  cenln  vat  [ormcd;  and  tht  aCnme  ri^t  of  the 
French  umy  aai  cooipoaed  of  the  weak  caip*  <4  PraUlowaki. 
The  caralcy  enrpa  mn  aaifned  to  the  variDui  leaden  named. 
and  the  Guard  «a  held  in  itKrvi.  Tbenhole  Use  wu  not  man 
.  I  m.  kws,  glvingan  avenir  of  ovR  lo  men  pel  f  aid. 


a  doeed  on  tlieu  ce 


relbey  m 


deuely  maMtd,  and  thdr  ceeerve*  weie  •objected  to  1 
fiKfiomthcFcenchGcMiuu.  At6kJi.OBthe]lliof  S(|iHiDter 
Ibe  Fnnch  attack  began.  By  S  a.h.  the  RuMian  ocntR  wai 
driven  in,  asd  tboufh  a  furiou)  counltr-aliack  enaUcd  Prince 
Bacntioo'i  trmiia  to  oin  back  tkeir  wigjoal  Hue,  fieth  French 
IRMpa  lUKlei  Davout  and  Sey  dnvc  ihrai  back  aaaiu.  But 
the  Ruaaiau,  thouih  tbey  loat  (mund  elsevken,  (till  duac  to 
the  great  redoubt,  and  f«  a  limethculvaBoeoI  the  French  vai 
MBpcnded  by  Napoleon'i  oidtc,  owing  10  a  cavaliy  attack  by 
the  KiaaUn*  on  Eugeoe'i  eitcem*  left.  Whoi  thU  alanu  wai 
coded  tba  advance  mi  roamed.  Napoleon  had  now  collecled 
a  sufficient  target  for  bit  gunL  A  tcnific  booibardmtni.  by  (he 
anillcry  wai  tallowed  by  the  dedsve  cha^e  of  the  battle,  nudo 
by  fcat  maita  of  cavalry.  The  hoiaemen,  loUomd  by  th* 
nifantry,  charged  at  ipecd,  broke  the  Rinaiao  line  In  two,  and 
the  Fnaich  ■quadroai  entered  tbt  (orga  of  the  frcat  redoubt  Jital 
a*  Eugene'i  infantry  climbed  up  iu  face*.  In  a  fearful  mUtt  the 
Runiaa  garriioB  ol  the  redoubt  was  almoat  annihilated.  The 
defenden  were  now  diilodged  from  their  main  line  and  the  battle 
•a*  piactically  at  an  end.  Napoleon  haa  been  eritldaed  far  not 
■ling  the  Guard,  which  wai  intact,  to  oonipleu  the  victory. 
There  ia,  faaiaever,  no  evidence  tbat  any  lutlher  eiptnditiun  of 
men  would  have  bad  good  reiulta.  Napcdaon  had  isqioied  hi* 
■ill  on  the  cBcmy  to  fu  Ibat  tbey  ceded  poMMioB  ol  Uoamw 
ntboul  iurlhtr  resiitanca.  That  the  defeat  asd  iom*  ol  the 
Ruitian  Seld  army  did  not  end  Ibe  war  wa*  due  to  Uie  aalioMl 
ipitit  of  the  Ruuiont,  not  to  military  miacalculatMM  e(  Napoleon. 
Had  it  not  been  lor  Ihi*  virit,  Borodino  would  have  been 
deoHVe  of  the  war  without  the  final  blow  of  the  Gunid.  At 
h  was.  the  RuHtiBi  lost  about  49,000  men  out  of  111,000; 
Napoleon'i  inny  (of  which  one-htll  cootitted  of  the  Qutingenti 
oC  Hibject  atljei — Gomany,  Poland,  Switiertand,  H<riland,  ftc.) 
3i,oeooulo[ija,ooo(Beiodl,  ZaUtuKriep).  On  Uw  ride  of 
the  French  ji  general  officen  were  killed,  wounded  «(  ttAen, 
and  amaogst  the  killed  were  General  Montbtua,  who  fell  at 
lb*  head  of  hii  cavalty  coips,  and  Augutle  Canlaiacnrt,  who 
took  Montbnin'i  place  and  fell  In  tht  aOUt  In  the  icdouht. 
The  Ruiaiani  loat  11  gentrali,  amon^l  thea  Princ*  Bagra- 
lion,  who  died  of  hit  wouodi  after  the  battle,  and  lo  wbaw 
memory  a  monument  wu  erected  on  the  battle-field  by  the 
tiat  Nlcbolaa  I. 

BOROURITE,  one  ol  Ibe  moat  leuaikable  reck*  of  the 
Britith  Iilti,  found  on  the  ihorci  of  Loch  Bonlan  in  Sutherland- 
shire,  after  which  it  hai  been  named.  In  thii  locality  Ibetr  la 
a  conaidcrable  area  of  granite  rich  in  red  alkali  Idtper,  and 
nt  of  iti  quaru,  iaiD  qaaiu- 


lytnita  (notdmarkllcs)  and  lyeniln.  At  Ibe  mtrglna  of  the 
ouUnp  pattba  ol  BeptKli»-*yeniie  occur;  usually  the  oepheUna 
it  decstspoaed.  but  occaaionally  it  is  wtU-pmerved;  the  other 
ingrcdienit  of  the  lock  an  brown  garnet  (nebmite)  and 
aeiJriM.  The  abundance  of  meLmitc  ii  very  unuiual  In  igneous 
rack),  though  some  iyeiilit,  Itucilophynt,  and  aegirina-fclsitca 
wttnibk  borolanitt  m  this  rcapect.  In  pUcei  tht  nephellne. 
Bjrenlte  BiaiaMt  the  form  el  a  dark  rock  with  large  rounded  «4dte 
qiot*.  These  last  coniiil  of  an  Intenolxture  of  nephellne  oi 
todalite  and  alkall-felipai.  From  the  siulogyol  certain  leudtc- 
■yenile*  which  are  known  in  Aikansts,  it  it  very  probahk  that 
tbeae  ^oU  represent  origlna]  leuciiea  which  have  been  changed 
into  aggieptet  of  ibe  above-named  mioeroli.  Tbey  icKmbk 
leudie  la  their  shape,  but  have  not  yet  been  proved  to  have 
ita  oyttalliiM  outlines.  The  "  psaudetoidtes."  as  ih^  have 
been  caUed,  meason  ooe-quaitet  10  three-qnarten  of  an  inch 
acfOM.  The  dark  matrii  (ontiits  of  biotiie,  aegitine-augita 
and  tnclanite.  Connected  wilb  the  baiolaniie  there  sie  oUwi 
typtaoC  nepbeUaoeytnit*  and  pegmatite.  In  Finland,  ntelaoito- 
bnzing  aephcUiw  rocks  have  been  foimd  and  described  aa' 
IJidite,  but  the  only  other  locality  for  melanite-Ieudie-syenitt 
is  Mapict  Cove  in  Arkansas.  (J.  S.  F.) 

BOKOK  (symbol  B,  atomic  weight  j  i),  one  ol  the  non-raclaUic 
elements,  occurring  In  nature  in  the  form  of  boradc  (boiic)  add, 
and  in  various  borates  such  as  borai,  tlncal,  boronatrocaldte 
■nd  boracile.  It  was  iscJated  by  J.  Cay  Lussar  and  L.  TMnard 
in  1 808  by  heating  boron  ttioiide  with  polaiaium,  in  an  iron  tube. 
It  was  also  isolated  at  about  the  same  time  by  Sir  H.  Davy, 
frutn  boiacic  add.  II  may  be  obtained  as  a  dark  btuwn  imor- 
pbous  powder  by  pladng  a  miiture  of  10  parU  of  the  roughly 
powdered  oiidc  with  6  parts  oi  metallic  sodium  in  a  nd-hot 
cnidbl*,  and  covoing  the  miitnre  with  a  layer  of  wdl-dried 
common  salt.  After  the  vf^ront  reaction  has  ceased  and  all 
the  sodium  has  been  used  up.  the  mass  is  thrown  into  dilute 
hydrochloric  add,  when  the  soluble  sodium  salts  go  into  solution, 
and  the  inaoluUe  boron  remaina  as  a  brown  posrder,  which  may 
by  filtered  ofl  and  dried.  H.Uritsan(,(ita.CMii, /'<ty).,iSfs,6, 
p.  190]  heals  three  parts  of  the  oiide  with  me  pan  of  magnesium 
powder.  The  dark  product  obtained  la  washed  with  water, 
hydrochloric  add  and  bydiofluoric  acid,  and  finally  caldncd 
again  with  the  oxide  or  with  bom,  bdng  pralecled  from  air- 
during  the  operation  by  a  layer  of  charcoal.  Pore  amorpho^ 
boron  is  a  diestnut-coioured  powder  of  *p*^*^  gravity  >-4Sf 
it  lublimta  in  the  ekciric  aic,  is  totally  unailected  by  air  at 
ordinary  tempeniurea,  and  burn*  on  strong  ignition  with  pro- 
dnctioD  of  the  oiide  BA  and  the  nltilde  BN.  It  oombiaet 
directly  with  fluorine  al  ordinaiy  temperature,  and  with  chloHne, 
bromine  and  sulphur  on  healing.  It  does  not  teaci  with  the 
alkali  metali,  but  coubinaa  with  mapiwum  at  a  low  nd  heat 
to  (oim  a  boride,  and  with  other  meials  al  more  or  lem  elevated 
temperatures.  It  reduce*  many  metallic  oaides,  such  as  lead 
nowuide  and  cupiic  oiide,  aad  decomposes  water  at  s  red  heat 
Healed  with  aulphufk  add  and  tdlh  nitrjc  add  it  ia  oiidised 
to  boric  add,  uiulst  on  fnun  with  alkaline  carbonates  and 
hydroiidei  it  ^ves  a  boiale  of  the  alksU  metal.  Like  silicon 
and  carbon,  very  varying  values  had  bean  given  for  its  aptdfic 
beat,  until  H.  P.  Weber  showed  that  the  specific  heat  increases 
njddly  with  Increasing  tempenture.  By  strongly  healing  * 
miilute  of  boron  trtoiide  and  aliuninlum,  prolccled  from  the  ' 
air  t9  a  hy«  of  charcoal,  F.  Wohkr  and  H.  Salnle-Clairi  Dcville 
obtained  a  grey  piodaci,  from  wbidi,  on  dissaving  out  th* 
ahmlnlain  with  sodium  bydromde,  they  obtained  a  cryilallina 
product,  whkh  they  tboiigbt  to  be  a  modiGalion  of  boron, 
but  wUch  was  shown  later  to  be  a  miiture  of  aluminium* 
boridet  with  more  or  test  carbon.  Boron  distolvet  in  molten  alu- 
minium, knd  oa  cooling,  tranipannt.  almost  colourlesa  eryalids 
arc  obtained,  pocsessing  a  lustre,  hardness  and  refnctlvity  near 
that  of  the  diamond.  In  1904  K.  A.  Klihne  ID.R.P.  i47,S>i) 
daeribed  a  proctia  in  whkh  oleroal  beating  ia  not  necessary, 
a  rniiiure  ol  aluntinium  turnings,  sulphur  and  boric  add  bsna 


BOROUGH,  S. 

s  been  iMbted  In  the 


diivtfl  bjrdrodiiane  aM  a  vezv  mi-imdikif  Hft.oniitiBC  «l  m 
Blnun  of  bydiogcD  aiid  bonoliytlrlde.  Ii  obuiBd.  Thb  datun 
iHinii  with  «  gma  flvme  forming  bvod  Irimule;  wUit  bond  ii 
depoaJted  on  puslnf  the  |at  mutuTt  ibnufh  «  hot  tube,  or  on 
depraaJnt  a  cold  miiACF  En  ihe  vM  Ibnw-  By  c«liniE  i<  with  liquid 
til  Sir  W.  Riffiar  end  H.  S.14l<5cld  oU^ivl  f i^  U  >  p^  of 
D  BjH|.    The  DiKture  probably  coottined  civ  vome 

UuMvuidH.  5.Hat6dd.  i-zot  Or*.  5k.,  17.  P-  ijl)- 

Boron  Ruoriifc  BFi  wu  fint  prrparcd  in  iCoS  by  Coy  LiHucind 


'    iriifc  BFi  wu  fint  pTnarcil  in  iCol 
Jandiibea  obliinrd  byh«tintai 


rblchiic 
Br  vherevn  potuble. 


'lyioliibkininier. 
■ —      '■  -tjii}\y  at 


.Sam.    It 


<  |U  it  npidly  dumd.      

nbuKimi.  AiuunKijiiilutioaoIlhci 
ly,  Urontly  (uninR  iiiiiiid  vhkk  ■In 
panEion  of  meuiioric  acid,  leaving  h 
■alution.    Thiiadd  cannot  be  iuhii 

■  nv  d(  ill  laltt  are  knovn.     DoFon  hiionoe  ai»  comouiee  vnn 
mh  £»B.  equal  voCuDVfl  of  (he  lin>^aiet (kinca  wMn  cryn^ 


i>  hvdroauoboiic  teui  IIF-BFi 
P..... .-  .1.  ._.  condiiion.  but 


Ijein*  condeDicd  in  a  tute  vimaiMlcd  by  a  fiminp  mtKure.  li  ii 
acoiDurLeufuminff  liquidboilinHaL  it-iS'Cm  and  it  readily  decom- 
p«ed  by  water  w.ih  lonnation  of  boric  and  hydrochloric  acidi.  It 
uBLiet  nadity  with  amntonia  eat  formini  a  white  cryttallihe  tolid 
o(  QHopodtioa  ^BGi-^NHb 

Boron  bromide  DBri  eia  be  formed  by  dlirci  union  of  the  two 
elainenit.  but  Itbeilobiaincdby  iheiucEhoduwdrDriheprTparaiicr 
of  the  chloride.  Il  it  a  cotauilFU  lumiiig  liquitt  bDiling  ni  90  ]*  C. 
With  water  and-wilh  Anrmnia  it  undcv^oet  iJie  name  iroctioni  ai 
the  chionde.  Boron  and  iodinie  domt combina  directly,  bat  aohvin 
^driodic  acid  rcatti  wiih  anurpboua  boron  to  fonn  tJK  ioditle. 
Bli,  which  can  alu  be  obiained  by  pannj  boron  chloride  and 
hydriodic  acid  through  a  red-hot  porcelain  tube.    Ii  it  a  while 


H^po-iicirPBi.,  which  •ubllmet^  ^A 


to  rcdneta  in  a  pfa^num  crucible  a  mixiuje  clone  part  of  anhydreui 
borax  with  two  part*  of  dry  ammonium  chloride.  Aflcr  fualDn. 
the  mdt  it  well   waihed    with    dilute  hydrochloiic  acid  and 


— .1   water,  the  lu'iride   tenulniiq  _  _    , 

It  caa  alto  be  prcpaml  by  batini  borimiite  Bi^NHIi;  or  by 
beuint  boron  trioiide  with  a  metallic  cyaaide.  It  u  iniolubic  in 
"'"it  of  ■'tiain''ir  boifd'^  ria«iui. 

'     '  IB  or  amiBonia  and  Itae  (a,._.^.. 
ealy  In 


Bonia  and  the  ton 


BoHmide  Bi(NII)i  it  obtained  on  long  heiiini  of  II 
B3i-BNHi  In  a  tirtam  of  hydtotcn,  or  ammcnta  nt  al 
It  la  a  white  tolid  which  deounpotet  on  heating  into  I 
and  animoDib    Lon^-etatiniAd  Ikeating  with  water  alv 

Boran'tulphide  B,S,  can  be  obtained  by  the  diircl  urion  of  the 

440* C.p  buL  It  moot  conivDientlyprmBivd  by  heaiinga  miattveof  tha 
tnsaii^  aad  eaibon  ia  a  atream  01  carbon  biMjfJiide  vapqar.  It 
formt  tlightly  CDtoured  «nall  cryatalt  povitiiDf  a  tiroAf  diugire- 
.  able  amcll.  and  it  rapidly  dccompotcd  by  water  with  the  fDnnalian 
'  ■■  -■-  --'■■  ind  aqlpfiurciied  hjdiogen.    A  penlanlphidc  BiSi 

ih  impure  candilian.  by  lieallntfaKiludtiiiofiulphur 

M  bdauMude  wkfa  boron  iodicb^  aial  formt  a  white  cryttallioe 

MlpbiD«ted  hydrogen  and  boric  acid. 

Bonn  Irioxide  GOi  b  the  only  known  oiidc  al  bonm:  and  may 
be  preiMred  by  heating  amorphoaa  homn  hi  oaygen,  or  beiier.  in 

ttrwig^tgiriilgt  •^'^'  '-"      "—  '-■—  ■' '■-■  ' 

boric  acid  JgJ.)  1 1 


d(  boric  uld  11 
il  preparedi  in  a 
iaca^Waifa 


Itevcccdioaly  hyerotcopic  and  even  on  aurdirg 

-H  ......  ...  .«, -!s  opaque  throtij;n  abforption  of  watpr  and  for- 

marlon  of  boric  aefd.  IttaperiSe  gravity  fa  i4]  (I.  [>umat).  Hit 
lut  •nlatlle  below  a  while  heat,  aad  CMMqaeatfy.  if  healed  wiih 
■       '  ■ .._.,-... ^. ■-    midefrom 


rl  bmio  etOCiHi).  and  iKibyl  bsiata 
Thcw  am  caloiirleat  lii|Bldi  bnling  at 
vely.and  both  are  readily  drcompoieS  by 


—BOROUGH 

at  high  temperatuiei,  formlsf  bonlea,  which 
chaiactcrittlc  coloura.     Many  qr^nlc  "~ — 
kinwBi  ihuK,  fren  ihfe  aeiion  of^ihe  1 
or  on  anliyl  tlaJbtik.  ethyl  ' 
BfflCH.}.  an  obtalneiL    "^ 

119  C.»i»d7i'C.mpe«li,., ,  _ 

water.    By  the  action  of  ilnc  methyl  on  ethyl  borate.  Il - 

proportlona,  boron  trimeUiyl  it  obtained,  ihui>~IB{OCiH^i+ 
l]Zn(CH,1,-ZB(CH,),-HBZi><^3c^.  "  ■  "'°>"1«*  tpontaneouily 
inflimmaMo  gai  of  unbearable  •null.  Boron  iriethyl  B(CiHi)i  it 
nblained  intfieiomc  manaer.  by  uiing  line  ethyL  It  It  a  colouileB 
ipoBtaneouflly  inl^minatfle  liquid  of  boiling  point  45*  C.  By  the 
action  erf  one  nudeculc  of  ethyl  boratu  on  two  iQolecuKo of  nine  ethyl, 
the  compouBd  B(C,K^,.Oc:iK.  dielhylbonm  ethoaide  it  obuiwd 
at  a  eolourleit  liquid  boiling  at  101*  C.  By  the  anion  of  water 
It  it  convened  into  B(CiH,),.OK.  and  ihli  liner  compound  on 
eitpoHire  10  air  tatcei  tip  aicygen  tlowTy,  formina;  the  gchbpdoihI 
B-C,H.-OCMrOH.  which,  wiili  water,  givea  B(CH^-(OHV  From 
IhecoodeflKiiaaoftwoinolccuIci  of  ethyl  borate  wtih  one  molecule 
of  line  ethyl  the  compound  D,.CjK.-tOCiH.).i9,  obtained  aiacolQur- 

nefhrl  both  combine  with  ammonia. 

The  atomic  weight  of  boren  hat  been  determined  by  ntfnatiBg 
[he  water  content  of  pure  borax  (J.  Bcrrrliui).  alio  by  cDaverAv>4 
of  anhvdmut  boru  Inioaodiuia  chloride  (W.  Ramuy  and  E.  Atloo) 
nide  and  chloriderSalnte-CIiiiT  DevHIe) ; 
B  from  10-73  lu  tl-ci4.  BofTFR  can  be 
I  pocnlBum  ilnobarate,  which  it  JDBalubla 
Bcriate  and  ahrohol-    For  thii  purpoae 

rt  ilfcd"  witli^iulph^^Scid'and"  imS!3 


from  analyiift  of  the  brOT 
nated  by  prcdpilaiion  ai 


BOBODQR  IBmtocoB,  Bdriowe,  Bouona],  irrSVBM 
(iS»S-i$*4).  English  naeigilor,  waa  bomal  Northam  In  Devon- 
thirt  on  the  jjth  of  September  isij.  In  ijjj  he  taok  put  in 
Ihe  eipedition  wliich  wa>  despatched  from  the  Tluina  under 
Sit  Hugh  Wilkiughby  10  look  fora  northern  poiuge  to  Cattay 
and  tndta.  MrvinE  u  mutee  of  the  "  Edward  Bonaventm," 
an  which  Richard  Chancellor  tailed  as  pilot  In  chief.  Separated 
by  a  tlorrn  from  ilie  "  Bona  Espeiania  "  and  Ihe  "  Botia  Confr- 
dcniia,"  (he  other  two  ihipsoi  the  eipcditiorl,  Borouehproceedfil 


nhltvc 


pastnge  lo  SI  Niche 
made  in  the  "  Se[c^ 


id  etpedition. 


la  "  (Archangel).     I 

liritt  "  in  1556,  he  diMovtrea  Mra  Mrtit, 
ilyt  and  Vaygtch  tjUnd,  In  1 560  he  was 
in  chaise  of  another  expedition  10  Ruuii,  and,  probably  In 
ISSB,  he  also  made  a  voyage  lo  Spain.  Al  Ihe  beginning  of  1563 
he  wai  appointed  chiel  pilot  and  one  of  the  four  tnulen  of  the 
queen's  ships  in  the  Medwsy,  and  in  this  office  be  ipent  the  rwt 
of  his  file.  He  died  on  the  iiihaf  July  1JR4,  and  wsa  boiled  at 
Chatham.  Hfa  son,  Chrktopher  Borough,  wrote  ■  deseriptiou 
of  a  trading  eipedition  made  In  l]T9-I58l  fnin  Ihe  WUte  Sea 
ID  the  Caspian  and  back. 

Bit  yavBga  bmiha,  WiuiAli  Botoncn,  bom  h  15^6.  also 
■I  Northam,  served  at  an  onlinaTy  teaman  in  the  "  Edward 
BeMventnrt"  on  ba  voyage  to  Rutala  in  155],  and  subse- 
quently made  nuny  voyages  to  St  Nicholaa.  Later  he  tnnsfeired 
hit  scrvico  ftom  the  merchanl  adnntoren  to  the  crawn.  As 
commander  of  the  "  Lion  "  be  accompanied  Sir  Frauds  DnKe 
inhisCtdiiotpeditfonor  1587,  bot  hegot>hln>elf  into  liouble 
by  picsumtng  lo  ditagiec  with  hit  chief  concendbg  Ihe  wisdom 
ol  the  altack  on  Lagos.  He  died  in'  i  jqq.  Ht  *n  the  author  of 
A  Diammtajllic  VaricliHmf  llu  Ctmpai,  tr  tfcpatlcaU  frailt 
(1581),  and  some  oi  (he  ehini  he  made  t,n  preierved  at  the 
British  Museum  and  ffatfieM, 

BOBOUOH  (A.S.  nomJMIive  ivk,  dative  byrl[,  wtildi  pR>- 
ioea  mtae  of  the  plice-naines  ending  in  tiiry,  a  ihdlned  or 
fortified  pbn,  the  mmp  of  telugc  of  ■  tribe,  the  ttronghold  of  a 
chieftain;  cf.  Cer.  Burl.  Fr,  M,  hire,  kurf).  the  term  lor  a 
town,  considered  •«  a  imit  of  local  government. 

HiKoryo/ffceEBr/inkftirmj*.— After  the  (BriyEnglh*  setlle- 
ment,«hen  Roman  fonifications  Ceased  to  shelter  hostneiulioni, 
Iheir  colonies  and  camps  were  used  by  the  Anglo-Saxon  invaders 
to  form  tribal  amnghi^di;  rtevnthelni  burha  on  the  liies  of 
itinuitj'  with  Koman  nmnkjpat 
it«f  the  Roma*  D'  - ~— 


oigialutloa.    "neraMHlematAf 


a6q 


Ocbuihef  thcmanf  (EhOKoI,  uaJcraduofcdaane.  the 
nuu"buihi>ltlKmaiof  Kcal,"C«nl-nii-byii«(CBi((ikiir>}, 
Oluttnts  tbJM  PDiat.  The  txuh  vf  the  mea  of  Wat  Kml  n* 
HnfoccHUi  (Durabrivw),  RadbMer,«jMt  nny  othn  ctultrt 
■uik  Uh  eiHUnce  ol  >  RoBun  camp  occupied  by  m  early 
Ei^liih  bnA  The  tiibil  buk  wm  prelected  by  la  eutbes 
mil,  aadm  icaail  ebUntioa  (o  biBd  ukd  aaiotaia  buria  at  the 
royal  conuund  vai  cntend  1^  AB(Io-Sa*>a  law.  Oflenoca  in 
dBturtwDCB  oC  tbe  peace  «(  the  burh  «ett  punkhed  by  hisbo- 
fiaes  thui  bmchea  ot  tie  peace  of  the  "  ban  "  or  ordiury 
diieUui(.  The  burh  wu  ihc  boDe  pf  Ihi  king  u  well  u  the 
atylumolihc  tribe,  and  Lhcreisraioii  to  Ihiak  that  the  bouibdaiy 
of  the  borou^  was  aiuiuaUy  aaoclitied  by  a  religioui  ceremtmy, 
aad  hence  the  long  rctentiDD  a[  a  prDtc»i<nui[  pcniinbuIalioiL 
Fmibly  the  "  hedge  "  or  "  wall  "  ol  Ibe  borough  gave  it, 
bcaidra  t^itiy,  a.sanciity  analogoiB  to  that  enjoyed  by  the 
GeriDUUC  aucD^y  while  gatberad  within  ita  "  hedge,"  which 
the  ptiaU  •olemnty  act  up  when  the  aaembly  (athcnti,  and 
rcsuvcd  when  it  vai  over.  While  Ibc  "  peace  "  of  the  Gennanic 
ancvbly  wai  caeotially  tcmporaiy,  tbe  "  pttce  "  ol  the  buib 
was  (acnd  all  the  year  nusd.  Lla  "hedge"  ma  never  renorcd. 
The  uoclUy  of  the  bmb  »aa  enjoyed  by  all  tbe  dwdliap  of  the 
bug,  at  fint  perhapa  only  dwing  ho  tcnn  of  Eeaidencc.  Neither 
in  the  oulr  Engliih  language  DOT  in  the  con IcBporary  Latin  wu 
Iberv  any  (iBdiuage  dUTenntiatJng  the  vuious  words  deseripti^ 
el  the  wveialfonBiafbufnaaKtIleiiKDt,  and  tbe  tribal  refuges 
caanot  accontiogly  be  cleaity  dislinguUied  bom  viUigei  or  the 
atiosghaldi  ol  individuah  by  any  purely  nomendative  lest. 
It  it  not  till  after  the  Daniih  mvaiions  that  it  becomes  eaiicr  to 
draw  a  distiaclion  between  tbe  burhs  that  served  as  milLiary 
atrflogholda  for  natiooai  defence  and  tbe  royal  vitb  which  served 
ao  >uch  purpose.  Some  ol  the  royal  vilh  eventoofly  entered 
the  class  of- boroughs,  but  by  another  route,  and  for  tbe  present 
the  pdvaie  strnnghold  and  tbe  royal  dwelling  nay  be  neglected. 
It  KU  IIk  public  stronghold  and  the  administialive  cemn  ol  s 
dependeat  disuict  which  was  th*  souce  ol  the  aau  Icatunn 
peculiar  U  tbebomigh. 

tiaojf  oima  tended  to  create  peculiar  condHloin  in  the 
boimghi  built  1«  aalioail  deteacc.  They  were  placed  where 
utiGciid  defence  was  molt  needed,  at  the  joBcllan  o(  roads,  in 
the  pUint,  OD  Ihe  dvcm,  at  the  eentns  nsuually  marked  out  lor 
tn^  addon  where  hills  or  etanhes  foitned  a  suSocai  natural 
defence.  The  burhs  drew  conuieTCC  by  every  thannel;  tbe 
camp  aad  the  palace,  the  admlnislrative  centre,  the  ocdesiaatical 
centre  (for  the  mothcr-churdiol  the  state  wu  placed  in  ittchiel 
burh),  aU  loohtd  to  the  msrket  for  Ihetr  maintenance.  The 
burii  WIS  provided  by  law  with  a  mint  and  royal  moneyets  and 
eichangen,  with  an  auihmiHd  scale  lor  wei^ts  and  measures. 
HcrtaotSe  (raosaciion  in  the  burhs  or  ^vtr,  as  they  weru  called 
when  Ibeir  oommeidsl  ratiMr  than  their  military  importance 
wai  ■ficmtnated,  were  placed  by  lavimdertpecial  legal  privileges 
in  oris' no  dDubt  to  leeure  the  klng^  hold  upen  Us  toU.  Over 
thebinborportirBintaiceTe,  arayaloSccltanroable  to  the 
kfag  [ec  hi*  due*  from  the  burh.  bil  rent*  for  land*  and  houses, 
hi*  cinlamt  oo  comnMrce,  hi*  ibazt  Ot  tbe  profit*  from  Judicial 
Gael.  At  liatt  from  Ibe  loth  ceMmy  the  barb  had  a  "nwot" 
ot  ooivt,  th«  idatlon  of  «hktl  to  the  other  court*  i*  malta  of 
ipecidatiatu  Alawof EdgaT,'Bboat96ovreqnlrtdlhatit*ba)Id 
meet  thtta  tbof  a ye*r.  thea*  being  laaB  liheahooa  afiembliea 


ir  thdr  good  eBoduet.  At  lhe*e  ^t$t  ncating*  tbe  bonn^ 
reew  (tfrcf)  pnaidcd,  deckling  the  lew  and  gidiUng  the  jni%- 
mcntagiveBbrthcnltiaBoftheoourt  Thermewuaupported 
by  a  gnup  el  aisialaal*.  called  Hi  Devon  Ibe  "  wilan,"  In  tbe 
batDoghi  of  tha  Saadaw  br  a  group  of  (acnerally  twcjT^ 
"  bwmen,"  In  other  town*  ptotably  by  a  gronp  of  aUermen. 
seniv  buigeme*;  «ith  mflilary  aad  police  anthotitjr,  whose 
office  «u  in  soaie  caats  hereditary.  Tliese  penoaa  at^led  the 
leeveat  Ihe  great  motingi  of  the  hdloMDt,  and  mt  with  Inn  u 
....        ,kUia*eUktiie 


□B  those  not  iptcUUy  suDimooed  toatieod  these  eiira  meetings. 
Ai  these  nbordiDate  juiisd'eUonat  usemhliea,  hdd  in  pubbc, 
and  acliog  by  Ihe  vme  auiheiiiy  as  the  imniil  gathering  ol  all 
the  (anb^Mnr,  other  busioeD  coacamiag  botoagh  adrunistntlon 
«u  dea<fed,  at  kail  in  later  day*,  and  ll  b  to  thoe  asserabUea 
that  dKoigisof  Ihe  towncovneil  may  in  maoy  catca  be  aioibcd. 
Id  tbe  larger  town*  Ihe  dlviilon  into  ward*,  with  a  separaM 
police  system,  can  be  traced  at  an  early  tlin«^  appearing  u  a  uall 
of  military  otganlatlon,  auaweiabte  for  the  defaace  of  a  gale  ot 
Ihe  town.  Tbe  police  lyttem  e(  London  b  desiribed  hi  detail  In  a 
record  of  uo-^o.  Here  the  free  people  were  grouped  in  aiMida- 
tions  of  len.  each  under  the  aupnintendence  of  a  headman.  The 
bishops  and  Rcves  who  bekmgid  to  the  "court  of  London" 
appear  u  tbe  direclors  of  tile  system,  aihi  in  them  we  may  see 
the  aldermen  of  tbe  wards  of  s  later  lime.  TIm  use  of  the  word 
birtia  for  ward  at  Canterbury,  and  the  fact  that  the  London 
wardmool  at  a  bier  time  was  used  for  ihe  frankpledge  syitetn 
as  well  as  lor  the  organiEaiioa  of  the  muster,  point  to  a  conneaioa 
between  Ibc  military  and  Ihe  police  syslenis  la  the  towns.  At 
the  end  ot  the  gib  aiul  bcglniiing  of  Ihe  loth  century  there  li 
evidence  of  a  systematic  "  limbofr^  "  of  new  burhs,  with  the 
object  of  prcnntUng  stmngholds  for  the  defeitce  of  Wenec  againsl 
the  Dsnca,  and  it  appears  that  Ihe  surrounding  districts  were 
charged  with  thrfr  maintenance.  In  chartcn  of  this  period  a 
*'haw,"  or  enclosed  ana  within  a  burh,  was  of  len  conveyed  by 
charter  as  if  It  wen  an  apanage  of  the  lands  in  the  neigbbourhood 
with  which  it  was  conveyedi  Ihe  Norman  settlers  who  succeeded 
to  lands  in  the  coenty  succeeded  therewith  to  housn  Id  the  burfas, 
for  a  ddse  assoditian  eaisled  between  Ihe  "  Ihegns  "  of  tbe 
shhc  and  the  shireslow,  an  asiociation  partly  perhaps  of  duty 
and  also  of  privilege.  The  king  granted  borough  "  haws  "  as 
places  of  refuge  in  Rent,  and  in  London  he  gave  them  with 
commercial  priviicps  to  his  Ushopl.  What  has  been  called  the 
*'  heterogeneous  "  lenure  of  the  ihiTcstow,  one  of  the  most 
cOBiplcnaii*  chanicteristtcs  of  that  porticnlar  type  of  borough, 
was  further  increased  by  the  liberty  which  some  bnrgene* 
enje^yed  lo  "  commend  "  themselves  to  a  lord  of  their  own 
choosing,  promising  10  that  lord  suit  and  service  and  peihape 
protection.  Over  these  burgemes  the  lords 
..     .  ictional  right*,  and  these  wen  la  some  cases 

incrmedbyToyalemnt*ofi|Kd*lfightiirilhhiocrtahi  "sokes." 
Tha  great  boiMighs  itcfc  honeycombed  wiUi  •okes,  or  areu  of 
seignotial  Jnrfsdictioo,  within  which  Ihe  loyol  reeve's  aolhorily 
was  greatly  restricted  while  that  of  Ihe  kird'a  reeve  toiA  pre- 
cedence Even  the  haws,  being  "  btitlia  "  or  tlronghoMs  witUa 
■  iirongfaold,  enjoyed  a  locvt  "  peace  "  which  protected  tioai 
aSicial  intrusion.  Beside*  heterogeneity  of  temie  and  joili- 
dktion  hi  the  bonvgh,  there  wu  also  heferogcneity  ot  Matut; 
there  were  fauih'thegaa  and  enihtt,  mercatons,  bufgesse*  sf 
various  kinrls,  Ihe  three  group*  lepiejenllng  peihapa  mffilary, 
commerdtl  and  agricultural  elements.  Tlie  burh  generally 
ibow*  dgBt  of  having  been  originally  a  vHkg*  ■cttlement, 
surrocmded  by  open  fields,  of  which  the  borough  bomdaTy 
before  1835  will  suggest  the  outline.  This  area  wa>  u  a  rule 
erouindly  the  ana  ol  borough  Jurisdiction.  There  is  seme 
evidence  pointing  to  the  fact  tbit  the  restriction  ol  the  borough 
authority  to  this  area  Is  not  ancient,  bat  due  to  Ihe  NormaD 
settlement.  ThewidedistrictsDverwhichthebDioughshadhad 
anthoiity  were  placed  under  the  control  of  the  Norman  catil* 
•diich  wa*  Itaelf  boilt  by  meant  of  the  old  Entfid  levy  of  "  barh- 
woik."  The  borongh  eoort  wat  aSotMd  to  cantiaiie  It*  wacfc 
oal]i«iiUn{lsownlDnnedlaMi«rrito(y,a»d,tapwveatcoalUcl, 
pbccdoutaide  the  boiongb.  Lodng  tbclr  pket  ht 
■■---  -'  -"-'---J,  the  bulge**  "euihi*"  mad* 


I  wbfch  many  loidi 
m  null  bonn^  bdd  by  a  *thgle  lord. 
I  of  thi*  "  selgiioiial "  type  were  creilMl 
.    Onl  of  the  king's  vlll,  a*  a  rsde  th* 


^^o  BORC 

■  boioa^    Tlw  Una  d  divWao  bcfan  Domcidar  Book  in 

obKuie,  bmt  h  11  pnlxbte  tint  ia  mnc  cua,  b]>  *  njit  gnnt 
c(  Joiittiictiod,  the  blubluati  af  *  populoiu  ni)«l  *31,  irliin  ■ 
kundrtd  OKirt  lot  Ibe  dliUict  n«  (Inadr  bdd,  wen  aalluKiinl 
to  oublbb  &  penuiDait  anrt,  lor  tbe  ■cttlemenl  of  thdr  da- 
pain,  diitincl  ixt/ta  the  hundnd  coiut  of  the  diBlrict,  fiorouglu 
d  t)ii>  type  wiLh  A  uiufonn  teiiun  wen  created  Oat  only  on  tiu 
kinc'l  Qt«tf4  but  AJio  OQ  tbofe  of  hii  teiuDts-in-chicf,  and  in 
loU  Uicy  wen  pinbibly  idnady  numeiaiii.  A  bonxigh  ni 
vaUAlly,  tbougb  peddfH  not  invarubly^  Ibe  compaaion  of  m 
Normu  Built.  In  unie  cue>  ■  Fnnch  "  bonrg  "  mi  mated 
by  tbe  tide  of  an  English  borough,  and  tlie  im  lemahied  fen 
mitny  ffcoerations  di&tiact  in  tlvir  iawi  and  cuitama;  in  other 
cues  ■  Ftench  "  bonrg  "  iras  Kltled  by  the  aide  of  an  Engtiah 
village.  A  large  number  nt  the  followert  of  ilie  Nonaan  lord* 
had  been  almoat  ceriaiiJy  lown-dweUeji  in  their  own  rountiy, 
and  kat  none  of  Ihnt  burghol  privilege*  by  the  nignlion. 
Eveiy  cutle  needed  for  ill  tnaintenance  a  group  at  iliiUed 
vtiianB,  and  the  Lords  wished  to  draw  to  thccaalle  g3iei  tSi  kinds 
of  annmodillei  for  the  caitle'i  provision.  The  (tienglh  of  the 
(arnion  made  the  neighbourhaod  of  the  castle  a  place  of  danger 
to  men  unprolccttxl  by  legal  privilege;  and  in  order  to^nvite  to 
ill  neighbouibood  desirable  »ttlen,  legal  privilFgei  similu-  lo 
those  cnjayHJ  la  Noimin  or  English  boioughs  were  guaratileed 
to  those  who  would  buSId  an  the  plD|i  which  weic  oSeied  la 
coloniats.  A  low  £x«i  rental,  releaie  from  the  nnden  required 
of  villdm,  reieaK  from  the  jurisdictitni  of  the  caitle,  aod  the 
ercalion  oi  a  separate  borough  jurisdiction,  with  or  without  the 
light  la  choose  their  own  office  n,  rules  fixing  the  niaiiinun  of 
tea  and  £nei,  ot  promising  assessment  of  the  fines  by  the 
butfcBes  Ihemielves.  the  caacelling  of  all  the  culellan'i  ri^ti, 
especially  the  tight  to  take  a  forced  levy  of  food  for  the  caitle 
fromall  within  the  areaoE  his  jurisdiction,  freedom  from  arbitrary 
lallagi,  freedom  oi  movement,  the  right  lo  alienate  properly 
and  devise  land,  these  and  m^oy  other  privileges  named  in  the 
eariy  leigiurial  charter*  were  what  constituted  the  Nonnan 
liter  twgki  d  the  ■eigmrii]  type,  Nolafl  these  privileges  were 
enjoyed  by  all  bonnighi;  some  very  meagn  releaies  cf  icignarial 

cr  liberal  the  grant, 
the  lord  or  bii  reeve  still  remained  In  close  peisonal  relation  with 
the  buigeisea  of  such  places,  ud  this  dlsracler,  together  with 
the  uniformity  of  their  teouie.  conlinued  lo  bold  them  ipart 
from  the  boroughs  of  the  old  Englilh  tyfw,  where  ill  vsrietiei 
of  penonal  relationship  between  the  l<Hiii  and  their  groups  of 
tenanti  might  lubiiit.  The  royal  charters  granting  the  ri|^t  to 
Ktain  old  cuitomi  prevented  the  tystcmitic  inttaduclbn  into 
the  oM  boioughs  oi  some  of  the  incidents  of  feudahsm.  Rights  ot 
the  king  took  ptectilence  of  those  of  the  lord,  sjid  devise  with  the 
king'*  couenl  wi*  legal.  By  Ihoe  neuis  the  lords'  position 
wH  irukeoed,  and  olbeT  seigaofial  claiMs  were  later  evaded  or 
«Ml«tUd.  Theri(huwbicb  the  lonb  filled  to  keep  wen  divided 
bctiMta  the  kins  and  tho  nunk^itlity;  in  London, ' 
)lw  kint  obtained  all  achota,  i '"  ' '  ' 
the  ri^t  at  midihip  ot  buigcH 

Fism  Norman  limes  the  yeaiiy  pio6t  at  ibe  loyal  borougha 
WEI  u  a  rule  included  in  tin  yaiBtl  "  farm  "  itodend  for  the 
coimly  by  the  shenS;  samethoe*  it  was  readeiBd  by  a  loyal 
UrmeraiHrtltoiatheoaunty-bim.  TbeUnf  generally  accepted 
•  compo^tion  toi  aO  Ike  vuioni  iteon  due  fmm  llw  bnnHigh. 
The  bugOMa  wen  tmitcd  In  ibeii  cflortt  to  keep  that  com- 

tkengbt  imoonl  at  Ibe  ri^t  time  for  tear  that  It  ihoidd  be 
facieaied  by  way  of  puniihment.  Tht  levy  of  fine*  on  rent 
ancat,  and  the  dlalrainu  for  debt  due, 

throng  the  boKHi^  cmvt.  w«n  a  mat  

bnigtne*  ot  the  court,  and  finl  taught  the  btugcact  OHoperative 
actko.  Honey  wu  nised,  possibly  by  ontet  of  the  bnongh 
(Mrt,  10  buy  a  charter  tram  Ibe  king  giving  the  right  lo  ' 
offican  who  ibould  amwei  directly  lo  the  exchequer  ii 
thrauik  theaberlff  of  the  county.  Tbe  iherifi  wai  in  man; 
alao  the  coDilabli  of  the  caalle,  lel  by  the  Normau  ta  o> 


the  Eotfiib  boiov^i  Ui  powen  were  great  and  dangerous 
enough  to  make  Um  an  ollBcer  specially  obnoxioui  to  th* 
boioi^is.  Henry  I.  about  iiji  gave  Ibe  Loodon  dtiiens  the 
rigkl  IS  cbsoae  their  own  ibetifla  and  a  justiciar  answerable  for 
keejring  the  plea*  of  (he  ctown.  In  iiiO  the  Lincoln  dtiien* 
paid  to  hoM  thcii  eliy  in  chief  of  Ihe  king.  By  tbe  end  of  the 
nth  century  many  towns  paid  by  the  hand  of  Ihelr  own  reeves, 
and  John's  charter!  began  to  make  rules  as  to  Ihe  freedom  of 
dunce  to  be  allDwed  in  the  nomination  ot  borough  oflicen  and 
OS  lo  the  nryal  power  of  dismissiL  In  Richard  I. "t  reign  Londcm 
imitated  the  French  communes  in  ilyhng  Ihe  chief  pIBcer  a 
miyor;  in  tioS  Windicsler  also  had  a  insyor,  and  the  liik 
soon  became  no  rarity.  Tbe  chartered  tighl  lo  choose  tm  ol 
mon  dtizeni  lo  keep  the  pEcu  of  the  crown  gave  to  many 
boron^is  the  control  of  their  coroners,  who  occupied  Ihe  poiilioil 
of  the  London  juilidar  of  earlier  days,  subject  to  those  con- 
sideiable  modifications  which  Henry  U.^  systematiiatioa  ot 
the  crimiiul  law  hid  introduced.  Burgesses  who  bad  gone  tor 
criminal  and  dvil  justice  la  iheir  own  court  in  dispules  between 


s  in  eyre,  but  to  exempt  Ihemsetvei  from  tbe 

««sity  of  pleading  In  a  distant  court.  Tbe  hurgen,  wlwihet 
sintiff  or  tlefendanl.  was  a  privfleged  person,  and  could  dantf 
this  respect  a  "  benefit  "  somewhat  sfnular  to  tbe  benefit  of 
srgy.  In  permitting  the  borough*  to  answer  through  thdr  own 
^en  for  his  dues,  the  king  handed  over  to  the  borooghi  the 
nning  of  his  rents  and  a  large  number  of  rights  which  wonld 
entually  prove  to  be  sources  ttf  great  profit. 


their  t 


at  the  time  of  Ihe  first  purchase  of  charterfl.  Certain  it  i*  that 
the  communilie*  in  the  iilh  century  became  alive  to  the  poaii- 
bilities  of  their  new  position,  that  trade  received  a  new  impidse, 
and  the  vague  constiiutfonal  powers  at  the  borough  court 
acquired  a  new  need  for  definition.  At  fir«  the  lelsction  of 
oScen  who  were  to  treat  with  tbe  eidiequer  and  lo  keep  the 


till  the  nett  century  thai  we  bear  of  any  attcwipt 
of  llu  "  vulgut "  10  make  a  different  tdcelioo  from  tbal  of  tba 
magoau*.  Tbe  "  vutgui "  were  aUe  lo  lake  effeciive  action  by 
means  oi  the  leveial  craft  oisanimioni,  and  first  found  tbe 
iKCcsiily  10  do  so  when  laialioa  was  heavy  or  when  questlou 
of  trade  legislatioa  wen  mooted  [lee  GoM).  Tbe  taxation  ol 
the  borough*  in  the  reign  oi  Heniy  IL  was  lanaied  by  the 
king's  justice*,  who  fixed  the  sum*  dua  f  "ti";  but  II  the 
borough  made  an  ofler  of  a  gift,  the  asseisnwBt  was  made  by  tha 
borgcsaet.    In  the  first  caie  the  taxation  Id  on  the  magutca. 

the  wardmoota  (la  London)  and  ibe  burden  fsU  on  Ibe  pooret 
dais.  laHeDTylL'ireignLoiKlonwB*  laxedbybolhmcthoda, 
the  barett  majartt  by  bead,  the  tornMi  BBwrtt  through  the 
waidmoot.  The  pressure  ot  taxation  Mb  the  ijth  century  u 
a  doatr  definJHon  ot  Ibe  bui^isl  ooaatitutiDasi  the  Gommona 
■ought  lo  get  u  audit  of  acoounti,  and  (in  Loodoo)  not  only  to 
liear  but  to  treat  of  municipal  aSaln.    By  Ihecnd  ot  Ihecentuiy 


_^ conncfl,  rtfaeatBling  tbe  voice  o<  the  conmonally, 

as  expniacd  thiou^  tbe  dty  vaida.  Tlie  choke  ol  orancittoio 
in  the  ward*  rated  pnbafaly  with  ibe  aUermm  and  tbe  ward 
jury  tuuunoned  by  them  to  make  the  praentmcnu.  In  SHue 
case*  juries  wen  sanunoned  not  to  tepicMnl  diSennI  ateii  but 
diSeient  danea;  thin  at  Lincoln  there  were  In  it;>  jiulcaotthe 
rfdi,the  raiddlintand  the  poor,  choten  preutaaUy  tv  authority 
of  the  tax  roU.  Elsewbere  the 
made  cA  their  gfld*  all- 


11  Iba  ijlli  ttatary  von 

tl  the  BUM  hi^ly  devdoiKd  loami,  ud  tboc  vcn  uicd  obIx  fa 
tbe  ittiill  ■■embUea  of  tha  govcAutf  body,  not  In  tliE  lu^ 
etccUml  uieDiblic*  of  Um  pMpIe. 

In  Lofidocn  in  tlie  13  th  centwy  there  ni  *  npilv  i^itev  for 
l)«  idouaion  of  n«r  membcn  to  tbc  borou^  "  (nachnc," 
■hkli  wuit  bit  rcgudcd  DM  n  conleiTUif  uy  fonn  o(  HiSnfe 
but  *•  >  meant  to  wnire  a  privikfFd  pesition  in  the  bonufh 
(oon  ud  in  the  tnde  of  '  ' 
ebtiined  by  inheritiBce,  b 
ninii(e,  *Dd  in  Londan, 
Tttister  at  tppcmtkahipk  The  imv  fnnnuL  In  zctum  tor  hli 
prmtcgei  yn*  bound  to  ihue  with  the  other  binjeBee  at]  the 
tnnku  a(  luntion,  Dmtnil,  ftc,  which  IcQ  vpao  bmseBei. 
PtrweaJ  tervice  wis  not  elwiyi-ncceBuy,  end  in  BmB  tow™ 
tbcie  mn  miny  nDn^zcvdeDt  bui^uecn.  When  in  Uter  limei 
•daiBion  to  thii  Enedom  came  to  be  uaed  ii  means  to  kcur 
the  parliamoitaiy  fnnchise,  the  feeedom  ol  the  botoaeh  was 
Iredj  Mid  and  ginn.  The  electioni  In  which  the  oimiiKins  of 
■he  boron^  fint   took  intenit  wb«  those  of   the  b(>rou(h 


■METtinf  their  right  to  take  put  in  borough  cleclians  they  were 
mcly  able  to  ke«p  it.  not  in  all  cuei  peihaps  becnuM  their 
POKT  wu  (eared,  but  nmetlmt*  becitBe  ol  the  riototn  pio~ 
cRdiogi  riiicb  ensued.  These  ted  to  govetnowDt  iMnfeinioc, 
■bich  DO  puty  in  the  borough  dasired.  The  pcaaaity  ol  a 
ftifeiture  of  their  enlrandiised  poaitim  Etade  the  bnigeaMt  on 
the  whole  fairly  submisiivc.  In  tha  13th  century  London 
Ktettedly  wa*  "  taken  into  (he  king's  hand,"  lubiccted  to 
heavy  iges  and  pot  under  tl»  constable  of  the  Tower.  In  tbe 
■ilh  cminy  disturbances  in  tbe  boroughs  led  to  the  iisae  of  new 
nwtiluiioii*,  some  o[  which  were  the  outoome  oi  royal  charteis, 
then  the  rejult  of  p«ili»maitary  legblalion.  The  development 
<(  the  Itw  of  areporalioualM  at  ihii  time  compelled  the  boroughs 
M  leek  new  charlen  which  should  laliily  the  now  eiictiag 
■kmands  of  the  bw.  The  chaners  ol  incorporation  were  iisaed 
y  *  lime  when  the  lUte  waa  looking  Dare  tsd  more  to  tha 
"onKiSh  authoriiici  u  part  ol  ill  executive  and  judidil  ilaA, 
•m  thus  the  gavErnmeat  was  closcty  interested  in  ihe  manoei 
■J  ihcii  sdcciion.  The  new  charters  wen  drafted  laiack  a  way 
'•to  narrow  the  popular  control.  The  corporation*  were  placed 
■■■■iler  s  coundl  and  in  ■  Dumber  of  cases  popular  amttol  WIU 
"(^bM  aho^ther,  the  whole  system  being  made  one  of  00- 
•ptation.  Tli  absence  of  popular  protmt  may  be  ascribed  in 
1'^,'D  the  fact  that  the  old  popular  contnd  had  been  more 
""ihul  Una  real,  and  the  new  charter  gave  a*  a  rule  two 
aiiudls  of  coHiderabte  tiie.  These  (suodl*  bote  a  heavy ' 
''"  a  meetiag  loysl  haua  and  benevolences. 


ta  ibe  ckmit  of  corpoi 
""  ol  eiecuiioo.  in 
•r;^  juries.  Byni 
^^  igalnM  the  g. 

"•^  act*  o(  the  on -. ■- 

?i^  thu  the  town,  and  call  in  the  aid  of  the  jiM 
™^  the  Bcmbm  of  the  governing  body 
'™^    Elmbah  rqicttedly  declared  hei  Ji 


iUGH  ayj 

lioM  "bceuM«I  tkeibdMiMMBittedbytlMirhetdndai," 
b«t  in  he>  rejft  tbat  «eee  Itlrlr  cuily  aotroOed  by  tb  privy 
coundl.  wUch  dlructed  tbeb  choke  of  mcmbmof  parliament  iBd 
■ecwed  nqiporteii  of  the  iovetiunent  policy  to  £11  vacaitides  on 
(he  bomusb  bench.  The  pnctice  In 'ndor  and  Stuart  chutci* 
Ibenembenol  the  goveming  body  and 
pcMd  tbe  my  to  a  "  purging  "  of  Ihe 
cbutcn  weie  nqaiiud.    There  were 


tbou^  a*  a  rale  tbe  appointments 
wtnforEfe.  Wken imdertb* StiMU and mdec the Coumcn- 
wealth  political  and  Rligloua  feeling  nn  Ugh  In  the  boioughs, 
lae  waa  made  of  tbeia  dauaes  both  by  the  nniarity  on  the 
by  the  central  government  to  nodd  tbe'dmiacter 


of  t  be  council  by  a  dnstic  "  J 


'    Anotbernx 


■ubjected  ail  holden  of  nninidpal 
lunco  10  the  teat  ol  an  oath.  Under  the  CoeunoBWcalth  tbetc 
waa  bo  improvement  in  the  wethoda  tned  by  the  oential  goven- 
ment  to  oontrol  the  boeou^a.  AD  opponeaM  of  the  ruling 
policy  were  disftaacUMd  and  dbqinUBed  lor  oSoe  by  act  of 
parliament  in  rtji,  CtMi  iifaing  out  of  the  act  were  to  be 
tried  by  eomminioBeii,  and  the  commfaaions  of  the  major- 
gencnl*  gave  them  oppoftmdly  to  contcri  the  borou^  pclicy. 
Few  ComoHovealth  chattels  have  been  preserved,  thou^ 
several wtttiiiued  In teqwpaelo^itquests of  theoofpotationa. 
In  tome  cties  Ihe  cfaaiten  oied  iraedt  vhkh  appeared  10 
point  tvan  opportunity  for  populaielcctioni  in  boraughx  where 
a  nrnge  of  electloa  by  the  town  coaadl  had  been  cttablitbed. 
In  1S9B1IM  fudgct  gave  an  opinion  that  the  town  anindli  could 
by  by-law  delMnine  lawi  be  the  government  of  the  ton 
reginllea  of  tbe  tecint  of  the  charter.  In  the  iStb  century  the 
judges  decided  to  the  coMtaty.  But  even  where  a  tnagc  of 
n  wat  etttbliihed.  there  were  meanaot  contr^liag 
parlitmentaiy  dectkn.  Tite  ckite  corpotatiimt, 
though  their  light  to  chocne  a  member  of  parliament  might  be 
doubtfal,  had  the  sc^  right  to  admit  new  burgesaes,  and  In  order 
they  enfranchwd  mn- 

ercaiKbe 

of  CammoH.  On  varioutoccition  the  Home  dcdded  in  favour 
of  the  popularly  deded  candidate  igaiott  the  nominee  of  the 
Kudl,  on  the  ■eneral  pifnciple  that  neither  the  royal 
aor  a  b]Maw  could  cartiil  this  particular  tranchne. 
Bnt  at  each  case  was  separatdy  determioed  by  t  body  swayed 
.  .   "lical  parly,  no  one  [KJndplc  wis  stcidll)' 

adhered  to  in  the  trial  of  election  pclitimis.  The  royal  rlf^t  to 
boronghi  wat  fredy  uied  by  EUtabeth  and  Jamei  I,  at  a 
of  tacuring  a  tubinhtive  patUamcat.  Tbe  later  Stuartt 
'  'ds  meOod,  and  the  few  new  boroughs  made  by  the 
not^adeforpotillcal  reatont.  Thoobjeclof  tbe 
later  StDaits  waa  to  CDBUol  tbe  cotpentlocit  almady  in  eiiHence, 
not  to  make  new  soei.  Chariea  II.  fram  the  time  of  hit  rettort- 
tion  dedded  to  eierdK  a  strict  control  of  the  dose  CO 
order  to  tecnre  not  only  n 


recorder  and  town^Serk,  and  a  proviso  ahould  lie  en 
with  the  common  coundl  ihe  return  of  tlie  member  of  parliameni! 
The  Coiponlioa  Act  of  iMi  gave  power  to  royal  cemmiiakinea 
settle  tbe  compoaltlon  of  the  town  coundb,  and  to  remove 
wlu  reluKd  the  sacnmcnts  o!  the  Cburch  of  En^nd  or 
were  suspected  of  di$af  eciioo,  even  though  they  offered  to  take 
the  aeceatary  oatbt.  Even  >o  tbe  difficulty  ol  securing  nib- 
'  '  '  '  in  to  great  In  iMi  that  a  general  attack 
ises  wat  begun  by  the  crown.  A  London 
inry  having  returned  a  verdict  hostile  to  the  crown,  after  variooa 
to  bend  the  dty  to  hit  will,  Charies  IMsnjcd  a  fu 
layoc  and  commondty  In  order  to  charge 
t  vritb  ill      '  - ■     ■      " 


■37* 


BOROUGH 


rilhu.  Tke«utal>naiidpMldiqikicdplliidptefoIlich«a 
vhicli  VCR  inlcDded  to  ngidaH  Ibc  Kliou  oC  orpnkcd  gmupi 
«i  mu  lude  it  cuy  bt  tkt  crown  Jtidici  to  find  tt,v%  in  the 
Icplity  of  the  ictioii*  ol  the  bonrafhi,  and  iln  mide  it  poMlbh 
for  Um  LondoiKn  to  ufot  tli*t  do  eucutlon  coKld  ix  uken 
■pis*!  thi  nuyoc,  comnwult)'  ud  dtiiea*,  i  "  body  politic 
invisble  ";  that  the  indictment  by  only  agaiut  erery  paniculit 
member  of  the  govtraini  iwdy;  and  that  the  coipiHau'oii  u  a 
coipoiaUon  **>  incapable  of  luScring  a  foifeiiun  or  ol  making 
a  lumnder.  Tin  Judge*  gave  a  judgDient  for  the  king,  the 
chaiten  wen  {orfeiteil  and  the  (overament  pkced  with  a  coon 
of  aldennen  ot  tlw  king'aotrn  chMting.  Until  Jaraei  II.  yielded, 
Uure  waa  no  common  coundl  im  London.  The  oavelly  of  the 
pnceedinsi  of  Charie*  II.  and  Jimei  IL  lay  in  uiing  the  weapoD 
of  the  fu  nurraiite  ijUemaliciIly  to  cnture  a  KOienl  levoation 
of  charteit.  The  osw  charten  vhidi  wen  tbco  granted  rtquired 
the  king'i  cDDKot  (ot  the  mon  inqMitant  appointnKnti.  and 
gave  him  power  to  remove  oBJcen  without  reaion  given.  Under 
Jaractn.iiii6g7iiicommlsiloDeii«ereiK>oIutid  to  "icgolate" 
the  corporalioni  and  remove  Iiom  ihem  all  pcraou  who  were 
oppoaed  to  the  abolition  o(  the  penal  lawi  againit  Catholics. 
Hie  new  appoinliDcnii  were  made  under  a  writ  which  nn.  "  We 
win  and  require  you  lo  elect  "  (a  named  penon).  When  Jamei 
U.  aoogfat  to  withdraw  from  hia  diuatr^ua  policy,  he  iacued  a 
pndama^D  (October  17, 16S8)  reilaring  to  the  boroughi  their 
andent  charters.  The  governing  charter  thenceforth  in  many 
borou^a,  though  not  in  all,  wu  the  charter  which  had  ealabliihed 
a  dote  corporation,  and  from  this  lime  on  to  1835  ibe  borouglu 
made  DO  progrcai  in  constitutionaL  growth,  llie  leodeocy  for 
the  ckne  corporation  to  treat  the  membeti  of  the  governing 
body  aa  the  only  corporalort,  and  to  repudiate  ihe  idea  that  the 
corporation  wai  arawenble  10  the  Inhabiiania  ol  I  he  borongh 
il  tbe  corporate  properly  was  »quindcr«l,  became  more  and 
■noCe  ntnilest  aj  the  hiitocy  ol  the  paiL  slipped  Into  obltvion. 
The  corporators  came  to  regard  themaelves  aa  memhen  of  a 
dub,  legally  warranted  in  dividing  tlic  lands  and  goods  ol  ihe 
■■me  aoMBg  Ihemselvei  iriiEDsoever  such  ■  division  thould  seem 
pro£ubk.  Even  where  the  conitiiution  of  the  (orporatian  was 
not  close  by  charter,  the  fiancluH  tended  to  become  restricted 

extentwo  of  the  munidpal  francluae  by  otlier  neana  than 
inheritance  died  oui  of  use.  At  Ipswich  in  iSjj  the  "  freemen  " 
Dtunbcred  only  one  fifty-filth  of  the  population.  II  the  electorate 
wu  increased,  ii  was  increased  by  the  wholesale  admission  lo 
the  (teedon  of  voters  wilUng  to  vote  as  directed  by  the  corpora- 
liOB  at  parlitmentacy  elections.  The  growth  of  cotruptioa  in  the 
botsogha  toBlinBed  unchecked  until  the  era  of  the  Relorm  Bill. 
Several  boioughi  had  by  that  time  become  insolvent,  and  some 
had  recoune  lo  (heir  menbet  of  patKameDt  to  eke  out  Iheii 
Buckingham  the  Buyor  tecdved  the  vbde  (own 


certainly  have 


Tbot  at  Petetbonu^ 
ooami  o(  ctrtn' 
OMnkcy  *ith  V   . 
SbeOeid  was  bm«h(  under  Ihe 
■DenI  of  lands  given  lo  chatit 
■dninittntioa  ^  whM  bad  been  ■  bi 
hands  of  the  traaten  of  tbe  Bnigeiy  or  1 
The  raany  ipedal  lutiKirilie*  cnoted 


of  escape  from  difficulty,  and  in  some 
was  devoloped  a  system  ol  munidpal 
here  was   do   ttcagniied  cotporatioa 

the  feoflees  who  had  succeeded  to  tbe 
duiilies  constiluled  a  form  ol  town 


redress  tbe  raisemploy- 


er  act  of  pariiuMnt 


Ibe  need  for  ■;  teatral  refonn.  The  lefocni  of  the  botosgha  waa 
treated  •■  put  ol  the  qucstioB  of  pailiamenuiy  rdona.  In 
tSlilhecadusivaprivikfciotlhrcoiiionliBniinpailiaDwnucj 


the  queailoD  of  Uir  municipal  fnnchlta  wu  sot  dealt  iritk.  la 
1S3J  a  commiiaioa  inquind  into  the  adndnittntion  of  tht 
munidpal  coipafatioos.  Tbe  result  ol  the  Inqiby  wu  the 
Hunidpal  Corporatiou  Act  iSjj,  which  gave  tba  nmiiclpal 
franchise  to  the  ralepayen.     In  all  tlie  mimidpal  corporations 


dealt  with  by  the  ac 


B  Lke 


re  to  he  open  toth* 


powers,   being  divided  into  thoi 

comwhiioB  of  the  peace.    The  m 

taipeclionof  any  btugen.aDdanaumioi  accooBii  waa  requires. 

Tbe  e»JuI><  lii^  of  ntafl  trading,  which  Id  sonc  towns  were 

restricted  lo  ftccoMB  of  the  borough,  were  abolUed.    Ii* 

syiMm  of  police,  whidi  in  sooie  places  was  still  Bicdieval  In 

diancttr,  «u  placed  under  tbe  control  of  Ibe  cotrndl.    Tbe 


with  few  eicepliana  nude  part  ol  the  boiou^  TIm  powers  ot 
the  CDUDcO  to  aUcnau  oorpotite  property  were  doady  rettricled. 
"na  operations  of  the  act  w««  eneaded  by  later  legUation,  and 
the  divers  aaendmenta  and  enactments  which  loHowed  were  con- 
solidated in  the  Municipal  Co^ocaliou  Act  1S81.  (H.BkT.)  . 
IHih  Btrmtlu, — In  Inland  the  eiriiest  traces  of  butghil  Ufc 
are  connected  with  the  matilima  aeltlemciils  on  the  aoulhem 


Osunan  porta  with  An^o-Nonna 
with  them,  or  aflerworda  oblaii 
favourable  kind.     Tbe  English  « 


Lmunlties,  who  brought 
lunidpil  charters  of  a 
ml  obviously  depended 
□urgcases  pouessed  over  the 
,  le  diierent  Inm  these  wen  Ihe 
m  dose  bomughs  which  during  Ihe  plaotatdon  of  Ulster 
James  I.  introduced  fiom  Expand.  The  conqsesi  was  by  tUa 
lime  completed^  and  b^  a  rigorous  enforcement  of  Ihe  SupreDiac7 
and  Unifocmity  Acts  the  niillng  hlietties  of  the  older  bonugha 
were  almost  entirely  wllhdiawn.  By  the  new  rulea  pubhtbed 
(in  tarmi  of  Ihe  Act  of  Settlement  and  Etplanation)  In  167s 
resident  traders  were  pemulled  to  beoDma  fteemen,  but  ndtbet 

laairiage  and  anmnticeship  succeeded  in  firing  to  Ireluid  fre* 

and  vigorous  munldpalities.    Hk  oom """*"  '~     '  — 

I,  In  order  M  outvote  tl 


«  divottad  the  "  coesaMnalty  "  from  mw 


ttltm  or  uleMed  thn  co 


5grwfilt. — In  Soollaad  butgb  01  butnwa  an  divided 

Into  royal  bui^hs.  burghs  ol  regality  and  bui^  of  barony. 
Tbe  first  were  erected  by  royal  chuter,  and  every  burgess  held 
direct  ol  the  crown.  It  was,  therefore,  inqxaiible  to  suhfen  the 
burgh  lands,— -a  distincltoD  still  traceable  in  modem  qonnysnc* 
ing.  When  perhaps  DO  charterner  existed,  the  law oBplooI  of 
immemoria]  poasesion  of  the  pnvUegc*  of  a  royal  burgb  hu 
prenmed  that  ■  charter  of  erection  once  existed.  Tbe  cturttt 
gave  power  lo  elect  piDvoiI,  baiUea  aod  coundl,  a  power  Ions 
exerdsed  under  the  act  ol  1469,  which  directed  the  new  coondt 
10  be  choaen  aimuaUy  by  the  retiring  cooncO,  and  the  inagistrmto 
by  hoih  coondla.  Hie  prisdiction  of  these  raa^trates,  which 
was  specially  reserved  in  the  act  of  1747  abolishing  heril^ila 
jurisdictions,  waa  originally  cumolative  vdlh,.  and  u  large  aa, 
Ihaiofthesherifl.  Il  Unowconfined  to  police ofiencea,  summary 
ejections,  orders  for  iniUrtiii  aliment  (for  prisonen),  paymenl  «t 
burgh  due*  and  delivery  of  title  deeik.  Tbiee  Wad  courts  were 
held  in  the  year,  at  which  all  burgeiMS  •mn  obliged  to  nueod, 


in  lua  aril,  memben  of  one  ot  other  of  tbe  eorpotatioDa;  buT> 
gtsses  who  were  gild  brolhers;  and  aimpio  buigeatea.  Tlw 
Lege*  Buigonun  apparently  oiotempUlt  that  all  respectable 
Inbabilanta  should  have  the  fnnchise,  but  ■  ceremcny  of  ad* 
misaioD  wu  required,  at  wUch  tin  appbont  aware  fealty  and 
omnised  lb  tntch  and  ward  for  Ihe  community,  and  to  pay  bis 
the  king.  These  boisu^  maOls,  or  rents,  aiMl  the 
a(  hm^a,  formed  a  hife  part  of  th* 


BOROUOHBRIDQE^BOROUGH  ENGtISH 


S73 


•  Gud  duly,  mc  on 
crmim  u  uiiliacnUity  fund.  Burfb  ciutsBs  ttill  Maud  in  the 
pecoliu  poailioii  al  bdnc  wiUwr  ul)iid|Kbta  not  BraUbls; 
CbeyMclliCNfoMbtdMcarity.  Tbaewlyduuracouuinllia 
mul  pdvilcrs  of  hoidins  a  Bukst,  ol  ueuptiMi  fnn  loll  ot 
tribute,  ud  Ihtt  dalniiDt  will  be  lilowed  only  lot  tb«  bwfCMl 
mnikbu.  Time  wu  •Jw  the  nsiul  itiife  betnera  the  lOdry 
ind  the  oaftutCD,  who  wm  imenUy  pivUbiUd  inn  tndinc 
and  of  wfcnoi  dym,  Hoben  nod  ilueoukea  «tn  tnchidden  lo 
enter  iIh  RBdcr.  Detmat,  wdeie  end  vltiton  wen  appoUud 
by  i^cnfti,  k»d  the  nteof  mpa  wu  &nd  by  tha  nnCBlntct. 
The  cnCis  ia  Seotluid  wen  frequeolly  incoiponUd,  sot  by  royU 
chirter.  bot,  u  b  the  cue  a(  the  cotdtntn  of  Edinbut^,  by 
aeali  of  dOM  (nun  ihe  ciin>on>>o>'  The  tnda  hiilary  of  1M 
brt  bnrfla  b  very  iwportut.  IliiB  in  1466  lbs  ptivilcp  al 
nnpOTtInc  and  eiponi^t  mBchuidiK  wu  confiDed  to  ImmcD, 
buiieaci  and  their  lulon.  Shipa  utre  dincted  to  Inde  to  tbc 
Ket't  fne  battia,  thta  to  pay  the  euiioma,  ud  lo  recdvc  tbcir 
CKfiKti  <K  cnatDDi-faoiBB  tih;  and  In  1J03  [miHU  dwelling 
ODUide  bmih*  Hcn  forliiddai  to  "  bm  toy  mCTrhanitm,"  oiio 
■en  wiH  at  *lB|de  (Dodi.  An  Mt  of  )6m,  enoaeoiBly  oUed  a 
JEa<(fetftM  of  the  pThFOcgn  oF  boiihi,  exteadnl  tkcM  privilege* 
o(  boyiis  a^  Kfiiag  to  ntaO  aa  veil  a  iriiaUaak  tiide,  but 
R^triclcd  thoT  anjiviiinit  to  loyil  bnifhi.  Actotdintfy,  jn 
1671,  ■  ff neial  dedanlorr'  act  was  paieed  canfamins  lo  the 
Kccran  in  nyil  bnrgha  the  wbokaala  tiadt  in  wise,  wax,  alk, 
d)i«i°S  nuteriab,  Ac,  pemitting  Ecnenlly  to  ^  penon  the 
opoit  of  natiM  DW  muafal,  v^iiilir  permltUnl  Uk  buiffmes 
of  btioBy  and  le^ity  lo  eipnl  Ihcir  own  nuDidacluia,  lad 
tuch  good!  u  they  may  buy  in  "  nurkett,"  and  to  icnport  against 
then  cnHlgnmcnli  cerlaiD  matoidl  for  lilingt,  building,  01  lor 
aie  in  tbeii  own  minutactnm,  with  a  gEHtal  pcimigsion  to 
Ktail  all  oBDnioditia,  Thii  eitmordiiury  lyalem  wai  a^in 
changed  in  1690  by  an  acl  which  dtdared  that  fnemen  of  royal 
boniha  should  hive  the  sole  ri^l  oi  impoiliBg  ewryihinB  by  <« 

•hicfa  wai  not  KtWe  nw  material,  -which  might  be  fieily 
txpotted  by  land.  The  gentry  win  liwiLy*  allowed  to  impoii 
br  their  penonal  comumption  and  10  opart  an  equal  qiumtity 
of  coouDodiEla.  Ihe  act  mention  iIbi  the  royal  buighi  t  an 
te  of  the  Ungdom  coatriboted  one-aiilh  part  ol  all  public 
tioiH.  and  were  oUi|ed  to  bnUd  and  maintain  piJwn- 
taooea.  Sonu  ol  thtat  tiade  prinkgei  *tn  not  abcJiihtd  131 
iB4d. 

In  the  notb  of  ScoUand  ttc 
bor^  called  the  Kaioe  or  Am 
by  U*  /Ur,  «  cirnit  of  visiuiioi . 
nd  of  ri^  and  dotiea  Id  all  bul^  ud  eiaiiuaed  the  atate  of 
tlw  "connnon  good,"  the  accounu  ti  wbicb  in  ijjj  wete 
.  to  b>  laid  before  the  auditm  in  eichequer.  The 
Itn  latterly  pnsdcd  in  the  Curia  Quatuor  fiurpirum 
■|,  Berwick,  Stirling,  Roibui^),  whict  uol  only  made 
[a  trade,  but  dedded  queetiona  ol  private  rl|til 

ThkCDUrt  fmpendy  met  at  Haddington:  in  14J4  It  mil  tied 
at  Edinbn^  Tbi  toon  nodem  convention  of  royal  bui^ 
(wUch  appealed  ai  1  judicial  ^KH  in  Ihe  Court  of  SeuioB  » 
lU*  a*  iSm)  pnbab^  dates  fioDi  the  act  of  James  lU,  (14S7. 
t.tii),<i4iichanioIniedthccoiBinfaslaneiaDf  biii^,baUi  norlli 
asd  aoiMb,  (o  iMet  yaaily  at  lamktilbing  "  lo  tteat  of  the 
wciftR  of  mocbaD^e,  the  good  lule  and  Matnles  lot  the 
o  pta6t  tt  hm^iM,  and  to  provide  tot  tcnefd  1900  the 
.  and  bliirie*  mtainMl  vitUn  tbe  but^"  Among  tbe 
toipottant  (uKtionB  ot  tU>  body  (on  wboie  deoees  at  one 
mnpury  ddlpnce  pFOCteded)  were  the  prohibitieB  of  imdoc 
B  bor^is,  Ihc  ravtaal  ol  tbe  "  let."  cr  mode  ol 
loB,  and  the  trv  raU  division  among  the  hurghs 
tt  the  paitiamentary  subsidy  nqulred  from  the  tbiid  ciliiE. 
The  ref OUB  of  tlie  munid^ilitics,  andihciompleleiiT««ntalion 
*(  tbe  matcaDlile  intclesls  in  tbe  imilid  parliaawnt,  deprived 
ifais  body  •(  aw  ~ 


Sgrdh  d  n»ltty  and  at  bacany  held  Jn  vmaihgt  <f  tont 
peat  Istdabip,  lay  or  ecclcaiulical,'  but  wen  alwftya  in  tbeoo 
'orinpnclkcaeattdbyoown^nt.  Tbcy  received  jutiidicliDn 
in  dvil  and  olioinal  natltn,  genirally  cuinulaiive  with  thal'ot 
the  baroB  ot  the  locd  of  ngalily,  who  in  some  caaa  obtained  the 
ri^  of  BoBinatlng  ntagitlntea.  Powen  lo  hold  mukeis  and 
IB  levy  cOKoon  wen  likewfn  (fven  to  Ibcse  burets. 

Hie  Smllhli  burgha  tiacrgcd  dowly  into  political  imponaoct^ 
Id  i*m  Uk  ptocuaton  of  aii  btugbs  mlificd  the  agreement 
lot  Ibemaniagtol  Edward  Balisj;  and  in  ijiO  they  were  itcog- 
nised  at  ■  IhM  caUIt,  gnBtlng  ■  tenth  penny  on  all  renia 
the  lung's  li/e,  if  he  abonid  apply  ii  for  the  public  good. 
eived  fn>m  tits  enbequer  Ibeit 
,  parliament.  Tbe  imrgbs  wen 
tbe  jadickt  commiitcc,  and  in  the  oomniillee  00 
aiticki  appointed  during  tha  rdgn  of  Janes  V.  After  tlM 
XetenuatioBilnspitaof  tbaannemlion  of  kirh  lands  to  tbe  crown, 
and  tbelnernaed  burdeaa  laid  on  temporal  lands,  the  proporlioii 
of  gneni  ■  "*''"■  boma  by  the  burghs  (vis.  is.  6d.)  was  ei- 
prttdy  pnaccwd  by  act  I$g7,  c.  ii>.  The  number  of  coDimli' 
sionera,  of  couise,  Buclttatcd  from  time  lo  time.  Cromwell 
anigned  ten  menbea  to  tbe  Scottiah  bmsbs  in  the  seanid 
parliament  of  Thnt  NMfona  (1654).  Tbe  general  practice  untH 
iCiQ  had  been,  anianally,  that  eaiii  bn^  shoold  aend  two 
members.  In  that  year  (byaBamogemcnl  with  tbe  convention 
of  bor^is)  srtaln  grotqa  of  bur^v  letomed  one  member, 
Edinburgh  tctuming  two,  Under  ait.  21  of  the  tieaty  of 
Union  tba  nwaber  of  memben  for  royal  bnrghs  was  Ssed  at 
fifteen,  who  «tn  elected  in  Ediubor^  by  Iha  magislratea 
and  ton  conndl,  and  in  tbe  groofa  ot  burgha  by  delegates 
chDeenadJte.  {W.  C  S.)     , 

SQ.  Croo,  BOtiirrttky  sf  BrilUlt  UnMuipai  Hillary  (ite?). 
cootain.  all  netdfurlelcreore.  up  10  that  datt:  F,  W.  Miil- 
■      ■   ■"         'ifi  and  B<in»tk  ( JS9S) ;  A.  Pliant,  Dcmtiiaj  Bttvuilu 
.   ,..  ■teKin,«smriliCiDil>nuli904-iaU);S.sndB.Wrbb, 

Cufluk  Load  CaKrnminl  (t  vcU.,  1906-IwlS).     Foi  Ihs  character 
of  Ihe  moderii  Scottish  bur^  m  Mabel  Atkinson.  LKjj/rjcwrafflfnJ 
Scolland  (Edinburgh,  1904),  vheie  other  a-orkt  are  mentioned, 
B0R0UaHBRIDOE,amerkel  town  in  the  Rjpon  parliamentary 
vision  ol  tbe  Welt  Riding  ol  Yorkshire,  England;  11  m.  N.W. 
ofYorkona branch  q[  Ihe  North  Eastern  taawoy.    Pop.  (1901) 
ajo.     Ii  lies  in  the  central  plain  ot  Yorkshire,  on  the  river  Cre 
near  its  conflnence  wiih  ihc  Swaje.     It  is  in  the  pariah  ol  Aid- 
borough,  tbe  villsge  ol  that  name  [s,g.)i"lcbnted[aiitaHaiiian 
remains,  lying  a  mile  soulh.ea>t. 
About  ball  a  rnilc  to  tlw  wen  of  Bonjughbridgc  theie  an  three 

*"  ■""    period.     The  manor  ot  Bqroael^ 
Id  by  Edward  tke  Coirfm  and 


lo  mil 


irobahly  ol  t! 
I  called  Burc 


id  decreavd  In  value  from 
North  Road  was  altered, 

in  bridge  at  AldborDugfa, 

Kcburgem.    This  caused  a  village 


When  rhe  site  ol  the  Cieat  North  Row)  wi 
end  of  the  mil  c( 
UiT,  about  half  a  mile  above 
ind  called  Burgh  bridge  a  Pi 

Eo  spring  up,  and  It  aiEerwardt , 

market  nnrn.  In  1I19  BoRWfhbridge,  as  part  of  the  nener  of 
Aldbnniugh.  wu  granted  to  Hiibert  de  Burgh,  bol  was  (orfeiled 
a  few  years  later  Iv  bis  eon  wholou^l  againu  the  king  at  Eveshain. 
Loed  a  royal  manor  until  Charles  1.  granted  it  to  several 
don.  Iron  whom  it  passed  ihroueh  numerous  hands 
owner,  Tbe  Metory  ol  Borovghbridee  during  llie 
tdry  centres  round  the  war  witG  Scotfand,  and  cul- 
'    fought  then  in  IJli.    When  in  1317  tha 

.1. ■sctrated  as  tar  south  as  Borough- 

Bonugbbridgt  was  evidently  a 
_..,,. _„-  -J  nich  was  called  opon  to  return 

ii  IJE].  when  ibe  ftfvilege  was  revived.    Tbo  town  was  finally 
IraiAncd  in  I>}a.    la   IS"*  the  bailiU  and  inhabicsntg  of 
"  ''  ;Ivedagrant  or  tworairs.and  Charles  il.  In  1070 

lain  In  the  boroueh.  on  the  i71h  ol  June,  tbo 
the  lllh  ol  October,  and  kased  ihem  to  Fiaocia 
ts  WUkiasan  lor  niKty-nioa  yean. 
iUSa,  a  custom  prevailing  in  certi^n  ancient 
_  1,  and  in  districts  attached  to  them  (whera 
the  lands  att  held  la  socage],  and  also  In  certain  copyhold  manoi* 
(chieay  in  Surrty,  Middlesei,  SuBolk  and  SiBsea),  by  which  in 
antral  Uodi  descend  to  the  ycungcst  son,  to  the  larladnB  of  all 


rly  l4Fh  centdry 
pt>  invaded  England.  Ihey 
tnrough  by  prtseriptlor 


outhbri 

Slh  ol  Angu 
Cilvertand 


BORROMEAN  ISLANDS— BORROMEO 


tbm  otbcr  duMrm.  oCthe  penao  dying  idied  ind  tntntntc 
QcKcni  u  Uie  youngejt  brolKet  to  Ibo  eiduson  of  lU  olbtr 
colUtenli,  iihere  Ihcn  ii  no  iuue,  i>  aamcilnia  indwlHt  la  the 
geneni  dcfinitfan,  but  iliii  is  mlly  a  qxclil  cusMm  ta  be 
proved  from  Iht  ooun-roLb  of  the  muior  und  from  loc&l  nputft- 
tian — a  ciutDin  which  u  sometime  ultnded  to  the  youngcRt 
tutcFj  unde,  aunt,  Gcneralty,  hawcver,  BotDugh  English,  apart 
from  ipcdiliio,  may  be  Hid  to  diSa  Iraa  gairlldad  is  not 
iDcludinK  coUatenli.  It  Is  often  found  in  connexion  with  the 
distinct  custom  that  the  *ndo*  >haU  ulie  as  dower  Ibe  whole 
jind  not  merely  Doe-third  of  ber  hiuband^s  landl. 

The  origin  of  the  custom  ot  Borough  English  his  been  much 
disputed.  Thou^  frcf^ucnliy  daimcd  to'be  of  Suon  origui, 
there  is  no  direct  evideooe  of  luch  being  Ibe  cue.  The  first 
mention  of  tbe  custom  in  England  occun  in  Glanvil,  without, 
however,  any  eiplanatioD  aB  to  iu  otifia.  Littleton'!  eqrians- 
tion,  which  Is  the  more  usually  accepted,  it  that  custom  cuts 
the  inheritance  upon  Ibe  youngest,  because  after  the  death  of 
hit  pannti  he  it  least  able  to  support  bimsdf,  and  more  likely 
to  ba  left  destitute  of  any  other  support-  Blachstone  derived 
Borough  En^fsh  from  the  usages  t>f  pastoial  life,  the  elder  sons 
migrating  and  Ihe  youngest  remaining  to  looit  after  the  household, 
C.  1.  Elton  claims  It  to  be  a  survival  of  pre-Aryan  times.  It 
was  referred  to  by  Ihe  Normans  as  "  Ihe  custom  ol  the  English 
towns,"  lotbeYcarbookotiiEdwardlV.foi.jJiitisdescribcd 
at  the  custom  of  Nottingham,  which  it  made  dear  by  Ihe  report 
of  a  trial  In  tbe  hrsi  year  of  Edward  III.  where  it  was  found 
that  in  Nottingham  there  were  two  districts,  tbe  one  the  Bftk- 
Friaamiya,  the  other  the  Birfh'£n^ya,  where  descent  was 
to  the  youngest  son,  from  which  drcamslaoce  the  custom  has 
derived  its  name.  On  tbe  European  continent  tbe  custom  of 
iunioT-iights  is  not  unknown,  more  particularly  la  Cennany, 
and  it  htis  by  some  been  MCiibed  to  <he/w  frimai  kkIu  (f.v.). 
It  it  also  said  to  eiiat  amoaeal  the  Uongols. 

Sceal9I>CAVILi:i!ID;lNK£UTANCS;PRItlOCEIimiaB;TENCU; 

Blacl:sloiie'i  CDnnnftirici-,  Coke's  InilUulu:  Comyn'i  Di'hiI  at 
tlu  Lam;  Ellon'.  Orir.  "/  Bt^Uli  HiUery;  Pollock  and  MaitUnd, 
iTiilgry  iif  E*iliili  Lo'b. 

BORHOMSAH  IILAHIM,  a  group  of  tour  itbndi  on  the  W, 
side  of  Ligo  Maggiore  off  Bavcno  and  Stresa.  The  southem- 
ruott,  the  Isola  Bella,  is  famous  for  its  ch&teau  and  temccd 
gardens,  constructed  by  Count  VllaUano  BotTcmeo  [d.  1690). 
To  the  X.W.  is  Ihe  tsola  dd  Pescalori,  containing  a  fishing 
villsgei  and  to  the  N,E.  of  this  Ihe  Isola  Madre,  the  brgesl  ol 
the  group,  with  a  chlteau  and  garden^  and  to  the  N.  again, 
oS  FallaniB,  is  the  litde  Isda  S.  Giovanni. 

BORROMEO,  CARLO  (153S-1584),  solni  and  cudiDoI  of  the 
Roman  Catholic  Church,  son  of  Chiberto  Borromco,  count  of 
Atona,andMargajitade'  MedIci,Vas  born  at  the  castle  of  Arona 
00  Lafo  Mag^ore  on  tbe  ind  of  October  153B.  When  he  was 
about  twelve  yean  old,  Giulio  Ccsare  Borromeo  resigned  to  him 
an  abbacy,  the  revenue  of  which  he  applied  wholly  in  charity  to 
the  poor.  He  studied  the  dvii  and  canon  bw  at  Favia.  In 
IJS4  his  father  died,  and,  although  he  had  an  elder  brother, 
Couot  Fedetigo,  he  was  requested  by  the  family  to  Uke  Ibo 
msuaBcment  of  their  domestic  aSairs.  After  1  timCi  bowevcr, 
he  raumed  hit  studies,  and  In  ijjg  he  took  bis  doctor's  degree. 
In  1560  hit  uncle,  Caidioal  Angelo  de'Medlci,  wis  raised  to  the 
pontiScate  as  nut  IV.  Bniromeo  was  made  proihonDtaiyi 
entrusted  with  both  the  public  and  tbe  privy  seal  of  the  ecclcsi- 
asUcal  Elate,  and  created  cirdisal  with  the  administration  of 
Romagna  and  the  March  of  Ancona,  and  the  suprrvision  of  the 
Fr*Rdscins,  the  Carmelites  and  Ihe  knights  of  Malta.  He  was 
thus  at  the  age  at  Iweniy-two  practically  ihe  leading  stiteiman 
of  Ihe  pipal  court.  Soon  sftct  he  wu  ra^ed  to  the  archbishopric 
of  Uilan,    In  compliance  with  the  pope's  deilre,  he  lived  in  great 

Ixought  Into  question.  He  eslaUIshed  an  academy  of  teamed 
persont,  and  pablished  their  mcmoin  as  the  NkIci  Vaikanat. 
About  the  tsnie  time  he  also  founded  and  endowed  a  college  at 
Ptvii,  which  he  dedidled  10  Justlni,  virgin  and  martyr.  On 
tbe  d«th  of  his  cider  brother  Federigs,  he  wu  advised  to  quit 


the  diurch  and  marry,  ihil  hli  family  might  notbcoNDeanhet. 
He  declined  Ihe  propcaal,  however,  and  became  henceforward 
slia  mere  fervent  in  exercises  of  piety,  and  more  lealous  for  the 
welfare  (rf  Ihe  church.  Owing  to  hb  influence  over  Pius  IV, 
he  wu  able  to  (adllule  Ibe  hnal  deliberation*  of  (be  cotmcU  of 
Trent,  and  he  took  a  large  share  In  the  drawing  tip  of  tlitf 
Tridentine  ciledusni  [CaloMiimui  RtmaHut). 

On  tbe  death  of  Pius  IV.  (ij66),  the  skill  and  dOlgeacc  at 
Borromeo  contributed  nuteiikUy  10  suppressing  the  cabals  of 
Ihe  conclave.  Subsequcndy  he  devoted  himself  wholly  te  the 
reformation  of  his  diocese,  which  bad  (alien  into  a  most  un- 
lalisfacloiy  condition  owing  to  the  prolonged  absenca  of  It* 
previous  archbishops.  He  made  a  scriei  of  pulorol  visits,  iikd 
restored  decency  and  dignity  to  divine  service.  In  conformity 
with  the  decreet  of  the  council  of  Trent,  he  cleared  the  cathedisl 
of  its  gorgeous  tombs,  lidi  omamenti,  banners,  aim*,  sparing 
not  even  the  monument*  ot  his  own  relatives.  He  divided  tho 
nave  of  the  church  into  two  companments  for  the  separation  o( 
Ihe  seies.  He  extended  bis  rtform*  to  the  collegiate  churches 
(even  to  Ihe  fralemltles  of  penitents  and  particularly  that  of  St 
John  the  Baptisl),  and  to  the  monasterlea.  The  great  ibuiei 
which  had  ovetTun  the  church  at  this  time  arose  principally 
from  the  ignonnce  of  Ihe  dcigy.  Borromeo,  therefMe,  eilib- 
lisbcd  teminancl,  colleges  and  communities  for  tbe  edudtloa 
of  candidates  for  holy  orden.  The  most  remarkable,  perhaps, 
of  his  foundations  wu  Ihe  tiateroity  ol  the  Obtatei,  a  sodety 
whose  members  were  pledged  to  give  aid  to  the  churdi  when  and 
where  it  might  be  required.  He  further  paved  the  way  for  tfafc 
"  Golden  "or"  Borromean  "  league  formed  in  i5B6by  theSwit* 
Catholic  csntoni  ot  Switicrituid  to  expel  heretics  it  necetiary  by 
armed  force. 

In  1J76,  when  MHinwu  visited  by  the  plaguel  he  went  about 
giving  directions  for  accommodating  the  tick  tod  burying  the 
dead,  avoiding  no  danger  and  spaiing  no  expense.  He  viiited  ali, 
the  neighbouring  parishes  where  ihe  contagion  raged,  distribulinE' 
money,  providing  anommodation  lor  the  sick,  and  punishinc 
those,  especially  the  clergy,  who  were  remiss  in  discha^jng  iheic 


with  much  opposition 
raor  ot  the  province,  and  many  ot  Ihe  tenaicm 
the  cardinal's  ordinances  and  proceedings  w 


.    Tie 


to  the  oowti  of  Rome  and  hladrid. 


Borronxo  had 

the  inveterate 

oppodtion  of  several  leligiaus  orden.  particularly  that  of  ilie 
Humiliali  (Brothenof  Humility).  Some  mcmbctsol  that  sodety 
formed  a  cooxfAxmcy  agiiiul  h^  Hte,  and  a  shot  was  fired  at  hf m 
the  arthiepisoopil  chapel  uiuler  dicumstance*  which  led  to  the 


belief  that  hii 


I  miraculous.    The  numl 

iccesslul  attack  on  his  Jesuit  confetiar 

college  of  Uilan  wia 


Riben,  who  with  other  memben 

fcmnd  to  be  guilty  of  nnnalnrsl  offences.    His  manifold 

and  austerities  appear  to  have  shortened  his  life.    He  was  leiied 

with  an  inieimitlent  (ever,  and  died  at  Uilan  on  tin  4th  oC 

Nevember  isS*.    He  wu  canonised  in  iGio,  and  Uk  lout  ia 

edebrited  on  the  4th  ot  November. 

Berfdea  tbe  Necia  VaUcamu,  ts  which  he  apfiean  to  have 
contributed,  Ihe  only  literary  rellca  tA  this  intrepid  and  ttalous 
Rfonner  are  some  bomllics,  disconnes  and  temom,  with  « 
collection  of  letter*.  His  sermons,  whidi  have  Utile  lileniy. 
merit,  were  published  by  J.  A.  Sax  (5  vols.,Mibn,  i74r-I748}, 
and  have  been  Iiaaslated  into  masy  languagt*.  Tin  lecgrd  of 
his  eptocopale  b  to  be  found  la  tlie  two  vohimt*  of  Ih*  Ada 
BtttaUi  UdUanmtU  (Milaa,  1509).  Conlnry  to  hi*  but 
wiAnatnemoiiilwueKcudtobiminMilaDGatlKdi^  a*«dl 
*tMne  Tod-hi^oii  th*  hiU  above  Aioai,  by  U*  ad^raa 


BORROMINI— BORROW 


a  Ckmlm  Btmmtt  (Mikm.  1U4);  ud  A.  C. 


**  DemuBlui '  id  HEnoi-Haiick,  RaltucjihtUii  (LcTpiii',  iSq;). 
1  (■SK'-iM)}.  lulUa  udiilccl, 
vw  bore  It  Biuooe  in  tstig.  He  ni  tbe  cUiI  rpebcdUUr  of 
the  Xylc  iatrm  in  arduuctiue  u  "  taioque,"  i^cli  mukcd  1 
Icailcu  uul  ofien  mUeu  dqitrtun  fnnn  Ibt  UsdilioiuJ  Ian 
of  ibe  Rnnimnct,  tod  ottCB  obuionl  origmslity  only  at  the 
cott  of  bcxuty  ot  wudom.  One  of  the  lum  oppoacnli  of  Ihii 
llyle  VII  Buvcduo  {q-r^).  Bomumoi  mi  mudi  employed  u 
Ha  nuddlv  of  the  ijtli  century  At  Rome  Hii  principal  works 
tic  the  church  of  St  A^iieie  in  Piana  Navcoa,  tho  chiuch  ol  La 
Sapienza  in  Rome,  the  churdi  of  San  Cailino  alle  Fontaae,  tbe 
chunh  of  the  GJle|)o  di  Piopa^nda,  and  the 
San  GiDvunl  in  Lalenno.  He  died  by  hii  own  hi 
166;.  Eniiaviiilt  of  hii  chief  compoiitioiia  are 
tbepaalhutDnil  wukjFrowuct  Sernmiiiiapia 
(171J). 

BORROW,  GBORGB  HBHRT  (iSoj-iSSi),  English  tiavdler, 
linjuiit  aod  author,  was  boni  at  East  Dereham,  Noiiolk,  on  the 
jlh  of  July  iSos,  of  a  middk-class  Comiih  family.  Hi*  falhci 
wu  a  lEcniiling  officer,  and  his  mother  a  NocfolL  Ldy  of  Ficach 
eittictioD.  Fnun  iSiiS  to  i3i8  Somiw  alteBfkdl,  with  do  veiy 
gcot  pl^t,  th«  gnmmai  school  at  I^acvidl.  After  kavinf 
tchdol  lie  Has  ulicled  to  a  finn  oJ  Norwich  solicilan,  where  he 
neglected  the  law.  but  gave  a  great  deal  of  detultoiy  atientioa 
In  UugBAgo.  He  was  encouraged  in  these  studies  by  William 
Tayka,  tiw  fiieiid  of  Soulhcy.  On  the  death  ol  hit  father  in 
iBn  he  went  In  London  to  seek  hit  fortune  as  a  Hterary  ad- 
WBtutci.  In  1816  be  published  a  volume  of  Romaalic  Ballaii 
tiutilated  frora  the  Danish.  Engaged  by  Sir  Richard  PhUlipa, 
the  publisher,  tt  a  back-writer  at  ilirvatioa  wages,  his  ei- 
periencet  in  London  were  bitter  indeed.  Hit  itmiglu  at  last 
became  to  dire  that  if  be  would  escape  ChUterton't  dooo,  be 
must  kave  London  ind  eilbei  retum  to  Norwich  and  thtre  hit 
inother't  nuraw  income,  or  turn  lo  account  In  some  way  the 
DasniGceni  physical  itrength  with  which  natuic  had  cndowal 
bim.  Determining  en  the  latter  of  these  a>urscSj  he  left  London 
on  tramp.  At  be  stood  considerably  more  than  6  ft.  in  height, 
wu  I  fairly  trained  athlete,  and  had  a  counleuance  of  citra- 
ordinary  impreuiveneu,  if  not  of  commanding  bcAuly — Greek 
in  type  trlib  t  diuh  of  the  Hebrew — ^we  may  usume  thai  there 
bad  never  before  appeared  an  the  Engllih  hi^-roadt  so  niijestic- 
loeking  a  Iiurnp  tt  he  who,  on  an  aflemoan  in  May,  lelt  his 
squalid  lodging  with  bundle  and  slick  to  begin  life  on  the  roads. 

Salisbury  naln.  And  then  his  eslraordinaiy  adventures  began. 
Alter  >  while  he  bectnM  a  travelling  hcdgc-stnith,  and  it  was 
while  pursuing  this  avocation  that  he  maje  the  acquaintance 
of  the  splendid  road-girl,  bom  tt  Long  Melfoid  workhouse, 
whom  be  has  iminoTtaliied  under  the  name  of  Tsopel  Bemera. 
He  was  now  brought  much  into  contact  with  the  gjpaiei,  and 
this  fact  gave  him  the  most  important  lubject-mtitcr  for  his 
writings.  For  picturesque  ts  [)  Borrow's  style,  ii  li  ihii  lubjcct- 
maiicr  of  his,  tbe  Romany  world  ot  Great  Britain,  which— if  his 
picture*  of  that  world  tre  true — will  keep  hit  writings  alivo. 
Now  that  the  better  data  oF  gipsies  tre  migrating  H  rapidly  to 
Amerio  that  scarcely  any  tre  left  in  England,  Borrow's  pictures 
of  them  are  cbaUeaged  a*  being  too  IdeaUilic.  It  is  unfortunate 
that  no  one  who  knew  Borrow,  and  tbe  gryengrocs  or  hone- 
dealett  with  whom  he  associated,  and  whom  he  depicted,  has 

Dr  Konpp's  painstaking  biography,  It  cannot  be  said  to  give  t 
vita]  picture  ot  Borrow  and  hit  surrounding*  during  thii  most 
interesting  period  of  his  life.  It  It  this  lame  peculiar  class  at 
gipsies  (Ibe  gryengroa)  with  whom  tbe  present  writer  wa* 
brought  into  ooniact,  and  he  can  only  refer,  in  justificatiou  of 
Borrow's  descriptlont  of  tbeiD,  to  certain  publications  of  his  own, 
where  the  whole  queitlon  !s  discussed  at  length,  and  where  be 
hat  set  oat  to  prove  that  Bortow'a  |»clures  of  the  section  of  the 
English  Elsies  he  knew  are  not  Idealiied.  But  there  Is  one  great 
Unisfa  fn  tO  Bomw't  dramatic  scenes  of  ffpty  life,  wheresoever 


.    Thise 


1  think 


»7S 


nildbs 


with  refeffng. 

_,  _  ..- SB*— dn'M,  (u'u,  fa.    This  wuuSd 

improve  Ibem  gretLly." 

It  is  tbe  tame  with  his  picture*  of  the  English  ^psics.  The 
reader  his  only  10  compare  the  dialogues  between  gipsies  giveB 
in  that  photographic  sLudy  of  Romany  life,  /■  Gipsy  Tenli,  by 
F.  H.  Croome,  with  the  dialogues  in  Lanattn  and  The  Renanj 
Ryt,  to  see  how  the  iliusion  in  Borrow's  narrative  ii  disturbed 
by  the  uncoUoquial  locutions  of  the  speaker*.  Tt  is  true,  no 
doubt,  that  all  Romanics,  especially  perhip*  the  English  and 
Hungarian,  have  a  passion  fo^  the  use  of  high-sounding  words, 
and  the  preient  writer  has  shown  this  In  his  lemarks  upon  the 
Caigany  Ctindnl,  who  is  said  to  have  taught  the  Ciigaay  language 
to  the  archduke  Joseph,  often  called  the  "  Gipsy  Archduke." 
But  after  all  allowance  is  made  for  this  racial  peculiarity,  Botiow'i 
prescntationof  it  considerably  weakens  our  belief  In  Ur  and  Mrs 
Peiulengro,  Ursula,  and  the  rest,  to  find  them  using  complex 
•entencet  a!ad  bookish  woidt  which,  evem  among  English  people, 
are  rarely  beard  in  conversation.  As  to  the  deep  imprcisioD 
that  Borrow  made  upoo  hi*  ^pqi  IrieDdt,  that  is  partly  explained 
hf  the  tmgular  nobility  of  his  appeannce,  for  the  gipsiei  of  all 
countries  are  extremely  sensitive  upon  matters  of  this  kind.  The 
silvery  wbiteDess  at  the  thick  cn^  of  hair  which  Borrow  relalnetl 
to  the  lost  seemed  to  add  In  a  icmarkatile  way  to  tbe  nobility  of 
his  hairless  face,  but  also  it  gave  to  the  face  a  kind  of  strange 
look  "  not  a  bit  like  a  Gordo's/'  to  use  the  words  of  one  of  hla 
gipsy  friends.  Moreover,  the  shy,  dehant,  stand-od  way  which 
Borrow  assumed  In  the  company  of  his  social  equals  left  him 
entirely  when  he  was  with  the  gipsies.  The  result  of  this  waa 
that  these  wawleren  knew  him  better  than  did  his  own  country- 
Seven  ycara  after  the  events  recorded  in  Lmtngre  and  Thg 
Rtrmtjty  Ry*  Borrow  obtained  the  post  of  agent  to  the  Bible 
Sodely,  in  which  capidly  he  visited  St  Petersburg  (iSsj-iSjS) 
(where  he  published  Tariam,  a  collection  of  translations),  and 
Spain,  Poetugtl  and  Morocco  [iajs-'*39)-  F™"  '837  to  iSj^he 
acted  at  correspondent  to  the  Mentini  Hrraid.  The  result  of 
these  travels  and  advetitures  was  the  publication,  In  1B4I,  of 
Ziiaaii,  or  Tkt  CypsUt  in  Spein,  the  ori^ntl  MS,  of  which,  in  the 
haodt  of  tbe  present  writer,  shows  how  careful  was  B<»row's 
method  of  work.  In  i&ij  appeared  Tki  Bible  in  Spoim,  nbcn 
suddenly  Borrow  became  famoua.  Every  page  of  the  book 
glows  with  freshness,  picturesqueness  and  vivacity-  In  1840 
he  married  Mary  (Uarkc,  the  widow  of  a  naval  ofiicer,  and 
permanently  settled  at  fhillon  Broad,  near  Lowestoft,  with  her 
and  her  daughter.  Here  be  began  to  write  again.  Very  likely 
Borrow  would  never  have  told  the  world  about  his  vagabond  life 
in  England  at  a  hedgc-tmith  had  not  Tin  Billi  in  Spain  made 
hun  famous  at  a  naiderer.  Latxnffo  appeared  in  1S51  with  a 
aucceu  which,  compared  with  that  of  The  Biblt  in  Spain,  was 
only  paitioL  He  was  much  chagiined  at  this,  and  although 
Innsgre  broke  oS  in  the  midst  of  a  scene  in  the  Dingle,  and  only 
broke  ofl  there  because  tbe  three  volumes  would  hold  no  more,  it 
was  not  until  iSj;  that  be  published  the  sequel.  Til  Romany 
Rye.  In  1S44  he  travelled  in  toutb-eastcm  Europe,  and  in  1S54 
he  made  a  tour  with  his  step-daughter  in  Wales.  This  lour  he 
docribed  in  WUi  Walu,  published  in  1861.  In  iSm  he  brought 
out  a  volume  of  ill-digetted  material  upon  the  Romany  tongue, 
Rpman  LoBo-til,  er  Word-bcch  of  iJu  Cypsy  LoHftag/e,  a  book 
wbkb  bat  been  ekhauslively  analysed  and  criticized  by  Mr  JahA 
Sampson.  In  tbesvmmerof  1S74  he  left  London,  bade  tdieu  to 
Ml  Murray  and  a  few  friends,  and  returned  to  Oulton.  On  the 
i6thof  July  iSSi  he  was  found  dead  In  hi*  bouse  at  Oulloa,  ia 


enty-ni 


27^ 


BORSIPPA— BORZHOM 


•tUlnnwDIi  b  ttibirB  bj'  hij  Innslatlon  of  tlw  Ctaiuch  of  Englind 
Hamillts  Into  Monchu,  ol  the  Gospel  of  St  Luke  Ibid  the  ~' 
dialect  ol  Ihe  CitiiTO,  ot  TJk  SletfiKt  Bart  from  Ihe  Ctmlir 
British,  and  of  Bluctrard  into  Turkiih.  But  it  is  not  Borrow^ 
linfuis^ic  BCcooiFdishment^  iluit  have  kept  bii  name  fttth, 
wiU  conlinue  to  keep  it  fresh  lor  mu]'  a  generation  to  come, 
b  hfa  chartctcr,  hii  uoique  characLer  u  eipiefsed,  or  partfaUy 
eipIeHed, in hii books.  Anionga]itho"nmatkableindividuab" 
(to  uie  hs  (avourile  Mpcession)  who  during  the  middle  of  Ihe  igth 
century  figured  in  Ihe  worid  of  letters,  Borrow  was  luiel; 
tnost  eCEenltic,  the  mojl  whlmsicul,  and  in  many  ways  the 
extraordinary.  TherfwasBCanrlyapoint  inwfajchherescmhlcd 
any  other  wrilet  of  Ws  lioi*.  Wilh  regard  to  Latenpv  an 
RBWUmy  Rye.  theit  his  betn  very  much  lEiculiion  as  to  how 
much  Dkhlmi  b  mingled  wilh  the  Wairlail  in  those  lasdniting 
books.  Had  II  not  been  for  Ilje  amaiingty  dumsy  pieces  of 
fiction  which  he  thttw  inio  the  narralive,  few  naden  would  hai 
doutiled  the  imoblographiiral  nature  of  the  two  books.  Such 
incideats  as  are  here  alluded  to  shed  an  air  of  unreality  over  the 
whole.  Ti  has  been  said  by  Dr  Knapp  that  Bottow  never 
cttattd  a  cbaracier.  and  that  to  one  i^a  thoroughly  knows  the 
lima  and  Bortow's  writings  the  ori^nals  are  Cdsily  rccognizabie. 
This  is  true,  nO  doubl,  as  regards  people  whom  he  knew  at 
Nonrich,  and  indeed  f^ncrally  as  regards  those  he  knew  before 
the  period  of  ha  gipsy  wandcrinp.  II  must  not  be  supposed, 
however,  that  such  a  character  as  the  man  who  "  touched  "  lo 
avert  the  evil  chance  Is  In  any  sense  a  portrait  of  an  individual 
with  whom  he  had  been  brouBhl  into  coniaci.  The  character 
Jiai  so  many  of  Borrow's  own  ecccntriciliej  Ihit  it  might  rather 
be  called  a  portrait  of  himself.  Thcct  wu  nothing  that  Borrow 
■trove  ipiinsi  with  more  energy  than  Ihe  curious  impulse,  which 
he  teenu  to  have  shared  wilh  Dr  Johnson,  to  touch  the  objects 
along  hi)  path  in  order  lo  save  himfcll  from  the  evil  chance.  He 
never  conquered  the  supcniilion.  To  walking  throu^  Richmond 
Park  wilh  [he  present  n-ritcr  he  would  step  out  of  hb  way 
constantly  to  touch  a  Irtc,  and  he  was  aUcndcd  it  the  friend  he 
was  with  seemed  lo  ohscrve  it.  Many  of  the  peculiarities  of  the 
man  who  taught  himself  Chinese  in  nder  lo  distract  h!i  mind 
from  painful  thoughts  were  also  llonow's  own.  (T.  W.-D.) 

'  SORSIPPA  [Borii>  in  the  Babjionian  and  Assyrian  inserip- 
tlons;  Bariif  in  the  Talmud;  mod.  Bin  or  Biis-Nimmd),  the 
Creek  name  of  an  ancient  city  about  i ;  m.  S.W.  of  Babylon  and 
.10  tti.  from  Hiltah,  on  the  Naht  Hindich,  or  Hindlch  canal, 
formerly  known  as  "the  Euphrate*  of  Boraippa,"  and  even 
during  the  Arabic  period  called  "  the  river  of  Birs."  Bor^ppa 
was  the  sister  city  of  Babylon,  and  is  often  called  in  the  inscrip- 
tionsBabyionll., also  the  "city  without  equal."  Its  patron  god 
wasNcboor  Nabu.  Like  Babylon  Borsppais  not  mentioDcd  in 
the  otdeil  inscriptions,  but  comes  into  importance  first  aftet 
Khammurabi  had  made  Babylon  the  caiMtal  ol  the  whde  land, 
somewhere  before  loooB.C  He  built  orrcbuillthelempleE-Zida 
at  this  [Jace,  dedicalingit,  however,  (oMarduk  (Bel-Merodach). 
But  although  Khammurabt  himself  does  Dot  teem  to  have 
honoured  Ncbo  U.t.),  subsequent  kings  iHogntied  Imn  as  the 
deity  of  E-Zida  and  made  him  the  sonof  Marduk  (g.i.1.  Each 
new  year  his  image  was  taken  to  visit  hb  lather,  in  Babylon,  who 
In  his  tilta  gave  him  escort  homeward,  and  his  temple  was  second 
in  ifcalth  and  importance  onlytoE-Saggila,  the  templed  Marduk 
In  Babylon.  As  wilh  Babylon,  so  wilh  Boraippa,  the  lime  of 
NebudiadreiEar  was  the  period  of  iU  gtealot  prosperity.  In 
general  Boisippa  shared  the  fate  of  Babylon,  filling  into  decay 
after  the  time  of  Alexander,  and  finally  in  the  middle  ages  Into 
ruins.  The  site  of  the  ancient  city  ii  represented  by  two  hiige 
ruin  mounds.  Of  these  the  north-wcsleriy.  the  lower  of  the  iwo, 
but  ihc  larger  (n  supetfidal  area,  Is  called  Ibrahim  KhaU, 
from  a  ifva.  or  shrine,  of  Abraham,  Ihe  friend  of  Cod,  which 
stand)  on  it)  highest  point.  According  to  Arabic  lore,  baled  on 
Jewish  legends,  at  ttus  spot  Nlmrod  sought  to  throw  Abraham 
fntoafieryCurnace,fromwldchfaewassavedbylhegrace  of  God. 
Eitavaliona  w*te  £r»i  conducicd  here  by  the  French  EipMiiion 
Scienii&qoe  en  MCsopotamie  in  iSji,  with  small  mult.  In  1S79 
I. id  iSSoIIomiud  Risiam  conducted  note  dteioivt,  atthou^ 


unjyitemalie,  excavallDDi  Is  th!i  mound,  finding  a  eonddetabte 
quantity  of  inscribed  ublett  and  the  like,  now  in  the  Brici^ 
Museum;  but  by  far  the  greater  part  of  this  ruin  still  tcmaliB 
unexplored,    li  south-wesierly  mound,  the  Bhs  proper,  b 
probably  the  most  conspicuous  and  striking  rtun  in  all  Irak.    On 
the  top  ot  k  hOl  over  100  ft.  high  rises  a  pointed  mas  of  vitrified 
brick  split  down  the  centre,  over  ^o  ft.  high,  about  which  lie  huge 
masses  of  vitrified  brick,  some  as  much  as  15  fi.  in  diameter,  and 
also  ^ngle  enamelled  farlcks,  generally  bearing  an  inscriplion  at 
Nebuchadreuai,  twisted,  curled  and  broken,  apparenily  by 
great  beat.    Jewish  and  Arabic  Itadiiion  niakcs  this  the  Tower 
of  Babel,  which  was  supposed  to  have  been  destroyed  by  light- 
ning.   Bicavations  coiKlucted  here  by  Sir  Hetuy  Rawlinson  In 
iSj4  ihowtd  it  (o  be  the  stage  tower  or  tiuurm,  called  the 
'  house  ot  the  seven  <£visions  of  heaven  and  earth,"  ol  E-Zida. 
the  temple  o(  Nebo.    On  a  large  platlorm  rose  Kvrn  solid 
temcei,  each  imalln  than  the  one  below  It,  the  lowest  being 
171ft.  square  and  36  ft.  hi^    Each  of  these  tenaces  was  fued 
with  bricki  of  a  different  colour.    The  approach  to  this  tiuurnt 
was  toward  the  north-east,  and  on  ihs  side  lay  also  ihe  principal 
rooms  of  the  temple  of  which  thlj  was  the  lower.    These  room* 
were  partly  excavated  by  Hormuid  Rassam  in  iSid-tSSol    In 
its  final  form  this  temjde  and  tower  were  the  work  of  Nebuchad- 
lar,  but  Irom  Ihe  clay  cylindeo  found  by  Sic  Henry  Rawlinson 
two  of  the  comers  of  the  lower  it  appears  that  he  restored  an 
:omplete  ci[[iiral  ol  a  former  king,  "  which  was  long  since 
len  into  decay."    Some  of  the  best  authorities  believe  that  it 
;s  this  ambitious  but  inromplete  and  ruinous  liExurat.  ciiatliig 
fore  the  time  of  Nebuchadmzar,  which  gave  occasion  to  or 
orded  local  attachment  for  the  Biblical  story  of  the  Town  of 

Airrnoamu.—H.'  C.  Bawliison,  7«rnul  ef  On  Kiyat  AlialU 
Smrfy  (i«6o>i J.  Oppen.  Bxfkilit*  KiinlMw:  «  lilitpuiHnl 
'"---   ■■'-'    r.  Deiimch.  Wt  lai  iai  PamiUil  {Xaaai,  1881); 
■'i^fKT  {New  York  and  Loadon,  iS«£] :  UT^uara, 
Yai^  Bf  Nimnd  (London  siul  New  York.  i»»7)f 
Mpun  Qfaubylmia  and  Aiiyria  (Botlon,  -—"— 


J.  P.  Pete™.  A 


'"s.ritr 


BOUT,  or  fiOAET,  an  inferioi  kind  ot  diamond,  '■-»'  fi 
ulling  but  useful  as  an  abrasive  agent.  Tlie  typical  bort 
ccura  in  smalt  spherical  maasct,  of  greyish  colovx,  rough  or 
drusy  on  the  surlace,  and  showing  on  fracture  a  radiate  ctystal  line 
.imctvre.  These  mosses,  known  in  Brazil  as  bolai,  are  often 
^ed  "shot  bort"  or  "round  bort."  Much  of  the  bott  coiBista 
if  irregular  aggregates  ol  imperfect  crystala.    In  trade,  I 


.0  all  It 


.and 


rge  proponion  of  the  output  of  some  of  the  South  Africu  minca 

insists  of  such  DialeriaL    ThisbottBcrushcdinsicelmonatsIo 

rm  diamond  powder,  which  ii  largely  used  in  laiudaria'  work. 

BORY    DB    SAIMT-VIHCENT,    JBAK    EAPHSH    OEORGB 

MABIB  (1780-1846],  French  naturalist,  was  born  at  A|cn  in 

"       He  was  sent  as  naturalist  with  Captain  Niebdas  Baudin's 

expedition  to  Australia  in  1 798,  but  left  the  viasel  at  Mauritius, 

and  spent  two  years  in  eaploring  Efuraon  and  other  islamls. 

Joining  Ihe  army  on  his  return,  he  was  present  at  Ihe  battles  ol 

Ulm  and  Austerlilz,  and  in  iSoS  went  lo  Spain  wilh  Maishil 

Soull.    His  attachment  to  the  Napoleonic  dynasty  and  dislike 

the  Bourbons  were  shown  in  various  ways  during  i8i£,  arh] 

i  name  was  consequently  placed  oa  tie  list  of  ihe  proscribed ; 

.1  alter  wandering  in  disguise  Irom  fJice  lo  place  ha  waa 

owed  quieily  10  return  to  Paris  in  1810.    lo  i8ig  he  was 

icedattheheadofasclcniificeipeditionlo  the  Morca,  aai  in 

J9  he  had  charge  of  the  eipldratjon  ot  Algeria.    He  died  on 

B  Jjrd  ol  December  1S46.    He  was  ediitr  U  Ihe  DiduHonirt 

iirijiK  fkisltin  nalutrUt,  and  among  hb  separate  produciiom 

...Tt:~Eltait  sut  la  lltt  Pertmita  (iSol);    Vtyatt  dam  la 

lla  fAfrifue  (iSoj);     Vpyajr  mttrrmH,  an  iaoiflign  dm 

plaleaadtSainl-Pierrc  ie  UuitricUetie  ai  sasia  cryfel  (iSii);' 

1'HoM.TO,  tsiaiiaolt^ifia  lur  It  tnai  hnmoiit  (iSjjJ;  Kliumt 

topapkii  dt  la  Plnwnlt  (tSii). 

IZROK,  a  watering-place  of  Russian  Tranacailca^  In 
tba  government  ol  TlOis,  and  ej  m.  by  lait  W.  of  tbc  city  ot 


BOS— B08CAWEN 


no*.    rep.()<n)|Ua^    ItbAd«(ditiAiKltadacfiTJ<>tt. 


T  (i67«-iTi;),  Dotdi  idKilu  111(1 
born  at  WoilnBi  in  Ftinlmri,  irkcR  bii  father  vu  1 
afthsMAooL  HaiRBllotheimivaiiqFoIPmidiu  (nqnHcacd 
tar  Nipglna  in  iSii],  uid  w*t  appoiBtal  looleaor  of  Greek 
no*  ta  itim:  ■'<*'  ">  mwvcnlliil  Ufa  he  dicil  at  Fnneket  In 
t  mrk,  EOifut  Gmai  <i;oi),  mi 
'V  John  S«afa  (iB3»);  ud  Ui  jIMt- 
'  logfa  Kvend  editiima.  He  iho 
X  Vanione  bx.  InCoprelinn 
tfMa  (i6«S):  ExtrdtBlima 
.  b);  AnimaJWwtwin  A<  Scriflira  ^motiam 
Ti^;  and  tm  muU  treatiwi  on  AtcCBli  moA  Creek 

BOBL  a  leaiioit  and  eubmptl  M«  on  [he  W.  coast  ol  Sudinii, 
far  the  provlnix  of  Cigtiaii,  ]o  m.  W.  of  Micomer  by  nH  Pap. 
ri«Bt)  IU46.  Tlie  hei^t  above  Ihe  town  is  ciDwneil  by  a  castle 
of  the  Malt^una  family.  The  cathedral,  founded  in  the  nth 
otntniy,  nalored  in  the  ijih,  andrebiuli  in  iSoi,  iiGne.  Then 
are  aonw  tanneries,  and  the  fiiUnf  biduftry  ia  iinpoTtanI,  bnt 
Oe  conl  production  of  Sioly  has  entirely  desunyed  (hat  of  Bob 
rince  rgS7.  The  dialrjet  ptodoce*  oQ  and  wine.  The  present 
town  of  Boa  was  fonnded  in  iiijbythe  Malaspins,  r|  m.  from 
Oe  rita  of  the  ancient  town  (Bon  or  Calmedia),  where  a  well- 
h  still  erists.  The  old  town  is  of  Roman  origin, 
if  Pliny  and  Ptolemy,  and  as  a  station  on 
In  the  Itineraris  (Cerf.  Inter.  Lnl.  i.  jgif  sfn.). 
One  <A  the  hiacifptiona  piBcivnl  in  the  old  cathedral  records 
the  enctiiin  of  four  bIvct  Itntucs,  of  Anlonmni  Plus,  hii  wife 
Faustina  and  th^  two  lona. 

wotmxatJiavnitisT,    axma    uoisa    obbstbdisa 

<i8i*-iS86),  Dutch  novelist,  was  bsm  at  Alkmnar  in  north 
BoiblDd  on  the  i6th  of  September  rSii.  Her  father,  named 
Tbuaaalnt,  a  hal  chemist  of  Huguenot  dscent,  gave  hn  a  fair 
tdocatfoB,  and  at  an  early  period  pf  her  career  the  devdoped  a 
Mate  ia  historical  racanh,  fostered,  perhaps,  by  a  forced 
indoor  life,  the  reaull  of  weak  health.  In  iSji  she  married  the 
Dutdi  painter,  Johannei  Bosboom  (1817-1891)1  and  thereafter 
■aa  known  as  hlzs  Boiboom-Touisaint.  Her  first  romance, 
AlmafF9,  appeared  in  1837,  followed  by  the  Graafnsts  DevcKihirt 
ITU*  Bail  *f  Daoiukirt)  in  1838;  the  Emilschai  le  Rime  [Ttt 
EH^itkcUbmt)  in  rB+o,  and  Hd  Hvii  Lautrniat  <r*r  Heme 
tfLamnunt)  in  1841,  an  episode  of  the  Reformation,  translated 
into  many  European  bogtiagra.  Tbeu  stories,  mainly  founded 
upon  aome  of  the  man  icttrestEng  epochs  of  Dutch  history, 
betrayed  a  temukabk  grasp  of  (acts  ind  situaiioiu,  coinbinid 
with  an  undonbted  auislery  over  her  mother  tongue,  though  her 
Myle  !i  someiiines  involved,  and  not  always  laitltless.  Ten 
ytan  (1S40-1SS0)  wert  mainly  devoted  to  (uriher  studies,  Ite 
RBiII  of  nhich  ina  reveded  b  1851-1854,  whta  her  I^yceslo 
j.  Ntdtrlai^  (3  vok),  Krow™  Mn  ka  UyiaUrKkt  Tydfok 
{WemeHolUkiiUT'iEt'Ki,iioW),\i\ACiiri}aFkrnta{ivaU.) 
appeared,  a  leties  dealing  nith  Robert  Dudl^s  adventures 
b  the  IJnr  Coimtrtes.  After  1870  Mn  Bosboom-Toussilnt 
abandoned  historical  romance  for  Ihe  modem  society  covd, 
'bMha DdftKitWendctieilttiThtStcrimataeriif  Ddfl.itn- 
3  Tob,)  and  Uajset  Front  (1S7J,  }  vols.)  did  not  command  the 
•ncctB  of  her  earlier  works.  Jf  s/sr  Fraal  has  been  translated 
Into  Znglilh  tiS35).  She  died  at  the  Hague  on  the  ijth  oi 
April  isls.  Her  novels  have  been  published  there  in  a  colccted 
•ditfon  (18S5- 1 888, 15  vols.) , 

taU,  LODII  AUOnna  ODILLAOHB  (i;59-i8>S],  French 
Batnralkt,  was  bom  at  Paris  on  Ihe  iqth  of  January  1750.  He 
ns  educated  at  the  colJegc  of  Dijon,  Khete  he  showed  a  laile  (or 
botany,  and  he  foQowcd  up  his  ttudjei  In  Palis  al  the  Jardin  des 
Fbntes,  ■wbat  he  made  Ihe  acquainlanu  of  Mme  U.  J.  P. 


Koknd.  At  the  He  of  dtUeco  Ik  obUined  k  gawnainit 
appotntmeni,  and  he  rose  to  be  one  of  the  chief  oSdab  fn  the 
poHal depailmmt-  UDdatheminlstiyolJ.H.itolBndln  1791 
be  also  bekl  the  post  of  iiqieTinlendiat  of  prisons,  btit  the  *iolest 
oulbreaka  of  179J  dmvE  him  bom  office,  and  oompdied  him  to 
take  refuge  in  flight.  For  some  months  he  lay  concealed  al 
Sainle-lUdfgDnde,  in  the  lOrest  of  Uontmorcncy,  baidy  subsist- 
ing on  nuts  and  vegetaUes.  He  was  enabled  to  return  to  Paris 
onthefallof  Rob«9wm,B«]midetthetide  Appd  i  fimpartitit 
p<a»iU  par  la  tiHymm  Unlaid  published  a  manuscript  Hme 
Roland  had  entiusted  10  him  before  her  eiecution.  Soon 
afterwards  he  *et  mil  for  America,  lesolving  to  eiplore  tin 
natural  richa  ol  that  coimtry.  The  immense  nutetiab  be 
fathered  w«e  never  published  in  a  complete  form,  but  much 
vent  to  enridi  the  works  of  B.  G.  E.  deLacf  pUe,  P.  A.  LatreiOe 
and  others.  After  his  return,  on  the  establishnient  ai  the 
Directory,  he  was  reinsiated  in  his  old  office.  Of  this  he  was 
again  deprived  by  Ihe  roup  d'tUit  of  1799,  and  for  a  time  he  was 
ingrealdeilitutJon;bn1by  his  copious  contributions  to  scientific 
literature  he  contrived  fo  support  himself  and  to  lay  the  founda- 
tions of  a  solid  reputation.  He  wasengasedou  the  new-Z>Kfi«t- 
naiii  d'kiiMre  Miiffolfc,  and  on  the  Encydoftdie  milkodiiiia,  he 
edited  the  D>(<i«nno»<  miimntd  imiDniri  rf'sjrfadfiire,  and  wsj 
one  of  Ihe  editors  ol  the  ^  nmdci  ie  rapkullrrf  /ranfaiii.  Ha 
was  madein^wctorof  the  gardens  at  Vctsailles,  and  ol  the  public 
nurseries  belDngfng  to  the  ministry  of  (he  interior.  The  last 
yean  of  his  life  were  devolcd  to  an  elaborate  work  on  the  vine, 
for  which  he  had  ainaased  an  fmmenae  quantity  of  matCTJih, 
but  his  death  at  Paris  on  the  lolh  of  July  1I18  pmented  its 

WKfcK  AUiOOAVnt,  JUAM  (i40o?-i54i),  Spanish  poet, 
■as  bom  tboul  the  cto9eolthei;th  century.  He  was  a  Catalan 
of  ptUidan  birib,  and,  after  some  years  of  miliiary  service, 
became  tutor  to  Ihe  duke  of  Alva.  His  poems  were  published  in 
I S4]  at  Barcetona  by  his  widow.  They  are  divided  into  sections 
which  mark  the  stages  of  Boscia's  poetical  evolution.  ThefirM 
book  coDiains  poems  in  the  old  Culilian  metres,  written  in  h& 
youth,  before  1516,  in  which  yrar  he  beaune  acquainted  with  (he 
Venciian  ambassador,  Andrea  Navagieto,  who  urged  Mm  to  adopt 
Julian  raeasutM,  and  this  advice  gave  a  new  (urn  to  Bosdn's 
activity.  The  remain!  ng  books  cop  tain  a  number  otpieees  in  the 
Italian  manner,  the  longest  of  these  being  Hero  y  Inaifcr,  a  poem 
in  blank  verse,  based  on  Musaeua.  Bosdta's  beat  effort,  the 
OfIdH  Rima,  ia  a  skBful  imitstion  of  Petrarch  and  Bembo. 
Boscin  also  published  fn  15J4  an  adnutable  translation  of 
Castiglione's  liCarUtiano.  Italian  measures  had  been  introduced 
into  Spanish  hlcrature  by  Santillana  and  VUlalpando;  fi  b 
Boscin's  distinction  la  have  natunlized  these  lorms  definitively, 
and  to  have  founded  1  poetic  schooL 

The  best  edition  of  Ui  poenu  i>  that  isiiied  at  Madrid  in  1875  by 
W.  J.  Knipp:  for  hJi  Indeblednev  to  euiicr  writer),  ace  Frauceu 
PUmiiu,  AiHfi  di  turia  iiunria  Uaiiajia  t  aranUra  ([jvomo,  1895). 

BOSCASTLE,  a  small  seaport  and  watering-place  in  the 
I^unceston  patliamenlaiy  division  ol  Cotswill.  Ensland,  j  m, 
N.  qI  CameUord  slaUoo  00  the  London  &  South- Wcsteni  railway. 
Pop.  (civil  parish  ol.  Forrabuiy,  tgoi)  319.  The  village  rises 
steeply  above  a  very  nanow  cove  on  the  north  coast,  sheltered. 


t  of  a 


I  It  by 


hawser  A  mound  on  a  hiD  above  the  harbour  tui 
the  site  ol  a  Norman  castle.  The  parish  <;hurchor  5 1  Symphorian, 
Forrabuiy,  also  stands  high,  overlooking  the  Atlantic  from 
Willapuk  Poinl.  The  tower  is  without  bells,  and  Ihe  tradition 
that  a  ship  beating  a  peal  Uthei  was  wrecked  within  sight  of  the 
harbour,  and  that  the  lost  bells  may  slIU  be  heard  to  toll  beneath 
the  waves,  has  been  made  famous  by  a  ballad  ol  (he  Cornish 
poet  Robert  Stephen  Hawker,  vicar  of  Moormnstow.  The  coast 
scenery  near  Boscastle  is  severely  beautiful,  with  abrupt  cliffs 
fully  exposed  to  the  lea,  and  broken  only  by  a  lew  picturesque 
Inlets  such  as  Crackington  Cove  and  Pcntargan  Cove.  Inland 
are  bare  moors,  diversified  by  narrow  dales. . 

BOSCAWBH,   EDWARD   (r7ii-i7Gi),   British  admiral,   was 
bora  on  (he  19th  of  August  171 1.    Ue  was  Oie  third  son  of  Hugh, 


278 


BOSCH— BOSCOVieH 


lit  ViKoniit  Filmoutb.  He  culy  CnteKcI  Ihe  nivy,  and  in  tjjg 
dUUnguiAlied  hiizucU  tt  the  idling  dI  Fono  BeUo.  At  the  liege 
ol  Cutftgciu,  in  March  i74i,at  tbcheidtrfaputyof  seuncn,  be 
took  a  batteiy  oE  ^teen  34-pouiidcrSi  while  txpmed  to  the  tire  o( 
4fioIhcr  fori.  On  hii  ntuni  to  England  in  the  kiUowiiig  yeai  he 
mxiied,  and  entered  piriiament  u  member  for  IVuro.  In  1 744 
ht  captured  the  Fiench  frigiUe  "  ^tdte,"  conunauded  by  ^  de 
Hocquait.  tlie  £nt  ship  taken  in  the  war*  In  May  1747  be 
ijgjujized  h^'*^**l*  in  the  engagement  oH  Cape  Finistem,  and 
wai  wouDded  [a  Ihc  ihoulder  with  a  muihcl-baU.  Hocquait 
again  became  hii  priioner,  and  tlie  French  shifs,  ten  in  numbci, 
•  wen  laktn.  On  the  ijlh  of  July  he  wai  made  lear-admiral  and 
c«mmandeT-in-clucf  of  the  eipedition  to  the  Eaat  India.  On 
the  iQlh  of  July  174S  be  anivcd  ofl  Fort  St  David's,  and  ioon 
after  Uid  aic^  to  Pondichenyi  but  the  iicknessof  hiamenand 
the  i^proach  of  the  monsoonj  led  to  the  nising  of  the  siege. 
Soon  ittenraidi  be  icceived  news  of  the  peace,  aad  Madrai  was 
delivered  up  to  him  by  the  French.  In  Apiil  1750  he  arrived  in 
England,  and  was  the  next  year  nude  one  of  the  kircli  of  the 
Admiralty,  and  chosen  an  ekler  biothei  «/  the  Tiinily  Uotise. 
Ja  February  1755  he  wu  appointed  vice-admini,  and  in  April  he 
iaiercepted  the  French  tquadns  bonnd  to  North  America,  and 
took  the  "  Alddi "  and  Lys  "of  sixly-foni  (uni  each.  Hoc- 
quart  became  hii  pritoner  for  the  third  time,  and  fioscawen 
returned  to  Spilheid  with  hit  priits  sod  1500  prisonen.  For 
Ihti  eiidoit,  he  received  the  ihaoks  of  parliuneot.  In  i7sS  be 
was  appouitcd  wlmiial  of  the  blue  and  commaudei-in-chief  oJ 
the  eipedition  to  Caps  Breton,  ahen,  in  conjunctiDn  with 
General  Amhenl,  he  look  the  fortress  of  Louisburg,  and  the 
island  of  Cape  Breton — services  for  which  he  again  received  the 
thaakl  of  the  House  of  CoramoBL  In  1759,  b^ng  appointed  lo 
command  In  the  Mediterranean,  he  pursued  the  French  fleet, 
tommanded  by  M.  ik  la  Clue,  and  alter  a  sharp  engagement  in 
Lagos  Bay  took  three  large  ships  and  burnt  two,  returning  to 
S{Hthead  with  bis  prises  and  leeo  [sisDneit.  Tbs  victory 
defeated  the  piopcKd  conceBtralioa  of  the  French  fleet  in 
Breil  to  cover  an  invulon  of  England.  In  December  1760  he 
«»  aivcnnlad  genenl  of  tlie  marines,  withaialtry  of  £joooper 
■nnum.  and  was  alio  sworo  a  Enember  of  the  privy  coundL  He 
died  at  his  seal  ncai  Guildford  en  the  lathof  Jaauuy  1761. 

MKH  (or  Bos),  JSBOII  U.  1460-ijig),  the  name  gatttSy 
given,  from  his  birthplace  Hertogenboich,  to  Hieronymus  van 
Aakea,  the  Datch  painter.  He  was  probably  a  pupil  of  Albert 
Ouwater,  and  may  be  called  the  Breughel  of  the  isth  century, 
lothedevatedhiniieUlalheinventionol  bimrc  types,  ifi^oui, 
and  sceoa  of  the  kind  generally  aiiodated  with  Breughel,  whose 
artiitoagreateitent  baaed  on  Bach's.  He  wu  a  satirist  much 
In  advance  of  bis  time,  and  ooe  of  the  most  original  and  ingenious 
artist)  of  the  tjth  century.  He  eserdsed  gnat  influence  on 
Lucas  Cranach,  who  frequently  copied  hii  paintings.  His  works 
were  much  admired  in  Spain,  especially  by  Philip  n.,  at  whcoe 
court  Bosch  painted  for  some  time.  One  of  his  chief  works  Is  the 
"  Last  Judgment "  at  the  Berlin  galjery,  which  also  owns  a 
tItUe  "  St  Jerome  in  the  Desert."  'i^The  Fall  of  the  Rebellious 
Angets  "  and  the  "  St  Anthony  "  triptych  are  in  the  Brussels 
museum,  and  two  impoitanl  triplychi  are  at  the  Munich  gallery. 
The  Lippmaim  collection  in  Berlia  containi  an  important 
"  Adoration  of  the  Magi,"  the  Antwerp  miiieum  a  "  Passion," 
and  a  practically  unknown  painting  from  fais  bniili  fa  at  the 
Naples  rausetun. 

BOSOOVICB,  ROOKR  JDKSPB  (iTii?-t7S7j,  Italian  mathc 
malician  and  natural  pbHosophet.  one  of  the  earliest  of  foreign 
mmkU  to  adopt  Newton'*  gravitation  tfieory,  was  bom  at 
Xagusa  in  Dalioatia  on  the  18th  of  May  1711,  according  to  the 
usual  account,  but  ten  year*  earlier  according  to  Lalandc  i&eit, 
179]).  In  his  fiCleenlh  year,  afirr  pauing  through  the  usual 
elementary  studies,  be  enlenil  the  Society  of  Jetus.  On  com- 
pleting hu  novidate,  which  was  spent  at  Rome,  he  studied 
mitbonalics  and  physics  at  the  Collegium  Romanum ;  and  10 
brilliattt  was  his  prDgress  in  these  sciences  that  in  1740  be  was 
appointsl  prefesaor  of  mathematics  in  the  college.  For  this 
poM'be  was  especially  titled  bj    " 


advawxa  in  KtcBot,  aiid  by  hi*  UAI  in  a  daNbal  Mveriv  <t 
demonstiatloa.  acquired  by  a  thorough  study  of  the  walks  «( the 
Greek  geometriciau.  Several  yean  before  this  appmntmenL  ht 
had  made  himself  a  name  by  an  ekgant  sahitkHi  of  iba  pn^lem 
to  tind  the  sun's  equator  and  determine  the  period  of  lis  nlation 
by  obaervBlioa  of  the  spots  on  it*  surface.  Nolwilhstandini 
the  arduous  duties  of  his  professorship  he  found  lime  for  invcsti- 
gatisD  m  all  the  fields  of  physical  sdeoce;  and  Ik  published  a 
very  large  number  ol  dissertations,  some  of  them  of  colsiderahie 
length,  on  a  wide  variety  of  subjects.  Ataong  these  subjecu 
were  the  transit  of  Mercury,  tf^  Aurora  Bonalis.  the  tigwe  ol 
the  earth,  the  observation  of  the  hied  stars,  the  inequahtiea  in 
lerrestrial  gravitation,  the  applicatioa  of  muthematita  to  the 
theory  of  the  telescope,  the  limits  of  certainty  in  utronoDical 
observations,  the  solid 'of  grcatcat  attraction,  the  cydoid,  the 
higistic  curve,  the  theory  of  comets,  the  tides,  ilw  law  of  cob- 
tinuity,  the  double  refraction  micruneler,  vanaus  pmblems  of 
spherical  trisDnonwtry,  &c.  In  1741  he  was  coaiulied,  witli 
other  men  of  tcieoce,  by  the  pope,  Benedict  XIV.,  as  lo  the 
best  means  of  securing  the  lUbility  of  the  dome  of  St  Peter'*, 
Rome,  m  which  a  crack  hu]  been  diMDvercd,  His  suggeattoa  was 
adopted.  Slurtly  after  he  eiigsged  lo  lake  part  in  the  PortugueM 
eipcdidon  Cor  the  survey  of  Bruil.  and  the  deasurment  of  a 
d^iee  of  the  meridian;  but  he  yielded  to  the  urgent  requett  nt 
the  pope  that  he  would  remain  in  Italy  and  undntake  a  similar 
task  there.  Accordingly,  in  coojuoclion  with  Christopher  Uair^ 
*Q  English  Jesuit,  he  measured  an  arc  of  two  degrn  betweis 
Rome  and  Rimini.  Hie  operations  were  begun  towards  tha 
dose  of  1750,  and  were  completed  In  about  Iwo  yaan.  A* 
account  of  them  nas  published  in.ijsj,  enllUed  Dt  liUaarU 
afidiliBnt  ftr  po^iiiJUam  tfifiVaen  ad  dinKlinddi  dwv  iHrUiaiH 
padus  a  PP.  Uaire  tl  Beamkk.  The  value  of  this  work  ■■* 
iocteaied  by  a  carefully  prepared  m^t  of  the  Stata  of  the  Church. 
A  French  translation  appeared  in  1770.  A  dilute  having 
arisen  between  the  grand  duke  of  Tusomy  and  the  republic  ol 
Lucca  with  respect  to  the  drainage  of  a  lake,  Bosoovidi  was  sent, 
in  1757,  as  agent  of  Lucca  to  Vienna,  and  succeeded  in  bringint 
about  a  satisfactory  arrangement  of  the  matter.  In  the  foilainai 
yearbc  published  at  Vienna  his  famous  work,  Titsriafl^ueplutt 
Hdliiralir  ttdaita  ad  uaicam  Ic{m  nrium  in  nUiiro  nulofiaas, 
containing  bis  atomic  theory  (see  Molecule).  Another  occasion 
for  the  eicrdse  of  bis  dijjomatic  ability  soon  after  presented 
itself.  A  suqjldon  having  arisen  on  the  part  of  the  British 
goverrunent  that  ships  of  war  had  been  tilted  out  in  the  pott  of 
Ragusa  for  the  service  of  France,  and  that  the  neutrality  al 
Ragusa  had  thus  been  violated,  Boccovich  was  selected  to 
undertake  an  embassy  to  London  (1760),  lo  vindicate  the 
character  of  his  native  jJace  and  satisfy  the  government.  Iliii 
mission  be  discharged  successfully,  ^th  credit  to  t*iwB*u  aibd 
satisfaction  to  bis  countrymen.  During  his  stay  in  En^and  ha 
nos  elected  a  EeBow  of  the  Royal  Society.  He  soon  after  paid 
this  society  the  compliment  of  dedicating  to  it  his  Latin  poem. 
entitled  Dt  Sclii  tl  Ltaac  Dt/alibut  (Loudon,  1764).  Thii 
prolir  composition,  one  of  a  class  which  at  that  time  was  mudi  ia 
vogue — metrical  e|Htomc3  of  the  facts  of  science — conlains  ia 
about  tivc  thousand  lines,  illustrated  by  voluminous  notes,  a 
compendium  of  astronomy.  It  was  for  the  most  part  written 
on  horseback,  during  the  author's  ride*  in  the  country  while 
engaged  in  his  meridian  measurements.  Hie  book  is  cfaaractet' 
ized  by  G.  B.  J.  Delambre  as  "  uninslructjve  to  an  astronomer 
and  unintelligible  lo  any  one  else." 

On  leaving  England  Boscovich  travelled  ia  Turkey,  but  Hi- 
health  compelled  him  soon  to  return  lo  Italy.  In  1 764  he  wa* 
callMl  lo  the  chair  of  malbemalics  at  the  univenity  of  Pavia, 


sposl  h. 


I,  togetl; 


h  die  directorship  of  the 


observatory  of  Breia,  for  tii  yearn.  He  was  invited  by  the 
Royal  Society  of  London  lo  undertake  an  eipeditton  to  California 
10  observe  the  transit  of  Venus  in  17691  but  this  was  prevcnled 
by  the  recent  decn«  ol  the  Spanish  govenmient  for  the  eipuliioa 
of  the  Jesuits  from  its  dominioiis.  The  vanity,  egotism  and 
petulann  of  Boscavich  provoked  his  rivals  and  made  him  many 
enemies,  10  that  in  hi^  of  peace  he  was  driven  to  frequent 


BOSNIA  AND  ■HERZEGOVINA 


279 


, ___—    Al>wti77ok*taBO*edtoHOMi,wbeRbe 

aMfained  to  Uacb  md  la  haU  tlM  dlfcclonh^  of  llw  obMrvmtoi7 
oi  Brcn;  bat  befaig  dclnived  of  Ui  put  by  tbs  ioliigua  ol  bu 
modi  In  he  mi  about  10  Rtiie  to  hii  sUhrc  plue,  wheo  tbe 
oewi  lOKbed  bfm  (1771}  ol  the  lupprexion  of  Ui  onlcr  in  Italy, 
Uaanainl;  u  to  liit  futun  ltd  him  to  wccpc  ui  inviuiion 
fmm  the  klos  of  Fmicz  to  Fui>,  where  he  wu  lutunliied 
uid  «M  ipptrintcd  director  of  optio  for  tb«  marine,  aa  office 
iiBtitiited  for  him,  irilh  1  pension  of  Sooo  livrcs.  He  remained 
tben  ten  jaa,  bat  hb  poaltloD  became  Iriuomc,  ud  11  leigth 
iatolmUe.    HecoatlMied,  bowero',  to  denle  himielf dUigently 

■Luiuiit.  AoKing  tbem  mie  in  degnt  tdntlon  ^  tbe  pniblem 
to  determine  the  oitnt  of  a  oooKt  from  three  obeenntiau,  and 
vemoln  00  the  micnMseter  and  achromatic  telcKopo.  In 
I7i3  he  fetimed  to  Italy,  and  spent  two  yean  at  Buaaiu, 
wbae  he  ocoqiied  hlmiell  with  the  publication  o<  hii  Oftra 
poHMtuiui  ad  of&am  tS  aslnrn^wtiam,  fn.,  which  appeared  in 
Ijti  In  fere  voluraei  quarto.  After  a  visit  of  iome  montlu  to 
tbo  CDOVenroI  Vallombraa,  he  vent  to  Milan  and  resumed  his 
fitctary  laboun.  But  hii  health  was  failing,  his  reputation 
vai  on  the  wane,  hii  woiLs  did  tut  scU,  and  be  gradually  sank 
■  prey  to  fllnm  and  dtuppoiotmeot  He  fell  iato  melancholy, 
hnbedUtr,  and  at  bM  niiJlnFU,  Kith  ludd  blervali,  and  died 
atHna9aDthei5tb(i]th)ofFebniaiy  17S7.  In  addition  lo  tbe 
woHmalRa^nwntioaed  Boacovich  published  EUmtnla  unktrsae 
matiKtin  <iT54)i  (he  iibttmce  of  tbe  coune  o>  study  prepared 
Ice  Ua  pnpOt;  and  >  nairatEve  of  hit  travels,  entitled  Giinm/e 
it  n  tittiti*  da  Cmulaiiliiitfeli  {a  Ptttnia,  ol  which  leveril 
efitiom  aad  a  Trcodi  tmulation  appeared.  Hii  latest  labour 
«M  Ibe  editiB(  tt  the  Latin  poenu  of  his  friend  Benedict  Stay 
OB  the  phtlaoiihy  of  Descartes,  with  sdentifc  annoUtiOiB  and 
npideawnti.  '  (W.  L.  R.  C.) 

BOCNU  AND  BKRZS&OVnA,  or  Bostru-HEineoviHA, 
tWD  proviacci  (anneity  included  U  Eniopean  Turkey,  whkh 
taw,  togelhec  wllh  Datnutia,  lonn  the  wutlienuiioil  Icnilorle* 
ef  (be  AuiU(»-Hmgulaii  Honircby.  The  name  Btnttpiind  a 
ibo  writtca  Baiutnha,  fitrfMffibia  or,  in  Croatian,  Hcce- 
jm'iia.  Id  ihapo  nagUy  meaibling  an  eqoDatenl  trian^e, 
with  baac  apperinoit,  Boaaia  and  HeizcgovlnB  osvtt  an  area  of 
I9,6g6i<|.m.,  in  tbe  Borth-vestoCtbe  Balkan  Peninsula.  They 
ait  bouadal  N.  and  N.W.  by  CnxIia^SUvoua;  W.  and  S.W.  by 
IMraaliai  S.E.  bj  Montenegro  and  the  Sanjak  of  Novlbaur; 
andN^.bySeivla.  OppadletathepKinianloryofSabbioBCella, 
and  at  the  CDtiaiue  lo  the  Boccho  di  Caltiro,  the  frontier  of 
IhiiigiHina  conui  down  to  the  Adriatic)  but  then  two  itripi 
tt  oiaft  do  not  contain  any  food  hubour.  and  extend  only  (or  a 
totaldiM*neeafi4)Ba.  Bouda  li  altagether  an  inland  territory. 
I.  Pkjiirai  KuMm.— Along  the  Dalmatian  border,  and 
throng  tbe  oentn  of  Bdanli,  rani  the  backbone  of  tbe  Dbuufc 
Alps,  which  attain  their  greateit  allitudei  (6000-7500  ft.)  near 
Tnvnik,Sen]evoudMoitar.  Thetaatenumaombighvalleyi 
(hut  in  amotig  tbe  mountains  of  this  lanfe;  tbe  moMnatmrnthy 
bdng  the  plain  of  Livno,  which  h'ei  "  '  ■  —  ■ 
biBder,at  a  height  of  jooft.  above  Ihei 
thnnughout  Boe^  and  Henegovina  reachei  1 
isoo  fL,  while  lummlti  of  mora  than  4000  ft.  occur  fiequantly. 
To  the  iionh.«ait  of  tbe  Dinarfc  Alfa  citends  a  region  ol 
BDvnuIn,  moor  and  forest,  with  deefdy  innk  aUuvial  baiini, 
which  finally  oipand  into  tbe  lowliodi  i^  the  Pouvini,  or  Vale 
of  the  Save,  fonnisg  the  aauthemmoit  fringe  al  the  Hungarian 
MliU.  Bosnia  belongs  wholly  to  the  watenbed  of  the  Save, 
and  iti  riven  to  the  Dannbian  ^lam,  no  latfe  itream  finding 
■  way  to  the  Adriatic  The  Save  flows  eailward  along  the 
■orlhem  frontier  (or  137  m,  It  is  joinRi  by  four  main  trlbutariei, 
the  Drina.  Bona,  Vrbaa  and  Una.  Tbe  Drina  <s  fonned  on  the 
UooteHgrin  frontier  by  tbe  united  itreami  of  the  Tara  and 
Kva;  curving  Derilneutwaiili  past  Viiegnd,  It  nuichs  for 
iDi  BL  with  Servian  tcnitoiy,  and  falls  Into  the  Save  at  )U<h*, 
alter  a  total  coucie  ol  ijj  to.    The  Boina 


UI  ol  fertile  (Jena,  reaching  the  Save  1 1 


award,  th 


Farther  wot,  the  Vibii  cnta  a  channel  duongli  the  Dhiarfc  Alpi, 

and,  after  passing  Jajce  and  Banjaluka,  meeti  the  Save  114  m. 
fnun  its  own  hodwaten.  The  Una  liaes  on  the  Creatian 
border,  and,  alts  skirting  tbe  Pljeievica  FUt£ak,  In  Croatia, 
turn*  sharply  to  the  northeast;  serving  as  a  frontier  streim 
for  37  m.  before  entering  (he  Save  at  Juenovac  Its  length  is 
98  m.  At  Novt  it  is  joined  by  tbe  Suu,  a  oiniideiBble  affiuent 

Keraegovini,  Kbich  lies  tooth  of  Bosnia,  In  a  panllelognra 
defined  by  Montenegn),  Dalmatla,  the  Dinaric  Alps,  and  an 
Irregular  line  drawn  Irom  apolnl  a  j  m.  west-norlli-wBl  of  Moslar 
to  the  bend  ol  tbe  river  Naienia,  differs  in  many  mpecti  from 
the  larger  ttrritoiy.  Ill  nwuntains,  which  belong  to  the  Adriatic 
witeishedjaodlDmiacontlnuatiDnoI  the  Montenegiin  highlands, 
are  leu  rounded  and  more  dolomltic  in  character.  Tlicy  descend 
in  panllel  ridges  of  grey  Karst  limestone,  south-westwards  to 
the  sea;  their  last  summits  rrappeai  in  the  multitude  of  rocky 
.  islands  along  tbe  Dalmatian  litlDral.  As  In  tbe  peaks  of  Orjen, 
Onbac,  Samolica  and  Veliki  Kap,  tbdr  boght  often  eiceedi 
6000  ft.  West  of  theNirenta,  tbdr  Sanki  are  in  placei  covered 
with  forests  of  beech  and  pioe,  hut  north-^ast  of  that  river  they 
present  for  tbe  most  part  a  scene  of  barren  desobition.  Their 
monotony  is  varied  only  by  the  fruitful  river-^iUtys  and  foljet, 
or  uplanci  hollows,  where  the  imaller  towns  and  villages  are 
gmuped;  the  diitricts  or  cantons  thus  formed  are  vailed  round 
byantlumlismpiirl  of  limestone.  These  ^/ei  may  be  described 
as  oases  In  what  Is  otherwise  a  desert  expanse  ol  mountains. 
The  BOrfsce  of  some,  aa  notably  tbe  Moiliiritti  Blalo,  lying  west 
of  Mostsr,  is  marshy,  and  In  spring  forms  a  lake;  others  are 
watered  by  streams  which  disappear  In  swallow-holes  of  the 
rock,  and  make  their  way  by  underground  channels  either  to 
tbe  sea  or  the  Narenta.  Tbemnit  conspicuoui  example  of  these 
Ii  the  Trebinjfica,  whidi  disappears  In  two  swanov-faolcs  in 
Fopovopdye,  and  after  making  Ita  way  by  a  sublermnean 
passage  thrnugh  a  range  of  mountains,  wells  up  En  tbe  mighty 
source  of  Ombla  near  Ragusa,  and  hurries  in  undimnnsbed 
volume  to  the  Adriatic.  The  Narania,  or  Nerelva,  is  the  one 
large  river  ol  Herzegovina  which  flows  above  ground  throughout 
its  length.  Risingon  the  Montenegrin  border,  under  the  Lebisnik 
mountains.  It  flows  north- westwards  at  the  foot  of  the  Dinaric 
Alps;  and,  near  Konjica,  sweeps  tound  suddenly  to  the  south, 
and  faOsinto  the  Adriatic  near  Melkovif,  after  traveraiog  195  m. 
North  ol  Hostar,  it  cleaves  a  passage  through  tbe  celebrated 
Narenta  defile,  a  narrow  gorge,  11  m.  long,  overshadowed 
by  moimtalna  which  rise  on  either  side  and  culminate  in 
Lupoglav  (6796  It.)  on  the  east,  and  Cvrsloica  (7105  ft.)  on 
the  west. 

1.  Caleif  and  Minaali. — Geologicslly,  the  bi^danda  ol 
Bosnia  and  Henegovina  are  to  be  regarded.  In  both  thrir 
orographic  and  tectonic  character,  aa  a  continuation  of  the 
South  Alpine  calcareous  belt  Along  the  west  fronrier  there 
aiveai bind  and  strongly  marked  eones of  Cretaceous  iimestone, 
altematiog  wHb  Jurassic  and  Tiiawc,  joined  by  a  strip  of 
Palaeoaolc  foraiations  running  from  the  north-west  corner  of 
Boania.  Next,  pncieding  from  this  region  in  an  easterly 
dhcction,  are  tbe  Neogcne  freshwater  foimatfons,  filling  up 
tbe  grateit  put  ol  tbe  north-east  of  Bosnia,  as  also  a  lone  of 
flyst^intermingledwithseveralstripsof  eruptive  rock.  In  the 
souilt«ut  of  Bosnia  the  predotniDant  formations  are  Triassic 
and  Palaeotok  strata  with  led  sandstone  ^nd  quartzite.  Along 
the  whole  wuthen  rim  of  Bosiua,  as  also  in  the  fluvial  and  Karst 
valleys  (^^r),  are  found  diluvial  and  alluvial  formations, 
btenupted  at  one  place  by  an  isolated  granite  layer.  Bosnia  is 
rich  in  injnerali,  including  coal,  iron,  copper,  chrome,  manganese, 
dnnabar,  rinc  and  mercury,  besides  marble  and  much  eicellrnt 
building  stone.  Among  tbe  mountains,  g(M  and  silver  were 
worked  t^  the  Romans,  and,  in  tbe  middle  ages,  by  the 
Ragusans.  After  rBBi  the  Mining  Company  of  Bosnia  began  to 
develop  tbe  coal  and  Inn  Bdds:  and  from  18S6  its  opcrallons 
iiert  conlloucd  by  the  government.  Valuable  salt  is  obtained 
from  the  triti  at  Dolnja  TueIb,  and  (he  southern  pan  ol  Herze- 
govina yields  asphalt  and  lignite.    Mineril  springs  also  abound, 

'    hose  af  llidie,  near  Sciajevs,  have  been  uliliied  dnce  the 


BOSNIA  AND  HERZEGOVINA 


..  atmalc—ln  dinutle  Bosnia  diScn  coniidenbty  Inm 
EMKgma^  In  botb  (like  tbe  aincee,  brinsipg  nun  Inm  tlie 
•ouUt-wot.  ii  1  prevalent  wind,  u  well  u  the  ton,  Ihs  fcuful 
norUHunh-eutec  ol  lUjiii,  which,  ivceping  down  Ihs  talcnl 
nlleyi  oI  ths  Diurk  Alpi,  ovawhelmi  everythisc  hi  iti  path. 
The  inaw-fall  ii  alight,  and,  except  on  a  (ew  of  the  Mtiei  pcaki, 
the  wow  loiin  mdu.  In  Boaoia  the  weather  letentilc*  Uiat  of 
IheKiulhAtutrianhighlanda,  gcneratly  mOd,  though  apt  to  be 
bitterly  cold  in  winter.  In  Serajevo  the  mean  annval  tempen' 
lure i< 50* Fahi.  HeiztgoviiuIuimareaffinilyUitheDthiiatiaD 
mauDialni.  opptcuively  hot  In  iimunet,  when  Ihe  tnercuiy  olien 
liwt  beyond  1 10°  Fahi.  The  winter  nini  of  the  Kant  icgioi^ 
tbow  thai  it  belongs  to  the  iub-in>pical  dimatic  aone. 

4,  faiim.— In  iBijJ  the  bonea  ol  a  cave-bear  {Ursus  iptlatui) 
vett  lalcen  from  a  cavern  of  the  BjcUinica  lange,  in  Hene- 
govina,  a  diacovety  without  paralld  in  Ihe  Balkan  Peniniula. 
Of  eiitting  apectet  the  bear,  wild-boar,  badgn,  toe-deer  uid 
dumoii  may  occasionally  be  seen  in  the  lemoltu  wildi  ol 
mountain  and  forot.  Ham  are  uncommon,  and  the  latt  led- 
deer  waa  ahot  in  iSm  but  ¥ralves,  olten  and  aqutliels  abound. 
Snipe,  woodcock,  ducLa  and  nils,  in  vast  fiodu,  haunt  the  bank) 
of  the  Drica  and  Save;  while  tbe  crane,  pelican,  wild^waa  and 
wild-goose  ars  (liily  plentiful.  The  lammergeiei  ICyfivil"! 
ierbalia)  had  almost  become  eiiiDcI  u  1900;  but  sevetal 
varieties  of  ea^  and  falcon  are  lelt-  Falconry  was  long  a 
pastime  of  the  &Ioslem  luidlords.  The  destruction  ol  game, 
rccklcasly  carried  out  under  Turkish  rule,  ia  iKcventid  by  Ihe 
UwB  of  18B0, 1863  and  i39i,  i.1iicli  enforced  a  close  time,  and 
rendered  ihootlng-liceocei  oeouaiy.  The  liii  of  reptiles  in- 
dudn  the  venomous  Vifn  ammalylts  and  FiUai  btruj,  while 
tcocpioni  and  iiiard*  infest,  (he  stony  wutea  oi  the  Karst.  In 
the  museum  at  Serajevo  ihete  Is  a  large  entomological  coUee- 
tjon,  induding  the  temarkabie  PogoHMi  anophthalmia,  from  the 
BDdergiound  Kant  cavea.  The  caves  ace  rich  m  curious  kinds 
of  fish,  PaafhoiUiMi  GclhaUii,  which  Is  unknown  elsewhere, 
CibnirMtoiH  phaiimia,  Pitzindlia  akpiJaliu  and  otben, 
which  an  caught  and  eaten  by  the  peasantry.  In  Herxgovins, 
although  many  of  the  high  mountain  tarns  ore  tmptoductive, 
tbeeel-fisheriesoftheNatentaaieofconiidenhle  valuer  Lecch- 
gaihering  is  a  characteristic  Bosnian  industry.  The  streama  ol 
both  tetTitories  yidd  eicelient  trout  and  oayfishi  salmon, 
aturgeon  and  sterlet,  from  the  Danube,  are  netted  In  the  Save. 

5.  Flora. — Serajevo  museum  has  a  collection  of  the  Bosnian 
Bora,  repieienting  over  3000  spedes;  among  them,  the  rare 
nMi^,  Vtmiica  critiila,  Fitiia  Uiuadirmii,  Fufacmariiasnd 
Daphnt  Blaiayana.  About  so%  of  the  occupied 
territotyiidothedwiih  forest.  "  Bosnia  begins  with  the f ores  1," 
says  a  native  proverb,  "  Herze^vioa  with  tbe  rock  "t  and  this 
account  is,  broadly  speakiDg.accum  te ,  al  though  the  Bosnian  Karst 
IS  as  bare  as  that  ol  Hcrzc^vina.  Below  the  mountain  crests, 
where  only  the  hardiest  lichens  and  mosses  can  survive,  ccmcs 
a  belt  of  laige  timber,  including  many  ^nt  trees,  loo  ft,  high, 
and  10  ft-  in  ^th  at  the  levd  ol  a  man's  shoulder-  Dense 
bnishwood  pieviils  on  the  fooihills.  There  are  three  main 
lones  of  woodland.  Up  to  jjoo  ft.  uneng  Ihe  ranges  of  norihern 
Bosnia,  the  sunnier  sh^its  are  oveigrown  by  oaks,  (be  ihtdieiby 
beeches.  Farther  south,  m  central  Bosnia,  Ihe  oak  nrdy 
mounts  beyond  Ihe  loothlUs,  being  superseded  by  the  becd 
ash,  fir  and  pine,  up  to  5000  ft.  The  third  zone  is  cjuiraclerifed 
by  the  predominance,  up  to  600a  it,,  of  the  fir,  pine  and  olbei 
conilers.  In  all  three  tones  occur  the  chestnut,  aspen,  willow 
(especially  Salix  /oured),  hornbeam,  birch,  alder,  juniper  and 
yew,  while  the  mountain  ash,  hazel,  wild  plum,  wild  pes 
other  wild  fruit  (reea  are  found  at  rarer  intervals.  Unti 
the  forests  were  almost  nqlecied;  afterwards,  the  govemmeot 
was  fotced  [o  levy  a  graduated  lax  on  goats,  owing  to  i)ie  dstnage 
they  inflicted  upon  young  1t«s,  and  to  curtail  the  popular 
of  rolling  limber  and  fic-n-ood  aiid  ol  pasturage.  These  me 
re  largely  successful,  bul  in  1901  (he  upon  of  oak  stav. 
a  iheitage  of  supply. 


F1o«h-la 


.  5.670^19 


Unproductive '. 

Apart  from  (he  arid  wutctofllw  Kant,  the  loil  is  well  adapted 
for  the  gtDwing  ol  (cie*ls,  ev>ecially  Indian  com;  ollvca,  linea, 
mulbeiriss,  figs,  pomegnnates,  mdona,  oranges,  lemons,  rice 
and  tobacco  Bourish  in  Henegovina  and  the  mote  sheitettd 

^ UearDoboJ,  DnlheBama,  IheteisaBlBte 

lUgar-refineiy,  for  which  beetroot  is  Urgetr  grown  in  the  vicinity. 
ported  for  the  manufacture  of 
cultivated  for  the  oil  contaiaed 
Dw  Foaavina  lumiah 
qilifl  called  Uitofic*,  iklimilta  or  itinpnfc. 
Thlt  dlitikt  Ii  tbe  headquaitera  of  a  thriving  trtfde  in  pi^ 
Poultry,  beea  and  sflkwotmi  an  comnonly  kept-  On  (he  whole 
Bgricultnte  is  backward,  deqate  the  ticbaeat  of  the  soil;  Cor  the 
cultivators  are  ■  vay  oonservative  nee,  and  prefer  tbe  method* 
and  bnplemenis  1^  their  anceslon.  Uany  in^nveme&ti 
Bverthdess,  btioducid  by  the  euvemment  aflet  187S. 
cry  was  lent  to  the  farraem,  and  free  gmnti  ol  ieed  wen 
.  .  Uodd  fairm  were  established  at  Livno  and  a(  Gafko,  on 
the  Hontcnegrin  border;  a  school  of  viticultun  near  UoMar; 
modd  poultry-farm  at  Prijedor,  close  to  tfie  Croatian  boandaiy; 
school  ol  agriculture  and  dairy  farming  at  lUdfe^  and  anotber 
diDol  at  Modrif ,  neat  the  mouth  of  the  Boma,  where  a  oattain 
umber  of  village  scboolmasten  are  annually  trained,  for  aig 
leeki,  ID  pnctical  husbandry.  Seed  ii  distribuled,  and  agiicnl- 
tural  machinery  knt,  by  (he  gDVenunenl.  1^)  better  tbe  bneda 
ol  live-stock,  a  stud-larm  was  opened  near  Serajevo,  and  fonl(> 
borses,  cattle,  iheep  and  poultry  are  imported. 

J.  Land  Titiure, — The  subiigii,  or  bouiduld  commumiy, 
more  common  m  Sovia  (;.■.).  survivei  tea  small  eitent  in  Bosnia 
and  Ueoegovina;  but,  as  a  rule,  the  (enure  ol  land  resembles 
the  syuem  called  inAoyitf  (.  At  the  time  of  tbe  Austrian  occupa- 
tion (iS;8]  it  was  regulated  by  a  Turkish  cnacunenl  <  ol  the  i  ith 
of  September  iSjo-  Apart  from  gardens  and  boute-pK4>etty, 
all  land  was,  according  to  this  enactment,  owned  by  the  slate; 
In  practice,  it  was  held  by  (he  Uoslcm  itf  or  ieyr  (nobles)  and 
aiai  (landlords),  who  let  it  to  the  peasantry.  Tlie  hndlord 
received  from  his  tenant  liwut)  a  bed  percentage,  (tnnlly  ODi 
ihird  (IrefiRa),  ol  the  annual  prodiKc;  and,  of  tlie  remabilng  two 
third),  the  cash  equivalent  of  one  Iratb  t/taelitw)  vent  to  the 
nate.  The  amount  of  Ifie  /eiMiMa  waa  alwayi  filed  fiist,  and 
served  asa  basis  for  (be  aucasment  of  tbe  ktHaa,  which, bomvei, 
was  generally  paid  in  kind.  At  any  time  (he  (cnan(  could  r^ 
linquiiii  bis  holding:  but  be  could  only  be  evicted  for  Rliuinf 
la  pay  his  Iriiina,  for  wQlul  neglect  of  his  land  or  Idr  damage 
done  10  it.  Tbe  landlord  was  bound  (0  keep  his  tenants'  dwellings 
and  outhouses  in  repair.  Should  he  desire  to  sell  his  estates,  the 
right  of  iin-enipttoa  belonged  to  (he  (enants,  or.  in  ddaull,  to 
the  oeighbours.  Thus  foreign  speculslois  in  land  were  eiduded, 
while  a  class  of  peasant  proprietors  was  created;  its  numbcrl 
being  increased  bj  the  cuMom  that,  if  any  nun  reclaimed  a  piece 
ol  waste  land,  it  became  bis  own  property  after  ten  yean.  Tkc 
Turkish  land^yslem  ronained  in  force  dnrlig  the  cnlin  period 
of  Ihe  occupation  (iBTS-igoS).  It  bad  wotted,  on  tbe  whole, 
satisfactorily;  and  between  iSS5Uidl8p5tbcBtunbcrofpeMa&U 
farming  their  own  land  rose  from  iii,Ma  to  aootooo.  One 
conspicuous  feature  of  Ihe  Boaniaa  lantt^rsten  Is  ibe  Uoikna 
Vahkf,  or  ecclesiastical  property,  conaisting  of  estates  dedicated 
to  such  charitable  puipcoes  as  pooc-reUef,  and  tbe  endowmcsU 
of  mosques,  schoola,  iKapilals,  cemeteries  and  baths.    It  ii 


BOSNU  AND  HERZEGOVINA 


281 


Snijcvo,  wkIct  iUU  MptnWoB.  Id  htutne  nm  10  jt J.eoo  [n 
It^S,  hivjac  qiudniplcd  itieif  la  led  ywn.  Ttw  Kah/  Un)inl> 
«eK  ■(  Uut  lime  eilnmely  prasperaui,  for  their  icM  had  been 
Cinl  tor  Hn  yean  in  idvince  on  ihe  bub  oi  the  year's  hsrveit, 
■Dd»  bad  Doi  rivn  praportkiiiitely  <o  Ibe  value  of  their  bolduigi. 
8.  Indusuia  a»i  CMnnmr. — Be^e  Mi'CuJtuie,  vhidi  em- 
ployed ■>««  U%  of  the  whoh  popuUtioa  in  1S9J,  iheothn- 
JDdaitiio  in  Initgnifioni.  Chiel  atnonf  them  an  •taTiDg  ind 
laihaand  metal  irorii,  carried  m  bjr  the  mHitmenin  their  o¥m 
bousea.  There  art  aba  lovemmcnl  woriubopi,  opcDcd  nith  1 
vieir  to  a  hifhec  technical  and  actlitic  devtlapmenl  of  the  hoiiu 
induatty.  More  particularly,  chutd  and  inlaldmtUiUc  want, 
ba  (thin  cottDA)  and  carpet  ■  weaving  receive  s^^vammenl 
suppoil.  Boida  the  lugar-refincry  aticady  menlioned,  there 
vere  id  tgoa  (our  tobtccu  Taclariei,  a  nailonal  prinilng-pren,  an 
annubr  (umale  (ot  bikk-huming,  an  Inn-Ioundry  and  levtnl 
blait-funuees,  under  the  management  tS  the  atate.  Among  the 
larger  private  eitabUihnienli  there  diiiied  in  Ihe  ume  y«i  «ven 
brsvcriet,  one  brandy  diilillery,  two  (am,  two  uap  and  candle 
vohuildingandfimiEturewoTkA,  a  factory  for  Bpinning 


iiead.  one  iron  and  sted  w 
id  soda  factory,  and  one  mi 
'n  respect  of  fore' 


iMiii 


in  the  cii 


ncllon  ol  al 


intermediate  impost!.     Sin( 


■u  nerals,  soda ,  Imn  a 

are  chemicals,  dyeing  and  tanni 

and  bilchen-salr.    The  in 


respecting  iheir  trade 
10  wtlh  Austria  and  Hungary.     According  to  these  (fatistic) 
E  moat  Important  articles  of  export  are  coal  and  turf,  fruit, 
.    Olherartidesoleipoct 
ling  slnifs,  tolacco,  sugar-beet 
rincipally  of  food  stulfi, 
DuiKUng  matenau,  annus,  sngar,  macninery,  glass,  lats,  clothes, 
moden  and  Mone  vires,  and  various  manufactured  goods. 

There  is  a  national  bank  in  Senjevo,  which  carries  on  a 
hypothecary  credit  buinen  and  manages  the  wholesale  trade  of 
the  tobacrn  factorlta.  There  are  savings  banlu  In  Banjalolia, 
BjeEna  lad  BtCka. 

I).  C*m*umkaliit. — The  coaslmction  ot  carriage-roads, 
vholly  neglecced  by  the  Turki.  was  carried  out  on  a  large  scale 
by  the  Ausliians.  Two  railways  weie  also  built,  la  canneiion 
with  the  Hungarian  lUie  system.  One  crosses  the  Una  at 
Kostajm'ca,  and,  after  slcirtlng  the  ifght  bank  ol  that  river  as  far 
as  NotI,  strikes  eastward  id  Banlaluka.  The  other,  a  nariow- 
puge  line,  crosses  the  Save  at  Bosna  Bcod,  and  (olhiwi  ihe  Bosna 
10  Senjevo,  throwing  out  branches  eastwaid  beyond  Dolnja 
Tiula,  and  westward  to  Jajce  and  BugDjno,  It  then  pierces 
thioagh  the  mountains  of  northern  Henegovina,  traverses  the 
NaienU  valley,  and  tuns  almost  parallel  with  Ihe  roast  to 
Trebinte,  Rogusa  and  the  Bocrhe  •£  Caturo.  Up  to  this  point 
Ihr  railways  of  the  occupied  lerrilary  were  complele  in  1901. 
A  farther  line,  ftom  Serajevo  [0  the  frontiers  of  Servia  and 
Novibaaar,  was  undertaken  in  i«ot,  and  by  igot  iti  m,  of 
nilway  were  open.  Small  steamers  ply  on  the  Dtins,  Save  and 
Vu,  bat  the  Bosna,  tluiugh  hroid  (rom  Its  very  source,  is,  like 
tlieVrbas,  too  foil  of  shellaws  to  be  utUiied:  while  the  Narenla 
only  begins  to  be  navigable  when  It  enters  Dalmalia.  Ail  Ihe 
imiloay  lines,  like  the  postal,  telegrupliic  and  telephonic  services, 
an  ilate  property.  In  many  e[  the  principal  lowia  there  ate 
also  govcmment  hotels. 

Serajevo,  with  41, ;4]  Inhabitants  in'iBgs,  is  the  capital  6f 
the  combined  provinces,  and  other  important  places  are  Mosut 
(17.010),  the  capital  of  Heraegovlna,  Banjaiuka  (m.SiO,  Dolnja 
Tuilad  1,034), Ttavnik<«6i6). Li  vno(ji7j),Visoko(jooo), Fob 
U"7)>Jajce{joi9)andTrebinje(iQM).  AU  these  are  described 
Id  (eparale  articles. 

to.  PafiJallaii  and  /fatloml  Oiaraclirisiiii.^ln  rSQ5  the 
popolMioo,  i^ch  tends  to  increase  slowly,  with  a  preponderance 
o(  male*  over  females,  numbered  i,;6g,ogi.  The  alien  element 
b  miall,  consfiiing  chiefly  of  Ausi  ro-Hungiriins,  gipsies, 
Italians  and  Jews.  Spanish  is  a  comonxm  language  ol  Ihe  Jews, 
wbnac  anccston  Aed  hither,  during  the  ifith  century,  to  escape 
the  Inquiiilioa.    The  natiTesaieoffidally  described  as  Bosoiaka, 


but  danitf  tbemielvcs  accon&Bg  to  nl^itan.  Thu  ibt  Kmnan 
Catholics  peeler  the  name  of  Cnats,  Hrvila  or  Latins;  the 
Ortbodoi,  of  Serbs;  the  Moslems,  of  Turks.  AU  alike  belong 
to  the  Serbo-Croaiian  btanch  of  the  Slavonic  race;  and  all 
speak  a  Unguage  almosi  identical  with  Servian,  tliough  wriiten 
by  the  Roman  Caiholiii  in  Latin  instead  of  Cyrillic  letiera. 

Siavu  and  Cbcmtu-Suvohu.  To  avoid  offending  either 
"  Serbs  "  or  "  Croau,"  ii  is  officially  designBted  "  Bosniich." 
In  some  porta  of  Henegovina  the  droa,  manneii  and  idiyiital 
type  of  the  pcaaitniry  arc  akin  to  ihoae  of  Uoalemgro.  The 
Bosnians  or  Bosnlaki  lesemblc  their  Servian  kinslalk  in  both 
appearance  and  chancier.  They  hare  Ihe  same  love  lor  poeity, 
music  and  romance;  the  same  intense  pride  In  theit  race  and 
history;  many  ol  the  tame  supcntiiions  and  cuatoma.  Tbe 
Christians  retain  tbe  Servian  costume,  modihtd  in  detail,  as 
■  the  lurtu  or  lea.    The  "  Turkish  " 


e  in 


the  V 


the  eye*  when  they  leave       . ..     

gamy  is  abnosl  unknown,  poBibly  because  many  of  the  ~  Turks  " 
are  descended  from  the  autteit  Bocomils,  who  were.  In  most 
cases,  CDnverced  to  Illam,  but  more  probably  because  the 
"  Turks  "  are  a»  »  rule  loo  poor  to  provide  for  more  than  one 
wife  on  the  scale  required  by  Islamic  law.  In  general,  the  people 
of  Bosnia  and  Herugovina  arc  sober  and  ihrlfty,  sulnbting 
chieBy  on  Indian  com,  dried  meat,  milk  and  vegeiables.    Their 

Xarst  region,  where  slone  is  more  plentiful  than  wood.  Family 
ties  are  strong,  and  the  wanen  art  not  ill-treated,  although 
they  shaic  In  all  kinds  ol  manual  labour. 

II.  CcHrmntnt. — At  the  lime  o[  the  Austifan  aiuieiaiion  in 
1903,  the  only  remaining  token  of  Ottoman  sutctalnly  was  thai 
Ihe  foreign  comubieceivedlheireu^iMtiif  from  Turkey,  instead 
of  Austria;  otfaerwiae  the  government  of  the  country  was 
conducted  in  Ihe  name  of  the  Austrian  emperor,  through  the 
imperial  minister  of  linance  at  Vienna,  who  controlled  Ihe  civil 
service  for  the  occupied  lenilory.  It*  oenltal  bureau,  with 
departments  of  Ihe  interior,  religlan  and  education,  finance 
and  justice,  was  established  al  Serajcvof  and  its  membeti  were 
largely  mtuiied  onMng  the  Austrian  Slavs,  who  wctt  better 
able  tfian  the  Cnnuns  to  comprehend  the  local  customs  and 
language.  A  consultative  assembly,  composed  of  the  highest 
ecdesiulicat  authorities,  together  with  1 9  popular  repreteniatives, 
also  met  ai,Serajevo.  For  ulministTaiLve  purposes  the  country 
was  divided  into  6  districts  or  pieiccturcs  liiciit),  which  wen 
subdivided  imo  44  subptefectures  (tnirh). 

Every  large  town  has  a  mayor  and  deputy  mayor,  appointed 
by  the  government,  and  a  town  council,  ol  whom  one  thltd  an 
similarly  appointed,  while  Ihe  titiiens  chooje  the  test;  a  pro- 
ponlonate  number  of  councillors  represenling  each  lellgtoua 
community.    To  ensure  economy,  the  decisions  of  this  body  an 

preserved,  somewhat  as  In  Servia  (^.».),  but  with  modified 
po'weis.  Each  district  has  its  court  of  law,  where  cases  are 
tried  by  Ihree  official  judges  and  two  assesson,  selected  from 
the  leading  cIliKos.  Tiie  assessors  vote  equally  with  the  judgea, 
and  Ihree  voles  decide  the  verdict.  Except  when  the  litigants 
and  witnesses  are  German,  Ihe  Serbo-Croatian  language  is  used. 
An  appeal,  on  pointsof  law  alone,  may  lie  carried  lo  the  supreme 
court  In  Senjevo,  and  there  tried  by  Ave  Judges  withont  assessois- 
In  cases  not  involving  a  sum  greater  than  ]oo  florins  (£is),  no 
appeal  will  Jie;  and  where  only  50  florins  (£4:3:4)  >«  in 
tltaestion,  the"  case  ii  summarily  decided  at  the  Sit(a;*i  CcricU, 
or  court  [or  IHflIng  cases.  The  number  of  lawyers  admitted  lo 
practice  ts  strictly  limited.  As  br  as  possible,  the  Turkish  law 
was  retained  during  the  period  of  occupation;  all  cases  between 
Moslems  were  aeltled  in  scpantt  oouru  by  Moslem  judges, 
against  whom  then  was  an  appeal  to  Ihe  supreme  court,  aided 
by  assessara.  AD  able-bodied  males  are  liable,  on  reaching  tbcir 
list  year,  (ors  years' service  with  the  colours,  and  Q  j-ein  In  Ihe 
reserve.  The  garrison  numben  about  so,ooo  Austrian  tnopa, 
and   Ihett  ate  7100  native  troop*.    The   principal  mlUtuy 


282 


BOSNIA  AND  HERZEGOVINA 


lUiiolu  uc  Bfdiiu,  Zvtwnik.  VUemt,  Coiifdi.  Fola.  Bitek, 
Avtonc  uid  Tnbinje,  ikiDg  Ibe  eulem  Inniicr:  MoBUr  4Dd 
SioUc  is  theMuthiLimoin  Uk  w«l:ind  Bibof  is  t)w  Bortk 
II.  Rditiim.—lB  1895  4J%  of  the  populstioQ  wire  OcUwdoi 
ChratiuB,  ]5%  Mosltnu  and  ji%  Boitur  Cutbolici. 
patrkrch  ol  ConiUolinopIe  ii  the  Domintl  head  of  Ihc  OrUtodni 
pricslhoad;  but  bjr  id  unngemcnl  caociuded  in  |8;9,  bit 
luttiority  vu  detiiaird  to  the  Aiuiiiu  eopetot,  id  culwiip 
for  a  revenue  equil  la  the  Itibuu  previouily  paid  by  the  deisy 
ol  the  provintci:  and  hs  niHninalioiu  Cor  ttie  inetropolil 
of  ScTijcvo,  and  the  biihopria  ol  Dolnja  TuiJa,  BsDJaluk 
M«Ur  require  the  in^*ii»l  aisent.  Undei  Tuikiih  lule  the 
coRimuDei  dune  Ihtu  own  pariih  priests,  but  Oui  H(hi  i>  soi 
voted  in  the  Eavtrnmeni.  The  Koman  Cilholia  have  u 
ardhbiihop  in  Serajevo,  a  biibop  in  Moatsr  and  to  apoiloli 
■dmiaittralar  in  Binjaluka.  Scrajevo  ii  alia  Ibt  seal  of  the 
Jewah  chief  labbi;  and  of  ilie  hl^iest  Moiitm  ecclniiii  . 
Kij-W-k/dira,  vho  with  hii  council  b  Kuninalcd  and  paid  by  the 
lovcmnient.  "Dx  infetior  Maalcm  clergy  draw  Iheir  itiptpdl 
Irom  the  Vahif.  Coniidenble  bittemni  pitvaili  between  the 
rival  confections,  eacb  aiming  al  political  aicendancy.  but  the 

de  the  bulk  a[  the  (real  landholders  and  of  the 


Moalcma.  who  indui 

urban  population,  i 

on  festivals;  grants  are  made  lor  the  Mecca 

evtn  Ibc  bowling  Dervishes  in  Senjevoatt  m 


ilained  by  the 


ij.  Eilncafi'sn.— Education  (or  boyi  and  iitIs  bclwecn  the 
agn  of  sewn  and  fifteen  is  free,  but  DM  compulsory.  The 
atate  supports  primary  schoob  (jji  In  1005),  wbere  Kading, 
writing,  arithmeiic  and  history  art  Uught;  and  lepaiate 
inilruclirm  is  gtveu  by  the  Onhodoi,  Roman  Catholic.  Jewish 
and  Moslem  cleigy,  IIkm  art  aba  vatious  private  schools, 
belonging  to  the  diflereni  rtiigkiui  communities.  These  receive 
■  grul  from  the  government,  which  neverlbein*  tncouiagei 
tii  parent!  It)  send  their  children  to  its  own  schooli.  One  ol  Ihc 
eatlicit  and  best-known  private  schools  is  the  oiphanage  at 
Sciajevo,  founded  In  iSAg  by  two  English  ladies,  Mitt  Irby  and 
Miss  Uackeniic.  In  the  Motlem  schools,  which,  in  190s,  cora- 
ptited  8]]  mcUiti  or  primary  ichoolt,  and  41  maiiaiai  or  high 
•choola,  iulniction  is  utually  given  ia  Turkish  or  Arabics  wkilt 
in  Oitlwdoi  Kfaooh  tlw  books  arc  printed  is  Cyrillic  character*. 

For  higher  eduatioD  there  were  in  1908  Ihrte  gymnasin,  a  real- 
tdiool  al  Banjihikt,  ■  technical  coUeac  and  a  teadwri'  Inining- 
collefe  at  Sers]evo,  where,  also,  is  Ibe  stale  school  for  Moslem 
law-sludent),  called  Kktrialulmli  from  (be  licri  ot  Turkish 
code;  and  varioui  theological,  conuneicial  and  art  insiituto. 
Promising  pupila  ace  frequently  aenl  lo  Vienna  University, 
with  tcholarthipt,  which  may  be  forfeited  it  the  boldera  engage 
hi  political  agjlalion. 

14.  jfnlifiiifiei.— Up  to  190a  no  Incea  of  polaeoUthic  man 
had  been  discovered  in  Bosnia  or  Kenegovina;  but  many 
later  prehCsloric  remairu  are  preserved  in  Serm>cvo  raivcum. 
The  neolithic  station  of  Buimii.  neat  tlidb,  wai  piobably  a 
Itke-dwcllen'  adony,  and  bat  yielded  ouinerau)  done  and 
bom  implements,  clay  fijpires  and  pottery.  Not  far  ofi,  similar 
relici  were  found  at  Sobunar,  Zlalifte  and  Debelohido;  iron 
and  btonie  oraamenta,  vessels  and  HeapNB.  often  ol  elaborate 
design,  occur  io  iJie  huts  and  cetnelcria  ol  Clasinac,  and  in  die 
cemetery  of  Jeierioe,  where  tbey  are  ataociated  with  objects  in 
ailver,  tbi,  amber,  giasa,  &c,  Amoog  the  numerous  finds  made 
in  other districtt  may  be  mentioned  lhediKOvery,at  Vrankamer, 
near  BihaC,  of  «£  Alrioin  coins,  the  oldest  of  which  dates  from 
30D  I.e.  Many  vetiigcs  of  Roman  rule  survive,  such  at  roads, 
mines,  ruins,  tomba,  coins,  frescoes  and  itucripUona.  Such 
remains  occur  frrqucnily  near  Bihaf,  Foft,  Livno,  Jtjcc  and 
Scra>evo;  and  eipecUlly  near  the  louicet  ol  Ibc  Orina.  The 
period  between  the  downlall  «f  Raman  power,  lale  in  the  5th 
ceatury,  and  the  growth  of  a  Botnian  title,  in  the  iiih,  it 
poorer  in  tntiquiliea.  The  Itter  middle  aget  are  represented  by 
aevRat  monatteriet,  and  many  castles,  such  as  Iboic  ol  Dervent, 
JDoboj,  UtflAJ,  2ep!e  and  Vranduk,  on  the  fiana;  Bihat,  on 


the  Unii  PiijedM  tad  tljnl,  on  the  Saat;  and  SmIic,  Cibtl^ 
Ittbinje  and  Konjica,  in  Henegovina.  11k  bridge  acrasa  th* 
Natenla,  at  Koaiica,  It  taid  to  dale  from  the  lolh  ccaluty.  A 
group  of  tlgnt  carved  on  tome  nek*  Dear  Viiegrtd  have  beta 
itgaided  a>  cnoeifann  writing,  but  are  prabably  Dodieval 
matonlc  tymbol*.  la  a  lew  caici.  tuch  i*  tlie  Begova  tUania 
at  Serajevo,  Ihc  Fata  notque*  and  the  Mouar  bridie,  the 
bviUingt  laited  by  the  Turk*  are  of  hi^  irchiledural  nwril. 
Uorc  remaiktble  u*  the  tombtUMca,  genarally  mj«f«rfi^  A  ft, 
in  length,  ]  in  height  and  j  In  breadth,  whkh  have  been  *uppaied 
to  mark  the  giaveaof  the  Bi](oniiIs.  Uietc  are,  a*  a  rule,  cpiiu 
unadorned,  a  lew  ooly  being  decorated  with  rode  bt*-ttlieb  ot 
animals,  ptanta,  weapons,  the  crttccni  and  star,  or,  very  rarely, 
Ihccraa. 

ij.  HitUry. — Under  Soman  rule  Botnia  had  no  teptnta 
name  ot  history,  and  unt3  the  great  Slavonic  immigration  ol 
6j6  it  rertiained  an  undiScrentialcd  part  of  Illyiia 
((.a.).  Owijig  10  the  icarcily  oi 
mentt,  it  it  impotaible  to  describe 
of  theneit  three  centuries.  During  this  period  Bosnia 
became  the  generally  accepted  name  lor  the  valley  of 
(ancient  Bascxiyj)-,  and  suhsequently  for  several  oultytog  and 
tributary  principalities,  notably  these  of  Soli,  afterwards  Tuilai 
Ucon,  along  the  soulh-eastcm  bank  ol  the  Save;  Donjl  Knj, 
the  later  Krajina,  Krabu  or  Turkish  Croalia.  in  the  norih-westi 
and  Rama,  the  modem  district  of  Livno.  The  old  lliyriaB 
poputaiion  was  rapidly  absorbed  or  eipdied,  its  Latin  iutiuiiiona 
being  R[daced  by  the  auionomous  tribal  divisions,  or  ^n^iiatn, 
ol  the  Slav*.  Preuute  from  Hungary  and  Byianlium  gndually 
welded  these  isolated  tociul  unila  into  1  single  nation,  wboit 
ruler  was  known  as  Ihe  Ban  (f.t.)-  But  the  ceninl  power 
remained  weak,  and  the  country  posactsed  no  strong  nattital 
Irontiert.  Ii  seems  probable  that  Ibe  bans  were  originally 
viceroys  of  the  Croatian  kings,  who  tttumed  their  *aveteignly 
over  Bosnia  from  qjS  to  1010.  Tliencefotwanl,  until  iito,  tbt 
bans  conlinued  subject  to  th;  Eattem  empire  or  Hungary,  with 
brief  intervals  of  independence.  The  lerriioty  now  ctUed 
Uertegovina  was  also  subject  to  varlout  loteign  power*.  It 
compiised  the  principalities  of  Tribunia  01  Travunja,  wiih  it* 
capital  at  Trebioje;  and  Hlum  or  Hum,  the  Zachlumia  ol 
Constantine  Forphyiogenitus,  who  give*  a  clear  picture  of  this 
rtgior  ---■-■ 


in  theiJihceniuiyinewreligion,thatol  iheBr  ,.  _  _  . 

(».!.),  wat  introduced,  aad  denounced  at  herelical,  ^^\  " 
lis  converts  nevertheless  included  many  oi  the  Bosnian  uiifci. 
nobles  and  the  ban  Kutia  {tiia-ito^),  whoee  reign 
■as  long  proverbial  for  its  prosperity,  owing  to  the  flourithing 
sute  of  com  mem  and  agriculture,  and  Ihe  eiiensivt  mining 
iqierationi  carried  on  by  the  Ragusani.  An  unusually  able 
Vulcr,  connected  by  marriage  with  the  powerful  Servian  dynasty 
of  Nemanyi,  and  by  laesty  with  ihe  republic  of  Raguia.'  Kulia 
perceived  in  the  new  doctrines  a  barrier  between  hit  subject* 
and  Hungary.  He  waa  compelled  to  recant,  under  ttrcuv 
prestuie  from  Pope  Innocent  lU.  and  Bfia  III,  ol  Hungary) 
but,  despite  all  eflMis,  Bogomilism  incestantly  gained  ground. 
In  I9J1  Stephen,  the  succeuor  of  Kulin,  was  dethroned  by  the 
native  nugnatn,  who  chose  instead  Matthew  Ninoalav.  a 
Bogomn.  Th'a  event  itlostrates  the  three  dominant  characier- 
ittict  ol  Bosnian  histary:  the  atrength  of  the  arittocrtcy;  the 
coimponding  weakness  of  the  central  talhorlty,  enhanced  by 
the  lack  of  any  definite  rule  of  inbcritance:  and  the  aupreoie 
infiuence  of  rcligian.  Threatened  by  Pope  Gregory  IX.  with  a 
crusade,  Ninoslav  was  baptized,  only  to  abjure  Christianity  in 
iij].  For  ail  year*  he  withstood  the  Hungarian  cnuadera,  led 
by  Kaloman,  duke  of  Croaiia;  in  lafi  the  Tatar  invl^on  oi 


ind   aclMt.  applied 


Imttru. 


■  cfdUjMta 


•For  thecommerciilandiioliikal  rebilonsef  Raauu  andBaank 
■e  L.  ViUari,  Tin  tUfMU  ./  Aifna  (London,  Ijoi).  ^^' 


BOSNIA  AND  HERZEGOVINA 


thaenr  iffbrded  him  >  brief  respite;  «T)d  )n  1144  p«cc  wai 
oondaited  aficr  1  BosniiDcmipaiinBBiiimlCroitii.  Artnewil 
of  the  ciiaadepnivlngtquillxviln,  in  i>47  I'opc  Innoceui  III. 
CDtCTcd  into  fiieiid!/  nigotialloiu  with  the  ban,  *ho«e  oountry 
was  (01  the  momeDl  in  independent  ind  (omiidible  itite.  The 
impoflanct  iiiacbed  to  [ti  convenlon  ii  wril  attetted  by  the 
emtapot\dtrm  of  I'ope  Crecoiy  IX.  with  Ninoilav  and  vatious 
Boanian  ecdcsjaiticj.' 

On  the  death  el  Ninojliv  to  iijo,  yijoroui  clotti  were  made 
to  extenniDate  the  Bogamil  bemy;  and  10  this  end,  B<1b  IV., 
PK^tmi  ohoippeited  it  the  champion  of  Roman  CatholidfRi, 
*  niriH  Kcutid  the  election  of  hii  nominee  Prijesda  to  the 
^f^  banate.  Direct  Hunganan  luaeraJnty  laMci  until 
*^'  i'99,  the  bans  pnaervrng  only  a  ihadow  of  their 

Isrmer  power.  From  1195  10  1322  the  counliy  waj  ruled  by 
the  Cioatiic  princes,  Fiul  and  Mladen  Sublf,  wb«,  though 
nsah  of  Hungary,  reunited  the  province!  o(  Upper  and  Lower 
Boinia,  created  by  the  Hungarians  in  order  to  prevent  the 
{foi'th  oi  a  dancerou)  naiional  unity.  A  riling  ol  the  native 
».p.iM  in  1311  mulled  in  the  ekction  of  the  Bogomi], 
Stephen  Kotramanlt,  tail  and  grcatat  ot  Ihe  Bomian  bans. 

At  tills  period  the  Servian  empite  had  reached  its  lenilh; 
BDagary,  governed  by  the  feeble  raonarih,  Charlei  Robert  of 
__  Anjou,  was  alriving  to  oiuh  the  insurgent  magnates 

mamlc  fmperilled,  desired  to  restore  pace  and  nuinlam  the 
balance  of  power.  Dread  of  Servia  Impelled  Kolro- 
maiiit  to  aid  Hungary.  In  an  uneucceaifu]  war  agalnat  the 
Croats  (iji>-]fi).  from  which  Venice  derived  the  sole  advantage, 
the  ban  appears  to  have  learned  the  value  of  sea-power-,  immedi- 
aidy  afterwards  he  ocnpied  Ihe  pHncipality  of  Hlum  and  the 
Oalmatiaa  littoral  between  Spglt<«  and  Ihe  river  Narenu. 
■tagaaa  fumished  him  with  money  and  a  fleet,  In  return  lor 
a  ptaranlcc  oI  proleciion;  commercial  treaties  with  Venice 
fntlber  ■Irmgtbened  his  position;  and  the  Vatican,  which  bad 
botisited  the  Croats  to  invade  the  dominions  ol  Iheir  heretical 
Beighbour  (i3j)-40},  was  conciliated  by  his  conversion  to 
Koman  Catholicism.  Defeated  by  the  Servian  tsar  Duthao, 
and  driven  to  ally  himself  with  Servia  and  Venice  against  Louis  I. 
of  Hungary,  KolromintC  relumed  10  hit  allegiance  In  1J44. 
Four  years  liter  his  inHumce  brought  about  a  trutt  between 
Hungary  and  the  Venetians,  who  hid  agreed  with  Bosala 
mutual  support  against  the  Croats;  a  '  ' 
death,  his  daughter  Eliiabeih  was  m 
Stephen  Tvrtko,  ihr  nephew  and  sui 

g^-^  CorJrunted  by  dvil  war,  and  deprived  of  Hlum  by 
„„ti  the  Hungarians,  she  was  compelled  to  acknowledge 
a»  the  suKTBinty  of  Stephen  Dushan.  and  aflerwardt 

l*."^'  of  Louis.  Botini]66TvnkoovercanicaUoppo»itlon 
-  »t  home,  and  forthwith  embarked  oti  a  career  of 

conqiKtl,  recapturiitg  Hlum  sod  annexing  pin  of  Dalmatia. 
The  deith  of  Stephen  Dushan,  in  1J56,  had  left  his  empire 
defeneelESi  agahisi  the  Hungarians,  Turks  and  olher  enemiei; 
and  to  win  help  from  Bosnia  Ihe  Servian  tsar  Laiac  ceded  to 
Tvnko  ■  Urge  tract  o(  terrilory,  including  the  principality  of 
Tribunk.  In  137s  Tvrlko  was  crowned  as"  StejieB  I.,  king  of 
Bosnia,  Servia.  and  all  the  Sea-coast,"  although  Laiar  retained 
Us  own  tille  and  a  diminished  authority.  The  death  of  Louts  ir 
ijq>,  the  regency  o<  his  widow  Elizabeth,  and  a  fresh  autbnat 
in  Crtalia.  enabled  Tvrtko  to  fuIAl  his  prcdeceiaor's  designs  by 
establtshing  ■  maritime  state.  With  Venetian  aid  he  wrested 
fioai  Hungary  Ibe  entire  Adriatic  lluoral  between  Fiume  and 
Catlani,  ercejit  the  city  of  Zan;  thus  adding  Dalmai 
Ungdcnn  at  the  moment  when  Servia  wis  hut  Ihroagh 
^an  victory  ot  Kossovo  {ijS^).  At  hia  cgranation  ne  naa 
pesdainud  his  purpose  to  revive  the  andcnl  Serviaa  empire; 
h  I J7S  he  bad  married  tlie  daughter  of  the  last  Bulgarian  isar; 
■ih)  it  b  probable  that  he  dreamed  of  founding  an  empirt  which 
dwuld  extend  from  the  Adrialicto  the  Black  Sea.    Thedoastet 

I  CtviB  by  Theiner;  V«ft«  « 
t73-i«i. 


irofbis 


i«3 

H  IfUDOilIaliJy 


of  Xcisovo,  tlMwgh  fatal  to  his  imbtlhm,  did  tm 

react  on  Bosnia  itself;  and  when  Tntko  died  In   Ij^r,  ua 

kingdom  was  st3]  at  ibe  summit  of  hs  prosperity. 

KotromaniC  and  TvttkD  had  known  how  to  crush  01  concOiale 
their  turbulent  magnates,  whose  power  leasserted  itiell  under 
Dabifa  {Stephen  II.,  i]gi-r]9S),  a  brother  of  Tvrtko. 
Sigismond  ol  Hungary  profiled  by  the  disorder  that  "«■"  ** 
ensued  to  regain  Croatia  and  Dahnatfa;  and  In  1393  j^^^, 
the  Turks,  aided  by  renegade  Slavs,*  overran  Boanla.  a^cri^. 
Ostoja  {Stephen  III.,  r3QS-i4i8),  an  illegitimate  son 
of  Tvrtko,  proved  a  puppet  hi  the  hands  of  Hrvoje  Vuhtie, 
duke  ol  Spalato,  Sandalj  Hranif,'  and  other  leaders  of  th« 
atistocracy,  who  fought  briliBerentiy  against  the  Turks,  the  Hnn- 

to  the  throne  in  Tvnkovif,  a  legitimate  aon  of  Tvrtko,  aad  all 

Caihotics.  DuTingtheRignsofOsiajif(StephenIV.,  1418-141 1) 
and  Tvrtkovit  (Stephen  V.,  1411-1444)  BosnU  wis  thus  left  an 
easy  prey  to  the  Turks,  who  exacted  a  yearly  tribute,  after 
again  ravaging  tlie  countiy,  and  tarrylDcaS  nany  tlHuaandi 
ol  slaves,  with  a  vast  atore  of  plunder. 

The  lasses  inflicted  on  the  TuHii  by  KunyadI  Jinos,  and  (bo 
attempt  to  orgaaiie  a  defensive  league  among  the  nelghbouritig 
Christian  lands,  temporarily  averted  the  ruin  ol  -^^ 
Bosnia  underThomaiOstojit  (Stephen  VI.,1444-1460.  ]J^[^, 
Hoping  to  gain  active  support  from  the  Viticaa, 
Ostojif  renounced  Bogomilism,  and  pnsecuted  hia  fonner 
iligionisis,  until  the  menace  of  an  Insurrection  forced  him 
rant  an  amnesty.  His  position  was  endangered  by  the 
growing  power  of  his  lather- in-law,  Stephen  Vukiit,  an  ardent 
Bogomil,  who  had  united  Tiibunia  and  Hlum  Into  a  single 
prlnciFotlty.  VukiiC — or  Ceiaeda,  as  be  Is  frequently  called 
by  the  contempomry  chroniclers,  from  Us  birthplace,  Cosac — 
was  the  lint  and  last  bolder  of  the  tilts  "  Duke  of  St  Sava," 
confetred  on  him  by  the  emperor  Frederick  III.  in  144S;  and 
from  this  title  is  derived  the  name  HiKt%niia.  or  "  the  Duchy." 
Hardly  hid  the  king  become  reconciled  with  this  formidable 
antagonist,  when,  In  )4i3,  the  death  of  Hunyadi,  and  the  [all 
of  Constantinople,  leit  Bosnia  deEencttess  against  the  IViks. 
In  14*0  it  was  again  invaded.  Venice  and  the  Papacy  were 
unable,  and  Hungary  unwilling,  to  render  assistance;  while 
the  Cioali  proved  actively  hostile.  Ostojif  died  In  1461,  and 
his  suiccisor  Tomalevif  {Stephen  VII.,  1461-146]}  surrendered 
to  the  Turks  and  wii  beheaded,  Henegovhis,  when  Vuk6C 
offered  a  desperate  resistance,  beld  out  until  1483;  but  apart 
Irem  the  heroic  defence  of  Jajce,  the  eSorti  of  the  Bosnians 
were  feeble  and  inglerioDS,  many  of  the  Bogomili  joining  the 
enemy.  From  1)6]  the  greater  pan  ol  the  counliy  submitted 
to  the  Tutiii;  but  the  districts  o(  Jajce  and  Srebrenica  were 
occupied  by  Mungiriin  ganisons,  and  organised  as  a  separate 
'■  bsnatf  "  or  '■  kingdom  ol  Bosnia,"  until  1316,  when  the 
Hungarian  power  was  broken  at  Idohics.  In  ijiS  Jafce  siir> 
rendered,  after  lepclling  every  attack  by  the  Turkish  arnes  for 
«S  years. 

Thefallofjajcewnsthc  consunmition  of  tbeTuiklsh  canqiim. 
It  was  followed  by  the  Sight  of  large  bodies  of  Cbristiin  ref  ugtca. 
Many  of  the  Roman  Catttoliei  withdrew  Inio  CToaUa.51afua 
nd  south  Hungary,  where  they  idllnMil)!  fell  again  nder 
iitoman  dominion.  Othem  foutul  sbelMr  hi  Rmm  or  Venice 
nd  a  large  number  leuled  in  Ragusa,  where  they  doobtleu 
jniributtd  to  the  remarkable  literary  deveiopmenl  ofthciBlh 
nd  17th  centuries  in  which  the  uu  of  the  Bosnian  dialect  was 
charatleriitic  feature.  Some  oi  the  moat  daring  ij^rits  waged 
sr  on  their  conqueren  from  ClitsainDalmatIa,andaIierwardi 
from  Zcngg  in  maritime  Croatia,  when  they  formed  the  notorious 
pirate  community  ol  the  Utki^  (f.>.}.  There  was  less  hiduce- 
meat  lor  the  Orthodox  inhthitants  Eo  emigrate,  because  almost 
■Thitlsthiliratecordtd  iutanceol  such  in  alliance.    The  Slavs 

•Tfieje  nugnalci  played  a  eoniid 

■outh-edatern  tvror?;  lee  esperiany r-- -~ 

VenetiaB  Republic  given  tv  Shafaok.  Aat  Bciai  Vtnti,  to. 


iH 


BOSNIA  AND  HERZEGOVINA 


If  luidi  were  govenicd  by  MmlcBU  oc  Roman 
i:«tiiMic>;  uc  at  hamc  ihe  peuanls  wen  pcnnittcd  Id  rauin 
thcii  cned  and  copusuiuL  oigiiniuiwi.  Judged  by  iu  influeDce 
OS  Bosnian  politics,  the  Onhsdoi  community  wu  relatively 
ttnimponanl  at  the  Tutkiili  conqueM;  aod  iu  lubsequent 
groHtii  19  perhaps  due  to  the  oKcial  lecagnitioD  of  the  Greek 
Choreh,  i»  the  tepreienuiive  of  Chriitiiniiy  in  Turkey.  TTio 
Chriitian  aiiitnciacy  kut  its  priirileges,  but  iti  anciait  titki  of 
duke  iiBJHid)  and  count  (,iiia)  did  not  diiappeai.  The  Grat  wai 
retaiucd  by  tbe  leaden  who  iiill  cairied  on  the  UTuggte  for  liberty 
in  MoDtenefro;  tbe  second  was  tnuufencd  Co  tbe  headmen  of 
lltecoinniuoei.  MaayoflheFrsndicansicrfiisedlaabaadonlbeir 
vork.  sod  in  141S1  Ihey  meivcd  a  cbaitcr  froni  the  jultin 
Mahomet  It.,  which  is  Mill  pRservcd  iu  the  aaaiaUry  of  Fojuica, 
aear  Tiavnik.  Thii  (olcntion  of  leligiaui  otden,  Iliough  it  did 
aol  prevent  occauonal  outngei^  nmained  to  the  Ust  characler- 
iilic  of  Turkidi  policy  In  Bwnia;  and  even  in  lUS  a  colony  of 
TnptHbl  Qwnks  wu  pcrmilled  to  settle  in  Btuijaluka.     . 

Tbe  Turkish  triumph  was  the  <ii>poitunJiy  of  iIk  Bogomiti, 
who  thenceforth,  aaumini  a  new  character,  conlndM  the 
nttmra       de«tinieso[lhcircountiy  for  more  than  three  caituiieft. 

V^f*^*      gateway  into  HunEzry^  hatred  of  the  Hungarians 
"^  and  their  leUgion  was  hereditary  among  the  Bogo- 

idIIs.  Thus  tbe  desire  for  vengeance  and  the  proepect  of  a 
brilliant  military  cateer  ImpeUed  the  Bogomil  magnates  to 
adopt  the  creed  of  Islam,  which,  in  its  austerity,  presented 
aome  poiots  of  resemblance  to  their  own  doctrines.  TTtenoirinal 
governor  of  the  country  was  the  Turkish  H/i,  who  resided  at 
Banjahika  01  Travnik,  and  nrely  interfered  Id  local  aHaiti,  if 
the  taies  were  duly  paid.  Below  him  ranked  the  newly  con- 
verted Moslem  aristocracy,  who  adopted  the  dress,  titles  and 
etiquelle  of  the  Turkish  court,  without  relinquishing  tlieir 
language  or  many  ol  tbciiold  cuslonis.  They  dwell  in  fortified 
towns  or  castles,  where  the  vali  was  only  admitted  on  sufferance 
for  a  few  days;  and,  at  the  ouuet,  they  formed  1  tcpuale 
military  caste,  beaded  by  48  kfeUiu— Undiiolden  exercising 
nnletteretl.  authority  over  their  letainen  and  Christian  serfs, 
but  bound,  in  return,  to  provide  a  company  of  mounted  troops 
for  the  setvioe  of  Iheir  sovenign.  Their  favowite  punuits  were 
fighting,  dlher  against  a  common  enemy  or  imniK  tbcmietves. 
hunting,  hawking  and  listening  to  the  minstrels 
their  exploits.    Tlieir  yearly  visits  to  Serajevo  i 


Ipariiat 


national  quesiions;  and  their  rights  tended  always  to  increase, 
and  to  become  hrTcditary,  in  fact,  though  not  In  taw.  In  every 
important  campaign  of  the  Turkish  armies,  these  doKendants 
Bf  the  Bogomils  were  representedi  Ihey  amassed  considerable 
wealth  from  tbe  spoils  of  war,  and  frt<iuently  rose  to  high 
military  and  administrative  positions.  Thus,  in  1570,  Ali  Pasha, 
a  native  of  Hencgovina.  became  grand  viuer;  and  he  was 
succeeded  by  the  distinguished  soldisr  and  statesman,  Mabomet 
Beg  Sokolovif,  a  Bosnian.  Below  the  feudal  n<flii]iiy  and  their 
Moslem  soldiers  came  the  Christian  serfs,  tillers  of  thu  soil  and 
taipayen,  whose  lives  and  property  itn  at  ihe  mercy  of  th«r 
lord*.  The  hardships  of  their  lot,  and,  above  all.  the  ^rsiem  by 
which  the  EttongesL  of  their  sons  were  can'icd  olf  as  iccnilit  tot 
(he  corps  of  janissaries  (f.c).  trtquently  drove  tbcm  to  brigaad- 
•gc.  and  occtiioiially  to  open  revolt. 

These  conditions  lasted  until  the  igth  century,  and  meanwhile 
tbe  country  was  invtdved  in  the  series  of  wan  waged  by  the 
^^^^^^^  Turks  against  Austria,  Hungary  and  Venice.  In  the 
i,iu  _  Kiajtna  and  all  along  the  Montenegrin  frontier, 
Mn>mfi  Moslems  sad  Christians  cotiied  on  a  ceaseless  (eud, 
irrespective  of  any  treaties  concluded  by  their  lulcra; 
whih  tbe  Turkish  campaigns  in  Himgary  provided  constant 
occupation  for  tbe  nobles  during  a  large  put  of  the  i6th  and 
17th  centuries.  But  after  Ihe  Ottoman  defeat  at  Vienna 
In  ifiSj,  Ihe  situation  changed.  Instead  of  extending  the 
foreign  conquests  of  their  sultan,  tbe  Bosnians  were  hard 
pressed  to  dclcnd  their  own  borders.  Zvornik  icU  before  tbe 
AiistiD^iui|atIan  •rmj'  in  ilSi,  and. the  Itekiib  vali,  vbo  «■* 


slill  ofBdatly  styled  the  "  vali  of  Hnngary,"  rtmoved  Ua  head- 
therefore  a  safer  capital.  Two  years  later,  tbe  imperial  troops 
reached  Dolnja  Tuxla,  and  retired  with  jooo  Roman  Calbolic 
emigrants.  Senjevo  was  burned  in  1697  by  Eugene  of  Savoy, 
who  smilarly  deported  40,000  Christians.  Tbe  treaties  oF 
Carlowiti  (i6«{))  and  PaasarowiU  (1718)  deprived  the  Turks  of 
all  the  Primorje,  or  littoral  of  Herzegovina,  excqit  the  narrow 
enclaves  of  KIek  and  Suttorina,  left  to  sunder  the  Ragusan 
dominians  from  those  of  Venice.  At  ttie  same  time  a  strip  of 
territory  in  northern  Bosnia  was  ceded  to  Austria,  which  was 
thus  able  to  control  both  baoki  of  the  Save.  This  territory  wa4 
restored  to  Turkey  tn  1739,  at  the  peace  of  Belgrade;!  imt  jb 
1790  it  was  teouupicd  by  Austrian  tnwpi.  Finally,  in  I7gr, 
the  treaty  of  Sistsva  again  fixed  the  line  of  the  Save  and  Una 

Tbe  nform  of  the  Ottoman  govenmenl  contemplated  by  the 
sutloB  Mahmud  II.  (iSoS-iSiq)  was  bitterly  resented  in  Bosnia, 
when  Turkish  pralige  had  already  been  weakened  _  . 
by  the  establishment  of  Servian  autonomy  under  jjjjj^^ 
Karogeoige.  Many  of  the  janissaries  had  married 
and  settled  oa  the  land,  foming  a  strongly  conservative 
and  fanatical  caste,  friendly  to  the  Hoshm  nobles,  who  now 
dreaded  the  curtailment  of  their  own  p^vileges.  Their  oppor. 
tunity  came  in  iSro.  when  the  Porte  was  striving  to  reprea  the 
insurrections  In  Moldavia,  Albania  and  Greece.  A  Gtst  Bosnian 
revolt  was  crushed  in  iBjr;  a  second^  due  principally  to  the 
massacre  ol  the  jantssari^  was  quelled  with  much  bloodshed 
in  1817.  After  the  Russo^Turkiih  War  of  i8i8-»g,  «  further 
attempt  at  reform  was  initiated  by  the  sultan  and  Us  grand 
virier,  Rcshid  Pasha.  Two  years  later  came  a  most  formidable 
oulbrcsk;  the  sultan  was  denounced  as  false  to  Islam,  and  tbe 
Bosnian  nobles  gcihered  at  Banjaluka,  determined  to  manh 
on  Constaniinople,  and  reconquer  the  Ottoman  empire  foe  the 
true  faith.  A  bdy  wsi  was  preached  by  thcit  leader,  Hussein 
Aga  Berbetli,  a  brilliant  soldier  and  orator,  who  called  himself 
Zntaj  BiiaHiU^  tbe  "  Dragon  of  Bosnia,"  and  was  regarded  by 
his  followers  as  a  sabit.  The  Moslems  of  Henegovina,  under 
All  Pasha  Rizvanb^ovit,  remained  loyal  to  the  Porte,  but  in 
Bosnia  Hussein  Aga  encountered  little  rcsiitance.  At  Kossovo 
he  was  reinforced  by  10,000  Albanians,  ted  by  the  rebel  Mustapha 
Pasha;  and  within  a  few  weeks  the  united  armies  occupied  the 
whole  ol  Bulgaria,  and  a  large  pari  of  Macedonia.  Tii^  career 
was  checked  by  Reshid  Pasha,  who  persuaded  the  two  victorious 
commanders  to  Intrigue  against  one  another,  secured  Ihe  division 
of  their  forces,  and  then  fell  upon  each  in  turn.  TV  loul  of  tha 
Albanians  at  Prilipe  and  the  capture  ol  Mustapha  at  Scutari 
were  followed  by  an  iava^an  of  Bostua.  After  a  desperate 
defence,  Hussein  Aga  Red  lo  Esseg  in  Croatla-SUvonia;  his 
appeal  for  partlon  was  rejected,  and  in  iBjr  be  was  >*""**l»*4 
for  life  to  Tribisoad.  The  power  of  the  Bosnian  nobles,  though 
shaken  by  their  defeat,  remained  unbroken;  and  they  resislod 
vigaroosly  when  their  kapetanates  were  abolished  In  i8j7;  and 
again  when  a  pieaHin  of  equality  before  the  law  was  conceded 
to  Ihe  Christians  in  iSjq-  In  Henegovina,  Ali  Pasha  Riivan- 
begovK  reaped  tbe  icwiud  ol  his  fidelity.  He  was  left  Iiee  Is 
lyrannlie  over  his  Christian  subjects,  a  king  in  all  but  name. 
In  1S40  be  desctsidMl  Iron)  his  mountain  stronghold  ol  Stolac 
lo  wagi  war  upon  Ibe  vladika  Peter  II.  of  Montenegro,  and 
slmollaneoutly  I«  luptmia  a  Christian  riung.    Peace     was 


I  1841,  and  it  was  re 


itAUhi 


concluded  a  secret  alliance  with  Monlntegro,  hoping  to  shalu 
off  the  suaerainty  of  the  lullan,  and  to  foimd  an  entirely  inde- 
pendent hiagdom.  It  is  impossibte  to  verify  this  chaqfe,  but 
during  the  troubled  yean  that  cawed.  All  punued  an  elaborate 
policy  ol  intfigne.  He  sent  Urge  bribes  to  influential  persoM 
at  OMMtanthtople;  be  aided  tbe  TuAiih  vali  to  leprcss  tlw 
Christiana,  wko  had  B(Bin  Rvolledi  |nd  he  supported  tbe 
Bosnian  aobka  aftinst  ictanns  imposed  by  tha  vali.  At  laat, 
in  iBjoi  a  TutJusb  uoy  wis  despatched  to  restore  quieL  AU 
>  For  delHb  c<  tbeis  avcKi  Bsa  Unar  Eaendi.  Sittrn^ike  Ifar 
m  Btimin  (1;J7-I7W)-    trantlaied  by  CFiSKt  (Uodna,  1SJ9I. 


■BOSNIA  AND  HERZEGOVINA 


285 


fttt  apcaljt  p«fMMd  Umstlf  ■  byal  aabject,  tat  MQWiy 
KQl  KmfarcEiixnu  to  tbc  itbd  tdttomey.  Tie  Tuki  proved 
noyvhen  ntccmful.  Ada  >  coidU  KccptioB  by  tbdi 
OMunndei  OnKi  or  Omu  Ask*,  Ali  wu  BBpriwnedi  be  <■«« 
ilinUy  if  lermudi  unMinUed,  kit  luiliiriili  twibajr  at  TBTkah 
oOdili  ihovM  re*l«re  him  to  biranr,  and  biliif  dinr«c«  00  tail 
Of  ta  (Mudi  i>ii). 

TIm  domfaH  «f  the  Hodeo  *(l*Maiuy  leniiCtd  Id  an  isvon- 
ui  idminiKMln  rhinp  Stnlno,  «bkl>  bad  loos  batn  tfae 
,  __  "«—"■•'''  centre  d  tlin  mmuy,  and  tbi  jtalondy 
BinBU  gnanjcd  Miengbidd  ef  Um  aobla,  mpaneded  Tteraik 
,^^        la  tiie  offidil  c^A^.and  Ika  nddiaca  of  the  vaH. 

*  —<'«]■-*-'»■— ■»'™—'"'l~«-fH«»i—'J|piil>»tlm 

pncnud  tha  cmmlir  tmUl  iMa  Bnt  ai  th*  adndnitfistlaa 
pm  itnmgBr,  tha  poaitiDn  of  tiw  ptaaiatiy  bacaaw  wone. 

a>  nH  aa  Ihdr  iiailal  lonk.  Tiw  bt(a  and  acaa  continued  to 
end  thck  iomd  Uboot  and  ttio4hiid  of  tbcli  prednce;  tha 

d(hthbyiB7S.    —       ■■■•--- ■ • 

-     ■  ■  a  wiietr  o(  ItMer  ■     " 

lb;  but  cna  am 
itnothc  -      " 

■ale  I 

-      [s  of  the  Mldiiii7  tId  ncR  qnaitcred  001  maldtnnt 

TJBafoi.  A  tM*  «U  predtilaud  bjr  the  exunplB  of  Scrviu 
indc^endcDce,  tliQ  hope  of  Aaatrian  iBtBrrntiDD,  and  tha  piddic 
bukniplcr  of  Tuiksr- 

Spondie  iuaDirecdDB  liul  already  hnkm  ant  tmiaat  the 
P*Tni*^  OmatiaBi,  and  on  the  iit  of  July  1175  the  ■'"  §  " 
of  Nevedoje,  riildi  (ivia  ita  name  to  a  meuailain 
^^^  iange(aU,afMeBtai,niaeafiIniithBTiiiha.  WHhii 
mH  a  '>*  wechi  tlw  winle  (mmtijt  vm  bnrdved.  The 
Henccawlaian*,  ooda  their  lewkn  Fdv  Paviarif, 
Sodca,  Lfubibiatie.  and  oAen,  held  out  for  •  jnai  acainsiiall 
Uie  fortca  Aat  Tutluy  <«dd  dopatch  B^ioK  Iheim'    la  Joly 


iWAatm^oniarian  aocapatmn.  anthoriied  on  tiie  ijth  ol 
fniy  iSraby  the  tiea^ai  Bedin  (arti.  -    - 

i,ii ,'     'aaailjr  effected;  and,  01^ "' 

•■■M-  tnfiaf  a  facte  of  100,000  men.  Hajl  Loja,  the 
,  n(0n  leader,  waa  mpfiocted  by  ■  bo^  oI  Alliuiiiii 
and  motinaui  TnrtUi  Iroc^ia,  whie  Ilie  whole  MeBlem 
'on  Uttedy  moitid  the  pupoecd  daaga.  The 
a  both  ridea  wfte  -ntj  heavy,  and,  beddca  than 
rto  fell  in  taittle,  many  at  the  inaarfenti  wen  CTecnttd  endn 
■aaniil  la*.  Bat  after  a  aeiiis  tl  ttabbonly  coiUeMed  eag>|e> 
Dou*,  the  Aottriaa  r""*',  HtflippoviC,  solend  3er«it*i>  on 
the  igth  of  Ausnit,  and  ended  Uie  "'"["'r'  oo  the  ttA  of 
Septeaber,  by  tiB  captan  of  Bbaf  in  the  nortlt-oeat.  and  of 
Elalwk  in  Honvivina.  Ike  (oyetnateot  of  thb  coontiy  waa 
'  '        c;  but  the 


don  of  tUi-»i.  Order  mi  natorad  in  Jana  1881.  nArnn  the 
adDidMratkta  «ai  eatnalid  to  Benjanria  nn  KtSkr  (qj.), 
u  fanpMal  odniMa;  et  finmoB.  Kfliay  retidaed  ^9  potitJoB 
nitil  Ml  death  on  the  ijth  of  July  t^tn,  otei  ha  msnoceeded 
ly  BacsB  Slaphan  Bsrian  «  Rl4a<3.  I>nlDg.ddi  pniodJife 
-■ ■      ■  !,  and  peat  ptefxat  —- 


'For  itie  Cluisiiiii  retcDiaD  and  la  aim,  «  A.  J.  Evaoi. 
TinmfiBiiiniaaiidntrttiimnaim  Fad  ILoruloD.  1876):  »d  W.J. 


ud  ertcda  mre  treated  iBipartiaHy;  and,  ehlion^  the  adntnt- 
itntlon  bu  been  leproidied  aHhe  for  undue  hanjums  snd 
undue  leniency,  neither  accusation  can  be  luitained.  Ciiiici 
have  alM  luicd  that  Killay  foitend  the  doire  for  nuuiitl 
wellan  at  Ibe  coat  of  every  other  national  ideal;  that,  dapite 
popularity,  be  never  lecored  the  goodwai  of  Ihe  people 
tria.Hungaiy;  that  lie  left  the  agrarian  dUEculIy  un- 
■olved,  and  the  boetile  tdigioui  (actioiu  uniecondled.  Thete 
chaiEO  an  not  wholly  DSfModed;  but  the  chief  locial  and 
political  evib  in  Bosuia  and  Henq^ina  may  be  traced  to 
historicd  cau»s  opcntive  long  before  the  AuEtio-Qungariia 
occupation,  and  above  all  lo  the  political  ambition  of  the  rival 
cburcht*.  luitly  to  ettimate  the  mrk  done  by  Killay,  It  is 
only  Decenary  to  point  to  the  contnit  bctveen  Bosnia  in  iS3i 
and  Bosnia  in  190^;  for  in  91  yean  the  anarchy  and  ruin 
BnlaUcd  by  four  cetituriea  ol  ■*^'""^*  were  tranifomed  into 
1  condition  of  proqietjty  untnipaiud  tn  loallMaitera 
Europe. 

It  wai  DO  doubt  nalonl  that  AnitriaD  atatsmen  ahonid  vbh 
to  end  tha  anomaloua  liliiation  created  by  the  treaty  of  Berlin, 
by  Incnpoiating  Boanla  and  Heiteaovina  Into  the 
□nil  lloaarchy.  'The  treaty  had  contemplated  the  -^^^^o 
evacDiIion  of  thioccnided  pnvincei  after  the  tHiom-  £a  " 
lion  of  order  and  pnqicrlty;  and  this  had  been 
I  i|iiwJy  Mipnlated  In  an  agTeemeat  signed  by  the  AnglRK- 
HoBffulan  aiid  Ottoaun  plenipotentlaike  at  Berlin,  as  a  coo- 
dltiOD  of  Tmtlih  aiienl  to  the  previiloai  of  the  Uealy.  But  the' 
TUrUih  niotm  tDOvement  of  190S  uened  to  prolnbe  a  revival 
ol  Ottoman  power,  which  ml^ttn  time  have  enabled  IheTutli 
10  demand  the  pramiied  evacuatkm,  and  thra  to  reap  all  the 
i^t*"""-  beoelits  of  the  Amtrlaa  administration.  The  rcforma 
in  Tmley  certainly  encovraced  the  Serb  aad  Moslem  fnhabitaDta 
of  the  occupied  territory  to  petition  the  enperot  forlhegnnlot 
a  constlratloD  ihnilar  to  that  In  force  tn  the  provinces  of  Austria 
proper.  But  the  Aastn>.QuliiarIan  government,  proGtlng  by 
the  tmbua*  of  Kinsla  after  the  war  with  Japan,  and  avaie  that 
the  proclamation  ol  Bulgarian  Independence  was  immlDcnl,  had 
abcauly  decided  to  annex  Boaila  and  Heiiegovina,  in  gpite  ot 
the  ptedges  given  at  Sertrn,  aad  although  the  proposal  waa 
uopc^ular  In  Hungary,  its  dediton,  alter  being  commuincated 
to  the  Boveitlgna  of  the  powen  algnatoty  to  the  treaty  ol  Beifin,' 
in  a  seifn  of  Butogiq)h  letters  fram  the  empem  Francis  Joseph, 
waa  Diade  known  ta  Boanaa  and  Heriegovtna  in  an  imperial 
'rescript  pidiliahed  on  the  Tth  ot  October  190S.  The  Serb  and 
Moslem  deleptei,  who  had  started  on  the  nmedayfor  Budapest, 
to  prewit  their  petition  to  the  emperor,  learned  Imm  the  lesctipl 
tint  tlie  gomninient  hitended  lo  concede  to  their  compatiiots 
"-a  share  b  the  legislatioii  and  adminitttation  of  provindst 
affairs,  and  equal  pntectloD  for  ail  rcH^ous  beliefs,  languages 
and  ndal  dlitlnctieni."  The  separate  administntion  was, 
however,  to  be  maintained,  and  the  resoipt  did  not  pmnisv 
that  the  newpioTinclal  diet  would  lie  more  than  a  consultative 
■asnably,  elected  on  a  iDictly  limited  banchise. 

— C.  Canuj.  A  Itiaeri  In  Bomit  tl  rUmlriimt 

aiu  a  detailed  and  fully  iliust -■ '"■- 

_  « tUr  naourea  nd  popnlal 

Q  *nH%  Jawii  awC  Utimtfvo' 

vt  usiti  of  local  hlilory,  anuqidtk-  __  wp~,.r-, , 

A  la  Batnii  faputvti  (Paiis,  1904)  for  Kidit  ute  and 

nt  1  TBidrmalun  Is  aho  eoofaincd  in  Ibe  worte  try 

ij  te,  TbODUofl,  Jeaiioe,  C^nbon,  Mllkl,  HsKBrd  aod- 

Li  I  uodu  (iM  beadiiK  BuUH  PaHiMHii.a.    S»  alia 

B.  ..,._«■..  AiDU»iiul(IWfiimH*iHn((r<l(r  I'mnJOsv dif, 
fl«BTt«(-BBRir(ia«  JtfnwrtMt  (BerUn,  looi,4c.).«ndM.OranBi, 
Anf  dim  Kail  dtatkKnelmvidBonntn  (yienaa.  looj).  The  beat 
nan  li  ilui  ot  the  Aimrtan  Geiml  SuH.  See  aln  for  Moloty, 
J.  CviJlf.  VarfMuudt  Hul  fls«M«b  Ai«n  ow  BanwB  (We^ 

(Seiijevo.  1003]:  P-  ftUBt  !«,-■-—    -  -— " J-K^T- 

mm  (Vimnl.  t896).    Spiiti  " 
(LondoB.iB^j).  Jyieuhurt— ' 


1,  JSr<aa  iJHin  OcradDD.  1S7N:  W.  Rat 


ISiMhf?0 


BOSPORUS— BOSPORUS  CIMMERIUS 


(Pom  l6i 

the  period  j 
it  la  Bpnm 

Huogviaa 


Tkracius; 


utfowpUi 
nnly  Iron 
UMCcUea 


(taon,  whili 
of  thawol 
Tuckiili  do 
tiatyof  Bi 

tbu  Turki 


(11,  often  It 
thceutPttt 


birrom  jn 
lliejrOMDpi 


An-liif«Tiiriid«B,  i^otablj 
t  SpuIaau(4iS-4j| 
„  ..  d]riiuC7ii4iJdijeeDM 

lohivecaduRduiitilc.iiOB.c    The  Spulocida  have  left  nuiy 


,  niliis  hmily,  who  ^ve  pkcs  to 


of  the  Oted  dtis  uid  Uosi  of  wimii  Dtliva 
tribtt,  wMbly  the  Sindl  at  the  Uuul  diitrict  ud  other  tanDChii 
of  the  Uiilae  (Uudtu).  The  lat  «f  Diodonu,  tlie  iuatptioni 
ksd  tbs  odni  do  not  im^  (uffidoit  nBtcml  lor  ■  coniplcte 
;I1M  <t  ibeiL    Suynu  (431-387),  the  (00x001  of  Sputocus, 
eMablidMd  hk  nde  ovtr  tho  whole  dktikt,  addiiix  Nyo^lseuia 
to  hb  domtadone  tuA  hyhif  ttcge  10  Itwodoik,  which  km  a 
ierioi>  cooimenkl  linl  by  tatou  of  Iti  ke-fne  port  and  direct 
prndntf^  to  the  **—**'*'■  <£  the  j^t**^"  Crima.    It  vu 
Ktcrved  foe  hli  nn  LencMi  Clt7-34T)  *«  **^  *^  <i*y-    He 
us*  wwecded  by  hk  two  mb*  conidntly,  SfKitom  JL  uul 
PKriM^kti  the  (Onuar  died  m  34a  uul  ha  biDther  rei|sed  afcoe 
UDtS  jto.    Hen  fdloweda  dvU  nr  Is  which  Eumdm  (310-303) 
wuMCCCofuL    Hli  aiKOMaot  «u  Spulocas  IIL  (303-193)  end 
liter  him  PnoiMdall.    Succeedins  prfoce*  repeated  the  (unOy 
nuia,  but  weoaBotantgadKB  any  certain  order.    We  know 
coly  that  the  hat  of  them,  a  herlnda,  miaUe  to  Diake  bouiway 
&I*in*l  the  powerot  the  natjvcB,  aUed  in  the  help  of  DiopfaMUui, 
■caeml  of  Btfthmdata  VI.  (the  Crat)  of  FimtiB,  promidiw  to 
band  over  Ua  l-^Tr*™"  to  that  pifnce.    He  wu  riaia  by  ■ 
S^tfaluk  Saumacaa  who  led  a  rebellion  asUmt  him.     The  bme 
of  Spertocu  nana  veil  known  aa  a  line  ^  enlightened  and  wiee 
piinta;  although  Greek  Ofunion  could  not  deny  that  they  wert^ 
Miictly^taklag,  ^lantl,  they  are  alnyi  dooibcd  ai  dynait*. 
They  maimaintdckae  iclationi  with  Athena,  thdr  beatciatomen 
for  the  Boaponn  cam  export,  of  whidi  Lencm  L  let  the  itaple 
at  Ibeododa,  when  the  Attic  ihipa  wereaUowed  qxKBl  piivilegea. 
We  bivc  DBny  idennctt  to  thiaiu  the  Attic  watoti.    Id  letum 
.,._......  ....      ...  [jliHiwhlp  and  Kt  up 

Uithndate*  tbe  Great 


anotba  of  tbe  dd  UD(1i  aom.  Allet  the  death  ef  Uithndatea 
(bxx  A3),  tUi  Fbusuca  (6)-4t)  made  bit  — 1— i— 1~-  to  Pompiy, 

defeated  by  Cawar  at  Zela.and  on  hb  retnm  to  Komewas  ibJa 

by  a  puctcDder  AModet  who  married  Ui  ■'•"it'""  Dynamii,  and 

'~  q>ite  of  RcoDU  nomliKes  ntled  ai  archoD,  and  later  u  kins, 

itfl  16  ■.&    After  hii  death  Dynamic  ma  compelled  to  many 

.  advcstmar  ScifbopJBi,  bM  the  »""""  toda  Agtippa  inlcr- 

fered  and  tet  Rjlcmon  (14-J)  b  Ui  place.    To  Um  nctecded 

patfui  (SB.c-4.l>.3l?),  Mm  of  AM[idat,«lw  founded  a  line 

kbiaiiAicliaidand  with  certain  InteonptioiB  tmtil  Lit.  341. 

Thew  Un|»,  wtu  maally  ban  Iba  Ibadan  anma  of  CMyi, 

Rheocuporii,  Uuemetaka,  and  tbe  native  name  ^unnoatea, 

daimed  deaont  bran  lUthnukta  tbe  Gtcat,  and  nwd  tbe 

Pontic  en  (itartHis  bom  197  BX.)  latradaced  by  him,  legularix 

'  Banes  and  date!  Uriy  wen,  thou^  Kaicely  any  evBUa  d 
rdxna  are  recoided.    Tbeb  h^i—  oovhsI  the  eaitent 

the  taat  coatt  of  tbe  Sea  of  Azov  to  l^naia  at  the  month  of  the 
Don,  a  (tat  tout  foe  trad*  with  the  interiot.  Titey  carried  om 
a  perpetual  war  with  tbe  native  tiibta,  and  in  tlu  w«renq>- 
pofted  by  tbdr  Sooan  imaaloa,  who  even  Int  the  aditaDce  of 
— 'onandfleet.  Attimesrivalkingiof aomeatho'tKeBroie 
tobably  produced  annc  diaonanlalkm.    At  one  of  thiin 

JibA>s5)tlw  Gottai  and  Bonniven  enabled  to  lein 

BospoTuiihip^ngandialdlheaboreiof  Alia  Minor.  Withthe 
laat  cdnof  IhelastRliociqnrit,  KO.  341,  materiab  (oia  connected 
biatory  tl  the  BovDma  n-f~ri"T  nuae  to  as  wL    Th< 


BOSQUET— B08SUET 


•87 


fBccoDbcd  M  the  HmH  TWibliAri  in  lbs 


. -He  pralcaioo,  utd  bon  time  tc 

Bywuine  officcn  built  foctcaMi  knd  exetdied  aalheiiV  at 
Bosponii,' which  m*  omMiraled  u  uchlilibcfiiic.  -  Tbty  iJn 
iKldTkHatanluiontheABiticiideof  thei(rait,Ktoira'  '" 
in  the  loib  uul  >ith  ceatuiies  becune  the  icat  of  the  Ki 
piindpeli^F  of  Tmutankao,  iriiidi  in  ill  tun  gave  place  to  Tetii 


Hie  Baipoaa  kingdcoa  Ii  intcnitins  u  the  Cut  HfUenirtir 
itale,  the  £nt,  thet  ii  to  My,  in  which  a  Iniied  pepnlaticn 
adi^itBd  tlw  Cieet  laocuace  uul  dviUiatios.  It  depended  fot 
its  proqicri^  upon  tbe  ezpoet  of  wheat,  fiili  and  lUvei,  and  tlni 
conuBerce  nqipoited  a  d**i  irtuee  wealth  and  vulgadly  aie 

nfeicnce  ha*  been  made.    In  later  I 

uUIid  to  the  populaiioa,  and  under  i 

in  all  the  diiet  of  the  Idngdou,  etpedally  Tanafi,  lodetici  of 

"  wDnhiK>e»  of  the  highcat  God,"  apparently  piolc*tis|  a 

monothfitm  whicli  without  beins  distinctin^  Jeiriih  or  Chriadan 

We  poHeai  ■  large  loie*  of  coina  of  Pantieapaemn  and  other 
dties  from  the  5tb  centuiy  B.C.  ThegoldifnAriof  Panticapaeum 

vci^t  and  fine  workmanihip.  We  have  alao  coina  with  tixe 
namcB  ol  the  later  Spaitocidi  and  a  aiugulariy  complete  aexiea 
of  dated  uUdi  inoed  by  the  lats  01  Achacmentan  dynatty;  in 
than  may  be  aolicol  the  iwilt  dtgenenlian  ol  the  gold  MJitfai 
through  (ilvei  and  potin  to  bnoie  (see  oIm  NmouiAiici). 

Sec.  for  bkjcey,  iolrodiictiaa  u  V.  V.  I  w 

Srtlrnl.Pt*tiEimiti,yol,iL  (St  t^tcnbUTi,  il  u" 

p!  by  C  G.  BrandU  In  Pauly-WIiun.  A  '57 

^utigart,  1B99);  E.  H.  Miaiu,  SeyAtata  an  fc, 

1907}.    For  iuRiptia^  LalyilieT  ■■  alxrve  a  n- 

t""  1901).    Cwni:  B.  Koehnb  JfuliJEdid  n, 

.     RcUfioVa  SocietiBi  E.  Schaier  in  Sia  3. 


VuKU^  B  Btrlin  (iSqtI,  L  ni.  X10-317. 
tmjii  dm  BnHtn  eimmAim  ffit  IVtenbin 
il^)  and  Oefih  RnAi  and  ArifeiBi  lb  Ja  C» 


i>M«  d*  Sl-pSrdtirt.  

Bownner,  pubbb  nuHcou  joibpb  (igio-i«6i).  Fmch 

-"">~'i  (Stared  the  artilleiy  in  1833,  and  a  year  later  went  to 
Algeda.  Here  be  toon  did  good  lavice,  and  nade  bimKll 
rcmaifcaUe  not  only  loi  technical  ikill  but  the  manl  qiulitlo 
ladi^ienaable  for  high  command.  Becoming  ciptiui  in  jSjo, 
be  (leatly  dislinguiihcd  himiiU  at  the  actioni  of  Sidi-Lakhdar 
and  Oued-Mdah.  Be  wai  looii  altniratda  given  the  oommand 
ef  a  baltaliofl  ol  native  lirailUirl,  and  in  1S4]  vas  thanked  in 
pnenl  orden  for  hii  briUiaot  wort  agaimt  the  Flhlahi.  In 
1&4S  he  became  lieutenant-colonel,  and  in  1847  colonel  of  a 
Fcench  line  regiinent.  Id  the  following  ycai  ha  waa  in  charge 
of  the  Onn  diitalct,  where  hii  awift  M^tpieuianof  an  iniiimction 
woo  Um  funber  piomolim  to  the  f^ada  of  general  of  brigade, 
IB  whichianLhe  went  through  the  campaigaofSabuUa,  receiving 
a  severe  wound.  In  1853  he  returned  10  ^anca  alter  nineleen 
yean'  abaence,  a  genenl  of  diviuon.  Boiqnet  waa  amongit  the 
oriieal  choaen  to  leive  in  tbe  Crimean  War,  and  at  the  battle 
of  the  Alma  his  division  led  the  French  attack.  When  the 
An^lo-FrBtu:h  troopi  fonncd  tlu  aicgc  of  Sevastopol,  Botquet'a 
coipa  of  two  diviuon*  protected  them  agaiut  interruption. 
Hit  timely  intervention  at  Inkerman  (November  5,  iSm) 
Kcored  the  victory  for  the  ailiea.  During  iSj5  BohjucI's  coipa 
occnpaed  the  right  wing  of  the  beiiegtng  aimia  oppoiite  the 
Uundon  and  MilaliOT.  He  himself  led  hiacoipsal  the  ilonning 
el  the  Mamelon  (June  7),  and  at  the  grand  asuult  of  the  8th  ol 
September  he  was  in  command  ol  the  Khole  of  the  stoiming 
tniopa.  In  the  ttnig^  for  the  Ualakov  he  received  another 
Kiiinia  miuod.  At  the  age  of  forty-five  Boiquet,  now  one  of  tbe 
iDiemoal  soldieraio  Europe,  became  a  seoalDE  and  a  marihalof 
France,  but  his  health  H-as  broken,  and  he  lived  only  a  few  yean 
longer.  He  had  ilie  giand  cross  of  the  Bath,  the  grand  crou 
of  the  Legion  of  Honour,  and  the  Medjidieh  of  the  iit  class. 

BOSS,  (i)  (From  the  O.  Eag.  boa,  a  sweUing,  cf.  Ilal.  isint, 
■id  Fi.tmt,  poasibly  connected  wlthtlieO.  Ccr.  Usoi.  to  bcalK 


s  lovad  piotabenMa;  tha  pnjtcthis  caitn  or  "tuabo"  cf  ■ 
bnckleri  ia  geolocr  a  pnjeaion  of  rock  through  atiata  ol 
another  qiecieai  in  archttielun,  tiie  projecting  keyttoue  of  the 
riba  of  a.  vault  which  maaki  their  junction;  Iha  term  ii  also 
applied  10  aimOar  pnijicthis  block*  at  eveiy  interMClJcm.  The 
b«>  waa  oden  dchiy  mived,  gaieraUy  with  Goavenlioaal 
foliags  but  anmBliim*  irith  angel*,  anflnab  or  gtottaque  Ggoies. 
Hu  bona  waa  also  employed  in  the  flat  limber  ceilmga  of  the 
15th  centmy,  where  it  foimed  the  juiKtion  of  crgga^ibi.  (1) 
(From  the  Dutch  haat,  a  word  used  by  the  Dutch  lellleia  in 
New  York  tor  "  maila',"  and  lo  geneially  uaed  by  the  KaOrs  m 
South  Africa;  connected  with  tha  Cer.  Bom,  cousin,  utaning 
a  "  chief  kinuun,"  the  head  of  a  beuaehold  or  faoily),  a  ool- 
loqnial  tann,  £rtt  uatd  in  America,  for  an  employer,  a  foreman, 
and  generally  any  ouo  who  give*  oiden,  especially  in  American 
political  slang  for  the  manager  ol  a  party  organisation. 

BOSU,  einiEPPB  (1777-1816),  IlaJtan  painter  and  writer 
on  art,  waa  bom  at  liic  village  of  Buato  Arsiaio,  tkear  Milan. 
UflWaseducatedat  the  college  of  Mania;  and  hi*  early  fondntaa 
for  diawiag  was  loatcred  by  the  director  of  the  college,  who 
supplied  him  with  printa  after  the  woiks  of  Agosiino  Caratd 
for  copiea.  He  then  studied  at  the  academy  ol  Breia  at  Milan, 
and  about  ijgj  went  to  Rome,  wheie  be  formed  an  intimate 
friendship  with  Canova.  On  his  return  to  Milan  he  became 
aisistaat  tecrettiy,  and  tlien  tccretary,  of  the  Academy  of  Fine 
Art*.  He  reodeied  imiwttaot  service  in  the  oiganiaation  of  this 
new  Institution.  In  1804,  bi  omjunction  with  Oriani,  he  drew 
up  the  rule*  of  the  three  aeademie*  of  art  of  Bobgna,  Venice 
and  Milan,  and  aooD  after  was  rewarded  with  the  decoration  of 
the  Iron  Crown.  On  the  occaiion  of  the  visit  of  Napoleon  L 
to  Milan  in  1805,  Boasi  exhibited  a  drawing  of  the  Last  Judgment 
of  Michelangelo,  and  picture*  representing  Aurora  and  Night, 
Oedipus  and  Croon,  and  the  Italian  Pamasius.  By  command 
of  Prince  Eugene,  viceroy  of  Italy,  Boss!  undertook  to  make  a 
copy  of  the  Laat  Supper  of  Leooardo,  then  almost  obliterated, 
for  the  purpose  of  getting  it  rendered  in  mosaic  Tbe  drawing 
wa*  made  from  the  remains  of  the  original  with  the  aid  of  copies 
and  the  best  print*.  The  mosaic  waa  eieculed  by  RaflaiUi, 
and  wa*  placed  in  the  imperial  gallery  of  Vienna,  Bossi  made 
another  copy  in  oH.  which  wa*  placed  in  the  museum  of  Brera, 
Tli*  museum  owed  to  him  a  fine  collection  of  casts  of  great 
WDcks  of  sculptiue  acquired  at  Pari*,  Rome  and  Florence. 
Boss!  devoted  a  large  part  of  his  life  to  ilie  study  of  the  works 
of  Leonardo;  and  his  last  work  was  a  series  ol  diawiugt  in 
monochrome  representing  incidents  in  the  life  of  that  great 
master.  He  left  unHnished  a  large  cartoon  in  bUck  dulk  of  the 
Dead  Christ  in  the  bosomof  Mniy,  with  Johnaud  the  Magdalene. 
In  iSio  he  published  a  Qiedal  work  in  large  quarto,  entitled 
IMCtHaisIediLamaidoda  Ki'nii,  which  had  the  merit  of  greatly 
iatertUing  Goethe.  HisoIherworkaaceCeUcOfuiti>nii(t£<iDUrif> 
i!llonitMinmmclriailt'ierpiiim<mHiSii),miDtiTipi>i!iWarlt 
ifdia  fiUva  (i8ii).  Bceai  died  at  Milan  on  the  15th  ol  Doxm- 
ber  tSiS.  A  monument  by  Canova  was  erected  to  his  memory 
in  the  Antbiosian  library,  and  a  bust  wa*  pbced  in  the  Brcra. 

BOesn,  BBHi  LK  (i6ji-i6Sa},  French  critic,  was  bom  in 

Paris  on  the  i6lh  of  March  i6ji.    He  studied  at  Xantecre,  and 

ig  became  one  of  tbe  rcgiUac  canons  of  Sainte-Geneviive. 

rote  PanMe  ia  frincipa  ill  la  fliyii^ue  d'AritltU  tt  it 

Ml  it  SaU  Daearla  (1674),  and  a  Train  da  ptimt  tfi^M, 

highly  praised  by  Boileau,  the  leading  doctrine  of  which  was  that 

the  subject  should  be  chosen  before  the  characten,  and  that  the 

action  should  be  arranged  without  reference  to  the  personage* 

whoare  to  figure  in  the  scene.    He  died  on  the  i4thof  March  i68a 

BOSSUBT,  JAQUES  SfiHiaKB  (i£i7'i704),  Freruh  divine, 

ator  and  writer,  was  bom  at  Dijon  on  the  17th  of  September 

iJ7.    He  came  of  a  family  of  prosperous  Burgundian  lawyera; 

his  father  was  a  judge  of  the  parliament  (a  provincial  high  court) 

Dijon,  aftenrards  at  Met*.    The  tuy  was  sent  to  scbooL  with 

c  JeiuiU  of  Dijon  till  1641,  when  he  went  up  to  the  coU^  of 

ivirre  in  Pari*  lo  begin  the  iludy  of  Iheology;  for  a  piou* 

iiher  bad  brought  him  up  to  look  on  the  priesthood  as  his 

natural  vocation.    At  Navarre  he  gained  a  great  lepatation  (or 


i»» 


liud  wdA;  fcQov-BlDdaiti  sjcknuned  him  Btt  lutlta  valr»-~ 
an  or  brokoi  la  to  Uk  i^ouglt  But  hia  ibililiB  became  kbovn 
beyond  the  coDege  walls.  He  ma  taken  up  by  the  HMd  de 
Rambouillet,  a  great  centre  of  initocntk  culture  and  theocj^nal 
bome  ol  the  Prtcituia.  Here  he  became  Ibe  nibject  ni  a 
cekbnted  experiment.  A  diqmte  having  arisen  about  exterapan 
pnacUng,  the  boy  of  sixteen  wu  put  up,  Ute  one  night,  to 
deEver  an  Impnmplu  dncourae.  He  acquitted  himself  u  well 
as  bi  more  conventional  examinations.  Inid5ibetiXiktbrilHant 
degnt  in  divinity,  and  wu  ordained  prieiL  The  next  seven  yean 
he  (pent  at  Meti.  wheie  his  Ivdaft  inSnenc«  had  got  hbn  ■ 
caDonry  at  the  etiiy  ate  of  lldneeni  to'lMs  wu  now  added  the 
more  bnpotlant  office  of  tnlideuxiiL  He  ms  phmfed  at  once 
Into  the  Ihldt  of  oautramsy-,  f«  neaily  half  Ueli  was  Piatatani, 
and  fiostuet's  finl  apparance  hi  print  vas  a  refutation  of  the 
Huguenot  pastor  Paul  Feny  (165;).  To  recendle  the  Protesuou 
irith  the  Roman  Church  beomc  the  great  object  of  hi*  drauns; 
and  lot  thb  pnrpoie  he  began  to  tiaiD  himacU  caRfUDy  for  the 
pulpit,  an  all-impntant  centre  of  influence  in  a  land  irtiere 
politiol  aasembliei  were  unknown,  and  novela  and  oempapers 
scarcely  bora.    Not  that  he  reached  perfection  at  a  bound.    His 

a  kind  of  paradoxical  subtlety,  redolent  ol  the  divinity  KhoaL 
Bui  IhcM  MemiihH  vanished  when  he  Httlcd  in  Paris  (1659), 
and  three  years  later  nwimted  the  pulpit  of  the  Chapel  RoyaL 

In  Paris  the  congregations  had  m  trwrcy  on  purely  clerical 
lo^c  or  clerical  taste;  if  a  preacher  wished  to  catch  thrir  car, 
be  must  manage  to  address  them  in  terms  t^y  would  agree  to 
consider  sensible  and  well-bred.  Not  that  Bossuet  thought  too 
much  of  Ibea  good  opinion.  Having  vety  item  ideas  of  the 
dignity  of  a  priest,  he  refused  to  descend  to  the  usosl  devices 
for  iionslEg  popular  interest.  I^  satrative  dement  in  his 
sermons  grows  shonet  with  each  year.  He  never  drew  satirical 
pictures,  Bte  bis  great  rival  Bourdalout  He  would  not  write 
out  his  discourses  in  tnll,  much  less  leara  them  off  by  heart; 
of  the  two  hundred  printed  in  his  Wtrki  tit  but  a  fraction  arc 
rou|^  drafts.  No  wonder  ladles  like  Mine  de  SMgnf  fonoot 
IiIth,  when  Bourdaloue  dawned  on  the  Paria  borison  tn  1S69; 
though  Ftnelon  and  La  Bruy^rt,  two  miuh  sounder  critics, 
refused  to  foDow  their  emmple.  Boisuet  possessed  the  full 
equipment  of  tiie  orstor,  vtAct.  bnguage,  fleiibiUty  and  strength. 
He  never  needed  to  slniu  far  effect:  h^  genius  struck  out  at  a 
single  blow  the  Ihosght,  the  feeling  and  the  word.  What  he  said 
of  Martin  Luther  applies  peculiarly  to  hitnself:  he  could  "£ing 
his  liuy  into  theses,"  and  thus  unite  the  dry  light  of  argument 
with  the  fire  and  heat  ol  passion,  tltese  qualities  reach  thrir 
highest  point  [n  the  Onriinu  /uattrci.  Bossuet  was  always  bat 
when  at  wm-k  on  a  large  eanvai;  besides,  here  no  conscieniimis 
scruples  intervened  to  prevent  him  giving  much  time  and  tbonjht 
to  the  artistic  side  ol  his  subject.  Fof  the  Oraism,  as  its  nume 
betokened,  stood  midway  between  the  sermon  proper  and  what 
i  nowadays  be  c^cd  a  biographical  sketch.    At  least. 


that  w 


merely  fint,  but  alone.  His  three  great  masterpieces 
delivered  at  the  fimerals  of  Henrietta  Maris,  widow  of  Charles 
I.  (liSg),  her  daughter,  Henrietta,  duchess  of  Orleans  (t6;o), 
and  the  great  soldier  Condt  (168;). 

Apart  from  these  state  occasions,  Bossuet  (ddom  appeared  In. 
a  Paris  pulpit  tfler  i66g.    Is  that  year  be  was  gaietted  bishop 
ol  Condom  bi  Gascony,  though  he  resignnl  the  charge  on  bi ' 
appointed  tutor  to  the  dauphin,  only  child  of  Louts  XIV., 
MW  a  bojr  of  nine  (1670).    lie  choice  was  scarcely  fbrtun 
SoMuet  nnbcnt  ta  he  as  he  could,  but  his  gcnlua  was  by 
KKaiif  fitted  to  enter  isto  the  feelings  of  a  ehSd;  and  the 
dauphin  wu  ■  cross,  ungatnly,  suBeti  Ud,  wlio  grew  np 
nody  genalo^cal  Inddeni  at  his  father's  court.    Probably 
no   One   was   happier    than    the    tutor,   vdien   his    charge's 
tiiteenth  biitbdiy  came  round,  and  he  was  promptly  married 
ofl  to  a  Bavarian  princess.    Sim  Ibe  nine  years  at  court  mn  by 
DO  mans  wasted.    Hitherto  Bossuet  bsd  published  nothing, 
oteept  his  amwei  to  Ferry.    Now"  ..... 


remarkable  trilogy.    Urat  dme  tlhe  TtatU  it  h  ttni 

e^iMnielAn>{-]<rfsK,  then  the  Ditcmrt  or  FkitMrt 

lastly  the  FdOvpu  Htlt  it  rSail^n  SainH.    Us 

three  booki  Gl  bto  each  other.    'Hie  TraiU  is  a  general  dutch 

he  nature  of  God  and  the  nature  of  man.    Tlie  Diianirt 

history  of  God'a  dealings  with  humuuty  hi  the  past.    The 

ilijiit  a  a  code  of  ri^ts  and  duties  dnwn  op  in  the  light 

>wn  by  those  jleaHngs.    Not  that  Boauet  literally  siq^nsed 

that  the  last  word  of  political  wisdom  had  been  said  by  the  Old 

Testanent.    His  condusioiis  are  only   "  drawn  from  Holy 

Scripture,"  because  he  wMied  to  gain  the  highest  possible 

aanction  for  the  institutions  of  hia  CDOntry — to  hallow  the  Franco 

of  Louis  XIV.  by  proving  its  aitonidiing  Hkenen  to  the  Itrad 

'  SolomOTL    llien,  too,  the  veil  oF  Hoi/  Scripture  enabled  him 

speak  out  more  boldly  than  court-etiqnelte  would  have  olher- 

se  allowed,  to  nmind  the  son  of  Loufa  XIV.  that  kings  have 

[ties  as  wdl  as  rights.    Louii  had  often  forgotten  these  duties, 

but  Lams'  son  would  bear  them  in  mind.    The  tutor's  ima^nation 

looked  forward  to  a  time  when  France  would  blossom  into 

Utopia,  with  a  Christian  philosopher  on  the  throne.    That  b 

"  a  BO  stalwart  a  cliam[non  of  authority  [n  all  iti 

Idmis:  "kTBi,Jtnu-CkriatlV&fiia,  Dial  m  ca  trtit  twrnt," 

says  in  a  cbancteiisric  letter.    And  the  object  of  his  book* 

to  provide  authority  with  a  rational  baals.    For  Boasuet'f 

iraliip  of  authority  by  no  means  killed  his  confidence  in  reason; 

lat  it  did  was  to  make  Um  doubt  the  honfsty  of  those  who 

isoned  otherwise  than  himselL    Ike  lAole  diaia  of  ugmnent 

Rned  to  him  to  dear  and  simple.    Philosophy  proved  that 

God  exists,  and  that  He  shapes  and  govenu  the  coone  of 

human  aUtirt.    ICstory  showed  that  tUs  governance  is,  for  the 

most  pan,  indirect,  exodscd  ihiou^  certain  veneiable  ooipora- 

tions,  *s  wdl  dvil  as  ecclestastical,  aU  of  which  demand  implicit 

revolt,  nhetber  dvll  or  reBgtnis,  is  a  direct  defiance  ol  tlie 
Almighty.  Cromwell  beoomes  a  moial  monster,  and  the  revoca- 
tinn  ol  &«  eiBct  of  Nantes  i>  "  tho  greatest  nchievanent  of  the 
■econd  Coutantiaa."  Not  that  Boisuet  gjoii&ed  the  ilaUu  fna 
aimfdy  aa  a  deiical  bigoL  The  France  of  his  youth  had  known 
the  mfaety  Of  divided  coonids  and  civil  war;  the  France  of  his 
DianhMd,  btonght  together  under  an  absolute  toverdpi,  had 
suddenly  shot  up  into  a  splendour  only  comparable  with  ancient 
Rome.  Why  not.  then,  strain  every  nerve  to  bc4d  innovation 
at  bay  and  prolong  that  splendottr  for  ail  time?  Bosanet^ 
own  Discaurs  tur  t'kisleire  unit^itUe  might  have  ftirnlshed  an 
answer,  for  there  the  Fall  of  many  empires  is  detailed.  But  then 
the  Dtseffurx  was  composed  under  b  sin^e  pFeoccupatlon-  To 
Bossnet  the  establishment  of  Chrislianily  was  the  one  point  ol 
reaiimporunceiBibewholehbtoiyoltheworld.  OverHshoniel 
and  the  East  he  passed  without  a  word;  on  Greece  md  Kome 
be  only  touched  in  so  far  as  they  fomcd  part  of  the  Pretpanii* 
Eaantdita.    And  yet  hts  DiKouri  Is  far  more  tl  "     "  _'    " 

pampfilet.  Pascal,  In  ntter  acorn  far  science,  might  refer 
rise  and  fall  of  emjures  to  Pmvidence  or  chance — the  nose  01 
Cleopatra,  or  "a  little  grain  of  sand"  In  the  En^ish  ktd 
protector's  veins.  Bossuet  bdd  fast  to  his  prindple  that  God 
works  throu^  secondaiy  causes.  "It  is  His  will  that  every 
gnat  dmnge  sbouM  have  its  roots  In  the  ages  that  went  before 
it"  Bossuet,  accotdin^,  made  a  hemic  attempt  to  grapple 
with  origins  and  causes,  and  in  this  way  bis  book  deservei  lu 
place  as  one  of  the  very  first  ol  phSosophic  histories. 

From  writing  hblory  he  turned  to  history  in  the  nakiog. 
In  i6Sr  he  was  gaselted  bi^op  of  Meaux;.bnt  before  he 
conid  lake  peascasion  of  Ms  see,  he  wu  drawn  into  m 
violent  quand  between  Louis  XIV.  and  the  pope  (see 
GAUicunsH}.  Here  he  found  hinudf  between  two  fira.  To 
support  (he  pope  meant  supporting  the  Jesuits;  and  he  haled 
iheit  csstdsls  and  MbMhi  otrie  almost  as  much  as  Pasal  himsdf. 
To  Oppose  Ae  pope  wu  to  pky  into  the  hands  of  Loids,  1H1O 
wasfranUyanrioustobuntblelhe  Church befoiT  the Suie:  Sa 
BoBUet  steered  a  middle  course.  Before  the  general  assembly  ol 
the  Freniii  dergy  he  preached  a  great  sermon  onlhc  unity  of  the 
Church,  and  raadeitAmagnlficentptea  far  ^mpromiie.  /U  Louk 


BOSTANAI— BOSTON 


289 


■ot  kavt  (o  dnw  It  mp,  uxl 
And  when  tht  pope  de<:knd  it  buU  utd  voM,  be  Kt  to  worii  on 
a  MuUk  f>tf<iiM  Cfari  CaUicoai,  <ml]rpviblig]Md  alter  hisdetlh. 
ne  GtlUaui  MofB  a  littk  abated,  be  toned  back  to  a  pniect 
vety  Bcu  ha  bean.  Ever  ibK«  tbe  eaiijr  dayi  at  Uete  be  bad 
been  biay  witb  etbenn  for  uniting  tbe  HuiuetuU  to  the  Roman 
Cbnmb.  In  166B  be  couTeited  Turennei  ia  i47s  he  publUwd 
an  ExptiMm  it  la  fiii  eatiidiqmt,  ta  modcnte  la  tone  Ibat 
advowk*  line  diina  to  accuie  him  of  hivinc  fnudulenilx 
■olcted  domnt  tbe  Romui  dogmu  to  niil  a  ProtBUnt  tisle. 
FiDaily  ia  rtSt  iiipiatal  bii  gml  Hiitein  da  husoIkhi  ia 
4ilittt  fnUtlaiMi,  perbips  tbe  most  brilJiinL  dI  all  hit  worki. 
"  ''  'd  'have  made  the  JualiBcalioik  conlmversjr 

imple  eDOdgh. 
nret  hidd  logftlKr,  and 
laHtlnriud  interpreter.    Tlie  PtotesUot  tfautrha 
'lisialapRieii  and  Bonuet  bad  >m*tl  trouble 
mifaDjtiDstbat,  tbakngetlbcy  Uved,  tbe  btoc  Uwy  varied  on 

For  tbe  momeni  tbe  Proleslanti 

n  long  itey  began  to  est  whelher 
.  D  great  an  ev(L  BctwHD  ii«i  and 
iTDi  BouiBt  corresponded  wttb  Leibnitz  wiib  a  view  10  reunion, 
bnt  neyiliatioiii  lnJte  down  pieciiely  at  tbis  point.  Individual 
Ksman  dtKXilim  Leibniti  thought  his  couDIIymcn  might  acnpl, 
but  be  Saliy  lefuMd  l«  guuantcc  that  they  would  necorarily 
believe  to-morrow  what  Ibey  believe  to-day.  "  We  prffcr,"  he 
■aid, "  ■  church  elemall]'  vuiaUe  and  lor  ever  moving  lorwardi." 
Next,  ProCaunt  willen  began  to  aicinnutaie  asmc  jtanllng 
praola  0(  Home'*  own  variations;  tnd  here  thej  wen  backed  up 
by  Aichaid  Simon,  ■  priett  ot  Ibe  Farls  Oratory,  and  the  lather 
of  BiUiCBl  criiidim  in  France.  He  eccused  St  Augustine, 
Bonet't  owB  special  nuiter,  o[  havbig  corrupted  tbe  primitive 
doctrine  of  Grace.    Botsnet 


lise  Bsnes  graver  stiTl. 
L'odei  a  vcH  of  poUIely  ironical  dicumlocultons,  lucb  as  did  not 
deceive  the  bisbop  ol  Meani,  he  claimed  hii  right  to  interpret 
tbe  Bible  like  any  ntbcr  book.  Bossuet  denounced  him  again 
aad  apin;  Sinon  loM  his  friends  he  would  wait  until  "  the  old 
(elkn  "  was  no  note.  Anothei  Oratorian  proved  more  dangerous 
itilL  SUnoo  bad  endangered  miracles  by  applying  to  them  lay 
nfc* of  evidence, bvt  Makbranche  abrogated  miraclu  altogether. 
It  waa  blavbeauMU,  be  irgued,  lo  suppose  that  the  Author  of 
astote  wvuld  btetk  through  a  reign  of  law  He  had  Himself 
ratiblMitid,  Beuuet  might  scribble  iish,  miro,  faisa,  in  the 
BiaitiiB  at  tall  book  and  urge  on  Ffnelon  to  attack  them; 
MaMicaache  poEIety  met  bis  threats  by  saying  thai  to  be  refuted 
by  tncta  a  pen  innild  do  him  too  much  honour.  Tbese  repealed 
cbecka  Mund  Boeaoel't  temper.  Ill  bis  earlier  coniroversies  he 
bad  boene  himself  with  great  magnanimity,  and  the  Huguenot 
ministen  be  refuted  found  him  a  kindly  advocate  at  court. 
Even  bis  ippnrval  of  the  revocation  of  the  edict  of  Nantes 
stopped  far  short  of  approving  dragonades  within  his  diocese  of 
Mcaui.  But  Dow  his  patience  was  wearing  out.  A  dissertation 
by  one  Father  Ca&sro.  an  obscure  Italian  monk,  beta.me  his 
eacDV  for  writing  certain  violent  Mtaiims  sur  la  cotnSdie  [1694) 
vheroD  be  made  an  outrageous  alLLdc  on  the  memory  of  Moli^  re, 
dead  more  than  twenty  years.  'Hiree  years  later  he  wosi^Itling 
wHb  Ftndm  over  the  love  of  God.  and  employing  methods  of 
COiitnrver?ry  at  least  as  odious  as  F£neloD's  own  (1697-1699). 
Ail  that  can  be  said  !n  his  delcnce  is  thai  Ptnelon,  four-and. 
twenty  yean  his  Junior,  was  an  old  pQpU,  wbo  had  suddenly 
grown  into  1  rival;  and  that  OD  tbe  tnatter  of  piindple  most 
autboiitles  thought  bin  right. 

Amid  these  gloomy  occupations  Bossuet's  life  came  slowly  lo 
CM  end.  mi  be  was  over  seventy  be  had  scarcely  known  what 
Oliiesa  was;  but  in  (70>  he  was  attacked  by  the  stone.  Too 
yean  later  he  was  a  hopeless  invalid,  and  on  the  nth  of  April 
t;<i4  he  passed  quietly  away.  Of  bis  private  life  there  b  little 
lo  lecoid.  Meaux  found  him  sn  eicellent  and  devoted  bishop. 
Bach  nore  altouivc  lo  (flocesaa  concerns  thin  his  more  Stirling 
would  ceem  to  allow..    In  geDcral  sodety  he  was 


kindly  and  affable  endugh,  though  ■omewhil  ill  at  cue.  (fnlil 
be  was  over  forty,  he  bad  lived  among  purely  ecderiastical 
Mitronndings;  and  it  was  probably  want  of  self  .confidence. 


a  little  too  closely  to 
After  all,  be  was  nc 
lAcis,  before  age  and  Mmt 


d  the  powers  of  Danid  01 


is  Xiy.'s  private  Ufe. 
it;  and  lo  "  relorm  " 
n  bad  sobered  him  down, 


ID  make  an  intelligenl  Chinaman  accept  all  his  ideas,  if  only  he 
could  be  induced  to  lend  Ihem  his  attention.  But  his  best  praise 
rs  to  have  brought  all  thcpowersof  language  to  pain  tan  undying 

science,  were  conceived  of  as  fixed  imalTcrable  planeU,  drding 

Au  iBOWTi  BS.^The  b«i  ediikMiof  Bowiet'i  sttmon  Is  thetEnru 
imteuTi  tfi  ^sinet,  edited  bvAbbt  Lcbam.  In  t  vols.  (Pari*,  ttuir- 
i«96).  H>>Gonp)ctawoikswnedUedbyLulut.ia)ivDli.IPuw. 
iWi-lSii).  A  complete  lilt  of  tbe  innumerable  worb  relaluig  10 
bin  wiU  be  fmnd  hi  the  Bmnul  number  of  the  JtiUutUnr  iti 
tai^Ttttia  tril^xir,  compIM  by  Canon  Charles  Urbain,  and 
pub)I>MbytbeS(iciMdB£tad>il<alorii|DM(Far^I9im).    The 

Bneial  reader  will  find  all  he  reqidica  in  the  rapectiva  aludies  4f 
.ltebclIi«,Saiiiid(n>ris,  1900), and  M.Ci>KaveLanioa.Bgukcl 
.-    .        -.,     ._^__.-.L  .,.._. j_.. ■  by  Mrs  Siding 

(ST.Cj' 

the  name  of  the  first  eailarch  under  Mahommcdui 
ule,  in  tbe  middle  ol  the  7tb  century.  The  eiilaicht  had  their 
eat  in  Persia,  and  were  piaclicolly  the  leciUar  beads  of  th« 
awish  community  in  the  Orient, 

BOSTOH.  TUOIiAS  (1676-1733),  Scottish  divine,  was  bom  at 

)unsonthei7tbal  March  1676.    His  father,  John  Boston,  and 

nolher,  Alison  Trot  .     ■    - 


r  (London,  l>7<)>  ■ 
iraSteiAenintlitieo 


educated  at  Edinburgh,  and  licensed  in  1697  I 
of  Chimside.  In  1699  be  became  minister  of  tl 
Simptin,  where  there  were  in  all  "  not  more  Ibi 
persons."  In  1704  he  fouivi,  while  visiting  a  number  of  his 
Sack,  a  book  which  had  been  bimight  into  Scotland  by  a  oommon- 
wealth  soldier.  This  was  the  famous  Mamm  ef  Modem  Ditimtj, 
by  Edward  Fisher,  a  compendium  of  the  opinions  of  leading 
Reformalion  divines  on  the  doctrine  of  grace  and  [he  oSer  of  tbe 
GeapeL  Itsob|ecl  was  todenonsL/alc  the  uncondi  ttonal  f iteaess 
of  the  GoapeL  It  deared  away  such  condltfona  as  lepenEenee^ 
or  some  degree  of  outward  or  inward  reformation,  and  argued 
that  where  Christ  is  heartily  tecdvcd,  full  repentance  and  a  now 
liie  leUow.  On  Boston's  recounMidatiaD,  Hog  of  Carnock 
reprinted  Tkt  Uarrtwia  1718;  and  Boston  also  published 
an  edition  with  notes  oi  his  own.  Tlie  book,  being  attnckcd 
from  the  slandpoiot  of  high  Calvinism,  became  the  standard 
of  a  famchiag  movement  in  Scottish  Presbyterianism.    The 


le  effect  of  their  preaching. 


Ibeyr. 


>l  their    . 
lained  Catvinists  they 


tatcd  to  Ellrick.  He  distinguished  himsell  by  being  the  only 
member  of  the  assembly  who  entered  a  protest  against  what 
be  deemed  the  inadequate  scnleiice  passed  on  John  Simson, 
profassoe  of  divinity  at  Glas^w,  wbo  was  accused  of  iietemdoi 
leaching  on  the  Incatnatfon.  He  died  on  the  lothol  May  t^ji. 
His  books,  r*«  Few/oM  Slali,  Tkt  Crook  I'nilte  Lm,  and  hii  iWy 
af  Doiniiy  and  UiiaUania,  long  eaerdsed  a  powtrCul  influence 
over  the  Scottish  peasantry. 

His  Unuvi  were  pubKdicd  in  1776  (cd.  C.  D.  Low,  lUSl.  An 
editiod  of  his  works  In  r?  volumes  appeared  iri  1849.        fO.  Hn.') 

BOSTOH.  a  municipal  and  parliamcniary  borough  and  seaport 
of  lincolnsbire,  tn^and,  on  the  rivet  Withim.  4  m,  from  its 
moutbinlheWash,  lojm.  N.of  London  by  the  Great  Northern 
nilway.  Pop.  (1901)  ■;,647.  It  lies  in  a  Hat  agriculture 
fen  district,  drained  by  numerous  tuts,  some  of  which  ate 
navigable.    Hie  cbuicb  of  S<  Botolpb  is  a  superb  Decorated 


liSj/p  in  memory  of  theut 


iM).    1 


if  which  it  ii  »  nu^nificcDl 
.  tbc  camplctrd  tomr  of 
Anlwcip  calticdrai,  ana  u  cjt>wiic4  by  i  BraccfuL  ocLAfjoiul 
Untcm,  Ihc  whole  being  nearly  igo  fl.  in  l^eight^  The  chutch  of 
SUcbetk,  I  m.  uulh-eut,  tlwugh  eilmuvely  mlaied,  reuiu 
BDod  Early  En^ish  deUili.  Other  biuldini*  of  inureit  are  the 
giiildhal],  ■  isth-centuiy  ttniclure  of  brick)  Shodfrius  Hall, 
a  half-limbcied  bouse  adiicrat  to  tlighl  Rsuuns  of  a  Dominican 
prioiy;  the  free  gmnnitt  Khool,  foundnl  in  ijs4,  with  a  Got 
(atewsy  o[  wioughl  iron  of  the  ijlh  cenluiy  brought  (rg(n  Si 
Bolidph'i  chuTchi  and  the  Hiusey  Toum  of  bride,  part  <A  ■ 
■unsion  of  the  i6tli  cenlury.  PubU'c  inilitutlona  bdude  • 
people^a  park  and  Large  munidpal  baildingi  (1904). 

At  a  port  Botton  wai  of  ancient  importance,  but  in  the  l8lh 
ttnlury  the  river  had  iQled  up  io  far  ai  to  enclude  veuell  61- 
cteding  about  jo  tana.     In  iaSi-igS4  ■  dock 


dependnit.  Titc  dty  lici  on  UanachuKlts  bty,  on  wtel  vu 
pear-ihapcd  pcniTisuli  attached  to  the  maintand  by  a 
,  marshy,  neck,  often  iwfpt  by  Ilie  ipray  vnd  water. 
On  the  naith  ii  ihe  Charles  river,  which  wideu  lieR  iaia  a  bmd. 
iginally  much  broader ,  inner  haihour  or  back-bay.  The  surface 
of  the  pcaiinsuU  wat  very  hiUy  and  inrgolar^  tl»  AliOre-Llne  was 
deeply  indented  with  corns,  and  there  wne  lalt  maraha  that 
fringed  iJie  neck  and  the  rivtr-chanDel  aiul  were  left  ooiy  by 
ttie  ebbing. tide*.  Until  after  tbe  War  of  Independence  the 
primitive  loiHigraphy  [tmaineil  unchanged,  but  ft  was  iflerwudi 
ibjecied  to  chingci  (icaler  than  those  elTecicd  on  the  site  of 
ly  other  American  dty.  The  area  of  the  origiul  Baton  wa> 
ity  jSi  acT«,  but  by  the  £llins  in  of  lidd  OaU  (since  1804) 
lis  was  incrcued  to  iSiq  acra^  white  the  larger  curporatc 
Boston  of  the  present  day — [ndudiiig  the  amieaed  territozica  of 

Brighton  and  West  Roibury  (1(174) — camprdienda  almoat 
I.  The  hcautifuJ  Public  Garden  and  the  final  residential 
of  the  city— the  Back  Bay,  id  called  from  that  innei 

buboiu  fivm  whose  waters  it  was  reclaimed  <iB56--iSg6) — stand 


ucted,  1 


xlockgi 


si  of  the  river 

was  deepened  to  37  ft.  for  3  m.  below  the  town,  and  a  new  cut 
of  3  m.  was  made  Itoni  the  mouth  into  deep  water.  An  iron 
«»ing-hridge  connects  the  dock  with  the  Grot  Northern  railway. 
There  is  a  repairing  slipway  aceommodaiing  vcatels  of  800  tons. 
Imports,  principally  limber,  frafo,  cotton  and  linseed,  increased 
owing  to  these  improvemcBU  from  £ii«,i7fl  in  iSSi  to  £816,658 
in  1B991  and  eiporu  (coal,  machinery  and  manufactured  goods) 
from  ^3,000  in  1M3  to  £j6i,8jj  In  iSm-  The  deep-sea  and 
coastal  fisheries  are  important.  Engineering,  oil-cake,  tobacco, 
■ail  and  rope  works  are  the  principal  industries  in  the  town. 
Boston  Rtums  one  member  to  parliament  The  parliamentanr 
borough  falls  within  the  Holland  or  Spalding  divblc 


.    Them 


icip.1  b. 


Dugh  is  under  a  mayor,  6 


,  who  in  6M  founded  a 
irobabTy  gr 


ned  in  Domesday, 


E^yi 


BritUny.    ^k  espeWent  .. 

■mmh  of  the  Wiikts  oplains  in  speeoy  rw  mio  nnponince. 
King Jc^o  by  charter  of  l>u  graued  tbg  bailifl  of  Boston  lole 
JuradKtnn  in  the  town.  By  tha  tjth  century  it  was  a  gieil  com- 
nercial  centre  second  enhr  to  London  In  paying  £780  for  two  years 
>n  >t»  «M.ii>h  IpAa  In  IMS.  and  Edward  III.  made  it  a  staple 

. J  1369.    "nie  HaasealE  and  Remish  mcnhana 

(dy  increased  its  prospeHly.  but  on  the  withdrawal  ol  liic  Han- 
Ik:  League  about  1470  and  the  bieak-upaf  the  gild  system  Boston  ■ 
r-Jsperiiy  (nan  tonne,  and  for  Hnne  centuries  it  remained  ilmau 
without  trailc-  Ncvenhelest  it  was  raised  10  the  rank  of  a  fi« 
boiDughby  Heny  Vlll.'t  charter  iri  tufr.  confinned  by  Edward  VI. 
bi  I547.  or  Mary  In  ISU,  by  Elisabeth  (who  grant«<  a  court  of 
admiralty)  in  iSjBaad  IS73.and  by  James  I.  in  ti^.  Boston  tent 
members  to  the  peat  couocds  in  1337,  135a  and  itj3;  and  from 
IJSI  to  iMj  two  memheia  weie  letumrd  In  each  parliament.    The 

Eiedislribnliiin  Ad  tSSj  nduced  the  repr^EnutiD *— 

la  IJS7  a  market  was  granted  u>  the  abbot  of  Croi 

to  John,  earl  of  Driltany.     The  great  annual  nui 

laiS  and  attended  by  many  German  and  other  „^,^.^...~     .  ■.. 

annual  lairsand  two  weeldy  maiketi  wen aranted  by  Henfv  Vf l[.'. 

dunrr,  and  are  itill  held.     The  CiilR  Matt  lurvivei  only  in  thi 

Beau  ManheUonthe  nth  of  December. 

See  Pishey  ThompBa,  Hiilir^  tni  Anlitulia  ej  BtUn  awl  Ih 
HMiirrd  of  ShrtcttiBoUDB.  iS^y.  l>orge  JeU>.  Ciu^  It  Ou 
CImrdi  tt  SI  Btliift,  wilk  NoM  M  lie  BuMry  if  Beitaii  YicUru 
Cuaafy  HiUoty:  Lmaliuliltt. 

■aVnm,  the  capital  of  tl»  stale  of  UaBachosetts,  U^.A. 
In  Suffolk counly;  lat.4J*ir  >j'6'N,,lona.  Ji*  j'30' W.  Pop 
(1900I  j6o,89J,  (197,119  bdng  foreign  born);  (1905,  stale  census'. 
SOIijSo;  Ci9i°]i'^7°iS^S-  Boston  is  the  tcrounus  of  the  Boston  t 
Albany  (New  York  IZcntiaD,  the  Old  CcJony  system  of  the  Ne~ 
York,  New  Haven  ft  Hartford,  and  the  Boston  k  Maine  railwi 
Qfstcms,  each  sf  which  contioli  levcial  minor  roads  once  ii 


V£ 


what  w 


It  10-day 


iginal  site.  Whole  forests,  vast  quai 
ite,  and  hills  of  gravd  were  used  10  fringing  the  w 
i,  constructing  wharves,  |Hcrs  and  caasewaya 
id  fumishjng  piling  and  solid  foundationa  fo 
sdge  ol  the  Common,  which  is  now  well  within  the  dly, 
tish  troops  in  1775  took  their  boats  on  the  eve  of  the 
if  Luington;  and  the  post-office,  now  in  the  very  beait 
of  the  businea  section  ol  the  dty,  standi  sn  tbe  original  shore-line. 
y  is  level  and  eiccUently  drained-  The 
original  territory  still  pmervei  to  a  large  degree  its  irregularity 
,  bui  its  hills  have  been  much  d<gr»ded  or  wholly  laiej- 
lU.  so  called  from  its  ancient  use  as  a  signal  waminx 
still  the  most  conspicuous  topographical  fealtue  td 
but  it  has  been  changed  from  a  bold  and  [Mcturesqtw 
.  .  .  inio  a  gentle  slope.  After  the  great  fire  of  1871  it 
became  possible,  iu  the  reconstruction  of  the  businm  district, 
\0  widen  and  straighten  its  streets  and  create  squares,  and  to 
irovide  for  tbe  mffic  tha  had  long  outgrown  tbe  narrow, 
rnwktd  nays  of  the  older  city.  Atlantic  Avenue,  along  die 
harbour  fiDDt,  was  created,  and  Washington  Street,  the  chiei 
cry,  was  largely  remade  after  iB6d.  It  is  probable 
875,  at  least,  there  had  been  a  larger  outtay'of  labour, 
id  money,  in  reducing,  levelling  and  redaiminc 
id  in  stiaightening  and  widening  thoroughfana '  is 
in  had  been  cipended  for  the  same  purposes  in  all 
Iheothcrchiel  cities  of  the  United  States  together.  Wasbinftoi) 
Street,  still  narrow,  is  perhaps  the  most  crowded  And  GOttfested 
thoroughfare  in  America.  The  finest  residence  streets  are  is  the 
Back  Bay.  which  is  bid  out,  in  sharp  coniiiit  with  the  older 
quarters,  m  a  regular,  rectangular  arrangement.  The  North 
End,  the  original  dty  and  afterwards  the  fashioaable  Qiuner, 
is  now  given  over  to  the  Jews  and  foreign  colonia. 

The  harbour  islands,  three  of  which  have  been  ceded  10  the 
United  States  for  tbe  purpose  of  forti&cation,  an  numerous, 
and  render  the  navigation  of  the  shipiriag  channels  difficult 
and  easily  guarded.  Though  tortuous  of  access,  the  channels 
aflord  a  dear  passage  of  17-35  ft.  since  great  improvements  were 
undertaken  by  the  national  government  iu  t&vi,  i8gg,  190T  and 
1407,  and  the  harbour,  when  reached,  b  secure.  It  aSords  nearly 
60  sq,  m,  of  anchorage,  but  the  wharf  tine,  for  lack  of  eaily 
reservation,  is  not  so  large  as  it  might  and  shonld  have  been. 
The  islands  in  the  harbour,  now  bare,  were  for  the  most  part 
heavily  wooded  when  first  occupied.  It  has  been  found  impossible 
to  afiorest  them  on  account  of  the  roughness  ol  the  sea-air,  and 
the  wash  from  their  bluffs  into  the  hirbout  has  invdved  large 
eipensc  in  the  erection  of  sea-walls.  Castle  Island  has  been 
fortified  since  the  earliest  days;  Fort  Independence,  on  thin 
island,  and  Forts  Winthnp  and  Warren  on  neighbouring  lalatKla, 
constitute  permanent  harbour  defences.  The  broad  witercoursea 
I  On  the  ■liention  ft  streets  alsne  (161691.496  wi 


ab.Googlt; 


fiosroN 


J91 


A  hj 


VOL  BoMoB  tair,  thai  the  hutMon  mj  be  open  totlBii*v]F- 
janl  at  Chuttttoim,  bcini  mchcd  by  fen;  {iSiq),  oA  if 
Ihe  (kctik  Hibwijr  usdn  the  hubour.  At  the  ChirialoiRi 
■nT-jud  (iSod)  then  an  dnefci,  muralutariei.  feaulTiel, 
■adune-ihapi,  oidnance  ilorcs,  rop&nlki,  funuca.  ^tfatg^ 
pii).Ifnibetilieib,ORlDUin~puhi,iUp-h(iiiiici,fte.  Thetunmi 
fripte  "  IndqieDdaue  "  mi  launched  hoe  in  1B14,  the  mOR 
bmnn  "  CoMitutiiM  "  karini  becD  luachtd  wUlc  the  yard 
mi  Mia  privat*  in  \ni-  ^^  Snt  liiidie  ma  tlw  OUule*, 
uCbukHown,iraiopatdiBi7M.  TIm l>ridfe«fddef artistic 
noU  ii  tlw  Caalnidtc  Bridge  (t«oS),  liUA.  replaced  OccU 
Wot  BMUa  Brtd|e,  and  ii  one  fianiit  of  iBqanvciDcnti  lcai( 
pnjacMd  foe  tfaa  txanli^AV  of  the  Chailn  ili>ct  baiin. 

CBmpatativd)>fewndicio(the*ailylo«ikaveb(aiq>altd  by 
litandtlieliBprowmenljofthemodnadty.  ThmecBclerki 
nnaia  intact — Kins'i  chapd  bniyiag  gnmd,  with  tlw  giana 
gf  John  Wiuthrap  and  John  CMton;  the  <M  Gnaaiy  bsrial 
ItmiDd  in  the  heart  of  the  dty,  irbetc  Samud  SemD,  the  paiCDti 
of  FraBklin,  John  Hancock,  Jamc*  Otii  and  SamncI  Adam  an 
borieil;  and  Caps^t  HiU  burial  gnnnid,  contiiBlnE  the  tomba 
oftbeMathen.  Christ  cbnTch(i;tj}li  the  oMntchurchof  the 
Aj;  !■  lis  tower  Ibe  ii(Dal  Isnlena  were  dlti^yed  lor  PkdI 
KeniE  on  Uienl^t  of  the  iStb  of  April  iTVS-  Tbe  Old  South 
cbarcb  Ulya-ijt7),  the  old  iiate  haase  (1T4S,  retored  tUi), 
lad  ft-aaH  Hall  (iTfii-iT&j,  enlarged  i8o5,rec<imtnKtcdiM) 
aic  rich  in  rBtnortble  auocjalwiu  of  Ihc  period  preodine  the 
War  of  bdepcDdna,  The  acnnd  was  iJk  seat  of  the  royal 
inrenmient  of  HassBcbiBelU  dorinc  Ibe  pnvincial  period, 
ud  within  its  walls  from  176010  177;  tbeqantions  of  colonia] 
depcndena  or  independence  probably  fini  came  inlotvident 
nnaicl.  The  Old  South  chuich  hai  many  auodillont;  it  *■*, 
lot  inatance,  the  mteting-i^ce  □(  the  people  alter  the  "  Boilon 
Wimai  n  "  of  1770.  when  they  demanded  the  nmovil  of  the 
BifiiahtnMfis  (ran  the  dly)  and  here,  too,  were  held  the  nwelingt 
thtf  led  Bp  to  the  "  Barton  Tea  Party  "  of  177J.  Fineuil  Hall 
{the  origiDal  haB  of  the  name  was  given  to  the  clly  by  Peter 
FaDeun.  a  Uugaenot  merriiant,  in  1741)  is  usocialsi,  Like  the 
Old  SaMli,  with  the  patriotic  oraiory  of  nwhitionary  <hys  and 
is  called  "the  cradle  BlAmeiicaiillbaiy.''  lU  aasodatioB  with 
ntora  BOTcniaiis  and  peat  public  iiSMi  o(  Itlsr  liaici  is  not 
kia  doK  and  l)iteie*lii«.'  The  idjolrdng  Qnincy  Baitet  may 
be  awDtioosd  btcause  ris  constructioa  (iSit)  wss  utiliied  to 
epca  wot  Dtw  iMMls,  nfden  •  sevaitb,  and  stanc  Itl*,  docks 
a^wbufrlftta— all  witkontltylig  tax  or  debt  upon  the  city. 
Tim  orlflnil  Uag'i  chapd  (ifiU,  pnw&l  buOdins  IT4<>-I7S4} 
waa  the  int  ^daoopal  chaicfa  of  Butoa,  which  bitteriy  Testnted 
theactiaaoltteK^8e«morinia8Tln<afa«llM  Old  Snrth 
forthesatricwadbBCbinhaf Eagtaad.  The Dtw«a(e bouse, 
the  oldsH  portioa  of  wMch  (designed  by  Charles  BolfiscW 
waa*ncledini7«r-iT9S,w«*«nlBigedin  iS5}-rllje,  r— '  — '- 
alD  i8S9>ia9S  (total  


tamtty  with  tha  a^Ic  ol  the  ni^nsl  portion;  and  Re  gOded 
1  laodnartu    OUier  bnfldingi  of  loc^ 
/  haU  (ttej);  tha  Unlltd  Sum  Roven- 
g  (iBlt-iS;S,  cast  kboM  I6,ooo,c«o1;  the  county 
le  (iMT-itfj,  (i,i$o,o*o);  tha  <uston»^i04Bt  ()S)7- 

JthedunbaratcamnMce(iB»a). 

Cspleir9qiuira,lBtbeBackBay,laftwl)rdittfaigidthsd  by  a 
ywBp  of  cucpliowil  bUUdings:  Trinity  churtb.  ths  old  Munnm 
g(  FmcAns,  the  pDblic  library  and  the  «■•  Old  Sooth  dmtch. 
Trinlly  (i8n.  coat  tBaa^soo).  In  yrilowttb  gruiltc  wilh  dark  sand- 
*  tiim^aPi  the  inutetpiece  of  H.  H.  Rkhardson,  is  biilt 
~  K  style  of  southern  Fnncri  It  k  a  Lctin  croo 

'  «  central  tower,  with  iraallcr  towers 
ly  open  clolsteia  that  distribute 
[,  Ptaut  XVI,  Ke-  <]7>-     I'  hus 
rs  by  La  Faift.  WilEam  Morris,  Burat-Jones  and  otben. 

nil  Hall  is  the  ImidfiDirtMi  ol  Ih(  Ancicml  gnd  IlaiwunbtF 

AitfBny  Cuapany  ol  Baton,  ihe  oldeit  <n<litary  organiiation  ol 
ife*  ceisniry,  oc|aiiiNd  in  ifejl. 


in  the  style  of  the  lulim  R 
palace.    It  has  an  InpoalBg  menot 
Plate  XVI.  6g  135),  a  beantlful  ianet  coon, 

' a»d  cmbellishmeDls,  todeding 

.  a  statue  tt  Sir  Bouy  Vans  by 
'  in  Sleaa  maible,  sonc  cbancterittic 
PuTis  de  Chavnme  <IIhislntfaig  t 


pahMoff  by  John  S.  SaifSBl  (on  the  Uttasy  of  td^$n),  Edwin 

A.Ahbey(onthsqasstoftheHolyGTaa).    Tboldkla«Bet 

naa  Alts  (iSt*)  Is  a  red  bticfc  edUce  in  modem  CatUc  style, 

«lth  tsinnfags  <(  light  H  — 

South  (Ibe  sucoMorol  the 

is  a  beadiona  uructon  of  Italian  GotUc  style,  1 

onpsBlla.    Tta  digdfied  bunding  of  the  UasBChn 

Beer.    Id  HnntficMa  Avenue,  at  Its 

.  HottimnBnl  Rail,  Syniplnny 
Hall  (1900)  end  the  Nt*  Engtand  CoBservatoty  ol  Music 
In  ths  Back  Bay  Feea,  teciahncd  swamps  laid  out  by  F.  L. 
Olmatid,  sllB  othss'  giowpa  have  (ocBwd— amoBg  others  (hOK 
of  tbamaititafaiiEdhutSOf  tbsHsnanI  OMdica]  acboel;  F«nwxy 
CMirt,  a  bnfldlkt  in  the  st^  iotccnally,  of  a  Venetkn  pdact, 
that  h»BsS*  tlwaitlnasvRB  (4  Mis.  J.  L.  Gatdner,  and  Simmons 
CoUlgB.  Utso,loo,bthoBCwhuildiDg(i90«)oftheMnBcamor 
Fma  AMs.  Tbrsugbaut  tbe  Feu  «9Kclkndy  effective  use  is 
beiag  meJee<  nMBuronital  baildlngi  grouped  In  ample  groondt. 

BoatBB  coBipsKi  favoDiably  with  other  American  cities  in- 
tha  diaiaclor  of  its  poblic  and  private  srchJlccture.  The  bei^t 
<A  buildingi  In  the  busioess  section  is  lioiited  to  isj  ft.,  and  ia 
some  plaoea  to  go  ft. 

One  of  tlio  great  public  works  of  Boston  b  Its  subway  (or 
electric  tsnms,  eboM  3  m.  long,  in  part  with  four  tracks  and  hi 
part  whh  two,  eemtnicted  ibtcs  iSo;  al  a  cost  oTsbont  It,  ;ao,oao 
up  101901.  The  bnodito  East  B«alan<  1900- 1904)  psssesbeneath 
Ihe  baiboBT  bed  aid  extends  frara  Seoilay  Sqoeie,  Boston,  to 
Maverick  Sqnai^  East  Boston;  It  was  the  fiisl  all.cnnent  tunnel 
(diameter,  si'6  ft  J  in  the  world.    The  subway  was  bnDl  by  tbe 


I,  elevated  (»t> 

built  1890-1901),  aad  snb«*y-~are  contnitled,  almost  wholly, 
by  eoe  oompany.  lUy  aD  oonbect  and  interchange  psssengeti 
(rtdy;  so  SuK  9m  ordinary  American  five^cenl  tare  enables 

asca  o(  too  eq.  dl  The  two  hage  aleam.tBihrsy  ilallons  oF  (he 
BoetOB  k  Maine  aad  tbe  BostsD  ft  Albany  syilens  also  descm 
■MBtlan.  Tta(ixmer(theNorIli,oclIiiiODsUtlon,igo])cDwrs 
g  aom  and  im  13  tncka;  t^  latter  (the  South  Terminal,  iSgg), 
obc  of  thslsslBt  stations  n  the  world,  coven  ij  acres  and  ha* 
31  tracks,  and  is  used  by  the  Boeton  &  Albany  and  by  ibe  New 
Yorl^  Hew  Hafea  k  Hartierd  raUweys. 

A  BOteworlby  leatmB  Ot  the  Inttropolitan  pablic  wnler 
■errite  vaa  Ixsbb  in  iS^S  in  the  Wachuiett  hke  reservoir 
at  Ofarton,  OB  thB  Nashua  river.  The  basin  hen  eicsvated 
by  tan  ysam  of  Ubour,  lying  385  ft.  above  high-tide  ICvd 
of  Bdeton  hsrtwur,  has  an  srss  of  6'S  sq.  m.,  in  average 
depth  tt  46  (L,  and  a  capacity  ol  6] ,068,000,000  Gallons  ol 
water.     It  is  tbe  Isrgtst  mBnia'psl  reservoir  in  (be  world,'  yet 

■The  dsDI  jl  115a  fr.  kiaK.  willi  I  msdniunt  briclit  if  119  ll.. 
only  7sa  ti.  kavbii  a  dtplh  b(  aon  ilun  40  li.fiein  high  witcr  to 
ruck.    TIk  cnlire  luiiace  of  Itie  buin  «»  icnpcd  10  bed  rock, 

wiib  Ihe  imrvoiriiaR  aqueduct,  of  which  3  n.  on  lunnri  andT  n. 


BOSTON 


The  park  lyitcm  ii  Quite  unique  amonc  American  dtia. 
The  ComiiKHi,  ■  park  of  48  ten,  Id  the  cnire  of  (be  dly,  ha* 
been  1  public  roervalion  lince  1634,  aod  ao  city  part  is  tbs 
worid  ii  cheriibcd  more  aSeilknutdy  Idc  hbloncal  asioaitioiu. 
Adjgining  it  ii  ihe  Fublk  Caidcnof  it  arm  (iSSd},  panoC  Uie 
nudeaieaolUiecily.  Coirnwoireallh  Avenue, imeol  the  Back 
Bay  lUtcU  running  from  the  loot  oi  the  Public  Garden,  is  one  ol 
the  fineit  retideatc  streets  ol  the  country.  It  ii  240  fi.  nde. 
with  foul  lOWfi  oi  itces  ihadiz^  tlic  parking  of  it*  oentral  mail, 
and  is  I  link  thn>it|h  the  Back  Bay  Fena  with  the  beautiful  outu 
paik  astern.  Thu  park  ayilem  couisti  of  two  oncentrfc 
rinfls,  the  innei  bein^  the  city  lyatem  proper,  the  outer  tbe 
mctropditan  tyalcm  un<lertdkcn  by  the  conmonweolth  in 
cooperation  with  the  dty.  The  fonner  has  been  Laid  out  since 
1B7S,  and  includes  upward)  of  ijooacm,  with  mote  than  laon. 
oi  nalki,  drives  and  lido.  lis  centnl  amasienE  ii  Ftanklin 
I^k  (s>7  aciet).  The  metiopalitao  lystem,  which  extendi 
around  the  city  on  a  radiut  of  m  to  i>  m.,  was  begua  in  1843. 
It  embraces  over  ia,oaa  aciEs,  inciudlng  tj»  Blue  Hill  reietvatioD 
(about  500D  acres),  the  hishest.land  in  eastern  MastachuKtts, 
a  beautiful  reservation  of  forest,  crag  and  pond  known  as 
Uiddlesei  Fella,  two  Urge  beach  bath  reservatioiu  on  the  harbour 
at  Kevere  and  Hull  (Nantaskcl),  and  the  boating  aectioB  oI  the 
Charln  river.  At  (he  end  ol  i«o;  more  than  tij.ooo^ioa  had 
been  exiKDdcd  on  the  system.  Including  the  local  parks  of  tfie 
s  of  the  metropolitan  diatrii 


pleti 


'  '     if  the  ne 


le  metropolitan  |]*rk 
e  pioneer  municipality  of  the  counlty  in 
en-aii  gyranasiuma.  A  great  improve- 
years,  was  brought  tieuer  by  ihs  cam- 
bridge  Bridge.     This  impravement  was 


le  damming  of  the  Chulet  rim 
creation  of  a  great  Ink  water  basin,  with  dii  ve-wayt  c(  reclained 
land  along  the  shores,  and  other  BdomiDeBU,  UQieithat  after 
iIm  model  ol  the  Aliter  basint  at  Hamburg. 

Art  ami  LilaaUac.—Tbt  Museum  of  Fine  Atta  wai  bunded 
In  1870  {though  thete  were  art  eidublts  collected  from  iSid 
ODwud)  and  in  preient  building  was  elected  in  iqoS.  It  baa 
one  of  the  finest  collections  of  casts  in  eaiatence,  a  number  of 
original  pieces  of  Greek  statuary,  the  lecortd-fwit  coUccticm  in 
the  world  of  Aretine  ware,  the  finest  coUection  of  Japanoe 
potleiy,  and  probably  the  largest  and  finest  of  JapancM  paintings 


(a  large  part  of  tfKm  Bostonia 

in  the  Common,  the  Public  flaTden.  the  BDaBuda  of  the 
house,  the  city  hall,  and  other  paUie  pbcn  fit  the  city,  are 
statues  of  Chaiki  Sumner,  Joaiah  Quiacy  and  John  A.  Andrew 
by  Thomas  Ball;  of  Centals  JoMpb  Hooker  and  WiBiam  F. 
BartJett,  and  of  Rufu*  Choata  by  Danid  C.  Frach;  sf  W.  L. 
GarriuB  and  Charle*  Dbvcm  by  OUn  L.  Warner;  of  Samuel 
AdaOH  by  Anna  VHtaty;  of  Jdia  Winlhrop  and  ficnjamm 
Franklin  by  R.  S.  GreeiMUlli;  of  Edward  EveiMt  (W.  W.  Story), 
CJilonel  W.  Pieacott  (Story),  KoncaMUm  (£.  SlebUni).  Daaifi 
Webilei  (H.  Powers}.  W.  E.  Chumins  (U.  Adamt),  H,  F.  Banks 
(H.  M.  Kiiion),  FhUlips  Biooka  (A.  St  Gudena),  and  J.  B. 
O'ReUly  (D.  C.  French). 

A.  Ward  commemorating  tht  tirU  proof  of  (he  ana 
properties  of  elhet,  made  in  si^i  in  the  Hawadiusetts 
KoapiUl  by  Dr  W.  T.  G.  Mottoni  an  emancipation  g  .  . 
Thomu  Ball  with  a  portrait  ttatue  of  linctdn;  a  £ik  equcttrian 
Uatuc,  by  the  aame  sculptor,  of .  Washington,  ooe  of  the  best 
works  In  the  country  {1SA4);  aa  army  and  navy  monument 
hi  the  Common  by  Martin  Uillinon,  in  mtmory  of  the  Civil 
War;uiotber  (rSSg}rKDrdisg  (be  death  of  thoir  who  fell  ir>  the 
Boston  Uanacra  of  1710;  Matue*  of  Admiral  D.  G.  Fanagut 
(H.  H.  lUtson).  LeII  Ericson  (Anne  Whitney),  and  Alexander 

BHpoljr  of  ijiiom/KO  laUeot. 


HaiBillOD  (W.  Rinmer);  and  a 
(1847}  by  Augustus  El  Caudens  commemonting  the  departure 
from  Bostrai  of  Cofonel  Rofiert  G.  Stiaw  with  the  first  regimaBt 
of  negro  soldiers  tnlisled  in  the  Civil  War.    Thera  is  an  art 

oppoinled  by  the  mayor  from  candidates  named  by  laol  art  and 
Ctcrary  institutions;  and  without  their  approval  do  work  of  art 
can  now  t>ecome  the  properly  of  the  city. 

The  public  Ubrary,  contiiniag  Qi),]tS  volume*  in  January 
iQoS,  b  the  second  library  of  the  country  in  >iie,  and  i>  iheUigcst 
fice  ritculaling  libriiy  in  the  world  (drcuktion  190;,  1,139,111 
toIudib).  There  was  ■  public  munidial  library  in  Boston  befora 
1674 — probably  in  i^Sit  but  it  was  burned  in  1747  and  waa 
appairnlly  nerer  replaced.  The  present  library  (antedated  by- 
sevetal  circulating,  sodat  and  profcsaional  collectioB^  may 
justly  be  said  10  have  had  its  origin  in  the  cOorti  of  the  Fariaian, 
Alciiuidre  Vattemare  (1796-1S64},  from  1830  on,  to  loaler 
international  exchanges.  From  1847  to  1851  be  arranged  gifts 
from  Fiance  to  American  libraiies  aggregating  30.65]  vohimea, 
andagiitol  50  volumes  by  the  city  of  I^arisin  ifE^j  (recfpncaled 
in  1840  with  more  than  1000  vofumes  contributed  by  private 
dtizens)  was  t  Ik  nucleus  of  the  Boston  public  library.  It*  legal 
foundation  dates  from  1S4S.  Among  the  ^wdal  collectioas  ai« 
the  George  llcknar  library  of  Spanish  and  Fortucueie  books 
(639J  vols.},  very  full  tets  of  United  $lates  and  British  public 
documcnti,  the  Bowditch  mithemalicef  libnry  (7090  vols.), 
the  GaUtei  collection  on  the  liistory  ol  women  (>i«]  vols.),  the 
Barton  libigiy.  including  one  of  the  finest  ciisling  oidkcthin*  ol 
Sbabdpeariana  (3309  vols.,  beside  many  in  the  general  library ),. 
Ibe  A,  A,  Brown  library  of  music  (0S86  vols.),  a  very  full  coDeclKW 
on  the  anthropology  and  ellmology  of  EunqM,  and  mora  than 
roo.000  volumes  on  the  history,  biography,  geognphy  and 
literature  of  the  United  Slates.  The  library  is  tufported  almost 
cnlirdy  by  municipal  appropriationa.  though  holding  aba  con' 
sideraUe  trust  land*  (i3SS,;4i  in  1905).  The  other  notaUe 
book-coUecIions  of  the  dty  indude  thise  of  the  Alhcnaeunit 
founded  In  1807  (about  130.000  vols,  and  pamphleu),  th* 
Massachuwlt*  Historical  Society  (fouitdcd  1791;  ^joej,  thb 
Botton  medical  library  [founded  1S74;  about  80,000),  the  New 
England  Historic-Genealogical  Sodety  (founded  i>(5;  lJ,7so 
volume*  and  34,150  panqihkts},  the  sute  libnty  (founded 
1S3&;  140,000),  the  American  Academy  of  Ana  and  Sdencca 
(founded  17S0;  3a,ixB),  tbe  Boiua  Sodety  of  Natural  UiatDrjr 
(founded  iSjo;  about  35,000  volumet  and  17,000  pamphlets). 

The  leading  educaiimat  inttitutioBS  are  the  Massachusetts 
Institute  of  Technology,  the  largest  purely  sdenfific  and  tech- 
nical school  in  the  tountry.  opeoed  to  students  (iododias 
women)  in  iJWs.  four  years  after  the  granting  of  a  diarta  to 
Prof.  W.  B.  Rogcn,  the  first  picsidenl;  Boston  University 
(chanend  in  1S69;  Methodist  Episcopal;  co-educational);  the 
New  Entfand  Cranervatory  ol  Music  (co-educational;  prifUc; 
186],  iocsrporated  iSSo),  the  largest  in  the  United  Slats, 
having  1400  itudenu  hi  1005-1006;  the  Mauacbusetti  CdUccb 
of  Pharmacy  (i8s>>;  the  Haasadnisetts  Noimal  Art  Schoi( 
((873);  tbe  Scbaol  -at  Drawing  and  Painting  Uiid)  of  tke 
Blweum  ol  Fine  Aiu:  Boatmi  College  (1860),  Roman  Catlmlic, 
nodcr  the  Sodety  ol  Jtnit;  St  John's  Theological  SeaiBary 
(iSicO,  Romu  CatbDlic;  Simmau  Coll<i«  (iSgg)  lot  women, 
and  leveral  deparun^tt  ol  HarvatsL  Uninnity.  Tbe  Institsle 
oT  Ttchnolocr  hat  an  eaeeptioiMl  tepuUtioa  lot  the  wida  taOce 
ol  its  iiBtTiKtion  and  it*  bi^uandanbolackalanhip.  It  waaa 
pioneer  In  introducing  a*  a  featuit  of  itiflilgtnal  plana labcaatDry 
Instruction  in  physics,  mtchaiiic*  Mdjnmlng.  Tbe  aiddtect* 
ol  the  United  Slates  navy  an  *eM  here  ior  hutnitlioa  in  tfaoti 
nKSl  advanoed  course*.  Bation  Univnalty  was  eadowed  hj 
Isaac  Rich  (1801-1871),  a  Boston  fiah^merchant,  Lee  ClaSin 
(1701-1871),  a  shoe  manuluiurCT  aad  a  bcoelacior  <J  Wealeyaa 
University  and  of  WUbiafaam  Seminary,  and  Jacob  Sleeper. 


It  hi 
theology— i 


Institute;  >n  1^7-1867  j 
the  Boston  Theolo^cal  Si 


r,  Vl,  1 


BOSTON 


a9J 


K«i  Hul  arlci^WM  (at  Amhent,  in  •mdition  *ttk  th*  Muu- 
«^UM1U  AgikuUunlCcUctel.BJIaniediiA  iSit.  TiKfuiubiar 
Sunmont  Call<v  v««  lef  I  by  John  SiiniB<>ni[B  iS^i,  ■iwwiriwd 
lo  r«iind  1  HhooJ  to  mcb  the  pnilewaD*  wd  "  bniKho  ol  ut, 
ideiK«  and  indutuy  bnt  calculated  t*  enable  tha  tchoUn  U 
Kquin  an  independenC  Uvclihood."  The  LoweU  Initituu  («.*.}. 
euUiihfil  in  iSjq  {by  J«hn  Lowell,  Jt,.  aba  bequealho] 
S>J7.M0  (or  ilie  puipow),  pnvideayeariy  amnsiof  fnepvUk 
kclures,  and  ita  Iscuiitn  have  included  nany  «(  the  kudina 
tcholan  o(  Asmica  and  Europe.  Duiing  each  •'inln.  alio,  it 
Kcici  of  public  lulunt  on  Arrwiican  hisiwy  it  dcliveinl  in  the 
Okl  South  meciint  huuw.  The  pubUc  Khooii,  pulkulaHy  th* 
■ccoDdarrKhoobianioyaveryhighrcpuUilion.  The  new  English 
High  and  Ulin  Khwl.  Iwiukd  in  ifijj.  i>  the  oldal  Khool  of 
Ihe  cDUDlry.  A  (iili'  Lalm  Khool,  HiLh  Ihc  miae  standaida  aa 
Ihc  boys'  Khool,  was  establithcd  in  1S78  (an  outcome  of  tbc 
tanicmovMKiMIhiitloundedRadcUlieCalltic)    Thcnaitlar^ 

centra.    The  Fedorai  Sum  theatre— the  tint  regular  theatre— 

wu  eslabiishcid  jn  17D4,  Ihc  old  Puritan  fedinf  having  had  its 
natural  inRuencc  in  keeping  Itoiuin  behind  New  Vn-L  and 
rhiladclphia  in  thisnapccl.  Thcdraniilic  history  ol  ibedtjr  Is 
largely  asuciated  vilh  the  Bslon  Mdicum,  built  in  1841  by 
Mo«3  Kimball  on  Tremont  Street,  and  rcbuill  in  1S46  and 
ifiSo;  here  tor  hall  a  century  the  principal  thealiical  perform' 
ances  were  pven  (xr.  an  interesting  ailiclc  in  the  A'ew  En^aad. 
Ua^axtie,  Jtiite  rooj),  in  later  yean  under  the  management  of 
IL  Montgomety  Txld,  until  hi  1903  the  fanHui  Boston  Kluseum 

(the  old  Fokral  Stncl  thoilre,  the  Tiemcnt  thestie.  &c  }  had 
been,  in  the  coune  of  further  building  chiDCc».  The  Boston 
theatre  dates  fnMn  iBS4.  and  (hse  were  levcntccn  theatres 
lllagelliain  t«oo. 

As  a  musical  centre  Boston  rivals  Ucv  York.  Among^muiical 
orsBoSatieu  may  be  mentioned  Ihe  Handel  and  Haydn  Society 
(iSi5).iheHarv«rdMmialAu«i*tion<i8jj),  the  Philharmonic 
(18S0)  aod  the  Symphony  On:hc«tn.  ocgimiied  in  t88i  by  the 
genmBily  of  Heoiy  Lee  Higgiiuon.  This  orchcttn  has  done. 
ranch  for  music  not  only  in  Boston  but  in  the  United  Suites 
teneaSty.  InifDHihcBofoaOptntConipuiywaslacorpcnted, 
and  an  opera  faaose  hal  been  encted  on  the  north  side  of 
IlimliDCtoei  Avenue. 

Boslott  vai  The  undisputed  lltenzy  centre  of  America  until 
the  Utet  dec*iln  of  the  loth  century,  and  still  relalna  a  con. 
jidenbteandimpatlantcnlenyi^wrilenuidanista.  Itsascend- 
atkcy  was  Idenlkal  with  the  kng  predomiaaBce  ol  the  New 
England  lilouy  school,  vho  livod  In  Boston  or  in  the  country 
nnnd  about.  Too  Boston  periodicals  (one  no  lon^  so)  that 
Uill  bold  an  cicxiitianal  pouUon  in  periodical  Gteraturc,  the 
NcnM  A<mtuaa  Xenrv  (iSij)  and  tin  AlloHlic  MonlUy  (1857). 
date  lion  this  period.  Tlie  greit'majority  ol  names  ia  the  long 
list  ^  worthies  of  the  commonwealth-— wri ten.  stat^Hnen. 
oratoni  ftrtiits,  philanthropists,  rcformcn  and  scholars,  are 
iBlinulely  connected  with  Boston.  Among  the  city's  daily 
Dmpipen  tha  Btiltn  Herald  {1846).  Ihe  Setfon  Cleii.  the 
lEMH'ar  Tmutrtfl  (iB]o),  the  Aimrtiir  (iSij)  and  the  i'ojl 
<iilji)  artthamoM  Imporlant. 

trndmlry  and*  Cammcru. — Boaton  li  fringed  with  wharves. 
Commndal  intereHB  an  brgcly  omCcntiiUd  b  East  Boston. 
Kiilwiy  cotmexioD  with  Worcester,.  LoweU  and  Pravidsice 
was  opened  in  1835;  with  Albany,  N.Y.,  and  thereby  with 
various  lino  of  interior  communi  cation.  In  1S41  (double  tnck, 
1S6S);  with  Fitchburg.  in  1845;  and  in  iSji  coDnesion  n* 
(ompieted  with  the  Great  Lakes  and  Canad*.  In  1S40  Beaton 
was  selected, as  the  American  terminus  of  the  Cunard  Ijnc,  the 
Erst  regular  Une  of  trans-Atlantic  stcunera.  The  tonowing 
decade  was  the  most  active  of  the  city^s  history  as  regards  the 
ocean  carrying  trade.  Bontonihipswent  toaQ  parts  o4  the  globes 
The  Cunard  arrangerfient  was  the  iint  of  various  measures 
that  worked  for  a  commereial  rapprochement  between  the  New 
EoglaiMlilatiEl  and  Cinidi.  culminating  in  tbe  tcdpiocity  treaty 


ol  iSs4,i»d  BMton'a  JrucfMlaara  fhrawoat  to^y  ia  dtoMnd^ 
a  return  to  RltlionB  of  Rcipiocily,  fiqpnning  abmjt  iB]j  Ita 
eoainww  ol  the  port  gmily  dadined.  The  Cunard  service 
haa  not  been  (unliauauB.  In  sS6otherewaainteoeveMeliteai»- 
ing  dinctly  foe  Europe;  In  1000  thrae  wen  m  ha  loreigii 
parts.  Gteat  iaipiwtmenu  ol  the  haiboui  wc»  andcrlaken 
in  Igor  by  the  UtiiledStalcigpvemnwnt,  looking  lo  the  creatio* 
of  two  biMd  cbanncb  a  It.  deep,    Kailway  lales  have  aho  been 

New  y«h,  coaiplaining  of  discrimioaliaDa  hi  favour  of  Phil- 
adelphia, Baltinnc^  New  Orleans  and  Calvobai.  Boston  alsv 
'  cwipolition  of  Montraal  and  Ponlandi  the  Canadian 
slled  in  the  ntattet  ol  tnight  diBerentiilv 
port  of  the  United  Stales,  but  it* 
caports  in  1007  were  teas  than  thOM  o(  Philadelphia,  ol  Galveston, 
or  of  New  Oricana.  The  UA»\  lonnags  in  foreign  trade  entering 
and  leavhig  in  1907  was  5,i4fL,4ia  toni;  and  in  Ihe  same  year 
061A  coasting  vessels  (tonnage,  10,1111,474}  arrived  in  Boston. 
The  value  *l  imports  and  eiporti  for  1907  were  re^xciivcly 
liiMM.iW  and  \itnfiioffcSt.  Fibres  and  vcgcUblo  grasses, 
wad,  hides  and  skins,  ootion,  sugar,  iton  and  >1«1  and  theic 
nunulactuiea,  chemicals,  coal,  and  leather  aitd  Its  manuflClurca 
are  the  leading  imparts;  pcovistans,  leather  snd  its  manufactures, 
cgtlan  and  iis  manufacuuns,  breadstuff),  iron  and  steel  snd 
their  manufacture*  arv  the  kading  ciporta.  In  the  esporiallon 
of  cattle,  end  of  the  various  meat  and  dairy  pmduets  dattod  as 
pcoTisiDns,  Beaton  is  easily  second  lo  New  York.  It  is  the  largest 
wool  sM  the  largest  ish  oarket  of  the  United  Stales,  bang 
in  cnch  seoend  in  the  world  to  London  only. 

Manuladuring  fa  to.day  the  most  distinctive  industiy,  as 
was  emnnierca  in  colonial  times.  The  value  of  sll  manufactured 
producta  Iron  establishments  under  the  "  factory  system  " 
in  iQoo  waagiei,7<l4,5]j;  in  igoi  it  was  tTg4,]5 1,163.  Among 
the  kwling  and  more  dislinciive  Items  wen  printing  and 
puldishing  (tii;0i5.Sss  In  igas);  sogai  and  molasses  refining 
(%%%,1^(|.$^^  m  looo;  figures  not  published  in  1905  beaut* 
of  the  industry  being  Id  the  hands  of  a  single  owner);  men's 
dolhing  (in  1000,  Hibo^Ali.  in  looj.  111,146,004);  women's 
dothing  (in  igoo,  t3J5S,48j.  in  1905,  Ss.70],4Tn)l  boots  and 
shoo  (in  loao;  (jiMi^is,  In  iqo;.  S5,J7Sj«i7);  boot  and  shea 
cutatockOn  19a;,  is, IT  1,445):  moll  liquors  (in  i^eo,  ti,5iB,Wt, 
in  loas.  *d.JiS."iS>;  conleclionery  (m  1900,  t4,4ss.>84,  ia 
tooj,  (6,110,013):  tobacco  products  (in  1900,  43,sa||()03, 
in  '9DS,  •4,;9>,fi98);  piaooa  and  organs  ((3,670,771  hi  190))) 
other  musical  instruments  and  materials  (ia  1905,  (131,780); 
rubberand  elastic  goods  (in  1900,  (3, 139,783,  in  1905,  (1487,3  ij); 
steam  filtm^  snd  heating  apparatus  (In  190D,  (i,S76,3i7,  in 
1905.  >3.]S4.oio);  bottling,  lundtun,  lis.  Alt  tilea and  pottery 
are  maauiacluRil  In  Chelsen.  ShiphniMing  and  aUied  induslrin 
eaiiy  became  ol  giant  hnpdilanc*.  The  Wallham  walch  and 
the  Siiger  Kwtng-madikia  had  their  beeinnii«  ia  Boston  in. 
iSjD.  ThaMaUBgol  thaCUckariagpIaaasiDaback  to  1813, 
and  ef  Mssoa  It  Hamlin  nad  organs  to  am  thna  on  io.day 
vtiy  ianiertalit  and  dlstinetiva  Banalaclutoi  of  tho  dty.  Th*' 
ready-made  dotiiing  indusUy  began  shout.  iS30> 

tetogBitian  of  its  nitunca  hi  lijo,. 


mere  handful.  ... 

olficen  known  as  "  sdect-Dwn."  cwutables,  deriu  of  maikvls, 
hog  Raves,  packets  of  aisat  and  £slt.  lie.,  iisra  cboient  and.  Uar. 


J9+ 


of  Ihe 


BHitrcd  Ihe  tnulnes  of  the  (own  [Meting  <b  odhuiy  tinei,  and 
botitcroiBiKsi  oiamd  [a  dcmocnnic  cmncnce  In  cidling 
Umo.  LargciuiIuiKreToMdIoowlr.uideipndHlbyeHculhrt 
boufh  wllbout  my  budgctiry  cantral.  The  whole  tyttan  Wb 
full  of  looHnets,  complodtr  (ltd  DUknUfu.  Bat  Ihe  lenuilr 
with  which  il  wu  dung  to,  pnvcd  that  il  wu  tuited  lo  Ihe 
rainmiinit]';  md  whether  helpful  or  hinnlul  to.  ft  was  not 
ioFoniBtent  wllh,  the  oontlouanM  of  growth  and  praperily. 
VaHoiB  other  Maisochasetti  towmhi>>,  u  they  have  grown 
older,  have  hetn  simDiri)'  compelled  to  abandon  their  old  locm 
ol  government.  The  powen  of  the  old  lowiahlp  were  much 
more  eiteralve  than  thiiK  of  the  proetil  cily  of  Beaton,  induding 
aa  Ihey  did  the  determination  ol  the  mldence  of  itrangen. 
Ihe  allotment  of  land,  the  grant  d  dtilenship,  the  fixing  of 
waga  and  pilcei,  of  the  conditioiia  of  lawtulta  and  even  a 
voice  in  matters  of  peace  and  war.  The  dly  charier  wu  reviieil 
in  iSj4,  and  again  recomlnicted  in  important  partinilan  by 
lawi  of  iSSj  leparating  the  enculive  and  le^ative  powcn, 
and  by  lUbKqucnl  icCa,  A  onnptete  altetclion  of  the.gttverB- 
mcnt  hai  indeed  been  eSected  since  1885.  Beaton  proper  ia  only 
the  centre  of  a  large  metropolitan  tn*.  doaely  aettled,  wilfa 
intemla'in  targe  purl  common,  Thit  mFtropolltan  am,  within 
a  ladim  of  »pproidmat*Iy  10  m.  about  the  stale  house,  costained 
hi  iQoii  about  40^,  of  the  population  of  the  Kate.  In  the  lait 
two  decicka  of  the  19th  ceniury  the  queWion  of  giving  to  thk 
greater  cHy  tome  general  govemmeni,  fully  comolidated  ot  ol 
limited  powers,  w«»  a  atanding  queition  o(  eipodieiicy.  The 
eomiBonwealih  haa  (our  time*  refogniied  a  commBnily  ol  melro- 
polllan  IntereiU  in  ciuting  eute  coRimMona  lince  iSSi  (or 
Ihe  union  of  toch  Intemti,  beginning  with  a  netropollun  health 
dbtrief  in  that  year.  The  metropolitan  water  diilrlct  (iSos) 
incloded  in  IQOS  Botton  and  teventeen  dlin  or  townaUps  In 
iti  envjtont;  the  metropditan  aeweragi  dislrlcl  {1S84)  twenty 
four;  the  park  service  (1S93)  thirty-nine.  Local  aenlteieni 
wai  flrmly  agKlul  compleie  consolidation.  The  creation  rf 
the  itate  commWoia.  independent  Of  the  dty'i  control,  hut 
ahte  to  nmunlt  the  dty  Indcfinhely  by  uodcnakmg  eipeolve 
worki  and  new  delM,  was  Teseniod.  Independence  la  (unher 
cunaDcd  by  other  state  boardlB  serai-lndependenl  of  the  dty — 
the  police  cflmmiuloii  ol  three  members  from  188s  to  '9^. 
and  in  i^oA  a  iin^  police  commksioncr,  appointed  by  Ihe 
govem<v,  a  tfcensing  b^rd  ol  three  members,  appc4itled  by  the 
govatDor;  the  tranait  commission,  &c.  Then  are,  further, 
county  offices  (Suffolk  county  eomprisea  only  Beaton,  Cbdiea, 
Revere  and  Wlnthtt^),  generally  Independent  U  the  dty, 
thou^  Ihe  latter  pays  practically  all  the  biUi. 

A  Ttew  chatter  went  into  tfktt  In  igro.  It  provided  f« 
munidpal  election!  In  January;  for  the  ekclion  ol  a  mayor 
lor  foar  yean;  for  hit  recall  at  Ihe  end  of  two  years  if  a  majority 
of  the  r^itlered  volen  ko  vote  in  thealate  election  In  Kovembcr 
inthesecondyearof  hk  term;  for  Ihe  inmmary  removal  forniMC 
b^lhemayor  of  any  department  head  or  other  of  his  appoinlcea, 
for  a  dly  council  of  one  chamber  o(  nlrie  membera,  dccted  at 
large  each  lor  three  yeani  (or  nomlnaiion  liy  petition;  for  a 
permaneitt  Gnanoe  tommiision  appdnted  by  the  gonnwr;  for 
tfat  confiimatiOB  of  the  msyor's  app^ntmenti  by  the  aute  ctvU 
service  eemmtaloD;  for  the  nayw's  preparation  el  the  atimial 
budget  (In  wbkhlteni  maybe  rtdneed  but  not  bcttiued  by  the 
council),  and  (or  his  atoolute  veto  bS  iqipnfitialiont  eiccpt 
(or  schiiol  uu.  Thff  school  committee  (who  serve  Bitui- 
toBily}  appoint  the  lupeiiniendnt  and  suptrvlson  ol  sdiDota. 
The  number  of  members  ol  the  KbooMiiatd  wu  in  r905 
tedond  fron  twenty-four  to  five,  elected  by  the  dly  at  large. 


d  fn  the  handa  ol  the  lupcrinlendeiit  of  ichools. 
CtvS  lervicc  reform  prindpica  cover  the  entire  munidpal 
administration.     The  dly's  work  k  done  under  an  ef^t-hour 


of  a  president;  then,  •occeastv^,  (n  Ibe  choice  of  >  nayor,  ■ 
governor,  the  determination  ol  Ilquar-license  questioDS  by 
refcnndura,  and  the  settlement  of  other  tefeitDda.  On  >i 
referenda,  10  being  iluesiions  of  liceue,  the  ratio  of  actiul  lo 
regiitered  voters  ranged  on  the  latlei  from  jjoo  to  7S-j8% 
(mean  67  ij),  and  on  other  referenda  from  7s-6j  1033-40  (mean 
di-39),— the  mean  foe  all,  64-  ig.  But  the  average  ol  two  peesi- 
dential  votes  was  IsjTTi.  and  the  maxima,  minima  and  means 
for  mayors  and  govetnon  weie  lespeciively  H3B6,  7499,  78-36 
and  84-73,  *'  7*.  TS  T-  Ctf  those  who  mightj  only  some  jo  to 
G;%  actually  register.  Women  vote  (or  school  coDunittee- 
men  (categoria  as  above,  «s  i8i  M*',  76'49%)-  On  a  referen- 
dum m  1S45  on  the  eipedlency  of  gtnniing  munidpal  luflrage 
lo  women  only  iq-c*%  of  the  smtien  who  were  registeied 
voted,  and  probahly  len  than  10%  d  tbos*  entitled  to  be 

Kospitali,  asyluRa,  rstugei  and  homes,  pauper,  TelonMtory 
and  penal  institullons,  lower  missions,  relief  assodatioiis,  and 
other  charitable  or  philanthropic  organisations,  pdvate  and 
puUic,  number  several  hundreds.  The  Associated  Chanliei  is  an 
incorporated  organisation  for  systemalrzing  the  various  charities 
of  the  dly.  The  Maatachusetts  gcDeral  hospital  (iStt-iSii) — 
with  a  branch  for  mental  and  nervous  dueases,  McLean  hcapitat 
(i8t6).  in  the  township  of  Belmont  (posl-office,  Waverley)  about 
6  m.  W.N.W.  of  Botton;  the  Perkins  Institution  and  Maiaa- 
chuselts  school  for  the  blind  (1832),  famous  for  its  conduct  by 
Samuel  G.  Howe,  and  for  association  with  Laura  Brldgman  aad 
Helen  Kdler;  the  MaHachusem  school  for  idiotic  and  feeUe- 
minded  children  (tSjq);  and  the  Uassachosctls  charitable  eye 
and  ear  infirmary  (1814),  all  reuive  Gnandal  Bid  Irom  the 
commonwealth,  which  has  representation  In  their  management. 
llw  dly  hospiul  dates  from  1864.  A  floating  ho^iltBl  for  women 
and  children  In  Ibe  summer  monthi,  with  peiniancnt -and  tran- 
sient wards,  has  been  maintained  since  tStu  (incorporated  IQOi). 
Boston  was  one  of  the  first  munldpalllies  of  the  country  to 
make  tvavision  for  the  separate  treatment  of  luvcnUe  offenden; 
in  190A  a  juvenile  court  was  established.  A  People's  Palace 
dedicated  lo  the  work  of  the  Salvation  Army,  and  containing 
bathe,  gymnasium,  a  public  hall,  a  library,  sleeping-roomSj  an 
em[doymenl  bureau,  free  medical  and  legsl  bureaus,  &c,  was 
opened  in  1906.  Simmons  Collrge  and  Harvard  University  main- 
tain the  Boston  school  for  social  workers  (1904).  Beneficent 
social  work  out  of  Ihe  more  usual  type  is  directed  by  the  music 
and  bath  departments  of  the  dty  governmenL  In  the  provif 
sion  of  public  gymnasiums  and  baths  (18M)  Boston  was  the 
pioneer  dty  of  the  country,  and  remains  the  most  advaiiced. 
The  beach  reservattoni  of  the  metropolitan  park  system  at 
Revtte  and  Nurtasket,  and  several  smaller  dty  beaches  are 
a  special  featurt  of  this  serrioe.  Benjamin  Franklin,  who 
«*•  bom  and  spent  his  boyhood  In  Boston,  kit  £ieoc  to 
Ihe  dty  In  his  will;  it  amounted  in  i;os  to  (403.000^  and 
conatiluied  a  fund  lo  be  used  lor  the  good  of  the  Mwoting 
class  of  the  dly. 

Largely  owing  ta  activity  in  pubHc  vorki  Boston  has  long  been 
the  mofli  »penuvelv  governed  of  Americaii  eiiies.  The  avenge 
yearly  eipindiiBia  tor  Ice  >e»r»  prsctdlof  190a  was  ts7.3M.4<& 
exclusive  of  paymeits  on  luedsd  sad  Hoetiog  ikbts.  The  ninniiic 
FipenKs  fcr  tapila  In  looo  wen  tu^i;  more  thu  twice  the 
avrrsjF  oTm  leading  dtW  of  tht  country  (New  York.  Uyv, 
Chicago.  fiT.61),  Schnoli.  police,  charities,  water.  Kreeti  and 
parka  an  Ibi  ItiMsaf  heavket  com.  The  com  of  the  public  ickoDla 
lor  the  fve  yeate  fima  1901-1901  lo  1906-1907  was  I>7M3.917. 
of  which  ^7,037,895.41  was  for  new  buildinn;  the  cogt  ol  ihe 
police  department  was  ttl4l7,3i4.W  (or  the  nx  yurt  1901-1907; 
ando(thewaterdepartmentf4.94l.343  37for  the  lii  yean  190s- 
1907:  ol  charities  and  sodal  work  a  much  larger  luia.  The  n> 
makrnf  el  the  dty  was  oeernauily  expensive,  eapccially  the  alter** 


10  3IB  of  Jaauity  1908 


■  after  1866.  when  tbecil 


»95 


— .^  — ,^.^!  IB  18*6.  tit.ritfin:  u  IWH.  MiiUij:  m 

>«07.  t70.781.969  (Eniuilcbt.tiat,M6.706)—l)ut  included  ihcdebt 
olSulTallccouni^  vhich  In  r9(>7  w>i  (1,517.000.    The  chief  objccti 


y6%  of  9II  lUi 


.  i4-<i7.  parin.  IA-J9,  dniuoe  iBd  men  IS" 
ij  and  viur-worb  4'5J.  Boaton  |ald  in  t; 
*»•,  And  about  u.  6^.47  and  79  ^mpectiu 
he  nictn>po?i(an  lewer,  pulA.  baukvardi  1 


in  iljo.  tiSoxao.^'i,  o(  vliich  only  (^^ 

sonally;  allhou^h  tn  the  judgment  of  the  ciiy  ooara  oi  mae  men 

properly  ^niKit  by  any  ponibiiily  be  infenot  in  vilue  to  realty, 

Ptpmlailen.—Vp  to  the  Wit  of  Independence  the  population 
«■>  not  only  Amccicsn,  but  [t  wat  in  ili  ideai  and  ttandardi 
earDtially  Puritan:  modern  libcraliim.  bowever,  hat  introduced 
Beir  iiandardj  of  social  life.  In  i«oo  J5-1  %  of  the  inhabilanta 
were  foreign-born,  and  7i'i%  KhoUy  ot  in  part  of  foreign 
parentage,  Irish.  Engliih-Canadun,  Ruuian.  lulian.  English 
and  German  are  the  leading  lacei.     Of  the  foreign-bom  popula- 

6-7  and   5,]%,     Large   foreign  colonici,  like  adjoining  bu( 
nnmliing  nalioni.  divide  among  themicivei  a  large  part  of  the 


rial  re 


Moi 


lematkable  of  all.  the  Ri 
bold  oF  eiiled  Purflaniim  where  Cat  holies  were  so  long  under  tit 
heavy  ban  of  law,  outnumber  those  of  any  single  Piolestanl 
dcnomiiuiion;  Irish  Catholics  dominate  ihe  politics  of  tbe  city, 
and  Pnilcstinu  and  Caibotica  have  been  aligned  agaiut  each 
otheT  on  rbc  tgnnlion  of  the  control  of  Ihe  public  icbaols. 
Despite,  bowevet.  iti  heavy  foreign  admittUK  the  ohl  Amerjcan- 
iuB  ol  i&ecity  remaini  strikingly  prcdominanL  The  population 
of  BosIOD  at  the  end  of  each  decennial  period  since  1790  was  as 
foUsws:'~<i79o).  18,310;  (iSoo),  )4,93J;  (iBlo),  33.787;  (1810), 
4J.>9«;  U»3t>).  6i,30J;  (1840).  93.383;  {iSjo).  ije,88i; 
US60),  W7J40;  {1870),  Sio,ii6;  (t88o).  jS3*j9(  i'^o), 
448.477;  (1900),   560,891. 

Hillary,— John  Smith  viuled  Boston  Harbour  in  i6r4,  and  it 
was  eaploted  In  1611  by  a  party  from  nymoBlh,  There  were 
various  fttlempu  to  settle  about  ii>  borders  in  the  following 
j«rs  before  John  EndecotI  in  1618  landed  at  Salem  as  governor 
of  tbe  colony  of  Mauachnietlt  bay.  >Tithin  which  Boston  was 
Incluited.  Id  June  ifijo  John  Winlhrop's  company  reached 
QLU-lettown.  At  that  lime  a  "bookish  recluse,"  William 
BUitoD  (Blackstonel.  one  of  the  several"  old  plantcn  "scattered 
about  tbe  bay.  had  for  several  years  been  living  00  Botion 
peninsula.  The  location  «emed  one  suitable  tor  commerce  and 
defence,  »nd  tbt  Winthiop  party  those  it  for  their  settlement. 
The  triple  sURimil  of  Beacon  Hilt,  ol  which  no  (race  remaini 
to-day  (or  possibly  a  reference  to  the  three  hills  of  the  then 
peninsub.  Beacon.  Copp's  and  Fort]  led  to  the  adoption  of  the 
Dane  Ttimounlaine  for  the  peninsula, — a  name  perpetuated 
•arJoii*ly  In  present  municipal  nomenclaiure  u  in  Trcmont; 
but  on  the  ■;lh  of  September  ifiio.  Ihe  date  adopted  for  anni- 
vrniry  celebrations,  it  was  ordeied  Ihal  "  Trimountsine  thall 
brcalled  Boston." after  (be  borougbof  that  lume  in  Lincolnshire, 
England,  ot  which  Kvcial  of  the  leading  sctllen  had  formerly 

*  In  1851  Ihe  mayor  of  the  English  Boicon  sent  over  a  copy  ol  that 
ciiy'*  mis,  framedin  oak  Sir,m^  Botolph'i  church,  ol  which  John 
Cation,  the  famous  Bolton  divine  (he  came  ovrr  in  l«33)  had  been 
•Kir.    Tbt  ml)  now  kaig  in  the  chy  hal.    U  itu>  Munbtf  <f 


For  several  yean  it  mi  Dnceitiln  Thttker  Cambridge; 
Charleitown  or  BosUin  should  be  the  capital  cf  the  colony,  but 
in  1631  the  General  Court  agreed  "  by  geitcral  consent,  that 
Boston  is  Ibfl  fittest  place  for  public  neetiitgs  of  any  [dace'ia 
the  Bay,"  It  rapidly  became  the  weallliieat  and  Riotl  popnknu. 
Throughout  the  i;th  century  iti  hitlory  Is  w  largely  Ihat  at 
Maaiachuitlts  genctally  that  ihey  are  JBteparable.  Theolo^cal 
■ystens  were  largely  concenied.  The  chief  (estuia  of  thii  epoch 
— the  Antinomian  ditsenaioai,  the  Qtuhet  and  Baptist  penecu- 
tioni,  tbe  witchcnlt  dclutlwi  (lout  witche*  wen  eiecuted  in 
Boston,  in  iAaS,  itjr,  16^6,  UtS)  &c— are  Iclernd  10  in  tte 
article  MasiACHuSEtn  (f.t.).  In  ti«i  the  int  permanent  and 
■uccestful  printing  pien  wu  (staUished;  in  1704  Ihe  first 
newquper  in  America,  tbe  Btilm  JVon-laUer,  i^ch  wai 
published  weekly  until  1776.  Puritanism  Ueadily  mellowed 
under  many  innuencei.  By  the  turn  of  the  fital  century  bigotry 
•91  distinctly  weakened.  Among  the  marks  ot  the  second  half 
ol  the  i71h  century  was  growing  malerlal  prosperity,  and  there 
were  (bote  who  thought  tbcii  lellDws  unduly  willing  to  relax 
church  teiti  of  leUowship  when  good  trade  was  in  question. 
There  »u  an  unpleasant  Englishman  who  declared  in  1699 
that  he  found"  MoneyThdrGod.and  Large  Possessions  Iheonly 
Heaven  they  Givet-"  Prices  were  low,  foreign  commerce  wa* 
already  large,  husines  thriving;  wealth  gave  social  status;  the 
oflicial  British  ctaia  lent  a  lustre  to  society;  and  Boston"  town  " 
WIS  drawing  society  from  the"  counlry."  Of  the  two.score  ot  m 
of  families  most  prominent  in  the  fint  century  hardly  one  retained 
place  in  thealmliar  list  for  the  early  years  of  the  second,  Boston 
was  a  prospeioui,  thrifty.  English  country  town,  one  traveller 
thought.  Another,  Daniel  Ncal,  in  1710,  found  Boston  cob. 
venation  "-as  polite  as  in  most  of  the  cities  and  towns  in  Eoglartd, 
mny  of  their  menhanta  having  Ihe  advantage  of  a  free  ccA. 
ver^tion  with  travelEcra;  so  that  a  gentleman  from  Londoa 
would  almost  think  himtcLI  at  home  at  Boston,  when  he  observe* 
Ihe  number  of  people,  their  houses,  their  lurniture,  their  tablea. 
their  diese  and  cenversition,  which  perhaps  is  as  i^ilendid  and 
showy  as  that  ol  the  noil  coDsideiable  tradomea  in  London." 

The  popnlation,  which  wu  atinoat  itatkiiaty  tbtoash  miuli 
of  the  century,  was  about  10,000  in  the  yean  inunedlately  before 
the  War  of  Independence.  At  this  time  Boston  wis  the  noM 
Oourithing  town  of  North  America.  It  built  ship*  as  cheaply 
as  any  place  in  the  world,  it  carried  goods  for  other  colonies 
it  traded— often  evading  British  laws—with  Europe,  Guincn, 
Madagascar  and  above  all  with  the  Wot  Indies.  The  merchant 
princes  and  tDcial  leaden  of  tbe  lime  are  painted  with  elaborate 
show  of  luxury  in  tbe  canvases  ol  Copley.  The  great  English 
writenof  Queen  Anne's  reign  seem  to  have  been  but  little  koown 
in  Ihe  cc^ony.  and  the  local  literature,  though  changed  somewhat 
in  (harnctet,  showed  but  scant  improvement.  About  the  middle 
of  the  century  testiictions  upon  the  press  began  to  disappeai. 
At  the  lame  time  qucttioDS  of  trade,  of  local  polltlca.  Sully 
of  cobnial  autonomy,  of  imperial  policy,  bad  gradually,  but 
already  long  since,  replaced  theology  in  leading  interest.  In 
yeara  1760-1776  Boston  was  the  moat  frequently  recurring 


16S9  had  been 


(aee  MaiMCHUSiml,  and  Ihdr  strength  in 

Btrikin^y  eahibited  in  the  local  levcJution  of 

the  royal  govemoi,  Sit  Edmund  Aadn»,  and  aibei  hj^  oSiciali, 

veR  liighlHied  into  nmndcr  and  wen  impriuDed.    TUi 

movement,  it  should  ba  lated,  waa  >  papular  riling,  and  sol  tht 

mrfc  of  a  few  leidtre. 

The  incidentt  that  maiked  the  approach  of  the  Wai  oi  lode- 
pcndence  need  barely  be  adverted  to.  Opposition  to  the  mcaiuna 
of  the  British  govemnent  for  lanng  and  oppressing  the  coloolei 
began  In  Bosloo.    Theaigument  of  Otison  the  writs  of  assistance 

Americans,  inctudbi  Charles  Francii  Adams  and  Edwnsd  EverettT 


296 


wuinnSo-irfii-  TbcSUnpAn,puiedlni7Gj.vunpeiIc<t 
in  J>66;  it  VM  oppottA  in  fiostoD  by  a  lurprisjng  ibow  4^ 
delennioed  kod  unified  public  wntinwnt.  TVoopi  were  fini 
quartered  in  tbe  town  in  1768.  In  1770.  on  the  jth  o[  Mirch, 
ill  ■  Btitct  bniri,  *  Bumbf  I  of  diiucs  were  killed  or  wDundKl 
by  the  Boldiers,  who  fired  Into  1  crowd  tlut  were  bailing  a  «™try. 
This  ioddeoi  is  known  tt  the  "  Boston  Maawoe,"  The  Tea  An 
of  1773  WJL9  defied  by  the  emptying  into  the  iiarhour  of  three 
cargDCi  oEiek  on  the  lAlh  of  December  177  j,  by  a  parly  of  citliciu 
disgubed  ai  lodiani,  aflet  Uit  people  In  town-netling  had  n- 
bauslcd  evciy  effort,  lliraugh  a  period  of  weckt.  la  procure  the 
tetum  oi  the  tea-thipi  to  Eoglend.  To  thi>  act  Crcsl  BHuin 
leplied  by  varioiu  penal  regulitloni  ind  reconitru«tive  acti  of 
govenunCDt.  She  qnarteied  Uoopt  in  Botlon;  she  made  the 
jDtics.  ihetiS*  and  judgea  of  the  colony  dependent  on  Ibe  royal 
offitcn;  the  oid.end  capital  oflenden  to  be  tried  in  Nova  Scotia 
ot  England;  the  (odeavoured  completely  to  control  or  to 
abotbh  town-meetingt;  and  finally,  by  the  to-called  "  Botlon 
PoitBill/'thedoiedtkeportof  Bolton  00  the  tit  of  June  1774. 
Not  even  a  ferry,  a  icow  0[  other  boat  could  move  in  the  htibour. 
Uarblehead  and  Salem  were  mode  porta  of  entry,  and  Sslcm  wai 
made  the  (Bpilal.  But  Ihey  would  not  profit  by  Boston's  tnb- 
fortuH.  The  people  covenanted  not  to  use  Brillih  goodi  and 
to  su^iend  trade  with  Great  Britain.  From  near  neighbours 
and  fmm  distant  ci^onies  came  provision}  and  encouragement. 
In  October  1774,  when  Genera)  Gsgl  nfnsed  recogiulion  to  the 
Mauachnselti  general  court  at  Salem,  the  mctnben  adjourned  to 
Conc«rd  as  the  fint  provincial  coagresi.  Finally  came  war, 
with  Leiingtoo  and  Bunker  Hill,  and  belcaguerment  by  the 
cohinial  amy;  until  on  the  17th  of  March  1776  the  British 
wen  compelled  by  Washington  to  evacuate  the  city.  With 
tbem  went  about  i  too  Tory  ref  ugeei,  many  of  Ibem  of  the  Itnst 
fttDilie*  of  the  dly  and  inovlnce.  The  evacualion  dosed  the 
hetcdc  period  of  Boston'i  hisbxy.    Wat  did  aol  again  approach 

The  yean  from  I7;S  to  the  end  of  "  lawn  "  government  In 

t9si  wese  marked  by  slow  growth  and  prosperily.     Commerce 
■  '    ■  -  '        .         Direct  irade  irii' 


17«J.  w 


I7«7-     A 


Robert  Gray),  opened 
imenca,  and  waa  (he  firti 
le  globe  (1787-1700).     In 


Boston  vessel,  the  "  Columbia  "  (Capuii 
trade  wth  the  north-west  coast  of  Ami 
AmafcaD  ihip  to  cir 
itei  Boiton  began  th 
was  gradually  exendcd  to  Cuba,  to  pons  of  the  southern  states, 
and  finally  to  Rio  de  Janeiro  and  Calcutta  (iSjj),  declining 
only  after  the  Civil  War;  [|  enabled  Boston  to  control  the 
American  trade  of  CatcutU  tgajasl  New  York  throughout  Ihe 
entire  period.  But  ol  course  it  was  far  less  Important  than 
various  other  artides  ol  trade  in  the  aggregate  values  of  commerce. 
Il  was  Boston  commeice  that  was  meal  sorely  hurt  by  ibc 
embargo  and  non-imponalion  policy  of  President  Jeflerson 
In  maoulactuiea  ihe  foundation  was  Isid  of  [he  dl/t  wealth, 
in  politics  the  period  is  characierized  by  Bcvton't  oovneKion 
with  the  fortunes  of  the  Federaliil  party.  1^  city  wit  warmly 
in  favour  of  Ihe  adoption  of  the  federal  constiltUion  ol  1 787 , 
■ven  Samnel  AdatDt  was  lejectcd  for  Congicsi  becaoje  he  wat 
backward  in  it)  tuppott.  Il  waa  ihs  lones  entailed  upon  her 
commarce  by  the  anuaerdal  policy  ol  jeffenon's  adminisira- 
ifoB  that  enbitlered  Botlon  agairat  the  Denocntio- Republican 
party  and  put  her  paUic  mea  fa  the  foecfroDl  of  the  ^potllion 
ta  its  polides  that  "■'-"""—'  hi  hakewarmntas  tcnard  the  War 
•f  iS»,  and  in  the  Uanloid  Convaitiui  of  1S14. 

Some  mention  muit  be  made  d  the  UniUiian  mciwetnent. 
Vninrisn  Inukndet  atay  from  tbt  Catvinism  of  the  old  Con- 
peyttioiuil  churcbet  were  plainly  evident  about  t7jo,  and  il 
...  -     _,ggj)  thaiby  17S01 


pulpits 


albyUni 


n  dales  ti  .  . 

In  1781  King's  chapel  (Episcopal)  became  tlniiarian,  and  in 
iKoSone  ofthal  faith  was  mide  protestor  of  divinity  in  Harvard. 
But  the  UnUarianism  of  Ihoie  timet,  even  the  Unitarianiini  of 
("I 'i,^  ,„^  yg^  different  iron  that  «f  KHtty.    Tlitodoic 


T  and  Charming  ban  been  the  Eieatett  teadcii.  "Tbc 

American  Unitsrum  Atsodalion,  oigarilied  in  iSi],  hat  alwaya 

retained  its  headquaitera  in  Boston.    The  theological  and 

philosophical  developments  of  the  second  quarter  of  the  14th. 

niury  were  characteriied  by  the  tran^ndental  mavement 

ee    MlSSiCHDSETTS). 

In  the  period  from  iBii  to  the  Civil  War  aoti-tlavery  Is  the 
tnott  stKldng  feature  of  Boston's  annab.  GanJtiKi  ettabUtbed 
Ihe  Librralar  In  iSii;  W.  £.  Channing  became  active  in  Ihe 
cause  of  abolition  in  iSiS.  and  WendcU  Phlllipa  a  little  later. 
In  i8]j  a  mob,  composed  in  part  of  wealthy  and  high^tanding 
citizens,  attacked  a  dly-building,  and  dragged  Garriian  Ihroogh 
ihe  streets  until  the  mayor  secured  his  safety  by  putting  hun 
in  psi.  But  times  changed.  In  1850  a  reception-Was  ^ven 
in  Faneua  Hall  in  honour  of  the  English  anti-davery  leader. 


c  (Shadradi)  w 


Tthe 


Law;  another 

and  in  18H  tl 

rendition  of  Anthony  Bums,     Boston  had  long  since  taken 

her  place  in  Ihe  very  front  of  anti-slaveiy  ranks,  and  with  the 

rest  of  Massachusetts  was  playing  somewhat  the  nme  part  at 

in  the  years  before  the  War  of  Independence. 

Later  events  of  importance  have  alnady  been  indiealed  in 
essentials.  On  the  gih-ioth  of  November  1872  a  terrible  fire 
swept  Ihe  business  part  of  the  city,  destroying  hundreds  of  build- 
ingj  oT  brick  and  gtnniie,  and  inSicting  a  loss  of  some  (75,000,000. 
Within  two  years  the  whole  area,  tolidlyrcbuUl  and  wiih  widened 
and  stnightened  itreett,  showed  no  (laces  of  Ihe  ruin  eictpt  an 
appearance  superior  in  all  mpects  to  that  presented  before  the 
tire.  The  eipense  of  this  le-creatlon  probably  dupllcsled.  at 
least,  the  loss  from  the  conflagralJon.  Since  this  lime  there  has 
been  no  sel-bacfc  to  the  prosperity  o!  Ihe  dty.  Bui  it  is  not  upon 
malerial  prosperily  that  Boston  rests  Its  daims  for  coiuuderation. 
Il  prides  itself  on  its  schools,  its  libraries,  its  literary  traditions, 
lis  splendid  public  works  and  it^  r(.-putalion  as  the  chief  centre 

Win^"<ed7^l«  Ununa^'SiMry  if  Bman.  nululat  SrfM 
Cihily  .  .  .  itjt-rtit  (4  vola.  Bouon,  t)i»>-lS8lJ.  a  work  Ihal 
cuvvnevtTyphmxal  ibeeiiy'sgnwlh.  hntory and  life;  S.A.  Dtabe, 
rkrNutarjamlAillinaieiii/  ,  .  .  BmImIIvoIl,  aiMon,  iBuiaad 
laicr  tdlta.iu).  and  Qti  Landmtrki  ani  lUuorie  PrrunnBa  aBnlam 

,  and  ttlcr  rdilnmi);  Jouah  Quincy,  A  Jtfniicifnf 

.  Bciltm  .  .  .  u  .  .  ifjslBoitan.  iBii):C.  W  Ernst, 
llularj  sf  Bciliin   [B»tan.   IBa|):  H.    H.  Spngue. 
ml    IK    BoilBW—sli   Kiir  aid  Dntlaamtnl   (Bouoa. 
Il>t^):   E.   E.   Kale.  H.unu   Bt^lim  ami  iU  A'ii|&«rt«d  (New 
^Dlk,  1^).  and  L.  S«i(t.  filnar>  lan^nsrli  oj  SnUtn  (BdUdh. 

lublrihcd  hy  the  ntjiury  drpanmrnl  of  Ihe  elly  lo '■ — 

ig7«  in  v^  lo  1905^.    DcMiHi  has  heea  dnrribrd  in 

o'LNiJr'i 


ly  romtantm  dnr* 
a  1905)7  DuniHi  has  heea  deirribrd  in  manv  woiki  si 
he  Tcadi-ririHy  be  re^trrrd  inihenwelsof  K.  L-Bynner, 
-■   RA,h.\n\  F. Cooper-. i.ioiiri£i«o(.. to  the 


uly  novrt.  <i  \V 


BOSTOH,    a  game  ol 


beeni 


•dby 


lis  (jl» 

periods  since  early  colonial  days, 
nvented  during  the  last  qnirier 
)r.  It  IS  said  to  have  originated  in  Boston. 
ingthe  siege  by  Ihe  Briiish.  It  seems  lo  have 
he  otficrrs  ol  the  Firnch  fleet  which  by  for  ■ 


3  small 


from  ihe  period  of  Ihe 
ftmencan  ncvoiuiion,  r>cen  caueo  iireat  and  Liiile  Misery, 
correspond  with  eipresslont  used  in  the  game.  WUliam  Tudor, 
in  his  LtUirj  on  tin  Eailcrn  SlaUi,  published  in  iSii,  states 
BODicwhat  diflcrenily  Ihal  **  A  game  of  cards  was  invented  in 
Versailles  and  called  in  honour  of  the  town,  Boston;  the  poinli 
of  Ihn  game  are  allusive,  'great  independence,' "  litllc  independ- 
ence,' '  great  misery,"  lillle  misery,"  &c.  It  is  composed  parity 
of  whist  and  partly  of  quadrille,  though  partaking  mostly  ol  the 
former."  The  game  enjoyed  an  eitraotdinary  vogue  in  high 
FrbA  BoctUy,  where  It  vat  Ihe  faahioD  at  that  time  to  admire 


BOSTONITE— BOSWELL 


*97 


tzMoOB  thai.  The  wv  luTtDC  biokm 
fat  great  totto  iBught  In  iU  nf  jghhnortuiod.  gvc  tallwl  wme 
muTOBl  okbrity.  A  pme  iavnlfd  it  tint  (ime,  pUycd  witb 
orris,  waicaUed  '  Bottan,*  uid  ia  to t]ui<liy  (iS^)  eKowUagly 
faihiooibleuPiubyth»t»pptiI«Unn"ffan^liatiBw«/i'n— ct 
^kI,  PJuUddpUi,  iS;7l.  Tbcn  vu  k  udition  tlvt  I>r 
Fianklu  woi  Idnd  of  the  ^me  mnd  ctcd  that  be  bul  a  buid  in 
its  inveotiOD.  At  tha  middle  ol  tba  iQtfa  cntuiy  it  ww  itUI 
papular  in  Europe,  sad  to  a  las  dcpec  in  AmcriCB,  but  its  favour 


pack  Ih  dcaJt  out  t^  fours  and  Atb^  and  tbo  lecoad  puk  it  cut  for 
the  irumji,  rhe  mit  of  tlK  card  turned  bang  "  fint  pnKicnce,"  the 
Dtbcr  9uil  of  the  tame  coloar  "iccoiid  pwfcTTPCc  or  "colour." 
wbile  tbc  Im  muinliic  luii*  ai*  "  pUn  Hits."  The  Mat  hand 
thai  ManaUDOs  tliat  br  viU  naJn  a  oortiin  nurnber  ol  triela  pro- 
vidrd  he  may  name  the  trump,  or  losB  a  csrtaiB  nnmbar  witnout 

nllIai^oilMarea^follc™fl^— TowinSvetrklti,  "  Bwlon."    CToirin) 

_      ....  .  ^^„    Tolo>et>™lwlrti.,arttr 

n..  "  liHl..  -uJ™,"     (To  win) 


To  liHE  Iwrlve  trfcfca.  after  disarding  one  card  iSal ... 

ibenmalaini  tirelvBcardabeinaexp«ed  on  tbe  (able  but  not  liable 
tD  be  called. -' Ulilii  ipiBd."  fTo  win)  ■' twlv.  triclc..-  To  loie 
evvTY  trick  Ibtb  exp«ed  larda,  "  grand  aptead."  To  win  thirteen 
Iticka,  "  grand  sliia."  If  a  ptayrr  doe*  not  care  to  bid  In  may  pua. 
and  the  next  player  bids.  Succfeding  playtra  may  "overcalt.  f.f. 
aywMd,  pnvsout  hiddtfi.  Player*  psMinv  nay  themftcr  bid  onTy 
"  miiim,"  If  a  player  bkk  wen  btti  aaLes  ten  he  it  inid  lor  the 
three  can  tridu,  but  on  a  loiptf  ^!c  tbaa  il  ho  had  bnj  ten.  [f 
no  t^  ihouk!  be  made,  a  '^  muire  parUml"  (general  poverty)  ia 


,jually  ;iiid  for.     In  French  BoKon  the  knave  of 

(Gamonda  artKirariiy  wira  over  all  other  canlB,  even  tnimps.    The 

KcTolBtioo.  indoilinE  "  Indqudocz.'  "  PhOaddphia."  "  SoDve- 
raiae,"  "Concordia.'' Ac  ,  Other  vaciatioaa  of  the  gaiu  are  BMm 

BOStOKIT^  In  pelroLogy,  a  fiu-gialncd,  pale.ciriound,  grey 
or  pinkiah  rock,  which  con&iati  csscnli^y  of  alkalk-icl^>4r 
(oitbodaae,  miciopeitLile,  be).  Some  of  ibem  cDBiun  a  uaall 
amount  of  inlcntitio]  quaitx  (quaits-boatonitcs);  otbcn  have  a 
smaD  percrstSBt  of  lime,  which  occasions  tlie  piescnce  of  a 
pls^podue  felifsr  (maeoite,  gauleite,  lime-bostonilc).  Other 
minerals,  except  apatite,  lircon  and  magiwtite.  an  typically 
abaenU  They  have  very  much  tbe  same  compositioii  as  the 
tiachyta;  aiid  many  nicks  of  this  series  have  beeii  gtDiq>eil 
Willi  these  oi  with  the  oithopbyies.    Typically  they  occur  ta 

and  they  seem  to  beat  a  tOBi(ileiiteiila[y  teUtiooihip  (o  cntajn 
type*  ol  lampcophyie.  lucb  as  camplonite  and  moacbiquite. 
Thou|h  DOwhRv  Tciy  eomiaon  they  have  a  wide  distributkui, 


being  known  from  Scotland,  Wain,  Missachuse 


^ilmOal. 


Portugal,  Bohemia,  kc    The  lindaitca  and  quartsjiodojut  of 
Mmway  arc  closely  allied  to  the  boitanitct. 

BOSTBOn,  CHainOFFEB  JACOB  (i;pT-ia66},  Swedish 
E^iilasophu,  wti  bom  at  Pitel  and  studiai  at  C[mU,  when 
fnm  1840  to  1863  he  was  pzofesiof  of  prsfllcal  philnsophy* 
IQs  phHotophy,  ai  he  l^imK^lf  dcacribed  it,  ia  a  thormi^igDiQg 
tatioiul  idealism  founded  on  the  jKindplB  that  llu  only  tniv 
ttality  is  qaritual.  God  it  Infinite  Spirit  Jd  whm  iD  cxiaWact 
IS  contained,  and  it  outside  the  limiutiow  of  tiiueaDd^Mce> 
Thus  Bostrfim  pnleilt  not  only  sfaiut  anpiriciim  but  also 
'g*'"**  thotc  doctrines  of  Christian  tbcolofy  wbkh  fftmfrl  to 
him  to  picture  God  as  tomethiailcM  than  Pure  SpUL  IsithkB 
the  to^icst  aim  it  the  dinctioD  ei  •cliau  by  isaton  in  hataoDr 


«U)i  Ibe  Diviiw;  so  tbe  Kate.  Dk*  the  tndbUual,  odsU  loMr  ia 
Cod.  and  in  iu  mast  perfect  fnm  amiisls  in  the  batowaknia 
obedknce  of  all  In  SMmbtn  to  ■  oaiMtitutiooal  nonarcbi  the 
pcrieclioii  li  mankind  as  a  vhole  fa  la  he  sought  in  s  ntioaal 
orderiy  qnlem  of  such  states  In  obedience  to  Universal  Reuon. 
TUi  eyitem  diflen  fnoD  Platnnisni  in  that  the  "  ideas  "  of  Cod 
an  not  ucbelypd  abitnctioas  but  ctmcreti  pcnouUlIea. 

BoitieBT's  vriliiv  »»  edited  by  H.  Edieldt  l>  vola,  llntta, 
iMl).  ForhistdnalsecSnou:  JjUnUitfdaln  H.  Hdfrdlnf. 
Filtufn iStthtlGmiaiitnia. in PiOai.ltaiiaUli^ln.  iH79).and 
/fiiury  if  Hoi.  rkHei.  (Eng.  irana.,  looo).  p.  184 ;  R.  Falckenben. 
HM  ifPUI.  <Eat  nana,  l»9s):  A.  Nyblaeua.^  dm  B^-ufm,Sc 
fileajitt  (Lued.  1U3).  and  Kanitcriaik  0/  in  Bmliimtta 
tUmfim  [Lund,  1S93J. 

BOIWBU,  JA>n  itlta-iKi),  ScottiA  man  of  letten.  the 
triciC'*l>to  •>(  Samuel  Johmon,  ms  bom  at  Edinburgh  on  the 
94&  aF  October  ■  740.  Hit  gtandfather  was  hi  good  practice  a( 
IbeScottiA  bar,  and  hiilallKr,  Alexander  Boswell  of  Audihikd, 
wia  alM  a  noted  a^vocwe,  sdn,  on  hfa  ttevallDn  to  the  lupnme 
court  in  if  H,  toot  the  name  of  his  Ayrshire  property  at  Lord 
Anehinledu  A  Thonas  BoswtU  (said  upon  doubtful  evidence  to 
have  been  a  ninitid  in  the  hausehotd  of  James  IV.)  was  killed  at 
Flodden^  and  since  151J  the  family  bad  gmtly  improved  its 
positioa  m  the  world  by  iatrmiarnage  with  the  fint  Soots 
nobility.  In  contiadiction  to  his  fathn,  a  rigid  Ptesbyteiian 
Whig,  James  was  "  a  fine  boy.  wore  a  white  onckade.  Hud  prayed 
for  King  James  untH  his  nncjs  Cochrane  give  Mm  a  ihlUlng  10 
pray  for  King  George,  which  ha  accordinf^y  did  "(*' Wbigsof  all 
ages  are  made  m  the  aamo  my"  was  Johuon*!  comment). 
He  met  one  or  tvo  ^"ffl'*^  boys,  ami  accjitireil  a  "  tincture  of 
polite  letten  "  at  the  high  ttioA  b  Edinburgh.  Uke  R.  U 
Sievensan,  he  eariy  freqneMed  society  such  as  that  of  the  acton 
at  the  Ed^bnr^  ihettie.  atendy  £up)aQVed  of  by  Us  father. 
At  the  nntvenily,  when  lie  wa*  CDBSlmlaed  far  a  teasoa  to  study 
cEvil  law,  ha  met  William  JiAnsoa  Temple,  Ida  ftttuie  triad  and 
cone^BBdent.  The  lettss  ol  Boswdl  to  hii  "  Atticus  "  wen 
&nt  poblUbed  by  Bsntley  In  its7.  One  winter  he  apent  at 
dasgow,  where  be  sat  nxttr  Adam  &)iIth,wbo*Bt  than  lecturing 


In  1760  be  was  fint  brought  Into  contact  with  "  the  elegsiux, 
the  lefinemont  and  the  h'bcnlity  "  of  London  aocialy,  for  which 
ha  had  long  aigfaed.  The  young  eari  of  EgUMoun  took  him  to 
Newma^Et  aoil  iomdnced  him  into  tha  todety  of  "  the  great, 
thegayandthebgcnioni."  He  wrote  ■  poem  eaDed  "  The  Cub 
at  NewmadMI,"  pahUahed  hf  Dodsley  in  176),  and  hid  virioii* 
of  entering  tbe  Gtnrds.  Sedaimcd  with  some  difiiciihy4>y  faia 
fithn  fmn  his  ntiaii  companions  in  ^a  mettopolii,  hec«trlvtd 
la  allnjue  the  Irkanenea*  «<  law  stDdy  In  £dinbui^  by  forcing 
his  BcqaaintanCB  apon  Oe  cekteitb*  then  aatemblad  In  tha 
nscthem  eapaUd,  asumg  thcD  Ksmis,  Blair,  Bobntaon,  Hun* 
anl  Sit  David  Dabymple  (IwiMlaies),  of  whoae  sayings  on  tha 
Hotthera  Ciiaait  be  kept  a  bfiof  JoiDnaL  Bofwdl  ted  alModjr 
radiKd  Ua  wcalioB,  th>  cntdsc  tt  whMi  wis  to  ^ve  a  tear 
KoatI  to  the  lugmge.  .  H>  had  begun  la  BoawelUte.  Ho  mt 
^raadyoai  the  tnA  ol  Uggtr  pmv— tbe  biggeat  axaBabl*  hi  the 
Britain' bf  that  day.  In  Iha  spring  of  i7<j  Boawell  came  to  a 
omporilion  with  his  latbtr.  HeanacntedtOciveBpUtpnnuit 
(rfaguMonintbaGuuibBnd  thmaandabpeaeea^yoDOBiidl- 
tion  that  his  fatbot  WDotl  allow  tim  to  smly  dvfl  law  on  tha 
coatiaait.  HeactoBtln  April  i|A]  by  "the  beat  mad  bi  Scot- 
land "  with  a  sonnt,  v  bnv^ck  lika  himaolf ,  In  "  a  cocked 
bat,  a  hnm  wig,  hnnm  coat  made  in  the  court  faahlob,  rod  vest, 
cBSducoy  small  dothea  and  long  military  boats."  On  UoDday, 
the  ifilh  (£  May  1763.  in  tha  back  diiq?  of  TMi  Dnki  tbe  book-' 
leaet,  No.  S  Rnmoll  8b«tt,  Coomt  Gatdin,  Jimet  Boswefl  6rar 
met  "  DicthBiBiy  JofanaoD,"  tba  gio^  msnof  Ua  draama,  aiMl 
waa  aoveidy  buflirted  bf  him.  £I^t  days  later,  on  Tuesday, 
the  a4th  of  May,  BooweB  boldly  laUed  on  Mr  Johnson  at  Ms 
chaipha*  na  the  first  floor  of  No.  i  Innec  Ttaople  Lana.  On 
tU*«caiiaa  Jitesoa|HBScdhfmtastay;oathe  tjthof  Jane 
he  aald, "  Come  tome  as  often  as  yaa  an  ";  on  tba  35ih  of  jKne- 
Boswell  pn  On  great  man  alittla  sketch  of  his  oiwn  lUe,  oUd 


l<jS 


BOSWELL 


Uken  ■  HkiDg  to  ym."    Bovdl  atperitnced  ■  ivkty  of 

Mkcd,  "  Who  B  thb  Stoldi  cor  U  Jahnimi'i  hcdar'  "  Hs  ti 
DDl  >  cur,"  rtplled  Goldimith,  "  he  ii  onSy  •  bur.  Tom  Divla 
flunR  him  Ht  Johoaoa  id  tport,  uid  he  bu  the  Imculty  of 
■ticking."  JahnHMi  wu  illjr-laia  it  (hit  lime  ind  B«nell 
twcnlr-tbrea.  Altn  June  it6]  Iher  met  on  MmctUnc  like  17a 
■ubscqsent  dayi.  Tbae  iii«tiii|i  fanned  Ote  menionble  put 
of  BoaweU't  liic,  1.1111  Ibey  an  toU  inimitably  is  bli  Iimous 
iHDgrapby  aS  fail  Criend. 

The  liieodihip,  coru«nt«l  by  the  mat  delightEul  ol  bio- 
fiaphiei,  atid  one  ol  the  moat  gorgeous  feasts  id  the  vbole 
bsDquet  of  lelten,  was  not  so  iU-asoitcit  as  has  been  Incon- 
■idcntdy  —1  ■"'•■-"'  Boswell'a  lieihnesi  it  the  table  d( 
conveiution  ^va  a  new  icst  to  every  CDudai  that  /(Anion 
mundaled,  while  Boswcll  developed  a  peiiNt  feniui  lot  intai' 
jnetinc  the  kind  ol  mildly  pUhiacipby  at  vkich  Joluaan  was  so 


llie  luk'wock  at  life.  Johmoa')  favoiulle  imlnlyn'T  wai  to 
talki  Boswell's  (lett  idea  e(  nicieti  to  tlicit  memoiable  cod- 
versation.  BaiweU  is  almott  equilly  adminble  as  a  iqwrteT 
and  as  an  Interviewerj  as  a  c<dl«ior  and  as  a  researcher.  He 
ptepared  meetinp  [or  Johnson,  he  prepared  topics  for  him.  he 
drtw  him  out  on  questSont  at  (he  dity»  he  secnied  a  copy  of  his 
famous  letter  to  Lord  Chesterfield,  be  obtained  an  almost 
veitatim  report  ot  Johnson's  interview  with  the  kini.  he  fre- 
quented the  tei-tableof  Miss  Williams,  he  uttaided  the  testy  old 
scholac  on  lengthy  peregrinations  tn  the  Hlghlaadt  and  in  the 
midlands.  "  Sir."  said  Johnson  lo  bis  follower, "  yoo  appear  to 
have  only  two  subjects,  yourself  and  me,  and  I  am  sick  of  both." 
Yet  thorough  as  the  scheme  was  from  the  ouuet,  and  admiraUe 
ai  was  the  devoiedneia  of  the  biographer,  BosweU  wu  In  loo 
v^Cilea  man  to  Conine  himaelf  10  any  one  ambition  [n  life  that 

notoriety.  He  would  have  liked  to  fioswellize  the  popular  idol 
Wilke*.  or  Chatham,  or  Voltain,  or  even  tbt  great  Fitdeiick 
himself.  As  it  was,  during  bis  cantiBental  tour  he  manaied  b 
the  autumn  of  ii6j  to  get  on  terms  with  Paaqoik  dl  Fa^  the 
leader  a(  the  Coition  iosurgeDti  in  their  luniiK  tlninle  agilnit 
Genos.  After  a  few  week*  in  Conkt  he  relumed  toLondoD  in 
February  1766,  and  «at  received  by  Jobnswi  with  the  utmost 
cwdiality.  In  acaardanoe  with  the  (asiily  compact  referred  to  he 
wai  1X1IT  admitted  idvacatc  at  Edintoigh,  and  aignnliwd  hit 
tetum  ID  the  law  by  an  enthusiastic  pamphlet  entitled  Tkt 
Eut*u  tf  lit  DmilM  Cmm  (November  174S7}.  hi  which  he 
nfortnidy  Rpelkd  the  dtarie  1^  impoataie  from  the  ymithful 
daimaoL  latheaaowyearbaliaiKdalittlebookcallcdainD^, 
cMttaiaiaca  Uitary  al  Um  Deu^a*  cxiic  in  the  guiae  ef  a  Spanish 
tale,  and  brioffof  tlw  atory  to  a  oDoduiioa  by  the  triumph  at 
Ar^'bald  Dougba  Id  the  law  cawta.  Editors  iris  pablbhed 
eitiacti  while  the  case  waaatiO  ni/ndica  wen  cBnrcd  ecverely 
by  the  court  of  seeskm;  hut  tbon^  hta  Identity  was  notorious 
the  author  Umsdf  esapcd  caame.  In  the  spring  of  17U 
Bonrtll  puUitbcd  through  the  Fonlis  brothers  ol  Claifow  his 
it  WMMl  a/ CeritM. /mnuJ  1/ a  Tmit  If  IM /lAiwI,  «Mf  if  ouiri 
if  PtKoi  Pali.  The  liveliiiea  of  pemnal  impieninn  which  be 
manafed  to  commuiucale  to  all  bis  books  fslned  for  this  one  a 
deserved  success,  and  the  Tour  waa  promptly  translated  into 
Fieaeh,  Germkn.  Italian  and  Dutch.  Walpole  and  othos, 
Jeartd,  bal  B«*weU  Wa*  talked  about  evnywhov,  ai  Paoli 
BaawtUorFadi'tEoiliihDaa.and  toaid  themohinthe  ta^i  ' 
ideotilyinf  Um  at  the  StakespeaTC  jubOec  of  1769  ha  took  ll 
trouble  to  loicrt  a  pUcaidin  U*  hat  bearing  the  legmd  "  Coisiia 
BaavdL"    'I1uamuinccoitameol"aConicaB<iief  "wh'  ' 

Oit  the  tstl>  of  November  1169,  alter  a  ihnrt  tour  io  Iidand 
10  empty  hia  head  of  Corrica  (Johosoo't  cmphalk 
in  Uargaret  Montcomeey 
se  years  besceionh  his  visiu 
n  brief,  but  «•  lb*  joth  of  April  171]  he  was  present 
•siea  to  the  literary  t]ub.  for  wUch  hoooiK  ha  had 
Bed  by  Jokisoa  hiin^f,  ud  In  tlk  -->>■*>-  g[  thit 


ynr  In  Ote  coane  of  Ut  tear  l«  the  Rebrldea  Johnson  vWtcd  tha 
BoaweUt  in  Aynhiic.  Neither  BotweD's  father  nor  his  wife 
shared  bis  entfauiiaim  for  the  kncogiapber.  Lord  Anchinlcck 
mnarked  that  Jamie  was  "  pne  clean  gyte  . . .  And  whose  tail 
do  y*  think  he  hat  [nniied  himsell  to  now.  man?  A  dominie, 
an  auld  domlnk,  that  keeplt  a  sthule  and  ca'd  it  an  academyl" 
Honicwivai  lets  piim  than  Htt  BotweU  might  have  obiected  lo 
Johnion'a  haUtol  tuminf  lighted  ondlet  upsde  down  when  in  the 
parlour  lo  make  Ihem  bum  better.  She  called  the  great  man  « 
bear.  BoaweU'syoarMol^drfwieUeHdriifeiwaswritten  for 
the  meat  part  dur&ig  the  journey,  but  was  not  published  aalS 
the  spring  of  1 7SA.  TbtdiatytrfPepyi  was  not  then  known  to  the 
puhbc,  and  Botwcll's  indiscretions  as  to  the  eraotioiu  aroused  in 
Um  by  the  neat  ladiei'  maids  it  iDVtruay,  and  the  eitremity  of 
dnmkeBnea  which  he  eilubiled  at  Cocrichatachin,  cmied  a 
literary  teDsation  and  sent  the  rnrtluDugb  three  editions  in  one 
year.  la  the  meantime  bis  pecuniary  and  other  diScultiet  at 
home  were  great;  be  made  hardly  more  Ibao  £100  a  year  by  his 
prDfeasion,  and  his  relations  with  his  father  were  chronically 
strained.  lni77shebegAntokecpterTasattheInbeTTempleand 
managed  to  see  a  good  deal  of  Johnson,  between  whom  and  John 
Wilkes  he  succeeded  in  bringing  about  a  meeting  at  the  famous 
dhineratDilly'sonlheisthofMiyi776.  On  the  jotb  of  August 
17B1  his  father  died,  leaving  him  an  estate  worth  £1600  a  year. 
On  the  jotbof  June  i7B4,BDsweU  met  Johnson  for  the  last  lime  at 
a  dinner  at  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds's.  He  accompanied  him  back  in 
thecoachfromLeicester  Square  to  Bolt  Court.  "  Webadetdieu 
to  eadi  other  affectionately  in  the  carriage.  When  be  bad  got 
down  upon  the  fool  pavement  he  called  out  '  Fare  yon  well '; 
and  without  looking  back,  sprung  away  with  a  kind  of  pathetic 
briskness,  ii  I  may  use  that  erpmsion,  which  seemed  to  indicate 
a  ttnig^  to  cmceal  uneasiness,  and  imprctted  me  with  a  fore- 
boding of  our  long,  long  separation."  JohnsoB  died  that  year, 
and  two  ycanlatertheBoaweUs  moved  to  London,  laijt^  Hn 
Boswell  died,  leaving  five  children.  She  had  been  an  oceOent 
mother  and  a  good  infe,  despite  the  ioiidelllics  and  drunhcnnesa 
at  her  husband,  and  from  itt  death  BoaweD  relapsed  into  wnae 
""*— *«i  grievously  aggravated  by  hypochondria.  He  died  of  ■ 
complicatkni  ol  diiorders  at  his  house  In  Great  Poland  Street 
on  Ilie  igth  of  Uay  ijps,  ind  wii  buried  a  fortnight  later  at 

Up  to  the  eve  of  his  tait  Qbieti  Bonidl  had  been  busy  npoo  bis 
magnum  opus,  rkiL^sa/SinNiKi/vbugii.  which  was  in  procni 
ol  crystalliation  to  the  last.  The  first  edition  was  published  in 
twoquirtovolnmesinanedltunof  i7oeDOt:4eaonthei6thof  Uay 
1791.  He  was  preparing  a  third  edition  when  he  died;  this  waa 
completed  by  his  friend  Edmund  Ualone,  whobnught  out  aGf  ih 
editioa  m  iSoj.  That  of  James  Boswell  junior  (IM  editor  ot 
Ualone'a  VtrifrumSluieiptart,  tS  11)  appeared  In  iSii.- 

The  Lift  e//«biM«  was  written  on  a  Knle  piactioUy  unknown 
to  biognphen  befixe  BoaweB.  It  Is  a  fuD-bngtfa  with  all  the 
blotchta  and  pimpio  revealed  ("  I  will  not  make  my  tiger  a  ot 
to  please  anybody,"  wrote  "  Bwcy  ").  It  may  be  overmuch  an 
exhibition  of  odditiei,  hut  It  b  also,  be  It  remembered,  a  iHoneer 
appUcatiea  M  Ike  enferimental  method  lo  the  detennlnation  of 
hunwB  chaiaetei.  It*  siie  and  lack  of  divisions  (to  divide  it 
into  chaplen  waa  an  orighul  device  of  Croker's)  are  a  draw- 
back, knd  have  prevented  Boswdl's  Life  from  that  asaurrd 
triumph  abroad  which  ha*  fallen  to  the  lot  of  various  English 
dsssia  «ndi  as  KoMuhi  Chum  or  GulKKt't  Tntdl.  But 
wherever  English  is  spoken.  It  has  become  a  veritable  sacred 
book  and  has  pervaded  F"n*'***  life  and  thought  in  the  same  way, 
that  the  Bible,  Shskcnenn  and  Bunyan  have  done.  Botwdl 
has  sBecemfully  (to  use  his  own  phrase}  "  JohnKmised"BtilaTn, 
but  has  not  yet  Johnaonlied  the  planet.  The  model  originally 
proposed  to  himself  by  Boswell  was  Haaon's  LWt  if  Gray,  but 
he  larnupassed  that,  or  Indeed  any  other,  modej.  The  fashion 
that  BeneU  adopted  of  giving  Ab  ceinerwtlont  not  in  the 
neutral  tfnta  of  (roUf  gWifM  hut  In  tan  (hMb  r«cla  was  a  ttrake  of 
genha.  Bat  he  is  tar  from  hdng  the  mere  mechanical  train- 
mltterofgoodthlngt.  He  is  a  dramatic  and  deacrlptive  artist  ot 
tha&Blotdtt,  neaitnatdlBaryvitnlilyofUstgureapottulatei 


BOSWORTH— BOTANY 


299 


id  It  ha 


caigenUi  the  lyiapUhy  upnacd  in  vord  ai  dnd  by  Johaxni 
lor  Mune  of  liia  aim  IcndtnT  bihlci.  But,  OD  the  whole,  the 
belt  jodaa  in  of  opiniod  that  BotmU'i  laamcy  h  eioepliaiuil, 
ai  it  k  uadoBbvd^  Mcoadcd  by  a  power  of  obeemtioa  of  * 

dnciiptioa  cu  only  be  rtaliied,  w  Jowctt  wtU  pointed  out,  by 
thoee  who  hive  utempted  it,  aad  it  i»  not  ualil  we  compue 
~         "'  '    le  ol  IcM  •kilful  heeiea  that  wi  cu 


loadis.  "li*  mult  ii  thit  Johiuan,  not,  it  ii  true,  is  the  ndy 
day*  of  his  poTvrty,  total  idleacH  ud  the  podii  of  lilentun, 
bat  ia  tha  lala/m  of  fuse  ud  compcloKa  of  (ortuoa  (roni  17A} 
to  1714,  li  better  hnown  to  u  thu  uy  other  puo  in  hiitwy. 
The  old  thooiy  to  eipUin  nch  1  muvd  (otisii'iUl'  pnpouiided 
hy  Guy  when  the  r«ir  M  Cvdcs  ipfMared)  th*t "  uy  lool  luy 
write  ■  viliuhle  book  by  chuice  "  ii  now  nfuded  u  (mteubleu 
Ii  fool  ii  ■  word  to  dcKtlbe  BmhrU  (*kI  hie  foDy  wu  it  tine* 
Inaecendeni)  be  wrote  hii  ^mt  book  becmee  ud  aot  in  dtqiite 
of  the  fact  that  hewn  su.  Than  cui  be  ao  doubt,  io  feet,  that 
he  waea  biopaphicil  genioi,  tad  thit  he  tittafd  hli  opfwr- 
"■■'"^  juM  a*  ha  piafiand  hit  tiauitiooi  ud  inlndued 
tboao  foijnicible  fttUMtw  by  which  Johnaon^i  mntivca  are  ex- 

aad  the  teoenl  (eelint  ot  hii  cDopuy  ceiiTeyed.  Thii  remiik- 
ablc  btemy  (icully,  howevB-,  wu  but  a  (nclioa  of  [he  total 
nake-Dp  nquiiiie  (o  pfwlace  each  ■  maileijncce  ai  the  Lifi, 
Ibm  ii  1  touch  of  (eaiiia,  loo,  in  the  oalf  and  iii^iatuibable 
good  DBtHR  and  peTBitency  ("  Sii,  I  will  not  be  baited  with 
'whit'  and  'why.'  'Why  ia  ■  cow'i  tail  tons?'  'Why  is  a 
loi'i  tail  bushyJ'  "),  ud  even  in  the  abaegitiiin  of  ill  pencoil 
disnity.  with  which  Boswetl  punned  Us  hcn>.  Ai  he  himself 
Mid  of  Goldimith,  "He  ha4  tagadly  enoufh  to  cullival* 
■MJduouily  the  acquiintaaca  of  JohiBOB,  uid  his  iaculdei 
were  prnduiUy  enlufcd-"  Character,  the  vital  principle  ol  the 
individual,  il  the  tf»u  Jatiau  0!  the  mwhinical  tuoinplier. 
lb  attainoeat  Bay  be  lecutcd  by  a  variety  of  oteaai — wiloen 
Xeoophon,  CeUiai,  Aiibny,  Lockhm  and  Fraud*— but  it  hi* 
aatcf  been  attained  wiih  nich  complete  inlea$ity  11 1^  Bomell 
in  hi>  I4ft  efJttiumt,    The  moR  we  study  Baawdl,  (he  man 

The  eleviiith  edition  of  Domll's  JohmttK  wis  brouElit  out  by 
John  W3Kn  Cnokcr  in  iBji :  in  tliii  Ihe  oriciut  ten  ii  eipinilcd 
by  BuoieroiB  ktten  and  vanonrm  inecdotn  and  ii  itmdy  km- 
dcep  in  aaiHtatioa.  It>  Mandm  imvoked  the  cvlebntBd  and 
WHBaUycorKBtineritkiiaseiUKaBlar  aodCar^  Iti  value 
a>  an  unrivalled  ETuajy  of  JohosoBiaaai  stored  opportunely  before 
the  lait  links  with  a  JotinioflTaB  age  had  disappeared.  Tias  no!  been 
adequanrly  fccDgnind.  A  new  Httlon  of  the  oriffnsl  tncC  was 
tmieil  in  1*74  ut  Ptrer  Flnaeiald  (who  has  alio  writtea  ■  iwfu] 
We  of  law  Bsewell  ■■  a  *gl>.,  Londo*.  I<«ik  a  •ix'^nluBecditien, 
iadudiBf  the  Tour  and  JohBHaaine.  wu  publid»d  by  the  Rev. 
Alennda  Napier  U  isft(:  the  definitive  ediiion  Is  that  by  [>r 
Biikbeclc  Hill  in  6  vols.,  1887,  with  eoplous  annotttlona  end  a 
laadd  tndeit  A  teaeiaaily  Hlustmicd  ediiion  wi> 
1907  in  twa  laiie  vaiami  by  Kofer  IiKpen,  end  i«pi 
hive  alsa  been  edited  by  K.  Cunilbcn  (villi  imedcu 
Mowbny  Monia  (Globe  edil'-"  -    '  '  ---  "■- 

biopapl^  bI  BomhB  mi  w. -, ^         

BoeweiTs  coounonBleea-boidc  was  published  in  itA  ander  the  title 
ef  Bttmaim.  with  a  lueieoir  by  the  Rev.  C  Regen.      <T.  Sa.) 

■OtWOBTH,  iHKBB  (ijSg-iSjfi),  Srilisb  An^o-Saiaa 
tcbolar,  wubcninOerbyihireuii/So.  Educated  at  Kcploa, 
whence  he  ptocecded  (o  Aheideon  UnivBsity,  he  becanM  in  iai7 
Vicar  oi  Lillk  Horvooit  BuckJathumhiR,  and  devoied  his  spare 
time  to  litentnc*  and  partkulatly  to  the  study  of  Antlo-SuoD. 
In  1813  appealed  hii  Eitmnlt  ^  A  nifrJtxtit  Grammar.  In 
-      *-  loHoUaadiBchiplahiifintalArasteidui 


^  _id  lepriotiol  vilae 
[b  WDodcots),  A.  Birretl, 


He  n 


d  la  Holl 


watkiBg  Ihrere  an  hi*  Biaitiiarj  tf  IMt  AHila-Sam  LaKtmn 
(lilS),  hi*  best-known  work.  !■  igsihebeoaaMiecliaafWitei 
Sheiiord,  Buckiniha^Ain,  nod  in  the  followiii(  year  wai 
^ipolnted  RndHBiB  ptofcaor  nl  An^o-Sama  it  Oxford.  He 
p**  to  tha  ofvdtity  of  Cwpbndp  io  1I67  £iotpoo  lor  tb( 


ertiMiihrent  of  a  pcof wwnhip  ot  A^o^ooa.  HadiadMitha 
tjlh  nl  May  lijt,  kavinf  behind  him  a  miss  ot  unolatiau  oB 
the  An^o-Saaoo  durten. 

BOTAMT  (from  Gr.  enrtn,  plut;  jSieisr,  to  |iuc],  Ih* 
(CJuce  which  include*  evei]^hin|  lelitina  to  the  vecetiUc 
kinfdoDi,  wbelber  in  a  llvini  or  ia  a  ioesi  state.  Il  embnco  a 
consldention  of  the  eilemil  forms  at  plantv'-of  their  inatoaucsl 
■tructait,  however  minute — of  the  (unclioni  which  they  perionn 

over  the  ^obe  it  the  ptoent  ind  at  liinner  epocha — and  of  the 
uses  to  which  they  are  lufaecrvient.  It  eiBBincs  the  plant  ia  it* 
eariieat  state^of  develapment,  and  foQowi  it  Lhiou^  all  it*  itace* 
of  pngiw  until  it  lUalns  maluiity.  It  lake*  a  comprebeniivi 
view  of  alt  Ih*  plants  which  cover  the  earth,  from  the  minutcM 
orpjito,  only  vaihle  by  the  aid  ot  the  micToicape,  to  the  BMat 
gi(lnticprad(icIioB*af  Ihelrofiick  Ilmariitberelaliouwbich 
subsist  between  all  meodjer*  of  the  plant  wottd,  indudinf  those 
between  odufng  iraopa  and  those  whjdi  are  known  only  Irom 
thrir  foisiliaed  remains  preserved  in  the  rock*.  We  deal  here 
with  the  history  and  evuulios  of  the  science. 

Hw  pIsBts  which  adorn  the  globe  more  or  less  in  iD  countiiea 
■u>t  nsriaiarily  have  iiUacted  Uie  ittentiaa  oi  aushind  fiom 
the  earlicM  lime^  The  ideDCC  (hit  ireiii  of  them  datei  bick 
to  the  day*  of  Sdomon,  who  "  spake  of  trees,  from  the  cedir  o( 
Lebanon  to  the^ssopoDlhewiU."  The  Chaldieine,^yptians 
and  Cteekiwere  the  eiriycullivatois  of  science.  iDdbotuy  «ai 
not  neglected,  although  the  study  ol  it  wu  mixed  up  with  cnde 
ipeculatioBi  as  to  vegetaUe  life,  lod  u  to  the  thuge  oi  i^nls 
into  "(-—'•  About  joo  yean  before  Chriti  Tho^hnttni 
note  a  Ifnlfry  tf  PItdi,  lod  deacribid  about  soo  spedei  used 
for  the  trcatmrnl  of  diieaiea.  Dioicoiides,  a  Greek  writer,  wlio 
ippean  to  have  flouiibed  iboal  the  time  oi  Nera,  iaued  1  work 
onMileiiiUaiKea.  Thcef^rninydcsaibedaboMathomand 
plants,  many  of  them  famous  fo  their  Biedidnal  virtues.  Asiatic 
and  Anbiaa  wrilcti  iko  took  Bp  this  subject.  Little,  bowem, 
was  done  in  the  science  <i  botany,  property  10  called,  lutil  tk 
i6th  century  of  the  Christian  era,  when  the  revival  ol  leamiag 
diipdled  the  dariuKS*  which  had  long  hung  giver  £iitape. 
Otio  Bruntcls.  a  physioaa  ol  Beni,  baa  been  looked  upon  a*  tbt 
KMotet  of  the  idence  in  Europe.  In  hi*  Baietium,  printed  at 
Strasabug  (isicisj6),  he  give  deacription*  of  1  large  munbef 
d1  plinti,  chiefly  those  of  centnl  Eur<^.  ititttlrated  by  beantilnl 
wtndcut*.  'HewasIoUowedbyothetwrtten. — Leonhard Fnchsi 
whose  Aubrsoffsr^MH  (Basel,  imi)  ii*oitby  ot  fecial  rute 
for  its  aceQent  woodctui;  HioonyrBU*  Bod,  wboac  KttMu 
Badk  appeased  in  ijjg;  and  Wiilian  Turner,  "  The  Fithet  at 
Englkh  Botany,"  the  £nt  part  ot  -Aaat  Nta>  Birial,  prinied  In 
F.n|[lfah,  mi  imned  in  isji.    The  descripiioB*  in  these  early 

apecnlitioDs  a*  to  the  virtiua  of  plinli.  Planti  which  wen 
ittikiBgEy  ilike  were  idieedtegetheT,  but  there  was  at  5nt  little 
attempt  at  tyitemalic  flatiifii-slinn     A  crude  system,  based  on 

gradually  evatved,  ud  is  well  IHustnted  ui  the  HaM,  Issued 
in  >50T  by  Jolm  Goard  (■54S~(6ii),  a  hirbei^uigeon,  who 
had  a  garden  In  Holbwn,  and  was  •  keen  student  d  British 

One  of  the  earliest  attempt! . 

planti  was  made  in  FIocd  ' 
i&oj),  who  is  called  by  I 
In  Ui  work  iM  PlanHi,  pi 
Iribuled  the  15*0  pUnti  then  known  is 

John  Ray  (iSit-ito]}  did  b  ' 
botany,  and  was  also  a  good  >oiilagist.  He  pnmnlgMed  a 
n  which  may  be  coniideied  ai  the  dawn  ol  the  "  natutal 
ayMem  "  of  Uw  pnaent  4v  <Ka)'.  VcMiU  PtHlsrm.  lASa). 
He  sepanled  dDWCring  troii  Bawtrlesa  idants,  and  divided  Oe 
[ormer  into  Dicotyledans  and  HoDocotyledoni.  IGs  orden  (or 
"  classes  ")  wen  fminded  to  some  extoit  on  a  correct  fdci  ot  the 
afiniticx  of  plants,  and  he  lar  outsltippcd  hi*  contemporaries  In 


Vll.  M 


\s 


306 


About  llw  ye»r  rf7o  Dt  Robot  Morison  '  (1610-1683),  O" 
Arst  profcjwg  of  botany  at  Olford,  publiilwd  a  syatemaljc 
■mngeruat  of  planU,  largdy  on  tia  Jina  pttvioxaiy  suE^aled 
by  Cuulpinus.  Hi  divided  them  ioto  eighteen  cIubo,  dis- 
tinguliUng  planti  irCcordiiig  as  they  were  «ai>dr  or  herbaciaus, 
knd  uUiV  inlo  accouat  tbe  oatUR  oF  ihe  flmrfn  and  jniil.  In 
i6go  RiviBiH'  pnnnulgated  a  duaficailoa  founded  chJeSy  on 
the  forau of  Ihc  Somn.  J.P.d«  Touiii«fart'(i«]6-i7oS),iiho 
tboat  the  (ami  lime  took  up  the  Eubject  of  vegetable  taiononry, 
WM  long  at  the  head  of  the  Fieoch  Khoojof  boiaoy,  aod  publithed 
k  syiumitic  anangemcnl  in  1(94-1700,  He  described  about 
Sow)  qxdes  of  plants,  and  diitnbuted  them  into  twenty-two 
claua,  chjedy  accoiding  to  tbe  form  of  the  coToUa,  dklinguiahiog 
bobiaDd  undenhnibi  on  tlieoiKhaHlfiamlreei  and  shrubs  on 
the  other.  Tbe  lyitem  of  Toumefoit  was  for  along  time  adopted 
on  the  continent,  but  «3  ultimately  displaced  by  that  of  Carl 
voa  Linnf ,  or  Linnaeus  <9.v,;i7a;'i;TS). 

The  system  of  Linnsius  >nu  founded  on  chancten  derived 
from  the  stamens  and  pistils,  the  so-called  luiial  organi  of  tbe 
floner,  and  hence  it  Is  often  caDcd  the  Kiual  tyilem.  It  It  an 
Bitificial method, bccsuseiltalieiintoBCCOuntoiiJyafew  marked 
character!  in  plants,  and  docs  not  pti>|>a»  to  unite  them  by 
natural  affinities-  It  li  an  Index  to  a  departneiic  ol  the  boolc  of 
nature,  and  aa  such  fs  Usefol  to  tbe  undent.  It  doet  tut  upiie 
In  any  higher  cluuaclec,  and  although  it  auuiot  be  looked  upon 
■a  a  scientific  sod  oatunl  arrangement,  siill  it  has  a  cettala 
fadlilyof  applkalian  which  at  once  commeoded  it.  It  does  not 
of  itself  give  the  student  a  view  ol  the  true  retatioat  of  plants, 
and  by  lesding  to  the  discovery  of  the  name  of  a  plant,  it  Is  only 
a  stepping-stone  to  the  natural  syiiem.  Linnaeus  himself 
daiucd  nothing  higher  for  it-  He  layi — "  MethodI  Natunlis 
fragmcnia  studJOM  laquiieniia  tant  Ptinuia  et  ullimum  hoc 
InbManidadesidmruinett-  Natim  non  fidt  saltus.  flaatae 
Ltf  tcrritorium  in  mappa 

The  Linseaa  lyitem  was  (tiling  sq>pot1ed  by  Sir  Junes 
Edward  Smith  (i7S9-i8ig},  who  adopted  it  in  his  AicJU  Flen, 

system  was  [or  a  kmg  time  the  only  one  tang bt  in  the  schottla  of 
Britain,  even  after  it  had  been  disaided  by  thOM  in  Fiuce  and 

The  fbundaiioB  oI  botanic  prdena  during  the  itth  and  lyth 
centuries  did  much  in  the  way  of  advancing  botany.  They  were 
at  tat  appropriated  chiefly  to  the  cultivation  ol  mcdidnal 
^anls.  This  was  especialty  the  case  at  onlvmllies,  where 
medical  schools  euiled.  The  first  botanic  garden  was  establisheil 
at  Padmi  in  1545.  ami  was  fidhiwcd  by  that  of  Piaa.  The  garden 
at  Leiden  diltl  from  1577.  that  at  Leipzig  from  IS79.  Gardens 
also  ea^y  existed  at  Florence  and  Bologna.  The  UontpcUier 
garden  was  [bunded  in  1  jO',  that  td  Gieuen  i«  1605,  of  Slras^ 
buigiDi6ia,a(Aiidorf  ini6i;,  and  oi  Jena  iBi6i(h  The  Jaidin 
de*  Plante*  at  Paris  was  established  in  1616,  and  the  Opsala 
garden  in  1617.  lie  botanic  ^rden  at  Oifoiil  was  leunded  in 
1631.  The  garden  at  £dinbui{^  was  founded  by  Sir  Andrew 
Balfoui  and  Sir  Robert  Sibhald  in  1670,  and,  under  the  name  ol 
the  Pl^iic  Garden,  wn  placed  under  the  superintendetkce  ol 
James  SallierlaDd,  afterwiudi  piofetsor  of  botany  in  the  unl- 
WBty.  The  prden  at  Eew  data  from  about  r73a,  when 
Freduick,  peince  of  Wales,  obtalnod  ■  long  lease  of  Kew  Home 
and  ila  paActm  from  tlv  Capel  lamBy.  After  Us  death  In  1751 
hii  widow,  Priacen  Augotn  at  Sue-Gotht,  riM>wed  greil 
tatercM  in  their  irkntiic  davdapBKOt,  and  hi  tju  cngig") 
WaUamAltDBtDcHabUthaPhyiicGaidan.  The  garden  of  the 
Koyal  OtibOa  SndMf  at  dunevin  wai  opened  about  1796; 
IbM  of  TliBily  CoBite,  Dnblin,  in  itoi;  and  that  of  Glasgow 

•  ItoiiM,   AMMb  AalBfaa    (1679);    ntiAtfi 

'  Itiirinua  (AitfustuB  Qulnniit)  patens  nonlne 
latrtivtia  fititnM  im  Rtm  naiajiajn  (Lipsue.  iteo) 
•ToarmTon,  £lfWH  Jt  ttmiqm   (tfiM)!  »" 


:giB.  The  hhdtld  ^rden  dates  fiom  17<j,  and  that  of 
nbra(romi77J-    Jean  Geiner  {1709-1 790),  a  SwiniAyiiciaB 

and  botanist,  states  that  at  the  end  oltt^  10th  century  there  were 
ganlena  in  Europe. 
^w  era  dawned  on  botanical  dasidfiiatlon-with  the  work  of 
le  Laurent  dejnssleu  (1748-1836).  His  uncle,  Bernard  de 
11,  had  sdopted  the  prindplea  of  Llnnaeus's  Fragnunta  in 
ingement  ol  the  plants  in  the  royal  garden  at  the  TrianoB- 
esrly  age  Antolnc  became  botanic^  demonstrator  in  the 
Jardin  des  Pllnla,  and  was  thus  led  to  devote  his  lime  to  the 
science  of  botany.  Being  called  upon  to  trtange  the  plants  in  the 
garden,  he  necessarily  had  to  coraider  the  best  mell»d  ot  doing 
so,  and,  [ollowing  the  line*  already  suggested  by  his  unde, 
adopted  a  system  founded  in  a  certain  degree  on  that  of  Ray,  in 
which  he  embraced  aU  the  discoveries  in  organogr^y,  adopted 
the  simj^cily  of  the  LJnnean  definitions,  and  displaytd  tlit 
natural  affinities  of  planli.  His  Crntra  flonlirwM,  begun  la 
1778,  and  finally  publidied  in  1789,  was  an  hnportani  advance, 
and  tormed  the  basis  of  all  natural  classiGcations.  One  of  the- 
esrly  siqiporters  of  this  natural  method  was  Augustin  Pyiamua 
de  Canddle  (i77g-ig4i},  irfu>  in  igij  published  his  TUtHt 
MmMrin  d(  la  tstanifiK,  in  which  he  showed  that  the  affinities 
of  plants  an  to  be  soiqht  by  the  oonqaoative  study  ol  the  fom 
and  devdopment  of  otgiBS  (morphology),  not  of  thdt  lUnctlotts 
(physiology).  Hb  Prtinmia  Sytltmalis  NatHraUi  Kitni  Vegt- 
laiilii  waa  intended  to  embisce  an  amngemcnt  and  descriptton 
of  bU  known  plants.  The  work  was  continued  after  his  death. 
by  his  son  Alphonse  de  Candolk,  with  the  aid  ol  other  eminent 
botanists,  and  embraces  descriptions  ol  the  genen  and  species 
ol  the  orders  of  Dicotyledonous  plants.  The  system  firilMRd  by 
de  CandoUe  is  a  modification  of  that  of  Jus&ieu. 

Inartanging  plants  acoOTdlng  to  a  natural  method,  wctcquiR 
ID  have  a  thorough  knowledge  of  atiuctutal  and  raorphnlagicsl 
botany,  and  hence  we  find  that  the  advancea  made  in  these 
departments  have  materially  aided  the  eSorU  of  systiaMic 

Robert  Brown  Imi-'t^)  was  the  first  British  botanist  to 
support  aitd  advTKate  the  natural  system  of  dasiificatitra.  T^ 
publication  of  his  PnJnmia  Fhrai  Nmat  Hallaniiat  (in  iSio), 
according  to  tbe  natutal  method,  led  the  way  to  the  adoption 
of  that  method  in  the  nnivcniiie)  and  schools  of  Britain.  In 
1817  Bnwn  announced  his  important  docoreTy  of  the  dlslifictioa 
between  Angiospeims  and  Cymnoqxims,  and  the  philosoidilcs] 
cluiacter  of  his  work  led  A.  von  Humboldt  to  refer  to  him  as 
"  Botanicorumfadteprinceps."  In  1830  John UndleypuUiabed 
the  bst  edition  of  his  IvindwJiim  le  lit  Nalaral  SyiUm,  em- 
bodyioga  slight  modification  of  de  CandoUe's system.  Fnoi  tkt 
year  1S3]  up  to  i8jg  great  advances  wen  tnade  In  svstematic 
botany,  both  in  Britain  and  on  the  continent  of  Euiopc.  The 
EHckiriditn  and  Gtmra  Pkiaanan  of  S.  L.  Endlicbec  (lto«- 
1S49),  the  Pndrimaa  of  de  Candotlc,  and  the  Kcfdai'*  Kbtitm 
(1S46]  of  J-  LIndley  became  the  guides  in  systematic  botany, 
accoTilins  to  the  natural  system. 

The  Inat  satisfactory  part  ol  all  these  lystema  was  that  con- 
cerned with  the  lower  plants  or  CTyptogams  as  eontraoted  with 
the  higher  or  Bowering  plants  (Phanerogams)-  The  devdopment 
of  the  compound  tnicioscopc  lendered  possible  the  accuiate 
study  of  their  hfe-histories;  sod  the  pubticstion  in  tSii  of  tht 
nsults  of  Wilhelm  HofmeisleT's  ttsearches  on  the  oompanti** 
embiyology  of  the  higher  Cryptogamia  shed  >  flood  sf  li^t  on 
their  relaiionshlpi  to  each  other  and  to  the  higher  plants,  and 
Suiq>licd  the  basis  for  the  distinction  of  tht  gnat  gtonps  Thal- 
to^yts,  Bryopfayta,  Ptcridc^hyla  and  Phtneiogamae,  tbe  Uil 
named  including  Cyranoqieitnse  and  Anpnqicrmae. 

A  system  of  dasrifit^tion  (or  the  ntanengams,  or,  M  they  art 
frequently  now  called,  Sperraati^yta  (seed-plants),  whidi  has 
boea  mu^  ntcd  in  Great  Britain  and  in  America,  Is  that  o( 
Bcntham  and  Hooker,  whose  Gmcrt  PtaalannK  (1861-1883)  <> 
a  dcscrtptSvo  account  c)f  all  the  |tnen  of  Soweting  planta,  l»ied 
on  their  careful  usntination.  nt  amnftiMnl  It  a  nodlficalloa 
ti  that  adopted  by  the  da  CandoHes.  AnMher  system  iSBerln* 
tosMwfastiadelaait  thatot  A.W.EicUir  (BeiUa,  tSSj),  • 


BOTAIVY 


3ot 


nofiicd  )Mm  of  lAkfc  wu  •CabontMl  by  Dr  Adelt  ENdcr  at 
Bobir  tbc  ptiodpd  iditaiai  Cfa  luMrfick  i>/aiKfr/Bi«ilfaii. 

.IV  Uadjr  e(  ^  aBBlomjr  and  phTSioloiy  ol  pluM  dM  DM 
lutp  pace  wilk  tki  uhnnce  in  dusficaiioD.  Nchnnkh  Oitw 
ud  kit  conMBpomy  MirccUo  Udptghi  irm  Ihe  earlkM  db- 
covctcra  in  the  dtpulment  olplinl  inmUHny.  Both  ■ulhon  M^ 
u  aocouat  id  Iht  mulli  of  ibeir  itud/  of  fdinl  ilnicltm  licfor 
(bt  Rcqnl  Sodny  ol  Lonhm  daioH  at  ihe  mn  tint  In  1671 
Halliillti'Kmnpktcwgtt,  Analtmt  Flawiviim,  ippcunlinitTS 
tBdCivii'tAiiaumye{PlanUiai6Si.  Formon  thnafaiuidttd 
jtu%  tbe  Mudy  of  iatenul  itnictuit  mu  MtlccMd.  In  1  Sot 
kppcand  tlv  Traill  J-taaumk  tf  it  fkjtleltti'  tlttult  of  C.F. 
B.  de  Ulibd  U;76-ilj4},  which  ms  quicUy  tolkuKd  by  olhci 
pobBulion  by  Kint  Spnagd.  L.  C  TRvbuin  (lyji^iM*), 
■ad  othen-  In  iSii  J.  J.  P.  MoUcnhiwer  inlalcd  etOa  by 
■BCRSlioa  of  tluuc*  in  walet.  1h  «erit  ol  F.  J.  F.  M 
ud  H.  von  Mahl  in  the  middle  ol  the  iQih  ctnlury  placed  the 

(1804-1X81)  and  F.  tlnger 

(18B0-1S70),  while  in  K.  W.  von  Nlgdi'i  rnvntiGation]  00 
nulectdar  itmctun  zmd  the  growth  of  the  cell  ncnbruie  we 
Rcognixe  the  orisin  ol  modem  methods  ol  the  itiufy  ef  ctti' 
ilnKtim  iiuludtd  tmdir  cytology  (f.*-).  Tlie  worfc  of  Kiri 
Suio  tad  Th.  Uarlig  advanced  knowledge  on  the  umcture  and 
devdopnent  of  llAUes.  while  A.  de  Baly'i  Cemfcialat  Attattmy 
tf  de  Pkanmiatu  and  Fma  (1877)  lupi^ed  an  admirable 
pracBlalion  of  the  lacls  u  lai  known.  Since  then  the  work 
bu  been  carried  on  by  Ph.  van  'Hrghetn  and  hii  pupila^  and 
olherSt  who  have  sought  to  corrdate  the  large  maai  of  facta 
and  to  find  eome  general  undcriyfng  prfnci^c*  (see  Plants: 
Attaltmyefl. 

Tbe  (ubtect  of  (eniUaation  wat  one  which  eaily  exdied 
attcMko.  The  Idea  ef  Che  eiiitenn  of  Kparatt  Kin  In  plant! 
■as  entertained  in  caily  limei,  long  hefon  separate  mole  and 
Irmale  otgans  had  been  demonstrated.  Hie  production  of  dates 
in  Egypt,  by  bringing  two  kinds  of  flowon  into  contact,  proves 
that  in  veiy  remoie  periods  some  BOtioni  wcie  mlcttalned  on 
(he  subject.  Female  diie-palna  only  were  eulliwled,  and  wild 
ones  were  biooghi  froio  the  desert  In  order  lo"fertaiM  them. 
Herodotus  Infonns  us  that  ths  Babylonian!  knew  oF  old  that 
there  were  male  and  Icmxie  dale-Ines,  and  thai  \\v  female 
required  the  omcuirenc*  o(  the  male  to  become  fertile.  This 
fact  was  also  known  (0  Ihe  Egyptians.  Ibe  Pboenidaiu  and  other 
nations  of  Asia  and  Africa.  The  Babylonians  luspended  male 
dusters  from  wild  dates  over  the  femaln;  but  ihey  wtm  to  have 
loppoacd  that  the  ferlUity  thai  produced  depended  on  Ihe 
ptetence  of  small  flics  among  Ihe  wild  flowers,  which,  by  entering 
the  female  flowen,  tamed  them  W  set  and  ripen.  The  process 
was  called  pafaniflcation.  Theophiastui.wlu  succeeded  Aristotle 
in  his  school  In  Ihe  it4lh  Olyinpiad,  frequently  mentions  iTie 
leics  of  plants,  b«  he  does  not  appear  to  hive  deiermiticd  the 
organs  of  reproduction.  Pliny,  oho  flourished  ondcc  Veqiauan, 
spealu  partlculirlyol  a  male  and  tenah  palm,  bni  hii  statements 
were  not  founded  on  any  real  knowledge  of  (he  organs.  FVom 
Theophristus  down  to  Caesalplnus,  who  died  at  Rome  in  T603, 
Ihcn  does  not  appear  to  have  been  any  attention  paid  to  the 
reproductive  organs  of  plants,  Caesalpinu)  had  b^  attention 
directed  to  tbc  snbject,  and  he  spcnks  of  a  halllus  or  emanation 
ftom  the  male  i^nts  causing  fertility  hi  Ihe  female. 

Nehemiah  Grew  i«mi  to  have  been  the  first  to  describe,  In  a 
paper  on  Ihe  Analemj  of  PtciOs,  read  before  the  Royal  Society 
111  November  i0j6,  the  funeiioni  of  the  stamens  and  pistils.  Dp 
10  this  period  all  wu  vague  conleeiure.  Grew  sfioii  of  Ibe 
Mire,  or  the  stamens,  as  being  the  male  parts,  and  cefetl  to 
conversations  with  Sir  Thotnaa  Millhigton,  Sedleian  protewor  at 
Oxford,  to  whom  the  credit  ol  the  seiual  theory  seems  really  10 
belong.  Crew  says  that  "  when  the  attire  or  apica  break  or 
open,  the  ^obules  or  dust  falls  down  on  the  seedcast  or  uicnia, 
and  touches  It  with  a  prolific  virtue."  Ray  adopted  Grew'i 
views,  and  sutes  various  arguments  to  prove  their  corttclness 
hi  the  pn^face  10  hli  work  on  European  plants,  pubUihtd  In  1694. 
Id  iOm  R.  J.  Canciarius,  profnur  Of  bouoy  and  nwdiciDt  at 


TAtagn,  pnblUMl  ■  Ittler  on  tlie  mei  of  ptanu,  la  wUA  h« 
itttti  10  Um  stanaa  and  pistils  a*  Ihe  oigam  ol  Rproduciioa, 
and  Malts'  the  dtScnhki  be  had  CDONntered  in  dnermining 
the  organs  of  CrypMfaadc  {rianta.  In  1703  Samuel  Moiland, 
la  a  paper  read  bd«c  the  Royal  Sodety,  staled  that  the  farina 
(poUcn)  b  a  CBagqfci  of  aeaifaial  pbnts,  one  of  which  must  he 
conveyed  bite  every  ovum  or  seed  before  it  can  become  praiilie. 
In  l)dt  tmarkaUt  ttatemenl  be  seems  to  anticipate  in  pan  the 
discovetie*  aflennuds  made  as  to  pollen  tubes,  and  more  par. 
ticidiriy  Ihe  pccuKar  idem  pmmulgaled  by  Schleiden.  In  i;ii 
E.  F.  Ccofl^ray,  in  a  meaoii  presented  to  the  Royal  Academy  at 
I'aris,  supported  the  views  ol  Cicw  and  others  as  to  the  sein 
of  plants.  He  slates  thst  Ihe  germ  is  never  to  be  seen  in  the 
seed  till  the  apices  (anthers)  died  their  dust;  and  that  if  the 
■tnmina  be  cut  ont  before  the  apices  open,  the  seed  will  either 
not  ripen,  orbe  barren  If  it  ripens.  He  mentions  two  esperiments 
made  by  hitn  to  prove  this — one  by  cuiLing  ofl  the  ilatninal 
flowers  in  Maiic,  and  the  other  by  reatinf  the  Female  plant  ol 
McrcUTialls  apart  from  the  male.  Tn  these  instances  most  of  the 
flowen  were  abortive,  bat  a  few  were  frnlle,  which  he  attrflnitei 
to  the  dust  of  the  i|uces  having  been  wafted  by  the  wind  from 
other  plants 

Linnaeus  took  up  the  snhject  In  the  fnaugnration  of  his  sciuat 
system.    He  first  published  his  views  in  !7J«,  and  he  thus 

polmicolis,  Millingiano,  Grewio,  Rayo,  C^meriHo,  Codofredo, 
Morbndo,  Vaillantro,  Blairio,  Jussievio,  Bradleyo,  Royeno, 
Logino,  sic,  defectum,  dcscrfptum,  et  proinfaUibillassumpum; 
nee  uHum,  apertis  oculis  connderantein  cujoscunque  pbntae 
Hoies,  latere  poiesi."  He  divided  plants  Into  seiual  and  aseaual, 
the  former  being  Phanerogamous  or  flowering,  and  Ihe  latter 
Ctyptogamous  or  flowerlcss.  In  the  latter  divi^on  of  pbnts  be 
could  not  detect  stamens  and  pistils,  and  he  did  not  Investigate 
the  mode  In  which  their  germs  were  produced.  He  was  no 
phy^bgisl,  and  did  not  promulgate  any  vie^s  as  to  the  eM- 
bryogenlc  process.  His  followers  wen  chiefly  engaged  in  Ibe 
anangement  and  classification  of  plants,  and  while  de^riptive 
botany  inade  great  advances  the  physfological  deparonenl  oF  Ihe 
science  was  neglected.  His  views  were  not,  however,  adopted  at 
once  liy  all,  for  we  find  Charles  Alston  stating  arguments  against 
iheni  In  his  Diistrlalim  en  Iht  Sexa  tf  Plants.  Alston's  observa- 
tions were  founded  on  what  occurred  in  certain  iiniseiuil  pbntj, 
such  as  Mercurialli,  Spinach,  Hemp.  Hop  and  Bryony.  The 
conclusion  at  which  he  arrives  is  that  the  pollen  Ii  not  In  all 
flowering  plants  necessary  for  impregnation.  For  Fertile  teed)  can 
be  produced  without  its  influence.  He  supports  parthrnogenesb 
In  some  plants.  Soon  afler  ihe  promulgation  of  LInnaeus's 
method  of  cbssification^  Ihe  sitention  of  botanists  was  directed 
to  the  study  of  Ctyptogamic  plants,  and  the  valuable  work  of 
JohinnHedwig  (1730-1799)  on  the  lepioductive  organ!  of  mosses 
made  its  appearance  in  1781,  He  was  one  of  the  first  to  point 
out  the  eidstcnce  oF  ceitain  cellular  bodies  In  these  plants  which 
appeared  to  periorm  the  functions  of  leproducllve  organs,  and 
■    ■'       ■'  '    itheridlaandpistlUidiawi        '  "' 


iludyol 


Ctyptogamie  repiodu 

observations  oF  Holland,  already  quoted,  seem  to  have  been 
ne^ected.  and  no  one  atlempted  to  lollow  in  Ihe  path  which  he 
had  pointed  oul.  Botanists  were  For  a  long  lime  content  to  know 
that  the  scattering  oF  the  pollen  from  the  anther,  and  its  applica- 
tion to  the  stigma,  were  necessary  for  the  production  of  perfect 
seed,  but  the  stages  of  the  process  of  letiiltialian  retoained  un- 
eiplorod.  The  matter  seemed  involved  In  mystery,  and  no  one 
attempted  to  raise  the  veil  which  bung  over  the  subject  of 
embryogeny.  The  general  view  was,  that  [he  embryo  originated 
In  the  ovule,  which  was  in  some  obscure  manner  lettiljied  by  the 

In  lEij  I..  C.Tnv{ranus,profa>otOf  botany  inBonii,roused 
the  attention  of  botanists  to  the  development  of  the  embryo,  but 
although  he  made  valuable  researches,  he  did  not  add  much  in 
the  way  of  new  Inlomatlaa.    b  ttii  C.  B.  Amid  diacovered  tbe 


BOTANY  BAY 


uiiten»alpallnitube>,uidiie«ufollaircdbyA.T.  Broopiuit 

uuj  K.  Brown.  Tin  UltfT  Incn)  ihe  luln  u  Tu  u  the  nudciu 
oi  the  ovuk,  Tbrtt  impoiUnt  diicoveriu  nuili «  Dew  epoch  in 
tmbryoloiy.  ond  nmy  bi  uid  lo  be  the  [ouniUiioB  of  ihe  viewi 
now  enleriainfit,  whith  wtre  tnaieri*]!)'  lided  by  the  subsequent 
eliicidilion  tt(  lie  proccu  o(  cyiogenetii,  or  cell-ijevekppinent, 
by  SchJcidca,  Schwsnn,  Mohl  Hud  alhtn.  The  whole  uibjeci  o( 
fccliliHiion  and  develapnieat  of  Ihe  embryo  hu  been  more 
recently  inveiLitateil  wiih  tie*t  tuiduity  at>d  leil,  u  regiidi 
both  ciypufuaou)  and  phanerogaiuaui  piano,  and  dcuilt  must 
be  souiht  in  the  vacioui  jpecial  ankln.  The  observttiou  ol 
Darwin  as  to  the  lerliliialion  ol  occhids,  PrimiOa,  Linum  and 
LytfirMm,  and  nther  plants,  and  the  part  wJiich  iuecta  lake  in 

Konrad  Sprensel,  made  at  ihe  cl«e  ol  the  iSlh 


Itudy  or  b 


followed  by  Hermann  Milllei,   Fcdeiica  Delpjnoand  othen, 
■nd  more  leunlly  by  Faul  Knulli. 

One  of  Ihc  earltnt  workcn  at  plant  phyiiology  was  Stephen 
Halet  In  hk  Sbtlutl  Eiuyi  (1717)  he  gave  an  acrounl  ol 
nuDienius  eipcrimeati  and  obscrvationi  which  he  had  Dude  on 
the  nutrition  of  pljnti  ond  Ihe  movement  of  up  in  theih.  He 
•howed  lluil  Ihe  gsseoui  cootlituenti  ol  the  air  coniHbuie 
Urgtly  Id  Ihe  nouti&hmeni  of  pUntt.  and  ihat  ihe  leavei  are  the 
organi  which  elaborate  the  food;  the  importance  of  ieavea  in 
nutrition  had  been  previously  pointed  out  by  Malplfhi  in  a  short 
accounlofnulnLion  which  fonnian  appendix  to  his  anaLomical 
work.  The  birth  ol  modem  dicnuslry  in  the  work  of  J.  Piietllcy 
and  Lavoisier,  at  Ihe  dose  of  the  iflth  century,  made  possible 
the  scientific  study  of  phinl-nutrilion,  though  Jan  Ingenhousi  in 
>779  discovered  that  plants  Incessantly  give  out  carbonic  acid 
gas,  but  that  Ihe  green  leaves  and  shoots  only  exhale  oxygen 
in  sunlight  or  dear  daylight,  thereby  indicating  the  distinction 
between  asaimilalioQ  of  carbonic  add  gas  (photosynihesis)  and 
N.  T,  de  Saussura  (.j6j-ig4i) 


thev 


:e  of  plan 


nbyu, 


methods 


The  aubjecu  of  piint  nutrition  and  itspii 
studied  by  R-  J.  H.  Dutrochei  towirdi  the  miaoie  01 1 
and  Liebig'a  applicaiioa  of  chemistry  10  igriculiure  : 
logy  put  beyond  question  the  paiti  play«l  by  Ihe 
and  the  soil  in  the  nuiritioa  of  pltnls. 

The  phenomena  of  movements  of  Ihe  organs  of  plsnlt  attracted 
the  attention  of  John  Ray  (i6«]},  who  ascribed  the  movements 
of  the  leaf  of  Mimosa  and  others  10  alleration  in  tcmperatuie. 
Linnaeus  also  studied  the  periodical  movements  of  flowers  and 
leaves,  and  referred  to  the  assumption  of  the  nighl-pooition  as  ihe 
sleep-movemenL  Eatly  in  the  iglh  century  Andrew  Kjugbl 
showed  by  expetiment  that  the  vertical  growth  of  stems  and 
roots  i>  due  to  the  influence  of  gravitation,  and  made  other 
observatians  on  the  retalion  between  the  position  assumed  by 
plant  organs  and  citetnal  directive  forces,  and  later  Dutrochei. 
H.  von  Mohl  and  others  contributed  to  the  advance  of  this  phase 
ol  plant  physiology.  Darwin'a  expehmcntt  in  rcfcnnce  to  the 
movement*  of  climbing  and  twining  plants,  and  of  leaves  in 
ioseclivorous  plants,  have  opened  up  a  wide  field  of  inquiry  u 
10  the  relation  between  plants  and  the  various  exterusl  factors, 
which  has  altncled  numerous  workers.  By  the  work  of  Julius 
Sacha  and  his  pupils  plant  physiology  was  established  on  a 
scientific  baus,  and  became  an  important  part  of  the  study  of 
planta,  for  the  development  of  wbich  reference  may  be  roade 
to  the  article  PLuns:  Pli/iialety-  TTie  study  of  form  and 
development  haa  advanced  under  Ihe  name  "morphology," 
with  the  progress  of  wbich  are  associated  the  name*  of  K. 
Goebcl,  £.  Strasburgcr,  A.  de  Bary  and  others,  wfiile  more 
s  cytology  (g.i.),  the  intimate  study  of  Ihe  cell  and  its 


tshasat 


ictedco 


The  department  of  geographical  botany  made  Ta[Jd  ad' 
by  means  of  Ihe  various  scientific  eipeditions  which  have 
sent  to  all  quarters  of  Ihe  globe,  as  well  as  by  individual 
(m«  Pukts:  Diilrilaitim)  since  Ihe  tune  of  A.  von  KumI 
The  quFstton  of  tbe  mode  in  which  the  floras  of  idaikds  and  of 
oaniiDtals  have  beea  formed  gav*  rise  la  ' 


byaKhcminrat  boian'o)  Iravtikrs  a*  Charles  Dan>iB,SltT.  IX 

Hooker,  A.  R.  WaUace  apd  others.  The  ranneuon  bel««n 
climate  and  vegciaiion  lias  abo  been  studied.  Qwilc  nccaity 
under  tbe  name  of  "  Ecology  "  or  ''  Oecolofy  "  Ihe  study  of 
plants  in  relation  to  each  other  and  to  iheir  enviroiuneau  haa 
become  the  subject  of  systematic  investigation. 

Tlie  subject  of  palaeonlological  botany  (see  PaiAEOBOxaMv) 
has  been  advanced  by  the  researches  of  both  botanists  and 
geologists.  The  nature  of  the  climate  at  diflercnt  epochs  ol  Ihe 
earth's  hisLoiy  has  also  been  dciermined  from  U)e  chancter  of 
the  doia.    The  works  of  A.  T.  Brongnian,  H-  R.  Goeppert  aad 


vanced  tl: 


papers  on  the  subjeci  may  be 
noticed  Oswald  Heer  (iSoQ-iSSj),  who  made  observalionsoa  ihe 
Miocene  Bon,  espccisUy  in  Arctic  regions;  Gaston  de  Saporta 
(iSij-ig«s),  who  examined  Ihc  Tertiary  floral  Sir  J.  W.  DawaoB 
and  Leo  Lesquereux,  and  others  who  reported  on  the  Canadian 
and  American  loBsilpbnls.  InCreatBrilainalao  W.C.  WiUiam- 
son,  by  his  study  of  ihe  structure  of  ihc  plants  ol  ihe  coat 
meaiurci,  opened  up  a  tiew  line  of  tesearch  which  has  beta 
followed  by  Benrand  Renault,  D.  H.  Sooll,  A.  C  Seward  and 
othen,  and  has  led  to  impMiant  diiooveric*  on  the  mIur  ol 
uLinct  groups  ol  plaau  and  also  on  tbe  phyloceny  ^  Mining 

Botany  may  be  divided  into  the  fiJLiwing  deparUDCoU: — 

I.  Structural,  having  reference  10  the  form  and  structure  ot 
the  various  pans,  including  {a)  Morf^iogy^  tbe  study  of  the 
general  form  of  the  organs  and  their  development — Uiis  will  be 
treated  in  a  series  of  articles  deaUng  with  Ihc  great  subdivisiooa 
of  plants  (sec  Anciospuus,  Cvhnostums,  Pieudopkuta, 
BavoniviA,  Alc*e,  Lichens.  Funci  and  B*crEUOi.oaii]  and 
the  more  inqxirtant  organs  (set  SiEU,  LiAi,  Root,  Flowei, 
Fxuil);  (i)  Anatomy,  the  sludy  of  inlemal  structure,  iacludins 
minute  anatomy  or  histology  (sec  pLuin:   Artltmy). 

1.  Cytology  (;.(.),  the  iatimaie  slruciuic  and  behaviour  of  Ihc 
cell  and  its  conieDls—piDUiplssm,  nucleus,  de. 

].  Physiology,  the  sludy  of  the  lile-lunction*  of  Ihe  eaiire 
phint  and  its  organs  {sec  pLum:  Pkyiielotll). 

4.  Syilemalic,  the  amngeinent  and  classifiealJon  of  plant* 
(see  Punts;  Oaisifiuitun). 

%.  Distribution  or  Geographical  Botany,  the  cOBsideraiioD  of 
Ihc  disuibullon  of  plants  on  the  canh's  aurfacs  (sec  Pianis: 


6.  Palaeontology,  the  sludy  of  the  fossils  found  in  the  various 
strata  of  which  the  earth  is  composed  (sec  Puaeoboiahv). 

7.  Ecology  or  Occotogy,  the  study  ot  plsnis  in  relation  10  each 
other  and  to  their  envirormient  [see  Plants:  Etslosy], 

Besides  these  departments  which  deal  with  Botany  as  a  science, 
there  are  various  applications  ot  botany,  such  as  forcitiy  (see 
FOBESTS  AND  FoKESIKV),  agriculture  (f.i.),  horticulture  (f.i.), 

on  each  planl).  '  (A.  B.  R.) 

BOTAHV  BA7.  an  inlet  on  the  coast  of  Cumberland  county. 
New  South  Wales,  Australia,  s  m.  south  of  the  cily  ol  Sydney. 
On  iis  shore  is  the  township  of  Botany,  foiming  a  suburb  at 
Sydney,  wiib  which  it  !s  connected  by  a  tiamwey.  Ii  was  fint 
visited  by  Captain  Cook  in  i;)o.  wholandcdalBipotmarkcdby 
a  monument,  and  took  possession  of  ihe  territory  for  Ihe  crown. 
The  bay  received  its  name  from  Joseph  Banks,  Ihe  botanist  ol 
therqiedittan,  onacoHinlof  the  variety  ol  its  flora.  When,  on 
the  revolt  of  the  New  England  colonies,  the  convict  establish- 
rnenls  in  America  were  no  longer  avaHablt  (see  DEPOjtTATtON  and 
New  South  Wales),  the  attention  of  the  British  government, 
then  under  the  leadership  of  Pill,  was  turned  to  Botany  Bay; 
and  ini7S;  Commodore  Arthur  Phillip  was  commissioned  10  lonn 
a  penal  settlement  there.  Finding,  on  hi*  arrival,  Inwever,  that 
the  locality  was  IQ  suited  for  such  a  purpose,  he  removed  Ikortb- 
wards  to  the  site  ot  the  present  city  of  Sydney.  The  name  ot 
Botany  Bay  seems  lo  have  struck  the  popular  fancy,  and  con- 
tinued to  be  used  in  a  general  way  for  any  convict  establishmenl 
in  Australia.  The  iransporlaUon  <A  U'  '  ' 
Wak*  wH  disceniinucd  ia  iftu. 


nf  '•"If'"'''  u>  Me* 

1,  Google 


BOTHA— BOTHWELL 


),Bo«r|catnIi»d 

ifct  (m  of  «>i*  «i  IIh  "  Vdonrekkcn,"  tad  n>  bora  on  the  1  rth 
•f  SepWmber  lW>  u  Cnyto*ni  (NkUl).  R*tm  tttivt  tenia 
in  unsa  wuftM,  uid  In  ilS;  Mmd  at  a  fiitd^eraM.  Saban- 
qitenllr  Im  Mltlcd  In  Ihe  Vtyhihl  dbtikt,  wUch  h*  npcauud 
in  ll«  Volkmad  of  iSgT.  In  tkt  mr  of  iS$9  ha  wnvd  at  int 
sadcr  Lucai  Uqw  ii  ■onhoB  Natd,  but  non  nu  to  Ughsr 
mmmmdi.  Ua  mi  In  commaiid  of  tte  Bocit  at  tto  battla  of 
Catatto  and  ^ifaa  K<)i,  and  tbtM  vlctoitci  taned  Um  u  peat 
a  Kpolation  that  OB  the  dcalli  at  P.  J.  Joubert,  Botha  wai  mad* 
ODmmaadcT-iiKhitf  d  tto  Tnuuvaal  Boan.  Hi*  apadtr  waa 
apin  dnnBBMiaMd  b  lh*MtIoa«f  BdfdM-Dalsuuiatha  (Auflou 
■j-ig,  190a),  a*d  altct  ii,    ■■■---■    ■ 

lUi  talk,  and  bi  Iba  tubaeqaoit  opcntioitl  o[  ilw  wu,  he  wai 
■Jdcd  by  hii  able  licuuaanti  de  U  K«y  and  d<  Wet    Hie 

by  the  Bosa  to  tba  very  doie  of  the  ihitt  yeari'  ««f .  He  waa 
Ibc  chief  icpmentative  of  Ui  cxmnirymtn  in  ihe  puce  aegolia' 
tioDi  of  i«si,  after  vUch,  vith  de  Wc(  and  de  1*  Rey,  he  ^ted 
EuDpa  inoidH  to  laiie  iundi  to  enable  the  Boeit  to  reaune  their 
laiBcraTocalloiia.  lothepeiiodof  ncantcnicliaasadetBtitiih 
tide,  Genenl  Botha,  *ha  ma  uill  looked  upon  u  the  leader  of 
the  Boer  people,  look  a  promincDt  part  in  poltllo,  advocslinf 
alsaya  mtaiURa  lAJch  be  ooaiidsKd  aa  tntdiBC  ' 

teiBscc  «<  peace  and  food  order  and  tlv  raatj       

pto^wrltjr  in  titc  TanavaaL    After  the  gianl  of  ■df-ipnreniaent 


Seiliorae  to  fom  afovtrnmeat,  and  in  tlieipruifof  the  aaaw 
rear  he  (oak  part  Is  the  coafeRDce  of  coknial  ptanieii  held  in 
I^mdon.  Dufof  hia  vjtU  to  En^aod  «o  IhU  wraiion  Goicial 
Botha  dedand  the  irhftlr  hnrtnl  adboioD  of  ttw  Tianivaal  to 
the  Bnliah  ^npln,  and  hii  ialcolion  to  wotk  for  the  welfare  of 
the  coaaUjr  legaidliaa  of  ndal  diflenuccL  (Sc<  TaaiisvaAi.: 
fiiifvy.) 

mnSMlA,  GULF  OF.  the  DortbeiB  part  of  the  Baltic  Sea  Iq.w.). 
Hw  name  b  pnasved  from  the  fanner  terriloiy  of  Bothnia,  at 
vlach  the  nateni  pan  it  oav  induded  In  Sweden,  the  taatcn  in 
Fnland. 

Mnmm  JAMS  HEFBUUI.  4TH  EuL  or,  duke  of 
Orkaey  and  Shetland  (c  ijj6-ij7S),huibandDf  Muy,  queen  ol 
Scot*,  aonol  Patrick,  jrd  eail  of  Boihwdl,  and  ol  Agas,  daughter 
«(  Heniy,  Lord  Sincliii,  wai  born  about  1536.  Hit  bthei, 
PMiiek,  thajcdeail  (e.  isi9-iss6],  wai  the  only  uq  of  Adas). 
the  wA  tail,  who  wu  killed  at  FJodden,  end  the  srandion  oE 
Patrick  (d.  c.  iJoS),  jid  Locd  Hails  and  lit  cart  o[  BolhwcH. 
It  waathia  Patrick  who  laid  Ibe  [euodalion  oi  the  famOy  forlunea. 
Uavins  loufht  afabul  King  Jainei  III.  at  the  battle  of  Sauchia- 
bum  in  14SS,  he  waa  lewaided  by  the  new  kint,  Jasiei  IV.,  «ilh 

digniiiea.  He  alaoteteived  many  gnutiof  Und,  indudlog  Ihe 
lordihip  of  Bolhwell,  Kbich  kui  beta  liken  freio  John  lUmiay, 
Laid  BelhweU  (d.  im),  the  fa         


Jam 


a  luMeeded  in  1556  to  hil  lather's  titles,  h 


and  hereditary  oScei,  includinc  that 
Scotland.  TluuihaPioIe3laDt,bciuppoitidthegovenimenlol 
Uaiy  of  Cuiie,  kbowcd  hinuclf  violently  anti-Engbih,  and  led  a 
Enid  into  England,  tubacquently  in  1(59  meeting  the  English 
commitBoncia  and  ■i^ing  articlea  for  peace  on  the  border. 
The  aame  year  Eie  idied  £1000  iccieily  lent  I9  Elizabeth  lo  the 
lorda  of  the  congregation.  In  retaliation  Arran  occupied  and 
stripped  hta  caitle  at  Crichton,  whereupon  Bolhwell  in  November 
BcntAnanachalienge,  which  the  latter  declined.  InBeceuber 
be  ma  tenl  by  the  queen  dowager  toKcure  Siiiling,  and  in  is6o 

the  way,  when  be  either  married  or  itductd  Anoe.  daughter  0! 
Chiiilaf^ier  Thoruen,  whisn  he  afierwardi  dtseiied,  and  who 
ame  lo  Scotland  in  ii6i  to  obula  redreu.  He  joiued  Maiy  at 
Paiia  in  September,  aod  in  I  s6i  was  lent  by  het  as  acoDimiuioaet 
to  RUBmunfhe  ptiiismenti  in  Febnuiy  he  arrived  in  Edinburgh 
and  waa  choien  a  privy  coundUor  oa  the  Oth  of  September. 


VBitoQi  rivali,  Int  wia 
diiorderii  and  wu  ordered  lo  Decenber  to  leave  the  dty. 
March  1561,  havhig  made  op  hit  quarrel  with  Arran,  he  waa 
accuied  of  having  propoiod  lo  the  htler  a  projeet  for  teltltig  the 
queen,  and  in  May  he  wu  liapritamd  in  EdJabDrgh  cutle, 
irteBMbtiaeceedcdf>acapin|onlhea81ho(Au|utt.  On  the 
tjnlofSeptCBibethenbaainedlotliequeei.  Mumy'iiDSiienee, 


Ruce,  but  wu  drhvn  by  uorma  en  to  Holy  titand,  irttere  he 
waa  detained,  and  wu  aobeequeatly,  on  lbs  iSth  of  January 
ijtl,  telzed  at  Berwick  and  tent  bj  Eliaabeth  In  the  Tower, 
whence  he  wu  non  liberated  and  proceeded  to  Fiaoee.  After 
theae  advoituret  he  returned  10  Sootlaod  m  Hamh  isfij.  but 
withdraw  once  ntore  before  the  lupeiiot  atiength  of  lui  of^uiwEta 
toFnnca.    TlMtataeyeai,lioweTer,bcmBncailBdby  Maiy  to 

the  shipa  of  Eliiabeth  tent  to  capture  lit™     Aa  lieutoiant  of  the 

uied  Ui  powci  to  intligate  lUevliig  and  diiorden,  and  la  de- 
mibcd  1^  CecB'a  cotievoBdcata  ai  "  at  nau^ty  a  man  u 
UvelhandnmchiiveatoUKDUtldelcilaUevicn,"  "ufalieu 
a  devil,"  "  ona  that  the  Rodly  of  thit  whole  nalloa  bath  a  cauie  to 
cniae  for  ever."*  In  Fdwnaiy  1564  Bolhwell,  ia  (pile  of  liit 
pnviona  inaUinwnlal  engagemcnla— and  he  had  abo  been 
muled  t^  "  handfailing  "  lo  Jaoet  Beloua  of  Cnnalouo  Riddell 
— manicd  Jane,  daughter  of  Ceeise  Cotdoo.  4th  earl  of  Uuntly. 

fact  that  he  wu  Ihe  "  tloutett "  in  refusing  mati,  he  bcome 
one  <rf  ber  chief  advittn,  but  hit  oompkle  ascendancy  over  her 

gthof  March  15(6.    The  queca  required  a  protector,  whom  she 
In  tlw  feeble  Dainley.Doi  In  any  oC  the  lei  ' 


It,  but  ia  Ihe  tti 


atanch  tui^ortei  of  the  throae  apinil  the  Fiolettaot  party 
■"^  yngi'th  ^P*^"^^  In  fiothweil  alio, "  Ihe  glorious,  raib  and 
haaaidoua  young  nan,"  nunanlic,  hindwaw;,  chansiDgevenin  hie 
guilt,  Maiy  gained  what  she  lacked  in  her  huibaad,  a  lover.  Ha 
now  ttoed  forth  as  her  rhampioo;  Mary  took  refuge  wllhhimat 
Dunbar,  praenled  him,  amoiig  other  cslalcs,  with  the  utile 
thereawltbechiellandtof  the  eaitdom  of  March,  and  made  him 
-  -  -  >  in  Ihe  south  oi  Scotkad.  Her  par. 
U  her  contempt  and  hatted  of  Qarnley 

On  the  jih  ol   October  he  wu 

dangeroutly  wounded,  and  the  queen  ^wcd  hct  aaiiely  for  hit 
Ba[etybyiiding4omikttovi>ithim,incuiiingateveRilliitit.  In 
Noyembcr  she  vistcd  him  at  DiLnbar,  and  in  December  look 
place  the  conference  at  CialgmiUar  at  which  both  were  preienl, 
and  at  which  the  dispoaal  of  Dartdey  wuammaed,  Bolhwell  with 
aoroa  others  nibteqnently  ^gning  the  bond  to  accomplish  bit 
murder.  He  hisiteU  nqiedntended  all  the  pieparatioiii,  viiiliog 
Damley  with  Mary  on  Ihe  night  of  iha  crime,  Sunday,  oth  1^ 
February  i$S;,  attending  the  queen  on  her  return  lo  Holyrood 
for  the  ball,  sod  riding  hack  to  Kirk  o'  Field  to  cany  out  the 
crime.  After  the  eiplotioo  he  buiried  back  lo  Hotyiood  and 
ieigned  surprise  at  the  receipt  of  the  news  half  an  hour  lal«, 
ascribing  the  catasliophe  to  "  the  itiasgeat  accident  that  ever 
dUncil,  to  wit,  the  fouder  Qightning)  caioe  out  of  the  luJt  (iky). 

Bothwell'i  power  wu  now  greaur,  and  the  queen's  affectiop  for 
him  more  ardent  than  ever.    She  iras  reported  to  have  laid  that 
she  cared  not  lo  lose  France,  England  and  her  own  countty  for 
him,  and  would  go  with  him  to  the  world's  end  in  a  white  petti- 
coat ere  she  left  him.'    He  wasgiatiSed  with  [utther  rewards,  and 
his  success  was  douded  by  no  siinsi  of  conscience  or  cemo[^^ 
According  to  Melville  lie  had  desigui  on  the  life  of  the  yaimg 
'ice.     On  the  demand  of  Leniui,  Damlcy's  falher,  Bathwell 
,  put  upon  his  trial  in  April,  but  Lcnnoi,  having  been  Tor- 
Jen  to  enter  the  city  with  mote  than  lii  attendants,  refused 
illend,  and  Boihwdl  was  declared  not  guilty.    The  queeo'i 

•SItJaawtMe1viUe'siri~.i74-  I 


BOTHWELL— BOTOCUDOS 


inleiitiBD  lo  inuiy  BMhinU,  >Udi  bad  been  kept  a  •[«!  Kcni 

beloRibeiuueotthetriiiJ.Hasiiai' made  public.  On  the  iQthoI 
April  be  (Aiilned  the  conseRt  and  Mpport  of  the  Ptoiewuc 
lortb,  who  signed  a  bood  in  his  favonr.  On  Ibe  }4lii  be  seiwd 
Mary's  wiiliog  person  ttear  Edinbur^,  and  carried  ber  to  bit 


wife  wat  decreed  by  tbe  d 
on  tbe  i^oDiid  of  ( 


'.  OntbejcdoIMayBi 


K  ground  of  his  adultery 
y  tbe  Roman  Catholic  court 
Lrchbisbop  Hamilton,  hoir- 
antfld  the  decree,  had  hiniaelf  obtained  a  papal 
di^jeniation  for  the  marriage,'  and  in  conaequence  it  is  eilieraety 
doubtful  wbel)«[  according  to  tbe  Roman  Cattulic  law  Bothwell 
and  Mvy  weic  ever  huihand  ud  wife.    On  the  iitb  BoibureS 

place  on  the  r^rh  according  to  the  l*rotc9tant  usage,  the  Roman 
Calbohc  tile  being  pcrfonncd,  ■nurding  to  some  accounts, 
afterwards  in  addilioa.i 

Bolhwell'i  triumph,  homevtr.  was  ibortlived.  Tbe  nobles. 
both  ProKstant  and  Roraaa  Callnlic,  now  inunediately  uniud 
lo  eSect  his  destruction.  Ic  June  Miiiy  and  Bolhvrell  fled  from 
Kolymod  to  Borthwick  Castle,  whence  Bothwell.  oo  the  place 
being  tunounded  by  Morton  and  hia  foUowen,  escaped  lo 
Dunbar,  Mary  subsequently  joining  him.  Thence  they  nurched 
with  a  strong  force  towards  Edinburgh,  meeiing  the  lords  on  the 
iSlhof  Juneat  Carberry  Hill.  Bothwell  invited  any  nn*  of  the 
nobles  to  single  combat,  but  Mary  forbide  the  accepiance  of  the 
challenge.  Meanwhile,  during  the  negotiatioiu,  the  queen's 
lioops  had  been  descrling;  •  sunmder  became  inevitsblc,  and 
Bothwell  relurrwd  lo  Dunbai,- parting  from  Muy  (ui  over. 
Subsequently  Bothwell  left  Dunbar  [or  the  north,  viiitcd  Orkney 
and  Shetland,  and  in  July  placed  himself  at  the  head  ola  band  of 
pirates,  and  aiicr  eluding  all  attempts  lo  capture  him,  arrived  at 
Xaim  Sound  in  Norway.  Here  he  was  conlrontod  by  his  first 
wile  or  viciini,  Anne  Thonsen,  whose  claims  he  satisfied  by  the 
gift  of  I  ship  and  promiws  of  in  annuity,  and  on  hk  Identity 
authorities  to  Copenhagen, 


of  S' 


He  w 


tf  dt  Bodufl,  exhibiting  hir 
(he  malice  ol  his  enemies,  and  gained  King  Frederick  Il.'a  good- 
will by  an  otter  to  restore  the  Orkneys  and  Sbellanda  to  Denmark. 
In  conlcqucnce  the  king  allowed  him  to  remain  at  Qopcnhagcn, 
and  nfiBCd  all  nquests  for  his  surrender.  In  January  ijeS  he 
wasicmovedtoMalmoeiaSwedcn.  Hecormpondedfrcquenlly 
with  Mary,  but  therebcingnohopeswhalever  of  hii  restoration, 
and  >  new  suitor  being  Found  in  the  duke  o(  Norfdk,  Mary 
demanded  a  divorce,  on  plas  wbich  recall  those  of  Henry  Vlll. 
in  Ibe  mallet  of  Caiherine  of  Atagon.  The  divorce  was  finally 
granted  by  the  pope  In  September  1570  on  Ihe  ground  of  her  pie- 
nupLlal  mvisbmenl  by  BothweU,'  and  met  with  no  opposition 


if  Mar 


Bolhwc 


M  cisllc  Ol  bragshiJm  or  Adelenborg  in  Zealand. 

ivity  to  which  he  was  condemned,  proved  a  terrible 
or  the  full-blooded,  energetic  and  masterful  Bolb- 
well.  He  sank  into  insanity,  and  died  on  the  i^ih  of  April  i^-ji. 
He  was  buried  at  tbe  church  of  FurevelUe,  where  a  coffin,  doubt- 
fully lupposed  lo  be  his,  was  opened  in  1B5S.  A  porirait  was 
tikenof  the  bead  of  the  body  found  therein,  now  in  the  museum 
of  Ihe  Society  of  Antiquaries  in  Scotland.    Hil  so-called  death- 


bed Co 


nlgenuu 


lI  descendants^  but  his  nephew,  PianctS 
SrawaiT  Hephusm,  who,  through  his  fiihet.  John  Siewart, 
prior  of  Coldingham,  Was  a  gratidxm  of  King  James  V..  and  was 
thus  related  to  Maty,  queen  of  Scots,  and  the  regenl  Murray, 
was  in  ijSi  created  earl  ol  Bothwell.  He  was  lord  high  admiral 
of  Scotland,  and  was  a  person  ol  tome  Importance  at  the  court  of 
Jamca  VI,  during  the  lime  when  the  influence  ol  the  Protestants 
wu  uppeitnost.    He  wu  aniious  thai  Mary  Sluart'a  death 

'  HW.  USS.  Cemm.  Rep.  ii.  p.  117. 

■  Cat.  «r  SOU  Paf..  ScMiii.  iL  uj. 

>  CU.  ^  Slau  Pap..  Ferritn.  isl9-'S7t.  p.  iV- 


should  be  avenged  by  u  JDvaikHi  of  Kniliiiri.  •Ml'tD  l^bt 
suffeted  a  abort  impriMHunent  for  hia  ihue  in  ■  liwig.  By  tbit 
tiowhehadcoBiplelclyloMllMioyalfavaar.  AffHn impriioMd, 
Ibis  time  on  a  cb«se  af  ■ittchcnll,  ht  etcaptd  Inn  captivity  ia 
ijqi,  and  wu  de[Kived  by  parliameitof  fall  la 
as  an  outlaw  hi>  cares  waa  one  of  eitnoidina  , 
In  iMi  be  attempted  la  leiic  Holynod  palace,  a: 
captured  the  king,  forcing  from  him  a  pnimiie  of  parduL    But 

although  Jamea  failed  lo  appnhend  him,  be  wai  forced  to  take 
refuge  in  France  about  ijos.  He  died  at  Naples  before  July 
1614.  This  carl  had  three  sons,  but  bis  titles  were  ikever  teatoTTd. 
BiBLKKMrnv.— Sr  the  aniclf  )n  Ihe  Din.  tj  Stt.  Bit^.  and 

Slim  d*  tamli  it  Budad  (wriiien  January  136*. 
.Lb,  iai9):  "  Memoin  of  Jamea,  £^H  J  Both- 


publ.  Banaatyi 
well,"  in  C,  Ch..  ...  , 
Bsrinna.  by  F.  Sdikim  [ti_  . 
a>  cmlr  dr  B-Ukwta.  by  Prino 
Utt  ma.  oj  SaOiui.  by  G.  Bui 
Uimeiwi  (Baanaiyne  Club.  IS 


of  Jan 
.  ,    KltJSt 

.   .0):  POaiit  _ 

A.  Lobanoff  (IBjej;  A 
:iianaa  fiTai):  Sir  Jima  Mtnum 
17);  *  lia  Oafur  »  lU  Hia.  tl 
un  (1S74):]'  H.  Burton".  tfiJL  <tf 
efSitOani.  u.  (1901);  Anlatt^it''- 


£xch^r  Rtll!  ^  SetllaMd.  tdi.  and  u,  Dtmiitit.  BarJtr  rafrn: 
"■■    USS.  Cmm..  IfSS.  if  Itarj.  ^  SaliOvj.  i.  ii.    Sn  alao 

■  " ' •»         «   •»  ^      IF.  C.  Y.J 

parbh  (loai)  (j^QOS.  Hie  town  lica  on  the  right 
bank  of  the  Clyde.  9  m.  E.S.E,  of  CbisgDw  by  the  North  Briliih 
and  Cakdonian  lailwnyl.  Owing  lo  its  pleaunt  siluatioB  It  hai 
become  a  residential  quarter  of  Glasgow.  The  chnr  of  the  ohl 
Gothic  church  of  iwS  (restored  at  the  end  of  the  19th  century) 
formaaportionof iheparishcburch.  Joanna Balllie, the poetcsa, 
was  bom  In  the  manse,  and  a  menoc^  has  been  erected  in  her 
hocH>ur.  Tl»  river  is  crossed  by  a  suspension  bridge  as  wril  aa 
tbe  bridge  near  iriiich,  on  the  iind  of  June  1679,  was  fought  the 
battle  of  Bothwell  Bridge  between  the  Royalisti,  under  Ihe  duke 
of  Monmouth,  and  the  Covenanters,  in  wMch  the  hrtler  loil  500 
men  and  tooo  prismers.  Adjoining  this  bridge,  on  the  level 
north-eaitcm  bank,  it  Ihe  ttsiit  that  once  belonged  to  Jamn 
Hamilton  of  Bolhn-cllbaugh  (R.  is66-tjSo},  the  assassin  of  the 
regenl  Murray;  and  neat  the  present  farmhouse  the  South 
Calder  is  spanned  by  a  Roman  bridge.  The  pictumque  ruins  of 
Bothwell  Castle  occupy  a  conspicuous  poailion  on  the  side  of  Ihe 
river,  which  here  takes  the  bold  sweep  famed  In  Sroriish  long  av 
BoIhwcD  bank.  The  fortress  belonged  to  Sir  Andrew  Mony, 
who  fell  at  Stirling  in  11Q7,  and  passed  by  marriage  to  the 
Douglases.  The  lordship  wu  bestowed  in  1487  on  Patrick 
Hepburn,  jrd  Lord  Halles,  ist  eat]  of  BolhwcH,  who  resigned  It 
in  1401  in  favour  of  Archibald  Douglaj,  sth  earl  of  Angus.  It 
ihus  reverted  10  Ihe  DougUjes  and  now  belongs  lo  the  earl  of 
Home,  a  descendant.  The  outle  is  a  fine  eiample  of  Goihic, 
andmainly  consist!  of  a  great  obbmg  quadrangle,  flanked  on  Ihe 
south  aide  by  circular  towers.  At  tbe  east  end  are  the  remains  of 
the  chapel.  A  dungeon  bears  the  nickname  of  "  Wallace's  Beet 
Barrel."  Tbe  unpretending  mansion  near  by  was  built  by 
Archibuld  Dou^as,  ist  eari  of  Porfar  (1653-1711).  Tht  parish 
of  BothweU  contains  several  flourishing  towns  and  villages,  all 
owing  their  prosperiry  lo  ihe  abundance  of  coal,  iron  and  oil- 
shale.  The  ptinclpil  places,  most  of  which  have  stations  on  the 
North  British  or  Caledonian  rafliray  or  both,  art  flolhwcl!  Park, 
Carfin,  Chapelhill,  BclbhiU  (pop.  8jBS),  Holytown,  Mossend, 
Newartbill,Uddingston  (pop.  7463),  aydesdalc,  Hamilton  Palace,' 
Colliery  Rem  and  Tennodislde. 

BOnCOMtS  (from  Fort.  bofSfiie,  a  phig.  In  aDudon  ta  the 
wooden  disks  or  plugs  worn  in  Ibeir  lips  and  can),  the  foreign 
name  for  a  tribe  of  South  American  Indians  of  eastern  Brazil, 
also  known  as  ihe  Aimores  or  Aimbotes.  They  appear  to  have 
no  (olleciive  tribal  name  for  themsetves.  Some  are  called  Nac- 
nanuk  or  Nac-poruk,  "  sons  of  the  soil."  Tbe  name  Botocudos 
'    luch  farther  back  Ihin  the  writing)  of  Prince 


n  Neu' 


d  IRiii 


BOTORI— BOTRVTIS 


ftrt  at  tb*  bMl  at  E^Mu  Smu  Bar  M  dtfnd  biBMlt  kgiiBn 
"IheAimomandollKrlribo.''  The  Qcifiul  boTM  of  tbi  tribe 
<Diiipin«l  nMMt  c4  ibe  ptaeut  previsn  of  Eapjiilo  Suto,  and 
rached  idIuu)  la  the  beldnien  of  Rio  GniKk  (Btbaoate)  ud 
Rio  Doce  OB  the  luteni  ilope*  of  the  Sem  do  E)p>Bl>">a>  >">' 
the  Botociidoe  aic  bov  nulnJy  coD&ked  lo  the  cotulry  beCwMD 
Rio  Patdo  and  Rio  Docc,  uid  leldom  roun  westwud  beyood 
Sena  doa  Aimoita  Into  Mfnai  Geiaea.  It  was  is  the  tatUr 
district  that  at  the  ckwi  of  tha  iSth  ODtiuy  they  cune  into 
ooUidon  irith  tha  irhltca,  nho  *en  attracted  Ihithei  by  the 

Tbc  Botoeudoi  an  Bomadi,  waadetiig  iiak«d  in  the  woodi  and 
livini  on  (omt  pnducta.  liey  an  bdow  the  medium  beij^t, 
but  hcoad-ilMMildcnd  and  nmarkable  foi  the  miucnlar  devetop- 
aeat  and  dtplh  oi  thok  dusli.  Thdi  aims  and  lep  are,  hov- 
nct.  nft  ud  Saby,  tad  (heit  feet  and  hands  smaU.  Their 
featORi,  ridch  vary  individually  ahuat  as  much  as  thoM  of 
EuKqieani,  aie  bread  and  flat,  mth  pnuninent  brow,  high  check- 
bone),  noall  biMgdaa  uoat,  iride  noAiib  and  slight  piojectian 
of  the  iam.  They  an  lon^wadcd,  and  their  hair  is  coane, 
falack  and  lasF.  lldr  ooloui  fa  a  lifht  ydlowiih  brown,  tDtiirs 
limes  almoft  i^qHUKhilll  while.  The  general  yeBaw  lint 
fTrphairm  thdi  Uongolic  appeuancB.  which  aQ  tnvellers  have 
nniod.  TfaaBotoci^otwerethemidvMgrally  struck  by  the 
OiiDeie  ODoliea,  when  they  mel  in  Btatilian  seaports,  and  whom 
thQrMonn  accepted  as  UnnDen  {Henri  HoUard,  Dtrkemmttt 
tt>  nca  kamtbia,  Paris,  185J).'  Some  few  Botocudos  have 
•etlltd  and  btcoBtt  civiliaed,  but  the  STMt  bulk  of  them,  oiunber- 
ing  betmen  twdva  and  (ouitecD  tbowand,  ai«  itiQ  the  wlidett 
•f  lavtfES.  Durinsllie<ariieTfronlkTwan(i79o-iEio)  every 
effort  waa  made  ta  extiiiule  them.  Tbey  were  ivgiitled  by  the 
10  better  than  wild  beaiu.     StnaSpoi 

%;  by  auch 

Rios  Doce  and  Belmanta  w«te  deand,  and  ooc  Ponugucae  eom- 
Biuder  boailed  that  kg  had  tithei  stain  with  hJs  own  hands  or 
erdcRd  to  be  bntchemd  many  luisdredi  of  them.  Their  implc- 
menta  and  domeitlc  utenails  are  all  of  wood;  tbdr  only  vcBpons 
an  ned  ipcui  and  bowa  and  amws.  Their  dnllings  an  rough 
shdtenot  leatand  baat.iddom  4  ft.  high.  So  far  at  the  language 
of  tlK  Batoeadoa  b  knan,  it  woold  an»ar  that  ihcy  have  »o 
meanl  of  e^ptewjtig  the  numenls  higiier  than  one.  Then  only 
musical  inilruaent  it  1  small  bamboo  nose-flute.  They  attribute 
all  the  bleuings  of  life  to  ibe  "  day-fin  "  (sun)  and  all  evU  la 
"  night-fin  "  (noon).  At  the  gnvia  of  the  dead  ibey  keep 
fires  bvniing  for  tome  dayi  to  ican  away  evil  spiriia,  and  during 
ilorma  and  edipees  urowi  an  ihot  faita  the  sky  la  drive  away 

Tha  moM  compicnoni  feature  of  tha  Bolocudoa  b  the  Itm- 
intoD,  Of  wooden  plug  or  diik  which  b  worn  hi  the  lower  lip 
and  IhE  lobe  a£  the  tar.  This  dltk.  nude  of  tlw  specially  light 
and  caiefuUy  dried  wood  of  the  bartiguda  Ine  {Ckariiia  ttniri. 
CM*},  it  odkd  by  the  nativa  themulva  nnhtitl,  whence 
Aucoatin  SainI  Hilain  suggests  the  probable  derivation  of 
Ihcit  Bcnie  Aimbon  { Koysfu  daiu  I'inlirinir  da  Brtsil  iSiS- 
itai,  Paria,  ifljo).  It  is  worn  oiyy  in  the  under-lip,  now  chiefly 
by  woMen,  but  formcity  by  men  also.  The  opeiaiiDn  for  pre- 
paring tte  Up  begins  often  as  eariy  at  the  eighth  year,  when  an 
Initial  boring  is  made  by  a  hard  pointed  ttick,  and  gradually 
encoded  by  the  Inaertion  of  larger  and  larger  diski  or  plu^, 
■      "n  diameter.     Notwlih- 


al  letat  aa  far  noeth  at  Honduas.    When  <!olumbBa 
d  Ihit  latter  couulry  during  hie  Idurlh  voyage  (isoi} 

'  A  paisllel  eiiie  ii  that  ol  Iht  Baahkir  aeUieta  of  Oicnbuii.  vba 
fonnetl  nan  at  llie  Ruuito  army  aenl  to  put  dawn  the  Hun^riin 
re«v4c  o(  1848,  and  who  rfcognixed  their  l/Britn  kjnimeii  in  the 
ZAIaia  aad  other  Uagyara  Kttkd  in  Iha  Danuba  batia. 


be  named  part  ef  the  K^otri  Cnti  dkk  Or^,  from  Om  cod- 
spicuously  dlitended  ean  of  tlie  nalivea.  Eariy  Spankh  ei- 
pioren  ^so  gave  tbe  name  Orgma  at  "  blpearcd  "  to  seven] 


See  A.  R.  Walhce,  Tnait  m  tlu  . 
BMmrolt.huL^PatifitSttlaBuiFt 
A.    U.   Kan.  '-Oa  the   Baunnln" 


um  {18S3-1900J;  H.  a 

__ ...   J«n.  AMmi.   IftttlL 

■  (lUa)  1  ].  R.  PeiiDIo,  Ntm  Rumiiai  Cramwltiim  itin 

.. til  (Rio  Janeiro.  iMlli  Prof.  C.  F.  lUnt.  Citleo  oxd 

Piytiatt  Gtit'afl'y  ^  Bfd  (Bona.  1B70),  pp.  577.606. 

BOTORI,  a  Japanese  gaine  played  at  the  naval,  military  and 
otiier  schools,  by  two  sides  oi  equal  number,  usually  aboal  one 
hundred,  each  of  which  defends  a  pole  about  i  It.  fai^  firmly 
set  in  the  ground,  the  poles  being  about  loo  yds.  distant  from 
each  other.  The  object  of  each  patty  it  to  overthrow  the 
advenarim'  pole  while  keeping  their  own  upri^L  Ptdling, 
hauling  and  wrestling  are  allowed,  but  no  striking  or  kicking. 
The  players  resort  to  all  kinds  of  masted  formations  to  arrive 
at  the  enemies'  pole,  and  fiequenily  tocceed  b  passing  over 
their  heads  aiul  shoulders  one  or  more  comndes,  who  an  thua 
enabled  to  reach  the  pole  and  bear  it  down  unleB  pulled  ofl  In 
time  by  its  defendera.  A  game  similar  in  character  h  played 
hy  the  Sophomore  and  Freshman  dasaes  of  Amhent  College 
(Massachusetts),  called  the  "  Flag.rush."  It  waa  instituted  at 
the  instance  ol  the  foculty  lo  take  the  place  ol  the  Iraditionai 
"  Cane-rush."  a  general  mlUt  between  the  two  classes  for  the 
ultimate  possession  ol  a  stout  walking-stick,  which  became 
so  rough  that  students  wen  (reciuently  seriously  Injured.  In 
the  "  Plag.tush  "  a  small  Sag  Is  set  upon  •  padded  pott  about 
6  ft.  high,  and  ii  defended  by  one  dass  while  tbe  other  endeavours, 
OS  at  Bolori,  to  overthiew  it.  If  the  fUg  is  not  captured  ar  torn 
tlown  within  a  certain  time  the  defcnilmg  side  wins. 

BOTOSHAHI  (Sstoani),  the  capital  of  the  department  ol 
BoiDjhani.  Rumania;  on  a  small  ttiTiutary  of  the  river  Jijia. 
and  in  one  of  the  richest  agricultural  and  pastoral  re^ons  of  ibe 
north  Moldavian  hills.  Fop.  (i(k»]  31.1  pj.  Botoshanl  ii  com- 
inercially  important  as  the  town  throu^  which  goods  (rom 
PoUnd  ind  Callcli  paas  In  transit  lor  the  south;  being  lilualed 
on  a  branch  raDway  between  Dorohoi  and  on  the  main  line  from 
Ciernowiti  to  Galati.  It  has  cutensive  stiich  and  flour  mills; 
and  Botosham'  flour  is  highly  piized  in  Rumania,  be^des  being 
largely  exported  to  Turkey  and  the  Unlled  Kingdom-     Botoshani 

Jenj;hia  Khan,  who  occupied  the  country  in  the  131b  century. 
Then  an  targe  colonics  of  Armenians  and  Jews. 

BO-TREB.  or  Booiu-TyEE.  the  name  given  by  the  BuddhhU 
of  India  and  Ceylon  lo  the  PipiUorsacred  wild  £g<ncuircrifii>]ii). 
It  is  regarded  as  tacied.  and  one  ai  tea^t  is  planted  near  each 
lemptc.  These  are  mdiiionafly  suppoted  to  be  derived  from 
tbe  origiiial  one,  the  Bodhi-tree  of  Buddhist  annals,  beneath 
which  the  Buddha  is  traditionally  stipposed  id  tlave  attained 
perfect  knowledge.  TheBo.treeal  tbe  ruined  city  oIAnuiadha- 
pura.  So  m.  north  of  Kandy,  grown  from  a  bjandi  of  tbe  parenl' 
tree  acnl  to  Ceylon  from  India  by  King  Asoka  in  the  3rd  cenluiy 
B.C.,  is  said  to  have  been  planted  in  jBS  h.c,  and  is  to  this  day 
worshipped  by  thnngs  of  pilgrims  who  come  long  distatices  to 
praybefonit.  Usually  a  bo-tree  it  i^anted  on  tbe  gravet  of  the 
Kandy  priests. 

BOntynS.  a  misule  Fungus  which  appears  as  a  brownith-gny 
mould  on  decaying  •vegetation  or  on  damaged  fraiti.  Under 
a  hand-lens  it  it  seen  to  consiit  of  liny,  upril^l,  bnwn  aulka 
which  arc  bmndied  at  the  tipo,  each  branchlct  being  crowned 
with  a  naked  head  of  pale^»lonred  ^lorea.  It  it  a  very  common 
iungus,  growing  everywhere  in  the  open  or  in  greenhouses,  and 

a  plant  diMsse.  IF  it  once  gains  enitanoe  inio  one  of  the  higher 
plant!,  it  spreads  rapidly,  killing  ihe  lissuet  and  reducing  them 
to  a  totten  c«>dition.  Seedh'ng  pinet,  Klics  and  many  other 
cuKlvated  plants  an  subject  10  itlack  by  BtltyHl.  Some  of 
tbe  ipecia  eilit  in  two  other  growth-forms,  to  different -in 
appeannce  ttom  Ihe  Baltytit  that  they  have  been  regarded  at 
distinct  ;^nts:— a  scletotiuin,  which  It  a  herd  compacl  mas* 
of  fusgkl  Uimenli,  01  mycelium,  that  cui  letaia  Ui  vitality  for  a 


3o6 


BOTTA— BOTTICELLI 


la  a  mtini  nMuliUiiii;  ud  ■  dilknl  P*at, 
or  cu[^ruzi^ui,  which  from  out  of  Ibe  Klerotium,  The  Ultcr 
ii  the  pcifKl  (oim  tt  fruit.  The  Btlrylu  uduU  i>  knomi  w 
thcconidUl  form. 

BOTTA.  CARLO  OIUlBrPX  OUaUBLMO  (i;6i-i8lj), 
Italiu  hisloriu.  ni  boni  U  Su  Gioriio  Cuiivoc  ia  PicdoHiat. 
He  studied  nKdkue  it  U»  imivcnily  el  Tudn.  vul  ofauiaed 
his  dociQi'i  dfp«  whm  iboul  Innty  yan  of  »ge.  lUvinf 
Kndcred  himselT  obnonous  to  the  govcrnnKnt  duiiitl  the 
poliiiul  comiuoliani  thit  foUowed  the  FKatb  Kcvolutioii. 
hi  wu  impiiiDned  foi  over  t.  year;  and  on  hu  nlute  in  ijg} 
be  wilhdnw  to  Fnnce,  only  to  letura  to  fail  Mtive  country 
u  ■  luiifgn  in  the  French  umy,  whoM  pcofRsi  he  followed 
u  lu  u  Venice.  Here  he  jained  the  eipedition  lo  Corfu,  Imm 
which  he  did  not  return  Co  luly  lilt  i]i)8.  At  first  he  fivoured 
French  policy  in  July,  contributed  Id  the  anneution  ol  Piedmont 
by  Fnnce  in  i;m>  "'^  w"  "^  sdnUrcr  of  Nipoleosi  but  he 
lltcmidt  chufcd  hit  views,  mlidnf  the  neccuily  for  the 
union  of  ill  luliani  ind  for  Iheii  freedom  frnm  fonifn  control. 
After  the  Kpmtion  of  Piedmonl  from  Fnncein  ltl4  he  retired 

French  ciliien.  In  i  Ir  7  he  wuippointed  rector  of  the  university 
ol  Rouen,  but  in  1811  wu  renwvTd  owini  to  dcrictl  influence. 
Amid  lU  the  vicissitudes  of  hii  early  manhixid  Botla  had  never 
allowed  his  pen  to  be  long  idle,  ind  in  the  poliiicil  quiet  thit 
followed  1S16  he  nalunlly  devoted  himself  more  exclusively 
lo  literature.  In  1S74  be  published  a  history  of  Italy  from 
1789  to  1814  (4  vols.),  on  which  hit  finu  principally  rests;  he 

His  continuation  of  Guicciitilitd,  which  ha  was  itterwirds  en- 
couraged to  untlcrtake,  is  a  careful  and  laborious  worL,  but  is 
not  bued  on  original  authorities  and  is  of  stnall  value.  Though 
living  in  Fatis  he  wat  in  both  thoe  works  the  ardent  exponent 
of  that  recoil  atainsc  everything  French  which  ttKtk  place 
throughout  Europe.  A  careful  exclusion  of  all  G^licisms,  as  a 
reaction  against  the  French  inHumces  of  the  day,  it  one  of  the 
marked  featumof  his  style,  which  is  no t  infrequently  impawoned 
and  eloquent,  though  at  the  same  time  cumbrous,  involved  and 
onute.  Botta  died  at  Paris  in  AugasI  1837,  ia  compantive 
poverty,  bur  in  the  entoyment  of  an  extensive  and  well-earned 

His  son,  Paul  CmDe  Botta  (tSoi-1870),  was  a  distinguliEied 
traveller  and  Assyrian  archaeologisl,  wbos*  excavaiioni  at 
Khorsabad  (1S4J)  were  among  the  first  eflotti  in  the  line  of 
Investisatioli  ■fterwards  pursued  by  Layard. 

Tbe  works  of  Carlo  Botta  sn  Sbwia  luJiinifi  t  •wfin  t^  Iicia 
4i  CvIm  (I79S)^  an  llaliio  traiulatioii  of  Bocn'i  /«ii»iii  Pk^iofKUi 

'SS^^!ui^"pMTn  Hf  /Mli^iiitfiiu ^■uHn  (1B09)', 
Cin^,  a  aoen  (1SI5):  SItrill  ifllalia  iai  17S9  al  lSl4  (iai4.  new 
hL.  Ptuo,  Ubi):  Slaria  fluUia  »  cnlMauiuM  U  Cuiuia'imi 
(iB]i,  nt-  ed.,  Milan,  iS?*)-  S«  C.  DioniKoi 
iTurii.,T867):C.P»v«io.(!^arfa"  "  ■ 
H74)i  Scip.onf  Boils.  V.te  Pt< 


TtSau  (I 


nlUli 


■Ik  (Florence. 
renn^77;i 


BCnTBSIHI.  OlOVAHNI  (iSij-iMi)),  Italian  contnblssisl 
and  musical  compoKT.  waa  bora  at  Crema  in  Lombardy  on  the 
14U1  of  December  tSij.  He  Itudied  music  at  the  Milan  Con- 
nrvatoirc,  devoting  himscU  espeeiaily  (a  the  double-bass,  an 
instrument  with  which  his  name  Is  piintipally  associated.  On 
leaving  Milan  be  spent  some  time  in  America  and  also  occupied 
Ihe  position  of  principal  double-bass  id  the  tbealie  at  Havana. 
Hare  his  first  opera.  Criite/nro  Celembr,  wu  produced  in  tS47. 
la  1S49  he  midehis  first  appearance  in  Eoglaod,  playing  doublc- 
bsu  sole*  at  one  of  the  Musical  Union  concerU.  After  this  he 
naiic  frequent  visits  to  England,  and  his  eklraordinary  commai^ 
of  his  unwieldy  instrument  gained  him  great  popularity  in  Londoa 
and  the  provinces.  Apart  from  his  triumphs  as  an  executant, 
Bottoini  wai  a  conductor  of  European  reputation,  and  eatned 

individuality  to  survive  Ihe  changes  of  taste  and  fashion.  He 
was  conductor  at  the  ThUlre  des  Italieos  in  Paris  from  1I15  to 
it}7.  where  his  locond  opera,  t'Amdia  di  Pirimc,  wai  pradncal 


initje.    IaiUi*adiMikcMaKMatP*lemo.a«cnM« 

tkt  production  ol  his  opera  Unriax  JWsriu  -    "' *'-  '"- 

at  Barcelona.  During  tl 
<»Ddiiclinc  ty  repeated  coocen  ^ 
coDntriei  of  Europe.  Ip  igji  be  cwulixted  a 
opera  at  the  Lyceum  Iheatre  in  London,  diiring  which  Ml  apew 
Ali  Bait  waa  produced,  and  at  the  dcae  nl  the  year  Iw  «■> 
choien  by  Verdi  lo  conduct  the  first  pcifonnaocc  o(  AU*.  which 
took  place  at  Cairo  on  17th  December  tS?).  Bollcriu  wnta 
three  opcrat  besides  those  already  mcntinied:  li  Diattit  iiOa 
IfM,  (Mdu,  iSjq);  Viacifwrro  (Pans.  1S70);  tsA.  Eit  t 
Uai^rt  (Turin.  iftSo),  the  last  named  to  a  libretto  by  Aciigo 
Boito,  which  was  subsequently  set  by  Uandaelli.  He  ala 
wrote  Tit  Confin  a/  Ofisif,  a  devotional  otstocio  (libretto  bf 
Joseph  Benneil],  wluch  was  produced  at  the  Norwkb  letlival 
in  1SS7,  a  concerto  for  the  double-bass,  and  nuDKioui  (imp 
and  minor  instrumental  pieces.  Bottoini  died  at  Puna  on  the 
7thof  July  iSSo. 

BOTTICELU.  lAJCDRO,  pKgieriy  AmuMDM)  [H  MaauM 
on  FiLiriPi  (i444-i;io],  Florentine  pamUr,  wu  ban  at 
Florence  m  r444,  in  a  house  in  the  Via.Nwva,  Borg*  OpiisiulL 
this  wu  the  home  of  hi!  father,  UaiiaHi  ili  Vanni  dti  Fdip^ 
a  struggling  lanzKr  Sandro,  the  youngeit  child  hot  ooe  at  im 
parmts,  derived  the  tuune  Botticelli,  by  which  h«  wu  rrrmmnwly 

wu  ^Jprenticed,  but  from  his  eldest  brother  Gioniini,  a  pn^ 
pcrous  broker,  who  seems  to  have  taken  charge  ol  the  boy,  and 
who  for  somo  reason  bote  the  nickname  BflUoSo  or  Litcit 
BarreL  A  return  made  in  r457  by  his  father  dcacribes  Sandn 
u  aged  thirteen,  weak  in  health,  and  still  at  scJuol  [if  the  wonh 

otherwise  they  might  perhapa  mean  that  he  wu  a|ipniiiDc4 

either  to  1  jeweller  or  a  bookbinder).    On*  ol  hii  sUh  broihen, 

Antonio,  who  afurwards  beame  a  bookseller,  wu  at  Ihii  ttnc 

in  business  u  a  goldsmith  and  gold-leal-bBatBr.  and  with  hia 

Sandro  wu  very  ptobaUy  litM  put  to  w«k.    Haviui  ihoim 

an  irrepressible  bait  lowanll  pat    ' 

r4jS-i4;9  to  Fra  FiUppu  L^pl,  in 

u  an  assistant  ippatcatly  until  14(7,  wl 

carry  out  a  commisBion  for  the  decontioii 

cathedral  diurch  ol  Spoleto.     During  his  apfaciitice  yean 

Sandro  wu  no  doubt  employed  with  other  pupils  upon  tbe  gnat 

series  of  frescoes  in  the  choir  ol  the  Picvc  at  halo  nfion  nhkh 

his  master  wu  for  long  intermittently  en^i^d.    TlK  htct 

among  these  frescoes  hi  many  respects  intid{iale.  by  chann  el 

draperies,  some  ol  the  prevailing  characteiisCics  of  Sandra'iowa 
style.  One  of  Sandro's  earliest  extant  pictures,  the  i^fmf 
"  Adoration  of  the  Magi  "  at  the  Natinial  GnUay,  l^raitmi 
(No.  ;gi.  long  ascribed  in  enor  to  Filippino),  ihows  htm  alnoM 
entirely  tuider  the  influence  of  his  first  muter.  Left  In  Flomica 
on  Fn  Filippo's  departure  to  Spoleto,  he  on  he  txaOBd  giwttiaAy 
developing  his  individuality  under  vaxfoua  tnfluescei,  annof 
which  that  of  the  realislic  school  of  the  PaUanioli  is  for  *HM 
time  the  stnnigesh     From  that  sduol  he  acquired  a  koowledfi 

pretsive  precisicQ  of  linear  drau^tsmanship,  which  be  could 
never  have  learnt  from  his  first  muter.  The  PoUaluoIo  tnHucDc* 
domibates,  with  same  slight  admixCure  c£  that  of  Verroc^o, 
in  the  fine  figure  of  Fortitude,  now  m  the  Uffixi,  which  wu 
painted  by  Botticelli  for  the  Mcrcaniia  about  14701  tUt  b  om 
of  a  series  of  the  snen  Virtues,  of  which  the  othd  six.  i>  neia^ 
were  executed  by  Piero  Pollahislo  from  thadesigBs  of  bis  bcMhw 

two  brilliant  little  picnirei  at  the  Uffiii  in  which  the  yonthfid 
Botticelli  has  illustrated  the  story  of  Judith  and  HolofetMs; 
in  his  jnja  red  portrait  of  a  man  holding  a  nedal  of  Coaunoda' 
Medici.  No,  I  iSfi  at  the  U&ai;  and  in  hislife-aiied  "St  Sebaiiian  " 
It  Berlin,  which  we  know  to  have  been  painted  for  the  fhurcb 
ofSuMsriaMoggioreinn?].  Tlidition  and  internal  evidence 
seem  also  to  point  to  Botticelli'i  having  occasionally  helped. 
In  his  eadicat  of  FoUaluolo  period,  to  furnish  dcaipii  to  iIm 


BOTTICELLI 


Knee  which  hid  bMB  bnuided  bj  the 
loMuuiUi  Muo  Finifurm. 

Some  authoiitla  hold  that  he  mnit  have  mtlended  (oi  m  while 
Ihe  Biuch-fTHiueatcd  workshop  of  VerrocchSo.  fiiit  the  "  FoTtl< 
tade  "  it  the  only  ■ulhRiiicited  eirly  picture  to  which  bbe 
Vtmccfaio  influence  li  ically  much  ipparent;  the  viriaui  otlm 
pietan*  on  which  thli  opinion  [s  (ounded,  chiefly  Midnnou 
diifawti  >B>en<  the  muieums  ol  Niplei,  Florence,  Put*  ind 
elKwhere,  hive  been  «hown  to  be  In  lU  pnbibiliiy  the  wotfc  DM 
of  Swdn  hiaMt[,  but  ol  ui  loonymout  uilit,  inSnenccd  pertly 
by  him  ind  pertly  by  VnnKchio,  wboee  hidlvidiuUi  ty  it  bu  been 
eBdeavosred  to  itcoutrucc  ucdn  the  praviilonil  nime  ol  Amice 
diSindio.  AtttieuRW  lime  «e  know  thai  iheyDunt  Bollicrlll 
stood  in  friendly  rtlilirau  >Hih  ume  of  the  pupili  in  Vettocthio'i 
workibop,  piltlcullrly  with  I^onardo  <b  Vlnd.     Anvng  the 


e,  the  CI 


Slheul 


npUcTi 


_  of  his  own  hind  and  in 
the  Chigi  coUtctlon  iC  Rome 
At  ihe  btgiiuing  of  117*  he  en 
Pin,  both  ia  the  Csmpo  Santo  ind  in  the  dupet  of 
in  Ihe  DuOBO,  but  after  tpeadisig  some  months  In  that  tity 
ibandoaed  the  task,  we  know  not  why.  Hat  in  the  order  of  hii 
prtMTved  woiha  toma  probat>]y  the  tntich-fnjured  round  of  the 
-Adoration  ol  the  Magi  ■' m  the  National  CaUety  (No.  1DJ3) ,  king 
attribed  In  error,  like  the  earlier  oblong  panel  of  the  tame  tub  ject, 
(o  FOIppim  Lippi.  (To  about  this  dale  is  assigned  by  some  the 
wen-known  "  Ainunption  of  the  Virgin  surrounded  with  the 
hcavcnlT  bwiarchlci,"  fomerfy  at  Hanrilton  Palace  and  now  in 
the  National  GaOery  [No.  iii6|;bHI  recent  crillcisn  has  proved 
that  the  OBdltioa  Is  mistaken  which  amce  Vaiari'a  lime  has 
ascribed  this  plctnri  to  Botticelli,  and  that  It  la  In  reality  Ihe  work 
of  a  lubonfinite  painter  (omewhat  slmllarty  named,  FraDcetco 
Botdciid.) 

A  more  mitore  nd  more  cdebrated  "  Adoration  of  (he  Hagi  " 
than  dlbei  of  those  in  the  National  Cattery  Is  that  now  In  the 
VBO,  which  BotUcem  painted  for  Cfovanni  Laml,  probably  in 
I4J7,  and  which  waa  orlgiDally  placed  over  an  altar  egamsl  the 
float  wsIoftbeduuchofStaUaria  Novella  to  the  right  Inside 
^  Bain  cntraDce.  The  scene  b  here  less  crowded  than  in  some 
olbcT  ot  the  tDUter'a  representations  of  the  subject,  the  conctp- 
tioo  entiidy  one  tod  masculine,  with  none  of  ilMee  dements 
of  blorre  fantasy  and  ovtr-ttnlried  leniltneat  to  which  he  was 
■mwllaei  addicted  and  which  hblmllators  10  much euggeia ted; 
theexecutioii  vigonnis  andmuterly.  Tie  jMCIuichas,  moieover. 
^Kdal  inlereit  ai  containing  lifelike  pottlaiU  of  some  of  (he 
ilief  nwinbcn  of  the  Medid  family.  I^c  other  leading  artists  of 
his  time  In  Ftorcnce,  Bottkd£  had  already  begun  to  pnllt  by  the 
patnmase  of  this  family.  For  the  house  of  Lorenxo  11  Magmfico 
in  Ihe  Via  Lar^  be  painted  a  decorative  juece  of  Pallas  with 
Euce  and  ihleM  (not  10  be  confounded  witb  Ihe  banner  painted 
with  >  limilu  aOegortc  device  of  Ftllu  by  Vnrocduo,  to  be 
carried  by  Giidluiode'JiIediciin  the  faoMma  tournament  in  1475 
is  lAich  he  wort  the  favour  of  La  Bella  Simonetta.  the  wileof  his 
bicDdUartsVapuccl).  Thii  FiUaaby  Botticdlilsnowlost.ii 
sie  aevenl  olhei  decorative  wutti  In  fresco  and  panel  ncordcd 
to  have  beendone  by  him  for  Lorenio  IE  MagniBco  between  147; 
BiidL<»tnio'sdeathlni4gi.  SniSandro'a  more espedal patron, 
(or  wboD  were  executed  Kvoal  of  hi)  most  inspoitant  Kill  extant 
■nrlu,  wia  aaotlKT  Loienio,  the  eon  of  I^erftanccsco  de'  Ucdic!, 
pudsOD  of  >  natmal  btothei  of  Coelmo  Palir  Patriat,  and 
iahcritovolft  vast  ibaie  of  the  family  estates  and  intertsts.  For 
Ihe  villa  of  thia  ymugei  Lorenio  at  Ctstdio  Botticelli  palsied 
aboat  i4T;-I478  Ibe  famous  piclute  of  "  Ptitnaveis  "  or  Spting 
■ow  in  the  Academy  at  Florence.  The  dnign,  insirired  by 
PgJi^DO'spoen]  the  "  Ciosin,"  with  remlniscencei  of  Lucretius 
md  of  HoTice  (perhaps  also,  as  has  lately  been  suggested,  of  the 
ble  Latin  "  Mytholov'kon  "  of  Fulgeniiut)  thrown  in,  ii  of  *a 
ochuiing  fantasy,  and  breathes  the  finest  and  most  cosential 
^iirit  of  the  eariy  Renaiasince  at  Fkrtnce.  Venu*  kncIfuUy 
draped,  with  Capid  hovering  above  her.  itand*  b  a  giove  of 
otnn|(  aad  myrlle  ud  welcomei  Ibt  appnach  of  Spring,  who 


enter*  heralded  by  Mncury.  with  Flon  ud  Zephymr  geat)^ 
urging  her  OIL  In  pietarea  like  this  and  in  the  later  "  Birth  of 
Venus,"  the  Florentiac  genios,  brooding  with  piaaion  on  the 
little  that  It  realty  yet  knew  of  the  antique,  and  uiiBg  frankly 
and  frohly  the  nudi  that  it  «u  daily  katnlng  ol  the  truths  of 
bodily  itractuic  and  action,  ticam  I  ityle  wholly  new,  in  wlHcb 
•ometUnt  of  the  ftnliud  iikI  pining  myitidioi  of  the  middle  agei 
Is  tetlmaldy  md  ciqulnldy  blended  whh  ibi  newly  awakened 
qslrltof  nalunHiio  liid  the  revived  pagan  ddigbt  ta  bodily  fbnn 
iiulnMveatnlBDdrichntnafllMarilythiB.  Inconneiloawith 
thia  and  other  dawlc  and  allegoric  pictures  by  Ihe  nuater,  tnicb 
mmantic  speculation  haa  been  Idlyipent  on  the  luroosition  tiat 
thechlef  personagti  wttofigun^ln  thelikeneaol  Chdianoile' 
Medici  and  Slmonella  Vespucd.  SiBonetta  In  p<^t  ol  fict  died 
in  T474,  GlubaifeD  was  murdered  In  147S;  the  web  of  Tomancs 
which  has  been  ^Hin  about  their  ume*  in  nodem  day*  it  quits 
unsubstantial;  and  there  la  no  reason  whatever  why  Botticelli 
should  have  introduced  the  likenroses  of  these  two  aoppoaed 
lovers  (for  it  Is  not  even  teriain  thai  they  were  lovet*  at  ill)  la 
pictures  all  of  which  were  demanttnbly  painted  after  the  death 
of  one  and  most  of  them  after  the  death  of  bolh. 

The  Ingedy  of  Giutiano's  essasainition  by  the  hail  oon- 
spinlon  in  147S  was  a  public  cvenl  which  cerlalniy  btou^l 
employmeat  to  BoiUcdIi,  Afin  Ihe  capluit  and  eiecatlon  ol 
Ihe  ctiminali  he  was  commlstianed  (o  paint  their  eSgic*  hangiBC 
by  Ihe  neck  on  the  walls  of  the  Palauo  dd  PodoU,  above  the* 
cnlrance  of  what  was  fotmeily  the  Dogaaa.  In  the  couTie  of 
Florentine  biitory  public  buitdingi  had  on  acveral  previous 
occasions  received  a  similar  glim  deeontion;  the  last  had  been 
when  Andrei  dd  Ciilagno  painted  in  14J4  the  cfligies,  hanging 
by  the  bceh,  of  Ihe  chid  dtiient  cutlawed  and  expelled  im  the 
return  of  Cosmo  de'Mtdid.  Peihapt  fiom  the  tboeof  Ihb  I^aai 
cemmiulon  may  be  dated  the  evidence*  whidi  ate  found  in  aona 
of  Botticdli'i  work  of  a  closer  study  than  heietotore  of  Ih*  vfrilo 
methods  snd  enci^etic  types  of  OsUEOo.  HI*  fitacoet  of  the 
hanged  conspirators  held  their  place  for  iliteen  yean  only,  and 
were  destroyed  In  14^  In  consequence  of  another  revohition  In 
Ihedty'ipolilk*.-  Two  yearn  later  (1480)  hepainted  hi  rivalry 
with  Ghiilindaio  a  grind  figure  of  St  Augutiine  on  the  choir 
scieen  of  the  Ogniisantt,  now  removed  to  anotlKr  part  of  the 
church.  About  Ihe  ume  time  we  find  clear  evidence  of  hi* 
conlributing  deaigna  to  the  workshops  of  the  "  fine-manner  " 
engravers  In  the  sliape  of  a  beiotiful  print  of  the  triumfrii  ol 
Bacchus  snd  Ariadne  adapted  from  an  antique  sarcc^thagus  (the 
only  example  known  Es  in  the  British  Museum),  aa  well  as  In 
nineteen  smati  cuts  executed  for  the  edition  of  Dante  with  tha 
commentary  of  Landino  printed  at  Florence  in  1481  by  LiTRHao 
della  Magna.  This  series  of  prints  waa  discontinued  after 
canto  lii.,  perhaps  because  of  the  material  diScaltiei  involved 
by  the  use  of  Unc  engravings  for  the  deeontion  of  a  printed  page, 
pcibapt  because  Ihe  iitiit  was  at  this  time  called  sway  Eo  Roma 
to  undertake  the  most  Important  commis^n  of  his  life.  Due 
possibly  to  the  ume  call  is  the  unfinished  condition  of  a  much- 
damaged,  crowded  "  Adoration  of  the  Magi "  by  Botikein 
preserved  hi  the  Uffiri,  the  design  of  which  aeemi  to  have 
Influenced  Leonardo  da  ^^d  in  his  own  Adoration  (which  in 
like  manner  remaina  ttnfinlshed)  of  neady  the  same  date,  also 
si  the  Uffid. 

The  talk  wiih  which  BotticdH  was  chtiged  at  Rome  «■•  to 
take  part  with  other  leading  artiali  of  the  time  (Gbiriandaio; 
Cotimo  RosseHI,  Perugino  and  Pintnticchio}  In  tlie  decontioa 
of  Siitus  IV. '9  chapel  at  the  Vatican,  the  OeObigof  which  wu 
afterwards  destined  to  be  the  fidd  of  Hicbdangelo't  noblest 
labours.  Internal  evidence  shows  that  Sandroand  his  atiisUnt* 
bote  a  chid  share  In  Ihe  teriei  of  papal  partiaits  which  dccsnie 
the  niches  between  the  window*.  His  shire  In  the  decoralion 
of  the  walls  witb  subjects  fnm  Ihe  Old  and  the  New  Tesuntent 
consists  of  three  (tiscoes.  one  illuslntrng  the  history  of  MoM* 
(several  eplsodnol  his  early  Hfeirtingedinairngle  composition)! 
another  the  destruction  ol  Korah.  Dalhan  and  Ablran;  •  third 
the  umptation  of  Christ  by  Saun  (In  tbis  case  the  main  theme  i* 
rdcgated  lo  the  background,  while  the  foreground  la  fitted  With  IS 


30» 


BOmCELU 


i|  (kc  ritnd  In  the  puiCaatioii  of  » 
hpcr).  On  tbtu  IhNC  fnscoa  B«ltkdli  Ubouted  for  ibout  a 
ytmr  and  1  hall  at  Ihthdibt  al  Ui  powtn,aD<9  they  my  be  taken 
■a  the  «a(nl  and  antl  impDrtani  product  imi  ef  hii  career, 
though  Ihey  ate  iar  fKHa  beUig  the  beH'kmmn,  aod  fnts  their 
ntuaiion  on  the  dimmed  and  lUined  valli  ol  ihc  chapel  are  by  bo 

SkiUhithe 


eapreuLon  I 


n  Ihc  piincipal  ai 


nercy  oI  dramatic  i 


rol  p 


•(  the  male  byiUnden;  in  the  facts  and  figuiea  of  the  war 
an  equally  vital  grasp  ol  Ihe  niodei,  cooibined  with  that  pccujiar 
Strain  of  hauntinf  and  melancholy  grace  nhkh  ii  this  artist'* 
awn;  the  bh»1  cipieuivt  care  and  tlcill  in  linear  dnuihtimto- 
ihip,  the  richul  and  most  inveniive  charm  in  lanciful  cMliune 
■od  decorative  coleutinc,  (U  cembine  to  diKisEuiih  them. 
Durini  thii  Urk  of  hi*  lUy  in  Home  (i^i-uSO  Botticelli  is 
•KDidcd  alao  ID  have  painted  another  "  AdontiOD  of  the  Magi," 
U>  filth  or  liith  embodiment  of  Ihe  lamc  tuhject:  Ihii  hu  been 
ideBtilied,  no  doubt  ligbily,  with  a  picture  now  in  the  Heitnitise 
gallery  at  St  Pelenbutt- 

Retumini  to  Florence  towaidi  the  end  of  1481,  Botticelli 
mrked  there  for  the  nent  ten  yean,  lulii  the  death  of  Lorenio  II 
Uagnihco  in  1491,  Kith  but  iliglii  variatiou  In  minner  and  lenii- 
neiii,inlhe  nOM  tonned  ninnei  of  hi*  middle  life.  Somcol  the 
recorded  work*  of  thii  line  have  periihed;  but  a  good  many 
have  been  preicrved.  and  eicepi  in  the  lew  catei  Hhere  the  data 
of  commiuion  and  payment  can  be  eatabliihed  by  exitting 
ItcDtdi,  their  Kquence  can  only  be  conjectuRd  from  internal 
evidence.  A  achemc  of  work  which  he  wa*  to  have  undertaken 
with  Dibei  iniiU  in  the  (hla  dei  Cigli  in  the  Paliuo  Pubblico 
Cvne  10  nothing  (i4Sj);  a  *ei  of  Impoitant  oiytbologic  fieacoc* 
carried  out  by  him  in  the  ve^bule  of  a  villa  of  Lorenio  II 
Magnihcoat  Sptdalelto  near  Voiterrain  1484  ha*  been  desiroyed 
by  the  elicct*  fint  ol  damp  and  Um  oi  fire.  To  1481-1483 
kelonga  the  &nc altar-piece  of  San  Bamabo  (a  Madonna  and  Child 
Vith  *ia  uint*  and  fouraugelg),  now  in  the  academy  at  Florence. 

no*t  often  copied,  though  very  far  from  the  besi-preaerved,  of 
hit  woiki,  the  lOuod  picture  ol  the  Madonna  with  lingfnj  angel* 
in  the  Ufhal,  known,  from  the  ten  written  ui  the  open  cluir- 
book,a*the"  MagniEicat.''  Somewhere  near  Ihiamij&t  be  placed 
the  beautiful  and  highly  finiahcd  drawing  of  "  Abundance," 
which  hat  paued  through  the  Roger»,Horrit  Moore  and  Malcolm 
collection*  into  theBritiih  Muteuoi,  atwellaaaimall  Madonna 
In  the  Poldi-PeuoU  collection  at  Milan,  and  the  fine  ftiU-faced 
portrait  of  ■  young  man,  probably  tome  pupil  or  apprenlic*  in 
the  itudio,at  the  Nilioiul  Galliiy  (No.  fii6).  For  the  marriage 
•I  Antonio  Pucd  to  Lucrciia  Dini  in  1483  BatlicelU  doigned, 
and  hi*  pupfli  or  asiiitant*  carried  out,  the  interatiog  and 
drunatk  lel  ol  four  panels  illu*ttaiing  Bocooio'*  Uie  of 
Nasupo  d^'  OnesU,  which  were  lormerly  in  the  collection  ol 
Ur  Barker  and  are  now  diqTcrsed.  His  magnificent  and  perfectly 
pieierved  alur-pieceol  the  Madonna  between  the  twotainttJebD, 
DOW  in  the  Berlin  gallery,  was  painted  for  the  Bardi  chape]  in 
the  church  of  San  Spirito  in  i486.  In  the  tame  year  be  helped 
10  celebrate  the  marriage  of  torcnio  Tomabuoni  with  Giovtuuit, 
aegli  Albioi  by  an  eiqubite  piir  of  symbolical  fretcoes,  the 
nmains  el  vligch,  alter  Ihcy  had  been  brought  to  light  from 
under  t  co«t  ol  whitcwiafa  on  tJ»  «*lk  oi  Ihe  Villa  Lemmt,  wen 
lEmovedin  iSSito  Ihc  Louvre.  Withinalewycuiof  Ihc  same 
date  (14SS-14&8)  thonld  appaicnlly  be  placed  that  tecond 
masterpiece  1^  fantiinl  claiiidtm  done  for  Lorenio  di  Pier- 
francewD'*  villa  at  Ca*teUo,  the  "  Birth  ol  Venu*,"  now  in  the 
U£(i,  the  doign  of  which  leems  to  have  been  chiefly  inipired  by 
the  "  Stanic  "  ol  PolUiano,  perhaps  also  by  the  Pmipliiim 
VtMait:  together  with  Ihe  scarcely  less  admirable  "  Man  and 
Venu*  "  ol  the  National  Gallery,  conceived  In  the  maitei'i 
peculiar  vein  of  virile  laaily  mingled  wilh  eiquitile  caprice) 
ud  the  meat  beaulilul  and  characteiiilic  ol  all  hit  Madwinat, 
Iherauidof  the"  Virgin  with  the  Pomegranate  "  [Ufbii).  TIk 
fin*  pictun  ol  "  fallal  and  the  C«Bt*ur,"  coditcavued  altar  an 


occuhition  of  mnsy  ytui  In  the  prinic  aparUMOti  of  the  FlKl 

Palace,  would  seem  to  belong  10  about  1488,  and  te  cclebnle 
the  iFCurity  of  Floitntioe  aflain  and  Ihc  quelUng  of  Ihe  spirit  o( 
tumult  In  ihe  lail  yeua  of  Ihe  power  o[  the  gicat  Lwcaw  (t48S- 
leqo).  "  TIm  AnnundatloD  "  from  the  tnavcnt  of  Calello,  now 
in  the  USij,  ibom  ■  detlgn  adapted  liom  Donatello,  nnd  a- 
preoive,  in  hi  bcndtnc  BMvcBcnU  and  vehemest  gtstuea,  d 
that  agitation  of  ipirit  the  rigns  ol  which  become  iocnuingiy 
perceptible  in  BMIicelU'i  work  from  about  thi*  lime  until  the 
end.  The  greit  altar-piece  at  Su  Marco  with  iu  fnitlU,  com- 
miaaloned  by  the  Arte  dclla  Seu  In  14^  and  Gniihed  in  1490^ 
with  the  incomparsbk  ring  of  dancing  and  qnhuig  angela 
encircling  the  Downed  Virgin  in  the  upper  *ky.  b  Ihc  last  o( 
Boiiicelli's  allai-pieccs  on  a  great  toile.  To  nearly  thesame  date 
probably  belong*  his  deeply  fell  and  beauiHully  piescrved  email 
painting  of  the  "  Last  Communion  of  St  Jerome  "  bchmcing  W 
iheMsrchescFarinula. 

In  i4po  BoIticelU  was  called  to  take  part  wilh  other  ailistt  in  ■ 
consullilion  a*  to  the  completion  ol  the  facade  ol.the  Duono, 
and  to  bear  a  thaic  wilh  Aleaio  Baldovlntlli  and  otheri  in  the 
mosaic  deoontlons  of  the  chapel  ol  Sen  Zenobio  in  the  aana 
church.  The  death  of  Lorenio  II  Mignif  co  in  1401,  end  iIm 
acccaiion  to  chief  power  of  hi*  woithlei*  son  Piero,  soon  plunged 
Florenoc  into  political  Itoubla,  10  whicb  were  by  and  by  added 
the  profound  *pir;tuDl  agiuiion  consequent  upon  the  preachiac 
and  infiuence  of  SavonaroU.  Lorento  di  Pieifrancescs  de' 
Medici,  who  wilh  hi*  brother  Giovanni  wu  in  a  psaition  of 
pcJitieal  rivalry  igaiul  their  cotoin  Pino,  continued  hia  patroa- 
age  of  Botticelli;  and  it  wu  tor  him,  apparently  chiefly  between 
the  yean  1401  and  t4t)S,  that  Ibt  mister  undenook  to  eiecat* 
a  lel  of  drawing!  in  illuilration  of  Dante  on  a  Iar  more  elaborate 
and  ambiiiou*  plan  Ihen  the  liltk  deaigni  lor  the  ensrava 
which  had  been  interrupted  in  14I1.  Eighty-five  of  these  diais- 
ingsiri  in  theltmous  manuscript  acquired  for  the  BeiUn  muiiuB 
al  the  sale  of  the  Kamillon  Ftlact  colleclisn  in  1889,  and  eleven 
more  In  Ihe  Vatican  library  at  Rome.  The  aeries  is  one  of  the 
most  interesting  that  has  been  preserved  by  my  ancient  maitcra 
revealing  as  intimate  knowledge  of  and  profound  aympathy  wilh 
the  leiti  full  of  BoiticcILi's  characierittic  poetic  yeamiog  and 
vehemence  of  eipression,  hit  hall-childisb  intensity  of  viiioB) 
eiquitite  in  lightness  of  touch  and  in  iwaying,  ihyihmlcil  giscc  ol 
linear  compotition  and  design.  These  gilu  were  lest  suited  on  the 
whole  to  the  illuttration  of  the  Hell  than  of  Ihe  later  psrU  of  the 
poem,  and  in  the  fiercer  epitodts  there  it  often  tons  puerility  and 
inadequacy  of  invention.  Throughout  Ibe  Hell  and  Puiigaioiy 
Botiicelti  maintaitu  a  careful  adhetena  to  the  text,  iUuatnttng 
tho  severil  piogressive  incident*  of  each  canto  on  a  *ingle  page 
In  Ihc  old-Iwhioned  way.    In  the  Paradise  he  gives  a  Ireei  rein 


lenUry  on  II.    Almost  all 
ui  phases  of  ascending  progrea 


shown  ut  again  and  a^.  _.     „ 

and  rapt  contemplation,  often  with  little  more  than  a  bare  S3 
bolical  luggeiLioo  of  ihe  beatific  viiion*  presented  to  them. 
Molt  of  the  drawingt  remain  in  pen  outline  only  over  a  light 
preliminary  sketch  viib  Ibe  lead  tlyluti  all  wen  probaUj 
Intended  lo  be  finished  in  cdour,  at  a  lew  actually  are.  To  the 
period  of  these  drawingi  (I4g>'i4g7]  would  teem  to  belong  Ibe 
fine  and  finely  pteierved  small  round  of  the  "  Virgin  and  Cbild 
with  Angels "  at  the  Ambroeiana,  Milan,  and  the  fnmom 
"  Calumny  of  Apellet "  at  the  U0si,  inspired  no  doubt  by  some 
contempoiaiy  translation  of  the  text  by  Ludan,  and  equally 
remarkable  by  a  cetlainfcveiiih  energy  in  ill  tenlimenl  and 
composition,  and  by  it*  nquisile  finish  and  richness  of  eiecution 
and  detail.  ProUhly  the  email  "  St  Augustine  "  in  the  L'£zi, 
the  injtucd  "  Judith  with  Ihe  head  of  Holofemea  "  in  the  Kauf- 
mann  collection  al  Berlin,  and  the  "  Virgin  and  Child  with  Si 
John,"  belongiag  la  Mr  Heseliioe  in  London,  are  works  of  tha 

Simona  di  Uariaao,  a  brother  d  BoIticcHI  hmg  retident  at 
Napica,  returned  ID  Flonoce  in  1401  and  shared  SaDdio'* 
hoott  in  the  Vit  Nuova-    He  toon  btcame  a  devoted  lollower  at 


'  BOTTIGER— BOTTIiB 


Styimirnli,  and  hit  left  i,  Duwq^  duooick  whiA  It  oat  of 
Uie  bcil  iDuict3  [□(  Uie  biUoiy  at  the  Iriu  and  of  his  uavcmtnt. 
Sandio  himKll  tKBis  u  have  remiiud  4IdoE  fram  thtnovaiuBt 
slnuit  until  Ihc  dau  al  Ibc  eucBtiso  of  Savoniroli  ud  Iw  tm 
loUowera  in  149(1.  ^^  ''^ut  thera  k  dm  cvidixa  of  hb  bent 
in  Lhe  confidcoce  and  emplay  ol  Lorsua  di  Pinliuenco  M> 
bte  u-1496  u>d  I49J,  mhkh  be  could  not  poieibly  hew  hacs 
had  be  then  bcea  ui  avowed  Dumbci  of  Lbc  puty  ol  Um  Pusnaai. 
limupiotubljrihf  tofoiMddepailunoCLaniuBfioa  FIdrko 
is  1491  Uut  brought  U  «  pFenutun  cad  Iha  inuW*  ■ttit 
uadetlaludg  on  the  iUuslntion  of  DaoU.  After  Lsccom'i 
RUiiB,  lolkimiDt  oa  the  ovsthrov  ud  dcBtb  id  Sawoalrolc 
in  i4«S,  wc  &iul  DO  Iiue  of  aay  fuitbei  leUtioas  betmen  Un 
ud  figtikelU,  who  by  that  lima  would  *eea  Id  km  Imcoow 
a  dedand  devotee  of  the  fnar'i  meotozy  aad  >D  uUMftat. 
Hkc  hia  brother,  of  the  defeated  aide.  During  tbeae  yaan  of 
(wift  political  and  apirihuJ  nvolottiH  Jo  Fkraact^  doomuata 

of  MoaticeOi  a  (reaai  of  St  Fnuda  which  hai  poitbcd^  in  tba 
winter  of  tha  aame  ycai  a*  bawd  ova  to  keep  tbe  pooi  with  a 
seighlxiui  living  asit  to  tbe  amall  ■ablnlwB  villa  which  SaodlB 
held  Jointlr  with  bfa  biDtbei  Siowsc  io  the  puuh  <rf  Saa  S^bIoo; 
ia  1494  aa  paying  bdated  matilcaUtiiniieea  to  Ihegild  of  docton 
■ad  druggiala  [of  which  the  paintan  ipvt  a  bnscb);  and  agaia 
in  14M  aa  canying  out  saoe  dacoiative  [■'■"'i'  let  a  aiiaJai 
of  the  Ve^Hicci  family.  It  baa  been  MH|i  iliil.  ptobabfar  with 
rcaaon,  that  poitiona  ol  Iheae  deccntioH  aie  to  ba . 
tfeo  panda  of  draniatic  ■ 
ing  the  atoiy  of  VirgiDia,  which  hii  paiaed 
of  Seaalon  IfeielU  iolo  the  lalleiy  at  Beijainn,  tlu  othar  a 
tHtsty  ol  Lucntia  EocBiedy  t^™^-f  lo  Lend  AiUmcnhaai, 
which  paned  into  Mi>  Caidaec'a  coUectin  at  Boalon.    Tktaa 

acteriatic  of  the  maater'a  later  yean,  whm  he  J— ■-■ti—  Ua 
own  hitkatnuig  emotioaa  In  figuiei  flunf  (onraid  and  iwayins 
•ut  ol  all  balance  in  the  vebcmenca  of  acUoi^  vith  looka  caat 
T"'"'"tf]'  eanhwaid  oi  htaveaward.  and  gotnna  of  wild 
yeamingor  appeaL  TbesecbanctenprevailatiUmoiobiaMBall 
ncll  at  thi  Fotdi-Pmoli  gaUoy,  pmbably  a  antDBpoiaiy 
ccfiy  of  oDOWbiditbemaateiiancaidedtohaTcpainlediiirtlB 
PiodatifU  chapd  in  the  chnrcfa  ol  Sta  Maiia  Uaggine;  they 


caaner  pt'Ti*nf  of  tbe  aazne  anbiact  which  bean  tbo  maatn'B 
itasie  in  the  Munich  galkiy,  but  ia  piobafalyonlya  work  of  hfa 
•cbooL  TIh  myitic  vein  of  icligioua  and  pc^tical  qseculatin 
into  which  Botticelli  had  by  tbia  Eima  falloi  has  its  hnot  iUoatza- 
tioo  in  the  beautiful  i^tnbc^  "  Kativity  "  which  paaaed  in 
ncoakoi  fmn  tbe  Aldobrandini,  the  Otiky,  and  the  Folkr 
Ualtland  coUeciiDa  into  the  National  Galkiy  in  1881,  with 
the  apocalyptic  incriptioa  in  Greek  wHch  the  maater  haa  added 
to  make  bia  meaolng  dear  (No.  1034).  In  a  kindiBl  nin  b 
a  mucb-iajnred  aynbotic  "  Hagdaleae  at  tba  foot  of  tbe  Cima  " 
io  private  poaacarioo  at  Lyona.  Among  eitant  plcnua  Ibeae 
wUch  tnm  intenial  evidence  we  nmat  put  latest  in  tba  maalei'a 
aim  an  thiee  paoeli  ilhiatintlng  tbe  atmy  of  St  ZcnoUna, 
of  wbkb  coc  ia  al  Dteadcn  and  tbe  otbei  two  ia  the  ooOectioa 
of  Dt  Ifond  In  London.  He  docunentaiy  aotictaot  Um  after 
15Q0  an  lev.  In  1503  he  ia  mentioned  In  the  corTeapondeace 
of  lanbcDa  dTite,  raaiddoMaa  of  Conap,  and  in  a  poem  by 
DgDHoo  Verino.  In  1501-1504  be  lerved  co  the  roamltler  ol 
aitiata  anMinted  to  dMide  wfietc  the  cdoeul  David  ot  Micbd' 
angelo  ahoald  be  placed.  In  theae  and  the  UIgwing  jreaia  we 
fad  him  paying  feei  to  th*  conqany  ol  St  Lake,  and  the  neit 
thing  recixded  of  him  ia  bb  deadi,  followed  by  Ma  burial  In  the 

IJIO. 

Tbe  stmnt  vdn  of  pocdtal  fantasy  and  nyitical  hnaglDation 
ia  BottiodH,  to  wUch  many  of  his  palntkgi  testily,  and  tbe 
apadtjr  far  rei^ious  oonvictioo  and  cmotiDnal  cnimslon 
which  made  of  Um  an  iMeat,  if  bdated,  dladple  of 
coeiiated  In  bim,  according  to  all  records,  with  a  strong 


alwmyi  wagging.     Vaaad'a 


of  the  laughing  hawwr  and  lava  of  nngh  piactkal  and  vtibal 
icstl^  which  baloDged  to  tbe  Elotatina  chafactar  la  Ua  age. 
Uia  atudio  in  the  Via  NuDva  iaaaid  lo  have  been  the  leaort, 
not  oaly  of  pupila  and  aautaata,  d  whom  a  nmbcr  aecn  to 
have  been  at  all  tama  working  (oc  Um,  but  of  a  ooi^Mny  ol 
■Bnocleaa  idle  aoMiiia  with  bralna  full  of  tumour  and  tongues 
account  of  tbe  etiaila  into  whicb 
In  tbe  study  of  Dante  and  bia  ad- 
the  aecl  of  Savooanla  an  evidently  much  ciaggnated. 
aiaoe  tbera  ia  pnol  that  be  lived  and  died,  not  rich  indeed,  bvl 
poaaeaaed  of  pnverty  OMHigb  to  keep  bim  from  any  real  pioib 
of  diMteaB.  Ite  atny  of  Ua  weik  and  life,  after  having  been 
the  aobjcct  In  leceat  yean  of  much  balf-infonned  iindy  and 
apeculatkD,  haa  at  kngth  been  fully  doddated  In  the  worii 
«l  Hr  H.  P.  Uoraa  died  below, — a  maaterplece  of  documentaiy 
nacaich  and  critical  aipoaltioB. 

Cm  Ft.  Lippmann, 

Bi  Mil;   bw   KarJ 

H<  InmaBB.  Stmin, 

Bo  ior*s  doddalion 

of  IBM;  Bctahard 

Be  Hu  fhrmlmi 

Pa  IW  Ctiliatm-^ 

Hi  tbe  CaulU  da 

Bt  attempt  lo  dl>. 

cii  and  that  of  Ma 

va  d  npera  ia  ih* 

Yt  Ady).  VuLiSt 

aa  In  tVe  JaMrtad 

ii  ibert  P.  Home, 

il  Hi  (i«oe)!  tbb 

lai  tS-C) 

BttmSER.  EARL  AUUn  (iTdviSji),  Oennan  aKba»- 
Icciat.  wai  bots  at  Sejehenbacb  on  the  Itfa  ol  Josa  1760.  Re 
waa  educated  at  tbe  school  of  PfoHa,  and  iha  aniverdty  of 

la  1791,  thnugh  the  Influenca  of  Beider,  the  appobitBent  of 
lectwalthagiBUMdamat  Weimar,  whooheoiteRdinlw  a  drde 
of  liwaty  man,  fndwlinc  Wkdand,  SilOlcr,  and  Geelbe,    He 

.....  ..  ieHBod  «o^  fsltiw,  tia  Utrginumiu 

..j^_  _. ._  _  ^    ->  -o,o(,»^ttiy 

ut,(MecUn*« 
_  be  aaafaled  In  editing  Ihe 
Jaunut  ia  Lutmi  Hid  riv  tfaim,  the  DwUdha  if  <rtwr,  and  the 
InidM  Olid  PrvH.  In  1804  be  waa  called  loDtcadoo  as  tnper- 
tatBndant<rfthiBladleaof  the  court  pagea,  and  tecdved  Ihe  tank 
of  privy  eouncilUir.  Li  1S14  ba  waa  made  (iiector  of  sOKUea 
at  tbe  coon  acadeaiy,  and  injector  of  tha  Uaanua  of  Antfqaitlea. 
He  died  al  Dtcadco  on  tbe  nth  of  Kvwembet  iSjj.  Bft  chW 
ynirlata!~IimitiirAahaeUrl*^tfaltni,Hitii){aoiBorm 
publidied);  KanibitjlUe^  (iSii);  KorftnHgna  Md  Aift^ 
sv  AUmkamtiHuU  [1S17);  AmalOa  (iSsi-ig>5);  liltm  ear 
Kuialmylietetli  (1816-1830).  Tbe  OpuKula  M  ConwMa  Latima 
wcR  pubUabed  aepaiatdy  in  1837;  with  a  collection  of  Ua 
amallei  plecea,  Kltiai  Sdinflm  <  i  g  j  7-iSjS} ,  Induding  a  Donipleta 
liat  of  bla  works  (jd  pages).  Hk  biography  waa  written  l^  bis 
aen  Eari  Wllbelm  BSttlgel  (1790-1M1),  (or  aonie  tiae  prabaaar 
ol  btatoty  at  Edanges,  and  author  of  asvcral  vahiaUa  Uatetfea 
(Hitfary  tf  GtrmaHy,  Hitlttj  tf  Satm%  BisUry  t/  BtitrU, 
Unaasai  HiOirry  0/  Biatrapkia). 

BOmi  (Fi.  bnUIBt,  from  a  dimlnutivt  of  tbe  LaL  hiNa, 
a  Saaki  cf.  Eng.  "  butt '').  1  vmel  for  containing  liguh^  graer- 
ally  as  a[q»aed  to  one  for  diinklig  fnin  {though  this  pfobaUy  Is 
not  eiduded).  and  vitb  a  nairow  neck  to  fadEcale  dcsing  and 
pouring.  Tie  first  botttea  were  piobahly  made  of  tbe  sUiu  ot 
inlwala,  In  tbe  UlaA  (lil.  147)  tbe  attendants  an  rtpnaeotcd 
aa  bearing  wbe  lor  nae  bi  a  bottle  made  of  goat'e  tkin.  The 
andent  E^yptlana  used  aUna  lor  tUa  putpoae,  and  from  the 
language  employed  by  Heiodotua(iL  lit),  it  appears  that  a  bottle 
was  formed  by  Mwing  up  tbe  akin  and  leaiteg  the  projection 
of  the  leg  and  foot  lo  aerve  aa  a  vent,  whidi  waa  lien«  termed 
nlid*.    Tbeapennrewudoaedwitha  plug'eraatllng.    Skia 


BOTTLE-BRUSH  PLANTS— BOTTOMRY 


bottla  at  vutow  knoM  aceaz  <n  Eiyptiui  moBUiDeaU-  The 
GirekiUKlRanuiiitaoiRnxcunamed  lo  ui>  bottla  oikdc  ol 
■Uu;  lad  in  Uw  wuthein  put*  Europe  tbty  uc  HitI  uied 
forthclnaipiinalwlnc.  The  fintofapUdl  reference  ta  bottla 
«i  ikln  in  So^cun  ocoin  In  Jodiiu  (U.  4),  *bere  it »  aid  ihit 
tbe  Cibconlta  took  "  aU 


througboot 

fot  the  conveyance  ud 
tlorafe  of  water.  It  i> 
m  eimr  to  npreieDt  the  bottla  of  iho  udeat  Hebrew*  u 
being  mud*  udiuhrely  of  ikini.  Id  Jer.  idi.  t  tbe  prophet 
■paki  ol  "■  potter'i  eaitbea  vtaeL"  Tbe  Egyptian*  (>ee 
EoYPi:  Art  awl  Arckaaiarii  poBeBcd  vua  iai  bolde* 
ol  hud  *laie,  akbuter,  llut,  iv«7,  bone,  pocceUia,  bronu, 
rilver  end  fold,  ud  alio  ^  ^ued  pottery  or  cobudoo 
cinbeanre.  In  modera  timet  bottle*  ue  uiuajly  nude  of  glut 
(f.v<),ococc*vonilIxof  eartlieDware.  Ilie  glau  bottle  induitiy 
u*  attained  enarmoti*  *l<wi^Minn<  whether  Cor  wine,  beer, 
ftc,  0[  nincnl  watcn;  and  liboui-iaviDi  nwchliiecy  for  filling 
tb*  bottla  bu  been  intnduced,  a*  well  a*  lot  axlijng  or  Hoppei- 
la«.  Im  labeUiBt  and  lor  waahiag  thain. 


known  botanlalljr  aa  CattUawH,  and  briongiai  to  tbe  myitla 
family  (Myltaeaae).  Tbey  take  tlidr  name  from  tbe  laembUnce 
oftteheadoiflowaaloabMlle-hruih.  Hey  an  well  known  in 
cnlUnlion  aa  tmnbouaa  abniba;  tbe  flowcc  owe*  ita  beauty  to 
the  niu&efoua  loDf  tbread-Ube  ■*■***■«  widcb  far  ^rteed  the 
amall.petal*.    CaSftlniM  toMpMf  1*  a  valuable  batd  wood. 

BOmOOU  WHAU  (HyMaMM  raaMw),  a  aesJoa  ol 
the  qwrm-wbale  family,  which  ii  aa  Inhabitant  of  th*  North 
AUaatic,  paMing  the  HuanMr  In  the  Spitibeigcn  icaa  and  coiBf 
lactbct  mith  bi  winter.  It  naenbica  tbe  vcmtvbak  in 
poaataiirg  a  Uige  etore  of  oil  in  tbe  oppet  pan  of  tbe  bead, 
which  yiddi  vennacetl  when  refined,  on  tin*  accotml,  and  al*o 
loc  the  lake  of  the  Muhbet,  whkh  mpplia  an  oQ  almoit  in- 
dittlnpilihiMf  from  vem-oil,  Una  whije  beonM  the  object  lA  a 
Rfolar  duie  In  tbe  lattet  half  of  the  ifith  century.  In  length 
thcae  wbale*  Tuy  between  ao  It.  and  jo  ft.;  and  in  adour  from 
black  on  tlu  i#per  loilate  in  the  y«n>«  to  Ugbt  brown  in  old 
•Bim*k,tlieDnder-p«tt*b«intgny^wUte.  ThcRhnogoich 
between  tbe  Snke*,  aa  in  other  wbaki,  bnt  the  binder  part  of  the 
(aU  b  roonded-  Botilcnoeta  feed  on  cnttlo^abe*  ud  *quiU>, 
and  aie  pncUcaDy  tootbk**i  the  oo^  teeth  whkh  *t*t«*  in  the 

■wBeaih  tbe  gum  dutlng  life.  Eiam^o  ban  litquetitly  been 
ncoideil  on  the  Britlah  ceailt.  In  November  1(104  ■  female. 
14  iLlong,  end  a  call  1 5  !(•  long  wtn  driven  uhoi*  at  WhiutaUe. 
(SoCnicu.) 

■OTTOKXY,  a  maritime  contnct  by  which  a  lUp  {at  bottom) 
b  bypotbecated  In  •ecoiily  for  money  bomwed  f«T  mieain 
lacwred  in  tbe  covne  of  ba  voytte.  under  the  condition  that  If 
ri>*  arrive  at  bet  datlnatlon  the  ehipiball  be  liable  fee  repaymcnl 
of  Ibe  loan,  togelbei  with  euch  preminm  thereon  a*  may  have 
beeoapeedlor;  but  that  if  the  ihip  be  loat,  the  iendcc  ihalt  have 
BO  claim  ■f*****  tbe  borrower  either  for  the  sun  edvaitced  or  for 
tbe  premium.  The  freight  may  be  pledged  ai  wdl  at  the  lUp, 
and,  if  neWMaty,  ibe  cargo  alan.  In  loma  caaa  the  peaonal 
obUgation  of  tbe  ahipmaater  b  alio  included.  When  money  fe 
borrowed  do  the  iccsrfly  of  tbe  caigo  alone,  h  ia  laid 
■p  at  tuttnitutit;  but  it  I*  now  only  In  rata  and  < 


it  could  be  (ompMant  ta  tba  dipoMBMr  to  pledfa  tht 


lb*  ihip  and  fiel^ti  In  comidetalioD  of  Ibe  iMt*  amumed  by 
the  lender,  the  bottomry  premium  (•omclinMi  termed  matiltmt 
liiKruO  b  umally  high,  vaijdng  ol  coune  with  the  nature  of  tbe 
ii*k  and  the  difteohy  of  procurlnf  fund*. 

A  botiomiy  conttad  may  be  written  out  in  any  form  whldi 
niffcknlly  abow*  tbe  conditiaiH  agreed  on  between  the  ponJai 
bat  it  it  louaDy  drawn  up  In  the  Knm  of  a  karf  which  emifcn  a 
F,  either  by  apreM 


«,  Ihatth 


imoUBt  Of  damage  ib*  may  have  natained.  Contequeutly,  Ibe 
"  coDMmnlvetoulhaB  "  wUdibRco^iMd In  marine  inMiraara, 
when  the  lUp  b  damaged  to  loch  an  extant  that  *bc  b  Bot  worth 


piccB,  the  borrower  b  taed  from  aO  Uabiit^  nndti  tbe  bottomiy 
contiact;  and  tbe  lender  b  not  entltbd  M  r«ceive  any  abare  of 
tbe  pncwti  of  nicb  of  tbe  ddP^atoR*  or  matetiab  a*  may  bavB 
been  taved  bom  the  wrc4.  Uooeyitdntncedaa  bottomry  b  not 
UaUalaEn^udtorgenenlneragehNKi.  .  If  tbe  ib^  ibould 
itniaU  fiom  tfat  voyage  tot  wUch  tbe  Indi  were  adTwced,  her 
•ubMquent  lorn  will  not  dladkaigo  the  obtiptlon  of  the  bonvwcT 
under  Ibe  bottoanyccatnet.  If  ibe  duuld  not  proceed  at  aU 
OS  ber  Inlandad  v^aga.  tba  leader  f*  not  eBtHled  to  leaivcr 
tbe  boUomiy  pmdom  In  nddiiion  to  bb  advuce,  but  only 
tbe  ordinary  rat*  of  Intenat  for  tbe  tenpeeaiy  loan.  A*  tha 
bottomry  premium  b  pre*amed,  in  evoy  etie,  to  covb  Iho 
riiki  inciuicd  by  Ibe  lender,  be  It  oat  aotltled  la  charge  Iho 
borrower  with  the  proniam  iridch  he  may  pay  lor  kmnia» 
of  ihe  nun  advanod,  in  addHian  to  that  B^wlalad  In  lb* 

I  ta  have  ariien  from  lb* 
a  ali^,  when  In  a  foreign 
nuHiy,  10  pledge  Ibe  thlp  in  oidet  to  taire  •Doney  ter  repair*, 
r  other  eitraotdinaty  ejpendjtuna  rendend  ni(iniif  in  lb* 
sow  of  the  voyage.-  .CbcumataDC**  often  arfaa,  hi  which, 
ritboiit  tbe  aerebe  of  ibb  power  on  Ibe  pan  of  the  maeter,  It 
. «.._  . ^ ^^ 


■hip.  and,  if  neocMBiy,  tb*  fftigbt  and  catgn  abo, 
the  money  which  ha*  beoome  rcquidta,  lliu  that 
■boald  be  defeated  by  inabflily  to  pfooead.  But 
UK  ngn  or  ina  maater  to  (dedge  the  lUp  or  fooda  ntnat  always 
be  created  by  necemlty;  if  oercited  witboM  necciAy  the 
contract  will  be  void.  Aceordin^y,  Uie  maater  of  a  Brltiih  ihlp 
baa  DO  power  ta  giant  a  bottomry  bond  at  a  Btttbfa  port,  or  at 
any  foreign  poR  whoa  ha  might  nbe  fundi  on  tha  panoaal 
credit  of  the  tUpowaer*.  Ndlbar  haa  be  any  power  to  pttdga 
the  iUp  01  fooda  f or  privaie  debt*  of  Ut  own,  but  ody  br  mcb 
wpplia  aa  are  indltpemaHe  ler  tbe  purpoaa  of  tha  woyase. 
And  In  aS  caam  bt  oaght,  if  poarible,  to  mmmnnicMa  with  tbe 
owDcnof  tba  Aip,  and  with  Ihepropdetorof  tbe  catfobafon 
pk4^ng  thA  property  {"  Tim  Bonaparte,"  1B5J,  IMOO^  P.C 
4Ij;  "  Tba  StaOordabbe,"  1871,  L.K.  4  P.C  194).  tnaeaied 
fadHty  of  coaaqilBication,  by  tdegraph  and  otberwl**,  baa  glvai 

ptKlit4  of  (lvia(  bouoauy  Infida. 

Tbe  bottamiy  lodtrmuat  DaenaeMabk  dSgeacB  to  ucartalB 
that  a  teal  neoaiity  ciiit*  for  the  loan;  but  be  te  not  bound  u> 
■ee  to  tha  application  of  the  mooey  advanced.  II  the  lender  haa 
originally  advaand  Ibe  fnnda  on  the  pcnonal  crcdk  of  tba  owner 
ha  la  not  entitled  to  re  ' 
piocuttd  from  Ibeih 


'^TT'.ooi^ 


BOTZARIS— BOUCHER,  F. 


doiaf.    He  hu  do  mdi  power  except  in  vfrtne 


, ,  H  iddudiiic  tbcn  UDdet  the  bsttomy  coUnct,  hi 

ku  pmrcr  to  da  ■(>,  bacaiua  it  Eutjt  SiMr  be  iMQBied,  In  Iba  cm* 
■    ■  illht  axft  wOl  be  benefittd  br  thb  pnnduc. 

fiKiolt  K  that  the  mMtcr  mot  Kt  Ibt'tfac  cngB, 

■  •I  the  cue.    WImh  te  does  lUi  Ua 


}odke  the  iaieifrti  at  the  eai«D  fajr  lodudiig  ii 
fcr  the  ncR  puipon  «f  lelieTig<  tha  ih^,  oi 
bcjlht.t>ieo«nenotthei  -     ■>    >   - 


IbjrthehMlMBiy 
1  nay  ba  good  ia 
ic  bad  in  part,  according  aa  the  iBaiteT  inajr  have  acted 
wHkiitor  ftfjmd  the  toope  ol  ha  kfftlmatcautliDEityia  panting 
it.  If  tvo  or  more  boctomrybonda  have  been  craated  at  diffscnt 
atifea  of  the  voyage^  and  tlie  value  of  the  proper^  be  Iraaffident 
BO  diidaiie  then  alt,  the  Ian-dated  bond  hat  the  pnritr  ai 
pajmeot,  at  havlnf  hmlthed  the  meau  of  picKrving  tlie  ^p, 
aod  Ibereby  prevtntini  the  total  Ion  of  the  lecurit/  lor  the 

When  tlH  nnn  due  under  a  bottomiy  bond  over  ihlp,  bcight 
and  aufo  ii  not  p<dd  at  tlte  itipuUted  tioK,  pioccediiw  may  be 
taken  by  tte  bondholder  lor  reoweiy  ol  the  beliiit  and  (or  the 
aaic  ol  the  tUp;  and  riMMdd  the  proneda  of  thcw  be  inufBdent 
(o  diaihnrge  tbA  dalm,  a  iudidal  Nle  of  the  cai|o  may  be  re- 
•oncd  10.  At  a  gssetal  nde  the  vnhw  of  the  tlilp  and  iceight 
nmit  be  cilianated  befoic  recootu  can  be  taken  againtt  the 
carga-  A  bottomry  bond  givia  no  temedy  la  ths  leadeia  againtt 
tta  ownen  of  the  ihip  or  cargo  penonally.  The  vImIb  Uahility 
andet  it  may  be  net  by  the  lornndkr  of  the  pnpoty  pled^d, 
whetbei  the  valne  to  lurRndered  oivcn  the  amount  of  tlia  faond 
at  not.  But  tlu  ownen  o(  the  lUp,  fhou^  not  Uable  to  the 
bondhdder  for  moic  than  the  value  of  the  inip  and  f  icf^it,  nuy 
be  farther  liable  to  the  pcoprletan  of  the  cargo  for  any  turn  In 
ciceai  of  the  taigo't  pnper  ihare  of  the  eipentet,  taken  by  the 
bondholder  out  ^  tlit  ptoeteda  of  the  cargo  to  oatii^  the  bond 
after  the  thlp  atd  ficigbt  have  b«a  eihautted. 

Tb  bottomry  premium  muit  be  tdtimatdy  paid  by  the  paitict 
lor  vhoao  benefit  the  advucei  were  obtained,  ai  aacQtained  on 
the  final  adjmtment  of  Che  tvenge-  expeadinira  at  the  port  ol 


Sco  aba  Ijni:  Jfaritinia: 
{14th  ed.,  1901}. 

BOTZABU  iBoiuin],  KARCO  (f.  17S8-1S1JI,  leader  in  the 
Wai  of  Greek  Independence,  bom  at  Suli  in  Albania,  vat  the 
eecond  aan  of  Kitzo  Botaarlt,  murdered  at  Acta  tn  iSog  by 
order  of  Ali  of  lannina.  In  iSoj,  after  the  c^uie  of  Suli  by 
All  Paiha,  Uatto,  vith  the  remnint  ol  ibe  Suliou,  cniucd  over 
to  the  Ionian  Islandt,  vhcre  be  ultimately  took  service  in  an 
Albanian  regiment  in  French  pay.  In  1814  he  jgined  Uw  Greek 
patriotic  ndety  known  at  the  Helairia  Phiiiki,  and  ia  1810, 
*ith  other  Suliota,  made  common  cause  with  Ali  of  lannina 
acaimt  the  Ottoman*.  On  the  outbreak  of  the  Creek  rcvoll,  lie 
^EtggDiahed  himiclf  by  hit  courage,  tenacity  and  ikill  aa  a 
partiian  leader  in  the  fitting  ia  wettem  Hellai,  and  wa*  con- 
jpjcooni  in  the  defence  ri  Hiiaokinghi  during  tlie  £rM  liep 
Cilii-iSij).  On  the  Bightof  the  ml  of  AuguM  iSij  he  led  tlie 
olebrated  attack  at  Kaipeniii  of  J50  Sulieta  on  4CC0  Albtniani 
who  formed  the  vanguard  of  the  ^my  with  which  Uiutai  Paaha 
WMadvandattoRinfarcethebetiepn.    The  rout  of  the  Turks 


but  Botiarii  Unaelf  ielL  EG*  aemory  b  ttflt 
popular  balladi  in  Gieecc.  Maico  Botwii'i 
bnther  Koila  (Caaatantine),  who  fought  at  Kaipeniii  and 
oomi^eted  the  vicloiy,  lived  to  become  a  general  and  aeaalor  in 
the  C«k  kingdom.  HedJedatAthentos  the  13II1  of  November 
iS5f.  Haico't  MO,  Dimitrj  Botiarit,  bom  ia  iSij,  waa  three 
timee  mnuiter  of  war  vndo  the  kinp  Otho  and  Georfe.  Ha 
died  at  Atheiw  on  the  17th  of  August  187a 

■CnZEV,  or  B<»M  (ItaL  Btlum*),  a  town  fat  Oe  Anatcfan 
pnvince  of  Tinl,  ritualed  at  the  confluence  of  the  Taller  with 
the  Eisak,  and  a  thort  way  above  the  junction  of  the  latter  with 
the  Adige  or  Etich.  It  it  built  at  a  bdght  of  B6«  ft.,  and  li  a 
station  on  tlia  Brenner  railway,  being  5S  tn.  S.  of  that  pan 
and  J5  m.  N.  of  Tient  In  1900  it  had  a  popaktion  of  ij.fiji, 
Romanist  and  mainly  German-speaking,  thou^  the  Italian  de. 
BMnt  ii  aaid  to  be  ioCRaalng.  Botun  ii  a  Tentonlc  town  amid 
Italian  lamundin^  It  la  well  built,  and  boaats  of  a  fine  old 
Gothic  paiiih  chuich,  dating  fnm  the  i4lh  and  i  jth  Eentuiiet, 
oppoute  which  a  Matne  waa  eiected  in  iSSg  to  the  memory  cf 
the  hmoni  Jfimuitafir,  Walthci  von  der  Vogelweide,  who, 
according  to  Bome  accotmta,  waa  born  {t.  1170)  at  a  farm  above 
Waidbru^  to  the  north  of  Botien.  Botien  it  the  buuat 
commercial  town  in  the  German-speaking  portion  of  Tirol, 
being  admirably  situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Brenner  route 
from  Germany  Id  Italy  with  that  from  Switierland  down  the 
Upper  AdlgevikHey  or  tbeVinttcbgau.  tfence  the  Inmsit  trade  hat 
alwaya  been  very  conddeiable  (it  hu  four  Urge  fairs  annually), 
while  the  local  wine  it  mentioned  as  early  u  the  Tlh  ocnuuy. 
Lately  its  proiperlty  hat  been  Increated  tqr  the  rite  into  ftvonr 
at  a  winltr  mort  of  the  village  of  Grles,  en  the  other  bank  of  the 
TaMer,  and  now  practically  a  suburb  of  Eotaen. 

The  fm  Drari  (jwobabiy  over  the  Adige,  just  below  Botien) 
it  mcDtiooed  in  the  4th  century  by  the  JValiiittr  TaH*.  In  the 
7lh  to  8tb  centuries  Botien  wu  held  by  a  dynaily  of  Bavarian 
cmuitt.  But  In  1017,  with  the  ml  of  the  diacac  of  Trent,  it 
WBi  pves  by  the  emperor  Connd  II.  to  the  biihnp  of  TrenL 
From  loiS  onwardi  it  wai  ruled  by  local  counts,  Hit  vasaali  of  the 
bkhopo,  but  after  Tirol  fell  mlo  the  bandt  of  the  Uaheburgeti 
(1JIS3)  their  power  grew  at  Che  eqwnse  of  that  of  the  bishop). 
In  >j8i  Leopold  granted  to  the  ciliieni  the  privilege  of  Innng  •  . 
town  conadl,  wtiile  in  1461  the  bishops  resigned  all  nghlt  Bl 
juritdictioii  ova  the  town  to  the  Hababurgers,  so  that  iu  tabi 
history  Is  merged  In  that  of  TmA,  (W.  A.  B.  C.) 

BOnCHARDOX,  KDMB  (ifigS-iitii),  French  sculptor,  wai 
eateemed  in  his  day  the  girstett  sculptor  of  his  time.  Bgrn  at 
ChaumoaC,  he  became  the  pupil  of  Guillaume  Coustou  and  gained 
the  prit  it  Xe»t  in  i}ii,  Resisiiog  Ibe  lendency  of  the  day 
he  was  daiaic  in  his  taste,  pure  and  chaste,  alwayi  comet, 
charming  and  dUtingubhed,  a  great  stickler  for  all  the  finish 
thai  Bi^papsi  could  give.  Duiing  the  ten  yean  he  remained 
at  Some,  Boucfaardon  made  a  striking  butt  ol  Pope  Benedict 
XUL  (i7ja).  In  i74fi  he  producid  his  first  acclaimed  master- 
[nece,  "  Cupid  faahioning  a  Bow  out  ol  the  Club  of  Hcrcule*," 
perfect  in  itt  grace,  but  cold  in  the  purity  ol  its  classic  design. 
Hii  two  other  kadzng  dttji-d'tonrt  are  the  fountain  in  the  rue 
de  Crenelle,  Paris,  the  fiisl  portiont  of  which  had  been  finidied 
and  eihibitixl  in  1740,  and  the  equeetiian  statue  ol  Louis  XV., 
a  commission  from  tiu  city  of  Paris.  This  superb  work,  which, 
when  Ihe  model  wai  produced,  wai  declared  the  finest  work  of 
its'  Uod  ever  praduied  in  France,  Boochardon  did  not  live  to 
finish,  but  litl  lU  completion  to  Fi^lle.  It  was  destroyed  duiing 
tim  Revolution. 


Edru  Bmlusrdat.  tnlOKir,  by  E.  Joliboii  (Veniillea.  IS37>! 
yolia  kiilsrint  lar  EJmt  Bnaierdm.  by  J,  Camandel  (Pans, 
i8u);  and  Ancl  AnUUcU  and  SnlpUrs  tf  llu  iSlk  Cnmry. 
by  Lady  DUkr  (LAadon.  190a). 

BOnCHBB,  FRAXCOIg  (1703-1770),  French  painter,  was  bom 
hi  Paria,  and  iC  fint  Waa  employed  by  Jean  Prancoii  Caci  ((67^^ 
1 730I,  the  engraver,  lather  of  the  engraver  Laurent  Can  it6w 
1771],  to  make  dcsigna  and  illustralioiia  for  books,    in  I7i7> 


3ia 


BOUCHER,  J— BOUCHES-DU-RHONE 


hnRvcr,  b«  went  M  Itiiy,  and  M  Rmdc  becuK  *dl  biMn  ■* 
•  pajBtB.  He  retuRKd  to  Pub  Id  1731  and  mod  becune  ■ 
favDuilcioudciy.  Hii  picture  ".  RiuidD  ind  Amid*  "  (itm) 
U  BOW  in  ibe  Louvre.  He  wu  nude  inipecuir  of  Uk  Gobdiiu 
factory  iu  175;  and  court  painter  in  1705,  and  ni  employed  bjr 
Madaiaa  de  Pttmpadour  bolii  to  paint  her  portnii  and  to  eaocute 
vuJoui deuralivs  mrki.  Hediedin  1770.  Hi)  Watleau-lilu 
ityle  and  graccFul  vduplDouaneia  gave  him  Uk  title  of  the 
Anacreon  of  palntin^^  but  hii  npute  declined  until  recent  year^ 
The  Wallace  collection,  at  Hertford  HouK,  his  jomc  of  bi> 
finest  picturet,  outside'  the  Louvre.    Hii  etching!  vcre  alao 


phiMo^>t,ir 


r  (iTSfr-1804).  _ 
1  bora  In  tko  hamlet  of  Blenraifa,  near  Wigton, 
inthe  iMhof  Much  I7]S.  He  vat  edvcated  at 
tba  Wigtoi  grammar  icbiMl,  and  about  1754  Dent  to  Viigbiia, 
lAeie  bo  became  a  private  tator  In  (be  fannlia  of  Vir^nla 
plantert.  Among  hii  chaigti  was  John  Puke  CaMia,UK(tep-loa 
of  George  Waahmgton,  wtth  whom  he  began  a  long  and  lotlmate 
friendship.  Retuniing  to  England,  ha  <ni  ordained  by  the  Uabop 
of  LoodOD  In  March  1763,  arid  at  onceaaiicd  again  kr  America, 
*hen  be  temained  until  1775  aa  MCtorof  vaiiMa  Vhginiaaad 
Haiylaod  pariihea,  JBduding  Hanover,  King  Geoige'a  county, 
Vlr^nia,  and  St  AsBe'i  at  Annapolii,  Maryland.  Hosaswiddy 
Jmoiai  aa  an  doquent  preacher,  and  his  iclBlarly  attaimnenl* 
«0B  l«  Um  the  f  Tiendilup  and  eateen  of  loim  ot  the  ableal 
•cholan  In  the  coloniei.  During  Ua  residence  in  Maryland  he 
vigorously  oppooed  the  *'  veAiry  act,"  by  wiilch  ibc  powers  and 
cnuduments  of  the  Maryland  pu(o»  were  greatly  dinuniahed. 
When  the  itrug^  heiwcm  iht  coionlea  and  the  mother  country 
began,  altluHig^  he  fdl  much  sympathy  for  the  fomer,  his 
apposition  to  any  form  of  obMrucdon  to  ilie  Stamp  Act  and  other 
measures,  and  hii  dmundation  of  a  resort  (o  lam  created  a 
bnach  bcEween  him  and  his  parish,  and  in  a  fiery  firevcH 
discourse  preaclied  after  the  opening  of  boslUitks  he  declared 
that  no  power  on  earth  should  prevent  him  from  praying  and 
thnuling  "  God  tave  the  Kbg."  In  the  ncceeding  autumn  be 
ictumed  to  England,  when  his  loyalism  was  rewarded  by  a 
government  peiuioo.  In  17S4  he  became  vicu  ol  Epaom  In 
Surrey,  where  he  continued  UDIil  hii  death  on  the  i7lh  of  April 
tSo4,  becoming  known  as  one  of  the  moaC  eloquent  preachers  of 
hit  day.  He  wu  anacconiiJhbed  writer  and  scholar,  conlributed 
largely  to  William  Hutchloson'i  Hiitory  d/  lit  Cmnty  eJCmmbir- 
laiid  (]  vols.,  1794  leq),  and  published  A  Vkw  ef  (Ae  Cnaa 
tad  Cnut^acturi  ef  Ikt  Amtritan  Stroliitittt  (179T),  dedicated 
to  George  Washington,  and  consisting  of  thirteen  ditaniisn 
delivered  In  Anwrica  between  176]  and  177;.  His  philological 
(tudles,  lo  which  the  last  fourteen  years  of  his  life  were  devoted, 
mulled  in  the  compilation  of  "  A  Glossary  ol  Provincial  and 
Archaic  Words,"  intended  as  a  supplement  to  I>r  Johnson's 
DiaioHory,  but  never  published  eicepc  in  part,  which  finaUy  in 
iSji  passed  into  the  hands  of  the  Engliih  totn^len  of  Wcbilei'i 
Dietionary,  by  whom  it  was  utilised. 

His  aon,  ButOH  BoocBEK  (iTtM-<M5}i  rector  o(  FonthUl 
biUupi,  Watshin,  in  tBj6,  wn  well  known  aa  the  author  of 
icHtfons  tracts,  hymns  and  noveb. 

BoucHBii  OM  cRivicanm  db  pbrtmbs,  jacoub 

(17U-1US),  French  geologist  and  antiquary,  wat  bom  on  the 
10th  of  Seplembet  I7SS  al  Rcthel.  Anjenncs,  France.  He  was 
Uwcldestsosofjules  ArmandGuiUaume  Boucher  deCrivecmur, 
botanist  and  cuilomi  olTiar,  and  of  Ctienne- Jeanne-Marie  de 
Peilhea  (whose  surname  he  was  sulhoiiied  by  royal  decree  in 
iGiStoaasumein  addition  to  his  iatber'i).  In  iSei  he  entered 
govemmentemploy  as  an  officer  of  customs.  His  dutici  kept  hii 
for  sii  years  in  Italy,  whence  reluming  (in  181 1)  he  found  rapi 
pronwdon  at  home,  and  finally  wai  appointed  (March  rSij 
to  ancoeed  hit  father  ai  direcloi  of  Ih*  ifmnM  at  AbbeviU 
where  he  renained  far  the  rest  of  his  life,  befaig  opciannuate 
fa  Jantiary  ig5],  and  dyinf  on  the  ;th  «t  Augoat  iSta.    Hi 


Usnte  waa  dnefly  deeoted  to  the  ttidy  df  irittt  >M  liMnnntl 

About  the  year  iBjohe  had  foond,  in  tlm  giavclB  frf  the  ^ffmnif 

handiwork;  but  not  until  many  yean  •ftemrdi  did  be  nahia 
public  the  Imputant  disanny  o^  a  woAed  ffimt  imptancut 
with  ronains  of  elqihant,  rhinocema,  fee.,  n  the  gnvdi  of 
McDcbecoart.  Tti*  wa*  fit  rS^d.  A  lew  ycara  bur  be  cos- 
meoced  the  iame  of  hii  ncnnineottJ  wok,  linltjwVh  wfrinii 
tt  OS  uaiuimma  (■(  t.  i*ST.  1U4;  I  vols-],  a  wodi  In  wfaiiA 
he  «M  the  bit  lecMaUid  the  editonoeef  man  m  die  PUstooae 
or  early  (JuaKmiiy  period.  Hk  ykmt  met  «ilh  little  tfpamt, 
ptnly  bccinw  ht  had  ptevfaaaly  pfCfMonded  thtaria  itganling 
tbe  tnUquilr  of  man  witlioat  Itcta  to  upport  them,  partljr 
beouie  tbe  Bguia  in  hii  book  wtie  badly  cxccnted  and  thenr 
included  dnwfaip  d  ffinti  wUch  ihowed  no  dear  sip  of  w> 
manship.  Inia5sDrJcaaPaullUgoUot(iSiB-iB7j),of  Ami  . 
stnasly  advocated  theautbatlcltyof  iheafaitlmplementsibut 
it  was  not  until  1858  that  Hugh  Fakooei  (f  J.)  law  the  colkctiaa 
at  Abbevaie  and  induced  Prettwich  (f.i.)  fn  tht  Mlowiag  year 
to  vUt  the  hxslity.    Ptertwteh  then  definitely  ag      


_ vindicue  Bovcher  de  Peribe*  minlr; 

bat  <hmbt  waa  thrown  ob  dw  antlqalty  of  the  buoMm  lemalm 
(owing  to  the  possibility  of  interment),  thoo^  not  on  the  good 
faith  oC  the  dlicnvei,  vbo  waa  tbe  nme  year  nnde  an  officer 
of  the  Legion  of  Hoooiir'  tagttheT  with  Queticficn  Ua 
chamiHon.  Boucher  da  Pertlua  displayed  activity  In  many 
other  directJoni.  For  mom  than  thirty  yean  be  IBed  the 
presidential  chair  of  the  SacUtl  d'Cmidation  at  Abbeville, 
to  the  puUicationi  of  iriiich  be  contributed  artides  o>  a  wide 
range  of  subjects.  He  waa  the  author  ol  lemnl  tragedlea, 
Iwo  books  of  ficlioD,  aeveral  works  of  travel,  and  a  mmbcr  of 
book!  on  economic  and  philantlit(^qu<stlan).  Tohliidentific 
books  may  be  added  Or  Flummt  oWMShwh  ttit  ta  anm 
(Pari*,  1S60). 

S«  Akini  Ledien,  Btuchr  it  Fmka:  ta  irli,  sa  antra,  m 
arrtsfmi^na  (Abbevnie,  r»8s>;  Udr  Pwnwich,  ■•  ReoxUrctioDt 
of  M.  Boucher  de  Pmbea"  (wuhporuaiO  in  Esjaja  CcdnfVii*  osd 
Suirt/fkictl  (1901}. 

BODCHS-DIT-BbAiFB,  a  maritime  department  of  aooth- 
eutcm  France  situated  at  the  mouth  of  tbe  Rhone.  Area,  »i6 
*q.  m.  Pop,  (1906)  7fis,<)i8.  Formed  In  1790  from  wcetem 
Provence,  it  li bounded  N.  by  Vauduse,  from  which  it  ii  Dparated 
by  tbe  Durance,  E.  by  Var,  W.  by  Gard,  and  &  by  the  Uedi- 

The  western  portion  consists  of  the  Camargue  (f.i.),  a  low  and 
manhy  plain  cndoscd  between  the  Rhone  and  the  Petit- Rhtoc, 
andcompri^ungthelUuinedcIU.  A  large  portion  of  ill  surface  is 
covered  by  Ingoons  and  pools  ("anfi),  the  largest  of  uhich  it  the 
£lang  de  Vaccatte;  to  tbe  east  of  the  Cauatgue  Is  situated  the 
remarkable  stretch  of  country  called  the  Ctau,  whicta  is  strewn 
with  pebbles  like  the  aea-bodi;  and  farther  east  and  north 
there  are  various  ranges  of  mounlnlni  of  moderate  cLevadon  be- 
bnging  10  the  Alpine  system.  Tbe  £iang  de  Beire,  a  lagooa 
covedng  an  atca  of  nearly  60  sq.  m.,  ii  niuatcd  neat  the  tea 
to  the  southeast  of  tlie  iSau.  A  few  saiuU  tiibuuiia  of  lb* 
Rhone  and  the  Durance,  a  number  ot  streams,  tucb  as  the  Ak 
and  the  Touloabre,  which  flow  into  the  filang  de  Bene,  and  ths 
Huveaune,  which  Suds  iij  wny  direitiy  to  the  ica,  an  the  onlj 
riven  that  properly  bdong  to  the  department 

Bouches-du-Rhane  en}oyi  the  beautiful  climate  of  the  Ucdi- 
terraneaa  coast,  the  chief  dnwback  being  the  minrai,  the  icy 
north-west  wind  blowing  from  ibe  cenlial  plateau  ol  Ftaacei 
The  proportion  ol  arable  land  b  small,  thou^  the  quantity  Im 
been  considerably  increased  by  arlifida)  Irrigation  and  Iqr  the 
draining  of  mar^iland-  Cereals,  ot  wHA  wheat  and  oatl  ai« 
'  '  "  gne  and  tbe  plain  of 
t)ie«Uv«-tt*«,  whk* 


BOUCHOR— BOUaCAtJT 


k  (m*n  hndy  In  llw  cut  of  Ihe  dapMtaiect  >nd  lapplki  Ih* 
oU-works  of  Miradlks.  Tlu  vise  ii  bUo  cultlnted,  the  nuthod 
«i  nibincraiaa  being  iuhI  u  •  Hlcguud  aplittl  phyUoun. 
In  Ibe  owioui  of  ih«  D«ib.wat  Uiga  quantitie*  af  oriy  «(■• 
ttbta  tre  produdd.  Of  livc-Mock,  ibeep  aloiiB  un  luMd  la 
mny  utEOt.  Almond),  figi,  open,  mullHTy  Utet  uid  lilk' 
voniH  arc  Murcca  o(  coutdcnblt  profit.  Inm  ■  4voriud,bat 
the  nou  Imponul  Dins  an  IluK  of  ligoitc,  in  which  bctWNH 
3000  and  yiao  mrluncn  an  cmpk^wli  Iha  difiBitmaal  alM  pto- 
duca  txiuiie,  boildiDc-itaiia,  lime,  annenli  (TpHin,  clar,  laaid 
and  Biavd  anil  marble.  TlicaaltaiaiibcasniployBiaiiywKlinieB, 
and  Ihe  amount  of  eca-lalt  obtained  cicnds  in  gfaatilj  the  pto- 
duce  of  uiy  other  depanment  in  Fiaoca.  HuieiUe*,  thecapilal, 
b  by  fu  the  moat  important  industrial  town.  In  ita  «il-w«^ 
UBp-wock^  melaliurgical  worki.  >hipbullding  woiki,  < 


„  oil)  metol-foundinf,  ahip- 
building  and  Kop-mskiog,  SIC  canunon  Is  the  nlioh)  of  BoHcha- 
du-RhAnc.  FishjogisalwanimpiHlBatiadDstiy.  Cereals,  Sour, 
tilk,  wooUcB  and  collwi  goeil},  nine,  brandy,  oOt,  tnap,  lugiir 
■Dd  coffee  lie  chief  eiporU;  oueala,  oil4e«di,  wine  and  braody, 
raw  sugar,  cattle,  tioibcr,  >ilk,  woi^  cotton,  atl,  Ire,  ue  im- 
parled. The  foreign  commerce  of  the  depanioent,  vhich  b 
piindpaliy  carried  on  in  tlu  McditerTaDcaabuia,iifor  the  moil 
part  coocBBUated  in  LIk  capital;  the  minor  ports  an  Martiguea, 
Cassis  and  La  Ciotat.  Inleroal  trade  a  fadUtated  by  the  canal 
IiDiD  Ailes  to  Fort-de-Bouc  and  two  uualler  tanalsi  in  all  shout 
35  m.  in  length.  The  Kbonc  and  the  Fetit-IUi6De  an  both 
navigable  within  the  depnit^ent. 

'  Boucba-du-Ilhane  ii  divided  into  the  Ihm  axnndistements 
of  ManeiUei,  Aii  and  Arks  (jj  caotonl,  iii  communes).  It 
belong  to  the  aichicpificopal  province  lA  Ail,  to  the  region  of 
the  XV.  army  coipa,  Ihc  braulqusiten  of  which  are  at  UaraeiUo, 
and  to  the  oioMmic  (educiiion^  division)  of  Ail.  lu  coun  of 
appeal  is  at  Aix.  Maneillcs,  Aii,  Aile*,  La  Cieut,  Martiguea, 
Salon,  Lcs  S^kinles-Uaries,  St  Rimy,  Let  "Bva  and  Tarucon, 
tbc  principal  places,  ue  separately  noticed.  Objects  of  inuiett 
elsewhere  may  be  meniloucd.  Neai  Siint-Chamaa  there  is  a 
tiinuiubte  BoDUa  bridge  over  Ihs  Toaloubre,  which  probably 
dates  from  the  iit  century  ilc  and  is  thns   the    oldst    in 


Franc 


triumphal  aichei  at  either  end.  At  Vemdgues  there  are  re- 
Duios  of  a  RoDun  temple  known  ai  the  "  Malson-Buie."  The 
famous  abbey  of  Monlmajour,  of  which  the  oldest  pana  are 
the  Romaoeaquc  church  and  duster,  is  2\  m.  from  Aries-  At 
Orgon  there  ate  the  ruins  of  a  chlteau  of  the  ijth  century,  and 
near  La  Roque  d'Anthfnm  the  church  and  other  buildinga  of 
the  Clsletcian  abbey  oi  Silvacane,  founded  in  Ibe  1 3th  century. 
BOUGHOR,  lUIIBICB  (1S5S-  ),  Fiendi  poel,  was  bom  on 
the  isthoCDecemberiSss  in  Paris.  He  published  in  succeuion 
OuMtiujiyauii  (187+).  Poiia  d"  I'lmoti  ttielamtr  (187J), 
Lt  Fault  mtdtnu  (1S7S]  in  prose  and  verse,  and  La  C«ma 
ptrisitai  liSio)  in  verse.  His  Auran  (iSSj)  showed  a  tendency 
to  religious  mysticism,  which  reached  its  fullest  expression  in 
lelJ'ysiig^CigSai  new  series,  1E9J),  the  most  interesting  of  bis 
works.  Boudiot  (whose  brother,  Joseph  F£]ii  Bouchoi,  b.  iSsj, 
became  well  known  as  an  artist)  was  a  senator  as  well  as  1  poet, 
and  he  designed  and  worked  the  figures  used  in  his'  charming 
t»c(es  as  mariDoelles,  the  words  being  redted  or  chanted  by 
hjnuelloihisfriendibehiad  the  scenes.  These  miniatnre  dj 
on  nli^ous  subjects,  Tobit  (1SS9},  Soil  (iS«o)  and  SaimU 
C&3<  (iSgi),  wcie  pndund  in  Piiisat  the  ThUiie  des  Mai' 
oettes.  A  one-act  verw  drama  by  Bouchor,  Camie  de  Sail, 
pbiytd  at  the  Thillie  Fnnc:>is  in  1695,  but  Diti  It 
(1SS8)  was  wt  pioduced.  lo  (onjunctioo  with  the  muai 
lulien  Tienot  Cb.  1857),  be  made  eSort*  for  the  prcKrvation  of 


tb*  Ftend  talk-«np.  awl  puUiAed  CiaMt  >s^idMrB  fow  fei 
Ma  (i»flj). 

WUCHinTK,  JBAM  BAPIUTB  NOBL  (rrH-iS4o),  Ficndi 
miniKet,  waaboniat  hietxoa  the  ijthof  December  iiu-  At 
tbt  oytbteak  of  the  Re«cdulioa  be  VI 

lanalledlohtfbe 
CambniL  When  Dvmoniiei  deUvcred  np  to  the  Atotikn  Ite 
~'"*"*'  ot  war,  the  miiqiui  ds  Beonw&vtUo,  in  April  I'm, 
Beuchottc,  wbo  had  bnvdy  defended  Cunbiat,  **j  called  1^ 
Ibe  CoDvcstloB  to  be  mlniMer  of  war,  wberebr  moatoed  un  til  tfaa 
jist  of  Much  ITM.  The  pRdoadmnt  rNc  oI  Ibi  Committee  at 
Public  Safety  dnrini  that  pcdod4id  not  lavi  Much  Mopt  lor  dw 

«l  the  icpiiblinn  untiet,  ud  Aam  lib  oficns  with  in^ghl, 

" ,Hora>B*nd'Bciu{i)>tte.    Dorina 

spite  of  hb  laoonteMaUe  boDesty, 
by  iheaDli-fcvolDtJaDlsts-'  He  *a*  tried  by  Iha 
ulbuiui)  of  the  Eure-«l-Loiie  and  acqnitteit-  Then  he  withdrev 
from  poiilki,  and  Hvcd  in  Ktlrement  unlil  bit  death  on  the  gth 
of  June  1840. 

VOaCKkOa.  Dim  (1811-1890),  Irish  actor  and  playwright, 
was  bom  in  DoMin  on  the  i6th  of  December  iSri,  Ibe  ton  of  a 
Fnnch  refugee  and  an  Irish  mother-  Before  he  was  twenty  he  was 
forOmata  enough  to  make  an  immediate  success  ai  a  dramallst 
with  Lmdon  AHUraiue,  produced  at  Covent  Gardm  on  the 
4ih  of  March  1S41,  with  a  cast  that  included  Charles  Matthewi,' 
WiUiamFarreo,  UrsNesbllt  and  Madame  Vesttis.  He  rapidly 
[oUowed  this  with  a  number  of  other  plays,  nmong  the  loon 
suo:ssful  of  the  early  ones  being  OU  Hmfi  <wl  Vcunt  Htartl, 
l.r^XI.,MBdTluC<iTtKBnBrBlioi.  Injuncilsihemadehii 
first  ^ipeirance  as  an  acuv  in  a  melodiama  of  his  own  entitled 
Tin  Vampiri  at  the  Princess's  theatic.  From  iSjj  to  i86g  he 
was  in  the  United  States,  where  he  WBsalwayaa  popular  favourite 
On  his  relum  to  England  he  producal  at  the  Addphi  a  dramatic 
adaptationol  GcraM  Griffin's  novel,  7iW  Cefr^fUHi,  eclilJcd  Tjb 
ColltcH  Bamn,  This  play,  ooi  of  the  moat  suceeasfal  of  nxtdem 
timeSrWasperformedineJmosteverydty  of  the  United  Kingdom 
and  the  United  States,  and  made  its  author  a  handsome  fortune, 
which  be  lost  in  the  manaEemeot  of  various  Lomlon  theatres.  It 
was  fallowed  by  Tib  Od«r»ii  (1S61),  the  popularity  ot  which  wu 
almast  as  great.  Boudcault's  next  maiked  lucccm  was  at  the 
Priotos's  theatte  in  1U5  itilb  Arrab-tw-Ptt—-  in  which  ha 
played  (be  pait  of  a  WicUow  carman.  This,  and  his  adminble 
creation  of  Con  in  bis  play  T/a  Siauikratm  (Gtsl  produced,  at 
Drury  Lane  in  167s),  won  bim  the  nputatioBof  being  tlie  beat 
stage  Irishman  of  bis  time.  In  lEis  be  returned  to  Mew  York 
City  and  finally  made  his  home  there,  but  he  paid  occasional 
visits  to  London,  where  his  last  appearance  was  made  in  hii[^y, 
Slrteli  efLmlm  and  AJl€T  Dark  were  two 
dramatist.  Ue  died  in  New  York  on  Ihe 
iSlh  of  September  iSpo.  Boudcaull  iras  twice  msiried,  bis  first 
wile  being  Agnes  Robecttoo,  the  adopted  daogbtei  ai  Charic* 
Kean.  and  heiself  an  actrcis  of  unusual  ability.  ThiBochildno, . 
Dion  (b.  i8]9),  Aubiey  (ti,  i86g)  and  Kina,  also  became  dis- 
tinguished in  the  profession. 

BOnCICADT,  JBAH  iix*ii  iM  MeihOii,  called  DaoacAiiil 
(c.  rj66-i4ii),  marshal  of  France,  woa  the  son  of  another  Jean 
le  Mdngre,  also  known  as  Boudcaut,  marshal  oi  ftancc,  vbo 
died  on  the  tsth  of  Maidi  136S  (N.S.)-  At  a  very  tsrly  age  he 
became  a  scjdiei;  he  fought  in  Nonnandy.  in  Flanders  and  in 
Fiusua,  distinguishing  biDiiclI  at  Ihe  bailie  of  Reostbeke  in 
ijSi;  and  than  afla  a  campaign  in  Spain  he  journeyed  to  ths 
Holy  Land.  Boudcaut')  great  desiie  appears  10  have  been  to 
fight  the  Turk,  and  in  1396  he  was  one  of  the  French  loldiett 
who  marched  to  the  defence  of  Hungaiy  and  shared  in  Ihe 
Cbrlstian  defeat  at  Nicopi^  where  he  nanowly  escaped  death- 
After  remaining  for  some  months  a  captive  in  the  hands  of  the 
sulun,  he  obtained  his  ransom  and  returned  to  France]  then 
in  li99  he  was  sent  at  the  head  ot  sn  army  to  aid  tbc  Eastern. 
emperor,Manuein.,wbawaabara&sedbytheTa[ka.  Boudcaut 
drove  the  enemy  from  his  position  before  Constantiu^^  and 
leluiDed  U>  Fiance  tor  fR*h  troops,  hut  inauad  ol  prococding 


TktJSt.it 


BOUDIN— BOUDINOT 


■gain  to  cutein  Emope,  he  ini  dopxlcbed  ia  1401  |g  Genoa, 

who  is  T  j(i6  had  placed  hendl  under  the  dommion  of  Fnnce, 
Ben  he  vu  niccoslul  in  miotinc  order  *nd  in  miUng  the 
French  occupation  elective,  and  be  mi  toon  able  lo  turn  hii 
(IteniioD  lo  the  defence  of  Ihe  GetuHe  p«iaik>iu  In  the  Medi- 
terraneaa.   The  eneriy  which  he  ahowed  in  tiiisdiiTCIion  involved 
him  mt  only  in  a  quitrel  with  Janui,  king  of  Cypius,  hut  led 
(1»  10  a  ahort  wl[  nilh  Venice,  vhose  Oeel  he  encounterH)  oB 
UodoniDlheAichipelafolnOctoberi^oj,     Tlii  battle  bii  been 
claimed  by  beth  (idea  u  a  victoty.    Peace  waa  »od  made  with 
the  republic,  and  then  in  1409,  while  the  marahel  vii  ab»nt  on 
a  campaign  in  mrtheiQ  1u]y,Genoa  threw  ofl  the  French  yoke, 
and  Boucicalit,  unatile  to  reduce  her  again  to  aubmiuion,  retired 
to  Langucdoc.    He  fought  at  Agincourt,  where  he  was  taken 
prisoneT,  and  died  in  England.  Boudcaut,  who  was  very  skilful 
.     ..     ...._.     ._.    '-  -J-^  --lorder  of  the  OnawWaiicfc  i 

Id  the  wivci 


fhu  wri,  a  lociely  the  object  of  which  was 
and  d«i«hier>  of  abient  knighia. 

■pieie  H  in  existence  an  anonymous  aecou 
apd  advenluro,  entitkd   Ltrrl  4tl  faill   in 
Mtittpt  iil  BtmckaiU.  which  wu  publutied  In 
inl6«>.     SceJ.  I>elivilleleRodi.Lil^raiu< 

BOUDlll,BU0bn( 

8j4-.S9«),  French  p 

Puis  t^  T.  Codef  ray 
<■  Orient:  ufUiliBiit 


it  Hon 


R  of  the  fayjafe 


boy  lor  a  while  on  board  the  rickety  steamer  that  [Jied  between 
Havre  and  HonBeur  across  the  estuary  ol  the  Seine.  But  before 
old  age  came  on  hira,  Boudin's  father  abandoned  seafaring, 

for  it,  though  he  preaerved  to  his  bst  days  much  of  ■  sailor's 
diancter, — frankness,  accessibility,  open-beartednesa.  Boudin 
the  elder  now  established  himself  at  stationer  and  fninte-mnker; 
le  In  the  greater  seaport  town  of  Hivre;  and  Eugene 


helped  li 


c  little  bushies,  and,  in  atolen 

.  That  was  a  time  at  which  the  romantic  out- 
lines of  the  Norman  coast  engaged  Isabey,  and  the  green  wide 
valleys  ol  the  inlind  country  engaged  Troyon;  and  Troyon  and 
Iiab^,  and  Millet  too,  eame  to  the  shop  at  Havre.  Young  Boudin 
found  his  desire  to  be  a  painter  stiinulated  by^their  Influence; 
bis  work  nuide  a  certain  pngress,  and  the  interest  taken  in  the 
young  man  resulted  in  bis  being  granted  for  a  aborl  terra  of 
years  by  the  town  of  his  adoption  a  pension,  that  he  might  study 
pointing.  He  studied  partly  in  Paris;  but  whatever  individuality 
he  poescssedin  those  yean  was  blddenandcovcred,  rather  than 
disclosed.  An  Instance  of  tiresome,  daboiale  labour— good 
enot^b,  no  doubt,  as  groundwork,  and  tiot  out  of  keeping  with 
what  at  least  was  the  popular  taste  of  that  day — is  bis  "  Pardon 
of  Sainlc  Anne  de  la  Palud,"  a  Breton  scene,  of  liii.  in  which 
he  introduced  the  young  Breton  woman  who  was  immediately 
to  become  his  vile.  This  consdenlloui  and  unmoving  picture 
bangs  In  the  munum  of  Havre,  akrng  with  •  hundred  later, 
trtther,  thoroughly  individual  studies  and  iketcbes,  the  gift 
of  Boudin's  brotlier.  Louis  Boudin,  after  the  paintei'i  death. 
Re-established  at  HonSeur,  Boudin  was  natried  and  poor. 
But  bis  work  gained  character  and  added,  to  meidy  aeademic 
EBrrectness,  character  and  charm.  He  was  begiiming  to  be 
himself  by  1U4  or  iMj— thai  was  the  first  of  luch  pertodi 
of  his  at  may  be  accounted  good — and,  though  aot  at  that  lime 
■0  fully  a  master  of  iraosient  eftecla  of  weather  u  be  beeame 
later,  be  began  then  to  paint  with  a  aucceo  genuinely  atlitllc 
the  acentj  of  the  harbour  and  the  estuary,  which  no  longer 
kat  vivadly  by  deliberate  and  too  obviou)  cnmpleteneta. 
The  war  of  i87«-;i  found  Boudin  Impecunloug  but  gRal.  for 
then  there  had  well  begun  the  series  of  tietUy  and  vigoronsly 
conceived  canviscs  and  panrlt,  which  record  the  Imptcasions 
ol  a  precimor  of  the  Impnstlonlsu  In  presence  oi  Ihe  Channel 
waten,  and  of  those  autumn  ikiet,  oi  skies  of  summer,  now 
ndknt,  BOW  uncertain,  which  hung  over  ihe  small  p«ti  and 
the  rocky  or  chalk-d  ifl  couta,  over  ihe  watering-places,  TiouviUe, 
Dieppe,  and  over  those  larger  harbours,  with  firl  and  atanl-ttrl 
and  tattfn.  ol  Donklrk,  ol  Havre.  In  th«  war  tine.  Boudin 
waa  la  Billtuy  mtd  then  In  the 


and  Bordeaux.  That  fml  bbdV 
h  is  in  Ihe  Luxembourg  datet  from 
irs  be  was  at  Rotterdam,  the  com- 


1876  he  was  at  Rotterdam 

these  yean,  and  In  these  y 
panion  of  Jongkind.  with  whom  he  had  ao  nnd 
but  whose  woil.  like  hit,  fne  and  feiileas  and  ni 
can  never  be  said  with  accuracy  to  have  sei4ou 
hn  own.  Doing  eicellent  things  continually  through  all  tbe 
"seventies,  when  he  wu  in  late  middle  age — gaining  scope  in 
colour,  having  now  lo  many  nolcs^talthlul  no  longer  wholly 
lo  his  amaiing  range  of  subtle  greys,  now  bUthe  and  silvery, 
now  nobly  deep— aatding  10  the  Sabn  great  canvases,  and  to 
the  few  enlightmed  peiqile  who  would  buy  them  of  him  the 
(atft  er  panel  of  meat  moderate  tlie  on  which  he  best  of  all  ei- 
pieiaed  faimaelf— Boudbi  was  yet  not  acceptable  to  the  public 
or  to  the  fttUonaMe  dealer.  The  laic  'eighties  had  lo  come 
and  Boudin  lo  be  ddeily  before  Ihert  waa  a  sale  for  his  work 
at  any  prices  thai  were  in  the  least  tubsianlial.  Broadly  speakhig 
his  work  In  those  very  'eightlei  woi  not  so  good  a>  the  labour, 
lUy  delicate  and  fieth  and  just,  ol  tome  yean  earlier, 


»  had  it 


ys  the  all 


I  of  the im 


of  tome  years  laiee,  when  the  inspired  tkeleh  wet  tbe  thing 
that  he  generally  stopped  at.  Old  age  found  him  tlrong  and 
receptive.  Only  In  the  very  last  year  of  his  life  wai  th^  per- 
ceptible a  positive  deterioration.  Not  very  long  before  it, 
Boudin,  in  a  visit  to  Venice,  had  produced  impreasiont  of  Venko 
for  which  much  more  was  lo  be  said  than  thai  they  were  not 
Ziem's.  And  the  deep  colouring  of  the  South,  on  days  when  Iho 
sunshiiie  blazes  least ,  bad  been  caught  by  himand  presented  nobly 
at  Antibet  and  Villrfranche.  At  last,  resorting  to  the  south  again 
ai  1  refuge  from  iU-heattb,  and  recogniiing  soon  that  the  relict 
it  could  give  bim  was  almost  spent,  lie  resolved  that  it  should 
ool  be  for  him.  in  tbe  words  of  Maurice  Batris,  a  "  Mnikjtcarie," 
and  he  relumed,  hastily,  weak  and  sinking,  to  his  home  at 
Deauviile,  that  be  might  at  leatt  die  within  li^i  of  Channd 


more  pnqlerfy , 
tome  part,  and 

of  tidal  rivers  a 


under  Ch-inr 


Bubjects  ii 


uriously  expert  in  Ihe  rendering 
and  as  the  painter  too  of  the  green  bank* 
if  the  hing-stretched  beach,  with  ctindincd 
noted  as  ably  as  Ihe  sailor-folk— Boudin  stands  alone, 
others  are  apt  lo  seem  rather  thentrical — or  if  they 
lance  they  appear,  perhaps,  to  chronicle  dully.  The 
Joudin-^ummary  and  economic  even  in  the  Vitlei, 
when  his  palnled  work.wss  less  free— obtained  Ifae 
ilogy  of  Baudelaire,  and  it  was  no  other  than  COiot 
e  hit  picturtt,  toid  lo  him:  "  You  are  the  matter 

Guitava  Cahcn,  Eu^tt  Bniht  (Paifi,  iSm);  Arttiw 
Euaii;  Frederick  Wednsn.  ICUitfar  nd  (Miti  (1906). 
(F.  i/tT 
BLIAI  (1740-rBsi),  American  revolutionary 
■n  at  rhiladelphla,  Pennsylvania,  ol  Huguenot 
indofMay  1740,  He  studied  law  at  Princeton, 
New  Jersey,  in  tbe  office  of  Richard  Stockton,  whose  sister 
Hannah  be  married  in  1761,  and  In  November  ij6a  he  waa 
llcented  at  a  eountellottnd  sitoiney-al-law.  a  llerwarda  piactiiiiis 
at  Elitabelhlown,  New  Jersey,  On  the  approach  of  the  War  o( 
Independence  be  allied  himself  with  the  conservative  Whigi. 
Re  Wat  a  deputy  to  the  provincial  congress  of  New  Jersey  from 
May  to  Angntl  177  J,  and  from  May  1777  until  July  i77Swaitbe 
committary-general  of  prisoners,  with  the  rank  of  colonel,  in 
the  continental  army,  kg  wai  one  of  the  New  Jersey  mcnben 
of  the  continental  congitss  in  177S  and  again  from  17S1  until 
.,___  .....  .       ita  October  17B3  was  presldenl 


leader. 


It  body,  a 


10  for 


of  Robert  R.  Livingston,  as  secretary  for  foreign  affairs.  From 
rTSg  to  I7Q]  he  sat  at  a  member  of  Ihe  national  House  of  Reprc- 
(entalivta,  and  from  1755  until  1805  be  waa  the  director  of  the 
United  Sutcs  mint  at  Philadelphia.  He  took  an  active  part 
in  the  fotmding  of  the  American  Bible  Sodety  in  1816,  of  which 
he  became  the  first  pretldenL  He  was  a  trustee  and  a  benefactor 
of  the  edlege  of  New  Jersey  (aflciwardiPiincetaa  Unlveiiitj). 


BOUfi— BOUGAlNVnXE 


In  tittf  u  nMBU  Fttut't  All  *f 

At€  t{  KatUtitm  UtdoY.  he  abe  pubUtlwd  . 
AaarimthtWaKftaumUtAmmflltDiK-irlttLimtLtil 
Ttn  THtu  *y  Itnd  (1I16},  in  vbkk  In  tademmm  to  imvc 
that  ttKABoioBlndiui  BUT  bathaUa  lost  Uitu*.  Bowlmot 
dial  at  Buriiniton,  New  J«ney,  «B  the  Mik  nl  Octobar  iBii. 

St*  ni  L^i,  JUIw  Anioj,  AUhhb  ami  tmn  if  SMu 
BndiMH,  fditol  by  J.  J.  Boudinot  (BoMM  aad  New  y«k,  ilgtj. 

800^  An  diM-iSSi).  Aiuuiu  leoloaM,  wM  bom  al 
Bunbiut  on  thB  liih  ol  Uuch  ijm,  and  RCtived  Ui  eariy 
educalidn  that  am)  la  Gfnen  and  F^a.  Pniaediiis  to  EdlB- 
buigh  la  acudy  '""'"^■*  al  tha  unimaity,  be  came  madat 
tlM  inlliioict  oi  Robtrt  Jaaeaaa,  whoae  ""■'■'"ip  in  ftokfy 
and  nioeialofy  impiml  hii  InluTe  camr.  Boat  wia  thna  led 
to  make  polcqiical  c^xdiUona  la  vanoua  parti  ot  Scotland  and 
the  Hebridea,  and  iJIei  Ukiag  bit  dcfrc*  of  U.D.  in  1817  ha 
aeltbd  for  iodm  jnara  In  Parii.  Id  iSio  be  iwiied  hb  Bitai 
ilalfti^M  iw  rSitsu,  in  wltii:h  the  erupUva  rocka  In  panicHlar 
wen  caiefBny  described.  Ue  travelled  much  in  Cenauq', 
Aoitiia  and  soulhcni  Eurape,  aludying  vaiiam  |ee>o^cal  hnu- 
tiona,  and  beamunf  one  of  the  piooeera  in  geoloiical  racaich: 
k  WB)  UK  ol  the  ioundera  of  tte  Sodili  OMafiqne  de  France 
In  iSjo,  and  waa  ila  pn^dent  in  iS]5.  In  1841  he  fettled  in 
Vienna,  and  bccami  natuialiiad  aa  an  Anotrian.  He  di«d  oa  the 
lilt  o(  NoveaiberiSai.  To  the  Imperial  Acadcaijr  o(  Sdenca 
at  Vienna  he  eommunicalcd  important  papera  on  the  gedocr 
aftheBalkanStatea(ias9-'>To),andhealaapubliibedJf<>Mir(f 
^da^ftua  H  paUoKliibm^"  (I'aria,  rSji)  and  La  Trrfiii 
d'Eurefc;  eiunatimi  lur  Ic  gloirapkii,  la  iUapi,  FUilalft 
aalMrdtt,  ire.  (fua,  iBm).  . 

■ODTFUBl,  UDU  FMIGOU,  Dvc  in,  ocimu  de  Cagnj 
CilS44->7it),nanlial  of  France,  wa* bom  an  Uu  roth  oljanuaiy 
1644.  He  entered  the  amy  and  aaw  acivlce  to  1663  at  the  aiese 
olUanal,bect>niintiDi669ealondafdraiDoai>  In  the  conqaeat 
of  Lorraine  (1670)  heieived  under  HaohaldeCifquL  In  Hol- 
land he  icrvcd  under  Turenne,  fitquently  diMiniuiibini  himtelf 
^  his  akill  and  bavcry;  and  when  TuceBDO  wai  tilled  by  a 
caonDn-ahot  in  167J  be  commanded  the  leat-fuard  diuiof  the 
retreat  of  the  French  army.  He  waa  already  a  briiadier,  lad 
in  1677  he  became  auifeAiiIdicaii^.  He  icrvcd  thioa^MMt  the 
campaign!  td  the  rimn  niih  increuing  dktiaetfam,  and  in  i6fli 
beanie  Healeuant-feneril.  Me  canmanded  the  Frand  army 
ow  the  Moadk,  which  Cfieoed  the  War  ci  [lu  Leagae  of  Aii(ib<ir| 
with  a  aeriei  of  Tldoricti  then  he  led  a  coipa  to  the  Sambte, 
and  ceintarced  Lniembuig  on  the  eve  of  tha  battle  ol  Fleurua. 
In  1A91  be  acMd  as  licuIenaal-feiKial  under  the  king  in  penoo', 
and  during  the  invstment  of  Mgu  be  waa  wounded  in  an  attack 
on  the  town.  He  was  prcKot  with  the  king  at  the  licge  ol 
N'UDUT  in  ligi,  and  look  pail  in  the  vitioiy  ol  Stdnkirk.  For 
his  acrvicca  he  wu  raised  in  iiSqi  (d  the  rank  ol  nuuihal  of 
France,  and  in  r6M  was  made  a  duke.  In  i6gi  be  was  annHnled 
governor  of  French  FLmders  and  of  the  tonn  of  Lille.  By  a 
skilful  manmvre  he  threw  himielf  bio  Nuour  in  169;,  and 
only  nurendered  to  hit  besiegers  after  be  had  loti  Sooe  of  his 
T3/»o  mm.  In  the  conferences  which  terminated  tn  the  peace 
dI  Ryiwick  he  bad  a  principal  ihan.  During  the  foQowing  war, 
when  Lille  was  thieataied  oilh  a  aiege  by  Marlborough  and 
Eugene,  BoolBera  was  appointed  10  the  command,  and  made  a 
Boat  gaDant  ccaiatatice  of  three  months.  He  was  rewarded  and 
honoBied  by  the  king  tor  hii  defence  of  Lille,  aa  If  be  had  been 
vklnrviua.  It  waa  indeed  ■  ipedei  of  triumph:  bia  enany, 
appreciating  bii  merita,  allowed  him  to  dictate  hit  own  terms  et 
cafHtulalion.  In  170S  be  was  made  a  peer  of  France.  In  1 709, 
irfm  Ibe  aflaiia  of  France  were  threatncd  with  the  meat  argent 
danger,  Boufflem  oSettd  to  aerve  under  his  junior,  ViUan,  and 
was  with  him  at  the  battle  of  Mal|da<iv«t.  Hoe  he  displayed 
the  higheu  akill,  and  aflct  Vilkia  waa  wounded  he  conducud 
the  celieat  of  theTreuch  army  without  lonng  either 
prisoncn.  He  died  at  FontaincUau  on  the  iind 
1711. 


Ids),  Fiendi  atanwiln  and  naae*  lellera,  wh  bua  near  Naniy 
OB  (ha  jitt  d  H19  I7J>.  He  wu  the  aon  of  Loula  FrvicoiB, 
maniuiidaBadBeii.  Hie  mother,  Uarie  Catherine  deBeavnan 
Coon,  WM  the  mlMrcM  of  Stiniaka  LaicayHkf,  and  the  boy 
WW  braugbt  «p  al  the  court  ol  LnaMAfc  Me  qieDl  sia  mootlH 
1b  iliHly  fOT  Ibe  prltalbood  at  Sabit  Snlplce,  Paris,  and  during  bit 
niMcnw  there  be  put  in  dtculation  a  aUiry  iriiich  became  e*- 
tiemely  popular,  Allmt,  rnoc  it  Csluada.  BouOen  did  not,  ' 
however,  take  the  vows,  aa  hla  ambitiona  were  militaiy.  He 
enlCKd  the  order  of  the  Knights  of  Ualta,  so  that  be  nJ^  be 
able  U  Mknt  Iha  career  of  aima  without  sacnGcIng  the  lavenuea 

a  briwtri  ha  had  received  fai  Lorraine  from  lUng  Stanislai. 

.._  ...J   _  .     .  ^^1^  ji^  grade  ol 

irwaaienlloWeM 


■sriciaf  d(  Am^  In  1 7S4.  and  In  the  OB 


BiniUialoc,  and  did  what  ha  could  to  miltgate  the  bomni  ol 
the  ilave  tmds;  and  b*  tnlenMad  bfanatlt  in  opening  up  the 
Eialetial  naonioa  ol  the  aimy,  to  Ihal  Ida  deputan  In  1  jgr 
vaa  ngardod  aa  a  ical  calamity  by  both  a' 
Tte  Mtmtini  *kmU  cd  BaehanmoM  (l*e 


his  d^ts  before  hia  mi 


lA  Ibe  Acadfwy  la  iTll,  and  m 

the  Blat«a.gaiefaL  During  the  Revolution  he  found  an  ai 
withPiWaHmiyofFiiiBbat  KUniberg.  AttluRatoi 
bewaanudeJomtJibrarianedtheBibliotUqaeHuarina.  Hii 
wit  and  Ul  ikin  in  Eght  vena  had  won  Um  a  grcal  repulalioD, 
andhewasoneoftbeidolsaftheFui^anuloiii.  Hlspatadoikal 
characta  waa  dcaoibed  in  an  epigram  attributed  to  Antirine 
de  Rivaml,  "oM  littrlin,  mUUairt  fUlaupie,  iifhmaU  ckan- 
ttniiiir.tm£rtpalrieli,TtpiiUitainttm(iiaa."  He  died  in  Farii 
on  ihe  iSthi^  January  igis- 

His  <Btmm  tamtOtt  mr*  publiihed  oadtr  Ui  own  niperriHia 
in  ISOt.  A  leketloa  cf  hli  ftoftes  la  proae  and  vena  waaedhcdby 
EoEbe  Am  In  int;  hb  PttHu  by  O.  Uanna  in  1U6;  and  tk* 
OffuMdawa  iMit  it  U  eamtmi  it  Sainn  H  da  cbnfitr  it 
Bttiitn  {i77»-17is}.  by  E.  da  Magnlea  and  Henri  Pnt  In  l8;j. 

BOUQAUVIUB.  una  AimWil  H  (r7i9~taii),  French 
oavigala,  waa  bora  at  Full  on  the  nth  of  November  1719. 
Ha  wa*  Iho  ion  of  a  notary,  and  ia  early  life  stndied  law,  but 
looD  abandoned  the  piofeaioD,  and  in  1753  entered  the  army 
in  the  COipa  of  mniketaBrt.  Al  the  age  (^  twenty-five  he  pub- 
lished a  tnatlaa  on  the  blcgral  cakuIiB,  as  a  suprdemeni  lo 
De I'HI^tal's  treatise,  CeriivinaKWivl^,  Int7j5be  waisent 
to  London  as  sccrelary  to  tbe  French  embauy,  and  was  made 
amonberof  (ho  Royal  Sodely.  In  1756  he  went  to  Canada  as 
captain  of  dragoons  and  aide-de-camp  to  the  nuiquia  de  Mont- 
caim:  and  having  distinguished  hiauelf  In  tbe  war  against 
England,  was  rewarded  with  the  taak  of  colouel  and  the  croM 
of  St  Louis.  Me  aflerwnrds  lorred  ta  the  Seven  Yean'  War 
fram  1761 101763.  After  Ihe  peace,  v^n  Ihe  French  govcrB- 
mcnt  amceivtd  Ute  project  of  coloaiaing  the  Falkland  Island!, 
Bougainville  midcnook  the  taak  at  his  own  eipense.  Bat  the 
settlement  havbg  eiciled  the  Jcaloniy  of  Ihe  Spaniards,  the 
French  government  gave  it  up  lo  them,  on  conthllon  of  their 
indemnifying  Bougainville.  He  was  then  appolaled  to  the 
command  of  tbe  Icigale  "  La  Boudenie "  and  tbe  tran^ioct 
"  L'Stoile,"  and  set  lafl  in  December  17H  on  a  voyage  of 
diieovery  lound  the  world.  Having  executed  hii  commiiri^ 
ol  deliveriiv  op  thaFalkla>dIiluida  to  tha  Spanish,  Bou(^hivll]e 


Paariag  ttooagh  t^  Strain  of  Magrilan,  he  vUiled  the  Tnamolu 
archipelago,  and  Tahiti,  where  the  Engliib  navlgalor  Wallii 
hod  touched  eight  nonlhi  bebne.  He  proceeded  across  Ihe 
Pacific  Ocean  by  way  of  the  Samoaa  group,  which  he  named 
the  Navigaton  Idandi,  the  New  Habiidd  and  the  Solomon 
Islanda.  I&  mea  now  luSering  from  acntvy,  and  his  vesiria 
requMng  rcGlting,  be  anchored  at  Buru,  one  of  Ibe  Uolnccas, 
where  the  governor  of  the  Dutch  lettlcmenl  supplied  bis  wanli. 
Q  wai  Ihe  bc^aning  of  Scptcmhtf,  and  '*  '"*~ 


31* 


BOUGHTON— BOUGUEREAU 


advuUg*  of  the  eutnly  TBamaan,  wUch  canled  tben  to 
Bauvii-  Id  Much  1769  the  upeditioa  uilvcd  >t  St  Main,  villi 
the  loit  ol  only  sevea  out  of  upnida  oC  loo  incn.  BongunvjUe'i 
uceunt  ol  iliD  voyage  (Puis,  1771)  li  TTitteD  vith  ilmplidty 
uid  lome  humour.  AfCei  an  inteml  of  Kveial  yean,  he  igiin 
accepted  a  tiaval  commaiKl  and  saw  much  active  lervlce  between 
1779  and  1733.  In  thememorablecngagementof  thci2thof  April 
1781,  in  which  Rodney  defeated  the  comte  de  Giaae,  near  Mar- 
tinique, BougHinville,  who  commanded  the  "  Auguate/'iuccecded 
in  tallying  eight  thipi  of  hia  own  diviiion,  and  btinging  them 
laleJyintoSlEuitace.  Heinsaatieddu/ d'aiadri,  and  on  re- 
entering the  aimy,  wai  givni  the  rank  ol  vuwIcJial  it  camp. 
After  the  peace  be  ntutned  to  Paria,  and  ohtained  the  i^ce  of 
Buodate  ol  the  Atademy.  He  projetted  a  voyage  of  diicoveiy 
towardi  the  north  pole,  bui  tliis  did  not  meet  with  lupport  from 
the  French  govenunent-  Bougainvilie  ohtained  the  rank  of 
vice-admiral  in  1791;  and  in  1791,  hav&ig  (scaped  almoat 
miiaculouily  lrom.ttK  mauacna  ol  I^irit,  he  retired  to  bii  estate 
in  Normandy.  He  «o  chcocn  a  member  ol  the  Intitute  at  ita 
lontiation.  and  returning  to  Parii  became  a  member  of  the  Board 
of  Longitude.  In  bis  old  age  Ntpolton  L  made  liim  a  aenator, 
count  of  the  empire,  and  membei  of  the  legion  of  Honour.  He 
died  at  Paris  on  the  3i3t  of  August  iSii.  He  wu  manied  tad 
bad  three  loni,  who  lerved  In  (he  French  anny. 

Bougainville'a  name  is  given  to  the  largest  member  of  the 
Solomon  Islands,  which  bdongs  to  Germany;  and  to  the  itnil 
which  divides  it  from  the  British  ishnd  ol  Cbotseul.  It  is  abo 
applied  10  the  Btiall  between  MaUicoUo  and  Esi^tu  Santo 
Islands  of  the  New  Hebrides  group,  and  the  South  American 
climbing  plant  £«icit>ntillsii,  olten  cultivated  In  greenhouses, 
la  named  after  him. 

HUOHTOH,  OEOROB  RBHRT  (1834-1905),  Anglo-American 
pajnler,  was  bom  In  England,  but  his  parents  went  to  the 
United  Statea  in  i8sg,  and  he  was  brought  up  at  Albany, 
N.Y.  He  studied  an  in  Paris  In  i8«i-Gi,  and  snbMqDenily 
lived  mainly  in  London;  he  was  much  influenced  by  Fredcricli 
Wallcer,  and  the  deh'cacy  and  grace  of  his  pictures  soon  made 
his  reputation.  He  was  elected  an  A.R.A.  in  iSjg,  and  R.A. 
in  1896,  and  a  member  of  (he  National  Academy  of  Derign  in 
New  York  in  1871.  Hia  picturts  of  Dutch  lite  and  scenery  were 
especially  characterijtici  and  his  suh^cct.pktiires,  such  aa  the 
"  Return  of  ibe  Mayaowu  "  and  "  The  Scariet  Letter,"  wen 
very  piqiulaT  in  America. 

BOnOI^a  aeaport  of  Algeria,  chief  town  of  ui  umidiw 
In  the  department  of  Conitanline,  lu  m.  E.  oi  Alfftti.  Hie' 
town,  which  is  defended  by  a  wall  built  since  the  French  occupa- 
tion,  and  by  detached  feru,  fa  beanlifolly  sitiuted  on  the  slope 
Of  Mount  Csnya.  Behind  it  are  the  hdghu  of  Mounts  Babor 
and  Tababut,  tiaing  tome  640a  ft.  and  crowned  with  loccsCs  of 
pins^w  Gi  and  tcdu.  The  mosL  interesting  buildings  i 
town  are  the  ancient  forts,  Borj-el-Ahiner  and  Abd.tl-Kader, 
and  Ibe  kasbah  or  dtadd,  rectangular  In  [orm,  flanked  by 
bastions  and  towers,  and  beating  inscriptions  stating  that  It  wa: 
built  by  the  Spaniards  in  IS45.  Parts  of  the  Koman  wall  exist 
'    '  Lt  built  by  the  Uammadites  ii 


tin  iilh  (cnti 


Theal 


.     TLe  harbour,  shdicnd  From  the  eul 
breakwater,  was  enlarged  in  rSsj-i^oi.     It  coven  63  acn 
baa  a  depth  of  water  of  ij  to  30  It.     Bongie  is  the  nalund 
ol  Xatqriia,  and  under  the  French  rule  its  umunerce — chiefly 
In  oils,  wools,  hlda  and  minenls — has  greatly  develDpedi 
branch  taltwsy  tuna  to  Benl  MansBi  on  Ibe  main  line  Ircm 
CoDstantlne  to  Oran.     Pop,  (igo6)  of  the  town,  io,4r9;  < 
commune,  17,140;  of  tha  MrondiiHiiiait,  whicli  inchidca 
communa,  37,711. 

Bougie,  U  it  he  con«ctly  identified  with  the  Saldae  ol  the 
Romans,  is  a  lorn  of  great  antiquity,  and  probably  owes  its 
wigin  to  tbe  Carthaginians.  Early  in  the  jth  centory  Genseric 
the  Vandal  surrounded  it  with  walls  and  for  acme  time  made  It 
hia  capital.  En-Nasr  (ioe9-roS8),  the  msal  powerful  of  Ibe 
Berber  dynaaly  of  Hammad,  made  Bougje  Che  seat  of  his  govern' 


ikan  coast,  attaining  ■  Mgh  degree  of  driHxBtlon.     FtoA  an 
1  MS.  it  appears  that  as  eaHy  as  io63  Ibe  hcBograph  wia  In 
BiBxm  ose,  special  towers,  with  mirrors  properly  arranged, 
Ing  built  for  the  purpoae  of  aignaJlmg.     The  Italian  merchants 
the  iiih  and  ijth  centuries  owned  numerous  bufldingi  in  tbe 
y,  such  aa  wardwuses,  baths  and  churches.     At  the  end  of 
e  13th  century  Bougie  passed  under  the  dominion  of  the 
Haf«de»,  and  in  the  islh  century  it  became  one  of  the  strong- 
Ids  ol  the  Barbary  pirates;     It  enjoyed  partial  independence 
der  amirs  id  Habideori^n,  but  In  January  isro  was  optnred 
the  Spaniards  under  Pedro  Navarro,     The  Spaniards  strongly 
-tified  the  place  and  fadd  it  against  two  attacks  by  the  conain 
Barbarows,  In  ijss,  however,  Bougie  Iras'  taken  by  Salah 
Rats,  the  pasha  of  Algten.     Leo  Afticanos,  in  Us  Afriau 
iacriflh,  speaks  ol  the  "  cmgnfficence  "  of  the  temples,  palaces 
'   '*      '  lildingsoltbedtyinbisdiy  (c,  i$is),  butftappean 
n  into  decay  not  long  afterwards.     When  the  French 
took  tbe  town  from  the  Algerians  in  1S33  it  consisted  of  little 
more  than  a  few  fortifications  and  ruins.     It  is  said  that  the 
French  word  for  a  candle  a  derived  from  the  name  of  (he  town 
Candles  being  first  made  of  wax  Imported  from  Bougie. 

BOUaDBH,  PIEBRB  (r6«8-r;sS),  French  maihematidan, 
was  bora  on  the  i6ih  of  February  1698,  His  father,  John 
Bougoer,  one  ol  the  beat  hydrographm  of  hb  time,  was  regius 
profeassr  of  hydrography  at  Croisic  In  lower  Brittany,  and 
author  of  a  treatise  on  navigation.  In  rjij  he  was  appointed 
his  father  as  pioffssor  of  hydiogniphy.  In  r7ij  he 
gained  the  priie  given  by  the  Acadjmle  des  Sciences  for  his 
papee  "  On  the  bot  manner  ol  loiming  and  distiibuting  (he 
masts  ol  ships  ";  and  two  other  i«i«3,  one  fur  his  diacrtalioD 
"  On  the  best  method  ol  observing  the  altitude  of  slats  at  sea," 
the  other  lor  bit  paper  "  On  the  best  method  of  observing  the 
variation  of  the  cORiposs  at  sea."  Hiese  were  published  in  the 
Fria  4i  P  Acadtmit  da  Scinai.  In  I7ig  he  publhhed  EsioJ 
d'  tptitpit  lur  la  grodalian  de  la  tvtntrt.  the  object  of  which  Is  to 
define  the  quantity  ol  light  lost  by  passing  through  a  given 
extent  of  the  atmosphere.  He  found  the  Ughl  of  the  son  to  be 
30c  times  more  Intense  than  that  of  the  moon,  and  tbus  made 
tome  of  the  earliest  measurements  in  photometry.  In  1730  he 
was  made  professor  of  hydrography  at  I^vre,  and  succeeded 
P.  L.  M.  de  Uaupertuis  at  assodate  geometer  of  the  Acndf  mie 
des  Sciences.  He  abo  Invented  a  heltometer,  afterwards 
perfected  by  Fraunhofer.  He  was  afterwards  promoted  hi  the 
Academy  to  the  place  of  Maupcrtuis,  and  went  to  reside  in  Pari). 
In  t735  Bouguer  sailed  with  C,  M.  de  la  Condamine  for  Peni,  in 
order  to  measure  a  degree  of  the  meridian  near  the  equator. 
Ten  years  were  spent  In  this  operation,  a  full  account  of  which 
was  published  by  Bougoer  In  1749,  Fipm  ii  la  tent  dUrrminle. 
His  later  writings  were  nearly  all  upon  ihetheoiy  of  navigation. 
He  died  on  the  tjth  ol  August  1738. 
TIk  followiag  b  a,  Iitt,a[  hit  prindpaT  ntrbt-.—TriaU  fapligut 


is^roitahini  it  la  hmiirt  (itk 
,.  .jdataUea  des  orUitt  dtr  ^" 
(17*4.  Voh_Lit  Fipind' 


« (i»7); 


iitrt  Ct7»aiid  1760)  lEniraieni  lur  la  eaut$ 

da  lIuiMt  {I7J4);  Tnai  dr  iwlin.  »i. 

>  dt  la  Mm  dArniA*.  »e.  (1749).  4*0: 

~,d(>M.  anloHul  la  iWarii  «  la  Jin£(H  4s 

iM  da  frincipaui  pnUima  ih>  la  ■HiuniDre 

Opfmbni  failii  fintr  la  vMfitalien  da  itpt 


SecJ.  E.lLronIuc£CAfub 


dtt  iffnriifrftniii^Mt  CtBoa), 
BOnOinmSAD,  ADOLPHB  WILUAH  (rSis-r^;).  French 
pahiter,  was  bom  at  La  Rocbelle  on  the  30th  of  November  1815. 
From  t843  till  rSjo  he  went  through  the  course  of  training  at 
the  t/sAt  des  B«ui-Ans,  and  in  iSjo  divided  the  Grand  Prix 
deRomeschoUtsUpwithBaudry,  the  subject  sd  being"  Zenobia 
on  the  banks  of  the  Aiuies."  On  his  return  from  Rome  In  rSss 
he  was  employed  In  decorating  several  arittoctatlc  residencei, 
deriving  inspiration  from  the  frescoes  which  he  had  seen  at 
Pompeii  and  Herculaneum,  and  which  had  already  suggested  his 
"  Id^  '  (1S53).  He  also  began  in  1S47  to  cxhitut-regdarly  at 
the  Salon.  "  The  Martyr's  Trium[*,"  the  body  of  St  Cedlia 
home  to  the  calacnmbs,  was  placed  in  the  Luiembourg  after 
bemgediltrited  at  tha  Parb  Exhibitian  of  iSss;  and  In  tbe  Bne 


BOUHOtIRS— BOUILLON 


3>7 


yat  kc  uUblM  "  FtoicnMl  Lon,"  ■  "  Ponnit "  ud  ■ 
"StBdjr."  Hm  Miu  Mibitqumtly  cDnunlaainneil  hioi  lo  pchit 
tkc  totftnt't  vUt  M  the  tuScrm  by  the  inunditHMii  it 
Tuuom.  In  1(57  BonKaertaa  ncclveil  1  Rni  prix  pwdih 
Niat  of  kit  pinch  ticcutol  bi  wu-painting  for  the  iniufDD  o[ 
H.  Bxthohiinjr  wm  much  diKuucd — "  Love,"  "  Frimdship," 
"  Fonune,"  "Spring,"  "Summer."  "Diucing,"  "  Arion  on  * 
St^-hone,"  ■  "  Buxhinte  "  ind  the  "  Four  Diviilcmi  ol  the 
Day."  Me  ■[»  nhjbiied  at  the  Salon  '-  The  Rt 
(mw  is  the  Dijofl  gilJery).  While  in  intfque  lahiecli  he  ihowed 
PUich  gnce  of  design,  in  hii  "  Nipoleon," 
labour,  he  betrayed  a  Uck  of  case  in  the  (realmcnl  of  modem 
OMDne.  BauguenauiubKi|uenl]yeihibiled"  Love  Wounded" 
(iSSQ).  '"Dk  Day  of  the  Dead  "  <at  Bordcaui},  "The  Fint 
Diicord"(iI6i,  in  the  Dubai  Umogfi},"  The  Return  [mm  the 
Helda  "  (a  picture  in  which  Hifophlle  Cautier  rtcasniitd  "  « 
puie  (ceting  for  Ihe  antique  "],  "  A  Fawn  and  Bicchanto  "  and 
"Ftate";  in  1863  a  "  Hoiy  FamDy,"  "  Reniot»e,"  "A  Bac- 
dunte  teaiing  a  Goal  "  (In  the  Bordeaux  gallery);  In  1S64  "  A 
Bather"  (ai  Ghent),  and  "Sleep";  in  iWs  "An  lodlgenl 
Family,"  and  a  portrait  of  Mme  Bnrth^omy;  in  18M  "A 
Fint  Came,"  and  "  Covetousnea,"  with  "  FMomela  and 
Precnc";  and  »ne  deonaiive  work  (or  M.  Montlun  al  La 
Rochctle,  for  M,  Emile  PtRii*  in  Puii.  and  for  the  chur^ca  ol 
St  Clolilde  and  Si  Auguslio;  and  in  r8M  the  large  painting  of 
"  Apollo  and  the  Musei  on  Olynip«t,"  in  the  Great  llcaln  il 
Bonleiui.  Among  other  works  by  Ihi>  irlilt  may  be  mentioned 
-  Between  Love  and  Rlchei  "  (1S69),  "  A  Citt  Balhing  "  (1870), 
"In  Harvest  Time"  (iS?'),  "  Nymphi  and  Satyti"  (i8jj>, 
"Charity  "  and  "  Homer  and  hit  Guide"  (1874),  "  Virlnn  and 
Child."  "Jems  and  John  the  Baptist,"  "Return  of  Spring" 

Mtoyed  by  ■  fanatic  who  objected  to  the  nudity),  a  "  Ptell  " 
(1S76),  "  A  Cirl  delending  henelf  fnm  Love  "  (iSSo), "  Night  " 
(iWj),  "1*1  Youth  of  Bacchui"  (1884),  "BiMis"  (iMs). 
rUve  Diurmed"  (1886),  "Love  Victorious"  (i88j),  "The 
fMy  Women  at  Ihe  Sepuldire  "  and  "  The  little  Beggar  Cirli" 
(1890),  "  Love  in  a  Shower  "  and  "  First  Jrweb  "  (1B91).  To 
the  Eihibilion  of  igcmrere  conlrfhuted  someof  Bougnereau's 
beil-lciwwnpictiirB,  Mostofhis  works,  especially  "The  Ttiomph 
•f  Venns  "  (1856)  and  "  Charily,"  are  popularly  known  ilmjugh 
engraving.  "  Prayer,"  "  TIib  In\-ocaHon  "  and  "  Sappho  " 
havi  been  engraved  by  M.TMrion,  "The  Golden  Age"  byM. 
Annetombe.  Bougueieau'ipictuiea.highlyapprecisled  by  the 
genml  public,  have  been  severely  critidied  by  the  parlbans  of 
a  frrer  and  fresher  style  of  an,  who  have  reproached  liirn  with 
being  loo  content  to  revive  the  fonmilaa  and  subjects  of  the 
antique.  At  the  Paris  Eihihition  of  186;  Bouguereau  Io(dl  ( 
third- class  medal,  in  1878  a  medal  of  honour,  and  the  same  again 
ill  the  Salon  of  1B85.  He  was  chosen  by  the  Society  ol  French 
Artbts  to  be  their  vice-prrsidenl.  a  post  he  fiUcd  with  much 
energy.  He  was  madeamembcrof  the  Legion  ofHonour  In  1856, 
an  officer  of  the  Order  t6th  of  July  1876,  and  commander  i  ith  ol 
JolyiMs-  He  succeeded  Isidore  Pils  as  member  of  the  Institute, 
tth  of  January  1S76,    Be  died  on  the  lolh  of  August  1905. 


(Pa™. 


...    Vsndiyea.  CtlalatH  iUtaul  tii  »...  ..  _. 

iMSli  Julea  Clatetie.  Pantra  tl  mtMnn  a 
,  1874);  P.  C.  IlaiiKnon,  Fmujt  PaiMlirlzArliii. 
ijuin  illugrf  ia  iMiLC-arl.  (iMs);  "  W.  Bouguei 


H*  wai  MM  to  Dunkirk  10  the 
«  of  hi> 
il    bosks.    In    rt«5oriM6bt 
Wurta  to  nm,  ana  pnDuaDed  in  1^71  Lu  Bmlntitai^AritU 
tl  d'Ettttm,  a  ciilical  work  on  the  French  language,  ptfnled 
feve  (Inea  at  Fatia,  twiet  at  GmHble,  and  af  terwaidi  at  Lyou, 
....      .       -iwdilalolhBflttatweHM 


«ra  La  UtMr*  it  Hm  ftiutr  iw  lei  'aanta  d-april  (1687], 
D«aunrAiIiI<ipn/rcm(inN(taT4),  VicdiSaixl  Ipuutdt  Leysh 
ttft?")),  VUit  SaM  FraiKoii  Xairr  [iS8j),  and  a  tranilaiion  ot 
the  NewTestament  into  French  (1697).  His  practice  of  publish- 
ing secular  books  and  work*  of  devotion  alternately  led  to  lis 
mn,  "fu'il  tmail  It  mimdi  UUcidpar  amatrc."  Bouhoun 
died  at  Paris  on  the  i7lh  of  May  ijoi. 

Set  Gncgn  Ekiiicicui,  Vk  Jhuot  iemmi  it  Ulrti  em  iiM-KtiHim 
lOcIe;  Li  Wn  finjknri  (i»g6).  For  ■  lUt  of  Bouhoun' woAs  sea 
Backer  and  Sninincrvcigel,  BiUitlktgtt  lU  la  Ctmptiiit  it  Jltmi.  1. 
pp.  tSM  ec  acq. 

BOUILHBT.  urns' HTACIITTHB  (iBi^igtg),  French  poet 
and  dramatist,  wu  bora  at  Cany,  Seine  Inffrieure,  on  the  i^tit 
ol  May  iSu.  He  was  a  schoolfellow  of  Cuslave  Flaubert,  lo 
whom  he  dedicated  his  fint  work,  MUetnis  (1S51),  a  narrative 
poem  in  five  cantos,  dealing  with  Roman  mannen  under  the 
emperor  Commodui.  Hia  volunK  of  poems  entitled  Fesiilei 
aittacted  considerable  attention,  on  account  of  the  attempt 
therein  to  tise  science  as  a  subject  torpoctry.  Tbese  poem  were 
included  also  in  Faltms  ei  ajtrataia  (1859).  As  a  dramaiisl 
he  secured  a  success  with  hii  fint  play,  Uadamt  it  Untarey 
(1856).  which  lan  tor  seventy-eight  nights  ai  the  Odton;  and 
HSint  Feyrcn  (185S)  and  ithK/j  ifffim  (1B60)  were  abo 
favourably  recdved.  But  of  his  other  plays,  some  of  them 
ot  le^  netll,  oidy  the  Ccnju/alun  fAibeln  (18&6)  met  with 
any  great  success.  Bouilhet  died  on  the  tSth  of  July  1869,  il 
Rouen.  Flaubert  puWiihed  his  posthumous  poems  mth  ■  notice 
of  Ihe  author.  In  1S7]. 

See  also  MaiiiM  du  Camp,  Stiatnirs  lilUraim  (itSt);  and 
H.  de  la  Villa  de  MhnioDt,  i' Kittt  Zflit  flfluflM  (igM>. 

■auiu4  FUHCOU  CLADM  AXOOa.  Miiquu  OE  (1739- 
iSoo),  French  genml.  He  served  in  the  Seven  Yeata'  War, 
and  as  governor  in  the  AatUlea  conducted  operatloiM  agakisl 
the  English  in  the  War  of  Auetinn  independence.  Oa  Us 
retuni  to  Fiance  he  waa  named  govetaoroi  the  Three  Bishopria, 
of  Alsace  and  of  Fianche-Comtf .  Hotlile  to  tho  Revolutloa, 
he  had  continual  quarrels  with  the  munidpaUty  of  Metz,  and 
bralallysuppRnedtheniEitatymsnrrecliiniSBlMeusjulNaiKy, 
which  had  been  reowked  by  the  harsh  conducl  of  ccruin  nohlc 
officem.  Tien  he  piopoiod  lo  Louis  XVL  lo  take  relugc  is  a 
fiontiB'  lowsi  where  an  appeal  could  be  made  lo  other  nations 
against  the  reviAitiaoiats.  When  Ihtt  proTect  failed  as  a  reloit 
of  LdidB  XVL's  airesi  at  VaTeinus,  BouUlf  wcol  to  Rwsla  to 
inducB  Catherine  IL  to  Intervene  in  (avaut  of  tic  klng^  and  then 
to  En^and,  wfaoe  he  died  in  iSaa.  after  serving  in  vhIihb 
TDyaUst  attempts  on  France.  He  lelt  Ultmvim  imr  la  Kfilm- 
iKn  /roscsus  ds^  ion  srigtiie  ftuqa'i  la  nirni*  tu  due  it 


(Paris,  1801). 

)M,  formerly  the  sat  of  a  dukedom  hi  Ihe  Ardennes, 
noiw  a  small  town  in  the  Belgiaa  praviacs  ot  LiOemhurg,  Pop. 
(1404)  >7ii.  It  b  most  pictuiTsqncfy  litiialed  fn  the  valley 
under  the  rocky  ridge  en  which  are  still  tlx  *«ty  well  pmerved 
nmaln  of  the  castle  of  Godfrey  ol  Bonillao  (gj.),  die  leader 
of  theiiiBt  crusade.  The  towD,  690  ft.  above  the  sea,  but  lying 
basin,  skirt*  botk  banks  of  theiivet  Semsb  which  is  cnned 
nn  bridges.    Ite  atiean  focns  a  loop  raund  snd  almost 


tba  llh  and  qth  cantmin  BouiUsn  wai  one  ol  the  castles  of  the 
count*  (4  Ardenne  and  BouIDan.  In  the  loth  and  11  tb  centuries 
the  bnjly  to^  tho  higher  titR*  of  dutai  of  Lower  Lorraine 
andBouiUoo.  These  duke*  all  bore  the  name  ot  Godfrey  (Gode- 
tniy)aadttasiHlbaf  then  was  tfaaFmteiusadsT.  Hewa*the 
sott  ot  Eostsa,  carat  ot  Botdogne,  which  baa  led  many  coinL 
■MMslon  liiM  Iha  emr  of  saying  tliat  Codttty  of  Boailion  was 
bora  at  the  n«Kb  pott,  whsicas  ba  waa  raalty  botn  in  Ibe  castle 
d  Balv  naar  Gcnapp*  aad  WMsrioo.  Hi*  Bother  was  Ida 
d'Aideim,  sistaf  ot  the  iMMh  Oodfney  ("  the  Htmchbadi  "), 
and  the  suitcaafat  deftna  of  tba  castle  when  a  mere  yooA 
otaeventceaon  her  behalf  was  the  Cm  feat  ot  aims  of  the  future 
tffOT  «f  Jennalon'    This  medieval  tortrsss,  stfoog  by 


3i8 


BOUILIjOTTE— BOULANGER 


It  u  well  M  pMiliau  bdoit  the  iovn 


knutiUeiy. 
DMi  unce  uDacfsonc  numeroui  ucgn,  in  omcr  to  uDdtruUu 
Ihc  cruude  Codlicy  lOJd  Ibc  cultc  o[  BouiUon  to  Ihc  prince 
biihap  ot  Li^,  and  the  liUc  of  dukt  et  BouiUon  rcnuiiud  Ibe 
appendage  of  Ihe  biihoplic  litl  167S,  or  lor  jSo  yein.  The 
luibopj  appoinicd  "  chlidiins,"  one  of  oboin  wu  Ltie  celebnted 
-  Wild  Bou  of  ilie  Ardennei,"  William  da  U  Marek.  Hi> 
doccndanli  nud<  thtmielve*  quasi-independent  and  called 
Iheniielva  princs  d(  Sedan  and  dului  of  Bouillon,  and  they 
were  even  lecDgnlaed  by  the  liinf  of  Fmncc.  The  posscuion 
of  Bouillon  ihenccfonraFd  became  a  n^Iajit  cause  of  mile 
until  ui  1678  Louii  XIV.  ganiaooed  il  undcc  the  treaty  of 
NiJinweEen.  From  ism  to  1641  the  duchy  icmalned  veiled 
In  the  French  fatoiiy  of  La  Tout  d'Auveigne,  one  of  whom 
(Hrniy,  viscount  of  Tuience  and  minhal  ot  Fnncc)  had 
macried  In  ijgi  Chatlottt  dt  la  Matck,  the  last  of  her  race. 
Id  iG;6  the  duke  of  Critguy  seized  it  in  the  name  of  Louis  X1V„ 
who  in  167S  gave  It  to  Godehoy  Marie  de  La  Tour  d'Auvergne, 
whose  descendants  continued  in  pooseuion  till  17QJ-  Bouillon 
remained  French  lill  1814,  and  Vauban  oiled  it  "  the  key 
ol  the  Ardennes."  In  .1760  the  elder  Rousseau  established 
here  the  lamous  press  of  the  Encyclopaedists.  In  iSi4~iGi5, 
before  the  decrees  of  the  Vienna  Congress  were  known,  aneilra- 
ordinary  attempt  was  tnade  by  Philippe  d'Auvergne  of  the 
Bijiish  navy,  the  cousin  and  adopted  son  of  the  last  duke,  to 
revive  Ibt  ancient  duchy  of  Bouillon.  Tlu  people  of  Bouillon 
Itccly  lecogniied  iim,  and  Louii  XVIII.  waa  well  pleaied  with 
the  arrangenient,  but  the  congresa  aicigned  Bmullon  to  the 
Nelherlanda.  Napoleon  III.  on  bis  way  to  Germany  after  Sedan 
titpt  one  night  in  the  little  town,  whki  la 


igthatbi 


lefield. 


BOgiLLOTIE, 

the  Revolution,  and  again  fo 

or  three  persona  may  play;  a  picfuet  pack  is  used,  tnia  wtucJi, 
in  case  Bve  play,  the  KVEDt,  when  four  the  knaves,  and  when 
three  the  queens  alao.  arc  omitted  Cottnlen  ai  dijps,  as  in 
poker,  arc  used.  Before  the  deal  each  player  "antes"  one 
counter,  afui  whicb  each,  the  "  age  "  passing,  may  "  raise  " 
Ibe  pot:  those  not  "  seeing  the  raise  "  bemg  oUiged  to  drop 
out.  Three  cards  are  dealt  lo  each  player,  and  a  Ibuleentfa, 
called  the  iilaMnii,  when  four  play,  tuiied  up.  Each  idayer 
must  then  bet,  call,  raise  or  dtop  out.  When  a  call  is 'made 
tbe  hatuls  are  iliawB  and  the  best  hand  wins.  The  hands  rank 
as  followa:  brSaH  tarri,  loni  of  a  kind,  one  being  the  nbnwnf ; 
timfU  brtioM,  three  of  a  itind.  ace  being  high;  Mian  fatori. 
three  of  a  kind,  one  being  the  nUirnt.  When  no  player  holds 
a  bfiian  the  hand  holding  the  greatest  number  of  pipa  wina, 
ace  counting  11,  and  couit  cards  10. 

BOniUT.  JBAK  nCOLU  {i;6j-ig4]),  French  author, 
was  bom  neat  Toon  on  the  s^th  of  January  ij6j.  At  the 
oalbieak  of  the  Revolution  he  bdd  office  under  the  new  govern- 
ment, and  had  a  considerable  share  in  the  organiaatico  of 
primaiy  education.  In  1 799  he  retired  from  public  life  to  devote 
bimielf  to  Uieralore.  Hu  numemus  woilu  include  tbe  musical 
comedy,  Pienr  b  Grand  (1790),  [or  Gritiy'a  music,  and  the 
opera.  La  Dm  Jtumia  (iSoo),  music  by  Chenibini^  also 
VAbU  dt  npit  CiSoo],  and  aome  other  plays;  and  Ca%tma 
ftm  tiiiiiard  (1807),  Cmla imafiUc  (1809), and  la  Aiitta du 
titm  ctnUnr  (iSjj).  Kia  Utaert  (i7gg}  formed  the  basis  of 
Ibe  libretto  of  the  Ftdcfia  of  Beethoven.  Bouilly  died  In  Paris 
on  the  14th  of  April  1841. 

See  Bedlly.  Uu  rlcmfhtdMliimi  I3  vnta.,  il]&-iB37);  E.  Lcto>»4i 
SniMttHidiuDnir  (i>"p*rtie,  1886}. 

BOUUlHVILUBIll,  BINRI.  CoMti  de  (ie58-i;>i),  French 
political  wiitei,  waa  bom  at  St  Saire  in  Noim^y  in  ifisS.  He 
was  educated  at  the  college  of  Juiily,  and  semd  in  the  army 
until  i6gj.  He  wrote  a  numbei  of  biatoiical  wort*  (publiahed 
■fter  his  death),  of  which  the  most  im|ianaDt  were  tbe  following: 
Hiiltin  dt  VatitU*  fsinvMauaJ  ili  la  Ftanu  (La  Haye,  1717): 
£lal  dt  la  Plana,  «tc  da  mtmtint  nr  Famita  immitmtnl 
(London,  1717);  ^ulnre^  id  ^iriedt  frawt  (London,  1753); 


lO-   His  writinp  an  cbaraclciiwd  b 


an  mtnvMUl  admiration  ot  the  feudal  syilem.  He  wt*  m 
aristocrat  of  tbe  mnt  pronounced  type,  attacking  absolute 
raoaajTchy  on  the  one  hand  and  popular  goverament  on  tbe 
other.  He  was  at  great  pains  to  prove  the  pretensions  of  his 
own  family  to  ancient  nobility,  and  mainiaincd  that  tbe  (ovent 
ment  should  be  entnistcd  solely  to  men  ol  hia  dass.  He  died 
in  Paris  on  the  >jrd  of  January  1711, 

BODLANOBB.  the  name  of  several  FreiKh  aitisUr-jESN 
(1606-1660},  a  pupil  of  Cuido  Reni  at  Bologna,  who  had  aa 
academy  at  Modena;  his  cousin  Jian  (1607-1680).  a  cdebialed 
line-engraver;  the  tallec's  son  Uamtnti,  anotber  encraver; 
Louis  (1806-1867),  a  subjcct^Minter,  the  fiiend  of  Victor  Uup^ 
and  dittclor  of  li.e  Imperial  ichool  ol  art  at  Oijon;  tbe  best, 
known,  Gustavc  Roogijhe  Clakemce  (1814-iggg),  a  pu|Hl 
ol  Paul  Delaroche,  a  notable  painter  ol  Oriental  and  Greek  and 
Ronun  subjects,  and  a  member  of  the  Instilnle  (iSSi);  and 
Cl£iient  (180^-1841),  a  pupil  of  Ingres. 

BOULANQER,  GBORQS  BBHBST  JBAH  MARIE  (i8j7-lS«l], 
French  geneial,  was  bom  at  Benncs  on  the  19th  of  April  iSjj. 
Ue  entered  the  atmy  in  i8s6.  and  served  in  Algeria,  Italy, 
Cochin-China  and  the  Fnuico-Cerman  War.  earning  the  reputa- 
tion of  being  a  smart  saldiei.  He  was  made  a  brigadier-gCBeraJ 
in  iSSo,  on  the  recommendation  of  the  due  d'Aumate.  thea 
commanding  tbe  VIL  amiy  corps,  and  Bouhngcr's  exprnaoos 
of  gialitudc  and  devotion  on  this  occasion  were  remnnbend 
against  him  afterwards  when,  as  war  minister  in  M.  Freycinet'i 
cabinet,  he  erased  [he  name  of  the  due  d'Aumile  from  the  army 
list,  aa  part  ot  the  republican  campaign  against  tbe  Orlcanitt 
and  Bonapartiat  princes.  IniSSi  hia  appointment  as  director  of 
infantry  at  the  war  oE5ce  enabled  him  10  make  himsdl  con- 
qiicuous  as  a  military  reformer;  and  in  rgS4  be  was  appoinied 
'to  command  the  army  occupying  Tunis,  but  was  recalled  owing 
to  his  differences  of  opinion  with  M.  Cambon.  the  politiol 
resident.  He  retnmed  to  Psiia,  and  began  to  take  part  in 
politics  under  the  aegis  of  M.  Clf  menccau  and  tbe  Radical  party; 
and  in  January  i386,  when  M.  Freycinct  was  bnughi  Into  power 
by  the  support  of  the  Radical  leader,  Boulanger  was  given  Ibt 

By  introducing  genuine  reforms  for  the  benefit  of  olficcn  and 
common  addiers  alike,  and  by  laying  bimsell  out  lor  popularity 
in  tbe  most  pronounced  fashion — notably  by  bis  fiie-eating 
attitude  toward*  Germany  in  April  1887  in  conneiion  with  the 
Schnacbele  frontier  incident— Boulanger  came  to  be  accepted  1^ 
the  mob  as  the  man  destined  to  give  France  her  revenge  lor  the 
disasters  ol  :870.  and  to  be  used  simultaneously  as  a  tool  by  all 
the  anti-Republican  intriguers.  His  action  with  regard  to  th* 
royal  ptinca  has  already  been  referred  to,  but  it  should  be  added 
that  Boulanger  was  taunted  in  the  Senate  with  his  ingratitude  lo 
the  due  d'Aumale,  and  denied  that  he  had  ever  used  the  word* 
alleged.  Hia  letters  containing  them  were,  however,  published, 
and  the  charge  was  proved.  Boulanger  fought  a  bloodless  dud 
with  the  baron  defjreinty  over  thisa£air,  butiLfiad  tto  effect  at 

defeat  in  December  i£8A  he  was  retained  by  M.  Goblet  at  the 
war  office.  M.  a^menceau.bowevei.hadby  thistimeabandoned 
his  patronage  of  Boulanger,  who  was  becoming  so  inconvenieBtly 
prominent  that.  In  May  1S87,  M,  Cablet  was  not  sorry  to  get  rid 
of  him  by  resigning.  The  1710b  clamoured  for  their  "  brav' 
gtnfial,"  but  M.  Rouvict,  who  ncit  formed  a  cabinet,  declined 
to  take  him  as  a  coTIeague,  and  Boulanger  was  sent  to  CtermODl- 
Ferrandtooammandanarmycorps.  AB<itdanfist"maven>enl" 
was  now  in  full  awing.  Tbe  Bonapanista  had  attached  then- 
lelvti  to  die  genual,  aid  even  the  comie  de  Pari*  eiKouragid 
his  followers  U>  support  bin,  to  t>r  dismay  of  tbov  otd-fasiiioned 
RoyaUata  who  resented  BoutangEr'B  treatment  of  the  dm 
d'Anmak.  His  name  wax  the  thene  al  tbe  popular  song  of  ibe 
moment-""  C't3t  Botdanger  qu'il  noua  faut  ";  the  genetal  and 
his  Usrck  fauM  became  tbe  idol  of  tbe  Faitsiao  populace;  and 
to  pby  tbe  part  ol  a  pfeUsdiary  candidate  for  tbe 


Tbe  g^eral'a  vanity  lent  iliclf  to  what  w. 


BOULAY  DE  LA  MEURTHE— BOULDER  CLAY 


3>9 


di'teetid  tc 


m  dq>rivnl  of  Ui  cammand  (n  itSS  br  t*kt  comtng  Id  Pi 
wiiboul  leave,  and  finall)!  on  the  tecommenilatEon  of  a  councit 
inquiry  compoMd  of  Eve  genmU,  hb  Dime  "u  removed  fn 
the  mrniy  trsl.  He  was,  howrrer,  idmosl  »t  once  elected  to  i 
chamber  for  [be  Nont,  hii  poliliai]  piDgramnie  being  a  demi 
For  a  leviiioD  (tf  the  coiHIitDtion.  In  (he  chamber  he  v>*  JT 
minoriijr,  <inn  genuine  Republicani  of  all  varieliea  began  to  i 

aclioni  were  aeeotdingl)' 
ipoB  himself.  A  popular 
neitlKT  hn  failure 
oratn  nor  the  honiliation  of  a  diicamfiiure  in  a  dud  with 
M.  Floquel,  then  an  elderly  eivilian,  sufficed  to  cheek  Iha 
cBlhusissm  ol  his  folloiring.  During  iISS  Ua  petsonsifty  was 
Ihedominating  feature  of  French  politics,  and.  when  he  resigned 
his  seal  as  a  protest  against  the  reception  ^ven  by  the  chi 
to  his  rcvisiBnist  pnpoBats,  cmstlltiencie*  vied  *j(h  one  ar 
in  iriectlDg  him  as  their  rtpiututatWe.  At  last,  in  Ja 
ifMo.  he  was  ntutned  for  ?arls  bj  an  overvhelmlng  maj 
He  had  now  become  an  open  menace  to  the  pariiame 
Republic.  Had  Boolatiger  immediately  placed  himself  ■ 
head  of  a  revolt  he  might  a(  this  moment  have  eltecled  the 
camp  d'tlal  which  the  intriguen  had  wo^ed  for,  and  mighl 
not  improbably  have  made  fahnsdl  master  of  Fnncei  bul 
the  favouiabie  opporlunKy  passed.  Tbe  govemnicnt.  wiih  M. 
Conitani  as  minialet  ol  tbe  interior,  had  been  quietly  taking  it) 


■inging  a ; 


.  To  the  astonish- 
ment of  his  friend),  on  the  ist  of  April  he  fled  from  Paris  before  ft 
tonld  be  eitcuted,  going  finit  to  Bnisiels  and  then  to  London. 
It  was  the  end  of  the  pt^ltlcal  danger,  though  Boulanglst  tchoe) 
cmliDued  for  a  L'llle  while  to  reverberate  al  the  polls  daring 
l$S^  and  iggo.  Boutanger  himself,  having  been  tried  and  con- 
demned IK  absentia  for  treason.  In  October  igSp  vent  to  live 
in  Jersey,  but  nobody  now  paid  much  attention  to  hli  doinga. 
Tbe  world  was  sianled,  however,  on  th*  joih  of  September 
1S91  by  bearing  that  he  had  commitled  luldde  In  h  cemetery  at 
BruiKia  by  bkwing  out  hit  brains  on  the  gnve  of  his  biUrbb, 
Madanwdefionneinains  (nA  Marguerite  Cmiet),  who  had  died 
in  tbe  preceding  July. 

See  ■!»  Ihc  arriele  FlAnrt!  Ritlafy;  and  Veriy,  Z*  Olnfnl 
Brmlam^  il  U  rimifinliiiniuiiarcliitm  iPuit.  1B9J).    (U,  Ca.J 

MUUT  DB  LA  HEURTRK  AMTOIHB  JAOqVBS  CUDDB 
JOSSra,  CovTE  (1761-1840).  French  politician  and  magiilrale, 
■on  of  an  agricuUiiral  labourer,  was  bom  at  rhimoiisey  (Voagn) 
on  the  iqth  of  February  1761.  Called  to  tbe  bar  ai  Nancy  in 
ijSj.  be  presently  *eot  to  Paris,  where  he  rajAtly  acqnlttd  a 
reputation  as  a  liwyn  and  a  ipeaker.  He  nipported  (he  revo- 
hxionary  cause  in  Lorraine,  and  fought  al  Vahny  (i79')  and 
Wissembourg  (lyoi)  in  the  republican  army.  But  his  modnate 
principle*  brought  suspicion  on  him,  and  during  (be  Terror  ho 
had  to  go  into  hiding.  HeTepresen(edLaHeuT1heintbe  Onincil 
of  Five  Hundred,  of  which  be  was  twice  president,  but  hft  viei 
developed  BteadHy  In  the  conservative  direction.  Fearing 
pmibfe  renewal  of  the  Terror,  he  became  an  active  member  < 
the  plol  for  the  overthrow  of  the  Direcloiy  in  November  in» 
He  was  rewarded  by  tbepmidencyof  Iheicgiilativei 


d  by  Napoleoi 


p  the  > 


prcBdcnt  of  the  legislative  section  of  the  coundl  of  itate  he 
examined  and  revised  the  dralt  of  Ihedvil  code.  lit  eight  yean 
■f  hard  work  »»  director  of  a  special  land  commission  he  settled 
tbe  titles  of  land  acquired  by  the  French  nation  at  the  Revohirion, 
and  placed  on  an  unauailable  bull  (he  righii  of  llie  proprietors 
■bo  hail  bought  this  land  from  the  government.  He  received 
tbe  grand  cfo«  of  the  Legion  of  Honour  and  the  (itle  of  count, 
was  a  member  of  Napoleon's  privy  council,  but  was  never  in  high 
favour  at  court.  Alter  Waterioo  he  tried  to  obtain  the  recog- 
nitioa  of  Napoleon  II.  He  wai  placed  under  surveillance  at 
Nancy,  and  lalcr  a(  HalberstadI  and  FtaDhfon-oB-lfaltt.  He 
wa*  allowed  10  tetum  10  France  In  tSig,  but  took  no  farther 
active  part  in  politica,  allboagh  he  pnscnted  Hmiclf  uniocnM- 
hHy  far  parthnentaiy  election  In  1(14  and  181;.  He  tiled  In 
RuitoolW^ihof  FebTMiy  1^40.    HepaUisbed  twobookiea 


En^UiUttory— £inl»     .  .    .       ..„.  _  .. 

AHfMcrM  raalHiitmtnl  A  la  r^Mlfw  (Puis,  1799),  and 
ToUmh  feHti^  ia  rtpm  4i  Ckaria  It  tl  Jacqmo  II,  Araltft 
rDi'i  it  h  mtiifn  it  Smarl  (The  Hague,  TeiS}--wfalch  contaliKd 
much  indirect  crftlctsm  of  the  Directory  and  the  Restoration 
governments.  He  devoted  tbe  last  yean  of  hb  life  to  writing 
his  neoioin,  which,  with  the  eiceptioB  of  a  fragment  rai  the 
TUpHieimililiaiimmtlle<laSiiyti(i»3t),  itmalncd  unpuhlisbed. 

HI*  dder  son,  Cnnte  HtNai  Oaoaon  Boour  m  la  Ueihtbi 
(t797-i8jS),wasac«islantBonapaTtiit.itiidafter(heelectiaDat 
Louis  Napoleon  to  the  president,  n*  named  (January  1S40) 
vice-president  of  die  republic.  He  aealoualy  pnmeted  popular 
educalioD,  and  became  in  1(41  proideiil  of  tho  society  for 
etemenlaiy  instruction. 

BCraUIBlt,  a  city  and  the'counly-seM  of  Boulder  colmty, 
Colorado,  U.S.A.,  about  jo  m.  N.W.  of  Denver.  Pop.  fia«e) 
M3o;  (i90o)6ijo(69]fDtelgn.bom);  {1010)0539.  Itlsaerved 
by  the  Union  Pacific,  (he  Colorado  ft  Soothe™,  and  the  Denver, 
BonlderftWestemrailways^ihelaatcrainectswIihlbenei^  boii> 
Ing  mining  campa,  and  ^ords  firw  vie**  M  mountain  scenery. 
Boulder  lies  about  jjoo  ft.  above  the  le*  on  Middle  Boulder 
Creek,  a  branch  of  the  St  Vrain  river  about  jo  m.  from  lis 
confluence  with  the  Platte,  and  has  *  beautiful  tlluatlon  in  the 
valley  al  the  fool  of  the  nvnntaiiu.  The  slate  tmlvenity  of  Colo- 
rado, established  at  Boulder  by  an  act  of  ig6i.  iras  opened  in 
i8;7;  it  includes  a  college  of  libeml  arts,  school  of  medicine 
(.88]),  school  o(  Uw  (ig,)),  college  of  engineering  {1893), 
graduate  school,  college  of  commeite  (1906}.  college  of  education 
(1908),  and  a  summer  school  (1904),  and  has  a  lihniy  of  about 
41,000 volumes.  Tlureareafineparkof  i84eacm,  thcproperly 
of  the  dty.  and  three  bnnlKnl  cnOons  near  Boulder.  At  (lie 
southern  Ibnits,  In  ■  beautifol  rfttiatlon  40a  f  (.  above  the  dty, 
are  the  ground*  of  an  innnal  summer  Khool,  (he  Colorado 
Chautauqua.  The  dimite  la  beneficial  foe  those  aflkted  vd(h 
bnncUal  and  pulmonaiy  mubles;  the  avenge  mean  annual 
tempenture  for  eleven  yean  ending  with  iqot  *ss  s'"  f- 
titrn  are  meditina!  springs  in  the  vidnily.  The  *a(er-worit* 
OR  owned  and  opemted  by  the  dty,  tbe  water  being  obtained 
fnm  lakes  at  the  foot  of  Ihe  Arapahoe  Peak  glader  In  (he  Snowy 
Range,  m  m.  from  the  city.    The  SI  "  .... 


esagricu 


lUng  esuUbhnient 

A  natural  gas  abourtd  In  the  vicinity;  there  are  oil  reEnerles 

the  city;  and  in  Boulder  county,  etpedally  a(  Nederland, 

m.  south-wtst,  and  at  Eldora.  about  99  m,  south-west  of  (ha 

dty,  has  been  obtained  sIdcf  1900  most  of  the  luagslen  mined 

In  the  United  States;  the  output  In  1907  was  valued  at  about 

The  Gnt  teiilentenl  near  the  site  of  Boulder  was  made 

tumn  of  lajS.     nacer  gidd  was  discovered  on  an 

aflkient  of  Boulder  Creek  In  January  18:9.    The  town  wa*  laid 

out  and  organbed  In  February  1859,  and  a  dtjr  charter  was 

.secvred  in  1871  and  nMtber  In  iSSi. 

BODLDn  (ihott  (or  "  boolder^tone,"  of  uncertain  origin; 
:f.  Swtd.  hiOerrtn,  a  large  stone  which  causes  a  noise  of 
ipt^ng  water  in  a  stream,  from  M/pi,  to  make  a  loud  noise), 
1  large  stone,  weathered  or  wale^woml  especially  a  geological 
erm  for  a  large  mass  of  rock  trsn^iarttd  to  *  distance  from  Ihe 
formation  to  *)uch  it  belong*.  Similariy,  fai  nJnbig,  a  maa  at 
V  found  at  a  dlstaiice  from  Ihe  lode. 

BOSUMR  CUT,  in  geology,  a  deposit  of  cUy,  efien  full  of 
boulden,  which  is  formed  in  and  beneath  gtaderS  and  ice.sbeels 


where% 


■elbe  t) 


deposit  of  the  Gladal  P< 
Boulder  flay  I*  variously  known  as  "im  "ar"gi<]UDd  iTKinine  " 
(Ger.  BUckklmt,  Ctakieiimvpl  or  Grtndnurtm;  Fr.  vfilt  i 
.  nsrinK^o/MleiSwed.  JCrsMMmtev).  Itisusuallya 
silfl,  tough  day  devoid  tk  stratHicatiDn;  though  some  varielie* 
are  distinctly  laminated.    Occasionally,  witUn  the  botilder  day, 


irregular  tentkutar 

sand,  gravel  or  loam.    As  the  boulder  clay 

abrasion  (direct  or  Indirect)  of  tbe  older  rocks  over  which 

icshaa  tnvdM,  i((akesitaoolottrfronii]wia;  thus,  InBrltaii 


If  the 


ovci  Triauic  ud  ffld  Kcd  Suublonc  ucu  the  d^r  b  red,  ovei 
CiibocUeioua  lodu  ii  i>  ofien  bliclc,  ova  Siloriu  rock  it  nuy 
be  buff  or  fi^i  ^"^  when  ihc  kc  bai  pased  ovci  chalk  the  d^y 
Buy  be  quite  while  ud  cbilky  (cbilky  beulder  dty).  Much 
boulder  day  i*  of  &  bluUh-grey  colour  wboe  uonpoeed,  but  it 
becomes  brawn  upon  being  weathered. 

The  bouJden  are  held  within  the  clay  in  an  imgular  miniiet, 
and  they  vary  ia  sue  from  mere  pelleu  up  la  mauea  many  loni 
in  weight.  Usually  they  are  unvwhat  ohloog,  and  often  Ibey 
posseuaflat  iide<ir"«ile  ";  tbey  may  be  angular,  lub^ngular, 
or  well  rounded,  and,  ii  they  are  bud  lodci,  they  frequently 
bear  groovei  and  icratcha  caused  by  contact  with  other  rocks 
while  hridGnnly  in  the  moving  ice,  Likethedayinwhichthey 
le  bouWt      ■   ■  ■■     ■  


has  1, 


lainly 


re  granite,  liaulu,  gneisses,  ftc; 
indeed,  they  may  cODsiii  of  any  hard  rock.  By  the  nature  of  the 
contained  boulden  it  ii  often  pouible  a  inte  the  path  along 
which  a  vanished  ice-iheet  nwved;  thui  in  the  Ctadal  drift  of 
the  east  coast  of  England  many  Sowdioavlta  nxki  can  be 

With  the  exception  of  lonminjlerm  whkh  have  bees  found  ia 
tbe  boulder  day  of  widdy  aepanled  tegioiu,  foMiIs  ue  pncti- 
cally  unknown;  but  in  tome  nuritime  diuiku  marine  aheUi 
have  been  incorporated  with  tbe  day.  See  Gluui.  Fiuooi 
andGtjciEB. 

II,"  "advice";  hence  > 
11  Gitece  for  an  advisory 
council,  in  ine  loose  tiamenc  suie,  u  in  all  primitive  lodtties, 
(here  was  a  council  of  (hi)  kind,  probably  coinposcd  af  tbe  beads 
of  families,  ■'.(.  of  tbe  leading  princes  or  nobles,  wbo  met  uiually 
on  the  sumnkona  of  the  king  for  Ihc  purpose  of  consultation. 
SomcUmes,  however,  it  met  on  its  own  initiative,  and  laid  sugges. 
Uoris  before  tbe  king.  It  formed  a  means  ol  communication 
between  the  king  and  the  freemen  asMmbled  in  the  Agoia.    In 

(for  the  Spartan  Council  ol  Elden  see  Geiousu).  In  Athens 
the  ancient  council  was  called  the  Bouli  until  the  instiiuilon  oC 
>  democniiic  council,  or  committee  of  ihe  Etcletia,  when,  for 
purposes  of  dislinclion,  it  was  described  as  "  Ihe  Boulf  oo  Ihe 
Areopagus,"  or,  more  shortly,  "  the  Areopagus  "  (j,«,).  It  mutt 
be  dearly  understood  (hat  the  second,  or  Soloniaa  BouM,  was 
enlirtly  dlBerenl  tram  the  Areopagus  which  represented  tbe 
Homeric  Coundl  of  the  King  througboui  Athenian  history,  even 
alter  the  "  mulilaiion  "  carried  out  by  Ephialies.  Further,  it 
is,  as  will  appear  below,  a  profound  rniscake  to  call  the  second 
Boule  a  "  senate."  There  is  no  real  analogy  between  tbe  Roman 
KiMte  and  Ihe  Athenian  «runcU  of  Five  Hundred. 

Before  descrilung  Ihe  Athenian  Bouli.  tbe  tmly  one  of  ita  kind 
of  which  wo  have  oven  fairly  delailed  informatim,  it  is  neceawy 
to  mention  Ihat  councils  eiisted  in  otbei  Greek  states  also,  both 
oligarchic  and  detooctatic-  A  Boule  was  in  the  first  place  a 
necessary   part  of  a   Greek  oligarchy;  the    ' 


transference  of  the  powe 


minaily  begun  by  Ihe  fndual 
Lrch  to  the  BoulC  of  nobtct. 
^.  I  e  Uiger  democratic  Bault 
wat  equally  euential.  The  general  assembly  of  the  people  wrj 
ntierly  uuuitedto  the  proper  nuiu^emenl  ol  slate  afiaimin  rll 
ihcir  minutiae.  We  theiefon  find  councils  of  both  kinds  i.i 
slnwsl  all  Ihe  states  of  Greece,  (i)  Ai  Corinth  we  team  that 
there  wsi  an  oligarchic  coundl  of  unknown  number*  pretided 
over  by  eight  leaden  (NicoLDamasc./'™/,  60).  It  wu  probably 
like  tbe  old  Homeric  coundl.  eicept  that  ill  coniiitution  did  uil 
depend  on  a  birth  cpialification,  but  on  a  high  census.  This  waa 
natural  in  Corinth  where,  anaiding  to  Herodotus  (Ii,  ifi?). 
mercantile  pnrsuiis  bore  no  sllgma.  (i)  From  an  inscription  we 
learn  that  the  Athenians,  in  imposing  a  constitution  on  Eiytbrae 
(about  4SD  B'C,},  included  a  council  analogous  to  their  own. 
U)  In  Blis  (Thuc.  v.  47)  there  was  an  aristocratic  council  ol 
ninety,  which  was  superseded  by  a  popular  coundl  of  aii  hundred 
(471)-  (4)  Similarly  in  Argos  there  wen  an  arisiocntic,  council 
ol  ei^l3>  and  taler  a  popoUi  awBdl  of  auch  laigij  atse  (ThiK. 


V,  41).  Councils  are  atu  fovnd  at  (si  Rbodo,  (6)  Uegdopdia 
(democralic),  (;J  Corcyia  [detnorratic),  (Thuc.  iiL  70).  01  these 
seven  the  mosl  iostruclive  is  that  ol  Eiyihntc,  whii^  provo 
thai  in  the  jlh  century  the  Coundl  of  Hve  Hundred  was  so 
effident  in  Athens  that  *  similar  body  was  impoaed  at  Erylhne 
(and  probably  in  the  oibec  tributary  diia). 

Tin  BnU  al  Alltnt.  Hiiliry.— Tbe  origin  ol  the  second 
BoulS,  at  CouDdl  oC  Four  Hundred,  at  Atbeos  is  Involved  in 
obscurity.  In  the  Anstoteliao  CnuHiulifn  b)  Aliau  (e.  4), 
il  is  stated  thai  Draco  oublished  a  coundl  of  401,  and  (bat  he 
iransferred  to  it  sDmeof  Ihe  fUDCtionsof  Ihe  Council  of  Areopagus 
(;.>.).  It  is.  however,  generally  bdd  (see  Draco)  thai  this 
statement  is  unlrue,  and  that  it  was  Solon  who  first  established 
the  council  as  a  part  of  Ihe  csustllulioo.  Thirdly,  It  has  been 
held  that  tbe  coundl  was  not  invented  dther  by  Draco  or  by 
Solon,  but  was  of  older  and  unknown  origin.  Fourthly,  it  has 
also  been  maintuned  by  some  recent  writeia  that  no  BouM 
edsted  before  Cldsthenes.  The  prindpal  evidence  for  this  view 
is  the  omission  of  any  reference  to  the  Boultinoneol  Ihe  earliest 
Aiheniin  inscriptions,  that  relating  to  Salamia  (Hicks  and  Hill, 
No.  4),  where  in  place  of  the  custoraary  formula  of  a  taler  age, 
Uo{i  Tt  ffovXi  nil  TV  Hl"e,  we  have  the  formula  tStxtai  li 
Hlfi/f.  This  argument  is  far  from  condusive,  and  it  is  dear 
from  the  CemlilUii»  (c.  so)  thai  the  resistance  of  the  Boult  to 
Cfeomenes  and  Issgoras  was  anterior  to  the  legislation  of  Clei- 
(ibenes  (i.e.  that  the  Boule  in  question  wu  the  Solonian  and  not 
the  Cleitthenian].  On  the  whole  it  is  reasonable  lo  condude 
that  it  wat  Solon  who  invented  Ihe  Bouli  to  act  Is  a  semi-demo- 
cntlc  check  upon  the  democracy,  whose  power  he  was  increaaing 
at  tbe  expense  al  Ihe  oligatcbs  by  giving  new  powen  to  ihe 
people  in  tbe  Ecclesia  and  tbe  Dicasleriei.  Praclically  nothing 
is  known  <A  Ihe  operutioes  ol  this  coundl  until  the  struggle 
between  Isagotas  and  Cleistbenes  (HeiDd.  v.  71).  Soloa't 
council  had  been  based  on  tbe  four  Ionic  tribes.  When  Oei- 
Bthenta  created  the  new  ten  tribes  in  order  to  destroy  the  local 
infiuence  of  dominant  families  and  to  give  ihe  oounlcy  demea 
a  ihaie  in  government,  he  changed  the  Soloniaa  councU  inlo  a. 
body  of  SOS  members,  jo  from  each  tribe.  This  new  boib'  (sec 
below)  frat  Ihe  keystone  oi  the  CItislheoejn  democracy,  and 
may  be  said  in  a  sense  to  have  embodied  the  prindple  o[  local 
reprtMntaiion.  After  Cleislhents,  the  coundl  remained  un. 
alteiEd  till  lot  *.t!.,  when,  on  tbe  addition  of  two  new  tribes 
named  alter  Antigonus  and  hi*  son,  Detnetrios  Poliorcttas,  iu 
numbcis  were  inotaied  to  feo.  InAJi.  tsfr-117  the  old  number 
ol  JOS  WIS  testored.  A  coundl  of  7J0  members  is  mentioned 
in  an  inscriplloii  ol  tbe  early  jrd  century  A.a,  and  about  A  J>.  40a 


ia)  Under  Solon  tbe  coundl 
HD  each  of  tbe  four  Ionic  tribci. 
re  eligible  eicept  the       ^,.    , 


CfftutUnticit  and  PvfKimH-— 
consisted  of  400  members,  too  fii 
It  is  certain  that  all  cLwes  w 
Tbttes,  but  the  method  ol  appi 
Three  suggestioru  have  been  ia 
chose  its  rcpiesenutives,  (i)  that  they  were  cbaeen  by  lot 
From  qualifinldtiieos  in  rotation,  (3)  that  the  combined  method 
oE  Mieclion  by  lot  from  a  larger  number  ol  elected  ■'"■^-'-tni 
was  employed.  According  to  the  passage  in  Plutarch's  SqUk 
the  functions  oi  this  body  wen  from  the  first  pitinttiOU  ii.t. 
it  prepared  the  business  lor  the  Ecdesia).    Othen  hold  that 


onsider,  however,  the  double  danger  oi 
lull  power,  and  yet  under  the  pceaidatcy 
chons,  il  seems  probable  thai  the  pro- 
re  devised  by  Solon  as  a  method  ef  mnin- 
On  this  hypolhesit  the  Solonian  BouU  ma 


leaving  the  Ecdci 

of  the  aristocrati' 

houleutic  function 

tainiag  the  balano 

from  the  fitsl  what  it  certainly  h 

Ecclesia,  i.e.  not  a  "  teuale,"    It  may  be  regarded  a 

that  Ihe  system  ol  Prytands  was  the  byenti 


orpoiiatioa  it  at 
unoenain,  but  it  may  be  inlcned  that  It  becuw 
BMettiicUyfeU'aducatlndytlwiitheSalDokBEeuKi.    S,vttf 


BOULEVARD— BOULLE 


ui  of  Igc  WU  elltibte.  and,  < 


nKcc  iAI*.  Pel. 

tmi  evklcacc  ii  derived  f [ 

jrd  ccntui;  B.C.,  tlut  Irom  Uk  fint  the  BoulnLic 

hf  the  demo,  id  mjDiben  proportioatle  to  ll«  iL 

■sd  that  from  tlie  &nt  4]sa  the  method  uf  BOftilioti  «u  cmpjc 

For  each  cmmcilLor  choscD  by  lot,  a  substitute 

cue  of  death  or  dugnce.    Afiei  nommilion  e 

|iriv3te  lilc  vas  scrvtjniied.  After  tlrii,  the  (o< 
lake  an  oath  that  tbey  (i)  wovld  act  accotding 
muld  give  the  bal  »dvi 


atihougfa 
fiom  the 
ppoLntol 


I  of  tl 


As  symbott  of  office  tbey 
dti^aUy  at  the  late  of  odc  oibciuzu 
4th  centujy  of  fivt  oboli  a  day.     At 
each  counciDor  had  to  rcodei  an  aco 
council  had  done  wcJt  the  people  voted  en 


itof  hiawork.andif  tl 


I  of  honour.  \\^Lhin 
liol  over 
ion  as  Ecpkyllepiitria-,  it  tsuld 
prwiiionally  suspend  a  member,  pending  a  fornial  trial  before 
Ihc  whole  council  asiembled  ad  ix.  The  council  had  further  t 
ampfete  vyatem  of  acribea  at  secretaries  ([rammatas),  private 
tEtasury  officials,  and  a  paid  herald  ivho  summoned  the  fioulft 
and  the  Eccleiia.  The  meetings  took  f^ce  generally  in  the 
toundl  ban  (SmJeUenrm},  but  on  special  occuions  In  the 
Ikealit,  the  stadium,  the  dockyards,  the  Acropolli  or  the 
thcseum.  Tbey  vso  oormally  public,  the  aodicDce  being 
separated  by  ■  barrier,  but  on  occasions  of  peculiar  unportaixT 
Ike  public  wu  eiduded. 

The  EctlesU.  owing  to  its  siie  and  constiiulloa,  was  unable 
to  meet  niore  than  three  or  four  times  a  monlh^  the  council,  oti 
f,.f—.^  the  other  hand,  was  in  continuous  leuion,  except  on 
^^^  feast  dayi.  It  was  impouible  that  the  Five  Kundrrd 
ibonld  all  iJc  every  day,  end,  thetcfon,  to  lacilitate  the  despatch 
gf  bounes,  the  tyitem  of  Piytancis  was  introduced,  proboUy 
by  Oftothenes.  By  this  lyslem  the  year  was  divided  into  ten 
equal  periods.  During  each  of  these  periods  the  council  was 
repintnled  by  the  fifty 


Hfor 


I  of  the 


IS  led  by  a  president  (e;^- 


le  fot  canyini 
yrmr.     Each  of  these  commltteei 

ud  a  third  of  its  numbers  lived  permanently  during  their  period 
«t  office  to  the  Tbolos  (Dome)  or  Skias,  a  round  building  where 
they  (wilfa  certain  other  officials  and  honoured  citiiens]  <&>ed 
•t  the  pobBc  eipense.  In  J7B-377  B.C.  (or  perhaps  in  the 
arduodup  of  Eucirides,  403)  the  presidency  of  the  Ecclesia  was 
transfeiml  to  the  EpiilaUi  of  Uu  Pntdri,  the  Pntdri  being  a 
body  of  Eiiiie  chosen  by  lot  by  the  EjHSIales  of  the  Ptytaneis 
Inm  the  remaining  nine  tribes.  It  was  the  duly  of  the  BouIE 
(ii.  tite  Prylany  which  was  for  the  time  in  lesaon)  to  prepare 
>0  business  fot  the  consideration  ol  the  Ecclcsii.  Their  recom' 
■endatioD  (t)»6o4^'"I"I  ""  presented  to  the  popular  assembly 
«  Ecclesia),  which  either  passed  it  as  [t  stood 


It  m 


be  d«arly  undenlood  that  the  reeommendtitioo  of  the  coundl 
bad  DO  totrln^  force  until  by  the  votes  of  the  Ecclesia  1 1  passed 
into  lair  as  %  ptephism.  But  in  addition  to  this  function,  (he 
CouBcil  <rf  the  Five  Hundred  had  large  idBiinittritivc  and 
judidal  control  (t)  It  was  before  the  council  that  the  Polelae 
■mngrd  the  fannlBg  of  public  rcvrnun,  the  receipt  ol  tenden 
tor  public  works  and  the  uleof  confiscated  properly;  further, 
it  dnlt  with  defiiulting  coQecton  (Mtlria)).  exacted  the  ilebts 
of  private  pertODl  to  the  state,  and  probably  drew  up  annual 
alinuto.  (1)  It  nipervised  the  treasury  payments  of  the 
Apodectae  ("Receivers")  and  the  "Treasurers  of  the  God," 
b)  From  Deraoathenes  (/n  Atiint.)  it  Is  clear  that  it  had  to 
utange  for  the  provision  of  so  many  iTiremcs  per  annum  and 
■  TIk  ioMiiuIion  of  pav  for  Ifaa  CDuoeillon  may  nfdv  be  iKribed 
(oPerida  altbough  we  have  no  diiecl  evidence  of  it  bdore  411  ■■  c. 


the  award  of  the  ttienrehie  cntws.    (4)  It  irTtaaed  far  tba 

mainienaDCs  of  the  cavalry  and  the  ipedit  levies  from  tbt 
dema,  |5>  It  bend  certain  cases  of  civaitdia  (impeachment) 
and  hnd  the  right  to  fine  up  to  joo  diachmaB,  or  hand  the  case 
avn  to  tlie  HeEiei.    The  case*  which  it      '   " 

bribery).    la  later  ti 

Instance.  Subsequently  {Alk.  Pnl.  c  45J  its  powers  wen  umileo 
and  an  appeal  wu  alloncd  to  the  papular  coutti.  (ti)  The 
council  presided  over  the  iakij^ana  (consideiation  of  fitness) 
of  the  nugittrates ;  this  examinalion,  which  was  originally 
concerned  with  a  candidate's  moral  and  physical  fitness,  de- 
generated into  a  mere  inquiry  into  bis  politics.    {;)  In  foreign 

ntc.  with  the  Stralegi  ("  Generals  "),  took  treaty 
Ecclesia  had  decided  on  the  terms.  The  Xeno- 
Ptiiuia  slates  that  the  council  of  the  jth  century  wai 
Bed  with  vu,"  but  in  the  4th  century  it  chiefly  super- 
vised  uc  docka  and  the  fleet.  On  two  occasion)  at  least  tbt 
coundl  was  specially  endowed  with  full  powers;  Demosthenei 
(De  f  ofr.  Ltt,  p.  3B0)  slates  that  the  people  gave  it  full  power* 
to  send  ambuudon  to  Philip,  and  Andocides  (Di  Uya.  14I0II.) 
states  that  it  had  full  power  to  investigate  theaflairol  the  notila- 
tion  of  the  Hcrmae  on  the  night  }Kfore  the  sailing  of  the  Sidiian 
Eipedillon. 

It  wilt  be  seen  that  this  democratic  coon<^  was  absolutely 
eaenlial  to  the  working  of  the  Athenian  state.  Without  having 
any  final  leglslaUve  authority,  it  was  a  neouary  pan  of  the 
le^slative  machinery,  and  it  may  be  regarded  as  certain  that  a' 
large  proportion  ol  its  recommendations  were  passed  without^ 
alteration  or  even  discussion  by  the  Ecclesia.  The  Boulf  was; 
therefore,  In  the  strict  sense  a  committee  of  the  Ecclesia,  and 
was  Enuncdiately  connected  with  a  syueni  of  tub-committeei 
which  nerdied  executive  functioia.  - 


Further,  the 
oaths,  alter  t 


IV.  7 


BOniZTAItD  (a  Fr.  word,  eaHier  ittJtKrI,  from  Dutch  et 
Cer.  Ballxank,  tl.  Eog.  "  bulwark  "),  origioilly.  In  fortification, 
tB  earthirork  with  a  broad  platform  for  artillery.  It  came  Into 
use  owing  to  the  width  of  the  gangways  In  medieval  walls  being 
Insufficient  for  the  mounting  of  artillery  thereon.  The  boulevard 
or  bulwark  was  usually  an  earthen  outwork  mounting  artillery, 
and  10  placed  in  advance  as  to  prevent  the  guns  of  a  besieger 
from  battering  the  foot  of  the  main  walls.  It  was  as  a  tula 
circular.  Semidrcular  Jrmi-boidnardi  were  often  constructed 
ronnd  the  bases  of  the  t^d  masoofy  towers  with  tbe  same  object. 
In  modem  Uraes  the  word  is  most  frequently  used  to  denote  ■ 
promenade  laid  out  on  the  site  of  a  former  fortification,  and,  by 
analogy,  a  broad  avenue  in  a  town  pbniediiiih  rows  of  trees. 

BODLLB,  AKDRfi  CHARUl  (t64i-iM'1,  French  cabinet- 
maker, who  gave  Us  name  to  a  fisliion  of  inbying  known  ai 
Boulte  ot  Buhl  work.  The  aon  of  Jean  Boulle,  a  member  of  > 
family  of  titniius  who  had  already  achieved  distinction— Pierre 

in  t'ryitt  azbiwli  if  tWne,— he  became  the  mast  famous  of  hli 
name  and  was,  indeed,  the  second  cahinet-makei — the  first  waa 
Jean  Mad — who  has  acquired  individual  renown.  That  mutt 
have  begun  at  a  comparatively  early  age,  for  at  thirty  he  had 
already  been  granted  one  of  those  lodgings  in  the  galleries  of  the 
LonvR  whldi  had  been  set  apart  by  Henry  IV.  for  the  nse  of  tbe 


It  ''faM*^  «f  tL*  utUi  atpk^cd  br  tbc  tnnm.  To  b< 
liUad  to  thne  (aQeriet  wii  not  <ml]r  to  naive  ■  ligiul  marl 
aytl  Iivonr,  bat  lo  enjoy  the  Impoiunt  piivilcgc  of  IreedoR 


lodging  in  1671  by  Looji  XIV,  upon 
la  of  Colbert,  vho  described  him  ai  "  U  pint 
AoMj^  l6^uJe^  i'lirijj"  but  in  tbe  patent  corJeTTiDg  diii  privilefB 
)KiideKTibnl*i*ou"  diuer,  gilder  ind  oukerolnuiquetirie." 
Boulle  Bppejin  to  have  been  originally  a  painler.  aincc  the  &nt 
paymeol  to  Jum  liy  the  crovn  of  which  there  11  iny  record  (1669) 
ipeci6<»"mntfl(urfe^iii(««."  Hewitnnployedfoitnanyyeaci 
at  Veiuilla,  There  Ihe  mirrored  vaUt,  Ibe  floon  of  "  irood 
nwMic,"  the  inlud  panelling  and  the  piHea  ia  Bicqncterie  in 
the  Cabinet  du  Dnuphin  wtk  regarded  at  hji  moit  maickihle 
wnk.  Theie  nxnni  were  long  lince  diimaniled  and  their 
oonlenudispened,  but  Doulle 'a  drawing)  for  the  worlcarciB  the 
Koitt  del  Atu  Decoiaiili.  Hiiteyal  cmuniuioni  were,  iadeed. 
imuunerable,  at  ve  learn  both  fniia  the  Cttfpiit  ict  Mffimli 
and  liom  the  coireipondcnce  al  Louvoia.  Not  only  the  noii 
DUgnifceni  oi  French,  moiurehi,  but  foreign  priacci  and  the 
great  nobles  and  Giuinclert  oi  his  own  country  crowded  Un  *-ilh 
commissions,  and  tlie  aiol  of  the  abb£  de  Marollea,  '*  Batiiit  y 
Imoiuui  ncit,"  hu  becorae  a  slack  quouiJon  in  the  literatuie  of 
French  cabinet-aaking.  Yet  despite  his  distiitctlon,  the  Eacilily 
■rith  which  he  Toirked,  the  high  prices  he  obuuned,  and  hb 
woriuhopfi  full  of  clever  craftsmen,  BouUe  appears  to  have  been 
consruitly  short  of  money.  He  did  not  always  pay  his  workmen, 
dicnll  nba  had  made  consldenble  advances  failed  to  obtam  the 
e  things  they  had  ordered,  more  than  one  applicatii 


sthimfe 


lof  tl 


in  the  asylum  of  the  Louvre,  and  hi 
king  giving  hun  sii  month)'  proleclion  from  his  crediionsn 
cotidiiion  liiat  he  used  the  time  to  regulate  hi)  aflairs  or  "  ceiera 
la  demiire  grlce  que  sa  majeiit  iui  (era  U-deMBs."  Twenty 
years  lalcr  one  of  his  sons  was  arretted  at  Fontainebletu  and 
kept  in  prison  for  debt  until  the  king  had  him  released.  In  i;jo 
bis  finances  were  itill  further  embatrasKd  by  a  £re  which, 
beginning  in  another  alilUt,  eiiended  to  hit  twenty  workshops 
and  destroyed  most  of  the  seasoned  materials,  ippUancea, 
modett  and  finished  work  of  which  they  were  full.  The  salvage 
mu  sold  sndapetilionforpecuniary  help  was  sent  to  the  regent, 
the  reudt  of  which  does  not  appear.    It  would  seem  that  BouUc 


Harietl 


lyolhi 


£40,000  JD  amoun 
loiny.eight  drawin 
kept  by  Rubens  ii 


islrie 


e  fire,  which  eaceedcd 


[s  by  Raphael  and  the  m 
luly.    He  attended  ever; 


including 
Bcript  Journal 


chases,  and  when  the  neit  aalc  took  place,  fresh  eipedients  were 
devised  for  obtiining  more  money.  Collecting  was  10  Boulle  a 
mania  of  which,  says  his  fnend,  it  was  impossible  to  cure  him. 
Thus  be  died  ia  i;ji,  full  of  lame,  ycin  and  debts.  He  left  four 
sons  who  lolleved  in  his  footsiept  in  mora  senses  thao  oite — 
Jean  Philippe  (bom  before  1690,  dead  before  1741),  Piem 
fienoiiCd.  1741),  CharlnAadr^  (1681-1744)  and  Charles  Joseph 
(i6SS-i7S4).  Their  affairs  were  embatraued  throughout  their 
livea,  and  Ihi  three  last  are  known  to  have  died  in  debt. 
'  All  greatness  is  the  product  of  its  opportunities,  and  the  elder 
Boulle  was  made  by  the  happy  circumsLances  of  his  time.  He 
was  bom  into  a  Fiance  which  trat  just  entering  upon  the  most 
brillianl  period  of  sumptuary  miignificence  nhich  any  nation  has 
known  in  modem  times.  Loui)  XIV.,  in  avid  of  the  delighu  of 
Ihe  eye,  by  the  reckless  eiliavagaace  of  hii  uamplc  turned  the 
Ihou^us  of  his  couriien  to  domestic  splendaun  which  bad 
hitherto  been  rare.  The  apadoua  piliee*  which  arose  in  hit 
time  needed  rich  cmbelliihinenti  and  BouUe,  who  had  not  only 
Inherited  the  rather  flanboyant  Italian  tnditioni  of  the  late 
Renaissance,  but  had  Iblniilaie  in  hit  blood,  amw.  as  tome  such 
man  invariably  does  arise,  to  gratify  tatiea  in  which  personal 
pride  and  love  ol  art  were  not  unequi  " 


na  he  qaitc  the  ta 
type  of  inlay  whidi  ia  chiefly  ajg--'— ' 
■rtisl.  befon  or  lince,  htl  <l*ed  th 
ingskiil.  courage  and  surety.    He  prodoesd  placet  of  moBome&tal 

soUdiiy  blseing  with  hanoooiou)  oc4aur,  or  Reaming  with  tin 
sober  and  dignified  reticence  ol  ebony.  Ivory  and  white  meUL 
The  Renaissance  artliu  chiefiy  employed  wood  la  making 
lumiture,  omameniing  it  with  gilding  and  painting,  end  inbyiiv 
it  with  agate,  cornelian,  tapis.lazuli,  marble  of  variona  dot^ 
ivory,  toltdite-thell,  no  ther^f -pearl  and  variotu  voodli 
Boulle  improved  upon  thii  by  inlaying  braia  deylcei  into  itinmI 
or  tortoite.shell,  which  last  he  greatly  used  acconiing  to  tha 
design  be  had  immediately  in  view,  idtether  flowen,  K*nff. 
scrolli,  frc;  to  these  he  sometimes  added  ^"■"'^nH  metftL 
Indeed  the  ute  of  tortoiK-iheli  becune  to  characteristic  that  uv 
furniture,  however  cheap  and  common,  which  nai  ■  reddtah/MHl 
that  might  by  the  ignorant  be  nitu  ken  for  inlay,  it  BOW  dcKnbcd 
u  "  Buhl  "—the  name  it  the  invention  o(  the  Briiith  ■uttioneei 
and  furniture-maker.  In  thisprocesa  thabratals  tliiit,and,Uk« 
the  ornamental  wood  or  cortoise^hell,  forms  a  veneer.  In  tha 
e  production  of  his  work  was  costly,  owing  to  thft 


quantity  o(  valuable  mate 
and.  in  addition,  the  labour  lost  L 
article  or  copy  of  a  patiem.    By 
Boulle  eSecled  an  « 


separately  cutting  for  each 


edgings,  and  other  1 


ect  at  be  required;  he  chased 
graver  for  a  like  purpote,  and,  when  tha 
fastened  down  with  brass  pins  or  naiU, 
Bat  and  ditgulted  by  omamentsl  chating. 
•ilcl  or  in  the  round,  brats  feet,  bmcket^ 
_n,  partly  m 
and  paitly  kit  deeoni- 


tt  In  Ihe  pieces 


.ny  ana  capable.    A 
reamoag  thcwodd'n 


He  subsequently  used  olbe 
daw-tecl  to  pedestals,  or  figures  in     _ 
U  Ihe  effect  he  desired  lo  produce.    These  la 
that  undoubtedly  oone  fiim  Boulle's  aldiir  are  neariy  alwurs 
of  the  peatest  eirelleuce.    They  were  cast  in  the  nutflt— th« 

fitiish,  their  jewel-like  imoolhoest. 

Unliapplly  it  It  by  no  meant  etty,  even  for  the  rapert,  to 
declare  the  authentlcily  of  a  caromodie,  a  bureau,  or  a  table  hi 
the  manner  of  BouUe  and  to  all  appearance  tn  '  ' 
Hit  tons  unquettionably  carried  on  the  iradi'ii 
after  hit  death,  and  hit  imitators  were  many 

mobiliary  treasures.  There  are,  for  maiancc,  tne  two  *T"r*1in 
vmaira,  which  fetched  £11,075  >I  t^  Hamilton  Palace  side} 
the  marqurterie  commodes,  enriched  with  brouc  mounts,  In  tltt 
BibUoih^ue  Uararine;  various  cabinets  and  oommodca  ami 
Ubica  in  the  Louvre,  the  Mus^e  Cluny  and  the  Mobilier  Nalienali 
the  marriage  coffen  of  the  dauphin  which  were  hi  the  San  DeoalA 
coUeciioa.  There  are  levtnl  fine  authenticated  pieces  in  tli* 
Wallace  collection  at  Hertford  House,  together  with  otheri 
contummate^  imiuted,  probaUy  In  th^  Louia  Seise  period.' 
On  the  rare  occaaiont  when  a  pedigree  example  comet  bio  tlio 
auction-room,  it  invariably  commandt  a  high  price;  but  Ihers 
can  be  little  doubt  that  Ihe  matt  tplendid  and  tumpluoua 
qtedmeni  o(  BouUe  are  diminiihing  in  number,  wh^  the 
tecoBii  and  third  dattet  of  hit  work  ate  perhspa  becoming  mora 
numerout.  The  ttuih  it  that  this  wonderful  work,  with  Ita 
engraved  or  inlaid  designs  of  Bftaio,  its  myriads  of  tiny  pieces 
of  ivory  and  copper,  ebony  and  tortoite-thelt,  all  kqit  together 
with  glue  and  liny  chased  nails,  and  applied  very  often  to  a 

and  humidity  ate  even  gretier  enemies  of  Inlaid  furniture  thait 
•  -    -  '  "  itt  Ihhigt  are  lately  much  i>icd,aiMl 


BOULOGNE— BOULOGNE-SUR-MER 


■n  pMcOtd  Iian  oi^iMiy  dunca  d  ittaionlStm.  Tbn  h 
nmrrpimtir  ttum  u>  njola  wbm  *  pitcc  n!  real  ■niiU]'  is 
fuTunm  fiwU  iu  find  bone  ' 


Hmvttn,  w  BoDLLOKCNB,  thc  umc  ol  ■  bmOy  sf  Fitnch 
painwn.  Loon  U6oir't7*),  ^ba  *u  sac  of  iba  orlgbul 
memben  tt  lie  Aadnny  e(  Pihiliiic  and  Solpluic  tti^SI, 
bccaneoicbiaMdBKkrLauiiXIV.  Hb  tndiUnii  wti*  co>- 
Unocd  by  hii  chUm:  GiNiviivi  (ifitj-iioS),  lAa  urried 
the  icalplor  J*CQU(s  Otiiaa;  U*deuins  (ib«6-i7»),  vbaae 
mrk  nuviva  in  tbc  Trefkla  ftrma  U  VcnuUta;  Boh  (■t4«- 
171 1),  ■ncocuful  Vathtt  mi  ikcaiiiivc  aniit ;  md  Loon  the 
ymiBgcr  (16J4-17J3),  Dbo  espied  Riphacl'i  artoBDi  tor  the 
Cobe^  U^Kjtry,  uid  bciidei  Lakini  ■  U£h  pUce  u  ■  pustcr 
wu  alio  a  fIcaigDer  o(  mtdall. 

BOULOGHft-IOIt-MeR,  a  bnified  Mtpert  of  iwnbtTD  Fnna 
and  chief  uwd  <]I  an  amndsicRKnt  id  Pu-dc-CaUiv  liliuled 
on  the  abm  a(  ilie  En^bh  Channel  at  I)k  mouth  tf  ihe  tivtt 
LiiiK.  ij)  m.  N.N.W.  ol  Paris  on  the  Nortbem  nitw*)',  and 
iB  m.  by  tea  S.E.  of  FoJkBlone.  Kent.  Pop,  (19116)  4<>.6}6. 
Boulotne  occupie*  the  lummii  and  iJapei  of  a  ridge  of  hiUi 
ikirtins  th«  light  bank  oF  the  Liane:  the  induitrial  quarter  of 
Capfcnn  ciMndi  along  the  opposite  banli.  and  ii  reached  by  m 
bridgEt,  while  the  river  ii  iko  croiied  by  a  doubla  laiiwiy 
TiadBct.  The  lovn  (oiuiui  ol  iho  parti,  ibc  Haute  Ville  and 
the  Baue  Villi.  The  former,  lituiitd  dd  the  top  ol  the  hill,  ii 
of  coBipanitFvdyiDullciteDt.aikd  forms  ilnuui  a  paraUdograin, 
■arrounded  by  nttiiant  of  Oit  >Jih  century,  and,  ouuidc  then, 
^  boutevaidt,  and  mined  by  tncieni  gateways.  In  this  part 
tie  the  law  court,  Ihe  chtteau  and  Hie  Mtcl  de  vilte  (buQi  in  the 
iStb  century),  aiid  a  brUiy  tower  of  ihc  ijih  and  i7ihceiiturMi 
it  m  the  immediate  Deighbourbood.  In  ihe  chlieau  [ijih  cn- 
tuiy)  DOW  UHd  BJ  bimcliii  the  emperor  Napoleon  III.  wai 
tonGucd  after  the  abortive  iinurreclion  of  1840.  At  some  dis- 
tance AOTth-ufstitaiuU  the  church  ot  Notre- Dame,  a  weil^knon'n  ' 
place  ol  pOgriawge,  erected  (iSi7-i£66)  on  the  ale  of  aa  old 
buHding  detiTOyed  in  the  Revolution,  ol  which  the  tateosfve 

ol  the  hiU  to  the  liaibour,  aJang  i&'hick  it  esiends.  terminatiag 
in  an  aptiM  ol  sandy  beach  liequented  by  balhers,  and  pro- 
vided with  a  bathing  nublishnieni  and  casino.  11  ceaiains 
several  good  »ltt«li,  some  of  which  are,  however,  very  sleep. 
A  main  street,  named  tuccesuvely  rue  de  b  Lampt.  Si  Nicola* 
asd  Grande  rue,  emeDds  Iram  the  bridge  across  the  Liane  to  Ihe 
piDnKnade  by  the  side  of  the  lamparis.  This  is  inienecird  first 
by  Ihe  Quai  Gimbetia,  and  fuihcr  back  by  ihc  lue  Vicior  Hugo 
and  the  roe  Naiiooale.  which  contain  Ihe  prioupal  shops.  The 
public  buildiiv  include  several  Biodcm  churthes.  two  hospilals 
and  a  Dusevja  with  coUeciions  oF  aniiquliies,  ualuial  history, 
porcclaiB.  de  Conaecled  with  ibe  muscuin  Is  a  public  library 
with  7J,000  volumes  and  a  number  ol  vatuaUe  manuscripu, 
many  ol  them  richly  illumini led.  There  are  English  churches  in 
the  town,  aod  dubkiou*  boarding-schools  intended  for  English 
pupils.  Boulogne  is  Ihl  K*l  of  a  sub-prefect,  and  has  tribunals 
of  fint  iniiance  and  ol  cemmeite,  a  biurd  of  inde-arbiiraiBii, 
a  duiaiber  of  commerce  and  a  branch  af  ihi  Bank  ol  Fiaacc. 
There  are  also  communal  colleges,  a  naliunnl  school  of  mnsic. 
and  schools  ol  hydrography,  commerce  and  industry,  Boulogne 
has  for  a  long  list  been  one  ol  the  most  angliciitd  of  Fimth 


rbour  ii  lormed  by  the  mouth  ol  Ihc  Liane.  Two  Jet  tin 
(DcloM  a  channel  leading  into  the  river,  vhich  foms  a  tidal 
basin  wilh  a  depth  si  neap-tides  of  14  It.  Alongside  this  is  an 
eilensive  dock,  and  behind  it  an  inner  port.  There  is  also  ■ 
tidal  basin  opaiBg  oil  tbt  entrance  channeL  Tha  depth  of 
warn  in  the  river-harbour  It  a  ft.  *I  tpring.iide  and  14  ft.  at 
Bcap-Ildti  In  the  sluice  of  Ihe  dock  the  numbenare  loj  and  ij| 
RqMCIively.  The  commerce  of  Boulogne  consists  (hieGy  in  the 
faiponatJiia  «1  iu|(^  wool,  woven  goods  ol  silk  and  wool,  akuti . 


'  Ihreadl,  coal.  Hmbv,  aad  Iran  and  steel,  aad  (he  eaponaticB  el 
wine,  woven  goods,  table  fruil,  potaloei  and  otber  vegelabltf, 
skin*,  motor-ars,  forage  and  cement.  Tlwavetage  annuBl  valua 
el  tha  eipans  In  the  five  year*  1001-1905  wii  £io,o;},aoo 
U<i,;a4,aao  in  the  yean  iEg6-itoo),  and  at  the  import* 
£0,064,000  lij.eejfioo  in  ibe  yean  iSqiHtQoo).  Fnm  1901  to 
IQO]  tba  annual  avenge  ol  vcaada  entered,  ciclunve  of  Bshing> 
aond:*,  wat  t7J5.  tODnage  1,747,600;  and  cleaiad  1710,  tonnage 
i.74S,ig7.  The  total  iramber  of  paiaoigen  between  FolketMoa 
aad  BodognaiB  1906  »ai  >os,ooo  or  49  %  above  Uw  avcraga 
lor  the  yean  i«oi-t«05.  Thae  tmTelled  by  the  iteaiMn  o(  Iht 
Soulh-Eatlen  ft  Chatham  railway  company.  The  liners  of 
tha  Dutck-Ameikan,  Hambuig-AmerJcan  and  Other  compnoiei 
abo  caD  at  Ihe  port.  In  the  eatot  and  value  ol  ill  fidietiM 
Boulogne  is  exceeded  by  do  seaport  in  Fiance.  The  Boat 
imporlani  branch  Is  the  herring-fisheiy;  nest  in  value  b  tha 
mackerel.  Large  quanlitie*  ol  litsh  fish  arc  Iransmilled  to 
Paris  by  railway,  but  an  abtmdanl  supply  is  reserved  lo  the  town 
ttsdr.  ThefiihermenUvefaclhematpaninascparalequarteT 
called  La  Beurrifae.  situated  in  ihe  upper  pan  of  the  town. 
In  igej  the  fisherlea  of  Boulogne  and  Ibe  neighbouring  vUlaga 
ol  Ctapla  eaplayed  over  400  boals  and  4J0D  men,  ihc  valua 
of  the  fiih  liken  being  oiimaled  at  £i,ais,cao.  Among  the 
nufoerous  indusLrial  eatablishmen Is  in  Boulogne  aiulitaenviroai 
may  be  mcalioaed  foundiiea.  cement-factories,  irapartanl  steel- 
pen   manufactories,  oil-works,   dye-works,  J&sh-curing  workk, 

chocolate,  boots  and  shoes,  and  soap.     Shipbuilding  is  ala» 

Among  Ihe  objects  of  inlercsl  In  the  neighbonrhODd  th« 
most  remarkable  la  the  Colonne  de  la  Ciande  Amite,  erected 
on  ihe  high  ground  above  the  town,  in  henour  of  Nspoleon  I.,' 
on  occasion  of  the  proiecled  invasion  of  EngUnd,  for  which 
ha  here  made  great  prepnmiians.  The  pillar,  which  ii 
•[  the  Doric  order,  i6i  li.  high,  is  surmounted  by  a  natoe 
d(  Ihe  emperor  by  A.  S.  Boeto.  Though  begun  in  igo4,  the 
monument  was  not  completed  till  1S41.  On  the  edge  of  tha 
clid  10  the  cast  of  the  port  are  some  rude  brick  remains  of  an 
dd  buHding  ollrd  Tour  d'Ordre,  aaid  to  be  the  ruins  of  ■ 
lower  buill  by  Caligula  at  Ihe  time  of  bit  intended  Invasion  ol 

Boulogne  is  identified  with  the  Ctiuriaciim  of  the  Romans,' 
andet  whom  ii  was  an  important  harbour.  It  is  suggested  that 
U  was  the  Ptrliu  Hits  where  Julius  Caesar  aasembled  bit  Seel 
(tee  Inui  Poaitia).  Ai  aa  early  period  it  began  lo  be  known  aa, 
Banonia,  a  name  which  bat  been  giaduaUy  modified  biio  the' 
prcscnl  form.  The  lown  was  licilroyed  by  the  Normans  la 
ggi,  hut  risiortd  about  qu.  During  Ihe  Carolingian  period 
Boulogne  was  the  chief  townof  acouDUhlpibalwaafortongtba 
tubJKi  of  diapulc  beiwecD  FUndcrs  and  Ponthieu.  Fran  tha 
yeK«A5il  belonged  10  the  house  of  Ponihiru,  ol  which  Codfny 
of  BoiulloB,  Ihclim  kingof  Jerulalem,waaascisn.  Stephen  oil 
Bloit,  who  became  king  of  England  in  II  j;,  had  married  Mahaut,' 
daughiei  and  heiiett  of  Eustace,  count  of  Boulcfne.  Their 
daughter  Xliry  married  Matthew  of  Alsace  (d.  1171),  and  her 
diughiei  Mi(d.  iiiU  married  Reniud  of  DamiBaRin-  Of  thii 
list  msniagc  was  issue  Uahaut,  countcsa  of  Boulogne,  trife  el 
Fhilip  Uuirpel{d- 1  )m),  a  son  of  King  Philip  Angustut.  To  her 
iucc«ded  liw  haute  ol  Brabant,  baue  of  Uahaut  of  Boulogne' 
sislo  of  Ida,  and  wile  of  Henry  I.  of  Brabant;  aad  llwn  Ih* 
boasc  of  Auveigne,  issue  of  Alice,  dau^let  of  Henly  I.  ot 
Brabant,  inherited  Ihe  Boulonnais.  li  itmained  in  the  poao-' 
sion  of  deacendsDis  of  thcK  iamiliet  until  Philip  the  Good,  dnk* 
of  Burgundy.aeized  upon  li  In  1410.  Ini4;7lAiisXI.ofFnnoa 
reouKJunnl  it,  and  reunited  It  to  the  Freocta  crawn,  giving 
Lauraguaia  aicanaatation  to  Bertiud  iV.  de  la  Toot,  count  ol 
Auveigne.  heir «f  the  hoiaeolAnvergne.  To  avoid  diring  ho  naga 
u  Uary  of  Barguwly,  •otarain  ti  Ihl  Beuloanait  and  couMcm 
of  Ariiis,  Iduit  Xl.  decbred  the  coanuhip  tt  fioulognt  m  b« 
hetd  in  lee  o(  Our  Lady  ol  Boakgna,  In  it44  Heary  VUL-^' 
man  sHCcetaful  in  thli  than  Henry  lU.  had  been  fn  IJ47  IobK 
the  Wim  by  aicgc;  but  ft  waa  nAnd  M  fnlxa  ia  ijsa 


324 


BOULOGNE-StlR-SEINE— BOURBAKI 


0  the  Old  of  the  iSth  ceatur  it  « 


Ffdbi  1566  I 

of  1   bi^pnc. 

BOULOQHE-«UR-«SnrB,  ■  town  of  Doithcni  France,  in  ibe 
deisnnicnt  of  Sane,  on  the  li^l  bink  ot  the  Seise,  SiW.  oi 
Firl*  and  immedialcly  auUide  the  [ortifcationi.  Pop,  (1906) 
4g,4it.  The  town  hai  ■  Gothic  church  ol  the  14th  and  IJIh 
ccnturie)  (ratored  in  iB6j)  founded  in  honour  of  MDlR-Dime  of 
Boulosne-)ur-Uer,  To  thii  fuct  i>  due  the  nuoe  of  the  plux, 
which  wu  previoudy  called  Mcnuj-lift-Sl  Qaud.  LaundtyiDS  b 
CKtetJlively  cajricd  on  u  well  ta  The  manufactuie  of  metal  Inxei, 
top.  oil  end  fcniiture,  and  there  uv  numerous  handsome 
ntidencea.    For  the  neighbouring  Boli  de  Boulogne  see  Paul 

BOULTOH.  MATTHEW  (tyiS-igog),  English  minufactunr 
and  engioeet,  wu  bom  oa  the  jtd  al  September  171S,  at  Bir- 
BUB|h*m,  nhcR  hi)  Cather,  Matthew  Boultoa  the  dder,  wu 
»  Duoudclum  of  metal  nitidca  of  virioui  kinds.  To  tbU 
butlneu  he  lucceeded  on  hii  fathei'i  death  in  1759,  and  la 
ooniequeDce  of  its  growth  removed  his  worki  in  1761  (lom 
Enowhill  to  what  mi  then  1  tract  of  barrcD  heath  at  Soho,  >  n. 
north  ol  Birmingham.  Here  he  undertook  the  manufaclliTe  ot 
artialic  ohjccta  in  metal,  aa  well  aa  the  reproduction  of  oil  paint- 


Ftancil   Egini 


proceaa  in  which  he  waa  associated  with 
j;~i8oj),  who  subsequently  achiered  a 
repuiaiKm  as  a  woraer  in  stained  or  enamelled  glass.  About 
1767,  fioulton,  who  was  finding  the  need  of  improving  the  motive 
power  for  his  machineiy.  made  the  acquatnwnce  of  James  Watt, 
who  on  his  aide  apprcciawd  the  advanitges  oflered  by  the  Sobo 
works  for  Che  development  of  his  sleara-eni^ne.  In  1771  Witt's 
partner,  Dr  John  Roebuck,  got  into  financial  diOicullies,  and 
Boutton,  to  whom  be  ourd  £1100,  accepted  the  lwi>lhirda  share 
hi  Wall's  patent  held  by  him  in  satisfaction  o[  the  debt.  Thm 
yean  latet  Boulloa  and  Welt  formally  entered  Into  partnership, 
and  it  was  nubily  thnugh  the  energy  and  letf-sacrificc  of  the 
former,  who  devoted  all  the  capital  he  possessed  or  could  borrow 
lo  the  enterprise,  that  the  steam-engine  was  al  length  made  a 
commercial  success.  It  wasalsoowing  to  Boultoa  that  in  i77san 
act  ol  patliaaitnt  was  obtained  eitniding  the  term  of  Watt'a 
1769  patent  to  1799.  In  iSoe  the  two  partnera  retired  trom 
Ihe  business,  which  they  handed  over  to  their  sons,  Matthew 
Robinson  Boulton  and  Janet  Watt  Junior.  In  17SS  Boullon 
turned  hii  attention  id  coining  machineiy,  and  erected  al  Soho  ■ 
complete  plant  with  which  he  struck  coins  for  the  Sierra  Leone 
and  East  India  corapsniea  and  for  Russia,  and  in  1797  produced 
a  new  copper  coinage  for  Great  Britain.  In  ■7^7  he  took  out  a 
paleat  in  conneiioB  with  raising  water  on  the  principle  of  the 
hydraulic  ram.    He  died  at  Birmingham  on  the  18th  of  Aufutt 

'  MDHD.  or  Bomnuav  (from  O.  Fr.  bnii,  Mtd.  Lat  taitnu  or 
Wt«,  a  frontier  line),  thai  which  servn  to  indicate  the  limit  or 
titeni  of  land.  It  iiiuually  defined  by  a  certain  mark,  such  as  a 
poat,  ditch,  hedge,  dyke,  wall  of  stones, 
band  It  may  have  to  be  ascertained  by  -    -     . 

eiaet  boundary  of  land  is  always  a 
no  evidence  is  available,  Ihe  rsurt 
eiample,  the  boundary  of  land  on 
eppoaite  side*  of  a  road,  whether  public  or  privaie,  is  presumed  to 
iMthemiddleliMOllbinud.  Where  two  fiddsareieparaled  by 
■  hedge  and  ditch  the  boundary  line  will  run  between  the  h"lge 
and  the  ditch.  Boundaiiesof  parisha,  at  cammon  law,  depended 
__.,._.  ■  jn„„,ny,riii  custom,  and  in  many  parfahea 
m  to  perpetuate  Ibe  boundaries  ot  the  parish 
'  MB  tjine  10  time.  The  confmion  of  local 
d  was  the  tubjecl  of  several  commiasioia 
I  igth  cenlnry,  and  much  information  will 
ba  brand  In  thdr  nparti  (rHU,  1I70,  iBj],  iSSS).  The  Local 
It  Act  iSSB,  m-  J0-6J,  .... 


s,  Ac,  though  on 


UnnialB  iteiuMk 


or  "  Caning  Dayi "  from  thlt  "  ganging  "  or  iiiiiimliw  Ti» 
ptieit  of  the  paii^  with  the  churchwardens  and  the  parochial 
officials  headed  a  crowd  of  boys  who,  armed  with  green  bniglis, 
beat  with  iliev  the  parish  bordet-tlones.  Sometlmea  the  boyt 
were  themaelvea  whipped  or  tna  violtntly  bumped  en  the 
bouDdaiy-stonet  to  make  them  remember.  The  object  of  takini 
boyt  was  obviously  lo  ensure  that  witocases  to  the  boundariea 
should  survive  as  long  as  possible.  In  England  the  eujiom  is  aa 
old  as  Anglo-Saion  days,  as  it  is  mentioned  in  lawi  of  Alfred  and 
fthdilan.  It  Is  thought  that  it  may  have  been  derived  fioro 
the  Roman  Terminalia.  a  festival  r^brated  on  the  amd  of 
February  in  honour  of  Terminus,  the  god  of  landmarita,  to  whom 
cakes  arid  whie  were  oHered,  sports  and  dandng  taklag  ptaee  at 
the  boundariei.  In  En^and  a  pamh-ale  or  feast  was  ahray* 
held  after  the  perambulation,  which  assured  ils  popularity,  udbl 
Henry  VIII, '•  ceign  the  occaaion  had  become  an  eicute  for  so 
much  revelry  thai  it  attiticted  the  condemnation  of  a  nceadiet 
who  declared  "  these  tolemne  and  accustomaU 
supplications  be  nowe  growen  into  a  right  fou 
abuse."  Beating  the  bounds  had  a  religious  side  in  the  piacUca 
which  originated  the  term  Rogation,  the  accompanyiog  clergy 
beuig  sut^nsed  to  beseech  (rafart)  Che  divine  blesshtg  upon  tha 
parish  lands  for  the  ensuing  harvest.  This  {eacim  originated  in 
the  jth  century,  when  Maraemi),  bithc^  of  Vieone,  inithated 
special  prayers  and  fasting  and  processions  on  these  days.  Tliii 
clerical  side  of  the  parish  bounds-beating  was  one  of  tiit 
reli^ui  functions  ptohibited  by  the  Injunctions  of  t^aceii 
Elicibeth;  but  it  was  then  ordered  that  the  perambalathui 
should  conUnue  to  be  pctfonned  as  a  quasi-secular  functioB, 


pteaerved  (Gibson,  Cada 
pp.  113-114).    Bequ(! 


■f  (1761) 

-^mwlS 


.  Leighlon  fiuisardon  Rogaticm  Monday, 
in  accoroancc  witn  tne  will  of  one  Edward  U^ea,  a  London 
mschanl  who  died  in  1646,^  the  trustees  of  his  alm^housa 
accompanied  the  boys.  The  will  waa  read  and  beer  and  plum 
rolls  distributed.  A  remarkabh  feature  of  the  bequest  wu  that 
while  the  will  ii  read  one  of  the  boys  has  lo  stand  on  hia  head. 
BOUHTT  {through  O.  Fr.  (oiM,  from  Lai,  ttnUat,  goodneai), 
a  gift  or  gratuity;  man  usually,  a  premium  paid  by  a  govem- 
menl  to  encourage  some  branch  of  production  01  industry,  as  in 
England  in  the  case  of  the  bounty  on  com,  first  granted  in  16SS 
and  abolisbed  in  rSi4,  Ihe  herring-fishery  bounties,  the  bounliaa 
on  sail-doth,  linen  and  other  goods.  It  is  sdmilted  that  the 
giving  of  bounties  ia  geiKrally  impoliric,  though  they  may  somO' 

modcmeiampleofabouniywaa  thai  on  (Ugar  ((.».).  SomeiAat 
akin  10  banntia  ate  the  inbsidies  graded  to  tUppInc  (g.i.) 
by  many  countria.  Bounties  or,  as  they  may  equally  wtil  bi 
termed,  grants  are  often  given,  more  e^iedaUy  b  new  conntrie*, 
lor  Ibe  destruction  of  beasts  of  prey;  in  the  Uniled  Suies  and 
some  other  countries,  bonntla  have  been  given  for  tiec-plantln^ 
France  haa  given  bountiea  to  encourage  the  Newfoundlaod 

Bounty  wis  also  the  name  i^ven  to  the  money  paid  to  Induce 
men  10  enlist  in  the  army  or  navy,  and,  in  the  United  Kingdom, 
to  the  sum  given  on  entering  the  militia  reserve.  During  the 
American  Civil  War,  many  rccndts  juned  solely  for  the  sake  ui 
the  bounty  offered,  and  afterwards  deserted;  Ibey  were  called 
"  bounty- jumpen."  Iht  tern  bounty  was  alto  applied  in  tha 
EngUih  navy  to  signify  money  ftrjrMt  10  the  eficen  and  acw 
of  a  ship  in  icspeet  ot  sgviceson  particulai  occaiioBS. 

Queen  Anne'a  Bounty  (f  .>.)  is  a  fund  apfdied  t 
Hon  irf  poor  Uvfatgi  in  tbe  estaUidied  dnirA. 

King's  Boimly  b  a  grant  nude  by  the  Krverclcn  ol  hit  rayal 
bounty  to  thoae  ol  hia  luhjects  whose  wira  an  ddtvacd  of 
three  or  moie  chOdten  at  a  birth. 

BOltRBAKI,  CBULB  Sim  UlTTBIt  (tSi^-iSOT).  French 
gensal,  wai  bom  at  Pau  on  the  iind  of  April  iSiti,  tbe  loii  of  a 
Giak  coloBel  who  died  In  tbe  War  of  Independcna  in  it)}. 
Re  entered  St  Cyr,  and  in  iSifi  joined  the  Zouaves,  becoming 
limtcBaat  ol  the  Fottita  Lcgica  tn  il]S,and  aidtdconp  M 


SOVKBON 


325 


Xbt  Looii  mappt-   It  ni  b  Ibe  AMcu  oqieditka  Ikl  he 

Entcum  to  the  front.  Jo  il4ih«int<aptamintlKZaii4veti 
1S47,  adoDdof  ElieTuiGDa;iaigjo,Urat«iuit-caloDclalIlw  lit 
Zoiuva;  ISsi,  colonel;  iB]4,  biigiiia-geBeaL  In  Ihe 
CfimMO  Wit  he  coininuidal  a  portion  of  llu  Algeriui  troi^H; 
■nd  At  llic  Ainu,  lakmziui  end  Sevaeta|»L  Bouriiaki^i  nune 
hmp^  ffl*wft**f     In  1857  he  vu  niido  genenl  ol  division, 

■u  colir  Mcukd  to  thit  o(  MicMibon,  end  in  1861  he  wu  pro- 
posed M  ■  cuididile  for  the  vicetil  Greek  throne,  bnt  dedined 
the  pmleKd  honour.  In  1S70  the  emperor  entniilld  him  with 
the  et^rttanA  of  the  Impend  GuErd,  uid  fac  pliycd  an  inqnrtuit 
put  in  the  fighting  round  Ueti. 

A  ouioui  incident  of  Ihe  liegE  of  Meti  Ii  connected  with 
Bouibehi'i  nunc.  A  Bun  vho  called  himself  Regnicr,'  eboul 
the  till  of  September,  appcvn]  at  Mastingi,  to  leck  an  Id tcrview 
vich  the  refugee  empress  Eugenie,  and  falling  to  obtain  this  be 
managed  to  get  from  the  young  prince  impeiial  a  signed  photo. 
gr^>h  wilh  a  message  to  the  emperor  MapoJeon.  This  he  jaed, 
by  meanl  of  a  safo.condiKt  fnm  Bismarck,  as  (redendals  to 
**■— Ir-l  Baiaine,  to  vhom  he  presented  himself  at  Heti,  telling 
Yam  on  the  empceas't  alleged  authotit]'  that  peace  wu  about  10 
be  lifDcd  and  that  dther  Manhal  Canraben  or  Coienl  Boiubaki 
was  ID  go  to  Haatinst  (at  the  puipoie.  Bouibaki  at  once  went 
to  En^nd,  wilh  Pnmiui  cconlviiKe,  as  though  he  had  a 
rcvosniicdmiision,Didytodiscovetfrom  the  cnq^rtssst  Hastings 
that  a  trick  had  beeti  pbycd  on  him;  and  as  soon  as  he  could 
manage  he  ictumed  to  Fnoo.  He  □ffired  his  services  to 
Cambclta  lod  recdved  the  comnumd  ol  the  Northern  Anny, 
hut  was  rtciUed  on  the  igthnfNovtcibaatid  tnnslcTTedto  the 
Ann;  of  the  Loire.  In  connund  of  ihe  hutily-tnincd  and 
in-equipped  Array  of  the  East,  Bourbaki  madp  the  attonpt  to 
raise  the  (iegc  of  Belfort,  which,  after  the  victory  of  Villeneid, 
taded  in  the  npulse  of  the  Frtnch  in  the  three  days'  battle  of  the 
Uaaine.  Other  German  forces  under  ManleuSel  nowclosed  upon 
BooifaiU,  and  be  wu  eventually  driven  over  the  Swiu  IroDllei 
with  the  renuiaot  of  hi*  forces  (see  FaANco-CEiiuN  Was).  His 
tnopt  were  in  the  most  devenlc  conditian,  owing  to  lack  of 
food;  and  out  of  150,000  men  under  him  when  he  started,  only 
l4,aooeKaj>edlram[heGeTmansintoSwisaterTiuiry.   Bourbaki 

nneader,  on  the  i6ih  of  January  1S71  delegated  hit  functiotii 
10  General  Qinchant,  and  in  the  night  fired  a  piatol  at  hia  own 
hod,  but  the  bullet,  owing  to  a  deviation  of  the  weapon,  was 
taltened  against  his  skull  and  his  life  wu  saved.  Coieial 
Qinchant  carried  Bourbaki  Into  Swilxciiand,  and  he  Tecovered 
■ttffidently  to  return  to  Fiance.  In  July  1S71  he  asdit  took  the 
CQDUnand  at  Lyons,  andsutnequently  became  military  governor. 
In  i8At,  owing  to  hia  ptriilicsl  opinions,  he  wia  placed  on  the 
retired  Uit.  In  1SS5  1m  wia  an  unsuccataful  andidale  lor  the 
Knate.  He  died  00  Ik  trth  of  Septembar  1897.  A  patriotic 
Frenchman  and  a  brimaBt  loidkr  and  leader,  Bourbaki,  Eke 
some  other  French  genenlt  of  ibc  Second  Emfore  iriwK  Ininlni 
had  been  obtained  In  Africa,  wu  (oitnd  wanting  in  the  higher 
elementi  of  command  when  the  Eunipeui  condiliou  ol  iIto 


BODRBOK.  The  noble  family  of  BourfaoD,  tram  wUdi  n 
many  Eoropean  kings  have  qitung,  took  its  name  from  Bourbon 
I'ArchaiabauIt,  dud  town  of  a  lordship  whidi  in  the  toth  century 
was  (me  of  the  largest  baronica  of  the  kingdom  of  France  The 
limit*  of  the  hndship,  which  was  caQed  the  Bourbotmaia.  wen 
approsimately  those  of  the  modem  dqaitluoit  of  AlUer,  being 
<m  the  N.  the  Nivernais  and  Berry,  on  the  E.  BiiEgiuidy  and 
Lyonnaia,  on  the  S.  Anvenne  and  Harcbe  and  on  the  W.  Beny. 

'  The  whole  Kegnier  affair  nrnained  a  myMeiy;  the  no  himadf 
—who  on  folkrving  Bourbaki  to  Eiriand  made  the  iinpRiikw  on 
'  -- 1  -^-T— T'li  (irr  Ihr  Jifr  rf  TiniTranimr  III  I  mil  fllHasiiiiiMi. 
E.  61)  of  being  a  "■windier"'  but  hooctily  wMuBf  to  aern  the 
empmn  wu  afterwanii  mbnd  op  in  te  HunEert  fniMb  of 
T^oa-iaaj;  be  puUiabed  Ui  own  vcnien  ti  the  affair  la  lt;o  b 
1  paoplilM,  (>h(  (d  ig^  uor  It  has  been  smiected  that  on  the 
pin  either  ol  Banioe  or  el  the  Cetman  aolhorttks  I 


The  Bnt  of  ti*  kog  Im  M  Boaibaw'kBowB  En  Utoiy  waa 
AdMmac  ot  Aimar,  who  was  mvesled  with  the  bamny  lowud* 
the  dou  0!  the  pth  centmy.  Uatilds,  helnu  of  the  first  house 
of  Boiubon,  bnught  this  loidaUp  M  the  family  of  Dampiena 
by  her  muiiage,  In  1196,  with  Coy  of  Oampiene,  manhal  of 
Chatnpagne  {d.  IJ15).  In  ii;s  Beitdi,  daughter  d  Agnu 
of  Boorboo-Danqiknt,  and  her  husband  John  of  Bmgnndy, 
manied  Robert,  count  of  Clermont,  riidi  no  a(  Louit  IX.  (St 
Loob)  of  Prucc  Thcddethnnduaaf  thefmOylndbcCDU* 
extinct,  and  iheir  ton  lonb  became  duke  of  Bouiboo  bi  13)7. 
In  14SS  the  line  of  hb  deKcndanti  ended  with  Jean  IL,  wbo 
died  in  that  year.  The  whole  cMata  ptmed  U  Jean's  brollier 
Pierre,  lord  of  Beaujeu,  who  wu  mankd  la  Anne,  dati^ta  of 
Louis  XL  Pierre  died  In  ijoj,  tearing  only  a  daD^UeT.Stuanne, 
who,  in  tjos,  married  Charic*  de  Uantpenaier,  hdr  (d  the 
Montpcnsier  branch  of  the  Boiubon  family.  Chadca,  af  terwarda 
constable  of  France,  who  [oak  Ihe  title  of  duke  of  Boiubon  on 
his  marriage,  was  bom  in  t^S^.  and  at  an  early  age  wu  looked 
upon  as  one  of  the  finest  •oldien  and  gcntlemoi  In  France 
With  the  omslibie  ended  the  direct  line  from  Pierre  L,  dtike  of 
Bouibon  Cd.  13^6).  But  the  fourth  in  descent  from  Pierrt'i 
brother,  Jacques,  count  of  La  Marche.  Louis,  count  of  VendAme 
and  Chsrties  {d.  T446),  became  the  tncettor  of  the  royal  house 
of  Bourbon  and  of  the  tboble  f  araihes  of  CoekU,  Contl  and  Hont- 
pensier.  The  fourth  in  direct  descent  from  Louis  i^  VendAme 
was  Antc^e  dc  Bourbon,  who  in  154^  married  Jeanne  d'Albrel, 
belceaa  ol  Navarre,  and  became  king  of  Navane  in  1154.  Their' 
ton  became  king  of  France  as  Henry  IV.  Henry  wu  succeeded 
by  his  SOB,  Louit  XIU.,  who  left  two  sons,  Louii  XIV>.  and 
Philip,dukeafOtlani,bcadoftheOrieanshranch.  LoidiXIV.I 
son,  the  dauphin,  died  before  his  father,  and  lefl  three  son, 
one  of  whom  died  without  iltuc.  Of  the  othos  tk  elder,  Loni* 
of  Burgundy,  died  in  T711,  and  hia  only  surviving  son  became 
Louis  XV.  The  younger,  Philip,  duke  of  Aajon,  became  king 
of  Spain,  and  founddl  the  Spinilh  branch  ot  the  Bourbon 
family.  Louis  XV.  wss  succeeded  by  hit  grandaan,  Louis  XVI., 
who  perished  on  Ihe  scaffold.  At  tlie  itstorallon  the  throne  cd 
France  was  occupied  by  Louit  XV^IL,  bmthet  of  Louis  XVI., 
who  in  turn  was  succecdtd  by  hit  brother  Charles  X  Thetecond 
son  ot  Charles  X.,  the  due  de  Beny,  left  a  M>n,  Henri  Oiailca 
Ferdinand  Marie  Dieodonnt  d'Arbrih  dnc  de  Bordeaut,  and 
comte  de  Chamboid  (f.t.).  PrDm  Looii  XIV.'i  brother,  Philip, 
defended  another  claimant  of  the  throne.  :  FUUp't  son  wu 
tbe  rtgenl  (Means,  whose  grcal'^rendaan,  "  fbSSppt  ttt,\ili," 
perished  on  the  scaffold  in  179].  Ggalltt'i  ton,  Louit  PhUii^, 
wu  king  of  the  French  from  rSjo  to  rS4B;  hts  grandson,  Louis 
Philippe,  onmle  de  Paris  (iSjS-tSM),  inherited  on  Ilu  death 
of  the  Dorate  de  Chsmbord  the  ri^ti  oi  that  ftioct  to  Ihe  thnm* 
of  Fiance,  and  was  oiled  by  the  nqnlint  PUHp  VIL  He  had 
a  son,  Louit  Philipiie  Robert,  dac  dfMcana,  olkd  by  hli 
adherent*  Phmp  Vin. 

Spamtk  BroKil.— Philip,  dnka  of  Anjcn,  grandson  of  Loula 
XIV.,  becaine  Ung  of  Spain  u  Philip  V.,  bi  1700.  He  wai 
nicceeded  In  1746  by  hit  sou  Fetdhund  VL,  who  died  in  1759 
.wfthout  funQy,  and  wu  toUomd  by  his  brother  Charlc*  lU. 
Cbartea  IIL'i  eldeit  aon  became  (3iarles  IV.  of  Spain  In  t7S8, 
whoa  hit  second  sou,  Ferdinand,  wu  made  king  of  Naples  In 
1759.  Charle*  IV.  wu  dqMud  by  Napoleon,  &t  in  iSt4  hia 
son,  Ferdinand  VII,  again  obtained  his  IhioDc.     Fodinand 

in  hvonr  of  h«  son,  AlphonsD  XIL  (d.  iSSjJ.  AlphonaoV 
posihamona  tan  bicuna  king  nf  Spain  u  Alphonso  XIU.' 
Fetdinaixra  bnthar,  Don  Caikis  (d.  iSjj),  dahned  the  throne 
hi  iB)3  OB  lb*  giomid  of  the  Salic  law,  and  a  fierce  war  lagtd 
for  iDiue  yean  in  tlie  north  of  Spain.  His  son  Don  Csiioi,' 
eomt  de  Uoutemolb  (tStS-il6i),  revlvsd  the  claim,  but  wu 
defeated  aikd  conqidled  to  sign  a  raiundation.  The  nephew  of 
the  lalta,  Don  Carlo*  Marl*  Juan  Isidor,  duke  of  Madrid,  for 
■Dua  ytni*  arrted  on  war  in  Spain  wilh  the  object  of  attaining 
tht  ri^l*  coatcoded  far  by  the  CarUst  per^. 

JT«psfilaii  jrwicjl. — The  first  Bourbon  who  srore  the  aomi 
of  Nsple*  was  Ouulc*  OL  of  %iain,  who  on  Ui  ai 


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BOURBON,  CHARLES— BOURBON-LANCY 


the  Spunh  tluDoc  In  iTSQ,  iwRned  his  kingdom  of  Niptc* 
to  Ui  Bn  Fcrditfud-  FerdiDud  vai  deposed  by  Kapolni^ 
but  sltervudt  rcgiised  his  throne,  ud  look  the  title  of 
Ferdiuiidl.,  kiDsofthcTwoSidUo.  iBiSajhevuuicceedn] 
by  bis  son  Frindi,  wbo  in  tuin  wu  loccredni  io  iSjo  by  bis  son 
Ferdinand  II.  Perdinuid  II.  died  [n  iRS9,  ud  in  the  followiDf 
yeu  his  succasor  Fnndi  II,  wu  deprived  o[  his  kingdom, 
which  •.»  incoTpontcd  into  the  gmltully-uniiini  Italy. 

Dutkia  ej  Lacca  and  Parmo.—la  i;43  the  duchy  of  Pann* 
was  confeind  on  FbUip,  youngst  son  ol  Philip  V.  of  ^in. 
He  «*  luccecded  by  his  son  Fecdiuod  in  17G5,  Parma  wu 
ceded  to  Fiance  in  iSoi,  Ferdinind'i  son  Louis  being  made  kisg 
df  Elmria,  but  the  Frendi  only  took  poiKssion  of  Ibe  duchy 
after  Ferdinand's  death  b  iSoi.  Louis's  son  Cbarls  Louii 
»is  forced  lo  tutreuder  Etniria  to  France  in  1807,  md  be  wu 
given  the  duchy  ol  Lucca  by  the  cnngnss  of  Vienna  in  iSij. 
In  iS47p  on  the  death  of  Maiie  Louise,  widov  of  Napoleon, 
vha  h»l  received  Patma  UK)  Piaoenza  in  accordance  with  the 
teiDU  of  the  treaty  of  Paris  at  1814,  Chariei  Louis  succeeded 
to  the  duchies  as  Charles  II.,  at  the  same  time  surrendering 
Lucca  to  Tuscany.  In  184Q  he  abdicated  in  favour  of  his  son, 
Chariet  III.,  who  mairied  a  daughter  of  the  duke  of  Berry,  and 
was  assassinated  ia  )»$*•  being  succeeded  by  his  son  Robert. 
In  1S60  the  duchifs  were  aoneied  by  Victor  Emmanuel  10  the 
Dcw  kingdom  «l  Ii^y. 

Ballard  Brtuuiu.— There  are  nunurous  bastard  branches 
qS  the  family  of  Bourbon,  the  most  Iubous  being  the  VendAme 
branch,  descended  from  Caesar,  natural  son  of  Henry  IV.,  and 
the  Maine  and  Toulouse  branches,  descended  from  the  two 
natural  sons  of  iJtvh  XIV.  and  Madame  de  Montcspan. 

See  Coifl^  ik  Moirt.  Hitlairt  iu  Bmrbmnaii  tl  iit  Bimrie<o 
(1  vola.  1824) :  Berand.  «utoi«  iti  lifti  a  i<us  it  Bnrbtn  (i8m)  ( 
Oi^Dt^Iui.  HuUi>vili(aM<luiniIcfi»'teii(svDli..  17S1-17U): 
AchaiDlre,  Hutoirt  rfnialeiigm  rl  tkrffneiaii^m  dt  la  mciaim  toyait 
it  Bm^m  (1  voIl.  iSig-iSifi)^  and  Dudieiix.  CHioltti*  dt  la 
Mi>n<l>B«rten(lS7>). 

BOVHBOH.  CHULn.  DtrKi  or  (i4«o-tsi7),  constable  of 
France,  second  son  of  Gilbert,  count  of  MoDlpeaiier  and  dauphin 
oi  Auveigne,  WM  bom  on  the  i;tb  of  February  itgo,  hii  mother 
being  a  Gouaga.  In  1505  he  married  Suuime.  belreu  of  Peter 
n.,  duke  of  Bourbon,  by  Aiine  of  Fiance,  daughter  oI  King  Louis 
XI.,  and  assumed  the  title  of  duke  of  Bourbcm.  The  utdition 
of  this  duchy  to  the  numeroia  duchies,  countihipa  and  other 
fiefs  which  he  had  inherited  on  the  death  of  his  elder  brother 
Louis  in  1501,  made  him  at  the  age  of  fifteen  the  wealthiest 
noble  in  Euicpc.  He  gained  hia  first  military  eiperience  in 
the  Italian  campaigns  ol  Louit  XII.,  taking  part  in  the  suppiet- 
■iouof  the  C^noese  revolt  (1J07}  and  contributing  10  the  victory 
over  (he  Venetians  at  Agnadello  (May  14,  1509).  Shortly  after 
the  acceation  of  Francis  I.  Bourbon  received  the  office  ol  cooiUble 
of  Fnnce,  and  for  his  brilliant  lervicet  at  the  battle  of  Marignano 
(September  1515)  he  was  nude  governor  of  the  hiilancse,  which 
>M  succeeded  in  defending  against  an  atUcK  of  the  empenr 
Maximilian.  But  diuensions  anne  between  Fnnds  and  the 
constable.  Gnve,  haughty  and  tidtuin,  Bourbon  was  but  ill 
suited  to  the  levities  ol  the  court,  and  his  vast  wealth  and 
influence  kindled  la  the  king  a  feeling  of  resentment,  if  not 
of  fear.  The  duke  was  recalled  from  the  government  of  the 
Milanese:  his  official  salary  and  the  sums  he  had  borrowed 
for  WOT  expenses  remained  unpaid;  and  in  the  campaign  in 
the  Netherlands  against  the  emperor  Charles  V.  the  command 
of  the  vanguard,  one  of  the  rnosl  cherished  prerogatives  of  the 
constables,  was  taken  from  him.  The  death  ol  his  wile  without 
■nrviving  isaue,  on  the  i3th  ol  April  ijir,  afforded  the  mother 
ol  the  king.  Louise  ol  Savoy,  a  means  10  giatily  her  greed,  and 
1  the  same  lime  to  revenge  henell  on  BouiboD,  who  bad  slighted 
berlovD.  Asuit  va*  instituted  at  her  inttance  against  the  duke 
In  tbe  parlemeal  of  Piiis,  in  which  Louise,  as  gnndKlaughler 
of  Chariea.  duke  of  Bourbon  (d.  I4s6),  claimed  the  female  and 
•ofDt  of  lite  male  Sefl  ol  the  dochy  of  Bourbon,  while  the  king 
dained  those  fiefs  which  were  otigiaally  appanages,  as  cschea  ting 
lo  the  crown,  and  other  cloinH  were  put  forward.  Before  the 
a  able  lo  arrive  at  a  dedaion,  Fluids  handed  over 


to  his  mother  a  part  ol  the  Bourbon  eMilei,  nad  oidi 
Rmiinder  to  be  sequatraled. 

Smarting  under  these  injuries,  Bourbon,  who  la  am 
had  been  coquetting  with  the  enemies  of  France,  roK 
ncgotiatioDS  with  l^  emperor  and  Henry  VIII.  ol  E 
It  was  agreed  thai  the  constable  should  raise  in  his  own  do 
an  armed  force  to  assist  the  emperor  in  an  invasion  of  Fnnce,  and 
shtjutd  tecdve  in  return  the  hand  of  Eleonora,  queen  dowager 
of  Portugal,  or  ol  another  of  the  emperor's  sisters,  and  an 
independent  kingdom  comprising  hie  own  lands  together  with 
Dauphin*  ud  Provence.  He  was  required,  too,  10  swear  fidelity 
to  Henry  VIII.  ai  king  of  France.  But  Bouriwn's  plans  were 
hampered  by  the  presence  of  the  Frendi  troops  assembling  for 
the  invuion  of  Italy,  and  lor  this  reason  be  was  unable  to  eSect 
a  junction  with  the  emperor's  German  troop*  from  the  east. 
News  of  the  conspiracy  soon  reached  the  ears  of  Fraodi,  who 
was  on  Us  way  to  take  command  of  the  Italian  eipcdilioa.  In 
an  interview  with  Bourbon  at  Moulins  the  king  endeavoured 
to  persuade  him  to  accompany  the  French  army  mto  Italy,  but 
without  success.  Xonrbon  remained  at  Moulins  for  a  few  dtyi, 
and  efler  many  vicissitudes  escaped  Into  Italy,  The  ji^t 
iavuion  ol  Fnnce  by  the  emperor  ud  his  ally  of  Engbutd  had 
failed  signally,  mainly  through  lack  ol  money  and  defects  of 
combination.  In  the  spring  of  1^14,  however,  Bourbon  at  the 
head  of  the  imperiolliti  in  lAmbsrdy  forced  the  French  acnm 
tbe  Sesia  (where  the  chevalier  Bayard  was  mortally  irouaded) 
and  drove  them  out  ol  Italy.  In  AuguM  1514  be  invested 
Marsefile*.  but  being  unable  to  prevent  tbe  introduction  of 
nipplie*  by  Andrea  Doria,  tbe  Genoeae  adminl  in  the  service  of 
Fnnds,  he  was  locced  to  mile  the  siege  and  retreat  lo  tbe 
MOuese.  He  look  pan  In  the  battle  ol  Pavia  (ijis),  whetc 
Francis  was  defeated  and  token  prisoner.  Bnl  Bouibon** 
troops  were  clamouriAg  for  pay,  and  the  duke  was  driven  to 
eitreme  measures  lo  satisfy  their  demands.  Cheated  al  hk 
kingdom  and  his  bride  alter  the  treaty  of  Madrid  (r  526),  Bonrtxm 
had  been  offered  the  duchy  of  Milan  by  way  of  cotnpetuation. 
He  now  levied  contributions  from  the  townsmen,  and  demanded 
»,aoo  ducats  for  the  liberation  ol  the  chancellor  Girolanw 
Uorone  (d.  rjiq),  who  had  been  imprisoned  lot  an  attempt  to  - 
realiie  his  duam  ol  an  Italy  purged  of  the  foreigner.  Bui  tbe 
sums  thus  raised  wen  wholly  inadequale.  In  Feteuaiy  1527 
Bourbon's  army  was  joined  t^  a  body  of  German  mercenario^ 
mostly  Prolestanu,  and  the  combined  lotces  advanced  lowardi 
the  papal  states.  Refuting  to  recognlie  the  truce  which  the 
viceroy  ol  Naples  had  conduded  with  Pope  Clement  VIL, 
Bourbon  hastened  lo  put  into  execution  the  emperor's  [dan  of 
attaching  Clement  to  hit  tide  by  a  display  ol  force.  Bnt  the 
lioopa,  ilarving  and  without  pay.  were  in  open  mutiny,  and 
Spaniards  and  Lutherans  alike  were  eager  for  plunder.  Chi  the 
Sih  of  May  1517  tbe  imperial  army  appeared  before  the  walli 
ol  Rome.  On  the  fottowing  morning  Bourbon  allocked  the 
Leonine  Cly,  and  wbile  mounting  a  scaling  ladder  fell  raoclally 
wounded  by  a  shot,  whicb  Bcnvenulo  Cellini  in  his  Lijc  doims  to 
have  fired.  After  Bourbon's  death  his  troops  look  ud  sacked 
Rome. 

Set  E.  Armitroiv.  Ckorfti  Y,  (LondDB.  Iva);  Camiridtl  Uri^ 
Hiil-  vol-  li-,  bibliography  Id  chaps.  L  il.  and  lii. 

BOURBOH-LAHCY.  o  watering-place  ol  east<enttal  Franca 

Ihe  right  bank  ol  the  Loire  ud  on  the  Borne,  51  m.  5.S.E.  of 
NeversbyraU.  Pop.  (i$o«1  town,  i89ei<»mmune.4iM.  Thm 
town  possesses  thenasl  springs,  resorted  to  in  Ihe  Roman  period, 
and  andeoL  baths  snd  other  remains  have  been  found.  Tlic 
waien.  which  are  saline  and  fcnHtinou,  are  used  for  drinking 
and  bathing,  in  coms  of  rheumatism,  kc.  Thrir  temperature 
varies  Imm  117"  to  i]i°  F.  Cardinal  Richelieu,  Madame  de 
SMgn(,  James  II.  of  England,  and  other  celebrated  penoni 
visited  Ihe  springs  in  the  17th  and  18th  centuries.  Tbe  town 
has  a  well-equippcd  bathing  esuhliihment,  a  large  hoqiiial,  and 
a  church  of  the  nth  and  i}th  centuries  (used  as  an  archoe^ 
lo^cal  museum),  and  there  are  ruins  ol  an  otd  sironghidd  on  n 
hill  ovtriBokini  the  town. .  A  belfry  pierced  by  a  gateway  of 


BOURBON  L'ARCHAMBAULT— BOURDON 


llKi5tlicaituiytnd  hBuictof  Ihi  iiUiaod  i4U 

itnuiD-    Ttw  Lpduttriaof  ibc  lown  include  Uu  manuXutui*  of 

fun  iinpkiMnU. 

In  ihc  niiddlF  aflK  Bourbon-Lancy  ou  id  imporUst  »(ion(- 
Mdandi  £c(ol  Ihc  Bourbon  iamily,  [ram  Lhi  name  (i(  ■  miinbei 
ef  which  the  wlEi  to  lU  ume  a  derived. 

BOnSBQK  L'ABCHAIIBAULT,  a  town  o[  cenlni  PniKC  in 
Ihi  dcjuitinciil  ol  AJIIer.  on  the  Buiie,  i«  m.  W.  of  Moutiu  by 
nlL  Pop.  (\ga6)  jjoA.  The  town  hu  thermal  jpringi  buiwo 
in  Roman  lime>.  which  are  used  in  case*  o(  mofula  and 
iheuiuEitni.  The  bathinf-euabliahmenl  ii  owned  by  ihetlatc. 
A  chucth  doling  Irom  the  nth  ceatury,  and  mint  of  a  cattle 
o(  the  duVn  of  Itvurbon  (iiih  and  i5ih  ceBiiuiet).  including  k 
cylisdricsl  lucp,  an  of  inienH.     There  arc  a  nilltaiy  and  ■ 

Bourbon  (^fwe  fiariMi'i  or  SurKinu)  wnandenlly  the capiul 
at  Out  Bovrbonnan  and  (ave  iis  raise  te  the  ptat  Bourbon 
bcnay.    The  aSix  Aithamhault  it  the  naBK  of  on  ol  iu  »t1y 

BOUXBOKHE-US-BAUri.  ■  town  of  cutcrri  Fiance,  in  the 
ifepinnKnl  si  Hauie-Hamt,  jj)  m.  by  rail  E.N.E.  U  Langrts, 
Fop-  (1006)  3;jg.  It  ii  much  licquenlcd  an  acmint  oI  iU  hot 
■lior  iprin^  which  were  linoKn  lo  the  Romaio  under  the  nunc 
Aqtai  BannBj.  Tlie  heat  of  ihocspiingi  var»  (lam  tto"  to 
■it*  F.    Tlie  walen  are  used  in  ata  of  lymphali 


329 


ITDfub.l 


undi,  tic.    The  principal  bi 


ury^  the  atate  bathinG.eitablitbnient 
and  the  military  hfnpitali  there  areal&o  the  rem^int  ofa  cutle. 

town.  ]n  the  neigh  bouihood  are  the  building  of  tbe  cclcbimted 
Csterdan  abbey  of  MoriRiond. 

MORCNIBK,  ARTHUR  (iS&(-  ).  Engliih  acloc,  waa  born 
in  Berbhfa*  in  1S64,  and  educated  at  Eton  and  Chriit  Church. 
Ollord.  At  the  univenity  he  became  pnHninenl  b  an  amateur 
aclor  in  connexioa  with  the  O.U.A.D.C.  which  he  Eovmled,  and 
ia  iSgq  he  Joined  Mn  Langtry  as  a  professional.  Healsoacted 
*ith  Charles  Wyndham  at  the  Ciilorlon,  and  was  lor  a  while  in 
Dily'l  company  In  America.  In  tSm  he  married  the  actns 
Violet  Vanbnigh,  elder  SEIer  d  (he  no  less  well-known  a(Ii« 
tnneVinbrugh.indheandhiswifesuhsequcntlytook  the  lead- 
ing paid  under  his  management  o(  the  Carrick  theatre.  Bolh 
IS  tragedian  and  comedian  Mr  BoDrch>r  look  hi^  isnk  on  (he 
I'Hldon  Stage,  and  his  career  as  aclor-maniger  was  remirkaUe 
lor  the  pnxluction  of  a  number  of  successful  modem  pl>>t,  by 
Mr  Sntro  amt  others 

BOURCRIER,  THOMAS  (c.  no*~<ti6).  English  archbithop, 
lotd  chinccrior  and  cardinal,  was  a  younger  son  of  William 
Bontchler,  count  of  Eu  (d.  i4J9).  and  Ihrouf^  hb  mother,  Anne, 
>  damhter  of  TTiomis  of  Woodstock,  duke  of  Gloucester,  «m  a 
■bscetiitant  of  Edwird  III.  One  of  his  brothers  was  Henry, 
<arl  of  EtKt  (d.  14B3).  and  his  grand-nephew  w»  John,  Lord 
Btmeis,  the  ttandator  of  Fraisart.  Educited  at  Oxford  and 
Ihcn  entering  the  church,  he  obtained  rapid  promotion,  and 
tftcr  holding  some  minor  appointments  he  became  biihop  oF 
Worcester  in  njt.  In  the  s*me  year  he  iras  chairccHoi  of  the 
niver^  of  Oilord,  and  in  mi  he  was  appoinied  bshop  of 
Ely;  then  in  April  i(S4  he  wis  made  mthbishop  of  Csnierbury, 
becoming  lord  chincelior  of  En^tnd  in  tlie  lolitmhig  Match. 
BoiiTchieT*s  *horl  term  of  office  as  chancellor  coincided  with  the 
opening  of  the  Wars  of  the  Roses,  and  at  firai  he  was  not  a  strong 
prtlsan,  although  he  lost  hb  poshfon  as  chancellor  when 
Richard,  du^  of  York,  w*3  deprived  of  power  In  OcTober  ii^O- 
Aftetwards,  In  1458.  he  htiped  to  reconcile  the  contending 
parties,  but  when  the  war  was  renewed  in  1450  he  appears  at  a 
fcided  Yorkist;  he  crowned  Edward  IV.  in  June  1461,  and  lour 
Tean  later  he  performed  a  slmilarserrice  for  the  queen,  Eliiabeth 
Woodvitle.  In  I4S7  Bouichier  took  (he  chief  pari  in  the  trial 
(t  Reginald  Pecock,  bishop  ot  Chichester,  for  heresy;  fti  1467  he 
■u  created  a  cardinal;  and  hi  14TJ  he  waj  one  of  the  four 
jnii'riiort  appointed  10  arrange  (he  detailt  of  the  treaty  ol 
J«luigny  between  England  and  France.  After  tlie  death  ol 
Uwacd  IV.  in  (483  Bourdikr  penutded  tbe  queen  to  allow 


hu  yeungei  son,  Richard,  duke  ol  York,  (s  Ihare  his  bniAef^ 
residence  in  Ibi  Tower  of  Landon;  and  althstwb  be  hid  iwon 
to  be  Eaiihhit  to  Edward  V.  hcfon  his  lather's  dcklh.  he  crowned 
Richard  III.  in  July  [4SJ.  He  was,  however,  in  in  way 
implicated  in  the  mutdef  of  the  youni  prinin.  and  he  «u 
probably  a  p*nicipanl  in  the  conspimciet  agaiotl  SichanL 
The  third  English  king  ciswoed  by  Bourchier  wa*  Heuy  Vil-, 
whom  he  alto  married  to  Elinbelh  ol  York  in  January  14S& 
The  archbbhop  died  on  ibc  joth  ol  March  1486  at  hit  residence,' 
Knole,  nou  SeviDoiks,  and  wu  buried  in  Canterbvcy  cathedral. 
S«  W.  F.  Hank,  j^iin  >/  On  AHUiilupi  if  Catlviarf  (iSto- 

BOURDALOUE.  LODIS  <leJI-l^>4),  French  Jetuit  and 
preacher,  was  born  at  Bouiga  on  the  loth  ol  August  lOji.  At 
the  age  of  sixteen  he  entered  the  Society  of  Jeiut,  ami  was 
appointed  succettively  professor  of  rhetoric,  phikaupby  and 
moral  theology,  in  variooi  colleges  ol  the  Order-     Hiiiuccetsu 

lo  Paris  in  i«' 


popular  cslim 


cupy  lor  a  year  the  polpil  al  tbe  church  of 

hit  eloquence  he  kw  ^leedily  ranked  in 

ith  Cotneille.  Racine,  atid  the  other  leading 

■a  at  the  RWst  brilliant  period  ol  Louis  XlV.'s  reign.     Ue 

ched  at  the  coun  ol  Vertaillea  during  the  Advent  ol  iCts 

tile  Lent  ol  1671,  and  wat  uihacQuently  called  again  to 

deliver  the  Lenten  course  of  sermons  in  1674,  I6jj,  i«So  and 

and  the  Advent  sermons  of  1684,  i6S«  and  l6iu-    TMs 

It  the  more  ooleworthy  u  it  was  (lie  cuilom  nevei  (o  ul 

the  same  prcacbcr  more  than  three  limca  to  court.    On  the 

rcvocttton  of  Che  Edict  of  Nantes  be  was  sent  to  Lai^nedoc  (o 

m  the  Dew  convent  in  the  Catholic  laitta,  and  Ik  had 

irdintty  lucceu  in  this  delicate  mission.     Calholici  and 

Protetlanti  weit  unanimout  in  praising  bis  Aery  eloquence  ia 

the  Lent  termont  which  he  pmched  at  Montpellier  in  i6». 

irds  the  close  d  bit  IKe  he  con&ied  his  ministry  to  cliarl> 

Inttituliom.  hotpitali  and  priioni,  wheie  hit  >yDip)itli«tk 

unes  and  conciliatciTy  manners  were  al«yt  clfeclive.     He 

inhrjaootbeijtliof  May  1704.     Hs  peculiar  aliraglhUy 

I  power  of  adapting  himtetl  10  audience*  of  evei'  kind.  and. 

igbout  hk  pnhlic  career  he  was  hi^y  appreciated  by  all 

claaes  ef  aoctcty-     Hb  influence  was  due  at  much  to  hit  saintly 

Character  and  lo  the  gcotleneaa  of  his  manners  aa  to  the  force  of 

Voltaire  said  tlut  hk  sermoni  auipuaed  thoH  ol 

retirement  in  1660.  however,  practically  eolnctded 

Illy  pulpit  utterancs);  and  there  ia  liOla 

doubt  that  their  limpUcity  and  cobennce,  and  the  direct  appeal 

which  (bey  made  to  hearcn  of  all  cfasaes,  gavv  them  a  supcriarity 

the  mote  pnlcnind  sermons  <A  Bosniet.     Booidaloue  may 

ith  JuttlcE  regarded  as  one  ot  the  grtatat  French  araton, 

many  of  his  semton  have  been  adc^xed  at  int-books  in 

schoeb- 

BiBLTOcaarHT.— The  only  ulbDrilatiiie  sounc  for  tbe  Sermsiia 
"    ia(PlnBi«oaneau(i4Volt..I^rihi7a7-i7ai.rDUond 
'  '   ~      '  --^  17M)-    Tncee  hat  been  much  controversy 
licity  o(  tome  ol  the  eeimoni  in  this  edition 
and  at  to  the  irt  in  nneral.     Il  it.  however,  generally  ained  that 
(he  chan^  eDnfeivAy  mnde  by  Bntoaaeau  wen  laen^  fotttal. 

IJIOJ.    Among 

-—„.-. la  frtHaliiS 

...... I7(];  Adiicn  L^iat.  Bnrialttt.  tiMtftm 

(Patfn874l:»'   ■■    '  "      ■-■ 

Cj  voU..  Paria,  iMilj 

frarii.  1SS6):  Herri  Cl , - 

ll:  V'pit&^BnrMm  (ufi^i'S^'dimin  an' xVlf- 
1)  IParii.  rqoo);  E.  Criaelle,  Bamialne.  tiOairt  irOi^m  ii  m 
trJiiMwi  il  vola..  Paris.  laoi),  Sttmm  ■■MiU:  UhlittHltm, 
Ere  (Parii.i«OT).  Dcuj(min.ii..^drii»rfc>«yoa..<dci)Ki>a.i1le 
ind  Paris.  1904);  Ferdinand  Caiicu.  Batrdat"',  It  ni  a  la  prUi- 
^lion  fm  Y^itma  n  XVII-  tSdi,  and  La  Stmu  Bw^aAw 
IPkrit.  T90>-igs4)!  C.  H.  Broolie.  Cml  fttmli  iVeotkiri  (icr. 

'  BoiinlBkiiic  and  BoHun.  London.  1004):  F.  Bniiwtiti*, 

de  BooTdjIaue."  in  RrtHt  dti  doix  menJrt  (August 
il  inriuiry  into  the  authenticity  of  the  iermcnt  and 
liaracterixin. 

.  FBAHCOn  LOUI>  (d.  1797),  known  as  Booimoit 
DE  itftSE,  French  revohitionist.  wta  froaatai  at  the  parleEuent 


by  the  Pnshi.  1 


Other  idi» 


e   FeitglTe.  BnirJdftfftf 


IB.  BnrdaJnf. 

_.  .  .ua,   .«i.l:  Abbe  Blanpifna*.  £IM.  —  . 

.  1M6);  Henri  Cfitroi.  BmrdaJw  twfiiiiii  (Pant.  rSga). 


-'  L'Ckiquei 


330 


BOURG-EN-BRESSE— SOURCES 


«f  VUb  Hi  iTdcBtly  embnnd  the  revotutloiury  docUinn 
■Dd  look  an  ■clivcpatt  in  the  iuurrecilon  o[  the  loth  of  Augiut 
ini.  ReprstDting  IhE  depgnmenl  ot  Uic  Oise  In  (he  Conven- 
tka.  b*  voted  1«  the  immediiledEUhDCtlw  king.  Heaccuied 
ationi  with  the  couit,  (hen  lumed  acaiiut 
<d  him  cupelled  irom  Ihe  JambiD  club  for 
isiflner  of  the  CkiDvintion  with  (he  atmy  at 
LaRodMlfe.    Ob  thsolhTbeimidorbewaioneoI  thedcpuiia 

commuw  or  Psiii  in  [avour  of  Robetpiem.  Bourbon  then  be- 
caaie  a  violent  reactjonuy,  attacking  the  former  member!  ol  the 
Mountaio  and  lupporting  rigoroui  meaAutea  against  the  Holera 
of  Ihe  iilh  Germlnat  and  the  isl  Pntrial  of  the  ytar  III.  In 
tbe  couici]  of  Five  Hundred,  fiouidoo  belonged  lo  the  paly  of 
"  Clichyena."  conpoaed  ol  dilguiwd  royiliili,  against  whnm 
tbs  dincUm  piade  Ihe  tauf  d'Ual  of  the  iSlh  Fnictidor, 
Bourdm  «u  arrcned  and  deponed  lo  French  Cuiana,  where  he 
^ediogn  aftec  Ua  aiilvaL 

BOORO-n-IBmK  ■  town  of  nstern  Fnnce.  capital  of 
the  depUtmeBt  ot  Ain,  and  fonnerly  capital  of  the  province 
•t  Brmc,  jC  m.  N.N.E.  of  Lyois  by  the  Parit-Lyon  railway. 
Pop.  (ifoi)  town,  i],4ie;  commune,  10,045.  Bourn  ■•  aituated 
■t  the  vtateni  baie  of  the  Jun,  on  Ihe  left  bank  of  (he  Reyi- 
Miiae,  a  iiibuiary  of  the  SaAne,  The  chief  of  the  older  buildingi 
llUHClluidl  of  Notte-Dame  (i6th  century),  of  which  die  facade 
bU»n(i  to  tb«  ReoaiMUKZ;  other  pana  ot  the  church  are  Gothic. 
la  th*  Interior  there  arr  aialla  of  the  ifiih  century.  The  other 
p^lUSc  (ndldinci,  inchuUng  a  handioine  pnlecturt,  ire  modem. 
Tlw  hltd  dt  Tilk  containa  a  lihraiy  and  the  Loiio  muacum 
with  >  coUectioa  of  [ricturo,  while  another  nwaeun  hu  a  coDtc- 
tisn  of  tbt  old  comune*  and  arBamenta  chanctcriHlc  el  BtoM. 
Amoiii  the  Matnea  in  the  town  then  It  one  ot  Edpr  Qulnet 
(i>cu-iStj),b  native  cfBonrg.  Bauig  U  the  ml  of  a  prefect 
and  of  ■  CDiut  of  uike*,  and  haa  a  tribunal  of  finl  inilance,  a 
tribanal  uid  a  dumber  ot  oommerce.  and  a  branch  of  Ihe  Bank 
ol  Fianee.  Ita  educational  eatabli^menta  include  lycfca  for 
boyt  Hid  ilria,  and  itaining  eoUegci.  Tbe  mannfactuiti  cuniial 
Of  Inn  fosda,  mineral  watco,  tallow,  np  and  utlhenware, 
•ndthere  are  Sour  raiUa  and  btewerlea;  and  there  ia  couiderable 
tndo  In  gnln,  cattle  and  poultry.  The  church  of  Brou.  a 
nburb  of  Bmos,  k  ol  great  artittie  inlcnit.  Maiguerlle  of 
Bmiboo,  wift  of  PhiUberl  tl.  of  Savoy,  had  intended  to  bund  ■ 
taonuteir  «a  the  apot,'  but  died  befne  her  intentioa  cauM  be 
cmiedintoeSect.  Tlie  church  wa*  actually  built  early  In  the  ifilh 
ctaUuy  by  bee  d«^ter^-liw  HtigoBite  ol  Auilila,  wilie  of 
PUUbcct  le  Ben  of  Savoy,  1b  BMmocy  ot  bcr  boband.  The 
cxtsrioT,  eapodaOy  the  facade,  k  licUy  onatnented,  but  the 
cbM  Inttntt  Iki  in  the  wixka  ot  vt  in  the  Inttfiot,  which  date 
boaisjB.  The  BMM  importaul  an  the  three  naiHolnuBi  with 
the  muUe  tfllilti  of  Maipieijte  ol  Bourbon,  Fhillbert  le  Bean, 
and  HaifBerhe  ol  Awttla.  All  three  aie  mnarfcable  lor  perlec- 
tloD  of  KidplurE  and  ijchnen  of  onuunentation.  The  rood  loft, 
the  oak  ttalla.  and  the  reredoi  In  the  chapd  ot  Ihe  Virgin  ate 
mtitenriecet  in  ■  aimilar  atyle. 

Koman  remaim  have  been  diicovcnd  at  Bourg,  but  Ultlc  b 
known  of  iti  eatly  hiitory.  Kaiied  10  the  nnk  of  a  fiee  town 
In  ii$o,  it  wii  at  the  beginning  of  tbe  ijlh  century  chnKn  by 
the  duks  of  Savoy  ai  the  chief  dty  of  the  pnvince  ol  Breiie. 
In  I IM  it  paiud  lo  France,  but  waa  rettored  to  Duke  Philibert 
EmBUOuel,  who  later  buUt  a  atrong  dtadel,  which  allemrdi 
witlutood  a  lU  monthi'  liege  by  the  loldien  of  Henry  IV. 
The  towB  wai  fioatly  ceded  lo  Fiance  in  iGei.  In  iti4  the  in- 
baUttoti,  in  q>lte  of  the  delmcekaa  conditioB  of  tbeit  iowd, 
dBoed  Ribtance  to  the  AmtrUna,  who  put  the  place  to 

lOti,  LtOH  VICTOK  AUfiOm  (igji-       ),  French 

waa  bom  at  Parii  on  (he  i  lit  oi  Uay  iSsi,  and  wat 
aancned  lor  the  law.  After  holding  a  lubordinate  office  (iStB) 
Id  the  depaitnent  of  public  worki,  he  became  aucccaiivety 
prelect  of  the  Tam  (iSSi)  and  the  Haute-Gironne  (lUs),  and 
then  leluined  10  Paiia  to  enter  the  auoiatty  of  the  inlniar. 
Be  becane  pnted  ot  police  in  Novenbcr  iSBi,  at  tbe  critical 


moDWBt  af  Pm^ent  Crfvy^  rcaimatlDB.  Ea  the  follow^ 
year  he  entered  the  chamber,  befng  elected  deputy  for  the  Mane, 
in  oppoaiiion  to  General  Boulaagei,  and  jnned  tbe  radical  left. 
He  wai  under-iecrelary  lor  hone  affain  In  the  Floquet  mlniatry 
ol  188S,  and  reugned  with  it  in  iSgg,  being  ll*en  returned  to  tlK 
chamber  for  Keimi.  In  the  Tliaid  minklry,  which  luccttded, 
be  wtii  Duniilrr  of  the  fntetfor,  and  lufaBcqoenlly.  on  the  iSth 
of  March  lilfo,  minister  ol  public  lutruction  In  tbe  i^JDtt 
of  M.  de  Fteydnet,  a  p«l  for  wbkh  he  bad  quiified  hiraidf 
by  the  atteriiion  he  had  given  10  cdutationai  matteia.  In  thii 
capacity  he  was  ruponiible  in  iSga  for  aome  important  itfonna 
in  iecondary  education.  He  retained  his  office  in  M.  Louhet'a 
cabinet  in  iSgi,  and  wia  miniiter  ol  juatice  ander  M.  Ribot  aC 
Ihe  end  of  that  year,  when  the  Panama  acandak  were  nuUni  Iba 
oSice  one  ol  peculiar  djnkully.  He  energetically  pteaaed  the 
Panama  prowcation,  as  much  as  that  be  waaaccuaed  ol  having 
put  wror^ul  preesure  oa  tbe  wife  of  one  of  tiie  defendanta  is 
order  to  procure  evidence.  To  oecl  tbe  chaige  he  reiigned  in 
March  ift^j,  but  again  took  office,  and  only  retired  with  the  ni( 
of  tbe  Freyanct  miniittv.    In  November  ig«s  he  hiDMlf  fanned 


thich  w. 


nullol 


Ihe  penislen 

lupply.  Tbe  Bouigeoia  miniatiy  appeared  lo  conaider  that 
popubropjruon  would  enable  them  to  ovenide  what  Ihey  claimed 
to  be  an  unRiaatitutianal  action  on  the  part  of  the  nppet  booiei 
bnt  the  public  waa  uidiSemt  and  tbe  aenaie  tiiumpbed.  Tbe 
blow  waa  ondoubtedty  dantaginf  to  M.  Bouigeoia'i  (Siee*  n  an 
ktKim  ii  (HaenufWHf ,  Aa  miniilet  of  public  initiuction  in  the 
BriiBon  cabinet  of  lA^  be  organlaedcouneaforaduita  in  primary 
education.  After  this  short  miniatry  he  reprtacMed  fait  ooontiy 
wii^i  dignity  and  eSect  ai  the  Hague  peaix  congieM,  and  in  igo] 
wataomiDated  a  member  of  Ihepemuneni  conn  a(  arhttiatioa. 
He  held  aomewhat  aloof  from  the  political  itruggka  ol  the 
Waldeck-RouateaD  and  Combet  TDinuIriea,  [lavelling  conuder- 
ably  in  lordgn  countrici.  Id  1901  and  igoj  he  waa  dected 
president  of  [he  chamber.  In  190;  he  replaced  the  due 
d'Audiifrei-Faaquier  a)  leniior  for  tbe  department  of  31aine, 
and  In  May  ii}o6  became  minliier  of  foreign  aSaiia  in  the 
Sarrten  cnbincl.  He  was  mponsible  for  the  diiectioo  of  French 
diplomacy  in  Ihe  conference  al  Algedrat. 

BOUBQIOU,  a  Fcench  word,  properly  meaning  a  freeman  of  a 
htmrx  or  borough  in  France;  later  the  term  ome  10  have  the 
wider  significance  of  the  whole  cUb  lyint  between  the  ttaritri 
or  workmen  and  the  nobiliiy,  and  li  now  uted  generally  of  the 
tndinc  Biiddle-datB  ol  any  couniry.  In  printing,  the  wgqt 
(praaounced  buiiDkc*)  it  used  of  a  type  coming  in  aiie  betweea 
longpiiinet  and  brevier;  Ihe  deiivaiion  is  supposed  to  be  Imo 
the  name  of  a  French  pricier,  olherwite  unknown. 

BOnRGEI.  a  dty  of  central  France,  thief  town  ot  tbe  depart- 
ment of  Cher,  144  m.  S.  oi  Paris  on  the  Orliana  railway  between 
VietiDo  and  Nevers.  Pop.  Ci(ro6)  town,  14,581;  commuae, 
44,i3j.  Bouigei  it  built  amidit  flat  and  manhj  countiy  on  an 
eminence  limited  on  tbree  tides  by  the  waters  of  the  Canal  ef 
Berry.  Ihe  Vjvre,  the  Auion,  and  other  tmailei  tlreamt  with 
which  Ihcy  unite  at  ihispoiai.  The  older  part  of  Ihe  town  with 
ita  narrow  ttiWti and  old  houcet  farms  a  centre,  to  tlie  soutb  and 
east  of  which  h'e  important  engineering  luhurba.  Flourlthinc 
nunatica  and  market-gardens  an  situated  in  Ihe  marshy  ground 
to  the  n«lh  and  north-east.  Bourges  preserves  portions  of  the 
Roman  nmparta  o[  ihe  41b  century,  which  are  for  the  nwet  part 
built  into  the  hoiiiei  of  the  old  quaner.  Tbcy  mcaiutc  cnnaider- 
ably  leas  In  drcumferenn  than  the  fortificaiion*  of  tbe  131b 
century.  Rtnainsofwhichin  the  shape  of  ruined  walla  and  towen 

built  is  crowned  by  Ihe  cathedral  of  St  £ticnne,  one  ol  the  DKOt 
important  in  Franco.  Begun  al  tbe  end  ol  the  I  :lh  century. 
it  wa*  not  completed  till  tbe  i6th  century,  to  which  period 
belong  Ihe  nnnbemmoit  ot  tbe  two  unfinished  toweii  flanUnf 
the  facade  and  two  of  ita  five  cUboiately  aculptund  pottala. 
Tbe  interior,  which  has  double  aislea,  the  inner  aitlet  ot  remark- 
able hejght,  and  bo  ttanKpU,  containa,  amonji  many  other 


«otkl  ol  art,  mifnilWnt  •tatned  gbu  «f  the  ijtii  o 


.  a(  il 


Roma 


I  tiypl  al 

nhirfi 


be  Inuid;  ihi 

churth.    Tht 
r-£in]«i.  vSjoins  thr 


hteral  pfntali, 

jArdln  cU  TArchcvMif.  m  plniuit 

dtaii  of  the  cathedral.  Bourgn  haa 

bhd  Ullcmanl  aul  iha  hAiel  Cuju  (nov  occupied  Iq 

nuievm)  ait  oF  the  Rtnabaance  period.     The  hUel  de  Ja( 

Ctcur,  noaed  after  the  tituunr  ot  Chiria  VU.  and  non 

ai  the  hw-CDurt.  a  at  aldl  fiinter  inicrait,  Ihouih  it  hai 

dnblcd  whether  Jicqiiei  Cmr  hinoclf  Inhabited  il.  The  i 

lion  il  in  the  Rcnaisinct  rtyte,  but  tvo  lornn  ol  the  Rt 

■nucni  (itade  (lee  Houii,  Pbte  II.  Ggi.  7  'ad  I).  Ill  1  . 
■Drmund  a  courlyanl  into  which  three  slainase  lurreti  pioject ; 
OK  ol  Ihne  leadi  to  a  thapel,  the  ceiling  oS  which  it  drcoiated  by 
Am  fmcos. 

Bouisn  i)  the  leat  of  an  archbhhopric,  a  couit  dF  appeal,  a 
couii  of  aaiim  and  a  prefect;  and  i>  the  headqunen  of  the 
VUI.  army  corpi.  It  hai  tribiunali  oi  fint  iniunce  and  of 
t  boArd  of  trade-arbltraton.  and  a  chamljer  of 
nda  Ijnnch  of  the  Bank  dT  Fiance.  Ilicducalioral 
in&litalicitD  induilc  an  fcekSEUticai  aeminary,  a  lyc^  for  boyv 
and  a  cDHege  fergirli.  tcnininf  rallegn.and  a  uhool  of  indiutiiil 
lit.  The  uidlulibi  activity  of  Boutin  depmdi  primarily  on 
its  (unpovder  and  ammuniiion  Caciaiio,  ii«  cannon-foundry 
and  fun-carriage  woiVi,  These  all  Iwlong  to  Ihc  (ovemnwnl. 
and,  togeiber  with  huge  tnaiiiinei.  a  ichoal  of  pyrolrrhnln. 
and  an  iniHery  ichool.  lie  in  the  east  of  lh(  town.  The  suburb 
of  Haii^m  has  large  Iron  and  engineering  worlu.  and  tbctr  an 
laauEactoiie*  of  anvils.  cdBc-lools.  bisculii.  woollm  goodi. 
«S-cioth.  boot!  and  ihoei.  fenlhan,  brick  and  tile  work*, 
bnwerie*,  diiiilleiin.  tanneiin.  nw-milk  and  dye-workt.  The 
town  haa  a  port  on  the  canal  of  Beiiy.  and  doca  a  conaidnabk 
tadc  ID  (rain,  wine,  vegtlablis,  hemp  and  tiuil. 

Bouigea  occupiei  the  lilt  of  the  Gallic  town  of  Avarimn, 
■apital  al  the  Biturigci,  mentioned  by  Canar  at  one  of  ihc  most 
InipoilaDi  of  all  Caul.  In  51  B.C.,  duting  ihe  war  with  Vcrcin' 
gctDria.  it  wat  complclcly  dnlroyed  by  Ihe  Komin  conqueror. 
butDndn- Augusiuih  rosrngain  inlo  imporlancr.andwumade 
Ihe  capital  of  Aquitania  Prima.  About  i.n.  ije  II  bcunv  the 
isi  of  a  bidiop.  the  hnl  occupam  of  the  lee  bcinR  Urtinu*. 
Captured  by  the  ViiigotJisaboul  4ts,  il  coniinuod  in  ihcir  po«te«- 
son  till  about  SOT-  In  ibf  middle  aget  il  was  the  tapiial  of 
Bmy.  During  ihf  English  occupation  of  France  in  Ihe  ijih 
(eniniy  it  became  the  reiidence  of  Charlei  V1I„  who  thus 
iCfpiircd  the  populii  lille  of  "king  ol  Bouis«."  In  iiAj  a 
vniveniiy  was  founded  in  ihe  diy  by  Louli  \1,.  which  conllnacd 
for  centaHct  to  be  one  of  Ihe  nwtl  fanxnis  in  France,  ctpeciilly 
h  Ihedrpattmcalof  juriipnidrnce.  On  many  occasions  Bouifes 
waa  ihr  MSI  of  ecclrstaatlcat  councils— the  moil  impoitani  being 
the  cotwdl  of  1438,  in  which  Ihe  Pragmailc  Sanction  of  the 
GoUinn  church  wat  etiabllf hed,  and  that  of  ijiB,  in  «bid>  tbe 
Lalhemll  doctrines  were  condemned, 

BOURGET,  PAUL  CHARLES  JOSKPH  (1S51-  ).  French 
novelbt  and  critic,  wat  bom  at  Amieni  on  the  md  of  September 
i>5i.  Hit  father,  a  piofruor  of  mnlhrinatici,  was  afterwards 
appointed  to  a  pott  in  ihe  colltEC  a(  Cleimont-Femnd.  Here 
Bouigrt  wcdvtd  his  eaily  educalton.  He  afterward*  studied 
at  the  Lytle  Louii-le-Crand  and  at  the  EcoTe  des  Hauies  Eiudn. 
Id  tS)*-i8TJ  he  produced  a  volume  of  vetse,  An  brrd  dr  la  mir. 
which  in*  foIlowFd  by  olhen,  the  last,  Lit  Atat.  appearii^  in 
iCSi.  Mcanwhilr  he  wm  nuking  a  name  In  litnary  joumalism, 
and  in  iSSj  he  published  Esnis  if  ftyikeliitit  tmirmfirrainr. 
Badiei  of  cmiiMnt  wriicra  first  printed  in  the  Ktntlli  Rem, 
tai  DOW  braiqlil  lofelheT.  In  itl4  Bourget  paid  a  long  visit 
to  Ei^UDd,  and  then  note  hn  fini  puUiihtd  story  {L'lnipa- 
ntVt.  CmOt  Snitm  follawed  b  iSSj;  ind  ^ntrf  Cmir/ii 
(MS)  aad  Mnuaut"  (iSt7)weR  received  with  tnuch  favour. 
£■  Atei^(iSS9}*ba«td  tha  tuvcliu  Id  a  giaver  altitude;  white 
ta  itoi  SnutHiHU  fllelli,  note*  of  a  tour  in  thai  axinlty, 
■raaledalmhpliMaolhiipowan.    iDlheiameyaBrappcand 


the  novel  Cnr  ii  fimim,  lind  ItHnat  PaUi,  typo  at  tlK 
chanclcn  oi  men.  theiequel  10  a  limilar  gallery  ol  Eemaletypca 
(fuleli.  iSqo).  His  later  Bovelt  include  £a  TmifHrnatdSfii; 
Canitptlu  (igo3),a  piychologiaBl  novel,  with  Rone  at  a  back- 
ground; Ubi  MylU  Uviiqiu  U»^);  la  Diaiatt  ilaic  U^7h 
ie  foHtfwe  (1901);  to  DiwiSeui  (1905):  and  some  vohimei  of 
shorter  sloriet— Cdin^mir«j  jMlnmic/a  (1896},  the  [awariul 
Dnmciifjamillt  |i3tj8),  l/n  HrmmefniUvx,),  L'Slcpt  {15101). 
a  study  of  the  inability  of  a  fardly  raised  100  rapidly  from  the 
peasant  ctasi  to  adapt  itself  to  new  tondiliont.  This  powelful' 
study  of  conlempoiary  manncis  was  followed  by  Vn  Dhera 
(loojj.addcnceof  the  Roman  Catholic  poriiion  Ihit  divorce  11 
a  violation  ol  natural  bus,  any  breach  of  thich  Inevitably 
entails  disaster  £iudei  ct  poriraits,  lirtl  published  in  iSSS, 
contains  impressions  of  Bourgct's  ttiy  hi  England  and  Ireland, 
especially  reminiscences  of  Ihc  months  which  be  spent  al  Oiford; 
and  Oulri-ifcr  (iSgj).  i  book  in  iwo  volumes,  is  his  critics] 
Journal  of  a  visit  to  the  United  Suits  in  iSqj.  He  was  admitted 
ID  Ihe  Academy  in  1894.  and  in  iSoj  was  piomoted  to  be  an 
officer  of  the  Legion  of  Honour,  having  received  Ihe  decoration 

At  a  nritir  of  verse  Bourgcl  was  merely  trying  his  wings,  and 
his  poemi,  vhich  were  collccicd  in  tuv  volumes  [iE85'iBS;). ate 
chielly  Interetiing  For  Ihe  liglil  which  they  throw  upon  hit 
mature  ncthod  and  Ihc  later  products  of  his  art.  Il  was  in 
criticism  thai  his  genius  Gist  Found  its  tnie  bent.  T)ic  habil  of 
close  icieniiftc  analyvs  which  he  derived  from  his  father,  ibe 
tense  of  style  pmluced  by  a  line  car  and  moulded  by  1  cbisicat 
educnlion.  the  innaie  appreciation  of  art  In  all  ils  forms,  the 
taste  For  ievfnt  men  and  cliics.  the  keen  intcreil  in  the  oldest  nol 
lest  than  the  Bc«es(  civillialioni.  and  ihe  laige  lolcrance  not  to 
be  learned  on  the  iw/cninJ— all  these  combined  to  provide  han 
with  ■  nMn  uncommon  equlpmeni  for  the  critic's  last.  Il  is  nol 
wrprising  that  the  Stiuariunt  i'llalli  (1(41),  and  Ibe  varioai 
psychological  iludies.  are  in  thdr  different  ways  scarcely  su^ 
fussed  ihroiigboQi  the  «^le  range  of  limaiure.  Dourgri't  repu- 
tation at  a  novriist  has  long  been  astnred.  Deeply  impie^ed 
by  the  tingutar  an  of  Heniy  Beyle  (Stendhal),  he  stmck  out 
on  a  new  course  at  a  moment  when  the  rcalitt  ichool  jcigned 
rlihout  challenge  in  French  ficikm.     Hit  idealism. 


had  a 


Il  « 


to.  that  of  Ihe  writeia  «ho  were  di-picting  wiih  an  1 
failhfulneu  the  ent-innment  and  the  aclionsol  a] 
society.  With  Bouiset  observation  was  mainly  dtrrcled  10  ihe 
•ecret  springs  oF  human  characier.  At  first  his  purpoM  wcmcd 
to  be  purely  art Isiic,  but  when  Lt  Diiri^c  appeared.  In  1(89.  the 
preface  10  that  icnuikable  ilory  irvfalrdiii  him  an  unwspetted 
fnnd  ol  moral  enthusiasm.  Since  then  he  hit  varied  between  his 
eariicr  and  his  later  nnnmr.  but  his  work  in  general  has  been 
nwreieriouily  conceived.  From  first  la  last  he  has  painted  with 

wronged,  erring  or  actually  vkioui;  and  he  has  described  not, 
lets  happily  the  ideas,  Ihe  paiaioni  and  Ihe  laihires  of  those 
young  men  o[  France  to  whom  he  makes  special  appeal. 

Boinget  has  been  chiiged  with  prttlmlan,  and  witb  tuidue 
delineation  of  one  todal  class.  The  fint  charge  can  hardly  bt 
sBslaincd,  The  limits  in  his  books  are  usually  low;  then  is  8 
ceiiain  lack  ol  g^tly,  and  the  characters  move  in  a  world  of 
disenchant meni,  Bui  there  il  vt>  desfBir  in  his  own  oMlsok 
upon  human  destiny  asa  whole.  As  regards  the  other  indlctntnl, 
the  early  ttoriet  sometimes  dwell  to  excesi  on  Ibe  mere  framcwik 
of  opulence;  but  the  paihology  ol  moral  irretolution,  of' com-, 
plicated  aliaiit  o(  the  heart,  of  the  irorriet  of  liiendshtp,  in  which 
the  wriiei  revels,  can  bemortappnvrbtdyttndiedina  cultured 
and  leisured  society  than  amid  the  simpler  sunvundingi  of 
humbler  men  and  women.  The  style  ol  all  Bourgetl  wiitings  it 
singularly  graceful.  His  knowledge  of  the  literature  of  other 
landi  gtvei  it  a  greater  fieiibahy  and  a  fHwr  atluslveneis  than 
most  ol  hb  conttmporarlei  can  achieve.  The  piedsimi  by  whictt 
leaa  djulnguiibed,  tbovat  it^omible  for  a  ceitafa 
'  "  pages  «t  (fee  noveb,  it  aft 


BOURIGNON— BOURNE 

I,     As  ■  crltk.  ini 


332 

dmoit  mimixcd  mtb  ia  ibe  critktl 
dtfatr  o<ift  or  IttUn,  Bourget  lavallitk  la  be  doind.  If  he  is 
not  ID  the  voy  finl  nnk  of  nordiiU,  U  bit  book*  diipliy  moic 
can  of  finbbtd  cnfUnunihip  thin  joy  ia  (ponuneous  cniiion, 
it  auil  be  lemembcnd  thit  the  BapniiK  wiiteti  0!  ficlion  have 
nttly  lucceeded  «s  he  hea  in  s  diflcntit  6ddp 

Sn-uhe  C.  Leciine.  jL'£hMi«  rHni;i  d  rilipnu  it  X.  PaiJ 
Btmral  (190J);  Sarient,  Lu  Cmiidi  Oncrlii  (190&).   Hii  (Eatw 

BOUBISHOH.  AKTOIHBTTB  (i«i6-ifi8a),  FlFmish  myiiic. 
»«i  bgrn  el  Lille  on  the  i]lh  ot  Januiiy  1616.  Fiom  in  earlj' 
age  ihc  wu  under  the  influence  ol  leligion,  which  touli  in  coune 
of  lime  »  myilial  lum.  UndetUlting  the  woik  of  ■  refonrer. 
she  visited  France,  Holland.  England  and  Scaiknd.  Her  religious 
enthiuium.  pccutiaiiiy  of  vicwi  and  diiregatd  oS  all  sects 
raised  both  ifalous  peneculon  and  warm  adlierenis.  On  her 
death  at  Franeker,  Fricsland,  on  (he  jolh  of  Ocloher  i6&>,  she 
lell  a  btge  number  of  lollowere,  who,  however,  dwindled  rapidly 
away;  but  In  the  early  igth  century  her  influence  revived  in 
Scodand  sufficiently  to  call  forth  icveril  denunciations  of  her 
doctrines  in  the  varioui  Presbyterian  geneiil  assemblies  of  i;oi, 

lemponry  ncords,  she  was  i  vIsionlTy  of  the  oidinaiy  type, 
diilinguished  only  by  the  ludadly  and  perustency  of  her 


.  weie  CDlleetRl  by  her  disciple,  PienT  Poircl  (I 
ieia-1686).  -hDalaspubllilicd  her  lile{>  vott. 

I  aceiiuiii  tee  HliKk.  BtalemftltHiu  (Leipiii 

(a7iiri(ui.byM.E.S,(P»ni,iS76].    Thiie 
1st   have  been   i™ii(il.in)    Imn   Ei    ■ 
K   Z.i(M   lOOit 


ly  of  the  noitb.  On  ttie  first  day  ol  the  Waterloo  campiigB 
int  went  over  to  the  eDemy,    It  Is  not  probable  that  be 


•Ileidtfa 


I.  Hem 


his  conduct,  and  acted  ai 
Marshal  Ney.  A  year  later  he  «u  given  command  of  1  divisioa 
li  the  royal  guatd;  and  in  iSzj  he  held  an  linpottant  poailkm 
in  the  army  which,  under  the  comnund  of  the  due  d'AngouUme, 
invaded  Spain.  He  commanded  the  whole  army  In  Spaun  Tor  ■ 
lime  in  i3i4.  became  minister  oF  war  in  iSig,  and  hi  igjo  wu 
placed  in  command  o[  the  Algien  eipedition.  The  .landing  of 
the  French  and  Ihc  capture  of  Algiers  wete  directed  by  him  witb 
a.  and  he  was  icwaided  with  the  Mim  of  maidial 


It  the  I 


•  take  the  00th  to  Louis  Phih'ppe.  he  was  fiHted  to 
I  1831  Marahal  Bourmont  took  part  id  the  rising  of 
Be  de  Bnrj,  and  on  its  failure  retired  to  Fortli|aI. 


Le  aeveral  puo- 


■ndElobmr, 


of    bcr 

Am  AhrUimi 

rmrfiH  tfStI 


(London,    17S&);  A 
m  al  At  GaiprI  Spiril 

BOUBK^  a  town  of  Cowprr  county.  New  South  Wales, 
Austnlia.  joj  m.  by  nil  N.W.  Crom  Sydney.  Pop.  (i«ai)  1614. 
It  b  situated  on  the  south  bank,  and  at  the  head  of  the  CTdipary 
urtnter  navigation,  o[  the  Darling  river.  Very  rich  capper  ore 
exists  in  the  district  iu  gteat  abundance.  Bourke  is  the  centre 
ol  a  large  iheep-fatmlng  area,  and  the  (nnu*I  ignculiunl  show 
ia  one  ol  the  best  In  the  colony.  On  the  west  side  of  the  Darling. 
3  m.  distant,  It  the  smell  town  of  North  Bourke,  and  it  Pera, 

BOURMONT,  LOUIS  AOOUSTB  VICTOR,  Coutb  de  Geaisni 
oc(i;M-i846),m>rdulof  Frence,  entered  iheCanfuFrsuceii 
of  the  royal  army  shortly  before  the  Revolution,  emigrated 
i7Bg,  and  served  with  Coodt  and  theanny  ottheMiW  in  tl 
campsign*  ol  1791  and  rygj,  subsequently  aerviog  as  chief 
itaS  to  Scfpeaui.  the  royalist  leader,  in  the  dvU  war  in  low 
Anjou  (i;94-1796>.     Bourmont.  excepted  irom  the  amnesty 
April  I7v6,  Sed  into  Switiciland,  but  soon  afterwards,  having 
been  made  by  Louis  XVIII.  a  marUkal  di  camp  and  a  knight  of 
St  Louis,  he  beaded  a  fresh  insurrection,  which  after  1 
limintry  successes  coll^iscd  (1799-1800).    He  Uxoi 
submission  to  the  First  Consul,  married,  and  hved  in  Paris;  but 
bit  thinly  veiled  loyaliim  caused  his  1 
and  he  remiined  a  prisoner  lor  more  than  three  years,  finally 
etcapingioPoriugalin  1*04.     Three]         ■  -     -.    - 
under  Geneial  Junoi  invaded  Portugal,  and  Boumont  oSeied 
bit  KTvicet  to  JuBot,  who  made  him  chief  ol  ttiS  ol  a  divisf 
He  returned  to  France  with  Junol  after  the  convention 
Cintn,  and  wu  promptly  re-arrested.    He  was  toon  relcai 
bowevei,  on  Junot'i  demuid,  and  was  conmistjoned  as  an  oB 
in  the  impctinl  army.   He  served  in  Italy  tor  a  time,  then  w 
on  the  tuS  ol  tlie  viceroy  Eugene  (Beauhamais),  whom 
accompanied  In  the  Moscow  campaign^   He  was  taken  piisc 
in  Ihc  retreat,  but  tacaped  after  a  time  and  rejoined  the  Fre 
army.   His  conspicuous  courage  at  the  battle  ol  LUtaca  in  i 
led  Napoleon  toprrnnote  him  general  of  brigade,  and  in  1814 
^eniiid  defence  of  Nogeni  (February  13)  earned  him  the  r 
of  general  of  divitioEi,    At  the  first  Restoration  Bourmont 
aaturally  employed  by  the  Bourbons,  lo.wbose  service  he  had 


army  of  Dam  Migudduring  the  civil  war  ol  iSj 
the  victory  of  the  constitutbnal  party  he  r 

chlteau  of  Bourmont  on  the  17th  of  Octobci  1 

Charles  dc  Bourmont,  a  son  d  the  marshal,  a 
phleti  in  vindicition  1^  his  faI»Kr'>  oner. 

BOUHHE.  VIRCEXT  (1645-1747).  English  dassical  achOlu-, 
familiiriy  known  as"  Vinny  "Bourne,  wat  bom  at  Wsttninslet 
is  i69S>  In  1710  he  became  a  scholar  at  Westminster  school, 
and  in  1714  entered  Trinity  College,  Ctmbtidge.  Kepaduaied 
in  1717,  and  obtained  a  fellowship  three  years  laier.  Of  bit  after- 
life eireedingly  little  it  known.  It  is  certain  that  be  patted  th* 
greater  portion  ol  it  as  usher  in  Weil  minster  tchooL  He  died  sal 
the  >nd  of  December  1747.  Duiing  his  lifetime  he  publilhed 
three  editions  ol  his  Latin  poeint.  and  in  1771  Ihetc  appeared  a 
very  bandlorae  quarto  vdume  containing  all  Boume's  pieces,  but 
alto  tome  that  did  not  belong  to  him.  The  Latin  poem*  are 
remarkable  not  only  for  perfect  mastery  of  all  linguistic  nketiet, 

of  them  ate  tranala  Uons  of  English  poems,  and  it  is  not  too  mucA 

originals.     CotqieT,  an  old  pupil  ol  Bourne's,  Seattle  and  Laab 
have  comlnticd  in  praise  of  his  wonderful  potrcr  of  Ijitia 

bilh  a  memdr  by  JoIib 


See  an  edition  (iSeo]  of  kii  Psna 
Mitlbrd. 

fiOUIlll&  or  Bonui,  a  market  town  in  the  S.  Xeatevca  or 
Stamfiffd  parliamentary  diviaicm  of  LincolnshlrBj  Et^laiul; 
lying  in  a  lenny  district  95  m.  N.  by  W.  from  London.  Pep.  ol 
tuban  district  (1901)4161.  The  Stamlord-Sleafoid  bnndi  of  the 
Great  Northern  railway  here  crosses  the  Saxby-Lyna  joint  line 
of  the  Great  Northern  and  Midland  companiei.  The  church  of 
St  Peter  and  St  Paul  is  Norman  and  Early  English  with  later 
inserlioiu;  it  is  part  of  a  monastic  chunh  bdongbig  to  a  founda- 
tion of  AugusJnian  canons  of  iijS,  ol  which  tbr  ilhrr  hiilMingi 
have  almost  wholly  disappeared.  Trade  is  prindpaBy  agri- 
cullunl,  Bouine  ia  famous  through  its  connexion  with  the 
ardent  opponent  of  William  the  Couquersr,  Heieward  the  Wak«; 
Of  his  ostle  very  slight  traces  remain.  Bourne  *ti  also  the 
birthplace  ol  the  Eliaabethan  statesman  Cecil,  Lord  Biii^iy^ 
The  Red  HiU.  which  now  forms  part  of  the  railway  ttuiaa 
buildings,  bekinged  to  the  family  of  Digby,  ol  whom  Sir 
Evertrd  Digby  wai  executed  in  1606  lor  hit  coniwiion  with 
the  Gunpowder  Plot. 

BOORMB  (touthem  form  af  bum.  Teutonic  bom,  inn.  hmntti, 
an  intermittent  straam  frequent  In  cbalh  and  limestone  couotry 
where  the  rock  becomes  saturated  with  winter  rain,  that  tlowlj 
drains  away  until  iherockbecomct  dry,  when  thetlie^ni  ceaid 
A  heavy  raialall  will  cauie  streams. to  run  ia  itiaitt  Iran  Ijbc 
talurtted  lai.  These  ar*  the  winter  boumet  that  have  gjvcM 
naeic  (9  icvenl  tettlcneutt.uiwq  Stlobtiiy  .Fl«b,.aiKk  m 


BOVRNEMnOTR— SOUKRIENNB 


Will  iiliii  ■  It  ftlrfrg  n*''boDna''B>yiholiea| 


comalixim  Sbtkcqmn'*  BemU,  "  the  mrdiiCBRnd  couiiti7, 
tram  whdH  boumt  do  tnncllei  tttana." 

BOOSllBIIOnB.  a  naiild|al  uid  taaalf  beno^  and 
waterins-ptue  of  Hampahire,  '■"g'"-^.  In  tba  pu1iuii«nt«7 
banugh  of  ChriatchunJi,  107}  m.  S.W.  by  W.  from  London 
tv  the  Loadoa  k.  Sonth-Wettan  nllvar.  Fop.  (1901)  SMt'- 
ItiibeuUifnUiriiluaUdoaPooleBv.  CoaildenUe nadMorW 
cfiOa  riie  from  the  undy  beuh,  and  an  Kond  wtth  detp  pietnr- 
ciqueddhotdiinei.  ThitawnitKtllia  in  and  about  the  valtc; 
of  the  BoDine  icicam.  Ita  ibellBed  aftuatim  and  dolnUa 
:t  notice  aboat  1)40;  in  it;5 


havaattnetadalarceDnmberof veallhrRaidcota.  ThtraaTS 
pien  at  the  town  lUelf  and  at  Beacoobe,  and  the  bacUoc  la 
—■^'1— ■  Hie  paits,  ^ideai  and  ddrea  are  eiteariTe  and 
pleaaaat.  A  Mnice  of  dectric  trminiT*  ii  DMintaiaed,  notable 
•1  being  the  tat  vitca  inatiOcd  la  Eachnd  with  a  coobtDatka 
oIOietiolliiitaDdaiadnltpilnc^dHatcupplytns'caiRnt.  Itee 
are  KOU  llnka  In  Uerilck  and  Qoeen>>  pBika,  both  laid  oM  br  dw 
cotimntlon,  vUcb  hu  In  olbcr  my*  (tndied  the  enteWainment 
oCTisilota.  The  two  rsihiv  lUtiDna  an  the  Ceutnl  and  WeM, 
uut  thnmgh  GomnninlcBtJoni  with  the  soitb  are  maintained  by 
the  Ssmenet  *  Dociet  and  Midland,  and  the  Onal  Wcatcm  and 
Cieai  CcDtial  nOnri.  The  town,  vbfdi  ii  td  whollr  nndem 
•^  ramaitably  nptd  (loinb  (fn  In  Ibt  ddiBe  of  tbe  iqA 
cxDtiuy  the  po|»talion  na  kn  than  loocO,  ma  Ina 
ttgo.  and  beouoe  a  oount;  borongb  In  igoa  The 
(msiiia  fif  a  mayor,  i<  aldonea  and  33  awntilhm.    jma, 

DOmMMITK  a  nincnt  ipedei,  a  Mdpbanlinioidte  of  lead 
and  coi^>ar  with  tb*  lormnla  PbCnSbS*.  It  k  of  aone  IntereM 
on  accooM  of  the  IwIiUiIde  and  tbe  beantifal  devdcfiment  of  ita 
OTitala.  ItvasBnt.mentionedby  PUUpRaiUeiibiDin?  a* 
"  an  ore  (rf  ant  imon^,"  and  wu  more  con^etetr  dceolbcd  b;  (be 
comtc  de  Boaraon  in  1804,  after  wken  it  ma  uuned:  die  name 
Civeo  bjr  Boumon  UmeH  (in  iSij)  mi  eDdeUane,  rinee  iBcd  la 
the  f  onn  enddlioDile,  after  the  locality  in  CorawaH  where  the 
nupcral  wu  fint  tound.  The  ayitalt  an  ortbotbombk,  and  an 
gcnerallr  talmlai  In  habit  owing  to  (be  pccdouinance  of  the 
bual  pinacoid  (c);  unKtoua  am 
detttoped  on  the  edges  and  coraeia  of  the 
IwiniMd  ciylta)  li  repiaenlcd  ^  Gg.  ~    """" 


oyatabare  twinned,  the  tirin-plaBebclniafua of  [he  pitui(ii}; 
the  angle  betwna  tlte  facta  of  tbia  fiiam  being  Bearly  a  tight 
•]«)e  <M*  aoO,  tbe  tvianlngglvesriwtoaudlonngioape  Ug.  t), 


ntun.    IV  n,  ... 

which  nay  be  delected  on  tbe  fradiued  aurfaco,  ma  of  the 
Dus^ve  nuleriil.  Tbe  mioeia]  Is  opaque,  and  has  a  biiOiiu 
melallic  liutie  with  a  lead-grey  colour.  The  kpnini^^  i^  ij,  and 
the  spedfic  gravity  j-S.- 

A[  (be  original  locality,  Wbal  Boyi  In  the  parish  of  Eoddlion 
in  ComnaH,  it  was  found  aiudi.tcd  with  Junoonlie.  blende  and 
cbalybite.  Lata,  itill  belter  oyitali  were  found  in  anotba 
Cocniih  mine,  namely,  Uerodsloot  mine  near  Liskurd,  which 
waa  wotlud  fer  argeMUenni  galena.  Fine  cryiCali  of  luge  tiie 
have  been  fonnd  with  qaarti  and  cbalybite  In  tbt  mines  at 
Nendorf  in  the  Han,  and  with  bleoda  and  tetrabedriie  al 
Xapnik-Blnya  near  Nagy-Blnya  in  Hungary.  A  few  othei 
localitiB  an  known  for  thhmineraL  [I- J- S.) 

■ODBB^  a  Fnnch  name  for  a  dioce  conunen  fn  Aufetgna 
and  In  BJKay  In  Spain;  alio  a  (am  for  a  mnlcal  composition 

quick  dma  with'two  beat*  (o  tbe  bar. 

BQSBKIBIIII^  Loon  UmHm  FAWXLR  OB  (1769* 
1834),  French  diplomatU,  was  bon  at  Sea  on  (he  Qth  of  July 
1709.  Be  was  edncaled  at  tbe  military  school  of  Biienne  U 
Champagne  ahing  with  Napoleon  Bonapute;  and  aMwogb  th* 
aoUtaiy  haUu  of  tlw  latter  made  Intima^  difficult,  the  two 
yoothi  sa  to  have  been  on  fatendly  terms.  It  most,  however, 
be  added  that  the  Morfn  of  thdr  very  doK  friendship,  as  toU  in 
BaunIenne*amemDln,BnapaitoittqiiciDa.  I.eavingBtlennet>i 
178T,  and  concefring  a  distaata  lor  tlw  amy,  Boanienne  i>o- 


Boheadan  Ufa  together,  and  aweag  other  Inddetita  of  that  Mcltj 
ing  tbsa,  tluy  wItncMtd  the  nuAbfaig  of  (be  royal  family  in  the 
Tuihtfaa  (Jnna  10)  and  the  oretthienr  of  tbe  Swhs  Gauds 
at  the  sam*  ipot  (Angaai  10),    r — —  —  -1......  . 


placed  on  th*  list  ef  political  (n^rt>,  b 


n  which  it  waa  net 


■jth  VandlidalR  (OgioImt  s,  1791)  ba  nttmud  to  Paiis  and 

te  eomiMnd  of  (ba  Amy  of  tlte  Inleiiar  and  bood  nectved  the 
coauaand  of  the  Anny  of  Italy.  Bovntenne  dM  dm  proceed 
with  Urn  tato  Italy,  but  was  called  Ibitber  by  tbe  vlctwious 
general  at  the  time  of  tbe  king  negotisilooe  with  Auitiia 
(Ma)~Octobei  i79Tl,.wbe>  bii  Icnowtedge  of  law  and  diplomacy 
was  of  eomc  service  In  tbe  drafting  of  tbe  tama  of  the  treaty  ol 
Can^  Formle  (Octebs  17).  In  tbe  following  yor  ha  icsom- 
paaitd  Bonaparte  to  Egypt  ai  his  prfeaU  saoetaiy,  and  Wt  a 
vivid,  il  not  very  tnutworthy,  acoiont  of  tbe  cspedltkn  bi  Us 


voyage  to  FMlns  {Sepiemba<-Oaober  1799},  and  wsa  of  some 
btlp  il  the  atsb*  whtcb  led  iqi  la  the  cea^  t4lal  of  Smmaln 
(Noveiaber)  1799.  He  nmined  by  tbe  akle  of  the  FInt  Conid 
' '  fonnei  capacity,  but  in  the  a( ' 


Id  the  spdngof  iSos  he  wassoit  as  Fnod  envoy  to  the  fne  dty 
ofHsmburg.  Iben  it  was  bis  duty  to  tatty  out  the  meaSBtnoI 
commercial  war  a^Llast  England,  known  as  tbe  CoallDUital 
Syatem;  hut  It  Is  known  that  be  not  only  viewed  those  tyrannl- 
«ith  dbgust,  but  recntly  falated  them  Id  (avmr 
rba  plitd  Um  with  deacasn.  lo  the  cajdy 
'  I  by  Miwoleosi  to  otdei  a  lane 
the  army,  then  in  East  FraiM, 
he  tooad  that  tba  only  nems  Of  pmcurkg  than  sqieditlinisly 
was  to  onler  them  from  Ba^snd.  After  gabdng  K  laiie  toKma 
while  at  Bambnig,  h*  wu  ncnUcd  lo  nancs  la  dl^raca  at 
the  dose  of  1810.  In  tgi«  he  embraced  the  royal  caoe,  and 
dnilng  ibe  Hundred  Days  litis)  acEonpsnled  Lotiis  XVUL  to 
rateab  Tlie  rest  of  bis  HI*  was  uBeveMfnli  he  died  at  Oun  on 


33+  BOUJOUT— BOCSSINGAntT 

tha  T«k  <(  Fcbrauy  iaj4,  ilta  nflabg  ban  &naiUl  milidy 


tsd  wdtei,  ctiBC  o[  ■  tuaily  which  ns  o[  Fmieh  seisin  but  bid 
Ukea  TdDge  at  Genen  lor  ruod*  conntcud  with  ttO^aa. 
Hit  btbei  wu  1  wtKhmnka  IhcK,  uid  he  UmKlf  waicdocateil 
Inhii  native  city.  He  »ai  ■  good  utiit  ud  cUbec,  ud  ■)»• 
pulor,  u  that  1^  nuoD  of  hii  fint  voice  and  love  o(  mu^  be  mi 
made  (■;6S)  precentor  of  the  chuid  oi  St  Peta  (ibe  foiBcr 
cathednl)  at  Geneva.  TUi  poH  CBibkd  him  (o  devote  UducU 
to  the  eqilontion  ol  the  Alpi,  for  idddi  be  bid  concclTcd  a 
great  imiiiiii  ever  ilace  an  aiceDl  (1761)  of  tbe  Vdnm,  Dcai 
Geneva.  Ini}r5liemad*tiMGiitiKaitoftbeBuet(io.milt.) 
by  the  noir  nioal  route  Irom  tbe  Fiene  k  Bimi,  on  which  tbe 
peat  flat  rock  knoini  at  tbe  TatU  <w  Cilmir*  Hill  piewrvti  hb 
BtEmocy.  Id  i}S4-i7t5hewtithellnttnvelbttoltteiiplIhe 
Mcent  of  Mom  Blinc  (not  conqocRd  tin  I7ii),  bvt  neitha  then 
nor  liter  (iiSSjdidhenicceedlnieacblBgitiiummlt.  On  the 
fitha  hind  he  reopened  (17)7)  the  nwte  own  the  Cal  da  Gfaat 
(iiioOo  ft),  which  hid  fiUen  Into  oUivfciB,  and  tavcBed  i)m 
iinonc  tbe  mountiini  of  tbe  Viliii,  of  the  Bencw  Oberiuid,  Ac 
Se  received  a  pension  bom  Loub  XVL,  and  wt  named  the 
UttoriBtntki  iu  Alfti  by  tbe  eaqttroi  Joeepb  IL,  ite  vbited 
luiB  at  Gcoeva.  Hii  lait  vUt  to  Chimenii  wu  in  iSi*.  Hli 
vrilinp  lie  compoeed  In  ■  rwfvt^  KotiniCDtal  and  ntbel 
pompom  atyle,  bat  bieatbi  thnn^iinit  a  moil  pmlonm  Igva 
lor  the  Alpi,  u  wonder*  of  nitun,  and  not  ii  ob}ecu  of  Kkntific 
■todjr.  Bis  diid  woihi  an  the  Datriftim  itt  tiaalrei  ii 
Sofyt,  1771  (Engilih  traaiatioa,  Noiw^  >775'iT7S)>  tl" 
Dtiaitlin  ia  Aipa  fwinfnei  d  rhUiamit  <■  voli.,  ijSi) 
(n^rinlcd  In  17S3  onder  the  title  of  StKtOt  DaaitHat  ia 
tttUu  dt  fbut,  tal  hi  1785,  with  additloBa,  In  J  vnli.,  nudstlu 
aame  oUVMnalb  JJunflwa  to  ffodlnj},  and  the  0uirJ/Mnf 
JaubBH  foaata  ia  Alpa,  (1  vnb.,  iBbj),  while  hit  IlMrair* 
it  Gtatt,  lownw  tf  Ckamaaii,  fiat  poUiahed  in  1791,  went 
Ibiaifhievenledilionitnhiiiifetime.  (W.  A.B.CJ 

BODBSAVLT,   BDIB   (163S-1701},  French   diamatiU  and 

ni-Selne  (Aobe),  In  October  1618.  On  hti  fint  arrival  in  Paiit 
In  165]  Ui  langua^  wu  limited  to  a  Btufundian  pntoii,  but 
within  a  year  he  pniducal  hii  first  comedy,  I*  Uiri  tittiil. 
.TUa  and  lome  other  pieca  ol  imall  merit  ■ecured  tor  him 
dbtlnfuiibed  patioiiatB  in  tbe  aodety  ridiculed  by  UoUin 
in  the  ^folt  iis  /emmet.  Bauisault  wai  pssuadid  that  the 
"  Lyildu  "  of  that  pliy  waa  a  caricature  of  Umaelf,  and  attacked 
Uolitre  in  Le  PaltaU  iu  ftalrt  «  la  amn^rillfiu  it  I'&tU 
ia  flmma  (166]}.  MoMin  nialiated  In  VImfrimflu  it 
VtriaOia.  and  Boileau  attacked  Bounault  in  Satitel  7  and  Q, 
BouruuJt  replied  to  Boileau  in  hii  Satirt  ia  Hiira  (i«6(i), 
but  WIS  aliuwirds  reconciled  with  him,  vben  Eloiieau  en  hk 
aide  etatcd  his  name  Iron  his  latircs.  Bounault  obtained 
a  considenble  pension  as  editor  of  a  rtQFming  gatette,  which 
wn.  however,  si^ipreiaed  tor  ridicuUng  a  Capuchin  Mat,  and 
the  editor  waa  only  iavid  from  the  Baatille  by  the  inleqwr''' 
afCondf.  I&i67rhep(oduoeda»otkofedificatkainiU 
Dd^dai:  la  tIrUaiU  ftuit  ia  matniM,  which  M  [deasco 
(he  court  that  Its  author  waa  about  to  ba  made  asaUant  tnun 
to  tbe  daupUn  when  it  wu  found  that  ha  wu  ifnotant  <t 
deck  and  Latin,  and  the  post  waa  ^vc«  to  Fiene  Hum.  Perhaps 


MSt  it  Oita  (i«7<9.  a  OIdCCmM  plv  ■MA,  it. 
U^ad  with  fresh  names  by  it)  ■Btbor,  succoded  as  Gi 
&«^dl««!«<(it9a)iand£u^'la«ar(i7oi).  Hislackol 
dramatic  htstlna  could  hanlty  be  better  indicated  than  by  lb* 
scbcrai  of  his  ^M^  riucb  aOowi  the  fabulist  la  coma  on  tbe 
stage  In  each  iccae  and  redte  >  fable.  Boorsault  died  InTiiit 
on  tlu  I  jth  ol  September  1701. 

The  ffieiTH  diaitia  at  Bogrwih  wac_publi>bed  la  lln,  and 
■■ktKb  sf  him  is  IB  be  found  in  M.  Saio^ilel)i  Tailludi(r'*£lato 
tiahtiiti  (lasi). 

MintaB  (tram  the  Ittd.  Ut  tarta,  a  pone),  the  Frnch 
equivalent  U  tbi  Slock  Eicbaace,  and  M  need  of  the  Paris 
^"•'""g'l  or  of  aay  (oceiga  noney-marfcet.  The  Eo^tih  fonn 
"  hnrse,"aainSir'nMMnaiCn>him'ibuUding,iriuchwu  known 
aa  "  Britain's  Bane,"  went-  out  of  uw  fn  tlie  iSth  century 
The  origin  at  the  name  is  doubtful;  it  is  not  derived  from  any 
connedon  between  purse  and  money,  but  rather  from  the  use  of 
a  pusa  aa  a  dgn.  At  Bnges  a  Imok  hdongiiig  to  the  family 
de  Bursa  is  said  to  bave  been  &nt  used  u  an  F.irhinge,  and  to 
have  had  thie*  puTMa  a*  a  sign  m  the  fiqnt. 

BOOBMK  BUUt  (1630-1673),  Dutch  painter,  was  bom 
bABateidam.  HewaaafoUowerofPieterde  Hooch,  hwhoao 
matUMT  he  worked  lot  ntany  years  in  hii  native  town;  then  he 
todi  aovice  with  tbe  Dutcb  East  India  Company,  and  died 
on  a  tea  voyage.  Ks  paintings  are  esceediiigiy  laie,  perhapa 
becauae,  in  qrite  of  their  greater  freedom  and  breadth,  many  of 
them  pass  under  the  name*  of  Venneer  of  Ddft  and  Pieter  d« 
Hooch.    Two  of  the  paiatinp  ascribed  to  the  latter  {one  bean 


inteiion  with  figures,  painted  with  great  prediion  and  with 
caqul^te  qoitity  cf  odour.  The  Wallace  collection  ha*  Ua 
■lasterpiece,  an  interior  with  a  woman  and  a  child  in  1  cradle, 
■Imoet  a*  biillunl  as  on  the  day  It  wu  painted,  and  reSecting 
•omrtUng  of  the  teding  of  Rembrandt,  by  whom  he  wu  in* 
fluenced.  Other  Important  eiamples  are  at  the  Ryka  museum 
andatAli-h-Chapelle.  Bounsi's"  Boy  bloiring  Soap  Bubbles," 
in  tlie  Barlin  museum,  wu  until  lately  attributed  to  Vermeer 
of  Ddft.    Hare  than  mm  pictuic  bearing  tlK  false  signatuie 

it  Boursse  luve  been  pubUdy  diown  of  late  yean.     

BaiU8illOAln.T,  JIUI  BAFTISTB  JOSEPH  DIEUSOHn 
(i8o>-rU7),  French  chemist,  wu  bom  in  Paris  on  tbe  lod  o( 
Februsiy  iSoi.  Alter  tlud)^  at  ilie  school  of  mines  st  Sain(< 
Ctienne  be  went,  when  little  more  than  lircDiy  yeui  old,  to 
South  Annio  u  a  mining  enginor  on  behalf  of  an  English 
company.  During  the  ituuireciion  of  the  Spanish  colonies  be 
wu  attached  to  the  stall  of  Gcnenl  Bolivar,  and  travelled 
wlddy  In  tlie  nortbem  parts  of  the  continent.  Returning  to 
France  be  becamt  profcmor  of  chcmislry  at  Lyons,  and  In 
sSjg  wu  appointed  to  tbe  chair  of  igrictdtural  and  analyticnl 
chemistry  at  tlie  Conservatoire  des  Art*  et  Mtiieii  in  Paris. 
In  iSt<  be  wu  dectad  to  the  NatiooaJ  Assembly,  wIkr  he  sat 
u  a  Moderate  republican.  Ihtee  year)  later  be  wu  dlsmlssrui 
from  his  piofcisorshlp  on  account  of  his  pcditicil  opinions,  but 
so  much  lesentment  at  this  action  was  shows  by  sdeatific  men 
in  general,  and  opecially  by  his  colicaguet,  who  thruleaed 
to  resign  In  a  body,  that  he  ou  ttlnitited.  He  died  in  Paris 
aa  the  iiih  of  May  1887.  His  fint  papers  were  conotned  srith 
filpi''E  topics,  and  his  sojourn  in  South  Amtdca  yielded  a  tnuubci 
of  miKcilaneouimemoin,  on  the  cause  of  goitre  in  the  CordlUeraa, 
the  gases  of  volcanoes,  eaithquakcB,  tropical  rain,  &c,  which  won 
the  csmnendatioD  of  A.  voD  Humboldt.  From  1S16  be  devoted 
himself  maiidy  10  agricultural  diemistiy  and  animal  and 
vegetable  pliyualogy,  with  occasloDal  etcuntons  into  nlncrsl 
chcmislry.  Hisworkbtdudedpapenontbequaotityofiiitrocai 
in  different  foods,  the  amount  of  glutea  bi  difleient  wheats, 
Investi^tions  on  the  qocHlon  iriiethet  plant*  can  awimllite  free 
nitregan  bom  tbt  almoaphcn  (irtodi  be  aniwcred  in  tlie  negative) , 
the  lesidiatian  of  planta,  tlw  f  Dsctton  of  thdr  leaves,  the  actioa 
and  vahw  of  manures,  and  othci  rimllal  tuhjed*.    Thioagh 


BOtTTERWEK— BOUTS-RIMES 


coOitHinUi!  vltli  J.  B.  A.  I>mius  In  vdtliig  >a  Eitel  ii  lAittpw 
cMingM  ia  Urn  grpniib  (1S41),  and  vu  Ibc  aulhor  e(  TtiUt 
flcautmii  nraU  (1S44),  wU^  vu  mooddlnl  u  Afnriumii, 
tUmii  mtrialt,  tt  plijncJir[it  (5  mb.,  1S60-1S74;  nd  cd., 
18S4),  ud  ol  £|k(u  nr  fa  tranijm  milian  iu  fa  •>  acfa 
(■875)- 

BOimaiWIKPUBDBICR(i;66-i8iB),  CsawiphDiaiipha 
KDd  cdtic,  vti  boni  &t  Oka,  acmr  Goskr  in  Lower  Sucmy^  uid 
iiudiHl  liw  il  GOltiiignL  Fibdi  1790,  bowevir,  be  b«uDe 
•  dUople  of  EaDt,  pubUibcd  ApkerUmai  miei  Kantt  L^n 
tarfdttt  (i79jt,  >iid  becuoe  profcaor  of  philoioplijr  at  GO' 
tingca  (iSsi),  where  he  died  on  the  gth  of  Auciut  iSit.  Ai 
pbOowphet,  he  a  intemling  for  his  critictHB  d  the  theory  of 
the  "  thlng-b-iUeU  "  (JHni-an-aA).  For  the  pan  Teuos, 
described  io  the  JOIN*,  the  "  thiii<-tn-iiKlf "  can  be  only 
tDoonceivihle  "  loaietbiot-ln-gencnl";  any  itatetDesI  (bout 
it  invohn  the  piedicalloii  of  Reality,  Unitjr  stid  Plurality, 
which  belong  not  to  the  absolute  Ibtng  but  to  pheiWDiena. 
On  the  other  hand,  the  subject  li  known  by  the  fact  of  will, 
and  the  object  by  that  oF  resislance;  the  cogcii^ince  of  willing 
is  the  aMetlkn  o(  absohite  leaSty  in  the  domain  of  relative 
knowledge.  Thii  doctrine  has  ^noe  been  described  as  absolute 
Vinualiun.  Following  this  train  o[  thought,  Bouterwck  Ht 
the  Kantian  position  through  hii  oppotilion  to  its  fonnalisin. 
In  lalec  life  he  inclined  to  the  views  ot  F.  H.  Jacobi,  whose  letten 
to  him  (pubiished  at  CSttingen,  1S6S)  shed  much  Bght  on  ~ 
development  of  bis  thought.  Hb  chief  philosophical  works 
Jrfem  IH  flWT  oSfniKiiieii  .4 ^idiilii  (CflltlngeD  and  Halle,  1799) : 
AaOatik  [Leipzig,  iSo«;  Gsilingen,  1S15  and  1S14);  Lihrhuck 
itr  ftilai.  VtrinHliiiiH  [&«t1jngen,  i»io  and  iS»>)i  Itlirhidl 
itr  pkSei.  WiiiaticJiaflen  (Catiingcn,  tSij  and  iSia).  In  IhcM 
works  he  dissociated  hisuell  from  the  Ranlian  ichooL  Hi* 
chief  critical  work  was  the  GtsdikUt  iet  lUiKni  PttsU  mkS 
BatJusmiril  [CfiltiDgen,  u  voU.,  liai-iBiq).  of  which  the 
history  ot  Spanisb  titeiatuie  has  been  publislied  separately 
ia  Flinch,  Spanish  and  English.  The  CttchitUt  Es  a  work  of 
wide  teaming  and  generally  sound  critidsm,  hut  it  is  not  of 
equal  m^ril  throughout.  He  also  wrote  three  novels,  Paafw 
Siflimia  {Halle,  1795),  &b/  Dmumat  (GOttingeo,  1791) 
Kamire  (Ldpiig,  1804),  and  publitbed  >  collection  of  pocmi 
(GottingeB,  l8o>). 

•OQTBILUBB.  OAUDB,  &tini  Mt  FotnLUTOnm  (1181- 
1651).  Fmtdtstalcnaaa.begiB  lifeasuaadvocate.  In  lAij  he 
*"'    in  the  pejlemeat  of  Paiii,  aod  in  iSig  beeanu 


335 


t,  Matii 
of  bis  father,  Denis  BouthiUier 
lelieu  secured  for  him  the  title  of 

dici  and  Richelieu,  in  spile  of  iheir 
superintendent  of  fiDaofes.  But 
acy,  Richdieu  employed  him  on 
d  the  success  of  his  foreign  policy 
Boulbillicr's  ability  and  devotion, 
at  Rcgensburg  in  atim^ng  the 


The  connc 
(d.  Jfiii),  with  Cardinal 
lecretiry  of  state  in  161: 
temu  with  both  Maiie  de 
rivalry.  In  163?  be  bee 
tb  S'^at  t61e  was  in  di 
many  diplomatic  mission 
was  due  in  no  snuU  degn 
In  ifijo  he  had  taken  | 

abortive  treaty  between  tne  emperor  ana  rrance.  from  lojj 
to  1640  he  was  continually  busied  with  secret  missions  b 
Germany,  sometimes  alone,  eojnetioica  with  Father  Joseph. 
FollDwing  Richelieu's  instructions,  he  negotiated  the  tniinift 
which  brought  Fiance  into  the  Thirty  Years' War.  Hcanwblla, 
■t  home,  his  tact  andambble  diapofillion,  as  well  as  his  reputation 
loi  straightforwardness,  had  secured  for  him  a  unique  position 
ot  inBuence  In  a  court  torn  by  joJouues  ami  intrigues.  Truslcd 
by  the  king,  the  confidant  of  Richciku,  the  friend  of  Marie  de' 
Medld.sndthiotighhistoa.UonBouIhillict,  who  was  appointed 
in  !&]$  chancellor  to  Gaston  d'Orl^ns,  able  to  bring  his  influence 
to  bear  on  that  prince,  he  was  an  inviluabtc  mediator;  and  the 
personal  influence  thus  exercised,  combined  with  the  fact  that 
lie  wat  at  the  head  of  both  the  flnances  and  the  foreign  policy 
ol  Fiance,  made  bim,  next  to  the  ordinal,  the  most  powerful 
mnn  in  the  kingdom.  Ricbelieu  made  bim  executor  of  hb  wiU, 
and  Louis  Xlll.  named  him  a  member  of  the  council  of  regency 
*bicii  bs  inlmdcd  should  (ovcni  Uic  kingdom  alter  bis  dcalli. 


Bnt  the  Un^  last  |4ui  me  not  catiM  out,  and  BoMhfBier 
wai  (riiliged  to  retire  into  ptivalB  life,  giving  iqi  Ui  office  of 
snpeiintendeBt  of  Bnaima  b  Jam  1643.  Be  died  ia  hiis  on 
tbe  ijth  ol  Blarcb  idji. 

Hfa  son,  UoM  BODTiniLiEX  (itoS-iSji),  comte  de  Qurigny, 
was  early  assocEatsd  wjtb  his  father,  who  toot  him  with  him 
from  1639  to  ihii  to  an  tbe  great  courts  of  Europe,  instructing 
him  Io  dblomacy.  In  i6j>  he  was  named  Kdetary  of  state 
and  Kcaaded  his  btber's  woik,  so  that  it  is  not  easy  always  to 
diitlnguish  thdi  respective  parts.  After  the  death  of  Louis  Xin. 
lie  had  to  ^ve  up  1^  oflke;  but  was  sent  as  plenipotoitiary  to 
the  negolIationB  at  UOnater.  He  showed  himsdf  incapable, 
however,  giving  himself  np  to  pleuure  and  ftles,  and  returned 
to  France  to  Inlrigne  a^mst  Maiailn.  Attested  twice  during 
the  Fronde,  and  then  tor  a  short  time  in  power  daring  Uaiarln's 
eiSe  [April  ifisi),  be  busted  himself  with  imall  inlrfguea  wUd 

BODTS-Bliln.  literally  ^lom  the  Frendi)  "  rltyned  end\' 
the  name  given  hi  all  litcntutts  to  a  kind  of  verses  of  which 
no  better  definition  csn  t«  found  than  was  made  by  Addison,  in 
the  SfMaUt,  when  be  described  them  as  "  lists  of  words  that 
ilyme  to  one  another,  drawn  up  by  another  hand,  and  given  to 

poet,  who  was  to  make  a  poem  to  the  ihymes  in 


The  invetttioil  of  bouts-rimi 
poet  of  the  1  ]lh  century,  Dulol. 
According  to  the  Vnapsni,  about  the  year  164B,  Dulot  wa* 
■viinpl.ii.inj  one  day  that  be  had  been  robbed  of  a  numbei  ol 
valuaUe  papers,  and.  in  particular,  ol  three  hundred  sonnets, 
Surprise  being  expressed  at  his  having  written  so  many,  Dulot 
mtplainrd  that  thc^  were  all "  blank  sonnets."  that  is  to  say,  that 
be  had  put  down  the  rhymes  and  nothing  else.  Tbe  Idea  struck 
every  one  as  amusiag.  and  what  Dulot  bad  done  seriously  was 
taken  i4>  as  a  jest.  Bouts-rimfs  became  the  fashion,  and  in  1654 
tu  less  a  person  than  Sarrasin  composed  a  satire  against  them, 
entitled  La  DtjaiU  du  bcvti-rimis,  which  eujoyed  a  great  success 
Nevertheless,  they  continued  to  be  abundantly  composed  in 
France  throu^iout  the  i  jth  century  and  a  great  part  of  tbe  iSth 
!«tury.  In  ijoi  Etienne  Mallemans  (d.  i;i6)  published  a 
lUeclton  of  serious  nanet),  all  written  to  rhymes  selected  lor 
im  by  the  duchess  of  Maine.  Neither  Piroo,  nor  Mumootel, 
or  La  Motte  disdained  this  ingenious  eierdse,  and  early  in  the 
gth  century  the  fashion  wus  revived.  Tbe  most  curious  incident, 
however,  in  the  history  ol  bouts.rim£s  Is  the  fact  that  the  elder 
Alexandre  Dumas,  in  1864,  took  them  under  his  proteclioo. 
ued  an  invitation  to  all  the  poets  of  France  to  display  their 
skill  by  composing  to  seta  of  chymes  selected  lor  the  purpose 
I  the  poet,  Joseph  Miry  [17(18-1866).  No  fewer  than  350 
dtcrs  responded  to  tbe  appeal,  and  Dumaa  puhliahed  the 

W.  M.  Rouetii,  hi  the  memoir  of  his  brother  prefixed  to  D.G. 

Roswtti's  Culialid  Wetki  [1SS6),  mentions  that,  especially  in 
~  ~  and   1849,  he  and  Dante  Gabriel  Roiselti  constantly 

practised  Ibeir  pens  in  writing  sonnet*  to  htttls-riniis,  each  giving 

tbe  other  the  rhymes  lor  a  soontt,  and  Dante  Gabriel  writing  oS 
Biernses  in  vene-making  at  the  rale  of  a  sonnet  in  five  or 

eight  minutes.  Moel  of  W.  M.  Roiselti's  poems  in  Tkt  Cam 
ere  tsiiij.nM/t  experiments.  Many  ol  Dante  Gabijel's,  a  littk 
luched  up,  remained  in  bi*  biotlici'a  ponessiea,  but  were  not 
duded  in  the  CeBactti  Warhi.  (E.  G  J 


33* 


BOUTWELU-BOUVINES 


tUi.,  UOBOK  mUU  (igiS-T«os),  American 
B,  vu  Iwni  in  BTooktine,  MusachusetU,  as  the  iStta 
ol  Jtouuy  1S18.  He  wu  mued  od  b  [um,  uid  at  in  eail/ 1^ 
bcg*n  *  menantile  career  at  GroUn,  Man.  Here  be  Etudied 
bw  and  In  iSjS  wu  admitted  to  the  bar,  but  did  not  begin 

r;li«  for  nunjr  yean.  In  i84i-ifl+4  and  again  in  1847-1850 
MTwd  in  llu  itate  bouse  of  representatives,  and  became 
the  recognized  leader  on  the  Dcnuxralic  aide;  be  wal  thrice 
defeated  for  Congress,  and  ins  tvice  an  unsuccessful  candidate 
for  governor.  In  1S51,  howevet,  by  means  of  "Fiee-Soil" 
votes,  he  was  chosen  governor,  and  was  rejected  by  the 
■ame  coalition  in  iSjg.  In  the  following  yeu  lii  look  an  active 
part  in  the  state  constitutional  tcnvcntioD.  He  beaoe  a 
member  of  the  UassacbusetU  Boatd  of  Educatioii  In  18  jj, 
and  a>  its  secretary  in  1SJ5-1861  prepared  vtJuible  report!  and 
Icndered  much  service  to  the  sute's  school  syitem.  Tbt  passage 
of  the  Kansas-Nebraska  Bill  in  1S54  had  finally  alienated  him 
Irom  the  Democratic  party,  and  he  became  one  oi  the  /ounden 
ef  the  nev  Republican  party  in  Ox  stale.  He  played  an  in- 
fluential part  in  the  Republican  national  convention  in  i860,, 
•nd  in  1S61  after  the  passage  of  the  war  tai  measutu  he  was 
appointed  by  Presjdnt  Lincoln  the  first  commlssJoTier  of  intfmal 
nvcnue,  which  department  he  organised.  From  1863  to  l86p 
lie  was  a  representative  in  Omgress,  taking  an  influential  part 
In  debate,  and  acting  as  one  of  the  manager!  of  President 
Johnson's  impeachment.  From  1S69  to  187]  he  was  seaetaiy 
of  the  treasury  in  President  Giant's  cabinet,  and  fmm  1S7J  until 
1877  was  a  United  Sutes  senator  from  Massachusetts.  Under 
an  appointment  by  President  Hayes,  he  prepared  the  second 
editionof  the  t/nifeJ5Ii/ci&>uHl5Iafii/«  (1878).  IniSSohe 
tepresenled  the  United  Slates  before  the  commlssian  appohited 
in  accordance  with  the  traty  of  that  year,  between  France  and 
the  United  Stale*,  to  dedde  the  claims  brought  by  Fiench 
dtiieni  agahist  the  United  Stales  for  acta  ol  the  Amnican 
■uthnrities  during  the  Civil  War,  and  the  claims  of  Amerioin 
dtizcns  against  France  for  acts  of  French  authorities  during  the 
war  between  France  and  Meiico,  the  Ftanco-Geiman  War  and 
tbe  Commune.  He  opposed  the  acquKiion  by  (he  United  States 
of  the  PhiHppjne  Islands,  became  president  of  the  Anti-Imperial. 
tnlc  League,  and  was  a  presidential  elector  on  the  Bryan  (Demo- 
Cntic)  ticket  in  1900.  He  died  at  Grolon,  Massachnietti,  on 
the  jBth  of  February  1905.  He  publi!hed  variooi  vetames, 
tnduding  Tie  CmifitaMm  sf  tte  t/nifaf  51afu  of  Ue  £ih{  of  Ui 
first  CoaMry{iliiii),iDiSiniinm€tutteS  Sixty  Ytari  in  Pmtlk 
Alain  (j  vol)..  New  Yoik,  1901). 

BOnVARDIA,  a  genu!  ol  handsome  evergreen  greenbonse 
ilrubs,  belongjng  to  the  natuial  order  Rubiaceae,  and  a  natire  of 
tropical  America.  The  flowen  ate  tn  terminal  generally  many- 
flowered  clusters]  the  coralla  has  a  largit  tube  and  a  spreading 
toui-nyed  limb,  He  cultivated  forms  indude  a  number  ol 
hybrids.  The  plants  are  best  increased  by  cuttmgs  laken  off  in 
April,  and  placed  in  a  brisk  heat  in  a  piDpagatlng  frame  with  a 
doK  atmosphere.  When  tooled  they  should  be  polled  rfngly 
into  yin.  pots  In  fibrcrus  peat  and  loam,  mixed  with  one-fonrth 
leaf-mould  and  a  sood  sprinkling  of  sand,  and  kept  in  a  tempeni- 
lure  of  70*  by  night  and  80*  during  the  day;  ihade  when  tc- 
quired;  syringe  overhead  in  the  afternoon  and  dose  the  house 
with  sun-heat.  He  plants  should  be  topped  to  ensure  a  bushy 
habll,  and  ai  they  grow  muat  be  ihified  into  6-in.  or  7-in.  pots. 
After  midsummer  move  to  a  cool  pit,  where  they  may  remain  till 
the  middle  of  September,  recdving  plenty  ci  air  and  space. 
Hey  should  then  be  removed  to  a  house,  and  some  of  the  j^nts 


rein  a 


degrte!  higher  In  the  daytime,  to  bring  tht 

are  moved  into  heat  to  supply  flower!  In  succession  throng  the 

winter  and  spring. 

BOUVer,  PBAHCOIS  JOSEPB  UinrtinX  Ficndi  admiTal, 
len  of  a  captain  in  the  ter^4ce  of  tile  French  East  India  Company, 
was  bom  on  the  13rd  of  April  1753-  He  went  to  sea  at  the  age  of 
twelve  with  hi!  father.:  Boovet  nrved  In  the  feast  Indlts  in  the 
famoni  campajgn  of  17B1-8]  imdei:  the  command  of  Suffitn, 
bvtontyfnaiubaidbialennk..  On  the  outbreak  of  the  Ficnii 


RevDlut»nheTei)rnatminrtocdithaatitl4oyalitl^{lB,    Htoder 

and  eiile  had  removed  the  great  maiorilr  ol  Ihe  oSceta  of  the 
Bonarchy,  and  the  tnvices  of  a  man  of  Bouvet'a  experience  were 
valuable.  Ha  wu  ivoraated  captain  and  received  the  command 
oflhe"  Audadeui  "(ia)lothe  first  great  fleet  adleclcd  by  the  re- 
public In  the  same  year  (i  793)  he  wu  advanced  to  lear-admiral, 
and  he  commanded  a  divisioD  in  the  Beet  which  fought  the  battle 
of  the  ist  of  June  1794  igainil  Lord  Howe.  Until  the  dose  ot 
1796  he  continued  in  canunand  of  a  squadron  In  Ihe  French 
Chaimd  fleet.  In  the  Dectmhei  of  thai  year  be  was  entrusted 
wilh  the  van  division  of  the  fleet  which  was  sent  from  Brest  to 
attempt  to  land  General  Hoche  with  an  etpeditionaiy  force  in 
the  south  ol  Ireland.  The  iioimy  weather  which  Katlercd  the 
French  u  soon  as  they  left  Brest  gave  Bouvet  a  piominence 
which  he  had  rut  beoi  designed  to  enjoy,  Bouvel,  who  found 
himscU  at  daybreak  on  ihe  17th  of  Dnxmber  lepataled  with 
nine  sail  of  the  line  bom  the  resl  of  the  fleet,  opened  his  secret 
orders,  and  found  that  he  wu  to  ma  he  bii  way  to  Mlien  Head. 
He  took  a  wide  course  to  avoid  meeting  Britidi  cniisera,  and  on 
the  iQth  had  the  good  ludc  to  fall  in  with  a  coiulderable  part  of 
therestofthefleet  andsomeof  the  tnnipott!.  On  the  list  ot 
December  he  arrived  off  Dureey  Ishind  at  the  inuy  to  Banlry 
Bay.  On  the  14th  he  anchored  near  Beat  Uand  wiih  part  of  hi* 
fleeL  He  continued  atotm!  which  blew  down  Bantry  Bay,  and 
the  awkwardness  of  the  French  crews,  made  it  impossible  to  land 
the  troops  he  had  with  him.  On  the  evening  of  the  i^th  tbeatonn 
increased  to  such  a  pitch  of  violence  that  the  frigate  In  whidi 
-  had  hoisted  his  flag  was  blown  oul  10  ici.    Tlie  wind 


V,  vols,  li.  and  liL,  and  Jam 


the  ships  of  his  squadron  could  have  lemainn 
steered  for  Brest,  where  he  arrived  on  the  is.      ^  ^     .,.. 

His  fortune  had  been  very  much  that  of  hi!  colleagues  In  thil 
storm-tossed  eipediiion,  and  on  the  whole  he  had  jhown  mot* 
energy  than  most  of  them.  He  was  wron^,  however,  in  thinking 
that  all  his  squadron  had  failed  to  keep  their  anchorage  in  Bantry 
Bay.  He  government,  di^ileaaed  by  hli  ptedpilate  ittuni  to 
Brest,  ditm^aed  him  from  commaiid  aooa  afterwardi.  He  wu 
compdied  to  (pen  ■  ichod  to  support  himsdf.  Ifapolecin 
restored  him  to  the  Mivlce,  and  be  commanded  the  tquadroa 
sent  to  ocoiiqF  Guadakapc  daring  the  peace  of  Amiens,  but  be 
had  no  further  lervtce,  aitd  lived  In  obscurity  til]  his  death  on 
theiistoflvty  i8ji. 

Tronde,  IhlaiUu  uaot    _... 

JVim(HMiiFy,TDl>.lai>diL,^n>ccoiu»sof  tbe  K 
capeditiiia  to  Inland.    Hen  laa  vifomu  acioiial  of  the  eapediiiDa 
■a  Tninde'a  Eiilut  in  IrAmi,  and  it  Is  dealt  with  in  Adninl 
CokHub's  NiaolVartan.  (.D.  H.) 

BOWIBR,  JORH  (17S7-1851),  American  jurlit,  wu  born  in 
Codogno,  France,  in  1787.  In  iSoi  his  family,  whowereQuaken 
<hli  mothit  wu  a  membe  of  the  wdl-known  Benent  family), 
emigrated  to  America  and  settled  in  PhiUddphIa,  atid  after 
varied  experiences  u  proprietor  of  a  book  shop  and  u  a  country 
editor  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  iBiS,  having  become  a 
dtiienol  Ihe  United  Sutes  in  iSn.  He  attained  high  ttanding 
In  his  profes^on,  waa  recorder  of  Philadelphia  in  1B36,  and  from 
1838  until  his  death  wai  an  associate  Justice  of  the  court  ot 
criminal  sessions  in  that  city.  He  l!  best  known  for  his  able 
legal  writing!.  His  Laa  Dkllimary  Adapted  Is  llu  CautilMlion 
and  Laai  ej  Ike  Unikd  SlaU!  oj  Atnrrica  andeflkt  Sattel  Slaitt 
eflki  Amtriain  Unim  (1839.  revised  and  brought  up  to  date  by 
Fnncl!Rawle,onderlhetideof  BcBPier'i  Idle  Ciittuwary,!  vols., 
1897)  has  alwaya  been  a  standard.  He  published  al!0  an  editioo 
ot  Battn'i  AbridimiKl  efl/u  Lain  (10  voli.,  i!«i-i846),  and  m 
compendium  of  American  bwentldcd  The InsliitiUi  tf  Am€ritan 
Lav  (4  vols.,  iBji;  new  ed.  1  vols.,  1876). 

BOITVnm.  a  village  on  the  French-BelglBn  fmntler  between 
Une  and  Tonmiy,  the  icene  of  one  of  the  greatest  batdes  of  the 
middle  ages,  fbn^t  on  the  37th  of  July  1114,  between  the  forcei 
ol  Phfljp  Au(uslua,  kbig  ot  France,  and  those  of  the  coalllioQ 
formed  against  him,  of  which  the  principal  membeia  were  ibe 
empeiDT  and  King  John  of  En^nd,  He  plan  of  campaign 
seems  to  have  been  dc^ed  by  Ebig  John,  who  wu  Ihe  sool  ot 
the  aillaaEei  hfi  gesetal  idta  wai  to  dn«  the  French  king  to 


BOVEY  BEDS-^BOVIDAE 


337 


Lortli.    Joha'i 


■thtaidf.  <rt<i]e  the  tropaot  Olto  IV^  the 
piinca  ol  the  NEtberiutdiaod  tin  mUD  utny  ol  Ihe  lUio  ibould 
•1  tbc  right  momcdt  much  upon  Puii  fram 
put  in  the  teaenl  atnlegy  «u  perlMiIjr  ei 
the  north  swved  iknrly.  While  John,  after  Inoinnndi 
back  to  bis  Giueuii  poluuiaBl  on  the  jrd  of  July,  it 
■III]  thne  nclu  liter  thiL  the  empnor  coneentnted  bii 
VHlencJcnnea,  And  to  the  ioteivAl  Philip  Augustui  hid 
majched  nortfaviud  *rid  cancenlntEd  ui  umy  at  1 
Philip  now  wok  the  oSeniivt  hinuelf.  and  in  masiEa 
|el  a  toad  cavaby  irouBd  npon  wJdA  to  fight  he  oSered  battle 
(Jnly  17},  on  the  pUD  cut  of  Bouvtns  >Dd  the  dver  Uarqne— 
the  uuc  plain  on  idiicb  in  1794  the  biilUul  cavalry  action  of 
WiUcmi  wu  fOoibt.  ThclBperialumy  accepted  itiDehaBntt 
and  drew  up  bcbiMuUi-ireftwaid  lovutb  Bouyinca,  the  heairy 
avalry  on  the  viagi,  the  infantry  in  one  (rent  miM  In  the  ccmlre, 
nppoTtedbylhecavaliyeoipiuidettbcempeiorliinnelt  The 
total  ioKC  b  enimated  at  6500  heavy  avalry  and  40,000  looL 
The  FicochatBiy  (about  lOM  cavaby  Uidjo^Mo  Infantry)  took 
Iiound  euctiy  oppoaite  to  the  enemy  and  In  a  lirailai  lonnatloD, 
avalry  on  the  •tings,  iofaciry,  iBcluding  Ihe  mUia  da  uanuwr, 
in  the  cenm,  Philip  with  Ibt  cavalry  reserve  and  the  Oriflamme 
in  rear  of  the  foot.  The  battle  opened  viih  a  ooof  uied  cavalry 
fight  on  the  French  right,  in  which  individual  feati  of  knighdy 
gallantjy  were  EDcra  notJceahle  than  any  attempt  at  combined 

the  infantry  of  tike  Low  Countries,  who  were  at  thii  EIrae  almost 
the  best  in  exIMence,  drove  in  (he  French^  Philip  led  the  cavalry 
reserve  of  noblra  and  kni^ta  to  retrieve  the  day,  and  after  a  long 
arul  doubtful  fight,  in  which  he  himeelf  was  unhorsed  and 
parro«ly  eacaped  death,  began  to  drive  back  the  Finning 
In  the  meanwhile  the  French  fcudatDiics  on  the  left  wing  had 
thoroughly  defeated  the  imperialists  opposed  to  them,  and 
Wiliam  Lonpword,  eari  of  Salisbury,  the  leader  of  this  corps, 
waa  nnborsed  and  taken  prisoner  by  the  warhke  biafat^  of 
Beauvals.  \^ctory  declared  itKlI  also  on  the  other  wlog,  when 
thcFieadiatlast  routed  the  Flemish  cavalry  and  captured  Count' 
Fefdraandof  FlandiEis,  one  of  the  leaders  of  the  coatitlon.    lathe 

rcqKCtivtly  by  the  king  and  the  emperor  in  person.  Here  too 
the  impei^  forces  suHered  defeat,  Otto  himsdf  being  savid 
only  by  the  devotion  of  a  handful  of  Saxon  knights.  The  day 
«aa  already  dedded  in  favour  of  the  French  when  their  wings 
bcffan  to  doae  inwards  to  cut  oS  the  retreat  of  the  imperial  centre- 
The  faattfe  rkised  with  the  cdebntcd  etud  of  Re^nald  of 
Boulogne,  a  revolted  vassal  of  King  Philip,  who  formed  a  ring  of 
■even  htindred  Brabanp>n  pikemin,  and  not  only  defied  evcty 
attack  of  tlie  French  cavalry,  but  himstif  made  repeated  chatges 
or  ■ortie*  with  his  small  farce  of  knights.  Eventually,  and  ' 
after  the  imperial  army  had  begun  its  ntrtat,  the  gsllani  tchil 
«*a  ridden  down  and  annihilated  by  a  charge  of  three  thousand 
vea^at-anna.  lUgiaald  was  taken  priuner  In  the  mtUa;  moA  th< 
piisoDers  abo  indndcd- two  other  counts,  Ferdinand  and  Willion 
Lonpwoid,  twenty-five  baroiu  and  over  a  hundred  knights. 
TIm  kilkd  amoiinted  to  about  17a  knights  of  the  defeated  party, 
and  BWty  (bonsaads  of  foot  on  either  siile,  of  uriioiB  no  aecutate 

Se«  <"  "■ 

Keuu.  

XIII-  BttU.  llj. 

■OTBT  BUM.  in  geology,  ■  deposit  of  aandB,  clayi  and 
Hgnitc,  MO-300  ft.  thick,  which  lies  In  a  b*^  exundii  ' 
Bovey  TMcey  to  Newton  Abbot  in  DevoiisUre,  E 
Tbc  dapcsh  to  evidently  the  result  of  the  degradation  of  the 
neighbouring  I>arnnoor  granite;  and  it  was  no  doubt  laid  down 
fa  a  lake.  O,  Heer,  who  eiamined  the  numerous  plant  remains 
from  these  beds,  concluded  that  they  belonged  to  the  same 
geokfiical  horiton  as  the  Moiassc  or  Oligocene  of  Switjkerland^ 
Startie  Gardiner,  boweva*,  who  subsequently  eaamined  the 
tors,  ihowed  that  ft  bore  a  close  resemblance  to  that  of  the 
Baunwmauth  Beds  or  Low 
potted  by  C  Rcid.    Urga> 


sitncliDn  at  the  days,  wkitb  tr*  vor  valoabl*  fo(  ijottery  and 
rimllar  purposes. .  IIb  hgnita  or  "  Bovey  Coal "  lus  at  tiraei 
been  burned  in  tht  local  kilns,  and  in  th«  ^^gl"*^  and  workmen's 
CMtkges,  bat  iC  is  not  ecoOoaicaL 
Sea  S.  Gardiaer,  Q.  /.  G.  S.  LmdoD,  ncv,,  1870:  W.  Pengelly  and 
.Haa,  FltU-rrami.,  iSta-.C.  Ri!-^t,Q.  ACS.  lii.,  1896,  [1.490. 
id  Ak.  cil.  liv.,  1B94,  p,  lit.  An  inlereniiig  nneral  (OQunt  i  Bi>«n 
f  A.  W.Clayb«B,r*eH*J«i7t^Of«iii*irrSnjKrj  (London.  1906), 
p.  IS9-IM. 

■OVUKim.  the  nunc  of  too  andent  Itatbn  towna.    (1) 

llNDloiuitoaDii  IBWow),  thacbidcityol  the  Fentri  Samnltea, 

N.W.  of  Saepjuin  awl  18  m.  S.E.  t(  Ae«tmia,  on  the 

tani  road  f  ram  BeBevtntnm  ts.CoifiiiiiB,  wUcb  connected 

the  Via  Appia  and  the  Via  Valoia.    Tko  arigbial  dty  acc^iied 

the  baigfal  (Qvlta)  above  tbi  modera  town.-'whtn  tcamiu  of 

Cydopatn  vatlt  iliU  eaist,  wlule  a»  Roman  ion  <pnit>aUy 

founded  aftet  the  Sodal  War,  In  which  Bovfanmn  was  the  seal 

Ol  the  Saainita  laemUy)  lay  In  the  plain.    It  acquired  the 

jna  UnJiiidmawnw-  when  Veipulan  lettled  the  vtlerana 

the  Legio  XI.  Ctandia  thus.    Ill  temaim  have  been  covered 

.•over JO Ir of eaith waAed down^oo tbenxRulaini.    Com- 

paiallVBly  few  bneiiption*  have  been  discovered,    (i)  Vcrca 

'      -  Pietiabbondahle,  s  m.  S.  «f  Affsooe  and  19  m.  N.W.  of 

'ano),  according  lo  Th.  MoniBuen  {Ctrfu    Ituaif. 

Berlin,  1883,  -p.  157)  the  chief  town  of  the  Catacenl 

It  lay  in  a  remote  sitsatlon  among  the  mountains,  and  where 

Bovianum  is  mentioned  the  reference  is  geoeralty  Co  Boviaimm 

'Tndecimaiuirum.    Reitaains  of  fortificatjons  and  fowfi  down  of 

temple  and  a  theatre  (cf.  Rdmjacke  Uiittiiuiigin,  T903,  rS4^ 

the  latter  remaduhia  foe  the  fine  preservation  of  the  •tone  MSta 

of  the  three  lowest  rows  of  the  ouditoriunfr-'.arp  lo  Iw  seen.    No 

less  than  eight  Oican  iascripliaaihave  been  Kiund.    (T,  As.) 

BOVIDAE,  the  nai»  of  thaianuly  of  boUnw-haned  ruminant 

typified  by  the  common  oi  (S«  Mtrai),  and  spcdaBy 

l»d  by  the  presence  tn  the  dtidb  of  the  Dalti  at  A 

ECits  of  a  pafr  of  bony  pro^ecliona,  or  cores,  covered  in  life 

haQow  ihealht  ol  h<Bii,  whkh  are  never  branched,  and  ac  all 

ts  after  a  very  early  stage  of  exislcoce  are  pamanently 

purpasai,  the  group  is  often  tailed  the  Ca^fcoenia.  For  other 
Pecoba.  Tbe  Btnufm  cOKprlse  a  gnat 
and  spedes,  and  Include  the  oien,  sheep, 
gosts,  sntdopes  and  certain  otber  kinds  which  come  under 
neither  of  these  dcsignatioDs.  In  stature  they  tinge  from  the 
siie  of  a  hue  to  that  ol  a  ihinocctos;  and  their  boms  vary 
in  ^le  and  shape  from  tl*  small  and  idmple  ifBia  of  Che  oriU 
and  duikoi  antlers  to  the  enorrjioui  and  variously  shaped  stmc- 
turea  borne  respectively  by  bufisloes,  wild  sheep  and  kudu 
and  other  targe  antelopes.  In  geogiaphital  distribution  the 
fiondoc  present  a  remarkable  conlrsst  to  the  deer  Irlbe,  or 
Cerndoe.  Both  of  these  famlHeB  are  distributed  over  tbe  whole 
of  the  northern  hemisphere,  but  whereas  the  Cenidac  are  absent 
from  Africa  sonth  of  the  Sahara  and  well  rtproenled  in  Soa& 
America,  the  Bovidae  are  unknown  in  the  latter  area,  but  ate 
eitraordinarily  abundant  In  Africa.  Ndtber  group  is  Rpnseoted 
in  Australasia;  Celebes  being  the  eastern  hmit  ol  the  Bnsd«. 
Tlie  present  family  doubtlms  originalcd  in  the  northern  half  of 
the  Old  Worid,  wheiKe  it  eflected  an  entrance  by  way  of  the 
Beiing  Strait  route  Into  Korth  America,  where  It  has  alwayi  been 
but  poorly  represented  fn  the  Batterof  genera  and  spedes. 

The  BatUat  are  divided  IntB  a  mtmber  of  tecttcHis,  or  iut>- 
families,  each  of  which  is  luiely  noticed  in  tbe  present  artkie, 
while  fuller  mention  of  some  of  the  more  important  re|iresenta- 
tlves  ol  these  ii  made  in  other  articles. 

The  first  Hction  Is  that  of  the  BeeiiKu,  iriiidi  bidudesbullBloei, 
bison  and  oaen.  Tbe  majority  si  these  an  laip  and  bcavfly- 
bnilt  tmnloants,  witb  bona  present  fai  both  seaes,  the  muzde 
broad,  moist  and  naked,  the  iMati9s  latBal,  na  lan-tfand^ 
and  a  large  dewtep  often  developed  io  Ilw  nakii  while  the  tail 
ia  has  sod  geaenl^  nrfted,  allboogh  tn  one  fnitlnca  lonf- 
haired  throughout.  Ths  horn*  are  of  nearly  equal  sIk  in  both 
sexes,  an  placed  on  or  near  tbe  vertex  of  the  tkuU,  and  may 
be  dther  nonded  or  injnl'^'^.  wfaHe  tbeb  dlrectioD  b  mora  or 


338 


BOVILI^EOW 


faaa  outmnh,  vflh  IB  opmrd  Aicttlgs  MW  tfc*  tipi,  ud  cm- 
(picnoui  kaoia  tt  lidin  uc  ncvci  dtwI^Kd  on  their  uirfuc 
Tbe  uU  upper  nulan  have  toner  c<iIiibu«.  Tlie  sraup  it  rtpre- 
lented  tbroiighont  tba  Old  Worid  w  br  Nrt  M  Celclia,  tod  lui 
one  LTiof  Nodh  Ainarieu  KprcMWative.  All  the  tpeda  may 
be  indudtd  in  the  ■enu  Bn,  with  levenl  mbgennic  divUIoDi 
(sec  Anoa,  Anxacat,  Bjumv,  Bison,  Bumoo,  Gav*,  Gaiai, 
Ox  ind  Yax). 

The  leQnHl  sronp,  or  CgfriMC,  iBdada  the  stiBcp  ud  coils, 
wlucb  uc  iDuller  inimidi  thui  «■!  of  tht  Bmito,  (nittsllr 
witli  boTiB  in  both  icits,  but  tboM  al  the  fCauJe*  utiaU.  In 
the  mala  tlic  botiB  ue  UBiuUy  ii«i|iiiwil  and  IriMisaUr, 
-with  tramvcne  liiga  M  knots,  uid  ^her  cnrvjoc  backvuda 
or  ipiral.    The  tDUuk  b  uutow  and  haiiy;  and  when  face- 

tha  tail  ii  ihort  and  Oaltened.  UnU*  tin  Bttiaat,  Ihere  ai« 
frequenti/  gJaads  in  (be  ieet;  aad  the  upper  onlar  Uelh  difler 
bom  tboH  ol  that  fiaup  in  Iheir  nanower  cnmm,  wbkh  lack 
■  diilinct  incei  adumn.  Wlien  a  face-ptt  it  preaent  in  the  tkuU 
it  1>  unalL  The  gcaea  an  Oiit  t^eap),  Cafta  (■Dali)  and 
HemUrapa  (tahi).  Sheep  and  foala  an  veir  ncarijr  rdatcd, 
but  the  Conner  never  have  a  btaid  on  the  chin  of  the  inaln, 
vhichare  devoid  ola  itront  odour;  and  their  honii an  typically 
of  a  different  type.  Theie  ai«,  boirevB,  aevcral  more  tr  lew 
tramiliooal  lonot.  Tahr  we  ihort-bixiiBl  ^ata.  "Hie  group 
ii  unknoirn  in  America,  and  in  Airica  k  (mly  repRaentcd  is 
the  mountiifla  et  the  nnth,  «teBdin&  however,  niie  diatance 
■outh  Into  the  Sudaa  and  Abyninla.  All  tha  a|iedei  an  moua- 
tain-dwellen.  (See  Unit),  Aiaui,  CoAi,  Ibzx,.  UqvnoH, 
Shiet  and  Tua.) 

The  misk-ot  (Oiihu  hmcMw)  alone  lepraaenta  the  tamity 
Otitarmat,  which  b  probably  moit  neady  lelated  ta  [he  eeit 
group  (kc  Hihe-oi). 

Neit  come  the  RufUafriau.  irUch  indode  icvenl  teneia 
of  mountain-dwellinf  mminanla.  typified  by  t]M  Eun^eBB 
ehanuHi  {Rupicatrdj ;  the  olher  teccrm  beint  the  Aiiatk  letii*. 
goral  and  takin,  and  the  Ncnh  American  Socky  Mountain 
goat.  Theae  nuninanti  an  best  detcribcd  ai  goat-like  anldopea, 
(See  Aimiora,  Cbjuhms.  Cqeal,  Rooli  IdomnAiH  Coat, 
SiKOir  and  Takin.) 

Under  the  indefinable  leim  "  antdopa  "  (f.h)  may  be  included 
the  aevcn  tcnaining  MCtlom,  namely  Tn^dapUnm  (kudu  and 
dand),  Hifflio^aat  (labla  antelope  and  oryi),  AitlSifiivii 
(Macfc-bvck,  ffielka,  Ac).  Ctnkctrtnot  (teedbixk  and  wain- 
buck),  Itttm^iiat  (Uip^tiinier  and  itdnbok),  CtHaltfhMe 
(didkett  and  loBr-hcned  antelopo]  and  Butatimu  (battcbeeitt 
and  gnu).  (It.  I_*) 

BOVIIL  UH  WILUAH  (iBi^iStj),  En^iih  judge,  a 
youDfct  aon  of  Beniamin  Bovill,  of  Wimbledon,  was  ttom  at 
AUhallow),  BarUng,  on  (be  >£tb  o(  Hfty  1S14.  On  leaving 
acbool  he  waa  articled  lo  a  bm  ol  Mlidton,  txit  enteriag  the 
Uiddle  Temple  he  pnctlwd  lot  ■  ikcirt  time  aa  a  ipedal  pleader 
tctow  tiK  bar.  He  waa  called  in  iS^i  and  jofud  the  home  dicuit. 
Kii  ^xdal  training  in  a  aolidtor^  office,  and  ita  reaulting  am- 
ncaoQ,  combined  with  a  thoron^  knowledge  of  the  deUUa  fd 
engiDcerinK  acquired  throu^  hii  intereat  in  n  manuiacludng 
find  in  the  caat  end  of  London,  Hon  brou^t  him  a  very  exteiasivc 
patent  and  commercial  practice.  He  hevme  Q.C  in  1^55;  and  in 
iS5;iiraBBlcc[edMJ'.farGiBldfard.  InthcHonaeof CanmoiB 
he  waa  very  icaloui  Cor  le^  refonn,  and  Ibe  Partnenhip  Law 
Amendment  Act  igfis,  wbicb  be  hdped  to  paM,  b  alaayi  Rfemd 
ta  ai  Boviira  Act  In  it66  Be  waa  appointed  ulidloi-cmera], 
an  oBke  which  he  vacated  oa  bewniing  chief  Jnrtlcc  of  ilic 
coouaoo  pleaa  In  mcectrioa  to  Sit  W.  Erie  In  November  of  the 
aameyear.  IlBdledatXinpton,Sa(K)',aatbeitt«< November 
I8;j.    As  1  fauriater  be  waa  umupaaKd  for  ha  nmarkaUe 


II  n.  S.E.  o(  Rome.  Itwaiaoolonyof  AlbaLaiiK>,tn(Iappem 
at  one  ol  Ibe  thirty  dtiea  ol  the  Latin  league;  after  Ibe  dortiue-. 
lion  of  Alba  Longa  the  ncra  were,  it  wai  held,  ttaatfeticd  t« 
BovSbe,  bdudlng  the  oilt  ol  Veita  (in  iucription  tlr(iiHt 
Vtiuta  jt/iaMe  ate  mentiooed,  and  the  inhabitanct  of  BorOlaa 
art  always  ipoken  ol  ai  Albani  Lentawi  BmiUtiuti)  and  that  el 
the  §nH  Itiia.  Tbe  eostence  oi  thii  hereditary  worihip  led  loan 
JDCieate  in  Ita  impotUnce  when  the  Julian  hoioe  nae  to  the 
bighat  power  in  the  iiue.  Tbe  knighta  met  Augmlui'i  dead 
body  at  Bovillae  oa  iti  way  to  Rome,  and  in  *.ii.  16  the  •brine  of 
tU  lanily  inxihip  wu  dedicated  UKw,'  and  yearly  garaci  in  tba 
drca  intitvled,  probably  under  the  diarge  of  the  udolu 
^■Kitfolu,  wboae  offidil  ctlcndar  has  been  found  hse.  In 
hbtory  Bovitbe  appean  u  tbe  aane  of  the  quarrel  between 
MHa  and  Clodiu),  in  nhicb  tbe  latter,  whoae  villa  lay  above  tba 
town  on  tbe  left  ol  the  Via  Appia,  was  killed.  TIh  nte  ii  not 
naturally  itiong,  and  ronaini  of  early  (otificaliona  cannot  be 
tnced.  It  raay  be  that  BovtHae  took  the  place  of  Alba  Lonp  aa 
a  iocal  centre  after  the  destruction  nt  the  latter  by  Rome,  which 
would  eiplaia  the  deliberate  choice  of  a  iliate^cally  weak 
poaition.  Reraalu  d  bdildinff  of  the  imperial  pBriod~th* 
circna,  a  imall  theaCie,  and  edifiota  probably  connectad  with  th« 
paat4taIiaD— ouy  itill  be  >een  on  the  aouth-mat  edga  it  th* 
Via  Appia. 

See  U  Canina,  Via  Appia  (Rome.  flu).  L  Ml  ma.;  T.  Aiiib* 
in  ifttnfai  ii  [laU  jiaimit  it  Amu  (1903),  p.  395.     (T.  Aa.) 

BOV  (pronounced  "  bO  "),  a  canmon  Teotoidc  v*i  In 
anytUng  bent'  (O.  Eng.  lieia;  cL  O.  Sax.  and  O.H.C.  tagt, 
M.H.O.  lofr.  Mod.  Ger.  kfca;  fion  a  TeuL  item  »*r-  cf 
injaR,  Mod.  Ger.  bU^eit,  to  bend).  Thm  it  Is  found  la  y"gf**h 
compound  words,  t-i-  "  dbow,"  "  rainbow,"  "  bow-net,"  "  how- 
window,'*  "  bow-knot,"  "  saddle-bow,"  and  by  iuell  as  the 
designation  of  a  gnat  variety  of  objects.  TIk  Old  En|)iah  nae 
of  "  bow."  or  fltonfrbow,  for  "  arch,"  now  obaofete,  anrvives  In 
certain  nama  of  cbarcbet  and  plana,  e.g.  Bow  clnrch  (St 
Mary-in.AicnbiB}  In  Chea)xide,  and  StnttordJe-Bow  (th* 
" Stratford-atte-Bowe"  of  Chaucer).  "Bow,"  however, Is stiU 
the  designation  of  objects  so  various  aa  an  qifjiance  for  ahootlng 
auows  (see  Akhikx),  a  necktie  io  the  form  of  a  bow-knot  (lc  h 
doutde-kioped  knot),  aring or  hoop  forming  a  handle  (eg.  the  boW' 


Halcb),  o 


piece  ol  wood  with  tbe  ends  drawn  together  by  a  string,  need  for 
drilling,  inrning,  be,  in  various  crafts,  and  the  stick  atiung 
Kith  hanehair  )^  meiu  of  which  the  siring  of  initttimcBla  of 
the  vioUn  family  are  set  in  Titesiion.  It  b  with  this  last  that 
the  present  anide  is  loldy  conoerned- 

Bn  in  Jfiutc— The  modern  bow  (Fr.  <kM;  Ger;  B<ft«: 
ItiL  orn)  conusta  of  Eve  parts,  t.e.  the  "  stick,"  the  Bcrew  or 
"  ferrule,"  the  "  nut,"  tbe  "  hair  "  and  the  "  head."  Tie  atidc, 
in  high-grade  bows,  Es  made  of  Pemamboco  wood  (Caeiof^KJtf 
braiiiiauit),  which  alone  combirws  the  requiaiie  ^^^lt>fsa,  elsa- 
tidty  and  power  of  resistance;  fv  the  cheaper  bovt  Amcckaa 
oak  is  used,  and  for  the  double-baia  bow  beech.  A  hiUet  lick 
in  colouring  matter  and  straight  in  the  grain  is  idected,  and 
Ibe  (tick  is  usually  -cut  Cron  a  templet  so  aa  to  obtain  tbe 
accnraie taper, which begim about 4 liiL  bom  iIm  iiiii.iliiiiMim 
accoediaj  10  regular  jaopoclions  from  |  in.  at  the  screw  to  -^  at 
the  back  of  the  bead.  The  slick  is  cut  absoluidy  straight  aod 
paralld  along  its  whole  length  with  the  Gbn  of  the  wood;  li 
is  then  bent  by  beat  until  it  b  ilightly  convei  to  the  hali  and 
hat  aasumcd  tbe  degsnl  cetatnn  first  given  to  tt  by  ftancwa 
Tourte  (i;4T-tSjj).  This  pnceis  lequiia  the  graalest  carCihv 
If  the  fibres  be  not  heated  right  thmii^  they  oSer  a  continual 
resists  tice  to  the  curve,  and  return  after  a  time  to  the  ngld 

■  It  is  not  likely  that  aoy  remairtt  of  it  npw  edie. 

<  "  Dow,"  theforepanorheadefaibip.  Dual  beditdBgiiilHd  from 
■his  word.  It  It  the  same  word,  and  pcoimuKid  in  the  sane  way, 
at  "  bough,'  an  arm  or  limb  of  a  IRC.  and  icpmeou  a  coniBon 
Teutonic  wDfd,  leeB  In  O.  Eng.  twGer.  But,  riloulder.  and  ia 
co(naM  with  Gr.  rtxH,  lereann.  Tht  mam  el  "thouhkr"  of 
a  thio  is  not  Coand  in  O.  Eng.  te&  but  was  pnbaUy  bamwcd 
from  Dutch  or  Dinuh.  "  Bow  "  an  induiuiaii  ol  the  head  or  body. 
ihough  pronounced  aa  "  bough,"  It  <(  the  mbic  aiqjn  at "  bow."  to 


BOW 


iMI^  liM.i  detect  «fl«i  obMTvcd  in  cfaetp  bom.    Tlieatkfai 
■R  wn  al  dlker  cyiindikil  or  actigoiiil  section,  and  ue  hp|    ~ 
v  nvtrcd  with  saJd  OuaA  oc  temtlui  lot  wmc  iiiclia  beyoiKl : 
nil  b  ofdu  to  aODrd  •  bm  grip.    The  kngtb  ol  the  itkk  mi 
dcfaiildjr  u)d   Snelly  iad  tqr  Fiu>{ob   Tomte  tX  <9'34  to 

n  of  |n*lty  la  a  iRH-balanad  violia  bov  ihould  br 


1  fnw  60  to  M  CO.  (14  u  M  in.),  aad 

Bi7SW'»0«iBi.(71o7)li>J(tDinUie 
•t  (be  Bexure  (ivm  to  the  itidc.  Tonne  foond  it  necoaiy  10  .. 
vImM  Ihe  pnnrtiou  and  Rialivc  fa^thl  al  bad  and  mil,  ta  onler 
Mint*  (he  liHTU  a  HlUaetoty  dimian  rioM  lb*  Kkk.  ud  at  Ibe 

KtMiy  aMl*  in  attaeldaa  the  •oiap  id  aa  to  avwl 

KTwtca  Kiel  and  itnan  Ia  bowinc.    To  order  to  countei 

*e  tomequent  Increatedwetohl  ol  ilie  head  and  lo  kerptb. 

*    '     id,  ToDrte  kiaded  the  out  with  aitlal  ialixi 


.  .     -. .itthecylindricalciidollheilkkbcklbvtw 

ud,  Drovidn  tbc  owmiH  oC  Iiablcoiai  or  luOKiiiiic  the  rcngiaa  r' 
MhuT.    ThuKW».abi>uI]iin.!on|7>>^dFii»iih?EthFKick,iiii 
Kni)h  ibe  evf  of  inothtT  liiile  tciew  at  HehT  inilis  to  it.  whicb 
nih'oobe.^intbeau. 

Tie  ant  b  a  woodts  block  u  the  •crew  ead  ol  the  KEh,  the  tripnal 
to  loop  tbe  hur  at  a  jmpn-  di^tinrf  Trom  the 


;,'ffsS 


rapw  of  vhicb  wai 

ail iltdn Dp (Dil down  iIk  Hidi  inaimavciniiuiiTriaineKrca. 
oiu  titbuainc  or  nlanai  the  temiiin  al  thi  hair.  In  the  nul  u  a 
tntt  cairity  or  chavbcr  iaio  wliEb  the  knotted  end  ol  the  hair  it 
•™ly  Ssd  by  meani  el  a  lilctc  indi[E,  the  hair  beiiia  theo  hnBohi 
oif  and  Siitrncd  ova  tbe  [nnt  ^thc  nut  Gk(  a  ribbon  by  The 
■maimol  a  Hat  ferrule.  The  moihcr-nt-pnrl  slide  Hbicb  runi  ilan| 
iiBctiHif  [move  further  pomcii  iht  hair  on  ikEaatBd*  of  the  mil. 
Bon  hwioa  ihcaeatuiibncali  of  (nrukc  and  ilide,  added  by  Toorte 
u^  uRi^tiaB  nl  tlo  vkJinia  Ciovaoni  Battitu  Vkxti.  were 

n  the  belt -white  hpnchair.  ind  each  tJ  the 


Thehairbch 
ISO  10  JO    -   - 


"wmsit  be  perfectly  cyBodric^  and  •mooih.  Il  li  binthi  brih 
tned.  aad  anul  be  wy  carefully  eoned.  for  oot  moi*  than  on 
Bu  in  tea  ia  petfmly  i^Indricai  and  lit  for  uk  on  a  biih-iiad 
n*.  Eipericaa  dctennioei  the  righi  number  ol  hain.  tin-  il  ihi 
nmi  he  too  tbkk  It  hiadenlhevlbraikinef  Ihenr1nn;lf  toothli 
tK  frieiioa  ia  not  etrooc  eaou^  to  yeoduee  a  tO"! -toafr  fHi 
t™i79  to  ajD  ai  the  Dumber  uaEd  in  the  audera  hnw.iaxl  luliu 
luihliunn  110  to  110.'    Tonne  aiifchcd  the  gr 


eDce  Kriea  of  vibrgtioiu  of  equal  pervRcncy.  is  conaiderably 
■itacd  by  the  ippHcalioii  of  min  to  [he  hair.  The  panirles 
*(  loiin  diof  to  tbe  scales  of  tbe  epithelium,  thits  acceniuaiiia  ibr 
MtetioBaaad  the  eDHiy  of  the  attack  or  "  bite  "  upon  ibe  uilnEi. 
H'lih  list,  (be  acalea  of  tlie  epiibeliuoi  wear  off,  and  then  no  nuiter 
•»  enich  iwfa  k  applied,  tae  bow  hil*  to  elicic  aiinkal  (aDiida— 
a  a  then  **  played  out "  and  most  be  lE-habcd.  The  otBtaic  con- 
■^vtioa  of  boiWhair  make*  it  necessanr,  in  bairiiig  the  bow.  to  by 


That  iba  TleUn  aad  the  bcni  foim  sdb  tiiMpiratte  «liok 
beccBa  evideni  wbea  we  maider  tbe  hWory  of  UttfonniOBeii 
of  the  viol  family:  witbont  tba  bow  tbe  BDctctor  ol  lb*  violiii 
would  have  renuiaed  a  luitar;  the  bov  weiild  bM  bsve  icathed 
itaiwweWatateol  perfection  hid  ttbtmmquiied  only  lor  inatra< 
memaoiUHKiMandtMletirpt.  JbiMBaalhepoMibilUkaof 
Ihi  iiliiliaaiii  iiialliiil.aiiwiliilinliliiiMiil  njishli,  tbioash  tba 
ageiiey  of  the  bow,  of  axpitaini  tba  cmotkoa  «( tbe  ptrfomiM, 
the  paiftetiitf  <d  the  bow  «aa  pnaeamd  is  canicat  uoUl  it  wat 
CBpifale  of  nq«Bdia|  to  nay  shade  of  delicti*  Ihoo^  and 
tniirii  TUt  BccouDli  in  ■  disaaiBO  tor  the  pntncted  develop- 
me>t  of  Oe  hew,  wbich,  althootb  nacd  bng  before  the  violin  had 
been  evohred,  did  not  icach  a  atatc  of  perfection  at  tbe  band*  of 
Tbvrte  nMD  nun  tban  a  ceatuy  aad  a  ball  alter  the  Cionout 
maaltT  had  fivan  oa  tba  vMId. 
Tbe  quattioo  el  the  ati(ta  cd  the  bow  itEU  nmaiaa  a  Diiltei  ot 
'  '  ia  weateiB  Evnpt  ttena  to  have 

ct  Spain  by  iht  Hoon  in  the  8th 
Impetna  their  superitK-  culture  gave 
i>  tha  aotubvcM  of  Eurepe.  We  have, 
however,  Bo  «ell«iitbaatltstad  npnacBlatioD  at  tbe  bow  before 
tlv  ^  ccDtnry  hi  Bnnpai  the  taillcat  k  the  bow  iUiiatnled 
ilong  with  tk  Lyra  TnMOBka  ty  Uaitln  CeAcit,'  tba  itiire- 
cBtaUoB  being  t^a  from  k  US.  It  the  monastery  of  St  Miise, 
latficbibfaai^leafmBthaglhcaBtaiT.  On  the  othct  baad, 
ol  Iba  glh  and  iilh  eentorica'  icvcals  acqaaint- 
wlthabowlaTlBadvaaccofmoatoftheaude  contempoiaiy 
Etm^.  na  bow  nudoubttdly  came  fcon 
ibvioashr  bacniwtd  ty  the  Greeki  ol  Abia 
aotuca — prebaUy  India,  by 
ny  of  I^rak.  Ibe  aaiKcit  lepwaeatatioa  of  a  bow  ytt  die- 
»vered  li  to  be  fooud  aoMUig  th*  fine  liacoa  in  one  of  tbe 
rhapeli  Ol  the  mnaasTriy  of  Bawtt'  in  Efypt.  Tbe  mural 
paintinp  in  queallon  «tw  tita  woifc  o(  many  artitu,  cvnerlng 
a  consldnabk  period  of  thaa.  Tha  only  noo-ttlicloui  nibjcct 
defied  b  a  p4c»n  of  a  yaolhfid  Oiptau,  asMvifd  by  Jean 
CMihl  to  aamt  daW«M  later  than  tbe  (lb  eemtury  a.D.,  but  mora 
p(oteblylhewoifcofa6th-c*Dtiaryattjsl.  Orpheuiii  holding  aa 
Mlniment.  wliich  appean  w  be  a  rebob,  againat  hl>  chin,  in  tbe 
irt  «f  bowli^  and  MOfif^  theatringi.  Tbe  bow  iaumilarin 
tbape  to  oaa  ihown  in  tbe  Fuller  oi  Labeo  Notker,  Leipug, 
loih  cenlnry,  mentimed  taftber  on.  On  Indtan  iculpaini  of 
ibe  Gnl  ccnlorfc*  of  out  an,  fucfa  aa  the  Bnddhbt  ilit^  of 
rati,  Ibe  riieta  of  tita  tapnef  Jainal-Garhi.  In  tite  YatalBl 
«f  AfgbaaiMu  (both  fat  tbe  Briiirii  Miacnm),  on  wbkh 
stringed  Inaliuntcnta  abound,  then  h  no  how.  Tbe  bow  bis 
ittnaincd  a  prindtive  inMrement  lo  India  to  tim  day;  a  Hindu 
iraditloa  asalgna  ita  iDvenikB  to  Itavunn,  a  king  of  Ceylon, 
and  the  imtmnMnt  lor  wUck  H  wai  InveMed  was  caBed  maiM- 
prioiitfva  inatrunent  of  thai  name  is  atHl  in  use  ia 
-    P.  J.  F«tit.»  Antoina  Vrdal,"  Edward  HeiOB- 


ElbeupanddbwnitrDkei 

HI  toot  obtained.    Waxed  nlk  is  wi 

■a  and  boidHiB  with  tb 


■SnF.  J.  Fttis.itingiw  JlraAMrf,  pp.  iio-iii  (Paris,  isje). 

'].  Ro^nnna.'W^ticiMcUs  der  S 
«i),  p.  MS. 


Allen, 


ntbequ 


and  ttaders  who  wish  I 

loiheErwotka. 
There  is  thus  no  alsolute  proof  of  tha  a 
I  primilivE  time*.  He  eafUest  bow  known  in  £iii^ic  was 
AOcialed  with  tbe  icbab  (4.*.),  tbe  mot  widely  uaad  bowed 
n*e  derelopment  ol  this 


pnnoe  tha  mallar  farlhei  at*  referred 


MS.  hi 


(1774).  to 


i.  So.  IS:  tba 


See.  lor  an'iUuHralion  of  the  ha««d  Instruraeal  oa  oot  of  the 
Bvianiinc  ivory  cailitt.  oih  crntury.  in  the  Csrrsnd 

Flonnce.  A.  Vcntnri,  CaOtrit  NtiiattH  ItMat.  HL 

IRDnw.  i»i7).  plele.  p.  i«]:  and  AM.  US.  19.  Jt:  BHUlk  Mmuam, 

'-  "  ''ciMii.  -Le  Monasihe  et  la  nfcnpclc  de  Btauti," 
rut.  Inou.  d-ariAM.  ennf.  da  Uin,  vol.  A  Uv>4), 
chap.  iviL  pL  bivTli)!  alw  Faraand  CahnI,  UO.  fnMd. 
ikiflitinu.  i.g.  "  Baoult." 

•  For  aa  lllustratloa.  see  StaDaiat,  VfV  a^  '■■■>  *nama 
(Pails,  iScei,  vol.1,  p.  tu. 

"m!  tit  vdI.i.  p.  land jiLli. 
-  edwaid  Hero^lm,  fidi*^ 
%»m.  pp.  37-41.  igs.  ym. 


in  be  tnod  with  KMie  ibsKc  of  ccrtiintjr,  but  il  is 
quite  impOBible  to  dodde  u  whu  diLe  or  in  whit  plicc  Ibe  im 
of  ibc  bow  «u  iDtraduad.  The  bow  deniopcd  vciy  •loiriy  in 
Evtopt  ind  Rmuncil  ■  mde  iBMininent  bs  long  u  h  wuspplied 
la  the  rebab  ud  ill  hybridi.  It*  pmsm  beomc  nutked  only 
Irmb  the  time  wfaen  ll  «u  applied  10  the  almcit  perfect  guitai 
(f.t.),  which  then  bctuat  the  guitir  bddlc  («-«■),  the  immediMe 
forerunner  of  the  viob. 

The  fint  ImpnveilieBt  on  the  primitive  anhcd  bow  «ks  to 
provide  Kuiie  tort  of  baodle  in  a  itniglil  line  with  Iht  hlir  or 
itring  of  the  bow,  lach  ■>  ii  shown  in 
the  MS.  timnslatioo  ol  the  PhIdh  by 
Labeo  Notker.  late  lolh  cmtuir,  in 
the  Univenity  libiaiy,  Lcipdc.'  The 
length  of  the  handle  waiofteQ  greatly 


tntury)  w 


iDob,  pouibl;  a  screw-nut.  in 
which  the  uihed  tllck  and  the  hiii 
were  both  hnd.  The  GiM  develop- 
tncnt  of  importoDCe  influeDdnff  the 


for  conltoUing  the  i 
ertmeiilirt,  which  i 


H>&IltKl 


ce  known  aa 

the  fint  uep 

m  uui  (DKciKHi,  acenu  to  have  been 

Ibiahadowed  in  the  bawa  drawn  in 

*  quaiot  MS.-  of  the  uth  century 

in  the  firiliah  Kuteun  {Sk«ne  jqSj, 

toL  4J  ud  ij)  on  uUODon^.    Fom. 

ing  an  obtuac  an^  with  [hit  handle 

of  the  bov  is  a  connivance  ahaped 

mv  al  ^^  '  apear-head  which  preaunubly 

F  nrryhr  lerved  aome  uacfuj  puipcae^  if  it 

had  aotcbci  (which  voutd  be  too 

It  Bow  of  imall  lo  (how  in  the  drawing),  and 

iruissisr-™"  "■.b.b«..iu»i»w™«,ih.d,kb 

a  loop,  thai  we  have  here  an  early 
ennude  of  a  device  ioi  oontroUing  the  lenaion.  Another  bow  in 
the  lame  MS.  bu  two  round  knoba  on  the  iiick  which  may  be 
uaumed  lo  have  Mrved  Ibe  lanie  purpoae. 

A  viry  ««riy  eumpk  of  the  trtm^Urt  bow  (Eg.  i)  ocoiia  on 
a  carved  ivo^  i^te  omamcoting  the  binding  ol  Uie  fine  Ciro- 
liogiaa  MS.  Putin  of  Lotbair  C*.D-  Sij),  Cor  unne  lime  known 
aa  the  EUi*  and  While  IWter,  but  now  in  the  libniy  of  Sir 
miooaa  Brooke  at  Armitage  B^dge  Hotue.  The  catved  figure 
if  Eing  David,  a^aigimrt  fmn  ill  cbuactniilk  pose  and  the 
~'    '  -'    *  '«  tbe  iith  («Dtury,  biddi  a  urioged 


the  Crfnuillbe,  Type    i 


The  artlit  hat  added  a  bow  witb  a, 

iaataitiingilthecaiving be  accurately  placed  in  the  iilh  century. 
Hie  earKcat  repreicntalion  of  a  crtmaiiiire  bow,  with  thia  ex- 
ception, dalea  from  the  15th  century,  according  10  Viollct-le- Due, 
who  merely  atatea  that  it  waa  copied  bom  a  painting.'  Fftii 
(iTf.  ci<.  p.  ii7)tigureiacrAiuilttr(bowwhichlie  it]ta"Buaiai, 
leSo.  "  Sebaatian  Virdung  drawl  a  bow  for  ■  Inmtt  msriiu, 
wiih  the  hair  and  itick  bound  together  with  waxed  cord.  The 
hair  appcan  lo  be  kept  more  or  leaa  tetue  by  mani  of  a  wedge 
of  wood  or  other  malerial  forced  in  between  slick  and  hair,  the 
latlfr  bulging  alightly  at  thia  point  like  the  itnng  of  an  ardiery 
bow  when  the  arrow  ii  in  pcstion;  thia  contrivance  may  bo 
due  to  the  fancy  of  the  artiat. 

The  invention  of  a  movable  DulpropcQed  by  a  Bcrewia  ascribed 
to  the  elder  Toune  (Gg.  .a);  hid  we  not  this  iDfonaation  on  the 
belt  auliiority  {Vuilliume  and  F^tii),  it  might  be  imagiDed 
that  soroe  of  the  bows  figured  by  Menenne/  e.f-  the  ba^  viol 
bow  KL  (p.  1B4),  and  another  KLM  (p.  igi).  had  a  movable 
nut  and  aciew^  the  nut  ii  dcaiiy  dtiwn  astride  the  nick  aa  in 
the  modem  bow.  Menerme  eiplaina  Cp.  17S)  the  conatructioii 
c^  the  bow,  which  cooAlau  of  three  parta:  (be  baij,  Ad/fM  or  Anm, 
the  leye,  and  the  itmi-ioM  orAaioK,  The  ttim  "half-wheel" 
deuly  indicaiea  thit  the  base  of  the  nut  was  cut  round  ao  ai 
to  fit  round  the  itick.  In  the  ibaence  of  any  alluaion  to  mch 
ingenious  mechanism  as  that  of  screw  and  nut,  we  must  infer 
that  the  drawing  is  misleading  and  that  the  very  decided  button 
was  only  meant  tor  an  ornamental  finish  to  the  stick.    We  are 


,o[w] 


bow.  The  up-stroke  of  the  bow  was  used  on  the  weak  beats,  2, 
6,  S,  and  the  down^troke  on  the  strong  beats,  i,  j,  5,  7  (p.  1S5)- 
The  same  practice  prevalledin  England  in  1667,  when  ChriBtopber 
Sunpson  wrote  the  Doiiiai  Vid.  He  ^ves  infonnatioti  con- 
cerning the  construction  of  the  bow  in  these  words:  "  the 
viol-bow  for  division  should  be  itiB  but  not  heavy.  The  length 
(betwiit  the  two  placts  wtuit  Ibe  biin  lit  lisltntd  at  each 
end)  about  seven-and-twenly  indK*-  Hie  nui  aboold  be  ahort, 
the  height  of  It  about  a  finger'i  breadth  or  a  Little  more  "  {p.  i). 

As  soon  as  Cofclli  (iflsj-ijij)  fonoulaled  the  prindplo  oT 
the  technique  of  the  violin,  marked  TDodi5atians  in  the  con- 
struction of  the  bow  becune  noticeable.  Tanini.  who  began 
during  the  second  decade  of  Ihe  iSth  century  to  gauge  the 
capabniiiei  of  the  bow,  !nlrodu<xd  fuither  improveraenu, 
luch  as  a  lighter  wood  for  the  stick,  ■  itnight  comour,  and  1 
shorter  head,  in  order  10  give  betto  equUibtinm.  The  Tourtcs, 
Iitbet  and  imi,  iccmnptiilwd  the  rot. 

AfterFnnGoisTourte.thefDtlowiitgiuakcrtBre  the  moat  esteemedi 
J.  B.  Vuiltaume,  who  was  directly  iuvired  by  Toune  and  rendered 
an  inettiauble  service  to  vioUniils  t^  workiDE  out  on  a  ickntific 
basis  the  enpiricaltaperof  the  Tourlealkk.wticti  WIS  found  in  all 
hi*  bows  to  eonfonn  to  strict  ratio:'  Dominique  Peccate,  ai>- 
pcenlised  lo  J.  B.  VuDlaume;  Heiuy.  1811-1870,  who  lita 


Fio.  3.— A,  B.Tartiai  Bows;  CTourte  Bow. 

of  peculiu  ihipe,  which  occun  twice 

CaioUngiui  USS.'  of  ihc  glh  century,  but  copied  here  witboul 
..^j,  .,__    __  .....  _>    ..      ^^  a.ljFn  with  laany  ttlihgl. 


it^S^Jaiftt 


■bo  ia«DvM~iat(KB^af  St^Ll 

•^pUciScalnae'  by  J.  O.  Westmod,  Oalafd. 


the  Bible  of  Chaika  le  Ch^H; 


Italic  frttfi,   [Pliifc   1871), 
mwrKSt  Caris.  1G36-IG3T), 
m  ud  cipkMtioa  arc  reproduced  by  FM^ 


BOWDICH— BOWDOIN 


isttif;  Simoa.  bon  iSoS,  wbo  also  bfdi  U*  Ui* 
the  iJl ;  John  Dodd  of  Ridinund,  Ihc  puini  E 


TTw  prvici^  modcb  of  doublc-baH  bowa  in  vni 
pilU  ol  the  iglh  century  n^ra  the  Diaipnrtti,  irub 
ci  tlie  n>ediev»l  boi™,  and  the  B<}IKiini,  •hapwt  i 
vUiq  bowi  the  fdnnR  mm  hrld  uvrr^Ad  with  I 
towdi  tlw  brid^E.  and  wsi  itdopted  by  the  Phi 
uqdc  HjibrDfck  about  1B30;  Uw^ijcat  aniit  h 

Wdil  Up.  cit.  o\.  iviiij. 
Mnm  W.  e.  Hill  A  Son  pn^bly  pown  the 

■OWDICH, 

tluaugh  hii  uBcla,  J.  Hopc-SmiLh,  govei 
CmsI  Stiilfn  


in  Companr  of  Men 


tl  1I17  be 
dpJomacy  tbc   miv 


sdU  and  wai  icDt  to  Cape  Caul. 

I,  and  chk^  Ihrou^  hii  ikilfiij 

natives  (kc  AsHiHn:  Hitlvfi. 
Bowdich  leUmed  la  England,  and  in  iSiq  publiihed 
at  of  Ilia  mission  and  of  the  itudy  he  had  made  •!  the 
onirt  ol  Kumasi,  cBIitled  Uisivm  Jrom  Capi  Ciuif 
Aikaula,  &c.  (London,  iSiq).  Uii  Atiicaa  collcctiDia 
ishMioeum,     BondichpuUidy  a  Hacked 


me  imtnimentil  in  leadinf  the  Britiih  „ 
direcl  conticJ  ovcT  th<  Cold  Coast.  Fiora  i3>o 
Bnd  in  Paris,  studyini  mathemttia  and  the 
and  was  on  tnlimtle  terma  with  Cuvier,  Humboldt  and  ether 
Bvaiiia.  During  bis  stay  in  France  he  edited  Hven)  woilu 
<n  Africa,  and  abomoteadeDtificwDrk).  IniSii.accompaiutd 
bx  bis  wife,  be  irent  to  Lisbon,  whae,  from  a  study  of  hiatoric 
USS.,  he  published  ^n  ilMmHJ  gf  lAi  Z>iKsMrw  e/fk  Pii>(ii(K.>< 
IB  ,  .  .  jtofjJiiaiutlf'MMMjuf  (LoDdoD,  i8>«).  laiSijBoH- 
didiaDd  his  vife,  after  aomc  mantlu  ajwni  in  Msdeiiaind  Cape 
Verde  titands.  airived  at  Biiiurtt  at  the  mouth  of  the  Gambia, 
iateadiiE  to  go  to  Sierra  Leone  and  thence  eiplorc  the  Interior, 
Bit  at  Bathiust  Btnxlidi  died  on  the  lotb  of  Jasua^  1814. 
Hb  widow  puhUdud  an  account  ol  hti  last  journey,  entitled 
Etaatima  in  Mtitin  ami  Ftric  SanJa  .  .  .  Ic  tikick  is  aidid 
...  AHarralatejatCttliiuuiiceofllicViiyBtelBUiCemflelicn, 
^.  CLoodon,  rSas)-  Bov<U(^'adauglt(cr,Jkln  Hutchinson  Hale, 
Rfiabliabcd  In  1S7J,  with  an  intMidiiclory  pRlacc,  htt  lalber'B 
Milium  frrmCaliiCeaitCaalltJrAtkaiilu. 

BOWDRCB,  HATHjUIIBL  (iTJj-iSlBJi  Amolcaii  mathc- 
mitidan,  «««  hem  at  Salnn,  i(«uc)nKttfc  He  ma  bnd  to 
ba  faiber'a  buiincas  as  a  Coopei,  and  4lucinu4a  (Kmnticeil 
ta  a  abip-cbuidlei.  Hia  taste  for  Bathemalka  early  developed 
itself;  add  ha  acquired  Lalm  that  he  uighl  iludy  Ncwton'i 
Piindfia,  Aideik  (irgs)  and  Iheauau(ieicui«(i7g6, 1798, 
i)9g}  he  made  (our  king  voyises;  and,  belna  u>  eKcllent 
■avigator,  be  afterwards  (iSoi)  coMBiandBd  *  vet»d,  inittiwtint 
hs  crews  in  hinnr  and  ottier  sbietvuiaOi.  He  edited  two 
edilioBs  of  Hamilton  Moore's  NialfoUtn,  and  In  itoi  pnbliabed 
inhiablevorli,  Nta  Amcncan  PraakaINmittl»,tiMivirim 
the  culkr  treatiH  by  Moor.  In  1B04  he  becune  preudent  of  & 
SUem  insorance  company.  In  the  mUil  of  hi*  active  career  he 
oadenook  a  transbtion  ol  like  Jf ftonifw  iMalt  of  P.  S.  Lapbce, 
•ith  valunbto  annotatkas  (vol.  L.  rSao).  He  waa  oSned,  but 
■ledined,  tb*  imlesaaBhip  ol  matbe— tics  and  aalnaomy  at 
Harvard.  Subsequently  he  beome  president  of  the  JUecbaiuci' 
lutitnte  in  Boston,  and  abo  of  the  American  Academy  of  Ana 
ud  Sciences.     He  died  at  Boston  on  the  iMh  of  Maich  iSjS. 

Alifeol  Bowditch  «■  wikteu  by  his  aon  ••-'-■  ' 

Bevdicch  (iSoS'iMi),  andvuprefiiidiDihef' 

d  Ox  traonlatiOD  of  Laplace.     Id  iM;  this  was  elaborated 
Kpante  biofraphy  by  another  loa.  Henry  InpirsoU  Bann 
(iMt-itgil.  a  umaus  Boaaa  phyudso.. 

KnmtSB.  THoaAl  (nsi-ms),  editor  ol  the.  "famfly' 


I  laaerMill 
inij7r»39) 
ted  Imo  ■ 


Independent  lortune,  was  bora  at  Aahlcy,  near  Bub,  on  the 
tith  ol  July  ITM.  Be  studied  nedidne  at  the  uuivertitiea 
ol  St  Aqdrewi  ai^  £dinliur|b,  inuluating  M.D.  in  1770.  After 
four  yean  spent  hi  fotelKs  travel,  he  settled  in  London,  where 
he  became  intimate  with  Mrs  Montague  and  other  learned 
ladies.  In  iSoo'he  left  London  to  live  in  the  laic  of  Wight,  and 
later  on  he  removed  to  South  Wales.  He  was  an  energetic 
l^lilanlhrapist,  and  carried  on  John  Howard's  worlt  in  the 
ptiiona  and  pcniteDtiariu.  In  iSiS  he  published  The  Family 
ShtialHBn  "in  ten  volumes,  in  which  nothing  la  added  lo 
the  ot^nal  tut;  batthoM  words  and  npressions  are  omitted 
which  cannot  with  propriety  be  read  aloud  in  a  family."  Criti- 
dams  of  Ihia  edition  ^ifieared  in  the  £r^HA  CriJK  of  April  iSis. 
Bowdlet  also  eipuigated  Edward  Gibbon^  Hulnry  o/Uc  ClalJae 
sad  Fali  afOt  Remm  Bmpin  (published  posthumously,  1816}: 
and  he  issued  a  sdccllon  from  the  Old  ToUment  (or  the  uw  of 
ddldrcn.  He  died  st  Rfayddingi,  neai  Swansea,  00  the  14th  of 
February  1815. 

>  From  Bowdler's  nsme  we  have  the  word  to  "  bowdleriie," 
first  fcaown  to  occur  in  Ceneral  Feimnti  Thompson's  LelUri 
of  I  StptatnialiK  U  tii  Comlilutnli  darint  lit  Stisian  ol  iSp, 
printcdin  Thompson's  SsHtsi,  It.  ins.  The  official  interprets- 
lion  !i "  to  eipurjate  (s  booh  orwriting)  by  omitting  or  modifying 
wordlOrpassigaconiidercdiDddicateoroHcnsive."  Both  the 
word  and  Itl  derivatives,  however,  are  associated  with  false 
squeamishness.  In  the  ridicule  poured  on  the  name  of  Bawdier 
it  is  worth  noting  that  Swinburne  in  "  Social  Verse  "  {Sli^ia 
in  FrdM  tnd  PffSry,  itgt,  p.  «S)  said  of  him  that  "  no  nun  ever 
did  better  service  to  Sbakespeaie  than  the  man  who  made  it 
poaible  to  put  him  into  the  hands  of  intelligent  and  ioiaginaiive 
children,"  and  stigmatiied  the  talk  about  his  exputgationa  aa 

BOWDOIN.  JAKES  (1736-17^),  Americsn  political  leader, 
was  bocn  of  French  Hnguenotdescent,  in  Boston,  Haasachusctta, 
cm  the  7lh  of  August  r7i6.  He  graduated  at  Harvard  En  1745, 
and  waa  a  Bteinbai  of  the  kiwer  house  of  the  general  csurt  o( 
Haisachusettsmr7;3-T7;6,andfroni7j7taiT740f  the  Maaaa- 
chusetla  council,  in  which,  according  to  Governor  HuHnaa 
Hutchinson,  he  "  waa  without  a  rival,"  aiHl,  on  the  approach 
of  the  War  of  Independence,  was  "  tfie  prindpa]  aupporter 
of  the  opposition  to  the  government."  From  August  1775 
until  the  summer  of  1777  he  was  the  president  of  the  (Simdl, 
which  had  then  become  to  a  greater  extent  than  formdy  an 
executive  as  well  as  a  legislative  body.  In  i770-r7&>  he  wat 
president  of  the  constitutional  convention  of  Maasachuielta, 
also  serving  as  chairman  of  the  committee  by  wbich  the  drift 
of  the  cobslilutioa  was  prepared.  Immediately  afterward  he  wai 
a  member  of  a  commiiaion  appointed  "  to  revise  the  laws  tn  force 
in  the  state;  to  select,  abridge,  alter  and  digest  them.  >o  ai  to 
be  accommodated  to  the  present  government."  Fmm  1)85  ta 
1787  be  waa  govenior  of  Jdaasachuaelta,  suppreuing  with  much 
vigoar  Shays'  Rebellion,  and  (ailing  to  be  re-elected  largely 
beeatve  it  waabelievedthathe  would  purush  the  insurreclionisU 
with  more  severity  than  would  his  competitor,  John  Hancock. 
Bowdain  was  a  member  of  the  state  convention  which  In 
February  1 78^  raliSed  for  Masaacbuselli  the  Federal  Constitu- 
tion, bis  son  being  also  a  member.  He  died  in  Boston  on  the  6th 
of  November  iTQo.  He  took  much  interest  in  natural  philosophy. 
and  presented  various  papers  before  the  AnKrican  Academy  of 
Arts  and  Sdcnces,  of  which  he  was  one  o(  the  (oimdera  and,  from 
r78otoi7gD,thefintpTtaident.  Bowdoin  College  waa  named  In 
his  hoiuur. 

His  son,  Juas  Bowdoih  (17S1-1S11),  was  bom  in  Boston 
on  the  iind  ol  September  1751,  graduated  at  Harvard  In  1771, 
and  lervftl.  at  various  timea.  as  a  lepreaentstlve,  senator  and 
coundUor  of  thcatale.  From  iSoj  until  igog  he  waa  the  miniater 
plenipotentiary  of  the  United  Statea  in  Spain.  He  died  on 
Nauatian  Uand.  Dukes  county,  Maisachnaelts,  on  tbe  11th  of 
October  iBii.  To  Bowdoin  (Dollego  he  gave  land,  money  and 
appsBtus;  and  be  made  tha  college  his  residuary  legatee, 
bequeathing  to  it  hla  coUection  of  paintings  and  dtawingi^ 


BOWELL— BOWEN 


BOWBLU  Sin  ■ACKBICEI&  (iSij'  },  Cinullu  poliikiu, 
HID  oS  John  BaTcli,  carpecler  and  buUdei,  wu  bant  at  Rlckia^ 
hall,  Engluid,  oa  the  ];lh  of  December  1S13.  In  1S33  he  moved 
with  hia  iasuly  to  Belkville,  CaquIa,  where  he  bully  became 
edilor  and  pioprutar  of  the  Itttdliggtutr.  He  wai  elected  grand 
ntaitei  ol  the  Orance  Auociation  of  Britiih  America,  and  wai 
kins  the  cjipotieat  id  the  Canadian  parliameat  of  the  daima 
olthatorder.  Fmn  iM;  lill  1S41  he  iqireacntBl  North  UastlDga 
in  the  Houv,  after  which  he  retired  to  the  KDate.    From  i8;B 

Maabfnald*  then  nxinisler  of  militia;  and  under  the  premienhip 
dI  Sir  John  Thampun,  miniiter  of  trade  aod  commerce.  From 
Dectmba  1894  till  April  i8g6  he  was  premier  ol  Caiada,  and 
endeavoured  to  enforce  remedial  legislalion  in  the  qncatigJl 
of  the  Manitoba  achooli.  But  hia  policy  ma  uniucccuful,  and 
he  reLiitd  from  the  fovenunenL  From  1&96  till  1906  he  led 
the  Conanvalive  party  in  the  aenate.  In  1894  he  prcaided 
over  the  colonial  conference  held  in  Ottawa,  and  in  iSp5  ma 
created  K.C.M.G. 

BOVBN,  CBABLES  ETHOB  CHEUETOPHEB  BOWtH,  Bakoh 
(i8jj-i&<m),  Engliih  judge,  was  bora  on  the  111  ol  Janaarr  iSj!. 
at  Woidaiton  in  Clouoeiltnhire.  hit  father,  the  Re 
Bowen  of  HoUyniBuat,  Co.  Uayo.  being  then 
parish.  He  H*a  educated  at  Lille,  Blackheath  and  Rugby 
■choola,  leaving  the  tatter  vith  a  Balliol  icholanhip  in  iBjj. 
At  Oxford  he  made  good  the  promiic  of  hii  earlier  youth,  winning 
tlie  principal  da^icalscholarahipiand  priEa  of  hii  lime.  He  wai 
made  a  tillow  of  Balliol  in  iSjS.  From  Oitotd  Bowen  vent  to 
London,  where  he  was  called  to  the  bar  at  lincohi'i  Inn  in  1S61, 
and  while  aiudying  law  he  wrote  regularly  for  the  SaiUriay 
Knieit,  and  alio  later  for  the  SpaUlnr.    For  a  time  he  had  little 

of  a  mtlege  tutor,  hut  he  wai  induced  by  hit  ftlendi,  wtw  recog- 
nlied  bit  talenu,  to  pcncvere.  Sooa  after  he  had  brguo  to  mafce 
hit  mnih  he  wai  briefed  againM  the  claimant  In  the  famoui 
"  Ikhbotne  Caae,"  Bowen'i  lervicei  to  hia  leader,  Sic  John 
Coktidge,  helped  to  procure  for  him  the  ai^ntment  of  junior 
couBiel  to  the  tieuucy  when  Sir  John  had  paised,  ai  he  did 
while  the  trial  prooeded,  tnm  the  offitc  of  Hlicitoi-gencn] 
10  that  of  allomey-genetal;  and  tnm  thii  time  hli  prutin 
became  a  very  laige  one.  The  llnun,  however,  at  the  Hchbome 
iilali  had  been  great, »  that  hii  physol  health  beoae  unequal 
to  the  tatki  which  hb  leil  for  woiIl  imposol  uponll,  and  101839 
hia  acceptance  of  a  iudgethip  in  the  queen'i  bench  divisim,  on 
Ihe  retirement  ol  Mr  Juiiice  Mellor,  gave  htm  the  apponuniiy 
of  comparative  reiL  The  character  of  Chatio  Bowen's  inielleci 
hardly  qualified  him  for  Bme  of  the  dutiei  of  a  pniine  Judgei 
but  it  wu  otherwise  when,  in  18S1,  In  lurcmion  to  Lord  Juittce 
Holier,  he  wu  railed  to  Ihe  court  of  appeiL  As  a  lord  jnalicc 
at  appeal  he  was  oinlpicuoui  foe  hi*  learalog,  Ui  induitry  and 
hii  courtety  to  all  who  appeared  before  him;  and  jn  iplte  of 
failing  health  he  wu  able  to  ait  more  or  icaa  regularly  until 
Auguat  184J,  when,  on  the  reliremcnt  of  Lord  Hanneti,  he  wai 
made  a  lord  of  ^ipeal  in  ordtniry,  and  a  baron  f«  hfe,  with 
the  title  ol  Baron  Bowen  of  CoIwoim],  By  thii  time,  however, 
hii  health  had  finally  broken  down;  he  never  lat  u  a  law  lord 
to  hear  Bppeab,  and  he  gave  hut  one  vote  ai  a  peer,  while  his 
)ut  public  lervice  conilHed  In  pmidlng  over  the  comminlon 
which  sat  in  October  iSgs  (o  inquire  hiio  the  Feaihentone  liou. 
He  died  on  the  10th  of  April  1894. 

Lord  Bowen  wu  regarded  with  great  afkction  by  aD  who 
knew  him  either  piolessionally  01  privately.  He  had  a  polished 
and  graceful  wii,  of  which  many  iniunccs  mighi  be  given, 
although  iDch  anecdote*  hue  force  in  prinu  For  example,  when 
It  wa>  luggBsted  on  the  occasion  of  an  addreii  to  Queen  Victoria, 
to  be  preiented  by  brr  ludgt*,  that  a  panasB  In  it,  "  coudoui  u 
we  are  of  our  ihortcomlnp,"  iu|gcMed  too  great  hamiliiy,  he 
cfai<i*u«e  arc  of  one  anothsV 
and  to  awMbei  occidoa  he  defined  a  Jurii 
le  about  the  law!  of  every  cDuli] 
'  Lord  Bown'i  Judicial  reputation  will  re* 
gf  Judgmuau  delivend  bf  him  la  the  ccuit  a 


aMxal,  which  are  remarttble  tor  Ibdr  tBdd  (ntetpfctiiioa 
of  legal  principle*  sa  applied  to  the  ficu  and  buslnen  of  Etc 
Among  good  eumple*  of  bii  judgment  may  be  cited  that  given 
in  advising  the  HoUM  of  Lord)  In  Afifw  v.  DaiitH  (6  App.  Cas. 
140},  and  tboie  delivered  In  Airelk  v.  \ttlJi  Enstax  AoiiloBr 
(11  Q.H.D.  440);  TMamai  v.  QKOrlnmaiM  {18  Q.B.D.  68;}; 
VatlioM  v.  Bcmt  of  EHihitd  (aj  Q.B.D.  143)  (in  which  he  pie- 
pared  the  majority  judgment  of  the  court,  which  was  held  10  be 
wrong  in  its  conclusion  by  the  majority  of  the  House  of  Lntds); 
a!«Hheiliit^SltamskifCmpanyy.U'GfttorU3Q.a.O.  jqS). 
Of  Lord  Bowen's  lileiaiy  worti  besides  iho«e  already  indicated 
may  be  mentioned  his  translation  of  Virgil's  Eilofuett  nvd 
Amid,  books  i.-vi.,  and  his  pami^let.  TMi  Alabama  Claim  and 
ArKtralim  ctvUmd  frem  a  Lipd  Ptlnl  cf  fur.  Lord  Bowen 
maitied  b  iSSl  Emily  Flanca,  eldest  daughter  of  Jame| 
Meadow*  Rendel,  F.ILS.,  by  whom  Ik  had  two  son)  and  ■ 

See  £ard  Bawrn,  by  Sit  Henry  Stewart  Cunningkam. 

BOWSK,  nUHiaS  (iSii-iSgo),  American  phOoiophlcal 
writer  and  cducatlonaliil,  was  hom  in  Charlestown,  Uaiia:- 
ckUHtta,  on  the  8th  of  September  iSri.  He  graduated  at 
Harvard  In  iSjj.  taught  for  two  yean  at  Fhiil^  Exeter 
Academy,  and  lluntrom  183  j  101839  was  a  tutor  and  initructor 
at  Harvard.  After  leveral  yean  of  Itudy  in  Europe,  he  settled 
in  Cambridge.  Klanachuoclta.  and  wai  editor  and  proprietor 
of  the  Korli  Anuriian  Rmm  from  1843  to  iSj4.  Id  iSjo 
he  wai  appointed  piofeiior  of  hlttory  at  Harvard;  but  hia 
appt^ntment  wu  disapproved  by  the  board  of  oveneen  on 
BCOiunt  of  reaclionnry  poltiicil  oi^nioni  he  had  eiprcned  in  n 
controvtisy  with  Robcn  Caiter  (1819-1879)  conceming  Ihe 
Hungarian  revolution.  In  1853  hit  appdnlmcnl  ii  Alford 
pmfeuor  of  natural  religion,  moral  philosophy  and  dvil  pi^lty 
was  approved,  and  he  occupied  the  chair  until  18S9.  In  187^  ha 
wu  a  member  of  Ihe  Fcdenl  commission  appointed  to  coraider 
cunency  reform,  and  ivrolo  (1871)  Ihe  minority  report.  In  wUch 
he  oppwd  the  ceitonlion  ol  the  double  ilandanl  and  the  re- 
monellntiiniol  silver.  Hediedin  Beaton,  MasitchuieII*.onlha 
iind  of  January  1890.  Kli  wrilinp  include  lives  of  Sir  Williain 
Pfaippi,  Baron  von  Steuben.  James  Oils  and  Bcnianun  Lincoln 
in  Jared  Spirii'  "  Ubnty  of  American  Biogniphy  ";  CtMad 
Enayi  m  uW  Biliary  and  PiarU  Cniilien  oj  SftenLiiiM 
Pkacutky  {1S41);  LatJI  laliaa  mt  Ik,  AptHcalinn  of  MtU. 
tliytiid  nd  ElUiai  Silnui  la  lit  Eiidmtict  aj  Silitim  (1849); 
r*«  PriKlipItt  »/  Militaf  B/M»*y  affiled  la  Uu  Caudiliaa, 
RiuTca  mf  InsliMia^t  of  Uu  AmnicaH  PufU  (1856)1  A 
Tnatia  n  L>(ie  (|8£4);  Amtrica*  PallHial  Eianamy  (1870); 
Uadcrn  PkUosetliylram  DatarUifoSclupnIuatrand  Harlmauu 
(1877):  and  GUaHinti  /row  B  Lilirary  Life,  lljl-iSBa  (1880). 

BO  WEN,  HR  DEORSB  FKHODSON  (i8>i-iS99),  Briliifa 
colonial  governor,  eldest  Bon  of  the  Rev.  Edward  Bowen,  aftei^ 
waKb  rector  of  Taughboyne,  Co,  Dooegnl,  was  bora  on  Ihe  indof 
November  iSii.  Educated  at  Chaiterhouie  school  and  Trinity 
College,  Oitord,  he  took  a  finl  clau  in  duuci  In  1844.  and  wu 
elected  a  fello*  of  Braacnose,  In  1847  he  wu  chosen  presiderit 
of  ^he  unJvenHy  of  Corfu.  Having  served  as  secretary  of  govern- 
menl  in  the  Ionian  Islands,  be  wu  appointed  jn  1859  thefirH 
governor  of  QueeBiland,  which  colony  had  juit  been  leparated 
fiom  New  South  Wales.  He  was  inteieiicd  inibeetphiraiionol 
Qtleeniland  and  in  Ihe  titahlithnient  of  a  volunieer  force,  but 
incurred  »mc  nnpepularfty  by  relusing  to  sanction  tlte  iiiue  of 
inconvertible  paper  money  during  the  financial  crisis  of  18M. 
In  1867  he  wu  made  governor  of  New  Zealand,  in  which  position 
he  was  succcislul  in  tecoiciNng  the  Maorii  to  the  Engliih  rale, 
and  Hw  the  end  of  ihe  ttniffii  between  the  cotoniiis  and  the 
natives.  Ttani/irred  to  Vicioria  in  i87»,  Bowen  endeavoured 
to  reduce  the  eipeniet  of  ihe  colony,  and  In  1879  bccatne 
governor  of  Mauritius.  Hii  lait  official  po^iion  wu  that  of 
governor  of  Hong-Kon^,  which  he  held  from  188:  to  1BS7.  He 
wu  made  a  K.C.M.C.  in  iSs6,  a  privy  councillor  in  1S86,  and 
recrived  hononiy  dcgiiei  from  both  Oiford  and  Cambridge.  In 
December  1SI7  he  was  appoioled  chief  of.  the  royal  coaimsion 
which  wuacBt  to  Malta  with  letM^.to  the  new  nmnitullcin  for 


BOWElt-BOWiLEG 


343 


kOam 


tkt  Uud.  Md  d  tke  ncem 

'         '      '1e  diid  at  firishUn  on  Iha  int  of  Febniuy  iSg^ 
'  e,  aBd  havina  hid  ■  bmSfy  at  on  na 
_.  -  ...  ^v™  VTDtB  Ilkwea  m  rSjo  (London, 

iIh),  uudnud  klo  Ctcck   in    iIm;  and  Mtam  AOm. 
rkmtr  and  Sflnu  (Idukn,  iSji);  and  be  v       ' 
o(  Hinnr^  BumOiitt/ir  Ctau  (Ldndon,  iIm). 

A  Hhaha  of  hh  letnn  and  itrnKeOim,  mny  Kwi^CUboM 
Cm«mU  (LDBdoa,  lUg),  WM«ibcd  by  S.  Uo^Fooki. 

BOWBR.  WALTBK  (1115-1449),  Scottbh  chionideT,  wu  ban 
■bout  I]l5  ■(  Haddinston.  He  in>  ibbot  of  Inchcolm  (In  the 
Filth af  Forth)  fmn  1418,  waiiniecliliecoEniiitaiaDealoitb* 
coUeclioB  of  tbe  nnicnn  aS  Joaia  I.,  Vog  o(  Scoti,  Id  1413 
1414,  and  in  t4M  one  of  llie  embuay  to  hrit  on  the  buiincst  of 
the  maiTBgi  of  the  king*!  dinghtec  to  the  daophln.  He  pli)^ 
OB  important  part  at  the  council  ol  Perth  (1431)  in  the  delence  of 
ScDltoh  righEo.  Daring  hii  clt»ing  yean  he  vas  engaged  on  hi) 
work  the  5a(icirnum,  on  vhidi  hii  reputation  now  chiefly  reau. 
Thb  woA,  undertaken  in  1440  by  dcajre  of  a  ner^bnir,  Sir 
David  Stewart  of  Koiylh,  wai  a  continuatian  af  the  CirenUa 
Catii  Scdmim  of  Fordun.  The  completed  waih,  in  iu  Dliginal 
font,  coosialDd  of  aiateen  booki,  oC  which  the  firat  five  and  a 
ponioo  oI  the  uilh  (to  1163)  an  Fordun'i— oe  mafniy  hi*,  for 
BovoraddDd  to  tbematplaaa.  Id  the  later  hooka,  dovp  to  the 
teisDol  Robert  1.(1371), he  wai  aided  by  FocdDK'iCeitaAmu'Jd, 
but  bom  that  point  10  the  dene  the  work  It  wigiiial  and  o( 
coDtmporaiy  importance,  eqiedally  for  Jama  L,  with  whose 
death  it  endi,  Thetaakinafiniibedini44T,  In  the  two  remAin> 
be  yean  ol  lia  life  he  waa  enpged  on  a  nduetioii  at  "  abridg- 
iatmt  "of  thii  voik, which ii known a>  the  SmI o/Cii^, and  i) 
preserved  in  the  Advocates'  library,  Edinburgh  (MS.  35.  I.  r). 
Other  ahcidgmBita,  not  by  Bows,  were  made  aboM  the  ume 
tiuOtOneahout  1450  (perhapi  by  Patrick  RuiieU,a  CtTthiutan  of 
Rntb)  pneived  in  the  Advocalei'  Ubniy  (HS.  35,  6.  j)  and 
inothcT  in  1461  by  an  unknown  wiiter.  alao  fam-reul  in  the 
ame  caUection  (US.  jj.  5.  >).  Copia  of  the  full  ten  ol  the 
Satidrtnkm,  by  different  acribtt,  are  eitaat.  There  are  two  fa) 
the  Biitnh  UiBeom,  in  Tlu  Black  Botk  ef  Paislty,  and  hi  HarL 
MS.  711:  one  in  the  AdvDcatei'  Ubniy,  Iron  wbldi  Waller 
^^'*^*"  printed  his  editioD  (Edio.,  1759),  and  one  in  the  libtary 
of  Coipua  Chriiti,  Cambridge. 

Coodall't  is  the  oaty  complete  modem  edideB  «f  Bawn'i  tot, 
Ste  elB  W.  F.  Skeot'aeditka  of  FarduD  In  the  iBin  irf  Hiiuriani 
k  ScMutd  (1B7O.  Fetianal  ickicra  ani  to  l*  found  in  the 
Sidifiur  RnUi  i/fSaliand.  iii.  ind  iv.  The  ben  recent  aEEOunt  !• 
that  1^  T.  A  Aiiher  in  the  Did.  ij  HiO.  Biif. 

S  SCOTT  (i7«l-iS;;),  En^iA natuiallit 
■1  bom  in  Biahopogaie.  LgndoD,  on  the 
i4lhof  JeJy  179),  and  nicceeded  in  oanjusction  with  hit  bnlhcr 
to  bit  faiher'a  dittUkry,  in  which  he  tn*  actinly  mgagnd  until 
1S47.  In  eotly  yean  islronomy  and  natural  history,  e^iedeUy 
botany,  engaged  mudi  ol  hia  atleDtion;  be  bctamc  an  enthusi- 
astic worker  at  the  micmcope,  studying  the  slnctuie  of  ibcUa, 
corals,  mOB.4gales.  fiinta,  Ac.  aod  be  abo  formed  U>  eltetMIvc 
collection  of  foasils.  The  or^nic  remains  of  the  Londoa  Oay 
■tlnclcd  particular  altenlfon,  and  about  the  year  1836  be  tnd  lii 
elbet  woifcen  founded  "  The  London  Cby  Club  "—the  Bembtts 
Wmpriiing  Di  Boweibank,  Frederick  K  Edwards  (t79Q-tBf{). 
■ntfaor  ol  ni  2Kn(  JfWJiuca  (Pabeonlofnpfc.  Soc),  Searlca  V, 
Wtnd,  Jolm  Uonis,  Alficd  While  (iooh>)ist),  N.  T.  WetheteU, 
iiu|eanofHi|b(>le(itoo-iS7d.aiidJamt*deCaileSowerby.  In 
iS4aBawcrt>titkp«bllsbtd.lfiU>ry^ljbraj»)fni^Mit5i^r 
^UelMAneOay.titdliwyeanlateThevaselccledF.ILS.  la 
1S47  be  wggesled  the  catablithineat  ol  a  aadety  for  the  puUIca' 
tioD  of  nadescribed  Brillib  Fonils,  aad  tboa  origbalKl  the 
FaluaKtogniphical  SodMy.  From  1S44  until  iS£4  be  did  muck 
to  tDcanragt  •  kiveof  ntturti  stiencc  by  being  "  at  bone  "  every 
HoBday  CYcaing  at  bl>  leaidcacs  in  Paifc  SItett,  IsKnitoB.  and 
•Iteiwaids  In  Highbuiy-Crove,  where  the  tiessure*  of  hit 


^ik  ftbiil  .^^(MiAMln  4  vol*.,  pttbUtbid  by  the  Ray  Sockiy, 
ig64-iU>.  HeieltttdlniS64taStLeDnaidB,whenbediedoa 
the  ath  of  ManJi  1877. 

■OWII,  JUIBI  (i7q6-il3C),  Amerlcui  pioneer,  wu  bom  In 
Logan  eouny,  KtDtiKky.  He  was  taken  to  toaiiiani  about 
iSoi,  and  m  i8l8-iS)0  was  engaged  with  his  brolhm,  JeAn  J. 
■ad  Reain  P.,  hi  tonig^ng  negio  ilavet  into  the  United  Suies 
fiom  the  lieadquanen  of  the  piraiea  led  by  Jean  LaGtie  on 
(^alvestaa  bland.  Bowie  removed  to  Teias  In  igig  ind  took  a 
pnmlnent  part  In  the  revolt  sgainii  Mttico,  bang  preum  at  the 
battles  of  Ntagdoches  (1831),  Concepdon  (1S35)  and  the  Gram 
Fight  (i8js)-  He  wa.  one  of  the  defenders  of  the  Alamo  (see 
Sah  AiiTOi'ia),  bat  was  ill  of  pneumonia  at  the  time  of  the  final 
osiault  on  the  fith  of  March  1S36,  and  wis  amorgthelasttobe 
bntdieted.  Bowie's  name  is  now  perpetuated  by  a  county  in 
Dotth^aitera  Teias,  and  by  [U  association  with  that  of  the 
lamouB  bunting-knife,  which  he  used,  but  piobsUy  did  not 
InvenL 

BOW>LtQ  (Genu  Vamai],  a  defomutychaTtderlied  by  separa- 
tion of  the  knees  when  the  anUes  are  in  contact.  Usually  there 
la  an  outward  curvature  of  both  femur  and  tiUa,  with  at  timet 
an  interior  bend  of  the  latter  bone.  At  birth  all  children  are 
Don  or  kas  bandy-legged.  The  child  liea  on  its  nurse's  knee 
with  tlw  soln  of  the  feet  [sdng  oru  another;  the  tibiae  and 
femon  an  curved  outwards;  and,  if  the  limfaa  are  extended, 
altlnugh  the  anklet  ace  in  contact,  then  it  a  ditlincl  apace 
between  the  kBee.)Dinls.  During  the  Gnt  year  of  U(e  a  gradual 
change  takei  place.  The  knee-joints  approach  one  anolherj 
the  lenuna  slope  downwards  aod  mwards  towanjt  the  knee- 
joiniai  the  libiu  become  ttnighl;  and  the  sole  of  the  toot 
facet  alntoM  directly  downwanlt.  While  these  changes  an 
occurring,  the  bones,  which  si  Gtsi  contlti  principally  of  rartOags, 
an  gradually  beconing  osiiCed.  ud  in  a  normal  child  by  the 
lime  It  heghu  to  walk  the  lower  limbs  aie  prepared,  both  by  tbeti 
geacnl  directioD  and  by  the  rigidity  of  the  bones  which  form 
them,  to  tuiqwrt  the  weight  of  the  body.  If,  however,  the  child 
attempts  either  as  the  lesull  ol  imiulion  or  fmni  encvnngcmenl 
to  walk  before  the  normal  bandy  condition  had  poued  off,  the 
lenll  will  necesiatily  be  either  an  arrest  in  the  development 
of  the  irmbs  or  an  increase  of  the  bandy  ooDdilioo.  If  the  child 
ia  weakly,  either  ticUtic  or  luSsring  from  any  ailment  which 
pnvenls  the  doc  oadfic&llon  of  the  bona,  or  Is  Improperiy  fed, 
the  bandy  condition  may  nniain  penltlent.  Thus  the  chief 
(ante  of  this  deformity  It  rickets  (f.t.).  Tlw  remaining  causes 
are  occupation,  espcdaily  that  ol  a  Jockey,  and  traunutlsm, 
the  condition  being  very  likely  to  supervene  after  acddenti 
Invidving  the  condj^ea  of  the  femur.  In  the  rickety  form  lbs 
moat  important  thing  It  to  treat  the  conttitDtlonal  disease,  at 
the  same  time  Instructing  Ibe  mother  never  to  place  the  child 
OB  its  feet.  In  may  cases  thia  s  quite  suffirjenl  in  itself  to  efleet 
a  con,  bol  matlcci  on  be  hasiBted  totnewhat  by  applyiBg 
Viliala.     When  In  tUa  paifenu  the  delonnily  arises  either 


eommonei  deformity  Ihait  the  pncediag  is  that  knows 
■  -'  -"-  |raf|Hw).  In  thb  condition  then  it  dose 
'  mon  or  less  tepantlon  of  the 
bring  the  leet  together  when 
Occasioaslly  only  one  linOi  may  be  aSecied,  but  the 
itovUe  fenn  is  tlw  meee  comnon.  Them  an  two  varieties  of 
tHs  defonnityi  (i.)  that  doe  to  rickets  and  occurring  in  yoong 
cbildten(thencbiticform),aDd(ii.)  that  met  with  in  tdolcinntt 
■ad  knawB  as  the  stalk  lorm.  In  young  children  it  is  piaciically 
always  duo  to  rickata,  and  the  constitutional  disease  must  tic 
moat  rfgoronsly  dealt  with.  It  is,  however,  eepedaDy  b  these 
cases  that  cod4iver  oil  is  to  be  avoided,  since  it  increases  the  body 
w^t  and  so  may  do  fiarm  rather  than  good.  The  chDd  If 
quite  young  mutt  be  kept  fai  bed.  and  the  limbs  manipulated 
■evcroltinxaaday.  WbnetbechadisalitlleokteraDdltisnKire 
difficult  to  keep  him  ofi  his  feel,  long  splints  sbeuM  be  applied 
(mm  the  aiiUa  or  waist  to  a  point  srveral  inches  below  the  kvd 
of  tha  loot.    It  k  only  by  making  the  spttsts  inCdsat^  long 


3+4 


BOWLES—BOWMNG 


tbkt  >  TUklonlly  active  child  am  be  kept  it  nst.    The  litUt 
patient  should  Jive  [a  ibc  open  tir  u  much  u  poKible. 

Tlie  lUUc  iorm  ol  Genu  Valgum  unully  Dccun  in  ]'0IU1I 
adoleicenu,  opedally  in  uumic  nune^cls,  yeant  biicUiyera, 
■sd  young  people  who  hive  ouigrawn  theif  iticngth,  yet  h»ve 
to  cuiy  heavy  weighU.  Nonnally  tn  the  erect  pntnrc  tbe  wdght 
of  the  body  ia  punl  thn>ii|h  the  outer  condyle  of  the  femur 
ntlKt  thin  the  innei,  ind  thla  lallei  is  lenglheued  to  ksep  the 
plane  of  the  kncc-iolnt  luiiEontaJ.  Thii  throwi  cousideTible 
atrain  on  the  inteiiul  literal  liguneat  of  the  kocc-joint,  md 
alter  standing  ol  Long  duration  or  with  undue  weight  the  tnusdea 
of  the  inner  side  ol  Ihe  limb  alio  become  over-faligunL  Tluit 
the  ligament  gradually  becomes  slrelched.  giving  the  knee  undue 
mobility  from  side  to  side-  IE  the  condition  be  not  attended  to, 
tlie  outer  condyle  becomes  gradually  atrophied,  owing  to  the 
iocreued  weight  transmilteii  thtough  it,  and  the  inner  condyk 


of  1  general  law,  namely,  that  diminished  pressure  results  in 
Increued  grovUi,  increased  pressure  in  ^■'"^"■■^*'^  growth. 
The  beM  eumple  ol  the  foimei  principle  is  Ihe  rajHd  growth 
that  tBktt  place  in  the  child  thai  is  confined  to  bed  during 
1  prolonged  iUnesa.  The  distorted,  stunted,  shortened  and 
fuhionable  loot  of  Ihe  Chinese  lady  is  an  example  of  Ihe  latter. 
Flit-loot  (see  Cldb-Foot)  and  lateral  curvature  of  the  spine, 
scoliosis,  lie  oft^n  assodaced  with  this  form  ol  Genu  Valgum, 
the  former  being  due  (o  rclaution  of  ligaments,  the  falter  being 
eompmaitoty  wheie  the  deformity  only  aHtcta  one  leg,  though 
often  found  merely  in  aasods  tion  with  the  more  common  bilaieral 
viriety.  In  the  eirly  siagesof  the  sialic  fotmaiteniioo  to  general 
health,  DUasase  and  change  of  air,  will  often  effect  >  cure.  Bui 
In  the  more  aggiavated  fauns  to  ippinlut  is  needed.  This 
usually  consists  of  an  outside  iioti  rod,  jointed  at  the  knee, 
Utached  above  to  1  pelvic  bind  ind  bebw  to  the  heel  of  the 
boot.  By  the  giidual  ligbiening  of  padded  gtrapt  pissing  round 
the  limb*  the  bones  can  be  drawn  by  degrees  into  i  nwie 
niluiil  posilioa.  But  il  the  pitlent  has  mched  such  m  age 
that  the  deloimily  is  filed,  then  the  only  lemedy  is  that  ol 
operation. 

BOWLEG,  SAMUEL  (iSiA-iStS),  Americui  }autnalist,'  wis 
bom  in  Springfield,  MiHidnisetts,  on  the  9th  o(  Febiuaiy  iSiC. 
Hewas  the.Bon  of  Simuel  Bowles  (1779-igsi)  of  the  same  dty, 
who  had  esUbUsheii  Ihe  weekly  Sprintfidd  Rc^ican  in  1814. 
The  daily  issue  wis  begun  in  1844,  as  an  evening  newspaper, 
af  Eervaids  becoming  a  morning  journal.  To  its  service  Samuel 
Bowk*,  junior,  devoted  his  life  (with  the  eiccption  of  a  brief 
period  during  which  he  was  in  charge  of  a  daily  in  Boston), 
and  he  gave  the  paper  a  national  reputation  by  the  vigour, 
indsivencss  and  independence  of  its  edluiial  uttiruiCBS,  and 
the  condsc  and  conveuient  anangemenl  of  its  load  and  genenl 
news-matter.  Dutiag  Ibe  controveniei  affecting  slavery  and 
resulting  in  the  Civil  War,  Bowles  supported,  in  genenl,  the  Whig 
and  Republican  partia,  but  In  Ihe  period  of  ReconstructioD 
under  President  Grant  his  paper  iqfiaentcd  anti-adminiatiati 
or  "  Liberal  Republican  "  opinions,  while  in  the  disputed  eli 
lion  of  sg;6  it  lavoured  the  claims  of  TEMen,  and  snbsequently 
became  independent  in  peptics.  Bowles  died  at  Springfield 
«B  the  16th  ol  January  iS;B.  During  hit  lifetime,  and  subse- 
quently, the  Rcfablkcn  oSet  was  a  sott  of  school  for  young 
jounulisis,  especially  in  the  matti 
of  atylE,  one  ol  his  maxims  being  "  put  it  all  In  the  first  pm- 
gnph."  Bowles  puUished  two  booki  cd  travel,  Acna  lil 
Cmtuinl  (iSej)  and  Tlu  SKiaitlaiid  tf  Anunca  (ig6f ),  which 
wen  combined  into  one  volume  undec  the  title  Om  Hai  Wal 
(iS6g}.  He  was  iucct*dcd  aa  pablisbtr  and  sdili>i-ia<hief  ol 
the  RefaUkao  by  hil  son  Samuel  Bowla  (b.  laji). 

■       —  ■-        —     M  (1  voU^  Nt*  Ypili. 


being  Di  Joaeph  Wuton.    In  1781  he  left  U  ciptalt 

of  Ihe  school,  and  proceeded  to  Trinity  College,  Oxford,  when 
he  had  gained  1  Kholanhjp.  Two  yean  later  he  won  the  chan- 
cellor's priie  for  Latin  vent;  In  1789  he  published,  in  a  small 
quarto  volunu,  Ftnaian  Srmniii,  which  met  with  considenble 

e,  and  weie  hailed  with  delight  by  Coleridge  and 
liis  young  coatempDnuHe*.    The  5iiiiiiefi  even  in  lomi  were  a 

10  the  older  and  purer  poetic  style,  and  by  their 
grace  of  eipresion,  melodious  vcnificalion,  lender  lone  of  feeling 
and  vivid  appreciation  of  the  Lie  and  beauty  of  nature,  stood 
I  in  Strang  cantusi  to  the  dabotaled  commonplaces  whidi 
that  lime  formed  the  bulk  of  English  poetry.  After  taking 
hit  degree  at  Oxford  he  entered  the  Church,  and  was  appointed 
In  1791  to  the  vicarage  of  Chicklade  in  Wiltshire.    Jn  1797  he 

:Sa4  WIS  presented  to  the  vlcamge  of  firemhill  in  Wiltshire, 
the  same  year  he  was  collated  by  Bishop  Douglss  to  a  pr^ 
bcndal  stall  In  the  cathedral  of  Salisbury.  In  181S  he  wu  made 
chaidain  to  the  prince  regent,  and  in  ifiiB  he  was  dected 
residenliaiy  canon  of  Salisbury.  He  died  at  SaHahuty  on  Ihe 
}th  of  April  1G50.  aged  BS. 

The  kmger  poems  published  by  Bowks  iic  not  of  a  very  fai^ 
standard,  though  all  are  distinguished  by  purity  of  Imaginntiev, 
cultured  and  grtcefu!  diction,  and  great  tendemrss  oi  feelms. 
Themotteilensivewere  TAcS^rliif  iMifgii!ry(iSa4),wUchwa* 
metdleSBly  ridiculed  by  Syron;  Tkt  Uisiiimtiy  ef  Iks  Amitt 
CiSlj);  Tie  Grme  e}  tia  Lesl  Siam  (i8»};  and  SI  Jtka  n 
~  lima  (1E33).  Bowles  is  perhaps  more  celebrated  aa  a  critic 
poetry  than  as  a  poet  In  1806  he  published  an  edition  of 
Pope's  works  with  notes  and  an  essay  on  the  poetical  character 
'  '^  '     ' '  I  essay  he  laid  down  certain  canons  as  to  poetic 

imagery  which,  subject  to  some  modification,  have  been  since 
tc  and  valuable,  but  which  were  received  at  the 
:th  strong  oppDsiiion  by  all  admirers  of  Pope  ud  fafs 
The  '*  Pope  and  Bowles "  controversy  brought  faU> 
■lurp  cDDlraat  the  opposing  views  of  poetiy,  whkh  may  ba 
rouj^y  deaciibed  as  the  natural  and  the  artlfidaL  Bowlca 
mainlaiDed  thai  image*  drawn  from  nature  arc  poelically  finer 
than  those  drawn  Iiom  act;  and  that  in  Ike  highest  kinds  of 
poetry  the  themet  or  passions  handled  should  be  of  the  general 
orclemental  kind,  and  not  Ihe  ITansjent  manners  of  any  soddy. 
These  positions  were  vigorously  asaailed  by  Byion,  Canqibcll, 
Roscoe  and  others  of  las  note,  while  for  a  time  Bowtci  wat 
ilitary.    Hadilt  and 


congrali 


n  pnncir 
irated,  both  by  prec^  ai 


_lle,  a  new  era  in  English  poelry.    Among  other  proae 
works  from  his  prolific  pen  was  a  Liji  tj  B'ukop  Kat  (1  vols., 
igjo-iaji). 
Hb  Po»iai  Wtki  mat  o«ected  tn  Itu,  with  1  nenlr  by 

BOWUHB  (a  wotd  found  in  most  Teulonle  langaaga, 
probably  connected  with  the  "  bo*  "  of  a  tUp),  a  nanlical 
term  lor  a  lope  leading  Itom  the  edge  of  a  tail  to  the  bow*, 
for  the  purpose  of  steadying  the  aail  when  sailing  doee  to  iIm 
wind — "  on  a  bowline." 

BOWUMO  (Lat.  lidlri,  a  ^he,  thton^  O.  Fr.  bale,  ball), 
an  Indoor  game  played  upon  an  alley  wilh  wooden  balls  and  nluc 
or  ten  wooden  phu.  It  hat  been  played  for  ceniuriet  in  Gennuty 
and  the  Lo^  Countries,  where  it  isilill  In  lugh  favour,  but  at laiBi 
Its  greatest  popuiirity  in  ihe  United  Slates,  whence  It  waa 
intiDduced  In  colonial  limes  from  Holland.  The  Dutch  inhabit* 
anu  of  New  Arasia-dani,  wnr  New  York,  were  much  addicted 
to  it,  and  up  to  the  year  1840  Ii  was  played  on  the  gncn,  tha 
principal  resort  of  Ihe  boniers  being  the  s(]nare  just  north  of 
the  Battery  still  called  Bowling  Green.  The  lint  covered  aOeya 
were  made  of  hardened  clay  or  oF  slate,  but  Ihose  in  vogoc  U 
present  are  buQl  up  of  alternate  stripe  oil  pine  and  m^ile  wdnd, 
ahaut  I  X  J  in.  In  siie.  set  co  edge,  and  faittaed  togeiber  aad 
to  the  bed  o(  Oe  idlBy  with  the  Biceal  ait  of  tha  cabia(t-«a«W 


BOWLING,  GREEN— BOWLS 


345 


IW  ^Mh  c<  tte  alKr  ti'tif  ia:,  uid  lu  wbale  laaflh  about 
■e  IL  Fnim  the  bead,  or  4pci,  pia  ta  the  ionl-liiici,  ove  nUch 
the  phyet  may  nut  ilep  in  delivtrinc  the  ball,  the  dialaace  ii 
60  It.  Oa  eadi  ikle  of  ihe  alky  it  a  9-in.  "  pittn  "  to  catch 
■ay  bilh  that  ate  bawled  wide.  OngbuJly  nine  piu,  >et  up  in  the 
dianHmd  loRB,  were  used,  butdurins  ilie  fint  pan  oC  tbe  iglh 
CEDiiuy  the  garae  of  "  nine-piiu  "  vu  ptohibiied  by  la*,  on 
acCDMit  of  the  eusuve  betling  coDDccted  wiih  it.  Thi>  mdi- 
nince,  howevtr,  nu  kub  evaded  by  the  addiUon  of  a  tenth 
pio,  naaltisf  in  the  game  of  "  tcn-pina,"  the  putime  )b  vopt 
t(Mlay.  The  (en  piu  are  kI  up  at  the  end  of  the  alky  to  the 
form  of  a  right-angled  triangle  in  four  towi,  fchrr  pint  at  the  hack. 
then  three,  then  two  and  one  as  hnad  pin.  Tlie  bade  row  ii 
placed  3  in.  from  Ihe  sUey'i  edge,  back  of  which  is  tlK  pin-pit. 
Eoin.deepand  about  jit.  wide.  The  hack  wall  ta  heavi^  padded 
(ofteoi  with  a  heavy,  twinging  cutfaion),  and  thcio  ato  lofely 
comen  for  the  pin-boys,  who  iet  up  the  pjna,  call  the  scores 
and  pLact  the  balls  in  the  sloping  "  railway  "  which  letumi 
them  to  the  players' end  of  tike  alley.  Tho  pins  are  made  of  hard 
Miaple  and  are  15  in.  high,  tl  in.  in  diameter  at  thdr  base  and 
Ij  in,  in  circvinfernice  al  the  ttiicliest  point.  The  balls,  which 
are  piade  of  lome  very  hard  wood,  osuaily  tignum  vitac,  may  bt 
of  any  ttie  not  exceeding  37  in.  in  circimifercnce  and  [6)  lb  in 
weight.  Thpy  are  provided  with  holes  for  the  thumb  and  middle 
hnger.  At  many  may  play  cm  a  side  as  plaie,  five  being  Ihe 
number  for  championship  teams,  though  this  som^llmct  vatid. 
Each  player  rolls  three  halls,  colkd  a  /rami,  and  ten  frasiei 
'le  agreed  upoai.    In  fiist-dats 


If  al 


,    If,  1 


itrike,  TO  Dwie  are  added  to  hh  uoit,  nuking  >o,  to  which  an 
added  the  pins  he  may  knock  down  with  hb  fint  ball  of  Ihe  third 
frame.  This  may  also  tcoie  a  strike,  makibg  3a  at  the  tcote 
of  the  But  fnine,  and,  ihould  tho  player  keep  up  this  high 
average,  be  will  icnie  the  tnaliinuB,  300,  in  las  ten  fiamo. 
II  all  the  pint  are  knodud  down  with  two  balli  it  It  ailed  a 
i^on,  and  the  player  may  add  [he  pint  nude  by  Ihe  fiiit  baU 
of  his  second  frame.  This  leeEtingly  complifated  modeof  tcoiing 
is  comparatively  simple  when  pjijperiy  lined  tcoifr.boar ' 


e,  ifailth 


e  bails  are  used  no  strike  or  span  Is 


«  the  rules  and  hi 

Several  mlwir  varietleB  tl  bowline  are  popular  in  / 
■HH  in  vone  being  "  Cocked  Hat,"  which  »  pbi>«l  wii 
one  in  the  lKad.pia  poaitioo  and  the  ochcn  on  either  t 
backrow.  >Tbepintareuiuallya]ittle1aTgerIhan thos 
regular  game,  and  Imalkr  balls  are  used.    The  -- 
no.  and  all  balls,  even  thoee  going  into  Ihe  gu 
'^Cockwl  hat  andFeatber"  b  liniilar,  eicept  Ihata 
[iaced  in  the  centre.    Other  variations  oC  bowlii 

an  iiied:  the  "fiauk  Guie,"  in  wEicii  1>  < 
kmddng  down  bQ  but  the  etntre,  or  king,  ran 
Fow  Back,"  is  whkh  live  pisi  an  Died,  one  in  Ibi 
and  tbe  reit  on  the  back  Kne;  "  Four  Back ' 
-Duck  Fin";  "Head  Pin,"  with  nine  rant  k 
fadiioMd  wav.  and  "Candle  Kn,"  in  w>>ch  t 
'    "'     '         id  bottom  ore  uwd,  the  other  1 


BOWLIHS  8IIBEX.  a  city  and  the  countr^eat  of  Wanm 
coimly,  Kentucky,  VSA.,  on  the  Barren  river,  iij  m.  8.  by 
W.  of  LotdtviUe.  Pop,  (1890)  780};  (1900)  gii6,  of  whom 
JSM  were  negim;  (1910)  9173.  The  city  Is  served  by  the 
Lonixville  ft  KashvUIe  railway  (which  mintains  car  shops 
here),  and  bf  Ucamboati  uvl^ling  tha  livci.     Maadam- 


Esod  or  pavel  roads  also  radiate'  frofm.tQ^.to  alt  parts  of  Iba 
turroandiug  country,  a  rich  agricultural  and  liv^^tock  taaiitf 
i«gion,  in  which  tbciv  are  depoaita  of  coal,  iron  ore,  oil,  natural 
gat,  asphalt  aad  building  ilone.  Tbe  dly  is  the  seat  ol  Potter 
College  (Sol  giib;  noo-scclatian,  opened  iS£9);  of  Ogden 
Colkge  (noa-tectarian,  1877),  a  secondary  school,  endowed  by 
the  bequai  of  Major  Robert  W.  Ogden  (1796-1813J;  of  tbe 
West  Kentucky  State  Nonsal  School,  opened  (as  the  Sonlhen 
Normal  School  and  Buaiocst  Colkge)  at  Glatgo*  in  1875  and 
removed  to  Bairilng  Gcees  in  iS&t;  and  of  tbe  BowliDg  Green 
ButiDeai  Univenity,  lotmerly  a  pait  of  the  Soulbetn  Normal 
School  and  Busiucsb  Coltego.  Bowling  Green  hat  two  parki. 
a  large  bone  tad  muk  market,  and  a  trade  in  other  live.<tack, 
tobacco  and  lumber^  among  Its  manufacturea  an  flonr,  himbev, 
tobtixo  and  furniture.  The  munkipality  owns  and  opecatea 
tbe  water-works  and  tbe  doctric  lighting  [JanL  Bowling  Groat 
was  incorpocBlsd  in  i3l  >.  During  Ibeeacly  part  of  the  Civil  War 
Bowhag  Green  Wat  on  tbe  right  dank  of  tbe  Gnt  line  of  Con- 
federate  defence  in  the  West,  and  wta  foe  «Hne  lime  the  head- 
qntriert  of  Geoetal  Albert  Sidney  Johnitoo.  It  wot  ahandoiied, 
hlmever,  alter  the  capture  by  tha  Fedettli  of  Fottt  Heuty 


iburb.  Fop,  (1S90)  h6t,  (i«eo)  3067  (1(4  fotiign-' 
bom);  (igio)  JII3.  Bowling  Green  It  terved  by  the  Cindnaatl, 
Baoflton  &  Dayton  and  the  Toledo  &  Ohio  Central  railwayl,  and 
by  the  Toledo  Urban  ft  Inlerucban  and  the  Lake  Erk,  Bowlug 
Cceen  ft  Napokon  electric  linet,  the  former  extsiding  Inn 
Toledo  to  Dayton.  It  ia  litBated  in  a  rich  agricultural  Rghu 
which  abounds  in  oil  and  natural  gas.  Many  of  the  residmcca 
and  business  places  of  Bowling  Green  an  heated  by  a  privately 
owned  central  hot-water  heating  plant.    Among  the  mannfac- 

thread<ntting  macbiiKa,  brooms  and  agricultural  implancnCL 
Bowling  Green  was  first  settled  in  1S3],  was  incorporated  as  a 
town  in  iSjs,  and  beet  net  dty  in  1904. 

BOWU,  tbe  oldetl  British  outdoor  pastimn,  next  to  aicAery, 
stm  in  'mgue.     It  bat  been  traced  certainly  to  the  ijth,  and 
confectufailylctbftiilhcentury.   William FilEstcphen      avsrr. 
(d.  about  itga),  In  hit  biography  of  TboDat  Btthet, 
gives  a  graphic  tketch  of  the  London  of  bit  day  and,  writing 

hoUdays  they  were  "  eitercified  in  Leaping,  Shooting,  Wrettlltig, 
Casting  ol  Stones  [injatlt  lafUxm],  and  Throwing  of  Javelina 
fitted  with  Loops  for  tho  Purpose,  which  they  strive  to  ding 
befoie  the  Mark;  they  alto  use  Bucklen,  like  fitting  Men." 
It  is  commonly  supposed  that  by  jaciui  tapidun  Fitratephcn 
meant  the  game  of  bowls,  hut  though  it  is  possible  that  muad 
stoDca  may  sometimes  have  been  employed  in  an  early  varied 
ol  the  game — and  then  is  a  record  of  iron  bowls  bdng  used, 

— nevotheles)  the  inlcrcnco  seems  nnwarrauted.  The  jacbu 
lafiiiMM  at  which  he  spcalis  was  probaUy  monakin  to  the  modem 

It  it  beyond  ditpute.  however,  that  tlie  pmc,  at  any  late  b  a 
rudimentary  form,  was  played  in  tho  rjtb  ttntuiy.  A  MS. 
of  that  period  is  the  loyal  hliraiy,  Windsor  (No.  10,  E  iv.), 
ceDlaiot  a  dnwing  repcetenlliig  two  playen  alining  al  a  small 
cone  instead  of  tn  earthenware  hall  or  jack.  Another  MS.  ot 
the  same  century  has  a  pictiuv — crude,  hut  ^rited — which 
brings  us  into  dose  touch  with  the  existing  game.  Three  Gguiei 
arc  hitroduccd  and  a  jack.  Tlu  first  player's  bowl  has  come 
to  rest  just  in  fnnt  of  the  jack;  tbe  second  baa  delivered  bis 
bowl  and  is  following  after  it  with  one  of  tboaa  eccentric 
GaQtOTtions  still  not  unusual  on  modem  greens,  the  firit 
player  meanwhilD  making  a  repressive  gestun  with  hb  balkd, 
at  If  (o  urge  the  bowl  to  itop  short  oi  his  own ;  the  third  player 
If  depicted  at  in  Ihe  act  of  delivering  hit  bowl.  A  i4th-ceMary 
MS.  Bitk  a/  Piaym  in  the  Fnncis  Douce  collectica  bi  tbe 
Bodlebn  library  at  Oxford  contains  a  drawing  in  which  two 
pettou  an  ihown,  but  they  boiri  to  00  mark.    StiuU  i^pcrU 


3+5 


and  Fiullma)  logiatl  tbil  tbg  bit  flv^*  bnri  B*r  I"™ 
beta  rctudcd  by  the  Monut  pUyer  la  »  ipeda  of  JMick;  bu  in 
that  cue  It  ii  not  dcu  whu  wu  tha  fint  pUycr^  UijM.  In 
thoc  Lliree  Bibot  Uluuntioni  ol  du  pudmt  it  ii  woitb  nollnt 
thu  uch  plijn  hu  one  bovl  ml;,  tal  that  the  attitiuk  in 
delircting  it  ma*  ai  Tarioiu  Gv*  or  lix  hoodrad  ytwi  mo  u  it 
ia  to-day.  In  llie  third  ho  ilanda  tloKiil  tipright;  In  the  Gru 
be  knedi;  (n  tlu  Koatid  he  Moopi,  hatfmy  belweea  tlK 
uptitbt  and  tbe  kowtlBi  posiioD. 

Aa  the  suae  gEW  in  [K^tulaiity  it  came  under  the  ban  of  king 
and  paiUanwnl.  balh  fearing  it  might  feoparditt  the  pnetloe  j 


and  other  qiorli  w«ra  enacted  In  the  Rigna  of  Edward 
XichatdQ.uid  other  monardit.  Evto  when,  on  the  Invention  oI 
ganpowdet  and  firiama,  the  bo*  had  fallen  into  diaau  aa  a 
ire^na  of  war,  tha  prahibitian  waa  oauJnaeil  Tht  diKradit 
attaching  to  bawUng  alleya,  fint  Mtabliihed  In  London  In  1455, 
ptob^y  cncotuaged  wbacqiKnt  reprmlga  lagiilatloB,  lor  many 
of  the  alley*  were  connected  with  tavern  fteqaented  by  the 
cUnoluieandpnieiltn.  The  mid  "  bowli "  oecun  for  the  fint 
tina  In  tte  lUtute  H  ijii  in  which  Heniy  VIIL 


laboureiaf  apprcnlicea,  k 


witi  and  the  like  were  forbidden 
.    .  ,  t  Chiiitmaa,  and  then  only  in  their 

tnaalct'e  houc  and  preMnce.  It  wa*  (urtbet  enjoined  that  any 
one  playing  boiria  oDteide  ^  U>  own  sudea  or  orchard  wn  Bahle 
to  a  pendty  of  4*.  Id .  while  tboae  paaaeiacd  of  laudi  of  the  yearly 
value  at  f  ISO  might  obtain  licencea  to  play  on  thdr  own  |»lvate 
greem.  But  though  the  UOM  itatnte  abtolutely  pcoldbtled 
bowlh«  alleyi,  Henry  VIIL  had  them  oonatmcled  lor  hie  — 

pleaHiRU  WUiEhall  Palace,  end  wu  wont  to  bi 

heplayed.    In  Mary's  reign  (ijjs)  the Ucencca' 
tlu  queen  or  her  adviim  dcemii^ 

The  tcandaii  of  the  bawling  alley*  grew  nmpant  la  EHaabethaa 
London,  and  Stephen  Ca>MDinhli5elM(ii/^teu(i]7g)aaya, 
"  Comnon  bawling  allcya  are  privy  nmhi  that  oat  up  tht  <" 

down  their  loeaa  abroad;  * 
ing  their  play,  that  theli  ■ 
and  go  to  bed  lupperlcn  often  u  tne  year/' 
I  Biaied  bowlmreinliodaced  in  the  i6^CEntory.  "A  little 
altering  of  the  dbc  ude,"  layt  Kobctt  Rcoarde,  Ilu  mathe- 
matician. In  hii  Oalh  tj  KmraUfi  (r  J56),  "  nakelh  the  boat 
to  run  bUaK  walet."  And  Shakeepeare  (Xidiard  II.,  AcL  m. 
Sc;  4)  cauae*  the  queen  lo  reniDniimie,  in  reply  to  her  lady^ , 
'  ]B  of  a  game  at  bowli  to  relieve  tier  ennui,  "  TwU  jaikt 
ia  iidl  of  ruhi,  and  that  my  fortunB  niBi 


that  women  were  accuwemed  to  play  the  game  In  tboia  daya. 
It  ii  pleasant  to  ihini  thai  there  it  fonndatlaa  lor  the  familial 
Mory  of  Sir  Frauds  Dnke  playing  bawb  on  Ptymovth  Hoe  at  the 

■■^Kij  |]ie  ^^mitH*  Bowb,  at  ■>^<  date,  was  bi^ed  opoo  as 
a  legitimate  amusement  for  5undays,->-as,  indeed,  were  many 
other  sporta  When  John  £nax  visited  Calvin  at  Geneva  one 
Sunday,  it  is  said  thai  he  discovered  him  engaged  in  a  gamej 
and  John  Aylmer  (ijii-iS94)>  though  Mabop  of  London,  en- 
Joyed  a  game  of  a  Sunday  aftcnoon,  but  dKd  snch  language 
"  a>  joM^  eXDoeed  hii  charactg  to  ttpnad."  Th*  pastime 
ih  the  Stuarta.    In  tha  Sent  if  Sftilt  (itiB), 


hnbili  (hat  ddmatdy  bnngliil  the  green  iniB  as  gewend  dtanpwe 
*i  the  dley.  ll  is  reonled  Itat  ibe  king  ocemicaal^  viiiWd 
Richwd  ShuU,  a  TaAty  meichaul  wte  oraad  a  beauif  ul  gm 
at  Baihl^  HaD,  and  that  after  aoa  bout  Ui  kmM  war*  jiooo. 
He  was  pCTotttod  to  play  hiafavonrit*  game  to  begnthith*  tedium 
of  bk  captivity,    llie  tfgaboaid  of  a  wayride  Inn  new  Caring 


cOBplett  leeMng  bow  U>  wajeity  "drank  trom  Ait  bout  a^ 
bowl'd  for  what  he  dnnk."  Duriag  bis  stay  at  the  NoctbaoipUa- 
■hire  village  of  Hddeaby  o-  ■'-'-'-    -■— -   ■^■-  -^ 


qoenlly  rode  over  10  Lord  \^iii'a  p 

Idrd  Spencer^  at  Althoip,  for  a  game,  and,  ai 

aconul,  was  actually  playing  on  the  letter  green  lAen  Cotaat 

JoycecametoHolnbytoremaveUmtaotberqnarterL  Dning 

(hie  period  gsmbllng  had  became  a  mania.    John  Aubrey,  the 

antiquary,  chranicles  that  the  ilstera  of  Sir  John  Suckling,  tlM 

conniei-poet,  once  went  to  the  t»wling-green  In  FicodiUy, 

dying,  "  for  fear  be  should  lose  all  their  ponlona."    If  the 

Puritans  regarded  bowli  with  no  friendly  eye,  as  Lord  Mscaulay 

aatcrta,  one  can  hardly  wonder  at  it.     But  even  the  ruiitans 

could  not  lupptcss  betting.    So  coin 

as  John  Ev^-a  tbou^  t  no  hann  in  bowling  foi 

DMUwy,  as  he  triumpbantly  notes  In  his  Oicry  In  the  14th  of 
August  165;.  Samud  Fepys  iqieatedly  mentloQS  Gndiag  great 
pecfle  "  at  boiries."    But  In  time  the  eiceisa  attending  tha 

hoBse  rccnalion,  nearly  all  tht  gieena, 
liko  the  alleys,  having  bean  oanstmcled  in  tha  gminde  and 
gardens  attached  to  taverns. 

After  a  long  interval  salvalhm  cam*  from  Scotland,  somewhst 
uoeipectedly,  becauK  akhoogh,  aloiv  whh  Its  wteter  analogue 
of  enrliag,  binris  may  now  be  oonsidcced,  mndt  more  (hu  golf, 
the  ScMti^  naCiBBB]  pme.  It  waa  not  antll  wd  low  the  i^ih 
century  that  the  [***!^™*  acquired  piqnilaElty  In  that  country. 
It  had  been  known  in  Scotland  since  the  dose  of  the  tilh  century 
(the  Qssgow  kirk  session  fulminBled  an  edict  against  Sunday 
bowls  in  tms),  but  greens  wen  few  and  lai  bctwMo.  Hwie  i 
record  of  a  dub  in  Haddington  In  1709,  of  Tom  Bktet's  gieem 
in  Kihnamockin  ■  74a,  of  greens  in  Candletlggs  and  Callowgate, 
Glasgow,  and  of  one  in  Lanark  in  1750,01  greens  fn  the  grounds 
of  Heiiat'a  hoipilal.  Eifinburgh,  prior  (a  i  jSt,  and  of  one  la 
Peebles  in  177J.  neae  are,  of  course,  mere  infants  compared 
with  the  Southan^iOB  Town  Bowling  Qub,  founded  In  1109, 
which  aim  mutt  thegnea  on  which  it  has  played  lor  ccnturici 
and  possessn  the  qitslnt  ctnMn  of  describing  its  master,  or 
petildeoi,  a*  "  sir,"  and  sn  younger  even  than  the  Ntwcsatle-on- 
Type  dub  tstshliihfd  in  1657.  But  the  earlier  duhedidDotbisg 
towards  orgsnisng  the  pm£.  lni&4Sand  1849,  hawerer,  what 
many  dnha  had  coma  Into  eiisteikCc  in  the  weal  and  sooth  of 
Scotland  (tb  Waiowbank,  dating  from  iSr6,  b  the  oktist  dob  ia 
(Hasgo«),meetinp  were  hdd  hi  Glasgow  for  tha  purpose  ol  pfo- 
moling  a  national  association.  This  was  regarded,  tv  many,  aa 
impntctkable,  bat  a  dedsion  of  Gna)  ii^iortanct  was  readied 
when  a  eonsultatlvi  committee  was  aniolnled  to  draft  a  uniform 
code  of  laws  to  govern  the  game.  This  body  ddegaled  It* 
functions  to  lu  lecnUiy,  W.  W.  llilchell  (1S03-1SS4),  who 
prepared  a  code  that  wu  immediately  adopted  in  Scotland  as  tha 
standard  law*.  It  was  In  ihii  mow  that  Scottish  bowlen  saved 
the  gknw.  They  were,  baidci,  planeFn  in  laying  down  levd 
gtetu  of  tupeilitive  eacelleace.  Not  ladtBed  with  seed-sown 
grass  or  meadow  turf,  they  eipetimenied  with  seaside  tiuf  and 
found  It  answer  admlnbly.  l%e  ijth  earl  of  E^ton  ds*  set 
an  esample  of  active  Interest  wbldi  iBMny  magulet  emnliled. 
Himself  a  keen  bowter,  be  offered  for  oompetitlan,  In  1S54*  a 
saver  howl  and,  la  1817,  a  gold  bowl  and  the  E^lOB  Cup,  all 
la  be  playvd  for  auuiaOy.  TVae  (npUn  aidtcd  heahhy 
rivalry  fn  Aynhtre  and  Lanarftahirt,  and  the  enthudssm  ss  well 
a*  lb*  ikin  with  which  the  game  was  eonducttd  in  Scotland  at 
len^  proved  contagious,    nnh.  In  Rngijiul  tuyn  in  wmi,i» 


many  dubs  wUch,  in  the  main,  adopted  Uitc 
dub*  were  *bo  started  la  Canada  and  In  (ha  ttdtad  Suiu*,  Is 
SoMh  Africa,  India  (Calcuiu,  Karachi),  Japan  <Kotic,  Y^o- 
hama,KBiaamn>ijand  Hong-Kon^  In  Ireland  the  gsme  ta«^ 
nM  wey  gmdaalljE,  buin  Ubui,  owini  daAUm  W  Kwatau 


BOWLS 


3« 


htcKourae  wiifa  Scattind,  mcb  dubt  u  fciTt  bacn  foondcd  »n 

Itroug  in  numbers  gnd  play. 

I  Od  ttKEuiDp(iDC(uiUunIlhegui<ciB*GUC(lybinIdt*b« 
pUyvd  DD  adenci&c  piuciplc*,  Ii  hu  otitcd  In  Fnnce  fine* 
the  i;tli  crntury.  V/iita  Joha  ETclyn  vu  in  Pirii  In  1044 
be  lav  It  playtfd  In  the  ^rdcna  of  the  Liucmbourg  Palace. 
Jq  the  south  of  France  it  ii  rather  popular  with  artiaana,  who, 
toneva,  are  content  Ki  punoe  il  on  any  flat  aurface  and  uae 
round  inileid  ol  biased  Iwwig,  the  bovler.  womva,  Iiidnlgtii[ 
Is  *  pnliminary  run  before  d*liverln«  the  bovt,  alter  the  fa^ion 
ol  a  bowler  in  cricket.  A  rude  variety  ol  the  game  occuri  in 
Italy,  and,  u  we  have  Men,  John  Calvin  played  it  to  Gcaeva, 
where  John  Evelyn  also  noticed  illn  1646,  Theit  is  evidence  of 
its  vogue  in  Holland  In  the  1  jth  century,  for  the  paintlns  by 
David  Tcniers  (1610-16^),  in  the  ScaituhNtlinitl  Gallery  at 
Edlnbuif  h,  is  wnngly  described  as  "  Peisantt  playingat  Skittks.' ' 
In  this  furturt  three  men  are  represented  u  having  played  a 
bowl,  while  the  fourth  is  in  the  act  of  deKvering  hii  bowl.  T« 
came  is  obviouslyt»Q>Nl3,ihe  sole  difference  being  that  an  upright 
peg,  about  4  in.  high,  is  employed  insiea  ' 
this  respect,  the  old  English  fonnof  the  game  already  ] 
I  Seiioui  efforts  to  organiw  the  pme  were  made 
quarter  of  the  rgth  century,  but  this  time  the  [cad 


Austra 


1  Nei 


South  Wales  were  established  in  iSSo,  and  il  was  not  unlH  |g«] 
that  the  Scottish  Bokrifng  Association  wis  founded.  Then  in 
rapid  succession  came  leveral  independent  bodies— the  Midland 
Counties  (1S95),  the  London  and  Southern  Counliei  (ia««), 
the  Imperial  (iS99)>  the  English  (1903)  and  the  Irish  and  Welsh 
[1004),  These  iostiluiloot  uae  concerned  with  the  task  of 
regulariiing  the  game  within  the  lenitories  hidicated 


s,  but  It  sr 


I  appeared  that  the  multiplicity  of  associatior 


ahindn 


a  help,  a 


»  view,  therefc     , 

vid  bringing  about  the  estabiishr 

■nlhotily,  the  Imperial  amatga  mated  with  the  Engliih  B. 

1905.    The  visits  to  the  United  Kingdom  of  properly  organized 

tesnu  ot  bowlets  from  Australia       ........ 

(rom  Canada  in  1904 


r  oi  dashing  jujisdicti< 


w  Zealand 


mormoualy  io  popularity.  The  former  viait  was  commemorated 
by  the  institirf  Ion  of  the  Australia  Cup,  presented  to  Ihclmperial 
Bowling  Association  (and  now  die  property  of  tbe  EngL'sh  B-A) 
by  Hi  Charles  Wood,  president  ol  tbe  Victorian  Bowhng  Asioda- 
tioD.  An  accredited  team  oTbowlen  from  the  mother  country 
wiiiled  Canada  in  ipoO,  and  was  accorded  a  royal  welcome. 
perhaps  the  most  interesting  proof  that  bowls  is  a  true  VMufiil 
b  to  be  found  in  (he  fact  thai  It  has  become  municipaliud. 
b  Edinburgh,  Glasgow,  and  elsewhere  in  Scotland,  and  in 
London  (thnugh  the  county  (onncil),  Newcastle  and  other 
Encliah  towns,  the  corpontiODi  have  laid  dawn  greens  in  pubUc 
paiki  and  open  spacci.  In  Scotland  the  public  greens  arc  self- 
nipporting,  from  a  charge,  which  includes  the  use  of  bowls,  o! 
■nc  penny  an  hour  for  each  player;  in  London  the  upkeep  ol  the 
greens  falls  onIherates,butphiyei«musl  provide  their  own  bowl*. 
There  are  two  hinds  of  bowling  green,  the  level  and  the  crown. 
Hie  down  has  a  foil  which  nay  amount  to  as  much  al  18  In. 
-,^  ,  all  round  Irtsn  tbe  centre  la  the  aides.  "Diia  type  of 
grecnisconfinedalmostwhoUytOMrtalBoftlieBoithem 
and  midland  counties  of  England,  when  il  is  popular  for  single- 
handed,  gate-money  contests.  But  although  tbe  ctown-green 
pmc  is  of  a  sporting  character,  it  necessitates  the  use  of  bowls 
of  niROw  bias  and  aSords  but  Unnted  scope  fsr  the  display  of 
skill  and  science.  It  is  the  game  on  the  perfectly  level  green 
that  cOQSIitutei  tbe  historical  gime  of  bowls.  Subject  to  tbe 
rale  as  to  the  shortest  distance  to  which  the  jaA  mnsi  be  thrown 
(is  yda.].  there  is  no  prescribed  aiK  for  the  lawn;  but  41  yds. 
square  fnms  *n  ideal  greciL  The  Qneen'i  Park  and  Thwood 
dubi  In  Glasgow  hive  each  three  greens,  and  u  they  can  quite 
comforuUy  pby  ^  rinka  on  each,  Il  is  not  lUicommMi  to  see 
L44  playen  inaking  their  ^me  vnmltanecmaly.  An  tmder- 
_..  ■  .  ._    .    _...■ ,._■.   i ^  jj  jnyoj,^  playiag 


tflrMIoa.  7«c  thsdcnlific  cotis&iicilMKrf  agrees,  the  iriiob 
ground  Riuit  be  eaesvsied  lo  a  depth  of  rB  in.  or  ao,  and 
(horougUy  disined,  and  tayen  of  different  maleriab  (gravel, 
tfnders,  nouldi,  alver-iand)  kid  down  belore  the  final  covering 
Of  turf,  >)  or  3  in.  thick.  Seaside  lurf  is  the  best.  It  wears 
tengst  and  bupa  its  "  apring  "  to  tbe  last.  Surrounding  the 
gteea  ii  a  apace  called  alUtch,  which  is  neatly  but  not  quite 
on  a  l«vel  with  Ike  gretn  and  slopes  gently  away  from  it,  the  aide 
otM  tbe  turf  being  lined  with  boarding,  theditch  itself  bottomed 
whh  wooden  spars  rcstbig  on  the  fomiditioB.  Beyond  the  ditch 
ate  banks  geiierally  hid  with  turf.  A  green  la  divided  into 
apace*  laaiSfy  from  18  to  11  ft.  In  width,  commoniy  styled 
"  rinka''— •  ward  wUch  also  designaieg  each  set  al  pisyeia — 
and  theK  are  moibcced  In  sequence  on  a  plate  &jcd  in  the  bank 
al  eocb  end  ^iposlt*  d»  centre  ol  tbe  space.  Tbe  end  ditch 
within  tbe  Units  ol  the  apace  ta,  according  to  Scottish  hwi, 
regarded  a*  part  of  the  gnen,  a  regulation  which  pRJudices 
the  general  acceptance  of  those  laws.  In  match  [^y  each  space 
il  further  marked  off  from  Its  neighbour  by  thin  stiing;  securely 
fastened  flush  with  the  turf. 

Every  player  uses  four  fifinni  vilai  bowls  !n  sin^e-handed 
gamea  and  (as  a  rale)  in  friendly  games,  but  only  two  in  matches. 
Every  bowl  must  have  a  cettajn  amount  of  bias,  which  wat 
formerly  obtained  by  loading  one  side  with  lead,  but  la  now 
imparted  by  the  turner  making  one  side  more  convex  than  the 
other,  the  bulge  showing  tbe  side  of  the  hiaa.  No  bowl  must 
have  less  than  No.  3  bias — that  is,  it  should  draw  about  6  ft.  to 
a  30  yd.  >ck  on  a  Srat.rate  green ;  it  follows  that  on  an  interior 
green  the  bowler,  though  using  the  same  bowl,  would  have  to 
al)aw  for  a  narrower  draw.  It  is  alto  a  rje  that  tbe  diameter 
of  the  bowl  shall  not  be  leu  than  4)  in.  nor  more  than  jt  in., 
and  that  its  weight  must  not  exceed  jj  lb.  The  jack  or  kitty, 
aa  the  white  earthenware  ball  lo  which  the  bowler  bowls  is  called, 
is  round  and  1)  to  3)  in.  In  diameter.    On  crown-gltcna  It  la 

green.    The  bowler  delivers  his  bowl 


is  also  prescribed  by  rule  aa  14 
1  a  view  to  protetiing  the  green,  AustiL. 
nuch  larger  aiie,  and  tcquiie  the  bowler  to 


.by  Id 

in.,  thoi^h,  I-""-  -    - — ....  -        .     .... 

diibs  employ 

In  theory  the  game  of  bowls  is  very  sim^,  tbe  aim  of  tiM 
player  being  to  roll  his  bowl  so  as  to  cause  it  to  rest  tiearer  to 
the  Jick  than  his  opponent's,  or  to  protect  a  well-^ced  bowl, 
01 10  dislodge  a  better  bowl  than  his  own.  But  in  practice  there 
is  every  opportunity  for  skill.  On  all  good  greens  the  game  is 
played  in  rinka  of  four  a  side,  there  being,  however,  on  the  part 
of  many  Engli&h  dubs  ctUI  an  adherence  to  the  old.fashioned 
nelhod  of  two  and  three  a  aide  rinks.  Ordinarily  a  match  team 
eonaisls  of  four  rinks  ol  four  playcra  each,  or  siatecn  men  In 
all.  Tbe  tour  pfayeia  in  a  rink  are  known  as  the  leader,  second 
player,  third  player  and  skip  (or  driver,  captain  or  director), 
and  thdr  positions,  at  leatt  in  niaichcs,  are  unchangeable. 
Great  responsibility  Is  thus  thrown  on  the  skip  in  th*  ciuMCa 
of  his  players,  who  are  aelectcd  for  wcK-defined  reasons.  Tbe 
leader  has  to  phcc  the  mat,  to  throw  the  Jack,  to  count  the  game, 
and  to  call  the  result  oi  each  end  or  head  to  tbe  skip  who  is  at 
the  other  end  ot  the  green.  He  is  picked  for  his  skill  in  playing 
to  the  jack.  It  is.  therefore,  his  business  10  "  be  up."  There  1) 
no  eicuse  for  short  play  on  his  part,  and  his  bowls  would  be  better 
□S  the  green  than  obstructing  the  path  of  subsequent  bowla. 
So  he  will  endeavour  to  be  "on  the  jadt,"  tiie  Ideal  paajtioa 
being  a  bowl  at  rest  immediatdy  in  front  oi  or  behind  it.  The. 
skip  plays  hut,  and  directs  his  men  from  the  end  that  is  being 
played  to.  Tbe  weakest  pbyer  in  the  four  is  invariably  ptiyed 
in  the  second  place  (the  "  soft  aecond  ").  Moat  Inquently  ha 
will  be  reqnired  either  to  protect  a  good  bow]  or  to  rectify  ■ 
possible  error  of  the  leader,  llis  offidil  duty  is  to  mark  the  game 
on  the  seating  card  when  the  leader  aniwuncea  the  resuli-  Ha 
keqia  a  record  of  the  play  of  both  sides.  The  third  player,  who 
flota  any  laeamriag  that  may  be  Decenary  to  detennlne  wlilcb 
jack,  bold*  almost  a*  mpoaaitile 


3+8 


>  poiiikd  M  ihe  capUfn,  wbou  pUct,  Id  (ict,  be  laka  wbea- 
evtt  the  ikip  ia  tempojirily  Abseni.  Tb«  duiiu  ol  ibe  skip  viU 
Already  be  understood  by  infereDce.  Before  be  letvcs  ibe  jack 
to  play,  ^  iDusI  observe  the  sitiutian  of  the  bowb  ol  botb  sidea. 
Il  may  be  Ihil  be  bas  to  draw  i  shot  with  the  ulUDit  niiety 
to  save  Ibc  End,  or  even  tbe  match,  or  to  lay  a  cuuuogly  cao- 
trived  block,  or  to  "  Gk  "—{hat  ii,  to  deliver  hii  bowl  ilmoM 
dctd  slniEht  at  tbe  object,  with  enoufh  force  to  kill  Ibe  biu 
foi  (be  DiDKient.  Tbe  icote  having  been  counted,  tbe  leader 
then  placa  the  mat,  uiually  nithin  a  yard  of  Ibe  tpot  vbere 
the  jack  lay  at  the  eondusion  ol  the  bead,  and  thlOAI  the  jack 
ID  the  opposite  direction  for  a  freab  end-  On  imall  grtana  play, 
lor  obvious  reasans,  gennally  lale*  plan  from  each  ditch.  The 
ptayen  pLi.y  is  couples— the  Gnt  on  both  lidoi,  theD  the  Kcond 
and  10  on.  The  leader  having  played  hii  first  bowl«  the  oppo«iig 
leader  will  play  hii  fint  and  so  od.  Ai  ■  nile,  a  match  coDiiHi 
II  pnoti,  or  91  ends  (or  a  few  BMTc,  by  agreement). 


BOWNESS-ON-WINDERMERE 

I 


in  Ibe  pi 


mutt  travH  at  lean  ij  vd(.  (roan  the  looln  and  nM  came  to  mt 
within  3  yds.  of  eiiher  tide  boundsryi  bvl  il  may  be  thnvn  at  lar 
beyond  thit  a*  the  lader  chantet.  provided  thai  it  don  nM  run 
within  J  ydt.  of  the  end  diieb  or  alba  Mt  boundary.  In  Egglitb 
practice  the  leader  i>  egtilled  to  a  lecand  Ihro*  il  he  fail  to  loU  a 


B 

B 

V 

I   iFi   I  I EL 


Fio.  a. 


JfL 


JZL 


eFtitbe 
d  he  ItO  again,  tl 

OnScotll^  greeni  the'teader  hai  only  a  tingle  thnw.  I 
thnuld  not  be  interfered  with  ekcfpt  by  the  coune  of  pla 
jack  be  driven  lowordt  the  tide  bouridary,  it  it  kgit 
I.:.  , — ,  .-  J —  --iitide  il  the  divit 


provided  that  wli 
ol  it.  thTbo^l  h 


hettationary  . . 

railed  Jack  or  played  bowlt. 

inm  »c^  and'^ 


*^ 


it  hat  ceated  runni  _ 
own  ipace.  II  it  itop  on  Ihe  ttrini, 
dead  and  mun  be  removed  to  lb 
a  cbanccerittic  ol  tbe  Scollith  nm 


running  jackvunU  touch  the  JaCfc,  however  tiightly,  il 
toucher  and  mutt  be  marked  by  the  tkip  with  adulkcroit 
It  at  reit.    Such  ■  bowl  b  alive  until  the  end  ii  Gniifaed 
■nay  Ik,  within  Ihe  Hnhaof  the  tpaoE.     Even  if  it  run  un„,~_, 
ar£edriveninbyaiwiberbowl,itwiliyctcauntaiaUve.    Abo 
however,  that  it  forced  at  to  the  jack  by  anolhef  ia  not  a  touch 
Tbe  feat  ol  Mldng  Ibe  jack  it  to  common  that  il  regHy  calU 
.rio  taecbl  reward-     Differenceof  opinion  prevalli  at  Id thecondili 
•(  the  lack  after  it  hat  been  driven  inlo  tbe  ditch.    According 
ScottiA  rule*,  unba  it  hat  been  forced  chan  out  d  boundi,  w. 
a  jack  u  Hill  alive-    On  moat  English  jpecni  it  it  a  "  dead  "jack  a 
the  end  void.     Every  bowler  ihould  bam  both  forehand  and  bai 
hand  phiy-    In  forehand  play  the  bowl  at  it  coum  1o  Ihe  ie 
detcrlbet  lit  legnKnl  ol  a  circle  on  the  right,  in  backhand  pi 
on  the  left.    In  bodi  ilyiet  tbe  biaicd  Ma  mute  alwayi  he  i 

In  the  united  Kingdom  the  regular  bawling  leann  eilendi  In 
May  day  IHI  Ihe  end  ol  September  or  the  middle  of  October.  Ai 
dov  the  green  mual  be  caiefully  cumlned,  weedi  uprooled,  Wl 
patchet  rt-turftd.  nod  the  whole  laid  under  a  winta  Idanket 


Fio.  l— Trailing. 
Footer,  B  (he^owl,  J  tbe  Jack.) 

or  trailing  the  jade  over  the  fronl 
reccivct  one  ^nt.     [nnocjifen>ii>»* 
cr  the  temicircle  croned  by  tl 
ititimt  (hg.  a),  two  bowli  an  L 

iaplaeedtafraktof  them.  i^in.aDartfn.     

poailion  ol  tbe  apex  of  aa  invenedpyiwnid.  The  player  wi 
Ibe  jack  into  the  dhdt  between  ike  two  bowlt  tcoret  Ihret.  h  nc 
movn  the  jack,  bul  does  not  carry  il  tbioinli  to  the  <Gleh.  he  tcoKa 
two.  II  be  paia  between  the  jack  and  eitiwr  bowl  he  scorea  oot, 
althoo^  k  It  But  eaqi  la  tee  nat  dfiving  he  baadaae.  The  ^'tval 
bowl  muat  inell  run  Into  the  ditch  without  touching  eiths  of  tbe 
auiionary  bowk.  It  it  obiriaui  that  the  poinu  game  demandi  so 
ideally  perlcci  giten. 

S«  W.  W.  Mitchell,  JIaaaaJ  ^  Bati-tlayint  fClawiw,  IgMi 
lam  If  Iht  Sow  iuMd  ir  lit  SaOiik  BJI.  (iSu.  et  tqq.);  M.  J. 
Dingley,  reactcri  and  Rubt  (Claiviw.  i«g^i  Sam  Xyhrin,  Tit 
Cntue  Arl  a/SfWine.  with  iftdiaarami  (London,  iwu):  lamei  A. 
Wvvm,  Tit  Beultr'i  HanJlmkiLoDdao,  1^).  Q.KW.i 

B0WHESS4)1I-W]1IDERIU!BB,  aa  urban  district  m  the 
Appleby  parliamentary  division  of  Wsilmoriand,  England,  on  the 
east  shore  ol  Windeimere,  il  m.  S.W.  of  Wiadeimere  (UUoa  on 
the  London  &Noith-Wcitern  railway.  Ti^ctber  with  Ihe  town 
oi  Windermere  it  forms  an  urban  dislrict  (pop.  jo6i  i] 


is£ne. 


te-abore  here  rising  sharply,  while  at  (his  point 
n  and  is  ituddcd  with  ii^ndt.  Tbe  low  lurmunding  hiU> 
hly  wooded,  and  a  number  of  counlry  seats  stand  upon 
Bowneu  liea  at  the  bead  of  a  small  bay,  is  tcryed  by 
U-tlcamen  of  Ibe  Funica  Railway  Compaiiy,  ao^  4i  ■ 


BOWRING— BOX 


bvooiite  jichUnK  bMiiac,  ttUa§  utd  Modit  omln.    Tha 
chiucti  ol  St  Uutin  ■>  «Ddent,  *mI  conuiu  tUiiicd  iUb  iioB 
CuUncl  pnuy  io  Funen.    (See  Wumuiiu.] 
UVHUM,  SIB  JOHK  (i]9i-iS7>),  Eoglah  linguit,  political 

17th  ol  Octolxc  1791,  of  in  old  PuiiUn  fUDily.  In  euly  lilc  bi 
came  imdcr  Ihc  iaBuencc  e(  JcRDiy  Binlham.  Ha  did  not, 
bo«(v«,ituitc  hu  mulcc')  coDLcmpt  loc  UUtiJdtnt,  but  via  a 
dilifcnt  Mudeut  of  Ulcratuie  and  foicifn  '"yt**.  eipecUlly 
(hoM  of  eulem  Eutope.  Ai  a  liniuiM  he  tanked  villi  Heoo- ' 
fanti  and  von  Cabelenti  axoag  the  peatcst  ol  ibe  vorid.  The 
fint-lnliu  <d  liii  itudy  of  foni|D  litentnn  a[9eued  in  Specimtnt 
(/Aliitajdui><Kli[iS9i-iSi3).  nBHWenqxadilytoUawcd 
by  Balaaaa  AMulety  (1S14),  ^acinW  PMry  and  Ktmtntti  >/ 
Span  (iSi4].£f«iiMu  ej  On  Pitiik  Ptdi,  and  StnioKPtmlar 
Fotuy.boih'iBiSij.  During  thia  period  be  bcfaa  (a  coDitiliai* 
to  tie  newly  founded  tCufiniuMr  Kaitm,  od  *bkb  be  wm 
appointed  edilor  in  1S15.  By  bia  cuUritmlloBa  lo  tbe  RtfUrn 
he  obliined  cnnlderable  repntatioB  n  political  acenomiit  and 
pacIiaiBeniacy  ictotraet.  He  advealid  ia  Ita  pafO.tlie  can* 
ol  free  Uide  long  beforg  it  ma  populaiized  by  Rkbaid  Cobdeo 
and  John  Bcigbl.  He  pleaded  carnally  in  behalf  of  pulia- 
mcBtiiy  nform,  Caiiulic  eBujicipation  and  popular  cdscallon. 
In  iSiS  he  viiiled  HoUind.  where  Ihe  univenity  of  Gnainctn 
CODfeired  on  him  the  degree  of  doctor  of  lava.  In  the  following 
year  he  was  in  Denmark,  preparing  iorthe  pubLicatiaD  el  a  G0lleD< 
lion  of  Scandinavian  poetiy.  Baaning,  «bo  bad  bean  the  tnitlad 
[hend  of  Bentham  durinc  bis  hit,  was  appra'DUd  bia  litnaiy 
caecDloi,  and  vat  chacged  with  tka  tatll  of  pupaiioi  a  ccUected 
edition  pf  bia  woika.  Tltii  appeared  ia  deven  votunm  in  1B41. 
HeanwhUe  Bowiing  had  entend  paiUament  In  iljj  at  BMmbei 
lor  Kihnaowcki  and  in  (he  following  year  he  was  ajqioinled 
kcad  id  a  govenunent  comniiaaion  to  be  aeni  to  France  to  inquin 
into  Ihe  actiul  aule  ol  conunerce  between  Ihe  two  counliiea. 


Cammona.  Aller: 
Itom  i&tt  lill  iSw  la  member  for  Bolton.  During  this  bnay 
period  be  found  leisiue  for  liteialUR,  and  publtahed  ia  tSu  a 
Ira  Rslation  ol  the  i^oaiucri/l  </ lb  Qwcii't  Caan,  a  ooUectian  of 
old  Bofaemiin  lyrics,  lie.  In  1S4P  be  wa*  appealed  Biitiah 
consul  at  Canloo.  and  lUperiDlendi  .    .     ~.  ■ 

whicb  he  held  for  fout  yeaia.  Afie 
Uiaadf  aa  an  advocate  ol  the  dec 
a  work  entitled  Tin  Daimal  Sjotow  m  Namicri,  Ceiiu  and 
Att*aiits  (1S54).  IheintiDductiDn  tl  the  florin  a*  a  preparaiory 
aup  was  chic^  due  to  bis  eSoitt.  Knighted  in  1S54,  he  waa 
again  sent  Ibe  lame  yeai  to  HoDg-KoDg  as  govonoi,  invested 
with  the  aivreme  miUtaiy  and  naval  paver.  It  was  dodng  his 
gnvcmonhip  that  a  dispute  broke  out  with  tbe  Chincie-,  and  tbe 
niution  caused  by  bis  "  tviiited  "  «  high-handed  policy  bd 
Is  thi  fecond  vai  vith  China.  In  iSjj  be  visited  Sian,  "' 
BgotiaWd  with  the  king  a  tn*ty  of  commeree.  After  then 
he  ytan  o(  service  be  retired  and  ncdved  a  pention.  His  last 
employment  by  the  XngKih  government  waa  as  1  commiaaioner 
to  Italy  in  1861,  to  report  on  British  coiUMrda]  relations  with 
tbe  new  kingdom.  Sir  John  Boviing  suloequently  accepted 
the  apprantment  ol  minister  plen^tentiary  and  env" 
ordioaty  from  the  Hawaiian  government  to  Ihe  couria  1 
■^  in  this  capacity  negotistcd  treaties  with  Belgium 
Ilaly,  Spain  and  Swiixerland.  In  addition  to  the  wot! 
■amed  be  pubUskd—Aelry  c/  At  Uagyan  Itiijo};  Ckakiait 
Jmlkaltty  (l8j"):  Tke  Kmfdom  aiid  Puflt  0}  5ian(i8S7); 
a  naiBlatko  of  FOer  ScUtmM  (liu);  translations  f^In  Ihe 
HnD^riaBpoet,AleiBndnPeiafi(tS66)^  and  various  plmphkta. 
Be  vaa  elected  F.R.S.  and  F.R.G.S.,  and  received  tbe  decHra- 
lioos  of  sev«ia]  foreign  orden  ol  knighthood.  Uc  died  at  Clare- 
mom,  neaiEiefer,  on  the  IJidof  November  1S71.  H!»  valuable 
mllcelion  of  coleopleia  vu  presented  to  the  Britiib  Muuuin  by 
fa  second  son,  Levin  Bowiing,  a  vell-knom  Anglo-Iodian 
idBinisttator:  and  hi*  tblid  aon,  E.  A.  Bovring,  member  ol 


349 

.  . .       EietaF  (ma  iWS  in  iBt^i  baeane  bum  In  tb 

liletniy  vorld  as  an  able  UanaUtor. 

Sir  John  fioviiiig'a  jbcdtotinu  vtn  edited  by  Lewin  Bavriet 
(d.  IJI^B  l»77- 

atcbitectttie  for  a  round  or 
of  "  boltd."  vhicfa  it 
prabaUy  tbe  dibdnmiv*  o(  "  bolt,"  the  shA  of  an  anow  at 
javeUa.  A"io*lng"bovtaUiiODairiHCbia>MtiiptheBidcof  a 
bench  end  and  nmnda  Gnlal.  the  lenn  "  roving  "  being  appbid  to 
that  which  loUowa  the  Um  of  a  curve, 

"  {1U3-171?),  fiagUsh  pelBtn,  waa  been 
in  iW3,appientkedtDapiiittarIniarg,iaadeallverynianollbt 
StalioBen'  CoBpany  ia  1700,  and  nominated  aa  one  of  the 
twtnty  piintaaalloiiNdby  thaStaiCbattber.  He  vaa  burned 
satin  UkogtcatGnoliTia.bttt  hit  ka  vaa  partly  made  good  by 

UblattnStatioMrs'HaII,andini7ijhenturDedtabis White-  . 
friu*  shop  and  becaoK  tbe  leading  printer  of  bia  day.  He  diedon 
'"k  ijth  of  Dccenber  iTjy. 
Hb  aon,  WnutH  Sown*  <iAm-TT7v].  waa  bom  In  Loidon 
I  the  19th  ot  Detcmbei  1699.  He  vat  educated  at  St  JiAn'i 
College,  Cambridge,  and  in  1711  bOmaoa  partner  in  his  laibcr't 
buunesa.  In  I7i9h*vatappainudpdnlar  ol  the  voleo  of  the 
of  Commons,  and  in  I7j6  printer  to  lbs  Soidety  of  Anti- 
I,  of  which  be  wai  dacled  a  fdlov  in  1731-  ia  1737  hd 
took  aa  apprentico  John  Nlchola,  iriio  vaa  to  be  Ut  ancnssot 
aad  biognpher.  In  i;6i  Bowyec  became  prima  to  Ihe  Royal 
Sodety,  andio  i767piinteiof^n>UtaftheHauteofLord>aDd 
tbe  Journals  of  ihe  House  otCommoas.  He  died  on  the  ijth  ol 
November  1777,  leaving  iinfiniibfd  a  muaber  of  laiga  vorta  and 


. .  .  tracts  and  pampblets,  edited,  amnged  ud  publiihed  a 
boat  of  booka,  bat  perhapi  bia  priacipal  wok  vat  an  editioa  el 
tbo  NcwTeRaracMIn  Ci<dt,vUhMtca,  His^naooabcquealt 
In  lavoor  ol  Ut  own  piDfeMiaa  areadmiidstaBd  t^  theStationenf 
Congiaoy.olwliidi  ha  became  aUveiyman  In  r7jS,  and  in  vhoae 
baU  is  Ua  portrait  bust  and  a  r*^"i'"g  ol  hit  father.  He  vas 
knovaas"  Ibflrarwd  printer." 

MX  l<k.  ai(M,  It.  Inu,  box-woad;  d.  vl^,  a  pyi), 
the  mnt  varied  ol  all  tacqitadea.  A  boa  may  be  iqnaie,  oblong, 
toaad  0(  oval,  «(  of  ai 


eoctho 


l^ncatGh,luq»orIodL    Wbatvicc  Itaabape or 
material  of  vhkb-it  ia  lathinied.  It  is  the  dbcc*  d 
of  IbadtMiOWofthemMtaa  ' 


o  many  objecta  of  artlBtie  a  ai 


adjective,  haa  been  gii 

Of  the  bom  vUcb  . 
'"—"*"•"  ptnpoBc  tbe  fendnine  vork-box  it  tbe  commoncat. 
It  It  uiutlly  fitted  with  a  tny  divided  into  many  imall  cdb- 
partmenta,  fdt  needles,  reels  of  ailk  and  cotton  and  other 
neceaaiim  of  stitcbciy.  Hw  date  df  iit  inimdnction  It  in'coik' 
tiderable  doubt,  but  I7th-antury  eiimpkct  have  come  dewa 
to  us,  frith  covers  of  ailk,  stitched  with  beads  and  adorned  vith 
embroideTy.  In  the  iSth  century  no  lady  vaa  without  her 
work-box,  audf  especially  in  the  tecond  half  of  that  periodf 
much  taste  and  elaborate  palna  vere  expended  upon  tbe  case, 
vbich  was  olten  exceedingly  dainty  and  elegant,  flicse  boxes 
arc  ordinarily  portable,  but  sometimes  form  the  tt^of  a  table. 

But  it  13  at  a  receptacle  for  tnofl  thtt  tbe  box  has  taken  itt 
moat  distinguished  and  artistic  [orm.  Tbe  anufl-boi,  which  it 
now  little  more  than  a  chirmiDg  rehoof  a  ditagieeabit  piactice, 
.Wat  throughout  the  larger  put  of  the  iSIb  ceatinry  the  indit- 
pensablc  compsmon  of  every  man  of  birth  and  bmding.  It 
long  survived  bb  siKsd,  and  was  in  fnquent  use  until  nearly 
the  middle  of  the  icjlh  century.  The  jeweller,  the  enameller 
and  the  artist  bestoved  Infinite  pains  upon  what  was  (luite  as 
often  a  deUcate  bijou  si  a  piece  of  utility;  fops  and  great 
personages  poaaetied  numbot  of  inuH-boxes,  rich  and  mora 
ordinary,  their  selection  being  regulated  by  their  drtta  aivl  by 
thcrdailvesplcndoBtef  the  occtBon.     Fioin  lb*  cbeapeat  vood 


that  MM  «idUUc--<t  BM  tlBM  poUto-ptilp  wu  tiUMlvoIy 

uwd— to  1  Itldu  o[  gold  encucd  with  diimondt,  ■  tml  VKTitiy 
of  Diateruh  wu  cinployed,  Torloite-lhtU  wi4  ■  ftvoimte, 
ind  owinf  to  iu  limpid  lusire  ii  wi*  ticMdingly  eflMiive. 
Moihcr-ol-pe*tl  wu  ilio  uud,  togMhcr  with  lilvn,  ui  lunMunl 
■  ■   ■     Cmily  1  ■  ■  ■  ■  ...... 


...  %  Talityrand  «- 

phined— they  found  i  ccmnonioiu  pinch  to  tc  >  uMful  aid  lo 
icflcction  lo  •  biulneu  inttrvjcw,  or  beaux  nHHurtlH  niiinrd 
the  hlbit  oF  bnlowing  muff-boiei  upon  imtuiudan  icd  other 
intennedliria,  vbo  could  not  well  be  honoured  in  any  other 
viy.  It  is.  Indeed,  lo  the  catuien  of  the  hibil  of  inuB-uUng 
.  tfailwiDuy  trace  muibof  modtm  bviihaesi  to  the  diilribution 
of  decontloni.  To  be  invited  to  Uke  ■  pinch  from  i  monarch'! 
inuS-boi  wu  ■  diiiinction  aJmosi  cqulvilnit  to  having  one'i 
ear  puUcd  by  Napalcon.  Al  the  corotuition  of  Gtorie  IV.  of 
England,  Mam  Rundtll  It  Bridit,  the  court  jewelkn,  were  paid 

boi  ii  no  longer  used  it  ia  collected  by  wealthy  amatcun  or  de- 
poiited  in  muieumi,  and  opedally  (ttiilic  eianipl«  command 
brge  inna.  Cencgi,  duke  of  Cunbridge  (181^1904),  pcaaened 
u  inpDttaat  coUectlon;  a  Louia  XV.  gold  box  wai  vAi  by 

A  jewcl-boi  is  a  receptacle  la  IiinketL  It  may  t*ke  >  vet; 
modcat  form,  covered  in  leather  and  lined  with  u tin.  orll  may 
tiach  the  monumental  proporliou  of  the  Jewel  cabiuti  which 
mrt  made  for  Uitle  Antoinette,  one  al  which  la  at  Wtadior, 
■nd  (Mlhet  al  Venoilic*,  tb*  warit  of  Schwtrdleger  aa  cabinet- 
nakcr.  Dcgauk  u  minittiire-polnle'i  u>d  Thoodn  n  chaser. 

A  aufng-boi  la  a  lecepuwk  loi  money,  dwdi  and  lecntfiiei. 
Ilaplacehai  been  taken  in  modem  lif*  by  (he sale.  Someofthcae 
which  have  lutvived,  guch  ai  that  of  Sir  Thoma  Bodley  in  the 
flodlelan  Ubiaiy,  poNCM  lodu  with  an  txlmnelj  rlaboratt 
mechanism  tonltived  in  Lhe  under-sid*  of  the  lid. 

The  knife-boiisoneol  the  most  chaimiig  ol  the  mimir  (deces 
lo  the  anisiic  tasffc  and  mecbaotcal 
'  oI  the  Engiiih  cabinet- makers  ol  the  lut  quaner  of 
UK  latn  century.  Some  of  the  moat  elegant  were  the  woiL  of 
Adam,  Hepplewhite  and  Shenton.  Occasionally  Sal-topped 
boiea,  they  were  meat  frequently  either  vue-ihaped.  or  tall  and 
Darrov  with  a  sloping  lid  necessitated  hy  a  series  of  rmived  stages 
for  cKbibiting  the  handles  of  knives  and  the  bowls  of  spoons- 
Mahogany  and  satinwood  were  the  wooda  most  frequently  cm- 
ployed,  And  they  were  occasionatly  inlaid  with  marqoeterie 
or  edged  with  boiwood.  Tbttt  gtaicelul  tereptadet  aiill  eiiii 
in  lotge  nvmbera;  they  an  often  couvntid  into  aiaiionery 

The  Bible-box,  usuaQyof  the  i;thceatu>y,  but  now  and  again 
nore  ancient.  prebtUy  obuined  iti  name  from  the  tact  that  it 
m»  of  a  aiic  10  hold  a  huge  Bible.  It  often  hu  *  carved  or 
incised  lid. 

The  powder-boT  and  the  paich-bu  were  respectively  re- 
ceptaclce  for  the  powder  and  the  paldiea  of  the  itib  century; 
the  foimct  wai  the  diretl  ancestor  of  ibe  pufl-boi  of  the  modem 
drsNng-lable. 

The  Hui  i)  ■  cylindriaJ  box  at  cue  of  very  nrioua  maletiah, 
often  of  pleuingihapeoiadoimoent,  hn  holding  sewing  materials 
or  small  articles  of  feminine  uw-    It  wu  warn  on  the  chktelaine. 

BOZma  (M.E.  box.  a  blow,  probably  f  mm  Din.  bmk,  *  buffet), 
the  art  of  attack  and  defence  with  the  Bsu  ptDiected  by  padded 
glovci,  u  distinguished  from  pugilism,  in  which  the  buc  bsts, 
or  some  kind  of  light  glovea  a£ording  little  modoatjon  ol  the 
bJow.  arc  employed.  The  Ancient  Greeks  used  a  tort  of  glove 
in  piBcLice,  but,  dthaugb  br  leis  formidable  than  the  terrible 

an  implement  ai  the  modem  boabig-glovei  the  faivention  of  which 
h  ttadilionally  aictibed  lo  Jack  Broi    ' 
Itlher  ol  British  pugtlin."    laaoy 


In  his  time,  though  only  Id  pnctlce.  HR  pite^fi^ti  bebx  dertM 
wiih  bare  ^U.  Bnughton,  who  was  fot  yean  champion 
of  England,  also  drew  up  the  ruin  by  which  priie-fights  weK 
fot  many  yean  regulated,  and  no  doubi,  with  ihe  hdp  of  ibc 
newly  invented  gloves,  iniparted  instruction  in  baling  to  the 
young  arlstociata  of  hia  day.  The  most  pi^ular  leadier  of  Ihe 
artwal,  however,  John  Jackson  {i76fl-iBj5),  called"  Gentleman 
Jackton,"  who  wu  champion  from  170s  10  rSoo,  and  who  is 
credited  with  Imparting  to  boiing  ita  scientific  prfnciptei.  such 
u  countering,  accunle  Judging  ot  dlsunce  fn  hilling,  and 
agilHy  on  Ihe  feet.  Tom  Moore,  the  poet,  in  his  Uimtin, 
awnied  that  Jackton  "  made  more  than  a  thousand  a  year 
by  teaching  spatting."  Among  his  pupils  was  fjjtd  Byton,  who, 
tchen  chlded  far  keeping,  coin  piny  with  a  pugihst.  insiited  that 
Jackson's  mannen  were  "  inlinllely  supnior  to  those  of  Ihe 
feUows  of  the  coUege  whom  V  meet  at  the  high  taUe."  end 
referred  to  him  in  the  follDWlng  lines  in  Hiiili  /rns  Hortii:— 
icIIsH  in  eichanglng  bnorU 


otojacl 


n  the 


ciowfled  with  men  of  birth  and 

fi  monarchs  visited  London  he 

management  ol  a  boiing  carnival  with 

"      S14  the  Pugilislic  Oob. 

•ponlng   e' 


which  they  wete  vully  pleased. 

formed,  but  the  hl^waier  matt  of  the  populaiily  nt  boiing 
had  been  reached,  and  it  decUrKd  rapidly,  although  Ihrsnghoat 
Ihe  country  considerable  interest  cimtinacd  to  be  muilfcated 
In  prlie-ightlng. 

The  xpaa  of  modem  bo:dng,  u  distingulibed  fmn  pntiltiin, 
may  be  said  to  date  from  the  yur  iB»6,  when  the  public  had 
beconw  disgusted  with  the  brutality  and  trerlair  practice*  af  the 
profiKlonil  "  bnu9tn,"  and  the  laws  againil  priae-Gghiing 
begin  10  be  more  t«ldly  enforced.  In  that  year  the  "  Aoialeiir 
Aihletie  Club  "  wu  founded,  pifnclpaHy  through  the  tSon% 
(rf  John  G.  Chimbci*(ig4]-iR8jl.who,  inconjuncitoBwIihllM 
1th  marqueia  of  Quectilberry,  drew  up  «  code  of  laws  (known 
u  the  Qneeniberry  Kulesi  which  goutm  all  glove  coqieMa  in 
Great  Britain,  and  were  alio  anthoriUtivc  In  America  until 
the  adoption  of  the  boxing  rules  of  the  Anuleur  Aihletie  Union 
of  America.  In  1S67  Lord  Quecnsberry  preseiited  cupa  for  tb« 
Biitlth  anuleur  championships  at  the  rccognlad  weights. 

Forttiehi  --        ■-     ■'■ 


modem  priEC-£ghtlng  se 
3f  boxing  cotiteata  are  in  ^ 


jgue,  that  (on  limiird  number  ol 
.mpiomhips)  and  ihaifof  ondunnce, 
In  wnien  tl;e  one  wtiO  cinnol  continue  the  £ght  loses.  Endurance 
contests,  which  oonubi  Ibi  eiacnllat  element  of  the  old  priic- 
fighti,  are  no«i  indulged  in  only  by  profeasionata.     Amonn 

Ihe  impoHance  placed  upon  bnile  aiieBgth,  and  the  prevailing 
ambition  of  the  modern  boxer  to  "  knock  out  "  hIa  opponent, 
I,  reduce  him  to  a  state  ol  liBeiiiibilily.    Even  In  j-round 


therelo 


.s,  ft  It  nt 


in  practice  to  strike  a  daaed  arul  reeling  adversary 
I  Heavy  t^w  Willi  a  view  10  ending  the  batt^it  once.  Duiint 
Ibe  annual  banng  compiiilions  between  Oxford  and  Cambridge 
more  ihin  half  Ihe  bouts  have  been  known  to  end  in  this  manner. 
Undoubtedly  the  ptetiiesl  boiing  ii  seen  when  two  moi  pro- 
ficient in  the  art  indulge  in  a  practice  bout — ot  "sparring." 

Bonne  Is  the  art  ol  hitting  without  gelling  hii.  Tlw  boicia 
face  each  other  just  out  of  reach  and  balanced  equally  on  both 
feet,  the  kfl  from  10  to  10  in.  in  advance  ol  Ihe  right.  The  left 
fool  is  plinlcd  Bat  on  the  door;  while  the  right  hnel  is  i«faed 
slightly  from  It.  Tlie  left  side  of  the  body  is  lui»d  •  lillle 
towanb  the  opponent  and  the  right  shoulder  slightly  deprtased. 
When  the  hands  ate  clenched  inside  the  gkivei  the  thumb  li 


id  third  fir 


a  sprain 


hitting.  The  general  pojiiion  ot  the  gnard  k  a  matter  of  in-' 
dividual  tute.  In  the  "  crouch."  aSected  by  many  Ametian 
profeiBionala,  the  right  hip  is  thrust  foTward  and  the  body  bent 
Dvst  towardj  tho  tigiit,  while  the  tall  ana  ft  kepi  wtQ  ttnuked 


Boxina 


35« 


vwr,  Uicba  m  betinocr  lay  olhcr  Ihaa  (he  upiigbt  poiilian. 
SoiH  boicn  iIiDd  with  the  righl  tool  fsmrd,  *  pnclkc 
csniBOn  in  Uk  lElh  nnliuy,  obkh  gives  fiai  play  »ilh  tht 
ilstil  hiuid  bui  ii  nihn  unttable.  A  boict  ibould  lUuid  Ughily 
oa  hn  i«l,  rndy  to  idvance  or  tcltmi  on  ihc  iiuuut,  mtag  sfacitt 
■Up*,  ■dvancinf  with  itx  kfi  [oot  fiiat  and  retruiing  with  th« 
nglhi.  Attacks  are  eitim  liinple  or  KKondaiy,  Simple  at  tacka 
conabt  la  araf^t  kul^  u-  blavi  aimed  wilb  or  vithaut  pre- 
linunaTy  Mnta,  at  aociC'  part  of  the  oppoHnt^a  body  or  hea± 
AJlotherattickaaR  cither  "  counlcn"  or  retuma  alter  a  guard 
or  "  block."  A  counter  ia  ■  lead  cairied  out  ^1  ai 
uucked.  the  ab>ect  beinf  to  block  (pairy)  the  blow  amd 
the  opponcnl  at  the  aaine  tiinc.  Countera  are  often  can 
in  CDancxiou  with  a  aidc-Btet>.  a  sLiP  oi  a  crooch.  la  hi 
boxn  ateka  lo  ant  i 
Blowi  majF  be  cither  _  , 
body  behuid  them  O'alnighl  liom  the  ahoudcr"  hila);  jabs, 
■hon  blowi  (iBOalty  with  the  left  hand  when  it  doM  qmnen): 
hooka,  otaidc4)l(im  with  bent  aim;  upper  cuti  (thori  iwinging 
blowifrem  beneath  te  the  advenary's  chin);  chopa  (dwn  Uowt 
froai  iboTe);  punchci  (uniilly  at  disc  quartnt.  with  the 
right  han<l)i  or  iwingt  (lound-ana  btowi,  tnnally  ddivtrcd 
wilb  a  panial  twin  of  the  body  ta  tuEimnl  the  tare*  of  the 
blow).  Of  the  dangcrou  blowt,  whiiji  oiien  mult  in  a  knoct- 
•al,  or  in  acrjanily  weakening  an  advemry,  the  following  niay 
be  maitionedi— on  the  pit  of  the  itomach,  oitled  the  loUr 
plenu,  from  the  lenaitive  network  of  nerves  liluated  there;  * 
blow  on  the  point  of  the  chin,  having  a  tendency  aUghlly  to 
pAfaljne  the  btain;  a  blow  under  the  ear.  painful  and  often 
icsulting  in  partial  helpleBncss;  and  one  directly  over  the  heart, 
kidney  or  liver.  Aa  a  boaer  ii  allowed  ten  icconda  after  being 
tnacked  down  in  which  lo  rise,  an  eiperienced  rin^lghler  will 
drop  on  one  knee  when  partially  itunned,  remaining  in  thai 
pocilion  ia  order  to  recover  until  the  refettc  has  counted  nine. 

Guarding  ia  done  wilb  the  arm  or  hand,  either  open  or  ahui. 
II  m  blow  is  taught  or  stuped  ihort  iI  ia  called  Ueiimi,  but 
a  blow  may  alio  be  ihoved  aiide,  or  avoided  altogether  by 
slitfifil.  iJ,  moving  the  head  quickly  to  one  side,  or  by  ducking 
and  alkrwing  the  adverury^  swing  Co  pass  harnlenty  over 
the  head.  Still  another  method  ol  avoiding  a  blow  without 
guarding  is  to  bend  back  the  head  or  body  ao  aa  atrrowly  to 
eacape  the  opponent's  glove. 

The  rules  of  the  Amateur  Boxing  Auoclalion  (founded  1^84) 
conisin  the  f  blowing  pri>vifiona.  "An  amateur  ia  one  who  hai 
■ever  cocoptttd  lor  t  money  'priae  or  staked  bet  with  or  agaimt  a 
professional  for  any  priie,  eictpt  with  theeipieu  sanction  of  the 
A.B.A.,  and  who  has  never  taught,  punBed  or  assiittd  in  the 
piaclice  of  athletic  eierciscs  aa  a  means  of  obtaining  a  liveli- 
hood." Theringsballberopedandbetweeniland  wlt.KJuare. 
No  spike*  shall  be  worn  co  abacs.  Boxers  are  divided  inls  the 
following  dasscs  by  weight:— Bantam,  not  exceeding  8  St.  4  lb 
<ii6  lb);  Peatber,  not  exceeding  9  su  (lift  lb)i' Light,  not 
cstecding  10  si.  (140  lb);  Middle,  not  exceeding  11  st.  4  lb  (ij8 
ft);  and  Heavy,  any  weight  above.  There  shall  be  two  judges, 
a  refekre  and  a  timekeeper.  The  votes  of  the  judges  decide  the 
winner  of  a  bout,  unless  they  disagree,  in  which  case  the  referee 
has  the  deciding  vote.  In  case  of  doubt  he  miy  order  an  extra 
round  of  I  wo  rninutcs'  duration.  Each  match  is  for  three  rounda, 
the  first  two  luiing  Ihret  minulea  and  Ihc  third 


impetitor  faillBg  lo 


natch.    Whi 

a  bye  he  Diusl  boi  [or  a  spedried  time  with  an  opponent  chosen 
by  the  judici.  A  competitor  is  allowed  one  aaiistant  (second) 
only,  Biid  no  tdviee  or  coaching  during  the  progms  of  a  round  is 
pcnnilled.  Unless  one  onnpttiior  i«  unable  to  respond  to  the 
call  of  time,  or  is  oUiged  te  slop  before  the  match  is  over,  the 
judfC*  decide  the  winnei  by  foiitli.  which  are  lot  allotk.  com- 
piBins  nKccaalul  hila  dennly  delivered,  «nd  delence.  comprising 
guarding,  dipping,  ducking,  counler-hiiting  and  gelling  away  in 
time  ID  avcnd  a  return.  Whet,  the  points  are  equal  the  decisian 
B  Byen  in  fiVDUi  of  the  boici  who  haa  done  Ibr  most  leading,  i.e. 


laa  beat  (be  nan  aare**!**.'  FMb  >n  hiltlag  bdow  the 
idt,  kickiDg.  bitting  iriih  the  apen  hand,  the  side  of  the  hand, 
he  wrist,  elbow  or  ihouldir,  wnaiUng  or  "  toughing  "  00  the 
opes,  I.e.  unBeaSBUy  sbdolderhig and  fottling. 
The  boxing  rule*  of  the  American  Amateur  Alhktie  Aaaoda- 
ItheBritiah.    Tlie  ring  b  roped  but  m 


Clov 


otbewon 


Sot.inweighL  The  recognised dass 
loj  lb  and  under;  Feather,  iij  lb  and  under;  Light,  13;  lb 
>nd  ander;  Wdier,  tij  lb  and  tmder;  Middle,  ijS  Ih  and  under; 
and  Heavy,  over  ijS  lb.  Tbe  rule*  for  ofUdals  and  rounds  art 
idtnticsl  with  the  Brrlish,  excepi  that  only  in  final  bouts  does  the 
lajiroundlmfourminutes.  Two"»econds  "areaUowed.  The 
rules  tor  points  and  foub  coindde  with  the  Bi^ttsh.  TTm  amateur 
rules  art  very  ilrlct,  and  any  one  who  compeles  In  a  boxing 
contnt  of  more  thu  four  mndi  ii  nnpended  from  membeishlp 
in  the  Athletic  AnedstioB. 
dmtry  of  nrnu  not  mcotloHd  above^-Bntat  amaj,  to  get  away 

mcD^icck.    BriA'pmi.  retire  diagamny  10  lizht  or  left.  ^Uct- 

"ring."ln  which  the  bmrsrescbetiRen  ihcreantJi.  '  Cnss-isnK^itr, 
a  blow  b  which  tb*  right  or  kit  an  CHHia  IhM  of  the  idvmary 
a*  he  leads  of ;  the  aim  is  atlghtl*  c«rv«d  to  m  raund  that  t4  tbe 
opponent  but  is  atralghtmed  at  ibc  BoaiHU  ol  unpsct.  diatkit^ 
grappling  alter  au'enhange  of  blowi;  when  breaking  from  a  rlirvih 
one  Tr^  to  pin  the  adversary's  hsiida  in  or^-r  i»  nrt^nr  "  """■ 

an  appwnl  eB«h«  Into  maUne  u  IWii 

prepared,    ^jufisf,  forward  and  bacli  bl... .. 

the  begioning  ri  t  round,  a  part  of  sparrint  for  an  -« — .    .  — .- 

unrt.  tlie  manner  In  which  a  boier  use*  hisjeet.  In-jSlulmt.  boiim 
at  vrry  doH  quarters.  Hark,  ibe  pit  <(  (he  itaaiiiA.  AiHU^ 
•vi'V'9  .qoickly  to  oee  side  M  avoid  ■  blow,  th»  novrneiK  taiog 
iwialTy  roUowed  up  by  a  ceuntv  tatck.    funaj,  a  blow  delivcnl 

SMSori»i,byR.AIlanaonttfiniiflithniianUbnity,London.l»w)i 
Bmi*(.  by  Wm.  EMer  (Sp^ding'aAthtatlc  Library.  New  York.  1901) 
(tint  two  booka  w*  eolkitt  tor  the  teekokaHtls  of  boain). 
Tbi  aRide  '-  Baaing,"  by  B.  loo.  Ai^le  and  C.  W.  Bsmll.  in  iba 
Encydtptuiia  <4  Sfcrl,-  Borrai.  by  I.  C.  Trotter  (Oval  Series. 
London.  1996):  Fnuin,,  Brmt  t«k  ft-rriHiirf.  in  ihe  Badminton 
Library  (London.  1*41}. 

FiiNCR  Bonna  (fa  tor  fianctu)  data  from  ibout  rSjo. 
It  ia  mot* lik*  tbeandent  Greek  ^lUlnsMfli  (see  TcoiuSh)  than  fi 
BritiA  boxing,  u  not  odyiUJking  with  the  Sat*,  but  also  kicking 
with  tht  fm,  batting  wkh  tba  head  and  wratUni  *n  tllowed. 
It  fs  *  dtTilByinl  of  the  old  ipon  of  awn,  in  which  (be  fe*l, 
and  not  the  hiad*,  wo*  tMd  In  stuck.  ItMBni  in  savate, 
wtiidiwupncibede^Mdinrby'nii|^,«eninu«By  given  In 
*»ffl«  low  nsoit,  itid  there  wen  no  napcctiUa  tcadwr*.  While 
Parts  WM  rt*ltfcted  to  savate,  inolher  aport,  called  duuium  or 
ieu  mamtOali,  wa*  pnclitcd  in  tbe  south  of  Frsnce,  eapccially 
among  the  aoldlara.  In  which  bhiwaoftheEslai  wdl  it  kiclu  were 
Id  the  kicks  were  given  higher  thi 


Ihe  St. 


e,hul 


could  hardly  be  reckoned  ■  lerioDs'  mfani  of  defence,  fat  the 
high  kkka  usually  feU  abort,  and  the  upwaid  blow*  of  the  fiat 
could  not  be  compared  with  tb«  tenfble  iledge-hainmer  blows 
ef  the  feigUah  boxen.  Aleisndrt  Dnmai  fire  layt  that  Chsrles 
Lecour  Stst  conceived  the  Mea  of  combining  Engllih  boxing  with 
tlvaie.  For  ihli  poipote  he  weM  M  EngUnd,  and  look  lessons 
of  Adams  and  Sinlth,  the  London  bouts.  He  then  returned 
to  Paris,  about  tS5i.  and  opened  a  idiool  to  taach  the  apart 
>lnce  called  fa  im  ftaofab*.  Ammd  him,  and  two  provincial 
InitructOT*  who  canM  lo  Pails  about  Ihb  lime  with  similar  idcsi, 
therr  grew  op  a  large  number  of  sportsmen,  who  between  11)4) 
and  iR;5  bniu^t  French  boii'ng  10  its  highnt  devcliqiintnt. 
Among  Dthera  who  gave  public  eihiblliOBs  was  LeCDurV  brothei 
Hubert,  who  although  rather  nndeniied,  was  quick  as  lightning, 
and  had  an  GngKsh  Mow  and  a  Prendi  kick  that  were  truly 
leTTlhle.  Charles  Ducroa  waa  another  whose  alyte  irf  boxing, 
more  in  Ihe  English  fashion,  but  whh  low  kicks  abont 
hh  opponent'*  ihlns,  ma<lt  a  name  for  hinudf.  Later  came 
Vlgntron,  a  "  strong  nan,"  wheat  style,  though  ilow,  was 
Aboul  l>j6  the  police  inttriered  ht 


T'f'.Wf*^'*"' 


352 


BOXWOOD— BOY-BISHOP 


tihibillau  uid  iemlt  thcmKlw  to  t-fhinf  Towards  lUi 
h  Bcw  bean,  J.  Ckuleraont,  vu  not  only  very  dcvtr  *ilb  liil 
filU  ud  feet,  but  in  enelltnt  tesd»r,  ind  the  tutbot  of  > 
trutiie  on  the  tit.  Lecoui,  Vigneno  und  ClttilemoDi  nuy  be 
uid  to  bive  created  la  hatt  /rsntoui,  which,  for  itefCnca  al 
tqKal  uaeili,  the  French  claim  to  be  betlei  thu  the  EngUih. 


,  i8»h  ri.  f-™ 


Suitd  •(  Kb  NtbU  An^SiV  D^tia 


t^  Ceor^n  ^'Amork  fl^edon.  lit^EE). 

BOXWOOD,  ibe  wood  obtuncd  (roni  the  geaui  Btmu,  the 
principal  ipccies  beine  the  wcU-Juioira  tree  oi  shrub,  B.  itmfir- 
tirini,  ibe  caEaman  box,  in  geixnl  uie  for  boidcn  of  (uilen 
waJki,  anuiae4itaJ  paiterrei,  &c.  The  other  lource  of  the 
ordinary  borwood  of  commerce  ii  B.  baU^ua,  which  yielda  tha 
yariety  itnown  ai  Turkey  boxwood.  The  corunon  box  la  grown 
throu^ut  Great  Britain  (patapt  native  in  the  chalk-hiUi  of 
the  uuth  of  England),  In  the  louthem  part  of  the  European 
continent  gciKrally,  and  extenda  throu^  Peraia  into  India, 
where  it  ii  found  growing  on  the  ilppes  of  the  walem  Himalayai, 

oE  Britain,  Writing  more  than  300  ycaia  ago,  John  Ray,  lite 
Butboc  oi  the  inpulant  HiiUria  Ptanlanm,  sayi,  "  The  Box 
ron  wild  on  Boihill,  hence  the  name;  alio  at  Boxwell,  on  the 
ColletwoldHllltinCloucmenhlie,  andatBoiley  in  Kent.  .  .  . 
It  groni  plentifully  on  the  chalk  hilU  ncai  Dunitable."  On  the 
other  hand  the  box  ii  not  wild  In  the  Channel  Iilandi,  and  in  the 
iwnh  of  France,  Holland  and  Belgium  ii  found  mainly  in  hcdge- 
Tom  and  near  cultivation,  and  it  may  have  been  one  of  the  many 
introducliona  owed  to  the  Bomani.    Only  a  very  small  propocliDO 

Britain,  The  box  ia  a  very  [low.grDwing  i^nt,  adding  Dot  more 
than])  or  9  In.  to  iti  diameter  in  twenty  yean,  and  on  ao  avenge 
Btlaining  only  I  height  of  i6  ft,,  with  a  mean  diameter  of  lO)  In. 
The  kavea  of  lhi<  ipeciei  lit  amall,  oval,  leatbeiy  in  texture  and 
of  a  deep  gloisy  green  colour,  fl.  baltarina  it  a  tree  of  conndef - 
able  tiic,  attaining  to  a  height  of  So  ft.,  with  teavei  three  timet 
larger  than  those  of  the  common  box.  It  ba  ulive  of  the  iilandi 
of  the  Mediieninean,  and  giowi  in  Turkey,  Asia  Minor,  and 
around  the  ihoree  of  the  Black  Sen,  and  ii  auppoitd  to  be  the 
chief  Kurce  of  the  boxwood  which  oitDca  into  European  com- 
merce by  way  of  Conitantinapte.  The  wood  of  both  ^>ecia  po>- 
■cxKi  a  delicate  yeUew  colour;  it  is  very  deiue  in  Mnictuie  and 
hai  a  fine  uniform  grain,  which  haa  (Iven  It  unique  vahw  lor  the 
purposea  of  the  wood-engraver.  A  large  amoual  li  tved  in  the 
manufacture  of  meaauring  rvlca,  varioua  mathematical  inatni- 
mcnta,  flutes  and  other  muilcal  inatrumeats,  at  wdZ  as  lor  tnnaing 
into  many  minor  articica,  and  for  inlaying,  and  it  ia  a  favourite 
wood  for  small  mrvinga.  The  uae  of  boxwood  for  tuntery  and 
musical  Initrunienta  is  menlloDed  by  Pliny,  Virpi  and  OvU. 

BOVACi,  w  BojtcJi,  an  Inland  depvtment  of  Cidambia, 
bouiKled  by  the  departments  of  Sanlartder  and  CundinamarQ 
OB  Ibe  N.,  W.  and  S.,  awl  the  npublic  of  VencaueU  on  the  E., 
and  having  an  area  of  jjjii  aq.  m.,  induduig  the  Caianare 
territory.  Pop.  (iSfN,  ta|imate}  se8i94P.  Hh  departmoit  is 
very  mountainous,  heavily  foraicd  and  rich  in  mioenls-  The 
lamoui  Huso  emerald  mines  are  located  in  the  westcia  (latt  of 
Boyad.  The  capital,  Tanja  (pop.  t^oi,  10,ooe),  ia  stluatod  in 
the  Eatieni  Cotdllleraa.  ^54  ft.  above  lea-levol,  and  has  a  coolj 
temperate  dimau,  tbou^  only  i\'  fi.  of  the  equator.  It  was 
an  imponanl  i^act  in  colonial  Unies,  and  occupies  the  site  of  one 
of  the  Indian  towns  of  this  region  (Huisa).  which  bad  acquired 
a  coBsidenble  degrre  of  civiliislion  before  the  diicoveiy  of 
America.  Other  lAWns  of  note  in  the  tkpartmenl  ate  Cbiquio- 
quira  (10,000),  Moniquira  (18,000),  Sogamoso  (ie,)S;),  end 
Boyaci  (70D0},  where  on  the  7th  of  Ai^uat  iSig  Bolivar  defeated 
IbeSpaDlsharmyandiecurDdlheinidependeaceof  Hew  Granada. 

MVAR  (Ruaa  te>viii,  plur.  btya/t).  a  dignity  of  Old  Russia 
IS  with  the  history  of  the  country.     Originally  the 
~!  fcieitdi  aiid  eoD&dtntial  adviten  of 

,    .     superior  membert  of  his  inaliiua  or 

bodyguard,  hit  nmradea  and  chamiHOna.    Tbcy  weri 
Into  claMn  accardiaf  ta  nnk. 


personal  merit  and  aervlce.  Hus  we  bear  of  the  "  oldeat," 
"  elder  "  and  tlie  "  younger  "  hoyats.  At  Erst  the  dignity 
aeema  to  have  been  occasionally,  but  by  00  neant  iavuiably, 
hereditary.  At  a  later  day  the  bayara  were  the  chief  memb«> 
of  the  prince's  duma,  or  council,  like  the  saittorts  of  Poland 
and  Lithuania.  Their  further  designation  of  fiirlia^  tymdi  or 
*'  the  best  people  '*  proves  that  they  were  generally  richer  than 
their  fcUowsubfccla.  So  longas  the  princes,  la  their  interminable 
Btiuggles  with  the  barbarians  of  the  Steppe,  needed  the  ■■■■*' ^w^* 
of  the  towns.  "  the  best  people  "  of  the  cities  and  of  the  ifiiisliaii 
proper  minted  freely  together  both  in  war  and  commerae;  but 
after  Yaroslav's  crushing  victory  over  the  Pelchenegs  in  1036 
bCDBIIh  the  walls  of  Kiev,  the  two  daises  began  to  draw  apart, 
and  a  pdUiIcbI  and  eoonomical  difference  between  the  memben 
of  Che  princely  druKh'sa  and  the  aristocracy  of  the  towna  becomea 
dlaconible.  The  townsmen  devote  Ihcmidves  Imatorlh  men 
exclusively  to  commerce,  while  the  druAina  asaeru  the  privikgci 
of  an  exclusively  military  caste  with  a  primary  daim  upon  the 
land.  Still  later,  when  the  tourls  of  the  northern  grand  dukca 
were  established,  the  boyaii  appear  as  the  first  grade  of  a  fuU- 
bbwn  court  aristocracy  with  the  eidusive  ptivUegE  of  posMning 
Undand  serfs.  Hence  their  tiileol  dtoryaru  {courtiers),  first  used 
in  the  illh  century.  On  the  other  hand  there  waa  no  distinction, 
■1  in  Germany,  between  the  DicnsI  AdA  (nobility  of  service) 
and  the  simple  Add.  The  Russian  boyardom  had  no  corpo^tn 
or  cbia  privikget,  (1)  because  their  importance  waa  purely  local 
(the  digDlly  of  the  principality  determining  thattegmol  di^tjr 
of  the  boyan],  ())  bccaue  of  tiieir  m.lij^.u.  ri^t  ol  mnuiil- 
gralion  from  one  prince  to  aaotha  at  will,  wfaidi  pmvenlad  tiw 
formatioa  ol  ■  lettted  aristocracy,  and  (j)  bcouM  birth  did  not 
determine  but  only  facilitated  the  atttinment  of  btgh  tank,  (.j- 
tlie  son  of  a  boyar  was  not  a  boyar  bom,  but  could  noreeaai^  at- 
tain to  boyardom,  if  of  superior  personal  roetit  It  wa*  rcaerved 
for  Peter  the  Great  to  truisforra  the  htyentm  or  boyardom  inio 
something  more  nearly  raembling  tlie  atiatocracy  of  Ibe  Weat. 
ider  Maricevich,  71(  Baltry  0/ 


iSU). 


UBtyailyimt^A* 


Ff  of  X»jt.«rlrily  «  lit 

irl  (Rub.)  (DdlM.  lUl): 

M  &ts»  (Ruk)  (Moscow, 

(R.  N.  B.) 

lo  the  "  bishop  of  llie  beys  " 


BOY-BUHOP,  the  name  givci 
(epiicapia  MKrsnm  01  itiiwamUum,  somcUmei  tfitcefn 
sdulantrtim  or  cisreitarm),  who.  according  to  a  custom  very 
wide-spread  in  the  middle  ages,  was  chosen  in  connexion  with 
the  festival  of  Holy  Innocinta.  For  Ihe  origin  of  the  curious 
authority  of  the  boy-bishop  and  of  the  ritca  over  which  be 
prealded,  see  Foois,  Feast  or.  In  England  the  boy-btshop 
waa  dected  on  December  ft.  ibe  feaat  of  St  Nicholas,  the  patim 
of  children,  and  his  authority  lasted  till  HtJy  Innosents'  daf 
(December  iS).  The  dectlon  made,  the  lad  was  dressed  in  tnU 
biabop's  robes  with  mitre  and  crorier  and,  attended  by  comrade* 
dressed  as  priests,  made  a  drcult  of  the  town  Messing  the  people. 
At  Salisbury  the  boy-tushop  seems  to  have  actually  had  ecclesi- 
astical patronage  during  his  episcopate,  and  couiJ  make  valid 
appointments.  The  boy  snd  his  colleagues  took  possession  of 
the  ulbedral  and  performed  all  the  ceremonies  and  officet 
except  mass.  Originally,  it  seems,  confined  to  the  cathedrals, 
the  custom  apread  to  neariy  all  the  parishes.  Several  ccdesi- 
astlcal  coundls  had  attempted  to  abolish' or  to  Twtrain  the 
abuses  of  the  custom,  before  jt  waa  prohiMlcd  by  the  council 
of  Basd  In  14J1.  It  was,  however,  loo  popular  to  be  easily 
suppressed.  In  England  it  was  abolished  >^  Henry  VIII.  in 
154J,  revived  by  Mary  In  1 559  arbd  finallyabollshedby  Ellxabeth. 
On  the  continent  it  survived  longeit  in  Germany,  in  the  so-called 
Crttmui/ia.  said  to  have  been  founded  by  Gregory  IV.  in  818 
in  honour  of  St  Gregory,  the  patron  of  schools.  A  sdiool-boy 
was  dected  bishop,  duly  vested,  and,  attended  by  tis-o  boy- 
deacons  and  the  town  clergy,  pmceeded  Is  IhC  parish  church, 
where,  after  a  hymn  in  honour  of  St  Gregory  had  been  sung,  he 
preached.    Al  MslDiogen  this  custom  survived  till  1799. 

See  Brand.  Fcp:  AMituiliti  tf  Cratf  Briliii  (I90J);  Casquet 
Puiia  Lift  ia  Ittiitval  En^iU  (i«a«);  Hu  Ca^e.  Cltiienmm 
ILondoB,  1M4).  j.>.  "  Epimpiis  putionui."  iiiii 


BOYCE— BOYD,  LORD 


}53 


I  (iTio-iTTO)i  Entfiili  miuol  anapoKT, 
4ukcT,  wu  bom  in  Londan  on  the  jih  o( 
At  >  cboiiMeT  in  St  Pkul'i  be  ncovcd  hia  uily 
imi  fnm  CtHrin  Sing  tuid  Dr  Mauria  Giecne, 
and  he  aftannidi  Mudiedtto  theofy  of  mniic  under  Or  Pepiuch. 
la  I7J4.  hiving  Imine  opaiit  of  Oxioid  chapd,  Voi  Street, 
Crwendiili  Sqnuc,  ha  Ht  Lord  iModomit'i  muqnn  ol  PtlBU 
ni  TJntb  to  anule.  In  1736  he  left  (Moid  diipdtndna 
tppeinlBl  orgufit  (J  St  Hidwel'i  choreh,  qonhiU,  and  Is  tiie 
Bune  jm  he  bccune  compcierta  the  chipd  lOfal,  and  «iMa 
tkc  nuac  for  Joba  Ladmu'i  raatono  Datii't  LamaUtiUta 
Mtr  5anl  «d /MOItM.  1b  1737  hemsa|ip^UdlocoDdiic( 
the  nCetingi  ot  the  thne  duin  of  OloiKCSter,  Wontiter  and 
Uoeioed.  In  1743  ma  -wtittoi  the  latiiita  SUtmea,  in  widch 
oocun  the  lavnitite  uog  "  Softly  rise,  O  eoLithem  bncn." 
la  1749  Iw  loeeind  the  dc^K  of  doctoc  ol  mule  (nan  tlH 


of  U>  kUIoi  of  the  ode  peifaimed  at  tlie  inMallation  of  Heniy 


beeM»eoiyiJ«ofAH-hailoi>itheGMtiuidL««»,'ItiamStz«t. 
A  muikal  HtllBg  to  Tlu  ClafUl,  in  enteTtaimaeot  by  Ifon 
llcndei.  ni  Boyoe'a  most  maxsiful  acftie*ement  in  tliii 
year,  lo  I7Sd  be  wtote-  Kia^  tat  Drydcu'a  Stadar  Matjut 
and  in  nsT  tet  uother  piece  (Tit  Skt^mi'i  LMaj)  by 
Mmdei.  Ha  became  muter  of  the  kiag*!  band  in  nuceuiaa. 
(0  Gmaa  in  1757,  and  fat  i7sS  iie  waa  appoinlod  piincipai 
otgaalit  to  tlK  chapd  royaL  Ai  aa  *"'**'"""'  compaier 
B^ptx  nwka  among  tlie  beat  tepnaeutatitei  of  die  Engiiih 

beat  ipedmen*  an  Ay  !»•  V/aUn  </  BotylM  and  O,  Wiurt  ihaU 
Wiiiim  U  fvtud,  an  frequently  perlaimed.  It  ihoidd  alio 
b*  reneobeKd  that  he  wrote  Bdditianal  BcannpaDimeDta  and 
(bmiaa  16c  PoRidl'i  Ti  Dtam  and  JiMhle,  which  the  earlier 
miulciaa  liad  compoeed  for  the  St  Cedlis'a  day  of  169*. 
Boyc*  did  thia  In  faii  capacity  of  amductor  at  tlie  aonial 
leatiinla  lA  the  Sou  of  the  dngy  at  St  PuA  cathedral,  aa 
offioa  rtiefa ha  had  trtea m  nifctwloa  to  Crania.  Hiat«<ii« 
tcioa  be  two  vlcdlni  and  a  1»aa  wan  long  popdar.  One  of 
Ui  moat  valoaUe  aervtcea  to  nnrical  an  ma  hia  publication 
In  tfaite  vohmica  quarto  nl  a  irak  on  Cukiiral  Mutic 
The  collection  bad  been  begim  by  Gnoie,  but  it  ma  mainly 
the  Hitfc  of  Boyoa.  Hm  fint  T<^iuia  anieued  hi  17S0  and 
the  lail  in  177S:  On  the  7tb  of  FebnaTy  1779  Boyce  died 
from  an  atladi  of  gout  Be  waa  buried  uiuler  die  dome  of  St 
Panl'i  eatbediat 

BOTCOTT, .  the  idnnd  and  Incitement  to  tefnial  to  have 
commerdal  or  lodal  dealings  with  any  one  on  whom  it  ii  wiihed 
Id  bring  (Harare.  Aa  merely  a  form  of  "  aending  to  Coventry  " 
or  (hi  W.  E.  dadatone'a  phrue)  "  eiduiivs  dealini,"  boycotting 
Biay  be,  from  a  legal  p^t  of  view,  unaaiailable,  and  a>  luch 
haa  f  nqnenlly  been  Joatlfied  by  Its  oii^nal  political  invcnten. 
But  in  practice  II  baa  waally  taken  the  turn  id  what  ia  iin- 
.  ..  _  .  -^  iUeial  oonvincy  to  injure  the  penon,  property 
itably  putHag 


m  Boycott (1831- 
iSg7),  agent  tor  the  tatataa  of  the  carl  ol  Eme  in  Co.  Mayo. 
For  refvitng  in  t  18d  to  raceiTe  lenta  at  figurea  fixed  by  the  teunia, 
Captalh  Boycott  bad  hit  life  thmatcnad,  hia  lervanli  compelled 
to  leave  bbn,  Ua  fencea  lam  down,  hti  lalten  intercqited  and  hii 
food  auppliea  inlcrlated  with.    It  took  a  forte  of  900  aoldlen 


tucceaded  finUly  la  (Mting  tn  Ua 
mobbed  In  tlw  atneta,  and  bangei 
tyatoB  of  boyoottti«  waa  an  eaKntial  part  <d  tb*  libh  NaOoo- 


Act  of  1SS7.    The  tenn  non  came  inia  cm „ 

and  waa  qieedlly  adapted  by  the  French,  Geimaat,  Dutdt  and 
Rmdana.     Id  the  United  Statei  thii  method    '  "  - 
was  taken  up  by  the  trade  onion)  abonl  rtg6, 


1  nfnae  to  buy  Ua  product  Or  do  liia  work,  or  to  deal  with  aqi 
'ho  did.  Vanoua  caaea  have  occurred  in  America  in  which 
kbour  orcaniaationa  have  pronounced  such  a  boycott  avsinat  a 
firm;  and  itiilic^  nature  has  been  eatabliibed  in  the  law.oourtai 
notably  in  the  caia  ol  the  Bncka  Stove  Company  a,  The  Amedan 
Federation  of  Labor  (11)07)  in  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  diatllct 
of  ColBmbaa,  and  in  a  suit  against  tbe  Hattera'  Gnkm  (February 
igoS)  in  the  U.S.  Supmme  Court.  A  boycott  has  alas  been  held 
1^  the  U.S.  Siqnrma  Coort  to  be  a  violation  of  the  Shennan 
Anti-Tmit  law. 
■OYlr,  AHDBB*  KBUBDr  HDTCHISOK  (1815-1899), 
EOttidi  antbar  and  ditioe,  was  bom  at  Auctunleck  uaeae  in 
AynUn  on  the  3rd  of  November  iSij.  He  studied  at  King'a 
CollegB,  London,  aid  at  the  Middle  Temple,  with  the  Idea  at 
l^actiBing  at  the  Engliih  bar.  Returning  Is  Scotland,  however, 
he  eaitered  Glaagow  Univexiity  and  there  qualified  for  the 
Scottish  minlatiy,  being  Ucenaedaa  a  preacher  t^  the  prcebytaiy 
of  Ayr.  HeaervcdiasDcceaiion  theparisheanf  Newton-on-Ayr, 
Kiriipatritk'inmgiio'  neai  Oumfriea,  St  Beraard't,  Gdinbur^ 
and  finallv,  in  iBfij,  becuna  mimater  of  the  fint  charge  at  St  ' 
Hen  he  advocatedan  improved  ritual  in  the  Scottish 
icaulting  In  the  appointment  by  thegcneial 

a  new  hymnal.  In  1890  he  waa  ai^Kuntat  modeiator  of  the 
geaoal  amonhly,  and  fulfilled  the  dutica  ol  the  poiItioD  with 
admltabb  dignity  and  tact.  He  died  at  Boomanouth  oe  the 
lat  of  March  1S99.  Dr  Boyd  waa  a  very  famoua  pieadier  and 
talker,  and  hia  deaulbiry  essayi  have  my  much  of  the  charm  <rf 
bh  GOnMiaaljDn.  Among  bra  numcroua  publicationa  may  bo 
qxciaUy  mentioned  the  two  works  (each  in  thtisBeiies),  Atrio- 
litta  ^  a  Camlry  Parian  (iSjg,  lUi  and  1S78),  and  Crmtr 
numtHi  bJ  a  Ctanlry  Farm  (ig6l-t86s  and  iS7j)i  he  alio 
vtote  TmUr-/hi  Ytan  at  St  Aninm  liSga),  and  .SI  <f  odrcM 
imi  Ebtmiirt  (1894).  Be  waa  lamlUai^  known  to  the  puUic 
ai  a  writer  by  hia  initlala  "  AX.ILB." 

BOYD,  ROBBT  lOYDw  LoiD  (d.  e.  1470),  Scottiah  Hateifflaii, 
waa  a  KM  of  Sir  nomaa  Boyd  (d.  itjg),  and  belonged  to  an  old 
and  dbUaguhhedfaady,  me  member  of  whidi.  Sir  Robert  Boyd, 
had  toaght  with  Watoce  and  Robert  Bruce.  Boyd,  who  waa 
creMed  a  pace  aboot  1454,  waa  one  of  tlte  legenta  td  Scotland 
daring  the  ndamity  of  Jamea  m.,  but,  in  1466,  with  aomt 
aasodatta  he  aecured  the  penon  d  the  young  king  and  waa 
appointed  U*  ante  govemor.    Aaiulerof  Scotiandhewaalutm- 


the  marriage  between  Jaraea  in.  and  Margaret,  dau^tet  of 
Christian  L,  king  of  Denmark  and  Nomy,  and  aecured  the 
ceidon  (rf  the  Orkney  Islands  by  Norway.  However,  when  in 
1467  be  obtained  liie  ofiicea  of  chamberiaio  and  Juatidary  ior 
himaelf,  and  the  handot  the  king's  sbtei  Uary,  witli  tl»  title 
of  ear]  of  Arran  Soi  }di  eldest  aon  Thomas,  hia  enemies  became 


Hiabr 
Boyd,  waa  beheaded  on  the  iiod  of  Kovembel  1469, 

Boyd's  son  Thotnas,  earl  of  Arran,  waa  in  Denmark  iriicn  hb 
lather  waa  overthrown.  Bowever,  be  fulfilled  hia  miaaion,  that 
of  bringing  the  king'a  bride,  Margaret,  to  Scotland,  and  then, 
warned  by  hia  wife,-  escaped  to  the  continent  of  Europe.  He  ia 
mendoned  very  euloglstiially  in  one  of  the  Faaton  Lcttcit, 
but  ptactkaliy  nothing  ia  known  of  hia  subsequent  histoiy. 

Locd  Boyd's  graiuiaon  Robert  {d.f.  isso),  a  son  of  Aleaander 
Boyd,  waa  ooaGimed  in  tiu  poaseiuon  of  the  estates  and  honooa 
of  hia  grandfather  in  1549,  ^nd  is  generally  regarded  aa  the 
3id  Lord  Boyd.  His  aon  Robert,  4tli  Lord  Boyd  (d.  ijgcj, 
took  a  pnmbkent  part  in  Scottish  politica  during  the  troubled 
time  which  fdowed  the  death  of  Jamn  V.  in  1541.  At  fint 
ha  favoured  the  idormed  religion,  bnt  afterwarda  his  views 
'''"■^E*^  and  he  became  one  of  the  most  ttoited  adviaenof  hlary, 
qneea  of  Scota,  whom  he  accompanied  to  the  battle  of  Ijin^A 
U  Tj6B.  During  the  queen'a  c^livity  be  waa  often  snployed 
on  dipknnalic  emndi;  be  tried  to  stir  up  insurrecliona  in  bar 


S54 


BOYD,  Z.— BOYLE,  ROBERT 


«ftbei«8CBlUliin]r.  He  tnJortJ  ■Ml^  «nJ  toflucBtlil  pcdtfan 
•Ddcr  the  regent  Jama  Douftu,  eail  at  Morten,  but  wubiaWwd 
b  15B]  for  hli  ifaiR  Id  ibc  leinn  at  Rlnt  JuM*  VL,  •  plat 
knavn  1*  the  Raid  ol  Kuthvin.  Ha  ntlied  to  Fnma.  tnX 
WM  HMD  inamd  to  [Rum  to  ScMliDd.  He  died  on  llw  Jn) 
•f  J4wuiy  iS9»- 

Wmiun,  Stli  oi  9tli  Lord  B«rd  (d.  tifi),  «u  seated  eul  of 
Kflnumck  in  iMl,  and  thk  nobleman'*  (nndun  WillUun, 
(be  jrd  eail  (d.  1717},  *u  *  partinDof  the  Baaoveiuo  Unii  and 
loniht  tor  Gtmge  1.  duiirii  Ibe  rUtif  at  1715.  Hit  eon  WDUaa, 
the  4th  earf  (ijet-tn6),  «u  edsated  in  the  nne  prindplee, 
but  In  i74j,<n^dthcitoaperMnalilIniittarI»IheiBlliienca 
«(hI>«ifadrloyiMnlteDcddicunMaiNie*  bedeMrtedCteneU- 
(ndjanedChula Edward, the Voimi Pretender.  Theithcait 
taoi^t  ai  FalkU-niid  CnUpden,  when  hi  vat  nude  priianer,  and 
wu  beheaded  00  the  ittb  of  Auinit  i74«.  Tht  title  of  eail  ol 
Silmamoclc  ii  now  nened  in  that  of  earlof  EmtL 

■OTD,  ZACHARY  dsSsM^u).  ScottUi  divine,  wu  edn- 
calid  at  the  unlvenltJeiot  Glaignu  and  St  Andrewt.  He  wu  for 
tOMBj  ft*it  a  teacher  in  the  Prateaiant  collefle  of  Sanenir  in 
Fiance,  but  returned  loScatlaDd  in  ilSii,  to  eecape  the  Hnpienat 


often  eccentric,  have  mne  merit    Tbeoommon 

he  mad*  tlie  printing  at  hli  metriciJ  mwMi  of  tha  Csipcb  and 

other  BibHcal  nanalivei  a  condition  nt  the  naption  of  hia  gnnt 

to  tbe  iinlvmily  Ii  a  mbtahe.  In  later  yTalB  be  wu  a  •taimch 
CovFiunler,  and  though  for  a  ttnur  oppooed  to  Oliver  Cromwell, 

■n  Tit  BalltltfllitSniHiDtaiiUdigy.BlwiarhnBeiirdUmn. 
with  1  biography  by  G,  N«1,  vupublithrd  in  Glaigowin  iSji^ 
Zion'i  H^oi— often  called  "  Doyd'i  Bible"  li&u);  Paar 
Ltturtv/Ctmfart  (16*0,  itpiiatcd,Eiiabuxifi,  1S7B]. 

BOTDBLL,  WBI  (1719-1804),  En^iib  aldenian  aod  pnb- 
Hihcr,  wu  bom  at  Donington,  and  at  tin  age  of  twenty-oae 
cane  to  [dodan  and  wh  apprcntked  for  aeven  year*  to  an 
Vngraver.  In  1746  he  pubb^icd  a  volume  of  view*  in  Gn^and 
aod  Wale*,  and  atarted  hi  buuncuaaa  print-idler.  By  hiagood 
laite  and  liberality  ha  managed  lo  accure  the  lerviciB  of  the  beat 
■nilt*,  and  hi*  engnvfnff  were  nccuted  with  audi  ^iU  that  hit 
hnfaieia  became  eatenHve  and  lucnlive.  He  aucceedcd  in  hit 
plan  of  a  Shakcapean  gallery,  and  obtained  the  aHBlance  ot  the 
BHS*t  eminent  painter*  of  the  day,  whoae  contributioia  were 
e^iUled  puUiciy  tor  many  yean.  IV  engravhiBi  from  Iho* 
fiaintin^  form  a  splendid  companion  vohunc  to  hii  large  iiJu»- 
tnled  edition  of  Shalceipeare'iwarkB.  Towaida  the  ckxe  ot  hil 
lite  Boydell  natanRd  levere  loaici  thmu^  tbe  French  Revolu- 
tion, and  wu  compelled  to  diqioia  of  hta  Shakeapcan  gallery 
by  iMtery.  BoydtU  bad  previomly  becoine  an  alderman,  and 
nae  to  be  lord  mayor  ol  Louden. 

HTBK,  ALBZU  (t7jT-iS]]l,  French  lurgeon,  wu  bom  on 
tbe  lU  of  March  1757  ■<  Uurche*  (Corrbt).  Tbe  ion  of  a 
talloT,  he  obuined  hi*  £nt  medical  knowledge  in  the  ibop  of  a 
taitKr-wrgeon.  Removing  to  Patii  he  had  tbe  good  fortune  to 
Attract  tbe  notice  ot  AntoEne  Loul*  (i>ij-i7oi)  and  P.  J. 
Deuuh  (1744-179]);  and  hi*  peneveraoce,  anatODikal  akiU 
■nd  dexterity  u  an  cqierator,  becante  n  oonipicuoi^  that  et 
tha  age  ot  tUity-icvni  be  obtained  the  appobitmcnl  of  Mcond 
mieontothoHMelDieaofPuii.  On  the  eHaUidimeat  ol  the 
Sc^  de  Sanii  he  giinod  tbe  chair  ol  ^icntlve  nufny,  but  kmb 
ncbmied  It  for  the  chair  of  dinial  uofety.  In  tSoj  Mipoleon 
nominated  him  Imperial  family  nuieea,  ud,  after  th*  beilfiant 
ctmpaigna  of  iKo^7,  confemd  on  bim  tbe  legioD  of  bonotir, 
vltfa  the  title  ol  binia  of  the  empire  andaulaiyof  t5,ooafiaiiis. 
Ob  tbe  fall  of  Napoleon  the  meiiti  of  Boyer  iccured  bim  the 
fanoot  of  Ibe  niccceding  waeigu  of  France,  and  he  wa*  cdb- 
ddtlnc  nugson  10  Louii  XVIIL,  Charle*  X.,  ud  Loui*  Philippe. 
biSisheniccetdedJ.  F.L.  Dachampi(i74o-iS>4)uiuigeon- 


ibe  Inmtul*.    He  Htd  in  TiHa  01 


the  tjrd  of  November  iBji. 


judldou*  in  hii  diagnoeii  and  u  cool  and  ikilf  oJ  ii 
aa  be  waa  lautiaiu  in  fomiing  hfl  judgment  on  ii 
Hii  two  great  worii*  irev— TroiM  «n^^  rnslffwic  (in  4  vol*.. 
'T97-i700}j  of  which  a  fourth  edition  appeared  in  iflis,  and 
TraM  d*i  maUJia  ckinr^ttUs  et  ia  pp^alitni  firj  tmr  cn- 
•imiHii(<iti-iivab.,  i8u-iS]£],o(whidiaoc»ediIionin7vo]a. 
waa  pnbliihod  in  1S44-1SS],  with  addilioni  by  hli  aoa,  Philippa 
Boyer  (iSoi-tBsS). 

BOYIR.  JBU  PIBBRB  (ittS-iSjo},  pnddenl  of  tbe  tv 
pubhc  of  Haiti,  a  mubitio,  wu  bom  at  E^  m-Prince  on  the 
iSIh  of  February  177S.     He  received  a  good  cdncation  in  France, 

he  wu  already  b  command  of  a  baltalioo.  and  fou^l  with 
dlitlnction  under  Ccneial  Rigaud  aguntt  the  Engliih.  Tbt 
ncgTOiniurTectj<HiunderTou»a)Ti  ( I  'Duvertuje,  which  wudinctcd 
igaimt  the  mulittoee  u  well  u  tbe  whites,  nltimatdy  (orted  bim 
to  take  nluge  in  France.  He  wu  well  received  by  NipoletB, 
and  b  t8o>  obtained  *  commiujon  in  Ledert'i  eipedition. 
Being  oppoied  to  the  leinitiiution  ol  ilavery,  he  turned  agiinit 
the  French  and  luceecded  in  produdng  an  aSiinte  between 
tbe  oegioe*  and  mukttoei  by  which  they  were  driven  tram 
tbe  hdand.  Urmilinn.  a  negro,  waa  pnxlaiined  king,  but  hi* 
CTuelty  and  dupotrun  were  *ucb  that  Boyer  combined  with 
A,A.  S.  Ntionand  Genaal  Cbiistophe  to  overthrow  him  (iloA). 
duiitopbe  BOW  iciud  the  aupreme  power,  but  Pition  let  up  an 
independent  republic  b  the  louth^  part  of  the  iiluid,  with 
Boyer  a*  a>iiunander'in.chief.  Cbristophc'i  cITorti  to  ouih  tin* 
(tite  were  dcleiled  by  Boyei'i  gallant  delencc  of  Pott-ai. 
Prbce,  and  a  leiiaof  brilliant  victorici,  which,  on  Pftion'a  death 
In  181S,  led  to  Boyer'i  election  u  prciidenl,  IVo  yean  later 
the  death  of  Chiiuopbe  removed  hii  only  rival,  and  be  gaitwd 
ainoat  nndiiputed  pooaeiaion  of  the  wboZe  iiland.  During  hb 
pTcaidency  Boyer  did  much  to  ict  the  ^nances  and  the  ad- 

and  b  liis  obtained  Fnnch  recognition  of  Ibe  EBdepcndeBce  of 
Haiti,  in  return  for  a  payment  ol  150,000  Iratic^  Tbe  wa^ 
of  thia  debt  eidted  the  greatest  discontent  b  Haiti  Boyer 
wa*  able  to  carry  on  ill*  government  lor  some  yean  longer, 
but  b  March  184^  a  violent  bsuirrction  overthrew  hi* 
power  and  compelled  him  to  take  refuge  b  Jajqaica.  He 
raided  then  till  184A,  when  be  removed  to  Paris,  when  he 
died  b  1850. 

See  Waliei.  Prldl  Ijlfirigw  du  a^senlinil  mir*  la  Fmia  M 
Saml-Dnmnpii,  «c  iih  nita  KeiraOtigiii  iv  k  tlmlnl  Btya 
(fNirii,  1836), 

BOTLE.  JOHH  1.  (iS]i-  ),  American  mlptor,  vu  bom 
in  New  Vork  City.  He  tlodied  in  the  Pcnniylvanb  Academy 
of  Fbe  Art*.  PhiladelpbU,  and  in  the  Ccolc  des  Beaux  AiU, 
Paris.  He  is  particularly  successlul  in  the  partnyal  of  lt]dian& 
Among  bis  principal  worki  are:  "  Stone  Age,"  Fiinnonnt  Park, 
Philadelphia;  "The  ALara."  Lbcola  Park.  Chicago;  and,  a 
third  study  b  primitive  culture,  the  two  groups,  "  The  Savage 
Age  "at  tbe  Pan-American  Exposition  ot  i$oi.  His  work  ab* 
includathe  scaled  "Fnnk]in,"in  Philadelphia;  and  "Bacon" 
and  "Plato"  in  the  Congressional  libniy,  Wuhingion,  D.C. 

BOTIA.  BOBSRT  (i£i7-ifigi),  English  niiunl  [Moaiqifaei, 
aeveoth  vn  and  fourteenth  child  of  Richard  Boyle,  tbe  great 
MtI  of  Cork,  wu  bom  at  Liiume  Cuile,  En  the  province  of 
Munster,  Ireland,  on  the  ijlh  of  January  ifi>7.  While  sliO 
a  child  be  icamcd  lo  speak  Latin  and  French,  and  he  wa*  only 
eight  years  old  when  be  wu-sent  to  Eton,  ol  which  hi*  lalhet'i 
liiend,  Sir  Henry  Wotton,  wu  then  provost.  Alter  ipend  I  ng  over 
three  years  si  the  coIlT|t,  he  sent  lo  travel  abroad  with  a  French 
tutor.  Nearly  two  yiat*  weie  passed  lo  Geneva;  visiting  Italy 
in  1641,  he  remained  during  the  winter  ol  that  year  in  Flotence, 
■ludying  the  "  pindoxes  ol  the  great  stti-gtiei  "  Galilea,  wIm 
died  wlihb  ■  league  ot  the  dly  rarly  la  1&41.    tltlunibg  to 


BOYLS.  ROBERT 


brfud  b  1644  Iw  load  thit  U  hfbra  m  dtui  nd  ted . 

him  the  nuor  of  Sulbridse  Id  DonetaUft,  tagclhtr  >ith«iuui 

ED  Irckad.    Fnm  Uut  tim  lu  g»t  op  Ui  lite  to  nnd^  and 


«ti6cn 


«i  isquiim,  kiwwB  *i  tbi  "  Innibtn  Cnlfegt,"  who  dnnud 

tbciBKhia  lo  the  cnltivmlim  of  the  "  new  phUotophy."  Tiny 
Met  iKqanll^  in  London,  oflen  at  CRabim  Colfcge;  « 
the  OKiDlMn  dao  hid  meetiDgt  11  (M«d,  and  in  that  city  Boyk 
wcdltOTeiidcin  16S4.  Reading  Fn  1657  of  Otto  von  Guericke's 
air-pomp,  he  leC  hiraselt  wiih  the  uaisUiKE  of  Ksbett  Hookc 
lo  devtac  iRipiovemenu  in  ill  coiutniclion.  Ittd  witi)  Ihe  muh, 
Uk  "  Duchlu  Bo]4t»ia  "  or  "  Pneumatidl  Englu,"  Gnitbtd 
in  i6$q,  he  begin  a  wtiei  of  nperimenti  on  the  ptopctlit*  ol 
air.  As  anount  of  the  vork  he  did  nilh  thii  inalninent  iw 
published  in  16S0  under  the  title  Hue  ExftriwmU  Pliyiiet- 
if€iiaHical  ttmcMnf  MW  ipring  tf  a!r  and  la  tftOt.  Among  the 
critica  of  the  vfem  put  (onnRl  in  Ihls  book  wai  a  Jtmit,  Fno- 
tBOB  Uru  (iSi}S-T675),and  it  mi  while  amwerlng  hit  objec- 
tionB  lliat  Boyle  enuadited  the  law  that  ibe  volarae  of 
nries  invently  u  the  preXuR,  iriilch  amoDg  Englhh-apeaking 
pcoplea  la  uiually  ctlled  after  bb  nanw,  thongh  on  the  coDllBeni 
of  Ennpe  It  ia  atlnbuted  lo  E.  Mariotte,  nbo  did  not  publith 
it  till  ibit.  In  1663  the  "Invliible  College"  b«cane  the 
"  Royal  Society  of  London  for  Improving  lutunil  knowledge," 
■ad  the  charier  of  incoiporatloa  granted  by  Charles  II.  named 
Boylea  member  ol  the  aHiDcU.  In  i68obeinaetcctadprtiident 
«(  the  lOdety.  but  declined  Ibe  honour  from  a  Kruple  alMOl 
oalhi.  In  166S  he  left  Oxford  (or  London  vhcre  he  mided 
at  the  bouse  of  his  utter,  Udy  Ranela^,  in  FaU  Mall.  Abonl 
1A59  hii  health,  never  very  strong,  began  to  fail  leriously  and 
he  gradually  withdrew  from  his  public  engagements,  ceailnE 
hit  communications  10  the  Roys]  Society,  and  advenislng  his 
deaire  to  be  excused  from  receiving  gueiU,  '■  unless  npon  occa- 
(iont  very  eilraordiaaiy."  on  Tuesday  and  Friday  (orenoon.and 
Wednesday  and  Saturday  altemoon.  In  the  idiiure  thnt  gained 
be  viifeed  to  "  recruit  his  tpirlti,  range  hit  pepeis,"  and  prepare 


id  of  Hermetic  legacy  ic 


Hb  health  becsi 

on  the  30th  of  Denmber  of  that  yi 

the  sitter  with  whom  he  had  lived  lor  more  man  twenty  yeaia. 
He  was  buried  in  the  diunrhjaid  0(  Si  Martin's  in  the  Flelda, 
hit  fmeral  sertnon  being  preached  liy  his  friend  Bishop  Burnet. 
Boyle's  great  merit  as  a  scientific  invtstigi tor  It  that  be  cairied 
tnt  the  principles  which  Bacon  preached  in  the  !fmam  Ofmnmi. 
Yet  he  would  not  avow  himself  a  follower  of  Bacon  or  indeed  of 
any  other  leadier:  on  several  occasions  he  nentlnBt  that  in, 
order  10  keep  his  judgment  at  nn  prepossessed  as  mlghl  be  wttb 
any  of  the  modem  theories  uF  philosophy,  till  be  was  "  provided  ol 
experiments  "  to  help  him  judge  of  them,  he  refrained  from  any 
Mudy  of  the  Aromiul  and  the  Canesian  systems,  and  even  of 
■he  fftmrn  Ofanina  jtaelf,  though  he  admits  to  "  transiently 
conjuUing  "  them  n!»ut  a  few  pnrticularB.  Nothing  was  more 
(Ben  to  hlsmentaliempenment  than  tbespinniDgof  hypotheses. 
He  regarded  Iho  acquisition  of  knowledge  as  an  end  in  itMlf, 
and  in  consequence  lie  gained  a  wider  outlook  on  the  alms  of 
acientiAc  inquiry  than  had  been  enjoyed  l>y  h£s  predccesaors 


hi  which  he  crftidBil  Ibe  "  ciperfiMDU  wbeteby  vulgar  Spagy- 
riita  are  wont  to  endeavour  to  evince  tlieu'  Salt,  Sulphur  and 
Uercury  to  be  the  true  PiiDdplcaof  Tbin^."  For  him  cbemitU> 
waa  the  science  of  the  conpcoiiion  of  subslances,  not  merely  an 
adjunct  to  the  arts  of  the  alchemist  or  the  physician.  He 
advanced  towards  Ibe  modern  view  oi  elements  aa  the  undecom- 
posable  couslituenlt  of  material  bodies;  and  undenUmding 
the  dialinclion  Ictwcen  mlxtorea  and  compounds,  Ik  nude 
csB^denble  piogrcai  in  the  technique  of  detecting  their  in- 
giedienta,  a  process  which  he  designated  by  the  term  "  analysis." 
Ife  [urther  supposed  that  the  elcmenls  were  ullimalely  com- 
fiosedof  particles  of  various  sorts  and  sixes,  into  which,  however, 
they  were  not  to  be  resolved  in  any  known  WBy,  Api^ied 
chemistry  had  lo  thank  him  lor  improved  melirods  and  for  an 
extended  knowledge  of  iodividnal  subetaoces.  He  alio  studied 
the  cbemistiy  ol  combustion  and  ol  resplratkni,  and  made 
experiments  in  physiology,  where,  however,  he  was  hampered 
by  the  "  teBdereesB  of  hit  nature  "  which  kept  him  Iroi 
cai  diaectiow,  espedaHy  of  living  ai  '  ' 
tbera  to  be  "  n»sl  Inalructiog." 

Betidei  beinf  4  baiy  natural  philosopher,  Boyle  devoted 
much  line  to  theology,  ifaowing  a  very  decided  leaning  to  the 
prtcttcal  atda  and  an  indiSeience  to  controversial  polemics. 
At  the  ReMoTition  be  was  favourably  received  at  court,  and 
in  iM5inHddhaMte<elTedtheprovostifaipof  Eton,  if  be  would 
have  taken  orden;  but  thb  he  relosed  to  do,  on  the  ground 
that  his  writings  on  religious  subjects  would  have  greater  weight 
'  ig  from  a  layman  than  a  paid  minister  oi  the  (linrch.  He 
large  sums  in  promoting  the  spread  of  Chrntianity,  doik 
Irtbuting  Uberally  to  missionary  sodeties,  and  to  the  expense* 
'  translating  the  Bible  or  poitiont  of  ll  into  various  languages, 
y  his  will  he  founded  the  Boyle  lectures,  for  proving  the  Christ  Ian 
tiglon  against  "  notorious  infldeb,  vi£.  athcisTs,  tbcBla,  pagana, 
^ia  atid  Habommcdans,"  with  the  proviso  tiiat  controvRsiea 

In  penon  Boyle  was  tail,  liender  and  of  a  pale  countenance 
a  cenititution  wis  far  from  robiat,  and  thtouglnut  hii  life  ht 
ifftnd  fnim  feeble  health  and  low  spirits.  While  his  acienlific 
□rk  procured  him  an  extraordinary  reputation  among  bil 

eonlemponrlea,  his  private  character  and  virtues,  the  charm 

of  his  aodal  manners,  hit  wit  and  powers  of  conversation,  en. 

deared  him  to  a  large  citde  of  pergonal  friends.  He  was  never 
:d.    Hb  writing  art  eictedla^y  voluminous,  and  hi* 

style  It  dear  and  ttnightforward,  tboii^  undeniably  fotiix. 


te  Sn,  the  HU^ii 


aany  a 


.     Tlli^h. 


T,  didn 
(dicstlon  of 


no  allenllon  to  Ibe  praclkvl    . . 

dcsplied  knowledge  which  tended  to  use.  He  biratelf 
alchemist;  and  believing  tlie  transmutation  of  melab  to  l>e  s 
pcosibiVly,  he  catrled  out  eipriiments  In  (he  h<^  of  effecting 
it;  and  he  was  instrumental  in  obtaining  the  repeal,  in  16S0, 
of  the  statute  of  Henry  IV.  agaimt  nmlliplying  gold  and  silver. 
Witb  all  the  hnpotunt  vn»k  he  accompUslied  in  physio— the 
esuncialion  of  Boyle's  law,  the  discovery  ol  the  port  taken  by 
air  in  the  propagation  of  sound,  and  fnvetligations  on  the  ex- 
paiaive  force  of  Ireczlng  water,  on  spedlic  gravities  and  itfractlvc 
powers,  on  crystals,  on  electricity,  on  colour,  on  hydreatatlct, 
Ac.— dwmlitry  was  hii  peculiar  and  favourite  study.  Hia  tint 
\        ba^eDlhasubfectwa»n(Siw^KmlCtiiiiitf,pBblBbe<liBs6H, 


aima  Uu  UuLuticai  Orifiif  or 

Mlwu  ■*«■  on  nrlifiiiel  Sutilana  Ikal  SUmi  willuia  any  pHadif 
IBuiirBium  (t67S);  ibe  ^iriil  NnaOiKa  (i«ao):  Nam  Bxtrnmt^ 
nn^O^wHltm  •■<«>  U<  Icy  flfaoflnea  (1681):  a  further  oontinua- 
tioo  of  his  work  on  Ibe  airi  JVfflwl/sr  Of  IJatml  &utory  e/lit 
HioKsa  Blaii  ItiStU  Stmt  litmtiri  ftr  Hu  Haiiinl  Eiftnimlal 
Biilm  4  Uimral  WUtrl  (lUsI:  Itidmu  HyinatatkA  (169a): 
•id  EMfiiimuila  a  OftssiarfHtr  PkyiUae  (tliff).  Ammii;  Ma 
Rliiisai  and  philoKiphica]  wriilnft  were.— SsnMJc  Lch.  wruten 
In  i6aB,  but  not  published  till  lUo:  an  Susy  utim  ilu  Slyl*  ol 
Ik*  Siij  Saif^n$  (iMj);  Octaiiaivl  JtqbctiMi  o^m  Seoml 
Sttjiti  (Ififis!,  whidi  waa  ddioled  by  Swll  In  A  Pitta  UMUUam 
Mjf  a  AintOtct,  and  by  Butler  in  An  Oaaiiatal  BifioHitu  m 
Of  OarlUt^i  Wflint  ■  Dafi  Pidit  at  Ctuh-n  CKOore:  Eatlbna 
ef  ninber  aaifank  ttllk  Haftal  PUIritfkf  (tsU}:  Sami  Ccm- 
-■' — loni  *tomt  At  RiE«i)lisUiiuij  bJ  Koaum  and  Kal^ita.  with  a 
rta  steal  Ot  Pciiiiility  tf  On  Kantrraaltm  (1679):  Dbmma 


3S6 


BOYLE— BRABANT 


^  TM-ei  •»«■  lEw"  (<»■):  BiA  Vnmlim  Mm*— aim  (M 
(l6Si);  A  Fm  Iiumryimit  w  tSlvly  rtami  Ifmlm  ^  Natun 
)l68fii;  IDd  tbe  CkriiUam  Viitiua  [i6w).  Snml  «!«  woria 
appnm]  mlUt  Ui  dcatk.  imoiH  them  Tim  GimBal  Huurj  al  du 
/fdu^M^  saJ  ton  (1691)  :■"  (sUKtioa  c<  duKx  rc^^n" 
Mtikimd  BMatmaU  {it^t-itaS);  ud  A  Frtt  Dimwit  mfimJl 
Cntttmwry  SaBornt  Cifi^-  Aa  iooHiiptete  Aod  iinujdi5ri»d 
cdlclOD  «f  Boyle'i  wocla  wu  publulm]  at  Caiwn  in  1677.  but  the 
fifM  coapkU  cdlllH  *u  thit  aC  "niomu  BirIi,  vjlh  ■  lif«,  pub- 
lUBd  la  1744.  ia  fi**  fiiUa  nhrna,  ■  iHiiail  aditia  appwinE  in 
tm  ia  w  ToIiDM^  Va-  Boylt  hHiiwtliacI  hli  aaniial  luUgi7 
cDllecdoDa  lo  tlic  Royal  Saddy.  wfaicfc  aha  paimi  a  portrait  of 
him  by  tha  CcrmiD  painter,  Fdedrkh  Kcneboom  (idja-iega). 

BOTLB,  a  market  town  ol  Co.  KoscomnwD,  Irriinri,  iti  the 
Donh  parliuDcntaiy  diviiion,  ob  the  Sligo  liaa  of  the  Uldkod 
Cnal  WulBiD  nilway,  lofii  m.  N.W.  by  W.  from  Dublin  and 
sSm.  S.  by  E-fnoi  Sligo.  Ft^  (1901)  I47>-  Itii  beasliltdly 
dtuatttl  OQ  both  bank*  of  the  rivet  Boyic,  an  aSuaat  of  the 
Shaaiioii,betwtcnLm^CaraaiulKey.  llreebridgea  connect 
thelwopattiaf  the  town.  ThcieiicouidembletndeiDagricul- 
(und  pcodncs.  To  the  ooitlt  of  the  town  ttand  iba  ciUDsve 
mini  of  a  Cisteidaii  abbey  fauodod  in  1161,  indudins  moaina 
n  chnich,  irith  a  fiu  west  fniU,  and  Norman 
nal  aiode*  urith  calving  of  very  beautilul  deUlL 
Thcofficeiaf  Ihamonailny  are  Hell  piaerved.  and  an  intcreuing 
Icatuit  li  Men  in  tha  namca  oivcd  on  the  dooi  ol  the  lodce, 
altiibulcd  in  Cmnwell'a  loldiei,  who  occvpied  the  buildincs. 
Ntighboarios  antiqiiitiea  aic  Aiielyn  church  neat  Lough  Key, 
and  a  laift  cromlech  by  the  toad  towaidi  Loush  Gafa.  Boyle 
mi  ineaqxinud  by  Jamea  L,  and  nlutnsd  two  mnnbeia  to 


XU.  (i)  A  ofiitil  of  2dM  (Cm.  mvL  jj;  Abm  L  it; 

Jk.  6,  IbIL  i),  doidnfully  Idmlificd  with  d-B««&»t,&E.  of 
the  Deail  Sea,  hi  llH  bfokoi  conntty  N.  oi  Pem;  the  mini  htle 
an  cooipantively  aninqiBctuL  ll  ia  the  cenlte  oi  a  paitowl 
diitiicl,  and  It*  inhiMtuu,  who  DumlMt  betwcoi  too  aad  100, 


BOTMK  a  rivet  of  Irdand,  which,  riiipg  m  the  Bog  ol  Alkn, 
Bcai  CailMty  in  Co.  Kildaie,  and  flowing  in  a  norlh-caatcrly 
direction,  paaiea  Trim,  Navan  and  Dro^eda,  and  enteia  Ihe 
Iriih  Sea,  4  m.  below  tlw  town  Lut  named.  It  ii  navigable  for 
bargei  lo  Navan,  i«  n.  from  tu  mouth.  Much  of  the  scenery  on 
[ti  banki  ii  beautiful,  though  never  grand.  About  1  m.  wett  of 
Iln)(lKda,an(iieliik,  ijolt-in  height,  rouki  the^wt  when  (he 
lonea  oi  William  IlL  gained  a  celebntcd  victoiy  ovet  thote  al 
JaoKi  IL,  OD  the  lit  of  July'  i6gc^  kaown  aa  the  battk  of  the 

WYT  BBIOAD^  an  oiganiialioit  founded  in  Ctaviw  by 


_..  s  oompink*  coanwted  with  diSaent 

cluiichei  thiDughoBt  the  United  Kiogdon,  tha  firitiihenplie 
■ndtlieUnitedStat(s,wJth  io,Doeofficea*ttd  nogoeobays.  A 
timlUi'  organlaalkn,  confined  10  the  AntfOui  Oominunkiii,  ia  the 
Cluucb  lad*'  Brigade.  Boyi'  and  glrit'  life  biigade*  arc  a  nun 
t;  they  teach  young  pcofik  how  to  aam  life  f  mm 
M)  in  hy^ene, 


■  Balnch  tribe  <^  Kind  (Amb)  eiliaclian,  uiudly 
Bf-nri.wiH  iritb  the  niount*iii  di)trict*  of  the  frontier  neai  Sen 
Chili  Khan.  They  an  liio  to  be  found  in  Zhob,  "nul-OtotiaU 
and  la*  Bda,  whiht  the  majority  of  the  popolatioii  are  aid  to 
live  in  the  Punjab.  .They  an  muilly  giaiien,  and  the  name 
BonUr  b  probably  derived  Iton  Bua,  the  Fciitan  name  for  goat. 
Withinthelimltaof  thrit  mounts  braK  on  the  outer  ipunofthe 
Sulimm  hUl*  they  have  always  been  a  turbulent  race,  muttering 
about  170a  fighting  men.  and  they  were  formerly  couUntly  at 
feud  with  th*  ntighbauting  UMaiana  and  Sheisnl  tribes.  In 
ias7  their  ludt  into  the  Punjab  draw  upon  them  an  expedi- 
tion nndel  firigidler-Geiiem]  Sir  N.  B.  Chamberlatn.  Tlie 
SangaA  pan  wu  caiituied  and  the  Boidui  lubmitted.  Since 
BalncUttau  fau  been  taken  over  they  have  givca  bat  littk 
tronlOe. 


.UtetUmiai  by  the 

k aa^ui^lMnBi  the  upfuagd  irw  uyla la  tuly  m and  the 
gW  Myk  d*M  af  tjw  battk  ot  Aughiiu,  July  ifO»  the  iomtioa 


oU  style", dale,  which  ; 
bejuiy  iilh  (wu  19th,  a 
p.417).    The  1>th(><  Juhr  i 
in  uia  aorth  <4  InUno  ■ 


the  Hiotaiii,  about  So  m.aoutho[Damaicai.  Hh  aiMwitluB  the 
will*  it  about  il  m.  in  length,  and  neaily  ■  m.  ia  hnadlhi  while 
enen>Iveiubutfailieto  the  tail,  north  and  welt.  Tk  prindpal 
can  atill  be  diwinguiihed  are  *  teapb.  an 
_. .  .  _  je  theitn  (esdoaed  by  a  aitle  of  WKh  tOMe 
It  workmanihip),  isveiBl  bathi,  a  triuiapha)  and  MInt 
'  ree  moique*,  and  what  are  kiwwa  u  the  chnrck  ud 
the  moakBiAeita.  In«Aia6tbtdtywaibtnalifed 
bap*  itMoted  from  ruin  by  l^^fis,  wbo  made  il  Ihe  capital 
■ew  province  ol  Anbia.  !■  the  ittgn  of  Akxander 
.  it  wai  made  a  colony,  and  ia  144,  a  niliva  of  the  plac*,' 
Fhilippui,  aieendcd  the  impcttal  Uinnt.  By  tha  tim*  of  Cut- 
(tantine  the  Craat  It  tecma  to  Uive  bcea  Chriuiaaiicd,  aad  not 
longafteritwa»th«ieatof  antJteiaiveblthopifc.    ItwaiMMof 

tjv<i,.tnlu^fil'fyi<.mli«mtij«Wiltnl>i>M.h—y|»»%.a,fH 

It  niccearfuUyrariited  all  the  attempt*  of  liii  riiaailiimii  miiit 
it  f rom  thdrhanda.  Ailatei*thei4lhoeBtuyitwa*apopolDtD 
dty.allcr  which  it  (iBdually  fell  into  decay.  Iti*nawialHtBted 
by  thirty  or  loi^laniiliao^.  t^niirr  nijfMwt  faf.;iiKff  jyip 
ii  with  Kurita  el-Bohcir,  eqiddiitaat  (i  m.)  from  Dibon  ^ 

Deuieronomy  and  JoahoB  a*  a  levitiol  dty  and  a  dty  oi  refuge; 

In  I  lUcc  V.  36  then  ii  mentioD  of  Boaor  and  of  Boaoca. 
The  latW  ia  pnib^ily  to  be  identified  with  Boaia,  the  lonter 
perhtp*  with  the  pcoeiit  Buai  el-Hariri  in  the  louth^aal  comer 
of  the  LejL  ,     (R.  A.  S.  U.) 

BRABANT,  a  duchy  which  eatedltoni  iigoto  i4jD,wbeaU 
wi*  united  with  the  dtwhy  of  Boiguady,  the  name  being  doiral 
ffom  Biabo,  a  *emi«ythical  ttaokiih  chid. 

The  hl*loty  of  Btabut  i*  caonected  with  that  of  the  dochy  1/ 
LowB  Lonalne  ((.*.),  lAkh  became  in  the  couoe  of  the  1  ith 


independDie,  and  the  tetiitoqt  of  Lkce  pa**cd  to  the  hidnfa 
ofUMtdty.  TbeiEnuiantotthedacfay.aBllKlrincaitoDWJlh 
the  mtigiavi*te  of  Antwerp,  wai  cootend  in  iiofi  by  (he 
empera  Ucary  v.,  with  the  title  of  duke  of  Lower  Lmtaine,  upon 
Codfiey  (Godcficid)  L,  "  the  Bearded,"  count  of  Loovain  and 
Bnuad*.  Hi*  Utk  wai  diipuied  by  Count  Kouy  of  Uabat(, 
'  'ir  thiei  genefBliuu  the  repreKntativea  of  the  rival  hooica 
lied  the  ponemioD  of  Ihe  ducal  dignity  in  Lower  Lonaina. 
Tlw  Ime  wa*  decided  fa  favour  of  Iba  hauae  oi  LoBviIn  by'Duk* 
Godfrey m.iati5p.  IIi**on,Bc9ryI.,"tbe Wanior"(iiS3- 
I  ijj),  abandoned  the  Ulle  of  dukeof  Lower  Lonaine  and  aammcd 
in  iigo  that  of  dukeof  Brabant.  ffi*iuwe»ow  were  Heniy  11^ 
"  the  MagBinimoui"(i*3t-'it4S),  Henry  IIL,"  I*  DdMunair  " 
(ii48-i>6i),  and  John  I.,  "the  Victoriom"  (iilti'1394), 
The*e  were  all  able  rulen.  Their  anal  place  of  reaidcnce  waa 
Loovain.  John  J.,  in  11S3  bonghi  the  duchy  of  Unbori 
from  Adolf  ol  Betg,  and  lecund  hii  acquliition  by  defeat- 
ing and  (laying  hi*  competiloi,  Henry  of  Lumabuig,  at  the 
batUe  ol  Wocringen  (June  5,  iiti).  Hi*  own  *on,  John  IL, 
"  the  Pacific"  (i>9^i3ii),  bcMowedUbenltaiiponhiiMibjecu 
I9  thethineiof  COrteDberg.  Thi*  charter  kid  the  loundalioo 
of  BiabanUne  freedom.  By  it  the  fanpodtioo  of  grant*  (Mrs) 
and  taw*  «»*  ittklly  Umlled  and  regulated,  and  it*  eaecsUoo 
wa*  cntrraled  lo  a  council  anioinled  by  the  duke  for  Hie  (four 
noble*,  ten  buighen)  wbo*e  duty  it  wai  to  touider  aO  cast- 
plalnl*  and  to  ite  that  the  cooditioii*  laid  down  by  the  durta 
onKeming  the  adniniitiation  of  jutice  and  Gnasce  ime  not 
infrinpd.  He  w**  nKceeded  by  bit  ion,  John  ID.,  *•  ilm 
Triumphant "  (1311-IJS5),  who  Hicceeded  in  n 
peaiiignl»v't*<' 


BRABANT— BRABANT,  NORTH 


nd  a  kMM  toBMI  iplMttte  Vr  Ik  priMdjr  aiitftbaM,  bdt 
he  hid  ■  hud  mtnfgB  to  tu»,  and  suny  a|»  4nd  den 
fKttoB..  Hci(«BtD*riiamBnhaBtowcidllicptuchu 
R*  KbBtlB,  oHhI  £a  jiyaut  mMt,  bemnM  il  wia  fnawd  oa  the 
'  p  ol  Ilia  dsn^ttr  Johum*  CJcune}  with 
dI  Lumnbun,  and  wu  indaioied  i 

iyisl0finiMek{M5ti)- 

Henry,  the  ody  legitiBiau  uo  c^  John  tH,  havinc  died 
iM9i  ti>  docal  dlinHy  puMd  to  Ui  dnchter  u>d  fa^rcB,  t 
abone-BUDcd  JobuiMi  (d.  i«ci6).    She  had  nuutiMl  in  Ant  n 
tockWimaBiIV.,ODUiitc(KolUiid(d.iMl)-    WsudofLiuEi 
bot^  htr  Mcacid  hnbaad.  aMnmed  in  li^  of  tut  wifa,  and  by 
tlK  unetieD  of  the  thaiM  Ujtjttut  mlrH,  Uw  ityla  tt  dnki  ol 
Bcaban.    Jotasu^  title  *b,  hewnct,  dtaputcd  by  I«ab  II., 
tniDt  of  FIindEn  (d.  ijS4),niHihadmiiiMhertbteTHaigant. 
Ibe  4BCiClan  had  bctn  coopramncd  by  tha  uaiao  to  Uaiiuct  in 
IS4T  a(  the  oarvn^an  ol  Antwerp  by  Jnha  m. ,  but  a  mi  bcoJu 
Qot  in  ijsB  betiRCB  Wenail  npimtid  by  the  (Sib,  and  Louk, 
c  bniilBnialTicbu  paity  in  tha  Bnbant  dtk*. 


and  FMct  Coutenxl  at  Lonnin.  Inlheaniseofaitomyidpi 
Wenad  waa  takea  priinaar  in  ijri  ^  tb  dakc  c^  Gddaland, 
and  hid  to  be  lantomed  by  hii  ubfecU.  After  hii  death  (i]l3) 
Ms  wMow  CBntbiued  to  rule  dvcc  the  t«D  dnchki  fee  aij^ltea 
jait,  but  wu  obliged  to  lely  ca  the  npiiDrt  of  the  hoDM  ti 


the  hnK  of  Linemburg.  and  appilnted  htf  due,  HufaRt  d 
FlaiK^  (d.  140  j) ,  dai^htar  s(  LotA  n.  and  UtitHCt  tf  Bnbant 
<«e«Fijun>eig).  indbcr  bsliani^fUl^dwBoUDfBiBtandy, 
her  hr<n.  Ifarpnt  o(  Flandeit  had  niinkd  (i)  Philip  L  de 
Radvre  ot  Burgundy  (d.  ij»i)  and  (t)  niHp  It,  the  Bold, 
fd.  1404),  MooF  JohnlL,  Ungot  rnnc«(McB(n<linan).  Of 
her  Ihree  mum  by  her  Kcond  maniifa  John  (ucciaded  to 
BwrKiindy,  and  Antboay  to  Brabial  en  the  deilh  of  Jciuama  in 
1406.  Anthony  wntiDed  at  the  battle  crfAginaonlo  1415  ■«) 
wai  iiKCttdtd  by  Hi  ddert  aoo  by  Jofme  of  Ltuonbari  St  Fa), 
John  IV.  (d.  1497)-  He  iichkfly  memorable  lor  the  esitemmt 
aiMd  by  hb  dfrorce  from  U>  wife  Jamba  (f-a),  counteu  ui 
Holland.  Ji>hnIV.lellw>Hw,aad.theiin]c»oiipMedtohii 
brother  PhiUp  L,  wto  alu  died  wilbout  taoe  in  Mio. 

On  the  minction  of  Ibe  line  of  Anthony  the  daehy  of  BmbUK 
became  the  hibcrilance  of  the  dder  biandi  d  the  bouMof 
BurEimdy.bi  the  penonol  FUlipm., "  the  Good,"  of  BuifUBdy, 
ItafBnbaat.aonolJohn.  Ibvanddi(wbt(iMaiy(d.  mBi), 
danshttr and  hriitM  of  Cbaileal., "  the  Bold,"  (d.  I47ri  mantod 
the  B^duke  MUrindlan  vi  AnMria  (alUrwiida  empoor)  aad 
•o  twott^t  BrabtM  irith  the  other  Binvuidka  poHBioi>  to 
the  houK  of  Hababnrft  The  chief  cfty  of  Brabant,  Brandl, 
{■ctsim  tm&r  the  Ibbrinnt  f«ghne  tbe  iwidencn  of  the  coart 
aodtfacc^iftaloElhcNelherlancb.  In  tbe  penoo  rf  the  emperor 
Charla  V.  tbe  doUniei  <d  Biabant  and  the  other  Nethcrland 
■tita  were  tmlLed  with  thore  ul  the  ^Hnlih  monatchy.  Tbe 
■tfnnpt  of  Philip  n.  oC  Spiin  to  inpcee  denntic  rale  upon  tbe 
Retberlanifa  led  to  the  outbreak  of  the  Nethcrland  revolt,  15U 
(mc  NnaztiAinis). 

In  the  coBne  of  the  ei^ty  yean' 
prwinee  of  Brabant  b«ame  tcpaatcd  into  ti 
tk  aouthem  and  lirfer  put  SpanMi  role  ' 
and  Bnoaeb  oontlnoed  to  be  the  leat  of  vncmment.  Tbe 
northern  (nnaller)  part  wn  conqocred  by  the  Dutch  under 
Miurke  and  Frederick  Henry  of  Onnae.  Tbe  latter  c^Mrtd 
•i  HettoacDboch  {i6«?),  Maastricht  (tfijr)  and  Breda  (liij). 
At  tbe  peace  of  Hoater  tlda  portion,  whkli  now  lomu  the  Dutch 
pxnlBeeof  North  Brabant,  wu  ceded  by  PUHpIV.to  the  Umtad 
I^OTJiKeB  and  wai  known  u  GeDetaUIy  Land,  anl  ptt«ed  nwler 
tlK  dliect  government  of  the  etatu  gi.neitt  The  natbim 
pvtios,  DOW  dviiled  into  the  pnvinca  ol  Antwnp  and  Sooth 
Bnbant,  remained  under  the  ivie  of  the  ^nlth  Habebnp 
■alii  tbe  death  oiCbarlca  II.,  the  ]>it  of  fall  nceinijoo.  After 
the  War  of  the  Spaidih 


Uiie  extent  uninpaimd,  the  inunuaitie*  and  privileiei  to  which 
it  wii  enlllled  under  Iha  pruviaiene  of  iti  andeat  cbutei  of 
liberty,  the  Jayuio  Entry.  Ao  ill-jud(ed  attonpt  by  tbe 
emperor  Jeeeph  IL,  in  Ua  leal  for  reform,  to  inFiinge  line 
inheiited  rigbli  itirred  19  the  people  under  the  leadenblp  of 
Henry  van  der  Noot  to  armed  icuiUnce  in  tbe  Bnbucoa  revolt 

SacD  the  FicDch  conqueil  of  1794  Ibe  hiUory  of  Brabant 
b  Bci^  in  that  of  Bcl^um  (f.a).  Tbe  revolt  agiinat  Dutch 
rule  in  1830  broke  out  at  Bruaelt  and  wai  in  iu  initial  Masea 
kttdy  a  Bnhsncon  movemeat,  Tbe  important  part  played 
by  Bnbant  at  thia  criiii  ol  tbe  bialory  of  tbe  lonthem  Netber- 
hiidi  wai  marked  in  1831  by  the  adoption  of  ihe  udeot 
Bnban^on  cokwa  to  form  the  oational  flag,  and  of  tbe  lion  of 
Brabant  at  tbe  armorial  bearinci  of  Belgium.  The  title  of  dike 
of  Brabant  baa  been  revived  u  Ihe  ilyle  of  the  eldeat  ion  of  Ibe 
Unt  of  the  Belfiina.  (G.  E.) 

BRABUT,  tbe  central  and  metropoUlan  province  of  Bel^um, 
ii  formed  out  af  put  of  the  andant  duchy.  From  iSij  to  1S30, 
that  ii  to  aiy,  durincflK  udalence  of  Ibe  tin^lan  of  tbe  Netbci^ 
landi,  Bclslu  Brabtnl  wU  dbtlncuiahed  from  Dutch  by  tfaa  • 
employment  of  the  leaeniJilcil  terms  South  and  North.  The 
anrfica  of  Brabant  is  undulallnfc  and  the  hlghcit  pofnU,  aome 
40D  fL  in  altitude,  are  to  be  found  at  and  near  Mont  St  Jean. 
The  province  la  well  cidtlvatei^  and  the  people  are  mil  knomi 
foe  thrir  indutry.  Tbere  are  valuable  atone  quarrici,  and  many 
maBofaeturea  flourtsb  In  the  amallo  towna,  aDch  a*  Ottiffiie^ 
aa  wall  aa  la  tba  larger  dlin  of  BriBoeb  and  Lonvdn.  Brabant 
amtaini  810,140  acni  or  ii4S  14.  n.  Iti  ftindpal  to*M  are 
BnBKia,  Louvain,  Nivclka.  Hal,  Otilpiiea,  and  Its  three  admiDi*- 
tratiw  dlviuMB  are  saned  aflct  the  bit  three  of  tboM  town. 
Tbey  are  lubdivided  into  jo  caMans  and  344  commnoea.  ]> 
1904  the  popolatjoucd  the  province  was  ij66,jBaorapia|nftiaB 
of  I0T7  pcriq.  PL 

BIABAKT,  MOHTH,  tk  lar^it  (nvInCB  in  Hdland,  bonnded 
&  b*  Bcltfun,  W.  and  N.W.  by  tbe  SdEldt,  tbe  Eendradi^ 
the  Vdkerak  aad  tbe  Ibllanibch  Diep,  which  lepante  it  ItoD 
Zealand  and  South  Holland,  N.  and  N.  B.  by  the  Merwedc  and 
Htask  iddcb  uparite  it  froau  South  HoUaod  and  Cddetland, 
and  E.  by  the  ptovioCB  of  Limburs.  It  baa  ao  area  ol  >ji  aq.m. 
and  a  pop.  {1900)  of  JU,B4>.  The  surface  of  tbe  province  is  a 
gealle  skfie  ftom  tba  aeuttcait  (wheie  It  range*  bclwceD  80  and 
rdo  ft.  In  bei^t)  towards  the  Mtth  and  north-waat,  and  tbe  eoU 
ii  cantueed  of  iBbivial  sand,  here  and  tb 
but  givin(  place  to  sea-day  aloiis  tbe  ^ 
rtw^day  along  the  banka  (d  the  Maas  and  smaller  rfvcu. 
The  watemhed  h  leaned  by  the  naclh-entem  eim  of  the 
Belgian  plateau  cf  CamplAe.  and  loUon  a  cnrrcd  line  drawn 
throrn^  Bergen-opZoom,  Ttenhoot  and  Itaaitiicbt.  Tbe  land- 
icapa  cooditi  tor  the  miat  part  <d  wiate  attcldies  of  bealh, 
accarfanaByili^tlyonIaIdwiIhfaVife&  Between  the  vaUejn 
of  the  Aa  and  the  Uana  Ha  tbe  kmg  stretch  of  heavy  bigb^fen 
called  the  Va\  {"  manby  land  ">.  Doumc,  a  lew  miles  east  (d 
Helmond,  the  site  d  a  preblstDTfc  burial-ground,  wag  an  early 
fen  colony,  tbe  work  cf  redamalion  wu  removed  faithii 
eutwarda  to  Hdenaveen  fn  the  accond  half  of  tbe  i^tb  century. 
AgticnltuR  (potitoa,  buckwheat,  lye)  fa  tbe  main  Industry, 
^nsalty  combined  with  cattle-rabing.  On  the  day  lands 
wheat  and  bariey  are  tbe  prindpal  products,  and  In  tbe  wealein 
comer  of  tbe  pnvhice  beetroot  b  lar^y  cultivated  fee  the 
beet  sogu  industry,  factories  being  found  at  BcrptMi[hZac(P, 
Stcenbergen  and  Chdeaboech.  Tbee  is  a  special  cuhivation  of 
hop*  In  the  district  norlb-west  of  '*  Herto^idioecb.  Tbe  large 
m^otitycf  tbe  peindatioa  is  Sanaa  Catboik,  The  earliest  <k- 
nlofOKU  of  towns  and  vOlagn  took  place  iktig  Ibe  river  If  aai 
and  iti  ttibMtrlce,  and  thn  fortified  Roman  amp*  iddch  woe  tbe 
erigln  of  many  inch  afHiwards  devdoped  in  Ibe  hands  ol  levdil 
loeda  Tbechkltownof  tbepMvtnoe,'sHcrtogeiJM*ch,may  be 


358 


'  BRACaANO— BRACEGIRDLB 


I  ilmiUilj  iltuted    I 


Heiodcn,  Ravattta  iBi)  Gnve  ue  ■ 
li  the  Dcit  la*n  in  impurtana  i 
Zoom  had  originxllr  •  more  nirilli 
EntdbovcD  ud  Bobut  (or  Battel}  tn  ImporUat  nihny 
fnnciiDiB.  Bokslcl  *ii  forCMriy  the  teat  of  u  ImkpnufcDi 
barony  which  nine  Into  One  potaosicai  of  Philip  the  Good  la 
uj?-  The  oatk  wu  KMond  in  Dwdera  tiDO.  TfeepNctriaw 
poition  of  llie  pcovfaKt  on  Ibe  bofdcn  d  tint  CouMiy  doabtbo 


Ihe  Kparation  fnim  Bdgiuni  and  the 
ranwayi  and  tanali  then  ha*  becD  ■ 
Tilburg,  EindbovTU    and    Hitmond    aO    hiviog    ifeni  into 
piomiiicDce  Id  modRO  linMS  ai  induitrlal  crntm.    'Le-^— 
tanning  and  ■hoc-making  aie  (qwcially  auociated  wit 
datricl  called  Lanptiaat,  *hich  ii  tltiuLed  betwr- 
nudenberg  and  '■  ReHoECDboKh,  and  coiBiita  ol 
[oduitrial  villaga  along  ilic  coune  ol  ihe  Old  Uai*. 

BRACCfAMO,  a  torn  In  the  provtaoc  of  Rome,  Italy,  15  m. 
N.W.  of  !to»e  by  tall,  tituated  on  the  S.W.  ibon  of  ths  Lake 
ol  Btaeo'ano,  flij  II.  above  Ma-lewl.  Pop.  (loor)  30S7.  Il  b 
chiefly  nnurkablf  for  iu  fine  caade  (buflt  by  the  Oiibii  la  1460, 
and  )fna  1606  ihc  property  ol  the  OdcacalchiJ  nhkh  hai  pre' 
>«ved  its  mfdlevat  character.  The  bcautilid  lake  ii  the  andenl 
Lacui  Sabalinta,  auppoKd  to  derive  iti  name  from  an  EItuicib 
city  of  the  name  of  Sabate,  which  it  wrangty  thonifat  to  be 
fnentioned  in  the  ItineiBika;  Ihe  nfeicnce  it  lenUy  to  the  lake 
itielf,  which  ban  thia  name  and  (ave  it  to  one  of  the  Koman 
tribea,  Ihe  Irihu  Satalina,  founded  is  ,317  I.C.  (O.  Cimu  in 
JolireiliifliiaOaiTr.Arth.ImlUuU,B.,i»V},^i)-  It  li  aiaqm. 
in  siea,  ssS  iL  above  Ma-levd,  and  sjo  It-  deep;  It  ia  atanoat 
drcular,  but  li  held  to  be,  DM  u  extinct  cnxer,  hut  the  leault 
of  a  vcJcadc  BUt«dei)Ce.  The  tufa  depodta  which  radiate  froia 
It  extend  u  lar  a*  Rome;  *ailoiit  amall  cnuera  iurraimd  », 
while  Ihe  etisteace  of  wann  qutagi  In  the  dittrlct  (eapedally 
thau  of  Vkarello,  probably  iIk  ancient  Afuat  ApdUnent) 
my  abo  be  noted.  Umy  remalni  of  asdent  viUaa  may  be  acca 
round  the  like^  above  lia  weat  hank  it  the  atatfoo  of  Foium 
Clodil.  and  on  its  Donh  ihon  the  village  ol  'nevignalw,  which 
retaina  tram  of  the  [ortificatlODa  of  an  andent  town  of  tinkaomi 
nane.  Aboot  haU-a-toile  cut  of  it  waa  a  peat  atatlon  called 
Ad  Novat.  The  aiie  of  AngnPlatj,  on  the  aonth  ahoR,  wai 
occupied  by  a  Koman  vOU.  The  water  of  the  lake  partly 
luppiiea  the  Acqua  Paola,  a  restontion  by  Paid  V.  of  the  Aana 
TValana.  (T.  AsJ 

BItAGGIOUXI.  FRANCIUa  (isW-itt;),  Italian  poet,  wia 
bom  at  Pbtnia,  ota  noble  family,  In  1566.  On  UanmovIngLD 
Florence  he  waa  admitted  loco  the  academy  there,  and  devoted 
himself  to  literature.  At  Rone  he  entered  the  aervice  of  Cardinal 
HaSeo  BarberinI,  with  when  he  afterwardi  went  to  Francn. 
After  the  death  of  dement  Vm.  te  retmed  to  hia  own  country; 
and  when  hii  pMnm  Barherlnl  was  elected  pope,  under  the  name 
oi  Uttan  VIII.,  BraecMItil  lepdnd  to  Rame,  and  wn  made 
MCtetaiy  ta  the  poptV brother, Cardinal  Anlodo.  Hehadalao 
the  hoMur  coDtnied  on  him  of  taking  a  iunianM  (mm  the  anna 
oi  the  Barbetini  findy,  which  were  bcea;  whence  Ik  was  af tci^ 
wardi  known  by  the  name  of  BremtlM  ifEtT  A^  During 
Vrban'i  pontificate  Ihe  poet  lived  at  Rwne  in  oooaideiahic 
lepatatioD,  thou^  at  Ihe  aame  tune  he  waa  cenmcd  for  hb 
•ordid  avarlt*.  On  the  death  ol  Ihe  pontiff  be  retniiied  to 
FittoU,  where  be  died  in  1645.  Tbcie  is  icatctly  any  ^ecie*  <  ' 
poetry,  epic,  diamatk,  pMotal,  lytic  or  barlceqne,  whii 
Bracdoliid  did  not  attampt;  but  he  it  priudpatly  noted  ioi  hi* 
fttoct-berolc  poem  £*  S/Abu  tt^t  DA,  puUWlKd  in  r6iB, 
ilmilai'  bat  (onfcnedly  bferbr  t»  the  conlemponry  work  ol 
Taaoid,  SucWb  Xa^  Of  bis  nhMi  betolc  poemi  the  moH 
celehtated  ia  la  Cm*  JEariMtfate. 

Foe  the  Italian  hanagiit  P«t^  Bcactiiiliai  no  Pocoia 

WBACB,  CBAEUi  UUM  (iSse-iBgo),  American  iddka- 
thrcpkt,  waa  bam  on  the  igth  ef  June  iBa6  in  UtdBeld.  Cea- 
necdcnt.  Ha  grvtaalad  at  Yale  In  It4d,  studied  iheology  there 
fti  ig4T-iS4S,  and  gnduated  btm  Unkn  Iheeloclcal  Semfaiary 
fniSM,    FWc>thfctln>Bhep«ctleaUydwiu>adhlalil»toaotiaI 


work  ammg  the  poor  of  New  Tack,  dad  t»  Ckftttan  prqMlA^ 
among  the  oiminal  dasaci;  aAd  he  became  well  ImowB  ai  a 
aedalrefoimcr.at  home  and  abroad.  Uealarlcdin  iSjilohoU 
"  bo!ra'  iMclIi^,"'BDd  In  iSjJ  h^led  to  fouad  the  CUdWn^ 
Aid  Society,  isublidiliw  woekahopa,  indBiuial  aeboola  nod 
lodtfug-hetuea  ibr  newab^^  In  tSri  he  waa  a  delepte  tB  the 
intematioaal  priian  congresa  which  met  in  LondiB.  He  died  at 
Canpfer,  in  Tirol,  oa  Ihe  tith  of  AngiBt  iS«Ol  Ha  pi""  ' 
from  tine  to  time  levcral  volumea  embodying  hk  *1 
practical  Christianity  and  ila  applloiion  to  the  in  ~ 
aocial  oottdilioas. 

Srt  TU  Lilt  ma  ttOirt  $f  Qarla  Lartut  Btmt  (New  yorfc, 
1894).  edited  by  hia  daughter.  Eauia  Boca. 

BBAOL  JOUA  (1I06-1S84),  ABirican  Hind  deal-mUe,  «aa 
born  at  NewingtoB,  Coiwecticat,  on  the  ijlh  ol  June  1806.  Im 
bet  fifth  year  ehe  became  Ulnd  and  deaf,  and  kat  the  power  ef 
apeech.  At  the  age  of  eighteen  ahe  eatoed  tbe  atyluai  (or  Iha 
deaf  and  dumb  at  Hartlord.  Tb  atudy  e(  hUnd  deaf-aotei  and 
their  adentlfic  training  wia  then  in  its  ialaacy:  but  abe  leant 


adth  Lau«  Bride 

ran.,  ea  the  iith  of  Angnu  itS*. 

BBACB  (Ihrou^the  Fr.IioB  the  ptaral  of  the  Ut.  traatUiiii)^ 

>e  am),  a  neaiine  of  lengtb.  being  the  diiiancB  betmoi  the 

letidcdama.    Frea  Ihe  original » 

mea  that  cd  something  which  sen 
Jtnngthene,  found  in  numcmns  naca  a(  the  wi     . 
tool  with  a  oank  handle  and  socket  to  Udd  a  bit  lot  bi 

beam  of  wood  or  metal  used  In  strengthen  any  bailding  .or 
uchlne;  the  straps  passing  over  Ibe  shouldcn  to  nKXVl  the 
Irouwrs;  the  lealbBm  thons  whiA  sUda  up  and  dow^  the  coi4 
of  a  drum,  and  regulate*  tha  temiesi  and  Ihe  lODeiawnliiVaDd 
printing  a^  (|)  foe  unituig  two  or  mote  line*  of  letiopccsa  0( 
music;  a  nauliial  term  (or  a  rope  laalened  to  the  yard  lor  tiim- 
ming  Ihe  mUs  (cE.  tha  concspooding  Fnnch  term  (raid*  HrgM). 
Aa  meaning  "  a  ceopls  "  or  "  pair  "  Ihe  term  waa  fiiat  applied 
to  do^  probably  fnun  the  teaah  by  which  they  weie  coupled  in 
cquraing.  In  aichiteetuie  "  brace  mould  "  ii  the  term  fsr  two 
resaaunta  or  ogees  united  together  like  a  brace  In  printing, 
aoaetlmea  with  a  anuJl  bead  between  them. 

BRACBOIRDUI,  AIWI  {c  i6i*tI74S),  Enrfish  acticaa,  b 
Slid  to  have  been  placed  noda  the  care  of  llioinsa  Bctlertoa 
and  ha  wHe,  and  to  have  fast  appeared  im  Ihe  atage  aa  Ihe 
page  Id  TIa  OtfAan  at  iu  fiitl  performance  at  Doiaet  Garden 
in  iSKo.  She  was  Lucia  In  Sudwell's  Sqmri  </  Almlia  at  llie 
Theaiii  Royal  in  liSB,  and  played  aimilar  paiti  until,  in  i6n]i 
a*  Araminla  in  Tlu  Old  Baduitr,  she  made  ber  fint  «ppe<in>D(w 
in  a  comedy  by  Congrcve,  wilb  whose  oerka  aad  life  her  naoie 
it  moat  cloaely  canDected.  In  i(Qj  she  went  with  Bctleiton 
and  the  other  aemden  to  Lincoln^  Inn  Fields,  where,  on  ila 
opening  with  Coogreve'a  Ijte  far  Lott,  the  played  Amriira, 
Thia  part,  and  tfcoaa  of  Belinda  in  Vanbnigh'a  J'lowW  V/^t 
and  Almirm  in  ConffBve^  JtfwiuiV  Briiit,  were  among  ha  beat 
impenecatioDa.  tut  abe  also  played  the  beroinet  o(  aome  ol 
Nidulaa  Rowe**  tragedies,  and  acted  ia  ihe  g 
version*  of  Shakeq)eaie't  plays.    In  iTOjibeloUow 

to  the  Haymaibl,  wlmc  ii»  found  a  *eriot_  

Un  Oldfield,  then  bit  eomlBg  iuo  public  tavon.  The  atorjr 
m»  that  it  waa  hfl  Icr  the  audience  to  dctcnuDe  which  iraa  the 
better  cooiedy  acticai,  the  leal  being  Ibe  part  o(  Mn  Brittle 
in  BeUCTton'a  ifuMrmi  IFtfMi,  whidi  was  played  alternately 
by  the  two  tivalt  flo  tmtitlve  nighla.  When  the  popular  vote 
vat  given  ta  lawHU  of  Uct  Oldfield,  Mn  Bracegvdla  qoitteil 
the  stage,  making  ody  ooe  reappear*  nre  at  Bettcrton'a  bencfU 
In  ST0».  Her  prinU  life  wat  the  subject  of  much  ditpatioo, 
CoOey  Clbbcr  remarks  thai  abe  bad  iLe  merit  of  "  not  being 
unlTitnlH  in  her  private  character,"  wbil*  Macaulay  does  not 
bedtalc  to  caH  bet  "  a  cold,  vain  and  inUKSled  (oquetlc,  who 
perfectly  ondentood  bow  much  the  infiuence  of  bei  chaimi 
waa  faiaeeacd  by  the  fame  olaieverlly  which  cott  ber  nothing.'* 
Ska  <na  certainly  the  olqea  of  the  idotaJian  oi  majvpco. 


BRACELET 


:  iwwMM  (UM  e(  tht  Unint  si  the  ■««  WnUui 
.),  wbcHa  Cipuln  Hill  ud  Loid  MobuD  n(*rdid 
to  4  rival  f«  hei  aflcctiou.  During  bcr  lilcdmB  tht  WM  sut- 
pected  of  being  Kcntljr  muiIcd  to  Coogiwa,  wImm  miitKn 
■bluilwuidtolkmbecn.  HewwUkulilwijFilKriDliiiutt 
&lead,>iidMtbcrBlc(t<7-  Klglitly  «  vnin^y,  ba  RpuUtion 
lor  virtue  «u  nmirkably  Ugh.  uid  Lord  HiEfu  bnded  ■ 
■nbiciiptkin  liil  a(  8«d  gulneu,  pnanud  la  her  u  a  tribute  10 
kervinne.  Hr  charily  to  ihe  poor  in  Que  Market  and  unund 
Drur;  LaM  •■■  nmspkuoui,  "  iuoaiuch  thai  she  wonld  nol 
pau  Ihal  nd^bourbood  wilboul  the  thanUul  acdamalionj 
•f  people  of  all  degKM."  She  died  In  174S,  and  wu  buried  b 
(be  douten  of  Weatmlntta'  Abbey. 

See  Omat,  Biilarf  tf  «ii  Staff:  CoOey  Cibber,  Afita  (edited 
to  BeUcbaabn):  EgcROB,  US*  if  Amm  OUfiM;  Dovso,  iutjiu 

WHlflUfTi  or  Auon,  1  pnmul  onumcsl  lor  titf  am  or 
mid,  mado  of  dilemit  miutitb,  KconUnf  to  lb*  faihl«  of 
the  ice  and  llM  nak  of  the  marcr.  Tbc  word  It  the  Frencb 
IrauU,  a  diminutive  of  traal.  Iron  tr«(c)U>l«,  httnwd  froin 
the  Latin  tnatimm,  tb«  arm.  on  •hkb  it  wu  smuDy  wore. 
Bjr  (Iw  RomaBi  It  mil  called  armitla,  ttacUatt,  tctttmi;  and 
ia  tbe  middle  age*  hwfo.  srmbt«tJte, 

In  tbe  Bible  tbcn  are  three  diffemt  midi  vhkh  tbe 
■otborfaeilvenioaRadenbr"  bracelet."  ThCK  an — (1)  irvnt 
'ifaiak,  which  eccun  In  Nun.  nii.  jo,  1  Sam.  i.  to.  and  vlu'ch 
beios  uied  with  refemte  to  men  only,  nay  be  taken  to  be  Ibe 
trmltl;  (>)  nriort^.vhicbfa  found  In  Gen.  nfv.  11.  Nnm.  ml. 
50,  Eiek.  ivi  II! — when  (beae  two  wordi  occur  together  («iin 
Kum.  mL  50)  tbe  fint  ia  rendered  by  "  ebain,"  and  (be  second 
IV  "  bf»cel*t  ";  (3)  nn*  nkifett,  wbicb  occun  only  In  In.  W.  19. 
TTie  fini  probably  niHni  annkt*  worn  by  men;  tbe  tecoiid, 
hracdeu  warn  by  wontn  and  aometimet  by  men;  and  (be 
third  ■  peculiar  bncelct  el  chtin- 


Fici. 


-Egyptbn  Bracelet,  Loitvic. 


In  1  Sim.  I.  ID  ibe  Ent  ward  denDtn  tbe  royal  onimcM  wMcl 
the  Anuldiite  Cook  from  the  ann  of  tbe  dead  SanI,  and  biought 
with  Ibe  other  regalia  to  David.  Tbere  a  little  qoeriion  that 
tbii  Wto  audi  a  dSxinguiibog  band  of  jewcUed  metal  u  wa 
Mil]  find  wom  ai  a  mark  of  royalty  from  tbe  Tigrii  to  tho 
Gangea.  Tic  Egyptian  kingi  are  leprcMnted  wtib  armleca, 
I    by    tbe   Egyptian   women.     Then, 


iBWid  of  ineat  hialrC  In  Ibe  woiM. 
Tbe  principal  ]«wd  ol  tbe  left  armlet,  altbough  of  lomcwhat 
inferior  ue  (14&  cmnti)  and  valne,  li  renowned  at  the  T^-i-mch, 
"  crows  of  tbo  maoD.'  The  Imperial  annleti,  generaHy  tet 
with  Jewell,  may  alto  be  obKrved  in  moct  of  the  portnu'ts  of 
the  Indian  emperon. 

Bnueleu  have  it  ill  tlinta  been  waA  In  UK  amoB(  barbaric 
oatiou,  and  tbt  wonea  fretpieiitly  wear  teveral  on  the  ume 
arm.  The  Gner  kindt  ue  of  moihn-of.pcarl,  tine  gold  or  lilTeii 
otbcn  of  la*  value  ue  made  of  plated  tied,  bom,  brass,  copper, 
beadt,  ftc.  Chineu  bracelet*  aiv  tometimcs  cut  out  oI  linglg 
pleno  of  Jade. 

TbhqiecInofpefaaBalamainenlhjubceiieiceedhi^yeominaB 
In  Europe  from  pKhiiioric  times  oomird.  The  bracdcu  of  the 
Bronie  Age  wetc  of  either  gold  or  bronze,  silver  being  Iben 
unLoown.  In  shape  they  were  oval  and  penannular  with 
expanding  or  trumpet-shaped  ends,  having  an  opening  between 
them  of  about  half  an  inch  to  enable  tbem  10  be  eauly  slipped 
over  tbe  wtlit.  Tho«e  ol  gold  were  generally  plain,  hanunered 
rods,  bent  to  the  requisite  ihape,  but  those  ol  bronie  were  often 
chased  with  decorative  deslgui.  Some  forms  of  spiral  armlet* 
of  brooie,  peculiar  to  Germany  and  Scandinavia,  coveted  tbe 
whole  fare-arm,  and  wen  doubtksa  intended  as  much  for  defence 
against  a  sword-stroke  M  (or  ornament.  Among  tbe  na(ioni 
of  classical  antiquity,  bnceteti  wen  woin  by  both  leiei  of 
■'     "■  '  1  only  among  tbe  Greeks,  except  in 

Among  tbe  Romans  they  were  won 
)y  women  oniy  as  a  rule,  out  (hey  are  alto  recorded  to  have  bees 
ised  during  the  empire  by  imaaia  tickti.  and  by  some  of  lh> 
^mpcnn.  It  should  also  be  mentioned  that  biaoelett  wen 
lonferred  a*  a  mHilanr  decoration  In  the  field. 


spirals,  U3i4i11y  in 
the  form  of  snakes, 
a  term  which  Fol- 
iui  gives  as  a  syn- 
onym for  bracelet.' 
The  Mber  data 
were  at  IB  pen- 
annulu  hoops, 
capable  of  bdng 
slightly  opened.  In 


entalliedn 


heads,  lions'  beadt, 
0i(uintheaCf9m- 
ptayingSgura 


found  at  Kul- 
□ba)  to  eninielled 
sphinxes.    In  late  Etruscan 


Fio.  1.— Greek  Bracelet.  Hetmitage. 

the  bracelet  may  be  fairned  of 
consecutive  panels,  as  oiien  m  modern  jewelry. 

Tbe  spiral  forms  wer*  comnon  in  the  Iron  Age  of  noitbeni 
Eaiope,  while  silver  bruxtet*  of  great  elegance,  formed  ol  plaited 
and  intectwitled  ttnndt  d  nhti  wire,  and  [^n  penanmilir 


In  moden  times  the  mott  cekbnted 
V^mlett  are  those  which  fmiB  part  of  the 
rcgaUa  of  tbe  Persian  kin^  and  formeriy 
belonged  to  tbe  Mogul  cmptioi*  of  India, 
being  part  of  the  spoil  carried  to  Ftrtift 
from  DeUd  by  Nidii  Hi«h  in  IJM.  These  onwneDtt  are 
g[  1*— li-g  ^lendour,  aod  the  Jewels  In  tbem  are  of  such 


reckoned  to  be  worth 
at  the  ligk  annlet  Isfi 
Dnya  i  ■»,  "  sea  (01  liver}  «I  Ugbt.' 


million  sterling.    Tbe  prindpal  si 


Pis.  }i— Etruscan  Bracelet,  Loovrt; 
hoopi,  round  ot  loiengc-sbaped  in  section  and  fa^Kitng  to  the  ei- 
trenitiex,  became  comnwn  towarda  the  dote  <<  Ibe  pagan  period. 
TbelauCdIic  period  in  Britaisi  was  cbaiactcritcd  Iqr  terpent- 
thapedbracektsand  massive  armlets,  with  projecting  ontamenla 
of  tobd  hronae  ami  perforatka*  Glkd  with  enamel.  In  tho 
middle  ageibcacaktt  were  mudi  lea  com  monly  need  in  Enrepg, 


36o 


BRACHIOPODA 


iDccotnl  Am. 


but  (be  cailMD  hu  coatlnned  to  pmvfl  anoni  EuUn  utioiu 
Id  Europe  in  pnhiuoijc  lima  mn 
pubJMvd  Ht  Amtterduu  ia  167& 

BRACBIOPODA,  id  imponut  ud  wcll-de&ud  bat  extremtly 
bidilcd  cUm  o(  iavotcbnUs.  The  gioap  may  b«  dcfintd  u 
icJlan:  ScMile  Klituy  Cmlamala  with  bivilved  ibdb  uuuilly 
of  uoeqiul  iizt  and  »irui^ed  dono-vcDtntlyH  Tbc  bttji  u 
pRxIuccd  into  dLUted  unu  baiiD^  teolftclcs.  They  npTOduce 
luuillxi  lad  wilh  dotlbtTul  eiaptiau  in  of  BcpuBte  kicl 

The  Dams  Bndiiopoil  ffiai'X'"'-  ">  "^:  "^  ■<■'><  nUt,  ■ 
loot)  wu  propoKd  far  Ih«  dua  by  F.  Cuvier  in  rSo5,  and  by 
A-  M,  C,  Dumeiil  In  i&o^,  and  hai  liDce  bees  very  exteniivdy 
liiUH-t'    Tbe  diviiloD  of  Ibe  granp  into  Euriimti  [/lurlicvlalii), 


IttfO'ii'        IWaUJUimia]  ,.  __. 

fmm.    A,    vCBlnl,    B,  wntral,  B.  dond  lalw. 

'  — ■---  S.  PradiMi  Umdmt. 

ObnUTrM  »■  Uv^    fijAaudata     (after 


dwnl  valt  _. 
1.  Kty>amclfa 

3 aiia4.  JTuadia. 

J.  Spinjtr.         Dmal 


la  IMtciniM  ImuAmo. 
!,  11.  Craw  SH-alrL    Intalv  el 
tl  donal^  vii]viv,flkwiiK  miJ 

&  Orlkit  toBitramma,  mgptad^a. 

with  u  UagB  to  the  ifadl  and  with  an  alimtotuy  cuiil  open 
both  tndi,  ud  TaOtariina  lArtialtla),  with  a  hin(t  betwo 
the  dmal  and  ventral  valvei  and  with  do  anui,  waa  pmpaai 
by  Owen  and  h$s  be«n  adopted  fay  nearly  all  authori.  In 
later  Kbeme  bued  rjh  out  incruMd  knowkdse  ol  Icanl  foimi, 
tbe  BiBChiopoda'  are  divided  inlo  four  piimary  graups  (ordi 
lliii  tl  cSven  at  the  end  of  the  iKlde,  but  it  miut  Dot  be  (argot 
that  Ibc  ndUiog  lomu  wilh  an  anal  (EcardllKi)  diSer  niaikedly 
fnn  tb*  aprodoua  memben  of  the  group  (TcsticardiDa), 

Tbeaoft  body  of  theBradUopodliiDiIlcaicaptatictKlby  a 
■ball  canpcacd  ol  two  diilinct  valvei;  tbcae  valve*  an  alwayi, 
cucpt  in  caaea  of  DulfoTination,equa]4idcd,but  notequivalved. 
Tbt  vatvt*  are,  omaequeilly,  aaentially  lymmetiical,  wtaldi  it 
■M  the  caae  with  tbe  LarailUbtaDcUaia,— *o  miuh  ao,  thai 
ocrtaln  firachiopod  ihelli  were  namvd  Lamptdu^  or  lanp  abclb, 
b<f  tOBue  Brly  DatBialiau;  but  while  auch  may  bear  a  kl    ' 


a  aallqtM  Etratcas  luop,  by  far  the  lai|« 

The  ibeU  i>  likewiie  mart 


abapca  and  vi 

thin,  icml-ttaiupartDl  and  (Isuy,  in  othen  tnaMive.  Gcnci- 

the  ihell  ii  (com  *  quarter  ol  id  inch  to  about  4  In.  b  aiie, 

but  in  certainipecia  it  aLUini  nearly  afoot  In  breadth  by  aoms- 

thinf  leu  in  lenglb,  a*  ia  tbe  caK  with  Prf'wdu  fipiiilnij; 

arealto  in  tome  tpedet  very  unequal  in  thciiiapectlvi 

11  may  be  Mcn  in  f  roifwJiu  ( AiM«irila)>  Uaattlknat, 

I  MnHKtMi,  &C.,  and  while  the  ipace  allotted  lo  the 

'ciy  great  jn  many  gpedei,  aa  in  rovtrMndi  sfkiHrti- 

eiy  imiil  Id  othen  bdonginf  to  JfrcfJbwmo,  LfffMHO, 

Ckimtla,  &c    The  venlral  valve  la  uaual^  the  tUckeat,  and  la 

me  formi  11  six  or  leven  timet  at  great  at  the  oppodte  one. 

le  oDtei  Hirface  of  many  ol  the  tpedct  proeMa  likcwiie  tba 

Ht  exquiiite sculpture,  hcighiened  by  brilliant  ihades.oripoti 

gr*tn^r«d,  yellow  and  liluiih  black.    Tracei  of  the  onliiut 

colour  have  altn  been  preacived  in  lome  oJ  the  ftaiil  lormaj 

radiating  t>andi  of  a  reddiih  tint  have  been  often  lecn  in  veQ- 

preterved  eumplea  of  Tertbraiuia  {DUioima)  ktutata,  T.  iDi^ 

laima)  saauliu,  T.  cmuiiwui,  T.  Utliciiki,  and  ol  aevenl  olheri. 

^  of  r.  cornea  are  of  a  beautiful  pdle  pink  colour 

when  fini  removed  from  theic  matrix,  and  E.  Deatongchampa 

has  dttcfibed  the  lint  ol  aevenj  Jurauic  ipedei. 

TbevalveaarediitinguiiheduiJffruJandveHfnE^  Theventral 
valve  b  usually  tbe  larger,  and  in  many  genera,  luch  a*  Ttri- 
trofitla  and  gkyntMauUa,  hai  a  prominent  beak  w  umbo, 
irular  or  otherwise  itiaped  lorimen  at  or  near  ila 
. ,  partly  bounded  by  one  01  two  platet,  termed  a 
deltidium.  Through  (he  foramen  panes  a  peduncle,  by  which 
the  animal  Ii  in  many  iptdei  attached  to  lubmuine  objecta 
Icait  a  peitian  of  iu  eiditrDu  Other  fonui  ibow  no 
indication  of  ever  having  been  atuched,  while  lome  that  bail 
been  moored  by  meant  of  1  peduncle  during  the  early  portion  tJ 
their  enstence  have  become  detacbed  il  1  more  advanced  lUge 
ol  life,  the  opening  becoming  gradually  distiiied,  aa  ii  so  often 
'  Ltfiana  rkrmbcidatii,  OrMiiino  ananiala,  &c  Lastly, 
,  leda  adhere  to  Bubmaiine  objects  by  a  larger  or  smaller 
portion  oE  their  ventral  valve,  as  is  the  case  with  many  forms  at 
^  Tkeeidium,  Uon^MU,  &c.  Some  Craatoi  are  always 
I  by  (be  whole  lutiace  ol  their  lower  or  ventral  valve, 
lodeh  itself  an  '  ' 


These  Irregularilis 


a  the  r 


which  it 


likewise,  at  times,  reproduced  on  the 
upper  or  oonal  valve.  Some  apedea  of  SUopkaluia  and  Ptfi* 
dutiaj  teem  also  Lo  have  been  moored  during  life  to  the  sandy 
or  muddy  bottoms  on  which  they  lived,  by  (be  means  of 
tubular  spines  often  of  considerable  leogUi.  The  tnterior  of 
tbe  aheli  varies  very  much  accordmg  to  familici  and  geneTL 
On  the  inner  lurf  ace  ol  both  vjlvo  teveral  well-defined  muscular, 
vascular  and  ovariaD  impressions  are  observable;  they  form 
(iUiec  faHkniatiDDs  of  greater  or  leu  tl«  and  depth,  or  occni  aa 
variously  shaped  pcojectioni.  In  the  TrimaMiim,  lor  axan^e, 
tome  ol  the  mutdta  lie  attached  1 0  a  matsJve  or  vaulted  plttfoTB 
lituated  in  the  medlo-kngiludiDal  ni|jan  ol  tbe  peatetlat  half 
or  umbonal  portion  of  both  valvea.  Id  addition  to  thcta,  (here 
emsti  in  the  inteiioc  of  the  dursfll  valve  of  some  genera  a  varioQsIf 
modified,  thin,  caldfied,  ilbbon^haped  skdeioD  for  the  support 
of  the  ciliated  arms,  and  the  form  of  this  ribbon  tenet  as  one  o( 
the  chief  generic  character!  of  both  recent  and  atincl  torma. 
Thii  bcacfaial  skeleton  I>  more  developed  In  aome  genera  than 
[nolheri.  In  certain  forms,  aa  in  Te-ctraMJe  and  rfrtiraliJnu,' 
il  is  short  and  simple,  and  attached  lo  a  amall  divided  hing^ 
plate,  (he  two  ribandnhaped  lamina  being  bent  upwards  in  the 
middia(Gg.  ij).  Tbe  caidiiial  proccat  is  pnimioeDl,  and  on  eack 
side  of  (he  hinge-plate  ale  situated  Ibe  dental  tockeii;  the  lo(9 
in  TtrOnlMwi  becomes  annular  la  the  adult  by  tbe  union  of 
Iu  cnral  pcocewa  (fig.  ifi).  Id  Uttdiatiia  {ffaUMmim]  It 
ta  doDgatcd  and  reflected;  the  hinge-plate  large,  wilh  tour 
der  whkb  oilginalei  a  median  aepVun,  whidi 
lat  ialo  (he  interiot  ol  Ibe  ibell  (hp.  11  and  14). 
iSutgftiaa»«indicafdbyKnuri,^'noiiypiabyaqii«ralwwrhaH. 


BRACHIOPODA 


b  Ttr^alMa  tbe  bop  b  altadnd  lo  tlic  binge-pUlc  and  to  the 
Kptmn  (£(.  17).  Ib  Uctrrlia  it  is  tlu«  timn  iiucbed,  Sitt  to 
the  his^-ptilc,  ud  then  to  ilic  Kplum  by  faoaatet  Inm  tlie 
Jiiapnt  mi  reflected  pcailiDB*  ol  the  toop.  In  Ifafu  the 
tincluil  ikcltton  St  compoW  of  m  elevated  Eon^todiiiil  up- 
turn mcbing  fiom  one  vbIve  to  lix  other,  to  vhich  an  affiled 
t*a  pairs  ol  okunua  lamellae,  the  lover  onei  riband-ihapcd; 
attached  fint  to  (he  binge-plale,  Ihey  alterwards  proceed  by  a 
gentle  nirvv  near  10  the  anterior  portion  of  the  seplaa,  to  the 
■idea  of  which  they  arc  afiixed;  the  second  pair  originate  on  both 
mia  of  the  upper  ed^  of  the  septum,  extending  in  the  form  oi 
two  triangular  anchor-shaped  lamellae  (fig.  ift).  In  Bmuhardia 
the  aeptum  only  is  fumished  with  two  short  anchor-shaped 
'■""•n.j  Many  more  iDadi&catiaas  aie  obieivable  in  different 
gmps  ol  which  the  great  [amily  Ttrtbmimlidiit  is  conpowd. 
b  Thtatitim  (figs.  3, 4)  the  JnleikFrot  the donal  valve  It  variously 
htfioiml  to  receive  the  laphophotC  folded  in  two  or  more  lobes. 


ta  \WalHuima\  jlattioi 


f.Umr 

(-oai.^^-  — ~~-,.  ~,  -■■- 

divBiicatDn  (muidei  dWucteur 
vcntial  adjustor  (-veotral  pedui 
cedsncule  ndn  tupfaieun,  CnsHal 

e.  t",  eaidinal  process;  r,  r,  hini 

1,  nn:  f.  cruia:  a,  a',  addoctor  imiinu 

Avancator:  ».  prdunde  musclet:  w,  eeinuiD 

vStn.    A,  ventral.  B,  donal  valves]  f.  k 

15.  n!S!SitiMlltynif!^t   lnleiioc  of  dorsal  val< 
t,  IdntplU*:  t,  cardinal  proceia. 
I.  Lxia(>  of  TsrltraMtH  afml  ^ff<^ 


of  ventral  valve. 


eaMI  I.  . 
>(  rfrtftrsldla  4c 

in  of  Jfsfu  pt 


.    (Refcn 


If.  Lonshudinal 

tS.  Lvavtudiaal 

In  tlie  famDy  Sptrifertdat  there  are  two  conical  ipitej  directed 

OBiwuds,  and  nearly  Uling  the  cavjiy  of  the  shell  (Eg.  s)\ 

wUle  in  Alryfa  the  hnad  aplnlly  coiled  lamellae  are  vertical, 

md  dincled  tawaid  tbe  csntit  of  the  donal  valva.    In  lb« 


JUywtM^fAK  tbeta  in  two  Amt  ilender  ci 
while  in  many  genera  and  even  fanulies,  such  as  tl 
Soafluiiuitidtu,  LIncyliiae,  Disfinidai,  ftc.,  t 
CtlCLfied  tnppoR  for  tbe  labial  appendages.  T)i< 
Id  nui9  of  the-genen  i>  provided  with  two  curvi 
which  fit  into  corresponding  sockets  in  the  opp 
that  the  nlvei  cannot  be  separated  without  bcia 


jSt 

ved  lamiBU, 

.  hinge-teeth, 
ingoneof  the 
contains  pro. 
iprcgnatcd 


mus  deposit  b  SDulL 
In  Uapdt  tbe  sbeU  is 
ansposed   ol   alteinals 
layeia  of  chitin  and  of   jj^^Jiiij'' 
phoipbate  ot  lime.    The   "^^  ^he  1 
f  ne  edge*  of  the  maaile    peodage*. 
often     beat     chitmons    '''"If.  °'  °' 
spin!  extrcf 


Mouth. 


I  Slid  a  portioa  of  th 


n  of  the  arras.) 


itlei  or  setae  whi 

project  beyond  the  sb 
As  in  tbs  cue  of  the  LamcUibiuicluala,  the  shell  of  tbe 
adult  is  aot  a  direct  derivative  of  the  youngest  shell  of 
the  larva.  Tbe  young  Biachiopod  in  all  its  species  i> 
protected  by  an  embryonic  shell  called  the    "  protegulum," 


the  umbooea  of  the  adult 
shells  but  i>  more  uually 
worn  afl.  In  all  speciea  It 
has  the  same  shape,  a  skipo 


within  the  shell,  Tlw  in- 
terior half  of  this  space  i> 
lined  by  the  inner  wall  of 
the  mantle  and  is  called  tbe 


which  bears  the 
reiptnition  and 
orfpinisms  upon   i^'^i  /?J, 


which  the  Brachiopod  feeda 
swept  into  Ibe  mantle  cavil 
by  the   action   of   the   cil 


the    anterior    waU    of     tbe    .  The  peduifcular  muscle,  have 
body.      Its   two   lip.  fusing    '«-P"1™''"™"«<'- 
together  at  the  cometi  of  the  mouth  are  ptohinged  mto  the  u- 
called  aitm.    Tliese  anna,  which  legcther  form  tbe  loidraphorc, 


j6« 


BRACmOPODA 


Euy  be,  u  in  Cislills,  applied  Sat  ta  Iba  ioBCr  luiface  of  ihc 
donal  nunLle  (old,  bul  more  uiiuUy  ihey  ire  railed  free  irem 
Ibe  body  like  a  pair  ol  moiulacbei.  aod  u  Ihey  are  luvally  far 

coiled  up.    The  brachial  akeleLon  which  id  maoy  casei  suppona 
the  atma  liai  been  mentioned  above. 
A  IniDvcree  wctDo  through  ihe  arm  (fig.  ii)  ibowi  that  It 

■         ■  ■    ■     very  hyaline  conneeUve 


d  bycc 


9of  ih 


n  (r<h>  Bod,  Catily)  d. 


camposed  of  a  closely  le 


r  gullet,  the  pre4nt 
lip,  but  the  poit4r^  Hm  h 
lUcla.  Theie  may  Duniber 
Bome  thouianda,  and  they 
are  usually  beat  over  and 
lend  to  lonn  a  doaed 
cylinder  of  the  gullei. 
Each  of  thcie  lenlicici 
(Sg.  »)  b  bollcnr,  and  il 


■t  gutter  to  the  lip  acd  even 
on  the  outer  suifaoe  of 
Ibe  latter.  Tbeac  cQia 
paaa  on  any  dialoma  and 


deepening  of  tbe  |uUer 
in  tbe  middle  line.  In 
Tirtbraluliua,  iOifn- 
dmdlt,     Lapila,     and 


and  prolnided  from  tbe 


avcrhann  the  moinh  hr 


cavity     called     tli 
igiq  (i-)    n  dnivnl    f 


£.  Donal  adjiBlor  vuKle. 


it  ta  the 

oia.  <l  U  ol 

t  a  naeioui  dumber 

eddniallyf  "'  '  " 


Kwlom.    The  coetam  thcri  it  i 

icnuiy  canal,  and  i>  continue , ... 

<Dllhenuntlc<t|.>l).  Sooeol  Ihe  endothelial 
B  are  dliatcd.  the  dUa  keeping  the  eorpuiculatad 
tenant.  Olhm  ol  the  eodolheliat  cdla  ilion  a 
>na  mutcle  fibm.  Bewlee  thii  main  coekwilc 
in  other  ipacn  wMch  F.  Blochnaan  regardi 


liicely  on  hinalgglal  maodit  and  lit  pittai  enbtyon^cal  caiH 
Simation  ii  wanting.    Tbnc  t^cea  are  ai  IoHowil— (i.)  tbe  great 

am-anua;  (u.)  the  tmall  arm-nnni  tomber  with  the  central  ibkoa 
■nd  ihv  pertwof^geal  dnu,  and  in  £>uaaiKa  and  LiagiUa,  aadt 
to  a  lew  extent,  in  Cn^mj  tin  Hp^nuij  (Ui.>  ccrfain  pottioai  of  tli« 
eertecal  body  cavity  whicb  in  Cniau  an  leparated  tHil  and  contaia 
RiuKln.  &c. ;  (iv^  the  avily  of  the  Halk  when  luch  eiiMa.     The 

in  which  (he  mouih  nftBM.  Theie  ainiuet  are  completely  ibui  att 
from  all  other  laviiiea,  they  dp  not  open  into  the  main  coelomic 

of  the  iD^KtiphDre  at  the  baae  ol  the  tencadet,  and  gi^ra  ofl  a  blind 
diveciiculum  into  each  of  the«.  Thi*  diverticuluia  cmulnt  the 
blood-veBcl  and  muH^te-fibm  (lii.  ii).  la  the  region  nl  the  mouth 
where  the  two  halves  o(  the  imall  ami-ginui  approach  one  another 
they  open  inia  a  central  dniia  lying  beneath  rhe  oeflopbagwt  and 

■jnui  it  eontinuen  round  the  oeaophagua  aa  the  peri-oeaophageal 

■inui.  and  thus  the  whole  complen  cd  the  email  arm-tinui  hat  the 

it  i*  oompletely  ihut  oB  fmifl  the  main  coeliim,  but  in  Zinnia  it 
: ,_...  ..-.I.  .i.: :...     ,.  ".-^u/^  ,Bd  i!nigWi 


viyitem 


[  the  edge  si 
kI  cooiuu  I 


■pace  whidi  Blochmatm  alio 
TTganh  ai  eodomk.    The 


eriorend  oTthelnteatint 


coTpuiclea. and  aD  arelined 
by  ciliated  celli.  Then  ta 
further  a  great  tendenw  (or 
the  endothdlal  cdb  to  lom 
muidea.  and  thii  If  vped- 
ally  pronounced  In  the  nnaU 

■picuoua  muide  a  built  up. 

Tbe  namle-dnuH*  which 

form  the  duel  inca  in  the      Pio.     ».— Diignnmalic     tection 

mantle  an  diverticula  of  the  through  an  arm  J  tbe  iophophotT  ol 

main  eodor^  cavily^In  oo^    MagniBcdiatlerBlochmann. 

wi'^amucubrn! 


dtpdniorori 


vfSy    '■  "fh,"^adle'li™ 


tl.K,"'hI   ?!,-J.w«^i1!li    "S-  Eiiernal"Leni^ui.r  muade. 
(V,«i»    ^.^^1^  ™      7-  Tentacutir     blood-vewl    ariiinl 

S±;iio^nhi"g.ssi     '"r,/.'^?;™-'™'''"** 

body  cavity.  -   /-i.!ri.iJ,  ..'-.. 

JTu  Alimtmary  Canal.—    f '  £^LJ™"™^™ 
The  mouth,  whldi  ii  quite    '■  l^Jj„  t™^2^2^ 
devoid  ol   ■mutuic.   leadi  unnci  ana-nerve. 

Impeiteptibly   ielo  ■   abort  and  dnrtally  dincted  seaopbagna. 
The  latter  enlarges  into  •  apherical  siDiiuich  into  whidi  open  the 

Bnger-ihapnl  and  doaed,  and  io  the  Enidinei  (InatlKnlau)  it 
longer,  turned  bach  upon  it*  linf  courae.  and  ends  In  aa  anaa.     la 

but  in  Crania  it  openi  mnlianiy  into  ■  pasteriH-  eilrDsiDd  d(  the 
nme.    Apart  from  the  Hynmetry  of  the  fnteBlne  caned  by  the 

pads  are  Mlatnally  sytnnKlcical  animals. 

The  liver  Cfmalflta  ol  a  right  and  ieft  half,  each  opening  by  a  broa 

Bay  Inn^  and  llM  whok  u^  u| 


BRACHIOPODA 


w  bMy  ovh*.    TV  fm]  yi   m  t« 

,  found  cruKku  with  dkroms.  tad  vi 

lDtecianii<IlK(]l(cMii>iilicanMi» 

aimafciMi  uid  inn -* 


nO.     None  «<  Ibw  km  Ii  a 

a*  r— ml  body  anty  fiHly  csunwuksM 

'"      lMi«a,  vkcn  iIm*  an  l*s  pain  ci< 

If  of  dv  anurtor  inr  b  ipaorted  by  t)M  fa 
'^     -  ■  tTtmkfvthtOi-^-^- 


,cri 


liawbnalvnbyHwilntDbeHphndia;  tk 

u  dHcnbid  and  fianvl  by  A.  Hannck.  tut  lu  in  nany  can 
pad  tht  iibau  latiiai  ol  lawr  iob1obI»u.  F.  BlodnaBalB  iMi, 
nar,  ob«nd  tbta  o(va  in  Ite  Kvint  animal  In  ndii  of  Ike 

la*.  MiwuAytu  (Artitpi).  UnpSa  and  CVaaia  (Ci.  11).  It 
iHi  of  a  dtfialla  contractOi  aac  or  laca  lyinf  on  thailnl  lide 
lia  alidwntary  canal  Dear  the  ouophafutt  and  in  pnparaEionB 
'mbmuiiita  made  by  qaickl>;  rcmovfnf  tfa«  vitctfa  and  cxamlir 


Flc  13.— KI^Kihiwaa  (H«a^  aadalM 
rt^rif)  plUUan,  tntcruiraf  dorul  (null  u 
nhe.   I,  Sockni:   t,  dintalplitn;  alooili. 


V,  nooth:  A,  Ubiil  i[ 


nL    A  iiniilir   prindtivs 

anftnMnt  to  thouiht  by  F. 

vknuim  lo  oM^n   In  the 

1.  Aatcriddytbe 

ipllu  Lalo  a  nihi 
.  which  eictrlbi 

ifla'tiUnribna^ 
:te(V»).  Th. 

enmdcd  01  uaioUnL  nEtid  vcncnily  u  Ar  oho- 

phuiim  by  a  ^on  vak]  whicb 
•appUcaibst  tcmacln  in  lh«  Immnlialc  nc^bnurtood  o<  ibi  niBatfa. 
TbcniiibiuaiiaKularriBf  around  the  «apha|ii(.  Tb*  heart  fiva 
off  poaioiorly  a  Kcoad  median  ve«id  whiob  dlvi^B  almoM  at  once 
lata  a  nf)n  and  •  Left  ball,  aacb  id  wUcli  Main  tUvida  la»  tav 

Ii  which  ma  to  the  ilgnal  and  vatral  mantis  reifectively. 

'"    '  -    m  iHQ  aacb  ol  tba iDvorticiila 
fancb  wppliea  tin 
bav^uallobeofi 


.^^MmntpnTUfaefocc: 

ficHta  doreal  anrvcninl  hnn 
The  blood  i>  ■  coaanlabli  I 


a  nmirkablc  [act  Ibat  in  DiKimiim,  althooih  tte  nmab  M  dm 
hiphopboR  ICC  amngcd  u  in  other  Braehiopada,  no  Inoaol  a  bean 
or  of  Ibe  poBenbr  ventlt  bn*  at  yd  batn  dimveted. 


to  mucb  Bt  ba  regetLeJ.  In  Iba  Toticanliam,  ol  which  Iha 
TtnirliJa  may  be  taken  aa  an  anampla.  ive  or  lii  paira  el  a 
an_^naud  br_K  Hueodt,  CfWialn  aad  alh—  "  ■- 

I*,    tim  oi' Blir'thcadductB 

a,  which,  bilu 

,  produca  a  laria  qa«' 
MwnaUnlndfl].' 


Ihrfraitacbimii 


npklTydiBlaiMicl>ite 


Fie.  H.—Ifaiillarla  ]WiiUlirlmia]famicnu.   Diafnin  ihowiit 
the  QiiiKilUr  lytum.   CAlur  ltai>iiicli.J 
M.  Vcniral.  Z,  Eitnmity  olinltMiiW.  t,  Vnml  adjiinon. 


y,  Psluncularntuc 


valve^  one  on  each  aide  aod  a 


ol  the  pedBnde.  and  to  become  attached  by  01 

the  expanded  baie  o<  the  divirKatnn.  The 
■fcon1ingtotheHuneaiirhortry»  boot  only 
thry  acTve  abo  to  attach  the  peduocFe  to 
the  Meadyinf  of  i(  upon  the  ptdiincie- 

S«""la'? 


poring  thediffmnt  EamilivandnnemthCTeol^  Owing  to  the* 
aod  t«ht  interlockint  ol  lhe_naym  by  tba  maaoa  (ri  curved 


:    K 


:leiaaa- 

•••ling'tht 


^     Umboul  rauicular  impr^ 

k.    Centnd inuKloJ^ vmlml.  and  backward' 

».    l^tiMttMlt       "*°™     {After  K^T 

and  aodna,  many  apcck*  a(  Hrvhiopadi  could  coes  their  Talitt 

but  aUthlly.   la  aome  apeciea.  uich  a>  TkBUm.  tit  animal  could 

raiae  ita  docia]  valve  at  rifht  aa^ea  to  the  plaiie  ol  ttie  veaual  on* 

Jn  iW  bwrdiar*.  t<  which  iMfU  and  Disitmm  ■■•xj'  quoted 


BRACHIOPODA 


_  .__ ^_  F.Blach^Biuutb 

■■■[TT'*"*T**f**' t*"!"™   """■*****" 
pfeM,  teiaf  iftuHad  betwcei  the  neat  a 


■b  i^Tfrm-TT  u'thr  Ean  aTAtttattdw  willi  Ute 

g(  ibc irai.  ibt  (HSlM ■CMdify  un-Hnw.  Likcihc 
Krv*,  thii  Rnod  nii«  thnnitli  the  topho^on, 
with  iba  (ofiDw  (iEBi|t  RMir  t b*  uUddlc  EiKi  ncn  It 
'  ifu.    The  lopbopboR  la  111116" 


fUon  cdb. 

'butofth* 

-dtln 

lactvc 


nthtnd  up  lato  Dcrva.  Th*  aadir 

tbcHuUirm-HauiaadilitnirtKciL., 

bMkuv-diii>iM(6|(.»nd>n.  Htt&uty.hl 
■A-H>plia«nl  jHBlioa,  wUcih  Ilka  the  wf 
pnwa  e«  UMndy.  tboiiih 


■bkh  l(e*bct*«B 


FlBBlKktlftfcaMH 


H  plHHl  SB  atehaiida  cf  <b.  body. 


muid  tba  ocMiiuua  la  ihtducf  ■ 
I*a(UiMi  (iiL)  (Gie  updcT  am-Ki 
auHcttai    (».)  thi  litnl  p*IIUI  n 


rsSfS 


IhAoiiIui*  ai 

.       iM^tiam  I 

■  •ub-aaophaccal  guoUa  alvc  iM  (v.)  aema 

,  and  bwUy  tbcj'  upfjy  (vLJ  bnncbca  n  Ite 

niKua  muKln.  Tbn  h  ■  tpsiaJ  natilMl  nam  mnabic  hwdiI 
Ibe  edfa  of  tbc  muulc,  but  Ibe  coaauka  ol  lUi  with  tba  ic«  of 
the  ntrvout  »«««.  ]■  not  dtu;  pigbaUv  H  it  mnlv  aautbo' 
oBHaintBo  <i<  Uk  ddiunj  M>b.«cudcn>*l  ■kvodi  fbA. 

The  above  aceeuDiappliaaiaonBartinilarirmCwaia.  but  ki  tin 
nm  u  ■  appUcaUa  IB  the  athct  Iwikiilala  vhich  ten  bita  )>• 
vcatinted.  In  riTiaiirmnn  fia|Bla,1aj»a>'»,tl^—l  WHi^4i.a] 
^agliea  ia  aot  dnn  aM,  bat  lica  OMdiMilyi  it  l^iB  ol  on 
psMsnofly diRaad  mnn  inthntalli, -hii*  ■-  rJ.jli.  i«i«.  «i»> 
ton  a  Hhuaatial  acne.   Sow  (aiaai  an  nk»n  bi  Iht  adult. 

ThrrtrnHtwiiMHTrifnvMntirlibiMi  ■■m.l ij  m ■  iim hliml 

acaae  amua  *n  lOuDd  is  the  aduh. 

Ty.CiyJ'pi  s(  BncUopo^t  pnaMi  leau  pmlkT  lad  naaj 

cwedallr  Hood  in  the  my  of  tBibcv^siial  r^ucL.  The  iiknia 
oT  Hrva-fibrib  which  uadeilie  the  actn^m  aid  u*  ki  plsca 
■ubnd  up  into  ntvo.  aad  the  tnmt  denlnpant  ^  cumactiv* 
. —  worthy  oCdutioe.   Mmi  el  the  latttr  talna  the  fani  si 


•CfBblilB     thl 

The  ovan  ami  icmh  an      fio.    )!.— Diifnn 
hapKl-up  miTa  si  nd  «  tyttm  ol  Cnnia;   (rat 


et  «ch  iniiiLi.  tws  donal  S^*"'*' 
mi  two  iiiilnl.  aad  ai  a  Blochmiu.) 


Iht  ■aatla  Ibtag  tbc  lUli.  3.  Cin» 

ThamaDdtbeapenaatQaoa  4.  Under  ana-aan*. 

diUn  lato  the  body  (avky  3.  Gnat  ano-wimi. 

aad    paia   ta   the   emrior  £  SihU  am-rfna. 

IhiDwh  the  acphcvfla-  frf-  7.  Tcatade. 

tiUiadga   ukB   place  oat-  S.  Lip  c/  lephophm. 

■Bik     tha     body,     ■■d     U  f  l^n-oeaophaieal  iMnuuhtiB*. 

tooa  vccM*  th*  eaity  auiia  lo.  Owl  aim-nervc 

o(  dcntopncot  take  place  11.  Saaaidaiy  ana  ww. 

in  ■  bniod-poBiA  wUd  la  ii.  Nanna  to  '—«—*— 

laaaTlaBy  a  aora  er  kaa  1  j.  SatMeanphtpal  (anffieK 

dtepdepceaiMef  the  body-  14.  Dmallueolaam^ 

I.  ^"i^La^n^*"^'  '^  Svb4aBDplM(aal  poRioB  <4  iht 

then  la  ooe  aoch  pouch  on  iS.  Hedtaii  niUial  aacve  al  d«al 
each  ML  jait  behiw   ibt  lobeodaaaHe. 

baw  of  the  tna,  and  iato  n.  Aaterior  occhiaar  noicfe. 

Ibtae   lb*   anhndia   opea.  il.  PoaUflor  oodutH  auadc 

Tha    dntkpbit    on    aia  19,  OfaliquuB  aapeHor  nniaclt. 

atudMdtq' Utile  aalfct  tn  iol  Levator  bcadui  ■ndo. 

to  Ibe  cofrtnry,  all  the  BncUofioda 


which  ta»e  been  tanf  oDv  iimiigBial  hin 
or  feaiale.    Hannapbrodlte  lonna  an  ankno' 


"Tmbnlukaa  •cptenlrlaaalii  "  tP. 


'p''JZr." 


^'anwcSs  (In.  Okkll. 
IdV^qM  and  Yaia'*  )yM  ai 


BRACHtOPODA 


c  blulopon;  cIiks. 


SE(iMautiIin  ii  cwnplcu. 


365 


Mt'Widd 


iuH  Ml 

t.  Ihc   Ii 
Hiflily  nuiiHiwd. 
1.  Antcnor  Ktincni.      J.  Tliird  or  (taHc-Tiirn 
locrnin^  acgiDenl-    4-  Eyv^uKL 
ficiil  K£meEilaliDn  af  Ihc  body  Ifijt  dividi:!  tl 
:henarvA  to  m 


■  fulniU  I  lophoDlm  hu  bttm  to  appnr  «  in  outFrowth  ol  tht  doral 
a  off  [va  manlle  Jote  The  prottgiilum  hu  b«n  [ound  in  mtmbm  o(  ilnioU 
■UicijpEr-  [all  Ihc  laidUio  of  BrKhionod.  »ik!  il  uthmicfat  looccur  Ihrnuihoul 
the  iroup.  li  mtmbla  Iht  thdl  <rf  th*  C.mliruii 
tenu  />ti4u  lAUmiK),  and  ih>  Ph^lcmbcyo  » 
foequFDirf  nltrrtd  10  ti  At  Falrrima  aate.     In  ionic 

CloiiOai'Kin— Bnchcr'tdii'iiionodhcBnchiopodii 

.mo  tour  ««»  i.  fauod  lufdy  o.  ifac  ch.««ir3 

•;•  apmuic  Ihfouih  which  lb  lulk  or  pnliclc  lawa 
the  ilielL   To  appTDE^uu  hii  diajagui  it  ii  neenury 

angular  pcdictc-iuienini  iccn  in  OrMi.  ftc.  hu  been 
named  byUma  Hall  and  J.  M.Clarke  the  dclihriium. 
In  nine  leu  primiiivc  iCMfa.  t*  TmtrniiUt.  iha[ 
lypeolopcningulound  in  the  young  itacnonly:  laier 
becomei  patlly  rliHcd  by  two  plain  which  now  out 
im  Ihe  dde*  olthc  delthyriiiiii.  The«  pbm  are 
ireted  by  the  vential  lobe  of  Ibe  mantle,  and  were 

— 1  k „  B„^  j^  ,g      ,^j  ..  J j^i„^-.    j^ 

-1...1:..-  — I j:a ,t  itncra.    The 


:  in  Ike  niddic'llr 


a  (Sg.  19 
.»hkhi> 


.    About  t 


aim 


»dya(,tbelcii 


bet  that  when  brachiot 


idiiopodi  pccur  there  an,  aa  a  r 

one-ipoc.    The  head  bean  four  eye^pote.  and 
nine  the  nnund  (fir.  39.  A.  C).    The  aecond  teem 


Ik,  ■  K9od  lu 


._ jFidn 

idlei  of  very  pnnoi 
H  iUeH  by  hi  Ha 


indint  Ihe  ll 

chKlae.    After  a  cerlain  line  Ihe  tai 

■ome  itaneer  rock,  and  the  lkin-l[ke ' , „ 

onr  the  head  and  loenu  (he  mantle.  What  (oei  on  within  the 
■UUle  it  unkamn.  bui  prcumably  the  bead  ii  ahHrbed.  The 
dueeae  drop  olf,  and  Ihe.  lophophen  ia  belieml  id  ariue  from 
(hickcitingi  which  appear  la  Ihe  donal  manlle  lobe.  The  Plankton 
Eipeclilion  brought  back,  and  H.  Simrolh  (Erpt.  PlaakloK  Ez- 
/rrfifr'M.ii.,  lS97)hai4deKribed.a  fewlarvalbrachiopodiof  undcicr- 
miped  genera,  two  of  whkh  at  laaat  were  pelagic,  or  at  any  ratcuken 


>e  paiL    The  1a«  uan. 

Typembcyo.  Eilhei 
■  larv^  ihell  icrmr 

our  bundlci  of 


dropped  00,  and  il 


ai  n  Alviu*<wfti:   or  Ibey  nuy  ni 

baK  of  ilw  detthynum  farming  l*ie  h. 

the  circular  pcdicle-opcning,  ai  ia  Tettniliita: 

*  "*.  'Jffbralelia.     The  prcMlelt idiom,  a  term   inlroduccd 
!.  hgnibes  a  anall  embryonic  pUleor^iuaEing 


A  luminary  of  Ihc  miiitt  it  liven  by  Bnchcr  <: 
eprinted  In  Aw&i  in  fK^aliini.  140 


Flo.  }i.— Diagnm 


I.  Umbo  of  vencnl  valve. 


FAMILIES.— 

-Ariail.il)*..      UBOLJBAB,       TaiBB- 

jDie.  LicuLAsUAnniE.*  ' 
ORDERn.ReotrcmitatBenhn). —  i 

oarticulaie  Brvchjopoda.  Tlw  pedicle   4.  Pedicle  ^nint- 
auM  our  al  na^t  anglei  to  the  plane   5.  Donal  valve 
J  junction  of  !hr  virves  of  Ihe  ihfll; 
he  oprninj  h  ainlincd  to  Ihe  ventral  vitve,  and  may  take  th* 
A  a  ilil,  or  may  be  ckaed  by  Ihe  development  or  a  ipoclal 
alkd  thcliitiiMni,orbyapii«iiIg<lellldiuBi.  PnMleltidiunatI 


366 


brachistcx:hrone~bracklesham  beds 


tDVMtnlvlJv*,    FAMILIES— Ac KKIIETIVUb Si rBOHOTUTI 

Tuii:kTiDAs.  DiscmiBiM,  CutsiiDAm. 

ClM  II.     TeiiiCAIDINEI  (AlTICUUkT*) 

OXSBR  HL  PntnmmU  (Bftchcr).— Articulalc  Bnchlo) 
with  p«lidc4|j«niiit  ndlricl«d  la  vtittnl  vatve,  and  cilher  open 
ir  the  fainnc  tioe  or  men  w  kti  cciaplnchr  clo«d  by  ■  pieudHrl- 
lidium,  whKb  «uy  diiipfjflu  in  «<Jiil(-  Tnc  |i'i>dH»diuni  origjiu" 
iiwoa  (hedoTHl  turiKvUlvbecomaancliyloKd  wiihihe  vVDir 
vilvc.    FAMILIES.— KuToaciHiMi.  EKHWiLoniiAC.  Billihi 

■eLLID».STIiarH<MlHID«I.THiCI0II(US.P>OCWC  n  DAt.RlC  KT  ll< 


E.STKIMPIIUIIA 

ATtlcutile  Bimchic!) 


■ndphcidK 


Lophophorr   tupportrd   by  a 


E.  r£U&Ur£U/D4E.  A 

•J[«/(»i.— Lilttc  lifhi  (at  been  Ihrovn  on  ihc  (fliniiin  of  il 
KhiDpoiU  by  reccm  nttarch.  though  ipcailition  h«i  not  ba 
mini-  Brathiapodi  havt  botn  it  varioui  timci  vAmvA  with  U 
lUuBa-  ihc  ChKtDiwdi.  I  he  CtiKtiKiiailia.  the  Pboranidoi,  t1 
M  HemichanUu.  iitd  the  Unchonhu.  None  a(  thr 
—  ioB  to  pliw  BrMchi 

I  and  tV^kiMiici 


■  P^yua'.  PW«&.  JUcwl! 


■  ihi  Phylum  pDdinini*  madeCn  Ewy.  ffril.  (vol-iii, 
ip.  440-441)  hHiKDiiiKl  vilh  ucrptann,  and  until  wc  ■•«««. 
LKOunt  of  the  etkibryokigy  of  lonio  one  fonn,  preferably 
inieolate.  il  k  «iKr  t»  lenrd  the  (roup  «  ■  very  udUij 
It  fluy»  howew,  be  polntH  out  that  Brachiopodi  irein  to 
A  <hat  elufl  dI  ■aiirul  which  commeDceH  liFi  ■!  «  larva  vill 

ited  Unw  have  Inn  Inrnd  now  In 

anInaebHJ 

in  rhc  Devonian  period;  at  preecnt  they  are  irpreiented  bv  aDmc 
140  reccat  apeclea.  The  MkiHinE  have  been  found  in  the  Briliih 
area,  u  deKned  by  A.  M.  Necnun.  Ttrttrulnliita  capat-arftnHi 
L..  TrntnlHla  (Coynio)  MpMft  Jefl..  UsffUtnia  (Aacaa/riM) 
(rani  in  Mall..M.sr»IiHn  ImtthfcrAmtdla  ifiaiirt^tmit  Dav., 
UieUkyri,  iKtIlala  Chema.,  CilJrUn  ciiUU<Ja  %.  Wood,  CrffUpin 
famom  Jen.,  /IkynclumtUa  (HimiAyrii}  pilUHa  Cowl.,  Crmtit 
(■uuJi  Mail.,  and  Dunaisu  lOgnfLn  Kint.  About  oae-biU  ibe 
tto  eJiiatlne  HiecieB  are  found  above  the  100-fatbofna  Hue.  Belo« 
1  JO  IxhoniB  ih^an  rare,  bul  a  f ew  lucb  ta  TtKAnMlaawytmti  mlt 
Cound  down  to  Kno  faihoma.  LiHAjd  ia  eaaefltially  a  very  ihalloiv 
water  form.  Ai  a  rule  the  feneia  of  the  nonhera  HfnbphHit  differ 
from  ihtne  of  (be  eoulhem.  A  larte  number  of  tpeanicBe  of  a 
■pedei  arr  uiually  found  (Dceiher,  eince  their  only  mode  of  ipreadin| 
B  duiiiif  the  ciliated  larval  ua|[«,  which  allboi^  It  awhna  vifomuiiy 
can  only  cover  a  lev  mPlimelrea  an  bour;  itul  it  may  be  carried 

""iJnd'iie  alrai  ^len  hidon  the  hn  that  Cfntnts  haa  oome  down 
IB  in  appaiHilly  unchanced  dnce  Cambrian  timn,  wbBM  Cioxr'o. 
and  fonna  very  ekiady  rnemUint  DiHimt  and  Mywhmllo,  arc 


A  lull  biblicyraphy  of  Brachiopoda  fr 
Pal.  Sac.  Han.  vL,  1U6.  ^HleMoiH 


by  the  aame  auihg 
lU6'iMt.  muu  or 


Tr.  Lima.  Sk.  Lrmdaw,  Zool. 


fo^)  b  to  be 
il  BrochkifiDdi, 

"■^r'T-JrS:: 

(A-  E,  S.) 

BBACHIROCHRONB  itnm  Ibe  Cr.  Ofknrm,  Amtat, 
and  Tu^aot.  time),  a  tinn  invented  by  John  BenmiUi  ih  16^ 
to  denote  the  curve  aloos  which  a  body  pa»n  frotn  one  Gied 
pdnl  to  laotber  in  the  •bortoi  time.  When  the  directive  loree 
b  contint,  the  curve  i>  a  cycloid  (f  .g.>i  uadei  other  coDditioni, 
tpirajf  and  other  curve*  ate  deacribed  {ice  MkcUhics). 

BRACHTCIPHALIC  (G[.  lor  ihartbadnl),  a  tenn  Inveiled 
by  Andrcu  Reiiiua  to  denote  ihoie  ikulls  of  ithich  the  widili 
fiom  tide  to  aide  wai  little  loa  than  the  Icnftli  (rom  front  to 
back,  Ibeit  ntio  btint  ai  la  to  too.  aa  in  thoM  ol  the  Mongolian 
type.  Thin  Uklnf  the  lenfth  aa  too,  if  the  width  eicttdi  80, 
the  ikull  if  to  be  daaed  ai  btachyctphalic.  The  prevailing  form 
of  the  head  of  dviliied  tacei  i>  brachycepbalic  It  ii  luppowd 
that  a  biuhyccphalic  nee  inhabited  Europe  bcfon  the  Celts. 
ABOng  tboM  peofika  whow  bcaili  ihow  nnukcd  bnclqrtephaly 


ate  the  Inda-Chinew,  the  Savoyards,  Croallins,  Bavtrfaw, 
Lappa,  Burmeae.  Atmenians  and  PcnivUns.  [See  Ciamoveiii.] 

BBACHTLOGUS  (l.om  Cr.  A>.xi<.  »l">",  »"&  Vr^.  word). 
title  allied  in  the  middle  of  the  16th  century  to  a  work  con- 
Uining  a  lyitematic  eipoiilion  ol  the  Etonun  law.  wfakb  wmc 
wiittn  have  asipied  to  the  leiin  ol  the  emperor  JutiiBian, 
and  oiben  have  treated  ai  an  apocryphal  n-ork  of  the  i6lh 
century.  The  eiilinl  eilanl  edition  of  this  aort  aai  publiihed 
at  Lyont  in  ij4g,  under  the  title  of  CerpMi  Ltttm  ptr  mad»m 
/juli'Iafi'inm;  and  the  title  Bradt^atm  IMin  Jtrii  Cnilii 
apptira  lot  the  Gtit  time  in  an  edition  publiihed  al  Lyoni  In 
155J.  The  Dtifin  ot  the  nark  may  be  refened  liih  (teat 
piobabiliiy  to  the  iiih  century.  There  i>  internal  evidence 
that  it  was  composed  subsequently  to  the  reign  of  Louis  le 
Dfbonnaire  (778-840),  ai  it  contains  a  Lombard  taw  of  that 
king's,  which  lotbidi  the  tedioKuiy  of  a  deik  to  be  received 
against  a  layman.  On  the  other  hand  its  style  and  reasoning 
is  lai  superior  to  that  of  the  law  writers  of  the  letb  ud  nth 
centuries;  white  the  dicumilance  that  the  method  of  it)  author 
has  not  been  in  the  slightest  degree  influenced  by  the  ichool  tt 
the  Gloss-wTilers  {Glcssatores]  leads  fairly  to  the  conduiioD 
that  be  wrote  before  tlut  school  became  dominant  al  Boloiaa. 
Savigny.  who  ttaccd  the  history  ol  the  Bracliyleiiii  with  gittl 
cale,  is  disposed  to  think  that  it  il  Ihe  work  of  Irnerius  himself 
{CktikkUa  ia  r«n.  RaUi  in  itmelallrr).  Its  value  is  chiefly 
hbtorical.  as  il  furnishes  evidence  that  a  knowledge  of  Justinian's 
Icgiitslion  was  always  maintained  in  northern  Italy.  The  author 
of  (he  work  has  adopled  the  iHilituSa  of  Justinian  as  the  baaia 
of  it,  and  draw«  largely  on  the  Dif".  Ihe  Code  and  the  JV«*fr; 
whOt  certain  passages,  evidcolly  taken  ftom  the  StnfaiSiM. 
RMUftat  ol  Julius  Paulas,  imply  that  the  author  ms  aba 
acquainted  with  the  Vitigoihic  code  ol  Roman  law  campileif 
by  onler  ol  Ataric  II. 

An  ediliaB  by  E.  Bocklog  was  publiihed  al  Berlin  In  iSag.  Doder 
the  title  of  Ctrpsi  Ltnm  im  Bmliylena  Jarit  Cmiu.  Sre  also 
H.  Fiuing.  Obti  4it  Heimalk  uid  dat  Aiur  ia  lawMuuIn  Braikx- 
l^gi  (Bolln.  laSo). 

BBACRRI.  in  anhlleclure  and  carpenlertng,  >  projecting 
feature  either  ia  wood  or  metal  lor  holding  things  together  or 
aup[UTting  a  ahelf.  The  same  leature  in  itonc  is  called  a  "  cob- 
lole  "  ((.(.).  In  furniture  il  is  a  small  ornamental  shdt  far  a 
-wall  or  a  comer,  to  bear  knick-knacks,  china  or  othet  biic-i-brac. 
The  word  has  been  referred  to  "  brace,"  clamp,  Lat.  ^o»jbiiriii, 
arm,  but  the  earliest  form  "  bragget  "  (ijSo)  points  to  the  true 
derivation  from  the  Fr.  trof vcUr,  or  Span.  brafuOa.  iLaL  bmat, 
b>ecclKs),used  both  ol  the  front  pact  of  a  pair  of  bicechel  and 
ol  the  architectural  feature.  Thcsenaedcvelopmnit  istwldeart 
but  It  has  no  doubt  been  influenced  by  the  supposed  coiucxioq 

BRACKEI-FOHfll.  The  tetm  "  biackel  "  has  been  given 
to  those  hard,  w(»dy  fungi  that  grow  an  trees  or  timber  in 
the  lonn  of  semidrcidat  brackets.  They  belong  to  tbt  order 
Faiyporeae,  dbtiriguilhed  by  the  layer  of  tubs  or  pores  on 
the  under  niilice  irithiD  which  Ihe  spores  arc  borne.  Tie 
mycelium,  or  vegetahtc  part  of  the  fungus,  burrows  in  the  tinues 
of  the  tree,  and  oftra  destroys  fl^  the  "  bracket "  representa 
the  fruiting  stage,  and  prwluces  innomenUe  spores  which  gain 
entrance  to  other  trees  by  mhih  wound  or  cut  surface;  bencc 
Che  need  of  careful  {orcatry.  Many  of  these  woody  lungf  persist 
for  irvenl  yean,  and  a  new  layer  ol  pons  la  (upspBaed  •u 
the  pievroDs  season's  pr>wth. 

BRACKLttBAK  BSDl  in  geology,  a  selies  of  days  and 
tnaria,  with  sandy  and  lignitic  beds,  in  the  Middle  Eocene  ol 

Hampahire  Basin,  England.     They  a:  

Isle  of  Wight  and  on  the  mainland  c 


The  ihickneti  of  the  deposit  is  Ii 
are  abundant,  and  foaiil  Ash 
P^etfkit,  a  wa^nake.     Nun 


ice  at  Bracklesham  in  Sussex. 
im  loo  to4ooft.  Fossil motlusca 
re  to  be  found,  as  weU  aa  lb* 
mulites  and  Dtlier  foraminiler* 
cdi  11c  between  the  Barton  Cby 
Bed],  IdKcr  Bagihot,  bcton. 
Is  an  reprcienittl  only  by  tUM 


3*7 


Ciphital  Sec.  vol.  i,  (ifl47-"i»77)i  "  C^losV  oT  ih«  r>it  iiJ"Wi«ht. 
IX.  Ciil.  Surttf  (incl  «t.,  1SS9};  C,  Rt'd,  ■'  Tht  Cwloty  ol  tba 
CDW«ry  tnHlnd  Soulfumpfon/'  Urm.  G*el.  Svwty  U^BI). 

BRACKLET,  THOKAS  EOEKTON.  Viscoinn  (r.  iMo-ifir;], 
Eaglish  loid  chsnccUor,  vu  a  natural  »n  o[  Sir  Richard  Eicrton 
ol  RidJcy,  Chehlic.  The  cuci  dale  of  his  hinh  ii  unnconM, 
but,  (Ccording  ta  Wood,'  vhen  he  becime  a  commoner  »t  Btue- 
HiKCoUegc.Oilord.inijjfi.hcwaiaboutHventnn.  Hccntcnd 
Lincdn'i  Inn  in  1559,  and  was  caJled  10  Uif  bar  in  1577,  bcin| 
'.y  in  15*0,  Lem  reader  in  1581, 


iijSS.     Heca 


It  hh  sknful  CI 


to  have  declared:  "  In  my  lioth  he  shatl  never  plead  aRai 
again."     Aecordingli',  on  Ibc  i6lh  of  June  1581,.  he  » 
lolJdlar-gcncnl.  He  represented  Cheshire  in  ihe  par 
o(  15SJ  and  15S6,  but  ID  h^  oAtcial  capacity  he  often  -, 
In  the  House  of  Lords.    On  the  jrd  of  March  t  jgg  the  C 
desired  thai  he  shouid  return  to  their  house,  the  Lords 
OB  the  ground  thai  he  was  called  by  the  quecn'i  writ  to : 
(he  Lords  before  his  elect  ion  by  the  House  of  Commons.' 
part  in  the  trial  of  Kf  ary,  queen  of  Scou,  in  i  lib,  and  ad  v: . 
in  het  indictfflcni  she  should  only  be  styled  "'  commonly  called 
queen  or  Scots,"  to  avoid  scruples  about  Judging  a  sovereign. 
lie  conducted  several  other  stale  prosecutions.     On  the  md  of 
June  is9t  be  was  appointed  at  lomcy-gcneral,  and  was  knighted 
and  made  chambciUin  of  Chester  in  ijqj.     On  the  loih  of  April 
IS44  he  became  master  of  the  rolls,  and  on  the  6th  of  May  ij^ 
lord  keeper  of  the  great  seal  and  a  privy  councillor,  lemainln 
however,  a  commoner  as  Sir  Thomas  Egcrlon,  and  presiding 
the  Lords  as  such  during  the  whole  reign  of  Eliiabelh.     He  ke| 
in  addition  the  mastership  of  the  rollj,  the  whole  urork  of  ll 
dianceiyduringihis  period  felling  on  his  shoulders  and  sometlm 
causing  inconvenience  lo  suitors.'    His  promotion  was  Kelcomi 
from  all  quarters.    "  I  think  no  man,**  wrote  a  contemporaiy 
Eisci,  "  ever  came  to  this  dignity  with  more  applause  than  tb 
worthy  gentleman."' 

Egerlon  Ixcime  one  of  (he  queen's  most  trusted  advisers  at 
oneof  the  greatest  and  mostslrikingligumalherconit.  Hew, 
>  leading  Dieinber  of  the  numerous  special 


imployed 


IS  Uk  queen'* 
fai  her  communicalions  to  pvhament.  In  t^hcwi 
U  a  commissioner  lor  negotiating  with  the  I>utch 
great  credit  by  the  treaty  (hen  effected,  and  in  iteo  in  the  same 
capacity  with  Denm»k.  In  1597,  in  consequence  of  his  unlawful 
Diarriage  with  his  second  wife,  In  a  private  house  without  banns, 
the  lord  keeper  incurred  a  sentence  ol  eicommunication.  and 
was  obliged  lo  obtain  a)>solutian  from  Ihe  bishop  ol  London.' 

Essex.  He  sought  lo  moderate  his  violence  and  rashness,  and 
after  the  seenc  in  the  council  in  July  150S,  when  the  queen  situdt 
Essex  and  bade  him  go  and  be  hanged,  he  endeavoured  to  recon- 
cile him  to  Ihe  queen  in  an  admirable  letter  which  has  often  been 
printed.'  On  the  arrival  o(  Essex  in  London  wilhoBl  leave  from 
Ireland,  and  his  consequent  disgrace,  he  suf^rted  the  queen's 


ling  at  the  s 


ahledtohiscustodyin  York  House 
from  (he  isi  of  October  i5(»  till  the  jlh  ol  July  1600,  when  the 
lord  keeper  used  his  influence  to  recover  for  him  the  queen's 
favour  and  gave  him  kindly  warnings  concerning  the  necessity 
Uu  caution  in  his  conduct.  On  the  fib  of  June  1  too  he  presided 
over  (he  court  held  at  his  house,  whidi  deprived  Easei  of  his 
offices  cicepi  llut  ol  master  of  (be  bone,  treating  him  with 

■  Atluiut  Om.  (Bliis),  II.  for. 

'  O-EwM's  Partiamnai  •}  BimtM.  441.  44*- 

•  Cal.tfSI.  fmp..  Dam..  Ifioi-lbo],  p.  191. 

•  Birch's  Uim.  ^Q*m  Etiiabnlt.  i.  479. 

•  ma.  USS.  Ceim.  mh  Red.  p.  u. 

•  T.  Biiih's  1/tm.  ifQiHtm  SuiiM.  iL  jif. 


leniency,  bM  fmttag  An  (barge  of  Inuon  but  only  Ihu  M 
disobedience,  lad  inlerrapling  Uio  wilii  kind  in(ealioD*  when  fe 
BltempIBl  u  jostify  himietf.  Alter  lh(  trial  be  tried  in  vain  to 
bring  Etin  to  a  sense  tl  duty.  On  the  Mi  of  Fefaruaiy  1601, 
the  day  Bud  for  the  nbdlion,  the  lord  keeper  with  other  ofBccn 
of  Kale  visited  Essex  at  Esaei  Hoioe  to  demand  the  Raion  of 
tiia  tnmidlDoss  iBcmblage.  His  efforts  (o  persuade  Essex  to 
apeak  witb  him  privately  and  explain  Us  "griefs,"  aad  to  icfnin 
from  violence,  and  hisappeal  to  (hccompany  to  depon  peacefully 
OB  their  allegiance,  wuc  ineffectual,  and  he  ms  imprisoned  by 
Essex  for  six  hours,  the  mob  calling  out  to  lull  him  and  to  throw 
tbe  great  seal  out  of  Ihe  window.  Subsequently  he  abandoned 
all  Iwpe  of  saving  Eaex,  and  took  an  active  part  in  his  ttiiL 
On  the  ijth  of  February  he  made  a  speech  in  the  Star  Chanber, 
eipsiing  the  wickedness  ol  the  rebeUioa,  and  of  the  pIo(  of 
Thomu  Lea  to  surprise  Eliiabelh  st  her  chamber  door.'  In 
July  iCoi,  a  few  months  before  her  death,  Eliiabelh  visited  the 
hHil  keeper  at  his  house  at  Haiefield  in  Middkaei,  and  bt  wai 
one  of  (hose  present  during  her  last  bonis  who  recdvod  her 
faltering  inlimalion  as  to  her  suttessor. 

Ol  the  accession  of  James  i.,  Sir  Thomas  EgeHon  was  re- 
appointed lord  keeper,  resigning  the  mastership  of  the  rolls  ia 
May  1603.  and  the  chunbeilainship  of  Chester  in  AugusL  On 
the  list  of  July  he  was  oeaicd  Baron  Ellesmeie,  and  so  (he 
14th  lord  chancclkK.  His  support  ol  (he  king's  prerogative  was 
too  laithlnl  and  nndlscriminating.  He  a^nved  of  ihe  harsh 
penalty  inffictcd  upon  Oliver  St  John  in  ibij  lot  denying  the 
legality  of  benevolences,  and  desired  thai  his  sentencing  of  the 
prisoner  "mi^l  be  his  last  work  to  eondude  his  services."' 
In  May  leij  he  caused  the  committal  al  Whilelocke  to  (he  Fleet 
for  qucslioning  the  authority  of  thccari  marshal's  court.  In 
ifo4  he  came  into  ooUision  with  the  House  of  Commons.  Sir 
Francis  Goodwin,  an  outlaw,  having  been  elected  for  Bucking- 
hamahin  contniy  10  the  king's  proclanulion,  (he  chancellor 
cancelled  the  return  when  mode  accoiding  (0  custom  into 
chancery,  and  issued  writs  lor  a  new  election.  The  Coonnons, 
Ihdr  privileges  viobled.  restored  Goodwin 


ibissc 


compromised  by  the  choice  of 
"  iture  the  right  of  judging 
e  with  James  fn  desiring  to  eflcct  the  union  between 
England  and  Scotland,  and  served  on  the  commission  in  1604; 
he  En^ish  merchants  who  opposed  the  union  and  com' 
unnity  of  trade  wilb  the  Scots  were  "  nundly  shaken  by  him." 
'      'si,  in  the  great  case  of  the  Post  Nati.  he  decided,  wilh  Ihe 


11  of  Jair 


alter  Ihe 


capable  of  holding 


wboec  doi^ls  only  con6nTied  Ibe  faith  of  til 
honrever.  always  show  obcdicna  lo 
the  btler's  Spanish  policy,  a 


I  ol  EngUnd  were  English 
'  in  Ellwand:  and  he 
I  Ihe  aposile  Thomas, 


commands  and  threats,  refused  to  pul 


ic latter 


n  May 


iii  he 


'ofOvcrbury.  He  was  a  rigid  churchman,  hoitile 
both  Ihe  Puritans  and  (he  ftooua  Calboha.  He  lully  ap- 
ived  of  the  king's  unfriendly  attitude  towaid*  the  former, 
adopted  at  (he  Ifamploa  Court  conference  in  1604.  and  declared, 
'  I  ol  James's  (hectegical  reasoning  on  this  occasion, 
never  understood  before  the  meaning  of  the  legal 
sfiiii1i^riMa(anu((nfii(e.  In  1605  be  opposed 
for  the  tcsiiiution  of  deprived  Puritan  ministers, 
and  obtained  an  opinion  from  the  judges  that  the  petiiioa  was 
.  irty  ol  Abbot  a^inst  Laud  al 
Oijoid.  and  represented  to  the  king  the  unhlncss  of  the  latter 
If  St  John'a  College.  In  i6oi  he  directed  the 
the  penal  laws  against  the  Roman  Cathotici. 
ind  active  public  career  closed  with  a  great 
vlclaiy  pined  over  the  common  law  aad  his  lonnidaUe 
rfS.  Paf..  Vtm.,  iKt-iMi.  pp.  S54,  SSl- 
I  rriali.  A.  909. 


368 


■ntagBsist,  £ii  Ednid  Coke.    Tlic  dUmctUor^  taan  of  equity 

hadoiigiiulcd '    "' 

Krvcdbylk: 


cy  of  the  Utltl'»  pnxedun 


ect  the  rigidity 
ro  jurifdLctJQiu 
hid  rcmiincd  hitin  nv*U,  tBe  conimDn-uw  ur  compliiaing 
of  the  ubitjBiy  uul  unmuiclcd  pavat  oi  the  chincellai,  uid 
the  equity  liwycn  censuring  lod  ridicuting  the  fuloRi  of 


sofco 


couitl,  coucerdng  irhidi  Ibe  king  had  ilieady  ia  ibijiciDon- 
itrated  with  Ihe  duDCcUar  uid  Sir  Edwud  Coke,'  tbe  lord 
chief  jiutkCjCUDc  ton  crisis  iii-i6]ft,  when  the  court  of  chancery 
giuted  relief  agunst  judgments  Lt  cotnmoa  law  jn  the  ccKi  of 
Uialkv.  RyittyviiCeiaincy'.Graiaa.  TUstelief  wu  dcdircd 
by  Coke  ud  other  judges  sitting  with  him  to  be  iltegil,  ind  a 
couDler-attack  was  made  hy  a  praemunire,  brought  a^inst  the 
peitics  qonicrBcd  in  the  suit  iu  dunczry.  Tlie  grand  jury, 
however,  reCiued  to  bring  in  a  true  bill  ajpinit  them;  In  qiite 
of  Coke'i  threats  and  auuruioei  that  the  chancellor  >u  doid, 
and  the  dispute  was  referred  to  the  king  himKU,  »b«  after 
consulLlng  hii  counsel  and  on  Bacon's  advice  deddoi  in  favour 
of  eqnily.  The  chancellor's  triumph  was  a  grent  one,  and  from 
this  lime  the  cquitalile  jurisdiction  of  (he  roun  of  chancery  was 
nnquatioRcd.  In  June  idifi  he  supported  the  king  ia  Us 
dispute  with  and  dismissal  of  Col 


IS  the  j 


were  conMrnea,  ana  in  november  warned  the  new  lord  chief 
justice  against  imitating  the  errors  of  his  predcassor  and 
especially  his  love  of  '^popularity/"  Writing  in  ]6og  to 
Salisbuiy,  the  chancellor  had  docribed  Cake  (who  had  long 
been  a  Ihorn  in  his  ficsh)  as  a  "  frantic,  turbulent  and  idle 
broken  brayned  fellow,"  apologiiing  for  so  often  Iroubb'ng 
Salisbury  on  Ihti  subject,  "no  fit  eiercisc  for  > chnncellai  and  a 

municaled  to  him  the  king's  dissatisfaction  with  his  RtporU, 
desiring,  bouever,  to  be  spared  further  service  in  his  disgracing. 
AftBKven]  petitions  for  leave  to  retire  Ihiough  failing  health, 
he  at  last,  on  tbe  jrd  of  March  1617,  delivered  up  10  James  the 
great  seal,  whidt  he  had  held  continuously  for  tbe  unprecedented 
term  of  nearly  twenty-one  yean.  On  the  jtb  of  November  1616 
be  bad  been  created  Viscount  Bnckley,  and  his  diath  look 
place  on  the  isih  of  March  1617.  Half  an  hour  before  his 
decease  Janes  sent  Bacon,  then  his  auccesor  as  lord  keeper, 
with  tbe  gift  ol  an  earldom,  and  the  presdentdiip  of  the  council 
with  a  pension  of  fjooo  a  year,  which  tbe  dying  man  declined 
as  earthly  vanities  with  which  he  had  do  more  concern.  He  was 
buried  at  Dodleslon  in  Cheshire. 

As  Lord  "Chancellor  EJlesmere  bo  is  a  striking  figure  in  tbe 
long  line  of  illustrious  English  judges.  No  instance  of  eacessive 
or  improper  use  of  his  jurisdiction  is  recorded,  and  the  faraoQs 
case  which  predplUIed  the  conlesl  between  Ihe  courts  waa  a 
dear  travesty  of  Justice,  undoubtedly  fit  for  the  chancellor's 
inUrventian.     He  refuted  '  ... 


subtloi 


a  Ellesi 


weeding  out  the  " 

enormo 

us  sin"  0 

judicial  0 

wraption) 

that 

John  Donne,  who 

secretary 

He  ^ncd  Camden 

aadmi 

ation.wfa 

oamc.  "  GcsUt  H 

norera. 

Bacon 

whose  mei 

Fit  he  had 

«rly 

nac  claims  to  the  office  of  solidtor.general 
ne  oao  unavaiiinpy  supported  both  in  r;^  and  1606,  calls  him 
"  a  true  sage,  a  salvia  in  the  gaitfen  ol  tbe  state,"  and  ^Maks 
with  gratitude  ol  his  "  fatherly  kindness."  Ben  Jonwn,  among 
tbe  poets,  eiiolled  in  u  erugram  his  "wing'd  judgement*." 
"  (Mtist  bands,"  and  coMtancy.  Though  endowed  whh  con- 
lidEtablt  Hatorical  gifts  be  foUowed  Ihe  Uue  judicial  tradition 
1  aflecled  lo  despise  eloqueacc  as  "  not  decorum  for  judges, 


0  respect  the  Matter  a 


•  Li/i  ^  D<n,»i.  by  E.  a 


I  not  the  HainMus  of  Ihe 

P-3B1. 


Hearers."'  Uke  others  of  his  day  be  hoped  to  He  a  codUScuiDa 
of  the  laws,' and  aiders  to  have  had  greater  faith  in  judge-made 
law  than  in  atalnles  of  tbe  realm,  advising  tbe  parlianent 
(October  17,  1601)  "(hat  laws  in  force  might  be  revised  and 
explained  and  no  new  laws  msde,"  and  describing  the  Statute 
of  Wilb  pasted  in  Henry  VIIL's  reign  as  the  "  ruin  of  andent 
families  "  and  "  the  nune  of  forgeries"  In  the  (liirty-ei^th 
year  of  Elisabeth  he  drew  up  rules  for  procedure  in  the  Star 
Chamber,'  reotricliog  the  fees,  and  in  the  eighth  of  James  X. 
ordinances  for  remedying  abuses  in  the  court  of  chaticery.  In 
lOog  he  published  his  judgment  In  the  case  of  tbe  Post  Natj, 
which  ^>peajs  to  be  the  only  certain  wofk  of  his  authorship. 
The  following  have  been  ascribed  ID  him;— fihe  FrhUtta  and 
PreripUna  ef  Hit  Hitli  Ctxat  nj  Ckamary  (ifi4l];  Calaia 
Ohitnatuna  ceaconint  Hit  O^a  «/  lAe  Lord  CluKdlor  (i6ji) 
—denied  by  Lord  Chancelloi  Hsrdwickc  ax  A  Discamit  aj  i)u 
JuiUini  Ainluriiy  efiii  UiiUr  of  lie  Solii  (171S)  to  be  Lord 
Ellesmere's  worki  Oiiimluxu  m  Lord  Ceit's  KipBrli.  ed.  by 
G.  Paul  (aboOt  171a),  the  only  evidence  of  his  authorship  being 
apparently  that  the  MS,  was  in  his  handwriting;  four  MSS., 
bequeathed  lo  his  chafdain.  Bishop  Williams,  vii.  Tla  Pn. 
ratalitt  Royal.  Prnikfa  aj  ParliamtM,  Prxadinti  in  Ciaacay 
and  Til  Power  0/  Ihe  Star  Cliamber;  Ni/la  anil  Okienalinu  en 
i/BpwC*ai'(o,{r£.,Sept.  1615 (Harl. 4185, f.jsJ.and  An  AMdf 
»oil  oILardCoitS  Riports  (see  MS.  note  by  F.  Haigrave  in  his 
copy  of  Certain  Obsenaliam  amarnint  Iki  Qfiei  oj  I,eri  Ckanedler, 
Brit.  Mus.  ;io  a  5,  also  Lije  ej  Eterln.  p.  ia.  Dole  T,  catalogue 
ol  Harleinn  collection,  and  Walpole'i  Xoyif  and  NMe  Aulkort, 
i&]6,  ii.  ijo). 

He  was  thrice  married.  By  bis  fitsl  wife,  Eliiabeih,  daughter 
ol  Thomas  Rivcnscrolt  of  Bretton,  Flintshire,  he  had  tan  sons 
and  a  daughter.  The  elder  son,  lliomas,  predeceased  bin, 
leaving  three  daughters.  The  younger,  John,  succeeded  bis 
father  as  md  Viscount  Brackley,  was  created  earl  of  Bridge- 
water,  and,  marrying  Lady  Frances  Stanley  (daughter  ol  hi* 
father's  third  irife,  widow  ol  the  jth  cari  of  Derby),  waa  the 
ancestor  ol  Iheearliand  duke*ofBridgewater(i7.g.),  whose  male 
line  became  eitinct  in  igig-  In  liifi  the  lilies  of  EUesmere  and 
Brackley  were  revived  in  tbe  pcnon  of  the  ist  earl  of  EUesmere 
iq.t.),  dcKtnded  front  Lady  Louisa  Egerton,  daughter  and 
co-heir  of  lbs  itt  duke  of  Biidfewater. 

Ho  adequate  life  of  Lord  Chanedloc  Elleimcii  has  been  wrltleit, 
for  which,  however,  malcrials  eiis  in  the  Bridpmter  MSS..  very 
■aniily  calendared  in  Ilia.  USS^  Cphtm.  nth  Rep.  p.  14.  and 
app.  pt.  vli.  p  I1&  A  snuLlI  selection,  with  the  omibiDD,  however, 
of  perwHvl  and  family  matten  intended  for  a  secmraie  jutHected 
iVi  which  was  never  puWishod.  waa  edited  by  J.  FCoUier  for  the 
Camden  Sociely  in  ttv>- 

BRACKLBT,  a  market  town  and  municipal  borough  in  tbe 
southern  parliamentary  division  of  NoithamplDnshlre,  England, 
J9  m.  N.W.  by  W.  from  London  by  the  Great  Central  raUway; 
served  also  by  a  branch  of  the  London  St  North- Western  railway. 
Pop.  (iDoi)  J4*J.  The  church  of  St  Pejer,  tbe  body  of  which 
is  I>ecorated  and  Perpendicular,  has  a  beautiful  Eaily  English 
tower.  Magdalen  College  school  was  founded  in  1 447  Jiy  William 
ol  WaynBcte,  bishop  of  Winchester,  bearing  the  name  of  his 
great  cnllege  at  Oiford.  Of  a  previous  foundation  of  the  iilb 
century,  called  Ihe  Hospital  of  St  John,  the  uansitional  Norman 
and  Early  English  chapel  reniains.  Brewing  is  onied  OK. 
The  borough  is  under  a  mayor,  4  alderraen  and  11  couDdDon. 
Area,  3489  acres. 

Brackley  (Brachelai,  Btackele)  was  hdd  in  loW  by  Earl 
Alberlc,  from  whom  It  passed  to  the  earl  of  Leicester  and  thence 
to  the  Ismllicsol  DeQiunciand  Holand-  BriUlani  toumamenti 
were  held  in  1 149  and  1167,  and  others  were  prohibited  in  iiit 
and  1144.  The  market,  formerly  beld  on  Sunday,  was  changed 
in  1118  to  Wednesday,  and  in  answer  to  a  writ  of  Quo  Ifarrawfo 
Haud  de  Roland  claimed  in  lijolhalbcr  family  bad  hdd  a  fair 
on  St  Andrew**  day  froai  time  Iramemaiial.  In  15SJ  Marr 
granted  two  fsin  lo  the  eail  of  Deil^.    By  chjuter  ol  16S6 

•  ludgmcnl  on  tbe  PosI  Nati. 

'  Speech  to  the  pariiamcni.  Iiih  of  October  isqy. 

•  i/vMn  XS.  131a.  I.  i ;  Cardioer-s  BiO.  «f  fiaglnA  la  (6. 


BRACQVEMOND— BRADFORD,  JOHN 


369 


B  under  1  DMyw, 
wn  »  DBijcBa,  (cisicq  unc  new  fun  aod  conGimcd  tbc 
oU  Isii  and  mirkcL  lo  1 708  Anne  fruttd  foui  faira  to  Iht  oil 
st  Bridacwatci,  uid  id  iSg6  the  boioush  bad  a  sch  durter  of 
bKOTpoiKtJoIi  under  a  mayors  4  aJdemeQ  uid  ii  anincUlon 
■mkrthcUUiidiialCaiponiianiActoliUi.  Camdn  (&i(. 
p.  4}o)  »]« IhM  Bncklay  ni  Ivnaaly  a  laoieiB  atapk  lot 
vooL  ltgiHi»nln>anbiwK>p«TliaBi«itiini47,  and  con  tinned 
to  KDd  t««  Rprocautivet  till  dnlraDcltiKd  br  tbc  Refono 
Act  el  iSji.    The  town  fonneriy  '    '  

BUmnaOHD.  rtUX  dSj^-  ),  Fi«id>  painUi  aod 
etcbci,  waa  born  in  PaiB.  He  wu  tnincd  in  early  youth  u  1 
tnde  litbogiafJwr,  until  Cuichani,  a  pupil  ol  Isfna,  tooh  bin 
to  bii  atudiOr  Hja  portrait  oF  hii  fraDdmoIbcr,  painted  t^  hin 
■1  the  a^  ol  ninelRD.  attracted  TUopbik  GautiFr'i  aiieatloi 
at  the  Salon,  He  applied  himself  to  engravinc  and  Etchlnji  ibou 
iSu,  and  played  a  leading  and  brilliaDt  part  in  the  icvivil  0 
Ibe  etdicr'i  art  in  France.  Allogethec  be  baa  produced  ove 
d^t  hundred  pUtea,  compriiing  porlraiti.  landicipta,  tcenca 
of  contemporary  life,  and  biid-Hudiea,  betidea  nuioeroua  inrei' 
peetationa  of  other  artists'  pain ti ngt,  apecially  those  oI  Mcis- 
aonier,  CiDtave  Morcau  and  CoroL  After  having  been  attached 
to  tbc  Sivret  porcelain  factory  in  lAjo,  be  accepted  a  post  a  art 
manacel  of  the  Paris  altlUr  of  the  £im  of  Haviluid  of  limdgei. 
He  na  connected  by  a  link  of  £im  friendihip  with  Hanet, 
Wbiitlet,  aad  all  the  otbei  fighter*  in  the  ii 


BRACnil.  BmtY  Dt  (d.  I16S).  English  judge  and  writei 
as  Eaglilb  law.  His  real  name  waa  Bialloo,  aod  in  all  prab- 
atuUty  he  derived  it  dlber  from  Bratton  Fleming  oe  from 
BmtlOB  ClOTelly,  both  of  tbem  villagei  in  Devonshire.  It  is 
only  after  hn  dath  that  bis  name  appear*  at  "  Biaclon."    He 

patronage  ol  William  Raleigh,  who  afin  loog  service  as  a  royal 
justke  died  bishop  ol  Winchdter  In  u^.  Bractoo  bepos  to 
appear  as  a  justice  in  1 145,  and  from  1 148  until  his  death  in  116S 
lie  was  steadily  employed  at  a  justice  of  assise  in  tbc  soulh- 
westem  conntica,  especially  Sooiencl.  Devon  and  Coinwall. 
During  the  earlier  part  of  this  peiiod  be  waa  also  silling  as  a 
judge  in  the  king's  central  court,  and  waa  there  bearing  those 
plena  which  "  ftrilowcd  the  king  "^  in  other  words,  he  waa  a 
nember  of  that  section  of  the  central  tribunal  which  was  boob 
to  be  distinguished  aa  the  king'a  bench.  From  this  position 
he  retired  or  waa  dismissed  in  or  about  the  year  i>S7,  ibgitly 
before  the  meeting  of  the  Mad  Parliament  at  Oxford  in  iijl 
Whether  hla  diaa(^>earance  is  to  be  connected  with  the  political 

Ibe  assies  in  the  soutfi-weat.  and  in  1167  he  was  a  membet  of 
^  commission  of  prelates,  barons  and  judges  appointed  to  hear 
thcQompiaints  of  the  disinherited  partisans  of  Simon  de  Mod  tf art. 
Is  liMbe  became  rector  of  Combe-in-TfignheaJ,inu6i  rector 
•f'BaiiatapIe,  in  1164  archdeacon  of  Bamtt^ile,  and,  having 
icaigned  the  arcbdcacqory,  chancellor  of  Exeter  cathedra]  j 
be  alio  held  a  prebend  in.  the  ccjle^ate  church  at  Boaham. 
Already  in  ti45  he  enjoyed  a  dispenutioD  enabling  him  to 
bold  three  ecdesiattictl  bcnehca.  Be  died  in  1168  and  was 
bwicd  in  the  nave  of  Euter  cathedral,  and  a  chantry  for  his 
lovl  was  endowed  out  of  the  levenuet  of  the  manor  of  Thorverton. 
Hit  fame  is  due  lo  a  treatise  on  the  km  and  customs  of 
v^fi-wut  which  is  tuScienily  detoibed  elsewhere  (aee  EucLisa 
Law).  The  main  part  of  it  leemi  lo  have  been  compiled  between 
1150  and  iisHi  but  appsieDtly  it  It  an  unfinished  work,  lliis 
may  be  doe  to  tbe  faa  that  when  tie  ceased  to  be  a  member 
of  tbe  king'i  central  court  Bracton  was  ordered  to  surrender 
certain  judicial  records  which  be  had  been  using  as  raw  mateiiaL 
Even  thoigb  it  be  unGniabed  his  book  is  incomparably  the  best 
work  produced  '  -    ■■  ■  ■ 


Cia7>-iUl)  with  Eagliih 


Tha  natisc  wm  pobUited  in  ■ 
toe  was  reprinted  In  1C40.    An  ad 


iranaltcian  was  incliuled  in  ibc  Rollt  Serin.    Haai 


ffMcBMlfed.  hi 
■"»)■ 


1.  I««7>;  i 


?.  W.  U.) 


BRiDAVL  (from  "  brad,"  a  Bat  nail,  and  "  awt,"  a  pieidng 
tool),  a  small  tool  used  for  boring  holes  (see  Tool). 

BBASDOCK.  EDVAKII  (i6ci5^iTSs).  Biitiah  genetll,  was 
bom  in  Perthshire,  Scotland,  about  1695.  He  was  the  ton  of 
Major-Ceneral  Edward  Braddock  (d.  r/rj),  and  Jofoed  the 

he  served  under  the  prince  of  Orange  in  Holland  during  tbe  siege 
of  Bergen-op-Zoom.  In  r7S3  be  was  given  the  colonelcy  of  the 
14th  foot,  and  in  r;54  he  became  a  major-general.  Being  hi- 
pointed  shortly  afterwards  to  comBund  against  the  French  in 
America,  be  landed  in  Virpnia  in  February  175J.  After  some 
months  of  preparation,  in  which  he  was  hampered  by  adminia- 
traiive  confusion  and  want  of  resources,  he  took  the  field  with 
a  picked  column,  in  which  Ceorje  Washington  served  at  a 
volunteer  officer,  intended  to  attack  Fort  Duquesne  (EHttsburg, 
Pa.).  The  column  crossed  the  Monongahela  river  on  the  9lh  ol 
July  and  almost  immediately  aflcr^vards  fell  into  an  ambuscade 
of  French  and  Indiana.  The  troops  were  completely  surprised 
and  routed,  and  Braddock,  rallying  his  men  time  after  time, 
fell  at  last  mortally  wounded.  He  was  carried  oft  the  Held 
with  difficulty,  and  died  on  the  ijth.  He  was  burled  ai  Gicat 
UeadowB,»hereiheiemnanlof  the  cnlums  baited  on  its  retreat 
to  reorganiie.    (See  Szv£K  Vuas'  Wan.) 

BHADDOCK,  a  borough  of  Allegheny  county,  Pennaylvaida, 
U.S.A.,  on  the  Monongahela  river,  to  m.  S.E.  of  Plttaburf. 
Pop.  tiS9o)Ss6t;  (1900)  is,eS4,  of  whom  Jill  were  foreign- 
bom;  (igio  census)  rgjS7.  Bnddock  b  served  by  the  Penn- 
sylvania, the  Baltimore  &  Ohio,  and  the  Pltiahurg  k  Lake 
Erie  railways.  Its  cbief  industry  Ii  the  manufacture  of  steel— 
especially  steel  taila:  among  111  other  manufacture*  are  pig- 
'roD,  viie  rods,  «trc  nsilt,  wire  bale  tia,  lead  pipe,  bnst  and 
rlectric  signs,  cement  and  pUaier.  In  tgoj  the  value  of  the 
borough's  factory  products  was  I4,r99,07g.  Braddock  has  a 
Carnegie  Ubtaiy,  Kennywood  Park,  near  by.  Is  a  popular 
resort.  The  municipality  owns  and  operata  the  water-worka. 
Braddock  was  named  in  honour  of  the  English  general  Edward 
Braddock,  who  in  t7SJ  met  defeat  and  death  neat  the  dte  of 
the  present  borough  at  the  hands  of  a  force  of  French  and 
Indians.  'Hie  borough  was  Brst  settled  at  tbe  clOM  ol  the  tStb 
century,  and  was  incorpoisted  In  1S67. 

BRADinR.  MABy  BUZABBTH  (tSjT-  ],  EngUah. 
novelist,  daughter  of  Henry  Braddon,  solidtor,  of  Skirdon 
Lodge,  Cornwall,  and  sister  of  Sir  Edward  Braddon,  prime 
minister  of  Tasmania,  was  bom  In  London  In  iS]7.  She  began  at 
an  early  age  (0  contribute  lo  periodicals,  and  in  iSiSr  produced 
her  £itl  novel,  Tii  TraU  e(  Ue  Serptal.  In  tbc  same  year 
appeared  GatibaUi,  accomparued  by  QfMs,  and  other  poerai, 
chiefly  narrative,  a  volume  of  extremely  spirited  verse,  deserving 
than  It  has  received.  In  r86i  her  TQ>utation  as  a 
novelist  was  rnade  by  a  favourable  review  In  Tit  TIma  of  Lady 
TcT.  Aurora  Ftcyd,  a  novel  with  a  strong  affinity 
<o  Uoiiyte  Bmary,  followed,  and  achieved  equal  success.  Its 
Immediate  tuccetson,  EUanor'i  VUtorj,  Jflm  Uerdaiuiitl 
Liiacy,  Henry  Dvitbar,  remain  «lth  her  former  worka  the  bcsl- 
known  of  her  novels,  but  all  ber  numerous  books  have  found  i 
krge  and  appredalive  public  Tbey  give,  indeed,lhegreatbody 
of  readers  ol  fiction  exactly  what  they  require;  mclodiamatte 
in  pbt  and  character,  conventional  In  their  views  of  lile,  they  are 
distinguished  by  constructive  ikill  and  opulence  of  invention. 

b  which  several  of  her  novels  appeared.  In  r874  she  married 
John  Maxwell,  publisher,  her  ion,  W.  B.  Maxwell,  aftcr- 
6a  becoming  known  aa  a  clever  DDvdltt  and  newspaper  corre- 
ident. 

(i5to?-tss5),  English  Protestant  martyr, 

It  Manchtater  in  Ehe  eariy  part  of  the  rdgn  of  Henry 

educated  at  the  hxal  grammar  icbod.   Being  a  good 

'    he  became  lecietary  to  Sli  John 


BRADFORD,  WILLIAM— BRADFORD 


HunnglDn,  pAymulci  ol  tht  En^iah  tor^ct  ia  Fndcc.  ^rtd- 
lift6  It  thli  time  w*i  (ay  ind  tbougbtku,  lud  lo  wppoit 
hii  nlnvacuice  he  Kviiii  to  have  approprUted  WMn«  af  Ihe 
DUKiey  CDlniMcd  (a  bim ;  but  be  •(terwlji]>  inKle  full  relUtutJaD. 
Id  April  I54T  be  tooL  chamben  in  tbe  Innei  Temple,  and  besan 
to  study  taw^  but  fijiding  diviitity  more  con^nial,  be  removed. 
En  Uie  following  ytar,  u  St  Calbarine'i  Hall,  Cimbcidge,  whcie 
be  Bludied  wilb  tuch  miduily  Ihul  in  little  more  than  a  year 
he  w»»  adndiied  by  spedji  (pat«  to  tbe  degjee  o(  master  of  arti. 
and  w«»  noon  after  made  leIlo»  of  Pembroke  Hall,  the  (ellowibip 
being"  worth  Kven  pound  a  year,"  Oneof  hiipupibwujohn 
Wbitgift.  Bishop  Ridley,  who  in  [jso  mas  tianslated  lo  the 
KC  of  London,  Kill  for  him  and  ippoinled  bim  bit  chaplain. 
In  1S53  he  wai  also  made  chaplain  to  Edward  VX,,  and  became 
one  of  the  most  popular  preachers  in  the  kingdom,  earning  high 
ptWK  from  John  Knox.  Soon  aller  the  accession  of  Mary  be 
waa  arrested  on  a  charge  of  sedition,  and  confined  In  tbe  Tower 
and  (be  king's  bench  prison  for  a  year  and  a  half.    Durii 


St  brought  to  trial  (Jan 


parts  of  the  kingdom 

ISsVi)  before  the 

chief,  and,  refuung 

■s  a  heretic  ud  burnt,  irilh  John  IaI,  In  Snulhfield  on  the  ist 

of  July  iSSS. 

Ka  writlnga.  which  caa^  chleSy  of  leniuHii.  meditationn  tncti, 
Sockly'l  vnla.'a™,  Cambridge.  li^It^T™        " 

BSADPOBD,  WILUAX  (>S90-iesi},  American  coloiiial 
govemoc  and  historian,  waa  bom  In  Auitei&eld.  Yorkshire, 
Enghind,  probably  in  Maidi  ijva.  He  became  (omevhil 
otruged  from  hia  family,  which  wu  one  of  coniiderable  im- 
portance in  the  locality,  wben  In  early  youth  he  Jcnned  the 
Furilau  sect  known  as  Separatist),  and  united  in  membenbip 
with  the  congregation  at  Scrooby.  He  prepaied  in  1607,  wilb 
other  members  oI  tbe  cburcb,  to  migrate  to  Holland,  but  the 
plan  was  discovered  and  several  of  the  leaden,  among  them 
Bradfotd,  were  imprisoned.  In  the  year  following,  however, 
be  Joined  tbe  English  colony  at  Amsterdam,  where  he  learned 
tbe  trade  of  silk  weaving.  He  subsequently  snld  his  Yorkshire 
properly  and  embarked  in  bunness  on  his  own  account  at  Leiden, 
where  the  English  refugees  bad  removed.  He  became  an  active 
advocate  of  the  proposed  emigration  to  America,  was  one  of  the 
party  that  tailed  in  tbe  "  MiyOower  "  in  September  1610.  and 
was  one  of  the  signen  of  the  compact  on  shipboard  in  Cape 
Cod  Bay.  After  the  death  ol  Governor  John  Cuver  in  April 
1611,  Bradford  wal  decled  governor  of  Flymoulb  Colony,  and 
served  as  such,  with  the  eiceplion  of  five  yeart  (i6jj,i6j4, 
i^jfi,  16^8  and  1644I  until  shortly  before  bit  death.  Alter  1614, 
at  Bradford's  suggestion,  a  board  ol  five  and  later  leven  assist- 
anu  was  choKD  annually  to  tbaie  the  eiecuilve  te^poniibility. 
Bradford's  rule  was  firm  and  judicious,  and  to  his  guidance  more 
■ban  to  that  of  any  other  man  tbe  prospecily  of  the  Plymouth 
ColiHiy  was  due.  His  tact  and  kindneu  in  dealing  with  the 
InSiana  helped  lo  relieve  the  colony  from  the  conflicts  with 
which  almost  every  other  settlement  was  afflicted.  In  iftjo 
the  councQ  for  New  England  granted  to  "  William  Bradford, 
his  hciiei.  atsocialts,  and  assignes,"  a  new  patent  enlarging  the 
original  grant  of  territory  made  to  the  Plymouth  seltlers.  Thil 
~ ■    ■  0  the 


icol  tl 


body  corporaleoflhecol 
on  the  glh  of  May  1657.  Me  wa 
historical  work,  the  Hiihry  cf  i 
first  published  in  tbe  Frocudingi 
Sodety  for  18  jS,  and  later  by  the 
1S9S},  and  in  facsimile,  with 


6*1.    Brai 


in  Plymool 


Imoulk  PlanWiim  [until  1646), 
f  the  Massachusetts  Historical 

tion  by  John  A.  Doyle, 


cript  disappeared  from  Boston  during  Ihe 
war  ot  inocpendence,  was  discovered  in  tbe  Fulbam  library, 
London,  in  1855,  and  was  relumed  by  the  bishop  of  London  to  the 
•tat*  of  MaisadiuKtts  In  1847.  This  work  has  been  of  Inatim- 
aUc  value  to  writen  on  the  history  of  the  l^lgrimi,  and  waa 
fledy  used,  in  manuscript,  by  MortOD,  Hubbard.  Klather,  Prince 
kod  Hulchiniott.     Bradford  wu  alto  undoubtedly  part  aulhar. 


He  also  w 

published  in  the  Msnachusi 

(i8;o,) 


sHlsto 


ol  Society's  PubUcationa 


OBtry  aBd  earty  KTe  see  leKph  Hnmer.  Otit- 

— ....  „.  Fnates  tl  Am  Plymtlk.  in  MasMcbuMU 

Historical  Society's  CMHlumi  {BdHoH.  ilsi)!  (In  the  qiaiu 
sketch  in  Cotton  Mather's  JfdMolia  (London,  iTosLanda  ebapttf 
in  Winistao Walker's r«Ar»E>t(<i>>^Lai^]<Ne>VDrk,i9oir^ 
BKAfiPOBD.  WILLIAM  (iUj-i7S>).  American  colonial 
printer,  was  bom  in  LeicntenblR,  England,  on  the  roth  of  May 
166].  He  learned  the  primer's  trade  in  London  •^ih  Andrew 
Sowle,and  in  16S1  emigrated  with  William  Penn  to  Pennsylvania, 

r  BT  Amirica'i  Uiatnta  (iftgj)! 

"  not  to  print  anything  bi  '     '    ~ 


ct  for 


Friends,  whereupon  hit  press  wbs  seiud  and  he  was  arrested. 
Re  wax  released,  however,  and  his  press  was  restored  on  hli 
appeal  to  Governor  Benjamin  Fletcher,  In  1690,  with  Wiftiav 
Rittenboutc  (1644-170))  and  othen,  be  established  Id  Roiboro, 
Penniytvanla.  now  a  part  of  Phitadelpbia,  the  Gitt  paper  mlD 
In  America.  In  tbe  spring  of  it^j  he  ttmoved  to  New  Yoifc, 
where  he  was  appointed  loya!  printer  for  ibt  tciloay,  a  podtion 
which  he  held  for  more  than  fifty  yean;  and  nn  Uie  8th  of 
November  17^5  he  Issued  the  firat  number  of  the  JVrv  York 
CaatU,  the  first  paper  established  In  New  York  and  from  1715 
to  17JJ  the  only  paper  in  the  colony.  Bradford  died  in  New 
York  on  the  ijrd  of  May  1751. 

His  ion,  Ahdiew  Sowle  Bitorou)  <r6B6-iT4i),  mnaved 
fmm  New  York  to  Philadelphia  In  1711.  and  there  OD  the  imd 
of  December  17(9  itsunl  the  tnl  number  o4  the  jlntericaB 
WuUy  Uaenrj,  the  first  ncwipaper  in  the  Middle  Cohuiiei. 
BeDjsmln  Fnnklln,  for  a  time  1  compositor  in  tbe  office,  char- 
acteiijed  the  paper  as  "  a  paltry  thing,  In  no  way  interesting  "; 
but  it  was  continued  for  many  yean  and  wate<lited  by  Bradford 
until  his  death. 

The  laiter'i  nephew,  Willub  BiiAnFOtD  <iTii-tji)i), 
estabUshed  In  December  1741  the  Pmmyhatiia  Jnrjud  and 
WaVy  Aittrlhtr.  which  was  for  ^ty  yeart  under  bit  amWA 

tbatof  his  son,  and  which  in  1 774-1775  bore  the  oft -reproduced 


X  of  a 


h  the  m 


ir  Dte.» 


the  War  of  American  Independence,  rising  to  the 
rank  of  colond.  His  son,  WrLLUU  BlAOroiD  (i7SS-i7«s1i 
also  serred  In  the  War  of  Independence,  and  afterwards  wan 
altomey-geneni  of  Pennsylvnnia(i79i),a  judge  of  the  supreme 
court  of  the  state,  and  in  1794-1795  attorney-general  of  tbe 
United  Sutet. 

BRADFORD,  WILUAH  1iSi7-i89>).  Amerian  mattne 
painlcr,  iru  bom  at  New  Bedford,  Masaachusetta.  He  wai  a 
Quaker,  and  wis  telf-uugbt,  painting  the  sUpt  tnd  the  marine 
viewt  he  taw  along  tbe  coast  of  Mattachutclti,  Labrador  and 
Nova  Scotia;  lie  went  on  teveial  Arctic  eipedilions  with  Dr 
Hayes,  and  was  the  fitit  American  painter  to  portray  tbe  fnu«i 
regions  ol  Ihe  nortb.  Hit  pictures  tttneted  much  attention  by 
reason  of  tbdr  novelty  and  goigeouicoloutellecu.  Hif'Steamer 
'  Panther '  in  MelvOle  Bay.  under  the  LSghl  of  the  Midni^t 
Snn  "  wu  eiUbiled  at  the  Royil  Academy  hi  London  in  1B71. 
Biadlotd  was  a  member  of  the  National  Academy  of  Dcsgn, 
New  York,  and  died  In  that  dly  on  the  isth  ot  April  i8gi.  Hb 
style  was  somewhat  Influenced  by  Albert  van  Beett,  who  woriiHl 
with  Bradford  at  Fairhaven  for  a  time;  but  Bradford  It  minut< 
and  observant  of  detail  where  van  Beest's  aim  is  geiKrol  effect. 

BRJUIFORD,  a  city,  and  municipal,  county  and  paifiamentuy 
borough,  in  the  West  Riding  of  Yorkshire.  EDgkad,  191  ra. 
N.N.W.  of  London  and  8  m.  W.  of  Leeds.  Pop.  (1891)  i6],7i«; 
{i;x>i)  179,767.  It  is  served  by  the  Midland  and  Ibe  North 
£ittem  nilwiyt  (Midland  tution),  and  by  the  Gnat  Nartbem 
and  Ihe  fjncaibitt  ft  Ynkshire  laihnyi  (Exchange  atalliw). 
It  Hci  la  a  uitll  voBey  openiug  sauthmid  fiom  thM  at  lit* 


37  » 


lUn,  ud  mndi  op  tk  Mis  an  dtkr  Me.    Kom  of 

^inciiial  iimt*  ndiitt  fiom  ■  cnitre  belweoi  the  Midluid  ind 

hBiUias,  opaml  in  1873,  lonDBUBUil  bjr  ■  bell  inwti.  The 
eiicikir  b  DinUDnitcd  witk  ualue*  ol  Engliili  monirchi.    Tte 

i^IllBbiiadhif  wunhrukmrn  1405.    ThipuUdinci 
St  PMer  ii  PnpeadicDlu,  dftflsg  fnm  1485,  ud  ccenpfai 
rite  of  ■  NonntB  diu^    lu  nuitt  aatnmthy  fame  ii 
fiM  orjgznai  nwf  of  oak.     Hwre  wu  Da  other  churck'  Ln  Ike  U 
DBIS  1815,  bat  tnodcn  chuKbe*  end  cbupeli  an  mnnen 
Among  AfucalKHuJ  fBatllutions,  the  gnrniDer  fcfuol  eiiited 
in  the  lAth  centuTy^  end  in  i46j  received  1  dunerof  bHsrpofl- 
Inn  from  CHurlea  fl.     It  ocoipjea  e  buHding  erected  in  1S7J, 
and  i>  linfly  endowed,  posieulDg  MvenJ  ttboUniiipi  foondcd 
bypmninenldtima.    The  ledmical  1   " 
tion  ttaa  iSog.  wm  opened  [n  i8>i, 
vu  fonnded  fD  tSjl,  end  in  1871  t 
ban.  daw  Id  the  Wwn  faell,  ni  opened.     Other  aubUihnenu 
■R  tbe  Airtdak  CoUe^  of  itudenM  f*r  ihe  Independeni  minliirj, 
ukI   Ihe  United   Independent   Coliege   (1888).     Tie  jeneral 

The  meit  DotrNonhy  putiik  buildiii)^  beside  [be  (awn  hall  ira 
St  George"*  half  (185^),  used  for  foacerti  and  public  neetlDga, 
the  eichintte  (1867),  eilenaive  nurket  buitiHnp,  and  lira 
coBrt-housei.  The  Cirtwrfghl  memerial  hall,  prtneipaUy  Iht 
(Ifl  of  Lard  Maihim,  opened  in  1904  and  eoiiuinlng  an  art 
plleiy  and  muaeum,  cagainenNiate*'  Dr  Edtmtnd  Canwtittt 
(>W]-iSi3)ai  Ihe  inventor  of  Ihe  pewer-Ioom  and'lhe  comblng- 
madiine,  71w  hall  tundi  hi  Lbter  Park,  and  was  opened 
iimneAatd)'  befaie,  and  used  in  conneilon  wfih,  ihe  fnduatrfa) 
eihibilloa  Md  here  In  i«4.  The  Temperance  hall  li  of  hitenii 
inaBiud]  u  Ibe  lint  luU  of  this  character  hi  England  was 
erected  at  Bradfonl  In  iSjT.  Some  of  the  great  varrixinsea 
are  of  considerable  atchilccland  meriL  Stattra  connnanorate 
aevnal  of  thcMe  wbo  have  been  fomnoit  )n  tbe  devffepmeni  d( 
thedtrilu^aaSirTIInaSalliMr  S.  C.Lisler  (LArd  Matham), 
■nd  W,  E.  Fomer.  CM  wveral  paiks  the  largest  are  Llater,  Peel. 
and  Boling  parki.  each  eiceeiting  hfty  acrea.  In  the  tatt  la  an 
andent  and  picture«iue  mansicFn,  which  formeriy  belonged  to 
tbe  Bowling  or  Balling  family.  A  large  acreage  of  high-lyint 
BDoHind  near  the  dty  ii  mainlained  by  the  CDiporatioB  as  a 
pablic  reciea  tion  ground. 

Ai  a'  commetdal  centre  BradTord  la  advantageously  j^ttti 
with  regard  to  both  railway  communlcaiion  and  coniiexioa 
with  tfie  Hiunber  and  wlih  Liverpool  by  anal,  and  throngb 
tbe  pmence  in  fu  Immediate  vidnlly  of  valuable  depoiili 
of  cmI  and  iron.  The  prindpal  leitik  nanuficluret  in  order 
of  irctportance  are  wonted,  employing  some  Jfi.ooo  hands, 
fcnules  considerably  outnumbering  mal«;  wooDens,  employing 

ditioning-hall  for  taiing  teiiQe  maleriali.  A  new  haD  was 
opened  in  1901.  Engineering  and  iron  works  (as  at  Bowiing  and 
Low  Moor)  an  ealensive;  and  the  freestone  of  the  neighbourhood 
b  largely  quarried,  and  in  Bndlord  iuelf  its  use  b  general  for 
boildiRg.  It  filadieiu  easily  under  the  influence  of  smoke,  and 
the  town  baa  consequently  a  somnwhat  ^oomy  appearance. 
The  trade  of  Bradford,  according  to  an  official  estimale,  advanced 
between  iSjfl  and  1884  from  a  total  of  five  to  at  lean  thliiy-five 
nilliona  iteiling.  and  from  not  more  than  ali  to  at  least  fifly 
Staple  ariidei.  The  aiunial  tom-avei  in  Ibe  staple  ttade  b 
calimaied  at  about  one  bundled  milHons  sterling. 
.  Bradfbrd  was  created  a  dly  in  iSgy.  The  punamenlary 
borengh  relumed  two  members  from  iBji  until  1S85,  wbee  it 
was  divided  into  three  divisions,  cacb  returning  one  member. 
1^  cotmcy  borough  was  created  in  i838.  Its  boundarfea  in- 
tfaide  the  sabuibs,  foiraerly  lepanie  urban  districts,  of  Eedo- 
UQ.  Idle  and  others.    The  corpoiitlon  tonaliti  of  a  lord  mayor 

1  8i*dIbrQ 

9  M  Lottboiue  (6  Bj 


Biadlatd,  which  la  meBlloned  aa  having  belamed  bcfon 
loM,  with  several  oiber  sanon  in  Yo^shirc,  to  on*  Gamal, 
appeaii  le  have  been  atawal  dcatroyed  duhoi  tbe  conquest 
ei  the  oorth  of  Ppb''"**  add  waa  atill  waste  in  1086.  By  that 
ttae  it  had  beea  granted  to  Uben  de  lacy,  ia  whgae  family  it 
cowinued  until  tjii.  Hie  iocpiiailion  taken  after  th*  death 
of  Heniy  de  Laqr,  sari  of  Linmbi,  n  that  year  givea  acveral 
Intectsling  facia  about  the  manor;  Ibe  eatl  had  ibre  ■  haB  or 
naBor-hnae,  a  (alliiig  Bid,  a  market  evtiy  Sunday,  and  a  fait 
on  Ihe  feaai  of  St  Andreir.  There  wen  siio  cenais  butgeaata 
balding  Iwcnty-debt  burgagta.  Alice,  only  daughter  aod 
bdma  e(  Heacy  de  Lacy,  naniad  Thomaa  Plantfteatt,  cari  at 
Lancaster,  and  db  Ihe  atuindif  of  bet  hMbaad  she  and  Jwu, 
widow  of  Houy,  mn  obliged  to  niease  tbeii  tight!  in  lb*  manoc 
to  th*  kmg.  The  eail  ol  Laoiastar'a  atiaiBder  being  Rvcrsed 
in  ijt7,  Bradford,  with  hia  other  peopcrty,  wa*  leMood  to  Ua 
brother  and  hctr,  Hcoiy  Plantagene^  but  aatln  pasanl  to  the 
enxni  on  the  accesaaoa  ol  Henry  IV.,  thimigh  the  narrlate  tt 
John  of  Gaunt  with  Uuclse,  ooe  o(  the  daugtlos  nd  Iwin  o< 

" "  — ignet    BiadtHd  was  evidently  •  bonmi^i  1^  pre> 

waa&atlncorparaledunlil  1847.  Piwfaua  to  that 
dale  the  chief  officer  in  tbe  town  had  been  the  chief  conaiable,  who 
waa  aj^iotnied  annually  ai  tbe  cout  feel  of  the  manor.  Belois 
the  iQih  century  Bradford  was  never  repreamlnl  hi  pailiaBtnt, 
hut  In  iBji  it  waa  created  a  pariiamealary  bomngh  relunnng 
two  moabeia.  A  weekly  nurket  on  Thiuadaya  was  graatcd 
to  Edward  de  Lacy  in  1151  and  coohnacd  In  is^s  to  Henry  de 
Lacy,  aailofLirtaDln,  with  theaddilkoalgnBtofafaiTOU Ibe  eve 
and  day  of  St  Feter  ad  Vincula  and  three  day*  fidlowing.  In 
1481  Edward  IV.  granted  to  certain  tMOeaa  In  *li^  be  had 
vested  his  naaoi  of  Bradford  a  mackcl  on  Tbaiadty  every 
week  and  two  yeariy  lairs,  one  on  the  feast  of  the  De- 
podtioB  of  St  WiUiiln  of  Vorfc  and  two  days  prccedinc,  the 
Ihe  fc«(  ot  St  Feter  in  Catbedn  and  two  daya 


lUoB  of  a  fulling  nlll  in  tji>  it  la  ptoiUe  thai 

:lnTehadbeenbifUnatlhatlim£.     Bytherclfn 

of  Heuy  VUL  it  had  becone  aa  invortant  induatry  and  added 

mnrh  to  Ibe  alstua  of  the  town.    Towarda  the  Bid  «(  the  17th 

atod  hrglnnhig  af  the  iSih  centBty  tlie  wnllen  trade  decreased 

d  wonted  manulactnre  be^n  to  take  its  placs.     lidaoi 

hia  Itintratf  sayi  that  Biadfoid  is  "  a  pialy  quik  Market 

lune.     It  Btandiih  moch  by  clothjng."    In  177J  a  (uece  bail 

IS  elected  and  for  many  yean  served  as  a  market-place  foe 

I  manufacturers  and   mefcbanls  of   the  distrjct.    On  the 

Introduction  ol  steam-power  and  machinery  Ihe  worsted  trade 

need  with  great  rapidity.    The  fird  uIH  in  Bradford  wal 

in  i7»8;tbeiewere>oiBUlBinlheiowDi9  i8>a.  Hhi  1833, 

70  in  18411  and  at  the  present  lime  tbere  are  over  joo,  of 

much  greater  magnitude  than  Ihe  artier  factoriea.    In  itjfi  Mr 

(aftemrcb  Sir)  Tltua  Eah  dcfriopad  the  a^iaca  matUifaclura 

In  tbe  town;  mohair  waa  shmtly  aftenralds  intiDdwsd:  and 

the  great  wtska  at  Sallsin  were  opowd  (see  ^annxi).    Later, 

Mr  S.  C.  Lister  (Lord  Masham)  Intiodoced  the  lafc  and  velvet 

manufacture,  having  invented  a  piocess  of  manlpolatlag  rilk 

waste,  whereby  what  wii  prcvloiialy  treated  as  refuse  Is  msde 

Into  goods  tlial  wOl  compete  with  tlwee  tnailnCaclured  froco 

the  perfect  cocoon. 

See  John  lann,  Balm  if  StaiSt^  <i>44.  new  and  edatfed 
A.,  iSi^;  A.  Hehovd.  Ofllaaaa  Bm^r&na  (igjjli  Viitaia 

BBAOTOBS,  a  dly  of  McKcao  oounly,  rcnns^vanla,  U.S.A., 
lai  tbe  N.  bonlei  of  tbe  sute,  about  So  m.  £.  by  S.  of  Eiibi 
Pop.  (1S90)  10,514;  fipoo)  ii,o>7,  ol  whom  SHI  wem  laieig»- 
bom;  (igio  census)  14,5*4-  It  is  served  by  the  Pennsylvania, 
tbe  Erie,  and  the  BuSalo,  Rochester  ft  Pittsburg  railways,  and 
oonnecled  with  Olean,  New  York,  by  an  eleitiic  line.  Btadfad 
ainiBted  143;  ft.  above  eea-levd  in  the  valley  cd  the  T^m^ 
ad  is  shot  In  1^  hilb  on  etther  aide:    Since  xVfi  It  has  been  on* 


e(  tbe  UMl  itnpolUnt  cA  ccnlni  o(  the  lUIe,  ■»]  It  hu  bccD 
OHiHCUd  hy  pipe  Unn  wllh  dlin  iIobc  the  AiluUc  ami; 
petroleum  n^ninl  il  u  important  induiti]'.  Antong  Ihe  dly"* 
Bbviufaeliiivt  nt  boien,  machliKi,  |t>H,  chemkib,  Ictt* 
colU,  bittk,  lion  plpci  (nd  conplinff,  gu  cnglBa,  culioy  ind 
■Hit.  lie  phct  wu  fint  Kttled  abonl  igi;;b  iRjS  itwulald 
ml  H  ■  town  and  named  Lilileton;  in  t8;S  ibe  pteaent  name, 
in  luiHiuT  of  WiUiun  Bradford  (i7;S-i79)).  ***  aubalilutedi 
■nd  Biadlord  was  iacorporaled  ai  a  bonjugb  in  iij3,  and  wai 
channed  ai  ■  dty  la  1I79.  Kendall  baien^  waa  annexed 
to  Bradlcid  in  1S9J. 

BBADrOKD  CLAT,  Is  leology,  a  lUn,  ratbo  IncoMtanl  bed 
ol  day  or  mul  litoated  in  EB^and  at  the  bate  oC  the  Fonit 
MaiUc,  the  two  tosetlicr  coulitallnc  llie  BrajUoidlan  (loap 
in  the  BalhoBlia  gnie*  of  Juraidc  mcka.  71w  torn  "  Biadfoid 
Cliy  "  appcaia  to  have  been  fiiat  uicd  b^  J.  dc  C  Sameiliy  in 
■l>j<iriKrslCMCrWw,val.T.)uanaltemaUvtIocW.Snuth'i 
"ClayonUppciOoUte."  Tlie  day  came  into  notice  Ute  In  the 
iBth  centmy  00  aeoiuai  ol  the  local  abmidanot  of  the  crivid 
Afucrimiu  Pvkiiutni.  J%  lahei  III  name  Iran  Bndloid^n- 
Avon  in  VTildlilra,  wlinKi  it  ia  tna^Ot  Mnthwud  to  the 
Donet  ODUt  and  northward  towanfa  CiRDCCMei.  It  may  be 
tipaiei  u  ■  local  phaae  ol  the  bueaait  btda  d  the  Fgceit 
UaiUt,  tnm  which  it  cannot  be  aeparatcd  upon  dtbec  Mcati- 
gnptdcal  or  pahteoBtalngical  gmmda.     It  la  addom  m 


BRADFORD  CLAY— BRADLAUGH 

d  ^«liiMt.tlie  w»w»oliln  Awabilm  iijiihltr 

ike  prviiKtloD  ol  |ood  cotoun  and  wpcrior  ^Ta* 


t,  thick,  and  It  s 


B  lev  Irtcfnkr  kym  of 
.  Tbe  lowttt  layer  It  aftan 
highly  foMilif«roB6i  nrae  of  the  cotnmoo  lonn*  being  Arta 
■n'MM,  Otirta  ptftia,  Wnldiamla  rfiftiH,  Tiniraliila  etatttaU, 
CUarii  yailtrdmtii,  kc 

Sm  H.  B.  Woodnrd,  "  Inraaric  Kocka  al  BiitalB,"  Mtm.  GbI. 
Smj,  lA  iv.  (1900. 

BRADHHUMW-ATOI,  a  naikel  town  In  the  Weaibuy 
paiJiamoilarT  divfdon  of  WHl^dic,  '^(['■"''i  cm  the  rireri 
Avon  and  Kennet,  and  lie  Kninct  &  Ana  Canal,  9S  m.  W, 
by  S.  of  London  by  the  Gnat  Weatera  railway.  Pop.  of  urban 
dWiicl  (i«ai)  4514-  Ita  houiei,  bU  boilt  of  grey  atone,  >ia«  in 
picluroque  disorder  up  the  iteep  aide*  of  the  Avon  valley, 
hen  etoaed  by  an  andent  bridge  of  nine  arcbei,  with  a  chapel 
inthecentic.  Aoongnunyplacaofwonli^may  bemcntioaed 
Iht  naured  putah  chiudi  of  Holy  Tdnity,  which  data  fnra  the 

bnaas;  and  the  Perpendlcatai  Htrmltagn  or  Taty  cktpd, 
with  a  rjth  or  itth  ccnimy  daDtiy-houn.  But  bom  notable 
b  the  Sajon  chmh  of  St  Lawmm,  the  fomidatloB  of  rntlA  It 
generally  »tmbnted,tcc«Ktin|  to  Wmtonol  MnlmerimyC  I H5), 
to  St  Aldhcbo,  early  in  the  Bth  cenlary.  It  conalitaof  1  dunod, 
nave  and  pard^  b  tach  undunged  nadltion  that  E.  A.  Ftennan 
eoBiklered  it  "  the  moat  pofcct  aurviiring  durdi  <i  ita  kind 
fat  England,  If  not  tn  Eurcpe."  It  hai  mom  latdy,  howenr, 
beta  hdd  thai  the  pimst  buiUiBg  la  not  AUhdm'a,  bnt  • 
natontioB,  dating  from  abent  975,  and  atttibntable  to  the 
hiftiMirf  c(  Duntan,  anhblifacfi  of  Canterfaoty.  KIngiton 
Bnae,  long  the  K*t  at  the  dokca  of  Kingatan,  ta  ■  beautiful 
ciinvleaic*rlyi7th-CeStnrydg«atkaTchIt(ctu«.  The  load 
..  t — ,._  .__L.i.  ... . ^  ^  rubber  goodi,  brewing, 

radautord,  Bndetori)  waa  the  Me  «(  a  battk  fai «]) 

, al  end  Ua  ''^t"  Cutbrod.    A  monamry  eilKed 

ia  the  >th  caatury,  of  which  St  AUhdm  waa  abbot  al  tin  time 

ofUi  being  node blihepofShefborBO in «.D,  705.  Ia  lool  £lbctied 
Bv*  this  BMMiaMDy  and  the  town  el  Bradf«d  u  the  Dunnny  of 
KifHabwy.  in  seder  that  the  nana  i^ght  hav*  a  mfe  lefntc  aiunu 
till  Inr  Iti  iritei  riiiaa  No memtiMet the  BUMutayoawra after 
tlia  Ceaqimt,  but  the  nuBiiefy  ol  Shafiaitaryntaiaed  tba  lordihip 
of  the  aiaaor  antil  the  dlwMBtloa  is  the  idgn  of  Hecuy  Vlll. 
In  a  lynod  hdd  liere  la  934.  DunMaa  wai  elected  biriwp  of  Wln- 
eheiter.  Bradferd  appear*  ea  a  boraa^  in  Ilia  Domnday  asrvey. 
•ad  ia  then  aaaacd  at  41  hldee.  No  cfaerto'  of  inmrporaiioa  u 
iMordad,  however,  aod  after  retvraioi  tn  lotrabin  (o  Iht  peHIa- 
nrol  of  inj  the  town  doai  not  appear  to  have  eojoyed  any  id  (he 

privOegef  dl  a  borooih.    The  nertet  ia  of  andent  eMn.  end 

len^y  bdd  so  Moaihyi  in  the  nrvey  ibe  lolU  are  iMim  _. 
45  iUIIIm.     Bradford  waa  at  oee  dn  thcceun  of  the  dmhiiig 


I  IfDinve  dieir  trade  and  ao  re  Mtabtjah  the^  cr 

UUOUVDB,  CHAHUg  {iSu->S»>),  Eogliah  ttce-thinker 
and  potitidan,  wai  bom  at  Hoiton,  Laiidon,  on  the  a6th  of 
Stplonbei  iSjj.  Hiilathei  waan  pooi  tolidiar'i  dark,  whs  elan 
'  ad  a  nial]  buajncn  ai  a  law  eutioner,  end  hii  Bkothci  had  beea 
miracmaid.  At  twdve  yeui  old  be  became  office-boy  to  Un 
liber's  euployti,  sod  at  lonrteeo  whail-derk  and  cashier  la 
coal  mnchant  in  the  Qty  Road.  Be  had  been  baptixad  and 
bniughlupin  llMiQiurdi^EnglsDd,butlieiKiwcainelnloooD-; 
tact  with  >  group  ol  f  lee-thinken  who  were  diidplti  of  Kkhaxd 
Carlilc.  He  was  hastily  labelled  an  "  tthdu,"  and  was  tuned 
ofhiiiiliiatialL  Thus  drivcninto  the  amuoi  the  aeculaiiati, 
he  managed  to  cam  a  liviog  by  odd  joba,  and  be^kme  further 
'  the  study  ol  free-tliauBhL  At  the  end  of  iBy>  he 
ialdier,but  in  igsj  waa  bought  out  with  unney  pn- 
vided  by  hia  mother.  He  then  found  employment  aa  a  lawyer^ 
cletfc,  and  gradually  beome  known  as  a  free-thoe^t  lecturer, 
under  thrnamaol  "  Iconodaat."  From  i86a  he  conducted  the 
JVa/iAuJ  iCr/nir  for  aereral  yean^  and  diqjayed  mudi  rciource 
in  legal  defence  wban  the  paper  was  proaecutcd  by  the  govcm- 
ment  cm  accoonl  of  its  alleged  blaq>hemy  arul  veditmn  in  ]S6ft^ 
1S69.  Bradlaugh  became  notorious  as  a  '**^'"g  "  Irxfidd," 
snd  was  supported  by  the  sympathy  of  those  whc  were  enthusi- 
asts St  that  time  for  liberty  of  speech  and  thoughL  He  was  n 
constsnt  figure  in  the  law  courts;  sod  his  cc 
the  oath  was  continually  bang  calk 


no  jury  should  give  dsmagq  for  attacks  on  his  character.  Iq 
t874  he  liecame  acquainted  with  Mrs  Annie  Bcaaat  (b.  1847), 
who  afterwards  beomiB  fsmous  for  her  gilts  ai  a  lecturer  <a 
"-''''™'  and  Ihesai^y.  She  bcgu  by  wiiting  for  the  Halinul 
Ktjenur  md  eoon  beceaie  co^tor.    tn  1876  the  Bristol 

calUd  PniO  4  PkOtuHty,  waa  Indkted  (or  selling  1  work  fuH 
of  indecent  phyiiokglcil  details,  and,  pleading  guilty,  waa  ligbtlj; 
sentenced;  but  Bradlan^  end  Hit  Beiant  look  the  matter  vp, 
in  Older  to  vlndicste  tbdr  idesa  of  bbeity,  and  aggtcasivdy 

which  faulted  oenled  considerable  scandaL    They  were  am- 

f"l— ■"  waa  stayed  end  the  indictment  ultimately  cjuashed  oa 
a  ledmjcai  point.  Tlie  aSsii,  however,  had  several  side  issues 
la  the  courts  and  led  to  much  prejudice  against  the  ddoidants, 

opiniolieiiiquatioD.    UitBcsant'i  ckte  alliance  wilbBradliogh 

first  Ista  Bodalistic  and  labour  •gitatianaDdthaiintotheoeafdo' 
as  ■  pepil  of  Ume  Blavatshy.  Bndlsu^  himself  took  tip 
politia  with  increasing  fervour.  He  had  been  unsucriwlul  in 
stauUng  for  Northsmpton  in  186S,  but  in  i£&i  he  was  returned 
by  that  constituency  to  parliament  as  sn  advanced  SadicaL 
A  long  and  senaslionsl  pedismeutuy  stiuggle  now  began. 

to  do  so,  terminsted  in  Bradlaugh's  victory  in  iSU.  But  this 
result  was  not  obtained  without  protracted  scenes  in  the  House, 
In  wUd  Lord  Rsndolph  Churchill  took  a  leading  ^rt.  WbeallM 
long  struggle  was  ovei,  llie  public  hsd  gteduslly  got  >ued  tn 

for  mere  populacity  gained  him  increasing  re4>ect.    Experiew* 

note  bshaced  view  e<  things;  and  hcfare  he  died,  on  ^  joth 
of  January  1891,  the  progress  of  events  was  such  that  it  ws* 
beginning  to  be  said  of  h^  that  he  was  in  ■  lair  sAy  to  end  as 
a  Conservative-  Herd,  arrogant  and  dogmatic,  with  *  powerful 
physique  end  n  reel  gift  for  pupWki  oratory,  he  was  a  natuiial 


-  BJLADLEY— BRADSHAW 


mack  iMcnBlH  dcuil  >»  t»  Ike  Uuoty 

duihts.  Ma  Bndlaugli  Boata,  wd  J.  at 

BHABLBT.  SIOBQI  OBAIIVUU  (1811-190;),  EngUdi 
dkvue  ud  Bcholat,  wuboniDn  Uw  iiChof  DecHubs  iSii,  hia 
father,  Chirlo  BiHUey,  biu(  U.  thai  Usee  vicu  at  Glubury, 
BietOB.  Hi. WW  aduolcd  U  Ru^iy  unki  Tbotnu  Anudd, 
■nd  aL  Univcnity  Cgllcai,  Oxlard,  at  whldi  ba  becuaa  ■  leiloir 
in  iSm.  Uc  ma  aa  aialsUlIt  mlaUi  at  Rugby  [roin  ih(>  U 
iSja.  vbra  he  tuBcatdtd  C.  K  L.  Cotton  as  haadmutn  at 
UulbanMBh.  In  187s  b<  «aa  tkcud  master  o[  hii  old  coUe(( 
at  OkIodI,  and  ill  Au(iat  1S81  be  ni  made  dean  of  Wnlimnslii 

kc  had  ben,  and  wbele  bjognplier  be  became  Bnldca  his 
XaMMitmi  oj  A.  P.  SlvlUr  (iS8j)  ud  Lilt  e/  Xteni  SlamUy 
(1^1).  bapublialwd  Aidttrtriilnt  lali'  Prau  Camfmiiiwt  and 
LtlBrtt  m  Jti  (iS&i)  uid  F-f''r'i''r  (iftSj).  He  took  part  in 
tbe  conauticai  of  Edwaid  VIL,  ntigned  the  deanery  io  19^, 
■nddkdon  Um  ijthof  AUnb  igoj. 

I>eaB  Biadl^'a  family  produced  varfoua  other  members 
ditriiitiuihcd  in  liumtuie.  Hia  halX-brotfaer,  Awuiir  Cecil 
BBAM.EX  (b.  lis'),  (ellow  of  BoUiol,  Oilord,  bBcame  pnEcaur 
ol  DOden  litcnluse  and  hisl«y  (i380  al  Univcnity  College, 
LiveipMl,  and  in  1SS9  ngiia  profniec  of  English  laoguige  md 
Uicniun  al  Cluaow  Umvcniix;  and  he  ms  proiesxir  ol 
pocliy  al  Oifocd  11901-1906).  CM  Dtan  Br»iley'9  own  children 
the  a»st  distinguished  in  literatuie  were  lus  bod,  AaTHua 
Ckarville  Duolbi  (b.  1850),  author  of  vnrioua  hiatoiical  and 
topognphkaJ  works;  and  e^KciolIy  his  daughter,  Mrs  MAAOAaKT 
LOUIM  Woon  (b.  iSsfi).  nile  of  the  Rev.  Henry  George  Woods, 
PKsdeat  ol  Trioiiy.  Oifsrd  (1887-189)),  and  ouster  of  the 
Temple  (1904},  Iiondon.  Mn  Wa>di  becsme  veil  known  tor 
her  KOBwIiitaed  vtne  (Lyrus  and  Jtailadi.  1889),  hugely 
hdomced  br  Robert  Biidgu,  ud  (or  her  Doreli,  of  vhidi  bet 
ViUaii  Ttaidy  (188;)  nu  the  earliest  and  ationgest. 

BBADU7.  JAMBS  (itna-Hbi).  English  astronomer,  wu 
bom  al  Sheibome  in  Cloiicatenhice  in.Uudt  169}.  He 
emend  BalUol  CoUesa,  Oxford,  on  the  ijihof  Mudi  W".  "A 
took  de(Mti  of  BA.  and  MA.  in  i;i4  and  tji;  leapsclively. 
Uil  eaily  Dbscrvatioiu  were  made  at  the  rectoiy  of  Wautead 
ill  Etta,  under  tbe  tutelage  ol  Us  uncle,  the  Rev.  James  Pound 
(tU9-i}M),  hkwcU  a  skiilcd  salraoDmei,  and  be  was  elected  a 
fellow  of  the  i^rti  Sodety  on  the  6ih  of  November  1718.  He 
took  ocdcn  on  bit  pwKnwion  to  tbe  viouage  0!  Bridtioic 
n  the  MlMrinf  yeu,  nd  ■  imaU  tineeaie  liviag  in  Wales 
■aa  beaides  pcoaved  lor  Um  by  Ua  friend  Samuel  Molynem 
{1689-1718).  Be,  howerer, rented  hie  ecdeoiaatkalprefennents 
IB  ijair  on  bia  ■ppmnlment  to  the  Sav^ina  proEeaoiship  of 

ii7>0-itte)heiUiiFeTCdT9CDuiseso[IecbiiCBm  the  Askmoku 
muiemn.  IIb  nemonihle  discomy  of  (he  abemlion.a£  lifkl 
(iM  AatuunOH)  wu  commaiikated  lo  tbe  Boyal  Sode^  in 
JuiauT  IIJ9  iPUL  Tram.  luv.  «}]).  Tbe  observations 
vfiOD  whkh  it  was  founded  were  made  at  MolyBCUi't  houie  dd 
Kev  Green.  He  refrained  ban  awMundng  ihe  s^qiplemenUiy 
deCectioD  of  lutaiion  (f.i.)  until  the  i«th  of  Febinary  1748 
(JWI.  FroiM.  xlv.  r),  wlieii  he  had  tested  its  reality  by  minute 

moon'a  podeL  He  had  iM^^wtiiM.  (in  1741)  been  appointed  to 
sociBed  Edmand  lUky  u  istiooomet  no^i  bia  enhanced 
reputation  eaahled  him.to  qif)ly  succaaafuUy  idt  an  instrumeiUai 
ovtSt  at  a  Cost  of  £1000;  and  «dth  an  8-foat  quadrant  lompkbKl 
lot  him  IB  I7JD  by  Jolui  Bird  (1709-1776),  ha  accumnlaled  at 
Gieenvich  id  tea  yean  mateiiali  ei  itmlimalile  value  for  tlic 
relann  of  oinonoBiy.  A  oown  pension  of  £(50  a  year  waa 
confened  upoa  him  in  1751.  He  rrltied  in  bioken  health,  nine 
ycora  later,  to  Cbolford  in  Gloueeitershire,  and  titers  died  on 
the  ijth  of  July  i;«i.  Tie  pnnlblg  ol  his  obaerwulax  was 
ddayed  l>y  dilutes  about  thA  ownership!  but  they  were 
finally  issued  fnnu  (be  Clarendon  Pnai,  OiWl,  in  two  blia 


aMd  Gtnerii 

_....  \BS\ 

Uitt-ittait'oimiatiHiir^niiU.^^ii. 
BRADSHAW.  aBORQE  {i8oi-i8i3),  English  prbter  and' 
publisbcr,  wu  bom  at  Windsor  Brid^^  Pendleton,  Lancssfafre, 
on  the  t9th  of  July  lior.  On  leaving  school  he  was  apprenticed 
10  on  engraver  at  Manchester,  eventuoJIy  selUng  up  on  his  owD 
«i3>unt  in  thai  dty  ai  an  engraver  and  printer— principally  ol 
Diopi.  Ht>  name  was  already  known  as  the  publlihei  of  Brod- 
itoVi  Uaps  tf  Inland  Itan'falhn,  when  in  1839,  soon  after  tbe 
Inlroductjoa  of  railways,  he  published,  at  sixpence,  Brodskati'S 
Railway  Tinu  Tahiti,  tbe  title  being  changed  in  1840  10  Brai- 
ikaar*!  Railway  Cvntpanieri,  and  the  price  raised  to  one  shilling. 


supplem 


ntary 


monthly  L"me-ihe«l  letving  lo  keep  ihe  book  u; 
December  1S41,  acting  on  a  suggesiian  made  by  his  London 
agent,  Mr  W.  J.  Adams,  Bridihav  reduced  the  pHce  of  his 
(ime-tables  lo  the  original  ^pcnce,  and  began  to  issue  ihcm 
monthly  under  the  title  Bradskev^s  MmttUy  Railway  Caidt. 
In  June  1847  was  isiued  the  first  number  of  Btadsluta'i  Cua- 
liKinlal  Railway  Caidf,  giving  the  time-tables  of  the  Continental 
railway]  juit  as  BrodiAiiv'f  UonlUy  Railway  GuUi  gave  the 
timc-iablej  of  the  railways  of  the  United  Kingdom.  Bndshsw, 
who  was  a  wcll-knowo  member  0!  the  Society  of  Friends,  and 
gave  considerable  time  to  philanthropic  work,  died  In  1853. 

BRADSHAV.  BEKRY  (c.  nso-'iu),  English  poet,  was  bom 
at  ChesUr.  In  his  boyhood  he  was  received  into  the  Benedictine 
monastery  of  St  Wetburgh,  and  after  studying  with  other  novicei 
of  haorder  at  Cloucrster  (sflnwatds  Worwslei)  CJjflege,  Odoid, 


lasltry  at  Chest 


t/rbii  Ctttriae,  which  ii 
lost,  and  a  life  of  the  pattou  taint  of  his  moiiostery  in  English 
seven-lined  stanm.  Tfiii  work  was  completed  in  the  year  of  Its 
author's  death,  isij,  mentioned  in  "  A  bolade  to  the  aoctour  " 

aa  "  Horry  Braddeshaa,  of  Chcstre  abb^  monke."  Braddiaw 
disclaims  the  merit  of  originality  and  quotes  the  authorltiei 
fiom  wbidi  he  tianslstcs — Bcde,  William  of  Molmetbuty, 
Ciraldus  Cambrensis,  Alfied  of  Beverley,  Henry  of  HuotingdoB, 
Ranulph  Higdcn,  and  especially  the  "  Passionary  "  or  life  of  llie 
saint  preserved  in  the  monastery.  The  poem,  therefore,  which 
is  defined  by  its  editor,  Dr  Carl  Horstmann,  as  a  "legendary  ei^c," 
isiatheracompUationthanatrsnslatbn,  It  coulahis  a  good  deal 
of  history  beside  the  3.CIU91  life  of  the  wint.  St  Wei^rgh  was 
the  daughter  of  Wulfen,  king  of  Merda,  and  Bradshaw  gives  a 
description  of  the  kingdom  of  Mercii,  with  a  full  account  of  its 
royal  house.  He  relates  the  hlitoiy  of  St  Ermenilde  and  St 
Seibutge,  mother  and  grandmoder  of  Werlnirgli,  who  *er« 
tutcessivelyabbcssesof  Ely.  He  does  not  neglect  the  minculouS 
dements  of  the  stisy,  but  he  fs  more  attracted  by  historical 
fact  than  legend,  sod  the  second  book  nanatcs  Ihe  Danish  In- 
vasion of  87;,  and  describes  the  history  and  antiquities  of  Otesler, 
from  lis  foundation  by  the  legendary  giani  Leon  Gaur.  from  which 
he  derives  the  British  name  ol  Caerleon,  down  to  tlie  great 
file  whicb  devastated  the  dty  In  118a,  but  was  suddenly  ei> 
tinguiahed  when  the  ahrine  of  St  Werburgh  was  canled  in  pn^ 
cession  thmngfa  the.<treels.  Tke  Holy-Lyfi  and  HiilBry  1/ 
royxf  Wtrburti  ttryftaltfiill  jar  aUChiiltv  paple  la  rdt  (printed 
liy  Rldiard  Pynson,  1511}  has  been  very  varionsly  estiraaled. 
Thomas  Waiton,  who  dnli  with  Bradshaw  at  some  length,' 
quotes  as  Ihe  most  splendid  passage  of  the  poem  the  descf^tion 
of  the  feast  preceding  Weiburgh's  entry  into  the  religious  life. 
He  Cfiusideted  Biad^w's  versification  ''iofinltely  inferior  to 
Lydgate'S  worn  manner."  Dr  Horsimaan,  on  Ihs  other  bamt, 
finds  in  the  poera  "  ortgbia]  genius,  of  a  truly  epic  tone,  with  t 


V* 


BRADSHAW— BRADWARDINE 


BiUm  AnpSdtjr  o(  Itdog  «UA  Mractlmct  nmindi  the  rader 
if  HoBcr."  timl  nukn  wiU  probably  tdopl  ■  vim  beiiRcn 
tbete  etucma.  BTwhluv  opreuet  the  bumUesi  epiiiiDn  al 
U>  otrn  Bbilitln,  ind  be  cnuloly  had  no  ddicitc  or  lor  rhyLhm. 
His  tliKtni]'  B  ■bundiniLy  evlikiii,  and  hii  fdeiy  is  idniiimt 
cvcD  by  John  Bale,'  tKHtile  u  be  wu  to  moDkish  wrilcn. 
W.  Hcibeit'  Ifaou«ht  Ui*t  a  Lyfi  0/  SayiU  Xadi[Hmli,  abo 
printnl  by  Pynoa.  was  certainly  by  Biadshav.  Tht  snly 
eatant  copy  is  [o  Ibe  BritucU  library. 

Pyiaoa'a  edicwn  ai  ilie  il€ijf  Ljf4  h  very  raic,  only  6vv  OKnct 
b«ni  known.  A  irpriat  copyjiif  ibe  oriBluJ  lypc  wu  edilcd  by 
Mr  Edvird  Hiwluiu  for  ibi  cliFih^iia  SoEKIy  in  1848,  and  by 
Dr  Carl  llQiTinumi  lor  tbr  Euly  Eugllib  Teii  Society  in  1SS7. 

BBADSHAW,  EfEHHY  (iSji-iSEfi),  British  icholu  and 
librarian,  wubam  in  London  on  the  indoF  February  iSjI.and 
educated  at  Eton.  He  became  1  fellow  el  Kins'i  Colleie, 
CambiidEC,  and  alter  a  short  icbolaslic  career  in  IteUnd  be  ac- 
cepted an  appouitment  in  the  Cambridle  univertily  library  as 
an  citra  assistant.  When  he  found  that  hit  oEbcial  duties 
absorbed  all  his  leisure  he  rellgned  his  post,  but  Cdntinucd  to 
live  his  time  to  the  eumination  ol  the  MSS.  and  early  printed 
books  in  the  libniy.  There  nil  thea  no  complete  catalogue 
of  these  sectioos,  and  Biadsbaw  sooa  aluwed  a  rare  faculty 
tor  invesLi£aIion>  respecting  old  books  and  curious  MSS.  In 
addition  to  him  achievements  in  bUck-ietter  biblioKr^hy  he 
threw  Ereal  lifht  00  ancient  Celtic  language  and  li tenlun;  by  the 
discovery,  in  iSiJ,  of  the  Boot  tf  Detr,  a  manuscript  copy  o( 
the  Gospel  in  the  Vulgate  version,  in  which  were  inscribed  old 
Gaelic  charters.  This  was  published  by  the  Spulding  Club  in 
iiK>9.  Brudshaw  also  discovered  Kinie  Celtic  gltMsa  on  the  MS. 
of  a  intttical  paraphrase  of  the  Cnnpcll  by  Juvencut.  He  made 
anather  &nd  in  the  Cambridge  libnry  ol  CBntidciabke  philological 
and  hiilorical  imparlance.  Ciomwell's  envoy.  Sir  Samuel 
Morland  (ifiiS'-ibqj),  hjid  brought  back  from  Piedmont  MSS. 
containing  the  eorlim  known  Wildensian  records,  consisting 
of  Htuslations  from  the  Bible,  rcligioui  treatiwi  and  poems. 
Oneol  the  poems  referred  the  work  la  the  besinninc  of  the  nth 
century,  though  the  MSS.  did  not  appear  lo  be  ol  earlier  date 
than  Ihe  ijth  century.  On  this  Morland  bad  based  his  tbeory 
of  the  antiquiiy  of  the  Waldeniin  doctrine,  and.  in  tht  absence 
of  the  MSS.,  which  wen  supposed  to  be  imtrievthly  lost,  the 
conclusion  was  accepted.  Bridshaw  discovered  the  MSS.  in  the 
university  library,  and  found  in  the  passage  indicated  tniccs  of 
erasure.  The  original  date  proved  to  be  1400.  Incidenially 
the  cotiect  dale  was  of  great  value  in  the  study  of  the  history  of 
[helanguate.  He  hadasharelneipoeinglhe  fiaudsofConstan- 
line  Sioionides,  who  had  asserted  thai  tbe  Coifci  Sitiailiiat 
brought  by  Ttschcndorl  froni  the  Creek  monastery  ot  Mount 
Sinai  wu  a  modem  forgery  ol  which  he  was  himself  the  author. 
Biadshaw  eipoied  the  absurdity  ol  these  cUfini  in  ■  letter  to 
tbe  CManlitin  (January  1«,  iS6i).  In  ig66  be  oude  a  valuable 
coDUibulioD  to  the  historyoIScoitish  literature  by  the  discovery 
of  iioo  lines  on  tbe  siege  of  Tmy  Incorporated  in  a  MS.  it 
Lydgate's  Triye  Bmkc,  and  ol  the  Littnds  ^  Ike  Saiiili,  tn 
important  workerioiiie40.ooolineB.  These  poems  be  attributed, 
erroneously,  at  has  sioce  been  proved,  to  Barboui  [;.i.). 
furtuutely  Bradshto  allowed  his  attention  to  be  diitract 
■  multiplicity  of  subjects,  so  that  he  has  not  left  any  lit 
work  commensurate  with  Ms  powers.  Tbe  sitaiti  upon  hiiii 
was  incnaicd  when  be  wai  elected  (1B67)  univectily  librarian, 
aiulaa<leanofhiicoUcge(iSjT-iS65)aiid|ine)ectoc(iWi-i9dJ) 
he  was  bvolved  in  lunher  roatiae  dutlo.  Bcudes  hi)  briUitnt 
faolated  dlKDvcriea  in  bibliogtsphy,  be  did  nndi  by  Uf  ODtiring 
leal  to  improve  the  atandaid  of  libruy  admlnistntioB.  He  died 
vtiy  suddenly  on  tbe  10th  ol  Febmuy  1886.  Hit  fugitit" 
papen  on  asiiqaadan  nbjecti  wot  njeclfd  ud  edited  bj 
Ur  P.  JeaUaton  in  ilSo. 

An  CKeOeot  tfdww  ^Himy  Xtoditew,  by  Mr  C  W.  Ptotbero, 
imnndiBlSU.    Se*  alio  a  F.  NeTCOube.  2nu  .biwlr  ^  Ui 


C«urt  of  Justice  "  wl 

Henry  firadthtw,     ' 

was  bapliicd  on  t 

Banbury  in  CheehiR  md  at  Mid<Beton  In  LancuUre.  Mtidled 

Hbscqsenily  wiik  an  atisney  a)  Congkim,  wa  adaittad  lata 

Cray's  bin  in  i6m,  and  was  caDed  to  the  bar  In  10>7,  beootnfnc 

a  bencher  JB  1647.  He  was  majv  of  CongkiaD  In  itjj.  and  bier 

high  tiewvd  or  ncocder  ot  the  bi  "      ~ 

ke-waaaatidDOua  in  his  legal  il    ' 

rqwiaiiia  and  pnctfccal  tht  b* 

he  was  appointed  JDdg 

October  1644  he  wu  CO 

Lord  Magulre  "  _ 

rebellion,  ra  i(t4j  tor  John  LUbanw  ia  hit  appeal  to  Ihr  Lordi 

against  the  lentenct  ot  the  Slar  Chaaiber,  a»d  in  1*47  la  tba 

prosecution  of  Judge  JeaMni.   On  the  Sih  flf  Oclobtr  i«4«  he 


ettnity,  E 

tcslatteia  of  hnuUty  ■■ 
king  nfiiiod  to  plead  bcfon  the  tribiinal,  bat  fil 
every  h^  objection  aad  dcnJcd  la  Chula  aa  . . 
speak  in  Mt  dtffci.  He  coatiaaed  ahn  tba  kiag^  death  ts 
coadiKt,  a>  lord  pnaidcnl,  tba  trials  of  the  rayaHtta,  ladadtog 
the  duke  of  Hamilton,  Lotd  Capd,  and  Hmrji  Rich,  tail  d 
Holland,  all  of  whom  he  ca«de«ied  to  death,  Ui  belttviout 
being  especially  censured  in  the  cue  g(  Eutebiua  Aadiewt, 
lyalisi  who  had  joined  a  ' 


inatcdaaMatbcraf  IhaoattDcilol  stale  aa  the  I4lh 
ol  rebnniy  i<44,  and  on  the  loth  of  Uaith  bccane  pieaideaL 
He  diMppnved  strongly  of  tbe  eipulsioaol  the  Loag  ffaiUameal, 
aad  on  CnHBwcU'f  cnning  wheequcatly  to  diiaiiw  the  coaadl 
Bredfhaw  iinid,  on  the  authority  o(  LwPaw,  to  hateceofnaled 
Um  btUly.  ■ " 


t  paiUaoKnt-af  1654,  and  ipoka  atnagiy  agalait 
nstlng  power  in  a  ilai^  peraoa.  He  refiaed  to  aip  the  "  o- 
gagoneal "  dnwn  vp  by  Cieiawell.  andln  oeuMqueDcc  wltbdiew 
from  pailiaiaeat  and  wai  whteqnently  wipected  of  caaipBdty  In 
plot*  against  the  gintnuBeat.  He  failed  to  obtain  *  seat  la 
the  patbsment  of  r6sd,  and  ia  August  of  tbe  nunc  yeu  Creiowell 
attempted  to  remove  him  from  tba  chief-janictAip  of  Cheshire. 
After  the  abdication  of  Sichard  Cnunwell,  Bradshaw  apin 
entered  pf  ri^"w'  .t***^*T  a  member  of  the  coundt  of  atata,  and 
OB  the  3rd  of  Jnne  iSsp  waa  appnintfd  a  comminiong  of  the 
great  leal.  Hit  beatlb,  boweeff,  was  bad,  and  hia  laat  pablic 
eAM  wai  a  vehement  speech.  In  the  couad,  when  he  dtdaied 
hit  abhorrence  ot  the  ancat  of  Bpeaker  LeathaU.  Ha  died  os 
thejittof  OElobct  1859,  and  waa  buried  En  Wtatmliutcr  Abbey. 
Hit  body  was  ifilintBnd  at  tba  Retloration,  and  capoeed  oa  a 
gMxt  aloag  with  thgaa  ot  Cromwell  and  Iretoo.  Biadshaw 
mairiadklaiy^aachlBtolTheau  Harbuiyol  Marl«ly,Cheilto, 
but  left  IB  dddnm. 

BUDWAIOtHK  THOKAI  ((.   ii«o-i34g),.  Bngltrii  anb. 
UAop,  oDed  "  tbe  Profound  Doctor,"  was  bora  dtber  at  RBrt> 


BRADY— BRAGA 


Colk(e,  Oitard,  wtne  ht  laA  the  iepte  ot  doctor  of  dlviclly, 
■Dd  uqnlnd  the  RpotitioD  of  ■  profoulMl  tclulaT,  ■  lUlIuI  cnatbe- 
DStiduukduiililedinB*.   HewnifUnnRlinuedtorlxUgh 
oflkci  of  cbincdlcir  at  the  luiwnlty  and  ptnfeacor  of  divinliy. 
From  behiKduncdW  of  tic  dioccw  at  London,  he  bniiK  chip- 
lain  ud  confctsor  to  Edward  m.,  wbom  be  atlended  during  hii 
win  Id  Fnncc.    On  kb  ntara  to  England,  be  su  sucrcuively 
appointed  pctbendarji  of  Llncohi,  arthdcacon  of  Lincdn  (1347], 
and  m  ijm  arcbblihop  of  Cantnbury.    He  died  ol  the  plague 
Bl  Lambeth  on  the  ]Ath  of  AuguM  1340,  forty  diyi  alter  1 ' 
conKOadao.    Oiaunr  in  bh  Kmft  Priat'j  Tate  ranki  Bra 
wardtne  vlch  St  Augnstlne.    Illi  gnat  work  ii  a  tnalTK  again 
the  FUatfana,  entitled  D(  OHM  £M  antra  PeJap'im  (J  d<  D>n< 
CMStntw,  edited  by  Sr-  Hcnty  SavDe  (London,  lAiS).    I 
wrote  alio  i>>CcnK(na>f(«lariM(PaHi,  iiyi);Di  ArUhmeli 
fnttka  (Parii,  tjot);  Dt  Pteftttiembtu  (Parii,  1495;  Venii 
IS0S)<  ^^■B'rB'an' Cimf ■  (Parii,  14951;  and  an  jfri  ifnuM- 
(iiv,SloaneMSS.No.»»lntbeBiitiihH(BetiBi. 

See  DuMf-tchard,  ^Hti.  PnMi.  (rTia),  L  Jt*:  W.  F.  Hook, 
Lim  tf  tt(  ArctAiiiapi  et  Cmdtrbvj,  vd.  W. 

BRABT,  HICHaUS  (1659-1716),  Anglican  divine  and  poet, 
wai  bora  at  Bandan,  Co.  Cork,  on  the  iSlh  ot  Oclober  i6jo. 
He  reteived  hli  edueation  at  Westmfjuier  icbod,  and  at  Chriit 
CbiDth,  Oiford;  but  he  graduated  at  Trinily  CDllege,  Dublin. 
He  look  orden,  and  in  i6gS  *at  nude  1  pnbendary  of  Cork. 
He  <m  a  lealom  promoln  of  the  RevnlutiDn  and  lufftnd  in 
CDiiKqDeDCe.  When  tlie  iioubin  broke  out  in  Trelind  in  16^, 
Brady,  byhii  influence,  thrice  prevented  ibehurningof  the  town 
of  Blndon.  after  Jamci  II.  had  given  orden  far  in  dealruction; 
and  t)ie  lame  yai  he  tm  employed  by  the  people  of  Bandon 
to  lay  their  grJcvancei  before  the  Engliih  pariiiment.  He  uon 
afterinrdi  leKlcd  in  London,  •rheit  he  obtained  vsrious  pic- 
fermenti.  At  the  tinK  ol  hii  death,  on  the  loth  of  May  1716, 
he  hFld  the  living  of  Capham  and  Richmond.  Brady's  hnt- 
known  work  is  his  metrical  vmioa  of  Ihc  Psalmi,  In  which 
Hahojn  Tate  collaboraled  vith  him.  It  was  licensed  In  1696, 
•nd  larfcl]'  ousted  the  old  venionof  T.  Stemhold  and  J,  Hopkins. 
He  aba  tnntlated  Virgil^  Aiiuid,  and  wrote  icveral  araaltcr 
pooni  ind  dnmas,  as  well  asicmuini. 

BUmOBSa,  HEXSI  JEAM  AOOOSTIN  DB  (1R40-1EE8), 
Belj^n  painter,  was  bom  at  Antwerp.  He  was  tnined  by  hii 
fatba,  a  fnre  painter,  and  his  uncle.  Baron  Herui  Lfyi,  and 
devoted  Mmtlf  to  scenes  ot  everyday  Antwerp  lite.  The  liitl 
pictima  he  enhibiled.  "Tbe  Laundry"  (V«n  Cuisem  colteclion, 
Bninelt},  and  "  The  CoM>etimith'i  Workshop  "  (VIeahovwer 
collection,  Antwerp),  wen  shown  at  Uie  Antwerp  eahibition  in 
1S61.  He  received  the  gold  Diediil  at  Biuaeli  in  i3;i  lor 
•■  Tlie  Geopapber  "  and  "  TliB  Lesson  "  (boih  in  the  Bncaeh 
galleiy);  the  gold  medrf  at  Vienna  in  1873  lor  "  The  Painlert 
Slodio"  and  "  Grand  oiolber'i  Birthday";  and  the  medal 
ilf  honour  at  the  Eiposilieo  Univeraelle  at  Amsterdam  lot 
"  TI1C  Pilot  Rouse."  Among  hii  mon  notable  works  are 
'A  Shoemaker"  (1S61),  "A  Tailor's  Workroom"  (lEAj), 
"  A  Gardener  "  (1S64,  Antwerp  gallery), ''  Interior  of  a  Church  " 
(tS66),  "Interior,  Flanders"  (1M7),  "Woman  BiMnning" 
(1869), "  Man  reading  "  (i8;i), "  The  roe  duScrment,  Antwerp  " 
(>87Sl,  "A  Copperplate  Printer,"  "Tlie  Sailoi'a  Return." 
~  The  Man  at  the  Window  "  (Couleiux  collection.  Brussels), 
"  The  Horn-blower  "  (Couteaux  collection),  "  Man  retouching  a 
nctore  "  (Couteaui  collection],  "  The  Polten  "  [Mariirr  coDu- 
Son,  Brtoaels), "  SlaircaH  In  the  Itydnulic  House  at  Antwerp  " 
(HaiVer  collection),  and  "The  Brewer's  House  at  Antwerp" 
[HaiUer  coUeclIoo}.  Tlw  hut,  fcetlet  known  as  "  A  Mansittlng," 
b  ■cnerally  regarded  u  his  maiierpiec«.  As  a  liihographer 
and  etcher,  his  work  resembles  1  hat  o(  Henri  Leys.  Towards  the 
end  of  his  life  de  BraekelHi  did  some  dot  palming  (/eiiffilfimu), 
fai  which  he  achieved  admirable  rRecu  of  tight. 

BRAEMAIt.  a  district  in  S.W.  Aberdeenshire,  Scotland, 
eitending  from  Ballater  In  the  E.  to  Glen  Dee  in  the  W.,  a 


[1  varying  ftom  looo  to  nearly  jc 


375 


The  whole  area  ii  distinguished  by  typical  Highland  Kcneiy, 
and  is  a  resort  alike  (or  sportsmen  and  touriits.  The  vQligei  and 
dachani  (Gaelic  for  hamlet)  being  situated  at  an  altitude  of  fiom 
Soe  to  more  than  looo  ft.  above  the  sea,  the  air  li  everywhere 
pwe  and  hradng.  The  deer  torestj  comprise  the  royal  foresU 
of  Galmoral  and  Ballochbule,  Cten  £y  Forest,  Mat  Forest  and 
Invercauld  Forest.  At  various  points  on  either  side  o(  the  Dee, 
granite  castles,  mansiom  and  lodges  have  been  buSt,  mostly 
in  the  Scottish  baronial  style,  and  all  effectively  ailuated  with 
reference  to  Ihe  wooded  hills  or  the  river.  The  chief  of  these  ate 
Bstmoral  and  Abergeldie  Castle)  belonging  to  the  cidwd,  Invcr- 
cauld  House,  Btaemar  Cattle.  Mar  Lodge  and  Old  Mar  Lodge. 
Caiileton  of  Bracmai  is  the  foremost  of  the  villages,  being 
sometimes  styled  the  capital  of  the  Deeside  Highlands.  Ill 
public  buHdinp  Include  halls  erected  by  the  duke  of  fife  and 
Cdonel  Farqubarson  of  Invercnuld  to  CDumemorale  the  Victorian 
jubilee  of  1M7,  Not  far  from  the  spot  where  the  brawling  6unie 
joins  the  Dee  the  earl  of  Mar  raised  the  standard  of  revolt  in 
111%.  His  seat,  Braemar  Castle,  reputed  to  be  a  hunting-lodge 
of  Malcfdra  Canmare,  was  forfeit  along  with  the  estates.  The 
castle  built  by  I  he  purchasers  In  1710  wasacquiiedat  alatet 
date  by  Parquhatson  of  Invercauld,  who  gave  govtmmen  t  the  use 
of  It  during  the  pacification  of  the  Highlands  after  the  battle  of 
Culloden  in  1 746.  Populallonof  CralhieandBTaemar[ii>oi)i4Si. 
BRAD,  a  very  old  game  of  cards,  probably  evrJvcd  from  the 
Bndcnt  Spanish  primtrn,  played  by  five  or  sii,  or  more  players. 
Itis  the  ancestor  of  poker.  A  lull  pack  is  used,  the  cards  ranking 
as  at  whist,  with  certain eiceptions.  There  are  no  trumps.  Each 
[dayer  receives  three  cards  and  puts  up  three  sUkes.  The  last 
id  is  dealt  face  upwards:  the  holder  of  the  highest  card 
ipectlvi  ot  suits  wins  the  6nt  stake  from  all  the  playcn. 
he  case  of  equality  the  elder  hand  wins,  bul  the  ace  ot  dia- 
monds b  always  a  wlnnlngcard.  For  the  seconditake  the  player^ 
brat  or  bet  against  each  other,  if  they  hold  cither  a  pair,  or  ■ 
pair-royal  [three  rardl  of  the  sanie  tank).  Pain  and  pairs-royal 
.ke  precedence  according  to  the  value  ol  the  cards  composing 
lem,  but  any  pair-royal  beala  any  pair.  Hie  knave  of  clubs 
ay  be  counted  as  any  card,  i-g.  two  twos  and  the  knave  of  dubs 
.nk  as  a  pair-royal  In  twos;  two  lecl  and  the  knave  as  a  paii- 
yal  In  aces.  Sometime)  the  knave  of  diamonds  is  allowed 
le  same  privilep,  but  {)  Infetior  to  the  club  knave;  i.f.  two 
iiees  and  the  club  would  beat  the  other  two  threes  and  the 
diamond.  Players  who  actept  another')  brag  must  cover  his 
bet  and  offer  another.  The  third  stake  Is  won  by  the  player 
'hose  cards  make  31  or  are  nearot  10  31  by  their  pips,  aces 
.nd  court  counting  ten;  but  the  oce  may  by  arrangement  count 
1  I  or  II.  Players  may  draw  from  the  slock,  loaing  if  they 
iver-dnw.  II  one  player  wins  alt  three  stakes,  he  may  recdve 
the  value  ot  another  stake,  or  of  two  or  three  stakes,  all  rouni^ 
arranged.  Tbe  deal  passes  as  at  whist.  Each  player 
should  have  the  lame  number  of  deals  before  the  game  is 
abandoned. 

BRAGA.  a  city  of  northern  Portugal,  formerly  Included  In  llw 
.  ovince  of  Entre  Minbo  e  Douro,  situated  on  the  right  bank  of 
the  imall  river  Desle  near  lis  source,  and  at  the  head  of  a  railway 
from  Oporto.  Fop.  (1900)  94,109.  Braga,  which  ranks  alter 
Lisbon  and  Oporto  as  the  third  city  ot  the  kingdom,  is  the 
iixtal  of  an  adaiinistrative  district,  and  an  archiepiscopal  see. 
1  cathedral,  founded  in  the  tiih  century,  was  rebuilt  during 
■e  idth  century  in  the  blend  of  Moorish  and  florid  Gothic  ityiei 
iKiwnai  Manocllian.  Ii  contains  several  tombs  of  considerable 
historical  Inteteil,  lome  fine  woodwork  carved  In  the  ijib 
iry,  and  a  coUection  of  ancient  vestments,  plate  and  othn 
objects  of  art.  Among  the  other  churches  Santa  Cruz  is  note- 
worthy for  its  handsome  facade,  which  datci  Irom  1641.  There 
veral  convent),  an  archie)HscDpal  pali 


aylum 


ind  a  targe  hospital;  also  the  ruins  of  a  theatre,  a  temple  and 

an  aqueduct  nS  Roman  worlimanthip.  and  a  great  variety  of 

'  lor  antiquities  of  diHerenl  aga.    TTic  prindpal  manufactum 

firearm),  jewdry,  cutlery,  doth  and  (dt  ban.    Large  cattle 

a  are  held  in  June  and  September,  (or  caitle-breedjog  and 


37* 


BRAGANZA— BBAHAM 


diiiT'fuoiiiil  UC  UBong  llie  foRmoit  kiail  industiia.  On  ■ 
hill  (bout  J  DL  E.  by  S.  stands  Ilie  citf  bratcd  unctuuy  of  Bom 
Jenu.  or  Bora  Jam  do  Monte,  visiicd  at  Whiisimtide  by  many 

the  ibdnc;  mod  about  i  m.  btyond  it  is  Mount  Sunclro  (1535 
ft),  erowned  hy  a  coloutl  itatut  of  the  Viigiii  Maiy,  and  coni- 

culnunalo  in  the  Scira  do  Gaa,  on  the  uorth-eut 
'  Brags  It  the  Roraan  Bmrjira  Aniiula,  capital  of  the  CaUaki 
Brauirii,  ot  Bractutnia,  a  tribe  who  occupied  whit  ii  now  CaJicU 
and  nonhem  Portugal.  Earfy  in  the  sth  Cfntuiy  it  was  token 
by  the  Suevi;  but  about  4SJ  it  passed  into  the  hands  of  the 
Viiigothic  conqueion  of  Spain,  whose  Rnunciation  of  the  Arian 
and  Piisdllianist  heieaie^  >t  two  lynods  held  ben  in  the  6lh 
ccnluiy,  marks  the  origin  of  its  ecdolaalical  freatDcu.  The 
archbishop!  of  Biaga  retain  the  title  of  primate  of  Poitugal, 
and  long  dsinitd  supremacy  ever  the  Spanish  chutch  also;  but 
their  anlhorily  waa  never  accepted  thioilghout  Spain.  From  the 
Uoon,  who  captured  Braga  early  in  the  Sth  ceotuiy,  the  city  was 
retaken  in  1040  by  Ferdinand  I.,  king  af  Castile  and  Leanj  and 
from  1093  to  1E47  it  was  the  residence  ol  the  Portuguese  court. 

The  admimitralive  district  of  Braga  coincides  with  the  centra] 
part  of  the  province  of  Entre  Minho  t  Douro  (g.t.).  Pop.  (1900) 
3S7.'S9-    Area,  1040  sq.  m. 

.  BRAOAHZA  (Eraianna),  the  cajHtal  of  an  adrainistntive 
district  iormerly  included  m  the  province  of  Tiai^oc-Mcntcs, 
Portugal;  situated  in  the  noith-eastem  extremity  of  the 
Ungdom,  on  a  branch  af  the  river  Sabor,  3  a.  S.  ol  the  Spanish 
frontier.  Pop.  I'goe)  JJ35.  Biagaaza  is  an  epiunpal  city. 
It  c^niists  of  a  walled  upper  town,  ctmlaining  the  cathedral 
college  and  boapjial,  and  of  a  lower  or  modem  town.  Large 
tracts  ot  the  aurrounding  country  are  uncultivated,  partly 
be<auae  railway  communication  is  lacking  and  the  roads  an  E>ad. 
Except  fanning,  the  chief  local  inilnstry  is  silkworm-rearing 
and  the  manufacture  of  sDk.  The  administrative  district  of 
Btagania  coincides  with  the  eastern  part  of  Tr«-o»-Montes  (i.t.)  . 
Pop.  (1900)  i8s,i6j;  area,  jjij  sq.  m. 

The  dty  gave  its  name  to  the  family  of  Btoganza,  members  of 

(i  Braiil  from  iSii  to  iSSg.  This  family  is  descended  from 
Atpbonso  (d.  1461},  a  natural  ion  of  John  I.,  king  ol  PortUfisI 
(d.  um),  wbo  was  a  natural  son  of  King  Peter  I.,  and  con- 
icquently  belonged  to  the  Portuguese  branch  of  the  Capetiin 
famQy.  Alphonso  waa  made  duke  of  Braganza  in  I44>i  and  in 
t4Bj  his  grandson,  Duke  Ferdinand  II.,  lost  hit  Uie  through 
heading  an  insurrection  against  King  John  II.  In  spite  of  tiiis 
Ferdinand's  descendants  acquired  great  wealth,  and  Kvetal 
of  them  held  high  office  under  the  kings  of  Portugal.  Duke 
John  1.  (d.  1 583)  married  into  the  royal  family,  and  when  King 
Henry  n.  died  without  direct  heirs  in  ijgo,  he  claimed  the 
crown  of  Portugal  in  opposition  to  PhDip  It.  of  Spain.  John, 
however,  was  unsuccessful,  but,  when  the  Portuguese  threw  " 
the  Spanish  dominion  in  1640,  his  grandson,  John  II.,  duke 
Bragania,  became  king  as  John  IV.  In  1S07,  when  Napoir 
declared  the  throne  of  Portugal  vacant,  King  John  VL  fled  to 
Biaiili  but  he  regained  hia  inheritance  after  the  tall  of  Napoli 
In  iSi«,  although  he  did  not  return  to  Europe  until  i3>i,  wl 
be  left  his  elder  son  Peter  to  govern  BiadL  In  iSiiarevolut 
eitablished  ibe  independence  of  Brazil  with  Peter  as  empei 
In  1816  Peter  became  king  of  Portugal  on  the  death  of  hit 
hthet;  but  he  at  once  resigned  the  crown  to  his  young  daughti 
llaila,  and  appointed  his  brother  Miguel  to  act  as  regent.  Miguel 
Koo  dedared  binuelf  king,  but  after  a  stubborn  snuggle  was 
driren  (nm  the  ccuntiy  in  sSn,  after  which  Maria  became 
queen.  Haiia  married  for  her  second  husband  Ferdinand  (d. 
iSjt),  ion  of  Frands,  duke  of  Saie-Cobuig;  and  when  she  died 
In  tSsi  the  main  Portuguese  branch  of  the  family  became 
latincL  Maria  was  succeeded  by  her  ton  Louis  I.,  fatlier  of 
Charlet  I.,  who  ascended  the  thrtuie  of  Portugal  in  1SS9.  The 
empire  of  Braza  descended  on  the  death  of  Peter  I.  to  hit  soi 
Peter  II.,  who  «aa  expelled  from  the  country  In  1889,  Wbei 
^eUI  dledia  1841  this  branch  of  tbe  family  also  became  ealinc 


in  the  male  line.    Hii  only  child,  Iiabdla,  mankd  UMdt  C««U« 

of  Orleans,  count  ol  £u.  The  ciQed  king,  MIgud,  founded  a 
branch  of  the  famQy  of  Bragantt  which  iettled  in  Bavaria, 
and  various  noble  families  in  Portugal  are  deicended  from 
cadets  of  thii  house.  The  title  of  duke  of  Bragania  it  now  bome 
f  the  eldest  son  of  the  king  of  PortugaL 
BRAOO,  BRAXTON  (iSij-iS?^),  American  aoldiet,  waa  bom 
in  Warren  county.  North  Carolina,  on  the  iind  of  Match  1817. 
He  graduated  at  the  United  Slates  military  ■odemy  in  tSj7, 
artillery  officer  served  in  the  Seminole  wan  of  igj7 
and  under  General  Taylor  in  Mexico.  For  gallant 
Fort  Blown,  Monterey  and  Bucna  Vista,  be  received 
ts  of  captain,  major  and  Iieutenant.cok>ML  .He 
Dm  the  regular  army  on  the  3rd  of  January  tSs6,  and 
his  plantatim  in  Louisiana.  From  |8S9  to  tS6i  he 
iasioner  ol  the  board  ol  public  works  of  the  itate. 
Kr  the  Civil  War  began,  Bragg  was  made  a  bdgadiei- 
the  Confederate  tervia,  and  attlgned  to  comntand 
ila.  In  February  1861,  having  toeanwhile  beaune 
rral,  he  took  up  a  command  in  the  Array  of  the 
. .  i,  and  he  was  ptetent  at  the  battle  of  Shiloh  (April). 
The  vacancy  created  by  tlie  death  of  Sidney  Johnston  at  that 
baltk  was  filled  by  the  promotion  of  Bragg  to  full  general't 
k,  and  he  succeeded  General  Beauregard  when  that  officer 
:i«d  from  the  Western  command.  In  the  autumn  ol  1861 
he  led  a  bold  advance  from  Eastern  Tennessee  across  Kentucky 
uisville,  but  after  temporary  successes  he  was  forced  to 
before  BueU,  and  after  the  battle  of  Perry ville  [8lh  Oclobe^ 
1  into  Tennessee.  Though  the  material  mulia  of  hit 
Lign  were  ronsiderable,  he  waa  bitterly  centun!d,  and  bit 
'al  Irom  his  Kimniand  was  urged.  But  the  perianal  favour 
ol  Jeflerson  Davis  kept  him,  aa  it  had  placed  him,  at  the  head  of 
the  central  array,  and  on  the  jitt  ol  December  i&&a  and  ind  of 
'  luary  iSfij  he  fought  the  indecisive  battle  of  Muifteesboro  (o* 
.ne  river]  against  RoAccians,  Buell's  successor.  In  the  cajn.- 
.  (D  of  1S63  Rosecrans  constantly  outraanccuvrtd  the  Con- 
ledcrates,  and  forced  them  back  to  the  border  of  Georgia.  Bngg, 
however,  inflicicd  a  crushing  deleat  on  lus  opponent  at  (Jliicka- 
manga  {September  19-10)  and  for  a  time  besieged  the  Union  forcea 
in  Chattanooga.  Butenormous  forces  under  Grant  wan  concen- 
trated upon  the  threatened  spot,  and  the  great  batrle  of  Chatta- 


taCNov. 


'3-2S)  er 


Lolth 


made  him  his  military  adviser,  and  in  that  capacity  he  served 
during  1864.  In  the  autumn  of  that  year  he  led  an  inferior 
force  from  North  Carolina  to  Georgia  to  oppose  Sherman's 
march.  In  February  ifSij  he  joined  Johnslini,  and  be  was 
thus  included  in  the  cu[rend«'  of  that  officer  to  Sherman.  Af  lef 
the  war  he  became  chid  engineer  to  the  state  ol  Alabama,  and 
supervised  improvementsin  Mobile  harbour.  He  died  suddenly 
at  Galveston,  Texas,  on  the  ijth  of  September  i8jfi.  General 
Bragg,  in  spite  of  his  want  ol  success,  was  unquestionably  a 
brave  and  ikillul  olhcer.  But  be  was  a  severe  martinet,  and 
rarely  in  lull  accord  with  the  senior  officers  under  his  orden, 
the  consequent  friction  often  acting  unfavourably  on  the  conduct 
of  the  operations. 

His  brother,  Thoius  Baacc  (1810-1E71),  was  governor  ol 
North  Carolina  i8is-iBs9,U.S.  senator  i8i»-iB«i,and  attorney- 
general  in  the  Confederate  cabinet  from  Nov.  iStii  to  Mareh  186 a^ 

BRADI,  in  Scandinavian  mythology,  the  son  of  Odin,  and  god 
ol  wisdom,  poetry  and  eloquence.    At  the  Scaodina^a 


le  great  deed 


Taled  to  Bragi  w 
cup  by  the  guests,  who  then  vowed  to  do  so 
which  would  be  worthy  ol  being  immortalized  in  verse. 

BRAHAH,  JOHX  (c.  i;;4-iSs6),  English  vocalist,  was  bom 
in  Loudon  about  1774,  of  Jewish  parentage,  his  real  name  being 
Abraham.  His  father  and  mother  died  when  he  was  quite  young* 
Having  received  lessons  in  singing  from  an  Italian  artist  nametl 
LeoDt,  be  made  his  6rst  appearance  in  public  at  Covent  Garden 
theatre  on  the  iisl  of  April  1787,  when  be  tang  "Tie  soldier 
tired  ol  war's  alarms  "  and  "  If o  lUrt  omte."  On  th«  break- 
ing of  his  vcdcc,  he  had  to  support  hinutU  by  leachiai  the 


BRAKE,  P.— BRAKE,  T. 


t  ta   ITM  at 

t  «C  iMch,  RMulDi,  ha 
w  canCul  mining  raundfaif  ovtr  a  peiM  d  i 
Uun  tiM  yean.    la  1796  be  rMpptarcd  U  Londoa  at  Draiy 
I^nc  In  Stdtace^  opera  o(  Mttmnd.    Socb  mi  U>  iucmii  that 

be  obtahwil  an  eopigMiwnl  thepeit *  '""" '"  "  " 

open  hoiiM  la  CrtttT'a  li 

uul  wu  tnfaged  In  the  Thne  Choir  feMlnl  at 
With  the  vkw  o(  perfecting  hinaell  in  Ml  an  he  Mt  o 
in  the  lutumn  of  171)7.  Od  the  vay  be  |a*«  iodk 
Faiii,  wUeh  proved  m  toaariid  that  he  i 
there  for  ci|$t  moilhe.  Hli  career  in  Italy 
tritimiA:  lie  ippMUcd  in  all  the  prindpi) 
in  Wlu.  Genu,  Lc^m  end  Venice.  H19 
about  DinctecD  notes,  hia  managonent  of 
perfect.  In  iSoi  be  relumed  to  hii  naliv 
peazed  arte  more  at  Caveat  Garden  ii*  tZie 
ffeorl,  by  Mauinghi  and  Reeve.  Sogml  waihiipopnlarllythat 
an  aigagement  be  had  made  when  at»oad  to  return  after  a  year  to 
Wenua  wai  tenontttcd,  and  he  remained  henccionnKi  fai  England. 
In  i8>4  he  mg  the  part  of  Hu  In  tbs  Englidi  vcnioBof  Wcber'i 
Dtr  Pnistkta,  and  be  vai  the  oripnal  Sir  Hnon  in  that  ceni- 
posei's  Obtrfi  In  lti6.  Bnhani  made  two  unfortunate  specida- 
tloni  Oh  a  lat^e  scale,  one  being  the  puicliaAe  of  tbe  Colofiaeum 
in  the  Regent't  Pirli  <n  i8]i  for  £40,000,  and  the  otbei  tbe 
erection  0<  the  St  Junu'i  Ibeatre  at  a  mt  of  £16,000  in  igjfi. 
In  iBjg  be  nng  the  pari  of  WilUam  Tdl  at  Drury  Lane,  and  in 
1A59  the  part  of  Don  Gfovanni.  Hia  laat  public  appearance 
wajataconcertlnManhiSji.  HediedontheT71hof  Fcbniarr 
lgj6.  There  ia,  pethipt,  ao  other  case  upon  record  in  which 
a  linger  ot  tbe  first  rank  enjoyed  tbe  oie  of  hii  Toite  10  long; 
between  Btalula '3  fint  and  last  public  appeaianns  considerably 
more  than  sixty  yzm  intctvened,  during  forty  o[  which  be  licid 
the  undisputed  npienacy  i£ke  in  opera,  oialariD  and  the 
CDUcErt-nioni.  Braham  was  tbe  conposer  ol  a  number  of  vocal 
piecn,  which  being  lung  by  himself  luid  gieat  tempomy 
popularity,  ilungh  they  bad  little  intriniic  merit,  and  are  now 
deservedly  forgottofi.  A  partial  exception  murt  be  made  in 
favour  ol  "The  Death  of  Ndson,"  originally  written  in  1811 
as  a  portion  of  the  opera  Tht  Amtrkan;  thi>  itfll  keeps  Ici 
place  ai  *  KaDdard  popular  English  long. 

BKAa^PDt.CoDNTdtei-iMo),  SwedJihsoldieTanditatcs- 
BaQ,  wu  bom  on  the  island  of  itydbohohn.  near  Stockholm, 
on  tbe  iStb  of  Febniary  i6ot.  He  was  tbe  grandion  of  Ytt 
Brahe  (i51d-is«o),  one  of  Gustavu*  I.'i  tenatois,  created  connt 
of  Visingsborg  by  Eric  XIV.,  known  also  as  tbe  continnitor  of 
Peder  Svart'i  cbroiude  of  Custavio  I.,  and  anlhor  ot  Oamomia 
(iStj),  a  manual  (or  young  nobtemFii.  Pet  Brahe  the  youn^r, 
after  completing  his  education  by  >evei^  yaa'  travel  abroad, 
became  la  i6ifi  chamberlain  to  Cultsvus  Adolphui,  whose 
lasting  friendship  he  gained.  He  fought  with  distinction  in 
Fnusia  during  the  last  three  ynn  of  the  Polish  War  (r6iA-i6ii}) 
and  also,  as  colonel  of  a  legimeDt  of  hone,  in  1(30  in  Gcnnany. 
After  tbe  death  of  Gustavui  Adolphui  in  1639  hii  military 
yielded  to  tils  potillcal  activity.  Re  had  been  elei;ted  pnaident 
iLaiidimarihUk)  of  the  diet  oi  1S39,  and  in  tbe  faHowIng  year 
was  created  a  lenatoc  (ft"»inU).  In  1635  he  conducted  the 
negotiations  for  an  annistlce  with  Poland.  In  i6j7-tiS40  and 
again  in  i64£-i654  he  was  govemor-generai  in  Fiuland,  to  which 
country  he  tendered  infsttmatje  lervices  by  his  wise  and  provi- 
dent rule.  He  Tefctmed  the  whole  administration,  introduced  a 
postal  system,  built  tea  new  towns,  improved  and  developed 
commerce  and  agriculture,  and  very  greatly  promoted  education. 
In  1640  he  opened  the  university  of  Abo,  of  which  he  was  the 
founder,  and  first  chancellai.  After  the  death  of  ChaHei  X. 
in  i£6o,  Brake,  as  rUibuuIer  or  chancellor  of  Sweden,  bccama 
one  of  tbe  regents  of  Sweden  for  the  second  time  (he  had  held  a 
^miiai  oSce  during  the  micority  of  Chiiitina,  1631-1(44),  and 
during  the  diiHcult  year  i66o  he  had  entire  contml  of  both 
torcign  and  domestic  affaln.    He  d 


tWa.  at  hit  tuth  at  VMvAod,  tdm  ilw(i«  Us  UMIma  In 
ibiB  legal  pooip. 

Nna  BMat  (itoi-iaji),  abo  served  with  dii- 
Gvttvui  Ado^u*.  He  looii  fiart  In  the  sltt* 
.  .  Riga  In  ttfti,  lervnt  with  diithiction  io  Fdand 
(T6)t-i6>7)  and  auliled  in  tbe  defence  o[  Stralnind  la  iSig. 
In  1630  he  acceaipanieil  Cuiutus  Into  Germany,  and  to  i6}i 
was  appointed  colonel  of  '  (be  yellow  regiment,"  the  Ung'i 
'  life-guardi,  it  the  head  of  whidi  he  captiutd 
the  castle  ol  WQnbuii  on  the  8lh  ol  Octoher  1631.  He  took 
pait'in  the  long  duel  between  Cutlavut  and  Wallenstdn  roend 
Naionberg  as  general  of  infaDtiy.  and  CDnmandcd  the  kit 
'  _  "  "  '"  S,  ifijf),  ■here  be  was  the  only 
SwnEsh  general  officer  present.  At  the  vny  beginning  of  the 
fight  he  was  mortally  wounded.  The  kfaig  teginled  Brahe  as 
'  K  best  general  in  tlie  Swedish  army  after  Lennorl  Torstensen. 
A  direct  descendant  of  Nils,  Maohus  Buke  (1790-1844), 
foo^t  in  the  campaign  of  iBr3-i4,  under  the  crown  prittca 
~  idotte,  with  whom,  after  his  accession  to  the  throne  al 
Charles  XIV.,  be  was  In  high  favour.  He  became  marshal  of 
tbe  kingdom,  and,  espedaUy  from  1818  onwards,  excrdied  a 
preponderant  influence  in  public  affairs. 
See  Manin  Yinban.SKfip'SltfitMid,  vol.  Iv.  (Stockbolii.  iSSlli 
-    .  ., ,_.  ,^__.. , « — •■'■'•m,  I««o)i 


'I  In  A^  OawttjtT^a  (i 


ili-18s>  (Stockholm, 


BRAHB.1TCH0(i;te-i6oi).Diiuth  astronomer,  wai  born  on 

the  t4th  of  December  I54fi  at  tbe  family  seat  of  Knudstnip  ia 

Scania,  then  a  Danish  province.    Of  nDb4e  family,  he  was-early 

adopted  by  Ids  uncle,  JOrgcn  Brahe,  who  sent  him,  in  April  isjg, 

(lodyfJiDDSophyandrhctoricBt Copenhagen,    The  punctual 

cunence  at  the  predicted  time,  August  iiit,  1560,  oi  a  total 

lir  edipse  led  him  to  regard  aalronomy  M  "  something  divine  "; 

purchased  the  Efhemtriia  of  Jobann  Sudiu9(3rdcd.,  IJTO), 

d  the  works  of  Ptolemy  in  Latin,  and  gained  some  inslgbt  bto 

the  theory  of  the  planets.    Entcted  as  a  livr-itudent  al  tlie 

□niversiiy  of  Leipog  in  t  jfi:,  he  nevertheless  seciitly  prosecuted 

celestial  studies,  and  began  continuous  observations  with  a  ^obe, 

a  pair  of  compasses  and  a  "cross-staff."    He  quitted  Leipligoa 

the  i7ih  of  May  1563,  but  his  uncle  dying  a  month  b,ter,  he 

repaired  to  Wittenberg,  and  thence  to  Rostock,  whcie,  in  ijW, 

'    '    t  his  nose  in  a  duel,  and  substituted  an  artificial  one  made 

upper  alloy.    In  1560  he  matriculated  at  Ati^burg,  and 

devoted  himsell  to  cbcmlstiy  (or  two  yeara  (i!70-ls7i).    On  hi* 

return  to  Denmark,  in  1571,  he  was  permitted  by  his  matenul 

uncle,  Stcno  Belle,  to  instal  a  laboraioty   at   hit   castle  of 

Herritzvad,  near  Knudstrup;  and  there,  on  the  iiih  of  November 

1572,  be  caught  sight  trf  the  lamous  "new  star"  in  Cassiopeia. 

He  diligently  measured  Its  position,  and  printed  an  account  of 

his  obsnvBlions  in  1  tract  entitled  Vi  Nmi  SleSi  (Copenhagen, 

,afacairnileoI  which  was  produced  in  ]90i,asatejccnteaary 

tribute  to  tbe  suthoi'i  memory. 

Tydio's  marriage  with  a  peasant-giri  In  TS73  somewhat 
strained  his  family  nbtions.  He  delivered  lectures  in  Copen- 
hagen by  royal  command  In  1574;  and  In  i;7j  travelled 
through  Germany  10  Venice.  The  execution  of  his  design  to 
settle  at  Basel  was,  however,  anticipated  by  the  munificence  trf 
Frederick  U.,  Jting  of  Denmark,  who  bestowed  upon  him  for  lii« 
the  Island  of  Hvccn  in  the  Sound,  together  with  a  pension  of  ;oo 
thalcrs,  a  canonry  In  tbe  cathedral  of  Roakllde,  and  the  income 
of  an  estate  in  Norway,  The  first  stone  of  the  magnlf  cent  ob- 
servatory of  Uraniborg  was  laid  on  (he  Bth  of  August  1576;  It 
received  the  finest  procurable  instrumental  outfiti  and  was  the 
scene,  during  twenty-one  years,  of  T^cho^s  labours  in  systemati- 
cally collecting  materials — the  first  made  available  since  tbe 
Alexandrian  epoch — lor  the  correction  of  astronomical  Oieoriea. 
James  VI.  of  Scotland,  afterwards  James  I.  of  England,  visited 
him  at  Utaniboig  on  the  10th  of  Match  ij^.  But  by  that  lime 
his  fortunes  WT<:  on  the  wane;  for  Frederick  II.  died  in  1588, 
and  his  successor,  Chtillian  IV„  was  less  tolerant  of  Tyeho'l 
arrogant  and  insubordinate  behaviour.  His  pension  and  fief 
having  been  withdrawn,  he  sailed  for  Rostock  hi  June  1597,  and 
le-commeuced  observnig  before  the  dose  of  tbe  year,  in  the  castle 


378 


BRAHMAN 


(IWudtbcck:  _  . 

Wiiunbsg,  ud  nubtd  Pagae  In  Jiuw  IS9<),  wcU  uannil  oi 
[■Ttnir  umI  piMtclian  Irani  Um  cmpenic  Rudolph  IL  Tlul 
Bwnuch,  iccudinil)',  u>iEM4  liiiB  ibe  cutlc  of  Benuky  la 
liii  rcwdencc,  witb  i  peiuian  of  jooo  fioriu;  ha  s"*t  instru- 
menli  «eni  mnvtd  Ibilbci  Imn  Hvcen,  ud  Jo1)uiie*  Kcpkc 
ioiaed  him  there  in  Juuuy  i6oo.  But  ihu  phut  ol  rcoewcd 
licniKrily  wai  brkL  AlLer  clewa  dayi'  iUnoi,  Tycho  B»be 
died  oaths  i4(li  of  Octebra  i6ai,  at  BcDUky.uid.vu  buried  is 
Ike  Teynkinbc,  Pngtw. 

Tydu'a  priodpil  work,  enlitled  Aitrmtmuat  InstaiiraUt 
Prtttmnasmala  (l  vob.,  Pngue,  i6oi-i6aj)  mi  ediud  by 
Kepier.  The  Gnt  volume  treated  of  the  motiont  ol  Uk  lun  ud 
moon,  ud  give  the  [duo  ol  777  fixed  iton  (thk  number  wu 
iDCRued  to  iws  by  Kepler  in  1637  in  ibe  "  Rudolphioe  Tablei  "1. 
The  lecond,  which  bsd  been  piivauily  piiotcd  >t  Unnibont  io 
ISSS  witb  Ibe  he»diag  Di  Umndi  Adketi  iictiUuiribia  Pkiaw- 
maiUt  mi  mainly  omcemed  4iih  the  comet  at  1577,  dcmon- 
ilnled  by  Tycho  Irani  in  iineuible  piiiilu  to  be  no  tcimliial 
cihiluion,  u  cranraonly  tuppued,  but  ■  body  truvetunfi 
pUnetary  ipue.  It  included,  beiidei,  u  account  of  the 
TychoDic  plui  ol  tbe  counoi,  in  itbich  1  no  media  wu  loucbt 
between  llie  PtolenuEc  ud  CopcmiciD  lyitcmi.  Tlie  euih 
Rtilned  iti  immobility;  but  tbe  five  pLueti  were  made  to  n- 
volve  raund  the  iUn,  which,  with  iti  enliR  cnt^,  BimuiUy 
dicuilsd  tbe  cutb,  tbe  ipbeic  of  tbe  fixed  ilui  pcrfonniDj 
meuwhile,  u  ol  old,  (Is  ili-tuJulvB  diunut  iiMiLlioa  (lee 
AcnoNOHV:  Hitltry).  Under  tbe  heading  jlnmunuie  /*- 
daaralac  Uidiamfa,  Tycho  published  at  Wiodibeck.  in  1598,  ■ 
dcMiiptioo  o(  his  Instrument),  totether  with  u  tuiobli^npUcal 
accouut  0^  hs  cuor  ind  disoiverit*,  induding  tbe  mcraonble 
one  irf  tbe  moou'i  "  vuiuion  "  (tee  Moon).  Tin  book  vis 
npiinted  at  Nuremberg  in  1601  (cf.  HinelbeTg.  Vurtiljakn- 
Hirifi  Atlr.  Ga.  Bxii.  iiL  iSo).  His  EfiHtlae  AUttaamieai. 
printed  St  Uianibotg  in  1  j$A  with  1  portrait  engraved  by  Ceyn  <i 
Anuterdui  in  igS6,  wen  embodied  in  a  complete  edition  ^  his 
weib  i»ned  at  Fiukfon  in  iM-  Tycho  vailly  improved  tbe 
ut  of  utionomical  obKrvati'on,  Be  comtructed  a  Uble  ol 
refractioDi,  lUowcd  for  instrumental  inaccuracia,  and  elioinated 
by  aveiagjpg  acddcDta]  erron.  He,  moreover,  oonccted  tbe 
ncdved  ndue  of  neiily  every  utroBomical  quutily;  but  the 
theoretical  purpo«e  toxsrds  which  his  pnctical  rdonn  «u 
directed,  wu  foiled  by  hii  pnnutuit  death. 

SrJ.L.E.  Drern'sryc^SnfaCEdinburih.  iSgoA,  Khkh^vn 

CiHcodl'i  Vila  (Paris.  I«u| ;  LtbaahadmibiiMi,  oMtari  (mm 
various  Danish  »uicei.  ind  tnnalatcil  Into  Cerrnan  bv  Philandrr 
m  itt  Weinrili  (Copnhifn  and  Lxipaig,  tlttis  Tjti  Bnlm. 

by  F.  R.  Friii  (Copentano,  l»7I):  Fn^  TfiSni—  — " ' 

^  Dt  F.  1.  Studnicka  (Pngue,  I901].  a  deKnpIien 


whldi  umwS  liie  Thirty  Yian'  Wi 


(A.'m'c.) 


yields  in  tbe  tiro  munina 

Ih,  names  of  two  deilit  

orthodox  system  of  Hindu  belief.  Brahmt  (n.)  is  the  de^gnalioi 
piacrilly  ipplied  to  tbe  Supreme  Soul  (^im^moa],  or  im- 
penanal,  all-embracing  divine  coence,  the  original  KUrce  and 
ultimate  goal  of  all  that  eiuti;  Brahml  (m.),  on  the  other  hand, 
is  only  one  of  tlielhrM  hypostaaesof  that  divinity  whole  creative 
activity  be  rcpreseali,  as  diitinguisbed  frooi  iu  pieiervatlvt  and 
destructive  aspect!,  ever  apfHient  in  life  ud  tiature,  and  rtpre- 
•ented  by  the  godiViihiiuiBd  Siva  respectively.  The  history  of 
the  two  cognate  Duoei  reflects  in  tame  measure  the  develcpmcnl 
g(  lodian  teligiom  ipeculition  vnerally. 

Ihe  neuter  lenn  JroiMi  is  ucd  b  tlv  Stpii'  both  in  tbe 
abitiict  lense  U  "  devotion,  worship."  and  in  the  concrete  lenie 
of"  devotional  rite,  prayer,  hymn."  The  spirit  of  Vedic  worship 
b  pervaded  by  1  devout  belief  in  tbe  efficacy  of  iovocaliDn  and 
Mcrifidal  oBeting.  The  eimeU  and  well-expraMd  piayei  at 
hyniD  of  praise  cannot  fail  to  draw  tbe  divine  power  to  the 
nnhipper  and  make  It  yield  to  Ui  lupplicationi  whilst  oSerinp. 
»o  far  hnoi  beingBfe  acts  bI  derotion  c4kiil»ted  to  give  pleaiuie 


to  Ibe  god,. 


the  wry  load  a>d  drink  wWA  ttate  hte 
vigoroui  uo  capaoje  of  battling  with  the  enemiei  of  lus  mortal 
frknd.  It  Is  thii  intrinsic  pawn  of  ftrvcnt  Invocation  lUd 
wonhip  which  found  as  early  expRBion  In  the  term  ^akml\ 
and  its  indqiendent  existcme  ■■  an  active  moral  princ^  in 
shaping  the  dcitinies  of  man  became  reCDgoiied  in  the  Vedic 
putbnn  in  the  conception  of  a  god  BfikuftH  or  Jrahwowai- 
fali,  "  laid  ol  prayer  or  devotion,"  the  divine  priest  and  tha 
guardian  of  the  pious  wonblpper.  By  a  natural  extemion  of  the 
original  meaning,  the  tern  brakmA,  in  the  sense  of  sacred  utter- 
ance, wis  lubieqiicntly  likcwke  applied  to  the  nbtdc  body  ol 
Hcred  writ,  the  (ri-iMyl  oc  "  tri^  kn  "  of  the  Veda;  whilsl  it 
also  came  to' he  commonly  nied  11  the  ahatraet  dealpntioD  ol  the 
priestly  function  and  the  Bithmaoicil  order  aeDenlly,  in  the 
same  way  ai  the  term  Ixjloira,  "  nay.  rule,"  cune  to  denote  the 
iggtecile  ol  lunciloa  and  individuals  ol  the  Eihatdyai  01 
Rajanyaa,  the  nobility  or  military  dui. 

The  univenaj  belief  in  tbe  efficacy  of  invocation  as  an  India- 
pcnahla  adjunct  to  uirificei  ud  rcIigBiB  litci  geaetally, 

people  feelings  of  pr^ound  esteem  and  letewnee  towank  Ibcas 
who  pooemed  the  divine  gift  of  impind  ultetaiwei  ai  oeO  aa  lor 
these  who  had  acquired  an  intimate  knowledse  of  the  ^ipcoveit 
[«mi  of  ritual  wnihip.    A  common  deagmtloB  ol  tbe  ptjeit  la 

brahman  (nam.  trubsa),  origioally  denoting,  it  mold  seem, 
"  one  who  (says,  a  wonliif4>eri"  perbapi  alio  "  the  compoier 
of  1  hymn  "  {Waimiiii,  a.);  uid  the  sane  terra  came  auhsequently 
to  be  used  not  only  for  one  d  the  ucerdolal  ordei  generally, 
but  also,  and  mom  conunonly,  as  tbe  dcaignation  of  a  qiedal 

pecfonnancea,  tbe  complicated  nature  oi  which  required  the 
whole  ataH  of  priests,  and  who  accordingly 
expected  to  poaMSi  a  ccHnpetent  knowledge  of  tbe  entire 
e  of  ritual  procedure,  including  the  correct  form  ud 
mystic  import  of  the  lacred  leiti  to  be  repeated  or  chanted 
by  the  levcnl  prieita.  The  Brahmu  priest  [ir^aiti  being 
the  recogaiied  head  ol  the  lacerdotal  order  (JraliaA], 
1  itiell  is  the  viiiUe  embodiment  o(  ucrcd  writ  and  the 

ol  theocratic  aipHatlons  requited  but  a  single  itep,  lAich  wan 
indeed  tskea  in  tbe  tbeoiaphic  q)eculatlons  of  the  later  Vedic 
poela  and  the  atithon  of  the  BrUunanaa  (f.*.),  via.  the  recog- 
of  this  abattad  aotko  of  the  Bnbma  aa  the  lu^iat 
:  principle  and  ila  identification  with  the  putheiatic 
conception  of  an  all-pervading  lelf-enlenl  qiirilual  luhataoce, 
the  primary  source  of  tbe  uoIveiK;  and  lubaequently  coupled 
therewith  the  penonlficatlon  of  its  oeatlvc  energy  in  tbe  fona 
of  Brahml,  the  divine  leprcKntative  of  the  earthly  prieii,  who 
wai  made  to  take  the  place  of  the  eariler  conception  of  Fmjaf^ 
"  tbe  lord  ol  cnaluRs  "  (leeBuiuuinsii}.  By  this  meant  the 
very  name  of  this  god  expressed  the  oseutial  oneneai  ot  hii 
nature  with  that  of  the  divine  spm't  as  whose  manjieitatlon  he 
was  to  be  considered.  In  the  later  Vedic  writing),  cqxcially 
the  Brihmanss,  however.  Prsjlpati  iliD  maintains  Ihtou^ut 
hi)  position  as  the  paramount  prrsonil  deity:  ud  Brihml,  in 
hb  divine  cnpadly.  u  rather  identified  aith  Brihaspati.  the 
priest  of  tbe  gods.  Moreover,  the  exact  itlationslup  between 
Prajipati  ud  the  Bishml  (n.)  it  hardly  as  yet  defined  with 
tufficicnt  precisian;  it.ti  rather  one  ol  simple  Identification; 
m  the  bc^nning  the  Brahma  was  the  AU,  and  Prajlpati  is  the 
Brahma.  It  is  only  in  the  institute)  of  Menu,  where  we  find  the 
)y)iem  of  castes  propounded  in  it)  complete  development,  that 

According  to  this  work,  the  univeiae,  bclore  undiscemcd,  was 
made  discernible  in  the  beginning  by  the  sole,  tdf-extilent  lord 
Brahnd  (il).  He,  desirous  of  pcoduciDg  dlSeteot  beinp  from  hii 
own  lelf,  created  the  maten  by  hit  own  Utou^t,  ud  placed  in 
them  a  leed  which  developed  Into  a  golden  eggi  theidn  wai 
bom  Bnhnjg  (m.),  the  paitnt  of  Ulthe  woridt;  and  thus  "  that 
which  is  tbe  nni^icnte  Cause,  eternal,  which  1)  and  it  not,  (ram 
it  issued  that  male  •ho  is  called  io  tbe  world  BrabmL"  Bavinf 
dwdt  fa  that  •((  lor  a  year,  that  lord  tponlueovdy  by  Ui  own 


BRAHMANA 


S79 


OeUlJit  ifffi  Aat  ta  h  two;  tod  ftoB  Iba  tm  Wva  he 
Im'-t-l-'  the  leaven  aul  Ihe  eirffa,  uid  ta  Ibc  niWdk,tBe*ky^Bd 
the  oght  icfioiB  (the  pdinti  at  the  mmpiM),  uxJ  ihe  prrpnul 
place  of  Ihe  nlen.  Tin  theory  of  BnJimI  Mns  ban  Inn  - 
floldea  en  ia,  hoHCTCr,  a  me  uUptBlien  o(  the  VaAcconcepti 
o(  H&t^ya-ttrtta  ("  (oldca  toAfyo  "^i  who  it  rei>iaeBled 
the  (Dpfeme  pid  In  a  hyna  of  the  tnth  (and  lau)  hoet  df  the 
^(faafa.  Abm^i  Milt  liter  myth,  idM  occwi  in  ihe  epk 
poem,  aiaka  Birnhmi  be  bon  fren  a  kHw  which  pew  oat  oF 
the  uvcl  of  Ac  god  Vohna  (rhSit  OobIIbc  db  the  primdnlBi 
waltn.  In  artiatlc  reiiinenlatiaia,  Brahml  anally  appean 
u  1  beaiiled  BBD  ol  led  coloar  with  four  beadi  crowned  with 
■  potnted,  tiarm-like  heaitdiaa,  and  fOar  handi  holding  brl 
■c^Mie,  or  a  lacrificial  ipoon,  ■  bundle  of  leam  wpreientlng 
the  Ve<l*.abcndeof  waterof  iheGuigca.andaitrinio[bc>di 
or  bit  bow  ParivRa.  Hu  vehicle  (idilaiu)  ii  a  ■noae  or  iwan 
(iluua),  whence  he  h  bIm  called  RiiiuaWidM;  uid  bii  comort 
b  Sansvntl,  the  goddaa  d  learning. 

Oae  auld  hardly  eipen  that  a  colodtlea  ddty  of  thb  dc- 
•ofptlon.  w  completely  the  product  of  piicMty  ipeculiilon,  cotdd 
tm  have  Foand  a  place  in  the  hearti  o(  the  people  pnenlly. 
And  rndeed,  whibt  io  theoretic  theology  Bnlimi  hat  retained 
fait  trtditloBal  place  ud  fuKlion  down  to  ottt  own  diyi,  hii 
pnclicat  cult  hat  at  all  tiaws  reffldacd  cxtmncly  linritcd,  the 
Dnlr  temple  dedicatnl  to  the  wonhip  of  lUi  god  being  fonnd  at 
Pinhkac  (Fothai)  i»tt  AJmii  In  Rl)putln>.  On  the  other 
hind,  hit  <Uvine  tnbilntuin,  the  impenontl  Brahma,  the 
world-tpirit.  Ihe  one  and  only  reality,  remilH  to  thfi  diy  the 
nlltmate  element  of  the  irligioiB  belief  ol  Intelligent  India  of 
whatever  B«t.  Being  devoid  ol  all  altrlbuis,  it  iin  be  the 
object  only  of  meditation,  not  of  pradlcil  devottonal  rft(«; 
and  phDotophy  can  only  attempt  to  eharacteriie  it  in  general 
and  vagne  lermt,  it  in  (he  fivoorite  focnula  which  nuka  it 
n  be  MtltkiMnmia,  i.<.  being  (irM),  thinUng  (cjW).  ■>"<  bUii 
(daoMb).  (3-  &) 

BRlaVAllA,  the  Santblt  tern  (ppHed  to  ■  body  of  proH! 
wrillngi  appended  to  Ihe  collection  (laimliH)  >(  Vedic  teita, 
the  meaning  and  iltint  ippHodon  of  whic)i  they  an  intended 
to  dnddate,  and  fihe  them  regarded  M  divinely  revealed.  From 
k  UngiAtic  pohit  of  view,  these  tmtiwi  with  thcfa  appendages, 
the  more  mytllc  and  iKondile  Artnyafau  and  the  ipecntailve 
trpanhhidi,  bivc  to  be  consideted  ai  loniifng  the  connecting 
link  betweeo  the  Vedic  and  the  cbiricil  SanUrft.  The  euct 
deriwitioa  and  meaning  of  the  tttoc  i>  lomewhat  oncertain. 
Whiht  the  matcBlioe  term  Mkmma  (oom.  Wfciwffaj),  the 
ordinary  Sanskrit  derignition  o(  ■  man  of  the  Brthmanicn] 
caste.  Is  dearly  a  deriTntive  of  bndrmtn  (nom.  j™*«iJ),  a  common 
Vedic  lenn  lor  a  priest  (see  BaAHHAH),  thus  meaning  the  ion 
ot  detctndant  of  a  Brahman,  Ihe  neuter  word  brikmavB  (nem. 
^Sluiu^m)  on  the  other  hand,  with  nMch  we  are  here  concerned, 
■dmiu  of  two  derivalions:  rithet  h  it  derived  from  the  same 
word  ln*Md*,  and  would  Ifacnieetn to  raeanarfichiKiaTobierTa- 
tion  ascribed  to,  or  iniendcd  for  the  ute  of,  a  Bnhman,  or 
topeiintendenl  priest;  or  it  hat  lather  to  be  referred  to  the 
neuter  noun  brahman  (mm.  brahtna),  fa  the  lenie  of  "sacted 

lacred  leil.  or  eiplanalion  of  t  devotional  rile,  calculated  Io 
bring  out  Ht  tpititual  or  mystic  lignifirance  and  its  hearing  on 
the  Brahma,  the  wo^Id^pirit  embodied  in  Ihe  aacred  writ  and 
tftaal.  TTiis  lallec  definition  seems  on  the  whdc  the  more 
probable  one,  and  it  cert*  inly  would  fit  e««tly  the  diamctet 
of  the  wittinp  to  which  the  term  relates.  It  will  ihus  be  seen 
that  the  tetni  brihmovum  appliet  not  only  to  ewnplete  Irtalises 
ol  as  eiegetic  nature,  but  aJso  to  single  commecti  on  paiticular 
texts  or  ritet  of  which  tuch  a  work  wnuld  be  made  up. 

The  padual  elaboration  of  the  laniBdiil  cemnonial.  as  the 
*n.niScienl  exptefiion  of  religiods  devollm,  end  a  conitantly 
(rowing  tendency  tomidi  theou[Aic  and  mystic  tpecuUIion 
on  the  ^iSciDce  of  every  deuii  of  the  ritual,  could  not  fail 
to  create  a  demand  for  etpltnatory  trestiiet  of  this  kind,  which, 
to  cnbuKi  their  piactia]  DtHIty,  would  natuTalty  deal  with  the 
■(Kciil  lextt  aiMl  htci  urigncd  In  tfae  caemonial  to  the  tevetat 


dattetofoSdatlngiKtals.'  At  a  nAteqaent  period  tlie  denumd 
for  intnictbn  in  the  saoilicU  adcnce  called  into  eiiitence  > 
ttin  more  practical  set  of  minuak,  the  Knalled  Kiita-iUria, 
oTceteaoi^  tola.  deUDing,  in  succinct  ajAoriimi,  the  apptnved 
coDTteof  tacrifidal  pieceduie,  wiiboot  lefeienci  to  the  supposed 
origin  or  Import  of  the  aevera)  litei.  Tltese  mamials  are  abo 
caOed  AwMa-i*fra),  treating  as  they  do,  like  the  Brlhrnagit,  of 
l)ie  SrtHta  rftc*— i.r.  the  titer  based  on  the  frufi  or  revelitioo— 
requiring  U  tent  three  •acrffidal  fiia  and  a  nmnber  of  priestt, 
at  Astii^itiihed  front  the  tcOijt  (domeitic)  or  nwMa  (ttadillonil) 
rhti,  supposed  to  be  baaed  on  the  lawW  or  tradition,  which  tit 
petfom>ed  on  the  botMe-fiie  and  dealt  wfth  fn  the  C^ikja-illrai. 

The  ritual  recognbet  ftmr  ptincfpal  prfeiti  ititiifl,  each  ol 
whan  is  assisted  t^  three  suboidlnBtea:  viz.  the  Btalmim 
or  suprrintcmfing  priest;  Ihe  HctffI  nr  rcciier  of  hymia  and 
verses;  the  UdtSIri  m  dianler;  and  the  Aihtarja  or  olfereT, 
who  looks  after  the  deulli  of  the  ceremonial,  hichiding  ibe 
preparation  of  the  offering-ground,  the  construction  of  £re- 
l^acet  tnd  altar^  the  making  of  oblations  and  muttering  ol  the 
prescribed  formulae.  WhDst  the  two  latT  priests  have  as^gned 
to  them  spedal  lituri^l  collections  ol  the  lens  to  be  used  by 
them,  the  Simavt^a-saMkitd  and  Yajaneda-iamlrili  rrspec. 
lively,  the  Hotri  has  to  deal  entirely  with  hymns  and  verse* 
taken  fiom  the  XiiMfo-nMMId.  of  which  they  would,  however, 
form  only  i  comparalively  small  portion.  As  regards  the 
Brahman,  be  would  doubtlen  be  ehoien  from  one  ol  those  other 
three  clutei,  but  would  be  eipeclcd  to  have  made  himself 
ihomughly  conversant  with  the  lent  and  ritual  details  appet- 
lainlngloall  the  ofliciitlng  priests.  It  is,  then,  to  one  or  other 
of  those  three  collecllont  ol  (acted  leila  and  the  respective  das> 
ol  pricsti.  that  the  eiltting  Bithmanas  altich  Ihemselvcr,  At 
a  later  period,  when  the  Atharvan  gained  idmiision  to  the 
Vedic  canon,  a  qiecial  connexion  with  the  Brahman  priett  wu 
sometlmet  dammed,  though  with  scant  success,  for  this  fourth 
collection  oF  hymns  and  spells,  and  the  comparatively  l«te  and 
unimportant  Cop«th»-br»hm»i>a  aiiacbed  to  it 

The  UdgWri'j  duties  being  mainly  confined  to  the  chanting 
of  hymns  made  op  of  detached  groups  of  verses  of  the  Kignia, 
as  collected  In  the  SJma«d»^anihitl,  the  more  Important 
Brihmaoas  of  ibis  sacerdotal  class  deal  chiefly  with  the  varioui 
modes  of  chanting,  and  the  modifications  which  Ihe  verses  havn 
to  undergo  in  their  musical  telling,  iloreover,  the  pcrFormance 
of  chants  being  almost  enirely  confined  to  the  Soma^actifce, 
it  is  only  a  portion,  though  no  doubt  the  meat  important  portion, 
al  the  sBCrifidal  ceremonial  that  eomt  Inio  the  subjecl  matter 
ol  Ihe  Simaveda  Brthmaoas- 

As  regards  the  BriUunuiat  of  the  fl[itdii,  two  of  inch  works 
have  been  handed  down,  the  AUanya  and  the  Kanslilaln  (or 
Sankiayataj-Bralmfat,  which  have  a  large  amount  oE  ibelt 
material  in  common.  But  whOe  the  former  work  (mnd.  tnta 
English  by  M.  Maug)  bmalidytifcenuparitb  theSoms^acribt, 
the  latter  has  in  addition  thereto  chapters  on  the  other  lorms  of 
ttcrifice.  Being  Intended  for  the  HoLrfi  use,  both  these  wotki 
treat  eiclmlvely  of  the  hymns  and  verses  reciied  by  that  priest 
and  hit  assisttnli,  either  In  the  form  ol  connected  lilmles  or 
in  detached  venes  Invoking  the  deities  to  whom  oblaiiont  ire 
made,  or  uttered  in  rcspone  to  the  tdeinn  bymra  chanted  by 
Ihe  UdgSlrb. 

Itfi.  however,  to  Ihe  BrUimanasind  SQlruottbe  Yejumia, 
dealing  with  Ihe  ritual  of  ihe  real  oflering-priesl,  the  Xdhvaryu, 
that  we  have  to  turn  for  a  connected  view  of  the  sacriBcia] 
procedure  in  all  its  material  detailt.  Now,  In  considering  the 
body  of  writing  connected  with  this  Veda,  we  are  at  one* 
confronted  by  the  fact  that  there  are  two  different  uhoob.  an 
older  and  a  younger  one,  in  which  the  traditional  body  of  ritull- 
blic  mailer  hii  been  treated  in  a  very  different  way.  For 
while  the  younger  ichool,  the  VSjvexyini.  have  made  a  deii 
severance  belwten  the  lacred  tens  or  mantras  and  the  eiegetic 
discussion  ihcreon^D  collected  in  the  Vliaiantyi-iatiihUS 
and  the  Salapalla-trakmaM  (Iran,  by  J.  Eggellng.  in  Sattti 
Btoki  ■/  Iht  Eaifj  retpeclivcly— arranged  lysiemalicany  la 
"  the  ritual  dlvblou,  Ilw  older  tchool  oo  the 


38o 


BRAHMANA 


othei  kuid  pteunc  tlieli  m»lciiili  in  i  hopelBilr  iumbtnl  (onn ; 
for  not  ody  ii  cacK  type  of  ucrifice  Dol  dull  nilh  contiauouily 
and  in  Qideily  TuhiaUp  but  ihoit  tnluai  sccLioiu  of  mantru 
art  CODBt&DLly  follawed  immediatdy  by  their  do|[iiutic  cugaii; 
tiu  Irnn  brihwajta  thus  applying  in  thdi  ca&c  only  to  thac 
dcMcbed  comnunt*  mnd  not  to  the  comiecled  seitn  of  tbeo. 
Tbiu  the  BUM  prominent  (ubdivition  of  the  older  wchuH,  Ihe 
Taialrtyai,  in  ihcii  StmUli,  have  ticated  the  mun  portina  of 
the  cerenianiil  in  thii  pronuKunui  (uhion,  and  to  itld  to  tStc 
Donfiuion  they  hive,  by  way  of  luppletDeot.  put  forth  i  io-ciI!ed 
Taiuirtya-irikmaia,  which.  *a  far  f lam  being  a  real  Brlhmina. 

mliture  of  aacrlMal  fonnulae  and  dogmatic  explanations. 
It  i>  not  nithoul  leawo,  Ibeieforc,  that  thoH  two  ichooli,  the 
older  and  the  youogcc,  are  commonly  called  the  Black  Ut>i*«ii) 
and  the  White  (mUa)  Yajua  rupectively. 

Although  Ihe  ritualiitic  diacuniona  of  the  BrUuouiai  ue  foi 
the  moat  put  of  a  dry  and  iminttraiing  naiure  to  an  even 
gieatEr  degree  than  il  often  the  case  with  eiegetic  theological 
treatiiu,  these  woilu  lie  neveiiheles  of  csntideiabic  import- 
ance both  as  regaids  the  history  of  Indian  iniiiiuiioni  and  ai 
"  Ihc  Dldesl  body  of  lodo-Eutopeaa  pioM,  of  a  generally  free. 
Tigatoua,  limple  form,  aSaiding  valuaMe  glimpses  backwards 
tt  [he  primitive  condition  of  unfettered  Indo-European  talk  *' 
(Whitney).  Of  especial  interest  in  this  reelect  are  the  numeroua 
myths  uid  legends  scirtcred  through  these  works.  From  the 
archaic  style  in  which  these  mythtJogical  tales  aie  usually 

found  in  Brihnunas  of  diflerent  schools  and  Vcdai»  tfuugh  often 
with  considerable  variation^  it  seems  pretty  evident  that  ihe 
groundwork  of  them  must  go  back  to  times  preceding  tfie  com- 
position or  hital  redaction  of  the  existing  Brlhmanas.  In  the 
case  of  some  of  these  legends— as  those  of  Sunah-Sephn,  and 
the  fetching  of  Soma  from  heaven — we  can  even  ice  how  they 
have  grown  out  of  genna  contained  m  some  of  the  Vedic  hymns. 
If  the  literary  style  in  which  the  eaegetic  discussion  of  the  teili 
ud  Titn  is  carried  on  in  the  Brflhmanas  is,  as  a  rule,  of  a  very 
hald  and  uninviting  nature,  it  must  be  borne  in  mind  that  these 
treatises  are  of  a  strictly  professional  and  esoteric  character, 
and  in  no  way  lay  claim  to  being  considered  as  liteiary  com- 
positions in  any  sense  of  the  word.  And  yet,  nolwithstnuding 
the  general  emptiness  of  their  ritualistic  discussions  and  mystic 
speculations,  "  there  are  passages  in  the  BrAhmamis  full  of 
genuine  thought  and  feeling,  and  most  valuable  as  pictures  of 
Life,  and  as  records  of  early  struggles,  which  have  left  no  trace 
in  the  Uleratun  of  other  nations  "  (M.  Muller). 

doubdesB  (lieii  detailed  description  of  the  sacrificial  system  as 
practised  in  the  later  Vedic  ages;  and  the  information  aflorded 
by  them  in  this  le^iect  should  be  all  Ihe  more  welcome  to  us, 
as  the  history  of  leUgiout  institutions  knows  of  no  other  ucri- 
tcial  ceretnonial  with  the  details  of  which  we  are  acquainted 
[o  anything  Uke  the  same  eiical.  An  even  more  complete  and 
minutely  detailed  view  of  the  sacrificial  system  is  no  doubt 
obtained  from  the  ceremonial  tnanuals,  the  Kalpa-satras;  but 
it  Is  just  by  the  speculative  discussions  of  the  Biahmaqas— 
the  mystic  significance  and  symbolical  colouring  «ith  which 
they  invest  single  lites— that  we  gain  a  real  insight  int 
natUR  uid  grsdiul  development  of  this  truly  stupendous 
system  of  ritual  worship. 

The  sacrificial  ritual  reca£ni«s  two  kind]  of  Iraula  saci 
via.  katiryajiuu  (mcat-oflerings).  consisting  of  oblations  (iihli) 
of  milk,  butter,  cereals  or  flesh,  and  ipnidydfoi  or  oblations  of  the 
Juice  of  the  soma  pbni.  The  setting  up,  by  a  householder,  of  a 
set  of  three  laaificial  fires  of  his  own  constilutes  the  first  cere- 
mony of  the  fonner  class,  the  Ainy-adkina  [ot  (?)  Apiy-adluya), 
The  first  of  the  three  fires  laid  down  is  the  iSrkapalya.  or  house- 
holder's fire,  so  called  because,  though  not  taken  Fmm  his 
ordinary  house-fire,  but  as  a  rule  specially  produced  by  friction. 
It  serves  for  cooking  the  sacrificial  food,  and  thus,  as  it  were, 
represents  the  domestic  fire.  From  it  the  other  two  fires,  the 
ftUMnlyn,  or  oHeiing  fire,  ami  the  iakikivSiHi,  or  Mulhcm  fire, 


_  and  eveniag  obUtion  of  oiilk,  wUd,  Imnw,  i* 
also  included  amongM  tjie  aiky»,  or  donuitic  dtci,  aa  having  to 
be  performed  daily  co  the  ifciBWStic  fire  Igr  the  houwhiJdiir  whv 
ktepi  no  regular  set  of  Mcrijki*!  fiitt. 


ich  aa  the  XgiHiiitoaa< 
functions,  audi  aa 
king,  and  the  Atmmtika  or  hi 

LQcial  ritxa,  liavA  A  coDatderable 

paitj^  laigdy  of  the  m 
festivals.    Whilal  Iha  oblations  of  Soma-Jnice,  i 


'hole  year,  during  w] 
the  sacTifidal  fire  in  .    , 

it  is  finally  deposited  on 
ring-fiie  tor  the  Soma  oblatiooa.  Thff 
altar  itself  Is  conslructcd  In  tlac  form  of  a  bird,  betause  Soma  was 
suppoaed  to  have  been  brought  down  from  heaven  by  Iha  metre 
GlyMrl  which  had  aaamned  the  lom  of  an  eagle.  Whilst  the 
Sonu-ucrifice  haa  been  thus  dcvelcficd  by  the  Bifthma^ias  in 

iUoBia-cult  shows  IhM  it*  origin  fOn  back  at  all  tnttt  Id  the 
Indo-Iruian  period. 

Amojig  tfie  symbolic  concdu  In  irtiich  Ihe  authon  U  the 
Brihmavas  so  freely  indulge,  there  is  oiu  ovetshadowing  all 

other*— if  indeed  Lhey  do  not  all  more  or  less  eiUer  into  it — 
which  may  be  considered  as  the  sum  and  substance  of  thoe 
^Kculations,  and  the  esoteric  doctrine  of  the  sacrifice,  involved 
by  the  Br&hmanical  rilualista.  This  is  what  may  canvemicntly 
becallcdtheFrajApati  theory,  by  which  the"  Lord  of  Creatures,'* 
the  efficient  cause  of  the  univerae,  Is  Idenrified  with  both  the 
sacrifice  (yojirii)  and  the  sacijficer  [yajdMdiis}-  Tlie  origjnof  this 
theory  goes  back  to  the  later  Vedic  hymns.  In  Ibe  so-olied 
Puruaha-sOkta  {Si[t.  i.  ^}  in  which  ihe  supreme  spirit  is  con- 
ceived of  as  tte  person  or  man  Ipuruiia),  botn  in  the  besinninft 
and  consisting  of  "whatever  hath  been  and  whatever  shall  be," 
the  creation  of  the  visible  and  invisible  universe  is  lepretented  ai 
originating  from  an  "  all-oSend  "  (holocaust)  laciifice  in  which 
the  Purusha  himself  fomu  the  offering-material  (*«til,  or,  as 
we  might  ssy,  the  victim.  In  this  primeval,  or  rather  timelas 
because  ever-proceeding,  sacrifice,  time  itself,  in  the  shape  of  its 
unit  lbs  year,  is  made  to  Ukc  its  part,  inasmuch  as  the  three 
seasons— spring,  summer  and  autumn — of  which  it  consist^ 
constitute  the  gliec  (clarified  butler),  the  oSering-fuel  and  the 
obLalion  Rspcclivriy,  These  speculations  may  be  said  to  have 
formed  the  foundation  on  which  the  theory  of  the  sacrifice,  ax 
propounded  in  the  Brlhmatias,  has  been  reared.  FtajlpBti — 
who  (probably  for  practical  considetations,  u  belter  representing 
the  sacrifictr,  the  earthly  ruler,  or  "lord  of  the  cicnlures") 
here  takes  the  place  of  the  Puiusha,  ihe  world.man  or  aU- 
embiacing  personality — is  offered  up  anew  in  every  Escrifice; 
asd  inasmuch  as  the  very  dlimembcrraent  of  the  lord  of 
creatures,  which  look  place  at  that  archiypal  ssciifice,  ivos  in 
itself  the  creation  ot  the  universe,  so  every  sacrifice  is  also  a 
repetition  of  that  first  creative  ici.    Thus  Ihe  periodical  sacrifice 

proceeding  destruciion  and  renewal  of  all  cosmic  life  and  matter. 
The  ritualistic  thealbgians,  however,  go  an  imputant  i(e[i 


BRAHMANI3M 


3«< 


«t  Ibt  . 


b  that  ol  Pnjlpati  (ud  thi  UQi&B-J  wjtk  Agni,  Iha  god  al  fin, 
OnbocfiBd  not  aafy  in  tbc  oficiin^fin,  but  oJid  m  tha  acnd 
Somi'BhBi,  the  tschnkil  immob  of  vhich  b  ofm,  Fcff  '>***  rttjoQ 
tlv  alUr,  u  i^Hocntativt  of  the  luuTBnr,  a  boilt  in  five  i»j*ts, 
rqiremUni  itttii.  air  ud  hcmToi,  uid  llie  intenn«di»te  itffaai ; 
ud  m  tfac  ccotn  a<  Ike  altir-nlE,  bdow  tbe  fiat  kycr,  M  a 
dfcnlH  (idil  iibta  (Ilie  bb),  ■  nDBQ  (alden  nwi  (^unute)  ii  kid 
davn  with  Ui  tma  looking  iqimiili.    TUi  [■  Pimjipati,  and  r* 


being  lor  llib  p<  . 

altar-laTn.    One  of  the  Ic 

brtlmaQa,  the  tentlt,  <mLled  Agmt  roMatyc  or  "  uie  myi 

Aku  (<!>■  god  and  allar),"  ia  cBtiidy  dented  to  lUa  Ib 


<■•  lb  Hpr^  oUatiD^, -with  l^ne,  and  findr  wllh  Dach:  b 
tlw  f  ^^iM-^r  thn  becoming  DHtk  hfmielf,  tlie  feU  pid  ceaaia  I 
kan  poacT  over  loin  and  be  H  BHDnd  of  evetiaadng  Uf&  An 
■Dv  we  gel  tbe  Sapieui  Laid  in  bia  hat  aqwct;  oMj,  Ua  on 
Irueaadnalaipectf  i  ■    — 

manalcaAmB  I' 


r,  aad  br  m  doing  be  ihaH  gain 
ai  a  pato  of  rioe,  or  tbe  iaitilTiat  gnmae  01  nuiet,  eQ  la  me 
gBldai  PimubB  In  ay  twait;  even  aa  a  amoieleB  11^  it  it 
|R*tet  tbu  tlie  ikf,  gnater  than  tbe  etlier,  gnater  tbu  Ibe 
iBitli,  fieatei  llun  aii  eiiRing  thin^r— that  Self  ct  tbe  Spirit 
fa  my  Self;  on  painng  away  tmta  henco,  1  ihall  obnfn  that 
Self.  Aod,  verity,  whoeoiva  ha*  thii  tnat,  for  him  Ibere  1>  do 
O.K.) 
iy  Dtsd  to  denote  a  qtMom  at 
.  .  .  dabanttdbytbaJrAMM, 
aland,  Imman  oalypMisd,  tbt  domhiau culc of 
the  Hioda  commnnity  (aee  BuB>iUi)t  In  like  minBCT.  ai  tk* 
laacoact  o<  the  Aiyan  Hluditt  baa  r~  ' 


("  levdatioB  ")-    The  H 


in  >  body  «f  nidnn 
n  llgkt  ofnoad  writ, 
of  V*Ai  Chnowltdca")  or  &Ml 


aaciifidal  lonu  of  pnyer. 
*fa.  the  fidi'  (nam.  ilng.  (U)  or  ^itmia,  the  Simm  m 
S^amia,  tbe  r^w  01  rafirtiia,  and  the  A»anm  •» 
AHmmia.  Each  of  Iheie  fiiar  tcn.4ioaki  ha*  atUdwd 
Id  it  a  body  of  proae  mliiifa,  called  JMhwayai  <nt 
BajtiiMiwA},  btcoded  to  eqilain  the  oeanetdal  appUcalioa  «f 
■he  tnt*and  (kc  oiigiD  ud  hqioTt  ■<  the  Mtrtfaial  litea  far 
irtikh  tbae  kcr  auf^eoed  to  b>n  bem  cnmpcaed.  UoaHy 
attached  In  llMe  voA*.  and  in  tmm  eaiea  to  tbe  Saiphlut, 
an  two  fcinda  cf  a^cndage*,  the  Anvjafcai  and  UpaiUada, 
Ik*  fonu*  at  which  deal  generally  with  the  tnoie  tecoodit* 
riio,  wiaSe  the  latter  ace  taken  iqi  cUdy  with  qwctdaliana  on 


■nbiect*  often  tondwd  190B  In  tt«  MiUei  wlitlagi.  bat  bete 
dealt  with  in  a  nxiR  utiiiB  ml  syitenaiic  way.  Two  of  the 
SoipWUi.  the  Simau  and  the  yajai,  owing  thelt  eidileBa  to 
piuely  ritual  puipoiei,  and  beint,  beivtet,  the  one  almoit 
entini/,  the  other  partly,  miBpnaed  of  vcnca  taken  fmn  tb* 
.ftfinAi,  an  only  of  lecDadary  importHKC  fciTOUT  ptoent  taKpilty. 
■ni,  hymu  of  the  Xipala  amtlDOa  tbe  culicat  ^Tkd  ofuilou 
ol  the  Aryan  mtlen  in  India  nbkb  have  ben  kandad  down 
to  poaleri^.  They  an  cenal^  DM  all  (qnaHy  oU;  on  tha 
centiaqr  they  Bvideuly  t^ieimt  the  Htoaiy  activity  of  ntof 
■inBBtiBUi  ol  hanle,  thongh  their  eelalive  age  cunot  a*  yet  be 
dctoBincd  with  anythmg  like  certahity,  Tlie  tenth  (and  laat) 
bookof  the  collection,  however,  at  any  EatekjuaU  the  cbafaetci^ 
iatka  of  a  later  apiiendage,  and  in  hngingn  and  ^liit  many  of 
ita  bynina  a|^noach  veiy  neady  to  the  levd  of  the  contcnti  of 
(be  Alkanam.  Of  the  lalter  ecflecltwi  (bout  0D»4Jitk  ii  found 
abn  b  the  <l|a^  and  eveddy  in  the  temb  book;  the 
larger  ponkiB  pecnhar  to  it,  ihou^  hdtidiTig  no  doubt  tome 
n  fv  origla  to  lo  age  not  long  ulcrioi 


Tlwatnteel       _  „  _      - 

rejected  In  the  hynuB  of  the  ^pcdo,  b  that  ol  *  wonMp  of  tlw 
"       ~  '  ifgirded  in  the  light 

h  a  power  bcyind  the 


Vedicw        .. 

aatnn  an  not  a*  yet  tkariy  defined,  and  th 
aaelgm  to  thdr  divine  wpitaaMatiwi  contimBliy  flow  inta  OM 
BnMber.  Nor  ka*  he  yet  leaned  (o  cue  10  '*«'«*»'■"  tha 
rdatite  WMtk  aad  podtioa  of  tha  object*  of  U*  adoiatioa; 
nf  tlw  rhmnnimin  if  irtfirh  hi 
^vpm  hiimiBd  toaSow 

■ont  to  look  Dp  with  «|aal  fealta^  of  a«« 
Ihn  immedialeoea  of  impalio  alia  Wfakk 
t*  infancy  icrint  to  give  Mtennce  to  it* 


DODOtheiltic  termur. 


le  giveti  to  thcae  bnpcfioDallca,  via.  rfcaa 


fully  iwayed  tbe  Aryan  olivd.    In  tbe  piimiiiK  woid^  of  the 
pbyikalaipecHkatilBpWwei  the  hnman  heart  a*  tlw  moral  and 


appliad  by  the  Vtdic  poeta  to /a^a,  the  god  of  the  atnuapbeiio 


lOftbeVcdicddtita, 

with  the  natun  of  tka  ob)atta  thef  iqmaent, 
panue  u  *  atfi  dcgiee  of  thia  qsMtnal  dauent;  but  it  ii  not 
iaipfababl*  that  b  an  caiUcr  pbue  of  Aryan  wotddp  th>  tdigfou* 
eoaeeptioni  wcte  penaded  by  it  to  ■  KOI  gmlar  and  iMre 
foanl  (Stent,  and  chat  the  Vedk  bdirf,  Aoa^  tetakdng 
laanr  of  the  pttelthre  fcatniea,  baa  en  tbe  whole  aBotned  a 
•        -  •■      '     leltt.    Tlia  lattic 


oflhepi 

Mtun  appear  to  the  Vedk  bard  •■  co-obllnfl  in  a  atate  <f 
Indepmdence  olrac  aootber,  their  idatioD  te  tbe  motal  *at- 
A^Var  being  the  ddef  nbject  of  hJ*  aniitly,  a  rimple  melbDd  ol 
ekwificallen  wai  already  lODtted  to  at  an  tady  time,  oouiitiBg 
in  a  triple  dlvUoo  of  the  ddlia  Inta  god>  icBding  in  the  ikr  In 
lb*  air,  and  on  earth.  II  b  not,  however,  nnlS  a  hla  Uage,— 
tb  fitat  chat  iadlotlon  bring  oonreycd  hi  a  paiMf*  <d  the 


38» 


RRAHMANISM 


uMh  bMk  «( tht  C^hI*— thai  tbb  aHcBpt  M  ■  polTtMMIc 
lytltm  it  loUmcd  op  1^  tbe  pnnwtioB  ol  one  puttodu'  god 
to  ibe  dicnil]!  o(  cUd  rwdiu  fv  cich  d  «lw«e  three  icgliiM. 
-■■■■■         -     ■     ■         „y.  In  ,o„,e  .^ 


Utpt  from  po^iltetiin  tomnk  a 
of  the  dhrine  cbbucc.  AwUut  (ca 
tended  to  ■  limilar  nmlL    Tlw  fnat  pioUenii 


(■MmliiiC  the  pnba  o( 
poet  m  Iicqiicnlly  led  by  hk  fdigioat,  and  not  »holl]r  dii- 
intaciUd,  leil  to  ([tribute  ta  tkeni  ccimjal  lonctioiu  of  the 
nryUghtUodei.  AtiUleitUcco(thaiitlU,chieByeihiti>lcd 
la  the  lentk  book  of  Ibe  fiiaalauid  in  the  lUttivinti^  inqiiriig 
■■ce*  amid  not  bat  pendve  tbciscouiMency  oliutheanocBiaai 
of  ■  ii^neiMcy  amoDf  tbe  divise  lulen.  and  tried  to  aolve  tha 
doni  df  aa  indepeadeot  powei,  endowed  titb 
■  >u[senedeil)r,  ibecieaWTof  llwanirene, 
of  the  pantbaoD.  'Hie  Bunet  imdH  which 
lea  i>  pat  forth  aie  tocttly  of  an  ituibuiive 
diaiacter,  and  indeed  K>nie  of  them,  nuh  as  Prajifali  ["  lord 
of  cnaturct "],  Vittatmam  ("  all-worker  "J,  ocisr  in  the  earlier 
hymns  aj  raere  apitbeta  of  particular  goda.  But  to  other  mindi 
IhJi  theory  of  a  pcnoDal  creator  left  many  <lifficuitics  unaolved. 
They  uw,  at  the  pccti  lA  old  had  letn,  that  aveiylhins  anund 


individual  manifatationa  of  one  uniKnal  ptiddple  or  qiiritii^ 
cwrarr  thua  a  panthetiUc  conccptiod  tni  anivtd  at,  put 
forth  under  variou  nainca,  uch  ai  fmtila  ("  niul  "),  Kama 
("  desie"),  Bnkman  (neutr.;  iwin.  •inf.  triliMe)  <"dc*MioD, 
naycr  "}.  Mctaphyiiul  and  IbeoKpUc  Vecobtioni  wcm  tbtu 
Ibe  limfrie  belief  in  the  old  fodi,  anlil,  at  the 
of  tba  SrditMetMr  and  Ufuiilidii 


c  concepti 
Pr^faU,  the  peoanal  atotor  of  tJw  world,  the 
of  Ihe  impenoDal  AraAiu,  the  univeiial  lelf-aiMeBt  aouJ,  lea 
10  tiw  coinpedtc  paaiheiitic  tyiiem  which  [onm  tlia  diaracli 
btic  do^u  o(  the  BrUonanical  period  (kc  BtioiUN). 
In  tha  V«dk  hymoi  two  dauea  of  Kidtiy.  thi  i 
nilitaiyl  and  the  pricilly  daucs,  were  evidently 


loi  tl 


V>i,  oi 


>yal  (or 


coomunity.    Itae  aodal  padci  >e 

even  balore  tha  leparatioB  of  the  two  Aiialic  bnnchei  o 

Indo-Gennaaic  nea,  the  AiyaM  of  Iran  and  India.    It  it 


.     .  of  the  Veda,  there  ia  no  eii 

Bamm  betwMU  than;  bat  lUt  (act  only  ahow*  thai  the  common 
Tocabulaty  had  not  yet  dc&nilely  filed  on  any  ipeclfc  name! 
for  thma  i  lam  ■  Even  In  Ifce  Vecta  their  namcndatUK  ii  by  no 
•nahmitcd  toaiil^dcaiiuaUaaloreachof  them.  Uote- 
tna,  Alhantm  acoan  Bot  infreqvantly  ia  the  bymni  tt  the 
peraooificatiDa  ol  the  piically  pniemiaa,  ai  tha  pnto-prieat  who 
k  auppeaed  to  have  obtalaed  SM  Stom  beava  and  to  have 
faulitolad  tba  (Ita  of  noffice;  awl  alUnvah  radcnUa  ("  atand- 
fnc  oa  a  car  ")  if  Bst  aetualliF  fovnd  in  ceeneiion  with  tha 
Kdja»  M  KitaMya,  in  vno^m  rMm  h  in  later  literature  a 
■et  aaoaoal  epiltact  of  men  tt  the  mililBiy  caate.  At  the  time 
of  tha  hymn^  and  evck  dnriac  the  coaaoa  Indo-Ftrrian 


10  aa  of  a  htalnaa,*  i 


the  lime  when  thoe  l^nmia  wtie 

hyau  of  the  laat  book.  DO  tiKs  to  be  found  in  the 
fJIHda  of  that  rifid  divieion  into  tool  aula  aepanted  Inna 
oae  another  by  imurminnlabk  barricn,  vhich  in  liter  timea 
anetitutei  ibe  diKinctive  featuit  of  Kindii  Hdety.  Ibe  idea 
of  caate  li  nfimmd  by  tha  Sanaktii  unn  Mnw,  originally 
deaotlas  "  oiriDur,"  thenby  inplytag  diOenncca  of  compjaajaa 
hiiaiiii  [hnnimal  rliwn  The  word  ocean  in  the  Veda  in  tW 
latter  •cnae,  bat  it  it  u*ed  there  (o  anik  the  Atinclien,  nat 
between  the  thiM  tluiei  of  the  Aryan  eotnitunity,  bat  betwao 
them  OB  the  one  hand  and  a  daik-cotaored  boslic  paofde  on  the 

other.  The  latter,  called  DIna  oc  Daayua, eliliiil.  no  doobt, 

of  tha  imlicenoui  tribci,  with  whom  the  Ar 


The 


Sidtaif  added  lo  the  Aryan  cDramunliy  an  dencni,  totally 
i^iaraled  from  it  by  colour,  by  habit*,  by  langaife,  end  by 
occupation.  Moreover,  the  Tdigiona  belief  of  these  ttibca 
being  entirely  different  from  that  of  the  conqucrinff  people,  the 
ploui  Aryaa,  and  cipecially  the  dasa  habitually  engaged  in  acta 
ol  wofihip,  could  hardly  fail  to  apprehend  cooiidenhle  danger 
lo  the  purity  of  their  own  faith  traai  too  doie  and  intiMate  a 
coiuacl  bctna  Ihc  two  raecL  What  mare  natural,  therelsn^ 
than  thai  maaauro  ihould  have  bean  early  devfacd  to  iinu'i  the 


in  the  caMof  the  a ,---,—. 

In  tha  Aiyan  population  diflermt  ahadea  of  ee 
(taatly  (avound  a  tendency  lo  ilgid  rhaa  tiili 
awakened  and  itiatfanslly  ted  (9  tha  lot  of  tbe  servile  n 
UcanwhUe  the  power  tt  the  aacetdatal  order  I 
gradually  enlaned  fa 


anihor  ct  the  a»«atted  farwita  iHla,  or  hyam  of  Purusha, 
above  rclerred  to,  rcpreeents  the  lour  ca*tes--Ibe  Braliaaa^ 
Xiiafnya,  Voi^  and  SUn—at  having  aevoaSy  siieBnt 
reapactlvdy  from  the  DHralh,  the  ams,  Ihe  thighs  and  tlw  tect 


lima  when  Itiia  hymn  was  campaacd  the  relative  podlioB  of  the 
two  npps  caate*  could  ahaady  have  been  aettied  In  so  dacfded 
a  way  a*  this  theory  mighll^  saw  tasapposa.  T^ia  b,  ■« 
the  CBBIiaty,  reason  to  believe  that  aoaae  dow  had  ytt  to  alipK^ 
matfced  by  teice  and  bloody  atrag^  for  sapicmacy,  ol  i^kb 

only  impialeci  Uma  a-  '—  ' ■"  ' —  -'■-  ' —  *  - 

frequently  Uaaed  acco 

Kihatriyas  hnally  snbmlitad  to  lbs 

The  dnbiitlva  establishment  of  tl 


called.  Tbofvh  the  origin  aad  gradoal  rise  of  soma  of  the 
kadiig  iOBlIlutions  of  tUs  eta  can,  as  hss  been  sbuw*.  be 
traced  In  the  eaiUer  writing  the  itaain  of  their  devdoiHDeBl 
preseats  a  bieak  at  tUa  junctat*  which  as  satisfactory  malcijab 
aayctcnablenaMUap.  AconsidenblepattiaaotlhelitBntuR 
of  this  tine  haa  ap|wently  been  bat)  and  aevetal  inipatlaiBl 
weths,  tha  origiBal  coapGaitioa  of  wUeh  haa  piohaUy  lo  be 
aaatpied  lo  the  early  days  of  Bfthaaanisn,  SDch  as  tha  InMilvtcB 


dear  boot  inunalnideoat  that  Maou'sCodeaf  I«V,  Ifaoa^ 


BRAHMANI3M 


3«3 


■Mtir  ■  nMiinI  raCMt  e(  <M«r  mMoitb,  nproducn  en  ihe 
whole  pKtly  Ulbfully  thi  lUle  nl  HindD  locielv  depklcd  in 
Hit  Bima  (rom  vbidi  It  vu  mnpilBL    The  Baal  ovcrthimr 


ksblation  on  l]ic  part «(  Uic 
■in  wiuld  doutttlm  be  to  inprove  iheir  newly  fiined  vanUce- 
fnnBd  by  niiioumdini  cveiyUiing  reUUng  lo  Uteil  onkr  willi 
■  htlo  cl  ludily  CTlciilned  u  irapnu  Uie  l*y  amiiBuiiity 
with  fecluv  of  iwe.  to  the  Brtlu»»i>Mmd  even  i«  the  Puntrii* 
Hymn,  ud  the  Alhuvso,  divine  origiD  bad  »tn*dy  been 
aicribed  to  the  Vedic  SunhiUi,  f*pedtlly  to  the  Uuce  older 
coUectMOih  The  Hme  piivilett  wu  ntrw  auecculully  dniiDed 
ibr  the  later  Vedic  [jlentun,  lo  imbued  wilb  Biihmnic  iqiira- 
tiooft  and  pretenuomi  and  the  anlbority  impUod  in  the  designa- 
tion  of  Srnti  or  revelation  removed  henccf  Dith  tiiG  ivhcrie  body  of 
(icied  writing!  (rom  the  iphire  of  doubt  and  ctilidim.  Thii 
mnfriainn  aeccsurily  involved  an  actnowlcdgmeiit  of  the  new 
todal  order  as  >  divine  imliluiioD.  la  atabiiiiy  waa,  however, 
readeicd  atill  more  tecui*  by  ihe  elabotaiiDQ  o(  a  lyttem  of 
CDBneniional  preceptr,  partly  fanning  the  baiis  of  Mann*!  Code, 
(rhicb  dearly  defined  the  lelitive  potition  and  Cite  dutia  of  the 
aeroal  cutei,  aid  deteniistd  the  peaakjei  to  be  inSicted  on 
any  imiiigiiMiiiiii  ol  the  lian'ta  aaaigned  to  each  of  them.  Theie 
hwi  a>e  eoaceivnl  with  no  aentimental  scrupla  on  the  part  ol 
their  autbon.     On  the  CBUtmiy,  ''       "     " 


demoier,  whilat  the  pimiahmenta  inflicted  [or  trr^miea  on  the 
lighti  of  hishee  claiaca  are  the  more  levcre  aiul  inhuman  tiie 
lower  the  ofltnder  iLandi  In  the  lodal  acale. 

The  time  fini  caata,  however  unequal  to  each  other  in 
pilvilese  and  sodol  Minding,  an  yet  united  by  ■  coannon  bond 
of  laoaBienta]  ritta  (miuUtw),  liaditioiuJIy  connected  fioiD 
andent  limea  with  oolain  inddenla  and  Mage*  in  the  life  of  the 
Aryan  HiBdll,aataDaptioa,  tairtli,  name^vioc,  the  fiat  taking 
oM  of  the  child  to  ice  Ihe  lun,  the  firM  feeding  with  boiled  rfce, 
tbe  litei  of  Innure  aad  tali-culting,  the  youth'i  inveatiturs 
with  tlie  ncrificial  thnad,  aikd  hia  return  home  on  completing 
hia  atodieB,  nairiate,  fonoal,  ftc  The  mods  ol  observing 
tbeae  family  titci  are  laid  down  in  a  daia  of  writing  called 
Giityamira,  or  doncatic  nilea.  The  mod  Important  of  IheM 
ah*ec*inceBiat]wiipinicyai>a,orriIeaf  condnctlngthe  boy  is  a 
lyhUnil  (eadu-.  Caaaaeud  with  tbia  act  b  the  iavealitoic 
■ilh  tke  nered  cod,  ordinarily  vntn  over  the  left  abouldec  and 
•adet  the  il^  am,  and  varying  in  material  acoerding  to  the 
dan  tt  tbe  vouci.  lUa  eemnony  being  the  preliininary  act 
W  the  yoMh'i  initiatiiB  Into  lb>  itiuly  of  tbe  Veda,  the  manage- 
Best  of  tbe  niMHimi  il  fire  and  tbi  knowledge  of  the  riiei  ol 
purification,  iBdnfof  the  (di>M.a  iolemn  inncation  to  5a«lrf, 
ihcanafpiohLSitnrma),— aaanlelhe  mie  Sip.  CL  69.  10, 
aha  called  fJyoM  ttom  the  Betreln  which  itia  compoaed— wbicb 
'  ig  and  evening  before  the  tiie 


id  iwenty-fbunh  year  of  a 
val^a.  lie  wno  naa  not  oeoi  mmted  with  the  mail  of  hit 
daa  wttUn  lUf  liae  k  for  en  odnded  ftOM  uttering  the 
■ned  MiM  and  bccoata  a*  oatcnt,  nnleaa  be  ii  abaotved 
from  hb  sin  bf  acMndl  ot  Btlhmuii.  and  alter  due  performance 
of  a  pttrttcalory  rite  rctoBca  the  badge  of  hH  caste.  With  one 
not  daly  initiated  no  rigbteoaa  naa  h  allowed  to  aisociaie  at 
M  cntat  into  oonnaiOM  of  aOnfly.  Tbe  duty  ol  Ibe  Sodra 
Ii  to  acm  lb(  twico-botn  diwei,  and  above  all  the  Brlhioani. 
He  h  exdaded  frtnn  all  acnd  knowledge,  and  II  he  perlanna 
ei  he  miut  do  lo  wlEhout  naing  holy  mantna. 
at  redla  ■  Vedk  text  where  a  man  of  Ibe  KTfile 
a,  nor  nual  be  even  teach  him  the  lawi 
xopatlon  of  the  Valtya  are  thote  con- 
MCWd  with  inda,  iha  odthntloB  ol  the  labd  and  the  breeding 


ol  cattle:  wfaOa  thoM  oT  *  . 

defending  the  people,  administering  juitlce,  and  the  dulica  el 
the  military  pmleaaHin  generally.  Both  afaare  with  tbe  BtUman 
the  privflete  of  leading  tbe  Veda,  but  only  ao  fsraa  It  i*  taught 
ajkd  aqitaowd  10  ibem  by  tbeii  tpiritual  pnceplor.  To  the 
Brilunan  bcbngi  ibe  right  el  teaching  and  expounding  the 
ncred  tcna,  and  alio  that  of  intctprtting  and  delemdoing  the 
law  and  the  nilea  of  caate^  Only  in  eaceptienal  caao,  when  no 
teacher  of  the  aaccidotal  daai  is  within  reach,  the  iwice-bern 
yoinb,  rather  than  forego  ipiritual  ^mtmction  altogether,  may 
niide  lo  Ihe  home  of  a  noB-Bithmanical  preceptor',  but 
it  is  specially  enjoined  that  a  pupil,  who  seeks  the  path  to 
heaven,  should  not  fail,  aa  Boon  aa  drcumstancea  permit, 
to  leiorl  to  >  Brilunan  well  versed  in  tha  Vedaj  aitd  IheiT 
ai^icndaga. 

Natwithstandmg  Ihe  barriers  placed  between  tbe  fonrciattn, 
tbe  practice  of  iniermairyiag  appcan  to  have  been  too  pRvaknt 
to  ^y  timee  to  have  admitted  of  meaancea  ei  ao  Hringtnt  a 
nature  a>  wboOy  to  tepicaa  it.  7b  many  a  wooun  ol  >  highar 
caate,  and  eqiedally  of  a  caate  not  immediately  above  one's 
on,  is,  bawivcr,  deddedly  prabibited.  tbe  oSqieing  resnlling 
from  lucb  ■  union  being  eicluded  from  tbe  petfottnance  of  the 
iriJdka  or  obsequies  to  Ibe  ancealon,  and  thetdiy  tendered 
incapable  of  inheriting  any  portion  of  tbe  paraita'  properly'. 
On  the  other  hand,  a  man  is  Dt  liberty,  s         


oiklysuchai 


ihiao, 
:  should  perform  the  datles  of  peraona 
iia  observarKe  devolving  npoa  a  Burried  woman, 
the  children  bom  from  unequal  marriagts  el  this 
they  have  the  rights  and  duties  of  tbe  twiGe-bom« 
it  tbdr  netha  bekrag  lo  a  Iwice-bom  caate,  otherwise  they, 
like  Ihe  oStpring  of  the  former  dasa  of  inlermarriages,  share  the 
lot  el  the  Sodra,  and  are  excluded  from  ibe  invealitoit  and  th* 
Mislrl.  For  this  laat  teaaon  Ibe  maniage  of  a  twice-born  maa 
with  a  Sodra  woman  la  aitof 
tbi  lata  law  books.    At  Ihe  time  d  tbe  Co 


iied  caalea.  wUcb  wen  carefully 
defined,  and  each  of  which  had  a  spedGc  ooci^allm  "^gf^  10 II 
aa  iia  liereditaiy  profesaion. 

Tbt  aelf-eiaiutiaa  (rf  [be  fiitt  class  waa  lut.  It  would  seem, 
allogetber  due  to  peiatly  arro^nce  and  amUtlon;  but,  like  a 
prominent  feature  of  tbe  poat-Vedic  belief,  tJ 
of  souls,  ft  was,  If  not  tbe  neccmary,  yet  ai  leasr 
conaequence  ol  tin  plnlhetstlc  doctrine.  To  the  B: 
speculator  who  saw  in  the  nomberiesa  I 
animate  nature  but  so  many  manifestatloiia  of  the  one  eternal 
aplrit,  to  union  with  which  they  were  all  bound  to  tend  aa  tbcit 
final  goal  of  (uprecoe  bliss,  Ihegreaterorlcaa  imperfection  of  the 
material  fomt  in  which  ihey  were  embodied  naturaUy  prcseptei 
a  continuous  scale  of  ai^ritnal  unlis  from  the  lowest  degndatioa 
Dp  to  tbe  absolute  purity  and  perfection  of  the  siqmme  spirit. 
To  prevent  one's  slnUng  yet  lower,  and  by  degrees  to  rase  one's 
self  in  this  universal  gradation,  or,  if  possible,  to  attafai  the 
ultimate  goal  immediately  from  any  slate  of  corporeal  ezblencc^ 
there  *«»  but  one  way — subjection  of  the  senaea,  purity  ol  life 
andknowledgeof  Ibedtity.  "  Ht"(tbutendstliecodeolUam) 
"  who  in  his  own  soul  pcnxives  tbe  supreme  soul  in  aU  bemgi 
and  acquirea  equanimity  toward  them  an,  attains  the  highfat 
aute  c4  bliss."  Was  it  not  ikatural  then  thai  Ibe  men  wbo, 
II  true  to  tbeir  sacred  datita,  wen  habitually  engaged  In  what 
was  most  <ondudve  to  Ibcu  apiritual  sttainmenla,  that  the 
Brthmanical  class  early  learnt  lo  look  upon  Ibemadves,  even  aa 
a  matter  ol  liitb.  as  being  lotemosl  among  Ihe  human  apedea 
in  Ihts  unlvenal  race  for  final  beatitude?  Tbe  life  marked  out 
lor  then  by  that  stem  theory  ol  daai  dutiea  which  they  tbent- 
sdvcs  bad  worked  out,  and  which,  no  donbl,  mmt  have  been 
practised  In  eariy  tlmea  at  least  Id  aome  degree,  was  by  no  meana 
one  ol  ease  and  amenity.  It  was,  on  the  conlrary,  singularly 
cakulated  to  promote  that  complete  mortification  of  the  inatineli 
el  aaiwd  aaiiin  which  ikey  ca 


38+ 


BRAHMANISM 


tatiy  dmn;  but  pwhullT  ■  nun  ibi)  nun  liMtitol  p 
cvco  of  ttab  out*  MOB  to  bive  cuTicd  Ibeir  nlifiou  " 
kngtli  ol  Klf-iiMinifaatiiHi  iovnlvcd  In  the  two  fiui 
On  tka  jroMb  laving  been  invctted  with  Qa  tadgB  of 

he  wu  to  mida  for  mne  time  in  ibe  *- ' 

uukD,  vtU  iMd  In  the  Veih. 


n  «l  U*  cuu,  ud  in  Uk  . 
tyttaa  of  |Hiii£cilocy  tnd  ncrificul  riua.    Accontlnc 

mlended  to  itndy,  the  dimtloD  oi  inu 

ma  to  be,  pnlably  bi  the  cue  of  Bitk- 

t)t,  of  (rom  twelve  to  fixty-eiskl  yeuii 

daring  whid  Ibnt  tbc  vittnei  oi  modeity,  duty,  tempenacB 

aroA^SL  DuringtUtlditfane  tbeMvlcQt  bed  toiahut^tJrdy 
on  iDfid  obtained  by  bctling  tron  he«*e  to  boiuci  end  hu 
bdiivlaar  toweidt  the  pns^toi  end  hb  Umily  wu  to  be  thai 


To  die 
uo,  capable  of  pciluimim  the  periediol 
nil  of  obeequlei  (JrddAkd),  ffmihting  of  offsizi^  of  wmlcr  ind 

mnidend  ■  gnat  mufortiuie  by  the  oitludai  Hinda.  Titen 
an  thiee  wend  "  debta  "  which  a  man  haa  to  dkchatge  in  life. 
Via.  that  vhidi  la  due  to  Ibe  goda,  and  of  which  he  aeqinta 
hiiBMil  Iv  diHy  wonbip  and  Bacrifidal  litea;  that  do*  to  the 
titUi,  «  indent  Hgei  and  iapind  aeen  of  the  Vadk  tena, 
dkchaiged  by  the  daily  iludy  of  the  aciiptani  and  the  "  Baal 
debt "  wUcb  he  owea  to  Ui  awHi.  and  <d  which  he  nllevM 
himadl  by  leaving  a  ion.  To  theie  thne  tone  antholitica  add 
a  iomth,  vii.  the  debt  owing  to  ImmanUnd,  iriifch  demandi 

ttceatity  of  a  Ban'l  entering  into  the  minkditita.  Wiethe 
blidigrMtm  kadi  the  bride  (ran  bet  fatber'i  faooie  to  hit  own 
bome,  and  bceoBti  a  Kit*-M<>  <»  houaeboldci,  the  fite  which 
bM  bees  wed  tor  the  muiiago  ttnnnny  aocoD^iania  tbe 
couple  to  aerve  them  ai  tbeir  fgrAofolyo,  or  domettic  hre.  It 
W  to  be  kept  up  perpetually,  day  and  night,  either  by  them- 
■elvci  01  their  chndcen.  or,  K  the  man  be  a  teacher,  by  hii  puplb. 
If  it  ihoutd  It  any  time  beeooie  exttnguiihed  by  ne^ect  or 
It  iuannd  tbttcby  aniM  be  aioied  (or  by  an 


lag  their  food,  lor  makiog  tbe  five  neccmry  daily  and  other 
occuinual  offeringi,  and  for  petfonaing  the  lacraKntal  litei 
above  alludtd  to.  No  food  thould  ever  be  eaten  tb«t  hu  not 
been  duty  loiuecrated  byapottionof  ItbeingoSeradtolhegodi, 
the  btingt  and  the  t---- .»—.  i.^. .--.-.  _ 

caUed  by  il 


Tbe  d. 


by  the  Mini 

)ul  cenmonlal — wen  genenlly  perfonacd 

by  Ibe  hooichotder  hiniacll,  uiih  the  BuiitafKe  o(  hit  wife. 

liien  ia,  however,  onolha  data  of  aacrificial  cennusie*  of  a 

re  pnienllouaand  cipcnaive  lEind,  called  Irsiifa  rile*,  orrliea 

ed  on  frita,  or  nvelallon,  the  perfDrmaiice  of  (riiich,  though 

indlapenaablc,  wen  yet  coiuidend  oEiUgateey  under  certain 

iimitaiiii^  {aee  BUmuifjt).    They  formed  a  very  powerful 

iponin  thehandtof  tliepii(athoad,a»dwereoDeof  tbc  chief 

rcee  of  thefr  tubaialeDce,     Udwcvb  great  the  religioui  Durit 

ruing  flora  theae  tacilficial  rftea,  they  were  obviotaty  a  kind 

of  Iniuiy  which  coly  rich  people  could  aflord  to  indulge  ia. 

IliQr  conatliBled,  aa  It  wen,  a  tax,  voluntary  periwpi,  yet  noae 

the  leM  compuboiy,  levied  by  the  piieMhoad  on  tbe  veattlor 

laity. 

Wbtn  the  haoMhddcr  fi  adnuced  in  yean,  "  t/ha  ha  pcr- 

dm  hk  akin  beoMUo  wiinUed  and  hit  hair  giey,  when  he  aca 

he  ion  of  hii  lOD,"  the  tlnw  [•  laid  to  have  come  for  him  la 

ntci  die  third  atage  of  lill.     He  ihould  now  diaoigags  himaelf 

rom  aD  family  tia — mcipl  that  hii  wife  may  accompany  him, 

I  lODely  wood,  taking  with  Um  Ua 


pofoiUcal  oScriiva.    Oad  fn  a 

'doih,  or  in  a  hoik  garwient,  wltn  ma  nair  ana  nana  imcai,  toe 
heimil  ii  to  mbaiit  eadnilveiy  so  food  glowing  wild  in  the  foreel, 
luch  aa  roota,  green  herfaa,  and  wild  rice  and  grain.  He  muat 
not  acccfit  gilta  from  any  one,  eicept  of  what  may  be  abauhitely 
Qcceuary  to  maintain  him;  but  with  hia  own  little  hoard  1^ 
ihonld,  oa  the  contrary,  honour,  to  the  beat  of  hia  ability,  thoae 
wbovUthbhermitige.  Hk  time  muM  be  ipent  in  reading  the 
metaphyiical  trcatiMa  of  the  Veda,  In  Daldng  oblatioa.  and  in 
ntulergoing  variooa  kjndi  of  privattea  bmI  Buuerilie*,  with  a  view 


rti  wpeahtd  fo  hk  miiid," 
Us  dayi  to  meditating  on  the  divimty.  Taking  up 
hia  abode  at  the  foot  si  a  tree  in  total  aoUlude,  "  with  no  oon> 
paniOB  but  lii  own  aonl,"  dad  in  a  cnene  gjment.  he  aboidd 
caiefolly  avoid  infering  any  cnamn  or  giving  oCoice  to  any 
fannan  briat  that  may  hajqiBi  to  mae  otu  him.  (tac*  a  day, 
a  the  charcoal  fin  ia  exUagnMicd  and  the 


.  EvtrpurcirfinbdbeilMMld  thnabldehl>lio>a,"Ha 
It  eapicti  Ui  wagci,"  widikg  ndtbn  for  death  aec  kg 
I  md  ii  bead  (na  iu  fettea  aad  ahaortiol 


betoia,  in  n  Und  of  mewtbeiMic  netiotiof  tbe  (tigin  of  iba 
tmlvne.  In  the  Utentmc  of  the  Brihmua  period  we  ibhi 
with  thii  CDBceplieD  aa  a  connnon  dement  of  ipeculatiodi 
and  ao  bi  (rem  Ita  bdag  eouidetad  jnennipatlbk  with  the 
exlMence  of  a  unlvoml  ipltit,  Pr^ftli,  the  penoaal  cnntot 
of  the  world,  ii  goienlty  aniwed  a  ptomincnt  place  in  tbe 
pintheittk  iheoiteL  Yet  the  lUie  of  thealdgiaJ  ipeodatloK 
nOected  in  theae  wiflfan  fa  one  of  tramitioB.  'Hw  gEsenl 
drift  of  thooght  ia  eaeentialty  pwUhelMic.  Inrt  II  1>  far  from 
being  reduced  to  a  regular  lyiMm,  and  the  ancient  form  ef  belief 
■till  enlin  largely  into  it  The  allribDiei  of  PraJ^wti,  In  Ibe 
kameway,  have  in  them  denenli  of  a  purely  polythelnic  nature, 
and  Bome  of  the  allenipU  at  reoondhag  that  new-fangled  daily 
with  the  trwUtienai  belief  are  lomewbit  awkward.  An  ancacM 
daariAcatioa  oI  tbs  goda  n^wenied  tbem  Bi  btfng  tbkty-tht«a 


BRAHMANISM 


38s 


fa  Bmbcr,  dvRB  h  cicft  «t  (be  tbm  *vri<h  «t  n(lou  «<  natoR. . 
Thill  irglaoi  btjag  MwdtMd  wdmfitt  tJK  mmt  of  one  pripdpil 
ddlr,  tUi  dlvWcD  (Bve  liM  tt  ■  later  time  (0  the  nodoo  of  >  kind 
et  titi4edtffDe  lovenuneBt,  ceniiMiiiiaf  jlpri  (fire),  luita  (iky) 
or  Yfiyn  Mod),  aod  Jllrjia  (nm),  1*  preddins  teepectinir  over 
the  (wb'ao  cuU,  In  tlie  atnoqiheR,  end  in  tlte  >^.  Of  tidi 
Vedlc  triad  meathm  B  fnqaently  nude  <a  tbe  BiUuuva  *ritiiigt. 
Ob  the  «Uiei  hand  till  term /Tojl^oli  (ktd  ol  cratna),  which  In 
tha  fif^  aeon*  u  u  epitbet  of  the  ran,  ia  aba  ODca  b  the 
Aauna-ia  ipplied  jointly  to  Indm  and  And.  In  the  Brlh- 
aatBi  PRJIpati  h  levenl  tims  nentioned  ai  tbe  thiity-fainrtli 
godj  vUU  Is  one  paaage  he  fa  called  the  lounb  god,  and  nude 
t»  tiile  over  the  three  noride.  More  freqoently,  howeYW,  the 
a  psiod  repreaept  hira  u  the  maker  of  the  *QiTd 
creator  of  the  pidi.  It  f»  cinr  from  (hit  dit- 
in  on  ao  importani  a  point  of  doctttue,  that  at 
ID  authoriutive  irstem  oi  bdief  hid  been  aireed  vpon 
bf  tlw  fbeolofiiin.  Yet  there  an  BmnUtakiUeaisns  of  1  itiOBf; 
UBdewT  towanb  amtniOiDg  one,  and  it  la  poisible  that  in 
yicldinfl  to  it  tlie  Bithman  may  luve  been  partly  pronpted  by 
poUifcal  BonddentioiB.  The  definite  ecttlemenl  of  the  cute 
ayaten  and  the  firtlmiBnical  anptemacy  mmt  probaitly  lie  aa- 
tipwd  to  tofDewlKic  about  the  doae  ol  the  BrlhrniQa  period, 
DiviiBoa  in  thsr  om  lanka  waa  hardly  favourable  to  the  aapira- 
tiau  oC  (he  pifcati  at  auch  a  time;  aiid  the  want  ol  a  distinct 
lormuia  of  bdiel  adapted  (a  the  gcBEral  drift  of  theological 
^Kcnlation,  to  which  they  Bonid  all  tally,  was  probably  felt  the 
more  actitely,  the  moie  determined  ■  leaiitann  the  militaiy 
clana  waa  likely  to  oppoae  to  their  dafana.  Side  by  tide  with  the 
conception  of  t)K  BnduDl,  the  ui!«enaJ  apiriluil  principle,  with 
vhkh  apecnlntlve  thouiht  had  already  become  deeply  imbued, 
(ha  uolioD  of  aaupienie  peitonal  being,  theauthar  of  Ibe  material 
CRadon,  had  cone  lo  be  coBBdered  by  many  aa  a  neceuan' 
oamplcnent  of  the  paatheiatlc  doctrine.  But,  owing  perhaps  to 
hb  polytheiitic  aaaodationi  and  the  attribntive  ulure  of  hia 
name,  the  peiioa  of  Pnjipati  lecmi  to  have  been  thought  tmt 
inaoffidently  adapted  to  represent  thia  abatrect  idea.  The  ex- 
pedient resnted  to  lor  solving  the  difficulty  »u  as  ingenfoua  aa 
it  waa  dwacteriitic  tA  the  Bifhmanica!  a^>b«tioni.  In  the 
sajoe  way  aa  the  abstract  denomination  of  aacerdolaUuii,  the 
Dealer  hnkuA,  had  come  to  expreaa  the  divine  essence,  10  the  old 
designation  of  the  fndividaal  priest,  the  masculine  term  AmAaid, 
waa  raised  to  denote  the  supreme  personal  deity  which  was  to  take 
the  place  and  attributes  of  the  I^ajlpati  of  the  Brthma^^aa  and 
IFpaoishads  (sec  BaAHMiv}. 

Onrevci  the  sew  dogma  may  have  anawtitd  the  purposes  of 
qtecahtive  minds.  It  srai  not  one  In  wliich  the  people  generally 
were  likely  (ohavc  been  much  concmKd;  an  ahslnci,  colouricjs 
deity  like  Brahmt  could  awake  no  aympathla  in  (he  htartt  of 
thoso  accustomed  to  wonhlp  gods  of  floh  and  blood.    Indeed. 


physical  speculation,  (he  teal  belief  of  the  giest  body  of  the 
penile  bad  ptobabl}'  become  more  and  more  distinct  from 
that  of  the  piiestbood.  In  diSerent  localities  the  principal 
share  of  thdt affection  may  have  been  bestowed  on  one  or  another 
ol  tha  old  goda  who  was  thereby  raited  to  the  dignity  of  chief 
deity;  or  new  frama  and  obfects  of  beh'ef  may  have  sprang  up 
with  the  inttllccdial  growth  of  the  p«^.  In  aome  cases  even 
the  wonhip  of  (be  imEgenous  population  could  hardly  have 
ronafned  without  exerdalng  snne  inQuence  la  modifying  the 
beUef  of  (be  Aryan  race.  In  thii  my  a  number  of  local  ddties 
would  grow  up,  more  or  lest  diaiinct  In  name  and  characierigUcs 
from  the  gods  of  the  Vedic  pantheon.  There  la,  indeed,  auffident 
evMance  to  ahaw  that,  at  a  tine  when,  after  centuries  of  theo- 
logical apccaiationa,  same  little  Inaight  Into  the  life  and  thought 
of  du  paci4e  ii  aSorded  by  the  iiierature  handed  down  to  us, 
inch  a  divnaity  of  worship  did  eiiat.  Under  theMdicunvtancei 
the  policT*bich  aeetns  to  have  suggnled  itself  la  the  ptiesihood. 
andous  to  retain  a  finn  hold  on  the  minds  of  the  people,  waa 
to  recocnlae  and  incorporate  hits  their  system  tome  of  the  most 
t  objects  of  popular  devolioa,  and  Ihtrelqr  to  catal)Ufh 
IV  S 


a  kind  of  athoBc  and  for  the  wtuJe  conununliy  aubfect  to 
Ac  Brthmanical  law.  At  the  time  of  tlK  originil  compoalcion 
of  the  great  epla  two  such  deities,  Saa  or  itaUdm  ("  the  great 
god  ")  and  ^Uifc^h,  seem  to  have  been  already  admitted  into 
(he  Brthmanical  system,  where  ihey  iiave  ever  aince  retained 
(heir  place;  and  From  the  manner  in  which  they  are  represented 
In  those  works,  it  would,  indeed,  appear  that  both,  and  especially 
(he  former,  enjoyed  an  exten»ve  worship.  As  several  synonymt 
are  attributed  to  each  of  them.  It  is  not  improbable  that  ia  tome 
of  thete  we  have  to  recogniie  ipedal  names  under  wbich  tha 
people  In  different  localities  worsbipped  these  goda,  or  ddties 
of  a  nm^ar  nature  which,  by  the  agency  of  popular  poetry, 
or  in  some  other  way,  came  to  be  combined  with  them.  The 
ibca  Bsugned  to  them  in  the  panthelitlc  system  were  co- 
ordinate with  that  of  BiaiunI;  the  thne  deitiea,  Bralima, 
fitibn  and  Sha,  wtre  to  icptesent  a  trijde  Impersonation 
of  the  divinity,  aa  manifesting  itself  respectively  In  the  creation, 
preservallonanddestructioaof  Iheonlverse.  Siva  does  not  occur 
in  the  Vedic  hymns  as  the  name  of  a  god,  but  only  as  an  adjective 
in  the  sense  of  "  kind,  auapldou!."  One  oi  his  syronyma, 
however,  is  tlie  name  of  a  Vedic  deity,  the  attributes  and  nature 
of  iriiich  tiwnr  a  good  deaf  ol  aimilarity  to  the  post- Vedic  god. 
This  ia  *iiJra,  the  god  of  the  roaring  atorm,  uaually  portrayed, 
in  accordance  with  the  element  he  representa,  aa  a  fierce,  dea^ruc- 
tive  deity,  "  terrible  aa  a  wild  beast,"  whoae  fearful  arrovi 
cause  death  and  disease  to  men  and  cattle.  He  It  also  called 
kapariln  ("wearing  his  hatr  spirally  braided  like  a  thell'^, 
a  word  which  in  later  times  became  one  of  the  synonymt  of 
Siva.  Hie  ^/ilarvovofo  mentions  several  other  namoof  (he  tame 
god,  some  of  which  appear  even  placed  together,  aa  In  one 
passage  Bkna,  Smt,  Rmlra  and  PaJsfali.  Possibly  some  of 
them  were  the  names  under  which  one  and  the  same  deity  vat 
already  wonhlpped  in  diHerenl  parts  of  oorthem  India.  This 
wit  certainly  (he  cue  in  later  timet,  since  it  b  expressly  stated 
in  one  of  the  later  works  of  the  Brahmaija  period,  that  Sarva  waa 
used  by  (he  Eastern  people  and  Bhava  by  a  Western  tribe. 
It  is  also  worthy  of  note  that  b  the  same  work  (the  Satafalka- 
broJniic^,  composed  at  a  time  when  the  Vedk  triad  of  Agnf, 
Indra-VIyu  and  SOiya  wat  Hill  recogniied,  attempts  are  made 
to  ideniify  thit  god  of  many  names  with  Agni;  and  that  in  one 
passage  in  the  UaA^bkSrala  it  ia  atated  that  the  Brfthmana  said 
that  Agni  wsa  Siva.  Although  such  attempts  at  an  Identification 
of  the  two  gods  remained  isolated,  they  would  at  least  seem 
to  point  to  the  fact  that,  in  adapting  their  speculations  to  the 
actual  atate  ol  pc^nilar  worship,  the  Brllimans  kept  the  older 
triad  distinctly  in  view,  and  by  means  of  it  endeavoured  to  bring 
their  new  structure  into  harmony  with  the  ancient  Vedic  belief. 
Il'  is  in  hit  ehamcier  aa  deatioyer  tha(  Siva  holds  hii  place  in  (be 
(liid,  and  that  he  must,  no  doubt,  be  identlSed  with  the  Vedic 
Rudra.  Another  very  important  function  appeals,  however, 
to  have  been  early  assigned  to  him.  on  whi(i  much  more  stress 
ia  laid  in  bis  modem  worship — that  of  destroyer  being  more 
espedaily  eahibiied  in  his  conjoit^vii.  the  character  of  a 
generative  power,  lymboliied  in  the  phaQic  emblem  (Hnia) 
and  in  the  tacied  bull  {rfanil!),  (he  favourite  attendant  of  the 
god.  This  feature  being  entirely  alien  fn>m  the  nature  of  the 
Vedic  god,  it  has  been  conjectund  with  tome  pIiusibQIty,  that 
the  Jinfo-worship  wit  originally  prerclent  among  the  non- 
Aryan  population,  and  waa  thence  introduced  into  the  worship 
of  Siva.  On  the  other  hand,  there  can,  we  think,  be  Hltk  doubt 
that  Siva,  in  hit  generative  lacnlty,  fa  (be  tipreteutative  of 
another  Vedic  god  whoae  nature  and  attribates  go  fat  to  account 
for  thia  particular  feature  of  the  modem  deity,  via.  AUjbdA. 
Thia  god,  originally,  no  doubt,  a  solar  deity,  is  frequently 
invoked,  as  the  lord  of  noutishment,  to  bestow  food,  wealth 
and  other  biestinga.    He  fa  once,  jointly  with  Soma,  called  the 

marriage  ceremony,  where  he  is  aaked  to  lead  (he  bride  to  tha 
bridegroom  and  make  her  proaperous  {Sneiami).  Uoreovcj, 
he  has  the  epithet  kapardin  (spirally  braided),  as  have  Rudra 
and  the  later  Siva,  and  b  called  PaSupa,  or  guardian  of  cattle, 
whence  the  latter  deilvca  hit  name  Paiufali.    Bat  he  n  alto  a 


386 

ilmng.  powEilid,  tni  (n 


BRAHMANISM 


■  flcKc  ud  deitnictlvt  gad,  who, 
.  »i."nila  the  foaof  his  woiihipper, 
%a<]  liiua  in  this  rapeci  oScn  al  Icut  some  points  ol  similiriiy 
to  Kudia,  wbich  may  have  (ivouicd  Ih«  IusIod  of  the  two  gods. 
ii  regards  Viiktu.  this  god  occupin  aliudy  t  place  in  the 
Vcdic  mylhokicy,  tbaugh  by  oo  nuaos  nne  of  such  promincna 
ai  would  mlitle  him  to  Chat  dcgiee  oi  euluiian  implied  in  his 
chaiacUr  as  one  ol  the  Ihice  bypoatucs  of  the  divinity.  Hote- 
ovei.  although  Id  bit  genenl  naiuie,  u  >  bcnevoknl,  genial 
being,  the  Vedic  god  conapojuU  on  the  whole  to  ihc  later 
Viihtiu.  the  picscrvei  of  the  Borici,  the  latter  eihibiis  many 
impoElani  feature  for  wliich  we  look  in  vain  in  hii  prototype, 
uid  which  moAt  likely  resulted  from  sectarian  warship  or  inax 
ion  with  local  deities.  In  one  or  two  of  them, 
mes  Vliudcva  and  Voikuntha,  an  attempt  may 
again  b«  traced  to  identify  Vishnu  v^th  tndm,  who,  as  we  have 
seen,  was  one  of  the  Vcdic  triad  <^f  gods.  The  characteristic 
felture  of  the  dder  Vishnu  is  his  measuring  the  woild  with 
bis  three  strides,  which  are  eipbined  as  denoting  either  the 
three  stations  of  the  sun  at  the  time  of  rising,  culminating  and 
Kiting,  or  the  triple  manifestation  at  the  luminous  element, 
as  the  Gre  on  earth,  the  Iie*-'"'";  in  U»  almolphue  and  the  lun 

The  male  nature  of  the  ttiad  was  luppoud  b>  require  to  be 
lupi^emcntcd  by  each  ol  th«  thiec  godt  being  aasodatcd  with  a 
female  energy  (Satii).    Thus  Vi^l,  or  Saiamll,  the  goddess  of 

of  Brahmt;  Srt  or  Latibmt,  "  beauty,  lotlune,"  as  thnl  of 
Vi^bnui  and  (/md  or  Panatl,  the  daughter  of  HimattU,  the  god 
of  the  flimUaya  mounlain,  as  that  ol  Siva.  On  the  other  hnnd. 
it  is  not  improbable  that  PSnaSt—vha  has  a  vaticty  ol  other 
names,  tuch  as  *C4«  ("the  blaclione"),  fliut*  (" the inaccoa- 
'le  great  goddess  ") — enjoyed 
lip  of  her  own,  and  that  there 


he  esoteric  doctrine 


in  the  DrUin 
A  compromise  was  thui  elTccted  between 
of  the  mctapbysician  and  tonie  of  Ihe  mosl  . 
popular  woiship,  resulting  in  nbat  was  henaiorth  lo  constitute 
Ihe  orlhodoi  system  of  belief  of  the  BrShmacical  community. 
Vet  the  Vedic  pantheon  could  not  be  allagelhcr  discarded. 


ung  pan 


foui 


of  the  SI 


over,  the 


.  u  largely  depended.  TTie  eaiilentt  ol  the  old  goeh  . 
Ihetelote,  likewise  tecogniaed,  but  recogniied  in  a  very  diflerent 
way  from  that  of  the  triple  divinity     For  while  the  triad  Icpre- 

to  mundatie  aod  seemingly  material  occurrences,  the  oki  tradi- 
ILOnal  gods  are  of  this  world,  are  individual  ^liriu  or  poitioiia  of 
the  Brahma  like  men  and  other  creatures,  only  higher  in  dcgice. 
To  them  an  intermediitc  sphere,  the  heaven  ol  Indra  (ihe 
iMrlnlB  or  narfs).  is  asugned  to  which  man  may  raise  himself 
by  f  uJMing  Ihf  holy  otdioaoces;  but  they  are  subject  to  the  same 
[awi  ol  beiug,  they,  like  men,  are  liable  to  be  bom  again  in 

lion  fiom  the  necessity  of  future  individual  ealslence.  Jl  is  ■ 
vijcd  duty  of  man  to  worship  these  superior  beings  by  invoca- 
tionl  and  sacri£dal  observances,  as  it  is  to  honour  the  f  ifru 
C'lhe  fathers"),  the  spirits  of  the  departed  ancexton.  The 
B{Hrits  of  the  dead,  on  being  judged  by  YamOt  the  Pluto  of  HindQ 
mythology,  are  supposed  lo  be  either  passing  throu^  a  term  of 
eiilayment  in  a  regioo  midway  between  the  earth  and  the  heaven 
of  the  gods,  or  undergoing  their  measure  of  punishmrnt  in  the 


they  r. 
rDylhoIogy  Vi 


a  the  c 


lo  have  been  the  fiist  mortal 
"  tile  celestial  abodes,  and  in 

. Bt  IbE  ruler  of  the  depaned; 

pM»«|q»,  hnwevcr,  he  Is  alnady  R(iidal  aa  Ike  god  of 


death.     Allbougb  the  putbeiitk  lyaUfn  aUowtil  only  %  mA- 

enlinate  task  to  the  old  godi,  ajK<  the  actual  religious  belief  o( 
Ihe  people  wai  probably  but  little  aSected  by  ibur  oistciKe, 
they  continued  to  occupy  an  imporuul  place  in  the  aSectlons  of 
the  poet,  and  were  still  represented  aa  exercising  conAdei«bk 
inSuencc  on  Ihe  destinies  of  man.  The  mou  proninent  nl  ihen 
were  regarded  as  the  appointed  Lekafilai,  or  guardians  oC  ths 
worid;  and  aa  euch  they  were  made  to  preside  aver  the  (our 
cardinal  and  [according  to  some  authorities)  the  intirmtdiau 
points  of  the  compass,  Thui  Indra,  the  chief  of  the  god*,  wu 
regarded  aa  the  regent  of  the  cast^  Apii^  the  hre  (I'fMj),  was  id 
the  same  way  associated  with  the  Bouih.cast:  yaiaa  with  the 
south,  ^nryi,  the  sun  rHltia],  with  the  sooth-west.,  VtrAra, 
originally  the  representative  of  the  all<embracing  heaven  (0£pai4a) 
or  atmosphere,  now  the  god  ol  the  ocean,  with  the  wciti  Kdya 
(or  Pasaiu),  the  wind,  with  the  norlh-wcsti  Kniaa,  the  sod  of 
wealth,  with  the  norths  and  Soma  (or  Clatfdra)  with  the  oorth- 
easL  In  the  institutes  of  Uanu  the  Lokafiai  are  represented  M 
standing  in  close  relation  to  the  ruling  king,  who  la  said  lo  he 
composed  of  particles  of  these  his  tutelary  deities.  Hie  retinue 
'  '    '  chiefly  of  the  Gandhwu  (probably  elyiiL 


lected  V 


a  the 
.e  Apiaia,, 


lovely  nymphs,  who  are  frnjuently  employed  by  tl 
make  the  pious  dcvoKadcusi  from  catiying  bis  austere  practuxa 
lo  ao  eatcnt  that  might  render  him  dangerous  to  their  power. 
JfdruJa,  an  ancient  sage  (probably  a  personification  of  thedoudf 
the  "  water-giver"),  is  considered  aa  the  mctsengcr  between  the 
gods  and  men,  and  aa  having  qmuig  Irom  the  forehead  of  Brahml. 
The  interesting  olhce  of  the  god  ol  love  U  held  by  Ktautao, 
also  called  Anania,  the  bodyless,  because,  as  the  myth  Hf '^ti. 
havingonce  tried  by  the  power  of  his  mischievous  aiTow  la  mak« 
Siva  fall  in  love  with  rsrvaU,  whilst  he  wasengageil  in  devotional 
practices,  the  urchin  was  reduced  to  aahcs  by  a  glance  of  the 
angry  god.  Two  other  mythological  figures  of  aome  icqurlance 
are  considered  as  sons  ol  Siva  aod  Ptrvatl,  via.  Kattiiitya  or 
Standa,  Ihe  leader  of  the  heavenly  armies,  who  waa  suppoaed 
to  have  been  fostered  by  the  sia  K^ikit  or  Flctadea:  and 
Caifeta  {'^lordof  tiDopa"),  the  eiephant-bcadcd  god  of  wisdagt, 
and  at  the  same  time  the  leader  of  the  iii  imnanm  feniuna, 
□  tthodoi  BrUunanical  IchDliuiciun  makts  the  ■ItainmiBt  of 
i)  dependent  on  perfect  ki 


kxlgeoltfaediv 
by  complete  at 

the  loial  ei 


Hcnce,  This  knowledge  (aaeoty  be  obtaiood 
;tiDa  of  the  mind  from  eitetoal  objecta  and 
on  the  divinity,  which  afaln  pieHffioMa 
of  alt  seasual  inttincla  by  neu*  of  aastcn 
Uapai),  The  chosen  lew  who  succeed  in  ^inini 
complete  matleiy  over  their  senses  and  a  full  luMwItdga  of  the 
divine  niLture  become  absorbed  into  Ihe  nnivcrtal  soul  inuaedi- 
alety  on  the  dissolution  of  the  body.  Tliose  devotee*,  on  tha . 
oihec  hand,  who  have  still  a  residuum,  however  slight,  of  ignotr 
ance  and  worldliness  left  in  Hum  at  the  lime  oi  ihck  dettli, 
pass  lo  the  world  ol  BrahmA,  where  Ihdr  souls,  iovcMBd  with 
subtije  corporeal  framc»,  await  thdr  tcunioo  with  llw  Eton*) 


_.,. :  of  the  ail  onhodoa  iarion  , 

systems,  the  I'cddiita  philosophy.    Then  qrsumaan 

IS  oHhodoi  inasnuch  aa  they  ncoBBii*  the  Voda  as  ttie  revweil 
loarce  of  religious  beLef,  and  never  fail  to  claim  tha  autbonty 
il  the  ancient  seers  lor  ihcir  own  l^a^hinB^  even  lbou(h— u  in 
Ihe  case  of  fCapila,  the  founder  of  the  maluialistic  Slukhyft 
lystein — ^they  involve  the  denial  ol  so  esacatiai  a  dogmatic  point 
'  personal  creator  of  the  world.  So  Rkttch, 
ol  speculative  thought  become  a  matter  of 


habit  and  ii 
10  havo  been  i 


chaiacter  oi  the  privileges  of  theii 
in  questiarL  Vet  inlcviiaL  diseensii 
beUcf  .OMiM  Bot  but  weaken  the 


by  the  leading  theolo^ca)  paity 
loctiines,  io  long  aa  Ihe  auted 
heir  caste  was  not  openly  (aUcd 


PRAHMAFlmiA 


bair,  and  u  tfiqr  apicad  VyMd  the  uatroir  bwiwb  of  tfac 
Brlbmudc*]  idKidt,  it  inititcd  but  ■  mia  of  BMml  atid  in- 
UDectnal  poocn,  uid  AHninmcIlMl  by    ' 

tndntlinn  tatd  to  priestly  prettmiinis.    ._ 

the  penonof «  SUti  ptinceof  SafubvoMa,  GotUM,  thaltumder 
of  BuddliBm  (about  Ibc  fitli  CRitsry  i.C).  Hid  it  only  been  lot 
lie  phOosaphical  tCDds  o(  Buddha,  tbey  need  learCFly  bx\ 
canaed,  and  pnibabty  did  sot  caux.  any  great  uaeaainaa  I 
the  onhodox  theolo^ans.  He  did,  indeod,  go  one  Mtp  beyond 
KapOt,  by  altogethet  denying  the  eiislcnce  o(  the  aoul  u  a 
retatanci,  and  admiltiiig  only  cenain  intdlectnal  faeuhiet  ai 
atliibntes  oF  the  body,  peifshakle  irith  it.  Yet  the  oonHptkin 
■bich  Buddha  snbitituted  for  the  transnilgratory  soul,  via. 
that  of  fcimia  ("  work  "),  u  the  sum  total  of  the  ladivMual'a 
good  and  bad  actiona,  being  the  detenninative  i 
form  of  hb  Future  etiatence,  m^t  have  been  tt< 
other  ipeoilalive  theoty,  but  for  the  practical 
drew  fnra  itJ  Buddha  ttcogniifd  the  instiiutiuo  of  caite,  aad 
accounted  for  the  social  Inequalities  allendaiit  thereon  ai  being 
tbeeffectarfioOBainforBeterijiciices.  Bui,  on  tin  oihn  hand, 
he  altegetber  denied  the  levtaled  characln  of  tlw  Veda  aad  the 
efficacy  of  Itie  Brfhmanicil  cerenonia  deduced  don  It,  aad 
rejected  llie  cliimi  of  the  neeidata)  dts>  to  be  the  npodtaiiti 
aad  divinely  apppinted  teaches  U  ttcitd  knowledge.  That 
Bnddha  never  ([uAiloned  ihe  truth  of  the  Brthmanlol  theory  of 
IinimigratioR  ihowa  that  this  early  product  of  ipeculaiive 
thau^t  had  became  firmly  rooted  in  the  Hinda  mind  aa  a  ttaet 
o(  beUef  amonnting  to  moral  conviction.  To  tlii  Hi^O  phllo- 
•ophcr  this  doctrine  seemed  alone  to  account  satisfactorfly  lot  the 
aniareat  osential  similarity  of  the  vita!  ekmeDt  in  all  animate 
beinga,  no  less  than  for  wJiaC  elsewhere  bit  led  haneit  and 
logical  tbfnken  to  the  itern  dogma  of  predatlnatlMi.  The 
belief  fn  eternal  Wiis  or  pnniihment,  as  the  just  reeoapgaM 
of  man's  actions  during  this  bticf  term  ol  human  lUa,  which  tbtit 
les!  reSecHvt  forefnlhcrs  had  at  one  time  held,  appeared  to 
Iheni  to  Involve  a  mora!  impossibility.  Tha  equably  tt  all  nun, 
whidi  Buddha  pienchcd  with  repid  to  the  Ena)  goal,  the  nimaa, 
or  eitinction  of  karma  and  thereby  of  all  future  existence  and 
jsin,  and  that  goal  lo  be  teachcd,  not  by  the  peifonnance  of 
penance  and  sacri6cial  worship,  but  by  prarttibig  »tn«,  could 
sot  f»i!  to  be  acceptable  to  msny  people.  It  woidd  be  out  of 
place  here  to  dwell  on  the  rapid  progieu  and  {Bteitial  dov^p- 
went  of  the  new  doctrine.  Suffice  h  to  say  that,  owing  H  doubt 
grratly  to  tlw  sympathiiing  patronage  or  ruling  prii 
'- —  "     ■     e  been  the  state  religion  in  *i 


»«7 


India  during  ll 


early  ce 


al  erred  otthebody  Of  the  people  it  wDlprDhably 

be  impoMiWe  ever  to  ascertain.  One  of  the  cbjei  effects  it 
produced  on  the  worship  of  liie  old  gods  was  the  rapid  deoEne 
of  the  anthntlty  of  the  orthodoi  Srtbmanlol  dogma,  Mid  a 
considerable  development  o"  .--."—  » 

See  H.  H.  Wn»o.  Euays' 
Orltind  SanStrir  Tnu:  M. 

LttfraHrti  C.  Lann.  Inaistke  AiuuMmmttmitae;  bipniD^oiHv 
ffinory  ^ /aMi.  ed.  by  E.  B.  CowelL  Q.E.} 

ntABHAPQTBA.  a  great  river  of  India,  with  a  total  length 
ol  iSoo  m.  Its  miln  source  is  In  a  great  glacier-mass  of  the 
Borthernmost  chain  of  the  Himalayas,  called  Knbigangri,  abonl 
S»*  N.,  and  receives  various  tributaries  Including  one  formeriy 
regarded  as  the  true  source  from  the  pass  of  Mariam  La  (15.506 
(1).  which  scp.imtes  its  basin  from  the  easfcm  affluents  of  the 
tfansaroR'ar  lakes,  at  least  icom.  southeast  ol  tliose  of  the 
Indus.  It  flows  in  a  souih-easterly  direction  lor  170  m.,  and 
then  adheres  dosely  to  a  neatly  easterly  course  for  506  m.  mote, 
beingaiihe  end  of  that  distance  hiV'o'N.iat.  It  then  bends 
aortb-east  for  150  m.  before  finally  shaping  itself  aoulhwartts 
towards  the  plains  of  Assam,  lioughly  ^leaUng.  the  river  may 
be  said  so  far  to  run  parallel  to  the  msin  chain  of  the  Hbealiya 
■t  a  dbtaitce  of  iqo  m.  ihcrefrom.  lis  early  beginnings  take 
tberr  rise  amidst  a  mi^ty  mass  of  glaciers  which  cover  the 
oonhem  slopes  of  tlie  watershed,  separating  Ihem  Irom  the 
nuices  sf  the  Oogra  su  the  aoinh;  and  theee  ii  ciidenct  tkM 


two  of  in  (KM  nn  .  _^. 

foins  about  ijo  m.  fiem  fu  aauroej,  and  the  Nyug'Cku  (iIk 
river  of  Shi^tse  and  Dyantie),  an  hoih  also  of  glacial  ai^a. 
Fiom  the  mirth  it  recoves  five  great  Itibutatles,  mnely,  tk 
Chu  NagD,  the  Chachu  Ikanpo  >ad  the  Charta  T^aup*  UU 
within  the  first  100  m.  ol  itt  course).  aDdlhcRakaTsanpoand 
Kyi<hu  (or  river  of  Lhasa)  below.  The  Chachu  and  the  Chuu 
ate  large  clear  ilieams,  evidently  draining  Imn  the  (Rat  naoal 
lake  district  Both  of  them  measure  moee  than  100  yds-  i> 
width  at  the  point  of  juudioa,  and  they  aie  dearly  noa-dadaL 
The  Raka  Tsanpo  i>  a  lateral  affluent,  Sowing  lor  100  m.  paralld 


these 


es  of  a  high  sr 


Icatuie  ss  sffoidin«  ioathaid  for  the  Jan^am  (the  great  high 
Toad  of  souiheni  Tibet  connecting  Ladakb  with  China),  vUcb 
is  denied  by  the  actual  valley  of  the  Brahmaputra.  "Oe  gnat 
river  itself  is  known  in  Tiba  by  many  aames,  being  geiKrally 
called  the  Mari  Cho,  Maghang  Tsanpo  or  Yars  Tsanpo,  above 
Lliasa;  the  word  "tsanpo"  (tsang-po)  Tvi^anmj  (^nonEng  to 
WaddellJ  the  "  puie  one,"  and  applying  to  all  great  riveix 
Fifty  mllea  from  ilasoutce  the  river  and  the  Janglam  route  toutS 
each  other,  nod  Iiom  tbat  point  past  Tadum  [the  first  Importinl 
place  on  its  banks]  for  another  ijo  m.,  the  road  follows  more 
closely  the  left  bank  of  tlie  river.  Then  it  diverges  nonh- 
intD  the  lateral  VEilley  of  the  Raks,  uniD  the  Saka  joiis 
the  Brahmaputra  below  Jangbche.  The  upper  reaches  are 
{ordable  between  Tadum  andLhaia,  but  thereisafcny 


1  LIkchc  (apposite  Tadum  on  the  southcra  bank),  n 


in  betwo 


passage  of  the  Nepal  trade.    From 

Jan^ache  (ij.Soo  ft.)  to  Shigatse  the  river  is  navigable,  the 

■  being  open  and  wide  and  the  course  straight.    This  it 

probably  the  roost  eli^valed  system  of  navigation  in  the  woifd 

From  Shigatse,  which  stands  near  the  mouth  of  the  Nyang  Chu, 

:o  the  Kyi-chu,  or  Lhasa  river,  there  is  no  direct  route,  thC 

river  being  unnavi^bie  below  Shigatse.    The  Janglam  lakev 

I  circuitous  course  southwards  to  Gyantse  and  the  Yamrlck  Cho 

before  dropping  again  over  the  Khambala  pasa  to  the  ferry  at 

Khamha  buje  near  Chushul.    Thence  the  valley  of  the  KyiH*o 

(itself  navigable  for  small  boats  (or  about  50  m.)  leads  to  Lhasa 

iwards.    At  Chushul  there  is  an  iron  chain-and-rope  snspen; 

.  bridge  over  the  deepest  pstt  ol  the  rivec,  but  it  doa  not 

ipletely  span  the  river,  ooeJ  it  is  too  insecoie  for  use.    The 

ains  ot  a  similar  bridge  exist  at  Janglachc^  but  there  are  09 

6ea  or  twig  Buspensian  bridges  aver  tbe  Tsanpo.    At  TaduM 

rivei  is  about  onebaliaswide  again  ts  the  t^angEH  at  Hardwai- 

)ecembcr,  ij.  about  150  to  300  yds.    AI  Shigatse  it  flows  in 

ide  extended  bed  with  toany  channels,  but  contracts  agidB  at 

Chushul.  when  it  is  no  wider  thin  it  ia  at  Jan^du,  i,t,lna 

'  10  to  loo  yds.    At  Chushul  (beknr  the  Kyi^liu)  Ite  dlMbarse 

the  river  is  computed  to  be  about  35,ooocnb.  it.  peraacodd, 

seven  timet  that  of  the  Ganges  at  Hardwar. 

For sbout'iso  m.  below  Syi^iu  loa  point  about  aoB.  hiliiw 

the  great  sOutfictly  bend  (in  94°  E.  long.)  the  caWM  ■o(  the 

Brohinaputra  has  been  traced  1^  native  aurveyotv    TleB  fc 

'       '     Jun^e-covettd  hiHs  of  (be  wild  M&hDii  lad 

Abor  tribes  to  the  eajt  of  Bhutan  fin-  another  100  m.,  uirtB  it  k 

the  Dihong  emerging  into  tbe  plains  of  Aium. 

About  the  intervening  reaches  of  the  river  very  UtSs  (■  knnni 

icept  that  It  drops  throu^  7000  ft.  of  aititude,  and  that  in 

one  place,  at  least,  there  exert  some  very  remarkaUe  fdh. 

These  an  placed  In  iq°  4c'  V,  lat..  between  Kougbu'and  PtDW- 

Loi.    Hen  the  river  tuns  In  a>nanow  precipitoaa  defile  along 

'hich  no  path  Is  t>racticBUe,    The  fidlt  Can  only  be  approasbed 

rom  below,  when  a  monastery  has  been  ereoKd,  tbe  kmR 

(  countless  pilgrims.    Tlieir  height  is  estimated  at  70  It.,  acid 

by  Tibetan  report  the  hills  around  are  envebptd  In  perpebatl 

and  the  Saugdong  (tbe  "noil's  face"),  over  wUeh  the 

i  rush,  b  demon-haunted  and  lull  of  myitlc  import.    Vfi 

mparatively  n 


^ 


BRAHMA  SAMAJ 


■^^   ■    ■  H.1SS. 


vbtR.  BMt  Sub^  tb«  Loldt,  ibB  DBmoi  umI  tbc  Dibani 
aniu  to  isna  tha  wjds  pbcid  BnhBupatn  of  the  pUJia— «ae 
ct  the  fiwdcW  rircti  of  tha  ncld-HU  touth-wnurly  cobik 
to  tlw  BiV  ot  Bffigd  h  MiiScieBtly  wcU  kaon.  ItMillnti^BS 
tbc  pttmd  dbtbKtloD  of  bejog  unbridgtd,  »nd  stiU  th«  Riw 
FlMitb  Cempiny  »ppomU  in  iteunen  ■!  ngulM  inteivib  to 
«Ut  all  tbs  chief  poru  an  iu  bvil:i  u  far  43  Dibnigirh.  H«ie, 
however,  ■  oew  leature  hu  been  Iniroduced  in  the  local  railway, 
vMcb  extendi  for  tome  So  m.  to  Sadya,  with  a  branch  to  the 
Bdri  Dihing  rfver  at  the  loot  of  the  Pali™  range.  Tbe  Patkoi 
bolder  the  plaini  of  Uppei  Aiiain  to  the  aouth^eart.  and  acioei 
thae  hilli  lid  the  moil  reuonable  ptobability  at  nilwv  ex- 
teoilDn  (0  Bufina. 

ThefcUovlDiarethe"  lowtsilevd  "dBCbargeiaftbeptiDciiial 
■ffinena  of  tha  Bnhmapatn  in  Dpper  Anam,  cniiuted  is 
coUc  (ert  per  leeond— 

LoMt  river.  9  n.  above  Sadn JMOO 

D>*beaK  I  n.  above  juDciioB  with  Kbong  

DibOM  _  n.h«™ 

Suba^  .... 
tlie  baiim  of  the  Dibong  and  Subansiri  ore  a*  yet  very  imper- 
fectly kziown.  That  of  the  Loiiit  has  been  laiily  well  eiploted. 
Near  Goilpaa  the  discharge  of  the  river  in  January  iSjB  wu 
coroinited  to  be  140,000  cub.  ft.,  or  nearly  double  that  of  the 
Ganges.  TIb  lingih  of  the  river  k  joo  m.  10  the  Dttwiig 
iunction,  and  about  1000  in  Tibet  and  eistem  Bhutan, 
above  li  Dibong.  The  Brahmaputra,  therefore,  exceeds  the 
Gangei  In  length  by  about  4«i  m.    Tbe  bed  of  the  great 

baohl.  but  the  channels  wlhin  thai  bed  are  10  cotutinlly  shifting 
as  10  require  close  supetvision  00  (he  part  of  tbe  oimgaiion 
authorities,  »o  much  detritus  ts  carried  down  as  to  tonn  a 
perpetually  changing  series  of  obstructinos  to  steamer  Ir^c 

An  enormous  development  of  agricullurai  resources  has  taken 
place  within  the  Brahmaputra  basin  of  lale  yean,  chiefly  in 
the  direction  of  tea  cultivation,  as  well  ai  In  the  prodnclion 
of  Jute  and  silk.  Cold  is  found  in  the  sands  of  all  its  upper 
liibutaries,  and  coal  and  pelioteum  are  ainon^t  the  chief 
mineial  ptoducli  which  have  been  brou^t  into  economic 
piODineiice.  During  the  rains  the  Bnhmapulis  Soods  hundreds 
ol  square  miles  of  country,  reaching  a  beighl  of  30  to  «o  ft.  above 
in  usuU  level.  Tha  lupersedrs  arliGcial  irrif^tion.  and  tbe 
pkiiB  BO  watered  yield  abundanlly  in  ricx,  Jute  and  mustard. 

See  KittrU  of  Ihe  nallve  eiploren  of  ihe  Indian  Survey,  edited 
by  Montgomery  and  Harman;  Imfmal  Oariua  el  Imlia  (190a): 
Sir  T.  H.  HoWfch,  Indu  ("  Regioiu  of  the  Worid^' leneMoo]): 
Ryder,  CnfrspUMJ  Jniial,  190s;  RawLngi.  T*.  Craa  Ptaau 
(I90«}.  (T.  H.  H.-J 

BRAHMA  BAKAJ,  ■  religious  assodalioD  in  India  which 
owes  its  origin  to  (Kaja)  Ram  Mohan  Roy,  who  began  leaching 
ud  writing  In  Calcutta  soon  »fler  1800.  The  name  meant 
iilenlly  the  "  Church  of  tbe  One  God."  and  the  word  Samcj, 
like  the  word  Church,  iiears  both  a  local  aod  a  unjverul,  or  an 
IndivldBal  and  a  collective  memiDg.  Impiesied  with  the  pei- 
venloBi  aod  comaptions  of  popular  Hinduism,  Kara  llohan 
ttoy  bnsUptid  tbe  Hindu  Shastras,  the  Koran  and  the  BiUe. 
Rpndkted  tha  polytheiiiic  woobip  of  the  Shastras  as  fajse, 
umI  Incidcitcd  the  n&tnied  princi(jes  of  monotheism  as  found 
intbudentDpai^hBdaoCthe  Vedas.  la  1816  beaublisbcd 
■  sdciety,  csmbtlng  only  of  Hindus,  In  which  tells 
VedMwntndted  and  theisticbymna  chanted.  This, 
NOd  ikd  out  Ihna^  tbe  opposition  it  received  from  the  Hindu 
aoMOiilty.    In  1S30  be  argafiii«d  theiodely  known  as  tbe 

Tb  loilowfaC  extract  from  the  ttnsl-dced  of  tbe  buUding 
dedicated  to  k  will  show  the  religious  beliet  aiul  the  potpoui 
«(  It*  foBiider.  The  building  wn  Intended  to  be  "  a  place  of 
paUic  DKetilg  tor  all  sorts  umI  deKrIptions  of  people,  without 
dstinctfon,  who  shall  hebaw  and  conduct  themsclvet  in  an 
odetly,  iDber,  nllglovi  end  devoot  manner,  fa  the  worship 
and  idotMlonof  the  etenal,  maeanhable  and  imputable  Being, 
«b>  is  the  mthoc  and  pcucmer  of  th*  univerac,  but  not  under 
«ad  br.«v  stlMt  B*B^  Jnigaatioo  «■  title,  pecuUaiiy  mcd 


r  HMt  afplied  to  107  rutkolu  bains  or  bdn^  ht  wf 

u  «e  Mt  bI  mcB  malaocwci  and  that  no  graven  imagi, 

ilui  M  ladptnre,  candng,  painiinc  pictuic.  portrait  oc  the 

«DeM  fli  uythiac  altall  be  adnitlcd  within  the  said  DctsuaM 

iSdfaig,  laad.  taiementa,  hereditament  and  pnmiKSi  ud 

at  no  lacriGce,  oflering  or  oblalioD  ol  any  kind  or  thing  shall 

er  be  petnltled  therein;  and  that  no  animal  w  living  cieature 

■bail  within  or  on  the  said  mcasuage,  &c.,  be  depiivcd  of  Ule 

for  leiigioui  purposci  or  load,  and  that  no  eatingor  drinking 

(enept  such  as  shall  he  necessary  by  any  acddeni  for  the  pie- 

iervatJOD  of  life),  feuiing  or  rioting  be  pcnnilted  theieia  or 

thereon;  and  that  in  coruiucting  the  said  worship  or  adoration, 

hereafter  become  or  be  recogniied  as  an  object  ol  warship  by  any 

man  or  eel  ol  men,  shall  lie  reviled  or  slightingly  or  coolemptu- 

onsly  spoken  of  or  alluded  to.  cither  in  preaching  or  in  the  hymns 

other  mode  of  wrashlp  tliat  may  be  delivered  or  used  in  the 

id  mfwifigT  or  building;  and  that  no  sermon,  preaching, 

icomse,  pra)«r  or  hymns  be  delivered,  made  or  used  In  such 

Hship,  but  auch  as  have  a  tendency  to  the  contemplation 

of  the  Aulboi  and  Preserver  d  the  universe  or  to  the  pro- 

notioa  of  charity,  morality,  piety,  benevolence,  virtue  and  the 

ilrBugthening  of  the  bonds  of  union  between  men  cd  all  idigiau* 

jersuasions  and  creeds." 

The  new  faith  at  tliis  period  held  10  the  Vedai  is  its  basis. 
!tam  Hidian  Roy  toon  alter  left  India  for  England,  and  took 
iphisrcsidenCB  in  Bristol,  where  he  died  in  iSjs.  The  Brahma 
iamij  maintained  a  lure  ejdstena  iQl  1S41,  wben  Babn 
Dcbcndis  Nath  Tsgorc,  a  member  of  a  famous  and  wealthy 
tta  family,  devoted  himself  to  it^  He  gave  a  printing- 
to  the  Samaj,  and  established  a  monthly  Journal  called 
ihe  TaUirahiMiid  PciriU,  to  which  the  Bengali  language  now 
much  for  its  itrtngth  and  elegarKC-  About  iSjo  Hme  ol 
the  followen  of  the  new  religion  discovered  that  the  greats 
part  of  the  Vedas  is  polytheistic,  and  a  schism  took  place,— 
tbe  advtnced  party  balding  that  nature  and  intuition  fini 
'asis  of  faith.  Between  1847  and  iSsS  hrsBcb  sodeliei 
formed  in  dif  etent  pans  of  India,  espedsUy  In  BenpJ,  and 
tbe  t>ew  lodely  made  rapid  progress,  loi  which  it  wu  laigrly 
bukbted  to  the  spread  of  English  eduottlim  utd  tbe  work 
of  Christiin  missionaries.  In  fact  the  whole  Samaj  movencnt 
la  as  dlstlna  a  [voduct  ol  the  contest  of  Hinduiini  with  Chtisli- 
anity  ia  Iht  iQtb  century,  as  the  PamUl  movement  was  c(  It* 
contest  with  Uam  30a  years  earlier. 

Hh  Brahma  creed  was  definitively  formulated  as  frdlows^.- 
(i)  lie  bookof  nature  and  intuition aupilicB  the  buis  cf  idigiou* 
laltli.  (1)  Althoo^  the  Brahma*  do  not  consider  any  hook 
wiiiUB  by  man  the  baii*  of  tbeir  religion,  yet  tbey  do  accept 
with  revect  and  pkasnre  any  religiou*  Inii  coatainad  in  any 
book,  (j)  The  Brmhmas  believe  that  tha  reli^oui  eondiUon  ol 
nun  is  pngrcauve,  like  the  olhet  departments  of  his  conditioD 
in  thb  wotld.  (4)  ^Ivy  believe  that  the  fundaotental  <bxtiiDea 
of  their  leli^on  arc  also  the  basis  of  every  irtK  religion.  (5]  Tbey 
believe  In  tbe  cxntance  ol  one  SupiBBte  God — a  God  endowed 
with  a  distinct  personality,  monl  aUtibuUi  woethy  of  Ola 
nature  and  an  intelligence  befitting  the  fjovetnR  of  tha  oiucne; 
aiul  they  woiship  Hun  alone.  Hiey  do  not  believe  In  any  of  Ml* 
Incanulions.  (fi)  They  bdieve  in  the  ImmoiUIity  and  ptogRsi; 
ive  state  ol  tbe  xhI,  and  declare  that  then  ia  a  slate  of  connchMB 
existence  succeeding  life  m  this  worid  and  suppiementaiy  to  it 
as  respects  the  action  of  the  onivcrsat  moral  pivcmment.  (;) 
They  believe  that  repentance  Is  the  only  way  to  salvation.  They 
do  not  recognize  any  other  mode  of  reconcilement  to  Ihe  oBendcd 
but  loving  Father.  (S)  They  pray  lor  i^'riliuf  welfare  and  believe 
in  the  ^aty  of  such  prayers,  (a)  They  believe  in  the  provi- 
dential care  of  the  divine  Father.  (10)  They  avow  that  love 
towards  Him  and  the  petformaocn  d  the  works  which  He  lovea, 
constitute  His  worsbip.  (11}  They  recognize  the  necessly  el 
public  worship,  but  do  not  believe  ih*l  communion  with  the 
Father  depends  upon  meeting  in  any  filed  plire  at  any  filed 
tine.  They  maintain  thai  Ihey  can  adore  Him  at  any  time 
and  at  any  (dace,  provided  thai  tbe  time  and  the  pbix  aic 


BRAHMS 


389 


rpaw  ind  dbcct  the 
Tbey  do  not  belrev*  in  pUpi  . , 
oalylcslUiDtdbirelevaiinguidpuhryinglbcinind.  (iiJIliey 
pui  m  bith  in  riiCT  v  ctitniinjei,  nor  do  th«y  believe  in  pennict* 
u  iitttnuiKiiul  in  obUloiBi  the  (nOE  of  God.  Tity  dtdue 
that  oooi)  ritktnusDO,  Ibe  lainiog  ol  wiidaoi,  divine  cdb- 
templition,  durily  ud  the  culiivtiiao  o[  drvaiioul  teelUiKs 
■rt  thai  rite*  and  certamutt.  They  funhec  uy,  govern  and 
recuialeyonrlrcliBp.diidMigeyouKluiia  to  Cod  and  loDiai, 
and  you  will  gain  evulaitlng  Wenednesc;  puriiy  ywi  bcait, 
colt  intc  demlional  (eetlii|i  md  you  wil]  ice  Him  wbo  is  muHu. 
(14)  Thtonlkally  there  it  do  dkiinnioa  ol  octe  uitmg  the 
Bnhmis.  TVy  dediie  thai  n  ate  all  the  ckildttn  oI  Cod, 
and  thenfoK  muit  couideiouiiclvnasbioIhenuKluttet*. 

For  Idbi  the  Brahaiai  did  not  atlennit  any  (odal  lelotim. 
But  ibont  1S65  the  yoiuger  Hciion,  headed  by  Baho  Kcihub 
Chunder  Srn.  nho  jaiHcd  the  Sanuj  in  iSjf,  tiied  lo  •any  their 
religJOd)  tbeones  into  pfactiee  b^  demanding  the  abandanlneiil 
oF  the  eiteinal  ligiH  ol  laile  diilinclwn.  Thit,  however,  Ihc 
nkkmicnibenoppoacd,  dedaiingiuch  innDvaiiDu  to  be  pntnu- 
tnre.  Aichiini  loulted.  Keahub  Chundei  Senand  hit  toUoven 
loandinc  the  Progrcsuve  Samtj,  while  the  csuetvttive  Uock 
remained  u  the  Adi  Oj-  origiDi])  Sanuj,  theii  aim  being  to 
"  hilGI  "mherthan  la  abrogate  the  old  religion.  The  vitality  of 

billed  with  the  lack  ol  luong  kadeixhip,  landed  it  in  a  pwiiion 
icarcely  diitinguithable  from  orlhodoi  Hinduitm.  Debendia 
Nath  l^gore  loughl  nfuge  Iroln  Ihe  difficulty  by  becbming 
■D  atcetic  The  "  Brahma  Samaj  of  India,"  la  Chundei  Sen'j 
party  ilyled  ilielf,  made  coinidetable  progiesi  eilenHvely  and 
inieniivdT  until  iSjS,  whrn  a  numbei  of  the  most  prominent 
adhetnm.  led  fay  Anand  Mohan  Bose,  took  umbrage  at  Chunder 
Scn'i  detpDIiF  rale  and  at  his  dlsresird  of  the  lociety't  regula- 
tionsamcemlng  child  marriage.  TluiJed  tolhcEonnalionof  ibe 
Ssdhanna  (UnivcnalJ  Biahoia  Samj,  now  the  meat  popular 
and  pregietiiTe  of  lie  t^I«  sections  of  the  tnovement  and 
CDnspicDODt  lor  iu  work  in  (he  tnoic  of  lileniy  culture,  locial 
■elOTai  and  female  education  in  India.  But  even  when  we  add 
all  leciiont  ol  tbe  Biahiai  Santj  loarthei,  the  total  number  ol 
kdheimtt  is  only  aboul  4DD0.  nuMtly  found  in  Cakulla  and  its 
neigfaboortiacid.  A  unall  coramusity  (about  ijo]  in  Bombay, 
known  at  the  PtarthiH  (Pnytt)  Samaj,  was  (eunded  in  1»7 
Ihrough  Kesfauh  ChuDder'i  influcnci;  Ihey  bav«  a  timilar  creed 
to  that  nf  the  Bnhna  Samaj.  but  have  broken  lett  decisively 
■ritb  Ditbodsi  tad  aiemonial  Uinduiim. 

See  the  ■rticlBi  oa  Air*.  Sahaj,  KtsnVB  Cmnnmi  Sn>.  R*m 
KoMAH  Rov.  Alu  John  Robwi,  HinJuiim  Mid  Ckriuianily:  and 
the  Tlitiaie  Qmintrly  gttiia  (the  otgio  of  the  Society  liocc  iBSo). 

BRABBB,  JOHAiniB  (i8jj~tEg;),  Getnu  compowr,  was 
bom  in  fbmbuigoa  tbe  7lliaf  May  iSjj.  Be  wttlbe  tooola 
donbleJiais  phyei  In  the  Hambuig  dly  Ihcalie  ud  received  hii 
fini  musical  instruction  froiQ  hit  father.  After  some  Icuooi 
gam  O.  Cosael,  be  went  to  Coutl'i  matter,  Ediiard  Manuen  of 
Aluma,  wtiou  eipeiienn  and  aitiuic  taste  diRcIid  the  joune 
^tn'sgeiiitainlotliebi^ieslpatha.  A  couple  of  public  appear- . 
ancBt  as  a  pianitt  «re  hardly  an  iuMmptioa  to  the  «Mime  o( 
his  muikal  iludles,  and  theie  wen  coDtlnutd  nearly  np  to  Ihc 

the  HoDgarisB  nsIlBiai,  Remsiyi,  ioi  &  eaiiecn  Uu  Id  iSjj. 
Ai  Ctttiocei  there  ocand  a  famoM  temlnltmft  whidi  had  a 
moat  inqmrtant  though  ndlnct  '-*■-*'"  M  the  whole  allet-life 
of  tb«  yoaag  plajn.  A  puo  on  wbkh  he  «u  to  pity  the 
"  KieuDer  "  (onata  ol  Seethovai  irith  KciMDyi  Mmed  <di  to 
be  a  teaiibme  below  tbe  nQaiitd  pitch;  aod  Bahmt  plajKd  the 
part  by  bearl,  tnntpoaing  it  tiuai  A  lo  B  flat,  In  tucb  a  way  that 
the  tml  violinist,  Joachim,  who  was  present  and  diicentd 
what  the  feat  implied,  iniradDccd  himelf  to  Bnhnu,  and  Uid 
tbe  (btuidatlon  of  1  lift-long  (rieiKbhip.  Joachin  jpve  him  inlro- 
ductiooi  10  Liszt  at  Welniir  and  Id  Schumann  il  DUsseldDrl; 
tbe  (Drmet  hailed  him  for  >  time  u  a  member  of  the  ndvanud 
pany  io  music,  on  the  sireagih  oi  hs  £  Sal  miaoe  t^no.  bat 
the  ndapptdinsioa  vat  aot  of  bag 


diKlioD  to  Schuntnn  inptHed  that  miter,  bdw  drawing  ttu 
lite  liagic  close  of  hit  career,  to  write  tbe  (amous  article  "  Nene 
Bahnca,"  in  which  the  young  Beahmi  waa  prodaiiMd  10  be  the 


s  all  the  nan:  tuipritint 
he  lijl  ol  Brahnu't  wofks 
It  pianoforte  eonala,  ibe 


BcbeRD  already  laeBlIoBed,  and  Ihe  earliest  gi 

'f  works  winch  dnnr 
11  December 
I  gave  a  conceit  at  I.eipDg,asa  result  ol  which  the 
ilkopi  A  Htend  and  (^  ScnH  indertoak  to  publirii 
.  .  lions.  In  igj^  he  waa  given  Ihc  poti  of  cboir- 
directoi  and  ausic-maUer  to  the  prince  ol  Lippe-Drimold,  hut 
he  nrigned  it  afier  a  lew  years,  giring  first  lo  Hamburg,  and 
then  to  Zerieh,  wbere  he  enjoyed  the  friendship  and  aniitic 
cnantet  of  llKodoi  Kirdiner.  Tbe  unfavourable  veidict  of  the 
Leipiig  Gewudhaus  audience  upon  his  pianoforte  coacerto  in 
D  minor  op.  i;,  and  aevenl  nmsrkably  auccosful  aiificaiancaa 
in  Vienna,  where  hems  appainleddiiecloroj  Ihc  Singakadcraie 
in  lAtj,  wen  the  nWM  important  enemal  eveata  ol  Bnhint's 
life,  bat  apin  he  gave  up  the  ctmdDctonhip  after  a  few  menlha 
of  Talaahle  work,  and  for  about  three  yeaiE  had  no  find  plaqe 
of  abode.  Concert  .tours  with  Joachiin  or  Slockhausen  were 
undertaken,  and  it  waa  not  until  1S67  Ihat  he  returned  to 
Vieua.  oi  till  1871  that  he  chose  it  def  nitely  as  his  home,  hia 
longest  absence  fiiKa  Ihc  Austrian  capital  being  between 
iS;4  tad  tiji.  when  be  lived  near  Htid(lbe«.  From  ig?!  lo 
iSt4  he  conducted  tbe  oincerU  of  the  "  CescUschaft  der  Matik- 
ficunde."  but  after  the  hnet  dale  he  occupied  no  oScitl  position 
ol  any  hind.  With  the  eiceptun  of  journeys  to  Italy  fn  iIk 
spring,  or  In  Switzerland  is  the  summer,  be  rarely  left  Vienna. 
He  refined  la  come  lo  England  to  lake  the  honorary  degree  of 
UuaJ).  olfered  by  the  uaiveisily  ol  Cambndgc ;  the  university 
of  Bre^u  made  him  Ph.D.  in  i9gi ;  in  lEM  Be  waa  created  > 
knight  of  the  Prasskn  order  Ptur  tt  MfriCi,  and  In  tSS*  waa 
presented  witbtbelreedomoihisnatindty.  Ue  dial  in  Vienan 
on  tbe  ]i4  of  April  liti. 

The  woiis  of  Brahnii  may  be  lunnuiiied  u  lollowi:— - 
VariDUKoirirfciin^iliinu/fr  dunu.op.  I>,  i],  1>,  97,  99,  JO, 
37;Ieadinguptoop.4Sitl>e"  German  Requiem  "  first  performed 
at  Bremen  fai  tSM,  and  iubse<iucnily  completed  by  ■  sopraso 
■oto  with  chorus;  the  "  Triumphlied  "  in  comnemoniiion  (d 
the  Carman  victoriet  of  1S70-71;  and  tome  cbonl  songs  and 
molets,  op.  T4,  log  and  iia  Secular  dtvMi  works,  op.  iTi  41, 
41.44, 50  ("  Bjnaldo  "  fortenorulo  and  male  ch(Hr),s]("  Rh^ 
udie."  alio  solo  and  male  choir),  H  t"  SthickaaUied  "),  61,  S* 
(Schiller's  NXsie],  »ti  ("  Getang  der  Fanen  "),  u,  104,  iij. 
Caxorled  ncaJ  »rii,  op.  »,  >8,  J  I,  ]i  ("  Liebeslieder-Walier  ") 
61,(14,65  {"  Neue  Liebeilieder  "),  75,91,  loj,  ii>.  Stiottn^ 
nearly  joo.  Oidmtral  wtikt:  four  ^vphonies,  op.  iH,  7J,  go 
and  gfi^  two  serenades,  op- 11  and  16;  two  pianoforte  concenoa, 
op.  15  aod  S^.ooe  violin  concerto,  np.  T7[coacerto  for  violin  and 
violoncello,  op.  102;  variatioot  on  a  liieme  by  Haydn,  op.  i6; 
two  overtuics,  "  Acadcmisclu  Fcst^mvertlire,"  op.  So,  and 
"  Tngic  Overture,"  op.  Bi.  Ckambtr  maiit:  (wo  sealeti,  op.  lg 
and  36;  quintet,  piano  and  strings,  op.  34, strinp, op.  gg and  in, 
rlatioet  and  slringi.  op.  iij;  three  string  quartets,  op.  51  and 
67,  thm  quartets  for  inano  and  string  op.  >j,  (A  and  to. 
liire*  liicis  for  taano  and  strings,  iqi.  S,  S7  and  loi;  Uio  for 
piam,  violin  and  born,  op.  401  piano,  clatiael  aad  viokHicetlo, 
op.  tt4-  Dael  sOBalaa,  three  for  piano  and  violin,  op-  ja,  too 
and  log;  two  for  piano  and  violancelk),  op.  jS  and  w,  two  for 
piano  atid  clarinet,  op-  ito.  Piai^jarU  i^ti:  thne  wnalah 
op.  I,  9  and  5;  scherto,  op.  4:  virialiona,  op.  0,  tr,  13,  14,  jSi 

4  ballads,  op.  le;  waltiei,  op.  yt;  two  ihtpeodies,  sp.  n; 
tspiioei  end    inienaeari,   0(>.   16,    116,    t]7,    iiB  and   iig. 

5  ifaJin  ud  ji  Udrunfcm  without  opas-number.  and  a  ihtralt' 
prdudt  and  juiue  (or  organ,  beside*  loui  books  of  HiwgoFH* 
DtHos  arranged  for  pianoforte  duel. 

Bmhme  has  often  been  called  Ihe  last  of  Ihe  gnnl  dtstical 
nattcB,  la  a  wMe  widei  ihu  that  ai  bis  place  in  III*  foBg  line  «f 


■BRAHUI 


t)i«  gnnt  compoen  oF  Cermiv]'.  Tbcngb  ontj'  Ihe  moU  lupcr- 
'  flcal  obfttTVen  ccakl  deny  him  thvpotaaalon  of  <^iiali(kB  whidi 
dblinguiih  th<  muttn  of  the  ramanlic  schml,  it  ii  u  a  duHCJit 
that  he  mail  be  ranknl  among  modnm  mu&IdAniL  From  the 
beginning  of  his  arrtr  until  iti  diKe.  his  ideas  wene  rlothnl  by 
prefen;iice  in  the  lonna  which  had  lufliced  [or  Beethoven,  ind 
the  instancei  in  which  he  departed  from  umctutal  pzrcedcnt  are 
»  tBre  thai  they  might  be  disregarded,  were  they  not  of  such 
liigh  value  1)ui  they  must  be  considered  u  the  signs  of  >  logical 
devclopinent  of  musical  fonn.  and  nol  as  Indiutine  a  spirit  of 
rebellian  against  existing  (nodes  of  situct  ure.  His  practice,  more. 
frequent  in  liter  than  in  earlier  life,  of  welding  together  the 
"  worlung-oul "  and  the  "  lecapitulation  "  sections  of  his  move- 
ments in  a  closer  union  than  my  of  bis  ptedKOson  had 

nsulB  In  the  future;  and  if  the  skill  of  younger  o^ten  is  not 
adequate  to  such  a  display  of  ingenuity  u  occurs  In  the  finale  of 
the  fourth  synphony,  where  the  "  pairacaglla  "  form  has  been 
used  with  an  eflecl  that  is  slnlosl  bewildering  to  the  oidlDary 
Ibtener,  that  at  least  itands  as  a  monument  of  inventivcneBS 
finely  subonlinaled  to  the  emotloiuj  and  inlellectnni  puiporl  ol 
the  thoughts  eijiressed.  His  thcmca  are  atways  noble,  and  ewn 
froiA  the  point  of  view  of  emationil  a;4>eal  their  deep  iBBauily  of 

•wakened  (o  their  beauty,  or  have  been  at  the  paint  ta  giisp 
the  eomposei'a  characteristics  ol  utterance.  His  vocal  music, 
whether  for  one  voice  or  nuny,  is  reUarkable  lor  it*  Edelhy  to 
natural  InflmioD  and  accentuation  of  the  wonls,  sad  for  Its 
perfect  reflection  of  the  poet's  mood.  His  aonj™,  voeJ  quartets 
and  chotal  works  abound  In  paesago that  pmve  him  a  masterol 
«ltccls  of  sound;  and  throughout  hit  chAmbet  music,  in  his  ireai- 
meflt  ef  thepIafA,  of  the^nritigs,  orotf  tbcBoJo  windlmtrumenis 
lii;  tniptoy).  ther*  are  numberlJM  eiamples  which  sufSdenlly 
•hoi*  the  irrelevance  ol  •  charge  sometimes  biDUght  against  his 
mosic,  that  ft  a  defideiit  In  a  sense  of  what  is  called  "tone- 
colour."  It  ti  perfectly  true  that  the  mere  tcousiie  eScn  ol  a 
—--"—le« importance  to  him  than  ita  lahertnt  beauty, 
logical  filnest  in  a  deflnilc  icbeme  of  develop- 
that  often  in  hit  on^cstisl  music  the  casual  bsrer 
Impreaslon  of  compteiiiy  rather  than  of  desmess,' 
o  imagine  that  the"  thicknesa  "  ol  fnstnjnlieiilatf —  " 


the  I 


11  the 


._    he  finale  of  the  fi™t  symphony,  the  cl«e  of  thi 

first  movement  ol  theseoind,  what  maybe  called  the  epilogue  of 
the  third,  or  the  wholeof  the  variitiow  on  a  theme  of  Haydn,  are 
not  only  marvels  of  delicate  workmanship  In  regard  to  structure, 
but  an  instinct  with  the  sense  ol  the  peculiar  beauty  and  charac- 
teristics of  each  instrument.  "Tbt  "  Atademic  Festival  "  over- 
ture proves  Brahms  a  master  ol  musical  humour,  in  hi*  treatment 
of  the  student  songs  which  lerve  at  itt  thcaiesi  and  the  com- 
panion piece,  the  "  Tm^  "  overtuii,  reachm  1  height  ol  sub- 
limity which  Is  In  no  way  lessened  bctause  no  particular  tBgnly 
has  ever  been  named  In  conjunction  Kith  the  work. 
'  A«viIhal1ereillvelrtistlofsupKiiMrank,Iheworkof Hrihns 
took  a  coniide table  llnebefaic  it  wu*ei? generally  appiHiatcd. 
The  chwise  in  pnblie  epinlofl  li  Mtikiigly  llluttnted  bi  legard  lo 
(he  MMigl,  «4ildi.  eaee  voted  ioefkctive  and  imvoeil,  have  now 
taken  apltM  In  e*ny  eminent  >fa«n^r(peniirT.  Tlie  outline  in 
hi>  crotcr  wMki  od«  be  gntped  with  some  ikfiiiiteness  before 
the  Mpante  Idsu  ca«  be  pioperly  undctitiiod  la  their  true 
■cbUfon  la  Bch  othor.  and  nliila  it  1*  Ua 


absdhildr  BC.  whkh  Mampa  him 

•idilwct  iliKe  Bctthovto,  tha  nanaiiy  lor  Rauaiug  in  mnac 
4(eiM  <Aal  nHk>l  lom  aifBUialMBBainbMly  beat  a  bar  to 
■he  nilid  icnplante  ot  U«  gMMcr  mate  fay  tha  uiwducaied 
lawr«  ol  musk.  That  ate  of  cause  br  ^n  easily  moved  by 
«iee(t  of  coleur  ttan  by  the  subiJsr  bMotii*  otorpnii 


Irispiratisn  and  dW^etfen  olhii  ideal,  and  to  ittat  fieilMtloB'lB 
regard  to  style  and  the  approprialeneB  of  every  theme  to  the 
exaCi  emotional  suie  to  be  eipreised.  In  his  laiset  vocU  woifci 
there  are  some  which  treat  ol  emotional  condiliona  fat  lemmcd 
from  the  usual  stock  of  subjects  laken  by  the  aven^  composer; 
to  compare  the  ideas  in  the  "  German  Requiem  "  u^th  those  ol 
the  "  S(4iicksalslied  "  or  "  Ninie  "  is  to  leam  a  IcBon  in  artistk 
style  which  can  never  be  forgotten.  In  the  Sonet,  too,  it  b 
I  to  say  that  the  whole  r 


finds 


.  The  four  "  Emste  Gesinge," 
ust  be  cansidetnf  as  his  supren 
I  of  noble  thoughts  In  a  sli'l 


Biahmi 


.    The  cluHce  oi  words  I 


rof  a 


e.  but  at  least  a: 
k;  musical  world  In  German} 


It  has  been  the  mis 
that  every  prondnent  musician  Is  ranged  by  critics  and  amatcura 
in  one  of  two  hottile  camps,  and  it  was  prt>bBb1y  due  in  the  main 
to  the  misrepresenlatlana  of  the  foliowen  of  Wagner  that  the 
idea  was  so  generally  held  that  Brahms  was  a  man  of  tiamiii 
sympathies  and  hard,  not  to  say  brutal  nuurners.  Tbe  hitiei 
Impmdon  was  fostered,  no  doubt,  by  the  DBitei't  natDril 
detestation  of  the  met  hods  by  which  the  average  lionisT  seeks  to 
gain  his  object,  arui  both  alike  are  disproved  m^hc  Realirrlftwtct 
J.  V.  Widmann,  an  intimate  friend  lot  many  yean,  wh]di  ihro* 
I  new  light  on  the  master,  revealiirg  him  as  a  man  of  the  wideit 
artistic  sympathies,  neither  intolerant  ol  ei>zllcnce  in  a  line 
opposed  lo  hij  own.  nor  weakly  cnihusiaatic  over  mediocre  pro- 
ductjons  by  composer*  whose  views  were  in  complete  sympathy 
-n-ith  him.  His  admiration  fOt  Vetdi  and  Wagner  b  enoitgh  la 
show  that  the  absenDeol  any  operatic  work  from  bi>  list  ol  CDm- 
positiont  was  simply  due  to  the  diHicuhy  of  finding  a  GbreltB 
which  appealed  to  hin.  not  to  any  anugoolsm  to  the  lyric  stage 
In  its  niodeTn  developmenta.  How  far  he  itoed  from  tbe  pre- 
judices ol  the  typical  pedant  may  be  seen  in  the  paetionate  love 
he  showed  thrrHighout  his  lile  for  national  muDc,  espedaUy  that 
of  Hungary.  Not  only  were  his  amngemenIB  of  Hungariao 
dances  the  Irrst  work  by  which  hit  name  was  known  outside  his 
native  land,  but  his  first  pianoforte  qmnet,  op.  i;  in  O  BftMr, 
incurtrd  the  wrath  of  tbe  critics  of  the  time  by  its  mimductian  i4 
sonw  chamcierlstict  o!  Himgarian  misic  into  the  Gaale.  Ha 
irrangcmeni  ol  a  number  Ol  children's  tndidonal  unga  wia 
published  without  his  name,  aad  dedicated  to  the  childiBi  of 
Robert  and  Clara  Sdii 


Btohui  nibe.    Ite  oiiilB  of  iha  B 

lyitaiy.    IHdnp  Robert  Caldmll  ai  .  .... 

dire  ^en  Diavidians,  aad  ngajd  them  ai  the  wcttoa 
botdettn  of  Drairidian  Jndla.  Othem  bdieva  them .  to  be 
SeytUui,'  ud  otheri  t^ia  coBnedt  them  with.  Tklat 
'  Compare  Mountstuan  Elphinflone'I  {Ttisury  a!  IniSa.  yh  ed, 
190;,  p.  lyt)  dcscriptionof  Scylhliniwith  (Ayaique  e(  Biainv.  A 
retailenship  bctwun  the  l*ts  («■•■)  and  ihs  flialuiis  bia  been  ■<■■ 
fBiKd.  and  it  isicnerally  titM  t&M  tbe  former  wer  of  Scyihic  KocL 
The  MEnnTi,  Biun>oa  and  Zchris,  (he  thiee  larpat  Bnhui  (rib(«> 
'  '  3f  Jagdal,  u.  Jati.  by  some  oF  Ibeir  neighboun. 

>r  B  sunrrier  dknaon  at  (he  Mengaf  tribe,  beliesc 
IM  f^  ■  dbcriec  called  Zughd.  somiarWie 


BRAID— BRAIN 


39' 


MOBDlalMcnvkocntrMttledlnwnitluni'putiaf  Au.  Tb» 
ndffa  <■(  ilM  word  iudf  h  Id  doubt.  It  b  virfouly  derived 
u  1  annptian  of  the  Persian  Bo  Rehi  (Uurally  "  of  ttic  KUli  "^ ; 
tt  u  cponym  from  Braho,  olherwue  Br^n  or  IbnhiiUi  ft 
kgcndvY  beni  of  lilted  Arab  descenl  who  led  hi«  people  "  ml 
of  ibc  Hat,"  while  Dt  Gm1»v  Oppen  beliew»  ihit  ihe  nunc  f) 
ID  some  Hiy  icLited  to,  il  not  identical  with,  thai  of  the  Baluchis, 
He  nBopoKt  in  the  name  of  the  Pualas  and  Puadaa,  who 
dvell  ia  north^cuteni  Ealuchislan,  the  oiigin  of  the  modem 
BnhuL  He  giva  nuoa  lor  teturdlnt  (be  Bra  u  a  coainction 
of  Baimaod obtains*'  thus i^ Baraliui a  ruunc  whott reKmblancc 
10  thai  of  the  ancient  Baiihiu  (the  modem  Bh^m),  u  well  as  Ui 
ttut  ol  [he  Puttiu  ukt  Panvsi  and  ilKir  kindnd  the  Manlha 
Panviui  and  Dravidian  Paiheyai  of  Falaman,  fs  atrikipg." 
Tlie  BrshuH  declare  themsdvea  Co  be  the  aborigines  of  tbfl 
CDunti)'  they  now  occupy,  their  ancealora  coming  fioA  Alijipo. 
For  thia  then  seema  liltlo  foundation,  and  their  laa^uagti, 
which  has  no  affinitla  with  Penian,  iNishiuor  Baluctii,  mtHt  be, 
according  1o  the  most  eminent  vchobri,  da^acd  among  the 
Dravidiin  longues  of  soulhcm  India.  Probalily  the  Bialiuii  ue 
of  Dnvidian  itock,  a  bnoch  loot  isolated  from  their  kindred 
and  much  Ar«biacd,  fknd  thus  eahibiting  a  marked  hybridi>R>. 
Whatever  tlidr  orijpn.  the  Drahiiis  are  ' 


is  with  Mir 


Thtii 


head  b  the  khan,  who  forr 
■emi-divine,  it  being  cuati 
Salit  to  male  oSeiings  al 
TTieB    ■    ■ 


dwdl  in 


y  on  the  produc 


gaata'  hair,  black  or  ariped,  and  live 
of  their  henll.  Tliey 
(anaticaL  In  phyiique  they  are  vciy  easily  distinguished  from 
their  ncighboun.  the  Balochis  and  Paihaiu.  being  a  amalier, 
■turdier  people  with  rounder  lacea  chandcrised  by  the  fiaf, 
blunt  and  coarse  lealures  ol  the  Dravidian  races.  They  are  of 
a  dark  brown  cofour,  their  fuir  and  beards  being  often  blown  not 
black.  liKf  an  an  acltve,  hardy  race,  and  though  as  avaricious 
as  the  Pathana,  *R  more  tnutworihy  and  Ics*  turbulent.  Their 
onliDuy  driM  ii  a  tunk  or  ihici.  trousers  gathered  In  at  the 
ankka  vid  adoak  ustialiy  of  brown  fdt.  A  few  weat  turhaoa, 
but  gcnenlly  Ihrir  headgear  ia  a  njund  skullcap  with  tassel 
erbntlon.  TlctiwDmenare  not  strictly  veiled.  SaodaboFdccr 
or  goat  skin  are  worn  by  nil  dasses.  Their  wapoaa  are  rifles, 
awnik  and  ihidds.  They  do  not  UM  the  Afghan  knife  or  any 
qxara.  Soow  (ew  Brahois  are  cnligted  in  the  Bombay  Native 
Infantiy, 

See  Dr  Beflew.  tmimi'ln  EmfknUt  (Lon<!aii.  1I74} :  Cnstav  Omen, 
n.  Oriiimti  liUabilanU  ej  India  USsj);  Di  ■"— " —  ''-'- 
Enaj  n  Ikt  Bmkni  CraMmlar  [after  the  Cennai 


b  tlnit 


.iiy). 


.n  of  Dr  Tru> 


BRAID  (from  the  O.  Eng.  ttttJaii, 


movequicMy  (0  and 

,..,  _, .  __  ..,      ,.     ....  .a  plait  of  hair,  nbo  n 

plaited  tape  woven  of  wool,  alk,  gold  thread.  &c  used  for  trtm- 
ining  or  binding.  A  particular  use  ia  for  the  narrow  batids, 
bordered  with  open  work,  used  in  making  point  lace. 

■RAIDWOOD,  raOVAS  (1715-1806),  British  teacher  of  the 
deal  and  dumb,  was  boia  in  Scotland  in  171J,  and  educated 
at  Edinburgh  Univeialty,  He  became  a  adwol  Uadm,  and 
ta  176a  opoMd  ia  Edinbtirgh,  with  one  popil,  the  £nt  achlKil 
in  Great  Britain  (or  the  d«[  and  dumb,  fsDowing  the  ayatcm 
of  Di  John  Wallii,  dewihed  In  PiOaufkical  rmaiadHM 
■Bfla  in  BaiocM.aiid  Mn  or  Ifia  oocmon  Ihe  Kati  c4  the  BahiNun 

bv  Dwiia,  Ike  Aehamenbn.  for  tbdf  tn^olniE  <«  Ktla.  A 
Aa^t  M  tin  CHnaj  and  fina^y  if  tt>^fa»tei  Kiaiu  rfKtlU. 
>C.P.  Talct.    SddLanMliif  Bnhol  tribal  nane,  !•  Scythian. 


aaarly  a  hundtBl  ycua  bdom.  This  acbool  waa  the  nodcl  Set 
all  of  the  eariy  English  insliluMoH  ol  the  kind.  Dr  Johncon 
visited  it  ia  177J,  and  dcscriliei  it  aa  "  a  subject  ol  phihnaphiDU 
curioaity  .  .  ■  which  no  other  city  has  to  show,"  and  Braid- 
wood's  dozen  pupils  as  able  "  to  hear  with  the  eye."  In  tjtj 
[dwood  moved  to  Hackney,  where  he  died  on  the  34th  ol 


Octobi 


1B06. 


BRAIU  (in  Rumanian  A-oIfa,  fonneriy  iBiaiu},  the  capital 
or  the  department  ol  Biaila,  Kumaniai  situated  amid  Sat  and 
dreary  country  on  the  left  bank  oi  the  river  Danube,  about 
100  m.  from  its  toouth  at  Sulina.  Pop.  (1900)  58,391,  ioctuding 
10,811  Jews.  Southward,  the  Danube  cnctrda  a  viat  fen, 
tenanted  only  by  waterfowl  and  herds  of  half-wild  awinc,  while 
the  plain  which  extends  to  the  north-east  and  east  only  grows 
fertile  at  some  distance  Inland.  Braila  itself  Is  mainly  hullt  on 
a  bank  ri^ng  about  50  It.  above  sca.level;  but  partly  on  a  ftanow 
strip  of  groimd  which  sepamtea  this  bank  from  the  water^s  td^ 
Along  &e  crest  of  the  bank  a  public  park  Is  laid  out,  com- 
manding a  view  of  the  dcaoLiie  Dobnidja  hills,  acrou  the  river. 

On  tlie  landward  side,  Braila  has  the  shape  of  a  cresctitt, 
the  curre  of  its  outer  atreets  following  the  fine  of  the  old  fortifies' 
lions,  dismantled  In  1S19.  Few  houses,  among  the  older  lUarlet*, 
eicecd  two  aiorcyi  in  hei^t,  but  the  main  streets  are  paved, 
and  there  is  a  regular  supply  of  Eltercd  water.  Awidc avenue, 
the  5^iiila  Buliianliiliii,  divides  the  town  proper  from  the 
suburbs.    The  principal  church,  among  many,  is  the  cathedral 

St  Michael,  a  lai^,  ungainly  building  ol  grey  sandstone. 


nways  in 
ul  Sint  (Salt  Uke).  when 


.    The  ' 


ateis,  * 


._%  ol  salt,  iodine  and  aulphur,  are  among  the  strongest 
af  thcit  kindin  Europe;  and  are  of  high  repute,  being  anDially 
visited  by  more  than  a  thousand  patients.  Braila  Is  the  Mat 
of  a  chamber  of  commerce.  It  is  the  chief  port  of  entry  for 
Walachia,  and  the  headquarters  of  the  grain  trade;  for,  bcsidca 
its  advantageous  posiUon  on  the  river,  it  Is  connected  with 
the  central  Walochian  railways  by  a  line  to  Buacu,  and  with 
the  Russian  and  Muldavien  systems  by  a  line  to  Calata.  Quays, 
whereship»drawing  15  ft.  of  water  (an  discharge,  tine  the  rival 
front;  and  there  are  targe  docks,  grain  elevatora  and  iratt- 
houses,  beiddes  paper  mills,  roperic*,  and  soap  and  csndle  works. 
Over  10  steamers,  maintained  by  the  state,  ply  between  BiaOa 
and  Rotterdam.  Among  the  vessels  of  all  nations,  the  British 
are  first  tn  aumbers  and  tonnage,  the  Greek  second.  Grain 
and  limber  form  the  chief  artidcs  of  eaport;  textiles,  maditDery, 
iron  goDda  and  coal  being  most  laig^y  imported. 

Many  events  connected  with  (he  history  of  Walachia  look 
place  in  the  noghbourhood  of  Braila.  In  1475  Staphot  tha 
Great,  having  detluoncd  Ihe  volvode  Radu,  burned  the  town.  . 
In  1J73  another  Moldavian  prince  took  the  city  by  storm,  and 
maaaacred  the  Turkish  garrison.  In  1659  it  waa  again  burned 
by  the  Walachian  prince  Mlrcca,  and  for  the  tkne  tfie  Turka 
were  eipcUed,  but  afterwards  returnod.  In  the  latter  part  of  the 
iSth  century  Braila  was  several  limes  captured  by  the  Rusuans, 
and  in  ij7oit  was  burned.  By  the  peace  of  Bucharest  (iSii) 
the  Turks  retained  the  right  <rf  garrisoning  Braila.  In  -i£sS  it 
was  gallantly  defended  by  Soliman  Pasha',  who.  after  holding  out 
fionl  Ihe  middle  of  May  until  the  end  of  June,  was  allowed  tq 
march  out  with  the  honours  of  war.  At  the  peace  of  Adriaaopte ' 
(1S19]  the  place  was  definitdy  assigned  to  Walachia;  bul' 
before  ^ng  it  up,  the  grand-duka  MidiacI  of  KuBaia  raaed  the 
citadel,  and  tn  this  ruinous  condition  it  wai  handed  aver  to  the 
Walachians.  Braila  was  the  spot  chosen  by  the  Rus^an  general. 
Gerchakov  for  erasing  the  Danube  with  bis  division  in  1854.' 
On  the  banks  of  the  Danube,  a  little  above  Ihe  city,  aee  some 
remains  of  the  piles  of  a  bridge  said  by  a  very  doabtful  tiadllion 
to  have  been  built  by  Darius  (c.  joo  B.C.). 

BBAIN  (A.S.  braitn),  that  part  of  Ihc  centiat  oervun  xyslcm 
which  b  vertebrate  animals  is  contained  within  tlK  craorum' 
or  skull;  it  is  divided  hito  the  grut  brain  or  cerebnim,  the 
hind  brun  or  cerebellum,  and  the  medtilta  oblongata,  which  ii 
the  trauitional  pa<l  between  the  winal  i»id  and  the  otliei 


39S 


ly  with  the  brain  id 


he  bnin  and  lie  belwo 


$^.  Superior  longiiudiul 

£  <kd|iil»l'2n!u».'  "  "■■ 
fi'.Tsnullr  KenphilL 


■tnulurlly.     Fror 


jm.  II  (on 
iHllhcineii 

Boflbeuu 
'yudyoul 
r  wd  the 


xl  Cnaial  Siniui 


13.  Ophlhalinic  vdB,  [nu   ig, 

the  eyeball. 

14.  Crim  galll  of  ethnuid  bone. 
the  linn  of  the  iulinn  and  to  Ihc 

bi,  therefore,  for  these  b«i«  an 
ihoTbor 


iDlbe. 


ijiduP^ 


the  adhoioi 


■lupni 


J ,-,  ,-.,- — rily,  ami  lonn  urtiii 

ia  of  Ibe  ubfUvuisH  d  the  brain.  A  wnnl  toi 
buid.  iumed.  Iron  Its  iiicUe  ■hapG»/a'x  ttrtbri,  c 
iwo  hemliphern  c'  the  cerebrum.  A  smaller  aid 
1  maiil  band,  ihe/uli  uriMlt.  ituched  to  the  Inlet 
paHeabecimn  the  twobemiiphemol  thecerebdli 
t  mna  archea  lorwanl  in  the  boci»ncn]  plana  "'  **'■  '*-' 

iia  Iranavana  (roovc  in  tbc  occipiud  bona  1. 

ice  of  the  aphanoid,  and  ti  attached  laterally  to  the  upper 
of  the  petroua  part  of  each  temporal  bone.  Ilaej"""""  """" 
jm  fnoi  the  ceiabeHam,  and.  am  '   ' 


z^^ 


id  liiiaie]  ol  the  dura  oiiiat.  ana  hkv 
the  inner  aurfaea  ol  Iha  alrull  rElenrd  to 
k  Openlrw  into  Ibcaa  lir 


vtich  convey  irsm  the  brain  tht  blood  that  haa  baaa 
thmigh  it;    and  two  ol  thcae  Hnnaca,  callerl  rar^rmaut 
■t  ihe  iidea  ol  Iha  body  ot  tbc  iphenatd  bone,  g 
Winaf  rem  Iha  ayeba1i>  dtiiated  in  the  orbital  1 
.1 til..  i»„  beloR  backward!: 


Ia<h:ed  in  the 

-.  ,.'ich''i!£ 
t  opblhalmie 
TtnaUaxI 

aloiis  Ilia  vppcr  border  of  the  (aU  cerebri  aa  far  aa  the  inleraal  occi- 
pilaTpnilubFrance;  an  ajirier  Itntilfiitat  along  in  lower  border 
aa  lar  aa  the  lenlmiuia.  whcie  it  joini  Ihc  lOatiU  ituni,  which 
paaoa  back  aa  lar  a>  the  ume  -pnTtubcnnre.  One  or  two  amall 
anifKil  naaau.  which  lie  in  the  fab  cenbcUi.  abo  pa_  is  join  ihc 
atrnffhtandlHIcitiidioalainuaaioppoaitathla protuberance;  werat 
currtnti  of  blood  nnet,  Ibcrc^jrc.  at  thia  apoti  and  aa  KerDphilut 
auppoaed  that  a  aort  of  whirltiool  waa  lormcd  in  (ha  blood,  the  lume 
. ...  «_->.....  ._.  . —  .._.. ,f„  meeting  o(  the» 

and  downward  to  the 

rdt  atona  the  upoar  aiid 
Bnponlbaaa.    Thadura 


ainuaea.  Ftoni  the  tomlar  tl 


KTS 


rmbrane,  aiKl  when 


. jV^tf!bm- 

■tfDtH  aaaaanruifc    Tbe  dam  maicr  ia  wcU  provided  with  lympli 

veiaela.  which  in  ail  probability  oiicn  by  aJDCuala  oa  the  fi--   

Biirfacc     BctnveB    iba  dura   mater  and  the  aubjaccnl  ai 


ned  miooacooicafiy 
Mialcifla.    Hence 


anaapeadlai  amoolb  aotcr  aurfaa  of  IlH 
aa  aqidvalent  to  tin  cavity  tt  a  asom  a 

ArvkMoid  UaUr, — The  arachnoid  is  a  membraiie  of  areat  delicacy 
and  trafupaimcy.  which  looaely  envelopa  both  the  hraui  and  apinsd 
cord.  It  Ft  acporated  fnsm  Iheae  or^na  by  the  pia  mater;  but 
between  it  and  the  Latter  iQembnr>e  ia  a  dmlAct  apace,  called  nfr- 
araeknoid.  Tbe  ubanchnoid  apace  ia  inore  diatiDclly  maH^ 
beneath  the  apinal  Iban  beneath  the  cerebral  parts  of  the  meinbiaDc, 

the  bam  id  the  brain,  and  oppoaitc  (he  fiaaurea  between  the  oeavoh^ 
liana  of  ibecefebmm,  the  interval  between  thaaradiasid  and  the  cia 
mater  ^.  however,  alwayabc  ■een.lor  the  arachnoid  doeanol.hlea 
the  pia_  mater,  cloibe  tbc  lidea  of  the  baaurei.  but  paiaea  directly 

aiadinold  ipacc  ia  aubdivided  into  aumeinua  liedy-cooininwatiiv 
locidt  by  bundlea  of  deliaic  areolar  tHoe,  which  bandtra  are  !i^ 
vealed,  aa  Kay  and  ReciiiiB  have  ibmn,  by  a  lay 
endotbeliiiin.  Theipac«conlainsalim]Hdcerebm-«p 
varies  in  quantity  from  3  drachma  (o  a  at.,  and  u 
in  (he  dilautioiia  at  tbe  bate  of  the  Ijraia  Jmown  1 
•hmiM  be  clearly  undantood  that  tbaza  ia  BDCDmoimnliDn  betwaan 
..J — ■  __j  _....  ___.._^  ajacea,  but  that  tbe  laHB  cob- 
through  oaanlB(a  in  Ihe  ml  ol  the 
annua  ol  tba  latanl  vantiiclea. 

dnatara  ol  Eniudai  bodiea  cr* 


(  pkntilul 


"•S 


obaervattona  of 


tbe  Paakifiam  had, 

mater  (bey  are  found  to  apfina  fn 
, .  ■__.., J  aaaijirbi 


pjeitioa.     Sornettmea  the  Pacchlotuan 
tccawning  ahaorptioD  of  tbe  boths  of  tbtt 
o  on  the  upper  aurfaa  of  (he  brain. 
rie  doaefy  invealB  Ihe  whde  Dnreraurfactt 


iw  of  tbc  t^cdidla.  Fona  a^  MeeaneaphafaB 


email  branchei  before  Ibey  peMcrale  Ihe  nervoui  Kibsranct.  and  in 
which  ihe  vein  conveyinr  t  he  Mood  irom  (be  nerve  centrea  lie  before 
they  open  into  Ihe  MMtTainuan  of  Ihe  cranial  dun  mato  anrl  thv 


■OtU^MlbUMmBU 


out.  Illiabillterilori. 
■ndakfllullbyiballow. ,-- 

•UdnalRr.    Ncitt(i,uid.p>nlkfi 


cm  tilt  buI-ocdploL  ItWMiwwIui  I  vlikli 
loag,  Add  1  in.  btoftd  '-  '"-  --'-■-—  '  '-—»■  — 
LB  djvided  into  a  nhx 


BRAIN  393 

It  titt  BiWBiM  or  MM  tract,  da  4«a«ulMi  ol 
MBL  AiUadlkwbilMiiiBUfiltcani-omnct, 

, .. dMii^Ufd  m  Utth  telnr  iba  poiii  of  iiftkHi,  wMh 

witkM  I  Urtbcr  bvk  ULU  it  the  poiKnor  loogitudiiBl  bundk  whkh  ii  comiiig 


thtiat 


pCice  of  conriouity  it  markHJ  by  th«  uihiev  ktw 

fiuun  o£  three  or  four  bonoM  tA  nerve  ftbfO,  ^ 

[oiii  each  batt  oT  the  cord  (o  the  oppoeite  anterior  ^ 

lyraoiidi  Ihii  croaini  i>  called  the  ^nuslimi  iif  IjW  j, 

'ynmidi^    Tolheiideof  thflpynmud.andiepvated 


Dv^-atuped  tiaary  body, 
in  the  kinr  half  01  the 
umed  (Tom  beioR  bac 
Rulaiia,  the  /utcii/iu  » 
{rsiilii  (»  if.  i).    The 

When  ih  foinh  vtnlrick 
rorm  the  [ower  limit  of  th 
and  an  iluhtly  iwollen  to 

ceiebellum  u  the  miTori 
bellaF  peduaclei.  but  icall 
■lifht,  u  the  nilifocin  bo 


cod  it  elevated  into  the  pt 


liid  the  luniaiu  af 
Uhi  and  ihe  luniadui 
wo  Jwtiatti  pac^u  of 

RAchad  they  diverge  to 
diamobd-ahaped  uca 


belov  the  olivxry  bodiei.  Tin  upper  pan  oi  the  (ounh  ^ 

vcDlricle  n  botindid    by    (he    lupeiioc  cenbeUar 

pedundea  which  met  luM  beloie  the  inferiOT  quadri- 

Eiiaalbodieaare  leached.  ^RKhiniacrottbelweea 
la  18  the  HpeHor  medullary  velum  or  valve  ol 
Vieoiiaii,  iormiiB  the  Hnier  pan  <■(  the  loof,  while 
•tlun  [dma  the  lower  pan.  and  hu  an  opening  called  ' 
of  Majeodle,  through  i^ich  the  mb-vBchnind  ap 


with  liie  vcBIrlcle.    The  floor  (i 


and  inferior  Jana,  iVm  uEaJfisiKe  <A  which  wUI  be  IKPticed  fn  the 
drvdopmeqt  ol  the  rhombcncephalDn.   Runninf  horilDOlAlly  acrofe 


of  the  fourth  vcotrkbe  ia  ol  apodal 


I  apa  at  the  fourth  wncrkle  Ihne  impnrDnl  bundtem  of 
cut  doH  ta  iba  odd  hM  n  aacb  lida  (at  tf-  4).    The 


■urfan  BuliinB  of  which  In 


he  cord.    Ehteroal  to  and 
■Mm  of  [he  olivary  nucleus 


arTugeaieDt.  The  pcaterior  comua  an  I 
da  th*  tnrfan.  lone  Ihdr  pointed  form,  aad  dt 
■aned  the  (rey  tuberdea  ol  Roliads.    ~ 


"fK 


In  the 
that  of 

ThiiS* 


ihtt.aaL.Cktlie 


ind  dilaleBinto  the  orvltv  of  the  fourth  venlrii 

.  .beinieriarofthe medulla apfxariitbcrefoie. 

olEbe  ventricle  and  la  continooui  with  the  ffny  matter  n 

the  antral  canal  ol  the  cord.    Thit  jrey  matter  (orm  coOectli 
ol  nim  cella.  which  are  the  centna  ol  orfgin  of  aevetal  crai 

nrnieL    Cmiiine  the  anterior  turface  of  the  meduHa  oblonfi 

e  pojia.  in  the  maiority  of  nammab  it  a  tran^ 
fibro  fomini  tha  IraMi ' 
-     ran  derKclk  then 
n  ia  concealed  by  tl 

ercJiheiupFriarElivecMbeteen.    Then 

le  from  the  cachlarnucleiiiof  the  aadiiaty 
latenl  Bllet. 

tioci  l>  cvbndal  in  fonn  (m  fii.  1):  ita 
ntbedonum  tdlat  ofthe  iphenoldi  and  1* 

tl  of  the  medulU  oblongata;  at  iti 
Hipeiior  eurlace  are  the  two  crtitm  cerebri;  each  lateral  nirface  ■ 
in  relation  to  a  bcnijHibeR  of  the  cerebellnn.  and  a  peduncle  paieea 
((OB  the  pout  bito  ibe  bilerlor  ol  each  bemiiphere:   the  poaterjor 

— . —  • I .1 portion  ol  the  floor  ol  the  lourth 

n  whh  the  corpora  quadHavmhia. 
i  grey  matter:  the  nerve  nbret  ol 
lie  luhaani*  ol  the  poni.  In  ehber 
irction.  The  tranavene  hbne  to 
idlum  to  that  of  the  oppoeite  aide: 


mtridcaBd  ia  pan  i> 
Tbe  poaacButauol  < 
le  wUu  malls  naai  tl 


■  fibrea.  whihlothen 


asd  fonaeil  Uhe  It  by  i 


roEK; 

Htfatdue. 


39*  BRAIN  IMIATOMY 

(f  put  of  tb*  faoRh  I  Isbtt,  of  vhlch  the  bob  laponiit  in  tht  amjtt*^  <"  Itufl.  vbkb 


ricit  tlv  bipertdftt  iimonvna  £btB  twe  tttn  nan  tintiiarlr:  I  formi  the  Lilenl  boundary  of  tbe  ad ,_. 

cone  Ibt  ■mivtor  pynmaikil  Bbm,  ihvn  dw  dctp  tnaavenc  |  the  JUcadu,   whkik  b  liluamJ  immRlutFl: 


v«rmifonn  pnna  is  Aubdlvidcd  into  ft 
poileriorpBn  or  ^jtdmjd;  an  elcvaiioa 
or  fttd/o,  akuiiH  bervren  the  two 
toiuUi;  and  an  adjnior  poiniad  procna 
«  luiiit:    SiRirhiiii  bcinrn  IM  Imo 

ihajKd  pliu  'a(  iwrl^on  'n^'tttr.'alltd 
[SSHSJ         tl"  iofenor  midiMary  nlnm. 
pj^f  The  whole  ouiEr  aurfact  of  the  tere- 

iBiriVIIIJ      divlihHi  Ibib  miiltiiudn  at  thin  plale* 

or  lamellae  by  numeroui  fiiniro.    The 

pj^^^^"     cvrebeQufli  eoniiita  of  both  pvy  and 


rthen  bprui  throiish  4  ^ttle  to  the  outer 
■ideaf  (be  median  lobe,  a  iigiHinan|e- 
neni  of  |rey  maticr.  ^mitar  in  appear- 

olivary  body  In  the  medulla  oblaniala, 
Hh  and  kjuwn  u  the  orfMi  iiwUUm  c)  Ibe 

Miebelluifl,  i>  Ken;  it  Hea  In  the  nidat 
of  [be  white  core  of  the  bemiapheTe.  ifid 
encloaea  while  fibm.  whirh  feave  the 

TMiCiuhdiin.  .       "rV  ,  __    ,.     „  _       ,  loiH*  aide.    On  thi  mnial  itdt  tf  ihli 

Fic  J,— Seclioo  uniiiih  tbc  Lower  Fart  of  the  Kuiua  Pgni  Vbr>Iii  inmediauly  above         nrtui  dniaimm  lie  ihm  fmintr  nuclei. 
Ibe  Medulla.  ThewhinnuiirriifWieabvademtnlhe 

Bonline  Sbrea,  Ihen  Ibe  fillet,  nhile  noM  poiteriDrly  and  cloie  <□  ihi 
Boor  of  Ihe  iDunh  veotride  the  pofteiur  Iqaritudinal  bvndle  i 
aetn  {«  £(.  S). 
The  irey  mailer  ol  Iho  pont  la  icattered  IrregulaTly  ihniirii  in    grey  natter  oft  hetanti 

of  the  KipciGcia]  inoavetie  it 
Tb  Ctnhll*m. 
Tbe  CaAiUum.  I 


'C 


^be^  and  of  a  median  or  central  lobe. 

vcnnil.     ft  it  connfctnl  below  with  ci 
the ,  medulla   obloo^u   by   ibe   Iwo 

ftdmwdetM  and  above  with  the  corpora 
^uadrifemipa  of  the  cerebrum  by  two 

itoHUt'.     whilst  ibc  two  hemiBphcrea 

vanelibrcaof  iSe  poba,  which  form  the 
■■Ulr^MK^iioribccerebellum.  Ob 

oanbellum  tbe  median  or  vemuEorn 

inTedor  or  occipital  turfac*  Ihii  loba 
rocma  a  wcUHlcliiied  proccM.  which  lit* 
at  the  botloiB  of  ■  deep  foaaa  or  anf. 
lacate;  thia  foaaa  il  prolonged  19  1h* 
poaierior   border   of   the   cenfailUim, 

onbtUi   <•'  bdied.     EiiimUn^ 

■antally  backwanh  fiCHn  the  middle  cecebdlarpeduack.  alonf  Ibe  I  my  matter  of  Iba  corput  dental um.  The  aBperior  peduoclM  whic 
outer  border  irf  each  beniaphcraia  the  (naJ  jkonuiiIalJUiiirr,  wkicb  deaccnd  inan  the  nrpora  qaadtiBemina  ol  the  ceiebrum,  fan 
divide!  the  hamiubere  into  iu  leoiorial  and  oinpital  aurfacee.  csnneiuonimainly  wiiKihecorpuadenulum.  The  middle  pedunck 
E*Eba(  tko*  HufaoB  ia  ««aui  Hbdividoi  by  bauia  laio  (bhUcc    lom  a  tai^  pr^wtloB  of  ihe  white  oxft  aad  ibeii  ibia  lanniaM 


AMATOUVI  BfiAB)? 

in  the  mr  «(!«<#  iWUbwdwtai  of  tktkMbalmf.    It     The  bm  [nimie  nil)  in  i 
Iu4  been  aouccd  lut  Iboaa  fihn>*kuu*  knveil  ia  utpotv  go    penaaMOg  irtll  inio  tbe  i 

!  of  tbe  cenbeOum     lyviem  Ihrwigh  1M  cniire 


J95 


a  gTDUJldlvO 


•m  (flH  6|-  7)  CNuivU  of  n  tbl*  Uw  ti  pty  marfrUL 
Mtflrcfi*l0t  HTwlHt  vMrring  thicliiKvovcrlhfi  wliol« 
'  'c  bminH  al  llw  omn.  When  cuaiiotd 
und  to  be  ntdc  ap  dT  two  layen.  an  oatcr 
iBDCr  "fnBular"  iKycr.  Forming  ■  liiyn' 
lyiiw  al  (he  juactjon  of  4bw  tvo  «  ■  number  of  celli,  ihf  alit 
i  Puikajt^  wlikh  CDUticiiIe  Ika  nott  Itinclerinic  lulun  of  the 
onbeUum.  The  bsdis  uf  tl««  odU  *n  par-ihaped.  Thdcliuier 
end*  taper  and  KoAtiyend  jtt  a  Mwe&bn  which  nay  be  trued  inla 
the  while  ccfltfv.  !■  thinreourKtkrvOflhLJiegnnuleU)«rtbeyBive 
OB  1  nunbtr  of  bnnchiiaE  callatet>l&  lanr  turiuTif  back  and  paiagg 
hnweenibeolkalPmJniiiriDtDlbcBwIiculai  layer.  Their  inner 
— ^ ■-—  = ' t  ixnciwi  wfuch 

(■  of  thie  dendnjci 


dendniii  lo  tb*  nutccidar  hycr.    Tba  bnachinp 


HClioa  llnuEb  a  Cerebellar  Folus  (ittv 
.    Treated  by  the  Cd\v  method.  -  ! 

Pucldnie.         CR'.  Axonnl  pimule  cellt  in 

m  wtiiie  core  Irwnwidy. 


Bnull 

L  Cniiiil 

o  highly 


•Irictcd  to  a  liinle  | 
Deighbourinc  cclu  ar 

the  molecular  layer  a 


iBt  tbfv  are  •pprmimalely  ri-- 
ipalicr  Iruii  tree,  and  thou  tor 
one  another  and  at  right  inglee 
urn  ID  wbicb  ^y  baong.  In 
;pe»  of  celU.    Tlie  moil  aliiind- 

..,1  ..I  ...r  -j-^r-,^  w~ .ich  •«  diKfibuted  Ihitiugh  the 

whole  thicline«  of  the  lew.  Thev  btvt  a  rounded  body  (irtag 
ofl  nuuiv  bnnching  deitilron  to  lUir  immediate  neighbourhotd 
and  one1o«  neaninn  which  tun*  parallel  to  the  surface  audio  IlK 
long  axil  01  tbe  iamina,  Ii  ^ 
nlhterab  which  tun  downw 
Tbeir  terminal  branchings  lo 
collalenli  form  tbe  buket-wc 
Tlie  granoiar  layvr  la  fomi 


ec  with  limilar  terminila  of  olhei 
round  Iha  bodice  DfthcKCelli. 
•t  termed  the  run-cokiiited  Uyrt 


ner  gre'  the  m 
dcite*  with  cli     .... 
ma.   Thb  miti  upward  to 


I.  Tbt  bntKhet  n 


111  of  fibrili  tlieic  ar 


nular  layer.    There 

The  fibm  of  the  while  central  nutter  are  partly  cenrrifuEal,  (he 
Reunion!  of  Ibe  crUi  ol  Purkinie.  and  panhr  centripetal.  The 
ponlion  Dt  the  cell!  of  IheK  hitler  librei  i>  not  known.  The  Uwta 
give  rlK  to  an  nbundnnt  pleaui  of  MrOi  in  tbe  granubr  byer.  and 
many  reaching  into  tbe  molKvlar  layer  nmily  there,  evpecialty  in 

the  Immediate  neighbourhood  o(  the  dr"-"- '  "— ^■---■-  -"- 

From  the  appeannce  of  tli-"-  -' ' 

called  moiifibrf. 

c^  the  mnlulta  obkmgaia.    lli  ihipebLfceaB  heiaklic  loienge.    lt> 

medulla  oblongata  and  poni,  already  dcKTibed  {lee  figt.  x  and  6) ; 
iu  roof  partly  by  the  Inferior  vermia  of  the  cerebellum,  the  naduU 
of  which  project)  inta  iti  caylly.  and  partly  by  ■  Ihin  iayer,  called 

bonndario  by  the  diveigent  davae  and  teKilorm  bodiea;  ill  upper 
lateral  boundarin  by  the  luperior  pedunclea  of  the  cerebellum. 
Tbe  iiftnor  mtdmUory  hJimi,  a  rrAeciion  of  Ibe  pla  raaler  and  epi- 
Ihelium  from  the  back  ol  the  medulla  to  Ihe  infrtior  vecmii,  doK* 
it  in  below.  Abcm,  it  commnnicaln  with  the  ajsediKf  >/  Jjifnul. 
which  b  tunncUed  below  ibemibatmce  of  ihecerpon  qaaibigemina. 

below  in  a  pen-shaped  form,  the  nulled  ufdntniKrififsruu.  Silu- 

depoaiu  of  gnjy  matlei  deacribed  in  connndon  with  Iho  medulla 
oblongata,  fu  epiihdial  lining  ii  coniinuoua  with  that  of  Ibe  ccatral 

TU  Ctriimm. 
le  Cerrtnui  or  Cibat 

■«  largHt  di. 
■omylalnd.-    . 
ly  tbe  Coavc^lton^  the  corwm  atriala,  and  the  oplic 

,  _..itopc<I  in  the  anlerior  cerebnl  vwcle,  but  alio  the 

'cwpon  qu»driBe»iina  aM  crura  ottM  developed  in  the  nie^it- 
cepiulon or  inMdl*oerebcal  vealele.  Thectrttmm  iiovairiinihape. 
and  present*  •uperfody,  antcriofly  and  poMerloTly  ■  deep  nrnfiin 
loKriiiMnl  fltHin,  which  nAdlnde*  It  IMO  two  hemiiphem. 
InferioHy  there  ia  a  eoMlnuily  of  alnictote  between  the  two  heml- 
iphem  tieetm  tbe  mnial  plane,  and  U  the  nni  hemlipbem  be  drawn 
J^.wArt  hv  nneninn  out  (he  londiudinal  Kmrrr.  a  broad  white  band, 
paning 


"'rfi^"™h'l 
^berf  itrestic 


pwaid  (lee  fe.  J).  W 
IF  white  band,  the  0^ 


Wihe  ia/an'^V'HprojecisIo  join  the  ^uflar>t«dy.    Immedlatdy 

of  the  liird  venuide;  and  between  iKe  optic  tomrelMure  and  ih< 
inner  end  of  each  Sylvian  fisiure  il  a  grey  ipol  perforated  by  amall 
arieriet,  the  JoOU  ptrjonitui  IWfimJ,  .  ,  , 

1<  a  transvene  aection  ii  nude  al  right  angle)  to  the  luiface  of 
ITM!  eraia  cerebri  il  wiU  pa«  right  through  ihe  meaenccpbaloo  and 
come  out  on  the  donal  nde  through  the  corpora  quadngemiaa  dee 
ti  S)  Tbe  ventral  pan  of  each  ciui  forma  the  cniita.  which  11  the 
coniln'iiition  foiwarJof  the  anterior  pvtamidaJ  Sbtea.of  Ihe  medulla 
and  imia.  and  ia  the  great  motor  path  from  tbe  brain  to  ih*  cord. 
Dosl  10  thii  ia  a  layer  of  pigmented  grey  matter,  called  Ihe  int- 
Hinrt,  aj_g  and  dortal  10  thu  again  ii  the  tegmentum,  which  1*  & 
ooatinuutDa  upward  of  tbe  Eormatio  reticularia  of  tbe  medulla. 

. _1 !.L  :..  1.11 —  ^  Ihe  oi^oiile  xde  1 


rr3l?^Vt5^n'X^^l'S^S^!!«ii'and'Vl^"flit"^^^^^ 
fiw  i»^,  iacilled  the  rod  nucleui.  More  dor»lly  ilill  the  «clioB 
■rill  pM  through  tbe  Sylvian.aqueduct  or  pa«age  from  the  "hird  to 


inded  by  ■  maaa  of  grey  mj 
nuclei  oi  tbe  Ihird  and  10 


39li  BRAIN 


lANATOMY 

(A)uH]mnpon1,  The Inmul lobe 
H  Itvip  (he  panetAl  by  Ihe  fianrw 

i6a.  9,  r>  vhidi  eneoda  ott  the 
1^  tbe  bflniipheR  tfrom  the 

'    '  oUtquely    downmrd 

.  ..uu.  ..«  hinder  tod  of  Ibe 
u  ihe  ftritu^xrifiUit  fitan, 

:._    ..    .i_    loniiiudinai 


;    It  KpirKn  ib(  pirinil  iiid 

.ifca  ~riii>p«n-SA*n»i£  £«it  pmtnli 
a  tb«  oner  «uiijm  of  (he  herrftphen 
line  eoiivDluE[aiiB,  nmnird  in  [»n1kJhcrfl 

■tddli  Bd  «i/(ntr  'iwfvrsJ  (yri.  The 
finon  vkich  Npusia  tt«  npetioi  and 

wto        middle  U  (hne  anvalsiiDni  i>  oIIrI  Ibe 

i-*-^  MrolM  A,,.™  (*,,  g,  P).  Tbe  Oco>W 
LlM  itK  coBdUi  fmnl  abon  downnrdl 
ol  Ihrre  utnllel  gyri,  lunvd  suptritr, 
miiiU  aiti  i^ftrier  oidpilal.  The  tttnia 
Late  a  more  complri;      ionwdiitely  in 

*  Iroat  of  the  faaan  of  Rolando,  aad  lonskis 

Indeed  lu  imoiar  boundary,  b  a  convohi' 

MH  tion  named  aHvndw^ffiAuorin-cenml, 
whkh   aiceadi   oUiqiiely    backnard   and 

n, upVBjd  fmn  the  Sylvian  lelheloA^tudioal 

uiuiT-  Spriniing  from  tbc  front  gl  thia 
gyrn.  and  panlitf  fonvanl  to  the  anternr 
wd  of  Ihecetebnioi,  an  thm  lyri.uiuged 


onullobe.  ThcFarKUl 


Flo.  8.— TnnmneSecIHaIhrDU|fatbeHuinanHe(elMxf>faakHiatthetevdo(Ihe         (vri.  i 

nipeiior  Quadritemiul  Body.  r^b*^ 

The  thkd  nervE  it  nrn  tt  the  level  of  the  lupsior  mpui  [  (ynim.  Damcd  aicf^ivt  parittat  or  poet^cercra].  a«ndi  paraHel 

« _ _...! 1  _^_:_  -(itouji,  the  red    to  and  inunodiilclv  heliitid  the  fiuore  ol  Rolando.  Spilii(iaE  liom 

lUed  Uw  ock/a-    the  upper  cod  ol  ine  bech  of  thii  Eynu  ii  the  iiipra'piriew  lobiile, 

,---.,. , f_^.^„.  ».__„  {be  CTuftta  and    which,  fonuinf  (be  bcvndary  of  the  lonsitudiiul  Aiaure, extendi n 

IIUBL     Oonal  to  (he  Sylvuo  aqueduct  Ii  I  layer  railed  Ibe     fir  luck  at  the  paricto-ocdpital  liauie;    iprir^li  Imm  the  lower 
_ .^_._._.  ..d  ^  ,),ii  the  corpanouadriKeiniDa  sal-  I  end  nl  the  bick  of  (liii  (ynia  i>  the  inpra-tma^iud,  which  (onnt  the 


jajauM  (U^rMiiaa  »nd  on  thii  the  coipiin  quadriiemiiia  re 
The  Mperwr  pair  of  tbew  bodiei  »  o^^ri^pped 
by  the  pueal^y  and  ietin  pin  of  (be  low^r 


opue  tnct.  Ibe  birtir  v 

nutac*  of  Iha  occipital „ _.,.»  ». 

Ibe  Ihird  ot  oculo-nxitoc  neive  a>  well  »  to  lb* 
■dhIbI  and  launl  fillet.  The  inferior  pair  at 
quadriiemina]  bodici  ate  oute  ckncly  in  touch 
viUi  the  omu  oJ  hcaringr  and  ate  connected  by 
the  ,latenl  fillet  with  the  coehletr  nucleui  of  lbs 

Surfact  «/  lie  Brai*. 
The  peripheral  part  ol  each  hcniiipben.  which 

folded  appentanoe,  known  ai  gyti  {or  convolu- 
lloni)  of  the  cerebruin,  Theie  ayii  ate  lepaTaiFd 
from  each  other  by  fin*,a  and  jnki,  »ine  oF 
whkh  are  cooaldercd  to  subdivide  the  hemlephen 
into  lohca,  whilat  othen  leparate  the  gyri  in 
each  kbe  Irani  each  otber.  In  each  bcniiiphen 
of  the  human  brain  Sve  tobea  an  recocniied:  the 
teinporo4phenofdal.  frontal,  parHtal,  occipital, 
and  the  centnl  Ipbe  ot  Iilind  of  Keil^i  ihould. 

eiacdy  eorreipond  to  the  outMnei  of  '1^  ywai^m 
alter  which  they  are  named.     Fawing 


Q.  9-— Gyri  and  Sulci,  o«  the  outer  unficeof  the  Cerebral  Hemiipben. 


upward  ..id  bikwirdTi.  iti  «ii  ™rfaS  i*;,,;  ""■  »--^l"'  ""■  ™"-  *  »e  '»«««m.ce«  tne  Lenwai  n, 

^ve  (A|.  9,  J),  which  lilbefirat  id  appear  m  the  P,     Sulciu  frontali*  Htperior.  p.cJ,5uperwpraecen(ral 

development  of  the  hemivhere.  Below  it  Ilea  the  A     Solcua  ItoAlalii  ialtiior.  r,    Fiiurc  of  Rolnido. 

temporo-tphenoidal  lobe,  and  above  and  in  Iront  of  /.■•.  Sulou*  (ronlalii  DcdiBi.  (j."  -  -' 

it.  the  parietal  and  fronul  lobe*.    Aa  loon  aa  rt  »J<i,-Siilaia  pnwnedUia.  (.i. 

appeati  «i  the  external  aurfice  of  the  brain  the  A,     Pan  ba^ria  3,    : 


..  jT  hori-  B,  Pamriaiicularia.  ',  Superior    (eiDponl    aatciH     fwrtllrl 

nlalM.lscendini  W.andpauerlorhDriiontal  C  hnotbitalU.  f.  tiiferisc  temponlaulcua.          Uulw). 

').  the  latter  being  by  lirihelongeal.  The  piece  3.  Sylvian  fiai —  " '     "  "-'-^ ' -•— 

'  """  "  're  Sylvian  point  and  j;,  Anterior   1 


longnl.  The  place  3,  Sylvian  fiiauie.  IfiHim).  j 

_    -  Sylvian  point  and  J^  Anterior   boriiontal   lunb    (Sylvian  j.  , r— —  r— —— 

p(cr<on  on  the  autface  ol  the  i*,  Aaciodini  limb  (%lviin  fiiauFc).  f.  Rainuu  borUanlalia. 

—    "-iptrfidal  and  rfrfitifc),  i*,  nMeiior   boriienul    liiub  (Sylvian  p*.  Ramus  ocdpitalia. 

^nEa   txm 


.0 1,  Sulcua  ocapitalii 

'-  '-I,Sulcw   ocdpil 

_      eulm  hinatua^si  EUiM  Salth). 

ft™"  trfangS^j^^ 


BRAIN 


397 


Fkl  la-^Mbal  toHact  oi  iIm  Mt  i^  Bnhlcw  r 
fannul  lobg  anj  Ibe  idud  of  Rtil  i  the  uliich  innilal 
-=_  _..L '----■-^  lob*  la,  the  adianni  gyri. 


O.  OOiaory  Bwire,  ovo  whkl 

olfactory  pcdinick  add  lobe  *iv      *• 

•itnlKi:  lobe,  oa 

TR.  Ortanl  lulnn.  [tuibcc  bnin,  u 

I'l".  Convoloiiou  od  [En  erbiul  whkh  ■ 


iluped,   3nd     ihe    fyrl 


ich  liei  Ow  oiTtctoty 
RDOhntlHiniDli 
"^"^i*  removed  by 


■ntero-poAteiior  sutcA  (i.  radict), 
lobe,  bulboiu  io  tnial.  for  tbe  olii 

On  the  maiti  luilux  si  t     ~ 
lof^Ridiiully  biiecEed  ukJ 
cutdofl  thRHi^  ihf  *"■*  — 

divided  corpu  ci .  „  ,.^ 

afai«E,wUkbelawhueH(i]lbeU~~„„, 

ludduD  ud  child  VEOtricle,  Ibc  docriplioii  of 


■heootpotaUoHm.  Tlila  It  tlw  <aU«*-*urjn'»t 

iiibu,  B  called  becauKltKi •■ — " — ' 

OTiB,  wUch  lis  bmran  i 
calloeiiDi,  fron  tb«  Duniaa 
■nai^  <■(  the  bnln.    Wbea 

corjHU  caDown  h  ttimi  ■har^y  iipirtid  and 
lorma  the  Under  Umlc  of  the  ~.~~i  — i  • 

poitefioc  inch  or  Iwa  al  whi . — 

distinctly  marted  off  to  Form  the  parnanlral 
Mult,  ■hoc  the  Dppa  part  of  cbe  ccnni  Smm 
cl  Rotasda  tun*  anr  tlia  nar^n  of  ibe  biair 
The  caUoaal  ffm,  vUch  k  aln  called  tb 


re  !•  a  ware, 

Mv:    it  ii  beiuded  bSi^l^ibe  dec^y  cut 

Internal  jBrkto-ocdplta]  Eaure  ud  thu  niu  f 

It^d  the  fun^  of  the  hnin  dovnirard  and 

forward  to  jou  another  fiiKiTr,  the  calcarinr;  it  an  acnli 

Ibui  encIoBBi  a  vedgi-iha»d  picot  of  bnln  aDed  the 

between  them.    The  taUarhn  tiaure  b  f^rly  horiiontal. 

lolaad  about  it*  middk  by  thc^intcnul  parieto-MdiiiBl.  B I 


pan  In  Ftantettbehincttaiihcatledtliefrf-ralMite.aBd that  behind 
the  foa<aiatiKt  nnurt-    The  intmul  vwxto«ccipilal  and  oil- 

"-'■" '  Kimm.  became  Ihnr  caine  >a  elevation  In  tlia 

■"""    "  "    -Se  hipDocanipu*  minor.    Jut  in 
vrine  Baun  the  callotal  ana  b 


true  Eiaiue.  the  allaUral,  wUch  ni 


rrlnr  of  the  bain. 

"  of  the  ameritre 

cricted  to  form  the  iithmm  whldi 

cjnate  fyrui.    Below  the  ^—-.^^^  .»»...  ^  _  bjiw 
tpalii,  and  thn  b  bounded  betow  by  armther 

I., — 1   -i.;.!. !..[  ,^  ii^  caklrine.but 

.. —  tempaial  lobe  and  ta 

fomu  the  lo«eT  boundary  of  the  hippocamnal  tl^ua.  It  will  thin 
be  Ken  that  the  hi|ipacanipal  tymi  la  continuoua  poeleriorlv  with 
the  lallaul  lyna  above  by  nieui  of  the  iethmHt,  and  with  t  befyrw 
liiifiijlii  Imdh.  TIk  hippocampal  rynii  ■■  bounded  abo««  by  the 
denialeorhipAniapaJtiflmn  which  cauiea  the  hJpfiDcunput  major 
in  the  dncending  cuniu  and  n  it  a  comi^ete  lifiuic.  II  Iti  Hpa  are 
•epanied  the  ftKU  dcntata  or  fynii  denutut  and  the  Gmhria 
nntjnued  from  the  poaleTiorpillaroflbefomuiareBeen.  Anteriorly 
the  fiuun  b  armlccl  by  the  recurved  proceetcf  the  upper  part  cf  the 
hipporanipal  lyrui,  called  the  *«■!,  and  la  front  of  thii  i  diiht 
Hilcua.  the  imciiwra  Itmponiii*  marlct  o9  the  temporal  poic  or  tip 
of  the  temporal  lobe  from  the  region  of  the  uncua.  It  wilt  be  leen 
fynu,  iKhinu*,  and  hippocampal  eyrui  fond 
nng,  and  to  Ihii  the  name  of  tinaic  mm  la  liven. 


lalmtr  ef  Oh  ClrAnm. 
pontal  ilice  be  removed  from  the  uppl 
(lee  fig.  tt),  the  peripheral  |rey  m 


nniipberea  into  ajutamlol  and  phyiiii 

her.  On  the  Buifacc  of  the  corpoi  callOL 

mrr^Kduu/rj,  run  in  ihe  aatero-poaterior  oi  ._.._._ 

iee_£|.  11,  b).    Their  morpholo(ital  intereit  Ii  referred  to  .« 

DTpua  callosjm  and  tne  llmUc  lobe  ■  narrow  band  of  fibrei  ca 
he  mpdHm  it  ieen,  most  of  it<  fibre*  only  nin  a  ihert  " 

;  and  Hiik  together  ndjacent  parta  of  (he  bnin.    If 

allonmbe  now  cut  thnnidi  on  Each  aide  of  i»  medal  line,  the  lati* 
avity  ot  bueral  wmridt  in  ach  hemi^pbere  nil  be  opened  in" 


in  the  Medal  A^iect  of  the  Cerebral  Hi 
if  Bolando.    r^,  Roitril  lulcu*.    ij,  lociiun  tempoialli. 

The  lateral  ventricle  It  mbdlvided  into  ■  cnfnil  ifaa  a 
and  three  bent  prolongalior  ""  "■■ '""' 


J98 

the  idiotUimt  €mi%  curves  bickirird,  eulirud,  dottawArd.  forva 

■phenoidAl  lobe.    C^  the  llwr  at  (he  ccntr;it  tpa«  may  be  sc 
[ram  before  backward  Lhe  gny  upper  aurr:ue  ol  the  p«r-&hap 

inner  and  poslcriijr  pan  a  amall  porLion  of  ihc  optu  tSilamui,  whi 
between  the  two  is  die  curved  t\H  band,  rhe  u«qiff  umiclrcula 


BRAIN  iMuiom 

anleni-poauriDC  dlrectioil.  .  It*  wuviDr  «d  hmu  the  oMinar 

pillan  a[  the  ardk,  lu  lutnioi  Hid  the  Miltrur  fiSiri.  whikt  tkt 
inictmediaie  tody  ol  Jk  Isrnix  locmi  ihe  cioiri  of  the  anzk.  tt 
eoiuiili  ol  Iwo  lalEril  halvo,  aw  beluniiiiE  to  tack  bcsuiplKn. 
At  tbe  Kimiait  d  ibe  urch  Ihe  two  laierallurvei  aie  joined  taform 
Ihe  totfyi  but  in  Iioni  the  Iwo  halvei  lepante  liom  mrii  other, 
and  form  two  anierioc  pitlon.  which  deaeend  in  ([mil  o(  the  third 
venirkie  to  tbe  bue  of  the  cerebruAi.  where  ibcylorm  Che  ur^cn 
albuaitiia.  and  Irom  thetc  ume  white  fibm  cvOed  (he  bundle  o4 
Vicq  d'Airraiccad  to  the  optic  ihilamui  (Kcfii.  Ii).  Behind  At 
body  the  (wo  halve!  diverge  iniich  mon  IroKi  cnch  Mhci.  and  lorm 

(bin  Umina  aTcaminiiiural  hbrea uUed,flve^ii  (Ag.  ij,  ().  Each 
pcd(crior  pilUr  curvet  dowaward  and  ou(ward  [nio  the  ikacUHjin* 
cornu  of  (he  ven(r>cle,  and,  under  the  r^ame  «f  tofjht  kippoamtpt, 
[ormi  the  mnial  free  botdei  of  the  Mppacanipat  naVir  (ff-  13, 1). 
Eventually  it  enda  in  the  lubitancc  «f  tbe  hippoctniput  and  in  ilie 
uncui  of  the  tempural  lobe.  If  (be  body  of  (ha  fernii  be  now 
divided  by  a  traniverte  tnclaion,  in  anterw  pan  thrown  forward. 


flam,  and  immediately  internal  to  thii  (riiige  i>  (he  (tee  edge  of  (he 
■hiie  f  eiUnsr  fillat  c}  lii  Jaraii.    Tit  anterior  cornu  haa  (he  an- 

cornu  has  an  alevalion  on  i»  Soor,  (t^A^forain^  ninor  (te.  II.  •). 
and  belween  this  coroo  and  the  deiceninniF  cornu  i>  tbo  elevation 
cariedfniranifiiicoUa^ra'ir,  formed  by  Ihe  collateral  iisnirc(ii£- if, 0). 
Ex(mdinB  down  lliedeaccndinE  cornu  and  following  i(a  curvature 
ia  Ihe  kippoampvi  m^Jor,  which  lerminalet  below  in  a  nodnlar  end. 
the  pa  kitpecampi;  on  itt  inner  bordet  u  tbe  white  Imia  kipfit- 
ttmpi,  continuoua  above  with  tbe  pouerioi  pillar  of  >>>•  rnnl. 
If  (he  taenia  be  drawn  to  one  aide  the  iiippocadi  pal  fisau 
at  the  bottom  oT  which  Ihe  ercy  matter  of  Ihe  nru 
may  be  leen  to  form  a  well-delined  denlated  borair 
/oJria  df irJaJi^.    Thechoroklplcxuaof  the  pia  mater  tUTp.g.vui<u 

Lateral  part  ol  the  [reat  tranavenc  lifiure  between  Ihe  taeniahip 
campi  and  optic  thalamui.  Tbe  lateral  venlriclt  ia  lined  b 
ciliated  cpitbeliuB  called  the  tptndyma.  Thit  EinlnE  ia  continu 
(hrou^  the  foramen  of  Monro  with  that  of  (he  (bird  ventri 


SfeM 


.^., ^jm  be  iiow'divided  abou(  ita  middle  by  1 

ig-y).  (he  body  ofibe  rtjtiU  on  which  the  corpoa  t^ioaiiB 


veniriclea  ii  expoHd.   Tbii  leplum  Hniitaihe 


the  M*  tm^nite  (hg,  11.  <).  and 
Tht  fornix  It  an  vdi-ihaped  lu 


t  of  Che  fonui  ii  brought 
ve  Bbrei  citending  in  (he 


potterinrendofth 


Itl^l 

wjih  each  other,  liei  juit 
already  nlerred  to  ja  thr 

Ihinl  ventricle,  laneal  body . 


arMriai:  and  the  blood  from  this  u 
ihich  ioin  10  (onB  the  wiai  af  Galtm. 
cn(re  ol  tbe  vdiun,  and,  aa  h  ibows 


311  of  tbe  Lateral  VentiicK  ud  «( (he 


I.  r  Taenia  KBiiciraila 
I.  i.  Optic  thtUiuK. 
Chomid  plexna. , 


rior  pillan  d  (he  fotnli.     J,  Taenia  bippeeaiatil. 

n     interpoaiutBt    and   n, Elippocampua    major, in  d 


Htcro-inJcrior 


nir^ce  foma  the  roof  tt  the  di 


AMATOMV) 

oftbiwnfdi, 


cupdt  tnudngVEiiuidni.  ■  c 

Blinc  bnmen  tbc  two  opiic 
tnrnpoBtinD  ud  body  <4 

pilUrv  o(  Ih*  fornix,  interi 
poiwnor  boi— ' —  ■-  ■•- 

li«(l,l<rtlKi 


At  iu  aula  mud  poMtrii 
■latloa  ID  the  opdc  tn 

knob-Uk*  cMicraiiy  al 


BRAIN  S99 

r  ■!  ttw  iptHAuB,  bat  Ik*  bodr  b  4beiA  the  nhBE  «( 

id  the  nnu  the  firth  vcrlnde  n  cut.  and  behiBd  thil 

J  .1.  . — :.  _i:.i.  i_  ,„^  jfc,  .nlerior  boBiuUry 

-  ^ jr  md  of  thJi  is  dw  i^nql 

Hn  the  (onim  of  Munn,  I 
rior  horn  of  the  iatcnl  vcr 

lundary  of  tliii  horn  it  the  cui  auuH  nufic 
irhilF  the  lateral  boundary  of  Ebe  third  m 


It  wiD  be  eeen  thai  the 

lie  nurlini  of  Ibe  toiput 
;k  i>  Ibe  cul 
-  ---_  _,-- — y_  dncribed, 
p^  man,  with  ill  apa 


1,  the  in 


II  o(  which  ii  of  a  light  cotour  and  is  oaltcd  the  (Mu  MfliJiu 
lie  the  bml  liatfli  reSder  and  i>  known  aa  t he  pvMnin.  EjitFcni 
the  pulamea  Is  a  long  narrow  iltip  of  stey  mallrr  eaJlrd  the 
i^iurniiii,  vhich  is  sonietimea  regarded  at  a  third  bucleus 
of  (he  corpus  ■tiiaium,  Theie  nuM«  of  giry  maivcr,  talien 
tofclher,  an  the  biial  nucki  of  the  brain.  Internal  Is  the 
lenticular  nucleus,  ard  between  it  and  the  caudate  nucleus 
in  front  and  the  tlulamiia  behind,  is  the  iittttnoi  tapmU, 
through  which  run  moat  of  the  fibres  connecting  the  cerebral 
eoeleii  with  the  cnis  cerebri.    The  capHile  adapli  itRif  to  the 

treat  motor  Inci  from  the  Kolandic  rexlon  oi  the  rartei 
^ines  on  Ltt  way  lo  the  crusta  and  ipinal  eoid.  Dcudes  ihii 
then  arr  fibres  passing  from  the  cortex  to  the  deep  arigins  of 
the  tsrial  and  bypD-zrosial  nerves.  Behind  Ihe  motor  tmcis 
■ic  the  sensotv,  insnidlni  the  fillet,  the  superior  ccnbellat 
'  peduncle  and  the  inferiiir  quadrigerBinxl  tnct,  while  qidte  at 
Ok  back  of  the  Ofsule  are  found  the  audilory  and  optic 
radiations  linking  up  the  higher  (cortical)  and  lower  auditory 
arui  visual  centres.  Between  the  putamen  and  the  claustrum 
ia  the  aUnui  capitiUt  which  ts  HoaHcr  and  of  less  importance 
thu  the  rntenul,  while  on  the  lalemi  side  of  the  cbuitrun 
b  the  while  and  Ihen  the  grey  mailer  of  the  central  lobe. 
As  the  fibrea  of  the  internal  capsule  run  up  tosrard  the  cortex 
they  dcCHsBte  with  Ihe  trunvctse  fibres  of  the  corpus  callosum 
aiiui  spread  out  Id  lona  the  fsr^na  radala.  It  has  only  been 
Boaslble  to  drsi  with  a  few  of  Ihc  more  important  bundles  of 
ibres  here,  but  it  should  be  mentioned  that  much  of  ihe  wbiie 


Ik  Ttesulli  arc  not  ahocethcc  coaduuve;  It  srems,  however, 
liBi.alihouihthcnuIe  bralnisflDSiR.  heavier  than  tbatc* 
lie  renale.  ils  relative  weigh!  (o  that  of  the  body  is  about  tin 


atlheUvdoItheW 
Immediatety  in  (ronl  otf  the  c 


_,  ,..  ,_, ..„.._....  weighs  about 

aS  OS-  anid  a  female  43)  ot.  The  greatest  absolute  weight  la 
found  between  iwenly-five  and  Ihiny-Avr  years  of  s*e  Is  the 
■■ak  and  a  little  later  in  the  female.  At  birth  the  brain  weighl 
comparatively  much  more  than  It  does  later  on.  ill  propehwn 
to  the  body  weighi  being  about  1  10  6.  At  the  nnth  year  it 
b  about  I  to  >4,  Btthe  iwenth:lh  1  10  3a.  and  alter  that  about 
I  10  i6-i.  In  oM  age  there  is  a  further  slight  decieate  bi 
propottion.  In  many  men  of  great  intellcclual  eidnenn  iIm 
train  might  has  been  largt^-Clniet's  brain  wtightd  64)  oi., 
Coodsir's  57).  for  instaiKe— bul  the  exeeprions  are  numerous. 
Iinina  mvr  aq  oE.  lA  wcight  tit  frv<]uenily  tound  in  quite 
d  people,  and  even  in  bdfots  Ao  oa.  has  been 
(he  oUier  hand,  nlcncef^lic  idiots  raay  liav« 

normal  intelligence  b  possible  with  a  brain  weighing  less  than 
•e  Right  Cerebral  Kemitpbrrc  J]  01.  The  taller  theindi>idusl(hcgrealerbhi>brain  weight 
.- 1  — .!^.i.-  u — I — ..  ^m  short  people  have  proportionally  heavier  brains  than  talL 

The  wri^t  of  the  rercbellum  is  usually  one-eighth  of  (hat  of 

'  u.  ifie  while  filHes    area  of  ihe  grey  mailer  |w  dinccting  it  off  and  measuring  il.  and 
''      Id  leaf  and  megsuiing  that.    Tte  multi. 


s(  Part  III  the  Lentkulai  NucI 


the  ^'luaf  Iwfv  ii  a  rcdJiih  cone-shaped  body  situated  upon 
antnior  pair  of  ihe  corpom  quadiigcmina  (see  figs,  jandb).    Fi 
in  broaif  snierior  end  iwo  while  bands,  rhc  pedumlti  of  (he  pi' 
W,.  pass  lorwani.  one  on  (he  inner  si*  </^6     ...  ...^- 

Esch  peduncle  ioins.   akiog  with  the   taenia  si 


ilfmus 


felS»' 


..jr  gbnt. ,  .-  ... 

ig  the  Iraia  and.    Iu  norphokigy  w 


|yl™n  poiSi  and  in«  above  thegreal  trinsverse  hisure  (see  fig.  14). 
°<aa  a  iccuaa  will  cut  (be  corpus  caUosom  anteriorly  al  Ibe  geau 


ilheta(eredt(ian(!faii 


he  brain,  abundantly  illustrated,  will  t 


in  the 


,u>  recent  memoirs  by  £ 
Jmins.  Am.  and  Pkjt 


otSmilhandD.J.tlun 


FiUclcfy  <f  Cirtbnl  Ctrla. 
The  cerebral  corten  (ice  lig.  If)  conslMs  of  a  conlinuoiK  sli 
grey  mailer  completely  enveloping  Ihe  white  mailer  ol  Ihe 

Sheres.     li  varies  in  ihicknei*  in  different  pans,  and  be 
inner  in  old  age.  but  all  parts  show  a  somewhat  simiUr  micro 
Btiuclure.    Thus,  in  vert>cal  icctioD.  the  folUnnng  laycn  n 


400  BRAIN 

1.  rb  UtUaiUr  Ltjir  ^BrMim  uub).— T)ik  U  atd*  up 
hrn  mnbir  ol  fine  ncrre  brancKinn  both  mrdBUaisl  and  i 
awlMlliteil.  Tbc  wliglatsnuadoK  network,  the  fibmolw 
run  ctuflfly  ■  tmceDCial  cain*.   The  »ll»  o(  thii  Uy«  ar*  tbc 


r  and  .  Id™ 


.— Tbt  t^pkil  cr 

-,--■  nvina  d^  ifvejaL  i:DllAleral 
:.   The  final  bnachu  [a  Ihc  mole 


id-iluped,  Ibe  apicci  of  the  pyramid*  being  directed 
ine  lurfact-  The  apex  terniinalei  in  a  dendron  iwhich 
[dIo  (hft  molecular  layer,  fivin^  off  icvejaL  ojllate 


Flo.  15. — DlafiM 


E.  Smj 
I  (NJ  which  bnaki 
in  ttralnm  unaie.  K.  Csnicipeul  fibre*. 


Coebral 

lidalctlL 
lidalnll. 

H.  P^ymorj^ic  «U. 


3.  Tin  taytr  a!  larf  FyrtmoS CiUi.~T\u.t  'a  rluracleriied  by 
the  preKnce  of  numbera  at  eerii  of  Lhe  tame  type  at  thow  of  (ht 
pmrdiiw  layrr.  but  of  larger  «iv.  The  ncrvt-fibn  proccu  becomes 
■  meduluiled  fibre  erf  the  white  matter. 

«.  TlHLayirtI  Polymorph-'Hi  Catfi.— The  cetl.  of  lhi(  [aytr  an 


Scatmcd  throufh  theie  IhrH  lawra  th 
ttVi  (iMitt  Mfl)  whoie  Benranm  divi, 

c^'art  aCo  found  in  irbkh  l£  Kur»'oi 


The  Bndt 


Hm-EfaR*  of  Ihe  wkiu  nutterwheB  tmctd 
inio  ine  conei  u*  ae«  to  enter  in  bundle*  an  vertically  10  tbc 
•orfacv.  Tlwan  bundle*  tnper  and  are  rtnolved  into  iaolated  fibrea 
in  the  ui^per  parte  of  tbo  pyiavidal  layer*.    Tba  fibre*  conidiulinc 

the  bundle*  Ioid  two  aet*.    {•)  Tbe  eeuritugal  fibre* '-  ■* 

above  dcacribed  of  lb*  fibee  proctiae*  d  Lbc  pyramidal  and  poly- 
morpbouictlla.  (1}  ThecentripetalfibrcnaictndlhroughlbeaKHi 
to  terminate  witliio  the  molecular  layer  by  faoriaontaUy  runninf 

' 1-    'they  pan  ihrouahtbey  give  off  r ' '"" '- 

if  the  «11>  f  ton  which  Rue  fib 


, ^Cnni'a,  while  Ihe  isner 

band  (a  ben  eecn  in  the  prceeMnl  (yiua.  A*  both  tbc*e  atranda 
craaa  the  already  mentioned  imdial  bundles  at  rirht  an(lca,  they  arc 
le^rded  at  apecialiied  pani  of  an  lalerra^U  rOitaliMi  of  fibrea.  bui, 
nearer  Ihe  lurface  than  the  radial  bundle*  penetrate,  tanaeniial 
fibre*  art  found,  and  here  tbey  are  caUcd  the  la^rdduf  reftcu/uai. 
In  csitain  paru  of  Ibe  brain  the  fibica  of  tUa  retieulam  are  ataea 


m  the  bind  t!  Bailrrt*  In 


niperfioJ  part  of 


of  tlK  Ampbioa 
havinfl  a  noIDcl 


It  nerve-cord.  and. 


very  aliihEly  n 


olfactory  pil.  and  »  wim  tha 


of  any  auditory  aHHraine.  There  an  only  two  pain  of  cetebral 
nrrvea.bothofwhKhareicnoryfWncv.'lii^iuw.lSM)-  Uih* 
Cytlmlaniata.  of  wliich  Ihe  bmprev  (Pnroiiiyion)  la  an  eumple, 
the  minute  brain  I1  much  more  complci,  t houfh  it  it  ilill  only  ■  vny 
ilieht  cnlarcnnent  of  Ihe  anterior  end  of  the  cord.  The  lindt  cavity 
•een  in  Amphlaiua  ia  hn*  ubdivided  into  three;  in  anterior  or 
proMnce^lan,*  middle  or  metcneephalen.andahinder  or  rhomben- 
cephalon. The  rhombencenhaion  hai  a  very  (light  tnn«/<«> 
thickeninf  in  the  fore-pori  of  iia  root.  Ihli  b  the  riidime 
bcilum  (Ctr);  the  tni  of  thii  jiart  of  the  brain  ii  la' 


lar^medulin.  thei 

I'ilyof  the  ventricle,  by  pia  nulerand  bl 
■boroid  pinus  (fig.  16.  B).    The  foimh 


rlKobido 


S-S.'M 


[ooked  at  from  Ihe  dc 


SyMo,  aad  f  mD  (V  ncnwa  IbMt  In  thdr  valb  the  optic  ncrvfi 
derm  dieir  fibn&  From  IhA  Iran  «l  the  pnHflcvpfiaEoa  or  inmior 
•mtdt  tteoUacUKV  urva  case  od.  ud  M  iht  but  of  each  of  ibne 
are  two  boUow  ■weUinfi:  ibe  lugcr  aad  tton  knienor  i«  [he  dtiicr 
lory  bulb,  the  tnulkr  And  more  poaurlor  the  cenbiaL  hcmiipIwTT. 
Bath  then  nvUinn  muK  be  retarded  u  hteral  ouivmwthA  tiom 
the  bUnd  (mm  fltdToC  the  ati^uT^iitle  wskle  of  ibeliialii  u  mi 
ia  AnpUanH,  aod  tfroin  tbe  anterior  lubdiviiiDO  or  prDKonphBloii 
is  the  tamptey.  The  aoteiiac  veiide.  hovever,  u  now  again  wb- 
Avided,  and  that  pan  (rom  which  tbe  cerrbnl  htniHpben 
bod  01^  and  the  hendipherea  thenuclvH,  »  ciUtd  tbe 
triencephilon.  vfaile  Iha  peeterinr  part  oi  the  origiiul 


...     57;   Buckhaidt,  CJrii^itf- 

.  — ..  it  of  a  low  type-,  the  moat  marked 

and  ventral  part,  of  which  the  ventral  is  the 
ui«  of  hiBhrr  vmrbntch  while  the  domi  Ij 

U  mua  td  tdb  in  the  ooler  layer  of  the  medbl 


rarelv  tbe  diencvphaloo. 


-..-..-.  [orwvTl  and  upward  to  end  til 
lae  veicLfiai  pintail  body  (or  tftphyva),  which  contaiu 

«bich  la  uflually  r^aided  oa  ^  lemaina  of  one  of  a  pair 
of  nadlan  eyea,  though  it  hai  been  ngceated  that  h  may 
be  aa  ortan  lor  tbe  appiedatian  ol  temperature,  Fnn  the 
■maD  Ht^^nflioo  habenulae  a  atiU  more  nKUnentary 
pineal  acalk  projectii  and  there  are  iKna  of  a  third  out- 
crovth  (paiaphyiia)  In  Iront  ol  tbeie.  On  the  floor  of  tbe 
thalanencepbaloD  the  blind  pouch-like  infundibulum  ia 
ia  conlaet  wilb  the  pitultaty  body,  an  outpowth  from 
the  combined  pituitary  and  ouaetory  pouch,  whieh  in  Ibe 
"■  '- tothe^opcJitahsdJi— -' '  ■■- 


■  tbe    btminhena    of   oppoaile    ndea   an 

,  j>  the  tekDcefihalon,  known  ai  Ibe  anleriOT 

Tbe  roof  o(  the  tekncephalon  ii  mainly  epiiMial,  i 


9  of  cortical 

rued  of  the-  thabipcnct^ial' 
(Ahlbom,  Zatt^ria.  Zaal. 


Brain  o<  Forbea^le  Shaili  (Lamna). 


sury  apparatua.    Tbe  pallium  ig  non-ocrvouo,  and  Ibe  optic 

tncB  merdy  ctsia  one  another  ianead  o(  taraiaf ' — " 

A  pnxxB  of  the  ccRbeilum  oiHed  mMJo  ar^^i  pr 
ovity  of  each  otitic  lobe  (HaM.  Ruckhard.  Ank.  > 
»««,  p.  U5  (PalKunh     Hailer,  WorM-  Jali^- 
p.6u|Hl«hi|yandBibllagnpiiy|).    The  brain 
■and  &ih.  ihowa  no  very  inportant  devclopmeau 


Bd.  uvi!,  tS9s1 
of  the  Dipnoi,  or 


Fio-  la^Sctdoa  of  BniD  of  TiMk  (CMnt). 


Ib  the  Replilia  the  medulla  hai  a  narked  llenire  witb  a  Kntia) 
con  vutity,  and  an  undoubted  cerebral  conea  tor  the  firat  lime  makttt 
iuappeanHX.  The  weiial  wall  of  tbeceeebcal  heiaiapheie  iadivWed 
into  a  Uin  dortal  hippocanHl  atea  (fin.  tl.  Hip.)  and  a  aaihUet 
ventral  dtvioiy  tubercle.  Between  theee  two  ■  namw  atea  of 
sanglionic  nutter  runiionnnlfpoin  the  aide  of  the  fauna  Jrnwine/ii 
and  ia  known  aa  tbe  pniatemiaal  or  ptecommiaeural  nrea  CEIIiot 
Smith, /«n- -ImK.  mid  »;(.  nl.  nidi.  p.  411).  Totheupper 
latenl  pan  of  tbe  bemiipbere  Elbot  Smith  baa  nvca  the  name  of 
HuAol/tiiia,  while  the  1ow«r  lateral  pan,  imperfectly  lepaialcd  from 
it.  u  caned  the  fryn/gm  Uit.  In  fak  Laecnilia  the  jnoaal  eye,  il  it 
be  an  eye.  ii  better  developed  than  in  any  alKinf  vertebrate. 
Ihoufb  even  in  then  there  la  no  evidence  of  iti  brine  uaed  lor  aight. 
Behind  theacpcalled  pineal  eye  and  i»  atalk  ia  the  r^ptyiii  or  final 
body.andBmctinieethereiaadonal  He  between  them  (leeat'  '^)-' 
The  middle  or  aolt  commiiaiiR  appeara  In  renain  lepiilea  {CrmiKlilia 
and  CMnis),  aa  doea  atao  ihe  orfnu  aiaiiiiiiLKora  (EdlnEer, 
SenckenbtTB.  Nalvf.  CisiU.  Bd.  idiL.  iSgfi.  and  Bd.  nii.,  i^; 
Haller.  Ifiir^  JoM.  Bd.  xniH..  1900.  p.  151).  Amone  the  budi 
there  ia  treat  unity  of  type,  (he  cejcbellum  la  large  and.  by  itilorwaid 
prOfFdion.  praoea  the  oiNic  lobea  down  toward  tbe  venlra-laieral 
pan  of  the  brain.  The  cetebral  hemiaphem  are  alao  large,  OMing 
chiefly  to  tbe  gnwl  sac  of  the  nrfor*  atriata,  which  alrwy  thow 

The  pallium  iiiepiilian  in  character,  thDuEh  ila  cortlrll  area  i«  more 
eatenave.  Tbe  gBriculale  bodiea  are  very  large  IBumm, 
Ziib.  win.  Zrio^.fid.iiiiviii.,  im3,  P-ay:  Brandit,  ^n-t. 
Biiir.  ^iwJ.  Bd.  lU-,  1^,  p.  613,  and  illii.,  iSm-  P  ?*. 
and  lUv.,  iS«.  p.  SM:  Boyce  and  Warrington,  PM. 
Trtiu.  vol.  OKI.,  iSm.  p,  W)). 

Among  the  Mammalia  Ibe  Honoltemata  haveacenbellum 

which  ehowa,  io  addition  to  the  central  lobe  of  the  lower 

.   venebtato,  a  Bocculua  on  each  lide.  and  tbe  two  halvea  of 

I  the  tnebellum  ore  united  by  a  ventral  tommiwR,  the 

E  Ml  isrofit.    Tbe  pnlliuia  ia  reptilian  in  ita  ■rnnwnc 

g  but  that  pan  of  it  which  Elliot  Smith  baa  named  the  nco- 

pallium  a  very  large,  both  in  the  Omithonnachua  and 

Echidna,  a  iact  very  diSicult  to  account  foe.   In  Ihe  latter 

Into  many  and  deep  eulci.  and  yet  tbe  Echidna  ii  one 

marked  tbioal  hHu'ie'eepatats  the  py^«ii>' lobe  Item 
the  neopallium,  while,  on  the  meiial  auifac^  the  hippocarapel 
fiaiure  aeparatea  the  neopalBum  from  the  hippocampal  area-    Just 

■Tbe  Htetalute  nf  the  pineal  region  ti  enormoui.  Sndiilckk 
tin  Opftli  Vtrifikiiudt  antnWJt.  Anal.  Teile  4-;.  1904,  looj)  give* 
!■(  refereacee.  The  pmeent  tonception  o(  the  generabwd  arranM- 
meat  la:  (a)  A  ain^  glandular  median  organ  fiom  (he  fore-brain 
called  the  pnaphyua-  f*)  A  pouch  of  the  ependymal  roof  of  the 
ventricle  called  the  dortal  lac.  (1)  A  right  end  left  epiphysis,  dm 
of  which  may  be  irholly  or  panklly  aupprnied.    Theie  onay  change 


403  BR 

UltSniappcanime'lbeludidniUuttttfa.so).  Tht  amciut 
coniniHun  It  diviiM.  u  In  niKilei.  Into  domrand  ventral  nrti.  al 
whicli  Ihe  bttct  ii  tKt  Lireir  {A(.  lo,  Cinn.  V.  and  D.i.  while  juil 
bdlinci  the  donal  put  is  tbe  &ril  appearance  of  ll 
In  addition  to  the  [wo  hEura  aintAy  named,  then 
one  wluch  in  podtion  and  mode  of  lonnation  coi., 
Sylviaii  GiHirt  of  hi^lier  mammaLi.  EUiot  Smith,  -,--.^,  -.„,, 
rtron  to  homolixLa  it  absolutely  with  that  iUture,  and  propoKa 
Iht  name  o(  peruiLeylviaii  for  it.  The  pineal  body  ii  rudimcntan. 
and  the  optic  kiliei  an  now,  nnd  thmighoul  the  *'  '  ~ '''~  ~ 
divided  into  louc  tarpon  gmtfrirnHM. 
Among  the  Manupialia  the  Taunaidin  devil  (S 

a  very  good  idea  ct  ■  generallie^ '■ —  ■" 

taiic  development  of  the  paiti 


'il  (Samphiluil 


.1  and  D(nal  Vlcn  o(  the  Bnin  of  Onithocrncliui 
lai  now  appealed  en  the  poflcrior  part  of  (he  m« 


(■nonii.  liiiunMllyeoiKnled  in  European bi^nibyiheovertrowth 

of  Ihe  turmuDdinE  gyri.  but  ii  ociraiionaMy  nnuini.  (haufh  ka 

Itiquenily  than  in  ih*  braiw  of  Egipiian  fellahetn.   In  niatiea  ta 

■     the  uAtii  SMS  <f  GtoiHin  it  etpecially  intcrtnint.  and  ii 

iKDTdcd  by  ElKot  Smith  In  the  ^  iielmiiiikir  Amtitct,  Bd 

miv..  1904.  p.  «]fi.   The  rhinal  hiHirr.  whkh  la  aa  ehatat^ 

leiinic  a  ieaiutt  of  the  kwcr  maminalt,  alnrnt  diappnn 

<H 4*'M?iV)! 'rile'h^^mpal Ibnn'^^lil^tilClirrif 
.modihcaiion  all  (hniu|li  the  mammalian  rbH.    The  cal- 


wllh  many 

luxley  and  the  chn  b 
inlcRHing  to  note  that 
w  be  dnrly  demofwm 


ESi..,»-.«™ 

lig.  It,  SiOt.  Ort.).    The  KtcK  pohit  of  impMiann 
e  evoiluiiDii  of  the  mammalian  brain  ii  the  mdn 


brain  ii  the  mduai 
clopmenl  of  tbe  bco- 


StOc.  Cm.).  In  ibe  >  Pll1>ilioti''t  Stria  of  Ihe  Muieum  of  Ihe  Roval  CollefcofSninHU 
(3  EnghiHj,  vol.  E.  iBd  ed..  by  R.  H.  Bnme  mud  C.  ElUoi 
"imiih,  LanilDn.  1901.1 

Eniiryttcij. 


The  brain,  like  Ihe 

•v>tem,l,de<doped 

ik'^Pt'St.',^ 

midiillary  fcnc   un 

plan  .here  the  ncc 

lobe.    The  part  of 

henenf.lon.Iinf 

ont  of  Ih.  taii^ 

Irion  iDctn.  the  braia 

and  very  earl>.  beco 

which   Ihe   name. 

rbmf««r)^«na>e 

now  uually  «ivin 

Tbetlmpletubnlai 

bIfhCT  ipei  or  Anihropoidr*  the  hinnan  At 


ui[t  of  diRcrentz.  ^part-Lr«n  grater 
I  lobe  or  island  of  Red  ib  eapoaed  on 


on  afiH  ih^h  the  cenbcal  henii 
p.t1  of  the  Snt  primary  vetidi 
I  Ihe  fmmi'u  tf  Unnrt.  Fn 
at  hemitphdrci  In*  ollactoey  kJ 


AHATCWV)    . 

Hunn  ■  awMrictiga  DQun  which  diiridaill 
(WDKOjiidaryvc«irlH,EheanIcrior  of  which,' 
«(  MuDTo.  is  cairnl  ihf  ulmaftclm.  utiilc  inc  pwui 
Oalamtxafialfn  vr  Mtnaphobm,  A  coimnnion  aba  oc 
biad  icikk  «  ^nrtMtjptofan.  dinding  ic  into  an  aiu 
tbc  mtUnapAaUn^  [roai  »hkh  the  nrcbcUum  ia  devttoj 
^oUBw  *K  mytiriapiud^n,  IhepEuoiiLvr  mtdi$Ua  otJanta 
tup  Ihc  genera]  Rvmblafict  of  the  brain  to  that  o(  the 

Btfm  Ibt  imndwy  eaKiidkiii  OEnir  ihur  itnici 
tim.iii  rn  Irrni  Tht&ruiiliiuniiKXhavpUiAandtaaM 
orHCaccphaloa  bcodLm;  sharply  downward,  btlow  aad  i 
flie  n»«nccphslon.   Tlie  jccond  i<  Ihr  irrnral.  and  matki 

thia  Aavc  i>  ventraL    Tin  cUrd  tv  appear  bat  ■  vciinal 


BRAtM 


by  dltatvl  qiihcliiini. 
BkpecfiQal  to  thia  epithc 
IB  nibaequeatly  formed. 


be  srliiiul  neural  anal.  irhMi  It  tinrd 
aa  vhr  ventrieka  of  dbs  brain,  while 
i)  the pv/tai  while matler 


IftAilDae.  and,  aa  the  ORbot  hemiap 

«art  4f  the  anterior  primary  vnkH,  ,—,  --—- , 

twpiaM.,  Tbcfwataaractcriuicfeuinof  thehiifi 


laiidy  nmiw  erftbrBal  aod  I*  invwHied  iUa  thr  veairicle  by 
the  mnoderm  to  iona  th^  tlietoid  punuit  al  iJm  th^  vtmricle, 
but  at  the  pottcrior  part  it  dcvclopi  the  lon^ia  Jiabf/tuJtu  and  the 
pineaf  body,  rirmi  a  Nnicture  jint  in  fnnr  of  which  both  a  Icna 
and  iMioa)  t4aBeBU  Be  daitved  In  the  lower  forms.  Thii  ii  one 
peu  diAeieace  beiweem  the  irnHopittm  of  chia  onan  and  dat 


body  at  fir^I  erow)  down  in  froi 
inff  10  CaflnTs  theory,  rcprcacn 
tntrldea  of  the  brain  and  the  c 

uoniKh  aad  intoniae  <t7urt.  . . 

J»ra.  ^iiiju^io,  p.  (SJl-^TT*^ 

belS^l 


and  the  nllldli  bel«  the  wpu  ctlhtiim,  ■>  they  do  <n  phyhii(ei>v. 
In  cmwiiion  with  liie  abaJananplHfcin.  IhniBh  not  tuHy  bebii- 
jog  to  it,  may  be  muuioned  the  anterior  lobeaol  Ike  paiiuurvbDdyj 
tlrabcginMan  upwarfrfiKTficii/BB  from  the  ^uttrior  wiU  of  the 


F  pharyK.  .or  rt 


led,  heeomer  nipped  e^  by  Ihr  devrlopiiK 
id  blind  end  nma  and  becuma  mnH 
body,  which  coDB  dcnm  Iran  the  luain 


form  the  corpora  gi 


thadi 


'   ihoK  qT 


T^h-el, 


and  paB&iccului  becfli 
Of  the  cerebellar  pedi 


Fio.  n, — Lateial  tJtw  of 


tebnl 


(nrilte), 
■)ie  Ihhd 
rl^  thai  of  the  olher:  tw^  howe 


■  amuBonicatioB  not  onty  between  Ilie  Ihhd  and  lateral  v 
bn  bn*«  the  l«a  laleni  mitrielei.  «■  that  ihe  cavh: 

hHuiekerai.omiHin.a-' 

«  ■***"■"  loEwituainal  haiure 

to  forai  the  Ulx.  and  w  ibe ... . 

a  V^haped  canal.     In  the  floor  of  the  hemiiphc 
atrin*  aR  deuelopKl  U  an  early  dale  by  a  muhip 


a  (op. 


m  Ihe  d 


Ihry  nie  pnjulily  nodiAi 


^'SsTlhe  ehot^  « 
'n'theijwalUaninnii 
t.    Ulhers,  Jike  Ihe  h 

cr  than  Ihc  Swurca  ai 


they  are  due  to  (he  roF  -  .,  - 

third  month  and  ihrirdevrlopnient  [iioniewhat  doubtful, 

ibalily  nodiAcalioni    '  --  '— ■ —■'—■  •--  -■— 

indary  adhi 


M  of  Ihe  lanri 


mlinay^  but  Ihey 

__, , , ,11  Hifaco  of  the 

cerebral  henftjphem  where  the  ronicalpey  mailer  ha»  not  covered 
ihe  white.  They  htein  at  iheCr  aniero-venlial  pn  near  the  scnu 
atlheaor|Hiacalk>«iniand(heBatCTiorpilhna[thelorni>i,andIhOK 

___.i '-— "---"^firM  appear  in  the  lower  mammab.     Thooriginal 

di  which  the  hcDiiapherei  eva^inate  iicompoaed. 
f  an  anieiior  pari  or  lelencephafon  and  a  pofttcrvv 
hi;    (he  whole  forming  ihe  ihird  venfcicle  in  ihc 


rly  Ihe  ([eniculale  bad«.     The  ar 


i8»Sl-  M' 


inferigr  dcvdopa   ^l 

rniins  Ihe  pott  (fouiih 

_.    .  ,  ffifili  niomh)  (Elliot 

W.  Kuiihan. "  Die  EniwJcUuiM  da  Kietnhinabei  Sh«e- 
ucnn,"  Umikixrr  Otd.  AUm^..  iSm;  B.  Stroud, 
•  Mammalian  cerebellum."  Jow:  of  Ctmp.  Nii-Tdoiy, 


1    lastly  the   iitptrim 


.1.  and  n^leicnco  lee  Quaia'.  .4.01.  voL  i. 

^br^Kloey  (New  York):  W. Hi;.  ArxU. mtnj 

ig.   tsffi);      Manhairs    Vttirirole  Emli 

'  r  EalBiijMnrweiQUilili    (Leipiif. 


St 


.  Henwii,  St^Much  jtr  vtriltidundim  lai  aJurimiMlilltw  EiO- 
idalun^Ait  drr  U'lVhllierr.  B±  i.  uit  t  (Jena,  tqoi-l^): 
mlipnuoi  ot  iki  Rumen  Body.  J.  P.  McMurrfeh  (i«ie>.  ^ 

V-  a.  p.) 

1.  Fn\nDUXiv 
The  nervoui  syslem  hax  as  ill  function  the  OMirdinaitng  o( 
It  activiiiei  of  Iheoigiini  one  wiih  another.    It  puis  the  oiiant 
.10  such  Riulual  rehlion  that  the  animal  reacts  as  a  whole  with 
iced,  accuracy  and  Klf^advantap,  in  rcspoiiic  to  the  co- 


ilchsl 


0  fund 


.    For  lb 


ilfor 

1  responsive  and  thraugh  It  evoke  appropriate  aciivEiy 
imal  ocgani.  And  in  iacl  there  have  been  evolved 
inut  a  number  of  stniciures  called  receptive  organi 
;  selectively  euiuble  by  diflirent  environ  mental 
Connected  with  thcK  receptive  organs  lies  thai 
'  the  nervous  tyslem  whic.h  is  leimed  affatnl  because 
Is  impulies .  inwards  towards  Ihe  nervous  ctnlcci. 
ion  consists  ol  elongated  nccve-cens,  in  man  ii>me  iiro 


,+0* 

miUion  in  si 
organ  I 


SR'AIN 

;    tpiul  end, 


iPifySKKXKn 


ThcK 


ir  throu^hauL 


[w»  in  tbo  head  d  npeciilLy  Itrgt  uld  compLn,  beaux  dirrctly 
eannected  with  jarticuUrty  impotlKnt  and  dclioitc  mrptivc 
(Rgiiu.    The  pin  or  the  ccniiat  nervoui  organ  which  lin  in 

impartlBl  reoptivc  orgBiu.  evolved  ■  doniiunl  imporlancs  io 
the  nerveiu  eyMem,  and  this  a  npeculiy  true  of  the  ki^cT 
AhinlaJ  forms.  Thii  head  part  of  the  ccnlnJ  ncrvoui  organ  a 
sufficienlly  diflcreni  tioni  the  rest,  even  to  anatomical  examina- 
lion,  Io  have  leceived  a  Kpaute  name,  the  train.  But  the  foci 
«f  its  bavlng  received  a  wparate  name  ought  not  to  obtcure  the 
•in^eneu  and  iBlldaiiiy  of  the  whole  ccnlraJ  ncrvoiu  organ 
II  one  «itlly.  The  funcikiiu  of  the  '  ' 
organ  iiom  refian  to  region  are  cuenii^ 

One  of  ill  OMnliftl  funcliom  is  reception,  via  ancrent  nervei. 
of  nervous  impulses  generated  in  the  receptive  tirgani  by  en- 
vironmentol  (gents  as  ttimulL    In  other  words,  whatever  the 

eenlroi  nervous  nrgan  as  a  nervous  impulse,  and  all  segmenlE 
of  the  centnl  nervous  organ  receive  impulses  so  gencraied. 
Funber.  it  is  nol  known  thai  nervous  Impulses  present  quililative 
dlSercDcei  among  thimictvct.  It  i>  with  these  irapulss  that 
the  central  ngivoii*  organ  whether  triaal  and  or  Ihiid  has  to 
deal. 

Usltrial  and  PtydtUal  Sifu  of  Crrcbral  Ailhiry.--ln  Ihe 
central  nervous  organ  the  action  tcsuttiog  Trom  entrant  impulici 
bus  issue  in  three  kinds  of  ways.  The  reaction  may  die  out,  be 
suppressed,  arul  so  fsr  as  dtscovenble  lead  to  nothings  or  (he 
impuhes  may  evoke  effect  in  either  or  both  of  two  forms.  Just 
aafrom  the  receptive  organs,  nerves  lead  into  the  central  nervous 
oegan.  so  conversely  from  the  central  organ  other  rtervrs,  termed 
rgatnS,  lead  to  various  orglns  of  the  body,  especially  ^nds  and 
musriei.  The  reaction  of  the  central  nervous  organ  to  impulses 
poured  into  it  commonly  leads  Lo  a  discharge  of  impulses  from 
it  into  gianda  and  muscles.  Tlteie  centrifugal  impulses  are,  so 
far  as  is  known,  qualitatively  like  the  centripeul  impulses. 
On  reaching  the  |^ndi  and  muscles  (hey  influence  the  activity 
of  Ihose organs.  SincethaseDigansatetheicIore  the  mechanisms 
ia  which  the  ultimate  efFcel  of  the  nervaus  reaction  lakes  place, 
they  are  often  lermcd  from  this  point  ol  view  e/ecler  ertami.. 
A  change  ensuing  in  effector  organs  is  often  the  only  vgn  an 
Observer  has  that  a  neivoui  Ricti<Hi  has  occurred,  udcss  the 
nervous  system  under  observation  be  the  observer's  own. 

of  reaction,  he  meets  at  once  in  numberless  instances  with 
icmalhm  as  an  outcome  or  sign  of  its  reaction.  This  ellecl  he 
cannot  show  lo  any  being  beside  bitnKlf.  He  can  only  describe 
it,  and  in  describing  It  he  csimot  strictly  Iranslale  it  Inlo  any 
lenn  of  material  eiistence.  The  unbridged  gulf  between  sensa- 
tion and  the  changes  produced  in  efleclor  organs  necessitates  a 
lepanb  handling 
ing  as  Ibeir  office 
effect.    This  holds  especially  in  the  case  of  the  broio,  and  for  the 

Psyikoiii  Bid  Iki  Fwe- Brain.— Hippocmles  wrote,  "  It  is 
through  the  brain  that  we  become  mad,  that  delirium  seiws  us, 
Ihst  fears  and  lermra  assail  us."  "  We  know  thsl  pleasure  and 
joy  on  the  one  hand  and  pain  and  grid  on  the  other  are  referable 
10  Ihc  brain.  It  is  is  viitueof  it  that  we  think,  understand,  see. 
hear,  know  u^iness  and  beauty,  evil  and  good,  tbe  agreeable 
■nd  the  disagreeable."  Similarly  and  more  precisely  Descurtes 
indicated  the  brain,  and  Ihe  brain  alone,  as  the  seal  of  conscious- 
ness.   Finally,  it  was  Floutens  who  perhaps  Brst  deliniiely 


in  i  mils  to  (hat  part 
'    al  dislinclion 


Tun. 


en  (he  font-brain  i 
.infact.lh: 


is  Ihe  fc 


'  n  of  the 


of  the  bnla  btUid  ths  Ioi«>hr^,  paychnl 

na  oo  not  behing  to  Ihe  reactions  of  Ihe  nervous  arcs 
ID  the  transection,  whereas  .they  do  still  accompany 
of  the  nervous  arcs  in  front  and  tlill  connected  with  iha 
fore-braiii.  A  man  after  Mveraace  of  the  spinal  oord  does  not 
nssos  in  the  strict  sense  coosciousndss  of  the  limbi  whose 
ifTerenl  nerves  lie  behiod  the  place  of  spinal  severance-  He  can 
ec  them  with  his  eyes,  and  il  the  severance  lie  between  the  arrus 
ind  the  kp,  can  fed  th*  hitter  with  bis  hands.  He  knowi  them 
D  be  a  part  of  his  body.  But  tbey  arc  delached  from  his  con- 
ciousness.  Sensations  derived  from  them  through  alt  other 
Junncls  ol  sense  than  Ibeir  own  do  not  suffice  to  restore  ibcn 
n  any  adequate  measure  to  his  coasdousnesa.  He  mma  have 
.he  sensations  so  called  "  rendenl  "  in  them,  that  is,  referred  to 
hem,  without  needol  any  logicalfnference.  These  can  be  yidded 
>nly  by  Ihe  receptive  organs  resident  in  the  patt  itself,  ila  skin, 
IS  ioinli.  ils  muscles,  &c,  and  can  only  be  yUded  by  Ihois 
receptive  organs  so  long  as  the  ruwe  impulses  fiom  (hem  have 
'  ■'  '  '  ■  Consciousness, therefore, doesBOtseem 
of  ihc  nervous  system  of  higher  a 


from 


«d08it 


In  lower  vertebrates  il  is  not  c 

fercnccs  which  study  ol  Ihc  behavloti 
the  difference  between  higher  and  iov 
of  Ihe  fore-brain  as  a  condition  fo 
marked  when  the  Arthropoda  are 
of  some  Insccta  points  strongly  to 
rudimentary  in  kind  Ihou^  it  may  I 
logue  of  the  fore-brain  of  vertebrate: 
out.    The  head  ganglia  in  these  In' 


the  rather  hosardous  in- 
olfish,  be,  allaWK  And 
ier  animal  forms  in  respect 
psychosis  becomea  more 
lamined.  The  behaviour 
their  poiseasng  memory, 
e.  But  in  them  no  homo- 
can  be  indisputably  made 

lays  to  the  brain  of  verte- 


n  «(  bduviouT 


n.  Some  eiperimcnts,  not  plei 
of  these  head  ganglia  induces 
a*  follows  hBS  of  psychical  funr 

le  forc-biain  in  vcTtcbrates.  Though,  therefore,  we  cannot 
of  these  Invertebrates  are  (be 
the  brain  of  vertebrates 
eem  to  notd  asimuaromcc,  exercising  analogous  functions, 
ing  psychosis  of  a  rudimentary  kiniL  We  can,  Iherefore, 
ol  the  head  ganglia  of  Arthropods  as  a  brain,  and  in  doing 
ist  remember  that  we  define  by  phy«io)o0cal  cvidenca 
than  hy  morphological. 

;irii;  Cml'tl  <ncT  Lawrr  NtnoHs  Cnfrei.— There  accrue* 
Ihe  brain,  especially  lo  the  fort-bnia  of  higher  Vettcbntes, 


crfun 


enacted  by  the 
of  fatalily.  in 


re  the  pi 


e  group  of 


These  pure  rcOens  have  111 
t  tha(.  given  a  partiealar  s) 
pariicuiir  reaction  unvariHngly  follows;  the 
muscles  or  Ihe  same  gland  is  invariably  ihroi 
the  same  way.  Removal  of  Ihc  tore-brain.  i.<,  of  that  poitioaal 
the  nnlral  nervous  organ  to  which  psychosis  Is  adiuncl.  renden 
the  nervous  reactions  of  the  animal  more  predictable  and  less 
variable.  The  animal.  lor  instance,  a  dog,  is  ^vcd  over  more 
coDipklely  to  simple  nfleies.  Itsskin  b  loBchedandii  scraidiea 
Ihe  spot,  its  jaw  Is  stroked  and  i1  yawns,  its  ramp  is  rabbed  and 


II  falally  ai 


opportunely,  for 

m  (he  dog  normally  would  al 


The  Miimal  lived  healthily  under  the  eantul  tmKnent  Kconkd 
il.  Al  fetdlng  lime  a  Ititle  quinine  fWtler)  added  lo  Its  sop  ol 
meat  and  milk  ted  lo  the  motsch,  alter  being  taken  into  (he 


PHVSIOLOCVl 

luilloicd,  nor  wii 
ever  obuincd  by  bi 
of  the  animal  by  the 
On  the  other  band, 


BRA4I< 


c  and  nguluiy  njcctcd,     Nmw  mi  n 


ralloved  at  once.  Golti  threii'  [a  hii  o 
f  the  same  doctored  mtu.  The  creati 
look  it  eagerly,  then  alter  ttceiving  it  ii 
rry  face  and  hesitated,  aslonishciL    But 

to  appear  ungrateful  to  the  giver  and  nji 
mc  Us  rcOel  ol  rcjcctron,  and  by  ill  m 
the  jntaci  cerebrum  it  pouesud. 


♦OS 


>  modify  rcnci  action  to  meet  the  eiigcncie: 
.  Pure  reHenci  are  admirably  adapleit  to  ceria 
•r  reactions  which  have  long  proved  advantageoi 


idimcnt.     But  ihc  rtBcK 
:anKiou3  aim  don  noi  fore 


them. 


Yet  they  Ii. 


(oiilrot  of  higher  centret.  The  cough,  the  eye^loiure,  the 
impliuetoiniile.atlthcMcaiibesuppreiued.  The  innate  rnfura- 
loiy  rhythm  can  be  modiGcd  to  meet  the  rcquiremtnit  at  vocal 
uEEerancc.  In  other  words,  the  reaction  of  reflex  arcs  is  con- 
trollable by  the  mechanism  to  whose  activity  consciousness  is 

iSecting  consciousness,  but  cotisciousnos  is  very  distinctly 
operative  with  the  centres  which  eiert  the  control,  ft  may  b< 
Uut  the  primary  aim,  object  and  purpose  of  consciousness  is 
control.  "  Consciousness  ia  a  mere  ,iutomatoo,"u'riies  Professor 
Lloyd  Morgan,  "  is  a  useless  and  unnecessary  cpiphenomenon." 
As  to  iaw  this  conscious  coiilroi  Is  operative  on  reAeies,  how  it 
intioda  Its  influence  on  the  lunoing  of  the  rellci  machinery, 

Tit  Crrcbrum  au  Orta*ptin%  Aiaflaliim  and  RiadJMtlmttl  d/ 
Mrior  ^tti.— The  tnrcisc  of  this  conticl  and  the  acquirement 
dI  skilled  actions  have  obviously  elements  in  ccmmou.     By 

actions  acquired  by 

pari,  and  isolate  and  i 


ancestral  motor  SI 


fingers  on  eitt 
can,  however, 


f  it.  Theiiolatedliliingotlbe  ting  finger 
acquired  by  training.  Ja  sucb  cases  the 
isdous  eBort  is  able  to  dissociate  ■  part 
from  an  ancestral  co-ordination,  and  in  that  way  tA  add  ft 
skilled  adapted  act  to  the  powers  of  the  individual. 

The  nervous  organs  of  control  form.  Iberelore,  ■  special  inslni- 
meat  of  kdaptaiion  and  of  readjustnieat  of  reaction,  for  better 
iccomnxidation  to  tequirements  which  may  be  tiew.  The  altaiD- 
ment  of  toore  prtciuon  and  speed  in  the  use  of  a  tool,  or  tbe 
handling  of  a  weapon,  mearts  a  process  In  whicb  nervous  orgSDS 
of  control  modify  activities  ol  reflex  centres  tlicBselvea  already 
perfcctol  tnctstnlly  (at  cither  though  klodied  aciiona,  Thu 
process  ol  lewoing  is  sccompanied  by  cancknu  eQort.  The 
efiort  consist!  not  to  much  in  any  course  of  reasoning  but  rather 
in  the  acquiring  of  new  seniorimotar  eipcrience.  To  learn 
ntimmingor  slmling  by  simple  cogitation  oi  mere  visual  obHrva- 
tion  is  ol  course  impassible.  The  new  ideas  requtHte  cannot  be 
tDBstrvcted  without  motor  experience,  and  the  training  must 
indtide  that  motor  experience.  Hence  tbe  training  for  a  new 
•killed  tBotor  naoteuvre  must  be  simply  od  itc,  and  ia  o(  itself 
M  ttsining  for  another  motor  coordination. 

Tlie  nott.ooinplei  an  otgiDisin  the  more  points  o(  contact 
doe*  it  have  with  its  environment,  and  tbe  more  lioes  it  need 
TeadJostDieot  amid  an  envlroniEent  of  dUCtioc  leUUoiishiiK. 
Hence  Ibe  organs  ol  consciovsiKss  and  coDlrsL  being  ofgus  of 
adaptation  and  readjustnxnt  of  reaction.  «31  be  more  pni- 
BobbchI  the  fartbrr  the  animal  scale  ia  followed  upward  to  its 
Oewnliigspedeiimu.    Thecfrct»>imwdcipeci>ll)'llMcercbal 


oortci  nay  be  reguded  11  thi  bi^Hil  ntprcssioD  o<  Ik*  aerveui 
organ  ol  individual  adaptation  ol  reactions.  lis  bigb  dcvelop- 
inent  in  man  makes  him  the  most  successlul  aaioal  on  earth's 

ibis  adjustoient  in  his  case,  as  he  stands  now,  consists  doubllen 
in  that  nervous  activity  which  is  intellectual.  The  mentality 
attached  to  his  ccRbtum  includes  reason  in  higher  measure  than 
*ii  possessed  by  the  mentality  of  other  animals.  He,  therefore, 
more  than  they,  can  prolilnbly  forecast  the  future  and  act 
suitably  to  meet  it  from  memory  of  the  past.  The  cerebrum  hai 
proved  itself  by  bis  esse  the  most  potent  weapon  existent  [or 

Uiani  and  Praatt  A  I'au  sf  Pkyslaliiskal  SlvJ}  Bflht  BraiH.~ 
The  ispectaof  cerebral  activity  ate  therefore  twoffdd.  There  b 
the  contribution  which  it  malin  to  the  behaviour  of  the  animal 
as  seen  in  the  creature's  dtnnp.  On  the  other  hand  there  is  its 
product  in  ihepsychicalble  of  the  animal.  The  former  of  these 
is  subject  matter  lor  physiobgyi  the  latter  is  cipedally  the 
province  of  psychology.  Physiology  does,  however,  concern 
ilscll  with  the  psychical  aspect  of  cerebral  (unctions.  Its  scope, 
embracing  the  study  of  the  bodily  organs  in  regard  to  function, 
includes  tbe  psychic  as  well  as  the  miurlal,  because  as  just 
shewn  the  [ormer  Ineitricably  inleilue  with  the  latter.  But  the 
leUtion  between  tbe  psychic  phenomena  and  the  working  of  the 
brain  in  regard  to  any  data  of  fundamental  or  intimate  character 
connecting  the  two  remains  practically  as  unknown  to  us  as  to 
the  Creek  philosopbcn.  What  physiology  has  at  present  to  be 
content  with  in  this  respect  is  the  mere  asugaingol  certain  kinds 
of  psychic  evcDUtocertain  local  re^onsol  tbe  cerebrum.  This 
primitive  quest  constitutes  the  greater  pan  of  the  "  neurology  " 
.,  ...,  j_..   __j J L..  !.._   ..^^  (Jong  ill  lines. 


tally  »i 


It  (oltow 


It  lacl 


awholt 


finally  [lom  these 

Kconei  more  and 

irgao  thao  can  be  treated 


at  separable  fu 


The  means  principally  adopted  in  studying  the  (unctions  of 
the  brain— and  it  must  be  remembered  that  this  study  in  it) 
present  phase  is  almost  exclusively  a  mere  seaicb  (or  localiiatioa 
—are  four.  Tbcsearethephysiolo^al,  IhecJinieo-pstJioIogical, 
the  histological  and  the  loolagical.  The  first  oitncd  ptocecdl 
by  observing  the  effects  ol  irtilicial  eidiaiion,  chiefly  electric, 
of  various  parts  of  the  brain,  and  the  defects  produced  by 
destruction  or  removal  of  circumscribed  portions.  The  clinico- 
palhologlcal  ptocecds  by  observing  tbe  dislurbancei  of  body 
and  mind  occurring  in  disease  or  injury,  and  ascertaining  the 
extent  of  the  diseaie  or  injury.  Cor  the  most  pan  fell  wurlim, 
The  hisinlogical  method  examinei  the  microscopic  structure  oi 
the  vstious  regions  of  the  brain  and  tbe  characters  and  arrange. 
ment  of  the  neive-cells  composing  it.  Tbe  loologicai  loUowi  and 
compam  the  general  features  of  the  brain,  as  represented 

It  ii  on  the  (unctions  oE  tbe  [ore>brain  that  interest  now 

'    the  fOTo^brain  itself  chiefly  at      ' 


In  tr 


dthe 


IS  by  iar  the  larger  part  of 
ore  than  any  other  part  it 


It  liei  accessible 


It  is  composed  at  v  great 


urbetein  processes  ol  peculiar  intereit  (or  the  investigation  in 
Tiew  are  likely  to  occur.     To  make  this  last  inference  more 

Tbe  whole  [JiyAilogical  function  of  the  nervous  system  nuy 
be  summed  up  fn  the  one  word  "  conductioik."  Tbii  '*cois- 
duclion  "  may  be  defined  u  the  tnnsmiision  of  atitei  of  excite- 
ment (nerve-impulses)  aloBg  the  neural  ires  compcsiog  tbe 
lyitem.  Tbe  whole  nervoussystem  is  baillupof  chiinso(aeive- 
ocUi  CDeonaes)  which  ut  Mtvai«  ooaductoit,  the  chaUt  etiea 


4o6 


BRAiK 


iK&g  ternwd  Arcs.     Eich  iwimne  is  an  rTon^ipd  cell  vhfrfi 

flo  (ar  u  ia  knowD  ri>odifyinf  Lhc  impuhrs  In  transit,  unftsi 
in  dill  pntl  of  the  nenv-cell  where  ihc  nucleui  lin.  Tlul  part 
ol  (be  neunme  or  Hivc-cell  19  ailed  the  perlkatron  or  cell- 
body,  and  [rom  ihal  pan  usually  many  bnnchcs  nf  the  cell  (each 
branch  beins  a  netvc-fibre}  nmily.     Tbcie  a  m  evidence  thai 


It  Ihcn 


ong  ihc  ni 


s  the  Imi 


iiyslCT 


d[  conducllon  ' 


medfately  For- 


gdiag  neurone  led  it.  Thai  n,  the 
leiis,  the  [ar  end  ol  one  appoKd  lo 
The  place  of  juitiparillon  of  Ihe 
the  beginning  at  analhet  h  called  (he  synnfM.  Ai  ll  (he  con- 
dncllon  which  has  v>  far  been  wholly  in(ra-nevranic  is  replaced 
by  IB  intn-ncuronlc  piocfw,  in  which  (he  nerve  impulse  puses 
from  one  iHunme  to  ihe  tint.  TiK  proccM  (here,  il  is  n»iunl  (0 
think,  musi  be  physiologitally  diilcmt  from  that  conductive 
process  Ihal  serves  foi  Iransmisslon  mFifly  wlihin  Ihe  neurone 
luetl.     IiiBjybt  Ihattoihiainier-neuionicconduciioniredne 


tnmki  (ncrve-Bbiri)  lespccii' 
fcrc  chanfes  in  thyEhnr,  inlcnsl 
by  aumnitioii  and  inbibliion 
features  ol  nervous  reaciion. 


.  Signitcant  of  the  former 
ncitibiliiy  and  modificiKians 
fact  a  numbet  of  (he  main 
M  characters  impressed  opon 
e-ehaint)  wouH  therefore  be 
tneeable  to  the  intercalation  ol  perikarya  and  synapses,  for 
botk  ibese  slruclum  are  absent  [rem  ncrve-tmnlu.  It  is 
Iberelote  prabably  to  pcrlkarya  1     ' 


is  due.     Now,  | 


Tunks,     They 


n  organ 


exclusively  to  ihow  panions  ol  (he  1 
ol  {rey  maKcr  (w  called  from  ils  naked-eye  appearance).  Henn 
It  is  10  Ihe  gceat  sheet  ol  grey  maKerKhich  enfolds  theccipbruin 
(hat  (he  physiolotfst  (urns,  as  to  s  lield  where  he  would  np«l 
t»  6iid  evidences  at  Ihe  processes  of  cerebral  co-ordlnnlion  al 
<rot^  Ii  b  therelore  to  items  regarding  Ihe  lunciions  ol  the 
gmit  sheet  ol  arebral  cotic]|  Ihii  we  may  now  pass. 

Tkt  CmWtl  CtrUx  ani  Us  F«n,liMt—Ttie  main  question 
which  vtied  the  study  ol  (he  physiology  ol  Ihe  cerebral  hemi- 
spheres in  the  19th  century  wai  nhethei  drfltrences  ol  function 
in  detectlbte  in  the  different  regions  of  Ihe  hemisphere  and 
especially  in  those  ol  its  cottei.  One  camp  of  eipcrimenten 
and  observers  held  that  the  cortoi  was  identical  in  functbn 
throughout  It)  Client.  These  aii(hori(les  taught  (hat  (he 
various  (acultin  and  tenses  suScr  damage  in  pn>portion  lo  the 
amount  ol  conei  removed  or  injured,  and  Ibal  il  is  a  mailer  ol 
IndlStrrace  what  may  lie  the  paniculir  region  wherein  the 
destruction  takes  place.  Against  this  an  opposed  set  olobscrvcn 
held  that  dilTerenl  regions  perlorm  diHcrcnt  li 


'  drdcrenUal  "  view 


wholly  d. 


ihailar  fDrms  in  (he  first  and  last  quarlen  oT  the  i«lta  a 
TC^iectlvlly.  In  the  first  quarter  ol  (he  century,  a  school,  with 
which  Ihe  name  of  CsH  is  promtnenlly  aasociiled,  hi4d  that 
each  lacutly  of  a  set  ol  pariiculat  M-calted  "  liculiics,"  which 
It  usumed  ccnstiluud  inlclligcncc,  has  In  Ihe  brain  ■  spatially 
separate  organ  proper  Is  ilsdf,  Gail's  doctrine  had  two  lundi- 
laanlal  proposiilona.  The  Ant  wa>  that  intelligence  risldci 
odusively  in  (he  brain:  the  second,  thai  inlelligence  consists 
Ol  twrnty-seven  "  laculiics,"  each  Mth  a  separate  local  scat 
in  the  bialn.  The  lint  piopostiioB  »ai  not  new.  I(  Is  mtl  with 
In  Hippocmifl^  and  it  had  been  clabonited  by  Descartes  and 
Mbcn.  Bui  Bichai  In  his  A  naltmu  ttnirate  had  partly  wandered 
from  Ihc  gcaduafly  esiablished  truth  and  referred  iht  (motions 
10  (be  viKeral  organs.  Warning  lo  a  naive  view  popularly 
pnvilsot.  CaU'a  SrsI  proposition  was  probably  raised  especially 
!■  reaction  againsi  Bickat.  Bu(  Call's  proposition  was  retro- 
padafrfaiilM  tnaapaaitiMottfaaitiuHolhlsUaai.  Ftounns 


and  others  of  his  contempwarfes  had  already  shown  not  only 
that  intelligence  was  resident  eiclusively  In  the  brain,  but  thai 
it  was  resident  eidusively  in  ihai  pan  of  the  brain  which  is 
Ihe  lorc-brajn.  Now  Call  placed  certain  of  his  Iwcriy.teveo 
inielleciual  faculties  in  Ihe  cerebellum,  which  is  part  ol  Ihe 

Pkenofejy.— As  to  Call's  second  ptoposiiion.  the  set  of 
faculties  into  which  he  analysed  intelligence  shon-s  his  power 
of  psychological  analysis  to  have  been  so  weak  that  it  is  matter 
of  surprise  his  doctrine  coul 


■n  the  ephemctal  vi 

0   faci^' 


instance,  '■  I'amfHr  tela  prottailuii.  ri«ii!iul  earuauhr,  Familit, 
la  nil.  la  tattcSU  itmptroHn,  l-april  mHaphi-uqui.  le  lalcnl 
pflli^m,  h  mimigitc,"  tx.  Such  crudity  ol  speculation  is  re- 
marluble  in  one  who  had  undoubtedly  conriderablc  Insight  inio 
human  character.  Each  of  the  ln-enty'sevcn  faculiies  had  iti 
seat  in  a  part  ol  the  brain,  and  (ha(  part  of  the  brain  was  called 
il»  "organ."  The  mere  spatial  juiUpositlon  or  reniDtcncss 
ol  these  organs  one  from  ■no(hcr  in  the  brain  had,  according 

rgr^dne  rf<i  oris  al  plail  lain  dr  rmgaie  4n  irnt  jtl  cmlitiri, 

Toicmtnl  leltriilel."  All  these  "  ficulty-otgans  "  were  traced 
by  Gall  at  the  surface  of  the  brain.  "  This  ciplains  the  corre- 
spondence which  cilsts  bclwetn  ccaniology  and  the  doctrine 
of  Ihe  functions  ol  Ihe  brain  (cerebral  physiology),  Ihe  single 
aim  of  my  researches."     Call  wrote  that  he  lound  the  bump  ol 

Ihe  goal.  BcDuasais  traced  the  "organ  "  ol  vencralian  as  far 
down  as  the  sheep.  Oatl  lound  (he  bump  of  murder  (iiuie  cf> 
mturlte)  in  the  camivora.  Later  it  was  traced  abo  in  herWvom, 
Bnwssnls  added  apologetiolly  that  "  the  hcrblvora  cause  a 
real  destruction  ol  pbnts." 

CJall's  doctrine  enjoyed  enotnicius  vogoe.  He  himself  had  the 
gifts  and  the  demerits  of  quackery.  His  doctrine  possessed, 
apart  from  ils  falsity,  certain  other  mischievous  qualities. 
"Qat  tn  liommcl  ri  fltritin.  <im  Jml  ifortir  Its  Bal/a«i  ^r 
mlllimij,  jor*c«f  qo'ill  n'BJiiinrl  fsitil  tfe  leur  fnprc  ckt],  qar 
c-al  la  nolmrt  qui  a  placl  dim  fear  cnr  la  ragi  ie  h  deifraelian." 
One  ol  his  scicnllAc  opponents  rejoined,  "  Nay,  it  is  not  that 
which  (hey  should  know.  What  they  should  know  Fs  Ihal  if 
providence  has  allowed  to  man  the  pos^bilily  ol  doing  evil,  it 
has  also  endowed  him  with  the  power  (0  do  good."  The  main 
cause  al  the  success  ol  phncnology  (q.*.)  has  been  no  doubl  Uw 

of  others  by  citernal  signs.  Each  bump  or  "  boBse  "  on  the 
cranium  was  supposed  to  Indiaie  th*  eiislencc  and  degree  ol 
development  ol  one  or  other  of  the  twenty-seven  "  faculties. " 
One  such  "  basse  "  showed  Ihe  development  ol  Ihe  organ  of 
ither  Ihe  dcvclopnieni  Of  Ihe  organ  o( 


IS  ddighted  mi 


.  and  they  were  not  willingly 

Uticnt  Laalltalltn  D«/rr>«.— The  crude  localliaiion  of  the 
phrenologists  (s  ihereloee  too  clumsy  to  possess  an  inumi  It 
might  olh«rwis(  have  had  as  an  early  eipmsion  of  ■belief  la 

quently  juilifiKl,  although  on  facts  and  lines  quite  dilTRMt 
froralhescimagincdbyCalland  his  loIlDWcts.  Patient  sdenliOc 
toil  by  Ihe  hands  ol  E.  Hiuig  and  D.  Pettier  and  ibcir  loltowert 

cerrivi  which  not  only  show  that  different  regions  of  il  are  coa- 
cemed  with  dlterenl  luncitons,  bnl.  for  some  regions  at  least, 
outlintto  some  eileni  ibc  kind  ol  fuse  lion  eiercfsed.  It  tstra* 
thai  the  greater  pan  of  the  cortex  remains  still  lina  inapiilt 
unless  wc  are  coiieni  with  mere  dtacrfptive  (aatuies  eoBcain- 
ing  lis  coarse  anaiomy.  For  several  acalieitd  regions  sun* 
knowledge  of  thdr  lunciion  baa  been  gxlntd  by  physiotogkal 
invesligailon.  These  scattered  regions  an  the  n'fiul,  ikt 
saifiiary.  (he  aljailirt  and  iht  franlial. 
The  arev  matter  of  the  cerebtal  cortex  is  biaadly  diaracurlad 
peiikatyt  t*<t**^ils  bodio}  wUii  lit  ta  tl 


FHYSKX-OCVI  tfBJ 

toofoiBB  >  ftM  ibipft  llwy  na  ffltaMil,    Tlie  dtubiu 

fUno  ol  thcK  uUi— IhU  ii,  lluir  fihic*  which  cooduct  loHordj 
Ue  perikiTya — are  bnncttei  liom  the  *p»  and  amen  of  the 
pynoiil.  From  the  baae  oJlen  iKai  its  middle  amet  one  laige 
Gbre— (he  aione  hbie,  which  condacta  iiDpulMt  away  ftam  the 
^(ikaryon.  The  genecal  appcaisou  and  aoiniemeal  ol  the 
nciiieDts  in  a  particle  ol  cortical  gic/  malUr  an:  ibawn  in  Bg.  15, 
above^  The  apices  of  the  pyiamidai  pcrilurya  are  litiTic4 
lowiids  the  [tee  surface  of  the  coiiea.  The  figure  ii  inicrpretnl 
in  letma  of  functiaRal  conduction  means  that  the  cartel  ji  bcael 
nilh  conductois,  cadi  of  which  colIeclB  nerve-impulica,  froin 
a  minute  but  lelalively  wide  field  by  its  blanched  dendrilet, 
and  thai  Ihete  nctvo-impultet  conveige  through  iia  periluiyen, 
iisue  by  ita  alone,  and  are  canied  whiihanoever  the  aione  runt. 
In  aoiDc  lew  celli  the  aione  bceaka  up  into  branchei  in  the  irO' 
■nediale  neighbourhood  of  iti  own  petikaiyon  in  ibe  cortex. 

while  niBUcr,  leaving  Ihi  corlei  ■llogetlier.  Oa  readunj  the 
(ubjaceni  white  matter  it  minglo  with  other  GbiH  and  takeaone 
ol  Ihe  following couT»9:—(i|  (0  the  grey  BStWr  of  the  cartel  of 
IheianK  hemiiphere,  (1)  U>  the  grey  matter  of  IhecMIU  of  the 
oppobile  hemiiphere,  (3)  le  the  grey  rnatler  of  the  poni.  (4}  to 
the  grey  matter  of  the  bulb  or  apinal  cord.  It  ii  noteworlhy 
that  the  dendrite  fibrn  oi  Ihcse  cortical  neurones  do  not  trans- 
gress the  limits  of  the  grey  corlei  and  Ihe  immediate  neighbour- 
load  of  Ihe  perlluryon  to  which  they  tHJongi  whereas  the  dis- 
charging 01  aione  fibre  does  in  the  vati  nujOTily  of  cases  trons- 
greiB  Ihe  limits  ot  the  grey  matter  wherein  its  petikaiyon  lies. 
The  cortical  neurone  therefore  collect*  impuliet  in  Ihe  region  ot 
cartel  juat  about  iu  petikaiyon  and  diichargei  them  to  other 
rqiona,  some  not  conical  or  even  cerebral,  but  spinal.  Bis.  One 
question  which  nilurally  arises  it,  do  these  uUs  spontaneously 
generate  Iheir  impiilKaorBte  they  ttirred  Lo  activity  by  impubu 
which  reach  Ihcm  frBm  without?  The  tendency  of  phyiiology 
is  to  regaid  the  tcliont  ol  the  cortex  at  leactioni  lo  iiapulses 
communicated  to  Ihe  coilical  celli  by  nerve-chiinnelt  reaching 
Ihem  (ram  the  sense  organl.  The  neurone  conductois  in  the 
cortex  are  in  so  Far  considered  to  resemble  (hose  of  reAer  centres. 
■bough  theil  leacliDna  arc  moie  variable  and  complei  than  in  the 
use  of  the  spinal.  The  chains  of  neurones  passing  through  Ihe 
totiex  are  more  complex  and  connected  with  greater  numbers  of 
asaociate  complex  chains  than  are  those  of  the  s^nal  centres. 
But  juat  ai  Ihe  leSei  centres  of  the  cord  are  each  attached  la 
afferent  channcit  arriving  from  this  or  Ihat  receptive-organ,  for 
Insunce,  lactile-organt  of  the  skin,  or  spindles  of  muscle-jense, 
lie,  to  the  rcgiont  of  cortex  whose  function  is  to-day  with  some 
ctttainty  localised  seem  to  l>e  severally  related  each  to  some 
particular  sense-organ.  The  localization,  so  far  as  ascertained, 
it  ■  localization  which  altachct  sepatite  areas  of  cortex  lo  the 
several  E|>eciei  of  tense,  namely  Ihe  visual,  Ihe  auditory,  the 
olfactory. and  to  on.  This  being  10,  we  should  cipecl  10  find  the 
leraiul  leprcsentalion  in  the  corlei  especially  marked  lot  the 
oigani  of  the  gteat  ditwncc-receptots,  ■'  -  •■•. 

sideied  as  »nH  .organs — initiate  sensa 


407 


0  Ihe  s< 


,g  Ihe  qualil 


The  I 


re  the  olfactory,  the  visual  and  th< 
The  environmental  agent  which  acts  u  stimulus  in  the  case  of 
Ibe  first  named  is  chemical,  In  the  lecond  it  radiant,  and  In  the 
kit  is  mechanical. 

Oljatiary  KitioB  «/  Ctrlix. — Thet(  Is  phylogenelic  evidence 
that  the  development  of  the  ctrlix  centri  6nt  occutred  in  cdn- 
aexion  with  the  distance-recepton  for  cbeniical  tlimuli— that  it, 
eipieucdwilhiclcicncc  10  psychosis,  inconiKxionwitholfaclion. 
The  olfactary  apparatus  even  in  mammals  still  exhibits  a  neural 
architecture  of  primitive  pattern.  The  cell  which  conducts 
iinpulEet  10  the  brain  liORi  the  olfaclory  membrane  in  the  nose 
resembjet  cells  in  the  skin  of  the  eartluorm,  in  thai  its  cctl-body 
ha  actually  amid  the  epithelium  ot  the  ikin-turfaee  and  it  not 
.deeply  buried  near  or  in  the  cenlrol  nervous  organ.  Further,  it 
bis  at  its  eitcnul  end  tiny  hairlels  such  as  occur  In  specially 
receptive-cells  but  not  usually  in  purely  nervous  cells.  Hence 
irc  mi)il  ibink  (hat  ou  and  Ibt  him  call  by  ilf  eateiiul  end 


a  tbt  enviranmeBtal  st 


and  by  In  deep  cad  ndtes 

tnc  central  nervous  or^i.  1  ne  cell  under  Ok  stimulation  of  the 
environmental  agent  wdl  Ihereloic  genente  in  iitelf  a  nervous 
impulse.  This  is  the  clearett  instance  we  have  of  a  neurone  being 
actually  excited  under  naturaf  ciicunutancet  by  aa  agent  of  the 
environment  dually,  imm  indiiectiy.  The  deep  suit  of  these 
olfacloiy  neuronet  having  entered  the  central  nervous  organ 
come  into  contact  with  the  dentrites  of  large  neurones,  called, 
from  their  shape,  mitral.  In  the  do^  an  aiUmal  with  high 
olfactory  sense,  the  axona  of  each  olfactory  neuTone  is  cuiaectcd 
with  five  or  six  nilral  cells-  In  man  each  olfactory  neurone  it 
connected  with  a  ti>lgle  mitral  cell  only.  We  imy  suppoa*  Ihat 
the  farmer  arrangement  conducts  to  intensification  of  the  central 


which  could  lead  to  smothet  sharp  di 
reaction  in  respect  to  hscality  of  ilimul 
Contidcting  the  diHute  wi 


n,  for 


wilh  visui 


the  farmer  can  ohviously  yield  Utile  iofonnation  of  uae  for 
locating  the  exact  position  oltheif  source,  Onthe  other  hand,  in 
the  case  of  visual  itimuli  the  locus  of  incidence,  ovring  to  the 
nctilinear  pnpagation  ol  light,  can  tcrve  with  citranrdiuiy 
eiactitudo  lor  inferences  as  to  the  position  of  their  aource.  The 
adapuiion  of  the  neural  conneiioDt  of  the  two  organs  in  iJua 
respect  is  therefore  in  accord  wilh  eipeciation. 

The  earliesi  cerebral  cortex  it  formed  in  conneirion  wilh  ibe 
neurone-chains  coming  into  the  ceatial  nervout  organ  from  the 
patch  of  olfaclorycelltaD  Ihe  turTace  of  Ibe  bead.  Theregionai 
cerebrum  thut  developed  is  ihe  so-called  olfactory  lebe  and 
hippocampal  fonnation.  The  greater  part  of  the  oerebial  hemi' 
sphere  it  often  tetiaed  the  ^olfimii,  because  as  its  develapmen4 
extends  it  folds  doak-wiae  over  ihe  oMei  tituctuna  at  the  bate 
ol  the  brain.  The  olfactory  lobe,  fnm  its  position,  is  somelimet 
called  Ihe  taUiiim  taiak,  tod  the  hippocampal  loimation  the 
fjlium  mirgimali]  and  these  two  parts  of  the  pallium  form 
what,  on  account  ol  their  phylogenelic  history,  Elliott  Smith 
well  terms  the  arckifaUnm.  A  fissure,  the  limbic  fissure,  mariia 
off  more  or  lest  distinctly  this  arcbipallium  from  the  ivst  of  the 
pallium,  aremainder  which  is  of  later  development  and  therefore 
designated  by  EUiotlSmiththeiue^/liKM.  Ol  Uu arihipBllium, 
the  portion  which  constitutes  the  olficiory  lotie  is  well  formed 
In  the  selachian  fish.  In  Ihe  reptilian  cerebrum  Ihe  hippocampal 
reginn,  the  pallium  marginale,  coexists  in  addition.  TheK  are 
both  of  them  olfacloiy  In  tunciion.  Even  to  high  up  in  the 
animal  scale  as  the  lowest  mammals  they  still  form  one  half  of 
the  entire  pallium.  But  in  the  higher  apes  and  In  nun  the 
olfactory  portion  of  the  pallium  is  but  a  small  fractioB  of  the 
pallium  as  a  whote.  iL  is  indeed  so  relatively  dwarfed  ami 
obscured  as  to  be  invisible  when  |he  brain  is  regarded  from  the 
side  or  above.  Tie  olfsclory  part  of  the  pallium  eithibfu  h'ttle 
varfatiou  in  form  as  traced  up  thiiHigh  the  higher  animals.  It  ii 
of  course  small  in  such  animals  as  Cetaceans,  w^kh  are  onaiaurfK. 
In  highly  osmetic  such  as  the  dog  it  is  large.  The  smu,  and 
uibicuJum  cfTHH  ammonxi  of  Ihe  human  brtin.  belong  to  iL 
Disease  of  Ihete  parts  has  been  accompanied  by  disturbance  of 
Ihe  tense  of  smell.  When  siimulaied  electrically  (in  Ihe  rabbit) 
Ihe  olfaclory  pallium  occatians  peculiar  torsion  of  the  note  and 
lips  (Fenier),  and  change,  often  slowing  or  arrealed.  of  the 
cetpiratoty  rhythm.  P.  E,  Flechsig  hat  shown  that  the  nerve- 
fibres  of  this  fan  of  tbe  pallium  attain  the  final  stage  of  their 
growth,  that  b  la  say,  acquire  their  ftheathl  of  myelin,  early  in 
the  onlogenetic  dovelapmcnt  of  the  bnun.  In  ihe  human  bntm 
Ihey  are  myelinale  bcfoie  birth.  This  it  significant  from  the 
point  of  view  ol  lunciion.  for  reasons  which  have  been  made 
clear  especially  by  the  lesearches  of  Flechsig  himself. 

The  completion  of  the  growth  of  the  nerve-fibres  entering  ami 
leaving  the  cortex  occun  at  very  various  petiodi  in  the  growth 
of  the  brain.  Study  ol  the  development  of  the  fibres  entetbig 
ig  the  vstiou]  regions  of  the  pallluni  in  the  human 


htain. 


rs  that  the  1 


entlygi 


uped 


408 


BRAIN 


n  by  ctrilatrnl  r 


id  thcM  reglau  hivt 

_ ^  ;  in  the  nrTvc-fibra 

cntcfing  «nd  leaving  Ihcin,  lunirly,  ibcy  pourta  fibra  projected 
to  DT  from  parti  of  the  dctvous  lystem  altogether  outside  the 
cortei  Itself'  Theu  fibres  ue  tmned  "  projection  "  fibrea. 
Other  r^ODi  of  the  corlei  poMca  Gbm  coining  [rom  or  ginng 
to  varioiu  EesJou  oF  the  cortex  ii»lf,  but  do  not  poueu  in 
Addllkm^  u  do  the  five  primitive  conical  fields,  the  fibres  of 
projection.  So  thai  the  facta  established  by  Rtchsig  for  the 
regiona  of  pallium,  which  oiber  evidence  already  indicated  as 
coimected  with  the  sense-organ  of  smell,  support  that  evidence 
ind  bring  llie  olfactory  region  of  cortei  into  line  with  certain 
other  leghnu  of  coitci  similarly  prinurily  CDnnecltd  with  organs 

It  will  be  noted  that  what  has  been  achieved  by  Iheie  varioui 
Betns  of  itudy  in  regard  to  tRc  region  o(  the  cortet  to  which 
olfactory  functions  are  attributed  atnounu  at  presetil  to  little 
aan  than  the  ban  aKertalnmenl  of  the  eiistence  there  of 
nervDuI  medianisini  connected  with  olfaction,  and  to  the  de- 
limiting roughly  of  their  citeul  and  ol  their  abilily  to  influence 
certain  movement),  and  in  man  scraalions.  habitually  auociattd 
with  eicrdK  of  the  olfactory  organ.  As  to  what  part  the  cortical 
mechanitm  hai  b  the  elabontioii  or  association  of  mental 
pnCEMei  to  which  olfaction  cotitributes,  no  evidence  worth  the 
name  acenii  u  yet  forthcoming.  In  Ihig  respect  our  knowledge, 
or  n  ther  oui  want  of  knowledge,  of  the  (unctions  of  the  oKacIoty 
tigioii  of  the  cortei,  is  (aiily  typical  of  that  to  which  we  have 
10  confeti  in  regard  to  the  otbei  regions  of  the  conei,  even  the 
bestknowtL 

rinal  Regiew  0/  llu  Csr(rx.~There  is  a  region  of  the  cortei 
eqwdally  connected  with  vision.  Tlie  tftic  ntne  and  (ricf 
constitute  the  lecond  link  in  the  chain  of  neurones  joining  the 
retina  to  the  brain.  Ihey  may  therefore  he  regarded  as  the 
intraspinal  tract  connecting  the  deep  ends  of 


mthesk 


higher  n. 


In  the  bony  fishes  the  iqHic  tract  reacha  the  grey  matter  of  the 
<^ic  lobe,  a  part  of  the  mid-brain,  to  which  the  so-ciUed  aalerior 
coUlcuIus  is  equivalent  In  the  mammalian  brain.  In  the  optic 
lobe  the  uones  of  the  neurones  ol  the  optic  tract  meet  neurones 
whose  aitines  pass  in  turn  la  the  motor  neurones  of  the  musdes 
Dwving  the  eyeballs,  and  also  10  other  motor  neurones.  But  in 
these  lish  the  optic  tract  has  no  obvious  conneiion  with  the 
fore-brain  or  with  any  cerebral  pallium.  Ascending,  however, 
10  the  Rpttliaa  brain  is  found  an  additional  arrangenHnt:  a 
imaU  portion  of  the  optic  tract  piucs  lo  grey  matter  In  tronl  of 
the  optic  lobe.  This  grey  matter  is  the  Uleral  geniculate  body, 
Rom  this  geniculate  body  a  number  of  neurones  eitend  to  the 
pallial  portion  of  the  cerebrum,  for  in  the  reptilian  brain  the 
pallium  is  present.  The  portion  ol  pallium  connected  with  the 
lateral  geniculate  body  lies  above  and  behind  the  ollactory  or 
archipoJIium.  It  is  a  part  of  what  was  meniiooed  above  as 
neopallium. 

In  the  mammalisa  brain  the  pMtion  of  the  optic  tract  which 
g>a  to  the  i^tic  lobe  {ani.  laaUului  of  the  mammal)  b  dwarfed 
by  (tcai  development  of  the  put  which  goes  to  the  geniculate 
body  and  an  adjoining  grey  mass,  the  pulvinar  {part  ol  the  optic 
thalamus).  Fram  these  latter  pass  large  bands  of  fibres  to  the 
occipilal  region  o(  the  neopallium.  In  maminak  this  visual 
rtfion  of  the  cotta  is  distinguished  in  Its  microscopic  (eaturet 
from  the  cortex  elsewhere  by  a  layer  of  myelinate  rterve-fibres, 
'    ":h  are  the  saonesof  neurone*  of  the  geniculate  body 


■nd  pulvinar.  Thus,  whereas  in  the  bony  fishes  all  I 
link)  of  the  conductive  chain  from  the  retina  lead  tidusli 
to  the  final  neurones  of  motor  centres  for  muscles,  in  the  mam 
the  majority  of  the  third  links  conduct  lo  giry  matter  of 

The  application  of  electric  stimuli  to  the  surlacc  of  tite  coi 


IPHYStOLOCV 

in  higher  mamnallan  tnlB*  any  obTioos  effect;  no  muscular 

act  is  provoked.    But  from  certain  limited  regions  of  the  cortei^ 

such  stimulation  does  evoke  muscular  acts,  and  one  of  these 

regions  i>  that  to  which  the  neurones  fcnning  the  third  link  of 

the  conductive  chain  (rom  the  retina  pass.    The  muscular  acta 

1  provoUd  from  that  region  are  movements  of  the  eyeballs 

of  the  neck  turning  the  bead.     In  the  monkey  the  movement 

le  turning  ol  both  eyebatb  and  the  head  away  Irom  the  side 

lulated.    In  short,  the  gate  is  directed  as  to  an  object  on 

Diqiosite  side.   The  newerconductive  chain  traceaUe  through 

after  all,  like  the  older  one  througb 


itely  to  the  motor  ni 


he  eye 


les  and  the  neck,  only  it  takes 

longer  cou 

ISC  thither  and 

What  gai 

B  ef  ectcd  by 

new  and  as  it  were  alternative  an 

d  longer  rou 

e,  which  Ukes 

th  up  to  the  cerebral  cortei  an 

,  we  can  only 

ectute,  hut  of  one  point  we  may 

rest  well  as 

ured,  nsmely. 

in  with  ot 


softhcne 


ted  by  the  path  that  passe 
lunclional  difference  between  the  old  conductive  circuit  and  the 
new  can  at  present  hardly  indeed  be  staled  even  in  outline. 
A  natural  inlcrcncc  might  be  that  thephylogeneticallyofderand 
less  complei  path  Is  concerned  with  functions  purely  reflei- 
motor,  not  poMessing  sensation  as  an  attribute.  But  fish,  which 
possess  only  the  older  [uth,  can  be  trained  to  seize  bait  ol  otte 
colour  and  not  of  another  colour,  even  against  what  appcaretl 
to  be  «noH6in«l  colour-preference  in  them.  Such  discrimination 
individually  acquired  seems  to  involve  memory,  though  it  may 
be  rudimentary  in  kind.  Where  motor  reaction  to  visual  stimuli 
appears  to  involve  memory— and  without  memory  the  training 
could  hardly  be  ellect  i« — some  germ  of  conidoBSness  can  hardly 
be  denied  10  the  visual  reaclima,  although  ihe  reactions  occurred 
in  complete  absence  of  a  cortical  path  and  Indeed  of  a  visual 

Removal  ot  the  visual  pallium  in  the  tortcrise  produces  little 
or  no  obvious  delect  In  vision;  but  In  the  bird  such  a  Inlon 
greatly  impairs  the  vision  of  Ihe  eye  of  the  side  opposite  to  the 
lesion.  The  impairment  does  not,  however,  amount  to  absolute 
blindness.  Schnder^  hawk,  after  removal  of  the  pallium, 
reacted  to  movements  of  the  mice  with  which  It  was  caged. 
But  the  reactions  were  impaiped;  they  lacked  the  sustained 
puipose  ol  the  normal  reactions.  The  bird  saw  the  mice;  that" 
was  certain,  lor  their  movements  across  Its  field  of  vision  made 
it  turn  its  gsae  towards  them.  But  on  their  ceasing  to  move, 
in  the  pan  of  the  bird  lapsed.    Neither  did  their 


e  the  at 


'hich  K 


arc  presented  10  it  th 

inpairmeni  of  vision, 
'*    opposite  eye.  b 


>n  the  pan  of  the  bird  of  proy 
oa.     inetjini  apparently  did  not  ncognlic  them  at 

s  to  which  menial  asiodaiion  gave  no  significance, 
og  alter  ablation  of  the  occipila!  lobes  of  the  cortex 
,  (or  it  avoids  obstacles  in  its  path;  but  il  lood  (a 
jr  the  whip  held  up  to  it,  it  does  not  turn  toward* 
■ay  from  the  whip.  It  sees  these  thlnp  as  il  it  saw 
first  time,  but  without  curiosity,  and  as  II  it  had  no 
their  meaning.  It  gives  no  hint  that  it  any  longer 
even  familiar  objects  id  long  as  these 
the  aenK  of  vi^n.  Destruction  of 
misphcre  alone  produce)  in  the  do^ 
I  in  the  l»Td  practically  exchisively 
-  -  'itttal  hall  Of  each  eye.  and  thai 


rtinjuTed.    Thus 


halt  the  half  opposite  the  hemiif 

cortei  destroyed  is  of  the  right  cctebtal  hemispherr,  thereaultant 
visual  defect  is  in  the  left  half  of  the  field  ot  vision  of  both  eyes. 
And  This  iifo  in  man  also. 

In  man  disturbances  of  sensation  can  be  better  ittidlcd 
because  it  is  possible  to  obtain  from  him  bis  description  of  lui 
condition,  liie  relation  ot  the  crrlii  itrtiri  to  human  vision 
can  be  summiriied  briefly  as  tirilowi.  The  visual  cortei  k  dis-  ' 
tinguishabh  in  higher  mammals  by  a  thin  while  stripe,  the  itrfpc 
of  (3ennari.  seen  in  its  grey  matter  when  that  t»  sectioned.  "~' 
■tripe  RsulD  fros  a 


nnrsiOLocvi 


BftAIM 


409 


um  boo  the  aaniMM  «(  dw  lUMd  «>kBU*  bolr  tad  tbc 
pnhrtau',  tka  (ity  mamu  dinctly  ematetoil  with  iIh  optic 

the  Kfion  of  mtti  csuuiniiig  thi*  itripB  tncemblc  to  ofitic 
EbteiConBtpncticill^tliivbiilcocdpiUlkibo.    ButinthcBiui- 

a  oM  of  FlKhjig'&  KtM  ot  «arlifT  myeliaiifttioii.  Il  h  alio  one 
ol  hit  »n*»  poMCMJna  j^DJcctimi  fibre*;  u>d  Ihii^  kit  Iict 
igRCi  with  the  yieUing  bj  ihii  uu,  when  imdei  electrical 
stimuktioni  of  moveveDts  [ndicaiing  thdt  Impulsa  have  bcco 
duchuied  fiom  it  Into  the  moioi  uurona  of  the  miudes  ol 
the  ejet  *ai  necL  Evidence  tiom  aia  ol  diseue  ibow  that 
dcttnictinB  ot  the  conex  of  tb«  upper  lip  ol  the  calcaiiue  fiasuii, 
U]r  to  ibe  ligbt  half  of  ttte  bnin,  eauw*  in  man  impaiimeiil  is 
the  vppet  iffbt-lkiiid  qoadtuit  of  both  ntioas:  destiuction  of 
the  lowcf  Iv  ef  the  Eaon  cuna  impoinnent  in  tho  lower  liiht- 
haod  qaadranli,  DotiuctioD  of  tba  cutcuiiie  ngioa  of  one 
heniiplun  praduos  thcRfore  "  cioued  liemiaBi^iiB,"  that  ii, 
loM  of  the  opfKaiU  half  ol  the  £dd  of  vision.  But  in  tliii 
hemimiipii  the  legioB  of  central  vijion  is  always  qiand,  llml 
h,  the  iiiece  of  vlnial  field  which  oinei^ndt  with  the  yellow 
qral  of  the  letina  is  not  aflecled  la  Eilhn  eye,  unleia  the  talurine 
ttgiata  of  both  hemiipbeits  art  destroyed.  lUs  central  point 
U  vUoB  i*  connected  tlietefoie  not  with  one  nde  ol  the  brain 
only  bnt  with  both. 

The  ImpainntDt  vl  ^(ht  it  more  wvere  in  men  than  in  loirti 
aniiBtto.  Wbeie  the  datniction  of  the  vi(uoaen»t7  corlH 
inoDeailculiiengianiioonplete,acandle-flameoSere(I  in  the 
hemiiBopic  field  caiiDOt  even  be  perceived.  It  may  hardly 
excite*  reSei coDtnctioa  of  tbe pupil.  Iniuch  caiei  the  viEiiil 
defect  unounti  to  bliadncM.  But  thii  ii  a  greater  defect  than 
b  foond  in  the  doc  even  alter  entiie  removal  of  both  ocdpital 
lobe*.  The  dog  itUI  avoid*  obttadci  as  il  walks.  It*  defect 
k  rather,  u  laid  above,  1  complete  loa  of  interest  in  the  visual 
imago  eS  tUnst.  But  •  dog  01  monhey  after  leas  of  the  visual 
ccrtei  heaitites  more  and  >void*  ofastadei  ksi  well  ta  a  funiliar 
place  than  it  doe*  when  entirely  Uind  from  loss  oi  the  peripheral 
organ  of  viiion.  In  nun  extensive  destruction  of  the  visual 
cortex  has  a*  <hu  at  its  aymptoms  baa  of  memory  of  localities, 
thus, 'of  the  paths  of  a  gardu,  of  the  pcsilioii  of  fiuoiluie,  and 
ef  accnatomed  objects  io  the  patient's  own  tixim.  This  loss  of 
meraoiy  of  position  does  not  extend  lo  bpatio]  icia tions  ordinarily 
appreciated  by  touch,  such  aa  puts  gf  the  patient's  own  person 
orcIoihiDg.  TherAiBthinglikethisinihe symptoms foQoving 
Uindnen  by  loB  of  the  eye  itself.  Those  who  lose  Iheii  tight  by 
disease  of  the  retina  retain  good  memorial  picturea  of  portions 
snd  directioDs  appreciated  primtiily  by  vision. 

Cue*  of  disease  are  on  record  in  wtiich  loss  ol  vinul  memory 
his  occurred  without  hemiaoopta.  Viau^  hailucinatjons  referred 
to  tbe  hemianopic  side  have  been  otecrved.  This  lu^gtsu 
that  the  lunciion  of  visual  memory  ia  regard  to  certain  kinds 
oi  percepts  must  belong  to  looditia  of  cottex  diSerent  (ram 
these  pertaining  to  other  visual  percepts.  Tlie  art«  ol  conex 
tfaaracteiixed  by  (he  stripe  ol  Ccnnati  ocnipie*  in  nun,  as 
dieniioned,  the  calarine  atui  cuneale  region.  Il  is  surrounded  by 
•  CDiticai  field  which,  Ihou^  inlimaidy  connected  with  it  by 
manifold  conducting  fibres,  lie,  is  yet  on  various  grounds  dit- 
linct  from  it.  This  field  of  cortex  surrounding  the  viiuo-sensoty 
el  the  calcarine.aineale  re^n  is  a  far  newer  part  of  the  ceo- 

(Tlednig}  and  in  thcphytum  ^Dltan,CtnipbeIl.Mott)itB  develop- 
ment occurs  far  later  than  that  of  the  visuo^ensory  which  II 
surrounds.  Flechsig  finds  that  it  has  wt  "  pro^ction  '^  fibre*, 
that  t&»  that  it  receives  none  of  the  i^tic  radiations  from  (he- 
lower  visual  centres  aiui  gives  no  centrifugal  fibres  in  the  reverie 
direction.  This  field  encompassing  the  visuo^ensory  region 
difleri  from  the  latter  in  its  microscopic  structure  by  (bea>ce 
of  the  lower  layer  of  stellate  cells  and  by  the  presence  in  it  ol  a 
third  or  deep  layer  of  pyramidsl  ceUs  (Motl).  Its  fibres  are 
on  thi  avarase  smaller  than  are  thou  of  tba  visuo^iensory 


(W.A.CIMVUID.  nknalMditimallb the kmr apes, ud 
hanOy  dbcmenUc  in  the  dcg.  In  tke  anthropoid  ipa  It'is' 
DiBili  luffi.  In  mas  il  ii  itlativdy  Mmch  lu«et  ttOL  Tit 
icfiainaent  el  visual  memoir  ^"^  vinol  uBda*t*ndinf  is  repid 
to  direction  ud  loolity  is  laid  to  be  ohoerved  in  man  only  when 
the  ii^ury  oi  the  cortex  Indudea  not  only  the  calaiine-cuneat* 
region  but  a  wide  area  of  the  ocdpital  lobe.  From  this  it  is 
argued  that  the  lonal  fcid  ts  concerned  with  memories  and 
recognition*  ol  *  kind  based  on  visual  peiciplions.  It  ha* 
therefore  been  tented  the  nnwftycJiit  iiea.  It  is  one  of 
Fleclai^i  "  *nocbitIoit«rtat "  of  the  cortex. 

Adjoining  the  anteto-Iatetal  border  of  the  }iBt-desciibed 

tuuf-ttyctU  ana  lie*  anotbu  region  separate  fnm  it  and  ytt 

related  U  it.    lliii  area  is  even  bter  in  it*  course  ot  develop- 

thanit  the  vimo-piychic.    It  is  one  of  Flechsig^  "  tetninJ 

,"  and  its  fibres  are  among  the  last  to  ripen  In  the  whole 

X.    Ihis  ternunal  field  b  large  in  man.    It  runs  forward  In 

larielal  lobe  above  and  in  the  temporal  lobe  below.    Ju 

extent  ei[dains,  in  the  opinion  of  Uolt,  the  displacement 

:  visuo-sensoty  field  from  the  outer  aqiect  of  the  hemlspbefe 

e  lower  monlieyi  to  the  median  aspect  in  man.    To  this 

nal  field  all  the  mote  ioteieit  attaches  because  it  Include* 

the  angular  gyrus,  which  authorities  hold  to  be  concerned 

with  ilu  visual  memoty  oi  words.    Study  of  diseased  condition* 

si  speech  has  shown  that  tbe  power  to  nndeistaod  jerillai  word* 

may  be  lost  or  severely  impaired  although  tbe  words  may  be 

perfectly  distinct  to  ihe->i^t  and  altbough  <he  power  to  under- 

'  ttard  words  itnuins  good.    This  condition  is  asserted 

iny  pfayticians  lo  be  referable  to  destruction  of  part  of 

the  angidar  gyrus.    Close  beneath  tbe  coilex  of  the  angular 

gyrus  runs  a  large  tract  ot  long  fibres  which  pass  f  lom  l!ie  visual 

mrlei  (see  above)  to  the  audilory  cortex  (see  below)  in  the 

iuperioT  temporal  gyrus  and  to  the  lower  part  of  the  frontal 

lobe.    This  lower  part  of  llie  frontal  lobe  is  believed— and  ha* 

long  been  believed — to  be  concerned  intimately  with  the  pro* 

~  A  of  the  movements  of  speech.    A  difficulty  besetting 

ivesti^tioa  of  the  function  of  the  angular  gyrus  Is  the 

lial  lesion  of  the  cortex  there  is  likely  to  impUcale  the 

underiying  tmct  of  fibres  in  its  damsge.    It  caru 


'  word.hl 


i*  due  to  cortical  injury  apart  In 

gyrus  [Iself  apart  fnnn  the  underiyiog  tmct.    Word-blindness 

^  in  tbe  ligbt.bandcd,  to  resemble  the  aphasia  believed 

contwcted  with  tbe  lower  part  ol  tbe  frontal  lobe.  In  thai 

ucs  upon  lesion*  of  tbe  left  hemisphere,  net  of  the  right. 

In  left-handed  persons,  on  the  contrary,  It  seems  lo  attacb  to 

the  right  hemisphere. 

imJilarj  Ripen  0/  (jle  Csrla.— Besides  tbe  lab  great  organs 
il  dislance-rcccptois,  namely,  tbe  nose  and  eye,  wboM  cerebial 
ipparatus  For  •ensatioD  has  just  been  mentioned,  those  of  a 
bird  great  distance-receptor  have  to  be  considered.  The  agents 
il  stimulation  ol  llie  two  former  are  respectively  chemical 
(olfactory)  and  ladiait  (visual);  the  mode  of  sttmulatinii  of  the 
■'  .  obtained  by  it  are  termed 
is  very  Imperfectly  ascer. 
a  part  of  the  uppermost 
the  ears  and  eye*  ta  the 
legion  when  executed  on  both 
,  ...  .  argued  by  several  observe™  tu  Impair  the  sense 
bearing.  To  this  region  of  conex  fibre*  have  been  traced  (nun 
the  lower  centre*  toniwcWd  with  tbe  nerve-ebre*  coming  from 
the  cochlea  of  Ibeear.  From  each  cochlear  nerve  a  path  hu  beea 
iced  which  palses  to  the  iiunfae  and  the  above-mentioned 
Itmftal  region  of  cartel  of  both  the  cerebral  bemiqiberes. 
The  insula  Is  a  deepcr-seateil  area  of  coruj  adjoii^ng  the  upper 
most  trtnpoial  convolution.  To  it  Flechsig^  dmnolagkal 
studies  also  Impute  a  ctmneilon  with  the  nerves  of  Ibe  ear. 
""    '  ■  fibres,  presence  of  ascending  and  de*ctnd- 


dog.    Destruction  oi  the  si 


tot  (be  vbtu]  eantx  ffieniK  mut  osl 
■Id  u  ccnsKtcd  tiiHjF  ifiitcily  with  ■  Epeciil  leiBc-orgitD. 
u  in  fact  I  lenMiy  Ecld  of  the  cortei;  and  the  iiuixdon  ii  that 
it  Is  «uc!iIoty.  ClioJciJ  ol8«vat!on  supponi  the  view  in  ■ 
Btiiking  way,  but  om  Tcquirinf ,  la  the  apinioii  of  some,  futiher 
coTifintialcDiL  It  is  widely  believrd  that  destniction  of  the 
upper  and  middle  patt  of  tbe  uppcimcsl  lempoial  cDnvalutlon 
iwoduccs  "  mrd-deafiMSS,"  thai  it,  an  intbiilty  to  recognize 
tuuillBr  Baidi  wbea  bard,  aJtboo^  the  words  an  RcogniLcd 

Uore  precfae  information  nguding  this  andltory  region  of 
the  cortei  his  itcently  heea  obtiloed  by  the  eiperlmenu  of 
Kalischer.  These  show  that  after  tOBOvd  of  this  rtpon  from 
t)9lh  lidca  of  the  bnin  In  the  dog  the  uiiiiial  shorn  gnat  defect 
in  inswcring  to  the  call  o(  its  master.  Wbeitas  prior  to  the 
■operation  the  animal  will  prick  Its  ears  and  attend  tt  odoe 
to  the  lightest  call,  it  rcf^idrts  after  the  removal  of  the  auditory 
legions  great  loudness  and  in^tence  of  calling  to  make  it  Bllerid 
>nd  react  as  it  did.  This  ii  the  more  striking  in  view  o(  otlwr 
Clpcrimenlal  results  obtained.  Kilischei  trained  a  number  of 
bis  dogs  not  to  take  meat  oSered  them  eicept  at  the  sound 
of  a  particular  note  ^en  by  an  organ  jHpe  or  a  bBrmonium. 
The  do^  npidly  learned  not  to  take  the  food  on  the  stmnding 
of  nota  of  other  pitch  thin  the  one  taught  them  as  the  per- 
Uisslve  signal.  Tbli  reaction  on  the  pan  of  the  admal  was  u>I 
Impaired  by  the  nraoval  ot  the  w-cilied  andilory  lemons  of 
the  cortex.  Kaljtcber  auggats  that .  this  reaction  taught  by 
training  is  not  dnlroyed  by  the  operation  which  so  greatly 
impairs  the  common  reaction  to  the  master^  call,  because  the 
fanner  u  a  limplei  process  more  allied  to  reflei  anion.  In 
ft  the  attention  ri  the  dog  is  already  fattened  upon  the  object, 
namely  tbe  food,  and  the  stimulus  i^ven  by  the  note  eicitea  a 
Rsction  which  limply  allovi  the  act  of  seizing  the  food  to  take 
place,  or  on  the  other  hand  stops  II.  In  the  case  ol  geswering 
tile  call  of  the  master  the  stimulus  has  to  odte  sitenlion.  to 
produce  peiceplioa  of  the  locality  •henti  il  coino,  and  to 
invoke  a  complicated  series  ot  movements  of  response.  He 
Ends  that  destruction  ot  the  posterior  colliculi  ot  the  mid-brain, 
which  have  long  been  known  to  be  in  some  way  connected  with 
hearing,  likeroe  destroys  the  response  to  the  call  ol  the  master, 
but  <£d  not  destroy  the  trick  taught  to  his  do^  ol  taking  meat 
oSeied  at  the  sound  of  a  nole  of  one  particular  pilch  but  not 
at  notes  of  other  (ntcb  given  by  the  same  Instrument. 
4Mitr  Sinia  and  LotaliuUiHt  in  tkt  Ctrla  Crrcbrl.—TanuTif 

the  lenses  other  than  those  of  the  great  dislance-reaplon  just 
dealt  with,  even  less  a  known.  Disturbance  and  impairment  of 
ikin  lematlom  ire  observable  both  in  eipcrir 


localiza 


in  in  the  c 


^nfaril  di 


iclorykr 


regarding  the  existence  of  cortical  areas  concerned  with  scn&a. 
tions  ori^nated  in  the  alimentary  cinaL  The  least  equivocal  ol 
luch  evidence  regards  the  sense  of  tatte.  There  is  some  sli^t 
evidence  of  a  cnnneiion  between  this  sense  and  a  re^on  ol  the 
Lippocampol  gyrus  near  to  but  behind  that  related  to  smell. 

Ai  to  the  sensations  eidled  by  the  numerous  receptors  which 
lie  not  in  any  of  the  surface  membiaora  of  the  body  but  embedded 
in  tlw  maises  of  the  organs  and  between  them,  the  pr6prio- 

ns  may  be  disturbed  or  impaired  by 

They  may  probably  also  be  eacited 

ividencE  of  localiiaiian  of  theft 


doubt  that  these  it 

by  cortical  stimulal 
ae^  in,  and  their  details  of  lonnc 
present  uncertain.  Many  authoril 
ieosaliona  of  touch  and  tlic  sensatic 
ceptotsol  muscles  and  joints  (the  ori 
sense)  are  specially  related  to  the  po 
to  the  pte-central  gyrus  also.  Thz  d 
peiliapi  the  f  " 


n  with,  ll 

consider  it  probable  that 
initialed  by  the  proprio- 
t  of  the  so-oiled  muscular 
xnlnl  gyiu]  and  perhaps 
est  items  on  this  point  are 

Ekal^  tlM  rrfkm  jnit'H^*^  above.  In  t^  Uttblc  (tdCactory), 


UN  rrnvbiaijoeir 

ocdpHal  ['risnal),  and  teinporal  (anditary)  tobei,  ai  edilblltas 
pttoidty  of  dcvdofanenl,  then  is  a  region  showing  aimilii 
prtcodiyfntbefroDto-parielalpcrtionof  the  hemiiphen.  This 
is  fbe  ntfon  wUch  In  tbe  Primates  includes  the  large  ctnlral 
jfmn  (sometimes  caUed  the  fissure  of  Rj^ando}.  To  it  Ghns 
an  traced  vhicfa  iccm  to  continue  a  path  of  conduction  that 
be^n  with  affennt  tracts  belonging  to  the  ^jinal  cord,  and  tract! 
which  there  is  reason  to  think  conduct  impulses  from  the  receptor- 
orgjtra  of  skin  and  muiclea.  The  part  of  the  cortei  immediately 
behind  the  antridfmn  leenia  to  be  the  miin  oortical  goal  for 
tSeseopwird-condnctintpatlB.  That  ^if-ceHiriil  strip  of  cortex 
would  in  this  view  bew  to  tboe  patlk  a  relatJon  similu  to  that 
which  the  occIpiNil  uh)  temponl  regions  beu  to  aHerent  tract! 
from  tbe  retina  and  tbe  oodilea.  There  are  observiliooi  whicb 
assodale  fm|>aired  tacttnl  seme  and  Impaired  perception  «l 
posture  and  movement  of  a  limb  with  Injury  of  Che  reafraf  npm 
of  the  cortex.  But  there  are  a  number  also  which  sluw  thai  tbe 
motor  defect  which  is  a  well-ascerlilDed  result  ti  injury  of  the 
fre-aiaral  gyrus  is  sometimes  unac<:oiiipemid  by  any  obvioui 
delect  either  of  touch  or  of  muscular  Itrac.  It  seems  then  that 
the  motor  centres  of  this  region  are  ctoeety  cmtteeted  with  the 
cennei  for  cuuneoui  and  muscular  senM.  yet  an  not  so  cloady 

them  that  mechanical  darnap:  Inflicted  ta  the 

of  oecessily  heavily  damages  the  other  as  well.  Then  is 
evidenoe  that  the  sensory  coctei  in  this  region  lik*  posterioc  to 
thai  which  has  been  conveniently  lermed  the  "  motor."  TheiB 
latter  in  tbe  monkey  and  tbe  man-like  apa  and  man  lie  In  Iroot 
of  the  antral  Gssuie:  the  sensory  lie  piohaUy  beUnd  It.  A.  W. 
Campbell  hu  found  changes  in  tbe  cortei  of  the  pott-ceitn] 
convolution  ensuing  In  the  ssentnlly  senaory  dbeue,  lata 
ietialii,  t  disoise  hi  which  dcgenention  of  sensory  ncrve-fibca 
of  tbe  musculac  tense  and  ot  the  skin  seBsa  it  prpmlnent.  Ha 
coniiden  that  in  man  and  the  man-like  apa  the  part  of  the  post' 
central  gyrus  wUch  lies  next  to  and  enters  tnto  the  (oUmJjfiiwn 
Is  concerned  with  simpler  sensual  tecogniliota,  wh^e  the  adjotn- 
Ing  part  of  that  convolutioa  tanbet  back  it  a  "  ptyctdc  region  " 
concerned  with  mon  complei  psychao  eomiected  with  tb> 
senses  of  skin  and  mitide.  Hii  inbdiviakiii  of  tbe  pcat-ccntial 
gyrus  is  based  on  Urtologlcal  dtBefeneca  which  be  dbcovn 
between  itt  anterioi  and  its  pcstcrior  ptita  and  on  the  above- 
described  analogous  (fiffetcntiatioa  ol  a  "aeiBOcy"  from  a 
"  paychlc  "  part  i  0  the  vfaual  n^on  of  cartel. 

It  will  be  noted  that  atlhoa^  certain  regions  ot  the  cortex  are 
found  connected  doaely  wttb  cutaln  of  tbe  main  scioe  orpiDS, 
then  are  Important  nceptive  organs  wliii^  do  not  appear  to 
have  any  special  region  of  cortei  assfgoed  to  their  sensual 
products.  Tlius.tbcRis  the"  vestibular  labyrinth  "of  the  ear. 
This  gieat  receptive  organ,  so  dcaely  connected  in  function  with 
tbe  moveiaeoti  and  adjustment  of  the  ptstuiei  ot  the  head  and 
eyes,  and  indeed  of  the  whole  body,  b  prominent  in  tbe  co- 
ordination neonary  for  the  equilibrium  of  the  body,  an  ssentfil 
part  ot  tbe  fundaioental  acts  ot  progression,  standing,  Jkc.  Yet 
'  icturil  nor  fnnctiDnal  coimciioa  with  any  special 
e  lOtiei  hu  been  traced  as  yet  for  tbe  labyrinthine 
Fcnxptiina  of  the  position  of  the  head  and  of  the 
body  are  ot  course  put  of  our  hat^toal  and  everyday  eiperfeiKC. 
perhaps  be  that  these  perceplioiB  an  almost  entirely 
obtained  through  sense  organs  which  an  not  labyrinthine,  but 
isual,  muscular,  tactual,  andso  on.  Tbe  labyrinth  may,  though 
;  cDDtrots  and  adjusts  the  muscular  acliviCks  which  maintain 
he  balance  of  the  body,  operate  rcOeily  •rilhont  In  its  openlian 
iciling  of  itself  leniations.  The  results  ol  the  unconscioa 
eflcna  it  initiated  and  guided  would  be  penrplible  throu^  other 
rgsBS  ol  sense.  But  againtt  this  purely  unconscious  functioning 
t  the  labyrinth  and  its  nervous  apparatus  stands  the  fact  that 
galvsT^c  stimutatiOD  of  the  labyrinth  Is  accompanied  by  wdK 
known  distinctive  aensBtions — indutfing  ^ddincss,  Ac.  Mor^ 
iver,  tbe  prominent  factnt  In  sea<iickness,  a  disorder  rkhly 
luflused  with  sensations,  is  probably  tbe  labyrinth.  Yet  there  It 
narked  absence  ol  evidence  of  any  special  and  direct  connexion 
Ktween  the  fertei  Hriiri  and  the  labyrinth  organs. 
Alio  then  is  ctiriouily  little  evidence  otcannexiDn  ot  Ibe  cortta 


BRAIN 


raysiGuicy} 

vMUciNmiitiNktiMafcawIucttacodsnaedwttlipidn.  A» 
fai  u  tW  pmcDt  writci  UD  find  Irtno  nfmnce  to  bo(^  lad 

ova  in  conical  epilqnyi «  U  ciiKt  i*  of  equivocal  ocounwcc 

Hh  piccedins  brid  ciqiotitiOD  of  uiDa  ol  ttw.  mun  [Mtuna 
of  Ui>  kKaltzalioD  of  fttiittioB  ia  the  «M((  artiii,  gndiuUii 
dcdphaid  by  puicat  inqiiiiy,  ibowi  that  tlw  KbnM  ff  putitioa 
of  f unctioD  lo  Ur  perceptible  does  not  foUoH  the  qnuM  liiMt  of 

a>-cillHl  "  fu^ttcL"  On  the  ooDtnqt  it  it  heeed,  u  ioiihi  of 
tboae  wlu  euly  fivourcd  ■  difliteatiil  ainii(emint  o{  f uBcIias 
ill  the  cenbnuB  had  numiied,  DO  t^  n^enteJHH  <^''bi  iKMRj^ 
<luiuuii  Item  tiripkml  ftHU  rf  Ktiu.  Tbew  oikuis  fill  iati 
30  Kpuitc  oofl  £rgm  uBtber  bot  onl)r  by  nuoB  ol  thei. 
■       »nd  itt  the  IhitkntB  ol  Ihi 


4«1 


iinbridgubly  iipDatc  from 
itho  gnnipe.    Brtwean  levUioiio  dI 

wheUy 


!(.  m]-  Tti*  n^oB  of  the  cntei  oeciipla  in  the  PrimatM^ 
jadudiog  Man,  the  pce-cenlul  lynii.  Among  lie  itenu  ef  eri> 
deuce  vhkh  rereel  iti  motor  capabiiUJee  are  the  foUowinfl. 

Tin  iVcHiUroJ  tr  Ueltr  Repn  aj  Uw  Cerlti.—'nx  tppUuties 
tok  of  tdectnccurEflateeuites  movements  in  the  frktktaleiuiclci* 
IIk  movcBenU  occiu  in  the  ball  of  the  body  id  the  (Ide  ctoued 
from  that  <4  tiie  hemispben  eadted.  The  "  motot  npneenla- 
tioB,"  aa  it  i>  teiaed,  il  is  the  CDitet  better  dtsoibed  aa  a 
lepfeientatiaa  of  dc&oile  acliana  than  of  paitictiUr  muiclcft. 
The  actJona  '*  rcpieicoted  "  ia  the  top  pact  of  Lhe  gynK.  riaiDcly 
next  the  (nat  lon^tudiaal  fiwiR,  move  the  I^i  tboK  in  Iha 
lowtat  pact  sf  the  gj-nu  UtoDI  to  lb*  tongue  and  mouth.  The 
topical  diatribnliim  ahug  the  length  of  lhe  gynu  oiay  be  d«- 
■cribcd  in  a  fsioal  my  aa  foUowid^  acquence -resembling  thai 
of  lhe  raotoc  rcprcKnlatioa  in  the  tfAtui  coid,  the  top  of  th« 
gyms  being  taken  aa  uKTOponding  vith  the  caudal  end  of  thd 
spinal  cofd.  The  sequence  ai  the  unu  is  foQcnred  downtrardft 
ruiu;  perinenm,  foot,  kiiee,  hip,  alxlonKn^  cheat,  shoulder,  dbolT, 
whst.  hand,  eyelids  and  eai    '  ..         .  .  .« 


termed  ipedc*. 
multifold  varietiet 
ol  the  specific  scosalion.  (.g.  sensations  of  ted,Df  ycDait, 
he.  We  should  ei[.ect,  iheiefoie.  that  ibe  conrtBCtiiig 
IS  which  io  Iheii  function 
na  yield  wholly  diipaiUc  tcuiuont  would  ^tt** 
in  so  ui  aa  subserving  senntien  diverge  and  jasa  to  4™**. 
separate  ocuial  mecbjuuims.  That  these  sanE-organ* 
should  ID  fact  be  found  to  poiseia  io  Ilia  conei  ol  the 
ceiebnun  sepuICe  fields  for  Ibeit  sensual  nervous 
■ppantui  i>,  tbeitfon,  in  harmony  with  what  would 
be  the  a  priori  tuppositioQ. 

But,  as  cmphasiied  st  the  bcginDiag  of  this  snick, 
the  receptive  oTgans  beloogiiig  to  the  suifaces  and 
the  depths  of  Ibe  body  imd  fomiiDg  tbe  auuting- 
peinti  for  the  Kbsle  syttEcn  of  the  aflerent  nerves, 
have  two  functions  more  Bi  less  upaiau.  One  of 
these  fuDdioBi  b  to  odte  wnsations  ud  the  other  ia 
to  eaQle  movements,  by  reflex  action,  aqieqally  in 
gtoiids  and  ausdea.  In  this  latter  function,  namely 
the  refleiifacicnt,  all  that  the  receptive  organs  ejlect  ia 
effected  by  means  ef  the  eSerent  nerves.   Theyallhava       Fis.  a 

tbe  body.  So  rich'  is  the  connuiaii  of  tbe  receptive  oigau 
with  tha  efletent  nervea  that  it  is  not  impiobabli  that, 
through  the  ccntiit  nenioui  organ,  each  lecaptive  organ  is 
cooBcclcd  wiib  every  pjotoi  ofjve  of  the  whole  nervous  system, — 
the  liHta  of  stiythoinc  ileiloluag  thov  that  if  this  b  not  iiterslly 
true  il  is  al  least  approiimalcly  to.  Hence  ene  si  the  goals  lo 
whicb  each  aSncDl  fibre  from  a  receptive  oigan  leads  is  a  number 
of  motor  aeives.  Their  cooducting  paths  nuit,  therefore,  cou< 
verge  io  passing  lo  tbe  slartiog-poioia  of  the  motci  nerves; 
because  these  lattet  are  inKnimenU  comoioo  to  the  use  of  a 
number  of  diSeient  ncqilive  ortana  in  so  far  aa  they  eadie 
reflex  actions.  On  Ibe  other  hand  (bote  of  their  conducting 
path!  which  are  concerned  in  the  genesis  of  MntaiioD,  instead  of 
oopvaiging,  diverge,  at  least  as  lai  as  Ibe  <tirla  uribri,  i  r  if  not 
divergent,  remain  separate.  These  con»ideialionswould'Duka  it 
appear  likely  that  the  conducting  path  from  eac^  receptive 
organ  divides  in  tbe  central  nervous  system  into  two  main  lines, 
one  of  which  goes  ofE  lo  its  own  parliculu-  re^n  of  th( 
ccrtlri  whiihei  run  conductors  onlv  ol  -■ — ' — —....'\ .~ 
Itself,  while  tta. 

great  moux  station  where,  as 
ordinate  use  of  the  oulgaing  lini 
tbere  is  in  f act  a  poitioo  ol  Iheci 


IS  only  ol  similar  sensual  sf 
line  passes  with  many  otben 


Is  tbe  functions 
by  our  present 
KAir.wtff  (^e 


ol  points;  o[         .  . 

another,  and  so  on.   These  variaus  movements  if  eidled  st 

tend  ID  have  characters  like  those  of  tbe  movements  seer 

mision  like  that  of  epilepsy,  beginDing  with  the 


isualfoj 


le  point 


..    ,  „  entire  skeletal  mus- 

culaiuieof onehsllorevenoitbcwbolebody.  ThereKmblance 
to  an  epileptic  seiiure  is  the  closer  because  Ibemovemenl  befon 
il  subtidei  becomes  clonic,  (ibylbmic)  as  In  epilepsy.  The 
determination  of  the  exact  spots  of  cortex  in  which  are  repre- 
sented the  various  movements  of  the  body  has  served  a  DSeful 
practical  purpose  in  indicating  the  particular  places  in  the  cortex 

more  exactly  by  reason  of  this  knowledge.  Hence  the  surgeon. 
if  tbe  nature  of  the  disuse  is  iuch  as  can  be  dealt  with  by  sui^jcal 
means,  can. without  unncctssaril/dama^ng  the  skull  and  brain, 
proceed  directly  to  Ifac  point  which  is  the  seal  of  the  mischief. 
The  motor  reprsentalion  of  certain  pans  of  the  body  it  much 
more  liberal  than  is  that  of  olhel^  Tberc  ii  lillle  correspondenoe 
between  the  mere  mass  of  musculatuie  involved  and  lhe  area  ol 
the  coOei  devolsl  to  its  lepiEieotaiion.    Vuic^  of  movement 


fiftAlN 


inmvxjocv 


eitcM  of  carta.  ThxDMktlacMlOt  Itw-tbDmbiiluger  thiD 
those  for  the  wbde  abdomen  md  cbot  cOMbbaL  The  o»tical 
un  tor  the  tongue  it  iatga  tbin  tb*I  for  the  neck.  Diflennt 
movtnenli  ol  one  utd  the  nme  put  ate  vay  imequiD]'  njm- 
HBled  in  the  coitn.  Thua,  Bezton  of  the  leg  ii  moie  oteo^vd; 
npnsetiled  Ihim  is  extension,  opening  of  tbe  Jiw  hai  ■  much 
hirgei  cortical  am  Itun  hu  donue  a(  the  ]■*>.  It  i:  IntoBling 
that  certain  agratSi  for  tu tana  itrychnine,  and  the  poison  ol  the 
badlli  which  cause  the  diieaie  ksoim  aa  tetanus  or  lock-jaw, 
upKt  this  Bonnal  topofiaidiy,  and  replace  in  the  coitci  Bciiim 
cf  the  limb  by  cxtenlan  of  the  limb,  and  opoung  dl  the  fan  by 
chwire  of  the  {an.  There  is,  however,  no  evidence  that  they  do 
■his  by  chanchic  in  any  m^ihecctticaJ  mechanbms  thcmadvii. 
It  B  mote  likely  that  Ineir  action  li  confined  to  the  lower  centrea. 
bulbat  and  spinal,  upon  which  the  discharge  exdled 
cortex  {days-  The  change  thus  induced  in  the  move 
died  by  the  cortex  does,  however,  sbow  that  the  point  of  cortex 
which  caxisa  For  instance  opeoing  of  the  mouth  Is  connected 
with  the  BMlloT  nerves  (0  the  cloeing  muscles  as  well  as  with 
those  of  the  opening  musclt*.  lUi  Is  aa  item  of  evidence  that 
the  "  centra  "  of  the  cortex  an  connected  wiih  tbe  motor  nerves 
of  antagonistic  muscles  In  such  a  way  that  when  the  "  centre  " 
cxciles  aoe  set  oi  (he  muscles  to  caatiact,  it  sinultaaeously 
imder  Dotmil  circumstances  causa  inhibition  of  the  motor 
neurones  ol  the  oji^wsed  set  ol  musdcs  (redproo!  iimervatian). 
In  the  great  majorily  of  movements  eidled  from  the  motor 
cortex  ol  a  single  hemisphere  of  the  cerchnim.  the  movement 
evokedisconGnedtoanesideof  thebody.nunely  teihati^posite 
to  Ihe  hemisphere  stimutatrd.  There  are,  however,  important 
exceplioni  to  this.  Thua.  adduction  of  both  vooil  cards  li 
extiied  from  the  cortex  of  either  hemiapfcere.  The  rnqvement  of 
closun  of  the  eyelids  is  usually  bUatcnl,  unless  the  itimulatlan 
be  veiyweak;  then  the  movement  is  of  the  eyelids  of  the  opposite 
side  only.  The  same  holds  true  for  the  movements  of  the  jaw. 
It,  thcrelore,  seems  clear  that  wilh'many  movcmoita  wliich  arc 
usually  bilaterally  performed  in  ordinary  life,  such  as  opening 
of  the  jaw,  blinking,  &c,  the  tymmclrical  areas  of  the  motor 
regions  of  both  hemi4}heres  are  vmultaneously  in  action,, 

In  regard' to  all  these  movements  elidtable  by  artificial  stimuli 
fnm  the  motor  cortex  it  is  obvious  that  were  there  dearer  evi- 
dence that  the  pallia]  region  from  which  they  arc  ellcitable  is 
lalriy  directly  coimected  with  cotlicopetal  paths  subserving 


be  regarded  as  falling  into  the  category  of  higher  reflexes  con- 
nected with  the  organs  of  touch,  muscular  sense,  &c.,  just  as  the 
novernents  of  the  eyeball  cicitable  from  the  ^ual  cortex  may 
be  regarded  as  higher  refleies  ronnecied  with  vision.  The  evi- 
dence of  the  connexion  of  Ihe  reactions  of  the  motor  cortex  with 
cutsDcous  and  muscular  senses  appears,  however,  scarcdy 
saffidenl  to  countenance  at  present  this  otherwise  plausible  view, 
which  has  on  general  grounds  much  to  commend  it. 

It  is  nmarkiblc  that  movements  of  the  eycbaB  itsdl,  I.e. 
apart  from  tnovement  of  the  lids,  an  not  in  the  category  of 
movements  didtable  from  the  precentral  gyrus,  the  "  motor  " 
cortex.  They  ate  found  represented  in  a  Tc^n  farther  forward, 
namely  in  front  of  Ihe  precmtral  gyrus  altogether,  and  occupytag 
a  scattered  set  of  points  in  the  direction  frontal  from  the  ateis 
for  movemenU  of  arm  and  face.  TTiis  frontal  area  yields  on 
eidtation  conjugate  tDovtmenU  of  both  eyeballs  extremely  like 
if  not  exactly  similar  to  those  yielded  by  eidlaiion  (rf  the 
ocdpltnl  (visual)  region  «f  the  cartel.  It  is  supposed  by  some 
that  this  frontal  area  yidding  eye-movetnents  has  its  funciioa 
in  this  respect  based  upon  afferent  conductors  from  other  pai'ts 
of  the  eyeball  than  the  retina,  for  instance  upon  kinaeslhetic 
(Baslian)  impressions  m  uponyensual  impressions  derived  from 
the  cornea  and  the  coats  of  tbe  eyeball  mduding  the  ciliary 
and  iris  musdea.  The  ocular  musdes  are  certainly  a  soutce  of 
centripetal  impulses,  but  their  connexion  with  the  cortex  la  not 
dear  as  M  either  thdr  nature  or  thdr  seat.  The  qnestion  seems 
[or  the  present  to  allcrw  no  dearer  answer.  It  is  certain,  however, 
that  the  frontal  area  o 


K  to'Oelcfwct  tkitor  cenlRi  <rf  the  eyebaHa 
of  those  desccndihg  from  the  ocdirital  (visual) 
Ftather,  it  seems  dear  that  in  Inany 
aidmals  there  is  anbther  cortical  region,  a  third  region,  the  r^od 
winch  we  (BW  above  might  be  considered  auditory,  where  move- 
ments td  the  eyebaD  timDar  to  those  didtable  in  the  ocdpital 
and  frontal  cortex  cw>  be  provoked.  A.  Tschennak  is  Inclined 
to  ^ve  the  eytbaB  movauents  of  the  frontal  region  the  signifi- 
cance of  fcSai  BMnremoiti  which  carry  the  visual  Gdd  in  varionl 
directions  In  atttWO'  to  dennnds  made  by  sensory  data  derivel 
from  toudi,  ftc,  as  for  instance  from  tlie  hand.  Tbe  movementa 
of  the  eyebaHa  didtable  from  tlu  ocdpital  region  of  the  cortex 
hercgards  as  probably  cntcemed  with  directing  the  gale  toward 
somethhig  seen,  tor  matancc,  !n  tlie  periphenl  field  of  vision. 
Tbe  occipital  tnovonent  would,  therefbre,  be  eidted  throu^  the 
retina,  and  would  result  in  bringing  the  ydlow  spot  region  of 

much  (o  justify  it  the  Dovemecu  of  the  eyeballs  eidted 
fiom  tbe  cortef  ol  the  auditory  region  would  in  a  similar  way 
be  eiptiesble  as  bringing  the  gaae  to  bear  upon  a  direction  bx 
which  a  sound  bad  been  located,  auditory  Initiation  replacing 
the  visual  nod  tactual  of  the  ocdpital  and  tlie  frontal  tegions 

Turning  from  these  Itill  speculative  matters  to  otben  leas 
suggestive  but  of  actual  ascertainment,  we  find  that  the  motor 
nature  of  the  precentral  cortex  as  ascertained  by  decCric  stfmnti 
is  further  certified  by  the  occurrence  of  ilfanirbance  and  hnpair- 
mcnt  of  DuiDr  power  and  adjustment'  following  dcstructron  of 
that  region  of  the  cortei.  T*e  rnovementi  whrch  such  a  part 
■s  a  limb  executes  are  of  course  manifcrid  In  purpose.  The  hind 
limb  of  a  dog  is  used  for  standing,  for  steppmg,  for  xcratching, 
(or  squatting,  and,  where  a  dog,  for  instance,  has  been  trained 
to  stand  or  walk  on  Its  hind  legs  alone,  (or  skilied  acta  requiring 
a  special  training  for  their  acquisition.  It  is  found  that  when 
the  motor  area  of  the  brain  has  been  destroyed,  the  limb  is  at 
first  paralysed  for  all  these  movements,  but  after  a  time  the  limb 
recovera  the  abUlty  to  execute  sotne  of  them,  though  not  all. 
Xhesanlching  movement  auHera  little,  and  rapid  improvement 
after  cerebnl  Injury  soon  efiacta  the  impairment,  at  Erst  some- 
what  pronounced,  in  the  use  of  the  limb  for  walking,  mnning, 
^.,  and  ordinary  movements  of  progres^on.  Even  when  both 
hemispheres  have  been  destroyed  the  dog  can  still  stand  and 
walk  and  run.  Destniction  of  the  motor  ref^on  of  Ihe  cortex 
renders  the  fore  limbs  of  the  dog  unable  to  execute  such  skilled 
movements  as  the  steadying  of  a  bone  for  gnawing  or  the  trained 
act  of  oSeiing  the  paw  in  answer  to  Ihe  command  of  the  master. 
Skilled  acts  of  the  limb,  apart  from  eonjaiiKd  tDovements  in 
which  it,  together  with  (11  the  other  limbt,  takes  part,  assume  of 
.course  a  larger  ahare  of  the  office  ol  tho  Umb  in  the  Primates 
than  in  tbe  dog;  and  this  Is  ttptdtty  true  for  Ihe  fore  limb. 
It  is  when  the  fore-foot  becomti  a  hand  dut  opportunity  Is  ^*en 
for  Its  more  skilled  todivldaal  use  and  tor  its  training  In  mave- 
menls  aa  a  tool,  or  for  the  banUingof  tools  and  Weapons.  Ills 
Ibese  movements  whidi  suffer  most  heavHy  and  for  the  longest 
period  after  Injury  of  tbe  motor  region  of  the  cortex.  Hence 
Ihe  disaMement  ensuing  upon  injury  to  the  Dertei  would  be 
expected  to  be  most  apparent  in  the  Primates;  and  it  is  so, 
and  most  of  all  in  Uan.  Further,  in  Mao  there  ensues  acondliion 
called  "contracture."  Which  is  not  so  apparent  or  frequent  a 
result  in  other  animals, — indeed,  does  not  occur  at  all  in  other 
animals  except  tbe  monkey.  In  contracture  the  musdes  of  the 
paretic  limb  are  not  dacdd,  as  they  are  usuaDy  in  paralysis, 
but  they  are  tense  and  tbe  limb  is  more  or  less  rigidly  fixed  by 
them  in  a  certain  position,  usually  one  of  flexion  at  elbow  and 
wrist.  This  condition  does  tut  occur  st  first,  but  gradually 
supervenes  In  the  couma  of  a  number  of  weeks.  In  Man  the 
destruction  of  the  niBtor  area  oi  the  ccnei  cripples  the  ^mb 
even  for  the  part  It  should  play  in  the  combined  Umb  movementa 
of  walking,  lic,  and  crfK^ea  it  to  an  extent  markedly  contrasting 
withlhesli^ 


dog. 


U  tt|ard«  (h*  n 


u- power  after  Ittiau  ol  tb« 


BRAINERD— BRAKE 


♦«l 


m  >t  iwfc  nUch 
nqwclivdy  tatUatitii  t«d  («iii#«uJifli.    By  tbc  Iotimt  ta 
imdtfMaod  tlM  tMovcfjr  abUiiMil  vhea  i  put  d{  a  **«        " 
it  dcMrajtd,  and  the  nat  ot  IhB  centre,  ■litwuiti  Ihicnrn 
hiDCtlOK  It  fint,  Rcovm  tnd  supplcracnts  the  dctdtncr 
An  cample  of  KMlltitloli  wouM  be  the  I 

■      ■      HMcfpiul  l9be. 

It  of  in  iinpaii«it 


—,,,-, ,        (lie  reKIton  origtaiUy 

on  the  ctnlRS  lubMqnentl;  dertioynl.    Insunea 
■n  the  Ttcovety  of  tuu  tor  eqiuGbHum 
~  the  libTriDth  of  the  ear,  when 


HI  leoepilve  ntber  (hia  < 
M  bow  In  (biqr  leilljr  *|i|dy  ta 

ttal  docs  iiOUd  ceittht  limlu  protma  and  sac«M  in  penitiry 
eSidoc  the  pirteli  inraedlatety  eonequcnt  on  Inloin  of  the 
■ntoT  ana-  It  hu  c»  be  Temembcred  that  m  all  caaea  o\  tniU' 
matk  Injury  ta  itie  nervDuaiysteni,«pedall)' where  the  immi 
iniplieate*  Uie  ceiltBl  nervomotgin,  the  first  (l[»«i  and  imparl- 
noil  of  funcliqn  resulting  are  due  to  a  mixed  cause,  namely 
on  the  •  one  hand  [he  meehanica!  ruplure  ol  eondueling 
path*  (ctually  brokea  hy  lolDitDn  ot  their  continuity, -and  on 
the  other  hand  (he  lenponry  Interrupiion  of  conducting 
paths  by  "(hock."  Shock  efltcta  an  not  permanent^  they 
pev  Off.  Iliey  are  auiqwied  to  be  due  to  a  change  at  the 
aynipm  conaecting  neurone  wllh  neuione  hi  the  grey  nutlet. 
They  nnoiuit  in  effect  to  a  lang~la>ilng  and  gmdually  lubalding 

FordiHiHofthebninieeNBuaotATitoLoci:.  ImAiuiy.SKuti. 

{Svttty).  4t  (C.  5.  S.) 

BBAIHBBS,  DATID  (i;iE~i747},  American  miuiDiiBiy 
amonf  the  Indiana,  waa  bom  at  Haddam,  Connecticut,  on  the 
lolh  of  Apiit  171S.  He  wai  otphaned  at  Fouileen,  anditudied 
loz  nfaiiy  three  yean  (173^-1741)  at  Yale.  He  then  ptopired 
for  the  tninistry,  being  licensed  to  pteadi  iq  171^.  and  eaii/  in 
1743  decided  to  devote  himself  to  missionary  work  among  the 
Indiana.  Supported  by  the  Scottish  "Society for  Piomoting 
Christian  Enawkdge,"  be  V^tkcd  GisL  at  Kauouunedi,  an 
Indian  settlement  about  lom.  from  Stockbridge.  Mnvacbiitelta, 
ind  subsequently,  UiUH  his  death,  acnDnj[  the  Dclawaie  Indians 
b  Pennsylvania  (neat  Easlon)  and  New  Jersey  (ntai  Cimlimy), 
His  hemic  and  sell-dctiyiDg  labouii,  both  for  the  tpiriiual  and 
foe  the  tempoiil  wdfue  of  (he  Indians,  won  out  a  naturally 
feeble  oonstilutlon,  and  on  the  i$th  of  October  1717  be  died 
ai  the  bouse  of  his  Iiieod,  Jonathan  Edwards,  in  NoTthunpton, 


ii  Jaunut  wj 


ubliihed  in  twoinrls  tn  1746  by  the  Scottish 
— ^.^.,  .^.  .  -^-.^Jne  Chriniari  funwIedEe;  and  in  T749.  at 
Beooa.  Jonathan  EdwuHs  pvbUAal  An  Aukbu  <4  Ou  lAji  ^  Uk 
Uti  Ra.  Dtiii  Bnlnmi.  Mdiy  Uktmjnm  Ui  •mm  Di^  kU  uktr 
Prima*  WriUmgr,  which  has  become  a  HiiHwDsiy  dasnc-  A  new 
ediiion,  with  tbi  JtMngl  and  Bnunerd'i  letters  embodied,  was 
pabliihed  by  Semn  £.  I>wigbt  st  New  Hiven  in  t8ii;  and  in 
1U4  wu  publiiked  what  is  •ubraiatiany  atwiher  edition.  TH 
Htmaiti  tfDaiU  Brmnri,  edited  br  Jatnei  M.  Sherwood. 

MAIJBBPi  a  dty  and  the  cMuily4ea(  of  Craw  Wing  cnunly, 
Minnesota,  U^.A.,  on  the  £.  bank  of  the  Uinbiippi  river,  aboat 
117  m.  N,W.  ol  MiancapoHi,  Pop.  (iEqo)  J703;  (1900)  7^14, 
'      ■      ■       ;  (1903)  8iw;   {1910)  ajj«. 


It  is  served  by  the 

Pacific  railwayi.    The  bltei  maintuna  hcit  large  ci 

■hope,  and  a  lanatoriam  for  its  employees.  Then 
Sisters  of  St  Jaae[^  hospital,  a  county  cooit  houi 
Ubraiy  andaY.M.C.A.buUding.  A  dam  across  the 
provides  water  power  (about  £0,009  H.P.)  which  is  uiiljacd 
cttenaively  for  manufacturing  puipost*.  Lumbeiing  ii  an 
itgpottant  indusUyi  and  there  are  saw  mills  and  plinlng  miUi, 
and  an  eiienaiv*  creoacte  plant  foi  treating  lailway  lies  Bud 
limber.  There  are  also  Sour  mills,  paper  and  pulp  tniDs,  dgir 
fKtooa,  a  brewery,  a  Urge  foundiy  ud  •  gnln  elevator.    Is 


n  OR  wen  discovered  in  the  vCdnily, 
the  new  nnge,  (he  Cuyuna.  running  ihrough  the  dty  frara 
north-cast  to  south-west.  Bninerd,  nsmcd  in  honour  of  Dsvfi] 
Brainerd,  wB)  settled  in  1870,  and  chartered  as  a  city  in  188). 

BKARnmBE,  a  matfcet  town  in  the  Maldon  puGamcnuty 
division  of  Esses,  England;  4s  n.  N.E.  ol  London  by  ■  branch 
Hne  tma  Wilham  of  (he  Oreit  Easicra  railway.  Pop.  of 
urban  distikl,  5330.  The  parish  church  of  St  Miehsel  is  t 
fine  edifiee  of  Early  Englkh  woih  with  later  additions.  A  corn 
exchange,  jnechinitB'  institute  and  public  hail  may  also  bri 
mentioBed.  Ttit  bishops  of  London  had  fannerly  a  p^ce  fii 
the  town,  but  there  are  no  remains  of  the  building.  The  manuJ 
laetures  of  silk  and  cnpe  have  superserted  that  of  wooHen  eloih,' 
which  was  introduced  by  the  Flemings  who  Red  lo  England  to 
ocape  the  pets^tion  of  the  duln  of  Alvt.  Halting  and 
brushes  are  also  nude.  On  the  north  lies  the  large  village  ot 
BocuHO,  with  the  Peipendieukr  paiidi  church  ol  3t  Mary, 
similar  industrf at,  and  a  popniation  o(  mj, 

BIIAIinltn..  ■  Kmnshlp  ot  NerfeUt  coanty,  Musadniaetta, 
U.S.A.,OB  the  Monatlqnot  river  abont  10  n.  S.crBoMan,  Pop. 
{1890)  4»»S;  (1900)  j98i,lndudingiJsofor»ign.l»m;  (1905,3(110 
<«aHis)W;9i(i9ia)t<>W.  The  New  York,  New  Haven  »  Hart-^ 
IWrd  taitway  eroaaa  the  town  and  has  stations  at  ils  villages  ^. 
Bnhiiree,  South  BraintrK  and  East  Bninlree,  wMch'aie  alnr 
served  by  iubuilian  electric  railways.  In  Sooth  BmbiCree  are 
the  Thayer  Aeadmiy  <ci>-cducat)[>nal;  Opened  1B77)  and  the 
Thiyei  public  Khraiy,  both  founded  by  and  named  m  honour 
of  General  Sylvanus  Thayer  (1785-1! 


Untied  Sula  Military  Academy  m  1817-1SJ3  andjiai  been' 
called  the"  fatherof  West  Point."  Therein  large  shoe  betoria 
and  other  nanutactoriei.  Beg  him  was  early  toond  Hi  BniutRe, 
and  iron-wotka,  auMng  the  first  in  Anerici,  were  esUiblished 
hen  hi  1644.  BiaislTec  wa*  flnl  incorpoiated  in  1640  iKHn 
land  belonging  to  BoMon  and  called  Mount  WoUaMon,  and- 
•*a  nmcd  Inn  tba  town  In  England.  At  Metry  'Houn(,  in 
that  pan  of  Brainina  wMA  Ei  now  QnliKy,  •  iettlement  w 


setllen'aid  thefradHngniiB  lad  fnamis  Wtbe  Ind._.._  „ , 

oHendedtheraiitaiief  rtynotttli/wbotnietTatnatwIMMten; 
aom  afteniaM  Covtmor  Jobn  EndecoU  of  MauadUKlta; 
Bay  vMud  Merry  Honn^  nbMk*d  die  tnhabiunu  aid  ciiC 
down  their  Maypole.  Later  the  place  wn  abaathHted.  and  ht 
iOM  a  Puritan  getlleiDent  was  made  here.  In  170S  (he  town 
waa  divided  into  the  North  Precinct  and  the  South  Pitdnct, 
and  It  was  in  the  fanner,  new  Qnlncy,  that  John  Adans,  John- 
Hancock  and  John  Qohcy  Adana  wet*  bora.  Quhw  wk» 
separated  from  Biahitrea  I11V791  (there  were  tuitlitr  addibans  ts 
Quincy  Irom  Biatnlme  in  ■■si'),  ■■xi  Baadolph  to  1793. 

See  D.  M.  W!lsoi),  Cif«7- (W  BnAi(H>«<  jitrry  VmU  (BMon.' 
r9oe|;  C  F.  Adami.  Jr,  rkne  ^ixiaM  tfmiHcliiutlli HiMh 
i&Kism.  1S91  and  ift9«):  W.  S.  ^Itee,  Hiittrj  if  OU  BnkUm 
and  Qm-t^  (Cuincy,  I»7»l- 

BRAKE,  a  town  at  Germany,  fa)  the  r*nd  duchy  of  Oldenburg, 
on  the  left  bank  of  the  Weser,  about  halfway  between  Bremen 
and  the  mouth  of  the  rivs.  Pop.  jooo.  It  was  for  centuries 
the  port  of  Btemcai  and  thon^  since  the  founding  of  Bremer- 
haven,  it  no  longa  posieawa  a  monopoly  of  the  rivei  tiaSc  aa 
before,  it  ttill  oonthnea  to  BooriA.  Laige  docks  haw  been 
oonRiQCEed,  and  the  place  has  ■  conaldetable  hapbrt  trade  IQ 
Englisb  cobL    ShipbuiMing  and  weaving  an  carried  on  to  aome 

Bnke  hi  (Mdenbnrg  BMat  be  distinguished  tmn  the  village  of 
the  same  nunc  in  the  principality  of  Llppe,  knowm  a*  Biak*  bet 
Limgo,  irtuch  gave  Its  name  to  the  cadet  line  of  the  cnats  ot 
Lippe-Biak*  (1611-1709). 

BRAKE,  (i)  A  term  for  rough-taDgM  noderxrewtb,  cod> 
nected,  according  to  tbc  ffnc  £H|fut  DicMnury,  with  "  btaak," 
to  separate.  The  "  bnke-fem  "  ( Avir  afntfiao)  is  (he  cammoK 
"  bracken,"  and  is  a  shualeaed  form  dl  that  aanhen  Bng, 
wsrd,  ^Hvcd  fmm  a  Scand.  word  for  "  fen  "  (d .  Sweri.  Ifale*)^ 
though  olteaanntOsed  with"  brake,"  nndeigrawtlL    (alAtaM 


BRAKB 


4<* 

■ncs,  offam  qwUed  "  brak."    Hne 

^Hiida,  diSodt  ts  i^Minu  In.  oris   . 

"  bmk,"  M  MpuMc,  ud  it*  darived  nnmjny, 

(rofiiff  (aiipuriiil  In  iitdi  expieuioi 

turn  HI  pout  A  RUD),  fnm  O.  Fi.  trac,  muucni  I'm.  ui  ariii,  i^b 

IractJbiinii.     Tlw  ntd  Ii  IhiM  iubI  oI  a  Icotlicd  iutnimait  ioi 

Kpuiting  tiie  fibn  ef  Su  wd  bcmp;  of  the  "  bmk-nUi " 

employed  ia  dour  tnanuUcIuK;  of- 1  hscvy  wludnl  vchkle 

met)  Idt  "  bnakiss  in  "  honei,  uid  hmcc  oI  ■  luge  cuiiigi  dI 

the  wagonette  typCi  of  m  tnn  or  lev«T,  and  w  ol  Ibe  wincli  ol  > 

diHibow  and  of  1  pump  liuidje,  ct.  "  tiiake-puinp  ";  ol  a  cuib 

or  biidle  for  a  iont;  ud  cit  a  ainf ha nlral. appliance  for  cbeclusc 

Uk  ip«d  ol  mavins  vrhick*,  Ac    It  ii  ootewonhy  that  tke 

two  tatt  meaniop  are  also  pmiward  by  the  fi.  jftin  and  Iht 

Ccr.  Braiui. 

BnLcB,  in  entioMrini,  ara  jnatiuDiaita  by  meuia  oi  whicb 
mecbanical  eneriy  may  be  eipcaded  in  overcomins  IriclioD. 
l^icy  an  lUed  for  Urn  nisia  idaua  of  puipoae^  (■)  ta  Umlt  or 
dcdcaac  Ibe  vtlodty  of  a  moving  body,  m  to  bring  it  completdy 
to  lati  and  (i)  to  meuun  diiecily  Ibe  amount  ol  ftictiODal 
iHiitancc  betma  (wo  bodio.  or  iadirecily  the  amount  pf  eoerty 
given  out  by  a  body  or  bodk*  in  DWtioo.  Machinn  in  whlth 
bnkea  are  emplaytd  foi  puipose*  of  Ibe  aecond  daw  are  com- 
monly known  as  dynamomeim  (q.t.).  Tbc  other  dau  i>  esnn- 
pliied  in  the  bnkct  lued  tm  wheeled  vehidei  and  an  cranes,  lilti, 
&c.  Hen  >  body,  or  ayilem  ol  bodiei,  oiigizially  at  lest,  bat 
been  Ht  b  motion  and  has  recaved  accekralion  up  lo  a  ci ilain 
velodly,  the  work  which  has  E>een  done  in  that  acceleration 
being  iIocbI  up  4*  "  actual  energy  "  in  the  body  itidi.  Beion 
the  body  can  be  brought  (o  reit  ii  miut  pan  with  thii  energy, 
expending  it  ta  onrcomlng  •oine  «Remal  letiilanct.  JJ  the 
energy  be  gnkt  in  pnfMitlra  to  the  una)  KHstance  tending  to 
slop  the  body,  tbc  OMliui  will  Gontiniw  for  along  time,  or  ihMugh 
a  long.diitance,  before  the  uwrgy  hti  been  oomplctdy  expended 
and  the  body  bnnght  to  lert.  But  ia  certain  caieaconaidentl 
ol  lafety  at  convenieace  lequiit  that  thi*  UoK  or  distance 
greatly  iborteoed,  nnd  thiti*  dnu  by  trtifieiaKy  incieaauig 
citemal  ralHance  foe  the  time  bdng,  by  meani  of  a  brake. 

A  liople  method  •(  oblaiiing  tkb  jncrsued  reaUtancs  ia  by 
pmsing  a  block  or  ilw*  ol  Biet«l  Or  wood  igiinM  the  itm  of  i 
moving  wheel,  at  by  tighteaing  i  floIblB  Mnp  Or  band  on  i 
totaling  puUey  at  dnun.  In  wlmltd  road  veUdeik  a  rim 
may  be  piEventtd  (nra  lotMiag  by  a  dala  jaitd  through  lb 
ipoka  and  attached  10  tbe  body  of  the  vehkle,  when  the  luiat 
ance  is  incrcasod  by  the  Hibatitution  of  a  rubbing  for  a  rolling 
acltonj  or  the  ume  eSect  may  be  prodiKed  by  filing  a  ilippei 
or  (kid  under  the  «b«L  Other  fomu  of  brake  depend,  not  oi 
the  friction  between  two  idid  bodie),  but  on  the  Itictiona 
reuitance  of  •  fluid,  as  in  "  fan  "  uid  "  pump  "  bnkea.  Thu. 
■  the  motion  of  revolving  blades  may  be  oppoxd  by  the  mistano 
o(  the  ail  or  of  ■  liqnld  in  which  they  ale  made  to  work,  or  ih 
motion  of  a  plunger  fitting  tightly  in  a  cylinder  filled  with  . 
Buld  may  be  checked  by  the  Bold  bdng  pievented  Innn  eacip 
eicepi  through  a  namnr  orifin.  The  Sy  u«d  to  leguUle  the 
ipetd  of  the  lUiking  train  En  a  dMk '»  m  eiample  of  *  fan  brake, 
while  a  pump  brake  ii  uliliied  for  CTBltoUlm  iha  recoil  of  gunt 
and  in  the  hydnidic  bullen  tomeliiMi  fitted  at  Itnnlniil  nili 
■UUona  to  stop  ttaina  that  rntet  at  iJctBiTt  tpaei.  Onelec 
tiamcan  a  braking  effect  b  uDallmea  obuined  by  airaaging 
ijio  oooDBiiou  of  the  motaci  n    '       ' 


oerted  on  the  allei,  Tb«  current  prodnced  ia  eipmded  by 
■ome  omlii,  ai  by  being  made  to  operate  K>me  friciional  braking 
device,  or  to  magnetize  tron  aboea  carried  on  the  car  Just  over, 
but  dwof,  the  running  rails,  to  which  they  a»  tben  nugnelically 
■Unctfd  (ice  Tuchqm). 

>  Tin  tbaflttt  way  of  applying  a  brake  it  by  tmaculat  foro. 
tiffftrfl  thnra^  a  hand  or  foot  lever  or  through  a  bow,  by 
lAi  A  the  brake  block  b  prnaed  a^tnat  the  rim  of  (he  vbed  or 


which  are  independent  ( 
e  carried  on  each,  or  a  ni 


[  all  othen,  eiiker 
sloi^ng  power;  ' 


ic  train  are  applied  with  ths 


a  a  bnkeaman  on 

thai  all  the  brakaa  [fuoughout 

omptnea  thaL  b  neceisaiy  in 

Conaiderationi  ol  thii  aort  lad  to  the  development  of  power 

-akn  for  lailvay  tnim.    Of  iheae  there  arc  five  main  dilart: — 

(i)  Medunical  fankfs.  worked  by  ipiiiv,  (rietien  whcda  on 

le  ule,  chains  wouad  on  drums,  or  other  niccfaaiiical  devices, 

by  the  lore*  produced  when,  by  reuon  of  a  Bidden      ^^ 

checking  of  [he  tpeed  of  the  Locomotive,  ite  mocHntun      *f^* 

of  the  cars  causes  prcssufe  on  the  drawers  or  buffing      jiflMs* 

'    s.    (sj  Hydraulic  brakes,  w«ked  by  mean*  ol 
water  forced  through  pipci  inloprnpeiincchaniamfac  tranamit- 
-'      -u'foM  to  the  bnke-ahoea.    U)  deciiic  brakes.    («]  Air 

phericprouurcopeiatiiigona  vacuum,  (j)  Brakes  worked 
*m  or  water  fr«n  the  boiler  ol  the  engine,  ofKnllng  by 
I  oi  a  cylinder;  the  bk  ol  Ihcw  ia  gcnenJly  limited  to  the 
otive.  01  thii  kind  it  the  countar-pnaeure  or  wMs  brake 
ol  L.  te  Chaldler.  If  the  valve  gear  of  a  loDoaWtiva  in  molioa 
be  reversed  and  the  Mean  regulator  be  left  Opeli,  the  qrlindett 
compieuon,  punqung  air  from  the  eikamt  pipe  into  tho 
against  the  Mean  prcnure.  A  >elaldi(«  eAtct  fs  thM 
Kd,  hut  at  the  coat  of  certain  iBcoavenieacie  due  lo  Ub 
pauage  of  hot  ait  and  ciodtn  from  the  aooke  boa  tlnoagh  the 
cyllndtn.  To  itmedy  Iheie,  le  Chatditc  arranged  that  a  jet  of 
ater  from  the  boiler  thould  be  delivered  into  Iha  cxhamt 
■o  that  (team  and  not  the  bol  Sue  gaeea  ihould  ba  pumped 

back. 

PowCT  biaket  may  be  dlher  tontinuoue  or  Independent — 
continuaia  if  connected  throu^iout  the  tcahi  and  with  Ibe 
locomotive  by  inpn,  wires,  Ik.,  ai  the  compreaed  air,  vacmun 
and  electric  brakes;  Independent  if  not  K  connected,  *a  the 
buStr-bnkcs  and  handbrakes.  Continuous  brakes  may  be 
divided  tnio  tita  other  great  dasiei— lutomaiic  and  non- 
automailc.  The  fomer  are  so  arranged  that  ihey  aie  applied 
automatically  on  >l]  the  coaches  of  Ibe  train  ff  any  important 
part  of  the  apparatus  li  biokcn.  or  Ihe  countings  bclween  can  are 
ruptured;  In  an  emergency  they  can  be  pot  on  by  the  guard,  or 
(in  some  cases)  by  k  puseDger.  Non-aulomatic  brakes  can  be 
applied  only  hy  Ihe  person  (usually  the  engine-dHver)  lo  whom 
the  minagemenl  of  Ihem  is  given ;  they  may  become  inopeiati™ 
on  (II  the  coaches,  and  always  on  thote  whicb  have  become 
demdied,  il  a  coupling  or  other  important  and  generally  esuotial 
part  is  broken.  Many  mechanical  and  several  hydnaUc  and 
eleclricai  continuoui  brakes  have  been  invented  and  tried;  bat 
experience  has  shown  them  so  inadequate  in  practice  that  they 
have  all  practically  disappeared,  leaving  the  field  to  the  air  and 
the  vacuum  brakes.  At  first  these  were  non-automatic,  but  in 
1873  the  automatic  air-brake  was  invcQled  by  George  Westing-' 
bouse,  and  the  automatic  vacuum-brake  was  developad  a  few 


tsini 


idlroi 


theft 


Llie  br^ea  at«1nai)eqD*te 
following  snmmai;  M  the  leqnire- 
train-baUng  apparatus:  (0  It 


St  nad  vehidca,  and  is  laigely  m 


must  be  capable  ol  *p|dleatian  t« 

train,  (i)  It  muM  be  to  prompt  In  SCtioO  thai  uie  tooncn 
potable  Ume  shall  dapse  betweeafls  fiiat  snilioli«i  and  Hm 
moment  when  the  full  power  can  be  exetted  Ihroo^uDt  tbe  Inbi. 
(3)  It  musl  be  Capable  of  being  a^liad  by  the  en^rte-diifcr  or 
by  any  of  the  officials  in  charge  at  the  oil^  either  In  concst  or 
Independent^.  (4)  Tte  motioB  ot  the  tiah  ntnt  be  smslaA 
in  Ihe  shortest  poaaible  distance.  (5]  Tlie  {aSon  of  a  Vital  part 
must  dedare  ilsdl  by  cauring  the  brake  to  be  B|>plied  and  !• 
remain  applied  anin  the  cause  of  faiinn  It  remoived.  (A)  tha 
braking  of  the  train  in  two  or  more  parte  ni 


m  nilway  1  automatic  appUcstton  oi  the  bnkea  w 


<») 


Wbn  owd  ia  ardlnty  ktvjcc  itop*  ft  mut  be  opaUe  of  (ndnal 
mi  uoilarm  tppljcilioa  (foUoHcd,  if  neccttuy,  by  i  full  cmns- 
cKy  i|iplicitkHi  11  isy  put  o[  Ibe  wrvice  ipplicatJaii)  *iul  of 
pnnipl  nieut  ondcr  dl  condilioti)  of  tpflkmian.  (8)  It  But 
be  limple  in  openlion  ud  raostnclioa,  not  liible  to  deruife- 

The   metntkooH   KHMatoauIc  or   "MmulU 
pamiBl  In  |S6}.  enmiiu  In  iti  riaiiiltw  form  ol  ■  i 


Ian 


mir-p 


np.a 


ive^'SiS 


'   nnitt  Aa  hjet-pbtc  of  rbc  locHioiii 
uolihE 


viiuin  in  ■  texibte  hen.  a 


^  pipe,  kinac  bcM  anl  eoupllin 


„ „ M  U  dIMWd  by  tb. 

a  tmnlnf  th*  tliRe-«iy  cock,  b  thai  ccmpmitJ  m 

.J.  .1-  ;: 1  .-: |i„t  o„  ^j,  5(  ,fc  brate< 

lo  Ibe  wb«k  by  Ibe  novn 
.m  amiKCMd  to  il.   To  rtk 


»  and  tbe  rnbuid  levvnco 


petmLniM  rhe  eupe  of  ibe  compieeted  air  In  Ibe  min-pipe  mnd 
bnke«yliade«.  Thii  bnke  ««i  Knu  found  difcclive  and  iude- 
quK  in  mny  «ym.  An  appnciabk  time  n*  nquiml  (oribe  ur 
u>  taw  thioucb  tH  ptpce  f nm  lb*  toamolivo  Id  (be  car-rylinden, 
aad  lUt  dm*  LkimihI  qiBcUy  with  iba  IcDith  dI  ibe  train*.   Still 


-   - -     -UvSloibo 

I  — fvoir  to  tbc  Imin-pipF, 

-  - jr  ibnn  tbni  in  tbe  iBniliarT 

tha  piMHi  and  •bde.nin  of  Ibe  tripl»«atnai«  dw^ 

-■■  •-  -'-' ■  poiitioa.  Ibe  fnmpmiid  air  bi  iba 

. —  jBd  Ibe  piMoa  ii  bni^^  tack  by  ibe 

orikd  ipriat.  ibua  wlaailin  At  brdrca.    At  tta  lan  tlae  &* 
"jidliary  mfoir  la  Rcbniiad. 
WUh  thk  "  oHUaaty  -  bnta,  iJMnan  ap 


li  loni  mil 


attbefnat  ^^ 
■uneriif  -•k«a*» 


—,r^ "wiGb^ctiiic"! ^_ 

nmedylUi defect.  Toril tbelriplevalvebpmvidad wiibii  . 
■Kiilary  niechankni.  a^ucb.  ohen  lb*  •it  finmm  in  the  uain-pipe  >> 
•uddenly  or  violenlly  reduced,  spent  a  pUHfe  wbnbi  air  fioa  lb* 
irain-plpeiipefvulled  to  enter  Ibe  bnls.cyliiiderdincUy.  Thereult 
b  ncJcad:  not  only  ■•  tbc  Mann Iram  ihc  ainiliwy  nerveit  actinf 
in  tbc  biabccyGndir  ninfonxd  by  Ibe  prsuie  ia  Ibe  min-flpe,  bvt 
Ibe  proHin  10  the  tnin-pip*  <•  Rdoced  kmNy  !a  every  vtbid* 
in  otRnely  lapid  wicceaiioB  lutend  e<  u  Ibe  enfinc  ooly.  and 


uaa  vhich  run  abort  diMancca. 

lir  IxioD  cbaned  ar  the  tennlnal 

'  -WjpumV   Conveniently 

valve,  by  meini  of  which 


ant  obittlicniibk.  bowtvtr,  <m  Ibe  fact  thai  oo  delached  coach 
llic  >ii-bnkn  could  »l  be  applied.  Ihe  renill  being  loincliQi 

la  tbc  Wof^how^' oidi»ry  "  lulomaiic  air-brake  a  ma 
air  tEiBTOJt  on  the  enrane  it  kept  dauEcd  wilb  oompteaed  air 

,_. ,^  lolipertq, In.by  n>an*oltbe>tHn>-piinip.  whlcbmi 

'*"*  be  CDBlroUHl  by  an  automatic  pivennr.     On  etecli 

.  lailwjyi  a  pump,  driven  by 

eBiploytd;  bat  occiaiooaliy,  on  truai 

«  punip  it  carried,  the ~— —;. 

iminti  wilb  lufficient  co 

e'lrcd  lo  Ihe  driver'*  h 
Mntrolitheflowoft .--,-. 

or  from  dbc  train-pipe  (o  Ibe  almotphcrr.  A  icductn^-vatve  tt 
BtEacbrd  to  the  diis^A  valve,  and  jnilie  normal  or  running  potilion 
d'  the  latter  reduces  tiic  pHnire  of  Ibe  air  BovinE  [rom  tbc  main 
rtwrvuu- to  tlicnaKi'pipeW  loorij  bperiq.ln.  From  the  engine 
I  trij>.|»pe  runt  the  whole  ,|nHpb  of  ibe  tiain.  being  rendered 

tHI  Dl  Ibe  train  by  Beiible  hoae  coupling!,  ^h  vehicE  It  provided 
•iib ■  brake-cylinder  H  (He.  O.conlaininga  nRon.  ihe movement 
•I  Bbich  ipplici  Ihe  brakeliloclii  to  Ibe  whee^,  an  "  tgiiliaiy  ilr- 
RMvoit '-  G,  and  an  automatic  "  Iripte-nln  ^  F.  The  uiailbn 
wervoir  reccivw  commmK)  ait  from  ibe  train-pipe  i  ' 
loriue ni  the  brake-cylliidcr  of  in  own  vehicle,  and  both 


igh  Ibe  pi 


"  Ibe  a'oxillaiy 
IT  indirectly 


piti  of  vhkh  are-a 
to  which 'the  ^dTw 


he  tripic-vatve.  tl 


.«.  ^..  -.  -..  «...^, ....  -.- ^  jide  of  the  piiton 
ve  ii  attached,  while  (he  air  in  the  train-pipe 
Ihe  oppodte  tide.  So  long  ii  (be  biakn  are 
pimuTei  In  ihe  lrain-p(pe.  Iriple-valve  and 
an  equal,  and  there  a  no  compretied  air  in  the 
wbeii.  In  order  (o  apply  the  brake,  the  driver 


duriaa  ordinary 
at  in  Ihe.  ordi^- 


irain.  The  lame  effect 


"  itopi  tbc  triyie-valn  tA 
arv  brake,  the  quick4ctiag  poilioii.  Il 

Wi*iriC'tandle,Z^.7u^^"oi!ic'iw2li^'x''1l«'J 


cd  ■•  wholly  cm  opt  of  action. 

lent  inlroduced  in  (b*  WenTnghoue  bnke  in 


tg«*  wai  deiiened  to  give  qui 

gency  itopL  In  IhIt  the  Iiip^vAlvo  it  31ibi(an(L 
Ihe  Ofdinaiy  brake.  Tlie  addliianll  mcchaniim  i 
portion  it  dbpcntcd  with,  but  inttcad,  a  tmall  < 
conlaining  air  at  almospbcric  pretuic,  it  providr 
and  it  to  arranged  that  il  It  pul  Into  conmuniail 
pipe  by  iIk  ftnl  tnovemeol  of  llw  tzi|Jr-valvt.    . 


-         -    ■     ■      '      '  'l  thewiHofthedriv-..     _.. 

.  ._._, ..the  brake-eylinder  increatei 

proportion  Ilie  preiture  of  iIk  brakc-thoet  againit 
Attached  to  the  brake  cylinder  ba  valve  for  antomatici 


BRAKE 

iraovtil;    but 


mi-bnke.  tlu  cadumllnc  ■ppantt—  ^ 

..  cd  UfgE  And  hbaU  ei«t<3r  (■  fom  of  ja^ 

pinnp)  vorked  by  suAin  and  uader  tlw  coatnL  of  1h* 
driw,  tbougb  nnctime*  a  nKdunical  air'iiuinp.  dtiy 


u  iboiit  30  in.  o(  macaiy,  or  ia  otli— 

<iidi!i  It  to  abovt  of  iliM  of  ■■  

iitcndi  the  whole  iHipk  of  tbe  tnin  Ind 


ra  in  £i.  t.  The  itkuMnlvc  la  (orlba pi 


— ,  — , noium  beiow  ue  vaha 

lod  with  tbt  diBcrcwx  ol  pnoun  tbe 
ipjd-actiiif  valve 
rwn.plpc  and  I^ 

A  and  above  the  diapfaia|E« 

ry  applicatkio  o(  the  bnlVi  air  ia  auddraly  adnJtied 

---'  thiiati>theloweriidei><  A,aDd  the  pnaam 

da  of  B  ii  auOdeiu  to  cauae  It  to  Kit  ibe  valv* 

"-t  anaowihefe.  both  ta  the  biato-cyKndw 

b  tba  dappn-valv*  D,  arhkh  alaa  rlaa 
■o  Hdea.  In  a  cnduated 


I.  WhtD  the  handle  E  ia  tunied  ao  ai  W 
a  of  the  device  for  abtainiflc  v 


FIc  I.— AwoiB>tlcV»aiain-Bnke.ihavlB|ki|entTalamiittnaiI. 

he  Weuini 


ibe&aW  Tbry 

(by  the  u«  of  Ibe 


tnkH  nearly  nmuluneoui  throuihsii 
the  naid'i  vio  it  anwiitiil  to  open  aulonuticilly  when  ihe  i 
■id&aiy  lel(  In  air  lo  the  Iraia-cipe.  TMi  valve  hu  a  unal 
thniKh  lu  Rem,  and  ii  Kcuied  at  Ibe  (op  by  ■  diaphnim  In  i 
dgne-lilce  chambit.  which  i>  uhauHcd  when  ■  vacuum  >•  a 
in  the  train-pipe.  A  tndual  applicalisa  dettroya  the  vacui 
the  chaoilicr  H  quickly  u  in  Ibe  pipe  and  the  diaphiain  n 


AcctleratinEcb 
are  provid«l  or 


l^va]>._  ^.. 

with  the  operation  of  the  t 
into  tiM  train-pipe  effect! 


inM  brake,  ti  alas  applies Uc 
g  air  at  auDouhcrk  prsurc, 
onnected  witli  the  tiaiA-pjp« 


vaTve.    The  air  ihva  admii 


v^leand 

ai  the  vacuum  in  [he  la 

f  the  driver'i  valve.    1 

•tin  lunhec  local  n 

□HI  sucrrtdiag  vehicle  and  a  thua  rapidly  propagated  throu^lioul 

Famoui  l«ti  ol  niTway  bnkn  wen  Ihoie  nude  bv  Sir  Douglai 
Gallon  and  Mr  George  We«inghou»e  on  Ihe  Loncfon,  Bnghtoo 
and  Soulh  Coait  railway,  in  Enslaod.  in  187B,  and  by  '  ^,., 
a  comniilee  of  the  Mailer  Car  Builden'  Auoeiatian,  .  .  -' 

near  Burlinpon.  Iowa,  [d   iSSe  and  1887,     The  obiict  ■"* 

of  the  lomcr  •erio  (tor  accounti  of  which  ice  Frci.  ImA  UaK 
Eni;  1878. 187a)  wailodctcrininctheaKRtdcnt  of  friction  between 
ihF  fankcahoe  and  the  wheel,  and  between  ihe  wheel  -nrf  r.i1  ,t 
.  velociiiea  when  the  wheel*  wen  revolving  and  wl 


IB  Ibt 


..jithe  cD^Sdeni  of  friction 

)a  caat-iron  thoea  and  iteel-tind  vheeli  1pii».«i  •.  ,\.  __.i 
train  decreaied.  vaiyini  [mm  Dill  at  J 

Lhe  train  waa  juu  novinf.    It  aha  dici ... 

whicb  ibt  bnkta  mk  iMliad  1  that  u  »  fl' f  P.bi 


"[J?.^»* 


_ ^    --.'ondt  0-099,    ^^ 

nodermce  iimdi,  the  dfcrwe  in  ch 


BRAKELGND— BRAMAH    . 

Table  Ul.—Sitpi  g/s  Train  tf  Fiflt  Emily  Q 

Elnlni  AppHcaAn  of  Atr-Brata. 


Jiff    .. 

WlwalbevhMJii 


WHH  ina  unff  ■»  HHig  UK  Rvfne  nuy  be  uue.    WhL 

■Jridded  the  rctardaliofi  of  the  train  is  aivayt  nduced;  thcnfort. 

^1d  iKw  bt  lufficlem  to  uiiie  thT^^HU  to'llfdc  on^ihV  nO^ 
The  BnitUiilijii  btalu  tnu  wen  undMalnn  »  detcimiiR  l)r 

-rf  nop!  with  trains  of  twrnlj-fivt  and  filty  veilickj,  1 


The  rnullioi  thr  Ant  diy'i  t«t  of  the  train  equippHl  with  Wtttliu- 


■hond*  (hat  eUpwd  from  iJk  applicition  of  the  bcAlce 
TABLI  I.— 5to^  i#  a  Tnincl  Filly  Empty  Ctrl 


ass. 

Hour. 

"Km"" 

^JL 

EquivilcMDiiUoce 

il 

S 

It' 

■  96 

Tabu  II.— *» 


I <!f  •  !>«(■  ^ RIlySMflj Ctn.  iS«6— 


'IS- 

DiUince  in 

Feet, 

slTndi. 

^t"Jr:!.^'Tr  \ 

40 

+»* 

J07 

s 

as 


iss-i 


tlainrd  between  the  applicatton  ol  (he  bnlte*  on 

I  the  iiflirth  vehicle  w»  >lfn»t  twice  ■•  (rest  in 

-Iii4r  inth^tatief  tcm  only  five  to  MMConntiiod 

I  lai  Ibu  iwo-thinla  the  rJiluiK* 

t  ihocki  wen  aiucd  by  (he  rear 

inninf  aninu  those  in  front,  befon  the  brakct  on  the 

:«  appltm  with  Ajfficienl  foree  to  bo4d  them,  and  tiKie 

■■[■owMe  on  long  mini.    When  the  (ripteXslvt*  wen  actuated 
«n  rkiUy,l»w*vB,  th*  (tape  w«it  Hill  luitbcr  ioiaovBd,  u  abow  B 


"BS" 

'^-'- 

ssi 

Equinlul  DiM>«>  1 

E 

ite 

i 

Hi 

S  ' 

..i 

that  the  bat  type  of  bnke  for  long  Frewht  tnini  w! 
biy  air.  in  which  the  vafve*  w«* aetuatedby  dectdcit 
imed  doubt  of  (he  pnctKaltility  of  unng  ekctrici 
rains.  The  Wotinchoua*  CofBtvpy  '* —  ' — ' — * 
he  action  ot-  the  iriplc-valvc, ' 


miin:t  I  hat.  towanh  thi 
OC  iity  vchiciea.  uopi  w 


pnied  by  aii  only,  b  that 

ucCTwfjl  in  th!. 
Mj,  with  »  train 


at  the  trial*  by  the  electntally  □pc?rated  braites. 

In  lgS«  lome  lurlher  tnli  wen  made  bv  Sir  Doucbi  Gallon  w^th 
the  ButOnutic  varuunl-bralic.  on  ■  practically  level  portion  of  the 
Mavbntcr,  SbeAcU  &  LinuJnibn  nil  way  ( now  the  Grnl  Centnl). 

tout  knglhonrbiin'cn  being  14S1  ft.,  and  the  toul  weight  ]7t  torn, 

ihii  train  wa>  bmilghl  to  a  «ndititl  m  [wrivc  lecondl  alter  the 

BRAKBIANa  JOCELn  DB  If.  iloo).  En^tih  monk,  and 
author  of  ft  chitrakle  nanBling  the  fottunca  ot  the  moDaitciy 
of  Bury  St  Edjnundi  betwcu  117J  (od  lU).  He  ii  only 
known  la  us  through  hit  own  woric  Ha  wu  a  salive  of 
Bury  St  EdmuDdii  be  served  his  noviliale  ubiIit  SuMon  of 
ToltinKton,  who  was  at  that  time  master  of  the  novice*,  but 
afterwards  sulxsactist.  and,  Erom  iiSj,  abbot  of  the  home. 
Jocdyn  look  the  habit  of  reljgiini  in  117J,  during  the  time  of 
Abbot  Hugo  (iisJ'iiSo).  through  whose  iinprovidence  and 
laxity  the  abbey  had  become  impoveruhcdand  the  inmates  dead 
to  all  respect  for  discipline.    Tfae  fottunet  e[  the  abbey  changed 

Jocclyn,  who  became  abbot's  chaplain  within  lour  months  of 
the  eieclioo,  describes  the  administration  of  Samson  at  nmude^ 
able  length.  He  leUt  us  that  he  Has  with  Samson  night  and  day 
[01  st>  years;  the  piciun  which  he  gives  ol  his  maater,  althoo^ 
cotoured  by  enthiuiulic  admirallDn,  ii  singuiaily  frank  sad 
tntimalc  It  is  all  the  raon  convinciiie  liaix  Jocelyn  it  no 
Wylisi.  His  Latin  is  familiar  and  cuy,  but  the  revetie  of  clwil 
cal-  Helhinkaand  writes  as  one  whose  interests  are  wrapped  up 
[n  his  house;  and  the  unique  interest  of  his  work  lies  in  the 
minuteness  with  which  it  describes  the  policy  of  a  monastic 
administialei  who  was  in  bis  own  day  coiuidtred  u  a  model. 

Jocelyn  has  also  been  crcdiLed  with  an  eitant  but  unprintcd 
tract  on  the  election  of  Abbot  Hugo  (Huleiao  MS.  100;,  fo. 
i6j);  from  internal  evidence  this  appeara  to  be  an  error.  He 
mentions  a  (nDn^eitanl)   work  which  he  wrote,  bclore   the 


■■  ped  f 


\iii'i,. 


'n^A  ¥1 


md  (iSm).    Then  i>  aL 


7W(|U  Cnfiry  in  It 


cuhuTsl  labour  by  an  acddent 
subsequently  started  bualntu 


in  I  he  methsnism  of  water 

was  taken  ont  in  177S.    In  (784  he  patented  the  loci 

1  in  1705  he  Invented  the  hydrauli< 

pan  of  this,  the  collar  which  secured 


known  by  hi: 
water-tighloeu  bel< 


he  plunger  and  the  cylinder  In  which  il 


4tS 


woikcd,  be  wu  indebted  to  He 


BRAMANTE— BKAMWELL,  LORD 

:Ty  Maudslay,  ODe  of  his 


cr,  Duchin^ty  fa 


•bo«l         .  „      „ 

of  hii  locks.  In  1806  he  devised  for  Ibe  Bink  ol  England  1 
erics]  printing  machine,  speciatly  adapted  for  bank-notes, 
'  ' ' .  included  the  beci^ngine  for  drawing 
king  aerated  vtaten,  planing  cnachinci, 
ana  inprovemcnu  in  sicanvertginei  and  boilers  and  in  paper- 
making  maehineiy.  In  1785  he  suggested  the  possibility  of 
icrtw  pnpuUion  for  ships,  and  in  i&oi  the  hydraulic  transmisvon 
of  povrcr;  and  hft  oonitructed  watenmrlLS  at  Norwich  in  tT4<> 
and  17Q].    He  died  In  London  on  the  qth  of  DcnmbcT  1814. 

BRAMAHT^  ot  Biauante  Laziau  (c.  1444-1514!.  Italian 
architect  and  painter,  whou  real  name  was  Donate  d^Augnolo, 
wai  bom  at  Montc-AsdiuaJdo  in  Utbino,  in  July  1444.  He 
showed  a  great  taste  for  drawing,  and  was  at  an  early  age  placed 
undci  Fra  Bartolommiw,  called  Fra  Carnavale.  But  though 
be  afterwards  gained  some  fame  as  a  painter,  bis  attention  was 
■Don  ahsoibed  by  ardJtectutc.  He  af^Kon  to  have  studied 
under  Scirro  Scirri,  aQ  architect  in  hit  native  pEacc,  and  pertiaps 
under  other  masters.  If  e  then  set  out  from  Urhino,  and  proceeded 
througib  several  of  the  towns  of  Lonihardy,  uecuting  works  of 
various  magnitudes,  and  eaamining  patiently  all  remains  of 
andenl  art.  At  last,  attfKtod  by  the  fame  of  the  great  Doomo, 
be  reached  Milan,  where  he  remained  Itom  i4;6  to  1494.  He 
B«m>  to  have  left  Mil.-ui  [Or  Some  about  ijoo.  He  painted 
»nle  frcscDo  at  Rome,  and  devoted  himwll  to  the  tludy  of  the 
ancicM  hnildin^,  both  in  the  city  md  as  far  south  as  N^ilcs. 
About  ibii  time  the  Cardiiul  CanSa  cammiisioned  him  to 
rebnild  the  dofttcT  of  the  Convent  deUa  Pace.  Owing  to  the 
celerity  and  skill  with  which  Bramante  did  thii,  the  cardinal 
Intnxhtced  him  to  Pope  Altaander  VI.  He  began  to  be  consulted 
on  nearly  all  the  gieat  architectural  iqwrations  in  Rome,  and 
executed  for  the  pope  the  palace  of  the  Cancdleria  or  chancery. 
Under  Julius  II.,  Akatandcr-s  successor,  Biamante's  talents 
began  to  obtain  adet^uate  sphere  of  exendsc-  His  Urst  htrge 
work  was  to  units  the  straggling  buildings  of  the  palaa  and  the 
Belveden.  Thisheaccomplishedby  mcansof  twvlongglUeiie) 
or  conidora  encloiing  a  court.  The  daign  was  only  in  pari 
completed  before  the  death  of  Julius  snd  ol  the  architect.  So 
bnpatient  mm  the  pc^  and  socager  wu  Bnunanle,  that  the 
loandaliooi  were  not  sulBcieotl>'  well  gitended  to;  great  pitt  of 
k  htd,  Hirrelore,  »on  lo  b«  rebuilt,  and  the  whole  is  now  10  ouch 
■llercd  that  ii  is  hardly  ponlble  bi  decipher  the  original  dMgn. 

Besides  eaecuiing  nnmerom  imaller  worls  at  Rome  and 
Bologn*,  among  which  b  specially  mentioned  by  older  writers  a 
cound  temple  in  the  cloister  ol  San  Pletrcn-Montoiio,  Biamante 
was  called  upon  by  Pope  Julius  to  take  the  Gnt  part  In  one  of 
the  greatest  atthiuctunl  enterpiiies  ever  attempted— tha 
rebuilding  ol  St  Peter's.  Biamante's  designs  wen  tompletr, 
and  he  pushed  on  the  woA  so  fast  that  bcfott  Us  death  he 
hid  etecled  the  four  great  piers  and  thtir  attha,  and  tom- 
pleted  the  coririce  and  the  vaulting  in  of  this  portion.  He  aba 
vaulted  In  (be  principal  chapel.  After  his  death  on  the  1 1  th  of 
March  1514,  his  doiga  was  touch  altered,  in  patllcoliu  by 
Micbelangeio. 

See  PugEilconi.  Uaaairt  lularta  s^  tlla  a!  a/U  etiri  ii  BnmeiiU 
(Rome.  iSj«):  H.  Semper,  DmaU  BramaMi  (Uipi«,  IS79}- 

BRAKPTOH.  HEHRT  HAWKIHt,  Ba>om  {1817-1007), 
En^sh  judge,  was  bom  at  Hitchin,  on  the  i4lh  of  September 
lEiT.  He  received  his  education  at  Bedford  kJiobI,  The  ton 
of  a  solicitor,  he  was  e«ly  familiarized  with  legal  ptinciples. 
Called  to  the  bar  at  the  Kllddle  Tcmpla  Id  1S4J,  he  at  once  joined 
the  old  home  circuit,  snd  aflcT  eojoying  a  lucrative  practice  at 
a  juoioT,  took  ailk  in  iSjg.  Jlis  name  is  tdcntiGed  with  many 
of  the  famous  trials  of  the  reiga  of  Queen  Victoria.  He  was 
engaged  In  the  Simon  Bernard  ca^e  (of  the  Onini  plot  celebrity), 
in  thai  of  Reufclt  v.  Wailt,  asd  in  the  Ovciend-Curney  ptosecu- 
tioDS.  The  two  coNiM  ilUirii,  however,  in  which  Hawkins 
atlaioed  his  highest  legal  diitiuctioa  were  the  Tichbomc  iiial* 
>nd  the  great  will  case  of  Snidtii  v.  Lenf  51  Uanmii.  In  both 
of  these  he  was  viciorioui.     In  ibe  Ant  hi)  masterly  cnsa- 


of  the  trial.  He  did  ■  lucrative  bnsineis  In  tefeRnces  and 
arbitrations,  and  acted  lor  the  royal  commissioners  in  the 
purchase  ol  the  site  lor  the  new  law  courts.  Election  pelilioos 
alto  formed  another  bunch  sf  hit  eitensive  practice.  Hawkins 
was  raised  to  the  bench  in  i8;6.  and  wis  assigned  to  the  then 
exchequer  division  of  the  High  Court,  not  as  biion  (an  appetlatioD 
being  abolished  by  Ibe  Judicature  Act),  but  with  the 
"      y  Hawkins     He  was  ■  grtit  advocate  ralhct 


illo  of  Sir 


.    His: 


urpat$cd.  He  was  an  excellent  judge  in  chamtjcrs,  where  he 
lisplayed  a  clear  and  vigorous  gra&p  of  details  and  questions 
>f  fact.  His  knowledge  of  the  criminal  law  was  cilensive  and 
ntimate,  the  repdtalion  be  gained  as  a"  hanging"  Judge  makuig 


nch.  and  w 


uthisassisunn 
aised  to  the  pi 


In 


Brampton.  He  frequently  look  pari 
in  dctermimng  ftouse  ot  Lords  appeals,  and  hit  judgments  were 
distinguished  by  their  lucidity  and  grnqi.  He  held  for  many 
years  the  ofRce  ol  counsel  to  the  Jockey  Club,  and  u  *n  active 
member  of  that  body  found  rclaiatioD  from  his  legal  and  judicial 
duties  at  Ihu  leading  race  meeting,  and  was  cDnadcred  a  capable 
judge  of  horses.  In  1&9S  he  was  received  iato  the  Roman 
Catholic  Church,  and  in  looj  he  presented,  In  conjunction  with 
Lady  Brampton  (his  second  wile],  the  chapel  of  SS.  Auguttine 
and  Gregory  to  Ibe  Roman  Calholic  cathcdnl  of  Wesimintier, 
which  was  consecrated  in  that  year.  In  11704  he  published  his 
Rcmiuitienai.  He  died  in  London  on  the  6th  ol  October  1407, 
and  Lidy  Brampton  in  the  following  year. 

BKAMFTOX,  a  market  toKii  in  the  Eskdale  parliamenury 
dlvisioD  of  Cnmbcrbad,  Eo^nd,  9  m.  E.N.E.  of  Cariisle,  od  a 
branch  of  the  North  Eastern  railway.  Pop.  (1901)  J41J4.  It  is 
plclurctqucly  situated  in  a  nsirow  valley  opening  upon  thai  of 
the  Irthing.  The  town  has  an  ugiicullual  trade,  breweries,  and 
manufactures  ol  cotton  and  tweeds.  The  neighbourhood  is 
rich  in  historical  assDciatfcms.  Two  miles  N.E.  ol  Brampton  is 
the  castle  of  Naworth,  a  fine  example  of  a  Border  fortress.  It 
was  built  in  the  reign  ol  Edwaid  III.,  by  a  member  of  the  lamily 
ol  Dacre.'who  for  many  ^iterations  had  had  their  stronghold 
here.  Overlooking  ■  deep  wooded  ravine,  ¥dth  atreams  to  llie 
east  and  west,  the  great  quadrangular  casde  was  naturally 
dclendcd  except  on  the  south,  where  it  was  rendered  secure  by  ft 
double  moat  and  draw*ridge.  By  marriage  in  1571  with  Luly 
eiubeth  Dacre  it  passed  Into  the  hands  of  William  Howard, 
afterwards  lord  warden  of  the  Marclies,  the  "  Belted  Will "  of 
Sir  Walter  Scott  and  the  Border  lulladt,  who  acquired  great 
fame  by  his  victories  over  the  Sooltish  mosi.lroopcn.  The 
castle,  the  wall)  of  which  have  rnany  secnl  patiaget  and  hiding- 


i  In  its  hall  at. 
"larlcs  I.  by  Van  Dyck. 

.11  Robert  Bruce  and  hk  an 
id  the  priory  was  pHlaged  In  rj4a  bj 


pietorea, 
including  a  portrait  ol  Charles  I.  by  Van  Dyck.  Not  far  distant 
it  Lanetcost  Priory,  where  In  116}  an  Augustinian  monastery 

wis  established.     "  "  ■     -  -  

quartered  here,  an 

king  cd  ScotlaiKi. 

at  Its  dissolution  under  Henry  VIII.  it  con^sted  only  of  a  prior 

and  seven  canons.    The  EaHy  English  church  has  a  restored 

nave,  but  retains  much  fine  carving.    The  chancel  is  ruined,  but 

the  inleiwling  crypt  is  preserved. 

BRAMWEU.  GBOHDB  WILUAM  WIiaHERB  BRAlfWBU, 
Baaom  (iAcfr-il9i}t  Entflsh  judge,  was  bom  in  London  on  the 

uf  the  banking  firm  of  Dorrien,  Uogens,  Doriien  &  MeQo.  He 
was  eduoled  privately,  and  at  the  age  ol  sixteen  he  entend 
Dotriens'  hank.  In  1S30  he  gave  up  this  business  Idr  IM 
law,  being  admitted  as  a  student  at  Lincoln's  Inn  in  iSjo,  and 
at  the  Inner  Temple  in  1S36.  At  tni  he  practised  as  a  special 
nleailei.  but  was  eventually  called  to  the  bar  at  both  Iniu  ia 
walled  his  way  into  1  good  practice  both  la 


London  and  the  home  cirruit, 
bemg  so  well  reeogniied  that  J 


3  appointed  a  member 


-BRAN— BRAND,  JOHN 


♦'» 


at  tb(  CgoBMkilA*  Vnc«dnn  CoaniMiMi,  wUcb  NwIUd 
ibe  Coramon  Lib  Prgceduie  Act  of  iSs>.    Thii  act  kc  dnit  . 
junily  with  bii  [rind  Mi  (afUrnnk  Uc  Jintisc)  Wilki,  and 
thus  began  Ibe  tbolitioDtl  Uk  lyUeintil  ipecHl  pleadini.    ' 
iSji  Lord  CiaQwacIh  made  BiamwcU  a  qucoi'i  cauiud.  aad 
laoer  Temple  vkctcd  hun  a  beadier— be  had  ccaicd  to  I 
mcmbei  ol  liiuoln'a  Ion  ia  1S41.    In  iSjj  he  icircd  ob 
royal commissioDloiiiquinmtothcaaaimiUtion of  the: 
Uvriof  ScoUandind  EnfUod  and  the  lawol  partnership,  ivhkh 
had  a>  ita  reull  the  Compania  Act  d(  i«£i.    It  wat  he  nrf 
daring  the  ijttiog  of  ihia  coDuoiuioD,  luggeded  the  aildUion 
the  word  "  United  "  to  the  tiiJe  of  companie*  that  toughl 
limit  their  liabilit)',  in  oiikc  to  puveni  the  obvimn  duger 
pciwiu  trading  with  Ihen  in  jfnotanccol  theif  Uiniiaiioa 
liibiiily.     As  a  quccn't  cwinid  Bianmll  enjaytd  a  Iv 
and  ateadOy  iofRaaing  pracikc,  itu)  in  iHsS  he  n>  raiwJ 
the  bench  ai  a  buroo  of  ibc  court  of  eidxcquer.    la  i&i 
nilh  Mc  Justice  Blackburn  and  Sir  Jdui  Coleridge,  be  wu  ou 
a  membcx  of  the  judicature  (onuninoiL    In  iS;i  be  waionc 
the  thiee  judges  wbq  refused  the  leat  on  the  judicial  auamiu 
ot  the  privy  council  lo  which  Sir  Kebcrt  Collier,  in  (vaueD 
the  ipiiic  of  the  act  crfsallng  the  appoiotaoit,  wai  appointed^ 
and  in  1S76  he  waa  raised  la  the  court  ol  Kfjiad,  where  he  lat 
till  the  autumn  ol  iSSi.    At  a  puiuie  judcc  be  had  been  (sa- 
■picuomaiauundbwyer,  «ith  a  lUong  loficai  mind  uoleltercd 
bf  tcchnicalltiei,  bui  eadowed  with  coiuiderable  icipect  for  the 
coanKin  law.     Hii  rulings  were  alwayi  cleai  and  deciiive, 
while  the  aame  quality  maifced  hi*  itceling*  nith  lut,  and, 
coupled   with  a  Hraigbtforward,  unpRlentioui  nuumei,  gave 
Km  great  influence  Kith  juiiei.    Ia  tba  couit  of  appeal  he 
■ai  pcthaps  not  lo  enlinly  in  hi*  elemeDt  u  at  tUsi  friiH,  hut 
the  ume  (DDibiaaiiiui  of  sound  law.  ttnjng  uutunon  mum  aod 
dear  capmsion  chanclcil«d  his  judgmcata.    Hii  dtdaioat 
during  the  three  uagei  of  his  praclic^  career  are  too  nuBeioui 
to  be  refaml  lo  particularly,  although  R)iir  v.  Wemtmil 
(L.  R.  I  Ei.  Qi):  R.  V.  Bradiiam  (14  Coi  C.  C.  &^y.  Umuduld 
Fire  Innrana  Campamy  v.  Gnvl  (4  £1.  Div.  ii6):  SUnit  v. 
Fnii  (ij  App.  Cas.  »),  Tite  ^u4  «/  E^lttrnd  *.   Vaitiouo 
Breiiai  (App.  Caa.  iB^i)  art  good  eum|de*.    Upon  hii  ntire- 
mrnt.  announced  in  the  long  vscatioa  of  lUi.twenly-aix  judge* 
and  a  huge  gathering  of  the  bu-  entertained  hiia  at  a  tanquel  in 
the  Inner  Temple  hall.    Id  December  of  tbe  uox  jt*i  be  was 
laited  to  the  peerage,  uUng  lbs  title  Bann  Biamwell  of  lleier, 
from  hii  home  In  Xeut.    In  private  life  Bramoell  bad  simple 
taste*  and  cnioyed  simple  pkasuiea.    Ht  was  ouisieal  aad  fond 
ai  iporta.    He  wu  twice  married:  in  iSje  to  Jane  (d.  i8j6), 
daufhlci  of  Bruno  Silva,  by  whom  be  had  one  daughter,  aid  in 
iWi  to  Maltha  Sinden.    He  died  on  the  pth  of  May  1S9J. 

His  younger  brother,  Sir  Frederick  Bnmvell  (iSiS-r^c^), 
VIS  a  welMuwwn  consulting  en^neer  and  **  expert  witnevu" 

At  fttl  Eiov*  Lecd  BrarnweQ  had  been  fond  of  controversy  and 

Timit  oiwilie  ugiuti!™  B.  (he'al»  ii||«d'"ir"ll «  diffeienf  time. 
Bnmwen,  C  B.  and  U  L.].  He  jomd  Id  iMi  t)>c  Libeny  ind 
Pieaeny  Defence  Lngne,  and  some  of  his  wrilinn  after  thai  ifale 
tost  the  form  of  ismphleo  published  by  that  socwiy. 

BRAN,  in  Celtic  legend,  the  naoie  of  (1)  the  bero  of  the  Welsh 
Uatineti  cf  BraiiiHa,  who  diet  in  tbe  altcmpt  to  avenge  hi* 
•liter's  wrongii  he  is  the  sou  of  Uyr  (■■the  Irish  wa-god  Ler), 
idenllKed  with  the  Irish  Bran  mac  Allalt,  AUsil  beuig  a  synonym 
of  Ler;  (i)  the  son  of  Febal,  known  only  through  the  Sth-cenluiy 
IriiJi  epic.  Tie  Voyoje  0/  Bra*  (to  the  world  below);  (j)  tbe  dog 
of  Ossian'*  FingaL  Bran  alto  appear*  ■*  i  bittorical  name, 
Utiniied  ai  Bromici.  See  Kuoa  U^cr  ud  D.  Nutt,  Tht 
Veyitt  g/  Bran  [London,  1S95). 

BBAH,  the  ground  husk  of  wheat,  oata,  bariey  or  other  cereal*, 
laed  for  feeding  cattle,  packing  and  other  purpote*  (see  Fiotia). 
The  word  occurs  in  Frrnchirni  orCran,  in  the  dialect*  of  other 
Komanic  languages,  and  also  in  Celtic,  cF.  Breton  bnnn,  Gaelic 
bua.  The  JVcv  En^iA  Diidnary  contidnt  these  Celtic  loraw 
bi  be  borrowtd  from  French  or  English.  In  modem  Frezuh 
^"1  means  Uih.  refuse,  and  this  paints  to  some  connnion  with 
C^tic  wonb,  e.g.  Irish  tridif, manure.    Itio,thcocigiaal|De4iiing. 


coBman  lonn  of  "  bnutd-new,"  that  *kich  It  Iicih  (rvn  tha 
"  bland,"  Uu  bruiding-iroa  ntad  for  madiiBgobjtcl*.  Ac 

BRAHCH  (from  the  Fr.  iitnA*,  late  Lat  httmat,  aaaiumalW 
paw>,  a  limb  of  A  lne;banc<  uyiAhDOtiCf  .«f  a  ihci;  aSi^i. 
tc,  of  a  deer's  astlan,  of  •  family  or  gaocaloglal  tn^  anil 
generally  ■  swbdivitiMi  or  dcpKtmeK,  •*■>"■  braadi  el  Inn- 
ing." Tbe  phnae,  to  ikttioy  "  root  and  bmAch,"  Trr'^fg  to 
dcttiey  utleiiy,  tahm  odgiaally  (torn  Habchi  iv,  r,  was  mtde 
famont  la  id4i  by  the  HHslled  "  Root  aad  Bnoch  "  Bill  tad 
Petition  bx  the  abolilhu  ol  qnicopal  govamntcot,  ia  which 
pclilion  acturnd  the  mttatot,  "  liat  the  laid  goverwacnt, 


Among  techidcal  se 


destrqywL" 
tbe  word  "  branch  "  an;  the  ccrtilcal* 
pilvta  by  Trinity  tloKKi  and  ]n  ticgo-cnfl 
alengthof  tranchfonningpart  olaaifKag^iproach. 

BEAHCO, «  Famima  tivtial  aotthani  Brwil  and  tributary 
of  the  Rio  Ncgn,  (onnad  by  Iba  onfiuaco  ol  the  Takulfi,  or 
"  Upper  Rio  Bnaco."  and  Uiaricoeia,  about  ^°  N.  lat  and 
6e*  sS*  W.  kin*i  and  flowing  leuth  by  wait  to  a  tunctios 
with  tbn  Negro.  It  hta  rapids  in  its  u[qxi  course,  but  the 
gicatei  part  of  its  lenffLh  of  348  m,  is  aavi^hle  for  stcaBcn 
of  light  draught.  The  Takuib  rises  in  the  Roiaisia  *ad  Cidrtit 
ranges  on  tbe  Guiana  troolier,  while  the  UraiicaenriK*  in  tike 
Sena  de  Parinu,  00  the  Ven^ueUn  ftooiier,  and  hat  a  length 
of  jio  m.  befon  rcachiiv  the  Branca.  Tboc  an  white  wata 
.  Iron  which  the  Branca  f  while]  derives  it*  oatnc,  and  at 
iti  juncticA  with  the  Negro  the  two  diSeiwOy-cokHued  Mraam* 
flaw  tide  by  vde  l<n  tome  ditiaoco  bciaie  tningUng., 

BKAHCOVAH,  or  BumxivEAifu,  tbe  name  of  a  family  which 
httplayedanlmpottaatpartinthatiinotyof Rinnnla.  Ilwaa 
of  Servian  origin  and  was  (onnectcd  ndlh  the  iamilf  of  Branko 
or  Brankovicb.  Carutmtine  Branwvaa,  the  BMt  emioeal 
member  ot  tbe  family,  waa  born  in  i6s4i  a»d  becMB*  prince  ol 
Walachiain  1689.  In .conMqnence  of  his anti-Turkith  policy  ot 
forming  an  alliance  £n(  with  Auatiia  and  then  with  Russia,  ha 
was  denounced  to  tbe  Forte,  deposed  from  his  throne,  brought 
under  arrest  ta  Coastautioople  and  imphtarwd  (171a)  in  the 
fontEuofVedi  Kuleh  (Sevan Towtra).  Here  hawaatonured  by 
Tuik*,  who  hoped  thus  to  discover  tin  fortune  of  £3,000,000, 
which  Conatantine  wa*  alleged  la  have  anaited.  He  wat  be- 
headed with  hit  foiu  sona  on  the  'i6th  «l  August  1714.  -Hi* 
1  friend  Enake  Vacarctcu  shared  hit  fate.  CooMantino 
ivan  became,  throivh  his  Uacic  death,  tbe  hera  ol. 
lian  popular  balladi.  Hisfamily  founded  and  endowed  ths 
largest  hotpitid  in  Walachia,  lb*  so.caUed  ^lal  BtwcovuiMCu. 
See  a  G.  Leixa,  FamiliiU  XMHsfli  Jbasdiia  (Bucharest.  I««|0i 
.9a.«N-  (M.G.1    , 

BRAKD.  JOHX  (i-mritaSI,  En^itb  antiquary,  waa  hem  on 
u  itjth  of  August  ,1744  at  Washington,  Dudiam,  where  hi* 
tuber  was  parish  clerk.  Hlscaily  years  were  qienlBt  Newcastle' 
oa-Tyne  with  hi*  uncle,  a  coidwaxier,  to  whom  he  vai  apprentice 
in  hit  fourteenth  yeat.  Showing  pioniite,  however,  al  Newcaalin 
grammar  school,  friends  inteietled  tfaemsalveiin  him  and  assisted 
him  to  go  to  Oiford.  It  wai  no),  however,  until  his  tweDiy- 
eighth  year  that  he  matriculated  at  lincob  Colhge,  hut  beiore 
tbi*  be  bad  been  ordained,  holding  in  sucaasion  the  cuiacica  of 
BoLam,  Nortbumberlorid.  ^  St  Andrew's,  Newcastle,  and  of 
Craalingtnn,  a  m.  front  the  county  town.  He  giaduated  in 
and  two  year*  lam  wa*  elected  fellow  of  the  Society  irf 
^Ijqwuic*.  Having  for  a  tbott  iJme  bee*  under-uther  at  the 
Newcastle  grammar. school,  the  duka  of  Noithnmbtrland,  a 
former  patnjo,  gave  him  in  17S4  the  rectoiy  of  the  cowtnncd 
parbhei  of  St  Hary^t-Hill  aad  St  Mary  Hubbard,  London. 
Appoinied  secretary  to  the  Society  of  Aoiiquariet  in  tbe  lam* 
year,  he  wai  annually  re-elected  until  bis  death  in  1S06.  He  wai 
buried  in  the  chancel  of  his  church.  His  most  importaat  work  ia 
Obumliaiu  a  Ptptiar  AaHqmtia:  indudint  tit  teitlt  of  Mr 
Bgitmt*t  "  Antiquiiatts  VtiigfltOj"  wiii  addtKda  to  atry  tkapttr 
oflial  wart.  This  wa*  published  in  London  in  1777,  and  aller 
Band's  death,  a  new  edition  embodying  the  MSS.  left  bjr  him,. 
'BipubIitbwi,lvS)rBcaiyElli9hi(Su-    Brand  alto  ffiAbHiait 


BRAND,  Sift  j:  H.— BRAVDEl^BURG 


420 

>  poem  olEilM:  On  lllica  Imi,  uriUat  amamt  Ou  mint  sj 
CpdiUm  Hutmry.  hut  Oxford  {1775,  Newcutk);  Tkt  HiUmj 
and  Amlqullla  ej NnaulU-affii-Tym  {i  ytit.,LoBiloB,  1789), 
tsd  muiy  pqwn  in  the  drfAoMfifin. 

BRAND,  UK  JOHH  HSHBY  (igij-iSai),  pmSdcDt  of  tin 
Onogt  Fn*  State,  wu  the  ton  of  Sir  Chrlttoflel  Brnid,  apnkei 
of  the  Hdum  oi  AsunUy  (4  the  Cape  CoUmy,  Ke  iiu  bom  11 
Cape  Town  on  the  6 li  of  Detcmbcr  iBij,  nod  ■»!»  educaiH!  «t 
the  South  Alricin  CoDtge  in  that  dty.  ConlhtninE  hii  iluitici  at 
Uidtn.  he  took  the  degm  of  D.C.L,  in  1S4J.  He  vu  oiled  to 
the  EnlNih  bai  (mm  the  Inner  Temple  in  1849,  and  pndised  as 
an  advocate  in  the  supmne  court  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope 
(romihatyearuntiliS63,  In  iSsShewssappointed  profcssorof 
law  In  the  South  African  Collc^.  He  wu  elected  prcndcnt  of 
the  Onoge  Free  State  in  iSCj,  and  I'ulncquenlly  n-clected  [or 
five  yean  in  iS6g,  iB;4, 1879  and  1814,  In  1M4  he  resisted  the 
prcuuce  of  the  Baauto  on  the  Free  State  boimdaTy»  and  after 
vainly  endeavouring  to  Induce  Jdoiheih,  the  Basoto  chief,  to 
keep  hi«  people  within  boanda,  he  took  up  arms  against  then  in 
1S65.  .Tlds  first  war  ended  in  the  treaty  of  TYiaba  Bosi^,  signed 
en  the  3rd  of  AprQ  1866;  and  a  second  war,  caused  by  the 
treachery  of  the  Bisuto,  rndtd  in  the  treaty  of  Allwal  North, 
conchidcd  on  the  iitb  ol  Februiry  1849,  In  1B71  Brand  was 
jellciied  by  a  bige  party  to  btconM  president  of  the  TVansvaal, 
and  thus  unite  the  two  Dutch  republics  ol  South  Africa;  but  as 
the  project -was  hostile  to  Giral  BriUin  he  declined  la  do  so,  and 
nainlained  his  craistint  poScy  of  friendship  towards  England, 
where  his  merits  were  recognized  In  iB8>  by  11k  honour  of  the 
G.C.M.G.  He  died  on  the  14th  of  July  1886.  (See  Oianc£ 
FiEi  StaTB:  Hiitfry.) 

IR&HDS.  VILUAM  TROMAI  (Tj8S-i8Ae),  English  chemitt, 
was  bom  in  London  on  the  nth  of  January  178B.  After  leaving 
Westminster  school,  he  was  apprenticed,  in  iSoi,  to  his  bnther, 
an  apothecary,  with  the  view  of  adopting  the  piDfcraton  of 
medicine,  but  his  bent  was  towards  chemistry,  a  sgmid  know- 
ledge of  which  he  acquired  fn  his  spam  time.  In  >8ij  he  wai 
appointed  professor  nf  chemistry  to  the  Apothecaries'  Sodely, 
and  delivered  a  course  of  lectures  before  the  Board  of  Agriculture 
in  place  of  Sir  Humphry  Davy,  whom  in  the  following  year  he 
lucreeded  In  the  chaJr  of  chemistry  at  the  Royal  Institution, 
Lsndsn.  His  ilaxuai  if  CArnilfry,  first  pnblished.  in  1819, 
enjoyed  wide  popularity,  and  among  other  *otfc>  he  bnughl  out 
&  Diclianary  of  Scicna,  LUtrBln/t  and  An  in  i84>,  on  a  new 
editioii  of  which  he  wu  engaged  when  he  died  at  Tunbridge 
Wetk  on  the  I  ith  of  February  1866. 

BBAKDEHBURO,  the  name  of  •  margraviate  and  ekctorele 
which  played  an  important  part  m  Gtnnan  btstory,  and  after- 
wards grew  into  the  kingdom  of  Prussia.  During  the  early  years 
of  the  Christian  era,  the  district  was  inhabited  by  the  Sem  nones, 
and  afterwards  by  various  Slavonic  tribe*,  who  were  partially 
subdued  by  ChartEmagnc,  but  soon  regained  their  independence. 
The  history  of  Brandenburg  begins  when  the  German  king. 
Henry  the  Fowler,  defeated  the  Havelli,  or  HeveOi,  and  took 
their  capital,  Bimnibor.  from  whkh  the  name  Brandenburg  ii 
derived.  It  woB  came  under  the  rule  of  Gero,  margrave  of  the 
SanHi  east  mark,  who  pressed  the  campwgn  against  the  Slavs 
with  vigour,  while  Otto  the  Great  founded  bishoprics  at  Havel- 
beig  and  Brandenburg.  When  Gero  died  in  56J,  his  mart  was 
divided  into  two  parts,  the  otHihen  portion,  lying  along  both 
banks  of  the  midille  Elbe,  being  called  (he  north  or  old  mark, 
and  lOnnini  the  nudens  of  the  later  mugnviate  of  Branden- 
burg. After  Otto  the  Gnat  died,  the  Slavs  regained  much  of 
dicir  territory,  Brandenburg  Idl  again  into  their  hands,  and  a 
ncceashia  of  feeble  ntargraves  raled  only  the  district  west  of  the 
Elbe,  together  with  a  small  district  east  of  that  river. 

A  new  era  began  in  rio6  when  Lothalr,  coont  of  Supplinburg, 
became  duke  of  Saiony,  Aided  by  Albert  the  Bear,  count  of 
_  ^  BaUeiatldt,  be  renewed  the  attack  on  the  Slavs,  and 
j,^  !n  IIJ4  q>pointed  Albert  margnveof  thenorth  mark. 

Tba  new  margnve  continued  the  work  of  Leihair,  and 
•hcnt  1140  made  a  treaty  with  Pritailau*,  the  diUdlesi  duke  of 
*^ndwburt.  by     ■"■  ■   ■ 


He  look  at  once  the  tMe  margrave  of  Brandtabnrg,  but  wboi 
PriUslaus  (Bed  la  11:0,  a  stsbbom  contest  fotlowcd  with  Jaiko, 
a  niatton  of  the  late  duke,  wUch  was  terminated  in  115]  in 
Albert's  favour.  Albert  was  the  red  founder  of  Brandenbutf. 
Under  his  rvTc  Ctiristiaiiity  and  dvUizatlDn  were  extended, 
bishoprics  were  irstored  and  monasteries  founded.  Hw  country 
was  coloniied  with  settlers  from  the  lower  ithlneland,  land  wu 
brought  under  cultivation,  forts  were  bnllt,  German  Uwi  and 
customi  hilroduced,  and  grsdually  the  woods  and  manbei 
were  converted  Into  lands  of  comparative  fertility. 

When  Albert  died  In  1170,  Brandenburg  feR  to  his  eldest  (on, 
Oltol.  (c.  1IJO-1184),  whocompdlcd  thedukeof  Pomeraniato 
own  his  supremacy,  and  iKghtly  Increased  by  conquest  the  am 
ol  the  mark.  Otto's  son.  Otto  It.,  was  the  succeeding  margrave, 
and  having  quarrelled  with  his  powerful  nei^baqi,  Lndolf, 
archbishop  of  Magdeburg,'  was  forced  to  own  the  archbi^p'i 
supremacy  over  his  allodial  lands.  He  died  in  1105,  and  was 
foUowed  by  his  slep-bmther,  Albert  U.  {t.  1174-1110),  who 
assisted  the  emperor  Otto  IV.  in  varioits  campaigns,  but  later 
transferred  Hs  allegiance  to  Olto's  rival,  Frederick  of  Hohen- 
staofen,afl(twardi  the  emperor  Frederick  II.  His  sons,  John  I. 
and  Otto  III.,  ruled  BrnDdcnbuig  in  common  cntil  the  death  of 
John  m  iiM,  and  their  reign  was  a  period  of  growth  and  pros- 
perity. DIstricIs  wtre  conquend  of  purchased  ftum  oatUt, 
the  surrounding  dukes;  the  mBrrtsge  of  Otto  with 
Bealricei  daughter  of  Wenceslaus,  king  of  Bohemia.  In  1 1;3,  added 
upper  Lusatb  to  Brandenburg;  and  the  authority  of  the 
margraves  was  extended  beyood  the  Oder.  Many  monasteries 
and  lawns  were  founded,  among  them  Berlin;  the  work  of 
Albert  the  Bear  was  conlinned,  and  the  prcsperity  of  Branden- 
burg formed  a  martEcd  contrast  to  the  disorder  which  prrvmiled 
elsewhere  In  f>rm3ny.  '  Brandenburg  appears  about  this  time  Co 
have  fallen  into  three  divisions— the  old  mark  lying  west  of  the' 
Elbe,  the  middle  maik  between  the  Elbe  dnd  the  Oder,  and  the 
new  mark,  a)  the  newly  conquered  lands  beyond  the  Oder  began 
tobecalled.  When  Oltb  ifled  fn  iiS7,thearcaof  themailihad 
been  almost  doubled,  and  the  margraves  had  attained  to  an 
influential  portion  m  the  Emtnre.  The  SacAinutie[d,  written 
before  i>jf;,  neniions  the  margrave  as  one  of  the  eleclois,  by 
vinat  of  the  office  of  chambrrlain,  which  had  probably  been 

.conferred  on  Albeit  the  Bear  by  the  Ccimui  king  Conrad  III. 

In  1158  John  and  Otto  had  agreed  upon  a  division  of  their 
lands,  tiut  the  arrangement  only  look  eScct  on  C^to'l  death 
in  1167,  when  John's  son,  John  II.,  received  the  p^iy. 
deHoral  dignity,  together  with  the  sonrhera  pa^ 
of  the  margravlate,  which  centred  around  Stcndal,  and  Otto's' 
son,  John  III,,  the  northent  or  Satuvedel  portion.  John  Tl."* 
biDlhrr,  Otto  IV.,  who  became  elector  in  1181,  had  passed  hii 
early  yean  in  struggles  with  the  archbishop  of  Magdeburg.^ 
whose  lands  stretched  like  a  wedge  into  the  heart  of  Brandenburg. 
In  1 180  he  was  wounded  fn  the  head  with  a  dart,  and  as  ho 
retained  there  a  part  of  the  weapon  for  a  year,  he  was  called 
"  Otto  with  the  dart."  He  aecured  the  ^ipalntineat  of  bii 
brother  Eric  a*  atchbisbop  of  Uagdcburg  in  iilj,  uu)  was 
afteiwuds  engaged  in  various  feuds.  Songi  attributed  to  him 
are  found  In  F.  H.  von  der  Hagen's  tftiiiieiiii{n-.  Otto  Baa 
aucteeded  in  ijog  by  his  nephew,  Valdemar,  who,  assisted  by 
other  members  of  hii  family,  conquered  romercUen,  which 
he  shared  with  the  Teutonic  order  in  ijia.  and  held  his  own 
in  a  struggle  with  the  kings  of  Poland,  Sweden  ud  Dennurk 
and  others,  over  the  posicssion  of  Stnlsuud. 

In  order  to  pay  for  these  wars,  and  to  meet  the  expcnset 
of  a  splendid  court,  the  later  margravet  had  told  various  rights 
to  the  towns  and  ptnvinces  ol  Brtndenbuig,  and  so  aided  tbe 
development  of  lonil  government.    John  III.  of  Silttwedel  had 

'  shared  Iris  possessions  with  his  bnlhers,  but  in  ijoj  Ibcy  were 
retmited  by  his  nephew  Hermann,  who  purchased  lower  Lusatia. 
in  the  same  year.  Hermann's  daughter  Agnn  mstrfcd  the 
decior  Valdemar.  and  on  the  death  ol  her  only  brother .,.  Ji*n  VI., 
in  T317,  the  poncssions  of  the  Saltswedel  branch  of  Uie  family 
passed  (o  Valdemar,  tofcther  with  Landsberg  and  the  Saxon 

'  hlalimie.  . wUch   h«d   been  . portbtKd    fren.ABxit    the 


BRANDEKBURG 


Ihtatentt,  hndtn'M  at  l%iirfii^  WAmtr  Ika  ■itlii'") 
the  wbak  of  tbe  ouuk  under  hll  nde;  tofrther  alth  iqiper  ud 
bwn  Laattl*,  and  mton  oDttTinc  diAiica.  He  dc4  cUilleiB 
in  i}i%  (ud  wu  inccecdcd  bjr  Ui  nqibcw  Bary  It,  who  dkd 
In  ijw,  wha  the  AicaBuii  liai3]>,  ■*  tbe  dacenduMi  Of  ASKrt 
(be  Bcu  wen  oBed,  fnn  ihe  Latiubed  (om  of  the  nune  of 
tblir  utcHtnl  cutle  of  AicbailelKc,  became  extincl. 

Bnn^bmg  mv  Idl  Into  a  de^joiable  coadhldB,  puiliuui 

■en  (died  by  nei^beariDt  priocei,  and  the  mark  iUtU  wa* 

dbpnled  In  bjr  nrfou*  ■*■'■""'*     In  IJt5  Kkf 

Jl*'*        LduI*  IV.  task  adrantate  al  lU  eonditlon  U  bcitov 

4n^^'     themaikuponUtjroiuigiiM^LouiiitDd'thai  BrindeB- 


iMjtHy,  ahbou^  Lonii  did  not  rtcdvi  tbe  ratettrive  ludi  of 
'  '  L    U|>ptfandlMKrL««tin.LradlbeT|, 

u  had  bean  bihMiud  by  foiak  me^>en 
Lo  the  bank  of  Mbet  priDcet,  tbe 
a  hf  AtMi,  the  vUnr  of  Valdcmar.  idN 
a  Otto  U.,  dnha  «l  Brantwttfc,  and  tbe 
kbit  vai  tprnd  ta  ackDDwIed^  Iheaa  cUmi,  and  to  nde  ArtricfB 
to  MecUenbari  and  Bobsnia.  During  the  (ariy  yean  d  the 
iri|a  of  Louie,  who  ni  cdlcd  tbe  >aipa«e  Lode  IV.  «r  V., 
BiasdcBbarK  «u  admiBiitaed  bf  Beruld,  oxint  of  Henhebeif . 
■^  ceublohed  Ibe  antboffty  of  Ibe  WhtdAadia  b  the  Bhtdle 
mark,  wbidi,  centrfns  roond  Bariin,  «aa  the  meat  Impeiunt 
part  ol  tbe  maigiaviate.  The  quaiRl  beliwan  Etaif  Loab 
Bod  Fupe  JiAn  XXU.  wai  immkal  to  the  iBtMCin  Of  Branden- 
barj,  which  wai  lavafcd  by  lb*  Pnita,  ton  by  tbe  etrife  of 
antendini  dericai  bctloos,  and  alinnattl]r  MfleGted  ud 
oppRSMd  bjr  tbe  DarpaTe.  Tiade  and  tenimew  wen  at  a 
■taodfiDI,  apicidtiiia  waa  ntflected,  the  ptlvikfte  and  Matte 
U  tte  marpan  paaed  hiio  pcfvate  bend*,  the  noUca  veic 
VlnuaDy  Independent,  and  the  towni  aouftit  to  dclMd  Ibcm- 
■dve*  t^  meani  of  alHancei.  Dailsf  the  Mnigide  between  Ihe 
fuiDlet  of  Wittddttch  and  bncmbnif,  iridcfa  be|ia  IB  1341, 
there  appealed  (n  Brandeahois  an  old  man  who  darned  to  be 
the  maiirave  Valdemar.  He  waa  (laifiy  taceived  1^  the  king 
of  Poland,  SDd  other  nei^bouting  prisai,  wetcmaed  byalaiye 
namber  of  tbe  pco|da,  and  in  134S  innaled  with  the  margmnkte 
by  King  Cbnika  tV.,  who  cae^  adaad  tUa  oppottiujty  to  deal 
>  blow  Bt'hfi  OBny.  TUi  atep  compaDed  Loidi  to  make  peace 
with  Chailea.  who  abandoned  tbe  hlae  VaMemar,  Invcatad 
LodIi  and  hk  alep^TOthen  whh  Biaodeabiuf,  and  in  ratinm 
WH  reoipilaed  ai  king.  Loidi  recovered  Ihe  cdd  maffc  in  i  j^S, 
drove  hia  ojqiaiienl  Inu  tbe  lead,  and  in  ijso  oaule  a  Utkty 
■lib  hit  itep^nMheia,  Louii  tbeyousier  and  Otio,  at  Fnnkfort- 
oa-Oda.  bgr  which  BtaDdenlnirg  was  handed  over  to  Lotili 
tbe  youDgB  and  Otto.  Lords,  who  tben  nndertDok  tbe  govtm- 
Bcat,  made  peace  with  hie  ndghbonn,  finally  deftated  tbe 
filae  Valdemai,  and  wai  racogoiad  by  tbe  G*ddn  Bidl  of 
1]JS  a*  one  ol  the  levm  ejectoc*.  He  empent  dtarica  IV. 
took  advantage  of  a  Family  qoairel  over  the  poanmiona  of  Louis 
tkedder.  irim  died  In  ijfii,  to  obl^  a  promise  from  Lcniistbe 
It  tbe  matgravlate  should  coiae  to  bis  on 

CBie  tbe  deetOTS  died  childless.     Louis 

the  younger  died  b  ijfis,  and  when  his  brotbei  Otto,  who  bad 
msirltd  a  daughUi  of  Charfct  IV.,  wished  lo  have  Biandenburf 
a  family  Cfaarlei  began  hostllitia;  but  in  r373  an 
nade,  and  Ot  10,  by  tbe  ttaty  of  FDiatenwalde, 
LTgraviate  Ua  a  sum  of  500,000  gblti  pilden. 
Under  Ibe  Wttelsbach  rule,  the  estates  of  IhcTarious  provincia 
of  Brandenburg  had  obtained  the  right  to  coin  money,  to  buiid 
^  . .  fcrtnuea.  to  eiecute  justice,  and  to  lorm  aBiances 
*]]*|,  with  fordgn  itatea.  Cbarlei  invested  Wenceslaui 
with  Ihe  margraidate  fa  1373,  bni  undertook  it* 
srfaidulstntlon  Umidt,  and  passed  rmKh  of  Us  time  at  a  ojtle 
wUcfa  be  buOt  at  TknjleiiDande.  Be  dtodnbhed  the  burden  of 
talatlon,  tnppremrt  tbe  violence  of  the  noUce,  hnproved 
on  the  Elbe  and  Oder,  and  encouraged  aonmerce 
a  with  the  Banee  lowu,  and  b  other  wayi.  He 
iaA»t  to  be  drawn  up  In  i3;s,  in  which  are  recorded 
IMi  tovBB  and  viHaga  of  the  land  wftb  thaif  eatataa 


and  InmuiL^    Whtt  OnrhB  AM  ta  ijA  and  V 


perfad  al  disarder  euaDid.  Soon  after  Slgtmond  tuae  ol  ag^ 
he  pledged  a  part  of  Brandenburg  to  Ui  courin  Jobat,  maimve 
of  Moravta,  lowbomis  13M  bebaadedove   " 


money  waa  not  repaid,  Jebat  obblnad  flm  bveatltura  in  139T 


«  tbe  ddMll  of  hh  brother  Jahn  h  1396,  but  sMd  tbi) 
w  to  the  TOMonk  order.  Jbbatpald  very  Utile  ■tle&tlon 
lyafibenoUa 


.     .  L,  BUCHB  or  BiAKMJOViB.) 

wte-^pobted  Fufcriefc  aa  Ua  icpmeutattw  to  gowon  ih« 
naiBnrlate,  and  a  farther  step  «a*  tabn  whan,  en  the  joth  ^ 
April  1413,  tbe  klaxfavcsted  Prcderi(±  ol  BolMuotlera  and  Ui 


■ubog,* 


teOw 
la  return  lor  •  payaett  of  400^000 

ddayed  aNtil  the  latb  of.  ^wH  1417,  when  H  look  |dK«  at 


thnlng  tbe  century  which  pncedad  the  adim  of  the  Rohev-' 
labtna  In  SraBdtnbius  Its  fnterwa)  oandltbai  liad  become 
gradaaBywwrae  and  worse,  and  bad  been  accompanied  f.^jm, 
byacnoaldesablekiBOf  foritoiy.  Tba  eentral  power  tti^tiht 
bad  become  wMkaned  and  Ibe  ovtial  or«ulaallon  **■■ 
rdaxed,  while  the  dedoiate  had  lost  mon  of  the  ■T**^  ' 
ad«unte*'aUdil'otm«i^dtitlDiDbbcdltfimB«Ibe(' 
Garaualeb.  UndeTther<ilaoftba«arlkrtnlar|rsvta,itww^ 
oOdal  ride  of  Ibetr  podtloa  that  wat  pianlMni,  and  It  WIS  Mt' 
forsottaB  IbM  they  wa«  leAnktily  on^  tbe  lepreaentarfvel' 
ol  the  enperor.    But  In  the  tjth  cwtny  Ale  feeUng  bc^n  m 


_     ,      .  .  virtoaUy 

■«*■"■"''  by  tbe  bet  that 
great  nobles  had  followed  Albert  tbe  Bear  fai  bis  work  of 
conquest,  and  that  coBseqnenlly  thin  were  few  Urge  lordddp* 


with  ill 


r  crowd  ot  dependoita.    The  to 


taunlties  and  tba  knights  held  tl 
rights  direcily  from  tbe  margrar 

bad  generally  been  laid  out  by  conmcTort  or  MCOMns,  men 
not  uecestarily  of  noble  birtb,  who  were  installed  ai  beredituy 
chief  migisliites  of  tbe  oimnunitiea,  and  received  numeioaa 
encouragements  to  rtdain  waste  lands.  This  mode  of  odoBlia> 
tion  was  c^xdalty  fsvouralde  to  Ihe  peasantry,  wbo  iaem  b 
Biandcnbuig  to  bate  reulned  the  dispoaa]  of  their  penons  am) 
property  al  a  time  when  viUenoge  or  serfdom  waa  die  ordluaiy 
iMlniol  their  classdaewhete.  The  dues  paid  by  Ibeeecontracton 
in  lelutn  for  the  concessions  formed  tbe  mab  aooree  of  tba 
revenue  of  Ibe  margraves.  Gradually,  however,  the  .apeuea 
of  wartaie,  LlKial  donalitHiito  the  clergy,  and  tbe  maintmancetrf 
nuBODus  and  expensive  bousehidds,  compdled  then  to  pledge 
theao  doia  lor  nuns  of  ready  money.  Ibb  pmceeifing  gave  tbri 
buom  and  knlghta  an  opportunity  to  buy  ont  Ihe  villi«e  ma^ 
tnteaandtai^laoethemwithnomineetaltbdrown.  Thusths' 
condMonef  tbe  peannts  grew  wone.and  (heir  freedom  waa  piactl- 
eally  dcitrayed  when  tbe  emperor  Louis  IV.  reco^daed  the  ]uib- 
dlctioD  of  the  nobki  over  tbdr  eatalce.  Henceforth  the  powet- 
of  tbe  nohka  ataadOy  incrcMad  al  the  expose  ot  tbe  pcaaanta. 


♦«» 


BRANDENBURO 


Tt  — nf-"'"  "^'  tf'T-"'""-*,  ■"■<  *"  Tn.k.1  npiflt  th>  pMTiiilaiy 

ttMdmfthaiDUtnmBWbeconiepTuUalb'aimidpal  republica. 
Tbdr  itniBctli,  hoiKver,  «u  pedtapi  Dvne  luefvllr  ibcmi  iathfii 
■bOity  K)  ndit  the  nobla^  ■  praceedini  vhick  Mnd  induiliy 
tad  csnm<n>  from  cillncdcHi  M  ■  time  of  unbridled  hajenoai. 
Inth«pKiu>i»ir'B>l»iK'H'*''>t*(i'thcniuxnv(*tliooriiiii>tcd 
tks  povet  cl  the  Siiiidt,  oi  mum,  eooaiitiiis  d  ibe  aobk*. 
the  deiiy  ud  ibc  tomi.  Hh  £nt  laoaidcd  Inatmce  of  the 
SUai*  «iKqientIni  with  ilie  nikn  occumd  in  11701  but  it 
«u  Dot  till  ii8otlwt4iwiutSA*««deDmIy  bound  himHlliMt 
to  kIm  >  Ml  oc  ip^dil  voluntHy  eonnibutiom  ititlMnit  the 
coMtnt  U  tho  MUtn.  In  ijsj  llu  J'Ms^  lecund  tlu  appaitit- 
IQ^t  of  a  poiDUWBt  couadllar,  viLhout  irhoM  ooikcuntncc 
tbt  iTffrrcn  of  tbo  muBnn*  ven  invalid.  In  tbg  ceatury 
which  IoUi»k4  the  eninctioa  of  the  AkuIu  faoiue,  Jibtfty 
ill|«imi»li'1  iato  licancc,  ond  tbc  soualiy  wu  given  over  to 
MlpK^.  OidytlWBMMtpomriiiltoinit  wetotUatoiniintaia 
tkir  ladcpgwlenca;  ol^n,  laiMha  with  tbs  dsgr,  naulvly 
pdd  '■y'V"'"  W  the  MlifabouriDg  noblea.  Dnder  theie  ces- 
dltioM  it  it  no  mnder  that  tho  cledonle  not  only  omipleUly 
loit  it*  poUtioll  imponaice,  but  olao  tuBcicd  ■  oioiidenlile 
dimlmtlOBtrftenitoiy.  Uppcc«DdloiierlAutia,tlwitoi>Bivk 
of  Bnadadnuft  and  otha  outlylDg  dtttiku  kid  been  iholii 
■vay,  and  the  dadotate  new  coulMcd  of  the  old  nuk,  the 
middle  muk  with  Friogniu,  Uckennuk  and  Slemben,  a  tola] 
nta  of  not  oMi*  tfMn  lotooo  •«■■<■ 

Encb  wu  the  caudition  and  extent  ol  Braiultntniii  is  1411 
when  Piederick  of  Bahuacileni  tcciBM  the  Tepnaenlative  of 
fl,j,i^  KiagSigiwnindtherdn.  EDleangthcclectDnteiviih 
jf  Witia  ■  Wnmc  (otce  in  June  1411.  hi*  aulhorily  wa*  quickly 
■!•»  teo^nited  in  the  middia  mark,  but  the  nubia  nl  ths 
MO-  old  maAandolPliegnitarifuBed  to  folio*  thit  example. 
He  two  luconliaf  yean  were  ikUtuIly  uacd  by  Fnduick  to 
nake  piacEwith  the  Delghbominiprinczi,  and  havbgthuibalated 
bit  dnneitic  aieaia,  be  turned  hit  aim*  a^intt  them  eariy  is 


at  lufitima.  A  gtmaal  paace  wat 
Is  which  enabbd  Frederick  to  leave 
the  maik  to  the  nde  of  hb  wife,  Eliaabcth,  lad  la  turn  bli 
•UtBtloB  daewbere.  Aetimung  to  Biaadenbar)  aa  doctor  in 
ifitf,  the  lait  Bidua  of  the  inmrection  wen  ^^incmahed; 
and  what  Eladnick  wa*  invealed  at  Coqilance  in  April  1417 
hi*  authotity  ov«r  tbe  mark  wu  undiapuled.  Uii  nert  difficulty 
wu  w^  foaumda,  which  liad  him  nominally  under  the 
MuerBnty  td  Bondinbaif  maa  iiSi.  Ths  revival  of  thii 
daim  hy  Iha  doctor  provtied  an  kvaaioa  of  the  nurk  by  an 
•my  01  PoBunidaDa  with  thdr  tlllet  in  14M,  whta  Fcedeiiiik 


14*4  ^  bnopmiy  toolBtM  between  the  dectoc  and  the  empeioi 
Sicisaiiad  led  to  a  nnowal  of  the  attadt  which  Fiedecick  waa 
inable  to  tqMdie.  -  lUa  leverae.  tofethet  with  tite  presHite  of 
oliwr  bnducak  induced  him  to  leave  BMndenbuig  in  Jaouaty 
t4i(^  attat  '"'^i'(  over  it*  sovemmHit  to  lu*  eldeat  ton,  John. 
John,  eaUad  tht  "  Alchamlit,"  wlia  wa*  bom  in  140J,  had  been 
dntppoiuud  in  hia  hope  of  obtaininc  the  vacant  electml  duchy 
«{Saie-Wittenbt(|lni4ij.  Lacking  ihedipknutic  and  militaiy 
qu^tita  of  U*  father,  U«  diSoiliiea  wieo  augmented  by  the 
poverty  o(  the  co<mtiy,'and  the  evili  which  Fiederick  had  lup- 
IiiMan  quickly  ictuined.  The  feding  of  aecurlty  vaniahed, 
the  town*  banded  tlwmadvM  toflethet  for  defensive  purpoaea, 
tjie  light*  «f  the  margrave  woa  again  0ed^  to  pnvide  money, 
andin  i43ilhal»ndwunTngedbythaHDidtea;  Johnncva 
attained  to  tho  dectond  digiuQ'i  for,  fn  14J7,  hi*  lather  in 
ananglng  a  <UvldoB  of  hi*  teiritoiie*  decided  thiu  Bnodeaburg 
■taouid  fut  to  hi*  aecond  and  fourth  aoiu,  both  oC  whom  were 
■■Bwd  Fegdnkk.  llu  elder  of  the  two  took  up  the  tovemment 
at  onco,  wbcRi^wn  John  Idt  the  marit  lot  louth  Cenaanyi  where 
hf  remained  until  Jiis  death  in  1464. 


nsderick  H.  w1k>  became  dccin-  so  U*  latber'i  death  t> 
September  1440.  wai  boni  on  the  igih  of  November  141  j,  and 
earned  the  •umame  of  "  Iran  "  ihrou^  his  itctnneu  „  j^,, 
to  hii  oountiy't  enamie*.  He  fa^  litde  diOiculiy  n 
in  tq>re*iing  (he  turbulence  ol  the  noblei  nhidi  hid 
been  qolckcoed  into  life  during  the  regeocy  of  bis  biothcr,  but 
found  It  let*  eaqr  to  deal  with  the  town*.  Three  stioog  league* 
had  been  formed  unong  them  about  14J 1 ,  and  the  ipiiil  of 
munldpal  indapcndeoce  wu  most  piomincniiy  lepretrnted 
by  the  neighbouring  and  alllAl  towns  of  Berlin  and  Cain.  In 
hii  conflict  with  the  tovu  over  hit  refusal  to  ratify  all  thdr 
privilege)  tin  eltclor'a  tuk  hu  lightened  by  a  quarrd  between 
the  DiagiBtntei  and  the  burghers  of  Berlin,  which  he  wu  ciTTed 
is  to  docide  in  144].  Hs  depcaed  the  governing  cdignrchy, 
changed  the  conatitution  of  the  town,  [oihade  lU  alliucet  an4 

under  thaaa  reatrictiona.  A  revolt  broke  out  in  144;,  but  tho 
power  of  the  elector  overawed  the  people,  who  lubmiited  thdi 
caae  to  the  e«tate«,  with  the  rtault  tjut  the  arnngeiiKnt  of  1441 
wat  r»«auUittKd.  In  144;  Frederick  wat  coapcUed  to  cede 
the  old  marii  and  Piiegiila  to  hit  youngCT  brother,  Fredericki 
under  whoK  feeble  nila  Ihey  quickly  fell  into  disorder.  In  1463, 
however,  when  the  younger  Frederick  died  fhildltaa,  the  elcclor 
uidted  than  again  with  hit  own  poaaotiona  and  took  measuraa 
to  tuppreta  the  prevailing  anaichy.  In  hit  rtralingi  with  ndgh- 
bonilBC  rultn  Frederick  punucd  a  peaceful  and  condliiiory 
poligr.  Ini44ilieabtainedHnieiinalltdditJanaIohii  tenitory, 
and  the  right  d  tucceation  10  the  duchy  of  UecUenbuig  ia 
caae  the  ducal  family  aluuld  die  out.  In  1445  an  old  (eud  with 
the  atchUibop  of  hUgdehurg  wai  letllcd,  and  in  14J7  a  Ueaty 
of  mutual  tucceation  wa>  made  with  the  home*  of  Saxony  and 
Hetic.  ColtbutuvlFeiUioLnaatiawenacquired.uulTttsined, 
after  a  quarrd  with  George  Pediebrad,  king  of  Bohenua,  and  tha 
DC*  Buik  of  Brandenburg  wat  purchased  (nun  (he  Teutonic 
Older  in  1454.  An  a(t«npl,  however,  to  lecute  Che  ducfay  of 
Fomerania-Stettio  failed,  and  tha  concluding  yean  of  ibia  rdga 
were  troubled  by  wvfue  with  the  Pomenniui. 

The  general  lucctss  of  Frederick'*  rule  wu  aecuted  by  the 
ledulouB  care  with  which  be  confined  hinuelf  to  the  work  of 
gDVemmcnt.  He  ia  uid  to  have  refuted  the  tbionea  ol  Poland 
and  Bohenua;  and  although  he  made  pilgrimagei  to  the  Holy 
Land  and  to  Rone,  hia  inicrett  in  ecdeiitatical  quationa 
WH  mainly  diiectcd  towards  quickening  the  religious  liic  of 
ha  people.  He  obtained  inqiortant  concetsiont  from  Fi^ie 
JficlwlaaV.  with  regard  to  the  appoiniment  of  bishtw  bhI  other 
eodetiasliad  matters  in  144],  and  In  gensol  nminuined  cordial 
relations  with  the  papacy.  About  146;  bis  only  ton,  John,  died, 
and  incrcating  infinoity  led  him  to  contemplate  abditation. 
An  arrangement  wat  made  with  hit  brollKT,  Albert  Achillea, 
to  whom  oariy  in  1470  the  mark  wat  banded  over,  and  Frederidt 
rctiml  to  Ptaisenbuig  where  he  died  on  the  lothol  February  r  471. 

Albert  appeared  in  BrandeJiburg  early  in  the  same  year,  and 
afta  receiving  tlie  homage  of  his  peoi^e  took  up  the  ttrugglo 
with  the  Pomeraiiiuu,  which  be  aoon  brought  to  a  ._  . 
satisfactory  conclusion;  for  in  May  1471  he  not  oidy  ^^^, 
obtained  the  cession  of  tcvtral  districts,  but  wa* 
recogniced  u  the  anzcraia  of  Pomerania  and  aa  its  faiiue  tukr. 
The  dpenies  of  this  war  led  to  a  quarrel  with  the  eMates.  A 
■ubddy  wu  granted  which  the  elector  did  not  regard  a*  adequate 
and  by  ■  dixterous  use  of  bit  power  be  euablidied  hi*  rigbt  to 
take  an  eidte  on  beer.  Albert's  meat  is^iortanC  contriUiIion 
to  the  history  of  Brandcobug  was  the  issue  on  the  >4lk  of 
February  1473  of  the  Ditfoiiiie  Adnilta.  By  this  instrument 
the  elector  decreed  that  the  electoral  msA  should  pass  In  lu 
entirety  to  hit  eldest  ton.  an  atahU^uaent  of  prbnogCDituic 
which  had  coMldenble  influeiKe  m  the  futur*  dcvdopmeat  of 
the  country.  He  tbca  cotitMled  the  govenuntot  10  bit  ddtst 
■on.  Jaha,  and  kft  Brandenbuig.  Handicapped  bf  poverty. 
John  had  Id  face  attacks  fiom  two  quarten.  Ue  Fomernnian*, 
intlrired  by  the  dedatalion  of  the  emperor  Frederick  lU.  thu 
thdr  land  wu  a  iliiect  Gef  of  the  Empire,  and  aided  by  Maithiat 
Carvfnu\  kies  of  Hittguy.  mA  up  attnaj  aad  »  Quiid  bnkc 


BRANDENBURG 


♦as 


be  had  It 


e«t  wftb  TohD,  Mt  oT  Sirui,  ever  ibt  pandrfom  of  Jolm*] 
l>rotliti-lo-l»»,  Hcniy  XI.,  dult  of  Glapiu.  To  dai  with  these 
(UScuhia  Albert  rttDm«i  to  Brandesbnrf  In  1478,  ind  duiing 
bb  itaj'  diove  back  tbe  Pomenniuii,  and  added  CTosen  and 
other  parts  of  duke  Henry'i  poBeuiom  to  the  eTectonte,  Again 
Ml  Id  charge  ot  tht  country,  John  beat  btct  t,  fresh  altadi  rnade 
by  John  of  Sagin  iD  1481;  and  he  became  cleeter  on  hi)  tttheT*) 
death  In  Mardi  1486.  He  added  (he  cooiitjr  el  Zonen  to  hb 
ponesaions  in  t450,  and  In  14M  made  a  trerfi  treaty  with  t}ie 
duke  of  Pomerarda.  Althongh  he  brought  a  certain  degree  of 
order  Into  the  finances,  bfs  poverty  and  the  constajit  fmoads  of 
eitenaJ  enenia  prevented  him  from  aerfously  Improring  the 
condition  of  the  country,  John,  who  wai  called  ■'  Cfcero," 
either  on  accoont  of  his  eloqnenct,  or  of  his  knowledge  of  Latin, 
«a*  Inteiated  in  leaning,  wtlconied  Italian  ichoUra  to  the 
dcctorate,  and  itrove  to  Iinprove  the  education  Of  his  people. 
He  died  at  Ancbni;  on  the  gth  of  January  149(1,  aod  *u 

.jd  by  hii  ion  Joachim  I. 

n  Joidiin]  Dndertook  the  govemnent  of  Brudenhnrg 
to  deal  with  an  amount  of  disorder  tlnKXt  as  great  as 
^^^^  that  which  had  taxed  the  eaettfes  of  Frederick  I.  a 
•"""^  ctnluty  before.  Highway  robbery  wm  general,  the 
Ifres  and  property  of  traders  were  In  continual  Jeopardy,  and 
the  laacbinery  for  the  enforcement  of  the  laws  was  alinoat  it  a 
■taodstHL  AboDt  r5e4  an  attach  of  nnusua]  feiodty  on  some 
Ftanlifort  traders  aroused  the  dector'i  wrath,  and  during  the 
ne«  few  years  Ihe  execution  of  many  lawbreakers  and  other 
ttera  njeasurea  restored  some  degree  of  order.  In  thn  and  in 
ether  srays  Joachim  pmved  hiroseif  a  sincere  Frfend  to  the  towns 
and  a  ptoleelor  of  indostry.  FoEowing  the  economic  tendencies 
of  tlie  time  he  issued  sumptuary  laws  and  encouraged  manu- 
factures; wiille  to  suppress  the  rivalry  among  the  towns  he 
established  an  order  of  precedence  for  them.  Equally  important 
was  his  work  In  imptovlne  the  administration  of  Justice,  and  in 
this  dhectioa  he  wu  aided  by  scholars  fnim  the  univer^ty  which 
he  bad  founded  st  Fiankfort^on-Oder  in  1506.  He  gave  a  new 
oijaniialion  to  the  highest  court  of  justice,  the  KammrcericU, 
aecutod  for  lunuelf  an  important  voice  in  the  choice  of  its 
members,  sod  ordered  that  (he  local  law  should  be  supplemented 
by  the  la*  oE  Rome.  He  did  not  largely  increase  the  area  of 
Brandenburg,  bnt  ht  1514  he  ac<iuired  die  connty  of  Kuppin, 
and  in  ijiq  be  made  a  treaty  at  Gtimnlti  with  George  aod 
Bamim  XI.,  dukes  of  IVimeruiia,  by  which  he  surrendend  Ihe 
venlkius  daim  to  luiertinty  in  return  for  t  firsh  promise  ol 
Ihe  succesrioB  in  case  the  ducal  fsinDy  should  become  eidnn. 
Joachim's  altitude  towards  Ihe  leaching  of  Martin  Lather  which 
had  akcady  won  many  adherents  In  the  electorate,  wu  one  of 
Bnrclenting  hostflity.  The  Jews  also  fdt  the  wdght  of  his 
dtsFJeasuie,  and  were  banished  In  1510. 

Ignoring  the  DUptiUif  AMUea,  tbe  elector  fceqneathn) 
BtuidEDburg  to  his  tvo  sons.  When  he  died  In  July  IS3;  the 
.  .. ,  eUer,  Joscbim  II.,  became  elector,  and  obtained  the 
^~^  old  and  middle  marks.while  the  younger,  John,  received 
the  new  mark.  John  went  definitely  over  to  Ihe  dde 
of  tbe  Lutherans  in  r  538,  whiie  Joachim  allowed  the  reformed 
doclrines  Itee  entrance  Into  his  dominions  in  ij,'^  The  elector, 
however,  nnlike  his  brother,  did  not  break  with  the  forms  ol  the 
Church  of  Rome,  but  establisbed  an  eccleslistlcal  orgwization 
Independent  of  (he  pope,  and  took  tip  a  position  similat  to  that 
Ol  King  Henry  VUI,  in  England.  Many  ol  the  monasteries  srere 
suppressed,  a  consistory  was  set  up  to  take  over  the  functions 
of  the  iHihops  and  to  act  as  (he  highest  ecclesiastical  court  of 
the  country.  In  1541  the  new  ecclesiastical  system  was  con- 
famed  by  the  emperor  Charfes  V.  With  tegiid  to  thn  policy 
the  elector  snu  probsUy  laSuenced  by  contiderations  of  greed 
The  bbhopiki  ol  Bruideaburg.  Havelbetg  and  Lebos  were 
KCilaiiied;  (heir  >dmIidstntkio  was  entrusted  to  members 
el  the  elector's  famSyi  and  their  revenues  formed  a  welcome 
tdditioD  to  his  Impoverished  eichequer.  Nor  did  Joachim 
Mglect  other  opportiudtfea  Tor  adding  to  bis  irealth  and  posses- 
rioni.  In  tUT  he  had  conrlnded  a  treaty  with  Frcdeikk  tO., 
diik«  of  Licfnlli^  wUch  goumtccd  to  tbo  Hobenwllemi  tite 


nccestlMi  to  Oe  9B(A&  dnAhief  Ucplti,  Bri^  and  ttoUn 
in  iheevemoltheducal  bmBy  becoidii|eitinct;  lUsanuige- 
mcM  (i  Important  n  the  bads  ot  the  d^  made  l^  Preduick 
the  Great  on  Sedi  In  1740.  The  uealy  was  dedared  invalid 
by  tbe  German  ting,  Fentiiiind  L;  bat  the  deetor  insisted  on 
its  legaEty,  and  b  IS45  strengthened  his  podtton  by  uran^ng 
a  donble  marriage  between  membcss  of  his  own  farnOy  and  Ibat 
of  Duke  FredericL  Of  more  ImweJiate  conaeqneDCC  wu  an 
arrangement  made  In  1 564  wtih  the  representatives  of  JouUm^ 
kinsman,  Albert  Frederick,  di&e  o(  Prtiapa,  after  wUch  th* 
elector  obtained  the  Joint  in  ieWltuitol  the  tinchyolPmsala  from 
Sigfsdiimd  n.,  king  of  Nud,  tad  wu  assured  of  the  snecndaB 
If  the  dnh*^  hml^  became  enfacL  Joachira'ilunirlDnthabitt, 
hh  partiality  for  advattuRis,  ud  his  delight  In  buiMfaig,  led 
him  to  hear  tvch  a  heavy  apenSture  that  after  {dedgjng  many 
of  Ms  lands  and  ri^ti  he  was  compelled  in  1 540  to  apfol  tor 
help  to  the  states.  Taking  advantage  ol  fall  difficulties,  tbe 
estates  voted  him  a  sun  of  nwney  as  the  price  of  valuable  ant- 
cisdons,  the  moat  Important  of  which  was  that  the  elector 
should  mske  no  alliance  without  their  consent  Fresh  UabiUtln 
were  soon  ineutied,  and  b  Bjilte  ol  ftpqnent  contributions  from 
the  estates  Joachim  left  at  his  death  in  January  1571  a  heavy 
burden  of  debt  to  his  son  and  successor,  John  George. 

Tbe  elcctotS  death  was  followed  (en  days  later  by  that  of  his 
brother,  John,  and  as  John  left  no  ions  the  whole  ot  Brandenburg, 
together  with  the  districts  of  Beeskow  and  Btottow  ^^ 
which  had  been  added  by  purdiase  to  (he  new  mark,  oovk 
were  united  under  the  rule  ol  Ids  nephew,  John  George. 
B^m  on  the  nth  ot  September  1535  this  prince  had  served  la 
the  held  under  Charles  V.,  and,  disliking  his  father^i  policy  and 
assoda  tes,  had  absented  himuH  from  Berlin,  and  mainly  confined 
his  alteuTlon  to  administering  (he  secularized  bi^oprlc  ol 
Brandenburg  which  he  bad  obtained  In  rs6o-  When  he  became 
elector  he  hastened  to  put  bis  Ideas  into  practice.  His  lather^ 
favourites  were  eiiled;  foreigners  were  ousted  from  public 
podtioDS  and  their  places  tsken  by  natives;  and  hnportant 
economlo  were  eflected,  which  earned  for  John  George  the 
surname  of  OeliMPin,  or  steward.  To  lighten  the  heavy  burden 
of  debt  left  by  Joachim  the  elector  proposed  a  tai  on  wheat  and 
other  cereals.  Some  opposition  waa  shown,  but  eventually  the 
estates  of  both  divisions  of  the  mark  assented;  otdy,  however 
at  the  price  of  concessions  to  the  nobles,  predomlDant  In  tbe  diet, 
which  thrust  (he  pessantry  In(o  servitude.  Thus  the  rule  of 
John  George  was  popular  with  the  nobles,  and  to  some  extent 
with  the  towns.  Protestant  refugees  from  Ftance  and  the 
Netherlands  were  encouraged  to  settle  In  Brandenburg,  and  a 
period  of  peace  was  beneficial  to  a  land,  the  condition  of  which 
was  Sim  much  hiferior  to  That  of  other  parts  of  Germany.  In 
religion  the  electa  was  a  follower  of  Lutbei,  srhosc  doctrines  Wert 
prevalent  among  Us  people.  He  bad  accepted  the  Formula 
Cfmurdioe,  a  Lutheran  document  promclga(cd  In  June  15801 
and  Boug6(  to  prevent  any  departure  from  Its  tenets.  His 
dislike  of  Calvinism,  or  his  andpsthy  to  eiterual  complications, 
however,  pt«vailed  him  from  taking  any  serious  steps  to  defend 
Protestantism  from  the  ittxfa  of  (he  CDUnter-reformation. 
Re  did  hidecd  Job  the  league  ol  Torgau,  which  voted  assistance 
to  Henry  IV.  of  France  In  r;qi;bui  he  refused  to  aid  the  United 

Firdetick,  administrator  of  the  aichbishopric  ot  Magdeburg, 
whose  claim  to  dt  and  vo(e  in  the  Imperial  diet  was  contested, 
or  to  his  grandson,  John  George,  whose  etection  to  the  Usbopdc 
of  Sttassborg  was  opposed  by  a  Roman  Catholic  minority  in  the 
chapter.  Thn  indifference  to  (he  welfare  oi  the  Pro(es(an(* 
added  to  (he  es(rangcmeDt  between  the  elector  and  his  eldest  son, 
which  was  further  accentnaled  when  John  George,  Ignoring  the 
IHipetiHa  AMUa,  bequeathed  (he  new  mark  (o  one  Df  his 
ytnmgn  sons.   Be  died  on  the  Slh  of  January  1 598. 

Joachim  Finlerick,  who  now  became  elector,  was  bora  on  thn 
syth  ot  January  1546.  Since  is$3  he  had  held  (he  bishopric  of 
Uavelberg,  dnce  ijj;  that  ot  Lebus;  he  had  been  adminls^ 
tralor  of  Magdeburg  since  1566,  and  ol  Brsndenbuis  since 
IS7I.  BetigifngtheseditaitlesiBrSBa.heconteatedldaatber'^ 


4H 


BRANDENBURG 


■in,  (Bd  «u  notoihil  Id  pwvBl^  ■  dbUoci «( tb  deoontc 
An  ifcMUtnt  with  Ceoige  pRdakk,  the  duUlcn  mutave  ol 
.     ..  .      Anibach  ud   Baxnuth,   piv«d   tlw   w»y   lot   u 

„'",,)  unugement  irilh  the  dector't  yonniv  bntlicn,  who 
ofui  Uu  mugnvc'i  death  in  April  161)3.  ilwnd 
tu  luuti  in  Frutcnni*,  uu)  wen  compomled  In  other  wayi 
lor  nureadeiuig  (11  diimi  on  BrazideDbug,  Tbli  tenement, 
koowD  u  the  Gen  Bond,  nii£cd  the  Ditpmiio  Adiiikt.  By 
George  Frederick'!  death,  Jouchlm  became  adminutnUir  ol 
the  duchy  of  Pruuia,  nikd  nomiiulJy  by  Lh«  we^k-minded 
Albert  Frederick,  but  he  hid  tome  diSLculty  la  lanning  hii 
pcoilion.  In  Biudenbiug  he  nude  coiiixinani  U  tne  noblei 
It  the  eipenic  of  the  peuaimy,  (ud  admitted  the  right  ol  the 
eiuui  to  ccDtrol  Iiation.    la  religiom  mitten  he 


Ctlviniiu,  uid  took  stcpe  to  bring  thit  tbout.  Public  opinioD, 
hooever,  is  BnndeabuiK  m*  too  Mnmg  for  him,  uid  he  wu 
compelled  to  liU  bick  upon  ihe  Lulheiu  Fania^  and  the 
rcligiaiu  poUcy  of  hli  fuher.  Joachim  leemi  In  have  been  a 
viae  ruler,  who  impioved  in  virioua  way>  the  condition  of  the 
mark.  He  married  Caiherioe.  daughter  ol  John,  margrave  of 
Brandcnburg-CUitrin,  and  when  he  died,  oa  the  i8th  of  July 
160S,  wai  lucceeded  by  hit  eldest  loa  John  ^'^■"""■■< 

The  new  elector,  bom  on  the  Sth  of  Noveabei  1571,  had 
married  in  ism  Anna,  daughter  ol  Albert  Fnderick  ol  PrtBH*. 

g*J_         cf  Ihe  electoB  of  Brandenburg  to  the  lUCCenion  in 

the  duchiei  al  Qevei,  JUlich  and  Berg,  and  other 

March  ite9  the  death  of  Duke  John  William  left  thew  ductuea 
without  a  ruler,  and  by  anangement  they  were  occupied  folntly 
by  the  elector  and  by  his  prindpal  rival,  WoUgaog,  iOD  of  Philip 
Louis,  count  palatine  of  Neuburg.  Tlui  pioCDCdini  anuied 
■ome  oppoiitb>n,  tsA,  complicated  by^reli^ui  ODaaldetationa 
and  by  the  excited  atale  of  European  politici,  almnt  predptlaied 
a  leneril  wai.  However,  in  November  1614  the  diipute  wai 
temporarily  Kitted  by  the  treaty  ol  Xanten.  Brandenburg 
obtained  Ihe  duchy  of  Gevei  with  the  counties  of  Mart  and 
Kavensbcrg,  but  as  ihe  Dutch  and  Spanith  garr'iODi  were  mt 
wlthdrawa,  theie  landi  were  only  naanlnally  under  the  elecloc'f . 
rule.  In  idoQ,  John  SigimiDnd  had  }(dned  the  Eyinplical 
Union,  probably  to  win  luppoit  in  the  RhineUod,  and  the  tout 
consideration  was  doublleB  one  leaSoo  wtQ*,  In  1A13,  he  fonook 
the  Lutheran  doctrinei  of  hii  lanily,  and  became  an  adhcKUt 
of  the  refoimed,  or  Caivioisl,  (aith.  This  itep  aiouied  gnve 
■liKonteDt  in  the  electorate,  and,  quickly  abandoning  hii 
allempu  to  proaclytlie,  tlie  elector  practicilly  taaceded  religjous 
Ubetty  to  hi)  iubjecta.  Over  the  Clevea-Julichsucciiaian,j<^ 
Sigiimuiul  had  incurred  heavy  expeniea,  and  the  public  debt 
had  again  mounted  up.  He  wai  tbut  oUiged  to  leek  aid  Irom 
the  estatei,  and  in  return  for  gnati  to  make  conceMioni  to  the 
noblea.  The  eleclor  spent  much  of  hii  tiine  in  Prunia  striving 
to  avert  hi*  authority  in  that  duchy,  and  fn  August  161S,  accord- 
ing to  the  arrangement  of  1569,  became  duke  by  the  death  of 
AUisn  Frederick.  He  only  enjoyed  this  dignity  hw  a  ihort  time, 
a*  be  died  on  the  ijrd  of  December  lAii).  He  wa*  luoteded 
by  hie  ddat  wa,  George  Williaa. 

The  Dew  declot.  bom  on  the  srd  of  November  ISJ7,  proved 
a  weak  and  incapable  ruler.  He  had  ntanled  Elinbeth,  daughter 
_    .  of  Frederick  IV.,  dectoi  palatine  of  the  Rhine,  and 

\!S^  '^''"  °'  ^^  elector  Fiederick  V.,  afterwards  king  of 
Bohemia,  and  before  hii  acces^on  had  acted  a)  hb 
lathei'i  rqwoentative  In  aevo.  Although  a  Proleitaat  he 
was  under  Ihe  influence  cd  Adam,  count  ol  Schwanenbcrg,  who 
wai  a  Roman  Catholic  ol  imperlaliat  sympathieai  A*  a  remit 
Um  elector  remained  neutral  during  tbe  early  yean  of  the  Thirty 
Yean'  War  in  iplle  ol  his  rtlitioiuhip  with  Frederick  of  tfa* 

altitivte  wa*  not  luccessfuL  Bnndenbut(  was  ravaged  Imparti- 
ally by  both  parties,  and  In  iSi;  Gtotse  William  attacked  his 
btotber-In-Iaw,  Guatavus  Adolphua  ol  Sweden,  who  wai  using 


InUiwuilitulMa^  11* 
~  tdenbutt,  and  th« 
AllhMgh  alanud 
by  the  edict  of  lestiutlon  of  ifiig,  George  William  lixik  no  itepi 
to  help  the  Ptoteitanta.  In  ilSji,  however,  CunivBi  Adolpluu 

Spondau,  and  to  aid  him  widt  men  and  money.  Tbe  Bnnden- 
bnrg  troop*  thai  agisted  the  Swedes  until  after  the  deUh  ol 
Gnslavna  in  t63i,  and  the  Swediih defeat  tiNSfdIinienin  i6j4. 
what  the  dector  iwented  to  tbe  tctsty  of  Pngue,  nidch  1^ 
made  in  Uay  tin  between  tbe  emperor  Ferdinand  C  and  John 
George  I,,  elector  of  Saiony,  The  imperialists  did  nothing, 
however,  to  drive  tbe  Swedes  from  Brandenburg,  and  the 

was  the  principal  naion  why  the  elector  waa  tmaUe  to  annex 
Pomerania  when  iti  last  duke,  Bogiiiaui  XIV.,  died  In  i&j;. 
In  i6jg  Geoige  William  IramferTcd  hia  residence  to  Kdnigeherg, 
leaving  Sdtwarrenberg  to  administer  the  clcctont^    Although 

thing  to  rid  the  land  of  the  Swede*  and  to  miligata  iti  many  evili; 
but  Its  conditioa  ww  stiO  very  deplonbic  wIubi  Gcoige  WHliam 
died  at  KOnigdicri  on  Ihe  ist  ol  Decemba  1640,  leaving  U  only 
■on,  Frederick  WiUiam.  Tte  msM  important  facta  in  the  Internal 
hiiloty  <d  Brandefdniri  during  the  i6th  century  wen  the 
Incteaie  in  the  power  of  the  eMatta,  owing  chiedy  to  the  con- 
tinuous pecuniary  needs  of  the  eteeton;  the  gndual  dedine  in 
tbe  political  importance  of  the  towns,  due  vuinly  to  Intestiae 
fcudi;  and  the  lapse  of  tbe  peasantry  into  icrvilnde.  Tlcw 
events  gave  a  ptepocdeiancc  of  power  to  the  noble*,  but  coa- 
cuncntly  a  number  of  drtumslances  were  silently  pRparioi 
the  my  lot  a  great  increase  ol  authority  on  the  part  ol  the  ruler. 
Tlie  aubatilution  of  the  elector  for  the  pope  as  head  of  the  churchj 
the  introduction  of  P^ww*.,  ]xv  with  iti  ■*wyOi»«t*  on  a  centra) 
aiithority  and  a  central  administration;  the  determined  and 
tueceasful  efforts  to  avoid  any  partition  of  the  dcctonte;  and 
the  increasing  tendency  of  tlu  separate  lections  ol  Ihe  diet  to 
act  iiulependently,  all  tended  in  this  diitction.  This  new  mAa 
was  heralded  in  1604  by  the  establishment  of  a  council  of  itats, 
devoted  to  the  interesu  of  the  elector,  which  strengthened  hia 
authority,  and  paved  the  way  for  a  bureaucratic  gDvinnacct. 

When  Frederick  William,  the  "  Cieat  Elector,"  became  ruler 
of  Brandcaborg  In  1640  he  fovnd  the  country  In  a  very 
able  condition.    Trade  and  agriculture  were  almost     . 
destroyed,  and  the  inhabitants,  compelled  lo  support 
tbe  Swedish  anny  of  occupation,  suSered  also  from     1 
the  disorderly  conduct  of  the  native  loldicrs.  Although 
the  young  elector  spent  the  Iwa  £nt  yean  of  his  reign 
mainly  in  Prussia,  he  was  by  no  means  forgitiul  of  Bi 

iqi  during  the  CeeMc  rule  of  his  father.  Ilie  powers  of 
berg  were  curtailed,  Ibe  state  council  was  restored,  and  the 
licence  of  the  sddien  was  restnincd,  while  their  numben  were 
reduced.  Then  turning  his  attention  to  the  Swedes  a  true*  »ai 
amnged,  and  soon  afterwards,  in  return  for  an  indcnmity,  they 
agreed  to  evacuate  the  electorate.  Having  returned  to  Bnrtdeik- 
burg  in  1^3,  Frederick  WiUiam  remained  neutral  during  the 
concluding  years  of  the  Thirty  Yars'  War,  and  act  lo  work  to 
orgaoiie  an  array  and  to  effect  financial  refornu.  About  tha 
same  time  diplomatic  methods  freed  Cleves,  Mark  and 
Ravensberg  from  foreign  troops,  but  the  eslata  of  these  landi 
gained  a  tempoiaiy  victory  when  the  elector  attacked  Iheit 
privileges.  However,  In  1647  his  title  was  fiamally  admfUcd 
by  Wolfgang,  count  palatine  al  Neuburg. 

The  itmi  of  tbe  ttea^  of  Weitidialia  In  1^48  are  tlv  bcrt 
commeotaty  on  the  general  succesi  ol  the  eteetor's  policy. 
Although  he  was  oblig^  to  give  up  his  claim  tn  the  weMem  pait 
of  Pomerania  in  favour  ol  Sweden,  he  secured  the  elilem  part 
of  that  duchy,  together  with  the  secuUriad  bisbopria  ol 
Halbenladt,  Ulnden  and  Kammio,  and  other  lands,  the  wbok 
forming  a  wdcome  addition  to  Ihe  area  of  Bnndenbutg.  H* 
wii  lias  promixd  the  archbiihopric  of  Hagdeburg  when  it* 
adminiitrator,  Anguilua,  duke  of  Saxe-Weintnfds,  should  dia 


BRAKDENBORO 


TUi  event  bippned  In  iSSo  when  he  Kcoml  ihc  lindi  of  tbc 
ucbbuhopiic  The  elector  did  not,  however,  like  pmeaioa 
of  the  newIy-Acqiuied  lenicona  il  once.  Fmh  tUEficultia 
USM  with  Sveden,  mnd  it  wu  not  uniil  lia  that  aslcm 
Ponwranii  wis  Ir«d  ftom  her  soldiers.  Meinwhile  i  new 
qiuml  hid  broken  out  wiih  Wollgeng  of  Neubuig.  In  1650 
Fiederitk  WUIUm  lllukcd  hii  rival,  but  ■  variety  of  drcum- 
naoces,  Unong  othera  a  change  of  govenirnent  in  the  Netherlands, 
And  the  nsiltance  of  the  eatates  of  Clevca,  thwarted  hfa  pbna, 
and  he  ivva  compelled  to  listen  to  the  moUaiing  powers,  and  to 
■cqukioc  in  the  tUhu  fita. 

PnAlinc  by  these  reveties  Ifw  elector  then  undertook  a  series 
of  iatfmtl  rcforaa,  tending  loitrengthen  thecentnl  aathor^ly, 
atld  to  oitigate  the  constant  lack  of  money,  which  was  pertiapa 
hlft  chief  obstacle  to  success;  a  work  in  which  he  was  aided  by 
Gtorge,  ownt  of  Waldeck  (i6ia-i6«i),  who  became  his  chief 

wcrt  extended  to  include  all  the  lands  under  the  efeclor's  rule; 
mud  a  ^lecial  committee  was  appointed  to  elTccI  hnandal 

tnpctial  politics  Frederick  William  supported  the  election  of 
FttdlnDd,  son  ol  the  empcnn-  Frrdlnand  III,,  as  king  of  the 
Romans  in  ilSjJi  but  when  the  emperor  fafled  to  fulfil  his 
promist*,  hiftueneed  by  Waldeck.  he  acted  in  opposition  to  the 
impETl'l  interests,  and  even  formed  a  plan  for  a  great  alliance 
against  the  Habsburgs,  These  projects  were  disturbed  by  the 
war  which  broke  out  in  i6;s  between  Sweden  and  Poland.  In 
this  struggle  tbe  elector  fought  first  on  one  side  and  then  on  the 

tuhci  lo  the  history  of  the  duchy  of  frussia  (f.v).    The  Iiunsfci 

folhnred  by  the  foil  Iium  power  of  Waldeck,  who  mi  succeeded 
by  Otio  von  Schweiin  (i6ilKt6;g),  under  whose  influence  (he 
elecioi'a  relations  with  the  emperor  became  more  coidlal. . 

The  bicrcase  in  the  pteslige  of  Btandcnburt  wu  due  chiefly 
to  bis  army,  which  was  gnduaHy  broughi  to  a  high  state  of 
efficiency-  A  properorgDnication  was  established  lo  superintend 
Ibe  pay  and  maintenance  ol  the  soldiers,  and  Ihey  o-cie  com- 
manded by  expericiuiH  oRkers,  amotig  others  by  Geotg 
Derfflingen  (1606-1655),  »nd  Otto  von  Span  (i6os-i6«S).  The 
general  poverty,  however,  made  the  esuies  rcluclani  to  support 
a  Minding  army,  and  after  the  peace  of  Oliva  in  i66o,  it  was 
reduced  to  about  5500  men.  The  continual  difficuliies  with  the 
estates  of  his  difcrcnt  dominions  had  haraued  and  hampered 
tbe  elector,  and  lb*  general  peace  which  followed  the  treaty  of 
Oliva  odcred  a  favourable  (^potiutiity  to  curlill  their  powers. 
Itadaunted  by  two  previous  rebufl's  he  attacked  the  estates  of 
Ckves,  and  by  a  display  of  force  gained  a  substantial  vkloiy. 
Some  impiHlant  pHvflegea  were  annulled,  and  he  obtained  a 
considerable  sum  of  money.  The  Laadlat  of  Brardcnbuig  was 
nM  cowed  so  easily  into  submission,  but  an  increase  ol  revenue 
was  obtained,  and  the  stubborn  struggle  which  ensued  in  Prussia 
ended  in  a  vktoiy  for  the  niter.  This  incieascd  income  enabled 
thcelectortotakeamortconsldenbk  pari  in  European  politics. 
lo  iMj  he  BBisIed  the  imperisitsts  in  (heir  struggle  with  the 
Turks;  in  1666  the  dispute  over  Cleves,  Mark  and  Rivensherg 
was  GuUy  settled,  and  Brandenburg  were  confirmed  ni  the 
pottession  of  these  lands;  and  in  Ihe  same  year  a  lecondliatkm 
was  effecleal  with  Sweden,  Sevenl  disfiutes  which  threatened 
to  disturb  Ihe  peace  of  (he  Empire  wen  settled  thiuugh  hb 
mediatiDn,  and  be  compelled  (he  citliens  of  Magdeburg  (o  do 
bomage  lo  bim.  In  religious  mitten  he  intenxded  with  the 
enpelDr  and  (ha  diet  for  the  Pratestants,  and  sought,  but  without 
•occcs,  Ip  bring  about  ■  Teconcilillioo  between  Lutherans  and 
CalvbdMs  In  Brandenburg. 

Tlw  electoi^  relations  with  Louis  XTV.  of  France  are  full  of 
{ntereM.  After  the  conclusion  ol  the  war  of  devtJuiion  in  1667, 
rdhlmseirwiLh  Louis.and  together  they  agreed  to  support 


e  nf  WcMgang  of  Neubnr^  for  the  varsni  Polish 
In  16M,  moreover,  he  refused  10  join  the  triple  alliance 
France,  but  ioon  afterwards  became  aware  of  the  dinger 
NDtiy  from  tbe  aggressive  p<ri!gr  of  Loilil.   Tbe  United 


rellghna  inlerests,  political 


Pmvtnces  wen  booiuf  to  hli 
considerations,  and  family  li 
different  when  theirpositionwajthreitened  by  France.  In  spite 
of  tempting  offers  from  Louis,  he  was  the  Gnt  to  join  the  Dulch 
when  they  were  itiacked  by  Louis  in  1671,  and  conducted  an 
ineffectual  campaign  on  the  Rhine  until  June  i6jj,  when  he  was 
forced  to  mike  peace.  In  July  i6j(,  however,  he  joined  (he 
Empire,  (he  United  Provinces  and  Spain,  and  In  relum  for  1 
subsidy,  foughf  against  Fiance  In  Alsace.  Meanwhile  Louis  had 
instigated  Ihe  Swedes  to  invade  Brendcaburg,  which  hid  been 
left  to  the  care  of  John  George  II.,  prince  of  Anhall- Dessau, 
Hastening  from  Ftanconia  to  defend  the  electorate,  Frederick 
William  gained  a  complete  victory  over  a  superior  number  of 
the  enemy  at  Fehrbellin  on  the  iSth  of  June  i6;s,  a  great  and 
ghirious  day  for  the  amu  of  Brandenburg.  Aided  by  the 
Impertiliiti  and  the  Danes,  he  followed  up  this  success,  and 

Stettin  in  1677  and  Strabund  in  167S,  while  an  attack  niade  by 
Sweden  on  Pmssia  was  successfully  repelled.  The  general  peace 
[en  was  followed  by  the  treaty  of  St  Cermain*n-Laya 
1679  between  Sweden  and  Brandenburg,  Owing, 
0  (he  tnsis(ence  of  Louis  XIV.  and  (be  liulifference, 
a.  of  the  emperor  Leopold  I.,  (he  elector  was  forced 


en,  in  re 


le  pay- 


ment of  300/100  crowns  hy  France.  This  feebleness 
of  his  ally  induced  Frederick  WiUiim  Id  listen  more  readUy  to 
theoverluresof  Louis,  and  in  1679,  and  again  in  1681,  he  bound 
himself  to  support  tbe  interests  of  France.  He  had,  moreover, 
1  further  grievance  against  the  emperor  as  Leopold  refused  to 
recogniiehisright  to  (he  Silesian  duchies  of  Liegniii,  Briegand 
Wohtau,  which  had  been  Idt  witliout  a  ruler  in  1675.  About 
1684,  however,  the  foreign  policy  of  Brandenburg  underwent 
another  change.  DislikinG  (he  hardness  shown  by  Louis  to  the 
Ptotestanti,  the  elector  concluded  an  alliance  with  William. 
prince  ol  Orange,  in  August  i6S5;atid  entered  into  more  friendly 
■  ■     ■  e  emperor.^  Further  incensed  against  FiSn« 


by  (h 


iiSB5,h 


ilh  Leopold  in  Januiry  16S6,  agreeing  in 
a  sub^dy  to  send  ittxips  against  the  Turts.  Soon  aftenvanli  he 
recHved  Schwiebus  to  compensate  him  lor  abandoning  his  claim 
on  the  Sileaan  duchies,  and  in  a  secret  (reaty  made  promises 
of  support  to  Leopold.  The  great  elector  died  in  May  1688, 
leaving  bis  leniiories  to  his  eldest  son,  Fiederick. 

The  rtmailiable  services  of  Frederick  Wriliam  10  his  country 
can  beat  be  judged  by  comparing  its  condition  m  1640  with  that    . 
in  1688.     At  hii  accession  the  greater  pirt  of  hij  territory  was 
occupied  by  strangers  and  devaalited  by  war,  and  In  Europein 
ptJilics  Brandenburg  was  merely  an  appendage  of  the  er 


ith  the  itste  of  BrandenbUTg-PrU! 
koned  with  in  alt  European  com 
L  alone  among  the  states  of  the  Emp 
id  of  the  German  Frotestintism;  while  the 
Its  tetiilory  lay  outilde  the  ~ 


idded  tc 


e  had  multiplied 


irmywasunJDipaoedfoi 
Sweden  and  inheriied  hcrpoiliio 
s  steady  and  not  IneHeeiual  rei ' 


enfold;  i 


While  Ihus 
Eaiupe,  Frederick  WilHam  w 
tbe  central  authority  withli 
Brandenburg  a  conslllullona! 


Tlie  elector  ha  d  overthrown 
in  the  Baltic,  and  had  olfeled 


n  lhc< 


n  dominions.  He  found 
In  which  the  legislative 
shared  between  the  elector  and  the  diet;  he  left  it 
to  ho  successor  substanlialty  an  absolute  monirdiy.  Many 
circumstances  assisted  to  bring  about  this  change,  among  tbe 
chief  ol  which  were  the  want  of  harmom'ous  action  on  tbe  part 
of  the  estates,  and  the  decline  in  Ihepolilical  power  of  the  towns. 
The  substitution  of  a  permanent  eiclse  lor  the  subsidies  granted 
from  time  to  time  by  (he  estates  also  (ended  lo  increase  hit 
independence,  and  Ihe  officials  ot  Srmcrrtlic,  appointed  by  Ura 
to  GoUecI  this  lu  in  the  tcrwns,  gradually  atuoibed  many  oi 


♦26 


BRANDENBURG 


Dctimu  of  the  kxal  a  Btboritin 


tin  vui  Ihe  burgbenr 
Inlion  Ficdeiick  WiUi 
rukr,  ind  bid  the  fou 

jundTmfliclik]  by  Uie  Thirty  Yean'  Wsi  wen 
T  healed,  and  (he  Gnincn  uid  ciedtl  ol  Ihe 
ihed  on  a  Am  buu.  AgnculluR  and  comr 
'td  and  cncoutagcd  bjr  a  isuiel)'  ol  useful  mo 

e  welcome  eileadcd  to  Fiuich  PnitesUnti,  b 
:er  tbe  revocilien  ol  the  edict  gl  Nanlo,  were  i 


dpiined  ar 
on  the  wes 


logeiiet 


(iih  ii 


.ot  plats 


.uaUly,  ■ 


enCiivii 

It  Ihe  el 


11  ipiiil  of  toloance  upon  the  clergy, 
who  were  occupied  nilh  ecclcsiaatiul  iquabblei  while  the  ilate 
of  edualion  and  of  public  morali  left  much  lo  be  deaiicd.  The 
camlition  of  the  pcaaantjy,  hawcver,  duriiin  thii  leign  reached 
ilsloveil  point,  and  ihe"  nccu,"  or  chatter,  of  i6ji  ptacLJcaUy 
lecognicci  the  existence  of  villcnaje.  While  the  mbla  had  been 
loaioi  power  vilh  regard  to  the  ruler  they  had  been  irtcrcaung 
itatlhecipenaeoflhepeajants.  The  Thirty  Yean' Waiaflorded 
them  frequent  opporlunitiei  of  replacing  Ihc  village  Sdmltn, 
or  magiiLti  tea,  with  olticials  of  their  own;  and  the  fact  that  their 

burden  of  the  latter  much  heavier  than  that  ol  the  townimeo. 

The  new  eteciot.  Frederick  III,,  followed  in  general  Ihe  policy 
ol  hit  lalher.  Having  persuaded  his  slep-broLhen  to  aurnndw 
_  .  .  _  the  principalities  bequeathed  lo  them  by  the  great 
IJ,'*'"  elector,  he  assisted  Willianl  of  Orange  to  "Hfcr  hii 
m  England:  then  in  i6SS  allied  hinuell  wi 


other 


i  alien 


loughl  for  the  Empire  .gainsl  both  France  and  Turkey.  Before 
he  became  elector  Frederick  had  promised  the  emperor  thai  he 
would  restore  Schwicbus,  and  he  was  now  called  upon  lo  lulhl 
this  engagement,  which  alter  tome  murmuring  be  did  in  ifisj. 
This  (act,  however,  together  with  tome  slights  put  upon  him  at 
Ihe  peace  of  1697,  led  him  to  look  with  lesilavour  upon  imperial 
intctestl.  Fiedciick'i  chief  adviser  about  this  lime  was  Ebcihard 
DanckelmaOD  (1643-1711},  whose  tcrvices  in  cnsiinuing  the 
relonning  work  of  Ihe  great  elecloi  were  very  valuable;  but 
having  made  many  eriemiea,  ihc  eleclrcss  Sophia  among  them, 
befell  frompoweiio  1697,  and  wai  imprisoned  for  several  yean. 
The  most  impOTlant  work  of  Ihe  eleclor  was  to  crown  the  labours 
al  his  father  by  securing  Ihc  kingly  title  for  himicll  and  hi* 
descendants.  Bioached  iq  1&93  this  matter  was  brought  up 
again  in  1698  when  the  emperor  and  his  miniMen,  faced  with 
lie  prospect  of  a  Gght  over  tbe  Spanish 


Higih  ditide 


11  the 


title  should  be  taken  from  Prussia  rather  than  fium  Brandt 
as  the  former  country  Lay  outside  the  Empire,  and  in  return 
Frederick  promised  to  asaisi  Leopold  with  Sow  men.  The 
coronation  ceremony  took  place  al  Kenigsbetg  on  Ihe  iSlh  of 
Jtnuity  1701.  Hie  lerriloiial  additions  to  Bnndcnburg  during 
this  leign  were  few  and  unimportant,  but  Ibe  compamtive  wealth 
andpmspciiiy  enabled  Ihe  elector  to  doagood  deal  for  education, 
and  10  ipend  tome  money  on  buildings.  In  1694  the  univenily 
of  Halle  waa  fouihtled;  academics  for  arts  and  aciences  were 
established,  and  Berlin  was  greatly  improved.  The  subsequent 
hiiiory  of  Brandenburg  la  meiged  in  that  of  Pniuia  (4,*,). 

DiBLioclArHV.— U.  Bmsien,  OtiAlclUt  Ar  Uvk  BrnKJaOmrt 
im  UilulalUr  (Uiuif:,  'U})i  G.  G.  Kuner,  Bitlimtrai  kUMica 
■nd  CtOiai*  tpaxtJiram  VutortoM  mtnlilam  Uutfanlini 
(BfofaB.  I;ji-I7ijll  A.  Voa  and  a  StloHnina.  VtrtttcUduUdi 

'*■•''"  ■'"   '•niabtiriiick-fitMiiuiktn  Sutit  {Berlin, 


Voigi,  CtukUai  Ai  < 


|R3S-I«^):  ),  HeMemann.  Ou  AfinwHiM  ■■  itr  l^iuli  BratUa- 
*mri  (Beriia.  iKq):  IvrKimmfim  ur  •w.^MtarriKtfll  ■■< 
tnusKikes  CtnUcklr.  ediled  by  R.  Koer  (Leipdi.  iSU  IvL}; 
T,  Cattyle.  AiJUrv  cf  FrtdtrUt  On  CraU.  voL  i.  (Lomku.  IgU)! 
LC.DroyKnJIrllkUliltirr prttaiiiihrmPililitiBKrIia.   iSiS-lUiu 

(Paria.''™7S);  B.  Gebhardt.  ^nUut  *r  MutL'm  &"*Mu! 
Band  iL  (Hf^if.  iqoi).  (A.  W.  H,') 

BRAHOBHBORO,  Ihe  cenlral  and  oneof  the  lartcst  pnivintc* 


1  froi 


ibich  it  deri 


of  Ihe  Eoreicr  elecloale  ai 


Lor  ol  Brai 

in  the  kuigdom  of  Prussia,  and  whni  Ihe  adminTstratkin  el 
Prussia  was  reformed  in  iSij,  Brandenbiug  became  one  o<  Ihc 
provinces  ol  Prussia.  The  boundaiiet  of  the  new  province, 
however,  diSered  considerably  Iron  Ihoie  oF  Ihe  old  dislricL 
The  old  mark,  Ihe  district  on  the  Ml  bank  of  Ihe  Elbe,  was  added 
to  the  province  of  Saiony,  and  in  reLum  a  disLrkt  10  ihe  soutii, 
laken  from  the  kingdom  of  Saiony,  Hat  added  lo  Ihe  pts- 
vince  of  Brandenburg.  1 1  has  an  area  ol  isjSi  K|,  m,,  and  i> 
divided  into  the  tvro  goveminenla  ol  Potsdam  and  Frankfort- 
on-Oder;  the  capital,  Berlin,  forming  a  atparale  jurisdklion. 
The  province  is  a  andy  plain  inleispcned  with  numerous  lenilt 
disiricu  and  considerable  siretcbes  ol  woodland,  mostly  pine  and 
fir,  lu  baitraneu  ws»  formerly  much  exaggeialed,  wfaea  it 
was  popularly  described  as  Ibe  "  sandbox  of  tbe  llaly  ileinaD 


'    It  is 


acipalrii 
Ihenum 
:    Them 


weU  wait 


dbytn 


aitd  potter's  earth;  bailey  and  rye  arc  the  usual  cereals; 
Iruits  and  vegetables  are  abundant;  and  considerable  quanlilia 
of  hemp,  llai,  hopa  and  tobacco  ate  niscd.  The  breeding  at 
sheep  receives  much  atieniion,  and  the  province  cxporta  wool  iti 
coniiderable  quantity.  Bees  are  largely  kept,  and  there  li  an 
abundance  of  game.  The  riven  and  lakea  olao  fumith  Eth, 
partlculariy  carp,  of  eicetlcnt  quality.  Tbe  cUiatle  is  cold  and 
raw  in  winler,  eicetiively  hot  in  summer,  and  tlien  tn 
liequenlly  violent  slormt  of  wind.  The  manulacturing  indutlry 
of  the  province  is  both  varied  and  exicnsive.  but  is  for  ibe  moat 
pari  concentrated  in  the  principal  towns.  The  mosl  inporlant 
branches  art  the  spinning  and  weaving  of  wool  and  cotton,  thi 
manulacluiing  of  paper,  and  the  disliUation  of  brandy.    Po|>. 

■HAHDEHBURO,  a  town  ol  Germany,  capital  of  Ihe  dotrict 

and  province  ol  same  name,  on  the  river  Uavd,  36  B.  S.W. 
from  Berlin,  on  tbe  main  line  to  Magdeburg  and  IhewcaL  Fop. 
<i9oj)  si,»si,includingia«  military.  The  town  it  enckioed  by 
walls,  and  Is  divided  Into  three  parts  by  the  liver-Mbe  crid  lowa 
on  [he  right  and  the  new  town  on  the  kfl  bank,  while  on  an 
island  between  lliem  is  Ibe  "  cathedral  town," — and  ii  alto  called, 
from  ils  posllion,  "  Venice."  Many  of  the  boutes  are  buiil  on 
piles  in  the  river,  "niete  are  five  old  churches  {Proteiunl),  all 
more  or  tesi  nolevorthy.  Theae  are  the  Kalhaiinenkirche  (nav« 
ijSi-i*oi,  choir  c,  uio,  western  towet  liSi'isSs),  a  Gothic 
brick  church  with  a  bne  carved  wooden  altar  and  several  in  tereat- 
ing  medieval  tombs;  the  Pelrikirche  (141b  coilury  Golhie);  Ihc 
cathedral  (Domkirc]K),originallyaRonianetquebalitica(iiw), 
but  rebuilt  in  Ihe  Gothic  slyle  in  Ihc  i^ih  ntituiy,  with  a  good 
altar^iiecc  (1465),  &c,and  noted  for  itiremaikaUecolkclion  of 
medieval  vestmenis;  Ihe  Gothardsklrcbe,  partly  Romaneique 
(1160),  partly  Gothic  (1348};  th;  Nikolalkirche  (nlh  and  IJth 
cenluriei),*Dwno  lodger  used,  lliete  is  also  a  Roman  Catbiriie 
church,  01  other  buildings  may  be  mentsBDed  Ihe  (bmei  (own 
hall  ol  Ihe  "  old  lawn  "  (Altiiadi  Raihaud.  buillin  the  ijthand 
i4lh  centuries,  now  used  as  government  ofGcn;  tbe  new  Real- 
gymnasium;  and  the  town  ball  in  the  Nensudt.  before  whicb,  in 
the  markcl-placc,  stands  a  Rolandsslule,  a  caloisal  figure  iS  (I. 
in  height,  hewn  oul  of  a  lingle  block  of  stone,  A  little  nonh  of 
the  town  is  Lhe  Marienberg,  or  Harlungerberg.  on  which  th« 
heathen  Icmpleol  TriglaS  and  af  lervardt  the  church  andcaovent 
ol  Si  Maiy  were  bnill.    On  the  top  tundt  a  laity  immnintm 


BRAKDER— BRAhfDING 


427 


to  At  nidien  from  tlie  Muk  wfao  fell  in  Iht  win  oF  i86t, 
1066  tad  iS7o-;i.  The  town  has  a  cnnsidcnble  bade,  irith 
ininutactumol  viwUcns,  silki,  linens,  hosiery  and  paper,  u  oell 

Bnmdcnbuig,  onginalty  Armnatur;  CBreii«Ao>)  or  Armfon- 
ba>i,  wu  originaily  a  town  of  the  Slavic  tribe  ol  the  HcvetU, 
from  whom  it  was  captured  (q?7-92S)  by  the  German  king 
Henry  I.  In  948  Olio  1.  founded  a  bishc^c  here,  which  wai 
subordinated  Gist  to  the  archdiocese  ol  Maini^  hut  from  96S 
onwards  to  the  newly  cmicd  archbishopric  at  M»gdchurg.  It 
vas,  however,  desln^red  by  the  huihrii  Wends  in  983,  and  was 
only  resrored  when  Albert  the  Bar  lecaplured  (he  town  fiom 
them  in  fijj.  In  1539  the  Ushop  n(  Brandenburg,  Malthiai 
von  JagDw,  embraced  the  Lutheran  fWith,  and  five  yean 
bier  the  FnHestant  wor^ip  was  csublishcd  in  the  cathedral. 
TIm  wc  was  idministercd  by  the  elector  of  Bmndcnbur^  uritfl 
I^^  and  then  abolished,  its  ttrritories  being  for  the  nit>&t  part 
incorporated  In  the  cleciornl  domaina.  The  cathedral  chapter, 
however,  stuvivcd.  and  though  sunmased  In  iBio,  it  was  restored 
in  1E14.  Ic  tonsisis  o(  twelve  canons,  of  whom  three  only  are 
spiritual,  the  other  nine  prebends  being  held  by  noblemen;  all 
arc  in  the  gilt  ot  the  king  ol  Prussia. 

The  "old"  and  "new"  towns  of  Brandenburg  were  for 
enturlei  separate  towns,  having  been  unitinl  under  a  single 


S171;. 


Sn  SchillnuBn,  CculfiUf  dn  Sladl  tranirnbutt  (Draiidenbiiri, 
1B74-1MJI- 

BRANDEft,  ODSTATOS  (iixi-1787),  English  naiuralbt,  who 
came  of  a  Swedish  lamily,  was  bom  in  London  in  1 J  to,  and  was 
brought  up  u  *  meichant,  in  which  capacity  he  achieved  success 
and  became  a  director  ol  the  Binl:  of  England.  His  leisure  time 
was  occupied  in  scientiKc  pursuits,  and  at  his  country  residence 
at  Christchujch  in  Ilan^pJuiu  he  became  inteiestcd  in  the  iossils 
»  abundant  in  the  clays  of  MordweU  and  Baiton.  A  set  of 
these  was  presented  by  hiin  to  the  British  Museum,  and  they 
were  described  by  D.  C.  Solander  in  the  beautifully  illustrated 
work  entitled  Fnaaia  Banleminsia  uiiata,  tl  inUuauo  Brilan- 
mita  def^sila  a  CitsUaa  BranJa  (London,  1766),  Biander  was 
elected  F.R-S.  In  i;j4,  and  he  was  also  >  trustee  of  the  British 
Jduseum.    He  died  on  the  list  ol  Januaiy  iiS]. 

BKAHDES.  OBOUt  KORHIS  OOHZa  (1S41-  ),  Dani^ 
critic  and  literary  historian,  was  bom  in  Copenhagen  on  the 
4th  of  February  iSfi,  lie  became  a  student  in  the  univer^ty 
in  1859,  and  £rs(  studied  jurisprudence.  From  this,  however,  his 
matuierlaslesoontumedtophilosophyandicstheiics.    In  iMi 


Ni«t 


jldtaa^ 


e  185B, 


he  had  shown  a  remirkible  ^ft  for  verse-writing,  the  results  of 
which,  however,  wcto  not  abundant  enough  to  justify  separate 
publication.  Brande3,indecd,didnotcollccthispoenisllHsolate 
*s  iS^a.  At  iKe  university,  which  he  U'ft  in  1S64,  Braodcs  was 
much  under  the  influence  ol  the  writings  of  ffeiberg  In  criticism 
and  Soren  Kierkegaard  in  philosophy,  influences  which  have 
continued  to  leave  traces  00  his  work.  In  1S66  he  took  part  in 
the  controversy  raised  by  the  woite  of  Rasmus  Nielsen  In  a 
treatise  on  "  Dualism  in  our  Recent  Phihnophy."  From  iS6j 
to  iSji  he  travelled  much  in  Europe,  acquainting  himself  with 
the  condilion  of  literature  in  Iho  principal  centres  of  learning. 
His  Grit  impvrtant  contribution  to  letters  was  his  Atslhtlic 
Slaiia  (1S6S),  in  whic\  In  several  brief  monographs  on  Danish 
poets,  Us  maturer  method  is  already  foreshadowed.  In  tS7o 
he  published  several  important  volumes.  The  Frcack  AcMclkl 
e/Our  Days,  dealing  chiefly  with  Talne,  Crilitiimi  onJ  Pwlraili, 
and  a  translation  of  Tlu  Sabjtilum  af  WomiH  ol  John  Stuart  Mill, 
whom  he  had  met  that  year  during  a  visit  to  England.  Brindes 
DOW  tcok  his  place  as  the  leading  crilic  ol  the  north  of  Europe, 
applying  to  local  conditions  and  habits  of  thought  the  methods 
ol  Taine.    Re  became  ixnl  or  reader  in  Biliis  LtUra  at  the 

of  the  hour.  On  Ihe  ppofessorship  of  Aesthetics  becoming  vacant 
In  1S7],  it  was  taken  as  >  matter  of  course  that  Brandes  would 
be  qipoiDltd.    But  the  yousg  critic  had  offended  taaoy  sui- 


eeptibHitiet  by  }iit  ardent  advocacy  of  modem  Ideas;  he  wu 
known  to  be  a  Jew,  be  was  convicted  of  being  a  Radical,  he  ms 
suspected  of  being  an  atheist.  Tbe  aulhoiitles  refused  to  elect 
him,  but  Ids  fitness  for  the  post  was  so  obvious  that  the  chair 
of  Aesthetics  in  the  university  of  Copenhagen  remained  vacant, 
no  one  else  daring  to  place  himself  in  comparison  with  Brandes. 
In  the  midst  of  these  polemics  the  critic  begin  to  issue  the  most 
ambitious  of  his  works,  Vain  Sircams  m  Uu  Lilenlure  0/  lAt 
NiruireyiJh  Cmlury,  of  which  four' volumesappearcd between 
187a  and  1S75  (English  translation,  1^1-1905),  The  brillunt 
novelty  of  this  criticism  of  the  literature  of  the  chief  countries 
of  Eunpe  at  the  beginning  of  the  ipth  century,  and  hb  descrip- 
tion of  the  general  revolt  against  the  pscudo^sslcism  of  the 
i81hcentury,atonceattracted  attention  outside  Denmark.  The 
tumult  which  gatheml  round  the  person  ot  the  critic  increased 
the  success  of  the  work,  and  the  reputation  of  Brandes  grew 
apace,  e^wdally  In  Germany  and  Russia.  Among  his  later 
writings  must  be  inenlkMied  the  monograpln  on  JAVH  IZierkt- 
gnuri  (1877),  on  fiaini  Tccntr  (1878),  on  BrHj'amin  DIsraili 
(1878),  Pcrdiiuful  LasiaJlt  (in  German,  187,),  tudnt  Hs/icrg 
(1884),  on  Harii  /*«»  [18951)  antl  "n  Analalc  Franw  (1905). 


eshaswi 


itfulnc! 


I  has  been  aided  t^ 


poets  and  novelists  of  his  own  country  and  of  Norway,  and  he 
and  his  disciples  have  long  beeii  the  arbiters  of  literary  lame  In 
the  north.  liisOoniiA  J'orfi(tB77).conUiningstudieit)f  Carsten 
Hauth,  Ludwlg  BOdtchcr,  Christian  Winther,  and  Paludan- 
Muller,  his  ifiH  ej  Ikt  Utdim  Transilien  (1883),  and  his  £iiayi 
(1889),  are  volumes  essential  to  the  proper  study  of  modem 
Scandinavian  literature.  He  wrote  an  ercellent  book  on  Ptiinid 
{iBSa;  Englbh  translation,  190J),  and  was  one  of  the  editors  of 
the  German  version  ot  Ihsea.  In  1877  Brandes  left  Copenhagen 
and  settled  in  Berlin,  taking  a  considerable  part  in  the  Besthctie 
life  of  that  dty.  His  political  views,  however,  made  Pmisla 
uncomfortable  for  him,  and  he  letumed  in  1683  to  Copenhagen. 
where  lie  found  a  whole  new  school  of  writers  and  thinkcis  eager 
to  receive  him  as  their  leader.  The  most  important  of  his  recent 
works  has  been  his  study  of  Shakespeare  (1B97-1898),  which  was 
translated  into  English  by  William  Archer,  and  at  once  took  a 
high  position.  It  was,  perhaps,  the  most  aulhoriUtlvc  work  on 
Shakespeare,  not  principally  btcnded  for  an  English-speaking' 
audience,  which  had  been  published  In  any  country.  He  was 
afterwards  engaged  on  a  history  of  modem  Scandinavian  litera- 
ture. In  his  critical  work,  vl 
that  of  any  other  living  wr 
a  singularly  charming  style, 

without  extravagance,  brilliant  and  coloured  without  anrctation. 
His  influence  on  the  Scandinavian  writers  of  the  "eighties  was  very 
great,  but  a  reaction,  headed  by  Holger  Drachmann,  against 
his  "  realistic  "  doctrines,  began  in  iSSj  (see  Denuabi:;  Lifero- 
tvn).  In  1900  he  collected  his  works  for  the  first  time  in  a  com- 
plete and  popular  edition,  and  began  to  superintend  a  German 
complete  edition  in  tgoi. 

His  brother  Edvard  Brandes  (b.  1S47),  also  a  vell.known 
critic,  was  the  author  of  a  number  of  plays,  and  of  two  psycho- 
logical novels:  A  Pelilician  (1S89),  and  Yniit  Bloat  (1899). 

BRAHDING  (from  Teutonic  Jriiman,  to  bum),  in  criminal  lav 
a  mode  of  purushment;  also  a  tnethod  of  marking  goods  or 
animals;  in  cither  case  by  stamping  with  a  hot  Iron.  The 
Greeks  branded  their  slaves  with  a  Delta,  A,  for  AgOoi. 
Robbers  and  mnaway  slaves  were  marked  by  the  Ramans  with 
the  letter  F  (far,  /ii{r/ini);  and  the  toilers  in  the  mines,  and 
convicts  condemned  to  figure  in  gladiatorial  shows,  were  branded 
on  the  forehead  lor  identification.  Under  Conilintine  the  face 
was  not  pemiltted  to  be  so  disfigured,  the  branding  being  on 
the  hand,  arm  or  calf.  The  catwn  taw  sanctioned  the  punishment . 
and  fa  France  galley-slaves  could  be  branded  "  TF  "  (iramia 
forUi)  until  1835.  In  Germany,  however,  branding  was  illegal. 
The  punishment  was  adopted  by  the  Anglo-Saioni,  and  the 
ancient  law  of  England  authorlled  the  penalty.  By  Ibc  Statute 
of  Vagabonds  (1547}  under  Edward  VI.  vagabonds,  gipsies  and 
brawlers  were  ordered  to  be  branded,  the  first  two  with  a  large 
V  on  (he  bmsl,  the  last  with  F  for  "  fraymaker."   Sbvcs,  loo. 


+28 


BRAKWS— BRANDY 


who  nn  amy  vcce  brandtd  with  5  on  dictk  or  foiehad.  Tfais 
bvr  wis  npealed  in  i6j6,  Fiom  ihe  limeol  Htnty  VII.  branding 
wu  iuAicicd  loi  all  gScnccs  whidi  noived  bcscfil  of  clergy  (g.t,), 
but  it  wu  abolished  foe  such  ia  iSu.  In  i6q8  it  wat  enactoi 
that  those  mnvicicd  o[  petty  theft  m  larceny,  who  wcie  enlJllnl 
ia  benefit  of  derEy,  ahould  be  '*  buxnt  in  the  most  viable  pail  of 
ihe  left  check,  nearest  Ihe  nose."  This  special  prdiaance  Was 
lepcaled  in  1707.  James  Naytcr,  Ihe  mad  Quaker,  who  in  Ihe 
year  lAss  claimed  to  be  the  Messiah,  had  his  tongue  bored 
throUAb  and  hit  fotthead  branded  B  for  blasphemer. 

In  The  Laocaatei  ciiminal  court  a  branding-iron  ti  siiD  pre- 
served in  the  dock.  It  is  a  long  boll  wiib  a  wooden  handle  at 
one  end  and  an  M  (malcbctor)  at  the  other.  Gose  by  are  iwo 
iron  loops  for  fimly  tcfuiinj  the  hands  during  the  oprraiion. 
Tlic  brwider,  after  eiaminalion,  would  turn  to  the  judge  and 
tjclaim,  "A  fair  mark,  my  lord."  Criminali  were  lonneily 
oideinl  to  hold  up  iheii  hands  before  wnieoce  lo  ihov  If  they 
tad  been  previously  convicted. 

Cold  bianding  ot  branding  with  cold  ironi  became  In  the 
iSth  century  the  mode  of  nominally  inSictIng  the  punishi 
on  prisonen  of  higher  rank.  "  When  Chailes  Molitl,  1  young 
GcrmaD.  visited  England  in  17S2  he  was  much  surprised  a 
custom,  and  in  his  dbry  mentioned  the  case  of  a  dcfgymai 
bad  fought  a  duet  and  killed  his  man  in  Hyde  Park.  Found 
guilty  of  mansbughier  he  was  biunt  in  the  hand,  if  that  could 
be  called  burning  which  was  done  w^ih  a  cold  iron  "  (Markham's 
Atua«l  Puaisiaeali  of  NaOanU,  1SS6).  Such  aaa  led  to 
branding  becoming  obsolete,  and  it  waa  abolished  in  iSigeicepI 
In  Lhacjueof  detcrlerjjnimihcarpiy.  llieiewere  nutked  with 
the  letter  D,  not  with  hot  ironi  but  by  tattooing  with  ink  01 
gunpowder.  Notoriously  had  uldieii  wen  also  branded  with 
BC  (bad  chuacter).  By  the  British  Mutiny  Aa  lA  iSjS  it  was 
enacted  that  the  «iurt-martial,  in  addition  to  any  olher  penalty, 
may  otdec  desetlen  to  be  marked  en  the  left  aide,  3  in,  below 
the  armpit,  with  the  lellcr  D,  such  letter  to  be  not  less  than  1  in. 
ktig.    In  1S79  this  was  aboLIshcd. 

Sec  W.  Andicwi.  Oi  Time  PumiskmaO,  (Hull,  1S90):  A.  M.  Earle. 
Cuitus  Puniiimmli  af  Bygani  Dayi  [Loadoo,  1S96J. 

BRAKDtS,  CHRISnAH  AUQDCT  (1790-1867),  Gtnnaii 
^philok>gisl  and  historjan  of  philosophy,  was  borxL  at  Hildesheim 
and  educated  at  Kiel  University.  In  iSii  he  graduated  at 
Copenhagen,  with  a  thesis  Commenlaiionet  ElaUuat  (a  coQectJon 
of  f tagmenu  from  Xcnophania,  Faixnenides  atid  Melissus).  For 
■  Lime  he  studied  at  CiilLingen,  and  in  iSts  presented  as  his 
inaugural  diuerution  at  Berlin  his  essay  I'm  Jtm  Bi[riJ  itr 
Gadiidik  itr  PkUanthie.  In  iSii  he  refused  an  extraordinary 
professorshipat  Heidelberg  in  order  to  accompany  B.  G.  Niebuhr 
lo  Italy  as  secretary  to  the  Prussian  embassy.  Subsequendy 
he  assisted  l.fiekkerin  the  preparation  of  his  edition  of  Aristotle. 
tn  ifiit  he  became  professor  of  phiiofiophy  in  the  newly  foimded 
univenity  of  Bonn,  and  in  i8ij  publiihed  his  AraMdius  it 
TlUufh-tili  UiUtfiytiia.  With  Boeckh  and  Niebuhr  he  edited 
the  SJninucitt  ifmcww,  to  which  he  contributed  important 
utides  on  Socistes  (1817,  iSig).  In  iSjfi-iijg  he  wai  tutor 
[olheyoungkingOlhoofCreece.  His  great  work,  the  BanlkuA 
iirCeuhulUeitrtrieiiiuh-,IM.PIiilei.USiS-lS66-,Iel,abtiihcd 
in  a  smaller  and  more  systemilic  form,  Cati.  d.  EiOvkkdaiiieK 
d-tiittk.  Piilai.,  r86i-iSM).  ischaracteriiedby  aonndcriticttm- 
Brandi)  died  on  the  iiit  of  July  lEfi?. 

See  TiEUdcknbuig,  Zia  Eriumtnait  an  C.  A.  B.  (Berlin.  1868]. 

BRAMDOK,  a  city  and  port  of  entry  of  Manitoba.  Canada,  on 
the  Aisinjboine  river,  and  Ihe  Canadian  Pacific  and  Canadian 
Northern  railways,  vtuaitd  iji  m.  W.  of  Winnipeg,  1184  fl. 
kbove  the  lea.  Fop.  (iggi)  377S1  (1907)  11,519.  It  is  in  one 
of  Ihe  finest  agricultural  leclions  and  contains  a  goverrunent 
eipeiimental  laim,  grain  elevalora,  saw  and  grist  mills.  It  was 
first  settled  in  iSSi,  and  incorporated  as  a  city  in  1S81. 

BRAKDOII,  a  market  town  in  the  Slowmarket  pttiiamenlaty 
division  of  Suffolk,  England,  on  Ihe  Little  Ouse  or  Brandon 
liver,  »61  m.  N.N.E.  from  London  by  the  Ely.Norwich  line  of 
the  Great  Eastern  railway.  Pep.  (rgoi)  ijt7.  The  church  of 
St  Petal  ia  Eatijr  Englidi  irilh  eadict  portioas;  there  b  ■  free 


granunu  school  founded  in  1646)  and  the  town  has  imat 
carrying  tiade  by  the  Little  Ouse  in  com.  coal  and  limber. 
Rabbit  skins  of  fine  teituie  are  dressed  and  eipotleiL  Eilensive 
deposits  of  fiint  ate  worked  in  the  neighbourhood,  and  the  work 
ol  Ihe  "  flint-koappeiB  "  has  had  its  counterpart  hcfc  from  the 
earliest  eras  of  man.  Close  to  Brandon,  but  is  Norfolk  acnm 
the  river,  at  the  village  of  Weetmg,  are  the  so<alled  Crimes' 
Giaves,  which,  long  supposed  to  show  the  (oundations  of  a 
British  village,  and  probably  so  occupied,  were  proved  by  eica- 
Vaiion  to  have  been  actually  neolithic  Sint  working  The  pils, 
though  almost  completely  filled  up  (probably  as  they  be<^e 
eihausled),  were  sunk  through  the  overlying  chalk  lo  the  depth 
of  10  to  (So  It.,  and  numbered  1st  in  aU.  Passages  branched  out 
from  them,  and  among  other  remains  picks  si  deer-hom  were 
discovered,  one  actually  bearing  in  the  chalk  which  coated  II 
Ihe  print  of  the  workman's  hand. 

BRANDT,  an  alcoholic,  potable  ipirll,  obtained  by  the  dii- 
lillalieo  of  giape  wine.  The  frequently  occurring  ststemenl 
that  lEie  word  "  brandy  "  u  derived  from  Ihe  High  German 
Branntmn  ia  Incorrect,  Inasmuch  as  the  English  word  (aa 
Fairley  haa  pointed  out)  Is  quite  as  old  as  any  of  its  COtttlnenlal 
equivalents.  Il  is  simply  an  abbreviation  ol  ttie  Old  English 
lnndfln'iK,ir<iiu<-iniuor(raiKf>iHiie,  thewoid"  brand  "being 
common  to  all  the  Teutonic  languages  of  norlhem  Europe,  mean- 
ing a  thing  burning  or  thai  has  been  burnt.  John  Fleicher'i 
Btw^J  BuiA  (r6ii)  contains  the  passage, "  Buy  brand  wine  "; 
and  from  the  Koibuigh  Balladi  (ifijo)  we  have  "  It  is  more  fiM 
Ilian  brandewioe."  The  word  "  brandy  "  came  into  Isnfliar 
use  about  the  middle  of  the  11th  century,  but  the  expression 
"  brandywine  "  was  retained  In  legal  documents  until  170^ 
(Fairley).  Thus  m  i6«7  (Yitw  Ptaat  Lam,  17J)  there  occur* 
liie  sentence,  "  No  aqua  vitae  or  brandywine  shall  be  imported 
into  England,"  Tiie  Brilish  Pharmacopotia  formerTy  defmed 
French  brandy,  which  was  the  only  vaxiely  menlioned  (ofhcIaQy 
spifiiusvvniaUia\,a**  ^riidistiHed  from  French  vine;  It  haa 
a  characteristic  flavour,  and  a  light  sherry  colour  deriv^  fnnu 
the  cask  in  which  it  has  been  k^t.'*  Jn  Ihe  latest  edition  Ihe 
Latin  title  $p^iliu  nui  gattici  a  retained,  but  Ihe  word  Fimck 
is  dn^ipcd  from  the  text,  which  now  reads  ai  followi:  "  A 
^rirituoui  liquid  distilled  from  wine  and  matured  by  age,  ant 
containing  not  lest  than  if>\  %  by  weight  or  43)  %  by  voluiae 
of  elhyl  hydioiide."  The  UnUed  Slala  Flumnociipmi  (190^) 
retains  Ihe  Latin  eipreision  i^flu  nni  gaUiii  (En^'ih  liife 
£raiidy),  defined  as  "an  alcoholic  liquid  obtained  by  the  dis- 
tillation of  the  fermented,  unmodified  juice  of  fresh  grapes." 

Very  little  of  the  brandy  of  commerce  correqwndj  eisclly  to 
the  former  definition  of  the  firtlii*  Pkarmacepotia  as  t(gan(a 
colouring  matter,  inasmuch  as  trade  requirements  necessitate 
the  addition  of  a  small  quantity  of  caramel  (burnt  sugar)  QotouriDg 
to  the  ^lirit  in  the  majority  of  cases.  Tlie  object  of  this  is,  u 
s  rule,  not  that  of  deceiving  the  consumer  as  lo  the  apparent 
age  of  the  brandy,  but  that  of  keeping  a  standard  article  cl 
commerce  at  a  standard  level  of  colour.  Il  is  practlcany 
impossible  to  do  this  without  having  recourse  lo  caramel  colour- 
ing, as,  practically  speaking  the  contents  of  any  cask  wHI  alwayi 
diSer  slightly,  and  often  very  appreciably,  in  colour  Intensity 
from  the  contents  of  another  cask,  even  though  Ihe  age  and 
quality  of  the  spirits  aie  Identical. 

The  finest  brandicsate  produced  hia  district  covering  an  tre> 
of  rather  less  than  three  million  acres,  situated  in  the  depatlmen la 
of  Charenle  and  Charenle  Inf^leure,  of  which  the  centre  Is  the 
town  of  Cognac.  It  is  generallyheld  that  only  brandies  produced 
within  this  distriel  have  a  light  to  Ihe  name  "  cognae."  Tlie 
Cognac  district  is  separated  into  district  lones  of  production, 
according  la  Ihe  quality  of  the  spirit  which  each  yields.  In  the 
centre  of  the  district,  on  Ihe  left  bank  oT  Ihe  Charenle,  Is  the 
Grande  Ciampapu,  and  radiating  beyond  it  are  (in  order  of  merit 
of  the  ^rit  produced)  the  PrliTt  Ckamptpii,  the  Boriaia  (or 
PitmUri  Beii),  the  Fiat  Beit,  the  BoHi  Bail,  Ihe  Btii  Ordisaira, 
and  finally  the  Bail  camimiiu  dill  S  Itmir.  Many  hold  that  the 
brandy  produced  in  Ihe  two  latlei  district*  Is  not  enlilled  lo 
lite  name  ol  "  cognac, "  but  this  is  1  mitlei  of  canlratersy,  al 


BRANDY 


k  aba  tU  quolkiB  u  to  wUllwr  anoUwr  dittrict  oiled  tin 

Cramli  Fim  CkempBin.  OMsely,  tlut  In  the  Immediate  ndfA- 
boiuhood  of  t)ie  U  ttle  viUisc  of  JuiUu-le-CMi,  ibould  be  addtd  to 
thctisL  TI^Fpic-emiouaqoalityoI  the  Cognac bnodtet it lugEly 
due  to  the  chancier  al  the  (oil,  the  clitnate.  asd  the  >d(niiric 
and  lyMenw  tic  cutlivalkm  ol  the  vinei.  Fat  a  period— (ram  (he 
Cunnin  Cdci 
^^^  (Empcinf  the  akohol,  ranltt  ire  clpreunl  i 


■bich  incRMB  •rilft  I 

quaniiiia  ol  olliBr  n 

knowledge. 

'   The  table  ^vci  auilyio,  br  the  pmenl  authar  (emptlnf 

tfa.j,trhJchiibyF.Luwin),atuBdeiibtBdlrgcBiiiiiecoune(citl 
cognac  bnndlet  ot  varioui  ages. 

o  al  »b»olult  alcohol,) 


Age.te 

%byvoL 

Acid. 

Noo-volaiLle 

E..,v 

Ste- 

Aldehyde. 

Furfud. 

t.  JVw  lu 

1.  jfaa,  Kiillwandbyauueoil.       . 

t.  Fim  jail  M,lviinttxtt 

i;BaK:£  :   :   :    : 

;s 

J 

It 

Ol 
IS* 

'90 

4M 

1 

_._...-Iii  the  ebove 

u  icetaldehyde.    The  ~  Kighet  Alcohol 
jbcaioedwithf'-^^^ ^^i— _  ^ — ^^ 


■pared  inth  an  bo-buiyl  Raadard  under  o 


Ihcie  •iibVaixi 


re  expretted  a»  elb^Z  m 


[  iodSa 


ut  alter  a 


.  .  .  ,  n  ol  icpUating  and  hybridiaiog.  bued  on  the 
Chirac  teriatica  ol  the  Kiia  ol  the  various  duijicta,  vaa  evolved, 
which  eSectually  put  a  nop  to  the  f  uriher  ^rogreu  o(  the  diicasc. 
In  %^oy  the  ana  actually  planted  with  the  vine  in  the  Cogue 
dietrict  pcopcr  wai  about  aoo^ooo  acm.  and  ihe  productkm  ol 
cogoac  braikdy,  whiEh,  however,  vaiki  wide^  £d  difiercDt  yean, 
may  be  put  down  at  about  £va  roillioa  galloiu  per  annum.  TIk 
btMi  figure  iabucdon  the  amount  ol  wine  produced  in  the  two 
Charcuta  (about  kirty>^e  BitLion  gaUona  in  iQOj). 
.  Brnw^  U  alao  oaoulanuied  in  numeiDus  other  (Uurtcti  in 
France,  ^nd  in  genenl  wder  at  conuDiercial  merit  may  be  men- 
tioned the  bnndicaolAnnagnac,Uarmande,Nan,teiand  Anjou. 
The  btaodiDa  commanding  the  lowett  prices  arc  broadly  knowa 
■itherreihSuilf  Uanlftllitr.  In  a  clan  by  ihemaelvti  are  the 
£ata-d4-nt  it  Atoii,  made  from  the  wine  prooEn^  o«  from  the 
aolid  rsiducaol  the  iliUi-  Some  ol  these. particula riy  thooc made 
in  BuE^nndy,  have  characteriitic  rtualitice,  and  are  cooiidcrcd 
by  many  to  be  very  hiK.  The  consumption  ia  chiefly  locaL 
Brandy  of  fair  quality  is  also  made  in  oiher  wine-pioductng 
countries)  particularly  in  Spain,  arkd  ol  late  yean  cdoluaL 
(Australian  and  Cape)  brandies  have  attracted  ui 
Thecomiumption  of  Uandy  m  the  United  Kingdoi 
about  two  million  gallons. 

Brandy,  iaomiDoa  with  other  potable  q^ti,oi 
and  aroma  to  tlie  presence  ol  imall  quantities  i 
termed  tecoudary  or  by-products  (sometimes  " 
These  ate  dissolved  in  (he  ethyl  aktibiJ  ud  water  which 
over  M%of  the  Gpirit.  The  DOture  and  quantity  of  all  of  these 
by-products  have  not  yet  been  lully  asceiiained,  bui  the  know- 
ledge in  (his  directioD  is  rapidly  pragreuing.  Ch.  Oidonrieau 
fractioudly  distilled  too  litres  of  35-year-oid  cognac  bnndy, 
«nd  obtained  the  [allowiDg  tuhtlancn  aodquantitieaihereol:— 


Normal  propyl  aloohot 
Nonnal  butyl  alcabol 
i^myl  alcohol 


Heptyl  alcabol  .  .  . 
ElhylaotUd  .  .  . 
Ethyl  propionate,  buiyiah 
Onanthieetber  laboutl  , 
Aldebytb  .  ,  .  . 
Aeelai.       ,       .       .       . 


3-0 


ilon  of  Ihe  above  lubslancts,  b  bet  probably  atl  of  them, 
txctptlng  the  oenanlhic  ether,  an  contained  in  other  tpiiiia, 
audi  aa  vbiaky  and  rum.  tiii  oonanthic  ether  (ethyl  peUr- 
fEBiatf)  is  one  of  the  main  characteristics  which  enaUc  us 
'  lily  to  differentiate  betwcoi  bni^  and  other  dL... 
Brandy  alto  runlami  a  ccitais  quantity  of  fne  add. 


lim 


Slirat€  and  IfaluralwH. — Brandy  ia  Itoied  in  specially  selected 
uk  casks,  from  which  it  citiacts  a  certain  quantity  of  colouring 
natter  and  taimin,  ftc  Conunerdat  cognac  brandies  are  gerv^ 
illy  blendS'of  difteroit  growths  and  vbtagm,  the  blending  being 
locomplishcd  hi  large  vala  some  Utile  time  prior  to  bottling, 
rhe  necnsary  colouring  and  sweetening  matter  is  added  ip  tha 
'aL  In  the  case  ol  pale  brandies  very  little  colouring  and 
sweetening  are  added,  the  usual  quantity  being  in  the  rv^ghbour- 
hood  of  1  to  I  %.  Old  "  brawn  bandies,"  which  are  nowaday* 
Dot  in  great  demand,  require  more  caramel  and  sugar  than  do 
the  pale  varieties.  The  preparation  of  tha  "liqueur,"  as  the 
miied  cantnd  and  sugar  syrup  it  termed,  is  an  operation  requir- 
ing mucb  ei^ttience,  and  the  metbodt  eoipk'yFd  arc  kept  ttiiclly 
■eciet.  Fine  "  liquetu  "  is  prepared  with  high-clan  bnndy, 
andisstotedanuiDbcrafyeius  prior  lo  ute.  Brandy,  at  is  wcS 
known,  improvei  very  much  with  age  (for  checeical  aspects  of 
maturation  see  SpmnE),  but  thisonlyhcJds  good  when  the  spirit 
it  in  iHi«l,  [or  there  is  no  material  appreciation  in  quality  allei 
beUling.  It  ia  a  tnistaks  to  believe,  however,  thst  braiuly 
improves  indeSmttly,  even  when  kept  in  wood,  lor,  aa  a  matter 
of  fact*  altera  certain  time— which  vnties  considerably  according , 
to  the  type  of  bnndy.  the  vintage,  Ik, —  Iheic  is  aomiKh  erapon- 
lion  of  alcohol  that  a  tiiimbciolimdcsirable  changes  come  about. 
The  brandy  begins  (o  "  go  back,"  and  bccsmea,  u  It  ia  called, 
''wont  "or"  tired."  It  is  necestaty,  Ihcrelore,  that  (he  bottling 
shoald  not  be  delentd  loo  Icng.  Sometimes,  for  tnde  reasons, 
it  is  neccMaiy  to  keep  bnndy  in  cask  for  a  long  period,  and 
under  thnc  oondittooi  (he  practice  is  to  keep  a  scries  of  casks, 
wlxb  tn  lieatcd  »  follows:— The  last  cask  is  kept  filled  by 
occuiDully  tddinc  tciine  i(ikH  frcnt  the  caik  next  ia  order, 
the  la  tlu  it  filled  up  by  spirit  taken  (ran  the  third  cask  f  nan  the 
end,  and  so  on,  UB(U  the  fast  cuk  In  the  tow  is  reached.  The 
Utter  ii  filled  up  or  "  topped  "  with  •ome  leUlivoly  fctafa  tpiiil. 

Bnndy  it  much  cm|Moyed  medicinally  as  a  food  mpable  ol 
supplying  tscrgy  In  a  paiticulaily  laUIa  lotm  to  (he  body^  aa 
a  alimulant,  caiadnative,  and  at  >  hypnotic 

Ai^ltraUtH.—K  good  deal  has  been  written  about  the  pre- 
panlion  o(  utifidal  branly  by  nKantaf  the  addition  o(  esHniial 
oils  to  potato  or  beetroot  vui',  hut  it  t*  store  lh«n  doubtlul 
whether  this  practice  wat  really  carried  on  on  a  large  scale 
lormcriy.  What  undoubtedly  did  occur  was  that  much  beet, 
potato  or  grain  qiirit  was  uwd  lor  blcodlng  with  genubie  gnpe 
spirit.  Prosecutions  imdcr  the  Food  and  Drugs  Act,  by  certahi 
English  k)ca]  authoritiea  in  the  year  1904,  resulted  in  the  practical 
fixation  ol  certahi  chemical  standards  which.  In  the  opinkm  of 
the  pcctent  writer,  have,  owing  to  (heir  atbit  rtry  and  laudestltii 
nature,  teauttod  In  much  adullenlioa  of  *  type  prevlcualy 
non-esistenL  Them  b  no  doubt  that  at  the  preteot  tlm« 
anificial  eitcn  and  higher  alcohtds,  &C|.an  being  used  on  an 
extensive  scale  for  the  preparation  ol  cheap  btandie*,  and  tha 
poaldon,  in  this  retpect,  therefore,  ha*  not  ben  inproved. 
Who*  fometly  lrai«l  wu  pmciigaOy  coifaed  ID  the  UcaiiiBS 


♦30 


BRANDYWINE— BRANKS 


<l  goiuinc  bnndy  •iib  tplril  othn  llwn  tfeal  cieriwd  fnini  tb« 
gnpe,  it  ii  ddw  tnluiDad  by  Ibc  addilidn  01  iitihial  csMnccs 
u  the  blmd  of  the  Iwo  spiriu.  (P.  5.) 

BRAH&yWIKB,  ihe  nime  of  t  siRiin  <i>  Prmsylvinii  and 
Dclmn^  U^A.,  which  run  into  (he  Ddiwaie  rivn  a  few 
miJeiegstofWitmingion.DeliwaR. '  It isFamsgsuthesixiwat 
(he  tulUe  of  Bnndywine  in  (be  Aim^iiun  War  d(  Iiukpendence, 
loughlonthe  MlholSepIcmbcr  1777  about  10  m.  Borth-ivc?st  ot 
Wilmington,  aod  >  lev  miles  Ituide  the  Fenniylvaiua  boidei. 
SiiWilliini  Howe,  the  Btii(shcomRundei-in-chief,  while  opposed 
(o  Waihin(;ton's  atmy  in  New  Jeraey,  had  loimed  the  plan  o( 
captuiing  Philadelphia  [ion  the  »uth  lide  by  a  movement  by 
lea  10  the  head  o(  Debware  Bay.  But  conti3i>  vindi  and 
accidents  delayed  the  British  trauports  to  long  that  Washington, 
who  was  at  fint  puulcd,  was  able  to  divine  his  oi^nents' 
InienUoni  in  time;  and  lapldly  moving  to  (he  threatened  paln( 
he  occupied  a  Mning  entrenched  position  at  the  fords  over  (he 
Bnndywine.  i;  m.  aou(h-wes(  o(  Philadelphia.  Here  on  (he 
tith  o[  September  (he  British  altacVcd  him.     Howe's  plan. 


bcyoDd  Washmglon'i  light  to  alti 
Washington  was  succosfuUy  held  . 
and  Gtnent  Sullivan,  the  comm 
wing,  misled  by  the  conflicting  in 


le  ttKin),  aitd  (t 


10  the  approach  o(  Comwallis  on  his  right  f 

11  "  right  back  "  ia  the  dense  country,  he  j 
B  stubborn  resistance  to  the  Ranking  at 


ground  to 


a  lime  near  Birminghain  m> 


ighouse.  Bsiriowe 
k  the  AsKilcans  lor 
inLI  the  holding  tllaik  of  the  BrJUih  right  wis  conveiled  into 
•  leal  one,  and  by  nighitaJI  Wathingioo  was  in  full  retreat  north- 
waid  lowani  Cbesitr,  proteticd  by  Cenctal  Greene  and  a  steady 
imsguatd,  which  held  oR  Howe's  column  [or  the  neeessaiy  lime. 
The  British  w«e  too  uhauted  to  punae,  and  p;lr(  of  Howe'a 
lorci  was  inniricably  miied  up  wiih  the  adrancing  Iroopt  of 
the  [rantal  airick.  The  Atncrican  loss  in  titled,  wounded  and 
•  prisonen  vas  at»ul  leoo^  Lhal  o(  (he  British  l&i  than  Ada 
Hdwb  followed  up  his  vietory.  aod  on 'the  a7tta  r>f  Septembef 
entered  PhiiadelpJua. 

BRAHTORD,  a  township,  including  a  borough  6t  the  same 
aame,  in  New  Haven  county,  ConnettiFut,  U.S.A.,  al  the  Mouth 
of  (he  Branloitl  river  aiHt  at  the  head  of  a  short  arm  of  Long 
Island  Sound,  aboul  y  n.  E.S.E.  of  New  Hnwn.  P(^.  of  the 
tmrnship  (iSos)  4460;  (i«oo)  jToadyW  foreign.bonOldqiol 
•047;  of  the  bMDugh  (toio)  3560.  The  borough  li  Hned  by 
the  New  Vmk.  New  Hann  k  Hanfotd  railway,  and  by  an 
declrk  bne  tonnecling  with  New  Haven.  Arangeofuxkyliilla 
otmimands  toe  views  of  the  Sound,  the  ahorc  ii-deeply  indented, 
Ihe  haibou  and  bay*  «t  doited  with  islands^  and  the  horbow 
bdncpcneughfotamsHnalt,  and  these  Baiurailealumatlncl 
tuny  vkitart  during  the  sumnKi  seaurL  In  Bnnlord  is  the 
James  Blacksione  hfemorial  library  (iS»6},  designed  by  Solon 
Spencce  Benian  (b.  1S53)  in  the  Ionic  style  (the  details  being 
takm  from  the  Eiechiheum  al  Alhent).  On  the  interiDr  of  the 
doBK  whiehcDven  the  rotunda  an  a  series  of  paintings  tiy  Oliver 
Deuiett  Ctover  (b,  iSfrr)  illusiniing  the  evolulian  of  book- 
inaUng,  and  betwem  (he  aichos  »re  medallion  porttailj,  by  the 
mmt  aHist,  of  Ne»  England  author*— Longfellow.  Emelaon, 
HaanbotnoF  Lowdi,  BiyarU,  Whiitler,  Holmes  and  Mis  Siowe. 
nwlibratywaietMtedbyTlmathy  B,  Blactttone  |ig>o-i«DD}, 
asativc  of  Bnnlerd,  and  preii^uit  of  the  Chtugo  ft  Alton 
■•itwar  boa.  tS64  to.iSgg— as  a  sumorial  10  his  laiker.  a 
dCKCtidaiX  •<  WiUiam  BlatlatoDe  (d,  iftrs),  the  New  England 
pioaecr.  The  ptlndpal  fndaatria  of  Brantond  are  ihe  manu- 
hewn  of  mabablc  Iran  blUnga,  bxjii  and  gciteral  hardware, 
the  qoanying'Olgnnite.  udoynerculiun. 

11w  loTitorT  of  Totoket  (now  the  township  of  BranFord)  waa 
L — .  ._ —  .._  ■-.-■-,,  f^y  ^  f^g^  Haven  PlanuiiOB,  In 


December  16^0.  for  eleven  Co 

all  (rf  tnrckhg  dirth  aiKl  one  aM 

of  English  tlolh,  but  with  th 

leservation  for  a  few  Indian,  of 

what  is  still  known  as  Indian 

Neck.     Iri  r64o  the  general  court 

Rev.  Samuel  Eaton  (.5<j(i?-r66s), 

n,  on  condition  that  he  brought 

friends  fiom  England  to  Mtl 

e  it.    As  Eaton  went  lo  England 

and  did  not  letum,  Totoke 

was  granted  in  1644  to  selUen 

mostlyfiomWethersfield,  Co 

an.,  on  condition  that  they  should 

otganize  a  church  state  afle 

the  New  Haven  medet  andjm 

e  New  Hav 


.  Juiisdicti 


w  fan 


came  from  Southampton.  Long  Island,  under  the  leadership  of 
the  Rev.  Abraham  Pieison(<.  iteS~ii;g},anardeat  advocate  of 
the  church  stale,  who  wa^choscn  pallor  at  ToLokei.  The  present 
■ume  of  Ihe  lownihip,  derived  from  Brenifurd,  Enf^and,  wis 
adopted  about  1(14;.    After  the  members  ol  the  New  H^ven 

led  the  most  prominent  citiacns  uf  Branford  to  New  Jersey. 
where  they  were  leaders  in  foanding  Newark.  The  borough  ol 
Branloid  was  incorporated  in  iSoj. 

Sae  E.  C.  Baldwin.  Btiiftnl  Antlt.  in  Papers  of  New  Ma%Tn 
Colony  Hiaorical  Sgckty  (New  Haven.  tWl  and  ■sm). 

BBANOmrn,  PHAHK  (ISSt-     <  ),  English  painter,  was  bom 


t  Bruges,  and  te 


is  fid 


objects,  who  took  a  leading  part  in  the  Gothic  revival 
rugin.  When  Ihe  family  nwvM  lo  Eagland.  Brangwyn  at 
■■     Is  by  a  drawing  on  which 


■cteJ 


engaged  al  South  Ktnslngtan  11 

time  in  Mortfc's  ttodio.  end  then  travelled  more  man  once  totne 
East,  whereby  his  tenK  of  colour  and  Ihe  whole  further  develop- 
ment of  his  art  became  deeply  inltncnced.  Indeed,  the  imptts- 
tlOna  he  then  reUived,  and  his  love  ol  Orienlal  d< 
carpels — tierci*ed  a  greatci 


ariytn 


whole 


tendency  is  enoitially  demrutiver  a  colours 
rkhfieis  is  wedded  to  an  equally  strong  sense  ol  weQ-balanced, 
hatmonioai  design.  Ttese  qualities,  together  with  a  sumtnary 
suppressioti  of  the  details  which  tie  a  subject  to  time  and  place, 
gl\'e  his  (omposiiioiis  a  nobly  inrprrsali*  and  univenal  diancter. 
suchasniaybeseeninhladKoralive  panel  "  Modern  Commerce  " 
In  the  ambulatory  of  the  Royal  Eichange,  London.  Among 
other  deeontivf  Khemes  neoited  by  him  are  those  for  "L'Art 
rue  de  Ptowenoe.'Parii;  for  Ihe  haH  of  the 


s'Con 


ipany. 


te  British 


.1  Ihe 


n.  [Qoj.  The  LoxetnbouTs 
museum  has  his  "TVadeon  the  Beach  ";  the  Venice  muiudpal 
musaum,  Ihe  "  St  Slnnn  Styliin  ";  the  Stuttgart  gaBery,  the 
"  St  John  theBaplist  ";  the  Munich  Pinakstbek,  the"  Ac^  "; 
Ihe  Carnegie  Institute  In  Pittsbutg,  his  "  Sweetmeat  SeDei "; 
the  Prague  gallery,  his  "  Turkish  Boatmen  ";  and  the  National 
C«ill«y  ol  New  Somh  Wak*.  "The  Seoffera,"  Brangwyn 
embarked  surcculuUy  In  many  Acids  of  applied  (it,  and  made 
admirable  dtsigna  for  book  decoration,  stained  glasa,  furniture, 
tapestry,  metalJimrk  and  pottery.  He  devoted  hinisdf  exten- 
sively to  etching,  and  executed  many  plates  of  aslonishing  vigour 
and  dtamaiic  intensity.    He  was  elected  associate  of  the  Royal 

BHANKS  <probably  aVin  to  Irish  Iraiuoa.  i  halter;  Get. 
Pranfr,  fctler,  pillory),  or  ScomiNc-BuDUt,  a  cootrivance 
tormeriy  in  use  throughout  England  and  Scotland  for  the 
punishment  ol  scolding  women.    It  is  said  to  have  origioated  in 

ol  punishment ;  but  corporations  and  lords  of  manon  in  England, 
town  councils,  kiik-scssions  and  barony  court]  in  Scotland 
assumed  a  right  lo  inlllct  it.  While  sptcially  known  as  the 
"  Gossip's  or  Scold's  Bridle  "  the  branks  was  also  used  ior-woDiea 
convicted  of  petty  offences,  breaches  ot  the  peace,  street-bnwUng 
and  abuUve  language.  It  was  thccqoivalent  of  the  male  punish- 
ments ol  the  stocks  and  plUoTy,  In  its  earliest  form  (I  consisted 
ol  a  hoop  head-piece  of  iron,  opening  by  hinges  at  the  side  so  as 
to  (ndOK  the  head,  wKli  1  Sii  piece  et'm 


BRANT,  J.— BRANTdME 


(nnt  loraint  >  mimk  «(  koa  «ltb  bok*  loi  noalh,  bom  ud«y*L 
SaoHimcitlMiaoiith^uwuiniicdwilhaibattipikc.  Wilh 
tliii  OB  bn  head  ibe  oltcndinf 
■IRcU  by  the  bn  -' 

U  bjr  puiRa.  Tht  due  «i  origin  it  ddublluL 
Eduburgh  ia  15(17,  at  Gtaifow  in  isi4i  butBM  bdoK  Ibe  i;tb 
nntucy  in  uy  Eni^iifa  (own.  A  bmik  in  tb>  cburtb  ol  Waltaii' 
m-ThuM*,  Sucre/,  buui  dUc  i6]ji  wbile  uolba  In  a  private 
calhcUoobulbccmnmlcipbaolWillianilU.  TbeAibmolcu 
UuMDiB  al  Oxford,  tbt  acDl  liih  Kal  ioiu]  H  iBeum  of  AntiqniUa 
It  Ediobocili,  Um  (owu  of  LicbficU,  Sbrenbucjr,  Leicatet 
ud  OwMct  bave  csaaplc*  oi  ibe  bluk.  Ai  Ule  u  tt5t  it 
WM  in  me  >1  Bolton- le- Moon,  Lanrashire. 

5e*  W.  Andmn,  OU  Timi  PumikmnU  (Hull,  1S90);  A.  M. 
Clrte.  CviKi  PiKfUimimti  ff  0»«u  Da^I  (Chiapi,  lf96). 

BRAin,  JOSEPH  (1741-1807),  Amcclcu  Indian  chid  of  tbe 
Haha«k  Iiibt,iinownilia  by  his  Indian  name,  Tbavehdamecu, 
VIS  bom  on  (he  banks  of  tbe  Obioiiverin  1741-  Inrarly  youib 
he  allracted  the  ittentlon  of  Sir  WilEIam  Johnson,  Who  sent  bim 
to  be  educiled  by  Dr  Eleaiar  Wbeelocli  al  Lfbanon,  Conn.,  In 
Moor^  Indian  cbaiity  Khool.  in  nhiih  DiTlmoulh  Cotlege  bad 
111  DiigiiL  He  look  put,  on  the  tide  of  the  English,  in  (he  French 
and  Indian  War,  and  in  176)  taught  with  the  Iio^uais  against 
Pontiac.  Subsequently  be  seUled  at  Canajohiiie,  or  Upper 
ltoh»i'kCastIe(in  nhal  is  noH  Montgomery  county,  Ncn  York), 
sherr,  being  ■  devout  churcbnun,  he  devoted  hiniicll  lo 
niaioDaTywork.  and  translated  tbe  Prayer  Book  and  St  Uark's 
Cosptl  in(0  Ibe  Mohawk  tongue  (i?!/)-  Wh"  Cuy  Johnson 
(1740-1788)  succeeded  bis  uncle.  Sir  William,  as  superintendent 
of  Indian  afliin  in  1774,  Btanl  became  his  secrelary.  At  ihe 
oalbreak  of  the  War  of  Independence,  he  remained  loyil,  was 
commisBioned  colonel,  and  organized  and  led  [he  Mohawks  and 
olber  Indians  allied  to  the  British  iBainst  the  setilemenls  on 
the  New  Yoik  (ronlier.  He  look  pin  in  the  Cherry  Valley 
Massacre,  In  (be  attack  on  Minis! nk  and  Ihe  eipedhion  of  General 
St  Lcgtr  whkh  resulted  in  the  battle  of  Oriskany  on  tbe  6th  of 
Anfnst  1777.  After  the  war  he  discouraged  tht  continuance  of 
IniUan  irarfan  on  ibe  frontier,  and  aided  the  commissionen  of 
the  United  Slates  in  securing  treaties  of  peace  with  the  Miamis 
aj>d  other  western  tribes.  Settling  in  Upper  Canada,  he  again 
devoted  UmuII  10  missionary  KOtk  and  In  1 7M  vi  ■  '  ~  ■ 
when  lie  raised  fu 


liTch  was  eTecled  ibe  drst  Episcopal 


leidenbip — and  ol 
(he  British  govetni 


type. 


d  politician  and  diplomat  of  t1 


d  him  by 


See  W.  U  iwne,  u)i  ffJpsepiiB- 


'  Lake  Ontario  on  the  14th 

I!  erected  to  his  memory 
in  bis  honour)  in  i88fi. 

-,     (jvoli.  New  York.  1B3B1 

id  Enlntoa  and  Eliiabrlh  E.  Sedye. 

— ^_—  —     _  _..ioui  Amerkan  Ipduina"  (Maw  York, 

lB79);ailda  Jfegwir  CBrutlonI,  1871). 

BRAHT,  SESA5TIAII  (i4]7'r5'i),  German  fanmanlst  and 
laiirist,  WIS  bom  at  Stniiburg  about  Ibe  year  i4;7.  He  studied 
at  Basel,  took  (be  degree  oI  dflctor  of  laws  in  14S9,  and  lor  some 
lime  held  a  proleasorship  of  juri^rudence  there.  Returning  to 
Sira^sburg,  be  was  made  fyndic  o£  tbe  (own,  and  died  on  the 
lOlh  ol  Uay  1511.  He  first  altncted  altentioa  tn  humanistic 
circles  by  his  Lalin  poetry,  and  edited  many  ecclesiastical  and 
legal  wBiki;  but  be  is  noir  only  known  by  bis  fanooi  aaiire, 
Dai  JVwmu(ibif(i494l,  a  woik  tbe  popularity  and  inHueiice 
of  which  were  not  limited  to  Germany.  Under  (he  fcirm  of  on 
allegory — ashipladenwithloolsandslecrcdbyfools  to  the  fools' 
paradise  ol  Narragonia— Brant  here  lashes  with  unsparing  vigour 
tbe  weaknesKs  and  vices  ol  hit  time.  Alihou^,  like  moat  ol  the 
German  humanists,  essentially  copacrvative  in  his  religioua  views, 
Bnat'a  eya  were  opaD  to  the  abuses  in  Ibe  cburdi,  and  the 
VwTtdvihy  was  a  most  efieclivc  preparation  lor  the  Proteaiant 
Reformation,  Alexander  Barclay's  Ski/  d/  foali  Ujog)  it  a 
ln%  imitation  of  the  German  poem,  and  a  Latin  venioo  by 


♦3« 

Jaovbot  Lodiet  (1407)  nt  bacdly  lot  ptpulu  thn  the  Oenaan 
oti^naL  Then  balaoa  large  <iaaati(y  of  other"  loot  UtBMnre." 
Nigel,  called  WirduT  (a.  1190),  a  Dioak  of  Christ  Church  Priory , 
CantaAury,  wnU  a  talirical  Sptculiim  ihditnm,  in  which  ibe 
aaMllopt  (jmI  <UKiuU*nUd  moak  figured  as  (be  ass  Bruneilua, 
who  wanted  1  longer  lail.  Biunellui,  who  has  been  educated  at 
Faiia,  deddc*  (0  found  an  order  «f  fools,  whkh  sbatl  combinE  the 
good  poiDtt  of  all  (he  eiisting  maoulic  orders.  Cack  L—rU't 
BMe  (piintcd  by  Wyokyn  de  Woide,  f.  i  jio)  is  another  imiutioB 
ol  tht  Hvraudaf.  Cock  Lovell  is  a  fraudulent  cuttlct  who 
gathoa  round  bim  a  laacally  coUeclion  of  tradesmen.  They  tall 
fashion  up  htUand  down  dale  throughout  England. 
nrfcs,  ol  which  tht  chief  was  a  veruon  of  Fieidaak'a 
tiSoS),  an  of  inferior  Interest  and  impom 


5-.'  K? 


I'SSiS 


'I.  Hcrfi^,  Tkc  IMmry  lUaHua  tf 


in  England  ice  etpecully  C.  ...  .._ .,  _ 

Eaimi  a*d  Cinuay  w  (V  iMi  Cnttry  |i 

BRAXTFORD,  a  dly  and  port  ol  entry  of  OnuiM,  Canada, 
on  the  Grand  river,  and  on  the  Grand  Trunk,  and  Toronto, 
Hamilton  k  Buflaki  railways.  The  river  is  navigable  lo  wilbio 
>1  m.  of  tbe  town;  fat  tbe  remaining' distance  a  canal  has  been 
coatlnicted.  Agricul(ural  iniplemenis  plough,  engine,  bicycle 
and  stove  works,  pot(erieI  and  bilge  tajiway  shops  camlKute 
Important  Industrial  eslablisbmenti.    T 


by  (1 


for 

holiest-    The 

of  the  Mohawk  Indian  chie(,  Joseph  Brant  (Thaycndancgea), 
who  aeltled  in  tbe  nei^bouiheod  after  the  American  War 
if  Independence,  in  which  he  had  led  (he  Six  Nations  (Iroquois) 
m  the  British  side.  Tbe  aRialganuied  tribes  ol  the  Sii  Nations 
itill  make  it  tbcir  headquarters,  and  a  monument  lo  Brant  hal 
been  erected  in  Victoria  Square.  Bnntlord  is  one  of  Ihe  most 
Aouriihing  industrial  lownt  ol  tfac  province,  and  ita  popafaition 
role  Irom  q6i6  in  1881  to  10,713  m  1907. 

BRAinUOHAII,  THOMAS  DR  {d.  I3g4),  English  bird 
treasurer  and  bithop  of  Eider,  came  ol  a  Durham  lunily. 
An  older  rcUlive,  Ralph  de  BiaDtiBghom,  had  served  Edwaidll. 
and  Edward  II!.,  aod  Thomas  was  maitc  a  deik  in  the  Ireuuiy. 
Edwardlll.oblainedprcfeinient  for  him  in  Ihe  church,  andliDm 
1361  lo  13&B  he  was  employed  in  France  in  responsible  positions. 
He  was  closely  associated  «Uh  WilUun  ol  Wykeham,  and  while 
the  latter  was  in  powEi  as  chinccllai,  Brantingham  was  lord 
treasurer  (i3fi9-i37i,  ood  IJ77-13S1),  being  made  bishop  ol 
Eietcr  in  IJ70.    He  continued  10  play  a  prominent  pari  in 


■J  for 


:  died  ii 


IS  buried 


Id  Eicter 

BRAKTOME.  PIERRB  SB  BOnilDElI.L&  Seicneuk  4k» 
Asb£  di  t(.  1S40-1614),  French  historian  and  biograiihei,  aat 
bominPtrigordiboiit  1S40.  He  was  the  third  son  □[  (he  haren 
de  Bouideille.  Hii  ntotbei  and  his  maternal  giandmoiher  were 
both  atiacbcd  to  the  court  of  Marguetiie  of  Vdois,  and  at  bcr 
death  in  1549  he  went  to  Paris,  and  later  [ijss)  "•  Poitiera,  lo 
bnisb  hit  education.  He  was  given  several  benefices,  tbe  most 
important  of  which  was  tbe  abbey  of  BtanlOrae  (see  below),  but 
be  had  no  inclination  for  an  ecclesiastical  career.  Al  an  early 
age  he  entered  the  praleauon  of  arms.  He  abowcd  UmKlf 
a  brave  soldier,  and  was  brought  into  conlui  wiih  most  of 
the  great  leados  who  wen  seeking  fanie  or  foriune  in  ibe 
wan  that  distracted  the  continent.  He  tmvelled  much  in 
Italy;  in  Scoiland,  where  he  accompanied  Mary  Stuart  (thea 
tbe  widow  of  Frandi  L);  in  England,  where  he  law  l^ecn 
Eliiabetb  (15611  1579);  in  Morocco  (is^)i  and  in  Spain  and 
Portugal.  He  fought  on  the  galleys  ol  the  order  ol  Malta,  and 
accompanied  his  great  friend,, the  French  commander  Philippe 
Stroaii  (grandaon  of  Filippo  Stroa^i,  tfac  Italian  general,  and 
nephew  ol  Fieta),  in  bis  tipcdiiion  against  Torceira,in  which 
Stroiii  was  kaied  (ijSi).  During  Ibe  wars  ol  leligian  undci 
Charles  IX.  be  fought  in  tbe  lankt  ol  the  Calholici,  but  bo 
alloaed  tumseU  to  be  won  ovei  temporarily  \y  the  ide^i  of  ibt 


♦32 


BRANTOME— BRASIDAS 


KlomeR,  ud  Ifaoufli  be  pubHcty  wpumied  binurJI  Inn 
PnuciUnlism  il  faid  m  Buriied  cBki  on  bii  mind.  A  fill  from 
his  hone  oHnpdlcd  him  to  Rtlit  into  private  life  aboui  i  JB9, 
md  lie  ipcDt  hii  last  yninin  writiDfliii  ifnwu't  of  ibc  ilJiHtiioia 
nuB  ind  namcii  vboiD  be  had  knswD.  Hediedcatbi  istiioljiily 

BnntAnK  Mt  dfatiact  otden  that  Ua  nuuiuacript  aboiU' 
be  printed;  a  fint  adilioD  appeared,  iwwevet,  late  (iMs-iMt) 
and  not  vei?  conplele.  Of  the  later  editioiu  the  mou  valuable 
lie:  one  in  ij  voluma  (i;40):  another  by  Louii  Jean  Niiotas 
MDnmerquf  (1780-1860)  in  S  votuma  (1811-1314).  npioduced 
in  Buchu'i  PanMen  lUUrain;  that  of  the  BfMolWfM  tlu- 
litinuu,  begun  {ii;8)  by  P.  Mtrimteand  L.  Laont.andfinidted, 
will)  vat,  aiii.,  only  in  iSgj;  and  LalanDe'i  edition  lor  lh« 
SkiM  tic  I'HiitoiTe  de  France  (11  vols.,  1S64-1S96).  Brantfimc 
can  hardiy  be  legatded  ai  a  historian  proper,  and  hii  ifoKsiri 
cannot  b*  accepted  as  a  very  irusiwonhy  lource  ol  information. 
But  he  writei  in  a  quaint  conversational  way,  pouring  forth  hb 
thoughts,  objervalionj  or  facta  without  order  or  sysleni,  and 
with  the  gieateit  Iraninns  and  nalvelf.  Hii  worka  ctrtoinly 
gave  an  admirable  picture  of  the  general  court-life  of  the  time, 
milh  ill  unblushing  and  undisguised  prolligacy.  There  is  not 
a  iamw  iUntlTe  or  a  dame  talaule  in  all  hb  gallery  of  porttaili 
who  b  not  stained  whb  vice;  and  yel  the  whole  is  narrated 
with  the  most  coniplete  unconsdousnen  that  there  is  anything 
objcciionable  in  their  cosdact. 

The  edition  of  U  LahiMW  hn  treat  merii.  bein;  the  <iru  10  isdiraie 
the  SplDuh,  tulian  and  French  SDurcn  on  which  BranlAme  drew. 

At  Paria  and  at  Chaniilly  (Minfe  CaaM)  u1)  Brar^me'i  origliui 
MSS.,  »■  reviaeil  by_  Win  Kvenl  timet,  are  now  collected  (»e  (he 


Ulanw'i  tdllnn. 
BRAHTOK B,  a  to 


[n  tbe  depart- 


»ay.     Pop.  (i»o6)  iJjo.    The  to 
itandinihcrii      '■ 


I.  N.  by  W.  of  Pirigneui  by  11 


le  abbey,  froi 


of  an  abbey  founded  by  Choiiemagne  aboi 
deitroyed  by  the  Normans.  The  oldcM  enisling  portion  b  a 
iquare  tower  dating  Irora  the  nth  century,  built  upon  a  rock 
beside  the  church  which  it  overlooks.  It  coramnniotn  by  a 
staircase  with  the  church,  a  rectangular  bnilding  partly  Roman- 
esque, partly  Gothic,  to  (he  west  of  which  are  the  renlaini  ol  a 
doister.  Tlie  abbey  buitdinci  date  item  the  iSth  century,  and 
now  serve  as  hfitel-de-ville,  ma^tralute  and  schooli.  Caves  in 
the  neighbouring  rocks  were  inhabited  by  the  nonhs  before  the 
buihling  of  the  abbeys  one  ol  them,  used  aa  an  oratory,  con- 
taint  curious  carvings,  representing  the  Last  Jud^ent  and  the 
CmciGiion.  In  the  middle  of  the  ifitta  century  Pierre  de  Sotir- 
dellle  e«me  into  po) 
name  ol  Bninl6me. 

BrantOme  has  lome  old  houses  and  a  dmrcb  of  tbe  i$tfa 
century,  which  was  once  fbrtilied  and  it  now  used  as  a  oarkct. 
TtnOles  are  the  chief  article  of  conimercei  and  there  are  quanies 
o(  freestone  in  the  neighbourhood.  Tbe  dolmen  irbich  b  known 
aa  Pierre-Levfc,  to  the  east  ol  the  town,  r!  (he  most  remarkable 
in  Pfrigord. 

BSAMXHOUi,  or  BMKXsailE,  a  feudal  caitle,  now  nodcm- 
iied,  and  an  ancient  seat  of  the  Bucckuciis,  on  ibe  Tevlot, 
jm.S.W,  of  Hawick,  Xoibar^, Scotland.  Itwaa  atBcankioine 
Kail  that  Sir  Waller  Scott  laid  tbe  tcene  lA  Tki  Lay  tf  Oa  Lad 
Uinrifd. 

BHAMZnM,  or  BaAXmoH,  a  viQage  of  Northumberland, 
En^nd,  lof  m.  E.  by  N.  of  KctsD,  and  I  m.  E.S.E.  of  Coldslream, 
■nd  10  in.  N.W.  of  Wooler.  It  was  on  Branxton  Hill,  immedi- 
Mriy  south  ol  tbe  village,  that  tbe  battle  ol  Flodden  (f.t.)  was 
fought  between  the  En^iah  and  (be  Scots  on  the  9th  of  Sqitember 
ijij.  DaHng  the  fight  the  Scots  centre  pushed  as  far  as 
Bianiton  church,  but  "  tbe  King's  Stone,"  which  lies  N.W.  of 
11k  church  and  ti  popularly  supposed  to  mark  the  spot  where 


es  IV.  Il 


m  thci 


ol  the  battle;  U  Is  believed  In  icitlly  to  Suit  the  aepulchre 
of  a  chieftain,  whose  name  had  abeady  perished  fn  the  i6th 
century.  Branitoa  church,  dedtcaled  (a  St  Paul,  was  rebuilt 
in  iS4q  in  Norman  style,  Of  tbe  older  building  nothing 
remains  save  the  chancel  arch. 

■BAftS^  WILUAK  DB  (d.  IIii),  lord  of  Brecknock,  Radnor 
and  Umerkk,  spent  the  eaity  part  of  hb  life  fighting  (he  Wclcli 
In  Radnofibin.  He  was  bif^  in  King  John's  favour,  received  it 
lafge  nunbtt  of  honours,  and  was  even  given  the  custody  ol 
Prince  Arthur.  But  John  and  he  quairrUed,  probably  over 
money  (ijoj).  In  iiog  John  began  to  empect  the  BdeBtyoi  the 
whole  family,  and  William  had  to  fly  (o  Ireland.  After  a  number 
of  attempted  rccimclliitions,  he  waa  au1lawed(r>io)and  died 
at  Corbeil  (iiii).  It  a  said  (hat  bb  wife  and  son  mtt  starved 
10  death  by  John, 

See  Ftolira.  i.  1071  BiilHri  da  dtci  (ed.  Michel).  Welidovcr: 
Kate  Noigate'i  J<iia  Lacklmii. 

A  descendant,  William  de  Bttose  [d.  ija6),  lord'of  Gowtr, 
was  a  devoted  folbwel  o[  Edward  I.,  and  in  1299  was  surarooncd 
to  parliament  as  boron  de  Braosci  and  hb  nephew  Humas 
de  Braoae  (d.  ij6i}  alu  distinguished  himself  in  the  wars  and 
was  summoned  ai  baroo  de  Braoee  in  1^2.  Thb  btt^  barony 
became  extinct  in  1399;  but  a  claim  to  the  barony  ol  William 
de  Braosc,  whicb,  at  he  had  no  son.  fell  into  abeyance  between 
bis  two  daughters  and  co-heirs.  Alioti  (wife  of  Lord  Mowbray) 
and  Joan  (wife  of  John  de  Bobun).  01  tbeir  descendants,  may 
slili  be  traced  by  careful  genealo^sts  in  various  noble  Englith 

BRASCASUT,  JACQUES  RATHOHD  (iga4-iU7].  French 
painter,  was  bom  at  fiordeaui.  and  studied  art  in  Paris,  where 
in  iSi$  he  tion  a  piii  it  Rtmt  with  a  juctuic  ("  Chaise  de 
Mfliagie  ")  now  in  the  Bordeaux  gallery.  He  went  to  Italy 
and  painted  a  number  of  lantlscapes  which  were  exhibited 
between  iSi;  and  iSj5;  but  aubiequcnily  he  devoted  himself 
mainly  to  animal-painling,  in  which  hb  reputation  ai  an  artist 
was  made.  Hb  "Luttc  de  taureaux"  (1S17),  10  the  mnilt 
at  Nantes,  and  hb  "  Vache  ailaquEe  par  des  loups  "  (1S4S}. 
in  the  Lcipdg  museum,  were  perhaps  tbe  best  ol  his  pictures; 
but  be  was  renutfcable  for  his  accuracy  of  observation  and 
correct  drawing.  He  was  elected  a  member  of  the  laititule 
in  1846.     He  died  at  Paris  on  the  iSth  of  February  iS6j. 

BRAS  D'OH.  a  hmdlocked  and  tidcleu  gull  or  lake  of  higb 
irregular  outline.  50  m.  long  by  20  m.  broad,  almost  aepaiating 
Cape  Breton  Island  (province  of  Nova  Scotia,  Canada)  into 
two  parts.  A  ship  canal  acrou  the  isthmus  (about  i  m.  wide) 
complete!  tbe  leverancc  of  the  island.  The  entrance  to  tho 
gulf  is  on  tbe  N.E.  coati  of  the  island,  and  it  ii  connected  wills 
tbe  Atlantic  by  the  Great  and  Little  Brat  d'Or  channett,  which 
arc  divided  by  Boulardcire  Island.  One  channel  is  15  m-  lon^ 
and  ffom  }  m.  (o  3  bl  broad,  but  is  of  litlJe  depth,  the  other 
(usedbyihipping)ia]2m.long,  I  (oi{  m,  wide,  and  hasa  depth 
of  to  fatluima.  The  gulf  or  lake  is  illeli  divided  into  (wo  basins, 
the  Inner  waters  being  known  as  the  Great  Bras  d'Or  Lake. 
The  waters  are  generally  fnnn  12  to  60  fathoms  deep,  but  In 
the  outer  buln  (known  as  Ibe  Little  Bras  d'Or  Lake)  are  sotmd- 
mgs  said  to  reach  neatiy  700  ft.  The  ibores  of  the  gulf  an  very 
picturesque  and  well  wocidcd  and  have  attracted  many  (onrilts. 
Sea  fishing  (cod,  msckeiel.  &c.)  is  tbe  ddef  Industry,  ne 
name  b  said  to  be  a  corruption  of  an  IndUn  word,  but  it  assumed 
its  present  form  during  tbe  French  occupalionof  Cape  Breton 
Idand. 

BRASDOB,  FIKttU  (1721-^1799),  Ficnch  surgeon,  wa*  bna 
tn  the  province  of  Maine;  He  to<^  his  degree  In  Paris  at  mailn 
of  surgery  in  i ;  ji,  and  was  appdnled  re^us  professor  of  anatomy 
and  director  ol  (he  Academy  of  Surgery.  He  was  a  skilful  operator, 
whose  name  was  long  attached  to  a  ligature  of  hb  invention; 
and  be  was  an  ardent  advocate  of  Inoculation.  He  died  In  Parji 
on  the  sStb  of  September  1799. 

BRASIDAS  (d,4i>  B.C.},  a  Spartan  officer  during  tbe'  Brit 
decade  of  (he  Fdopotinesian  War,  He  was  tbe  son  of  Tellls  and 
Anpleonb,  and  won  hb  fiist  laurels  by  the  relict  of  Methone. 
B.C.).    Durint  tb« 


BRASSES,  MONUMENTAL 


Fig,    I.  —  Sir    John 

D'Abernon,  1177.  Stoke 
D'Abemon,  Surrey. 


Fig.  3.— Henry  de  Fig.  4.— Sir  Nicholas 
Grofbimt,  c.  1330.  Burnell,  1382.  Acton 
Horsemonden,  Kent.     Burnell,  Shropshire. 


Fig.  5.  —  MarKsre 
Lady  Cobham,  :38s 
Cobham,  Kent. 

Fill.  1  •ndSfnim  WaJIrT'l  .U>| 


Fig.  6. — Sir  John  Corp  and  Eleanor, 

his  grand-daughter,  1391, 1361.  Stoke 
Fleming,  Devonshire. 


Fig.  ;. — ^Sir  Symon  de  Felbrigge 
and  Margaret  his  wife,  1400. 
Felbrigge,  Norfolk. 


BRASSES,  MONUMENTAL 


Fig.  I.— Thomas  de  Beauchamp, 
Earl  oE  Waru-ick  and  Lady,  1406  and 
1401.    St.  Mary's  Church,  Warwick. 


Fig.  2. — -Thomas  Cran- 
ley,  Archbishop  of  Dublin, 
1417.  NewCoUege.Oxford. 


Fig.  3.— Sir  William  Vernon  and 
l^dy  1467.    Tong  Church,  Slirop- 


Fig.  4.— John  Shelley  Kaq., 
and  his  wife  Elizabeth,  1513- 
ham,  Sussex. 


Fig.  5. — Dame  Mar- 
garet Chute,  1614. 
Nlardon,  Herefordshire. 


I    .  ViVUlVK 


iv. 


BRASS 

:  ytu  be  Mc«f  U  ivit  been  tponynam  ephor  (X«. 

oners  (su/i^uXih)  la  advise  the  sdrninl  Cnemui.  As 
he  distinguished  himseir  in  the  uuull  on  the  Athenian 
It  Pylos,  during  vbich  he  vu  sevenly  wounded  (Thuc 


c  next  year,  while  Bruidu  miulend  4  Torce  at  C 
lor  ■  mjipn'iga  in  Thrace,  be  frustrated  in  Athenian  utt; 
Megira  (Thuc  iv.  70-;i],  and  immediately  aderwardi  m. 
through  Thcjuty  at  Ibe  head  of  70a  helots  and  1000  Pe 
ncsian  metcenaiics  10  join  the  Macedonian  king  Fen 
Rciusing  la  be  made  a  tool  for  the  [uTihirance  o(  Peid 
ambitions.  BrafiiOai  lel  about  the  accomplishment  oF  his 
object.andipartJy  by  the  rapidity  and  boldncas  of  his  movci 
partly  by  hijpenonal  charm  and  the  moden lion  ol  bis  den 
Mcceeded  during  the  course  ol  the  winter  in  winning  ov 
Important  cilia  ol  Acanthus,  Slaginis,  Amphipolis  and  1 


[oili 


Athcn 


a  by  the  arrival  of  Thucydide 
n  Athenian  squadron.  In  the  s 
ed  between  Athens  and  Spatta, 
trilled  by  Braii" 


s,  the  hist 


::lared,  r 


give  I 


which,  the 


id  by  hij  occupation  ol  Mende  shortly  afti 
Athenian  Heel  under  Niciaj  and  Nicostratui  recovered  Mende 
and  blockaded  Scione,  which  felt  two  yean  later  (411  B.C.). 
Meanwhile  Braaidas  Joined  Perdiccaa  [n  a  campaign  against 
Arrhabaeus,  king  of  the  LynccstI,  who  wa*  severely  defeated. 
On  the  approach  of  a  body  of  lllyrians,  who,  though  summoned 
by  Perdiccu,  uneipeclcdiy  declared  lor  Arrhabaeus,  the  Mace- 
donian! Bed,  and  Btasidai'i  force  was  rescued  from  a  critical 
position  only  by  bis  coolness  and  ability.  This  brought  toa  head 
the  quarrel  between  Braiidai  and  Perdiccas,  who  promptly 
concluded  a  treaty  with  Aiheni,  of  which  tome  fragments  have 
aurvived  (I.C.  i,  4J). 

In  April  411  the  truce  wilh  Sparta  expired,  and  in  the  lime 

Toronc  and  Oalepsus  and  prepared  for  an  attack  on  Amphipolis. 
But  a  carelessly  condticted  reconnaissance  gave  Brasidas  the 
crqnrtunily  lor  a  vigoioui  and  siicccsslul  sally.  The  Aihenim 
army  was  routed  with  ■  loss  ol  600  men  and  Cleon  was  slain. 
On  the  Spartan  side  only  kvcd  men  are  said  to  have  fallen,  but 
amongst  them  was  Bnsidaa.  He  was  buried  at  Amphipolii 
sive  pwnp,  and  for  the  future  was  regarded  as  the 
ua-rrfi)  of  the  city  and  honoured  with  yearly  games 
3  (Thuc.  iv.  7S-V.  11).  Atjpatu  a  cenoliph  was 
d  Lajnidaa. 


d  yearly  s| 


I  celebrat 


;h  only  Sparliaics  CO 

Brasidas  united  in  himself  the  personal  courage  d 
ol  Sparta  with  those  virtues  In  which  the  typical  i 
most  lignally  lacking.  He  was  quick  in  ftnning  hi 
carried  then  out  without  delay  or  heaiui ion.  With  1 
power  rare  unongit  the  Lacedaemoniins  he  comb 
ciliatoiy  manner  which  everywhere  won  irieadi  tor 
for  Sparta  (Thuc.  iv.81). 

Sec  in  particular  Thix^idei.  iU-v.;  what  Diodorv- 
ouinly  oralofical  elaboration  or^t 


tot  ctrrtceic.f.  those  0 
u  ...  .J,  Schin— '-' —  "-  - 
i(™w  (Marbun.,     ,.. 

'  "     '  lof  •oulhemlfigei 


:iJat  SparloMl 


West  Africa.  The  Brass  river  ii 
the  Niger,  lying  east  of  the  Rio  Nun  or  main'channet  of  the  rivet. 
From  the  point  of  divergence  from  the  main  stream  lo  the  aea 
(he  Bran  has  >  course  of  about  100  m,,  its  mouth  being  in 
6°  10'  E..  4'  jj'  K.  Brits  Iohr  is  a  flourishing  trading  settle- 
ment al  the  mouth  of  the  river.  It  is  the  headquarters  of  a  dis- 
Iriet  commissIoRcr  and  the  seal  of  a  native  court.  Its  most 
iD/apKaovt  building  is  a  fine  church,  the  gilt  of  a  native  chief. 
The  capital  of  the  Brass  tribes  is  NimW,  jo  m.  up  river. 
~  The  Bran  river,  called  by  its  Portuguese  discc^rers  the  Rto 
Bento,  Is  said  lo  have  received  its  English  name  from  the  brass 


rods  and  other  bian  utcnub  Emporlcil  by  lb«  eu4y  ttwlets  is 
eichangelorpalmoUandtUves.  Tlie Brass nalives. of  the  pan 
negro  type,  were  noted  lot  their  savage  character.  IniSsd  Iheii 
chiefs  concluded  a  treaty  with  Great  Britain  Bgrteing  to  give 
up  ths  slave-trade  in  exchange  for  a  duly  on  the  pAln-oil 
eiponed.  Finding  thcil  prufitable  businco  as  middlemen 
between  the  up-river  producer  and  the  eiponer  threatened  by 
the  appearance  ol  European  tiaden,  they  made  IneSecUvt 
complainii  lo  the  Britiab  authorities.  The  eitablitbmtilt  of  tb« 
Soyai  Niger  Company  led  to  further  loia  ol  trade,  ami  on  tb« 
igtb  ol  January  i39j  Ibe  native*  Ulacked  and  sacked  the 
company's  sution  at  Akaaia  on  the  Rie  Nun,  over  forty 
piisonen  being  killed  and  eaten  as  a  sacriAce  lo  Ihe  fetnh  gadi. 
In  Ihe  loUowing  month  a  punitive  eipedilion  partially  deilroyed 
Nimbj.  and  ->  heavy  £ne  wai  paid  by  Ihe  Brasa  chieli.  Since 
the  a  the  country  has  settled  down  under  Brilish  adminlalnlion. 
.The  trade  regulations  of  which  complainl  had  been  made  were 
removed  In  i«oo  on  the  edabliibmeni  of  the  protectorate  li 

inTorqialion  concerniniT  the  country  and  people  will  be 
ie  BipoH  hj  Sir  JalM  Kifk  n  lit  biUuHULti  at  Bku 


(AJria 


.1896). 


BBA5S  (0.  £ng.  triiei),  an  alloy  comiuini  mainly  il  not 
exclusively  of  copper  and  linc^  in  its  older  use  the  tern  was 

(a.r.).  Thus  the  braisol  the  Bible  was  probably  bronle.  Ind  ■> 
also  was  much  of  the  brass  of  later  lines,  uniil  the  diitincllon 
between  line  and  tin  became  clearly  recogniied.  The  Latin 
w<4d  an  signifies  cither  purr  copper  or  bnsuc,  not  brass,  but 
'     "  idcdabraucompoundot  copper  andi' 


which  Pliny 
xl  by  the  aid  of  cadntia  (a  mineral 


la 

England  th 

re  is  good  evide 

brass 

oF   Ih 

ury,  for  Queen 

Eliia 

elhbypate 

t  granted 

0  Willi 

d  Humf  rey 

and  Christopher 

Schu 

I  the  cidu 

sive  right 

ol  wor 

king  calam 

ne  and  makii^ 

brass, 

This  rigli 

s,bsequc 

body  called  the 

"Co 

crnors,  Assi 

Socicl 

y  of  London  of 

and 

QC  the  Min 

ral  and  B 

llcry  \ 

'orks,"  wh 

ch  continued  la 

ilsfum 


to  they 


It,  the  colour  ol  btian 
is  reddish,  as  in  iamlHu  oi  red  brasi.  which  contains  about  10%. 
With  about  io%  the  colour  becomes  more  yellow,  and  a  series 

such  are  Dulik  tiulal,  Uanakem  (ifd,  limitur  and  pinMat,  the 
last  deriving  its  name  from  a  London  dockmaket,  Chiisiopher 
Pinchbeck,  who  Invented  it  in  ini.  Ordinary  brass  contains 
about  3B  %  ol  line,  and  when  40  %  Is  present,  as  in  JfmUi, 
yillim  or  paltiil  metal  (Invented  by  G.  F.  Munti  in  iSjO,  the 
colour  becomes  a  full  yellow-  When  the  proportion  of  ainc  is 
largely  increased  the  colour  becomes  silver-white  and  finally 
grey.  The  limit  of  elasticity  increases  with  the  percentage  st 
line,  as  also  docs  the  amount  ol  elongation  before  fracture,  Ibe 
maximum  occurring  with  JO  %.  The  tensdly  incieaseswiihihe 
proportion  of  ainc  up  to  a  maximum  with  45  %;  then  il  decreases 
rapidly,  and  with  50%  the  metals  aie  fragile.  By  varying  ihe 
proporlioq  between  30  and  43  %  a  scries  of  alloys  may  be  pre- 
pared presenting  very  varied  properties.    The  most  maileabk 

strength  of  17-5  Ions  per  sq.  in.  Increase  In  the  proporliod  of 
line  gives  higher  tensile  strength,  accompanied,  however,  by  » 
smaller  percentage  of  elongation  and  a  materially  increased 

zinc  alloys  is  improved  by  the  addition  of  a  small  quantity  o( 

Aich's  metal  and  delta  metal.  Of  the  latter  thtn  aie  several 
varieties,  modi5rd  in  composition  to  stiit  different  purposes. 
Some  of  them  possess  high  tensile  strenf  h  and  ductility.  They 
ate  reinarkably  resistant  to  corrosion  by  sea-water,  and  are  well 
lulled  lor  screw-propellen  as  wril  as  tor  pump-plungers,  pntons 
and  glands.    Heated  to  ■  duU  red  delta  aelaJ  becomes  malleable 


BRASSES— BRASSEUR  DE  BOURBOURO 


ud  an  bt  micknl  under  the  hunintt.  prat  ci  sumpi.  By 
inch  iRmtriKDI  ma  uleiautt  teruilf  iir«a£th  of  ja  toni  pn  sq.  Id. 
nay  be  obuined,  with  in  tloD|Uion  o(  ji  %  in  >  in.  ud  a  om- 
taclion  ol  «»a  of  ia%- 

In  the  iTta  brui  ii  a  raoit  important  and  widely  lucd  alloy. 
At  ojtapaRd  with  copper  iu  lupenor  hardoeu  rnakn  it  wear 
belUr,  while  being  moie  fusible  it  can  be  cast  with  greater 
facihty.  It  ia  readily  drawn  into  fine  wire,  and  lonncd  into 
roUed  thMU  ud  ndi  which  are  machined  into  a  huge  number 
of  meful  aod  omajDental  articles.  It  ii  susceptible  of  a  fine 
fotiA,  but  lami>hes  with  eiposuie  to  the  air;  the  brilliancy  of 
the  surface  can,  however,  be  prcscmd  it  the  metal  is  thoroughly 
daned  by  "  dipping  "  in  nitric  acid  and  "  lacquered  "  wilb  a 
ooating  of  varnish  consisting  ttf  lecd-tac  dissolved  in  spirit. 

BBASSB,  MDHDMBHTAU  a  qiccies  ol  engraved  sepulchral 
memorlilB  which  in  the  early  part  of  the  ijlh  century  began  lo 
take  the  place  of  tombs  and  effi^ci  carved  in  stone.     Made  of 
hard  laOtn  or  sheet  brass,  let  into  the  pavement,  and  Ihul 
forming  no  obstruction  in  the  (pea  required  (or  the  mvim  of 
the  church,  they  speedily  came  into  geneial  use,  and  coniinoed 
lo  be  a  favourite  ttylc  ol  sepulchral  memorial  for  three  ccniuiis. 
Besides  thdr  great  value  *>  bislorioJ  monuments,  thsy  *rt 
interesting  at  lulhentic  contemponicy  evidence  o[  the  varictiei 
of  amour  and  cosiume,  or  the  prculiaiitiei  of  palaeogriphy 
■Bd  heraldic  designs,  and  they  are  often  the  only  authorititi 
records  of  the  intrkAie  details  of  lamiiy  history.     Although  t 
Intrinsic  value  of  the  nxtat  has  unfortunately  contributed  to  t 
wholesale  spoliation  of  these  interesting  monuments,  tbey  a 
ItlU  found  in  remarlLable  profusion  in  England,  and  they  were 
one  time  equally  common  in  France.  Germany  and  the  Lt 
Countries.    In  France,  however,  those  that  survived  the  ttoubl 
of  the  i6tb  century  were  totally  swept  away  during  the  reign 

supplied  by  the  collection  of  drawings  bequeathed  by  Gougb 
the  Bodleian  library.  The  fine  memorial)  ol  the  royal  hoosc  ol 
Saiony  in  the  calhedrtds  of  Meissen  and  Freiberg  aie  the  most 
utiiiic  and  striking  busses  in  Genmny,  Among  the  ijth- 
ceniury  eitnpks  eiiiilng  in  German  churches  are  tlK  fult-length 
memorials  of  Yso  von  Wclpe.  bishop  of  Vetden  (iiii}.i  '  ' 
Bernard,  bishop  of  Paderborn  {1J40).  Many  fine  Flcntlsh 
specimens  eiist  io  Belgium,  especijily  at  Bruges.  Only  two  or 
three  eaamples,  and  these  of  late  date,  are  known  in  Scotland, 
among  which  are  the  memorials  of  Aleiander  Cockbum  (is^) 
at  Omiston^  of  the  regent  Murray  (1569)  In  the  collegiate 
thorch  of  Si  Giles,  Edinburgh^  and  cl  the  Minto  family  (1605) 
bi  the  south  lisle  of  the  nave  ol  Glasgow  cathedral    England  i 

these  Interesting  memorials,  of  which  it  ii  calculated  th^t  ther 

has  been  frerjuently  adduced  in  support  ol  the  opinion  that  the 
Men  of  Flemish  manufacture.  But  in  the  ilays  when  sepulchre 
brasses  were  most  in  fashion  tfae  eastern  counties  of  England  wer 
full  of  oommerclol  activity  and  wealth.  Bnd  nowhere  do  the  er 
graved  memoriatl  of  dviliont  and  ptospetous  merchants  moi 
abound  than  in  the  churches  of  Ipswich,  Norwich.  Lynn  >n 
Lincoln.  Flemish  brasses  do  occur  in  England,  but  they  wer 
never  numetmis,  and  they  are  ftadily  distinguished  from  ihui 
of  tiativeworkmatDhip.  The  Flemish  examples  have  the  ligur< 
engraved  in  the  centre  of  a  Urge  plate,  the  background  tiled  i 
with  rGapeted  ot  sctoll  work,  and  the  inscription  placed  roun 
flie  edge  of  the  plate.  The  English  examples  have  the  figun 
nit  mil  lo  the  outline  and  inscried  in  corresponding  cavities  i 
the  llab,  the  darker  colour  of  the  stone  serving  as  a  backgrouni 
tUs  is  not  an  invariable  distinction,  however,  as  "  figuri 
brasses"  of  Flemish  origin  arc  found  both  at  Bruges  and  i 
England,  But  the  character  ol  the  engrat^ng  is  constant,  tli 
Flemish  work  being  more  florid  in  design,  the  lines  sballowc 
and  the  broad  lines  cut  with  a  chisel-pointed  tool  instead  of  tbe 
loience-shaped  burin.  The  brass  of  Robert  Hallum,  tnshop  of 
Sallsbuiy,  the  envoy  of  Henry  V.  to  the  council  ol  C:oni 
)riu  died  sad  was  Interred  there  ta  1416,  precisely  ICH 


the  brasses  of  Knglind  i 


1  specimi 


e  peculiarities  whkb 
Ens.    Scarcely  ai       ' 


if  the  h 


Mist  in  England  can  be  confidently  referred  to  the 
he  ijlh  century,  though  several  undouh^  examplei 
•d  are  on  record.  The  tull-siicd  brass  ol  Sir  John 
■t  Stoke  d'Abcrnon  In  Surrey  (c.  ii;j}  has  the 
of  the  shield  filled  in  with  a  spedes  of  enamcL 
Other  eiunples  of  this  occur,  and  the  probability  Jl,  thai,  ia 
ses,  the  Unes  of  the  engraving  were  filled  with  colouring- 
.  though  brass  would  scarcely  bear  tbe  beat  requisite  lo 
fuse  the  ordinary  cm mcls.  A  wcU-tnown  ijlh-centuryeiample 
ol  Sir  Roger  de  Tmmpington  {(.  IJ(o),  who  accompanied 
Edward  iii  his  eipedition  to  Palestine  and  is  represented 
cross-legged.  About  half  a  doien  iristances  ol  this  peculiarity 
known-  The  r^th-century  brasses  are  much  more  numerous, 
I  prcKnt  a  remarkable  variety  in  their  details.  The  finest 
specimen  is  that  of  Nicholas  Lord  Bumell  (ijij)  in  the  church  of 
*  "  "  Shropshire,  In  the  ijlh  century  the  design  (nd 
nonumenlat  brasses  had  atuincd  tbdi  highest 
The  beautiful  brass  of  Thoniu  Btauclunip,  eul  of 


:k(di4 


■),an 


ieMart 


the  tomb  in  St  Mary's  church.  Wan 
'  '  e  best  specimens  of  lUale  ai 
tUs8)  Ir 


,  which  fo 


n  Castle  B 


striking  ei 
iiour  is  that  of  Sir  Robert 
in  church,  Leicestershire, 
ana  one  ot  tne  nnesl  existing  tiraiscs  ol  eccleaistlin  is  that  of 
Abbot  de  la  Mare  of  St  Albans.  Il  is  only  in  the  i6Ih  ceotuiy 
that  the  engraved  representations  become  poruoits.  I>ievious  la 
thai  period  the  features  were  invariably  reprcscalld  convention- 
ally, though  sometimes  personal  pcculiatities  were  given.  A 
laige  number  ol  brasses  in  England  an  peHmtailt,  the  back  of 
an  ancient  brass  having  been  engraved  for  the  more  recent 
mcmoriiL  Thus  a  brass  commeownlive  of  Margaret  BuUirotle 
(isio)  at  Kedgerley,  on  being  removed  from  its  position,  was 
discovered  to  have  been  previously  the  memorial  of  Thomas 
Totynglon,  abbot  of  St  Edmunds,  Bury  (iji  j).  The  abbey  wit 
only  surrendered  lo  Henry  Vlll.  in  isjo,  so  that  before  the  year 
was  out  the  work  of  s|>oliation  had  begun,  and  the  abbot's  hrasi 
had  been  removed  and  re-engraved  to  Margaret  Bulstrode.     In 


>r  the  free 


thus  been  stolen  . 


:leil  alter  being  engraved  on  the 

umpstcad,  it  may  be  remarked  thai  all  tbn 
England  previous  to  tiie  establishment  of  a 
Lcr  by  a  German  in  1640,  had  lo  be  imported 


IS  (Oxford,  1848):  Boure! 

ivines  on  wood,  folio  (London,  1640); 
Kf.  V  H.  HaiiK*  Il  volt  «vo.  ItAl);  V 


Mmml  Biauti  n  £ufsK^  fLosdon  and  niToid.  Parkers.  iKi); 
iinumitiul  BraiuTby  H.  W.  MscUin  (Svo,  iSqo):  TH  B-aiui 
c/  E>itlj>i.f,  by  H.  W.  Macklin  («va.  London,  tgo;).  ()}  EngUh 
Counties:  Coimin's  Eniminii  ^  Hit  mail  AmrliMe  «f  lb  Srpml. 
ckrai  Braia  tl  HtrtM  Un,  London,  ltli~iSi6;  and  lecoBd 
•diiign,  wiih  piMM  and  notes  by  Mtyikk,  Albert  Way  am  Sir  HBtto 


Sniiri  t{  HMkampUnMrt.  by  T. 
Ummmtuul  Brasiri  of  lyillitire.  by  O.  ni 
Ariklutltnl  end  Htmnrtiat  Nela  ^»i  Cli 

^  A.  C.  Hill  ISva. " ' 

e.  H.  W.  Dunltei   ' 


i  of  C. 


W.  Dunlten  (ilo,  London.  lUll:  ifmiiiHUif  BnuHJ  ef 
wtHMU^iH  aW  HtrifardiUn.  ed  by  C.  T.  Davis  (i  BSi) ;  KmliA 
Bnuii,  by  W.  D.  Bekher  (41a.  London,  >B88) :  I.in  e/  Utmrnrnmlal 
BrtM  ■■  lb  OrnMy  tf  tItifM.  by  the  Bev,  E,  Famr  (Noiwich. 
1890)1  Til  Umuminlal  Braaii  ct  Untaikvi  aid  ClHMn,  by 
limet  Thoriby  [Svo,  Hull,  1S91):  JiltmumnMi  BnuHi  »  lit 
iKtfmMifr  ri.«»M.  hy  Grace  tiherwood  (Bvo.  London,  1906), 
I  lart*  colkelion  of  nibbln[s  ul  iprelil  inleiell  and  value.  (3) 
Feieiin;  Mnnmtubl  Bnuirs  nrf  /■cilr^  SMi  In  Bttpi^  (8vo, 
1849)1  Bh*i  1/  AkiimiIii  *r  ifHHuuM  Broitu  tf  llu  QMianl 
</E«f.*t.  lolia  (i3S<),  by  Ihe  Rev.  W.  F.  Cieeny 

BRASSEUB  DE  BOnRBOtmO.  CHARLES  fiTIEKHB  (1(14- 
1874),  Belgian  ethnographer,  was  bom  at  Bouiboutg,  neai 
Dunkirk,  on  the  8ih of  September  iSi«.  Heentcred  IheRonua 
Catholic  priesthood,  was  professor  ol  ecclesiastical  history  in  the 
Quebec  semiotTy  in  1S4J,  vicar-genecal  11  Boston  in  lSt6.  and 
Ifom  1S48  to  i86j  travelled  as  a  missionary,  chiefly  ia  llMica 


'  6RASSEY^-BKASS6 


43S 


•ad  CiBtnl  AnericL    Be  ^vi  gteu  UtcntioB  to  Mudou 

■niiquitia,pubIisKHlini3j7--i5j9*hblaryol  AMecdvUiulian. 
ud  fiwn  iS(i  to  iIl&i*dil«ia<DUccl>(>nof  ddcuintnu  iatha 
iadi<eiK»u  laoguiiu.  In  iWj  b«  tiuwiuiced  thig  dittovay  al 
>  k<y  te  Mniun  hinojilyphu:  uiiling,  but  lu  value  b  my 
quolioniiUc.  lniU4hcwa(arctiwalagi(itotheFrerKhinililu]F 
tipcditian  in  Meiico,  ind  hi>  UimiimttiU  OKirxi  ^*  iferifw 
Htpublisbcd  by  the  Fieocfe  Guveinsiflil  is  i(M.  Ptrtupthii 
grulnt  Kiviu  *u  the  publicaiw*  in  iS6i  of  >  Ficndi  Uiiula- 
lioa  of  the  Poftl  ('i«i,  ■  Mcred  book  at  tbc  QuicU  IndiAiu, 
together  with  a  Quithi  ttunmu,  mi  u  Buy  on  Centnl 
mylholasy'    In  1S71  be  bcoughlout  hb  SiVitifUfu 


llis  duJpkeimcDl  o(  Indian  piclun-wtiting  in  hil  Itammrrit 
FiHiu,  iludti  inr  h  lyilimt  paptiqHe  tl  la  Uaft  da  ilaym. 
He  died  al  Nke  so  the  Sill  ol  Jantiaiy  1874-  Ui>  cbief  merit  ii 
kia  diligent  cdlcctkm  of  nalcriahj  ' '  '  ~ 
fcnenlly  raiKifol, 

BRiUSEY.  tHOWAS  (iScs-1370),  En^ish  raitwiy  mntcurtor, 
wubomat  Buerlon.DearOinler.onlhejlhorNovembei  iSo;. 
His  lathee,  besides  cullivaltng  land  ol  his  own,  held  a  latge  laim 
o[  the  marquMs  ol  VVtsiminsler;  hii  ancestors,  wxording  to 
family  ttadiiion,  havinE  beeu  settled  lor  scvcial  ccntuiiej  >t 
Bulkeley,  neat  Malpas,  Cheshire.  beTore  they  went  10  Buctlun 
hi  166}.  Thomas  Brtaty  received  an  otdioary  comnicicial 
(duuikm  at  a  Chester  school.  At  the  age  of  sixteen  he  Has 
■pprcniiccd  to  a  surveyor,  au!  on  the  completion  ol  his  lein 
became  the  partner  of  his  nwuler.  eventually  assuming  the  soh 
management  of  Ihe  business.  In  the  local  surveys  to  which  he 
devoted  bis  itteniion  duilng  his  eatly  years  he  acquired  (he 
knowledge  and  practical  eiptnence  which  were  the  necessary 
foundation  of  his  great  reputation.  His  Grst  engagement  as 
nilway  coDlraclot  was  entered  upon  In  iSjs,  when  be  undertook 
thcficcutlon  of  a  portion  ol  the  Crand  Juoctlon  railway,  on  the 
invitation  of  the  distinguished  engineer  Joseph  Locke,  who  soon 
aftervards  entrusted  him  uiih  the  com pleiion  of  the  London  and 
Southampton  railway,  a  task  which  involved  contracts  to  the 
annunt  of  infioo.ooo  sleiling  and  the  employment  ot  a  body  ol 
]ooo  men.  At  the  sanu  lime  he  was  engaged  on  portions  ol 
several  other  lines  In  ibe  north  ol  England  and  in  Scotland.  In 
conjunction  with  his  partner,  W.  Mackcnaic,  Brasscy  undertook, 
in  1S46,  Ihe  constiuclion  ol  the  railway  from  Paris  to  Rouen,  of 
■hich  Locke  was  engineer.  He  subsequently  carried  out  the 
emension  of  the  same  line.  A  fewyears  later  he  was  engaged  with 
his  partner  on  Eve  other  French  lines,  and  on  his  own  account 
on  Ihe  same  number  of  lines  in  England,  Wales  and  Scotland. 
I  army  ol  J5,ooo  men. 


a  the. 


:n  his  v. 


_  But  his  energy  and  capacity  were  equal  to 

stilt  larger  tasks.  He  iindcrtook  in  tSji  other  works  In  Engtand 
and  Scollandi  and  in  the  following  yiac  be  engaged  in  the 
eonsiniclien  of  railways  in  Holland,  Prussia,  Spain  and  Il.ily. 
One  ol  his  largest  undcrlakinp  was  the  Grand  Trunk  railway  of 
Caiiada,  1100  in.  in  length,  with  lis  line  bridge  over  the  St 
Lawrence.  In  this  work  he  was  associated  with  Sir  M.  Peto  and 
E.  L.  Belts.  In  the  following  years  divisions  ol  his  industrial 
army  were  found  in  almost  every  country  in  Europe,  In  India, 
in  Australia  and  in  South  America.  Beudes  actual  railway 
■oitis,  he  originated  and  mainlained  a  great  number  oi  sub- 
ordinate assistant  establishments,  coal  and  iron  works,  dock- 

tlrain  (he  energies  ol  an  ordinary  mind.  His  prolili  were,  ol 
nurse,  eoormoui,  but  prosperity  did  not  intoucale  him;  fr.d 
vhen  heavy  losses  came,  as  sometimes  they  did,  he  (oak  them 
bravely  and  quietly.  Among  the  greatest  ot  hii  pecuniary 
disasters  were  those  caused  by  Ibe  lall  of  the  great  Barentin 
daducl  en  the  Kouen  andHavre  railway,  and  by  the  failure 
of  Peto  and  Belts,  firasaey  was  one  o<  Ibt  Grst  to  aim  at  im- 
proving lie  relationa  between  enghecrs  and  conwclois.  by 
■etlibghinnelf  avinsl  (he  eorrupi  practices  which  were  c«nmon. 
He  reaatutely  rcsined  the  "  scamping  "  of-  w«rlc  and  the 
bdbery  si  inqiilclois.  awl  wbal  be  calkil  Iha  "  snutbaiiiis  ol 


betlH 


imple  ii 


oliitig,  aad  knew 
how  to  UBB  it  wisely  and  for  noble  eads.  Honours  amt  to  Ua 
lusoughL  The  cross  of  the  Lr^n  ol  Honour  was  coafimd 
on  him.  Fnim  Victor  Emmanoel  he  r««ved  the  aem  of 
the  Order  at  St  Maurice  and  St  Laianu;  and  fnun  the  emperar 
of  Austria  the  decoration  of  the  Iiui  CrowB.  which  It  Is  said  had 
■ot  beiore  hem  given  to  ■  forti^a.  He  died  at  St  Ltooardi 
on  thi  ath  of  &aBnfcer  iflje.  Hh  Ufe  and  laboun  ii*  com' 
DKntoraled  in  a  volune  fay  Sir  Arthur  Helps  (iB/f). 

He  left  thne  aans,  41  shorn  the  eldest,  Tmicm  (b.  1836), 
wBi  knighled  aitd  alterwvds  (tSS6}  owattd  BuoM  BaaSSEY, 
L«d  Biassey,  who  wai  educated  at  Kvgby  and  Oxford,  enteted 
parliamcBt  as  ■  lilitnl  in  lU),  (iid  davoted  Umsclt  larte^r 
losaTalabin.  HewaacJnIlonlaf tbeadmhalty {it9o-i8Sj}i 
and  secretaiy  to  Iha  admiralty  (igg^iWs)!  and  both  befon 
and  after  hia  ilevatioa  to  the  peerage  did  impoitant  work  on 
naval  aad  slatisticalinqiikleafntbeBDVemmant.  lBtS9]^i{l95 
be  was  pRiident  ol  the  Inslilulion  ot  Naval  Arcfelteets.  In 
iBmIm  waaslotd-ia-waltiag,aiultn]tiii8gjtO[fDaWBSgovet»ot 
of  Victoria.  IniqaflbenaapfBlnledlordwardenoftheanqu* 
Ports.  His  voyages  in  hil  yadtt**  Sunbeam  "fron  Jtl74onwards, 
with  Ui  first  wife  (d.  1SS7),  who  published  an  tntemtfng  book 

00  the  subject,  tank  turn  all  irver  cbi  world.  Lord  Brsssry 
Durrted  ■  sccood  tine  Id  iSvol  Anuing  othei  pabgoiiloas,  hta 
inauguration  ol  the  Kaat  jliouBt  (iSg6  oswanb),  and  hh 
vulumea  on  T»a  BriUik  Nnf,  an  tbe  most  fanportant.  Hli 
eUest  SOD  Thomas,  wbo  edited  tbe  A'ool  jlKnnot  (iSfO~tQ04)j 
aiul  wtfuccciafullv  coabatxA  aeveia]  parKamentary  ctmsfitu- 
cnde*,  was  bm  ia  iB6>. 

■RASSA  (Ger.  Krmitait;  Rumanian,  frafiii),  a  (own  ot 
Bunpry,  in  TtaaiylvaniB,  >oO  m.  S.B.  ol  KolOBvir  by  rai), 
PopL  {looo)  34.5II-  It  is  the  capital  ol  the  eomltst  (county) 
of  the  lane  name,  also  known  as  Buraenlaad,  a  lerttle  country 
inhabited  by  an  indnstrious  popalaiioB  ol  Germans,  Magyars 
and  Rumanians.  Brosa6  ia  beaatilully  situated  on  Ihe  ahipes 
of  the  Traaayluanlan  Alps,  in  a  nimtv  valley,  shut  tn  by  moun- 
tains,-and  presenting  only  one  (qiening  on  the  north-west  tswards 
Ihe  Butanplaiix    The  towniaeniirrlydonrinated  by  (heZlnne 

01  KapeUeaberg,  a  mmnlain  riling  1171S  l(.  above  the  iow9 
(total  altitude  ]i  sj  ft.),  frnm  which  a  beaudhil  view  is  obtinwd 
ol  the  bitty  mouniaim  amund  and  of  the  carcfaMy  cuKIviied 
[dain  ot  the  Bnuenlind.  dotted  with  tastefully  buHt  and  well- 
k^t  villages.  On  the  summit  of  Ihe  mountih  is  one  of  Ihe 
numerous  nonudtents  erected  in  iSija  fn  different  partioftbe 
country  to  conuntmatate  Ibe  ihousandth  SnniveTsary  of  (he 

of  the  Hungarian  state.    It  k  known  as  Arpid's 


Monument,  and  cc 
pedestat,  whkh  n^ 
timeofArpHd. 

Braiali  condsli  of  the  innei 
centre,  and  the  luburba  of  Bli 
stadl  or  Bolgtmeg,  inhabited  i 
uidRi  ""     " 


ths  bronie  hgtira  of 


warrior  f  nnn  Ihe 


I.  whliA  is  the  eommetcihl 
9,  Almadt  and  Obete  Vor- 

ively  by  Gerraans,  Magyars 
n  rises  (he  Schloss- 


bcrg.  crowned  by  the  dtadd,  which  wis  er  -....„. 

constiratoi  ihc  principal  relnalning  fragmenlof  thtoldlorlifica- 
tions  with  which  Bn336  wii  encircled.  Tbe  most  interesting 
biulding  in  the  (own  h  the  Protestant  church,  popularly  caDed 
tbc  Black  Church,  owing  to  tti  imoke-stained  w^ls,  caused 
bythegrcatfireof  1689.  Thischurch.lheGrienin  Transylvania, 
is  a  Gothic  edifict  with  tnccs  of  Romatiesque  inlhience,  and 
was  built  in  ijSj'iiij.  In  the  square  in  Inmt  of  It  Is  the  statue 
ol  Johinnes  HonterM  (1498-1519),  "  the  apostle  of  Tran- 
syLvu)ia,*'  who  was  bom  in  Brass6,  and  established  here  the 
first  prinling-pttai  in  Transylvania.  In  the  prfncipat  square 
ol  the  inrer  town  stands  Ihe  town  hslLbuDthl  ><|so  and  restored 
in  the  iSIh  centDiy,  with  a  towtr  i«o  ft.  high.  Brass*  Is  the 
most  important  commerdat  and  manufacturing  town  of  Tan- 
sylvanla.  Lying  near  the  froniierof  Rumania,  with  easy  acceai 
~   -  ■'-     thcearilcsltlRMW 


*j6 


BRATHWAIT— BRATLANDSDAL 


■dim  tnde  wHh  ilui  MimUy  md  vith  ihc  wboh  of  tbi 
ftUlo.  lU  chief  induMrJH  tie  fion  uid  copper  works 
«piiuiii>S.  turkey-red  dyting,  Iciitlier  goods,  p«p(i, 
palrelEua  nfincrita.  The  timber  indusUy  in  ill . 
w[tli  B  ipcciiUly  for  the  muiufictole  ol 
luje^y  lucd  by  the  pciaantry  id  Hungry  lad  Id  tht 
Itatca,  u  iTcl]  u  the. daily  ladiulry,  iDd  bam-cuiiliK  I 
(uUy  devekped.  A  pecul^iy  of  BmeA 
Muvlvil  of  the  otd  BHlbodi  ol  tnde  wilk  the  Bilku  «Ute(, 
il  iIk  Dumber  oi  lUoDCy-chui^n-  who  ply  their  tnde  <t  unklt 
movibk  tsMit  ia  the  nukel-|d(tt  ud  in  the  open  umt, 
BnoA  li  tlw  noit  popuhHi  lovo  o(  "nuHiylvDik,  and  lu 
pofioIatiMi  i>  cmnpoied  in  aboot  «|ual  niunben  at  Cennau, 
iittffttt  tad  Rumaniaii].  The  hnra,  opecially  an  market 
day^  praWBU  ui  arainated  and  pictumque  aipect.  Here  are 
Men  Genaant,  SaUen.  liagyan,  RmiBiiiaiii,  Atmeniaiii  and 
"     '  '     '  '  '  IS  their  dillliictive'ralioiial  ccatiune, 


iodine 
t  lis  the  pntiy 
be  Auatiian  generaL 
ly  Imre  (Encritb) 
TOkily,  ibc  uufper  of  the  Ttuiiylvanian  throne. 

Brut6  WM  founded  by  the  Teutonic  Order  in  iiir.  andnon 
became  a  louiisbing  lowo.  Through  the  activity  of  Honltnu 
it  played  a  le*ding  part  in  Ibe  introductioDof  die  Kefomutian 
in  Trantylvanla  In  the  i61fa  miiitry.  The  town  was  ulmoii  com- 
pletely destroyed  by  tlu  big  Gic  of  iC^.  During  the  revohilion 
of  lS4S-ia49  It  mi  boieged  by  the  Uungnians  under  General 
Ben  Itom  March  to  July  1849,  and  leviral  en^igenKnu  bciwton 
ihe  Autirian  and  the  Hungsjiui  Iroops  toak  pLcs  in  iti  neigh- 
bsurfiood. 

BUTHVAIT.  RIGHAHO  (1588-1673),  En^iah  poet.  Mm  of 
Thomas  Bnihwaii,  was  bom  in  ijSft  at  his  father's  manor  of 
Bunieshead,  near  Kendal.  Westnwrlaiuj.  He  cnleral  Oriel 
College,  Oifard,  in  1604.  and  remained  there  [or  tone  yean, 
purwing  the  illtdy  of  poetry  and  Roman  hktory.  He  nmoved 
to  Cambndge  Is  study  bw  and  aftcrwarcli  to  London  to  the 
'  "      "  '  L  1610,  and  Ibp 


nthea 


teheinheri 


fithei 


In  161;  he  matried  Fiancta  Liwion  ot  Nrahai. „ 

On  the  death  of  bis  elder  hroihet,  Sir  Thomas  Bralhwalt.  m  ifirS, 
Richard  became  the  head  of  Ihe  family,  and  an  unportanl 
peiwnagc  in  the  county,  being  depuly-Bcutenant  and  justice 
of  the  peace  In  i6j]  bis  wile  died,  and  In  1639  he  manied 
again.  Hii  only  »n  by  this  second  marriaai.  Sk  Stiafioid 
Bralhwail,  wai  killed  in  iKs-fight  (gainst  Ihe  Algerian  {dntes. 
Richard  Bnlhwait'a  no9i  famous  work  is  Barmhe  IHiKTOrium 
ar  Bamaitti  Jounall  [163SI,  by  "  Corymbaita,"  written  in 
English  and  LoLin  thyme.    The  title-page  says  '    ' 


K  Chan 


:o  the  ok 


Ihe" 

"Bamahe."  Thenory 
to  the  north  of  England  contains  much  amusing  topognphical 
iDiomiation,  and  iu  gaiety  bunfUg£ing.  fiamibee  rutly  vi^it 
a  toon  or  village  withaul  Bome  notice  of  an  eiceUcnl  inn  or  a 
charming  hocteu,  but  be  hardly  deserves  the  epithet "  drunken." 
At  Banbuiy  he  uw  the  Puritan  who  hat  become  proverbial, 
"  ttaneine  of  bis  cat  on  Mondiy 
For  LlLng  of  a  Mdiir  on  Sunday.' 
Bralhvatt's  identity  -with  "  Coiymbaeos  "  was  Snt  cstaUnhed 
by  Joseph  HaslewowL  In  bis  later  years  be  removed  to  Catterick, 
where  he  died  on  the  4th  of  May  r67j-  Among  his  other  works 
ue:  Tht  CMiaFUtct  (1611},  with  a  second  litle-page announ- 
dng  "  sonnets  and  madrigals,"  and  a  Ireaiist  on  the  drt  p/  Peay, 
which  is  nal  prcKTved;  Til  PxTi  Willm;  er  lie  Paiianuli 
Sktpkiari  {1614)1  TJa  PitiitaU  Team  [1614);  Tki  SckMas 
J/edfty,  V  an  inlirmiit  DiuanrM  apn  HiileritaU  and  FtaictH 
relalimu  (1614),  known  in  later  editions  as  a  Suney  of  Hitlorj 
de^S,  &c.);  a  collection  of  epigrams  and  satires  entitled  A 
Stiafpai-  S"  J*<  Di^^  (iSiS).  *>lh  ^ich  was  published  >n- 
cacfruoualy  £mu  Laiyralt  (edited,  1G18,  by  J.  W.  Ebiiratth); 


li_  bibliayTsiA^ 


in  JoMph  HaskwDod's  edition  if 


if  (MdW  nfynt  (>*>■)>  tUrty  tatjia  finding  antique  paalleia 
(or  modem  vkct;  whb  tbcK  ue  bound  up  rM  ^teMitr^  7afa 
(•All),  n  collection  o(  pntloral*,  one  Kcthm  of  which  was  re- 
printed by  Sit  Egerton  Biydgca  In  18151  two  (reatiies  on 
IS,  Til  fiKflirt  CMtoMx  (tOjo)  and  Tit  Eofliih  CeMfet 
(1631);  Anumrafia  MfB%  Ut  Pmutile  (1634),  a  pocn 
noiy  of  Ua  wife;  Eualti  tiftn  Hi  Fin  5ciw>  U*">); 
nima  ti  Dfid  .  .  .  imi  tOKr  My  Prirflicli,  pataftms-i 
liiHi63S);A  CfmmtiU HfoH  TfTaUii^  .  .  .  Jtftvy 
OuiKO  (r66j;  edited  for  the  Chaucer  Soc.  by  C,  Spuiseon, 
Tbonus  Heame,  M  libott  tntimony  (115.  cotlectioBi 
fat  the  year  i>i],  voL  47,  p.  117)  Ihe  authorship  of  tbc  IHng- 
iStty  rati,  not  Inapptoprialely  called  Mm  "  the  icrlbkr 
K  timet,"  and  Ibe  hit  lust  tf  ven  of  hit  works,  published 
paeudoapnt,  to  b}'  no  means  complete. 

__."'f™H^ii'tr-,-,- ,- , 

ourciaiua  {i_nefnani  Sec.,  ifi6o,  4c.). 
BRATIAND  (or  BijiTLUio),  lOK  C.  (iSii-i&ji),  Runuuiiin 
atesman,  was  bom  at  Pilcsci  ui  Wilachia  on  the  md  of  June 
ill.  He  entered  the  Walachian  army  in  iSjS,  and  visited 
aris  In  1S41  for  purposes  of  study.  Returning  to  Wnladua, 
he  took  part,  with  hit  friend  C.  A,  Roictti  and  other  promineut 
poliliclans,  In  the  Rumanian  rebelh'on  of  1B48.  and  acted  u 
Tfcct  of  police  in  the  provisional  pivemment  formed  in  tlut 
rar.    The  rcsloiation  of  Russian  and  Turkish  auUionty  shortly 

:avouTed  to  influence  French  opinion  in  favour  of  the  proposed 
uon  and  autonomy  of  the  Danubian  principalities.  In  1854, 
ivevcr,  he  was  sentenced  to  a  fine  of  £190  and  three  months' 

ylum-,  but  in  iSi6  he  returned  home  with  his  brother,  Dimitrie 
ralianu,  afterwards  one  of  his  foremoit  political  opponents, 
uring  the  leign  of  Prince  Cuza  (1859-1866),  Bralianu  figured 
-omineiitly  as  one  of  the  Liberal  leaders.  He  assisted  in  iS6d 
the  deposition  ol  Cuza  and  Ihe  elcciion  of  Piince  Charles  of 
Hohcniotlein,  under  wbom  he  held  several  ministerial  appotnt- 
nenlsduiing  ihe  neat  foutyeare.  He  was  arrested  for  complicity 
in  the  revalution  of  1S70.  but  soon  released.  In  iS;6,  aided 
by  C.  A.  Rovttl,  be  formed  a  Liberal  cabinet,  which  remained 
in  pon^r  until  18SS.  For  an  account  of  his  work  in  conneiion 
with  the  Ruuo-Turkish  War  of  1S77,  the  Berlin  congress,  the 
Eslnblisbment  of  the  Riunantan  kingdom,  I)ie  revision  o[  Ihe 
constilulion,  and  other  teforms,  see  RtiHANia.  AUer  iSSj 
BrBtianu  aclcd  as  sole  leader  of  Ihe  Liberals,  owing  to  a  quairel 
Rosclli,  bil  fiiend  and  political  ally  for  nearly  forty 
years.  His  long  tenure  of  office,  wilhouL  parallel  in  Rumanian 
history,  rendered  Bntianu  extremely  unpopular,  and  al  its 
close  his  impeachment  appeared  inevitable.  But  any  procecd- 
'  igs  taken  against  the  minister  would  have  Involved  charge* 
Ijainsl  the  king,  who  was  largely  responsible  lor  hit  policy; 
nd  the  Impeachmenl  was  averted  by  a  vote  of  parliament  in 
cbruniyiSpo.  Bniianudiedontheifithof May  1891.  Beaidea 
eing  the  leading  statesman  of  Rumania  during  the  ciiliral  yean 
B76-igS«,  he  attained  some  eminence  u  a  writer.  His  French 
political  pamphlets,  Ulnum  nr  I'mfirc  fAiilriilit  dau  la 
qiusllim  dVriail  (iSj;),  BigixiBnt  inr  la  jiliMlioii  (185G}, 
Ulmairt  rur  la  sUiuHoh  it  la  UnUatit  icpmi  Ic  Imill  it  Paiil 
(1S57),  and  La  Qutsllan  tilititiut  tn  Xeamaiiic  (1866),  were  a]] 
published  in  Paris. 

For  his  other  wridngi  and  ipeechej  lee  Din  StriirUt  li  cvtJiEira< 
fill  /.  C.  BralimK.  iBii-iSoi  (UuehiieBl,  I9B3,  *c.),  edited  wiih  a 
biographical  inimlucilon  by  D.  A.  Sturu.  A  brief  anonymotv 
bic«nphy,  let  C,  Bralianu,  appeared  at  BuehaitR  ia  i»gj. 

BRATLAHDSDAL  (i«.  Bratland  valley),  ■  gorge  of  UNilhem 
Norway  in  Stavangei  ami  (counly),  formed  by  Ihe  Bnttand 
rivet,  *  powerful  locrenl  Issuing  Into  Lake  Suldal.  A  remukable 
road  liaveiset  the  gorge  by  means  of  cuttings  and  a  tnuid, 
and  theacenery  ii  amnng  Ihe  moil  magnifiecnl  in  Ndrwty.  It 
is  atoiHy  approached  Irom  Slavonget  by  way  of  Sand  and  Lake 
Suldal,  and  the  road  divides  above  the  Eorgt,  brandwi  ran- 
aing  nonk  10  Odde  ud  eouih-aast  ihcaBgh  T  ' 


BRATTISHING— brat;  SIR  R. 


*St 


>nctlMi  ol  the  reuk  k  mi  BnUoad,  1]  ■»■  ■(><>•<  ttatt  at  tfai 
aanib  tl  tha  liver,  oa  the  wnt  ilioie  tL  Lake  Roldal,  vUdi 
ii  fad  by  Ibeuovfatd  to  tfae  nal,  iwfth  and  (ul,  aad  li  dialoal 


c^Xi  ia  incnlly  ccnployvd 
irhkk  (am  tb*  enili  ol  ■> 
b  Ite  Tud«  period. 

*~  ■  village  of  WBdhui  nont;,  Vennsiit. 
Ip  {pop.  1910,  7f4i)  of  tha  laiD*  udm,  hi  the 
It  part  at  Ob  UbM,  to  m.  N.  of  SprincUd,  Hasa- 
,  OB  ttig  Cansactlnt  liw.  Pop.  (1890]  54II7;  (1900) 
5197  (AKIonlst^ian])}  (i9ia)6si7.  It  la  Ktved by  the Cential 
"—noot  aod  the  Baton  ft  Maine  Tailing  Staated  In  a  hUy, 
Sjf  woMbd  eointiy,  it  ii  an  aiuaclife  place,  with  1  lew 
M  duiii  f  iDoa  the  tBth  oataq'.  Aoiaag  the  laBiiiilactufaa 
an  toyii  fuinituc^  iveialh  and  ersBU,  the  Eatejr  aad  the 
■D*  bdnf  BMde  then.  Rnt  aeltkd  abaot  175], 
wk  its  nam*  Iron  mo  tt  the  erigjud  patenteo, 
\e  (1701-1776),  a  lUwchuKtta  leyaHat.  It  *as 
an  ycaa  later. 

Ste.H.  Bwaham,  BrMdin  (BnilMBRi,  IISO).  and  H.  M. 
Bun.  Tki  Aluaaiatt  14  BntMari,  Climtm  */ P«u  ant  Pnmu 
(SiuilcboiD,  itlA). 

BBADHAU  (Cactli  greawii),  ■  ten  ol  BolMBiia,  Autiia, 
IJ9  St.  SJl.Ea  ol  PncM  bj)  i^  PopL  (i^oo}  )6»,  chidly 
Gennan.  The  tovn  ia  bailt  eo-a  nckjr  eailncKe  en  the  right 
bank  «f  tha  Sidne.  It  ha*  an  Impoaing  BencdkthM  abbeyrOBce 
■  «aatk,  bu  loBTerted  lata  a  nl|ioaa  bone  fai  isii.  nhni 
Oltakai  L  lave  the  diMikt  to  the .~ 
abo  11  tiie  cnat  dufd  •(  &iota 
built  bctwcin  lUi  and  173).  Thbataida< 
iGiS,  the  ProKManta  atMnpted  U  bmU  a 
pnvfDtioB  of  ahich  Vr  Abbal  Wal^nt  Sotamkr  ina  the 


la  Uaitinka^  Slaeala,  which 
w  Tbktr  Yean'  War.    Afts  Mm  batik  of  Iba  VUUi 
w  (itio),  the  toma  «n  deprived  of  all  ita  piM- 


latCT.    It  k  DOW  ■  maoufactiuiiis  centre  (dntb,  MioUcn  and 
colMi  ataSs,  Ac.)  and  h»  a  eanideiablc  trader 

BRAVHSBBBA,  a  l*irne(  Getmany,  in  theJungdoa  ol  PrUBia, 
j£  m.  by  rail  S.W.  ol  KOnlgaberg,  on  the  Pasaai^,  4  m.  fram  iU 
nuuLh  in  the  Erlichca  HaS.     Fop,  <ivx>)  13,497.     It  posscssei 


It  indnalricB  of  Ibe  town,  which 
I  a  certafaianHnmt  of  trade  in  com,  ibip  timber  and 
yun.  The  river  k  navi^ble  for  email  voaela.  The  castle  o[ 
Bntuubers«M  buil^by  (be  Tentonic  knigbtain  1141,  and  tbe 
town  waa  founded  tea  yean  later.  Dotroycd  by  the  Pruaiam 
ui  I  Mti,  it  waa  rciloced  Is  1179.  The  town,  which  was  the  sat 
ottba  biabopaof  ErmdaDd  frmn  rij;  ta  1198,  wai  granted  the 
"law  of  Lflheck"  by  Its  bkhop  In  1184,  and  admitted  to  the 
Hanicatic  Uasoe.  After  uumoviu  viciultudci  it  [cU  into 
the  hand*  of  the  Poke  hi  Mm,  and  in  1636  it  was  captuied 
by  Cuatavui  Adolpba.  Tha  Swedea  kept  poiscision  lilt  i6js. 
It  fell  to  PrilMk  by  the  fiiat  partitkio  ol  Poknd  in  1771. 

BRAVO  (Ual.  lor  "bnve"),  the  nao»  lor  bind  aBSsaat 
luch  as  were  Icnncily  common  in  Italy.  "Die  word  had  at  first 
no  evil  iMaaini,  bat  waa  applied  to  the  rciainen  of  Ibe  gnat 
DoUe  houKB,  or  to  tbe  cavaller-Eype  of  nmbbuckkra  famil^  in 
fiction.  In  later  Italian  history,  npcdaUy  in  that  of  Vimice, 
tbe  biari  were  deapenuc  ruffian*  who  for  paymeat  woe  ready 
to  commit  any  oime,  however  fouL 

BJtAVLIXG  (probably  Gonnected  with  Ger.  IrnOfli,  to  roar, 
•bout),  in  law,  the  oflecce  of  quanallbig,  or  nealing  a  dia- 
lurbonce  in  a  church  or  cburchjord.  During  tbe  early  ataga 
of  the  Kcfonulico,  la  Edglud  nhgianl  caatravcisy  t«a     ' 


himf  ttavHtcd  kito  aetnal  dhtmbanee,  and  (be  fftoal  ta«- 
l(HMn«ltliepareddal  dergy  very  Ir«]BCntly  preniked  popelar 

■SS'i  b)^  wUdi  It  wai  enacted  "  that  if  any  pcnon  shall,  by 
wwik  only,  quarrd,  diide  or  biairi  in  any  chuth  or  diiuchyaid, 
it  ih^  be  kwfnt  for  tbe  ordinary  of  the  place  wliere  the  ume 
shall  be  dene  and  proved  by  Im  lawful  wilneiMa,  to  suqiend 
any  person  eo  offending.  If  he  be  a  layman,  fnnn  the  entnnce  of 
the  diurch,  and  U  he  be  a  derk.  fnim  the  ndnislraliofi  of  hk 
oSio,  for  an  kmg  ai  tbe  aild  ordinary  shall  thfaik  meet,  ac- 
Dordlnglothe  (auH."  An  act  of  i;S]  added  the  punkbmenlof 
inprlsanaMnt  until  tbe  party  should  repent.  The  ad  of  \%%t 
was  partly  repealed  in  rSiS  and  wboUy  repealed  as  regaida 
laymen  by  the  Ecchslaatici]  Coiirta  Juifadicllon  Act  1E60. 
Under  that  act,  iriuch  apfidles  to  Ireland  as  well  as  to  England, 
peraena  guHty  of  riotoua,  violent  or  indecent  behaviour,  ip 
cbunba  and  chapels  of  the  Church  of  England  or  Iieland,  or  in 
any  cbqiel  of  aiqr  leUglous  dencimlnation,  or  In  England  hi  any 
plac*  «l  religioua  woishlp  duly  certified,  or  in  churdiyaids  or 
burial-gimnds,  arc  EaUe  on  conviction  before  two  |usli«3  to  ■ 
penalty  ot  not  mote  than  £5,  or  imprisonment  for  any  terra  not 
eaccedhit  two  months.  This  enactment  applies  to  dci^y  *s  we3 
as  to  kity,  and  a  dergyman  of  the  Church  of  England  convlcled 
under  it  may  also  be  dealt  with  under  the  Clergy  Discipline  Act 
of  ill9>  (Cirt  V.  FiUlmtlum,  rQoi,  L.R.  Prob.  176).  When  Mr 
J.  Kensit  during  aii  ordinatkm  service  in  St  Paul'a  cathedral 
"  objected  "  to  one  of  the  candidates  for  ordination,  ongtotmds 
whldi  did  not  constitute  an  Impediment  or  notable  trine  erlihin 
the  meaning  of  the  ordination  service,  be  was  held  to  have 
unkwfuUy  disturbed  the  blsbc^  of  London  In  tbe  conduct  of  tbe 
service,  and  to  be  liable  to  convklion  under  the  art  of  iBAo 
(Kfluifv.  i)ua  B»tf  Cibi^bT  ii/5(  PaiJ'j,  iqes,  L.R.  1  K.B.  149). 
'  "  DiHeWen,  Roman  Catholics 


•djew 


id  had  be 


dbyai 


,  with  tbe  Tolemlion  Act  of  1689.  and  endbig 
with  the  Ijbnty  o(  Religions  Worship  Act  i8ss-  Theae  enact- 
ments, though  Dot  repealed,  are  for  pradlca!  puTpows  superseded 
by  theaummary  remedy  given  by  the  act  of  1860.  Id  Scotland 
diHnrbutce  of  puUic  worship  is  punishable  ei  a  bleach  of  the 
peaca  (DvngoU  v.  Dyia,  iMi,  4  Irvine  lot). 

In  BritUi  pOBSessiona  abroad  Intetference  with  i^Vons  woe- 


law  oflaice.  Ia  India  it  is  an  offence  vohintarily  to  cause  dis- ' 
tuibance  to  any  asseml^  kwfotly  engated  in  tbe  pntonnance 
ot  leli^eus  wMsUp  or  reUgiaus  ceremonk*  (Penal  Code.i.  196). 
Under  tbe  Qneenstand  Ciinonil  Code  of  1 S99  fs.  107)  penalties 
ire  impo»d  on  per»ns  who  wilfully  and  without  hwfn!  jusllfica- 
ilon  ot  eicuse  (the  proof  of  which  lies  on  Ibem)  disquiet  or 
disturb  Boy  meeiing  of  persons  lawfully  assembled  tor  leligioua 
wor^p,  or  assault  any  forces  lawfully  oSdatiog  at  such  meeting, 
or  any  ol  the  persons  there  assembled. 
In  tbe  United  Statesdisturbanceirf  religious  woisfalpl)  treated 

supplemented  by  legislation  (see  Bishop,  Amer.  Cnn.  Laa, 
8lh  ed.  rE9i,  vol  L  s.  54>,  vol.  il.  Is.  lo]-jo;;  Califomk 
Penal   Code,  1.  joi;     Rniiiil  LoKi  tf  Mtaadnatili,   r9oi, 


BBAY,  SIR  XBOIHALD  (d,  ISO]),  British  sutoman  and 
architect,  was  (be  second  son  ol  Sir  Rkhard  Bny,  one  of  the 
privy  cound!  of  Henry  VI.  ReginBH  was  bora  in  tbe  parish 
of  St  John  Bedwardinc,  near  Woicester,  but  the  date  of  hk 
birlh  Is  uncertain.  He  was  RCRver-gtcrteral  and  steward  of  the 
household  to  Sr  Henry  Stafford,  second  husband  of  Margaret, 
couatesa  (4  Ridmond,  wh«e  son  afterwards  became  King 
Henry  VU.  The  accesnon  ol  the  king  Hcniy  Vll.  favoored 
ihefortUMSofRcgiaald  Bray,  who  was  created  a  knight  of  the 
B^  at  tbe  conostioa  and  afterwards  a  knight  ot  the  Garter. 
Ia  the  fint  ynr  of  Heniy  VII.'s  reign  he  was  given  a  grant 
oi  the  (aostabledip  of  (MlAin  Castle  In  Rutland,  and  was 
appoktnffnlntchkfjaUlct  with  Lord  Fiti  Walter  of  aU  the  lorest 
toath  d(  Tnnt  and  chosni  of  the  privy  oonndl.  SubaeqaeoDy 
be  wH  made  hlfh  tieaaorer  and  dmcdkir  of  the  ducby  at 


+3» 


BRAY,  T.— BRAZIL 


L«npinlrj-,     In  Octobei  1494  be  bHMim  high  ■temnl  of  tbc ' 

JuivcniLy  d  Oilord,  ud  be  wu  ■  mcDbci  of  tba  puliuneu 
'    n  Lhc  utli  ^ur  o[  Mcucy  Vli't  nitO-    In  lue 


l«7  ti 


of  B 


npiculDS  kbe  CoiDuh  Rbels  were  icwudcd  with  a  gif  L  ol 
ujd  the  title  ol  luiight  bumercl.  Hii  lute  tad  ftkiU  JD  mrCJu- 
lecture  UB  attealed  by  Heoiy  VLL'i  chipcl  at  WcstntlmlcT 
aad  St  George'i  c2upcl  ml  Windioc.  H*  dicecled  the  buUding 
ol  the  formei,  uid  tbt  finuluiis  uid  decontion  ol  the  laiter, 
to  •hichi  naoreoveTp  he  wu  m.  libenl  cnothbutof,  buildiog  u 
hig  own  clfieQie  4  clupditJU  called  by  his  name  and  omunented 
with  hit  create  Ibe  inlliAj  lettcn  oT  hii  name,  and  a  device  Rfire- 
**nt\fg  tbc  hcmp-biay,  an  inalrumcnl  mod  by  hciap  maDU- 
fKtuicn.  He  died  In  150J,  before  the  Weitminstet  chapel  waa 
completed,  and  waa  InLerrcd  in  &t  George'a  chapel. 

BRAY,  THOHU  {1656^173°},  Eo^th  divine,  waa  bom  at 
Maiton,  Shropahire,  In  Jtis6,  and  wUicated  at  All  Soula^  College, 
Oxford-  After  leaving  the  univeraily  he  waa  appointed  vicar 
of  Over-Whitacre,  and  nXUn  (d  Sheldon  in  Warwickihire, 
wherche  wrote  hia  flmous  CatrtJvikid  Laturei-  Henjy  Gjmplon, 
bjihop  of  London,  appoinlcd  him  in  i6q6  as  hia  coDiraiaaary  to 
orgmlae  lhc  AngLicaa  chuFch  in  Maiyland,  and- he  waa  in  that 
colony  in.  1600-1700.  He  look  k.  gitat  intercU  ia  csloual 
mlaaioDS,  eipecially  among  the  American  Indiana,  and  il  b  Io 
hi)  eierliooa  that  the  Sociely  lor  the  Propagalion  of  the  Goapd 

for  olabUahing  pariah  Ubrariea  in  Engbnd  and  America,  out 
ol  which  (Rw  lhc  Socicly  loi  Promoling  Chrulian  Knowledge. 
Fiom  i7o«  till  bia  death  in  February  1)30  be  wu  iccior  of  St. 
Botdph-Wilbaut,  Ald^le,  London,  being  unciaaingly  engaged 
in  philaalhispic  aad  liiccaiy  purauiia. 

BRAV,  1  villsfp  in  tbc  Wakingtuun  partiaRiGntaiy  diviafoB 
ol  Bctiiihiie,  EngUad,  buulifuUy  tiliulcd  on  tbc  weat  (right) 
banke[IhcTbaniH,im.S.DfUwleohisdDiidcc.  Pop,(iDoi) 
>07S.  Hwre  arc  numeioua  rivcnitk  midencei  in  the  loci^iiy. 
Tbe  chuich  of  Si  Michael  haa  pariiDiu  of  vuiaiii  dales  fmn 
Ike  Early  Eogliab  peiiod  onward,  aad  i>  much  istond.  It 
4»ntaina  a  aumbei  of  biaasci  ol  the  ifih,  ijth,  i6lh  and  I71h 
ccalutie*.  A  wcU-knosn  ballad,  "  Tlie  Vicai  of  B«y,"  telle 
bow  a  vicat  held  bia  potiiioc  by  easy  conversions  of  f  ajib  ucocd- 
iag  to  neccaityt  from  Ihe  days  of  Chaiica  If.  uniil  the  nccession 
ol  CeoigE  I-  and  the  foundation  ol  "lhc  illutliioui  bouae  of 
Haaovet"  (1)14}-  '''■e  Francis  Canwell,  who  ii  buiitd  In  the 
diucch,  waa. vicar  lor  locty-lwo  yeara,  ap|»oiima1dy  duiiDl 
this  period,  dying  in  r7oo;but  the  legend  it  cailici,  and  the  name 
ol  the  vicat  wbo  gave  rise  Io  it  is  not  certainly  known.  That  0! 
SiBion  Alcyn,  who  hdd  the  office  Irom  <.  1 540  to  i  jSS,  is  genetally 
accepted,  as,  in  <ha  reigns  of  Henty  VIII.,  Edward  VI.,  hlaiy 
and  Ehiabclh,  be  is  said  to  have  been  successively  Papiii, 
Pcolcatant,  Papist  and  Piotcttanu  The  nameof  Simon  Simondi 
is  also  given  on  the  aulhariiy  ol  Ihe  vicar  of  Ihe  parish  In  tjiy, 
Sinwnds  died  a  canon  of  Windsor  in  15SI,  but  had  b«n  vinr  ol 
Bray.  Tiadilianasaibathenngtoatoldier  in  Colonel  FuUer'i 
troop  ol  dragoons  in  tbe  nita  of  Gnuxe  L 

BRAT,  a  seaport  and  waieriiis-place  nl  Co.  Wicklow, 
beUnd,  11  m.  S.S.E.ol  Dublin  on  the  Dublin  &  South-Eastci 


in  both  «;c 


I  ol the  T 


Pop.w 


district  (1901}  7414.  For  parliamenttiy  pBipoKs  It  is  divided 
between  the  caslcm  divbioii  of  county  Wicklow  tod  the  soulhon 
a|  county  DubliiL  A  harbour  wts  oonttrucled  by  Ibe  urban 
district  csuDcil  (the  harbour  authority)  which  actommodalei 
abi^  of  400  tons.  Tbcrti  ia  sorne  indualry  in  brewing,  milling 
and  fishlnit,  but  the  town,  which  is  IcDown  u  ibe  "  Irish  BiJghlDn," 
B  almost  wholly  depcndi^l  lor  Its  {ooiperity  on  vision  tmn 
Dublin  and  itoewbcre.  Il  therefore  posiesses  all  the  equlpnenls 
dI  a  modem  Katide  toort;  there  is  a  Gnc  ua-wall  wiih  cspliuude 
upwards  of  a  mile  in  length;  tbe  bathing  is  good,  and 
'■  rapidly  increaaing  In 


The  CI 


siiliful 


of  B 


I  ol  the  best  inland  icenery 
readily  accettible,  such  as  tbe  Glens  ol  tbe  Datx^e 
ol  PtiwcrtCDBr;,  tte  Bny  river. 


f<MoiPiiiw.  It  a 

mp  tH  ANUea-Bio 


witb  ita  InaglM,  uul  the  t>^  of  the  Scalp.  Tbe  ifcmMn*  «l 
Kilrnddoy,  tbe  itat  d  the  cvli  oi  Mraih.  Ii  ipeeiilly  bnutH uL 
About  iijoBray  wubotowed  by  Itichard  dc  Clateor  SlioiK- 
bow,  eari  of  Pembroke  and  Strigu],  on  Walter  dc  Redd<iford; 
wbo  took  the  title  dlbanaol  Bny,  and  buihaoMle. 
-  BRAYLBT,  BDVABD  WmtUKM  (177^-1854).  Englfih 
antiquary  and  lopognpher,  waa  bom  at  I^mbeth,  London,  la 
■  7;}-  He  WIS  apprenticed  to  the  eiuuncUilis  Inde.  but  cat))' 
developed  literary  tastes.  He  formed  d  dose  Iricnd^ip  whh 
John  BriEton,  whkh  lasted  for  tiity-ftvo  yeaca.  Tbcy  tnieicd 
into  a  literary  partaenhip,  and  alter  nane  matt  aiKcenea  at 
song  sad  play  writing  they  became  jaiat  editon  ol  Tit  BtMttIa 
ef  Ea^imd  end  Wiiii,  tbnnsdvei  wriling  many-ol  tbe  vdmnci. 
Long  after  be  had  beeooae  lanoos  at  a  lopc«rapl)n,  Bnyley 
continued  hit  enamel  work.  In  iSij  he  waxdected  ■IcNowot 
the  Socieiy  of  Antiquaries.  He  died  fn  Lamlon  on  the  ijrd  of 
September  iS;i.  His  other  works  indudo  Sir  Ri^naUi  «r  Ut 
Biack  Tmtr  ItSoi):  Vitwi  in  Si^gM.  Hiifiilk  and  tlBrUitmp^it- 
ihi-t.  UiMUtaliK  tf  mil  ef  KaU.  SlMmfitU  (tgo6>;  loiiMk 
/■<ifita(t&i6J:  Th»HitU^tfAtlU*tjCkmdff  WtHmininr 
l2mk.,i&t&);Ti,fmrafkicalSttltliclcfBrltl'kd<*IIMk(i»n)i 
Hislorical  and  Dairiplm  Auotmli  i^  TMta^avf  Lntdii  (itliii 
Lmdmiam  Uiv));  Misiery*/5iinTy  (5  \vls,  iS4i'tS4B). 

BRAZIER  {ITom  the  Fi.  ttaner.  -whkh  comes  from  traiu, 
hot  charcoal),  a  metal  receptacle  for  holding  burning  coals  or 
charcoal,  aiucfa  used  in  souihcrn  Eunpt  and  the  Baet  far 
warming  rooms.  Bniieis  an  slisi  elegaol  in  form,  and  WgUy 
artistic  in  omamentaiioa,  with  chaaed  or  enboMsd  feet  and 
dcoofaled  extcnora. 

BRAZIL,  or  BaaiiL.  a  legendaiy  kland  hi  tha  Atlantic  Ocean. 

The  same  connects  Ittdi  with  Ihe  ltd  dye-woodt  to  ailed  in  tha 

mlddlo  tge%  postiUy  alto  spfiUcd  to  other  mgelalde  dyes,  u 

detceBding  fnn  the  Imdmi  Pmrfnviitt  tH  Pl'~     "  ' 

■     ■    ■    -        biikeVi 

of  the  AzoRs.     Win  dris  gitnip 
cotoniacd,  the  island  ia  ^usUoa 

prohaUe  that 

graphical 


some  biaidred  mihs  ID  tba  Wat  ol  Indand.  both  in  (be  tradilloQs 
ol  the  loncaslle  and  bi  cbarts.'  In  J.  Paidy'i  Gtiurtl  Clnrt  tf 
Ike  AUamlic,  "  corrected  ta  iSjo,"  tbe  "  Btaii)  Roct  (high>  "  t* 
markcdirith  no  indication  of  doBbt.bi;i*  10' N.Uid  15*50' W. 
In  a  chart  oi  cumnts  by  A.G.Piiidlaf,  dated  1851,  Ihcte  naoMt 
appear  a^n.  B«l  in  hit  iitb  edition  ol  Patdy't  Mnmtb 
Dacriflar  and  SiHmniUrry  tftUN.  AOimUeOittM  fa6s>.  tbe 
eiislenco  ol  B:*xi  and  Bote  other  kgendtry  falsndi  it  brieBy 
ditcutasd  and  rejected.     (Sen  also  ATUIItTIK) 

BRASk  a  rqwUic  ol  Soath  Aracrioi,  tha  laigeM  political 
divition  ol  that  coDtlnint  and  tb*  Uiird  largest  ol  tbe  milem 
heaiitpheic.  It  Is  larger  than  Out  omlbieMtl  United  Statea 
eachuling  Alalia,  and  slightly  larger  than  the  great  bulk  ol 
Eincpe  lying  east  ol  France.  ItscttnmadlmeoslomaKMtiom. 
from  Cape  Oiango  (4°  11'  N.)  aInwM  due  south  to  Ibe  rivet 
Chny(3j°t]'S.lat.l.saditoim.lromaHDda  <PoiiU de  Pcdra, 
S*o'  5t'S.,54°  so' W.)  due  west  (0  the  Penviaa  frantkr  (tbonl 
7i'  5°'  W')*  "^^  a>ot  mnhiriy  point,  tbc  Sena  Rotstas  oa 
the  Venemela  and  Brflish  Guian  Ironllcr  <;*  le'  N.),  is  56  m. 
lanheriBrtbthsnCspeOnnge.  Thearea.whldivaiavgineDted 
by  mote  than  6o«oa  iq.  m.  In  1003  and  dlmlnltbed  iHgMy  ia 
the  boundary  adjusunat  wiih  Brliith  Galmu  (1904),  iseMimSted 
lohavebeoij.iiSjSiiq.m.  in  1900  (A. Supan,  Die  ibw/lewmg 
dir  Eidt,  Cotba,  1404).  A  anbeequent  planimetric  caknlatton, 
which  takes  into  account  IhcM  tetritvrlal  changes,  Increases  tbe 

Bnadorjo.-^istil  is  bnmdcd  N.  by  Catorahia.  Venanda 
and  tbe  Guianas,  N.E.,  £.  and  S.E.  by  the  Atlantic,  S.  by 
Unignay.  Pancuay  aad  BoLvia,  uid  W,  i^  Argentina,  Para- 
guay., fiokvia,.  fsn,  ^au4or  and  j:^mbts.    lu  (enitMT 


GEOGRAPHY) 

toucbB  that  (d  every  South  Ameiiain  lUtioa,  except  ChDe, 
ftod  with  each  one  Him  lui  been  a  bounduy  dis^te  At  wme 
uige  Id  ill  polilkBl  life.  The  Spaniih  ml  PoitUfueK  cnwiu 
Atlemptcd  to  define  the  [imils  belveen  their  Amciican  colonies 
In  17SO  and  177;,  »nd  the  lines  adopted  ilill  leivc  in  gnat  jart 
to  sepmratA  Biuil  Iron  its  iieifthbouis.  l^ck  of  mioimiLlJon 
legkidin^  the  gcognphkal  features  cd  the  Entcriur,  bovovcr,  led 
to  same  indefinite  descriptions,  and  these  have  been  Irultful 
lources  of  dispute  ever  since,  "nie  Portuguese  were  peiaiHcal 
ttc^HHcn  in  early  colonial  lines,  and  ihcic  bnd-hungcr  took 
them  far  beyond  the  limits  Eiied  by  Pope  Alexander  VL  In  the 
boundary  disputes  which  luive  followed,  Brazil  seems  to  have 
pursued  this  IraditioDal  policy,  and  generally  with  success. 

Beginning  at  the  mouth  of  the  Anoyo  del  Chuy.  at  the  toulhetn 
extrcinity  of  a  long  sandbHik  acparaling  Lake  Mirim  {tdid  the 
Atlantic  (]3°4s'  S.  laL),  the  boundary  line  bqinrcen  BraftI  and 
Uruguay  puses  up  that  rivulet  and  ocntts  to  the  most  southeily 
tnbtilo/y  of  Lake  Mirim,  ihcoce  down  (he  western  shore  of  that 
hke  to  the  Jteuailo  and  up  that  livei  to  its  nvst  loiithorly 
source.  The  line  then  crosses  to  the  hiU-Tanec  tatled  Cvchilla 
de  Ssnt'  Aiuw,  which  is  followod  in  a  north-west  diicction  to  the 
■ource  dI  the  Cuarcira,  or  Quanhy,  this  rivor  becoming  the 
boundary  down  to  the  Uruguay.  This  line  was  fixed  by  the 
Itealyot  iSjt,  by  which  the  control  of  Lalie  Mirim  remains  with 
fiiaxiL  Beginning  at  the  mouth  of  the  Quarahy,  the  boundary 
line  betweeD  Bnuil  and  Aisenlini  ascends  the  Uruguay,  cnasci 


Btrtam  and  the  Igua^H  1< 
Thii  line  was  defined  by  th 
of  Prcwtent  Clsvcland  in  1 
between  the  Uruguay  and 
Paraguay  was  definitely  scl 
to  the  great  falb  of  Cu^yri, 
■long  the  wat^i-parling  of 
of  that  name,  thence  north 
the  icnm  of  the  Esuella,  a 


the  Tar 


ni,  when 


caly  ol  1857,  and  by  the  decision 


..._ J  two  streams  to  the  Paraguay.     From  this 

point  the  line  ascends  the  I'anguay  to  the  mouth  of  the  Rio 
Negro.lhe  outlet  oC  the  BahiaNEgn,where  the  Bolivian  boundary 
begins.     As  ftprds  the  IVmivian  boundary, 


BRAZIL  439 

and  Isana  river  la  Cuyarl,  ihence  nonheily  up  tbe  Cuyarl  and 
one  of  its  small  tribulBries  is  the  Sens  Capparro,  and  thence 
east  and  southeast  along  this  range  to  tbe  Cucuhy  rack  (Pedra 
de  Cucuhy)  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Negro,  where  the  Colombiui 
section  ends.  Negolialions  for  the  settlement  oi  this  controversy, 
which  involved  fully  one-third  of  (he  slate  of  Amaionas,  were 
broken  ofl  in  lija,  but  were  resumed  in  rgos.  The  boundary 
with  Venezuela,  which  was  dehced  by  1  treaty  ol  1853,  runs 
south -eastward  from  Cucuhy  across  a  level  country  intersected 
by  rivcTsandchanrtclsliihutfry  tobolh  the  Negro  and  Orinoco. 
tQ  the  Sem  Cupuy  watershed  which  separate  the  rrvers  of 
the  Amazon  and  Orinoco  valleys.  This  watershed  indudcs  the 
ranges  running  eastward  and  northward  under  the  names  ol 
Imeri,  Tapiira-peco,  Curupira,  Pkrima  and  Pacanima,  th* 
VenemifJan  section  terminaiing  at  Mt.  Roraima.  On  the  qth 
of  December  igos  protocols  were  signed  al  Caracas  accepting 
the  line  between  Cucuhy  and  the  Serra  Cupuy  located  in  iBSo, 
and  relcrring  the  remainder,  wbicii  bod  been  located  by  4 
Braiilian  commission  in  i88>  and  1884,  to  a  mixed  commosion 

The  disputed  boundary  between  BrazQ  and  British  Guiana, 
which  involved  Ihc  pujaeuion  of  a  territory  having  an  esllnaled 
area  of  1:1,741  sq.  m,,  waa  iitiled  by  arbitration  in  1904  witli 
the  king  of  Italy  as  arbitrator,  the  award  bcrng  a  cotn- 
piomise  diviuon  by  which  Great  Britain  received  about  7j]6 
aq.  UL  and  Braal  about  5405,  The  definite  boundary  line 
starts  from  Mt.  Rotaima  and  follows  the  watrr-paning  east  and 
south  (0  the  source  ol  the  Ireng  or  Mahu  river,  which  with  (he 
Takutu  forms  the  boundary  as  far  south  as  1°  N.  to  enclose  the 
basin  of  the  Essequibo  and  its  liibulajia,  thence  it  turns  east 
and  north  of  e.-ist  along  the  Sem  Aoria  to  unite  with  the 
unsettled  boundary  line  of  Dutch  Culana  near  the  intersection 
ol  the  ind  parallel  north  with  the  56lh  meridian.  Ncgotialioni 
wert  initialed  In  r^c;  for  the  deSniie  location  of  the  boundary 
with  Dutch  Guiana,  Running  north-east  and  Bouth'cast  to 
of  the  Rio  Pani,  it  unites  with  the  French 


ie  ubitr 


>  of (he 


ptcsident  oE  Argentina  in  case  further  clfncts  to  reach  an  amic- 
able settlement  failed.  Tho  provisionid  bne,  reprecnting  (be 
Braziliin  claim,  begins  at  the  Icrminaiion  of  the  Bolivian 
section  (the  intersection  of  the  nth  parallel  with  the  meridian 
of  71*  r6'  W.  approx.)  and  follows  a  semidrcubr  direction 
north-west  and  north  lo  the  nurce  of  the  Javaiy  (oc  Yavary), 
to  include  the  basins  ol  the  Purl^  and  Jnru&  within  Btatilian 
jurisdiction.     The  Unc  follows  the  Javaiy 


hbyei 


I  direct  to  the  nv 


the  Apappris.  a  Irihutary  of  the  Yapuct,  in  about  1°  ja'  S.  Ut. 
6g*  10'  Vf.  long. ,  where  (he  Peruvian  section  ends.  The  whole  of 
this  h"ne,  however,  was  subject  to  future  adjustmenls,  Peru 
claimiog  aU  that  pari  of  the  Amaton  valley  extending  eastward 
to  the  M^idcira  and  lying  betwcea  the  Beni  and  the  east  and 
♦rest  bauniLiry  line  agreed  upon  l*y  Spain  and  Porlugnl  in  1750 
and  i7]i,  which  is  ne:u'  the  7th  parallel  With  regard  to  the 
aetiion  .between  tbe  AmuoD  and  the  Apaporis  river,  already 
settled  between  Broiil  and  Pom.  the  territory  has  been  in 
protracted  dispute  between  Peru,  Ecuador  and  Colombia; 
but  a  treaty  of  l[mits  between  BrazU  and  Ecuador  was  si^cd  in 
1901  and.  promulgated  in  IQ05.  The  boundary  with  Cciomlwi, 
bed  by  tieoty  of  April  i^,  1C107,  follows  the  lower  rimo* 
the  Amaisn  basin,  as  defined  by  Brainl,  The  Colombian  cbim 
included  Ihe  left  bank  of  the  Amazon  eastward  to  the  Auahy 
or  Avahy-peian^  channel  between  (he  Amaaon  and  Va^iuri, 
whence  the  line  ran  northward  to  the  Kegio  near  (be  intersection 
of  the  66th  metidian.  The  Brazilian  line  ran  north  and  north- 
west from  the  mouth  of  the  Apaporis  10  Ihe  jelh  meridian,  which 
was  followed  ta  the  naler-panJng  loulh  lif  tbe  Uaupis  basin, 
thotce  »«rth-(nst  to  the  Uaap(s  river,  which  was  crosaed  close 
to  Iha  6gth  DcriiUaD,  Ibesce  «»(edy  along  the  Sena  Tunaji 


of  (he  Serra  Tumuc-Humoc  10  the  source  of  the 
ver  is  the  divisional  line  to  the  Atlantic  coast. 
indary  with  French  Guiana  {see  GuHua),  which  had 
long  been  a  subject  of  dbpute,  was  settled  by  arbitration  in 
ii)a9.tfae  award  being  rendered  by  the  govemmentof  Swiuerland. 
Tlie  area  of  tbe  disputed  terrhory  was  about  34,750  sq.  rn. 


pof  Brai 


ind  La  Plata,  which  1 
neeled  by  low  etevalioiis  in  Bolivia,  and  a  hugi 
iuglilaada  filEag  tb*  eastern  proiectiod  of  rhe  eo 
Ing  wjuthward  to  the  pUim  of  Rio  Crande  do ! 


r*  two  very 


ind  evlend- 

plaio,  the  low  plaiaa of  Rio  Grande  do Sul- aod  the  Cuians  hiphlanda 

oalbenorthenislepeiif  iheAmaagnbBinbekiwitie  Rio  Notro. 


ifid  (vrmlqale  on  the 


■niwctcdrivercliaBncls.  MaegrovtimnM  .- . 
rnsftfH  with  Inland  eanala  lollowifig  ihe  ^mt, 
long  distances,  am  cliaracierisiic  leaium  of  a  taift 
Braiilian  eooB.  Partiof  tlils  coaxal  plain,  however. 
I  aoo  ft.,  eiw  rolline  and  fertile ' 
IM  in  a  line  of  Unflt.     la  ll: 


rd  for  IlKir  lenillly.  This  ptali 
yih,  and  an  hnne  parti  of  the  coast  It  diuppeai 
I  Rio  Grande  do  Sot,  wtiere  cwD  iBige  lain  have 
■  upltriwl  iBnd  beaches.  -■■ '  -'"  -'■■ 


plain  widens  gmlly,  a*d  it 


merited  in  an  ntensive  open,  rolHrtg  traisy  plain.  IiaversH  by 
rfd^  of  low  hilJb  f^HcJUbtr),  ilmilar  lo  the  neighlMHirlni  ivmAHe  el 
Uruauar.  The  wnrern  part  at  tlih  phin  it  drained  by  ihc  Unwoay 
audits  iHburaries.  which  placei  it  wTrhin  rbe  river  Plate  (La  PfaU) 


hiod-p^ini 


Amazon  plain  iiAavily  (orestMand  has  •  llajie  ol  less  thai)  one 
Inch  to  the  mile  wifliin  Braiilian  territory — one  competerH  autIl«H» 


440  BRAZIL  (GEOciuniy 

:  vtfied,  ud  tu  BcuBian 


EWi  mndi  It  ■  nndi  ■Mier  ckvatiaiL 
MX  ItB  tvo  hiflAiil  nriiiH  al  Bnia,  Ihit  of  lb*  Mnlien  ikipc 
of  Uk  Awm  buln  bd«iti  |iliy~allv  ta  tin  iulutd  mMiitwii 
■yttcm  eUEndins  tanmnl  Inm  ihe  Kkid  aad  OrimicB  to  Ilw 
XtlaatJctlicwaEa-pAflinvof  which  fDrml&t boundary  Ime  bclwccn 
tliv  Guiariu  and  BniO.  The  culnhDting  point  it'nar  the  wcttcm 
«Rnihy  si  tlii>  chain  and  iu  aliiludt  b  olimalRl  «  B51M  ft. 
Th«  lanfa  ftvluallr  ^niniili  in  cIcvaLioo  tairarda  Ihe  eait,  Ihe 
Ufhot  point  oC  ibi  TiuniK-Hunac  nnge,  on  the  f noticr  of  FichJi 
Cuiana,  boini  about  1600  It.  The  BiuOiin  plalsiu  ilopu  Bulh- 
vard  and  oAwardi  Iravencd  by  brolccp  mnCH  of  low  mounuini 
•ad  deeply  ended  b*  river  connco-  11h  tabte-loppcd  hiDi  ol 
Alacyiia  (or  AInelriiiA  and  Emt.  which  EspBribelowwAinnH 
•ad  flic  to  hcifhiaof  Boo  and  ago  fi^  am  leaaUy  nmidtRd  ibc 
ioulbenuiioet  raajfia  of  thb  plalcau»  IfaouEh  Agaaii  and  othcri 
dcacrihc  Ihem  ai  remain  of  a  Ereat  eaoditono  ahcet  wbkli  onn 
covered  the  catire  fliniiiiia  valley.  IM  ECDoal  ckvatiDn  hu  b«n 
otiaiwcd  to  be  aboat  mm  ft.  II  k  a  nany,  aen^rid  nfioa, 
thinly  wooded,  baviai  (ood  (rula(  caiii^  ia  tu  cxtRoe  weatcra 
aectioa.  f  la  fend-and  character  ia  due  to  the  mountain  ranaea  oa 
kt  northern  fnnilicr,  which  extract  the  mateoiv  from  Ihe  nortn^att 
trades  aad  leaw  the  Bia^Iiaa  plaleau  bcMad  Ihem  with  a  nry 
......._.._,_..    ir  th»  AUaatic  ooaat.    The  Ben  arid 


w  iadua— ^ 

„  .. . If  baada  of  IndiaaL  but  there  we  lelllcmcnta  of 

whilea  ia  the  cnilnf  diMrleli  of  the  Rio  Bianco  at  an  eady  date. 

and  a  fftghmwrBda  J  adventureralmig  occupied  the  nriniindWrieti 

Ht.     Inincnl,  BiaiiliaaCuiiM.  u  tiiiaplaiaiuretioa  i> 

a  caltcdTB  one  if  the  kaat  aiuacu've  part*  of  Ihe  ttpuUic 

Ecal  Braufian  plateau,  which  &■  Ihe  mcMl  important  phywcal 

jt.-.:. . 'lodrrttedtabWandloooloaoaolt 

by  two  front  mountain  wnUtBm,  and 

'  nonniMi  riv«r»    A  thick  nndNoa* 

pan  il  not  all  of  it,  mnaiiu  of  which 

_  .  j/vdof  of  ibe  Interior  and  oa  iaolated 

at  lb«  repaUic  toward  ita  wtatem  fronlkr. 


■ndal 
olthe. 


ly  Iqr  ibe  rivo^ 


Theae  chapadia  aad  ebvatieiB,  wl 

ahow  the  oriifaaf  luAee.  wMebhat ,  _, 

Wavlnf  here  nnd  there  broad  Aat-toppcd  ridgea  betwccu  »-...  — »». 
and  aarnnrer  raneea  of  hDb  between  river  eounea.  From  the 
valleya  their  runed.  deeply  Indented  eteafpraentB,  atretddK  away 

lain*.  The  only  true  nHninlaia  natenu,  however,  u  far  at  known. 
an  Ibe  iwo  pmUri  nnpa  which  follow  Ihe  eonlour  of  the  aau, 
and  tbe  central »  or  Gctyana,  ayilcin.  The  fint  DDn*i*<i  of  an  ahnaat 
contiamu  ranae  croiHrit  the  Docthcni  ad  J  Ria  Cninde  da  Sul 
and  lollawins  iBe  coaat  northward  to  Ibe  vkaaity  of  Cape  Ftio,  and 
thence  DorthwanJ  in  broken  raocet  to  the  ncinily  of  Cape  Si  Rpque, 
and  a  lecand  panlU  lanie  lunnlv  from  caMsn  Sit  nulo  north. 
eaU  and  north  to  the  caatem  mat^  of  the  5to  Francfaeo  baaja  In 
notihem  Bahia,  when  that  ifver  tuna  mtwanl  lo  tba  Atlantic; 
The  bn  of  iheat  i*  teaenlly  kaowB  aa  the  Sem  ik  Mar,  or  Coaat 
Ran(e,  thoufh  it  ia  iocglly  known  under  many  namea.  Ita  cul- 
aipHtntt  point  i*  in  the  Ona  Mouncaina  ^em  doe  OrrtoaK  near 
Rkidsjancira,  wfaichieacI(aanelevatloaof731lfc.  Tbeinlaad 
rtnte,  whidi  1*  Miaraled  ItoB  the  CoaK  Rane  in  the  vkinhy  of 
Rio  de  JaMira  by  the  vallH  ol  Ihe  Panbyba  do  Sul  river,  il  known 
aa  iha  Sim  da  Itanliqnaua,  and  Ima  the  ponn  when  it  turn* 
■onhward  to  lom  the  canoB  rim  of  the  Sin  Fnocnco  buin,  u  the 
Sena  da  Eipiahua.  Thia  nan  f>  abo  Ibwwb  BadB  farioiN  local 
aamcL  Ita  culaunatlnc  point  J*  tovafd  Che  wvatoni  aati^nity  ol 
the  Muliaueiai  rtnae  when  the  llaliaya,  or  lliliilaa^ii  peak 
rim  to  u  (levnlia^  UqI  It.  (ote  mnaanmeala  Ilva  ««aj  it). 
HotiBUy  the  hifhent  iDHinit  in  Bimait.  TUi  man  Iocbb  the  Uaa 
buckbonc  of  tb*  aariUme  moiuuainBa  bck  ami  lina  from  tha 


plaieau  iticM,  whB*  the  Coaai  itanM  ii« 
loraH  a  rim  to  the  olatmi.  North  ol  C 
1>  mach  bnkenand  kn  tknied,  whili 


_.  .„  Ml  itacaawni  awctia  and 

lb  ol  Cape  Frla  the  Coaat  Kane* 

m  tknied,  while  the  Stna  do  E^iinhMO 
Hnen  n  man  niHnq  coiriB  aad  ia  aeparated  Iron  the  coait  bf 
■Tcif  Ifnlly  ririf^n^.  — ^■■t"-**^*'— '—  The  naKKl  ayium— <he 
Ceolral  or  Gaftat-'maiiU  ol  two  diatinct  chain*  of  rnountaini 
onveraiac  loiivd  the  north  in  the  devaied  chafodii  becweea  the 
locanlint  aad  Sk  FnaciKO  bMin*.  Theeaaiem  nnft  of  tUa 
ewnl  lyMen,  wtlL^CMaii  wcaMin  Minna  Cvaeif  nm  the  wKatled 
Scm  daa  Veneniaa  Id  the  valley  of  lb*  hnicaiA,  a  wcaiem  tributary 
of  the  Sto  FranciBD.  Ii  called  Ihe  Sem  da  CaaaKn  and  Stna  (b> 
HatU  da  Corda.  ItaolaiinaliiCPo'M  latowaid  iUaoulberaa- 
tivBJIy  ia  th*  Ssm  da  CinnMn.  «206  ft.  above  en-levd.  The 
•caMa  nnob  M  what  ia  deUtelr  luiown  01  i t,  nuia  acroia  •Duiheia 
Coyaa.  aowb-weal  10  aorth^aat,  and  form  Ibe  waiec-pminf 
taweea  tht  I^uani  and  Tncaaiina-Ancnaya  baiia*.  It*  cidmin- 
■dac  polat  la  in  th*  Monte*  Pyneoa,  sear  the  cuy  d  Coyai,  aad 
k  afieat  4300(1.  abm  aea-levtl. 

Thepaalpart  of  thi>inuiws»niloo  conaiaa  of  ctafaiMf. 
the  bnv  tabi:^  alw  an  callefTlaAndu  or  •Bella  acclli 
ol  th*  n-r,  aadbndly  wavatcd  river  vnllen.    How  extai 
thi*wnrkaleni*iD*ha*becnmaybei       ■    -■    *         -      - 
mia.  HMn  •  vni  govduped  dai 


vnllen.    How  c.tenii'^ 
Ihetocnnlin^Aragu*)! 


soo  m.  wide,  jvo  n.  lone,  ar^  Irom  1000  to  1500  It.  deep,  haa 
been  encavaied  nanhwinrfrcini  the  centre  of  the  Mateia.  Soqth. 
ward  the  Pann4  ha*  cncavaiod  another  nient  fannia  and  mmwu4 
tbeStoFmadfoaoDtlKr.  Add  Is  Ihae  the  endnl  rin  Ibwih  nf 
the  Xingd,  Tapai^  and  Guaport  oq  the  north  and 
[uay  on  ibe  •oulVr- '  — '  ■■■- 


GnndelSlKAS 


L  inrlude*  the  flnater  part  cf  the  *tnf ea  id  RIa 
u  CalhiriM,  Araal  and  Sis  Puikh  (he  nob. 
a[_*euUwis  Ca)V,,aDil  the 

I  about  ]lSo  ft. 


■WL     Their 


above  na-leveL     The  |^I(WU 
■nd  ilope*  gradually  wn*  hi 

wot.    Them  baa  bcencoHd, — . -^^ . -, . 

the  OUeni  Iribulariia  of  the  Pani;!  iiiii«  very  «nr  ihe  CDa*t. 
The  Dorthcm  and  western  part*  of  ihi*  pUieau  have  an  avcraee 
devatloa  a  little  lev  than  that  of  the  Atlantic  margio,  and  Ih^ 
dopea  an  towani  the  (oath  and  enn.  thoie  ol  Coyai  aad  Malta 
Gio^  heiac  abnpt  and  deeply  etoded.  Thiagr"^  -l...j.. 
many  nipecta  tha  beat  DartoTBraail,  having  a  b 

etleoiive  area*  of  lertik  aoil.  rich  fomt*  and  i.  .., 

Ita  Allantk  ilope*  an  heavily  wooded,  but  Ihe  wettcm  rfopea  exhibil 


I  (Mvaiina  M  anaui  a«oo  it.,  csveea 

—  . , UimaCencaandBchia.ainfaaiiiBll 

ptrt  of  weBem  Pctnimbuoo,  and  might  aim  be  caoiidend'cDo- 
^—~"''  with  theae  cd  the  nrnahyba  and  TomntinK-Araguaya 


baiina.  Thi*  region  I*  mar*  ttofical  in  chanctir.  [wtiany  bamo. 
•nd  h**  nn  unortain  ninlaU,  a  larfC  pwt  oT  the  Sto  Fnacn  haM 
and  the  upper  Atlantic  ■Uve  cf  11*  c»*tem  rim  bdiv  Hibjcct  to 
long^cDDIiaued  drought*.  Tlu*  Tegioq  ia  well  wood^  alooB  (he 
river  CDurtei  of  Mina*  Ccrae*.  the  lower  Allanlic  dnpe*  ol  Bahia, 
wbJet  ue  pnlnpa  ovnide  the  platiaB  proper,  and  on  the  weatlim 
M*  of  ma*  of  Ihe  (tevatad  lifin  whan  tha  niidall  ■  hMFv-uid 
Rgular.    It  baa  aiieiaiva  oampai  and  brp  anaa  of  eapoeed  ror*- 


ixstssi 


but  b  rkhly  provulrd  with 


ijneial  dcpoiiEa.     It 


le  Atlanlk.  the  ilopea  in  BaMa 


bnahi  down  haa  abnmtly  toward  the  Atlan 
boin  long  and  gnduaL    The  Fanahyba  at 

of  Piauhy,  the  aouthcrn  pan  of  lliiiahlii.  1 . , 

Ccari.  ItagescnlelevaticiilileiathinUialiJ  theaaFnnciaco 
region,  owing  lo  ihe  ilope  of  Ibe  pliteno  surface  loward  the  Amaion 
depreHionanrtEodrnutblion.  lE  reiemblmheSlo  FrnncilOD  regirut 
in  It*  uncBtain  rainfall  end  ^^lown  to  dmoght*,  and  in  having  Urge 
anaa  ol  cm^  mdlnble  lor  gtaang  purpoata.  Il  ia  thinly  vmodcd. 
ocept  in  the  north,  when  Ihe  duHtic  catditiona  approBch  ihoa* 
of  tlw  Amazon  valky.  ItacUmatelamon  tropical  arid  iUdevelop- 
mcnt  baa  gone  forward  kaa'raptdly  than  in  the  more  temperate 
itgioBi  ol  Uie  lOBlh.    The  AinaieiilaBehaiiaiUa.  which  tndHlea  the 

and  Fanahyba  Rgiann  and  wha^appcHt  ta  be  «h(  tsniinnatinn 
of  theae  laWrlanda  weatwud,  it  much  the  largeit  of  these  plsieao 
dlvidona.  It  cover*  the  giattr  lairt  el  the  naten  of  Malta  GroHa 
and  Goyaa.  a  large  part  of  nulhuu  Pari,  tha  aoMhnn  marwla  of 
Amaaona*,  and  a  cunidnblt  part  of  wibibb  Haiaahla.  It  itt- 
cludB  the  river  baiim  J  lb*  TacaatiB».AiuaBya,  XingO,  Tapajia. 
andlheeaalenitdbutaricaof  ttieCiiaporf-Madeira.  A  ooniidetable 
part  of  it  bat  been  naavatid  Iw  theae  riven  to  a  level  which  nvea 
their  vaOeyi  the  elevation  andchaneler  of  hnbiHlL  though  taableil 
bib  and  tangaa  with  the  charaeterlatic  o»ujyi»g  iniiMial  aaod- 
•tooa  NiBta  of  the  aadcBi  plaieui  ilww  (bat  it  *■*«(*  a  bigUand 
legiaii,  Tbc  aoulhen  aarnn  of  Ihi*  rbleau  break*  down  abnplly 
toward  the  louih  and  oveitoata  the  raiani  and  Pai^uay  taHtni 
frooi  devatioaa  rd  Mod  to  3000  It.  Then  ia  gnal  dhnliy  In  the 
character  aad  a^araaca  of  ihb  otenrfv*  ngioa.  h  He*  wholly 
■ilUn  iha  trapin  iboagh  ita  mon  elevated  duiicta  erifiv  a  teia- 
perate  dimatb  Ita  tkapaJQS  an  covered  with  ^endve  compel, 
It*  ibanow  valley*  irilh  open  woodlandt,  and  it*  deeper  valirya 
with  heavy  loreMa  The  nialall  la  good,  bat  Mt  h«vy.  Th* 
■enetalilopeiataarBdtlKAnMaoa,  aad  il*  limn  debouch  upotith* 
Amaannian  plain  tbrsadi  a  MKCnaaoo  of  bib  and  npida. 

Then  reimiiu  only  the  clevaUd  valley  of  the  Parahvba  do  5uL 
Tying  between  theSKalM  Sena  da*  Vertente*  of  touheni  Minai 
Ceimea  and  the  Sem  da  Mar.  and  attending  from  Ibe  Sem  da 
Bocaina,  near  the  dty  of  Sto  PadUk  enMWKd  lo  Cap*  Frio  and  th* 
coaatal  plain  north  of  that  point.  It  indutka  a  tmaH  part  ol  cattem 
SIo  Raulo,  the  greater  part  ol  the  Mate  of  Rio  de  Janeiro,  a  unaB 
corner  of  Et|Mlo  Santo,  and  a  natraw  atrip  along  the  Knilhera 
bordir  of  Minat  Cenea.  It  ta  tmver*ed  by  two  novniain  ehaiaa. 
th*  Sem  da  Maatkjnrin  and  Sen  do  Mar.  aad  the  brand,  fcna* 
valley  gf  lb*  Rarahyba  do  Sol  vbkA  liet  betweea  them,  aad  whidi 
■kipea  genllv  toward  the  eau  from  a  gcneial  elevation  ts*td>i« 
1000  It.  in  Slo  hub.  Thb  re^  la  Ae  enalktt  of  the  ihapadH 
diviBMi  of  the  great  plateao,  and  mMit  be  oouiidend  either  a 
•omhwaid  extenJoa  ol  th- "- 1^' 
of  Iha  Fanat  fkVndde. 


db,Google 


db,Google 


noil   Thi»  ?5»l«l  nlkyTrnowd 

»  pnKip*'  '™»^pnKludiij  diHrki 

r  lyittmi  <^  'h*  Amuoa  and  ri»« 
,1 •Tated  UDOrr  ibeir  mpntivi 

rndlSraot  lourhufc  riven  mMcb  So* 

ib-w«I«n  nui  ol  tbe  republic. 

■  hole  cf  Piri  uid  ihc  I 

b«i«  drained  by  Thla  ttmc  rivH-  1 

canliiB-Angiai'a   hnliii  i>  idduded  hi  the 
Ik  vTHFer  nan  ol  Coyml  And  a  HnaU  pan  ol 

-'-'X 


BRAZn. 


aiSian  Guiana  phleau  ilopei  toward  tli 
■na  Irini  outiidB  the  dninaH  kn---  -'•'^ 

mattty  UUo  dw  Allamle  and  dn . , 

ptatcau  hfini  bnwecn  the  BonlRrm  fmntkf  and  Uu  lo 


•'  y/  N.  lat.  and  53*  S^  W.  loM.  Tin  nM 
rivcrm  an  tbe  Aiafuory,  AnapA,  Cakont,  C 
The  AiaBBiy  mm  In  Iha  Tunuc^HiiiBai: 


ill  an  about 
ntelilWM 
idOyip^ 


pBiodiol  ninfall  it  Ii  cRUly  reatrlcudla  Iha  diy 

aun  imponanc  rivm  of  tlic  first  divitkn,  which  an  — . 

Bun  dcoif  updrr  the  titls  ol  Lbe  BnaiUaB  ttattt  throtuh  which 
thay  Dow,  an  Iho  folkowiatt  the  Conipjr.  Tiry-and,  MauiRi, 
Itapicurd  and  Dalau.  in  the  ttota  of  Maianhlo;  the  Ponuhyba 

■    "^  ■     ■  in   Hw  r.nnrt*  rfn  ^vx«b       »   *■ 

al  kngthaf 

aH"imnn«  'uibDIary'^n'Mannhlto— dia  Uo'^'illm 
M7  QL  Kwr~«ad^five  mm  PbtAy^  the  TTiii—hji  aiirt  Gavncto, 
CaaindC  A(y  and  LoBta.  Piauhy  ii  whoUy  wkMn  ita  dialHic 
luiis,  attfaovib  tha  river  iDraaa  ibe  boundary  iuie  bttaua  thai  itate 
aod  HaiaiibiD  throu^haai  ita  entire  lenph.  All  tha  riven  in  thk 
diviiiBa  an  jalliir  gi  ril  bf  th*  periodical  cliaiaeter  of  the  ninfall, 
Ibelr  navi^bk  ehaoiieli  being  treathi  ihoneiied  U  the  dry  naioa 
jAacBK-Januaiy).  liCiaiitbadiailkrrivanbaoDedrrchaaMli 
fa  the  dnr  iman,  and  ia  pntiacted  dieathta  tbt  bufa  onea  dit- 

fanar  ia  alio  detBnnine<-  _,  ....  _. 

_     -n  an  auUect  to  petiodical  varia- 

■  in  Hiana  nnacd  by  wet  and  dry  aearoaaf  but  the  p^u' —  '"- 
yt  dt  the  cuoat  ranfe  and  Iha  mon  fndwl  breakiaa  d 
'   ^  Bc^  live  them  loneer  coutwa  ana  a 
MO.    Nsthof  ■    —    - 


;..  nUy  S.or 


Iw^Fil 


Panhvb),  whoae  length  It  nM  to  be  lew  Ihaa 
i  m.  of  which  an  navinble  (or  «i^  oeaantn. 
,  which  belonca  to  tbe  Inland  olaltaH  region,  ii 

... ' --Mil  and  eilMa  by  Wrtot 

, —  ihoaeol  ihccoan  when 

mlbcAtlaiilic.    The  trlbularln  of  Ihe  lower  hall  of  thii  great 

,  wtiich  belong  to  the  Atlantic  cooM  region,  an  unall  and  often 

dry.  bvt  the  upper  river  where  the  rainfall  it  Ma  vier  and  more  regular 
reciiva  eevcnl  large  affluenti.  Tbe  river  I3  navigable  up  to  tbe 
Paak>  ASonio  faHi.  11^  111.  from  the  coau,  and  above  the  falk  there 
nucfa  longer  Mrctch  of  itavigible  water. 

'  ~        iKDioCapeFrioIhcnanmanytbonrlven 

the  plateau  and  crot^ng  the  narrow  coaxal 

n  an  alio  a  few  of  greater  length  which  riie 

III  h>rtf  anil  <|ow  down  lo  the  plain  through 

The  navigable  chanaeh  of  thete 

back  Into  the  plateait.  The  tnon  im- 
apicun^.  E^nguaaiA,  Contaa  or 
JoiultlnbDnha,  of  Babia;  tbe 
ntoi  and  tin  nnhyba  iId  Su]  of 
!  Bahlalmup.  thejeqaitfaihonha, 
I  ita  lower  cone,  la  the  kngefl 
9TO  in  the  Rale  of  Mbm  Ceraa 

. . ^  direction  for  a  diMance  of  about 

|00in..«40iwhichannavigabi(lnlaiidfrDntheBB.  TheUncuiv 
ind  Doc*  alio  liie  in  MInaa  Celaei.  aad  an  nuch  btokm  in  Ihnr 
hxoit  to  the  lower  plaini.  the  fdnner  haviiig  a  navinble  channel 
•f  oS  m.  and  the  latter  of  13S  n.  The  Pata&ha.  or  Parahyba  do 
juT.  wlilch  eaten  the  aea  about  10  m.  mtth  tf  Cape  3.  TbonC  la  (ha 
laigeet  and  nuH  Important  of  llie  Atlantic  coalt  rivm  KMth  it  (he 
SteFnndKO.  It  Meionanetevnted  UMcland  in  ihcatateol^o 
Puih)  and  Rowi  acnsa  the  Nate  of  Rio  dc  JanciTD  rrom  weal  to  cut. 
through  a  broad  lenik  vaHcy  prnducini  cofi«  in  iia  mnt  clrvatnt 
diftrictvandngaronittanuviaibDtloni-lindaneBrrTiheara.  lihma 
a  loUl  length  of  tigt  n.,  S7of  which  an  nvigable  between  5.  ndeli* 


lied  Air  Itnlf  I 

ponani  of  than  riv 
luaiiBpe,  Fkidoor 
Alucury.  and  "^ 
heKanolRI 


Rio  de  Jan 

.  called  the  ncln 

bnpoftant.  riling 


'Sf^i^Sn 


Ul  90  m.  of  il>  upper  co 


ilhecoaalbeCBUM 


SFrio  ihensn  no  large  riven  itang  ihecoa: 
oftbeSemdo  Mar— tbe  ceattal  plain  1 
narrowandinpbccadinpncnringnltogether.  Then nn  many mvn 
atreami  along  thit  ooait,  led  by  heavy  nlnfalla.  but  they  have  no 
Hognphic  importance  and  no  economic  value  under  owing  con- 
ditiou.  The  largeit  of  thne  and  the  only  one  ot  cnrnmnctalvalue 
it  tha  Rihcin  de  Iguspe,  which  hat  il>  num  on  the  tibklinda  of 
Pannl  and  after  receiving  icveinl  aMucnte  we«  of  the  Sem  do 
Mar  brvala  through  a  depression  In  that  range  and  discharges  inta 
the  Atlantic  some  milea  below  SaoCor  on  the  aovthem  bouridary  of 
the  Kate  of  Sao  Faulo.    This  rivet  has  a  navsable  channel  dI  iiBm. 

or  Mar  ftqucno.    In  Bio  Grande  dn  Sul  the  Aitanlie  eoaal  J^iii 

PatoL  OTlheieonlytwoaniif loiEerin— tbeCuayhaandCama- 
quam.  The  first  is  Fomied  by  the  confluence  <A  the  Jocuhy.  Cahy, 
Sinos  and  Or*vitahv.  and  is  known  under  this  name  only  from 
Pono  Alerre  to  iTie  I^IA  de  Itspul,  where  it  enters  the  LjgAa  doa 
Patoa,  This  river  system  drains  s  large  part  of  the  nonhem  moun- 
laiitous  region  of  the  stale,  and  has  a  considerable  extension  of 
navi^Ut  channels  between  ihe  plaltna  margin  and  the  lake.  In 
tbeeitreme  logihem  pan  ol  the  state,  the  Cogea  Mirim  empties 
into  the  LaiAados  Patoa  ihiuugh  a  navigaUe  channel  fill  m,  tone, 
caNed  the  Kio  Slo  Gan;a1n. 

The  Biaailian  rivcra  ol  the  Rio  de  la  Plata  system  an  numerous 
aad  important.  Thme  ol  the  Panguay  drain  the  south-western 
part  of  Matto  Cmso.  and  tbe  iributaiiei  of  Ihe  Pannt  cover  Ihe 
weatern  dopes  of  Ibe  Serra  do  Mar  from  Rio  Grande  do  Sul   north 

part  of  Matto  CrosH  and  Ihe  south  part  of  Cofam  wilhio  their 
dninagn  badn.  This  is  one  el  Ihe  mast  important  Huidal  systems 
of  BrasHi  but  Its  ecnoomlc  value  Is  Impaired  by  the  great  waterfalls 
of  Gnayn,  or  Sete  Quedaa,  and  Uribfi-punga.  and  by  the  npids  and 
walerialb  In  the  majority  ol  its  affloeMs  near  their  junclbn  with  the 
laalnslrcam.  Between  UvlwogRnlwalerttllsof  ibe  Patani  then 
b  an  open  channel  of  ITfi  m.. JBSwng  through  •  rich  and  hesllhy 
cointry,  and  Rceiving  hige  tcttnlailaa  fnisn  on*  of  the  mott  lenlle 
reclafla  of  BraiU.  Among  Ihi  btgar  of  llie«  are  the  gieat  falls  of 
ihalgBMsi,  near  the  JanctMn  of  that  rhurwiihihe  Parani.  Though 
th*  UmfHay  playa  a  kat  imparlanl  pan,  its  relations  to  Ihe 
covniry  an  ^milar  to  thsat  of  Ibe  PannA.  and  its  tiitauriia  from 
iht  plaleau  region  nn  rimilaifT  broken  by  falls  and  nnMt.  TIm 
Paiiguny  to  Ingrrat  nan  a  lowland  rivw,  with  a  slugAh  oimnt, 
and  a  navigable  by  large  river  ttenmcn  up  to  Ccnnibi,  ind  by 
aaaAB  KOMTt  to'cu,^  wd  lbs  nHMCb  of  the  Jnart. 


44S 


ol  ihc  great  nver. 
lakci  and  inland  cl 
clinnndiofUBalTc 


the  ™n  byb^ 
muaxtle  mlh  Ihc  > 

LuAa  Mirim  it  loj 
lie  ruvnablf,  Iboi 
banki.  Sodradii 
inicrioc  oC  iIm  cou. 

and  a  CDOiEJenblc 


of  lu  rival 

..     caMcrorlbti 

•lu.  TJicji  arc  a  Dumber  of  labs  in  ibe  lavland  nsia 
of  Ihe  Amauw  valky,  but  Ihac  an  mainly  oicrnai 


auDber,  Iciwlh  u 


BRAZIL 


rS?\^ 


bavs  of  Eifurito  Saato,  Paniugul 


Parabyba.  Sano 


ol  ihe  AiLuitic  coatt 


ihlo  have  wcU'ihelHred  li_  . 
mouth  of  a  laric  bay.  b 
u^  Par&.  Panuhybai  "~ 

,  with  the  tucptiaoat  Pari  vhI' Sunn 


in  carljr  gcolocical  period.    [(  ha».  indrtd.  bee 


nnl  ihat^y  Inldet 
Cape  Si  llVLUe  to 

rnckt  (luif  bekini 

o[  the  lerka  If  pn .,  . 

"  ■'■-  luK 

^ ^Jd'thetal , 

the  AmaAHiian  dcpRUion.  lAalarcc  part  of  tbiabaua  IbecovAini 
ol  Hdimcniaty  dcpotiulicoaipamivelytbiiu  The  cryiulline  noo 
■1  eipmed  in  the  valhiyi  of  Ibe  Madein>  XiofA.  &c.  Some  of  thi 
rock*  thin  cxpoied  are*  however  truplivt  if-t'  in  the  Tnpajoi),  am 
probably  do  not  baUin|  lo  Ihe  Archaean-  The  cryMaUine  rock*  an 
succeeded  by  beda  which  have  beerk  rcJecred  lo  iBc  Cambrian  aw 

rributarka  of  the  AnoaiDii,  fotaUi  have  becri  found  which  indkaii 
ciihtr  Ihc  lop  <if  Ihc  Ordovidaa  or  ihe  bolton  ol  ihc  SiluriarL  li 
Ihc  Maccuru.  another  northern  afflueitt.  rrapiolim  of  OrdoviciuT 
■le  have  been  diKovcred.  and  Silurian  louili  an  aid  to  have  bcei 
found  in  Ihe  lifaraca.  ElHwbcrc  Ihe  idenciicatioii  of  the  Siluriai 
and    older   ayitcplt  doce   not    rett  o«  pclaeontolotfical   evidenec 

retion  ttv  Dcvorlian  bcda  Eonn  a  luln  H  Bynclkial  wilb  tbt  Airulor 


tCEOORAFHY 
rata.  FoHJU  have 
una  >howi  Hrikini 


B  bed!  li*  witbiD  the  Dcvimiwi  ayDclla 
•  of  the  rivet  not  to  the  Oevoniaii  band 
oantiiig  of  jbihImok  afid  *a  upper  icrb 
r  appeari  to  be  almoal  unfoiaiUeroui,  tl 
Buine  faiina.  which  bckna  to  tha  it 
U>  the  l^cmKarbanifcK 


B  of  the  planta  are  European  forv  _, . 

ria  flora  chwacferiatic  of  India  and  South 
wtaidal  with  the  KaihaiUri  aerietcJ  India, 
iQp  of  the  CaibotiilerDU  or  tJ»  bait  of  the 
DnJy  Meiofoic  ayaten  which  brepreacnted  ia 
t  the  Cretaceoin,  and  the  marioe  iaciea.  La 
uid  the  baain  of  Ibe  Amana.  In  the  pea- 
nut oaatt,  the  beda  are  apetMumaiely  ca 
naaiBn:  inibrvalkyaf  tEeAmuoncbey 
rti  of  the  CRtaceoui  lyiteBi,  and  the  faana 
.   In  (be  inteckx  of  BniiL  the  Falaeoioic 


igin.  Of  the  PkiHoa 


"'aypuilim,  Ujludtm. 


coaat  and  in  the  baain  of  tbc  Amaaon,  Uicrc  it  ao 

period-  DuriBf  the  Trianic  and  Jurauic  ptrioda 
the  Amaaon  appear*  to  have  been  dry  land.  Eji 
in  Ihe  Pevooipn  and  Carbooifcroua  bcda,  but  th< 


t  ihar  pcoductd  .by  in 


ultbOHof 


Ihe  viSy  ol 


November  to  March,  the  lairer  b 

jual  IcDda— Ihat  ol  Novcmbcr-Drccnibcr,  and  Ibe 

Kreal  Bood  of  Marvh-lune.  The  •ubaidcnce  ol  <he  laiici  gauaUw 
Una  UDlil  October.  The  avcnjv  rainlall  Ihroughoot  the  wtnfe 
Anami  valley  ii  enimaicd  by  Keclut  aa  "  probably  ia  ejiccaa  of 

45  It'  The  prevaiUiui  vinda  in  the  Amadhn  vali^  are  eaiceriy  artd 
weaterly  (or  nuih-wefltvly),  the  fomicr  warm  and  charged  irith 
mniuiit..  the  latter  dry  and  cold.  The  eaaleily  winda,  which  are 
of  the  trade  windt,  blow  ppriream  with  ^rcat  rtgularitw 

......  jji  ihewioleror  dry  •cajon,  and  are  fc« 

'  e  Madeira  and  Negro.  Above  theoe 

itlracled  wmbward  by  the  healed 

'  by  the  heated  csai^  c< 


dllvin 


4  rcEular  end 


- The  cold  a -„ 

(he  monlh  cl  May,  when  a  IrM^  da  friafrm%M 
lochdiflcamfonihraughoui  ih-    -  ---  ' '-- 


"herc'are'wiVni  windi  franibe  Amle^  but  in''ihe 
there  an  coM  eurrenu  of  air  [ram  up^rtva  (an 
uaually  followed  by  downpour*  of  rain. 

The  cnaital  plain  a>  lar  aouih^i  Sintoa,  ii 


region  of  high  te 
mSr  dividr^  inK 


mpiinn  ta  that  of  Ihc  Plmaaibi 
mm  betvvew  March  and  AngoM. 
y  !□  J  uly.  which  it  Ihe  Ilnw  of  the 


aaaon  Ecirig  ab^UI  j".     1 


The  B> 


b  •Rehlb'  blilicr  than  tfi 


FAUNA) 

ForHleu)  of  aaaW  8e*F.,  wtikh 
MatinhioandPari,  AtPeroanibu.. _.   _    ._ .    . 

South  a(  Bihs  Ihcrc  i<  a  ETaitual  ina 

RLo  dc  JanFiro  nccedii 

lU  b  aaptifHBlhf  heavy 

high,  but  brloH  that  poInE  the  CHiul-  - 

■nadiEptl.  the  range  In  tcnficmtiiR  U. ,  , ._ 

umperatunln'cr.aiid  AenhlaliBonewnlydiftril 

Euiihryenr.  TbewEiKhareniotenrlable.and theae .  . 

■huply  dcbnrd.  In  Rio  Cfande  da  Sul  Ibe  nsift  is  Imperalure 
From  2&*  ia  80*.  Ibe  cliaate  being  timilar  to  that  ol  Urirguay.  , 
PckHis.!  Ka-levcl  poi!  on  Logfta  dia  Patos.  the  mean  annual  m 


BRAZIL 


™  .^^mi 


The  climatic  cciidit[oi»  at  the  Biarillan  platnu  an  widely  ditto 
em  (Kwri  tJio«  of  tlic  coast  in  many  respKti  There  ii  Ich  uniTDnnlt 

ttx  day  and  cioleral  aighi  than  are  lucalilinol  the  Hrnclatitiid- 
oa  the  coail.    The  Bruiliaa  Guiana  plateau,  lyin;  imineAately 

[raphirany  it  beloDga  to  the  Ainalon  bttiin.  d1  la  vealertl  an-" 
teuEhern  ilope*  are  drained  by  IribUEaricB  erf  that  great  rivf 
ClimatkaUy,  however,  it  is  a  legioa  apart.  It  Ilea  in  the  north-ea 
trade  wiodi  belt,  but  the  moiiniain  chain  m  ii>  oonhcm  fmnti 
rob*  these  inadi  erf  Chmr  moisture  and  learr*  the  greater  pert 

however,  receive  more  rain,  the  fonner  being  wcU  forested,  whi 
the  bitcr  ia  covered  with  eraw  tampot-  South  of  the  Atnait 
valley  and  fillini  a  frcal  part  ol  the  eastern  ^ettkni  rX  tbe  cs.. 
linent,  is  anoths'  and,  Bemi-banen  plateau,  Vpv  vitbin  tbe  aoolh- 
east  trade  winds  belt,  and  extending  frrHn  Plauhy  aouthvard  la 
■DUthem  Bahia.  It  covers  the  state  of  fHuihy  and  Ibe  wiotern  or 
inland  pani  of  theiiates  o(  Ceari,  ttia  Gramle  do  None.  Parahyto. 
PcniatnbucD  and  Qahia.  The  year  [a  divided  ititp  a  dry  and  wet 
vnwn.  The  tirat  from  fane  to  Ixcember.  urbep  rain  nrely  falls,  the 
itreann  dry  up  and  Uie  ciiMi  are  burned  bare,  and  Ibe  ecoond 
from  January  to  May  when  tbe  rains  are  nmerifitef  heavy  and  the 
eempoi  are  covered  with  liauriani  verdure.  The  raint  ate  tteitber 
rvKular  nor  certaia,  however,  and  sometlnm  fall  for  a  wticce&Aoa  of 
yean,  causing  destructive  ittcv  (droughts)-  Tbe  interior  distticta 
of  CcarJ^PetTiaiDbueD  attd  Dahia  have  suffered  leveTcJy  from  Ibese 

but  the  nijihri  are  cool  and  refreshing.  The  ptrvalUng  wind*  «re 
the  atHfth-eaat  IrddeL  which  have  l«l  some  of  tbeif  iDoTsture  in 

healed  aurface  ol  Ihe  plateau,  Ihey  iw«p  acnm  ii  without  t  doud 
or  drop  ol  lafn.     In  winter  the  phieau  is  leu  healed,  and  cold 


mhabi^ed  ta 


IClofatrfrnn 

andM^nasCei- 

ant  Vejctaiioo  and  loutheily  wi 
M  i  naa  Getaef  is  fweafed  along  its  1 

cov^ed  by  open  taaibai,  and  ll 

vxA,  and  Ibe  mean  annual  lemperaturr  rangci  frotn  G&*  to  77*.  the 
DOfthem  districts  of  Minas'Ceracs  being  much  warmer  tnan  the 
Huthem.  InSloPautoiiiKlsouthemMinaiGeiaeiihCTcsreKme- 
timet froiu.  Inihe  Fbnhyba  valtey,  whichextendsacroatbeslate 
J  !.;_  a.  r — 1_  .1,.  —  ■.___^_  ^  Boiewhat  higher  than 
anights  are  warmec.  but 
■  ilelighKuItyKmpente 


Is  <A  Rio  de  Janeim,  Mo  FauFo 
!eia  greatly  modified  byaluiuti- 
fa.  as  well  as  by  the  elevation. 

— .e,  thettfotr,  is  high  anS  the  rainfall 
nnnvativety  light,  ^  Paulo  is  partly 
d  these  also  serve  to  augment  the  mart' 
ol  these  states,  howevF 

,emperaturT  ranges  f  rotr 

ts'Ceracs  being  much  w 


isabund 


_  -io  rfe  Janeiro,  Ihe , 

it  is  in  5I0  Paula  and  MInai  Gerai^  and 
the  higher  valleys  of  the  Sena  do  Mareoji 
dimate.  The  rainfall  ehrnughout  this  r^toi 

northcro  MiOM  Oeraes.  where  the  cKmatic  e 

nrsomeevtent  by  Ihearid  eastern  plateau.  South  of  Sia  Paub  the 
lablelandi  ol  Psrand,  Soma  Catharina  and  Rio  Cnnde  do  Sul  enfoy 
■  lemperaieclimaie.wiihanabuadnnrijnbll.  There  are  occawnai 

Kltlecanbesoid.  TbeliiwerrWervaneysollheTocanllBs-ARiiuaya. 
Xingd.  TapajAs  and  Par^iruay  are  essentialfr  tropical,  their  tllTroEc 
being  hot  and  humid  like  that  if  Ihe  Amaion.  The  higher  vallrys 
id  the  l^ranA  and  its  tributaries,  ami  lA  the  rivers  wloch  flow  non  ri- 

.   ._  -  iMBinici  in  character,  hnving  high  sun  tempeiatufts 

Its,  nbtrvttbese.  the  cka^oibi  Keopen  lothe  sunand 
where  high  sun 

Mty).  acewiting  lea  linrlied  number  of  cbirrvarions.  is  shout  TJ* 
Then  is  tui  abnhnel^  ihy  season  hi  (his  nan  ol  the  great  Braiilbn 
pliaaau,  though  ibiyeviKDiteDarfly  dMdcd  intoailry  indwn 


»( nights, 

and  haw 


toAprURiMi 


448 


t  Ih^  refkm.'and  wtt 


number  cl  in  icneia  and  •peclet.  butalao  lor  iu 
«  mammah.  ^  thinoaie  el  the  beM  autkiitin 
V  PtJrafaiTilrf'nmmrttHnfhfrinr  rlaMSMi) 
over.  Is  chnmrfiaiil  poorin  MnaHf Jal  waattvli, 
if  stailt  alae.      Il  la  naMaqRliy,  iko,  igi  tbt 


the  devdopmeat  of  ihosa  el  terresuial 
then  ire  iWit  Hty  ipDcSea  in  Biad,  a1 
which  Inhabit  (he  Amaaon  region.'    Th 
CibUae  family,  lad  (ta  pnrvldedwiih 
are  rewTsented  by  six  specie*    ' 
which  is  the  ofwa,  cr  jaguar  <F. 


. ofwa,  cr  jaguar  <F.  ma,  L-),  aDd  tha  coogar,  or  pann 

\,r.  analiir);  thieespeDeaof  IheCnUU,  thcSouth  Ameekanwall 

(C.J»4o»«).  andtwosnHllJ'   ■    ■" "        ■    • 


CoMaiiandoneJA^tlB.   Oflhaptan 

pofnilatlv  called  naffi.  Tbe  ii«H«m  (SiMpMi)  Is  leprwiMd  by 
thiee  or  I mir  ipeciH,  tm  cf  which  att  so  anoll  that  tlw  am  want- 
•llycsUedwoodnta.  ThanJdeiilBanMiiiHKHisaiidbiGlailesevcral 
necuUar  specie*.  OdIv  one  spedea  d  hoi*  is  foimd  in  Biaiil,  tlie 
Lifui  bnuSUiui!,  and  but  one  also  of  the  squirrel  {Styuri).  Of 
(ho  amphibious  rDdems,  the  pr(&  (Cosh  operu).  taoeA  (C  npeiM^, 
paca  (Cvhfotjs  Mrs),  citia  {DanftiOa  •»«)  asd  capyban 
iHjinckttna  apiihm)  ate  aaMwonliy  foe  th^  ain  and  aitnurm 
range.  Their  Belli  is  used •...■.-..j . 


-.. Murida^  there  are  several  gtijera  and  a 

mber  irf  ludei,  some  of  iheiB  cvideBily  hnportitioii*  fim 
the  Old  IVoiM.  Braiil  has  thiee  gmipa  of  aainab  simllai  to  (he 
common  rat— th*  CgtrmytM.  iMuknilti  and  Pnmmtryitiim- 
tbe  bcsl  known  ol  which  Is  Ihe  "  tuco-luco  "  iOtnemp  tnuAsnui^, 
■  email  burrowing  animal  of  Kid  Crande  do  Sul  which  axavaic* 
longiubiemneangallericsandltvesCfiYootsaiid  bulbs.  Ontoftie 
(jiaracterlitic  orders  of  tbe  Bmiillsn  fauna  is  thai  of  the  Gdantuia, 
whkh  comprise*  Ac  ilslh.  annadilki  and  ont-aater.  Thaar  animaU 
are  fnmd  only  Id  the  Ironical  Rghms  of  South  Aulerica.  Theranee 
of  Ihe  sloth  la  from  the  Cuianai  south  Into  Minas  Cem~  thr  iirm.. 
diflo  tt  Ire  south  as  the  Aigcntine  pampas  and  (he  a 


the  Amaion  south  to  Parncixiy,  though  it  N  found  I 
region  prlncirAlly.  The  doth  (flKtf^4ifi)  ■  is  ah  ar 
which  feeds  ahaoil  elclu^vely  on  the  toliafe  of  the 


IhcAi 


Inownoi  w 
frt(aT(«,  wf 


I  equivalent  to  its  English  nt.   ..     . 

.  .  .  faiii  in  Bniil.  lh*  binnt  ipeciei  i^  die  Oinpmi 
(igai,  but  the  best  known  Is  the  NhMf  (9.  tclKotiUit},  wMFfria 
hKhly  esteemed  lot  Its  flesh.  The  an-eaten  (WynneoMafa)  art 
diviife]  into  three  or  four  spedex  one  of  which  (If. />M^  ■>  tv- 
eluslvely  terrestrial,  andtheotlicrsaiboreal.  The  popular  name  fcr 
the  animal  is  Kinirntfiii.    The  M.  Jmbalu,  or  ftwiaiiifiid  taKirira.  is 

Braril  has  only  four  or  hve  ineeit*  dI  OrWoe,  which  are  likewise 
common  to  other  cotmlrics  ol  South  AirEeric^    The  largest  of  these 

conjcncra.  The  others  are  the  C.  atmpeHrii.  C-  nesremufwj. 
C.  ra/sianda  imallsperiesorvorfety  csllerf  C,  noniwby  (heDani* 
BatuiaHil  Dr  P.  W,  Lund.  The  mchiifmiis  ate  represented  hy 
Ihncspedes  of  the  peccary  {DuolyUi)  and  i>d  of  the  ants,  or  tspir 
ITapInt).  The  former  ait  lound  over  a  .idc  range  of  counlrv. 
eafending  Into  BoKi-ia  and  Ar^friina,  and  are  noted  for  iMr 
TmpetuDuspugnseify,  The  tapir  siso  has  an  extensive  rarge  between 
the  const  and  the  [oothlllsor  the  Andes,  and  from  northern  Argentina 
to  soulh-eastem  Colombia.  Il  is  the  largest  of  the  finuiKan 
mammals,  and  inhabila  fknsely  forested  tracts  near  river  courses. 
The  (wo  species  arc  T.  mmnns.  vhich  is  the  lareer  erd  best 
Imoon.  and  the  sMa  dtare.  found  in  hlinai  Cttaes.  vhieh  is  silil  10 

ihe  r.  Bea/iat  of  Colomhia.    PerhaFa  tl 

"  of  BlaiB  !■  'he  aoinoH  nr " 

Inhabits  1 


immal  of  fiiaiil  is  the  *> 


lengUof  IS' 


toft.  Ilislaken  with  the  h 


The  avffaana  «(  Braiil 

specially  hi  I 
sated  OM  au 


commciHal  products  of  the  An 


tbe  harpDOn  and  iti 


I,  seccies  and  indlytdmb, 

.._  _.. .  _.    jred  plumage,    h  is'esti- 

ihan  half  the  birds  of  Bmiil  arc  inscettvonius,  and 
ic-cighih  are  elimbera.  The  range  in  site  is  a  wide 


in  species  and  iiKlividuals.  it  ia  noticeably  poor  In  really  good 
sonnterft,  On  the  oiher  hand  it  is  etcepitonallv  rich  In  species 
haiTng  strident  voices  and  peculiar  unmusical  calK  like  the  fell 

ffamn'oa  icwllaln)  and  the  irgpsifi  (Oinniiiirltyniiiu  nsultniiViil. 
Two  spn-ies  of  vultures,  tsmity-three  ol  (slcorrs  snd  eiiht  of  oals 
represent  the  Krdi  of  prey.  The  best  known  vuhureJs  thcmmmfpn 


wM  (CKiortei/HMii 


•!A) 


wfcidh'li 

•n  particulirly 

m  tbiwighout 

IK  obicct  ill  tha  ERai  f«n«i  of  lunbcrn  BnuJ. 

Fifiim  of  Bighc  and  pHnr  e(  wing  ui 

-,-^^  tad  ulmindon.    u  Lbii  >nutk*t  of 

B  Uty-niw  nU-kaowa  apeda,  divided  inio  two 
yivupit  (pv  i-itarfihoninHU,  wiiich  jirtfcr  the  font  ahad*  and  Live 
on  ineUi  aad  Iba  rndUiaaf,  which  frcqaeat  opaa  nrmy  plain 
•hoc  lowan  an  to  be  baiod.  Ont  si  the  BruUiaa  binb  whaK 
babiti  haic  altiacnd  much  in<ei«  i>  (ha  Jtlt  it  Bam  {Clay  J^B) 
«r  naa  bird  (Amoriiu  n^ui),  which  build*  a  iuwae  of  redduh  day 
for  iu  aeit  and  aitackca  it  Co  ihg  bnacb  sf  a  me,  uauily  la  a  fork. 
Tba  ibinili  it  iHnaented  by  a  Dunbar  «1  ■peoeii  (ma  of  wbica.  the 
>aM  (Ifteu).  bat  baaim  Ibt  popubr  wat-bird  s(  Bratil  ibniDch 
wrinaa  by  Coocaim  Diit.  The  dov«  ajid  pigtoa  haw  abo 
ei  of  aaiiva  tpaoei,  on*  of  which.  Ibe  pMitemriiy  (IViiUra 
-   a  hlcUy^pcndatad.labltluwy.  _^Tbc«iUi 


BRAZIL  fPUMA 

CtaihiB  *aa  (ivM  by  ika  EwUdi  nat-talin  H.  W.  Bmm.  *ho 
nd  ;<>o«H|ntwt  ot  iptoti  in  the  vidaity  of  only  oof  of  hit  callect- 
iiw piaaasa tbc  Amuon  (Ecal,  ol  which  sso ipcdn wtit  olbuKer- 
aia.  WilhinaabouT'swalliaf  PuiurtolxrauDd.heiayi.about 
Tonapccicaol  bumriilg.  "whilrf  th>  total  □umbiT  lound  in  ih* 

only  ui."  (H.  W.  Bats.  TXt  JVotanJuToa  tU  ^^jSaata\ 
One  oTtbe  nn  ipKin  of  the  Anauo  tf  «Moi  (if.  b»i*)  ocaiuna 
S  tofia-acnaaiuexpatidcd  wioEa,  Dipccrout  uiHcttarealsouefy 
nuiDBnA  la  ipcciet,  ctpccially  ia  thote  of  tanftuirury  LabiLk,  lucta 


, . ha  dry  d ., 

orliiia  (DicbMu  criilata))  which  It  pfiied  far  iu  Boh.  ai 
JBcaaita  {AaMia  cn^ibw)  which  it  rceqiicBlly  dametli 

rnariaeat  aimg  tba  unfci  itihatRal  black-haadad  white 

called  ^  fliiti  (MyWrHt  aauriuita},  which  it  bund  ak>ni  iht 

«iiriaiaier(..tha  aumbet  o(  tpcdia  it  inialler.  but  aome  et  them  aic 
widely  diuribuled  and  nsiaeniui  ia  imlivldualt.  Then  an  but  few 
neciet  al  ducka.  and  ihay  art  apfnicntly  nun  numtmut  in  muihEia 
Bnuil  Cbaa  an  Ihe  Anaton. 

The  nptilian  fauna  cihibita  an  exccptionall)'  Urie  number  oF 
InlonKiat  tcneia  and  ipeciaa.  A  great  part  of  the  river  lyuemt 
'  e<  (ha  eonDtiy  with  their  flooded  inuare  highly  favourable  la  the 
deveiopiaent  of  nptilian  Life-  Moat  promincnl  amonB  thcae  is  the 
AvAerkaa  alligator,  of  which  tbero  are,  according  lo  Ndtcrcr,  two 
■Bncn  and  eieht  tpeciet  in  Braiil.  Tbw  are  very  ounKrout  ia  tiie 
Anuion  and  ■»  tnbmriet  and  ia  the  FaiaEuy.  and  are  fowid  in 
all  the  liven  of  dte  Atlanlic  ceatt.  Thne  of  the  BraiilLin  tpcdei 
■n  voiaeiau!  and  daniaoui.  The  largat  of  ihc  Anuion  ipedet 
an  the  jacvj-aiiil  (Caltua  mf).  jtout  (C.  fiiiipa)  aad  jaiarl- 
tiHit  iC.  Hltrtpt).  The  Amaion  it  nlu  the  honK  of  om  of  Ihe 
lirteu  fnih-water  turtlet  known,  ihe  Emyi  anaamifa.  hically  called 
Ihciarard'afnl  or  Urtcraft  gmnJt-  Tbete  turtles  arv  »  nurnerovs 
that  tbair  UtA  and  eggt  nave  lon^  been  a  priiKipal  food  tupply  for 
Ihe  Indian  popuUtioa  of  that  ngim-  AiKMhcr  Amantn  ipccict.  the 
£.  Irooui.  a  Hill  nDfa  highly  tMeemcd  lor  il>  fleih.  but  it  it  (mailer 
and  d^ntiti  fewer  cee>  'n  Ihe  undy  rivcf  brachc*.  LaBanoi 
(/(Kawu)  and  luardi  an  conunon  eveiywheTe.  The  ophidism  ate 
alts  Buineroui,  eipwally  in  the  wooded  kiwlandt  vallcyi.  and  the 
poUooout  ipcciat,  tboush  lea  aunwrout  Ihan  Mheti,  include  tone 
sf  Iha  moH  danscnHulinown— Ihe  taillcinike  nmaail  (Liutciii 
rtoaloafu),  anTjargnin  (Bolilra^i).  The  Anuion  region  it  rTe> 
queued  by  thapMa  (boa  contliictai).  and  the  tcniral  plateau  by 
Ihciui'ij  (£aa«Iri  nwriiiKi}.  both  diuinguiihsd  tor  ihcit  enomiaui 
^le.  The  halrachiant  induda  a  verv  Urse  dunabcr  of  gtocra  aod 

The  fauna  of  the  riven  and  coatt  of  BraiD  it  richer  in  tpcdei  and 
iadlvidvali  than  that  of  the  land.  All  the  rivert  art  richly  uccked. 
and  valuable  Kthing  groundi  an  lo  be  found  akmg  ihe  <xaa,  npcci- 
ally  that  of  eoutbcm  Bahia  and  Eipirilg  Sanla  wbcir  Ihe  (anupu 
[StmitMi)  u  feuad  in  larsn  numberB.  Some  of  the  tmall  un  along 
thfl  coait  an  highly  etteoncd  [or  (heir  Oavonr.  Whalea  were  once 
■uiaeroaa  betwcea  Capet  St  Ronuc  and  Frio,  but  art  now  rarely 
Kcn.  Of  the  edible  river  liih,  the  Wl  known  Li  the  p<rar<uu  (Swiu 
vtittj,  a  larac  fiih  of  the  Amazon  which  it  lalicd  arul  dried  foi 
market  during  the  low-water  leuon.  Fith  ii  a  xaple  food  ol  the 
Indiaalribctof  the  Amaion  region,  and  their  filing  tcaion  it  dxiring 
the  period  of  kiw  water.  The  viat  ol  Prolctwr  Louii  Aiauii  to  the 
Amajou  in  iB6j  retultnt  in  a  li^lol  LI43  tpeciet.  but  It  iabclicvtii 
that  no  Ina  than  iBoo  la  2O0O  tpeciet  arc  to  be  found  in  that  gnal 

in  ilrongcontrjtt  to  ihe.  poverty  of  Bratil  )n  the  larecr  toami 

.era  and  f^epidopleKi  are  eipccially  numcroui,  botl.  _. 


re  practically  uninhabitable.    The 


-^..inary  habitt,  i 

apaad,  bctochitdo,  Ac.    In  wmc 
-- "-^  "'-- -*  tip  infntctt 


itx  pautraju),  aj 

u/irrwhich  <>  » 


lui  lo  aninuli,  at*  equally 
however,  arul  perhapt  the 
noM  harmful  to  civiliied  man,  are  the  termitea  and  anti,  which  an 
loitnd  everywhere  in  the  aninhabltad  campo  and  forett  re«>nt»  aa 
well  aa  in  the  cultivated  dittricta-  Nature  hat  providea  aeveral 
tpeciet  tJ  animalt,  btrdt  and  npcilBB,  to  feed  upon  thcao  Inaecti,  arid 
variout  poitonout  and  tulFocatiiv  CDnpouvdt  arc  uted  to  dcttroy 
them,  but  with  no  great  degree  of  aucceaa.  It  it  not  uocomirun  to 
find  once  culllvatad  fidda  abandonad  bcaiBC  of  tbeir  ravaget  and 

The  temiilef^  or  '^^ta  anta,"  anciccptionally  dentuctlve  becauK 
of  their  habit  d  tunnelling  through  the  aofter  wooda  of  habliaiiona 
andlumiture,  while  KHDewcciea  of  anta.  like  the  toir^,  an  equally 
dc^ruciive  10  plantatioat  becauie  of  the  rapidity  whli  which  they 
qtrip  a  tire  of  itt  foliagb  Spidera  an  rctveteoied  by  a  ve^  brae 
number  ol  ipecie^  tonit  of  which  an  beautifully  cokiuied-  The 
lirgcu  of  tbcie  it  the  Uy/flit  with  a  body  1  in.  in  length  and  out- 
itntcbcd  legt  covering  7  m.,  a  moaiter  tIraiiB  enough  to  captute 
and  kill  uiall  bird*.  AlargeVytoJ' lound  on  the  iaUod  olSiriba.of 
tlie  Abrolbo*  groups  feedt  upon  lizards,  and  hat  been  known  to 
attack  and  kiir^roung  ehichena.  One  of  the  moat  troublcwnic  petta 
of  the  interior  la  a  minute  degenerate  tFRder  of  the  genua  Iveda. 
called  iortipHa,  or  boih'Eiek,  which  breedi  00  the  ground  and  thcr 

cieept  up  thegmttbladeiandbutheiwhcrtit  wuiuTorr- '-^ 

manorbcul.  itt  habit  ia  to  bury  Itt  bene 

remain  there  until  gorged  with  blood,  whc 
are  eoauDon.  but-an  couidcred  Icta  poitm 


oil.  Scorpiont 


»f.^2^ 


The  lot^h  « 


ia  botaniol  ip 


valli  that  of  the  coaH 
~.  ..~~..-.w .».— ^..jcaand  changiflg  icaiona 
geneial  character  c/  the  vegetalioa;  aad 


wLicrc  heat,  vnrying  rainfall. 
have  greatly  modiocd  the  ge 

rocky  aarlacea,  higher  tun  tempcnturci  ttnd  larga  open 
praducc  a  ^wttatJOD  widely  ^ffcient.frnfB  thoae  of  the  olb 
rcgiona.  Bcttuca  theac,  the  Bon  of  tbc  hiaguay  ba^  varict 
from  that  of  [he  inland  plaleau.  and  that  of  the  BradliaB  f 
regioa  It  eitcmially  diatuct  from  the  Amamn.  The  taller 
it  dcniely  forciled  Enm  Ihe  Allintic  to  the  Aiidct,bul  with  3 
■  ■       '    '      "  ibout  900  m.  b 


Bt  thecc 


:laD  Uaaai,  and  thus  far  ci 

BHionuiJaniL  Even  when  tettlcmenta 
effort  It  rcquirtd  to  keep  the  vc£ela- 
E,  much  of  the  virgin  forett  hat  been 
e  creation  of  cuIiTvaled  planU' 


idfiiri 


painu,  myrllca,  acaciat,  1 
laurcla.  ccdrellat,  bignc 
kcylhitea.  twaruiat.  Ac. 


The  chid  characleriillc  of  (he  Amuonsn  foreat,  azide  from  itt 
""■'■■  ■    "     "Ki/  of  genera  and  apcciea.     In  Ihe 

ul  lotetti  of  a  ungic  ipedct,  othert  of 
eat  tropical  fomt  the  habit  oi  gromh 
nd  will  contain  huadiedt  of  tpeciet— 
laz,  cecropiat,  cuphorUati  oulvaceaa, 
bombactat,  apocyneat.   nalpigiaa, 

._  -...vcgeutkmofthalowerriver.maigina, 

. periodically  flooded,  diacra  in  totne  parliculara  f rom  Ibat 

of  the  higher  ground,  and  Ihe  lame  variation  it  lo  be  foand  between 
the  foreiii  of  the  upper  and  kiwer  Amazon,  and  between  the  Amaioa 
and  Ltj  pnncipal  tnbulariea.  The  derzity  of  Ihe  foreat  it  greaily 
augmented  by  Ihe  tip6i,  or  lianai,  which  overcrow  the  LargetX  ireca 

hianchea.  At  ■  rule  Ihe  treea  cf  the  Amazon  foiett  are  not  coa< 
tpicuoutly  high,  a  lew  tpccica  rarely  reaching  a  beighl  of  aoo  ft. 
The  average  u  prabahly  lett  than  onc.half  that  huht.  Tbit  ia 
ctpccially  Inia  of  ihe  ilaod  plaint  where  the  annual  inundaiiona 


ewo),  calied  the  cow-troe  became  of  > 

lErititniim  muhuiii)  or  tilk-cotton  u ....^ , 

ifniut),  tin  d*  tlkt  iCalrcnt  Upia),  iaimi  {Sjmliamt*  cwiaf^, 
upnaio  {lutHii  aKoiuJ.  and  cauaaWn  ar  biuil-Hi  im  (BrrlM- 
Ittia  acdu).    The  A •--  ' --■" 


irsiida£  (L- 

lailky  up.  Ihe  Ji 
'  Ihe  Ida  <r  or-' 
HSjmtiimtt 


"■S.. 


AnuBB.    Sontlt-taK  el  Ike  Parnahybi 

Vrw  ud  Bian  ■■dr  aod  tlH  (mcu  d     , ,  .... 

ttdfr-mtcf'  fiwn  m  friOBtd  viih  nunfnivQ,  ■«!  the  Body  dIus 
fuchlof  back  to  tlw  niaq[Lil  «f  ihe  inland  pUl«au  u  Erncniuy  HI* 
of  vegHHloii.  though  the  ariuhiiba  palm  ICoptmUia  arijrra)  ind 
tOflK  fOKIH  «f  iDW-^nnring  trm  Hr*  fd  be  fodnd  jn  many  plan*. 
The  k%lH  knh  cTtfaii  FWa  vc  «wed  wiili  iliniba  ukThuU 
tn«b  prineiptlly  mlBona.  Tls  ikifw  of  (be  pUKAU,  which  nwve 
■  betler  rainfji1l»  ue  non  beavily  fomted,  khh  diktricti  beloc 
covered  with  dccidiKHii  trcn.  fonniiqE  atinfU  la  kul  pwkDce. 
Thb  dry.  thinly-waided  nghiii  ectoKh  loulh  to  the  Milei  of  Ptn- 
hyla,  wberea  msn  naulu  Blnfdl  fnoun  lOat  iniwth  neinr  the 
tout,    fittweea  Ptnhylia  shI  ■wlharn  B>U>  unit*  uul  apcD 


nnMvie  BUfflbcn  ^ 
iBdiaenatB  p-' ■- 

Iv  IlUVriME. 


lniSi7,  "ol 


■ndbonlerint 
lMy>uidt>b^ 

-he  [oincViire  tndacriliahbl 

u  rHnce  Mai  ni  neuiried  fsund  In 
Ihe  leaen  Ctat.  ififaittiiu.  ^vimi 

fiaeiiH,  ilo,  liuinu.  ilyrlimi.  £■;..._.  

KiniuAiM}^  Knu.  ud*  IhoHud  olhtr,  for  the ._.. 

Dnknnvn  ipceiei  el  tree*."  Funhet  [nland  the  higher  csuDtr:; 
hwoieet  mon  open  and  the  foteflt  ere  iae  hmirieiit.  C^nt  cacti 
odipinyiaiibabDnn^  Thee  ciinethe«^f«trKl^udt  beyond 
that,  the  cipeii  camfa  tH  the  deviled  pliteau,  doited  with  clump* 
erf  k>ir  frowiof  bwmee  aad  farokeii  by  tncti  of  cerruco.  e  tUck, 
Batted,  buihr  treoth  lO  Is  li  ft.  liliBfht.  Formerly  thiicoaN 
ccffion  fumiilied  br^  qiunlitiee  of  BniiNwodd  (Ctt€Mlfviia 
«EiiMfa),  end  Ihe  river  Tel[ey«  have  h>ii|theen  the  nliupal  loiiRfl 
at  Bazi't  bat  tabiiict-iwxKl  roeewood  HWWr/M  nirBl,  juinidi 
(IfHhuTiHUinHm,  Beoih.l.vlBhitks  IflaJIrpitiaafiliia,  Benth.]. 
pcroba  lAtpUotprrma  ptreba),  cedro.  Ac  Tho  cuotic  monfoMro 
(madgD)  B  10UIM  everywhere  elou  the  cout,  toccthcr  with  the 


Of  the  treat  Intaitd  r| 


Bof  Mim 


MatMGi«i^(heietnpen(el_. 

|owluid>o(tlnnit*(iuyb*^n,aoadeqiiue< ,.  . 

without  taUiiB  each  lectk*  ia  detail,  wUch  can  ba  dona  to  better 
advutafe  In  deMriUnn  the  ladividail  itatei.  la  (enenl,  ibe 
orroKs  growth  eitenda  over  Ihe  vhale  central  plateau,  and  heavy 
fbreati  an  found  only  in  the  dicp  river  valleyi.  Tluae  opening 
Borthward  have  the  chaiaeteriitic  fioi*  af  the  Amaion  haaln.  The 
Paraguay  barin  [■  covered  aiHh  eitcn^vc  nanhy  tndi  lad  open 
woadUndL  the  palnu  beinc  the  coaqiicuDni  (eatare.  The  vege- 
tation i*  ninitar  to  tbat  of  riuiguay  and  the  Chaco.  and  aquatic 
plaDt*  an  •paciilly  nnmeiout  and  luiurianL  Oa  Ihe  tenrale 
itplandi  of  the  ■nthon  etaiea  there  are  impoaint  forem  erf  Soalh 
AmeikaB  pios  (Anauiia  bmUi  ■  •  ^  .  -i 
imibrella-librto—  ^ "■ •■ 

taranoTnlij.  fmn  vhkh  ikUf.  or  Firaguay- 
unnd  in  tfw  unie  region. 

The  ccDnomic  pUnik  of  DruiT.  both  mdigenout  and  exolie,  arr 
Dotioably  numeraun.    CoBtt  nituraUy  ocrlrplei  &nt  pUfc,  and 

FUant.  The  autn  of  SlD  Funk).  Rio  dejaneira  and  Minaa  Gene* 
AW  th*  largcit  peoduccra.  IhM  St  ia  aUo  frown  for  export  in  Eapirilo 
BahaandCcai^  The  eipott  In  im  waa  ia,S«>.6(u  baga 
"Bcial  valualkn  of  1^1^410,330.  Sugar 
equally  wide  diuributicn,  aad  cotton  u 
laraahio  to  ^o  f*aula.  Other  economic 
■    -  —     ■  'Mice. 


. Z^°^V 

then  the  appearance  of  oHn  ivoodlaja 

A  Fanni  iolo  (tin  Gnt&  do  Sul  >i 

Miou  Gcraca.    La^gc  tracts  of  it 


Suto,  Bat 

'•'>«,  another  eiotli^  hai  _  -,_ 
ra  aking  the  coait  from  Marii 


!aodfruil 

L  Bwect  potaloe^  baaanaai  cacio  (7wotr«iia  taat),  na&Aoca 
_  _jaava  (UaiaitI  mlHitiiuma),  sipim  or  iwcct  mandioca  (if.  af^l, 
(■ava*  {Piidimm  foV*^  Raddi),  onmh  ■«»•■  H"^  FV^ 
piseapplei,  •»»«•  (drica  r<>^ya).  bnaa.fnill  MnMarpw  owh), 
lack  fruit  (A,  Morula),  aod  nuBy  Mhan  lea  kona  omide  lU 
tn^lc*.  AawM  the  paloiatheieaRaewiBlai  gnat  •eoBOBUBvahie, 
•M  oaly  u  fOodpndaoera  but  alao  for  w 
fruit  o(  Ihe  pmfimlu  or  peach  palm  IGt 
pman  fMd  aiBan*  the  IniEiaa  of  ttw 


where  Ic  la  CBladMr^    The  lu  pi 

leaf  iHhn)  provkfea  on  edible  bult. , 

mCwlodiaAwr,  bat  ia  kia  BHloa Ihe  Aoaaon  than  h  I* l 

kiwerOriaooi.  TliealMlCBaarprifiraciat laaBatherhighliKpitied 
pals  became  of  a  bneiuo  sMe  froai  Ks  fruit  aloaa  the  lower 
Amaun.  A  cloaalyjiland  Ipacil*  or  variety  (£iil(r«t  fSadt)  la  the 
well-kiBWB  palraiio  or  cabbage  palai  loaad  over  Ihe  greanr  part 
ef  BniU.  eiboaa  tcimhial  phyMphore  ii  cooked  and  ciien  aa  a 
veaatable.  ABodgThigMytwrful  palm  ii  the  caramiineTaLfgdhaia 
iaficmiaa  iBiJtn)  wQch  wffJiea  fruit,  aiedullary  seal,  fond  hr 


445 

ft«)a  WKfc' 


uiedibr  cordage,  bnuhn  and  broona.  There  are  many  Mbcr  palma 
whoae  fruit,  ibn  and  woed  antar  higtly  into  the  domeatle  aeaauiny 
of  the  aalivea.  Uti  the  Uit  given  abowa  how  impoitaBt  a  lervice  ihea 
tna*  itodewl  to  [he  abon^nal  inhabitaots  of  ttopicii  Annica, 
and  likewiie  how  uieful  cbey  Rill  are  to  the  people  of  tropical  Braii). 
Another  vegcuble  prodim  of  ihc  Amazon  region  la  made  from  tbk 
fniit  of  the  F**llitia  urtilit.  Man.,  and  k  known  by  the  name  of 
fmanMd.  It  it  Iscnrly  omumcd  in  Bolivia  and  Matn  Cnian 
when  u  la  uaed  in  the  Enpaiation  of  a  beverage  which  hat  eucllent 
medidnal  properties.    The  Bivilian  flora  it  alK>  rich  in  medicinal 


Pi^iitaffn.— TW  finl  expkiren  of  BiaxH  raported  a  oun«raut 
iDdka  popobtioa.  but,  u  the  •ea-cmit  aflocded  a  larger  arid 
nWi*  eaady  uqu^ed  food  mpfAy  than  did  iIk  interior,  tbfl 
ladiia  popaUtlon  wu  probably  uumerous  only  in  a  iiiiiipara- 
ttnly  uiall  part  ol  Ihia  imBMnaa  tctrttory,  along  the  aea^coail. 
Modem  upiorations  have  ihown  that  the  uiwtEled  inland 
icgioni  of  Bniil  art  populated  by  Indiana  only  where  the  coib- 
dilions  an  favaimble.  They  are  (0  be  found  in  wooded  districts 
neat  rivers,  uid  ate  luely  fouod  on  the  elevalcd  coai^r.  The 
inimediile  tnult  of  Eumpean  mloniiaUon  wma-Ibi  cnti 
and  eileiniijintion  of  ihe  Indiaiu  along  the  nnst  and  in 
favoured  inland  localiiirs  where  the  vhiica  canv  inU 
wiih  them.,  Tlie  loutheni  ditttictt  aod  the  Amaioa 
tributaiiea  were  oflen  raided  by  slave 
and  their  Indian  popolatKRis  were  either  decimated,  ot 
(irlhcr  into  the  inaccessible  forests.  But  there  ia  no  iccanl 
that  the  inland  distiids  of  westem  and  uoiLh-weatem  BrazO 
were  tieitcd  In  this  manner,  and  their  prcKnt  populalion  may 
ba  asanraed  to  represent  ac^vonmalefy  what  it  was  when  iIk 
Europeans  first  came.  According  to  the  census  of  1890  tfw  Indian 
population  was  i,>95.79fi.  but  so  far  as  the  migratory  Oibca  an 
concerned  the  figures  are  only  guesswork.  A  considei^ilD 
number  of  these  Indians  have  been  ^thcred  togethar  in  aUt^ 
DBdcT  the  charge  of  govemmmt  tutom,  but  the  larger  part  alill 
Etc  in  their  own  villages  or  as  nomaib. 

Bows  to  the  beginning  of  the  ifthaiiUBy  IhiwhilBCirianiaM 
•ntn  ihnoil  exdisivcly  PortugocM.  Tlie  immigntioii  fmB 
cotmttles  other  than  n>rliigd  duibig  the  Scat  biH  of  tAatoeMuiy 
was  small,  hat  bcfoiv  Its  doae  II  incieaaed  rapidly,  particularly 
from  Italy.  Fully  nfavientin  ol  theaa  «— ■■''B"n^T.  iadudiBg 
tbiae  fi«  the  Bwthv  CDnatiy,  w«r  of  tha  Latin  laoc  Th> 
lotraductlon  of  " '         '         ------ 


.  .  ,  theeennucrfiBTitbe  total  popula- 
tloB  was  9ypjo,47S,  of  which  1,510,806  were  altvca;  the  ncB 
■nurantioB  ^v*  3,767,119  whiles,  i,959,4Si  Afiicatia,  sW^jj 
IndbaSi  and  3,801,781  mind  bkioda.  The  Indian  population 
CetUlnljr  uceeded  the  total  given,  and  Ihe  while  pi^ulatSon 
thehabitof  sadeacrib- 


mniilyda  t5lala«s)i'i  faor  AmI,  ifoj),  waa  made  up  of  6.3Dt,i 
«hit(B,4,G384p5miiBdUaodt,  1,097 ,416  Afiicani,  and  i,)gs,)p£ 
ImSana.  Thia  analyiiB,  If  oomct,  iadialcs  that  the  ngoutive 
rfajteahaa  bean  gicatei  than  that  oi  the  Afiicaa* 


w6 


tmt  St  may  be  due  to  ihc 
lower  dusci,  where  an  ot 
i»  prutiuLv  uoknown. ' 

)Qoo  was  sUikingly  deffimve;  ic  waa  wnouy  aacMnica  i 
dty  of  Rio  de  Janeird,  »nd  had  lo  be  compleied  by  ofEn 
putations  in  the  returns  ftam  several  states,  Tbe  compi 
el  the  icumu  WB3  not  totnplcted  aod  published  unlit  May 
•ecoiding  to  which  the  total  popuUiion  wa«  i7,ji8,s5(,  ol 
B,4is,6]6  wen  Riila  and  8,492,930  femilca.  Not  Ine 
the  city  ot  Rio  dc  Janeiro^  whose  population  was  esli 
mC69i,s65Uieonkiniuty  withaipeci^mudicipal  cemuiol 
the  lota)  population  wu  16,616,991,  o[  whicb  i;,s73.6ri 
Roman  Catholics,  177,737  Prolejtants,  B;&,ioj  of  other 
The  tcturni  aUo  ibow  a  total  ol  3,038,500  domicilei  0 
tiie  fedenJ  upiul,  which  givu  aiuvcngeof  $'471  tothcdoi 
ThHfl  Tctuma  will  lerve  to  coneet  tlw  cxa^eiated  Bliraate 
;hwB2  published  in  BrazOand  accepted 


bym 


nyfor. 


if  the  people  la : 
cs  predominating  in  the 
I  and,  ptobftbly.  Matt 
central  and  northern 


BELAZIL  imiruma 

inBdgm[ton,<i{«Iiidi»iinicli(asWawittt«iIer  poUikilen^ 
has  been  greatly  over-estlmaied;  iruilworthy  eitimatei  in  ijoO 
made  ihe  German  coniingent  in  tha  pupuUiion  vsty  lion 
3jo,oca  lo  joo.oso.  They  in  icttled  chifBy  in  coloniei  in  the 
southern  slates,  and  form  i  moil  desirable  body  ot  leltkn. 
Disisitiu  and  Tmiu.—Tta  republic  I>  divided  into  twenty 

nnchanged,  tirepl  that  of  the  ledecaliied  district  bi  wtuch  ths 
naiioBil  capiial  is  located,  which  is  called  the  "  districto  federal." 
The  republic  has  no  territoriM,  aliboti^h  Anuionai,  J^atlo 
Grosu,  Paifi  and  Goyu  cowr  an  inuneiise  legion  of  uninhahitn] 
and  only  partisUy  ciplored  territory.  The  states  are  subdivided 
into  lema/cai,  or  judicial  dietiicu,  and  into  niiiiicipigi.  ot 
iDwoshipi,  which  it  the  Btniill»t  autonomous  division.  Tha 
coutitation  provides  for  the  autanaiiiy  of  the  muntcipalitici  ia 
order  tosafegaardtbepen:  ----'-- 
'the  farxlila,  or  parish,  a 
Ibr  administiBtive  putpotres,  but  it  has  no  pi 
The  naroca,  aieaa,  and  popiilatiooa  of  t 
wrtk  IM  names  and   populations  of  tb 


aitiacted  to  them.  Slavery 
was  not  abolished  until  Ihe 
Ijlh  of  May  1&8S.  but  a  num- 
ber of  aiecciriul  cotonks  had 
already  been  founded  in  these 
itits.  Other  coloniea  ven 
foanded  in  Sahia,  Espirito 
Santo  and  Rio  dc  Janeiro 
during  the  aune  period,  but 
they  were  unsucceshd.  paitly 
becaise  of  the  aHnpctitioti  of 
^ve  labour.  Since  the  aholi- 
tiOB  of  slavery  [mmJcntioa 
haa  poured  a  lar^  notnhvr  of 


.    This  smnithBO' 
white  populaiion 


Alagoai     ,     . 

Man^hlo' 

MfnasGenKi 
Pari      .      .      . 

Rio  de'janei™ 
RioGi^ndcdoN 

Shiks  Catharina 
Slo  t>«ulo  .  . 
Sergipe.     .     . 


MB 

'IS 


4W,30« 

145.3  !i6 
490.JSJ 

1. 1 7*. 'SO 
331  J»» 

»7W'J 


Coyal'^,'     .     .    .      , 
5.  LuiadoMaranhaoV 


T,i^. 


INipiitatiaB, 


asijo* 
I7,8ii 
S9.'« 

r.s 
.;t:§ 

M.a*9 
.934 


£uropeanblDodmuft«TCDtually  divide  BnaU  into  two  distinct 
Kctiona:  the  while  slates  of  tha  south;  and  the  mixed  or  coloured 
(tatet  b1  the  north.  The  tntroduction  of  European  immigrants 
dateifrom  iSiSwhonaSwinoaloDy  wailocatedalNovaFiibiuso, 
DCBi  Rio  de  Janeiro,  and  it  yna  continued  under  the  direciwn 
ud  with  Ibsaidof  the  imperial  eovemmcst  down  to  the  creation 
of  Ihe  r^uUic.  Since  then  the  atat*  governments  have  assumed 
diuge  of  immigration,  and  aomc  of  tlicm  are  ipendiBg  large 
■urns  in  the  acquiiition  Vt  lai>Diirfn.  The  old  system  of  locating 
iramlgranla  in  colonies^  or  cdaoial  nuciet,  which  involved  an 
enormous  outlay  of  money  with  but  riight  beneht  to  the  country. 


on  the  lar^  plantation*  under  formal  ontiacts.  In  »ne  of 
the  coffee  districts  these  oonuactt  have  resulud  very  profitably 
to  the  Italian  labouisn.  The  total  nnmlKr  of  ctrioniits  and  im- 
mijtDUUs  entering  Bruil  between  1S04  and  1001,  indusiva. 
icconlini  to  oSdal  letumo,  ma  B,mS,)J3.  Tbe  onivkli 
fluctuate  greatly  in  number  fmm  year  to  yoar,  infloenced  by 
the  piwailing  economic  oonditiona  in  tbe  countey.  At  first 
the  Poftugtieae  outnumbered  all  other  nationalhiea  in  the  tmml- 
potiOll  Tetuma,  but  sinu  tbe  abohtion  of  slavery  the  Italiana 
have  paaaed  all  competitors  and  number  more  thaik  one'balf  the 
total  arrivah.  Of  tbe70«,irt  itnmigranta  located  in  Iba  state  of 
Sio  PouId  ftom  1817  10  (be  end  ol  <Sg6,  no  lesi  lhan4q3.5]S 
were  Iialiaia,  and  their  aggregate  thrasi^wnt  tbe  republic 


«l  the  bay  of  Rio  it  Janeiro  10  Ihe  fool  of  the  Sorra  wheic  Pemiolb 
iafliFuatKl^  The  road  14  lom-  long,  and  It*  dm  section  was  opened 
to  traffic  on  April  jo.  iBu.  and  its  second  December  i&,  iBjG. 
The  mountain  sectional  m.  long,  which  ua»  the  Rlgfenbach  nnnem 
from  the  ternunal  to  Ktropidii.  waa  caastnieie4  betvMn  tHr  and 

■883.   The  -■ — • '-' ■—  ■-  "-- "  ■■-  ■- — 

impeded  to 


■  The  Bieis  are  itdueed  from  li 
at  Cotha  and  uicd  by  Ar  Supan  i 

<  The  ccfma  of  iBfo  i*  the  la 
an  puMiahed.    Tbat  of  1900  wi 


ipaUiy  coven  m  Lain  ealcnt  of  countiy.  ihe 
irfer  than  thai  el  the  urban  parishea.  and  is 

..   -.^  oorrect  BecDrdrnR  to  European  proctice- 

'The  BiBiiliaD  othdat  lilies  aR  given  for  che  Hale  capiitla: 
.     „.,....     ManohUi  Sio  Salvador  loi  fialua; 


•The  

Bales  fcT  Part:  Sio  Laia  lor 
and  Recife  for  Panandmso. 

•The  capital  ol  Hinas  Ceiaea  ia  iS^o  was  Oun  Pnte: 


or  CKtadedeMioai.  whicb 
ie  of  the  capital  at 


the  tnOdldf  of  liixs  fnun  miigfiMifymfantadp<Aatt  <m  llw  eoMt 
{nto  ■  (puwy  populated  Unierlaad.  A  uiority  of  the  pocti.  (ran 
«hicli  tbAe  itiadt  Are  builL  arc  viu[1  and  diflicult  otacoH.^  Bod  ibe 


coinniNtcATioNS] 

ulaud 
■  trade  !•  nnrinM, 


coKCinc  trade  i>  nnnned  la  vtaA  arryina  (be  BnaluiD 
Tbe  oair  porta  bavinc  t  Hch  and  well-populated  country  b< 
tbem  an  Rio  de  Iinan  and  SuUa,  aad  tbcK  aie  the  tern 
ol  kini  Unea  of  nilway  which  an  bong  dowly  eiteoded  lanha 


The  local  mila^  under  traAic  at  the  bciiaaioE 
10,600  m.,  divided  into  94  scpame  Lioev.    Toeie  wer 

prnjtrtHl.    01  Ihe  04  lina  uni"—  — «" 

grouped  Ua  tlie  omcial  reporti  of  1905  a«  loUovt:*- 


inilBi:,  4S  *i 


■lu  74J  m. 
"\hc^were 


The  policy  of  tlie 
lean  a_ll  iU  lliw  m. . 

barD  the  city  of  Rio  de  Janeiro  •rcuva 
and  Rorthward  into  the  interior  ot  Mlna 
at  the  beffaiDins  of  1005  of  10<H  id»  and , 
■-•' --SeSo'' '— -•— 


..  -'mpora, 

the  "  E.  de  F.  Don)  Pedro  11^ 
neoiuaged  Ita  conitn 
(I'toDuyud  afford)  I 
Una.    Tht  first  two  1 


^Btradi  de  Ferro  CcDiral  do  Braiit, 

io  tbe^  ™s!5*[5u(o 
xaea,  with  a  total  length 

.  jctenaion  of  about  iw  n. 

It  was  formerly  ki 


TheKTii 

is 

entirely  a 
MJEiai  G 
Pauli>ta) 


W'  m  Doaour  of  the  lOhTreifn  who 

-—  -,-,  ,.  ,  -„, .  „  this  great  railway,  which  carry  it 

B  the  coan  range,  weit  opened  to  trdHic  in  iSjS  and  IE&4. 

, ^-mlS  by  the  Siol-alllo.  Rit^  and 

Lna  linea.  the  Aral  owned  by  an  Engli^  company,  aod  the 
wo  by  Bracilian  companiea.  Tbe  Mogyana  cariiea  ihe  ayaten 
y  acmsi  the  flale  of  Silo  Paulo  into  t^  watcm  diurictt  of 
"  The  prioclpal  trunk  tinea  (the  Slo  Paulo  and 

a  hcoad  Oi^B^  while  thdr  extenriopa  and  feedcn 
gauge.  The  comparalively  ihort  linea  eaLtendina 
tmanajromtne  ports  of  ^o  Salvador  (BahiaJ,  I^nambuoo,  UaceiOi 
Victaria  and  Paranagul  aerve  ooiy  a  ruiinw  lone  along  the  ixan. 
To  cDCDUrage  the  inveatmeot  of  private  mpilal  la  tbe  comtrvction  of 
raDwayi.  tu  leoenl  nilway  law  of  iSjj  autbonaed  the  national 

Evemment  to  grant  guaraotH  of  intoest  on  (he  capital  inveeted- 
ider  thit  law  compaoief  vert  organized  in  Englaod  lor  building 
(he  Sio  Paulo  railwar.  and  the  linn  running  fromSabia  and  Pemam- 
buco  toward  the  S^  Fraitciico  river.  Poutkal  conaideratLona  alio 
Icdtotheconitructionolunillarliiieiln  ihcnaleief  RioCnndedo 
Norte.  Parabyba.  AllgOai.  Secgipe,  Espiriio  Santo,  Parani.  Saaia 
CalharinaandRjoCiandedoSuf.  The  ituih  was  thai  the  national 
treasury  became  burdened  with  a  heavy  annual  interest  charge. 

Cyable  abroad  In  gold,  which  did  not  tejid  to  diminish,  and  had  a 
ig  period  (o  run  berore  tbe  expiration  of  tbe  CDOttvct*.     The 
government  finally  deletmioed  to  take  over  theae  guaranteed  Unea 


Brazilian  company.     Subseqi 

pany.     AIT  the  large  ciiici  of  Br 


an  aagrwatenl  £8,(1.750  ■"  151     . 

oient  had  been  paying.     In  addition  to  (his  economy  it  ws 

Anally  is9u^  in  Lontion  to  cover  the  purchaae  tS  these 
aggregated  i16.619.310.    All  but  thcte  of  ilieae  Unes  had  bei 

The  use  of  Iiamwiyi  lor  tbe  tfavpoctation  of  pusntgen 
dates  from  1 868,  when  the  first  teciion  of  Ihe  Botanical  Gai 
of  Rio  de  Janeiro  was  opened  to  liaffic     Tbe  line  was  » 

until  liSa,  when  it  was  h 
Iv  the  tramways  of  the  ci 

wasbe^uninS9oStllva~d«mI«D«!    Mutes  an 
i^^ligh 


Joyed  (or. 

lie  (rams  are  generally  uied  iriiere 


l>e  rtfhiblic,  the  co 


447 

w  united),  and  nitia1l)i  by  fmigB 
L  A  eoMlderabk  number  of  forevB 
■tint  tiade.  Tha 
m  which  port  tho 


It  in  1904,  and  the  aggTenale  paid  to  these  and  tbe  c< 
vai  3,e3o.Eifii  cnilreia.  The  largest  of  the  river  lines  j] 
■G^m  Navigation  Co.  (an  Eneluh  ccfporation),  whose 


river — one  below  the  Pal 
latter  covering  Bn  m.  oi 
Pirajwa.    Boidcs 


if&c,  either  wilh  subsidies 


of  Goyac  and  Macio  Groeao. 


9,  which  date  from  185a,  are  owned  and  operated 

:  railway  companici.  andihe  cable  lines  of  tic 
•St.  The  governmcnl  lines  eitend  from  Pari  to 
Uruguayan  frontiers,  where  tfiey  connect  with 
ms  of  those  rtpublics,  and  from  Rio  de  Janeiro 
*  great  pait  unsettled,  to  tbe  capitals 
At  Pai&  coniKKion  ks  made  witb  the 


—bieSkitn  tbe  bed  J 

operated  by  a  aubskliied  English  conipany.    At  Vizeu,  Pari,  con- 
Dnioa  la  made  with  a  French  able  to  the  West  Indin  and  the 


which  m  equleaMat  to 


ISjijo  m.  of  land  lioH,  with  29.310  m.  of  wire  aod  Iioi  telegraph 
incta.  The  govemmeat  maintaiu  reciptocal  ratea  with  moat  of 
he  private  railway  lines. 

Tde  Brazilian  postal  service  is  under  the  general  luoerviiion  of  Ihe 
ninister  of  eommuniiaiions  and  public  works,  and  is  adminislered 
jy  a  director-general.  Owing  to  the  siie  ol  the  coimliy  and  the 
^urselV'populated  state  of  a  large  part  of  the  interior,  the  trans- 
porlaiiiin  of  tbt  mails  Is  attendRlwiih  mocb  difficulty  and  enpenie. 
Although  ih*  Eoatal  rales  art  high,  tbe  lervice  is  not  ■ll-iustaining, 
the  ricoipti  for  1904  being  T.otej«  milreis.  against  ■  total  ea- 
pcoditiR  of  ia.a99,M5  milreli.  Then  wvn  9S4;  post  oftees 
WiuHi),ofwhichaie6iienDf  ihe4(bar  lofrettgnde.  finiilia 
a  ntembei'  of  tha  Foatol  Unieii.  and  hka  Argentina  eiacts  hi^ia 

t  poatagc  upon  outtobv  mail  than  Ihoee  Bgned  upoD 

nciaironinherawBcuinncy.    The  letter  nu  waa 
(nesly  5)d.],  bM  it  baa  bm  incnued  m  3M  Ris.. 
ileat  to  id.  at  pv  and  4)d.  at  ijd.  cuHianaE.    An 
-   I  in  Dperalloa  kiiHMfnic  the  overthrow  of  tha 
lar  servic*  with  Artngal  has  been  aocceaaf  ally 
nbn-  of  yeui,  aotarilhataadiiv  the  difCcultin 
intspeied  by  cmtona  itgulationa.     Natiooal  and  intenBtional 
money  nnler.ayuena  an  aCo  in  weratioa. 

The  coBstimiion  ef  Briiil  prondea  that  ths  coescwiie  trade  shall 
be  carried  00  Iw  oatiooal  »«siela,  but  thla  prtwisioo  did  nc«  go  into 
eSect  until  1896.  And  even  tbes,  bHailie  of  (be  insuAicient  number 
of  BraaiKaB  veaaela  it  wa*  provided  in  the  Rgulatloni  that  f<«i|a 
VMela  could  be  ennlM  In  that  oade  by  uring  the  Branhan  &t 
and  emphnrina  a  certain  proportion  of  BraeillaDa  on  thcerew.  Oite 
of  the  pmposes  U  this  reitnciive  provision  waa  that  of  creatlDi  ■ 
nation^  merchant  marine,  but  the  difindinallen  of  Btuilmaa  lor 
maritlnie  punuita  hai  been  a  aerioui  obstacle  to  tea  reallntion.    la- 

and34J"Sr    ''""^™ ......      .^ . " 

enpi^jlln  I 

were  aflerad  lor  ajwacnnt  ino  iRigni 
On  the  33rd  of  Febniaiy  1906  the  gc 
contract  witb  the  Lloyd  Bntileiro  Company  Ic. 

liver  servim  and  inchidrd  dauses  nrovMing  lor  a  line  to  (he  United 
States.    This  forelgR  servk*  (monthly)  began  In  August  1906. 
Although  the  coast  of  Braiil  shows  a  large  nuaifaer  of  bays  and 


tide-water 


Lwhk^at 


apparently  suitable  foi 


or  an  rendered  pnctically  uaelest  by  dangerous  reels,  land  ban  an 
shoals.  Important  improvementa  have  been  onderlaken  in  some  o 
these  port*.  Thoee  at  Santoaand  Manioa,  lorexample.  hawproducei 
goodtesulta  In  many  (asis,  as  at  Rio  de  Jan*lro.  Santos  am 
Hanloe,  the  fxM  and  maintenance  of  the  new  port-works  are  me 
by  an  additBnal  tai  on  merchandise,  though  the  immedtaic  n 

Eo<!i''^^U^™.fociigirir' 
C«ajiu/w.-~Theimp«tI,  a 


ea  from  the  na 


+48 

Molthdr 

ji  Souifc  A 

u  than  I)ut  of  Argi 


BRAZIL 


of  «b«i,  wl 


ol  the  p 


the  pir  apUa  mn^tt  a 
una.  AiuKnah  on  igricidiiinr  cotmay, 
II  ill  o«i  bnad  aiid  meat,  and  dw  Importa 
X.  Ml,  jerked  beef  wid  pieierved  nuat*, 
KK*.  picLed  (rolu  ind  npcuUu,  lodlu 
I,  VT  lurprbingl^  laf^e.  Sum  the  cmtion 

Sublic,  exlrrmc  pntcciive  meaturet  havv  uioed  the 
a  hr^e  nurnbet  at  coilon  facloriet  and  othn-  rmnu- 
Itaara,  but  Ih=e  are  able  to  tuppLy  only  a  part  o(  the  cooHinpllon, 
aad  the  iinpartatiDn  of  cotton  and  wuolien  labna.  tuki,  mdy- 
made  clotluni,  baoia  and  ahoea,  ftc,  a  large.  Modem  iodiotrul 
development  in  imne  of  the  ilatca  lui  gially  incrcued  the  im- 
poiutioool  machinery,  electric  igppGea,  materlaia  for  OHiftnlclian, 
coal.  «c.  Knoaene  oU  alao  figuin  anung  tbe  prindfnl  impwja, 
and  beef  callle  an  imported  for  comumptiui  by  eoae  dtM.  Tht 
eaporti  cover  a  wide  range  of  agriciillural,  paitonl  and  natDtat  pni- 
ducliona,  including  coffee,  rabber. -^-— -  » — :■ - 


OR.  ciUDa  «xl>  aiid  medicinal  Invca^  rgoti  and  Rsoa.  Cofie* 
anil  nibbv,  Inwever.  repreeent  tnim  So  to  ga%  at  the  official 
nloatioo  <i  M  enporta.  High  Inpott  dulie*  *ic  iDBsaed  In  the 
Mlionalpmnuaentandeipartdiilieaby^itatc*.  TbeeȣanK 
of  domaaOc  pradncii  between  the  nalo  u  neady  ititiieud  through 
lacli  of  chop  tranqnrtaliea  facllitiea,  and  by  itn  uiddal  impoiitioB 
a(  impon  and  emwt  dntiea  by  the  Matca,  dtbcr  for  revenue  or  for 


According 
JemlinCr 


immary  fnr  the  >bi  y«n  1901  to  1906,  derived 
and  published  In  the  annual  Rttnitetlt  of  the 
s,  of  ftio  de  laneiro,  the  valuta  of  the  inponi 
ve  ycara  (eacfunve  of  coin),  reduced  to  pound? 
age  rate  of  rxcliange  {w  ^ue  of  one  milreia) 


Year. 

M 

Iraponi  In 
I^lundI  Sler. 

^^•^. 

1903 
1903 

ig 

iS 

L 

111 

i9!830,oso 

43. 

Nearly  J«l  %  of 

(Ik  a&aai  valualk ,.    , 

■rid  (£17.61  ]3B4),  and  nibbcifindiidiiigmanicDba. 
lai^iAU  mibeitgold  Ui»,0M.9")-  .,      ^ 

BcaiiliieaientiallvaBaEricurtunleDiinlry.  Naothtreountiyhai 
been  able  to  equal  Biul  in  the  pnductuHi  of  coffee,  and  nndtr 
better  kabiHir  condiiiniu  tbc  country  might  compele  with  [bo 
fonmoat  in  tha  production  of  cane  augar,  eotton  and  InfaaccO- 
Boidea  thcK  it  a^lit  eaiily  «Kx1  in  pcnduclng  many  <]<  the  tropical 
fmiti  for  which  tfan  ii  a  connerdal  demaad.  Dunof  tbe  coioidal 
period  Blgar  cane  waa  cultivated  from  Panhyba  5.  to  the  vici^ly 
of  SantOfl,  and  lugar  wag  Ike  priadpal  export  of  tto  colony.  Before 
tha  m^ldle  of  ttv  19th  century  coffee  becane  one  of  tbo  leading 
tapma,  and  ita  cultivation  in  the  atatea  ef  Slo  Pwilo,  Rio  de  ]a«jlo 

BiidMiuaGHaeahaabeniDiiwnMed- — •>-•■: — j«.i. 

ientt  wtr  (Diu-fifthi  in  value  of  llie . . 

product-  Tbeprlndpalaunr-pradudnBatateaareAlagBaa.Sctiipe, 
PerHnbKO.  Bahik  and  lUo  da  Jangho,  aad  (be  enductBo  ia 
betwaaiaOiBoa  and  100.000  loni,  tig  greater  part  cfwhKh  la  con- 
aumad  in  the  ODuntry.  Cotton  baa  btea  wiMy  cultivated  linec 
MTly  oidoolal  daya,  pftaclnilly  in  iha  nocther-  — ' — '-  — — 
TobKot  h  alu  widdv  uiltivBted.  and  the  pndi 
■Kh  aa  Bahia.  Miwa  Genwa  aad  Goyai.  baa*  high  local  npotalion 
tar  lu  ciceliesce.  Cactu  (ocoo)  ia  enldvated  cMenaivcly  ia  the 
Amaea  Valley  aid  along  IW  coan  at  Or  wulh  Bi  KHidKm  Bafata, 
and  forma  «a«  «(  the  leadiaB  oipocti.  In  1906  Sio  hulo  oBered 
pnoiiuna  for  lt>  coltivatloBla  IM  Mate.  Rica  baa  been  culiivued 
la  pbcca.  but  without  ajodi  wcccai.  altboogb  tha  qoaUly  produced 
(mpaRd  lavDunUy  with  tb*  lapoited  ardck.  fadian  csn  grvira 
luuriaatly  cveiywban,  but  il  doe*  aot  mawia  well  fai  the  humid 
fiCiona  01  tiw  AmuoB  ngloa  and  tha  eou*.  Tbt  product  of  the 
akvaUd  iaiand  ntjoM  b  tood,  bat  tbo  carta  s(  tmnpsRalioa  aad 
tiiaanaO  pnfinaliadtdMvtjaevcalei' 

aod  it  li  imported  fnmtb*  La  Pwarepol — . _.. . 

Aicoait.  JilucbliaabeniBidiDi*(iidtatb«pniductiDii«f  whoat, 
aod  effona  hav«  been  made  In  valiooa  idacn  10  pcomate  it*  —■-'— 
liar.    It  waioiMe  cultivated  in  Rio  Gnnda  da  Suliriihaan 
__j...._... "■  aaCeraet  and  S>0  Paulo,  but 


the  naac  crHnmoa  and  imporlant  prod 
A  lll^kta,  of  which  tbae  are  iwn 
abna  and  M.  atfi.    The  &nt  named,  w 


jJtSpinl»hAi_-._    

, it  the  biead  of  the  annman  people  of 

Bniil, and tipieca.   TbepoiaaBiaatracltdbyNaliingihcbnntcd 

or  grated  mota  In  water,  after  whir'-  •' -—  " —  '-  — —* 

M andioca  waa  cidllvated  by  tba  n 


The  peanut,  or  crouad-nut 


(Aractia  jhrMcua],  it  aanther  wklehhenMvated  ptant,  ditinf  from 
pie^alumbwi  tjoca.  V^  little  attentiaa  hat  Ant  (u  baea  *i^ 
to  the  culiivalioa  rf  fruit  (er  fnpttartan,  the  rwrptloot  bdng 
tantaat  lor  the  Anientine  oad  Unignyaa  BanetBiaad  oiaMea  aad 
pineapplea  for  Eniopean  niarkett.  Tbe  eoaat  ngioa  from  Cear^  to 
Rio  ifa  jandro  it  adapted  to  the  culthratloa  of  a  gnat  witty  o( 
fnu'ia  Dt  a  tupctior  quality.  Ceari,  BaUa,  aad  Rio  4e  laadro  an 
celebrated  foe  ibeir  oiangea,  and  FBntmbiKa  lor  it*  <M>nom  |4ar- 
tiiiilt  I  Tangeiiaet,  kmona.  Unci,  mpet,  guavaa,  fin.  cadiewi  at 
Jj&riA»!t^iSriaUt<mU).  n£S^  {ffoa<«&  »^-v 
jobollcabat  (EHffliiacaHEilbra  and  B.  JabauiaitMtitXn 
mangoa,  JVuloi  d(  oadi  fit  anu  MaoiuH),  plaataiat.  ac- 
ducRl  in  abundaaceand  with  little  bbour.  InaeoiepartBot 
aad  veMabkt  of  the  tenperati 


a-kwTApf 


l^oduced  nndff  Htch  cooditiont,  bi 

kind  grown  In  colder  dhnatct  it  uiually  wanting. 

produetiont  are  leaa  numeroui,  but  they  include  ti 

_ij >!a~wer,  lettuce,  bcaiu,  peat,  oniant.  01 , , 

:uraben.eouve.cbudiu  (5«iUiuii<ifiilc),andaipiQi 


.    file  vegeubte 


d  many  viriMtudea,  and  Ih.  .      .       .,..  ._. 

ID  keep  pace  with  ihc  cnunlty't  growth  in  populilion.  Honei  an 
uied  to  tome  enent  for  riding,  but  very  liillc  for  carriage  and 
dtaught  purpo^i,  coniEquenrly  there  hai  b«n  no  great  iiwentivo 
for  their  binding.  They  are  laijelyuiedaod  lalteiflD  Rio  Grande 
do  Sol.  but  in  the  wanner  legioni  of  the  northonly  to  » limited  eltent. 
The  hardier  niuln  an  gcncTally  employed  for  draughty  cairiagc, 
and  nddle  purpotei  in  every  part  of  the  country,  and  their  brcedini 
it  a  lucrative  indintry  in  Ibe  touthcm  atatea.  Cattle-raitiiw  is  tha 
principal  InduAry  in  Rk>  Gnurde  do  5uf ,  aod  receivci  con»dcnl>la 
attention  in  Minai  Geraei,  Matto  Crato,  Santa  Cathaiina.  Paraoi. 
tiauby  and  Rio  Grande  do  Norte.  It  wai  cMinratcd  that  there 
wen  30A>o,oon  head  of  cattle  in  (ho  npuWic  in  1904,  but  the  eninute 
wai  onquatimably  too  lai^e.  A  very  large  part  of  the  jerked  beef 
contunwd  in  Bra^  ia  imported  from  Argentina  and  Unigoay,  and 
tome  beef  cattle  ako  are  Imported.  Thne  importatlona  at  Rio  do 
Janeiro  in  1006  wen  13064.170  kUograma  of  )erked  beef  and 
II.S7S  head  (^cattle.  In  the  Rio  Branco  region  of  Araaaona)  and  ia 
Pttuliy,  when  the  naliDaal  gBvemment  hat  kiii(  been  the  owner  of 
eatenaive  cattle  Tango,  the  laduitiy  It  in  a  Mate  €i  decadenco* 
Thii  It  partly  due  to  aM  peita  at  the  vampEn  hat  and  buih  ticka 
Uanaftui),  and  partly  to  the  unprojreanveneia  <d  the  taitlemtn. 
Cat1)t-raMn(  waa  once  a  Boatitlilng  induatry  oo  tbe  liEand  nf 
Maiafi.  at  the  nouthof  the  AaWMM.and  it  ■•  followed  to  tome  eitent 
at  Alenaquei  and  other  pointt  aloni  the  Anaion,  bnt  the  canto 
an  tinll,  and  cobwumIv  in  bad  condition.  In  toutbem  Bahla  tha 
indaitry  baa  been  aeany  otinguiihcd  through  iacrcaainf  aridiljr 
and  dinitkta,  but  In  the  itate  c(  Rio  de  Janeiro  the  plantert  ar* 
liMintioit  their  benti.  Minat  Geraet  produeei  cbeeae,  butter  and 
milfc,  a*  win  at  bed  cattle  for  neighbowl]«  citiet.  Matto  Gnmo 
datiiliea  cattk-nUng  a*  a  srindpal  indaitry.  but  under  pmeot 

nant.  In  Rio  Ciaade  do  Sul.  where  it  haa  aRained  lu  greatnc 
drvehipment,  about  400^100  beevea  are  ilaiijihtercd  annually  for 
the  manufactun  of  jerked  beef  (wvae).  beef  ntracl,  Ike  Lilllt 
attention  hat  beta  pv*n  to  Aeep  in  Bratil  except  in  tbc  touth^ca 
ilalet.  and  even  then  the  tockt  an  tatall.  Thry  were  to  be  Imind 
in  Ceail  and  Piauhy  in  calonlal  timet,  and  tmalt  Aocki  an  Hilt  to  be 
teen  in  tbt  latter  alate,  but  no  ate  il  made  of  their  nool.  and  the 
Rkarhet  brmullaa  it  mtemelyllmiicd  became  of  popular  pniudice*. 
Wai^len  manufactant  htvt  been  eaublitbed  In  Rio  de  Janeiro.  Sia 
Plida  and  Rio  Cnade  do  Sul.  TIk  exporlaiion  tl  wnd  amounted 
to  i,ija.iGo  lb  hi  1906.  Goati  have  been  found  highly  profitable 
la  many  of  the  middle  AtlantK  lUtei,  where  tbe  long  dry  teaiont 
render  the  campoi  uuoitable  for  cattle  paiturage.    The  export  ol 

St  Btina  from  thaae  Mate*  fa  lane.    Swine  do  welt  In  alt  putt  of 
country,  eipnzially  to  Mine*  Geraet.  Ska  Paulo,  Rio  de  Faneiio, 
Mnni  and  Rw  Gnode  da  Sul,  and  domeitic:  pmli  and  bid  an 
alowty  luppfanting  the  hravi]y*CHcd  fmeign 
AldBugh  the  coait  and  river  fiibttlel  oTB 


ae  of  tha  ttaplt  inpottt.  and  foreigB  prodtMa 


+5° 

tnantulu. 


BRAZIL 


>H  cboeBliM  (•ctoriH;  btl  hctoritt.  brick  iiiil 
, unnerin.  nddlDini  and  Nny  stlwr  niun 

lion  «*)  anorded  to  miiy  of  thea  iMJuMrin  by  iIh  n-u^—  nr<iT 

of  (bar  time,  but  nrotcctioD  dM  no*  bccom*  ib  i 

oalional  policy  until  aflir  i»8«,    ATur  lb*t  llmg  I 

taiixini  van  npnudly  and  liiscty  IncrMad,  bMb  a  ■  nsni  a 

nlspriK  Altboufh  the  pnnsciin  tanb  dim  inipoocd  have 
mulud  in  ■  lui«  incRue  In  numibciariiii  iadualriB.  Bme  of 
ibem  haw  bean  aiHaioiiiitie  to  iba  pcodaciin  biemM  ol  the 
CDuntfyi  at  in  tba  cue  of  wtavio*  niUi  wfltlch  lue  inported  yanu. 
Other  indoatriei  an  caninl  oa  ealfady  with  imported  materiaU.  apd 
an  aalional  onlv  in  aamb  Among  theie  are  Sour  miili,  factorici 
(or  the  catitH  of  win  najb  aod  '^t^^t  botlow  ware  Iron  alieet  iron, 
and  factorieaTor  the  manufacture  of  unil)rdlaa,boota  and  ihoei,ftc. 
The  freatcat  procreat  hai  been  nuile  In  tlie  raanufactuR  of  cotton 
fabrica,  priacipalLy  of  (be  plainer  and  coaracr  |radea  uaed  by  the 
conmon  people.  There  were  15J  of  tbeie  [actoriea  in  1I9S,  but  in 
IQ05  only  loB  were  in  operalioa,  with  7IU00  apindLea»and  aimit 
37,000  Dpenlivo.  Nurly  one-hatf  of  Iheie  were  weatdnj  milla. 
UHHE  unpocKd  yam.    The  factociea  are  widely  dluribHted.  and 

f^-.-,-- ^-   L.- .-   I^_^_l^.l 1^    *At:tC,»   ivfc   »h*  iMrifdial 


I  then 


,--,, -d  in  I 

Rio  de  Janeiro  and  Slo  Paulo,  tboogb  Ibegrea... 

part  of  the  raw  cotton  uaed  cornea  from  the  northern  atateaandpaya 
high  freight  rates.  The  manufacture  of  vooUen  bUolceli,  caahmerea, 
flanoriSk  Ac.  had  alio  uodertone  noteworthy  de^elopnent  and  ii 
cartkd  od  in  fifteen  factockm,  located  prindpaQy  in  Rio  Cmnde  do 
Sul,  Rio  de  Janeiro  and  Sla  Paulo.  BlacBil^makiag  is  repmenled 
by  a  large  number  of  (acloriei,  for  Ibe  moH  part  in  Rio  de  Janeiro 
and  SUB  Paulo,  and  Ibeic  are  a  number  of  breweries  of  the  men 
modem  type  in  Ibe  same  two  ■tales.  The  manufacture  of  boots 
and  ihoea  lias  also  received  mocfa  attention,  but  Ibe  maferialj  used 
ate  far  the  moat  pan  imported.  Among  oilier  maBufactuits  are 
buRer  and  cheese,  cannrd  fruia  and  vegeiablcs.  glass  end  eanbeo' 
--■-■' -■   -Trapping  ' — ■-—    ■-"    '— 


a  federal  ic 
of  Brazil  [Estados  Uoidos  do 
wbicb  the  republic  is  govern 
asaeml^y  convened  on  the  i 
adopted  on  the  14th  of  Fcbriu 


nonarchy  b7  a  mttitaiy 
ovember  iSSq,  multed  in  the 
re  the  name  ol  foiled  States 
ail).  The  conilitutiou  under 
ni  drafted  by  a  coosliluciit 


fedenlioii  cooiJst  ol  [he  t> 


of  the  empire,  but  the  sumber  may  b«  incrtiued 
by  the  atalei  coDceraed  with  the  sppiova]  ol  ihc  luiional 
congteaa.  The  states  are  •elf-goveiDed,  and  have  eictutive 
control  ol  the  public  lands,  mines,  indujiiies,  and  ill  local 
aHairt.  Tbcy  have  the  sole  right  also  10  impose  duties  on 
cxporla  and  laica  upon  teal  estate,  industries  and  piofessioni, 
and  tranafers  ol  property.  Among  olher  thinp  they  arc  charged 
with  Ibe  tupcrvisioD  and  support  of  primary  education,  with 


and  the  i 


e  tbe  right  to 


implio 


ill  the  ei 


re  right  to  direct  the  foreign  aSsi 


*  postal  and  national  telegraph 
ieCDndary  and  superior  education, 
federal  courts  lor  the  trial  of  aa 
The  national , 
affairs  ol  the : 
«  republican 


■oenable  to  fedcTat  lav 
J  interfere  in  thr  peculi 


The  It 


jtes  eicepi  to  if  pel  toi  _ 
arm  oi  govcmmert,  to  re-establish  order  at  the 
Late,  or  to  enforce  federal  laws  and  aentencea, 
fort»dden,  lihewiae,  to  tai  federal  properly,  to 
commerce,  to  impose  duties  of  their  own  an 
I,  or  to  resist  Ihc  uecuUon  of  judicial  senieoces 
ilbet  itatei.    Tba  acpuBtion  of  churcb  utd  Male 


[COVEUfMEMT 

s  provided  (or  by  the  consiliutlon,  itid  both  the  wtion  and  iha 
lUies  are  forbidden  to  eitabHih,  subsidize  or  mtrict  the 
iierdse  of  any  religious  worship.  Foreigners  an  eligible  to 
Sraiilian  diiienhip,  and  the  right  of  luEfrage  it  coolerred  upon 
lU  male  dtiiena  over  twenly^»oe  yean  of  age,  eicept  beggaia, 
llilerales,  the  rank  and  Bit  of  the  aimed  forces,  members  ol 
nonaillc  ordtn,  Ac,  bound  by  private  vows,  and  all  unregistered 


He  must  be  1  „_..,. 

the  full  enjaymenl  ol  his  political  rights,  and  is  ineligible  for  (he 
neit  succeeding  term.  A  vice-president  b  elected  at  the  same 
time  and  under  the  same  conditions,  who  is  prcsdeni  of  the 
•enate  «  t^cit,  and  succeeds  10  the  presidency  in  case  the 
oCce becomes  vacant  during  the  last  two  ytaa  ol  the  prsldcniial 
term.    Should  the  vacancy  occur  during  the  first  two  years  of 

•aUty  of  130,000  milreis  and  the  vice.piesident  of  36,000  milreia. 
The  pteiident  is  advised  and  assisted  l^  a  cabioct  of  six  minisicn, 
vU.  foreign  affairs;  hnance;  agriculture,  industry  and  com- 
roerct;'  cummunicationa  (Viafan)  and  public  works;'  war; 
and  marine.  The  minlsteta  ore  appointed  and  removed  by  ihe 
presidcol,  take  do  part  in  the  sessions  of  congress,  and  xn 
responsible  to  the  president  alone  for  ihelr  advisory  acts.  The 
preadent  sanctions  and  promulgates,  or  vetoes,  or  ignore*  the 
laws  and  resolutions  voted  by  congiesa.  and  issues  decreea  and 
RguUtioni  for  their  etecution.  His  veto  may  be  ovet-riddea 
by  a  tvo-Ihirds  vote  In  each  chamber,  and  permitting  ten  daya 
to  pus  without  signing  an  act  is  considered  aa  acquiescence 
and  it  is  promulgated  by  congress.  Tbe  president  is  charged 
with  the  duties  (among  others)  of  commanding  the  armed  force* 
of  the  republic,  appointing  the  prefect  of  the  national  a|rita], 
designating  members  of  the  supreme  tribunal  and  diplomatic 
representatives  for  the   approval  of  Ihe  »nale.  to  negotiate 


gress  and  sL 


■e  of  invai 


I  diwttler,  and 

laira.  He  may  be  impoche 
^  and  suspended  from  officVi 
r  criminal  offences. 


for  his  official  ac 
by  the  luprcme  tribunal  fi 

The  legislative  power  is  vested  m  a  national  congress  of  IwO 
chambera,  elected  by  direct  suffrage,  and  convened  on  the  jrd 
of  May  each  year.  The  regular  annual  sessions  are  of  fosr  month*' 
duration,  hut  they  may  be  eitended  10  complete  necessary 
legislation.  The  senate  consists  of  slaty-three  rnembcn  (three 
from  esfh  slate  and  tbe  Icderal  district)  elected  for  a  period  ol 
nine  years,  one-third  of  each  delcgalfon  being  renewed  every 
three  years.  The  senators  must  be  not  less  than  thirty-five 
years  of  age.  and  are  cicmpl  from  all  legal  processes  Dot  previ- 
ously authorised  by  the  senate  during  their  tern  of  sflice, 
eacefl  in  cases  of  arrest  in  Jla[raHli  Miele  for  a  capital  crime. 
The  chamtKc  of  deputies  contains  111  members,  the  memberahlp 
being  distributed  among  the  states  on  a  basis  of  one  for  each 
70,000  of  population,  but  with  a  minimum  Rptetenlation  of  foul 
for  each  state.  The  deputies  are  elected  by  direct  suffrage  fi^ 
the  legisblive  session  of  three  years,  and  have  the  same  im< 
muniUes  from  legal  proceas  as  the  Mnalots.  The  chamber  has 
the  right  ol  Initiative  in  the  organiiation  of  the  annual  btHlget 
laws  and  those  rdalive  lo  tbe  numerical  strength  ol  the  amiy 
and  navy.    The  members  of  both  bouses  receive  a  po  ditm 

The  judicial  tyatem  of  (he  republic  consists  ot  a  supreme 
federal  tribunal  of  fifteen  judges  in  the  national  capital,  and  m 
district  tribunJ  in  the  capital  of  each  state,  which  fofrm  ■  federal 
judicial  district.  The  judges  are  appointed  For  life  and  can 
be  removed  only  by  judida]  sentence  and  impeachmeDt. 
One  mcraber  of  the  soptene  tiibniui  boldt  the  poaitioa  of 

■pRviooB  to  1907  these  two departmeals  wen  united  ra  one  under 
tbedeWnatinof"  ladu>iry.CDinmuiicaiianBaBif>uUic  Worha." 
TtwdivHien  waadacnedDacenbet )«.  igot. 


lolidtn-gaunloilhenpnbnc.  ThejadCMUUtaoBdut-gowral 
tn  ippiriBlcd  t^  tia  prctident  with  the  ■ppioTil  of  tlic  lenitc. 
but  tbe  tribmal  dtoom  id  own  praidins  oBctn  (od : 
and,  itaabiallf.  It  independent  of  RccutWe  controi. 
■nprsBc  tribmiil  hu  oHgiiuI  «nd  ipfvllite  jiuMiciloB, 
powec  to  pui  oa  the  tonililuiinniility  of  federal  1» 
etecntive  icti  leara  ta  fall  shDit  of  Lhit  of  Lhe  United  Sutet 
Suprone  Court.  It  ht>  sulliaHty,  hovevtc,  la  leview  the  uu 
lad  laws  of  state  goveminaits  ind  lo  decide  upoa  tliei 
BitnliMuJity.  The  district  federal  court  has  but  one  Judge 
(/■»  d*  nttaa)  tod  >  solicitor  of  ihc  republic,  ind  fau  original 
juisdictkin  in  federsl  causes.  Ench  state  has  its  own  local  taws 
and  courts,  independent  of  federal  control,  but  subject  to  the 
Kviewof  the  mpfetae  tribunsi,  and  with  rights  of  appeal  lo  that 
tribunal  b  ipedSed  cases.  The  federal  district,  which  has  a 
monia'pal  council  Instead  of  a  legislature,  has  a  lysteni  oi 
munldpB]  and  higher  couiu  peculiar  to  ilsdf.  Limited  judicial 
powoi  aic  ueicised  by  chiefs  of  polioe,  and  by  certain  depart- 
ment ecounissions,  or  boards,  of  nn  executive  chaiacler.  The 
memben  of  the  aimy  and  navy  aie  governed  by  special  laws, 


ivilp 


le  of  iJie  republk 


juiisdklion  of  milhaiy  conrts.    The  dvil 
b  based  upon  Roman  lav. 

Anmy. — The  Dombial  strength  of  Iha  army  in  1906  was 
10,480,  iucludinc  the  officers  of  the  general  and  subordinate 
atiOs  and  the  olTicers  and  cadets  of  the  military  schools. 
TUs  total  repmails  the  nominal  strength  of  the  army  in 
tima  of  peace.  Ill  actual  strength,  howcvcc,  b  about  ij,aoa 
■ten,  loBiB  of  the  ttgimenlal  and  baltalioo  orgonitationa 
being  skeletona.  It*  oiganiiathm  consists  of  40  baltafions 
of  iidanlry  with  one  transport  and  one  depot  company,  14 
Rgtmenls  ol  cavalry  of  4  squadtoits  each,  6  regiments  of 
ield  artillery  with  14  batteiiei  and  6  baltallDn  of  heavy 
utilkTy  with  T4  batteries,  and  two  ballalions  of  engineeTS. 
Efforts  To  orgnniie  a  national  guard  have  been  unsuccrssfu], 
although  oSiceis  have  been  appointed  and  the  organitallon 
perleclo!,  on  paper.  The  police  force,  however,  is  orginiied  m 
a  military  fooling  and  armed,  and  is  available  for  senrice  In  ease 
ofitecessty.  It  is  credited  with  10,000  men.  According  10  law 
nilitary  service  is  obligatory,  but  the  govemmenl  has  been 
gnable  to  enforce  it.  Impressment  is  commonly  employed  to 
fiH  ibe  ranks,  and  in  cases  of  euiei'gency  the  prison  population 
b  drawn  upon  for  recruits.  The  presidmt  is  nominally 
ootauaBder-iTi^hlef  of  the  army,  but  the  acloal  command  is 
vested  in  a  general  staff  in  the  national  capital,  and  In  the  general 
commanding  each  of  the  seven  military  districts  into  which  the 
Rpoblic  is  divided.  The  moat  important  of  these  districts  is 
tint  of  Rio  Grande  do  Sul,  where  a  force  of  it, 136  men  is 
Mationed.  The  ptrtkcipal  war  anenal  (s  in  Rio  de  Janeiro. 
The  liflc  used  by  the  infantry  isa  nwdlGed  Manser  of  the  German 
iSSBBMdd.  MIUtarylnslTucUonlsgivenattheEscholaMilitar 
(d  Rio  de  Janeiro.  The  military  organization  is  provided  with 
■B  elabonte  code  and  systems  of  military  cnutls,  which  cul- 
tniaale  in  a  aopreme  military  tribunal  composed  of  15  judges 
holding  office  for  life,  of  which  S  are  general  anny  officers, 
4  general  luvsl  olBcers  siul  5  civil  fudges. 

JV«y.— The  naval  strength  of  the  republic  consisted  In  ii)oi) 
of  a  CDdeetioD  of  armoured  and  wooden  vessels  of  various  age* 
and  typo  ol  ronslructian.  of  which  three  armoured  vessels 
(including  the  two  designed  lor  coast  defence),  four  protected 
CTuisrn,  five  deslioyen  and  IO[pedO'Ctuise^^  and  hall  a  doien 
torpedo  boats  represented  what  iruiy  be  termed  the  effective 
fighting  force.  The losiol  the  atmourBltunel  ship  "Aquidaban" 
by  a  nagaiine  eMosion  in  the  bay  ol  JscarepegUB.  neat  Rio  de 
Janeiro,  in  1905.  had  left  Gruil  with  but  one  fighting  vessel  (the 
"  Rtacfauek)  ")  of  any  impotlance.  Uany  of  the  wooden  and 
inm  vesaris  listed  hi  the  f/oKi  Annual,  ipoti,  though  t>b9okte 
and  t>f  m  vsJue  whatever  as  fighting  machines,  are  used  for 
liva  and  haibouc  service,  and  In  the  SD|>piiieion  of  trifling 
itmrrectko*.  The  ^Haiiaf  describe*  91  vciseb  ol  varioui 
types,  aad  nenlioQB  >j  unnH  gusboata  laed  for  river  and 
kuhovT  snvice.    Seades  then  there  are  a  nmbcr  of  practice 


boata  .(snail  •chool.iUps),  traiuporta,  dlqtatdi  baau  and 
launcho.  A  omsldetabjc  put  ol  the  armament  is  old,  but  the 
more  imdere  vessels  ate  inncd  with  Armstrong  rifled  guns. 
The  naval  programme  of  the  republic  for  iqoj  provided  lor  the 
prompt  constructMSl  of  j  baltlcilups  of  the  largest  disptacemenl, 
S  armoured  cruisers,  6  destroyers,  is  torpedo  boats  and  3  sub- 
marine boatsi  and  by  igeo  the  reorglniiation  of  the  navy  was 
far  advanced,  lb  principal  naval  arsenal  is  located  at  Rio  de 
Janeiro.  The  govenuneni  possesses  dry  docks  at  Rio  de  Janeiro. 
The  navitl  school,  which  has  always  enjoyed  a  hi|^  repotation 
among  Bruiliaiu,  is  situated  on  the  iilarid  of  Enudaa  la  the 
bay  ol  Rio  de  Janeiro.  There  sie  snaller  arsenals  at  I'an, 
Pemambuco,  Sio  Salvador  and  Ijidatto  (hfatto  Grosso)  and  a 
shipbuilding  yard  of  considerable  Imfwrtance  at  the  Rio  de 

£tfiu:a(iiia.— Education  is  in  a  backward  omdlcian,  and  It  Is 
estimated  that  go%  of  the  population  can  neither  read  nor 
write.  The  lowest  rate  of  illiiency  is  10  be  found  in  the  southern 
half  of  the  republic.  Public  instruction  is,  by  constitutional 
provision,  under  secular  contrc^,  but  religious  denominationa 
an  permitted  to  have  their  own  schools.  Primary  inittuciioD 
b  free  but  not  compulsory,  and  the  schoob  are  supported  and 
supervised  by  the  slalei.  An  incomplete  relvm  in  iSpr  gave 
tjgi  schoolsand  ];6,j«i  pupils.  Secondary  and  hl^icr  educa- 
tion are  under  both  federal  and  slate  control,  the  fotmer  being 
represented  by  lymnns  in  the  slate  capitals,  and  by  such 
liutituilons  as  the  Cymnasio  Nacional  (formerly  Collcgio  Dotn 
Pedro  II.)  in  Rio  de  Janeiro.  Many  of  the  stales  also  maintain 
nonnal  schools  of  an  inferior  type,  that  of  Sto  Paido  being  the 
best  and  most  modem  of  the  number.  Higher,  or  superior,  Irt- 
slTuclion  Is  confined  ahnosl  exclusively  lo  professional  schools— 
the  medical  schools  of  Rio  de  Janeiro  and  Bahia,  the  law  schoob 
ol  Slo  Paulo  and  Pemambuco,  the  polytechnic  of  Rio  de  Jandm, 
and  the  scho<d  of  mines  of  Onto  Prelo.  There  an  many  private 
schools  In  oil  the  large  cities,  from  the  primary  schools  maintained 
by  the  church  and  vaiious  corpontiois  and  teh'gions  associatioiu 
10  schools  of  secondary  and  coHegiale  grades,  such  as  the  Protet- 
lant  mission  schoob  of  Pelropolis,  ilruciCBba,  Juii  de  Ffiia,  Sto 
Paulo  and  Pamni,  the  Lycen  de  Aries  e  Officios  (night  schod)  of 
RiodeJanelni.andlheMackenzicCotlegeofSiopBUlo.  Perhap* 
the  best  educational  worit  in  Braail  b  done  in  these  private 
scliAois-  In  addlLion  to  these  there  are  a  number  of  seminaries 
for  the  edocalion  of  priests,  where  ^leclal  attention  is  given  to 
the  classics  and  be1Ies.1ettres. 

*i(ipi«.— The  revolution  ol  iSSq  and  the  coniiltutlon adopted 
in  ift^i  i»I  only  eSected  a  radical  change  in  the  form  of  govem- 
Bent,  but  aba  brought  about  the  separation  of  church  and  slate. 
Before  that  time  the  Roman  CithoUc  Chureh  had  been  recopiiied 
and  ■u[>pancd  by  the  tlate.  Not  only  are  the  national  and  stale 
governments  forlridden  by  the  constitution  to  establish  or 
subsidise  religious  worship,  but  its  freedom  b  guaranteed  by  a 
prohibition  against  placing  obstructions  upon  its  exercise. 
The  rebthms  ol  Ilie  sUtc  with  the  disestablished  church  since 
1189  have  been  somewhat  anomalous,  the  government  having 
dedded  lo  continue  during  their  lives  Ihe  stipends  of  the  church 
(pnclionaries  at  the  time  of  disestablishmenl.  The  census  of 
iSgo  divided  the  population  into  14,179,^15  Roman  Catholics, 
I4J,?«  Proteslanu,  3300  of  all  other  faiths,  ijj?  ol  t»  religious 
profession,  and  600,000  uncbrislianiied  Indians.  The  increase 
of  population  through  immigraltoti  is  overwhelmln^y  Catholic, 
and  the  naiionmusl,  therefore,  continue  Roman  Catholic  whether 
the  church  b  subsidized  by  the  stale  or  noL  The  moral  character 
of  chorchmen  in  Biaiil  has  been  severely  criticized  by  many 
observers,  and  the  ease  with  which  disesublbhnent  was  effected 
Is  probably  largely  due  to  their  iBtUngs.  The  cbaich  had 
exercised  a  pnpoiHleratIng  influence  in  all  matlen  tebting  to 
education  and  ihe  social  life  ol  the  people,  and  II  was  felt  that 
DO  sweeping  reforms  could  be  secured  until  Its  domination  had 
been  broken.  He  immediate  results  of  disestablishmenl  were 
civil  marriage,  the  civil  registry  of  Irirlhs  and  deaths,  and  the 
secularization  of  cemeteries;  but  the  church  retains  Its  Inffuence 
over  all  1^  dinrcfamen  ihroogh  the  CDnfcadosal,  tba  last  rites 


«f  ihe  church,  ud  their  lentinenl  apinH  lbs  pnilkiikliaa  of 
boly  ground.  Formerly  Bnuil  contlituled  in  cccleiiulical 
province  under  the  meUopoUUia  juriidicikin  of  u  srchbiihop 
raiding  at  Bahii.  wilh  ii  >u3nigui  bilhopi,  ii  vicirf-gciieni 
■  nddxiul  noocunlcs.  la  l  S91  Ibc  dioccM  of  Xio  de  Janeiro 
vu  made  as  archbishopric,  and  lout  new  djoctu*  were  crtaicd. 
Three  moie  have  been  added  since,  lotJiing  iweiily  dioceies  in 
■U.  In  1^5  the  uchbishop  of  Rio  de  Janeiro  wai  made  a 
cardiuiL  The  church  has  eleven  semLnAries  for  Lhe  education 
of  pries Ut  and  mainiairu  a  large  number  of  private  schools, 
especially  for  gitia,  which  ire  patroniied  by  the 


JiUkew 


A  Mix 


a  Far. 


"la^or"  "^ 


very  part  of 


lown  ol  importance,  and  rtcMimtHlai  toi  orphan  girls  in  all  the 

imcrous  lugvort  than  in  BtuiJ.  The  Prolestant  coniingenl 
consials  of  ■  Bumbei  ol  small  congregi  lions  scattered  throughout 
the  country,  ■  Jew  Portuguese  Piotesianis  Irom  the  Aiores,  a 
part  of  the  Gennaa  coloaists  Milled  in  the  central  and  MUthem 
llalea.  and  a  large  petcxniage  oI  the  North  European]  and 
Americana  temporarily  resident  in  BuU.  The  Posiliviiu  are 
few  in  number,  but  their  congttgitioos  *te  made  up  of  educated 
and  Influential  people. 

Arl,  Scienie  and  Lileraluri, — The  Bniiliui  people  have  the 
uaturaJ  laslc  foi  art,  music  and  literature  so  common  among 
theLatinnationioltheOldWorld.  The einpeior Dom Pedro II. 
did  much  to  encourage  these  pursuits,  and  many  promising 
young  men  received  iheir  education  in  Europe  at  his  personal 
cipeiue.  Still  earlier  in  the  century  (iSij)  the  regent  Dom 
John  VL  brought  out  a  number  of  French  artists  to  educate 
his  subjects  in  the  fine  ana.  and  the  Esalii  Sal  Jt  Scitnciiu. 
Aria  I  Offifm  wis  founded  in  the  following  yeu.  From  Ihia 
begiilning  resulted  the  Aitidimiade  Bdiat  ^rf«  of  a  later  date, 
to  which  was  added  a  conurvalory  of  music  in  1841.  The 
institution  is  now  called  the  Eiala  NikukioI  dt  BtUat  Ariti. 
Free  instruction  in  the  fine  arts  has  been  gtven  in  this  schosL 
The  higher  results  of  artistic  training,  however,  are  less  marked 
than  a  widespread  dilettantism.  The  Braiilian  composer  Carlos 
Gomes  (iBj^iKgt)  is  the  best  known  of  those  who  have  adopted 
music  as  a  profession,  his  opera /fdtaroKi  having  been  produced 
at  most  of  the  European  capitals-  The  most  prominent  among 
Brazilian  painters  is  Pedro  Americo,  and  in  aculpture  Rodolpho 
Benuudelli  has  done  good  work.  In  science  Bmsil  has  accom- 
plished very  Ultle^  alihough  many  eminent  foreign  naturalists 
have  spent  years  ol  study  within  her  borders.  Join  Baibosa 
ftodrigues  has  done  lotne  good  work  in  boluiy,  espedaUy  In 
the  study  of  the  palms  of  the  Amaaon,  and  Jolo  Bapliila  de 
Lacerda  has  made  important  biological  investlgaliona  al  the 
national  museum  of  Rio  de  Janein.  There  are  Mvenil  KientlGc 
sodelies  and  iiuiilutions  in  the  country,  but  they  tanly  under- 
take original  work.  The  most  active  ate  the  geographical 
societies,  but  very  little  hu  been  done  in  the  direction  of  scientific 
eiploration.  Some  interesting  results  hsvc  been  obtained  from 
theboimdaiysurveySffromDr  £.  Ciuls's  explaration  of  a  section 
of  the  Goyaa  plateau  in  rS^i  in  search  of  a  ^t«  for  the  future 
capital  of  the  republic,  and  from  same  of  the  rivet  and  railway 
survey*.  In  1875  a  geological  commisuon  was  oigamied  under 
the  direction  of  Finfcasor  Charles  Frederick  Kailt,  but  it  was 
disbanded  two  years  later.  In  1906  Congress  resolved  10  under- 
take a  national  geological  survey  under  the  direction  of  }Ax 
Orville  A.  Derby,  one  ol  Proltstor  Harit's  aasisUata.  The  coal 
resources  oi  the  southern  states  were  investigated  in  1Q04,  under 
the  auspices  ol  the  national  govemmeni.  by  Dr  J.  C.  White,  of 
the  U.S.  Geological  !iurvey,  who  found  strata  of  fairly  good  coal 
■1  depths  of  100  10  100  It.  eilending  from  Rio  Grande  do  Sul 
north  to  Slo  Paulo.  The  more  important  contributions  to  our 
present  knowledge  ol  Braijl ,  however,  have  been  ob  tained  through 
the  Ubauis  of  foteign  naturaUsli.  Beginning  wilh  the  Cennan 
mineralogist  W.  L.  von  Eschwege,  who  qient  nineteen  yean 
*{■  Bruil  (iSov-itiS),  lltf  list  includes  A,  de  Sainl-Hilaire  (igi6- 


BRAZIL  fUTERATVRB 

iS»  and  rSjo),  J.  B.  veaSpu  and  C  F.  von  Uiidns  (iSi  7-iS»). 
Prince  Max  lu  Neuwied  (iflij-'Brj).  P.  W.  Lund  C1817-18JO, 

andiSjotoiSSo,  the  year  of  his deilhl,  George  Gardner  (iSjA' 
184T),  A.  R.  WaDaie  (1848-1851),  H.  W.  Bales  (184S-18S0), 
Hermann  Burmeisler  (iSso-lSsi),  Louii  Agassis  ((865-1SA6), 
Charles  Frederick  Hatll  Ulti%-iWb.  1871  and  ig]5-i878| 
and  Kari  von  den  Steinen  (1884-188!  aad  1887-1888).  TheM 
eiidontions  oovei  every  blanch  of  natunl  science  and  resulted 
in  publications  ol  InestimabJe  scientific  value.  There  should  abo 
be  mentioned  Ihe  monumental  work  ol  C.  F.  P.  von  Mirtius 
on  the  Flora  BnailkHns.  and  the  esploratkms  of  Agaasia  and 
Lund.  Among  other  scientists  of  a  later  date  who  have  published 
important  works  on  Braiil  an  the  American  gedogbta  O.  A. 
Derby  and  J.  C.  Branner,  the  Swiss  naturalist  E.  A.  Goddl, 
Ihe  Ceman  botanist  J,  Huber,  the  German  ethnokigisi  H.  vob 
Ihring,  and  the  German  geogrepher  Fried.  Kaiser.  The  /n- 
ilitult  Hiilariii  c  Gteeraptnu  BraiildtB,  though  devoted  chiefly 
to  historical  research,  has  rendered  notewoithy  service  in  its 
encouragemeni  of  geographical  exfJoralion  and  by  ils  pid>liotioii 
of  various  scientihc  memoint  The  Museu  Nacioiial  at  Rio  ^ 
Jinciro,  which  has  occupied  ihe  imperial  palace  of  Sao  Chrisiovlo 
since  the  overthrow  of  the  monaichy,  coDtains  Uige  colkctioni 
ol  much  scientific  value,  but  defective  organiialion  and  apalhelic 
direction  have  rendered  them  of  comparatively  slight  service, 
TheObservBtoiJoNacionDl  at  Rio  de  Janeiro  Is  another  proaioent 
public  institution.  Hie  botanical  gardens  of  Braxil  are  develop- 
ing into  permanent  exhibitions  of  the  flora  ol  Ihe  regtoiks  in  which 
Ihey  are  located.  That  of  Rio  de  Janeiro  is  widely  ctlcbntcd 
for  its  avenues  of  myal  palms,  but  it  has  also  tendered  an  im- 
portant service  to  the  country  in  the  dtaseminatkii  of  exotic 

Biuilian  liletatute  has  been  seriously  prejudiced  by  panisaa 
politics  and  diletuniism.  The  ctjilanial  period  was  one  of 
striclrepression.  ihc  intellectual  life  of  the  peo|de  being  jealoutly 
supervised  by  the  chutch  to  protect  itself  against  heresy,  and 
their  progress  being  restricted  by  the  Portuguese  crown  to 
protect  its  mortopoly  ol  the  natural  resources  of  the  cijuatry- 
Thearrivalof  Dom  John  VI,  In  iSoS  broke  dawn  sorne  of  tlKSC 
reariclions,  and  the  first  year  of  his  residence  in  Rio  de  Janeilo 
itiblishnient  of  ih    '  .    ^      ..        . 


Then 


Ihe  press,  however,  ontil  i8tr,  when  Ihe  abolition  of  the  onso^ 
ship  and  tbe  oonstiluiional  sirug^  in  Portugal  gave  rise  to 
a  political  discuaion  that  marked  the  opening  of  a  new  era  in 
the  development  of  the  nation,  and  annied  an  intelleciual 
artiviiy  ilwi  baa  been  highly  productive  In  joumalistic  and 
polemical  writings.  In  no  country,  perhaps,  has  the  pieu 
exercised  a  more  direct  and  powcrlul  hiflufncc  upon  govcrtinienl 
than  in  Braiil,  and  in  no  other  country  can  there  be  found  so 
high  >  percenlage  of  journalists  in  official  life.  Some  of  the 
polilical  writers  have  played  an  inixulant  pan  in  DOuMing 
public  opinion  on  certain  queslionv  as  m  the  esse  of  A,  C. 
Tavares  Baslos.  whose  Cailas  do  Soiiiario  were  highly  instru- 
mental in  causing  ihe  Amaaon  to  be  thrown  open  to  the  world's 
commcree  and  also  is  preparing  the  way  for  Ihe  abolition  of 
in  thai  ol  Joaqiuin  Saklanha  Marinho,  whose 
1874-1S76  of  the  relations  between  church  and 
stale  prepared  the  way  for  Iheir  separation.  The  peisonil 
element  is  conspiciHUS  in  the  Brazilian  jotvnalism,  and  for  a 
considerable  period  of  its  histor>'  libellous  attack*  on  persons, 
signed  by  profeasioiul  vonion,  populiriy  called  Iniai  it /an 
(ino  beads),  were  admitted  at  to  moth  ■  line  in  the  ben 
new«>apers. 

The  singul*r  adapitbilily  of  the  Porluguete  language  to 
poetical  expression,  coupled  wilh  Ihe  imagiiialtve  le 
of  the  people,  hilled  loan  unusual  produclic 
of  pocuy.  The  percenlage  ol  educated  men  who  have  written 
little  volumes  ol  lyrica  is  surprisingly  large,  and  thi*  m*y  be 
accounted  lor  by  ihe  old  Portuguese  euitan  ol  reciling  poetry 
with  musical  accompaniment,  lie  most  popular  ol  the  Siaahan 
poets  are  Thotnai  Antonio  Gouaga,  Antonio  Ccngilvea  Diss 
and  Bemnrdo  Cuimarkes.    Among  the  diaDialista  and  nDrriBU 


BMAKCEt 

ii»irfttMfnHiiiKi1TnTiHl[|iM»nMliliMi»ih.tiitMMitiliiMi 
'de.Akncu.  Berouda  Culnitrfiit,  A.  de  Bm»«piell«  Tuaay 
nidj.  M..U>chuk>d»Aab  Jo<«  U.  da  Akaoi  it  Miwlly 
dtKribtd.M  tba  pciUM  af  BiuXui  oanUui.  The  aoit 
popular  ,or  bb  nmuft*  u«  /r««M  *iid  O  Camtitf.  In 
|]iW<irir«l  litetitnn  BimB  latiaoduetd  ont  writer  ol  tigfa  lUnd- 
Inr—PivKbca  Addpho  Vunhklen  (VbBMde  4i  Pans  Scsoni), 


^  £rMil^  COvcrins  tba  colouil  ptrtod,  and  John  AimiUie': 
flbUr?  qT  &Bit<,  covtiing  tb*  period  bctveen  the  anival  of  iha 
Bncum  (uniljr  (iSoS)  uid  Um  abdkuioii  «l  Bom  Pedro  1. 
<i8ji),havabBta[nD3kl«dinlDPoitUcucM.  ADOtba  Bniiliu 
UMwiin  ol  noogDiiEd  merit  i)  jMo  Mwoel  taam  At,  Sivt, 
ohoM  UHorical  wiitiaff  cDvci  Ifac  fint  ycus  of  the  empgre,  fiom 
Id  loaiidatioB  to  1840.  AmoBs  tlu  lata  writen  Join  CapiainiM 
de  Abim  haa  produced  ume  ihoil,  hiaUrical  atudiea  of  great 
ineriL  Id  the  £eLd  of  pbiloaophlc  ^Kculatios,  Aufaate  Coiste 
tiu  tiad  many  diidples  ia  £niiL 
«—■«■— The  natieBal  icvantii  a  daivtd  krteir  Inm  < 


BKAZIL 


45» 


nfben  the  repubiiq  m>  organiied.    Other  ao. 
atnp  tana  on  biiAaat  tiaiuacIIOM,  doaie« 


aurtendcRd  la  Iha 


walking  iclcka  and  phyla(  cardi.  aod  taaa  oa  lotteriea,  paucnier 
■icktU.  sliria  and  dll4deadi  of  idat-nock  cmnpaDies.  Formerly 
iminrt  dulln  wn  payabla  In  evieacir,  but  ia  1699  It  wat  decided 
to  (onici  »%  It  than  bi  fald  (DpriHids  the  bdwiubibi  viib 
•pecie  for  iia  lonini  nmlttancca.  The  reveniKa  and  aivaidituna 
have  iince  then  been  cakuEaled  lo  gobf  and  currency  losclbcr. 
X  mvitillatkHi  of  the  average  dliien.  aod  tfir  gDld 

,  thehicheriatatoapp^toaiiedfiedaitideaudTuls 


IKi*Sed 


—;  of  finance.    Thedepart- 
puUic  worki  tAltea  the  nen 


.    TbK  depncIatliHi  and  u 


apcnditimfl  for  a  Una  ntytm^  die  ateriioBeqiavalcatBoleeD  ifaow- 
hi  (  dccnaie,  thiuufh  ■  (all  ia  the  value  cl  Ibe  oulreii,  where  there 
hai  been  la  aeiuil  moeue  In  cuirmcy  ntumi.  Thii  «a>  mMt 
aotimble  betaecn  iBto  asd  II98,  vbn  ochai^,  which  lepnenn 
the  TaliB  of  Iba  mibiefa,  fell  fram  a  MMJanm  it  rt\  nice  (iTd. 
bejni  the  par  vahK  of  the  ndbeal)  to  ■  mbiiaHim  of  j|  pence. 
Since  189S  there  haa  been  an  upward  njovemcnt  of  orchanK*  Che 

p^nTtl 


obli^tfaoa  on  te  dtbt  *tif  nihv  aHOMM^  and  nt 
SX^^^ Span  toMmmu  me M.ucMd  iKumnm aad  the 

band  the  tmnmant  afiaed  to  nitbdnw  cunncy,  which  lad 
ni^  a  nid  d  7U;364A14  t-odreiB.  pari  fPOHoi  wkh  the  iwie  ol 
Ibe  loan,  the  nulrta  baiaa  conpuled  at  iS  pence:  The  puipoae  ol 
thiacwulitioa  wa  in  Older  In  iatfirovetbe  value  oi  the  p^permikM 
ana  latn  opBatton  in  Jna  iM,  and  not  oaljr  wa*  ■  aucfata 
aoapcniM  d  MWUb  avoided  but  the  fiamcial  iJnMliDa  wa^ 
gnaily  impimd.  The  fovemment  <vn  withdrew  laon  oI  ita 
cuneney  nauea  than  required  by  theagnminl.  aod  the  •alat  t^  tba 
nulrta  HiadUv  ioprand.  AttheaamBtin«thaiavenii«nl(WTi>d 
out  the  foKed  OHnrtniBn  of  the  aatioial  Igaaa  Sito  lower  intemi. 
bearini  iMUOk  which  graallr  itduced  the  nnmial  iueiat  charM. 
TheiemcawrtavsnIdliBva  put  ibefiaaiaaalajifainol  the  aation  em 
a  loUd  loetbif  in  a  vtiy  bw  yeara  bad  the  tovenuncu  been  able 
to  keep  ita  eipendilure  within  Iti  incoae.  Tbe  naval  ravgit  tl 
184^1804,  however,  had  •natei  the  apiril  of  miUtarlus  ia  the 
RiUiig  daieca,  and  the  ellon  to  peifict  tbe  or^niialian  and  equip- 
ment of  tbe  anny,  «tEn(then  the  fofti&atiiiDi  o[  Rio  de  jueir& 
and  increaie  the  navy,  have  kept  cipCndilum  in  ekccm  of 
the  rcnniKt.  The  punhOK  of  cuaranleed  tallwaya  owned  by 
foreign  coiapaoioi  hkewiie  added  hirggly  to  the  bonded  iu- 
debtedncH,  though  the  onus  wu  in  exiatcnce  in  aiiotber  form. 
The  mult  of  thw  ineaHjret  wna  a  large  addition  to  the  public 
debt,  which  on  Jin  December  1906  wi>  approiinuleh  «  foUowa 
tfiPolliB  being  the  name  given  to  bondi  InKilbcd  to  the  bolder)^ 
Eiceroal  debt-  /         i.    i. 

Loan  ol  IS»3,  1S9S  and  IBBg        ,      jSjjS.sto 
OeitedeMina8R.R.  toes       .  i.]Sa,iao 

Lou  of  i«9S      .       .       .      •.      ;        7^1/00 
FiindiBg  loan  of  1898  .      .       8^13.717    a    9 

Railway  reiciauon  kaa  of  1901      ','      tS4fi7,ois  ]6    i 
^irt  woilta  loan  of  1903  .     ,,      '."       e,soo»ooo 


S%     «  »     tSOJ        ■-      ;.  l;jDO,oo» 

Total,  funded  .'.      '. -;.  ^AlM^ 

Cat  ISd.  ijM04.7B7)  ..  .■inia.i 
internal  debt,  not  tunded:  MDiein 

Paper  nxmey M4.7^,9to 

Savinga  bank  aad  other  dtpoaitii 

."  «?K'  ''■"?3.86!  r  (wy) — 


rbtediH 


it,bin>,ac.)  ' 


v~. 

i^E^hi.^' 

Revt 

noe. 

St 

MtoT' 

Mia 

Cuger^ 

Pence. 

1901 

■90s 
1904 

.90J 

ll-je 
h's9 

S:S:S 

41,9>4.844 

I«-USJ96 

40)493 'a*' 

SS:S 

19<.'98.9<«> 

J6s!«99!j8i 

Tot^,  aoi  fnoded.  ipprroc. 

<al'id.£w."«*S"g) 

Appnmmate  total  iodebtedneta     ,      , 

addition  10  thcK.  the  govemn 


hUre^         theoatiqnaltrea<uririHidininieieatii9i.3i4 


Reducing  gold  to  a  cuttency  baiii  «1  ijd,  per  milieri  (the  offvcial 
*alua(kin  adopted  in  1906),  the  budget  for  1907  provided  for  a 
revenue  ol  Jsa.SSO.Joj  milreii  and  m  eipendilure  of  (09,483^84 
mlbei*.  thowutfa  deficit  of  95,891,691  mUreia.  These  defir In  wen 
eammija  enough  under  the  monuicfay,  but  thCy  have  become  uill 
__■ — -ji  under  the  icpuWic  Accordipgtolbe"  Retroipecio 
tor  I9O6  of  the  Janut  it  Cnnmmio  tRio  de  Janeiro, 
r),  the  aggregate  defictta  for^tlie  eleven  yeen  189]  to 

ibeia,  or,  aaj,  ffjjjo*oii      .    ,     ■  , 

•aeb  a  f^iic  »  iKicuinE  unfebtedneB. 


Hatch  5>  ' 

fa  1888.  a  Jtar  befon  the  n 
aod  eitecnaf  national  debti  at 


h  «(  laeb  a  ■w**'  **  ■> 
fare  the  republic  waapi 


'iK^'ooo  .terlin 
._  .    Teoyeanlater.  when  the  currency  had'fal 
■liheli,  Ikt  gai«nuneai  found  iiaelf  unable  to  n 


withdrawal  of  tl 


for  the  redemption  and  Euaianlee  ol  paper  inues,  the  _. — _ 

S%  of  the  import  dulf.  payable  in  gold.  Up  10  1906  the  Ciiia 
da  Amort  iu^So  (redemption  bureau),  which  huchane  of  the' KTvka 
of  the 'Internal  funded  debt,  mpenntended  the  redemption  of  tnt 
eurrtacy.  but  in  thai  yulr  (December  6.  I9<«)  b  Caixa  de  Convrrsko 

modelled  after  the  ArBentlne  Convenini  office,  and  ia  aulhojied 

pence  per  milreis  allho^b  eiclange  wai  above  I7d.  when  tbe 
Khtna  was  ptBpoKd.    The  notea  are  to  ba  tedceniabla  ia  inht  at 


454  BRAZIL 

Hht;  the  Ciln  d«  Codvtnbt  U  l«p  (be  bU  Bud  la  da  tku 
onw  pvpcK.  Tb*  odte  pndKBi  <<  Sis  fUlo  *ad  aikB 
MtuafHud  that  thiappncbtiDntavilnof  the  BiilnitiraindiKlBg 
tUr  prafiu,  and  tiny  xIvocltKl  ttii  ncuon  (it  fini  ailh  ■  nlua- 
dBBcf  IKDtadKk  tbcupmilBaveBHtfiancluiBee.  UataHie 
■uiH  ^  Umitad  to  oiekEt  aod  bnua  aiu,  but  ia  1906  the  fsmiH 
■Hut  au  aatluriml  to  pitrefaaa  bar  livtr  Mr  ibc  oioife  el 
Dtaaof  ttadMoiI^DatiaBailwamUHlhBDananii  and  sw  ■<>• 
U^nlnta).  ColdiillttuiaiBditaBdatddval«e.lbeawaetaryiiBit 
iakiC  ttaa  nUialftii  worth  M-Dd- at  pai.  lb*  tiMBibila  fotd 
pkie  Mifha  1-9649  rutnta,  9I<  Eoe.  aad  ooiRabN  S-itTl  fiumn 
StBUBtSd.  ^En  U  OS  (Did  ^^icabtlon.  bonwr,  and  t<><d 
dniB  ai*  paid  with  <cild  ehcqiwa  parchawl  at  nrtaia  banka  wiib 
paperHKi^y.  TbabttnUoiucilLtinDf  the  rt^ublk  have  undotDnc 
nany  dvfwea  uadar  <ba  iiew_rt(iine-    A  (nuttul  cauie  aJdibAcr 

OBder  iDvcmncat  turb«iiaik>n.  Commercial  bufincM  at  the 
principal  porta  1>  \attetr  taniactid  tbroufh  lonlcn  banlu,  01 
which  there  arc  a  hitia  number. 

t  Id  addllkHi  to  tha  iodebtedneia  of  the  aatlooal  fovcraincnt,  Iba 
■ndividoal  atatei  haM  alB  ineined  fuiided  debta  o[  Ihcir  own. 
Tbe  afrC«ata  oT,  thoa  deljta  ta  1904  waa  {jftigcj*".  and  the 
aeveraTuna  nad*  dnnng  the  oeit  tan  yean,  Includini  thuK  ol 
tbe  naoiAialltiea  of  Rio  de  Janeiro,  Saatoa,  Bahia  and  Minw, 
add  hdlTT"  •Bd  ■  l«U  «^ISo't  n»e  to.  the  UHaL       (A.J.U} 


Bnnt  «U  dlicovcnd  Id  February  1499  (O.A.)  by  Viccnle 
YaAd  PLdzod,  a  compaDian  of  Columbiu.     Ue  deiciied  Ihe  laod 
u  Cape  St  Auguitioe,  and  lalled  along  Ihi 


3,  whcuca  he  proceeded  to  tbe 


.     Ken 


Uwh  poaiciuoa  o[  tbe  couDtry  in  the  Daaie  of  tbe 
Spuiih  (oveniineni,  and  Cltticd  home,  ai  ipecimcns  of  iu 
utural  prodDctioDi,  ume  dniga,  getni  and  Braiil-wood.  Next 
year  the  Fonugacic  comtniiiidcr,  Pedro  Alvait*  Cabral,  ap- 
poLotad  by  hia  maoaiih  to  follow  llie  coune  of  Vaico  da  Gioia 

that  he  leacbcd  the  Brailliao  coaal.  April  14,  and  aoclioicd  in 
Potto  Seguio  (16*  S,  lat.)  00  Good  Fiid«y.  On  Eaitec  day  an 
alur  was  creeled,'  mau  celebnted  in  prcHDce  of  tbe  nalivet, 
the  country  declared  an  >p>.nnge  of  Portugal,  and  a  tlone  cross 
erected  io  conuDimontiaa  of  tbe  event.  C^bral  deap^lched  a 
imiU  voaal  to  Lisbon  to  annouDce  his  discovery,  and,  witboui 
lomiing  any  aetiieaient,  proceeded  to  India  an  the  jrd  of  May. 
On  tbe  anival  oI  the  news  in  Portugal,  Emanuel  invited  Atnerigo 
VcQrucd  to  enter  his  service,  and  de^iatched  him  with  three 
veuds  (0  exjJore  the  country.  The  navigator^a  fiiit  voyage 
was  unsuccessful;  but,  according  to  his  own  account,  in  a  aecond 
be  discovered  a  safe  port,  to  which  be  gave  tbe  Dame  ol  AU- 
Saintsftnd  where  hearecled  a  small  (on.  Veapucd's  narrative 
It,  bowivcr,  suspected  of  being  ^lOCTyphal  [tee  Vupuca, 


-wood.    Tbe  gi 


The  poor  aad  barbarana  Iribet  ot  Braiil,  and  their  country, 
the  minetal  riches  of  which  were  not  Immediately  discovered, 
oBered  but  few  attmelions  to  a  government  into  the  cefiers  <^ 
fAich  the  wealth  of  India  and  Africa  was  flowing.  For  nearly 
thirty  years  the  kinp  of  Portugal  paid  do  further  attention 
to  tbeir  ncwly.acquired  territory  tbarx  what  consisted  in  oom- 
bating  the  attempts  of  the  Spaniards  to  occupy  it,  and  diqwaing 
Ibi  private  advenlurcn  from  France  who  laughi  its  shotes  for 
tbe  purposes  ot  commerc*.  Tbe  coloDiutian  of  Brasil  wi 
proseculcd,  however,  by  lubjecls  of  the  PonugocM 

'     ■     'a  Ihjlher  chiefly  for 


sought  to 


lo  little  I 


I,  hy  plating 


and  might  help  to  uphold 

The  first  attempt  on  the  part  of  a  Portuguese  nu»aKll  I 
bunduce  an  organiied  govenmieni  into  his  dominioiu  was  mat 
M^  by  John  III.     He  adopted  a  plan  which  bad  bH 

snrsal—  found  ID  succeed  well  io  Madeira  and  tbe  Aioies,- 
^^f  dividing  the  country  into  hercditiiy  aptaindes,  ud 
^**^  granting  them  lo  such  posODS  1*  were  willing 
•odertahe  their  scttlemeal,  with  unlimited  powers  of  juritdicli 
both  dvil  ud  criminal.  Each  captaincy  cstended  along  fifty 
leagues  of  coast.  The  baundarics  in  Ibe  inurlot  were  undefined. 
TUt  first  Bcltlament  made  under  this  new  intern  waa  that  ol 


,  the-caaat  about  Rio  de  Jaadio, 
to  VUcb  he  gave  tkat  oaina,  becauaa  ha  diuDvosd  It  h  the 
•I  January  1531.    Ha  pmecedcd  aonth  ai  fu  aa  La  Ptua, 
aing  the  places  be  snnayul  on  tbe  vay  boiD  tha  days  oq 
ich  ilie  reapeitive  discovoiu  watt  mads.    He  bad  upon  aa 
Ddin  i4)°S.lat.,taUidbythtaatIv(tCaaIba,folhiiKltk- 
nt.    The  Ceagoaica,  or  |>tnnutiii(  tribe  at  ladiuB  hi  that 
Highbourboad,  as  soon  aa  thay  drsOBVetcd  the  mlemioai  o(  tbe 
nen  to  fii  thcmtelvca  pemaiieDlly  theie,  ccOtcled  fe< 
pose  itf  eipelling  them.    Fartaulcly,  bewawr,  a  ship- 
t  Portticuae,  who  had  lived  maiy  yean  ooder  the  pro- 
of the  principal  chief,  was  succoafil  la  eoDdudiag  a 
(resty  of  perpetual  aOiaiiee  between  bia  coUntiyBen  and  tin 
nitlvcs.     Fiiiding  the  qwl  chosen  foe  (be  new  tovBinconTenleiit, 
the  colonistt  nmovcd  to  the  adiolning  island  of  Sio  Vitant, 
rom  which  the  captaincy  derived  iU  nuie.     Cattle  aad  iha 
upr-case  were  at  an  eariy  pciiod  introduced  (rom  Uaddrs, 
ind  here  the  othct  captaindn  sup[died  themselves  with  beth. 

Pero  Lopes  dc  Sousa  received  the  grant  ota  captilocy,  snd 
ct  sail  from  Fortu^  at  Ibe  unu  lime  at  his  brother,  ibelounda 
of  Sio  Vicente.  He  chne  to  have  his  fifty  leagues  in  two 
allotment*.  Tbnt  to  which  he  g»ve  the  naoic  of  Santo  Amim 
adjoined  Sio  Vicente,  the  two  towns  being  only  three  leagues 
asunder.  TTic  other  division  lay  much  nearer  to  tbe  Udc  between 
Puihyha  artd  Prmambuco.  He  erperiencrd  OHisIderatde  diffi- 
culty in  founding  this  second  cdony,  from  the  rrenuous  oppo 
lition  of  a  nci^bouring  tribe,  the  Petiguaics;  at  length  be 
lucceeded  in  daring  bts  lands  of  them,  but  Dot  long  allcrwank 
he  perished  by  shipwreck. 

Rio  de  Janeiro  was  not  settled  tin  a  laler  period;  and  for  a 
considerable  tinie  tbe  ncuat  captaincy  to  Sasio  Amato,  salliag 
along  the  ooast  northwards,  was  that  of  Espirito  Santo.  II  ■» 
fauDded  by  Vasco  Femaodea  Coutinbo,  who  having  acquired  a 
large  fortune  la  India,  tar^  it  in  this  scheme  ot  colomsatlM. 
He  carried  with  him  no  less  than  ^ity  fidalgoa.  They  naocd 
iheir  town  by  antidpatioD,  Our  Lady  ol  tbe  Victory  (Victoria); 
but  it  coat  them  some  bard  fi^tiog  with  the  Gopiam*  M 
justify  the  title. 

Pedto  de  Campo  Tourinbo,  a  Dobleman  andexcelleDt  navlgatiii, 
received  a  grant  of  tbe  adjoining  capuincy  o(  Porto  Segura- 
This,  it  wiU  be  remembered,  it  the  spot  when  Cahral  bat  look 
posteuion  of  BraiH.  The  Tui^noqufos  at  fint  ofleied  lenie 
^ipoiitioD;  but  basing  made  peace,  they  Dhserved  it  faithfully. 
Dotwithitanding  that  the  opprcsaioi)  of  tlie  Portuguese  ebUrd 
them  to  forsske  the  country.  Su(ar-woriis  wetc  established,  snd 
quantities  of  the  produce  exported  to  the  nntha 


isfou 


Sio  Fraodsco  to  Bahia  was  gttnH 
to  Fnncbco  Pcreirs  Coutinbo;  the  bay  itself,  with  all  its  oetl 
was  aftetwanli  added  to  the  grtnt  JVbeD  CoullDbt  form 
his  eMabliihment,  vheit  Villa  Veiha  bow  ataBdi,  he  lonnil 
n^ile  Foituguese  living  in  tbe  ndgbboucbood  who,  having  he 
tbym  ■■■    -  ■    -" 


.     He  was  surrounded  by  a 
aiKl  cUdren;  and  to  him 
nott  of  tbe  dbtbwiUbed  hmillH  of  Bahia  a  tm  trace  tMr  Unc*^ 

The  n«aTd  entertvned  by  the  nativea  for  Canmnm  (signifying 
luji  t/jfri)  induced  them  to  eitend  a  hoqiiiabic  welcome  to  bii 
countrymen, andforatimoeveryihingwi    '  "     ■"—■■-'" 


tribea.     The  Fori 


ir,  and  tha 

e  fiercest  and  molt  powerful  of  tlie  native 
lese  were  obliged  to  abandon  ibeit  scld^ 
if  them  telurud  at  a  lam  poiod,  wit* 


455 


otlblUllHl,  ft  Fnctoiy  h&d  been  pluCal 
tram  Uuxilki  took  il.  ind  Icfl  Kveaty  men  in  il  u  >  gmiam; 
bvl  ilie  wai  captuml  on  her  RluTn,  ud  airitd  iota  Ltobcm,  and 
bBracdiitt  meuuni  were  Uken  ioc  noccupjiing  Ihe  pbce.  The 
Cipuincy-of  remanbun)  mi  granltd  to  Dva  DiurU  Coelbo 
Pmira  u  the  rewitd  of  hit  Krvieet  in  Indk.  It  eiUmdtd 
dung  the  cDUt  fnm  Ihe  Riq  ^o  Fnitidico,  notthwiirl  to  lh> 
Rio  de  Junn.  Duerte  lalled  with  hii  wife  ind  children,  and 
Buy  of  hii  kinsmen,  to  lake  posXMlon  of  hit  n*w  colony,  and 
landed  in  Uu  port  of  Pemambuco.  To  the  town  which  mt 
there  founded  he  gave  Ihe  name  of  Olinda.  The  Cabetes,  who 
poiatned  the  weO,  were  itnx  and  pettinacioiBi  and,  auiited 
bj  the  French,  who  tnded  to  that  coast,  Coclbo  had  to  gain 
1^  iachei  what  was  gnated  him  by  leagno.  Hm  Portogueie 
minagtd,  however,  to  beat  off  their  enemle*;  and,  having 
(■tcRd  into  an  allianc*  wttb  the  Tobayanet,  lolloircd  up  tbdr 

Attempts  were  made  about  this  time  to  ealablbh  two  ether 
captaincies)'  but  without  mccess.  Fedro  de  Goes  obtained  a 
(lant  of  the  (aplaincy  of  Psnhyba  between  those  ol  SSo  Vicente 
and  Cqiliito  Santo;  but  his  means  weir  too  feeble  to  enable 
him  to  make  bead  agilnst  Ihe  aborigines,  and  the  cnkmy  was 
bcoken  np  after  a  painful  struggle  ol  seven  yean.  JoSo  de 
Banoi,  the  historian.  obtiiDHt  the  lapuincy  of  Maranhlo. 
For  the  lake  of  increasing  his  capital,  he  divided  his  grant  with 
Femto  Alvam  de  Andnde  and  Airesda  Cunha,  They  projected 
a  scberae  of  conquest  and  colonization  upon  a  large  scale.  Kina 
hundred  men,  of  whom  one  hundred  and  thirteen  were  hoisetnen, 
embatked  in  ten  ^ps  under  the  CAnmand  of  Aires  da  Cunha. 
Bui  tbe  vessels  wen  wrecked  upon  some  shosls  ab™it  one 
hundred  leagues  to  the  south  ol  MaranhCD;  the  few  sutvivoTi, 
after  luOering  immense  hardships,  escaped  to  the  nearest  Kttle- 
menta.  and  the  undertaking  was  abandoned. 

By  these  adventures  the  whole  line  of  BtaxiliaD  coast,  from 
the  nouth  of  La  Flala  lolhemoulhot  the  ADia«m,had  become 
Mudded  at  intervals  with  Portuguese  settlements,  in  all  of  which 
law  and  justice  were  administered,  howev^  iiudcquately. 
It  il  worthy  of  observation,  that  fiiatil  was  Ihe  first  colony 
fnipded  in  America  upon  an  asriculltinl  principle,  for  until  then 
(be  precious  metals  were  the  eadasve  atlractioi.  Sufficient 
capital  wias  attracted  between  the  year  ijji  tin  whkb  De  Sousa 
founded  Ihe  Gist  captaincy)  and  tlie  year  i54g  to  render  these 
cokinie*  an  object  of  importance  to  the  mother  country.  Their 
o(|aniiaiion,  however.  In  regard  to  their  means  of  dtlence 
against  both  atlemal  aggression  and  internal  violence,  was 
tilremely  defective.  Theic  leiriloriea  wen  suitounded  and 
partly  occupied  by  krge  tribes  of  savages.  Belund  them  the 
Spaniards,  who  hadanestablishment  at  Asuncion,  had  penetrated 
abnosl  to  the  sources  of  the  waters  of  Paraguay,  and  had  suc- 
ceeded in  establishing  communtpallon  with  f^ru.  OreUana,  on 
tiK  other  hand,  setting  out  from  Peru,  bad  crossed  the  mountains 
and  sailed  down  the  Amaeon.  Nor  had  the  French  alundoncd 
(ticlr  hopes  of  cSccling  an  eslablishincnt  on  the  coasL 

The  obvious  nmedy  for  these  evils  was  to  concentrate  the 
ntecutlve  power,  to  render  the  petty  chiefs  amenable  to  one 
Uibunili  and  to  con£de  the  miiugcment  of  the  defensive  fotce 
to  one  hand.  In  order  to  this  the  powers  ol  the  several  captains 
■tre  Kvokcd,  whilst  dtefr  property  in  their  grants  was  reserved 
to  them.  A  govrniot-feneral  was  appointed,  with  fuD  powers, 
etvfl  and  ciimhial.  Tlie  Judicial  and  financial  functions  b  each 
the  Omder,  whose  authority  in  the 
■  It  of  the  governor.  Every 
colonist  wai  enrolled  either  in  Uie  Uiiiciat  or  Ordnaiaai.  The 
former  were  obliged  to  serve  beyond  the  boundaries  of  the 
province,  the  latter  only  at  home.  The  chief  cities  lecdved 
Duniclpal  contlltutlona.  as  in  Portugal.  Thome  de. Sousa  waa 
the  fijat  pencm  nominated  to  Ihe  importanl  post  of  govemor- 
(eneral.  Me  was  instructed  to  build  a  strong  dly  in  BaUa  and 
lo  (sUblnh  there  the  seat  of  hia  govcmmenl. 


of  hIacoambdanlieuili'adatBaUainApiflt{4<),«tthBleel 
of  six  vtssds,  on  boatd  of  which  were  thiee  himdml  and  twoity 
pcnons  In  the  king's  pcy,  four  huodted  convicts  and  about  thn* 
hnndied  free  cokmlsts.  Care  had  been  taken  {or  tho  qdiitna) 
wants  of  Ihe  piovincei  by  awoditing  six  Jeauiti  wjib  th> 

Old  Caramuru,  who  itiD  nirWved,  rendered  tlie  guvmiw 
ettentiil  lervice  by  gaining  for  ih  consttymen  the  gontwill  of 
the  natives.  The  new  dty,  to  wUch  the  mob  of  Slo  SalvadDt 
was  given,  was  esubllthed  on  the  hdghu  above  the  Bay  of 
All  Saints  (Todos  OS  Santos),  fnm  which  its  latttumeolBalua 
is  taken.    Within  four  moniha  oae  hundred  hoiBes  were  bnHt, 


out  in  the  vldDliy,  Duiing  the  tonr  yean  otSooca's  government 
there  were  sent  out  at  diflerent  times  loppUei  at  all  kinds. 
Fanale  oiphana  oi  noble  famiUes  were  given  in  nairiage  lo 
the  afficeis,  and  partioned  from  the  royal  estate),  and  orphan 
boys  were  senl  to  be  educated  by  the  Jesuits.  The  capital  rose 
npldly  in  importance,  and  the  captaincies  kamed  to  regard  It 
a*  a  common  bead  and  centn  of  wealth.  Meam^iile  the  Jesuits 
undertook  tfie  moral  and  religious  cultun  of  the  natives,  and 
cd  the  scancly  less  savage  colonists.    Strong  opposition 


need  fiw 


Lhe  Indians,  and  the  depravity  of  U 
fostered  by  the  KMntknis  encourage: 
ibandoned  priests  who  had  found  tl 


BraiH  Ovct 
Lthority;  and  it  was  not  until 
the  arrival  of  the  Erst  bishop  of  Braiit  in  1 5s>r  Ihat  anything  like 
an  efficient  check  was  imposed  upon  them.  Htxl  year  Sousa 
was  succeeded  by  Duarti  da  Costa,  who  brought  with  him  a 
reinforcentenl  ol  Jesuits,  at  Ihe  head  of  ii4iom  was  Luis  de  Cran, 
appointed,  with  Nobtega  the  chief  of  the  first  mission,  joint 
provincial  q[  BrasiL 

Nobrega's  lirsl  act  inu  one  which  has  eiercbed  the  most 
beneficial  Influence  over  the  sodal  system  of  Btuil,  namely, 
Ihe  establishment  of  a  college  on  the  Ihen  unreclairnrd  plains 
of  l^ratinlnga,  Il  was  lumed  Sfu>  Paulo,  and  has  been  al  ones 
the  source  whence  knowledge  and  dvilitalion  have  been  diffused 
through  Braiil,  and  the  nucleus  Of  a  colony  of  its  maiUiest  and 
hardiest  ciiiiens,  which  sent  out  successive  swaims  of  haidy 
adventurers  to  people  tlie  interior.  The  good  inieniJoiis  of  the 
Jesuits  were  in  part  fnistraied  by  the  opposition  of  Costa  lhe 

out  to  supersede  him,  that  their  projects  wen  allowed  free  scope. 

Rio  de  Janeiro  was  first  occulted  by  French  settlers.  Nicholas 
Dunnd  de  Villegagnon,  a  bold  and  skilful  seaman,  having  visited 
BniO,  saw  al  onu  Ihe  advantages  which  might  accnia  sttik- 
to  his  country  from  a  settleioent  there.  In  order  to  atmi  at 
secun  Ihe  Interest  of  Coligny,  fie  gave  out  that  his  ffta4* 
projected  colony  was  intended  to  serve  as  a  i^ce  of  *••** 
refuge  tor  the  peiseculed  Huguenots.  Under  the  patronage  ot 
that  admiral,  he  arrived  at  Rio  de  Janeiro  in  ijsS  with  a  train 
of  numerons  and  respectable  Dolontgts.  As  soon,  however,  as 
he  thought  his  power  secure,  lie  threw  ofl  the  mask,  and  began 
to  harass  and  oppress  tlie  Huguenots  by  every  means  he  could 
devise.  Many  of  them  were  forced  by  his  tyranny  to  ntum  to 
France;  and  ten  thousand  Ptotestants,  ready  Co  embark  for 
the  new  colony,  wen  deterred  by  their  lepresentationi.  Ville- 
gagnon,  finding  his  force  much  diminished  in  consequence  of 
his  treachery,  sailed  for  France  In  quest  of  recruits;  and  during 
his  absence  the  Portuguese  governor,  by  order  of  his  court, 
atuckcd  and  di^ised  the  settlement.  For  some  years  the 
French  kept  up  a  kind  of  bush  srarfaie;  but  in  ijS;  Ok  Portu- 
guese succeeded  In  establishing  a  settlement  al  Rio. 

Mem  de  Sa  continued  lo  hold  the  nbis  of  govemment  in  Braiit 
upon  terms  of  the  best  understanding  with  the  deigy,  and  to  Ifie 
great  advantage  of  the  colonies,  for  fourteen  years.  On  the 
etpiration  of  his  power,  which  was  nearly  conlemiMrary  with 
that  of  his  life,  an  attempt  was  made  to  divide  Brazil  Into  two 
governments;  but  this  having  failed,  Ihe  territory  was  reunited 
in  i;7g,  the  year  In  which  Diegs  Launncs  da  Veiga  |na 
affiointed  govcmn-.    At  this  time  the  colocies,  although  not  ynl 


*56 


tedcpeDdlat  of  iqjpBci  bom  lie  Hatha  axmtiy,  wot  !n  ■ 
flottrWdng  muditMni;  but  du  DsurpatlcpD  of  tiic  aowD  oi 
Pntntal  by  FbiEp  IL  cbingid  tlic  upect  oi  affiira.  fiiuil, 
bcUevcd  to  be  iaiuku  to  tbc  Spuiuh  praeasHnu  Id  *^'"^,  wM 
oouaqiuntly  abuidoiKiil  in  annpuaUvc  oegiect  foi  the  period 
jniervcDing  bclveai  1S7S  and  1640,  during  which  it  cmuinued  mi 


d  tbdi  hcutile  cntRpruei  ((liTuc 
^^^  III  1586  Wldwington  plundered  Baliia; 

t^  ilk  J  59'  CftTciidiah  made  an  Abortive  attack  on  5ant<B| 

Avac*  in  1505  Laocuter  attacked  Oliuda-  Huac  eipioitA, 
^^^  however^  were  tranucnt  in  tbdi  effecta.  In  lAia  the 
'  French  attempt^  to  found  a  permanent  colony  in  tbt 

illand  of  Maiajdf  where  they  luccerded  in  maintaining  themselvea 
tiil  ifiiS.  Thii  attempt  led  to  Uie  Fieclioa  of  Muwibio  uid 
FaFiiDtoaKpsnteSjWp.  But  it  mj  on  tke  pan  of  Ibe  Dutch 
that  the  mini  skilful  and  pertinaoout  eSaru  wen  made  for 
aecuhn^  a  footing  in  Grnail;  and  ibcy  alone  of  all  tbt  rivals  of 
the  PottufueM  have  left  tncea  of  tbdi  pre»nce  in  the  natioiial 
qjirit  and  ioAtitutions  of  BraziL 

The  aucccai  of  the  Dutch  Eail  India  Company  led  lo  the 
Btablldunent  of  a  limilai  one  for  the  Wcat  Indies,  to  which  a 

monopoly  of  the  trade  to  America  and  Africa  was 

f!^^^  (lanled.  Tbisbodydespulcludin  1614a  fleelSEaiml 
ema         Bahia.     The  tenn  yielded  ahnoM  wiUwut  a  alnigglc. 

The  fleet  aoan  af  lei  uiled,  a  Bquadma  being  detached 
■liinal  Angola,  with  the  intentloD  of  taking  pi>iSF$sion  of  that 
oobiny,  in  older  to  secure  a  lupply  of  alavea.  The  fall  of  Sahia 
for  once  nuacd  the  Spaniarda  and  Portuguese  to  joiat  action, 
and  a  great  eipeditisn  ipeedily  Biled  fiom  Cadiz  and  Usbon  lot 
Bahia.  Once  moA,  though  atrongty  garriioned,  the  town  wai 
retaken  without  any  Krious  Gghling  in  May  161s,  The  honouis 
bcatswed  upon  the  Indian  chief  j  for  their  asaistance  in  this  war 
broke  down  in  a  great  meuuce  the  bairieihctween  the  two  laccs; 
and  Ihoe  it  «I  this  day  a  gtuler  admiituic  of  Iheit  blood  among 
the  better  clasaa  inBahiathanistobe  foundckewhereinBiaal. 
I  In  1630  the  Dutch  attempted  again  to  efiect  a  aetllement; 
and  OUnda,  with  its  port,  the  Rccile-Olinda,  was  dcatioyed, 

but  the  Recife  wai  fortified       


ilby  « 


n  HoU 


0  ekiend  their  power 
beyond  the  limits  ol  the  town,  until  the  arrival  of 
Count  John  Maurice  of  Nassau-Siegen  In  1636.  His  &t>t  step 
wu  to  iBiroduce  a  regular  gDVeitunent  among  his  cauniryratn; 
hit  ucond,  10  send  to  the  African  coast  cow  of  hit  officers,  who 
took  poseiiioD  of  a  Poitugu/se  Httlenieni,  and  thus  secured  a 
supply  of  iJavea  In  the  rouru  of  ci^I  years,  the  limilcd  period 
of  hii  govEnuntat,  he  luccecdoj  in  asserting  ibe  Dutch  supremacy 
ikng  the  coast  of  Braul  from  the  mouth  of  Sto  Francisco  to 
Maranhlo.  The  Kecifc  was  rebuilt  and  adorned  with  ^Icndid 
residences  and  gardens  and  received  from  its  founder  the  name 
of  Mauritstad.  He  promoted  the  amalgamation  of  the  different 
races,  and  sought  to  conciliate  the  Portuguese  by  the  confidence 
he  reposed  in  ihem.  Hit  object  was  to  lound  a  great  empire; 
but  Ihtt  was  a  project  at  variance  with  the  wishes  of  his  employers 
— 4n  asaodalion  of  merchants,  who  were  disiatistied  because 
the  wealth  «hich  they  eipecled  to  see  flowing  bito  their  coHcra 
was  expended  in  promoting  the  permanent  interests  of  a  dislanf 
eoanlry.  Count  Maurice  resigned  his  post  in  t6t4.  His  suc- 
cesBon  poasessed  neither  his  politicai  nor  his  military  lalents, 
and  had  to  contend  with  more  difficult  dreumstaiuos. 

In  1640  tbe  revolution  which  placed  the  bouK  oi  Braganis 
on  the  throne  of  PoJttigal  restored  BiaiU  to  masren  more  inclined 
lopToiaaieitsiiiiefettiBndauertit3p«seision  than  the  Spaniards. 
It  waa  indeed  high  time  that  tome  exertion  should  be  made. 
Tbe  DOithctD  provincei  had  fallea  into  the  power  oi  Holland) 
the  louthecn,  peopled  in  a  great  measure  by  the  hardy  dcscend- 
SDla  of  the  tuccewve  colonistl  who  had  Issued  on  all  ndes  from 
Ibe  central  etUblishment  of  Sto  Paulo,  had  learned  [rom  their 
habits  of  unaided  and  tucixsslul  enlerprlse  to  court  Independence. 
They  hsdMoeaded  th>  waters  of  (he  Pfnguay  lo  their  soorce*. 


Th^  had  tUtniri  thai  limiM  nafkwitda  til  Ibcy  icBdHd 
the  Spanish  settlements  of  Ia  Plata.  Iliey  bad  Rd*i^  M 
sla  very  tndBecpBitiibBsol  tbe  oathrts.  ncymtatkhiuauk, 
and  had  «»»in.f*<l  the  diaeavety  at  tbe  mfaws.  Wbea^tbas- 
lore,  the  luhsUtants  ol  Sio  Paub  uw  tbenuetvca  about  10  !« 
tiaufeind,  as  a  depeadcDcy  of  Patt«gsl,  Iran  ooe  nsslet  ui 
saather,  they  conceived  the  idea  of  erecting  tlteit  coantiy-iBW 
an  mdependent  state.  Their  attempt,  hmcrei,  was  frvslnted 
by  Amador  Bueno,  the  persan.wbom  they  bad  selected  (oc  tbeit 
king.  When  the  people  shouted  "  Long  live  King  Amaidar,"  he 
cried  out  "  Long  live  JTohn  IV-,"  and  to(A  rdnge  in  a  oonvoit^ 
The  multitude,  left  without  ■  kader,  acquiesced,  and'thia 
important  province  was  secured  to  tbe  bouse  ol  Braganfi' 

Rio  and  SsntM,  although  both  evinced  a  deaiie  of  iBdcpcud- 
enci,  lollowed  the  eiample  of  tbe  Paulittss.  Bahia,  as  capilaJ 
oC  the  Btaillian  ttatet,  felt  Oat  its  ascendaai^r  depeiidfd  opoa 
the  union  with  Portugal.  The  government,  thus  left  in  Qtue( 
possession  of  therestof  Braail,  had  time  to  concentrate  its  altco-*. 
tion  upon  the  Dutch  conquests.  The  crown  of  Portugal  was, 
however,  much  too  weak  to  adopt  energetic  meaautcs.  Bui 
the  BrazillanOoloniita,  now  that  the molher  country  had  thrown 
off  the  Spanish  yoke,  detcrtnined  eveu  without  asaist- 
ance  from  the  homeland  to  rise  in  nvoJlRguastfbreiglL  j  -  -  . 
domination.  The  departure  oi  Count  Maarice,  mon-  ^D^at, 
over,  had  aejiously  neukened  the  posiiiDD  of  the  Dutch, 
for  his  sucuuots  had  ndiher  tdt  conciliatory  mannsi  dot  his 
capadiy.  Joio  Femandes  Vieyra,  anativeof  lIadara,iHganiic4 
the  inturreciion  which  broke  out  in  164$.  This  insurrvctioi* 
gave  birlh  to  one  of  those  wan  in  which  a  whole  nation,  deslitula 
of  pecuniary  resources,  military  organiation  and  skilful  leaders, 
but  famitfnr  with  the  country.  Is  opposed  lo  a  handful  of  soldiers 
advantageously  posted  and  well  o^cercd.  But  home  difficulties 
and  gnaadal  necessities  prevented  tbe  West  India  Company 
from  sending  adequate  reinforcements  from  HoUuid.  In  t&49 
a  rival  company  was  itartcd  in  Portugal  known  as  the  Braail 
Company,  which  tent  out  a  Beet  to  help  Ihe  colonists  in  Pemam- 
huco.  Slowly  the  Duuh  lost  ground  and  the  outbreak  of  war 
with  England  sounded  ibe  knell  of  thdr  dominioo  In  BraiiL 
In  1654  ilieir  capital  and  last  stronghold  fell  into  the  haikds  of 
Vieynu  It  was  not,  however,  till  iMi  that  Holland  signed  a 
treaty  with  Portugal,  by  which  all  terrilotial  claims  in  Brazil 

commercial  privileges.  After  this,  eicept  toow  inroads  on  the 
frontiers,  the  only  foreign  invasion  which  Bia^  had  n,^^ 

commanded  by  Dudetc,  disooharkid  1000  men,  and  Jj?"* 
attacked  BJo  de  Janeiro.  After  having  lost  half  of 
his  men  in  a  battle,  Duderc  and  all  his  surviving  toni- 
paniona  wtie  made  prisoricrs.  The  goventor  treated  them 
cnircUy.  A  new  squadron  with  6000  Iroops  was  entrusted  to  tbe 
famous  admiral  Duguay  Trouin  to  revenge  this  injury.  They 
acrivedalRJo  OB  the  iithof  September  T7Tr.  Alter  toucdaysof 
hard  fighting  the  town  was  taken.  The  governor  retrciiled  lo 
a  position  out  of  it,  and  was  only  awaiting  reinforcements  from 
Mirut  to  retake  it;  but,  Duguay  Troum  Ibrealeniag  10  bum  It. 
he  was  obliged  on  the  roth  of  October  to  sign  a  cipituhitlon,  and 
pay  to  the  French  admiral  610,000  crusadoa,  ^00  cases  of  sugar, 
arid  provisions  for  the  return  of  the  fleet  to  EuKfic.  Duguay 
Trouin  departed  to  Bahia  to  obtain  freah  spoils;  but  having 
tost  in  a  stonn  two  of  his  beat  ships,  with  an  Important  pait  of 
the  money  received,  he  rmounced  this  plan  and  retuined  ditectly 

After  this  the  Portuguese  governed  their  colony  imdittuibed. 
The  approach  of  foreign  Iradcn  was  prohibited,  while  ibe 
regalities  reserved  by  the  crown  drained  the  country  of  a  grcAt 


The  important  part  which  the  Inhabitants  of  Sto  Paulo  have 
played  in  the  history  of  Braail  has  hem  already  adverted  to. 
Tbe  establishment  of  the  Jesuit  college  had  attracted  telllen 
10  its  rxeighbourhood,  and  frequent  nurriages  had  taken  place 
between  the  Indians  of  the  district  and  ihecohmisli,  A  hardy 
at  men  bad  qmog  tiBni  tUs  aixturt. 


BRAZtL 


»,  GntKiTChRig'iiihc(li«'ilichiw 


nidirnlsItHlnlci 
tiibn  vi 


Lobulning 
>iav«,  ana  mm  the  ynr  i6ig  envinl*  Rpcalcdly  inickcd 
the  Indian  rHuctkina  of  the  Jnulu  in  Pariiuay.  itlibou^  both 
pmvlncK  wrrr  thrn  nomJniUy  lubjKt  to  the  cnnOi  at  Spt'm. 
(Mr  bandi  ptnttnlnl  inta  Mmai  and  i<!U  fanber  notth  and 
wnlward.  darawring  mines  there  and  in  Goyai  and  Cuyabi. 
Nev  colonics  vm  thus  fonned  mund  these  dtttrlrls  in  ^ich 
gold  liad  bem  fcqnd,  and  in  the  beginning  oF  the  iflrh  c^turf 
Eve  principal  Mttlemenls  hi  Minu  Gcraes  had  bten  devnlHl 
by  rsyal  diarlrr  la  the  prtviicgn  of  toims.  In  i  j » 1hi>  diitilct 
w»  acparalerf  From  Sto  Pauto.  10  nhrch  il  had  pnvioiulr  bnn 
4ep«dtnt.  Aa  early  ai  i6tS  ■  code  d(  tim  (or  the  ngulalion 
flt  the  mining  ihdmtiy  had  b»*n  dran-n  up  by  Philip  III.,  the 
eienitive  and  judicial  Funcltoni  in  the  mining  diiliicU  being 
vested  In  ■  ^imFor,  and  the  iiial  in  a  tteaiuier,  KhoiKtivKl 
Ihe  loyil  filths  and  superiniendM  the  weighing  ot  all  the  gold, 
lendeHng^  yeaify  iHOunl  of  all  dlicnreriet  and  produce.  For 
many  yean,  however,  ih««  law*  arre  little  more  than  a  dead 
letter.  The  laBH  inlatuated  pauion  Far  mining  spiculalica 
which  had  chancteifaed  the  Spaniih  acltlm  in  Soulh  America 
Itowbegan  lo  actuate  the  Portugueie;  kbouren  aod  capital 
T«e  drained  OIT  to  the  mining  districts,  and  Btanl.  nhich  had 
hilheno  in  great  mnsure  supplied  Eutope  vith  sugar,  sank 
beFoR  the  csmpelilion  dI  the  Engllih  and  Fnncb.     A  new 

VfHa  do  Principe  in  Mina?,  going  north  lolhe  Seiia  Frio,. made 
the  dk<overy  of  diairumda  about  tbeyeftr  1710,  butfl  was  not  till 


irjo 


II  Ihe  dl 


lialely  di 


■be  population  of  Bniil  a 
Intellectual  eolture  of  its  inhabituls  wai  leit  bi  gnat  men 
10  chatve;  Ihey  grew  up  with  those  robust  and  ikralthy  sc 
menta  which  are  engendered  by  the  absence  oi  faiae  leacli 
bat  wilh  a  repugnance  10  legal  ordini 


oppreaion.    The  Jeii 


o  habits  oE  v 


rom  the  imt  moment  of  Iheir  landing 
m  Brain  naa  rnnstiluted  themselves  the  protectors  ol  the 
Bitivn,  and  Ihough  MtEnuoiuty  appOKd  by  the  colonisU  and 
ordhury  <^>^y,  had  gatbercd  ihe  Indians  logether  in  many 
tUtai,  over  which  officials  oi  their  order  eiercised  spitituai 
«nd  temporal  authority-    A  ntore  cfhcacious  atop,  however. 


I  ihtli 


of  large  mmbert  of  ncgra 
Africa,  these  being  found 

Tbe  Pntuguae  government,  under  the  administntian  of 
Can*Uu,  afurvaids  marf)uia  ol  Pomlial,  attempted  to  eilesd 

Btlurm    ^^''^'"^^^'''^'J'*"^''^ '"■'''<""''"' ^^^  '^""^^ 

^^^,*  all  hia eflorta.  The  proud aioiatei  bad  been  resuled 
Id  his  pians  of  refoRa  at  home  by  Ihe  JtiuiU,  and, 
detenninhig  to  Mlock  the  power  of  Ihe  order,  fittt  deprived 
them  of  aU  lemponl  power  In  the  aiate  of  Mannbio  and 
Pari.  That  onUnaiKcs  soon  apnad  to  the  whole  of  Bruit, 
and  a  prelut  being  found  ic  the  siapicion  of  Jeauit  influence 

■he  order  was  eipellcd  Irsm  BnuU  under  ciiciuiilanccs  ol  great 
■cveiity  in  1760-  The  Bruilian  Companj  Eouodcd  by  Vieyra, 
which  so  materially  contribuled  ID  prtterve  lu  Soath  American 
puWMilam  to  Poitugd, had  been  aboKihed  in  1711  by  John  V.; 
but  lach  u  iBUnmwM  bang  well  Mited  lo  the  bold  spirit  of 
FomM,  hetMiblUied  a  charttnd  MMnpUiy  again  in  17&5,  to 
tnde  odnirrtly  with  Mannhto  and  Fui;  and  in  1754,  in 
ipiUi  d  tbc  temeoMnuue  of  the  British  Factory  al  Liaboo, 
.  (oraiKl  amtbct  ceniaD]'  for  Panhyb*  and  Pnnambvco.  Fom- 
lU  cxtendal  also  10  th«  interiot «( Ihe 


457 

.  hia  abolfllon  of  feudal  pitvUegti,  and  the  flrtnn 


powerfully  eo-opemled  10 


ireviledor 


•f  the  taw, 

Ihe  land  which  he  hfrodwtd, 

devchipment  of  the  eap«- 

aiii.     lei  on  tne  oeath  of  hia  liing  and  palton 

1  court  initlgue  foiced  Mm  from  hia  high  station, 

done  so  much  (or  hit  cotmlry'a  butiiuiions  waa 

The  moM  Important  fratnn  in  the  hhloiy  of  Braiil  during 
the  first  thiny  yean  following  Ihe niitement  of  Pombal  was  Ihe 
wnspitaeyolMinasIn  i?**.  The  suntssFul  issue  of  (he  recent 
tevoluilofi  ot  the  English  colonfei  In  North  America  had  filled 
Ihe  mhids  ol  some  of  Ihe  more  educated  youlh  of  that  prmrtnce; 
and  in  Imltalion,  a  project  to  ihrow  off  the  Poirtuguese  yoke 
waa  formed,— a  cavalry  officer,  SiM  Xavler,  niiliuimed  Tlia- 
dentes  (tooth-drawer),  being  Ihe  chief  conspirator.  Bnl  the  plot 
being  discovered  during  their  iniciiviiy,  ihe  conipiniors  weic 
taaniahed  M  Africa,  and  "nra-deniei,  the  leader,  was  hanged. 
ThenctfoTMrd  mfiahs  went  on  prospetously;  the  mining 
disiricts  continued  »  be  enlarged;  the  tmding  componiea  of 
the  liltoral  provinces  were  abolished,  bal  the  itnpulso  they  had 

Removed  fioin  all  commtmicalloti  with  Ihe  rest  of  tha  world 
excepl  through  Iha  molher  oiualry,  Bniil  remained  unaffected 
by  the  linl  years  of  the  great  fevdtiUonaiy  war  In 
Eun^e.     IndiiTcily,  however,  the  fate  of  this  isdated     ^^ 
CDontrywiadeddnlbythecsnacquenceiol  the  French     nrK 


of  the  gDvemmsni  of  ita  « 
d  this  waa  the  vork  al  " 


oniqucstof  Portugal, 
the  prion  tmeni,  iftemnds  Dom  John  VI..  having  no  muBt 
of  reaittance^  deddtd  to  take  nfuge  m  Sraiil.  He  created 
a  regency  in  Liabam,  and  departed  for  Bruit  on  the  iqlh  ol 
Novanbec  1B07,  accompanied  by  Ihe  queen  Doidu  Maria  1,, 
the  myil  family,  all  Ihe  great  ofi^ceia  of  atate,  a  large  put irf  the 
aobiliiy  and  nuswrous  leUiners.  They  arrived  U  Bahta  on 
the  list  of  January  iftnS,  and  wen  received  with  enlhusiaam. 
Tlie  regent  waa  requnted  to  establish  there  Ihe  seat  id  Ut 
govetnraeni.  but  a  more  lecun  aiylum  prcaented  tiaell  in  Rio 
de  JaneiiQ.  where  the  royal  lu^tivea  arrived  on  ihe  7lhof  Uajdi. 
Before  leaving  Bahia.  Dom  John  look  Ihe  Bnt  step  to  cmandpaW 
Brazil,  opening  tts  ports  to  foreign  coniTneTue,  atuL  permitting 
Ihe  eipoit  ol  aU  Btuiliui  produce  under  any  flag,  the  royal 
monopoUc)  of  diimcoida  nnd  Srazil-wacid  eiccpied.  Once 
"■  '    ■  ■     "■      ■     Jandio,  the  goveninMnt  of  the  ngent 


was 

directed  to  Ih 

Clean. 

n  of 

anadm. 

for 

he  doBsitioBt  that  rema 

«d 

ohimaa 

Besides  Ihe  ministry 

whi<J. 

hade 

the 

edapanmentj 

mint 

siries  of  borne 

fitamces,  w 

[and    IE 

inPoitugd. 


eiisiing,  there  were  creaud  ia  lb*  coutse  of  one  year  JJJL 
a  supreme  court  of  juaiiee,  a  board  «(  pattooage  and 
adminisinlion  of  the  property  ol  the  church  and  military  orden, 
Ka  ijifLdrtor  court  of  ippal,  the  court  of  eichequer  and  loyal 
Ireatuiy,  the  royal  mint,  bank  of  Biuil,  royal  piiDtiofoScc, 
powder-milU  on  a  large  scale,  and  ■  suprnne  miliuiy  court. 
The  mainienance  of  the  court,  and  the  salaiio  of  so  Ltige  a 
number  oi  high  oKdals.  entiilad  the  iapotJIiOD  oi  new  laaes 
to  meet  these  eiqienses.  Noiwiihsianding  Ihit  the  eipaiau 
continued  to  augmeni,  and  the  govemment  had  lecourte  (0 
the  reprehensible  measure  of  altering  the  money  (Undard,  and 
the  whole  monetary  system  was  soon  thrown  into  iha  greatett 
confusioa.  The  baak,  in  addition  to  its  private  fuociionSj 
farmed  tnany  of  the  reiola,  and  waa  in  the  practice  of  advancing 
large  budu  to  tbc  slate,  tiansacliona  which  gave  rise  to  eiteusivc 
oortuption,  and  lemuaaled  some  years  la  lei  in  the  breakingof  the 
bai^ 

Thus  the  govemmetkl  of  the  prince  regent  began  its  career 
in  the  new  world  with  dangerou*  eitois  in  the  Imsncial  syttenji 

and  llie  increase  of  circulating  mediun^  gave  to  the  trade  of 
Rio,  added  a  new  stimulut  to  the  industry  ol  the  whole  nation. 


♦58 


_  d  iliiplHiUen,  Svedbk  inn- 

louaocn,  Gcrmui  CD^iann  lod  jFCDch  muulactuien  lought 
loituncs  Is  the  new  ooualry-  >'«'  •iifluvd  tiulialn'  by  [heir 
uimple. 

In  ttie  be^noiog  of  iSog,  in  RUliilion  (iw  the  occupition  d 
Fonugal,  u  upedilloD  »u  icDI  Iiom  Pari  lo  the  French 
colony  o[  Guiuu,  tod  (ftet  lome  bihliag  ihii  pan  at  Cuiina 
•ru  iDcoipantid  with  BraxU.  Thi>  cooqiieil  wit.  however,  of 
•hon  dun  lion;  [or,  by  the  tntly  a(  Vicnni  io  iSij,  the  colony 
*u  Kitared  to  Fnnoe.  Iti  occupatloa  conihbuted  to  the 
improvemcgt  of  ifriculiure  in  Bruili  it  hid  been  the  policy 
of  Ponvt»l  up  ID  tbit  time  lo  lepinie  the  pniductuMU  o[  iti 
foloniei,  to  loerve  sigBr  tot  Drul.  ind  spicn  to  the  Eut  Indiei. 
■nd  to  prohibit  tlie  cuitintion  o[  theie  in  the  Air 
*'  any  pUnU  were  imported 


Guiuu  but  [roi 
fiotnoic  Girdeo,  nnd  tl 


I,  cultiviled  io  the  Rgyil 
luted.  The  ume  pnndple 
French  Cui«n»  originated 
■ItemptitoKialheSpiniibcoloDtaaf  Montevideo  uid  Bimodi 
Aim,  Portii^beiotaliailwuwitbSpiiin.  The  chleii  of  Ihoe 
coloDiet  Kete  invited  to  pbtce  them  under  the  prolcciion  ol  the 
Portucueie  crawn,  but  thue  at  fint  aSecIinf  loyally  to  Spain 
deduKd  the  offer,  then  threw  off  the  muk  and  declared  then- 
lelvea  independeot,  and  Ihe  Spanish  (Ovcmor.  Elio,  waaaflet- 
warda  defeated  by  Artigai,  ilte  leader  of  the  indepcndenti. 
'  The  iuroadi  niade  on  the  frontieti  of  Rio  Grande  and  Sio 
Paula  decided  the  court  of  Kio  to  lake  poHoiloa  of  Montevideo ; 
a  force  of  5000  troopi  wu  leDt  thither  from  Ponucaf, 
,1,,,^,,  tofelher  with  a  finuilian  corps;  and  the  irrefubT3 
AHqnf  of  Aiti^a,  utiaUe  to  withstand  disaplioed  itcwpIh 
P*****  were  forced,  after  a  total  deieat.  to  take  ref  u^  beyond 
Z^lylv  the  rivet  Uruguay.  The  Portuguese  lo(*  pouei^an 
of  the  diy  of  Montevideo  in  January  iti7,aiid  the 
territoiy  of  Miiioiu)  «ru  af  lerwaidi  occupied  The  imponana 
■hich  Brazil  was  acquiring  decided  the  regent  to  give  it  the  title 
o(  kingdom,  and  by  decree  of  the  16th  January  tSis.  the  Ponu' 
gaat  lovBcignty  thenceforward  took  the  title  of  Ibc  United 
Kingdom  of  Ponugal,  Brazil  and  Algarvei.  Thu*  the  oM 
colonial  goTetnoKnl  disappeared  even  m  name.  In  March  1S16 
I.  died,  and  the  prince  regent  became 
[>on  John  VI. 

tuw  become  in  (act  Ihe  head  of  iu  own 
government  was  not  hi  the  hands  of 
.  who  had  (olkwed  the  court. 
It  arising  among  Bia^lian*  (rem  this  cause  was 
belghiened  by  a  decree  aitigniug  a  heavy  tat  on  the  chief 
Bruillan  custom  boutet,  to  be  in  operaiioa  far  totty  yean,  for 
the  benefit  ol  tlie  Port  uguete  noblemen  who  had  nflend  during 
t^  war  with  France.  The  amiable  character  of  the  king  p«- 
■ervedhiaown  popularity,  but  Ihe  govemmenl  was  Ignorant  and 
praSigate,  justice  wai  111  adminiiicred,  negligence  and  disorder 
reigned  ia  lU  lit  departments.  Nor  was  the  discontent  less 
in  Poftugtl  on  account  ol  its  anomalous  position.    These  otoes 


plot  and  rebellion  look  place  in  Ihe  province  o(  Pemanibuco, 
where  the  InhalHttnts  of  the  Imporunt  commercial  diy  of 
Kecife  (Pemambuoo)  were  jeilout  ol  Rio  and  the  sacrifices  they 
wen  compelled  to  make  for  the  support  of  the  luiurious  court 
(here.  Another  conqrincy  to  cMaUiJhk  republican  fovtmmeol 
wat  promptly  amothned  hi  Balda,  and  the  «utbKik  1b  Pcman- 
buco  was  put  down  after  a  iqnWc  had  been  formed  there  lor 
Binely  dayt.  Still  the  progren  of  i1m  nptlblioik  ^rit  in  Braril 
cauied  Dom  Join  to  send  to  Pottugal  tot  bodici  of  picked  Iraopt, 
which  were  atatloned  thronghoM  the  pisirtuial  capitals.  In 
Portugal  Ihe  popular  dkconlent  produced  the  revolntkn  ol  ilso. 
wbcD  itpracnlaiive  government  wai  ptodaimed— the  Spaniib 
eonttitutioR  ol  rSis  betng  pmrfaiOBally  adopted.  In  Rio,  (be 
Portugncte  troop*  with  iridcfa  the  king  had  nnonDded  hlnudf 
at  Ihe  defence  apinst  Ihe  Hberal  i^I  of  Ihe  BiuOtaos.  look 
«p  aimt  on  the  lith  ol  February  iBii.  to  fotee  tdm  (o  accqu 


the  system  pmrlilmrd  in  PoiUgaL  T1»  prince  Don  Pedi^ 
heir  10  the  crown,  who  now  foe  the  first  lime  took  part  in  public 
aSairs,  actively  cieiled  bimtcU  at  a  wtoiiator  beiwctn  the  king 
and  the  tcMps.  who  were  joined  by  bodies  of  the  pei^ite.  After 
tuen|»ing  a  compnunisc  ibe  king  finally  submiited,  took  the 
oilh  and  uncd  a  new  minisity.  The  idea  ol  (r«  govenimeni 
filled  the  people  with  enibuiiosm,  and  Ihe  principles  of  a  tEpre- 
sentaiive  kgUlalure  were  freely  adopted,  the  first  care  being 
Io(  Ihe  Section  of  depuiiea  to  the  Cortes  of  Lisbon  to  take  put 
infrainiaglheDewcQnttiiutian.  Asihe  king  could  not  aludoa 
Ponugal  to  iltelf  he  determined  at  first  to  send  the  prince  thither 
at  letenl,  but  Dom  Pedro  had  actiuind  such  popularity  by  hit 
conduct  in  the  revolution,  and  had  exhibited  such  a  thirst  for 
glory,  that  the  king  feared  to  trust  his  adventuroua  spirit  H 
Europe,  and  decided  lo  go  himsell.  The  Braiilian  deputies  oa 
arriving  in  Lisbon  eiptcssed  dimalisfactlon  with  Ihe  Ontet 
ior  having  begtui  the  lianinc  of  the  conttilulioB  before  their 
arrival.  forBniilttnJdDOIIwtnaUdaaaaecondary  panof  Ihe 
monarchy.  Sharp  ditcmriotu  and  angry  words  paised  bttweea 
the  Bnutlian  and  Poitugueae  deputies,  the  newt  of  which  eidted 
great  disconlenl  In  BraiiL  An  intuiting  decree  wit  paiacd 
in  ibe  Conei,  ardeiing  the  prince  Dom  Pedro  to  came  to  Europe 
which  bUei  the  Builiiuwiih  tlarni^  ihey  forctaw  that  wiiboat 
■  central  autheriiy  (he  covntry  would  fall  back  to  its  foemci 
colonial  lUle  tubjecl  to  PonugaL  The  provisianBl  goveiaraeBt 
ol  Slo  Paulo,  influenced  by  the  brothers  Andrada,  be^  a  movB- 
meni  lot  indepeitdence  by  aaking  the  prince  to  disobey  the  Cones 
nnd  nmain  in  Biuil.  and  the  council  of  Rio  de  Janeiro  fallowed 
with  a  similar  represenlatioei,  to  which  the  prince  aMenled. 
The  Ponugueie  tmopiof  the  capital  at  first  amumed  acoerciwc 
attitude,  but  were  forced  to  give  wiy  before  the  ardour  mi 
miliury  prepaiatiana  of  the  Bruiliuu,  and  tutwiilted  (o  enbarli 
for  Ponugal.  These  scenes  were  repelled  In  PeroacnbucOj  when 
the  Ponuguese.  after  various  conBkli,  wtn  obliged  ^^^^^ 
to  leave  Ihe  counuy:  in  Bahia,  however,  at  well  at  in  ,  -,  m, ,  ni, 
Mamnhlo  and  Ptii,  the  Poriugucie  prevailed.  In  ttttnmt- 
Rio  Ihe  agiialion  for  independence  continued.  The  JJflJ' 
two  brothen  Andrada  were  called  to  the  ministry^  ^^/ 
and  the  rnunicipal  council  conferred  upon  Ihe  prince 
regent  the  title  of  Perpetual  Defender  ol  Bniil.  With  great 
activity  he  set  oH to  the  centnlproviocisol  MinataadSliiPauh) 
to  luppress  disaHected  mavemenlt  and  direct  the  revoluthu. 
In  Sio  Paula,  on  Ihe  yih  ol  September  18)1,  he  proclaimed  the 
independence  of  BttaL  On  hu  rEIum  to  Rio  de  Janeiro  on  the 
I  )(h  af  October  he  wat  proclaimed  conttllutiooal  empeior  with 

The  Cones  at  Lisbon  choic  Bahia  as  a  centre  for  irihlim  tta 
Independence,  and  large  forces  were  sent  thither.  But  (he  city 
was  vigorously  besieged  hy  Ihe  Brarilians  by  land,  and  finally 
Ihe  Ponugueu  were  obligied  10  rt-embark  on  the  ind  of  Ju^ 
iSiJ.  A  Braiiliin  squadron,  under  command  of  Lord  Cochiaoc, 
Bllacked  the  Ponuguese  vewla,  erabtrriMed  whh  (roiqia,  and 
took  several  ol  them.  Taylor,  toalher  EagUthman  in  Briiiliaa 
service,  followed  the  vessels  acnn  Ihe  Atlantic,  and  cvta 
captured  some  of  Ihe  ships  in  ritht  of  the  land  of  PonngiL  Tha 
troops  in  Montevideo  alto  embarked  for  Ponu^,  and  the 
Banda  Oriental  remained  a  pan  of  Braiil  with  the  title  ol  the 
Frttimcia  CUplaiiia.  Before  the  end  of  iBij  the  authority  ol 
IheacwemperoTand  the  Independence  olBraal  were  UDdisputcd 
(hroughout  (he  whole  a 

Republican  D 
which  Ibe  aulho 
the  Dountryi  and  the  dlspoaltion  ^  the  onpetot  to  finnaiifT 
theie  at  hk  fimot  siqiporten  much  Influenced  (he  oawae  of  tja 
government  and  hia  tntati  destiny.  Tlw  two  ADdiadaB,  who 
Imagined  they  cooM  govern  Che  young  tmpenr  n  ■  soviraifB 
of  their  own  creation,  eotounlend  great  oppovtion  in  the 
conaUtuiional  aiaembly,  wUcfa  had  bea  opened  in  Rio  in  Hay 
iSi],  to  discua  (be  pK4ec(  of  a  new  ceottiuulao.    In  Jily  the 


BRAZIL 


Ably  u 


_ <  Hbenl  . 

The  pracUnatioa  rf  &  npabHc  In  the 
indCcuiiiriAtlMnbdIionaf  ~ 

br  BvBws  Aim  aBd  It*  nltioudt  Jam  to  Bmiil,  vtrs  loe  miui 
d  the  tauf  Am  trf  Noveober  tSij.  Tbe  BtuOiuu  not 
vaivBMllr  JhcnMmtwt— OB  cot  ridt  Icaring  kbaohtilan  il 

s  tht  other  ininliy  U  he  [«U. 

idttoed  poiltloo,  tlw  eaipenu 
o  dl^xBM  whh  Iheit  dtlibcnlioDi.  and 
idopti  u  the  onniitutiMi  of  tha  enpiie,  Ibe  project  Inned  by 
■be  council  of  lut*.  Acconlbi|lr,  on  tbe  ijtb  of  Much  1S14. 
_  ^  the  cspeiM  (wMe  ta  the  cooiliuilion  wjih  pnt 
/  and  oatilk 

policy  h 

Ponuiuew  pknipalcmiarin,  tmtiag  lor  the  rKa(iiitic>n  of  the 
independence  of  Biuili  asd  on  tba  i;lh  of  AD^iut  iSij  a 
treaty  mt*  aigned  by  iMch  the  FonuguCie  king.  Dun  John  VI., 
aHuncd  the  tillcof  etDperatof  Biaiil,  and  imnudiately  abdicated 
in  Cavoui  of  hi*  ion.  ackimlgdginK  Biati  aa  an  independent 
empire,  bat  the  linly  obliged  Bnuil  to  uka  upon  henelf 
the    PonugucK   debt,    amoimting    10    nearly    Ivo    mffiiciu 

The  nbellion  of  the  Banila  OrtenlaJ  wai  follomd  by  a  declara- 
tion «f  mr  with  Bueoos  Ait«  which  had  nipponed  ii,  and 
operatloiit  by  aca  and  land  were  mnducied  aeainit  that  republic 
in  a  feeble  way.  Moinwhile  the  well-deieived  populanty  of  the 
enqKior  b^ao  to  dtdine.  He  had  given  hinneli  up  to  the 
itiRuenc*  of  tbe  pDrtugucsc;  the  moil  popular  men  who  had 
worked  (or  the  independence  wen  baniihcd;  and  a  continual 
change  of  miniitry  ihowsd  a  di^poatian  on  the  part  of  the 
vverefgD  to  proieciiiE  obstinately  meosum  of  which  bb  adviien 
dinpproTed.  Hit  popularity  wn>  nrgnined. 
eiteni,  vlien.  on  the  doth  of  his  filhcr,  be 
Kbwwledgcd  khigof  Portugal,  and  eqiecially 
that  crown  in  hsotir  of  hji  daughter,  Donna  Miiia;  but  hit 
line  of  policy  wu  lul  altered,  and  commercial  iRatiei  entered 
into  Willi  European  ilites  conceding  them  favours,  which  were 
popularly  conridctvd  to  be  injntioua  to  Bniilian  trade,  met 
with  bitter  cenauie. 

During  the  year  1817  the  public  debt  wu  consolidated,  ami 
a  department  *u  created  (or  the  application  of  a  ahtlung 
hnd. 

Ilteyear  i8i8wa><ulimiluuioneloT  BruIL  Itbepswith 
the  defeat  of  the  Dr3iili;in  Dimy  by  the  Argentine  lorce*.  and 
■Mi  enlltely  through  the  incapacity  of  the  CDmnundfr-in-ehlef ; 
and  tnlamdentandingi.  atiemrds  campencited  by  humbHng 
BOney-paynKnts  on  the  part  of  Bntil,  arose  with  tbe  United 
Statei.  Fnnce  and  Engbind'on  account  of  merchant  TCS9Clt 
ilund  by  Ok  Braiilian  aquadran  blockading  Buenos  Aires. 


nanctal  r 


:iTued  ti 


lUiJeni 


the  einpnot  was  campclled  by  the  Britidi  govci 

and  to  fill  the  turn  of  disosleis  Dom  Miguel  had  treacheiutBly 
nsurped  the  crown  ol  Portugal.  It  waa  under  these  unlucky 
(uipicea  that  the  elections  of  new  deputies  took  place  in  i8>g, 
A9  was  cipened  the  result  waa  the  cIriIoti  everywhere  of  ultra- 
Nberali  oppoted  to  the  empcior,  and  In  the  succeeding  year 
people  everywhere  exhibited  their  disaileciion.  During  the 
Mision  of  i8}o  the  chambers  adapted  a  criminal  code  hi 
which  punishment  by  llcath  far  political  offences  was  iboUshedL 
It  waa  openly  suggested  In  the  JoumaJi  to  reform  the  con- 
stitution  by  turm'ng  Braail  Into  independent  federal  provi/Kea, 
(ovetned  by  authoritlea  popularly  elected.a*  in  the  United  Siaice, 
Ataraied  at  length  at  the  ground  gained  by  this  idea  in  tfie 
provinces,  the  emperor  aet  off  to  Ulnai  10  iilr  up  the  fonnei 
enlhotlasm  in  hii  favour  from  recollections  of  the  independence. 
but  waa  coldly  received.  On  hit  return  to  Ria  In  March  iSjt 
ictnei  of  diKH^r  occurred,  and  great  agllalton  among  the 
libenU  pdfty.    laMginint  hinueir  sure  of  a  brilliant  dcitlnp 


ThiaatepanHdndtcdpitblicmaotiiigilnthecapital,  ^^ 
Which  were  folned  in  by  the  tioopa,  aad  deputation)  j^,  u/,, 

minialiy.  He  replied  by  dJneWnt  the  mIniKiy  without  nantlng 
anotbn,  and  by  abdicUlna  the  crown  In  favonr  ol  the  heir 
^ipuenl,  then  only  fivs  yeua  of  ag«^  DamPcdio  inunetUately 
embarked  in  ati  EngKih  lUp,  leaving  the  new  emperor  Dom 
Pedro  JI.  and  the  prlnceasea  Januatia,  Fnndica  and  Paula. 
Tin  nbsequcDt  career  of  Ihla  nnlortunats  prince  behmgi  to  the 
history  of  Portugal. 

A  pnviiional  and  afterward!  a  peimanent  regency,  compoiod 
of  three  tnenbln,  waa  now  formed  in  Bracil,  but  acenea  of 
dborder  ncended,  and  diicuiaiont  and  atninica  between  the 
lepoblicaii  pany  and  the  goremment,  and  a  reactionary  thitd 
patty  in  hnor  ol  tbe  restoration  of  Dom  Pedro,  occiqiJed  the 


i8j«  a  refon 


which  * 


»ived 


cgency,  trotn  that  of  three 
memlMrs  elected  by  the  legislative  chamben.  to  one  regent 
chosen  by  the  whole  of  the  elcctan  in  the  same  marma  aa  the 
deputies;  and  the  councils  of  the  provinces  veto  replaced  by 
legislative  provincial  aasembliea.  Vktually.  this  waa  a  republican 
govenunent  like  that  of  the  United  Stales,  lor  no  diSerence 
eosted  In  the  mode  of  elccika  of  the  regent  frcm  that  of  a 
president.  The  ca-minlster  Feijo6  wu  chosen  for  this  office. 
With  Ibe  etceplion  of  Pari  and  Rio  Grande  the  ptDvinces  were 
at  peace,  but  these  were  in  open  tebellion;  the  former  was 
reduced  to  obedience,  but  in  the  latter,  thou^  the  Imperial 
iroofM  occupied  the  town,  the  country  wu  mviged  by  its 
warlike  Tnihabilants.  The  regent  was  now  accusedof  cotwivhig 
at  this  rebellion,  and  the  opposlion  of  the  duunber  of  deputiet' 
became  so  violent  aa  to  necrautate  his  resignatign.  Araujo 
d  the  home  dcpartnu 


govemi 


ntlhec 


rof  a 


St  the 


riples  of  democracy,  waa  chosen  by  a  large  nu^rity  in  his 
(lend.  The  experiment  of  republican  govenunent  find  proved 
•o  discreditable,  and  had  so  wearied  tbe  country  of  cabals, 
that  men  hitherto  known  for  their  sympathy  with  democratic 
ptnicfples  became  more  monarchical  than  tbe  regent  himself; 
and  under  ths  influence  a  moverrwnt  to  give  the  regency  into 
the  hands  of  the  princess  Donna  Januaria,  now  hi  her  iBlh  year, 
was  aet  on  foot.  It  was  soon  perceived,  however,  that  if  tbe 
empire  could  be  governed  by  a  princcB  of  eighteen  it  could  be 
managed  belter  by  the  emperor  himsdf,  who  wu  then  fourteen. 
A  biH  was  accordingty  preienled  to  the  legislature  dispensing 
with  the  age  of  the  emperor  and  declaring  hit  mijority.  which 
after  a  noisy  dlKoasion  was  carried.  The  nujotiiy 
of  the  eirqienir  Dom  Pedro  II.  was  prvcbimed  on  the  "^{^ 
sjrd  of  July   1840.     Several   n 


:dfor 


llie  country  till  1 84S,  during  which  period  the  lel 

arms.  In  1S48  hostilities  were  routed  with  the  Btilbh  govern- 
ment through  the  neglect  shown  by  the  Braiilians  in  putting 
In  force  a  treaty  for  the  abolition  of  the  slave  trade,  which  bad 
been  oonchided  u  far  back  u  1B16;  on  the  other  hand  the 
gnvemor  of  Bueius  Aires,  General  Rosas,  was  endeavouring  to 
stir  up  revolution  again  in  Sio  Grande.  The  appearance  of 
yellow  fever  in  184Q,  until  then  unknown  in  Braiil.  wu  attributed 
to  the  importation  of  staves.  Public  opinion  declared  ogainii 
the  tnfhc;  severe  laws  were  passed  against  it,  and  were  u 
firmly  enforced  that  in  igjj  not  a  single  disembarkation  took 
place.  The  ministry  of  ilie  Visconde  de  Olinda  in  1S40  entered 
Into  alliances  with  the  govemort  of  Montevideo,  Paraguay 
and  the  slates  of  Entre  Rioi  and  Conientet,  for  the  purpose  of 
maintaining  the  integrity  of  the  republics  of  Uruguay  and 
Paraguay,  which  Rotas  mtended  to  reunite  to  Buenos  Aires, 
and  the  troops  of  Rosu  which  benjeged  Montevideo  were  forced 
to  capitulate;  Rotai  then  declared  war  formally  agBi?B(  BruiL 
Aa  army  ot  Caneali^,  Uruguayan  and  Braidiaa  troopa,  unda 


4-60 


A  liiplc  Alliance  at  tEie 
tic  part  of  Panguax 


Oaoenl  Uiqnii*,  uwud  by  ■  Brudha.nxnl  tqudroD,  nil- 
Tuiced  CD  Boenoi  Aires,  caraplelely  roudd  Itle  lotia  of  Roiiii. 
ud  cnuhtd  1«  ever  ihe  power  of  Itiit  dictaler.  From  1S44 
Bt3^  wai  fiee  fmn  intatiiu  conunodoDi,  lad  hul  regumed 
ill  Mliviij.  Public  wcflu  and  eduuikiD  were  ndvuced,  ud 
(be  financa  nae  to  a  dsgm  of  proipciily  previously  usilnovn. 
In  1B55  the  (flipenK  al  Bna]  tent  a  •quadion  of  eleven 
nen-of'War  aud  as  many  tramporta  t^  Ibe  Parang  10  adjust 

mvubI  quBdoM  pending  between  tbe  empire  and 
r^^TuiI    tbc  republic  of  Paraguay,  the  ranat  important  of  which 

vai  that  of  tbe  ri^t  of  way  by  the  Paraguay  river 
ta  the  interior  Biaiilian  province  of  Matto  Crmo.  Thii  ri^t 
had  been  In  dispute  for  several  years.  Tbe  cipediciop  waa 
not  penmlled  W  ascend  the  river  Paraguay,  and  returned  com- 
plelcly  foiled  in  ila  main  purposo.  Thougb  the  discord  rendtiug 
bciHcen  tbe  itatei  on  account  of  this  failure  wis  lubsequentty 
allayed  for  a  time  by  a  treaty  grsnting  to  Biutl  tbe  lichl  to 
uvigau  the  river,  every  obstacle  was  tbtowo  in  Ibe  way  by 
tbe  Paraguayan  gavemmcnl,  and  Indignities  of  all  kinds  nete 
offsed  not  only  to  Bitiil  bul  to  the  rvfinientativea  of  the 
ArgentineandtheUniledSutts.  Inig64IheaDibiIiausdicutor 
of  Paraguay,  Frandsco  Solano  Lopea,  without  previous  dedora- 
tian  of  war,  captured  s  Giaiilian  veisd  in  tbe  Paiaguiiy,  and 
rapidly  followed  up  this  oinngD  by  an  anaed  invosiBn  ol  tbe 
provincta  of  Mitia  Crmso  and  Rio  Grande  in  Brazil,  and  that  of 
Corrientcs  in  the  Aigenline  Republic 
invaded  SUtis  with  Uruguay  ensued,  anu  : 
soon  turned  from  being  an  oScnuve  one  on  t 
to  ■  delcBsive  struggle  within  that  republic  ogamst  tne  superior 
number  of  the  atlica.  So  strong  was  the  natural  position  of 
Paraguay,  however,  and  so  complete  the  snbjcVlion  of  its  inhabil- 
■nts  to  the  wiL  of  the  dictator,  that  it  wu  pot  until  the  year 

1870,  alter  the  republic  had  been  ompletely  drained  of  its  man- 
hood and  itsourcis,  that  the  long  war  was  terminated  by  the 
capture  and  death  o[  Lopca  with  his  last  handful  of  men  by  Ibe 
pursuing  Boiilians.  From  iti  duration  and  freiiuent  bittks 
and  sieges  this  war  involved  an  immense  sacrifice  of  life  10  Biuil, 
the  army  io  the  field  having  been  constantly  maintained  at  be- 
tween 30,000  and  30,000  men,  and  the  expenditure  in  maintaining 
k  wai  very  great,  having  been  calculated  at  upwards  of  fifty 
miUioni  sleriing.  Large  deficits  in  tbe  financial  budgets  nf  the 
«ta.te  resulted,  involving  increased  taxation  and  tbe  comcacting 
of  loans  from  loreign  countrica. 

Notwilhstaniyng  this  the  goDrces  o(  public  wealth  in  Br»:ril 

A  grand  todll  reform  was  eSectfd  in  the  law  passed  in  September 

1871,  which  enacted  that  fram  that  date  every  child  bom  of 
slave  parents  should  be  free,  and  also  declattd  all  tbe  slaves 
bdonging  to  the  slate  or  to  the  imperial  househdd  irce  from 
llut  time.  The  same  law  provided  an  emindpalion  fund,  to 
be  annually  applied  to  the  ransom  o(  a  artoin  number  of  slaves 

Under  the  long  reign  ol  Dam  Pedra  IL  progress  and  material 
prosperity  made  steady  advaaccDieni  in  BiaiiL  Occauonil 
political  outbreaks  occwnd,  but  none  of  very  leiious 
^iV^^  nature  except  in  Rio  Grande  do  Sul,  sAere  a  long 
iL'ar^^^  guerrilla  wArfare  waa  carried  on  against  the  imperial 
anthority.  The  ctnpour  occupied  birasetf  to  a  far 
greater  enent  with  the  ecotuimic  devdoptncnt  of  bis  peo|de 
and  country  than  with  active  p<diiicil  life.  UnostenUtioua 
In  hia  haUts.  Dora  Pedro  ahnys  had  U  he*R  the  troo  jntertats 
of  the  Braxilians.  Hiasell  a  bl^djr-MhKtted  man,  he  Bntardy 
desired  ID  further  tbe  cause  of  ediKMlon,  utd  devoted  a  laifs 
portion  of  bis  thne  to  the  study  of  tUs  queniini.  His  extreme 
bbcniisD  picventedlus  opposag  Ibe  spread  at  Sodaliat  docIiiBM 
pntdwd  far  aad  wide  by  Benjamin  Omataot.  Begun  about  lUo, 
this  prapefanda  Imk  deep  not  in  the  educated  dasieSk  (stating 
■  desk*  for  duot*  and  ciiiiininatiiic  in  the  miHtaTy  conspiracy 
o(  Novoabn  1(89.  by  whidi  monardiy  waa  wtflixni  by  a 
n^nUicni  form  ol  govamnieut. 

At  Eitt  Iho  tevolaUonary  proposaiula  ptaduced  no  pcnons) 
id  to  be  tr^td  iff 


ZIL  (HtSTOSV 

his  people  with  (very  loarfc  of  reject  and  alhinlsn,  bat  lUa 
stare  r>f  thirty  gradiuJly  changed.  In  LS64(heprinGeBalBbella, 
tbe  eldest  daugbter  of  tbe  emperor  and  tuipius,  had  married 
tbe  Comle  d'Eu,  a  member  of  the  Origans  family.  Hie  lairriaga 
waa  never  popular  in  Che  country,  owing  partly  to  tbe  fact  that 
'  reserved  nun  who  made  hw  intimate 


friends  am 
Isabella  wi 


:mp(ed  to  become  a 


ways,  always  ready  to  lake  ha 
tuU  share  ot  the  duties  tailing  upon  h«  at  the  fclure  empnaa, 
and  thoroughly  laliiing  the  mpDnsibilitks  of  b*r  poaitloB; 
but  she  was  greatly  influenced  l^  the  deiicat  party  and  tb* 
priesthood,  and  she  therdjy  incurred  the  hostility  of  the  Pro- 
gressives. When  Dam  Pedro  left  BtaiU  far  the  pmpoM  <t 
making  a  tour  ilirgugb  Europe  and  tbe  llDlted  Slates  be  tp- 
painted  Princess  babella  10  act  at  regent,  attd  sbe  showed  her. 
self  so  swayrd  In  poUtical  qucstioBS  by  Church  inflaence  that 

incident  which  gave  nrength  10  the  oppoAhn  wo*  the  oMldeit 
abolilion  of  slavery  withonl  any  compoisalion  to  ilave-aiiraers. 
Tbe  planters,  the  principal  postesson  sf  wealth,  re^rded  the 
measure  as  unnecessary  in  Tiew  of  the  act  which  had  beat 
passed  in  iSSj  providing  for  tbe  gradual  fiedng  of  all  tiawea. 
Tbe  arguments  used  were,  however,  of  no  avail  with  the  tegm, 
and  the  decree  was  pnmulgmted  oa  the  Ijlb  of  Hay  18U.  N« 
active  opposition  WIS  ofiercd  to  this  nteasure,  but  the  tecbga  ol 

Towards  the  dose  af  lUS  the  emperot  retimed  and  wot 

si  by  the  populif«  with  every  d< 


It  of  tl: 


Discontented  ofiiccrS  in  the  army  and  navy  n 
and  a  conq^mcy  was  organiisd  to  depMe  the  euipuof  aad 
declare  a  republic  On  the  i4tb  of  Novenabsi  1SB9  the  pibca 
was  quietly  turroundrd.  tnd  on  Ibe  loUawiic  womiiig  tho 
emperor  and  his  baiily  were  placed  on  baud  ship  utd  seM 
oS  to  Foitugal.  A  pnjvitiaaal  government  was  tlien  tomed 
and  a  nioclamalion  issued  10  the  eRcct  that  the  country  «oukl 

L    Theohly 
war,  and  he 

completely  biokcn  down  by  ihe  ingralitude  i^  tb  people  ^hott 
he  had  loved  so  much  and  laboured  for  so  sUmBMBly,  made  n» 
attempt  it  resiilance.  The  repuUican  govtmnient  tMtnd  ta 
compensate  him  for  Ike  property  bohadhdd  in  Braalaae^Dpcrar. 
but  this  prapoagJ  was  declined.  His  ptinlt  posseiaian* 
were  respected.  iMl  were  tlUnrarda  iiiU  hfid  hf  Princes* 

TIk  dtiien  mmtd  as  pceMcnt  cl  the  pronsional  goventmnt 
was  Gcnenl  Deodoro  da,  FoMCca,  who  owed  hit  advancement 
to  the  personal  Iriendshipandltustaace  of  DomPctfco.  Socoixt 
in  authority  was  placed  Geotial  Flan'tno  Pcimo,  an  ofliCEr  also 
under  heavy  obligations  to  thedepeaed  montich.  as  indeed  wci« 
neatly  all  of  those  who  took  active  part  in  the  dnnmiiaey. 

Though  iha  ovcnhrow  «l  thr  imperial  dynasty  was  loUlty 
UDupecled'  threu^Mnt,  the  tww  rcgline  was  jtncplcd  without 
any  distBtbaDCat.  Under  tbh  leodenhtp  of  Ceneral  ^^ 
DwdoradaJoBSecaspiaetotiansyilenofgowinBcnt,  f^,,, 
tn  wUch  tbe  nBitary  dement  was  all-powerful,  came  jn^aMi. 
Into exinmca,  and  conitDDed  lIU  Fdireary  it4i>  when 
a  national  congns*  tiMablad  aad  fon»)ated  the  csnslitmioa 
br  tbe  United  Sutca  of  Btaiil.  Hn  former  pmrince*  wen 
castvatted  iota  stals.  ibe  enlyrigbt  of  (he  federal  govcmmcBt 
._  being  (or  the  purpoae*  •! 
of  public  order  or  the  toIoKe* 
of  the  fcdsd  laws.  The  oonslitutioB  of  the  Untied  Slatea 
up  that  «t  Bia^ 


BKAZIL 


461 


elected  u&U  tha  ofiett  ol  pnddcntiwl  vbx-pmUal  nnttl 
the  istk  ol  NOrember  itM.  Thli  io^Ht  tbt  csnthiuince  of 
pneCoriuBiclhodiaf  ulinbiiecndaB.  "ni okter du  ol  nmn 
aaueTnCive  Biutthtae,  «lw  hwl  fomoly  Uken  pan  In  ihe 
■dauniitnlioii  tmdet  tbe  enperor,  wiEhdnw  aliofeilm  Inm 
public  Hi*.  Meny  left  Brul  'iDd  went  faitD  votunUiy  exile, 
wUlB  otkm  redted  to  their  nutea.    In  ihe  abasce  of  iheae 


aroic.  A  coBpnacy,  of  vhidi  Adninl  Windtnkolk  *u  the 
prime  iutifatoc,  vn  dBCOvered,  and  tluee  who  had  lalcm  part 
in  ii  ma  baoiihcd  to  the  dlitant  itaie  of  Arauimai.  Dbtarb- 
ancei  then  brob  out  In  Rio  Giande  dp  Sul,  In  conuqueiKc  of 
dttputca  between  the  official  party  and  the  peeple  living  in  the 
enutfy  diaDricts.  Under  the  leadcnhip  of  Guntcrdodo  Saialva 
the  amuiy  people  bioke  mio  open  revort  in  Septcmbci  1891. 
Thii  outlneak  was  partially  suptunaed,  but  aUemrda  It 
ajoia  bom  into  Same  with  gnat  vigour.  In  view  of  the  diioni- 
tent,  cnnipuacEa  and  rcvolutunaiy  movements,  Preaident  da 
Fomea  decland  hinudf  dictator.  Thli  act.  however,  met  with 
wdi  itroqc  oppMitioa  that  he  raDgned  office  on  the  ijtd  ol 
~  I,  and  Vice-President  Florieno  Peiaou  aoumed 


Floiiaua  Peiaoto  had  been  aeeiBtomed  all  hit  life  to 
meanm.  For  the  fintyeacof  hit  lennol  office  he  kept  ledliiaui 
attimpta  in  check,  bnt  diuontoil  grew  apace.  Nor  wai  thii 
■ozpridnB  to  tbeae  who  knew  the  DBTiqitlon  in  the  admlniitration . 
ComvmIooi  and  tubiidia  were  gim  broadout  lor  worthies 
imdrTlfHrir'  in  oido-  to  benefit  the  bleodi  ol  llie  prcsldenl. 
Biaslian  oedit  gav*  way  nader  the  itnin,  and  evidence)  were 
notMnUngatlhabegiimingo!  ittjtbatanoudiarttaf  puUk 
ofjnioa  wa*  not  hr  diataat.  Nevcrthslea  Preaident  Pelioto 
made  no  efhut  to  niotm  the  mtthodt  of  adnhUtratko.  Hean- 
mdule,  tha  nvotutioo  ioSki  Grand*  do  Sul  had  revived;  and  in 
Jily  1B9]  the  ledenl  ■PTermaait  waa  forced  to  lend  moat  ol  the 
(.vailahla  ngohti  traapa  to  that  atate  to  hold  the  immgenli 

Ob  the  6tb  o(  September  prsvtih'ng  dbconlent  look  deGniU 
ihapa  hi  the  fonn  oi  a  navai  revdt  in  the  Bay  of  Rio  de  Janeiro. 
j^i^if,  AdndEalCuitodlodeMetlDtookconunandof  the  naval 
twt  m^  foccea,  and  demanded  the  resignation  of  the  presidenL 
^wnmm,-  Gentni  Pelaoto  replied  by  organifinf  a  defmce 
'*"'  agairat  any  attack   from   the  iqUBdrDn.    Admiral 

Uelloi  finding  that  hia  demand!  were  aat  coo^iUed  with, 
began  ■  bombardmenl  of  the  dty,  but  did  not  eflea  hb 
puipoie  oE  conqwUing  Penoto  to  rcaigiL  The  Joccign  minlateri 
then  anaaaed  ■  compmrniH  between  the  oonlendini  paitit*, 
■canding  la  which  Pnaideni  PeliMo  waa  to  pUee  no  anitlery 
fa  dK  dty,  wUe  Admiial  UeUo  waa  to  lefrain  fron  bom- 
buding  tha  tMn,  wUdi  waa  thna  aawd  from  dcMKlcttoo. 
Shoeily  alterwuda  Sie  ember  "  KapobUca  "  and  a  tnwport 
ran  Ihe  ganntlet  oi  the  ■DyOKBant  Igfli  at  Ibe  anuaota  d  tha 
bay,  and  proceeded  aoath  10  the  province  ol  Sanft  Cuhariaa, 


a  opoted  with  CiBaccdndo 
aion  In  Rio  Gnndc  do  SuL 
1  that  Iba  aimjt  of  aXBe  10,000  men  under 
hia  iiMiiiaiiil  ihoald  advance  nortllinli  tcnwda  Rla  de 
Janeiro,  ridk  the  hauigenl  aquadnn  thieatened  the  dty  of  Rio. 
In  Novenbc*  Adoiral  Udht  leh  Rio  de  Jaadn  in  tbt  acwmnd 
cndaer  "  AqAIdaban  "  and  went  to  DeaUito,  the  naval  foicea  in 
Rio  Bay  being  Mi  in  cbaiie  of  Admiral  Saldanha  da  Caota,  an 
ardent  mupaiihlat,  who  had  thrown  In  hb  lot  with  the  Inaargent 
eaaaa.    All  waa,  apparently,  going  wdl  with  the  revolt,  Saidva 


wUla,  Prerfdent  PeJMte'had  fortOed  the  appnadKs  to  the  cfly 
o(  Rio  da  Janeiro,  bought  Teasels  of  war  In  Euic^  and  Che 
Unltad  Suiea  and  orgaiuied  the  National  Guard. 

Early  Id  iSMdiaaenaioM  occurred  between  Saralva  and  HeUo, 

which  ptevented  any  advance  ol  the  insurgent  forces,   and 

allowed  Miolo  la  perfect  hii  platu.     Admiral  da  Gams,  unable 

leave  the  Bay  of  Rio  de  Janeiro  en  account  of  lack  of  trnnsport 

lot  the  eick  and  woimded  and  the  dvilians  claiming  his  protection, 

do  no  nunc  than  wait  for  Admiral  Hello  10  relum  from 

Dtitem.     In  tbe  meandme  (he  ships  bought  by  Pre^dent 

Feimto  arrived  off  Rio  de  Jandro  and  prevented  da  Gama  (rem 

aping.     On  the  15th  of  March  1841  Ihe  rebel  foicn  evacuated 

Ic  poaitiona  on  the  idinda  ol  vgiegaignon.  Cobtai  and 

xadaa,  abandoned  their  vessels,  and  were  received  on  board 

>  PoTlnguHe  wanhipi  then  in  the  harbour,  whence  they  were 

iveyed  to  Hanlevldeo.     The  action  of  the  Portuguese  com- 

nder  wai  prompted  by  a  desire  id  save  life,  lor  bed  the  rebels 

<n  into  lbs  hands  of  Fdioio,  they  would  tcucedly  have  been 

elecattd. 

When  the  news  of  the  surrender  of  Saldanha  da  Gaioa  reached 
Cunndndo  Sanlva,  then  at  Cvriiiba  in  Paranl,  he  proceeded 
retire  to  Rio  Gnnde  do  Sul,  Covemmeni  Iroc^  were 
deapalched  to  Intercept  hli  retreat,  and  in  one  ol  the  lUr' 
Diisbea  which  Idlowed  Saialva  was  killed.  The  rebel  army  then 
dispersed.  Admiral  Mello  made  an  nniucctlsful  attack  on  the 
town  of  Rk)  Grande,  and  then  sailed  to  Buenos  Abes,  there 
lurr^ulcring  the  rebel  squadron  to  tbe  Argentine  anthoHtiea, 
by  whom  ft  waa  Immediately  deHveied  to  Ihe  Brazilian  govern- 


ittfeatrl  the  faveraoient  tmqia  In  aavanl  b 


of  d 


ir  peace 


itabUsfced,  bat  there  ill  ,     . 

Rio  Gnnde  do  Sul.  These  were  joined  by  Adroliil  da  Gama 
Buraber  of  the  naval  afficeii,  who  had  escaped  from  Rio 
de  Janebo;  but  In  June  1(95  Ihe  admiral  was  killed  in  a  Gght 
'"'  "Jie  government  "troops.  After  the  cessation  of  hostilities, 
tbe  grealatbaiberities  were  practised  upon  those  who,  although 
they  had  taken  no  part  In  the  insurrection,  were  known  to  have* 
dt^iad  the  ovtithtow  of  President  Pdiolo.  Hie  baton  Cerro 
ml  shot  down  without  Irial:  Marshal  de  Gama  Eia,  en 
iperial  aoldier  ol  eighty  yeanaf  tge,  wasraurdrttd  inc^ 
blood,  and  muneroBs  eiecutions  of  men  of  later  note  look  place, 
iBwng  thcae  bdng  two  Frenchnen  for  whow  death  the  Braailiaa 
govtnlmait  waa  anbaequently  called  upon  to  pay  heavy  com- 


.  president  on  tbe  15th  of 

[>94  by  Df  Pnidente  de  Moiaes  Birros.    It  waa  a 

on  whether  Peiaoto,  after  the  revolt  wat  ccnihed, 

wovU  not  declare  himself  dictator,  certainly  many  of  his 

idl  w«n  aniiaas  that  he  should  loDow  this  course,  but  be 

bKdO^  dtnm  by  the  strain  whkh  had  been  imposed  upon 


jppress  praetorian  ayatenia  and 
rum.  This  policy  recdved  Ih* 
appnval  and  aympathy  of  the  majority  of  BraaQlana,  bnl 
natualty  met  with  bitta  oppeailion  from  the  military  element. 
Ti»  praAtent  gradually  dtew  to  hfm  some  membeti  of  tha 
better  ccMerraUve  da«  to  aaiiat  In  his  adminntntlon,  and  felt  . 
confident  that  he  had  tbe  support  ol  public  opinion.  Eariy  in 
1)95  onmarlBgi  and  disorderly  conduct  against  the  aulhoritlea 
began  to  take  place  fn  the  mUilaiy  icbool  al  Rio  de  JaociiOi 
i^ich  had  ahnya  been  a  botbed  of  intilgue.  Some  ol  tha 
offictn  and  atadenlt  weic  prooqMly  eipclled,  a»d  tbe  presideiit 
doaad  tha  school  for  aavetal  montha.  Thla  aatntaiy  Imon  bad 
dua  tMact,  and  no  man  diacanteaC  waa  Iranented  from  that 
quanar.  Two  gnat  difficultia  atood  in  the  way  of  itecrlng  the 
country  to  piospeiity.  The  Snl  was  the  chaotic  confusion  of 
Iht  Guancct  reanlting  f  ram  the  maladminisDatiaa  ol  tbe  national 
laaomcea  i&Ke  tha  depoaition  of  Dora  Pedro  II.,  and  the  corrup- 
tkm  that  had  crept  into  every  branch  ol  the  public  service. 
Uacb  waa  done  tv  PreaideBt  Moraes  to  cotrecl  abuses,  bnt  the 
taak  waa  ol  too  bemtean  a  utun  to  allow  ol  accompUibraent 


463 


BRAZIL 


the  ucond  difficuliy  wu  the  wir  niged  by  rdigioui  {uuda 
usdeitbeleadcrihlpol  ADtooiaMacieU  known  u  "  Coudbtiro," 
4giuii3l  th«  cflDSIiluled  Lulhoiitiei  o[  BiuiL 

The  slory  oi  Cmaelbtixo  a  i  [cmukable  on&  A  natlvs  cj 
Penuimbuco,  whtD  a  young  nun  he  nuiried  igatut  the  wiibs 
oi  his  jnoIIi«r,  who  look  a  violfct  dklike  to  Uie  bnde.  Shortly 
after  the  maitiagc  the  mothn  auuml  her  ion  ihii  his  wife  held 
dtpdettine  meeting]  with  a  lover,  and  lUted  tliat  if  he  would 
£0  to  a'ceriaia  ipot  not  far  fiom  the  houac  that  evening  he  would 
bunself  see  that  her  aucrtioa  wai  true  The  roother  invented 
Mine  piea  to  lend  the  wife  la  the  tr>'5ting-pLace,  and  theo, 
dreuing  henelf  in  male  clothing,  prepared  to  come  suddenly  on 

befoieihe  wai  lecoeriiied.  The  three  net  iilmoat  limullaneouily. 
CoDsctbeira,  deeming  hia  worn  tuipidona  confiimed,  ihot  and 
lulled  his  nife  and  tiii  mother  before  explanation!  could  be 
aSertd.  He  wai  Iried  and  allowed  lo  go  at  hbetty  after  lome 
deteDtion  in  prison.  From  that  time  Conaeliieiro  teas  a  viclira 
of  rcmoric,  and  to  cxpbte  hia  ain  became  a  miiuonary  in  the 
wliu  or  inteiioi  ol  Braiil  among  the  wild  Jaguaco  people.  Ue 
built  places  ot  wonhip  In  m^ny  different  districts,  and  a^t  length 
bcCAne  the  recogniied  chief  of  the  people  among  whom  be  bad 
thus  sLrugely  cait  his  lot.  Eveutually  he  formed  a  aettlement 
near  Canudoi,  situated  about  400  m.  iiiiaad  from  Bahia.  Diffi- 
culty arose  between  the  governor  of  Biihia  and  thit  fautical 
miiaieuary,  with  the  result  ihai  Consdbeiro  wu  ordcied  to  leave 
tbe  settlement  and  take  away  bis  people.  Th»  order  wai  met 
with  a  sturdy  relussl  to  move.  Early  in  iS^j  ■  police  force  was 
lent  to  eject  tbt  iciilen,  but  encountered  strong  resslance.  ud 
uiSered  heavy  loss  witlwut  bciDg  able  to  effect  the  purpose 
Intended.  In  March  1897  a  body  el  rjoo  troops,  with  f  cur  guni, 
wa»  despatched  to  bring  the  Jnggncoes  tn  reason,  but  was  totally 
defeated.  An  army  comprising  some  5000  officers  and  men  was 
then  sent  to  cruih  Coniclbeiro  and  bis  people  st  all  costa.  Little 
y  being  difficult  of  ncress  and  tbe 
■  every  availabb  place.    Finally 


It  for 


jaguncoei  laying  ambuscades  at 

bimidl  proceeding  to  take  com 
nearly  lJ,ooa  men.  Canudoi  was  besieged  and  captutni  in 
September  iSo;,  ConscUidre  beiag  killed  in  the  final  astault. 
The  eipensc  of  theie  eapediiions  was  vety  heavy,  and  prev«ited 
President  Morses  from  carrying  out  many  ol  the  retrajchaiHiu 
be  had  planned. 

1  Soon  alter  tbe  Canudos  affair  a  conspiracy  was  hatched  to 
usasiinate  tbe  president.  He  was  watching  the  disembarkalioa 
of  some  troops  when  a  shot  was  fired  which  narrowly  missed  turn, 
and  killed  Cknetal  Bitencourt,  the  minister  of  war.  The  actual 
peipetiitor  of  the  deed,  a  soldier,  uu  tried  and  eieculed,  but 
be  was  apparently  ignorant  ol  Ibe  persons  who  procured  hia 
•ervices.  Three  other  men  implicated  In  the  conipirscy  were 
nibseqoently  sentenced  to  unptisonment  for  a  term  of  thirty 
jears.  The  remainder  of  the  pieiidcncy  ol  Di  Morati  was 
Doivcntful;  and  oa  the  ijth  of  November  i£^  he  wu  succeeded 
by  Dr  Campos  Salles,  who  had  previously  been  governor  of  the 
state  of  S*o  Faulo.  Fiesidcnc  Sallci  publicly  promised  political 
idom,  Kooomy  in  the  administration,  and  absolute  respect 
for  dvil  rights,  arul  qieedily  made  efforts  to  lul£l  thcM  pledges. 
Tbe  difficulties  in  ibo  itorganizalioa  of  tbe  finances  ol  the 
Mite,  which  Dr  Campos  Salles  had  10  face  on  his  acce«ion  lo 
jf,!^^^  power,  were  ve[y  g^Mt.  The  heavy  cost  involved  in 
M*r  the  suppression  ol  interna]  disorder),  maladministia- 
rntmml  iion,aiid  Ibc  hindianus  placed  in  the  way  of  etonomiol 
^™"  development  by  ihe  semi-independence  of  the  federal 
states  had  seriously  depredated  the  natiotud  credit. 
Tbe  pmident-dect  accordingly  undenook  with  the  fnD  approval 
olDr  Moraes,  who  was  still  in  oSia,  the  taak  of  visiiing  Euiope 
with  the  object  of  endeavouring  to  maka  an  arrangement  with 
the  creditors  of  the  state  for  1  temporary  suqiendon  of  payments. 
Ha  was  successful  in  his  object,  and  an  igncment  was  made  by 
which  bonds  should  be  issued  instead  ol  interest  paymenti 
IroiB  the  ist  of  July  1898,  the  piomiM  btii>g.cvm  li>*t  evEiy 


effort  riiMU  be  BBdt  for  dw  i«___ 

1901.  PresideDt  Campos  Salles  b 
ofike  OB  Uk  Uth  of  Novenber  jg«S,  and  at  once  procnM  to 
initiate  fiscal  ligiaUiion  for  tbe  porpoie  of  reducing  eapendilDTe 
and  iacreaiing  the  revniM.  He  had  to  fan  q)pcMitigti  fran 
sectional  Interesii  and  Ironi  -the  jeikasy  of  interfcteoc*  with 
Ibeir  rights  on  the  part  of  provlndil  BdminlsirMioiit,  bM  be 
was  able  to  achieve  a  considerable  ncasure  el  ucGai  ud  10  li^ 
the  foundation  of  a  aoundcr  qrteni  under  which  lbs  *"-t'<-1 
pOKtioo  ol  the  republic  has  made  sttady  pegfiai.  Tta  dibf 
feature  of  the  admlnistialian  of  Dr  Camps*  Sific*  wu  tka 
statesmanlike  abiUlr  with  whidi  nrion*  depute*  with  (oRigB 
powers  on  boundary  qoeMiona  treie  sefjondy  taken  in  haad  and 
broughiioaiatisfaclcnyaitdpadficioitlenKBt.  Tberahadfora 
long  period  been  difficulties  witb  France  with  nfui  to  tbe 
territory  which  lay  betveen  tbe  moutb  ol  the  AmuoD  and 
Cayenne  or  French  Guiana.  The  laaguago  ol  varitnis  treatfav 
wai  doubtful  and  ambiguom,  [orgdy  owing  to  the  igDamaca 
of  the  diplomatiils  who  drew  up  the  arlidca  of  the  eiact  geo- 
graphy ol  the  territory  in  question.  N^ioleon  had  forced  the 
Fonugnesc  government  to  cede  to  him  Ihe  northerwnoit  arm 
of  the  nwutli  of  Ihe  Amaion  ai  the  aouthem  boundary  of  Frauli 
Guiana  with  a  large  lUce  of  the  sneiplored  inleiioi  • 
A  few  years  later  tbe  Portuguese  had  in  their 

French  Guiana,  but  hud  been  compellod-to  n_ 

peace  of  Paris.  The  oldanbignity  attaching  to  tbe  Intopretalioa 
of  earlier  treaties,  however,  lefnaincd,  and  in  April  1I99  tbe 
question  by  an  agreement  between  the  two  stales  waa  referred 
to  the  arbitration  of  the  pnsdtat  of  the  Swiss  coBfedenllon. 
The  dedsioa  was  given  in  December  1900  and  vaa  cntitdy  in 
(■injur  of  the  Btarillaa  ooDUBtioa.  A  still  more  taitemting 
boundary  dispute  wu  that  between  Gtial  Briudn  and  Biiufl, 
as  to  (he  soutbem  frontlet  Hoc  of  Bijtisb  Guiana.  Uk  <Uqiiita 
was  ol  very  old  standing,  and  tbe  aettlanait  by  aibitnUlDB  in 
1S4Q  of  tbe  acute  misnndentanding  between  Giat  Britain  and 
Veneiuela  regarding  the  weatcm  boDodiiy  of  Blititb  Onann, 
arui  the  reference  to  arbitration  in  tbat  sane  year  id  the  France- 
Braailian  dispute,  led  lo  an  apeement  beinc  made  In  igei 
between  Braail  and  Great  Britain  for  the  submtssioo  td  tbeir 
differences  to  the  aibiUatiOD  vt  tbe  king  of  Italy.  Tbe  district 
in  dispute  was  the  site  ol  tbe  fabled  Lake  of  Pariaa  and  Ibo 
Golden  City  of  Manoi,  the  search  for  which  in  Ihe  eariy  days 
of  Euiopeia  settlement  attracted  so  many  adveUumui  eip«di> 
tions,  and  which  fasdppted  the  imaginatiini  <d  Raleli^  ami  chew 
him  to  his  doom.  Tbe  question  was  a  oomiilicated  one  involving 
tbe  historical  survey  of  Duldi  and  Poitaguoa  dptoratien  and 
control  in  the  far  interior  of  Guiana  during  twa  mtnrlcl;  and 
It  was  not  uniil  1904  that  tbe  king  of  lu^  gm  his  avaid, 
which  was  largdy  in  favour  of  tbe  British  daini,  and  giaiiu  to 

Bdore  this  decision  was  given  Senbor  Bodrigocs  Ahna  bad  beoi 
elected  president  in  igoi.  Dr  Campos  SaOcs  bad  •'ir—''r~*  bi* 
adminislralion.  not  only  by  tbe  Itttlmnent  Of  ■jlipiltl  with 
European  powers,  but  by  efforts  to  artfveat  agood  noderstandliig 
witb  tbe  neighbouring  South  Aneilcan  nfrafalki.  In  Jn^ 
iBgg  PrtsidcBI  Koca  btld  visited  Rio  de  Janeiro  aeOBripanitd 
by  an  Argentine  aquadion,  this  bdng  Ihe  Gist  ofEdal  i4A  that 
any  Sontb  Anterioo  presidait  bad  evei  paid  lo  one  el  llw 
adj<»ning  states.  In  October  1900  Dr  Catnpo*  Sallca  tetnmMl 
the  visit  and  met  with  an  eaoeiknt  reecf>liofi  at  Buerwa  Alien. 
He  roult  was  of  ImpottancB,  as  it  ma  known  that  Briril  wu  on 
friendly  terms  with  ChUa,  and  this  interchange  of  courteaiea 
had  some  effect  in  bringing  about  a  settlement  of  Ilteconlrover^ 
between  Chile  and  Arfeudna  ever  tbe  Andean  frontier  qacitjon 
without  recourse  to  boslillties.  This  vn  indeed  a  tlna  when 
qiiestioDS  conccmlDg  boundaria  were  ^nging  up  on  every 
side,  for  It  was  only  through  the  moderation  with  whicfa  tic 
high-banded  action  of  Bolivia  in  regard  to  tbe  Aai  rubber 
produdng  territory  was  met  by  the  Brasilian  government  that 
irar  was  svoided.  Negotiations  were  set  on  fool,  and  Gnaliy 
by  treating  tbe  matter  in  a  give-and-taka  ^ilrit  a  aeUleiaatt 
was  leached  and  a  treaty  for  an  amicable  -T'''i"|r'  ol  teniladea 


BRAZIL— BRAZING  AND  SOLDERING 


463 


M  b<r  a  |aniiiM]rtadniab]r, 


_         .  .    b  ea  the  tjlh  ol 

Novmber  1903.  During  ths  |'~*'"*~  tl  tbt  teem  of  tUt 
ptoideot  Intaul  and  i""^*'  pngnM  «tn  andbtmbed  uve 
by  an  ODtbnak  in  1904  in  (be  Cunud  diMdet,  the  veiy  portion 


pmidencjr  «*i  diitingniibcd  by  bti  ncoufnl  effort* 

June  1909.  (K.  I.;  C  E  A.;  C.  E.) 

BiBuoalATBT.— Hiit«iy:Ci|il«iiiuileAl  -     "      '  ' 
BntiJ  t  stj§  dtltrmibniaBito  Ho  siaile  rt 

Jolin  Armiliae,  Hiilory  iif  Bratil /ram  lA.  ..  ..^.  ,- 

■1.16)!  Monaiaffjmaa.BiileriadiBnaiUtiSjii  iSfti 

teci^o.  iS4i)  1 V.  L.  Buil,  £,'£Mpin  da  ArMI  (Pub.  U6I) :  Caipv 
laeuL  JiniH  Mr  ximim  ia  Aooltl  .  .  .  nt  fnutuliirt 
ilatritH  Natsani  .  .  .  luMrin  (Amiuidun.  164!]:  f.  S.  Con- 
lUiiciD,  BiiUna  it  Enaa  (Penunbiuq,  iSuJj.Anloaio  Jialho, 


(I^^ 


i;«™~';«3 


(RJD  dc  Jai 

ISM)^  i.  ^ 

(Llibi>ii.i> 

Site 


the  lilMory  of  Bn£l. 


Ceofnphy,  Ac:  £Eite  Rechu.  DMvmlCBfrB^tllrS-l*^ 
VOL  lii.  Pp.  n-agi ;  J.  E.  WipfiaiB.  CBfraotua  pit]i»ca  ^  Ars 
(Ria  de  Jaoelio,  iM£:  A.  Manila  Plata,  Oanpttlaa  ia  Bra 


<M«»  ^D  iwlB«  iiHHiKCiWMn  <Leipd(,  iur)  ;  J.  C  : 
AVmteafln^atGtcloo,  Ui^nchiyani  PtSmtchty 
CfSi  deJiMirq,  ijoj);  J.  W.  Brtni,  -Tlie  Rocfc.  o(  ihE  Canraci. 
M  the  i&Ter  Madon  aad  the  adjoinlna  Ponioiu  of  ibe  Bcni  >«] 
tAmaart"  Qavi,  Jeurm.CtoL  Soc,  Landoa,  vt^lxii,,  IQ06,  pp^U- 

UASI*  a  dty  and  tbe  ODOnly-aat  of  Oty  amity.  Indiana. 
tJ.S.A.,  litiuted  in  the  mat  onlnl  part  ef  t^  ittte,  about 
16  m.  E.e(  TertaUauteavl  about  J]  m.  W.S.W.  of  Indbn^mlk. 
Pop.  C1890)  5905;  (1900)  J786ftij  foreign-boni);  (1910)  9340. 
It  b  lined  bf  tbe  Ctatial  lodiaia,  tbe  CUcasa  ft  Eaiteni 
mfainja,  the  EmnviUo  <[  Iiidiaiia|»lb  and  the  VandaUa  nHwayi, 
aw!  b  CDimaeted  with  Inrtianapglit,  Item  Baate  and  otix* 
□ties  by  an  intenirfaan  dectiiG  Una  The  ptbidpal  budneM 
thoiHshfaic  b  part  ef  the  aid  NatMnal  Koad.  Biaiil'a  cUct 
taduMilal  tapoctaDce  ii  do*  to  itt  litaatioa  bt  the  beart  of  tbt 
**  Bndl  bloA  "  Coal  (10  named  becavae  it  itttnially  bnak*  ble 
almoM  perfect  reclangulai  Uodti)  and  cky  and  ihals  ngioB; 
atnoag  ita  mannbctuna  ara  mining  macbtDsiy  and  toab, 
boUeti,  paving  and  ——-"*•'  building  bikii,  boDcnr  biicki, 
tiln,  condulti,  wmrfapB  and  potloy.  "nie  mnmdpaljty  own 
and  openlia  it*  water'inifci.  Tba  GiaC  leUIeiDBit  hen  ma 
in  iSm;  and  Biaiil  mi  InaupoiBtcd  at  a  town  in  18M,  and 
«a«  chartered  a*  a  dly  in  itjy 


WUaiL  mm,  the  aeadriif  BirtUUia  aaha,  a  tfgantic 
tree  betongfaig  to  tlie  naluial  order  Leqilhidaciae,  which  gtoin 
in  the  valley*  of  the  Amaioiii  and  geoerilly  thioashout  liapical 
~  atlainianavengeheightaf  Tjaft.,haviiiga 

tnmk,  with  a  diameter  of  14  fL  jo  ft.  fiam 
Mching  at  a  height  of  about  loo  ft.  Tie 
lover  partioB  of  the  tnmk  prcaeiiti  a  buttreued  aspect,  owing 
to  the  Dpwaid  nteiukni  of  the  roalA  in  the  loim  of  thiiiprD]>-like 
wall*  lumuodhig  the  item.  The  fiuit  of  the  tiee  is  ^faular, 
with  a  dlameler  of  5  or  6  in.,  and  consUu  of  1  thick  hard  woody 
ahell,  within  which  are  dosely  packed  tho  3«da  which  contlitute 
the  tB-alied  nuts  of  csouneice.  The  leeds  are  tningulu  In 
fonn,  having  a  bud  woody  teata  sidoaing  the  *'  kernel  ";  and 
of  these  each  fruit  contains  from  dghteen  to  Iwimty.five-  Tlie 
fniits  oa  they  lipcn  Jail  from  tlidi  lofly  pofiition,  and  they  are 
at  the  proper  Kason  annually  collected  and  broken  open  by  the 
Indians.  BraaJl  nut*  an  largely  eaten;  they  also  yield  in  the 
pnportion  of  about  9  os.  to  cu^  lb  of  kernels  a  fine  hland  fluid 
oil,  highly  valued  for  use  in  cookezyj  and  used  by  watchmakers 


importance, 


BRAZIL  WOOD,  a  dye  wood  of  commcni 
obtained  [nun  tlie  West  Indies  and  Souih  Ame 
to  the  genets  Coeud^ma  and  Pdlupkerur*  of  the  natunl  order 
LeguminoHC.  Th«o  are  several  woods  of  the  kind,  commeicially 
diatinguished  aa  Biuil  wood,  Nicaragua  or  Peach  vood,  Pemam. 
biKO  wood  and  Lima  wood,  each  of  which  has  a  dilTetent  com. 
inefdtlvalue, although  the  tinctorial principlethey yield  is  similar. 
Commercial  BruU  wood  Is  imported  for  the  use  of  dyers  in  billets 

colour,  rather  bright  whm  frc^y  cut,  but  becoming  dull  on 
exposure.  The  oilauring-niailet  of  Bniil  wood,  braiilin, 
ChHhOi,  dystalliies  with  1)  Hfi,  and  is  fmly  soluble  in  watet; 
it  is  extracted  for  vie  by  simple  iofuiion  or  decoclioa  of  tbe 
coarsely-powdered  wood  Wtea  fiwhiy  prepared  the  cutroet 
Is  of  a  yeilowiih  lint;  but  by  cod tAct  with  the  air,  or  the  addition 
of  an  alkaline  solution,  It  develop*  a  brick-red  colour.  This  i* 
due  to  the  famaiHm  of  btuildn,  CuHiiOi'HiO,  which  is  the 
colouring  nutter  used  by  the  dyer,  Braziiln  cryitalliies  in 
haiagoaal  amber  yellow  crystals,  which  ate  soluble  in  watet  and 
alcohcd.  Ti^  solution  when  free  of  oiygen  is  aJourlesa,  but  on 
the  access  of  air  It  uuuaet  Gnl  a  ydlow  and  thereafter  a  reddish 
yellow  colour.  With  ioda4ey  it  tatea  a  briDiaBt  deep  carmine 
tint,  which  colour  may  be  dlicbugtd  by  facating  In  a  dosed 
veaiel  with  ilnc  dust.  In  wUch  conditienllie  solution  is  excessively 
sensitive  to  oiygso,  the  Jlgtii*«t  expoauie  to  air  immediately 
giving  a  deep  carmine.  With  tin  motdants  Biatil  wood  tfVe* 
brilliant  bat  fugitive  steam  reds  in  calico-piiniitig;  but  on 
account  of  tbe  loose  nature  of  ita  dyes  it  it  seldom  used  except 
a*  an  adjunct  to  olhii  odaurs.  It  is  used  to  form  lakes  which 
•IB  cmpk^red  in  tinting  papers,  staining  paper-hanfpngs,  and 
lor  vaifoui  olber  decorative  putposo. 


tivdy  hard  and  soft  soldering,  are  processes  whicl 
with  soldering  done  at  Ugh  and  at  low  temperature: 
embncee  Jointinc  eflecKd  with  soldering  miitura 
copper,  brav,  or  silveT  latgdy  enter,  the  second  thi 
lead  and  tin  are  the  only,  or  the  principal,  constitu 
metals,  at  aluminiom  and  cast  iron,  are  leas  easily  si 


the  heat  from  the  vMct  rapidly. 
compaaltlon  of  most  of  the  solders 
"  seldoini  bit "  b  of  pun  ntckeL 

Hie  hud  xdder*  are  the  speller  and  the  silver  solders.    St^t 

sf^U*  Birider  is  composed  of  equal  parts  of  copper  and  rinc, 

mdled  and  granulated  and  passed  tbmugh  a  sieve.    As  some  of 

the  dnc  volatilizes  the  ulEiroate  proi>orlions  ore  not  quite  equal. 

Tlie  proportion  of  linc  is  incitascd  if  the  solder  is  required  to  be 

aofter  or  aiore  fusible.    A  valuable  property  of  the  sine  is  that 

'■-  votatiliiaCioa  bdlcaCcs  the  fusing  of  the  solder.    Klver 

Isr  is  used  for  Jewdry  and  other  fine  metal  work,  and  has  the 

antage  of  hi^  fuang  points.    The  hardest  contains  Iron 

■rti  of  ailver  to  i  of  copper;  the  witett  ■  d  litvEt  to  i  of 


464 


BRAZ2A 


bnu  wire.  Bom  it  the  But  uicd,  with  lOver  wMtr 'U  *(ih 
ipellcr. 

The  »f  (  Klden  ue  compoKd  m^nly  of  tin  ud  teid.  liny 
occur  in  s  tsrgt  range.    Common  linSCT^  aolder  b  csmpOMd  of 

ctiuol  puts  of  tin  and  lead,  and  oielts  at  370*  Fab.  Phunber's 
Eolder  has  1  of  lead  to  i  of  tin,  Eiceat  al  Itad  In  pltimbcr'i 
nlder  lenden  the  Bolder  difficult  to  noik,  ticcu  of  tin  djon 
It  to  melt  too  easily.  PiwteRi)  add  blamutli  to  reutei  the 
•older  nion  fujlble,  i.f.  lead  4,  tin  3,  bismuth  1;  or  lead  t, 
tin  1,  bismutli  I.    Unleia  these  ue  cooled  quickly  the  tnsnoth 

The  Hienllab  of  a  loldered  Joint  ate  the  contact  of  ibsolately 
deui  sutfacei,  free  iiom  oiide  and  din.  The  surface*  an  tbcR- 
fore  Kraped,  filed  and  othenriM  Irested,  and  then,  in  oidet  to 
deanse  and  piesetve  thera  from  any  trace  of  oiide  vbicb  mi|^t 
fDrm  during  sobsequtnl  nujupulafioD,  a  ftudng  material  is  used. 
The  soldering  material  is  compelled  to  follow  the  areai  prepared 
tor  it  by  the  flui,  and  it  will  not  adhere  anywhere  elie.  There 
Is  much  similarity  between  soldering  and  wdding  in  thk  respect. 
A  neld  joint  must  aa  a  rule  be  duaed,  or  metal  will  Dot  adhere 
to  metiL  There  ii  not,  however,  the  absolute  need  fot  Ihiring 
that  there  ii  in  soldered  joints,  and  many  welds  in  good  fibrout 
iroD  are  made  without  a  9ui.  But  the  eiplaiutien  here  is  that 
the  metal  is  brought  to  a  temperature  of  Mmifuslon,  and  the 
shapes  o[  joints  are  generally  lUcb  that  puliclcs  of  scale  are 
squeered  out  from  between  the  joint  la  tlie  net  of  clo^ng  the 
weld.  But  in  brtuing  and  soldering  the  parts  to  be  united  are 
(encrslly  nearly  cold,  and  only  the  soldering  material  i>  fused, 
so  that  the  conditions  art  less  favoivable  to  the  removal  of 
ojide  than  in  weldiog  processes. 

FluiH  are  either  liquid  or  solid,  hut  the  latter  art  not  eRicient 
11  they  fuse  and  cover  the  surfaces  to  be  united.    Hydio- 


ehloric  add  (spit 


.  of  salts)  I. 


y  for 


soldering.  It  is  "  killed  "  by  the  edditii 
resulting  chloride  of  ilnc  rendering  its  action  quiet.  Common 
fiuies  are  powdered  resin,  and  [allow  (used  chiefly  by  plumbers 
for  wiped  joints).  These,  with  others,  arc  employed  for  soft 
lolder  joints,  the  temperature  of  which  rarely  eaceeds  eboul 
600°  fab.  The  best  9ui  for  ilnc  is  chloride  of  zinc.  For  btaied 
joints,  spelter  or  powdered  brass  is  employed,  and  the  flua  is 
usually  borax.  The  boni  will  nol  cover  the  joint  untQ  it  has 
been  deprived  of  ill  water  of  cryitaltiiation,  and  this  is  effected 
hy  raising  it  to  a  full  red  heat,  when  it  iwells  in  balk,  "  boils," 
and  atlerwards  ilKki  quietly  and  apresds  over,  or  hito  the  joint. 
Thtrearediaerenceslndelaits  of  working.  The  bona  b  generally 
powdered  and  mixed  with  the  spelter,  and  both  with  water. 
But  somelfmes  they  are  applied  sepaMtely,  the  borax  first  and 
over  this  the  particles  of  spelter.  Another  Bui  used  for  copper 
b  sal  ammoniac,  either  alone  or  mixed  wllh  powdeted  reiin. 

As  brued  joints  often  have  to  be  very  strong,  other  precanlions 
tre  frequently  taken  txyond  that  of  the  irtere  overlap^ung  of 
the  joint  edges.  In  pipes  subjected  to  high  steam  pretmrcs, 
■pd  arlidei  tubjeclcd  to  severe  itresso,  the  joints  are  "crimped  " 
btiore  the  solder  is  applied.  That  Is,  the  edges  are  notched  in  a 
manner  having  iaine«hat  the  appeannce  oi  the  dovetxils  of  the 
carpenter;  the  notched  portions  overlap  the  opposite  edges, 
and  on  alternate  sides.  Sucb  joints  when  brued  ut  stronger 
{tfian  plain  overlapping  joints  would  be.  Steam  dome  coverings 
■re  jointed  thus  longitudinally  as  cylinders,  and  the  crown  is 
Jointed  thereto,  also  by  cramping.  Another  common  method 
of  union  is  that  of  flanges  to  copper  pipes.  In  these  the  pipe 
pisses  freely  within  a  bole  bored  right  thteugh  the  flange,  *nd 
Ihe  solder  ii  run  between.  The  pipe  is  suspended  vetticafly, 
flange  downwards,  and  the  spelter  tun  In  fnm  the  back  of  the 
Sange.  The  fused  borax  works  its  way  ui  by  capiUary  actkm, 
and  the  qwtter  follows. 

The  "  copper  bit  "  is  used  hi  soft  ioldertng.  Its  end  b  a 
prismatic  pyramid  of  copper,  riveted  to  an  Inn  shank  in  a 
wooden  handle.  It  Is  nude  hot,  and  tb*  contained  heat  b 
tuffident  to  Ridt  the  solder.  It  has  to  be  "  tinned,"  by  hdng 
bested  to  a  dull  red,  filed,  rubbed  with  aal  I 


.   It  is 


.    Fix 


naaU  bn»d  aoA  de  Uavf^K  Ii  WDUBratjr  «nqi(o]wdi  lalia 
inAt  arc  limit  on  Ibc  bnder^  hearth,  or  In  any  cJebt  ooke  fin; 
If  coal  b  lued  It  muM  be  kept  aw  t'""  the  jtunt. 

They  are  then  bron^t  tngHfaer,  and  the  temperatnn  raised 


detaa  of  first  iopertance  b  the  eMtntial  difference  between 
the  rndtisg  pcunb  at  the  abjecli  to  be  bnied  or  loldetd,  and 
that  of  the  solder  tued.  The  lattei  ninit  always  be  Iowa  tUa 
the  fonaei.  TUa  eajdains  why  solderinf  —■"'''*  an  uaed  in 
a  large  range  of  tempeiatures.  AlewvtUmeltatthetciapaaliiie 
(rf  boiling  water.  At  the  oihec  extnme  looa*  Fata,  ia  ttqnired 
to  melt  a  solder  for  bn^ng.  If  this  pcint  b  Defected,  It  niU 
often  happen  that  the  object  to  be  Mldeied  wili  fun  before  the 
soldermelts.  This  acddeni  may  occur  in  the  soft  Brilaimi*  and 
white  metals  at  the  one  extreme,  and  in  the  softer  braaaes  at 
the  other.  It  would  not  do,  for  example,  to  use  flanges  oT  common 
brass,  or  even  ordinary  gun-metal,  to  be  brazed  tO  copper  pipe^ 
for  they  wogJd  bef^n  to  fuse  before  the  toint  was  made.  Such 
flanges  must  be  made  el  nearly  pure  copper,  to  wiihatand  tho 
temperature,  usually  gi  of  copper  to  »  ol  tin  [btatiai  metal). 
A  most  valuable  feature  in  solder  a  that  by  varying  the  pro- 
portions of  the  metals  used  a  great  range  in  hardness  and 
fusibility  it  obtainable.  The  useful  solders  therefote  number 
many  scores.  This  b  also  a  soLice  of  danger,  unless  regard  he 
had  to  the  ictative  fusing  paints  oI  solders,  and  of  the  parts 
they  unite.  a.  G.  H.) 

BRAZZA,  PIEHHB  PAUL  FRAKCOIS  CAMILLB  EAVORGHAH 
DB,  CoiJNt  (iB^t-iqos),  French  explorer  and  administrator, 
founder  of  French  Congo,  was  bom  on  board  &hip  In  the  harbour 
of  Rio  de  Janeiro  on  the  i61h  of  January  i8ll.  He  was  of 
Italian  parentage,  the  family  name  being  de  Bruza  SavorgnanL 
Through  the  inslrumeolatity  of  the  KtrODomer  Seedii  he  waa 
sent  to  the  Jesuit  college  In  Paris,  and  in  1868  obtained  luthor- 
iiatioo  to  enter  as  a  fotdgner  the  marioe  college  at  Brest.  In 
the  Fnnco-PrUBian  War  of  iS;o-;i  be  took  part  In  the  iqierB- 
lions  of  the  French  fleet.  In  1874  when  the  warship  on  which 
be  was  serving  was  in  the  Gabun,  Allied  Marche  and  the  marquis 
de  Compile  arrived  at  Libreville  from  an  expediiioti  in  the 
lower  Ogow#  districL  InterestedintheTeportsoi  these  traveilcrt, 
de  Brazis  conceived  the  Idea  of  eiploiing  the  Ogowf ,  i^di  be 
thought  might  prove  to  be  the  lower  course  ol  the  Lualaha,  ■ 
river  then  recently  discovered  by  David  Livingatonc.    Having 

the  naval  doctor,  Koel  Ballay,  he  explored  the  O^vt  rivei. 
Penetrating  beyond  the  basin  of  that  river,  be  discovered  the 
ASma  and  Llkoua,  but  did  not  descend  either  stream.  Thence 
turning  northwaida  the  Invellers  eventually  regained  the 
coast  at  the  end  of  \ovcmber  1S78,  having  left  Paris  in  August 
1875.  On  arrival  In  Paris,  de  Brazza  learned  of  the  navigation 
of  the  Congo  by  H,  M.  Stanley,  and  recogniicd  that  the  riven 

De  Bram  was  anxious  to  obtain  for  FniKe  Bome  pnt  <f  the 
Congo,  The  French  roiDbtry,  howerer,  detemined  to  ntUIn 
his  energies  in  another  qtaner  ol  Africa.  IheiT  attenticn  had 
been  drawn  to  the  Niger  tbRNt|b  the  tematloa  of  the  United 
African  Company  by  Sir  George  Goldle  (then  Mr  Goldie  Tanb- 
man)  la  July  1879,  CoMie's  object  bdng  to  nease  Nlgcsk  lor 
CmtBrllain.  A  new  agpiditka  ma  fitted  out,  and  da  Bfaaa 
left  Puis  St  the  end  «( i>>9  with  oideii  to  ■>  (0  the  Niger,  make 
treaties,  and  plant  Reach  Ol 
from  Lisbon  ha  recdvtd  a  1 


maintained  the  Inleniational  African  Anodatldn  (afterwards 
Ihe  Congo  Free  State)  would  have  had  a  daar  Md  on  the  Congn, 
wliile  the  yoong  British  Cerapany  wmld  have  heoi  cndwd  «M 
by  French  oppoaltian;  so  that  the  two  gnat  baaias  of  the  Nlgar 
and  the  Congo  wauM  have  had  a  vaatly  different  histoiy. 
Acting  on  his  new  hist  ructions,  de  fiiaiaa,  who  wai  a^m 


BRAZZA— BREAD 


4«S 


teemtttiti  bjr  Bday,  nuked  tia  Gabm  orijr  in  ilta 
ttaiadljr  ■"■y"'^|  thi  Oftnrt  ht  {owidcd  the  itatios  ol  Fnncc- 
vUle  aa  Ibe  upfxr  mien  af  Ibit  livct  and  pudicd  on  lo  Uie 
CongD  It  Slulcjt  Puol,  where  Bniuvilk  «■■  ubieqiically 
iDundsd.  With  Mskoko,  cfaid  a[  the  Buteke  tribe,  de  Sruu 
cDBcludBl  Uealiei  in  Seplenbcr  «iid  Octobec  1&80,  pbclnj  the 
couuiy  ululec  French  prolKIion.  With  Iheie  tralia  in  hit 
pasjasion  Bnua  proceeded  down  ilie  Congo,  uid  it  Isu^ 
on  the  1th  o[  Novctnbu  met  Sunlc]',  -who  was  woiUng  hit  way 
Dp  iiitun  condudinc  licitia  with  the  chieCi  on  behalf  o[  iht 
International  African  Aawdaiion.  Dc  Bnxaa  ipent  the  neii 
ci^teen  months  cjiplbring  the  hinterland  <A  ihe  (j*him,  and 
ntumed  to  Fnncc  in  June  iBSi.     Thenti&catlon  by  the  Ftmch 


tdesc 


^l  by  Stan 


igKovembetoIll 


with  Maki 
if  paper}  conuoiited 

le  French  govemnent,  dc  Braaza 
;o  to  open  up  the  new  cokiny,  of 
I  1SS6.    This  poM 


Duiin 


detnands  oh  L 
eipedilicnu  t 


eiploTgiicn  wuiysiemallcally  I 
nit  which  he  orgsnJied.  The  incessant 
of  the  infant  colony  for  these  B.nd  other 
ntcriur  great^  relnrdcd  iti  progress. 
on  was  tcverely  critidied;  but  thit 
)a  laisdy  due  lo  inadequate  nippoil 
(nun  the  home  xulbotiiia  vta  iccixniicd  in  the  grant  la  him 
in  1901  of  a  pension  l>y  the  chamben.  Both  u  eiplotei  and 
adainislratoi  his  dealings  with  the  natives  were  tnaiked  by 
Gonsidentlon,  Idndness  and  patience,  and  he  earocd  the  title 
of  "  Father  of  the  Slaves."  His  efforts  to  connect  Ihe  upper 
CoDgD  with  Ihc  Atlantic  by  a  railway  through  Fjinch  territory 
showed  that  he  understood  the  chief  economic  needs  of  Ibe  eokiny. 
After  seven  years  of  retircmuil  in  France  de  Btiua  accepled, 
in  February  190s,  a  Diission  to  investigate  charges  ol  tiuclly 
towtivesbroughlagainaloflkialsof  the  Congo  colony.  Having 
concluded  his  hiquiry  he  sailed  for  France,  but  died  at  Daliar, 
Senegal,  on  the  4lh  of  September  1905.  His  body  waa  taken  to 
Paris  for  burial  but  in  190S  was  rcintirrcd  at  Algiers, 

0(W^'Co"Ii,  1J7J-JM'  (PaVis,  iMjiJfand  Cmlir^n  a'ka^f'i 
it  P.  Samty>t%  di  Bmta  »r  tn  iMJi  nWAohsiu  cfMi  I'nnl 
^ricain  it  iSjs  i  1SS6  IParii,  1W7);  A.  ].  Waau^  -  Savoigiun 
lie  Bnua  el  ia  coaqii^e  du  Qooff^  fiaruis,"  in  Lt  Uaimimtiil 
i(iifTEUinv,vDt,iiii.,Nu.]9(l)nB«U.iaos).  GlacotnoH  l^'-,,— 
3e  Bnuia  (ie39-iB«j),  a  younger  brother  ol  Sivorgnai 
cf  ibe  men  he  empbyed  in  the  woric  of  nplorat' 
eDilabDvalioii  with  his  carnpanicin  A. -peciW,  T, 
iKlla  Hcinu  it!  Cmna  1  AIT  Otm  (Rone,  tM;). 

BKAZZA  (Sttbo-Croatian.  Btai;  Lai.  BraUn),  In  Island 
in  the  Adrialjk:  Sen,  fotmlng  pail  of  Dalmatis,  Aullrla.  Pop. 
(1900)  S4,408.  With  sn  area  of  i;o  iq.  m.  Bnsia  is  Ihc  largest 
of  Ihe  Daimatlan  Isknd*;  il  is  alia  the  moit  Iluckly  populated, 
and  one  ol  the  most.  lecUtt.  Its  cloiely  cultivited  suitncc  though 
ragged  sad  mountaiDOus  yields  an  abundance  of  olives,  fip, 
alnioiuls  and  saSion,  while  its  winn  are  of  good  quality.  The 
com-enp, however,  liarely  suffice*  far  thteg  months'  food.  Other 
local  indualiie*  an  fiahiae  and  silkwomt-iming.  Ihe  mast 
imporUM  ammg  twenty  null  vdlages  oa  the  island  is  Uiini 
(pop-  IS?*),  *  sMamsMp  sUIion,  provided  with  shipwrights' 
whancs.  The  eady  hiilaiy  of  Bnaaa  is  obscure.  In  the  first 
yean  of  Ibe  ijth  ctnluiy  it  mi  niled  by  the  piralica)  counts  of 
Ahnlnai  but  after  a  succenlul  nvdl  and  a.  brief  period  of 
liherly  it  cairw  under  ite  dominion  ^  Hunguy.  From  1411  lo 
1416  il  WM  nibicil  to  KagiBa;  and  tn  i4Si>  it  paised,  «ith  Ihe 
grealet  part  oi  Oaimatli,  mder  Venedau  aovtrnanly. 

BRUCK   (llkL   Ens,  trMte,  derived   from   Ihc  common 
TeBtonlc  not  (ne,  lAich  tppeam  lo  "  bnah,"  Ger.  trenbrn,  la.); 
'    a  bnaking,  ot  an  ofMSiios  made  by  breaking;  in 


n,  piitllshed  ii 

Jg.  T.  ™ 


iCt  (see  DMMMi)i  *HwA  ^  Ht 


t—a,  a  disUvbtnos  ot  Iht  pubilc  ordu  (aee  Fesce.  Biescb  Of)i 

l'(iiii>//sinuf,  the  taking  by  force  oulefapoundthingslawfully 
impounded  (>«  Pounp);  ireiu,t  o/  frcmiii  ef  mairiait,  the 
BBn-ful£lmenl  ol  a  contract  mutually  entered  inlo  by  a  man 
and  a  woman  that  they  will  many  each  other  (see  MAuiscg}; 
briati  o/lrmi,  any  deviation  by  a  trustee  from  the  duty  imposed 
upon  him  by  the  instnimeiil  creating  the  trust  (f.i.).  , 

BREAD,  the  nane  given  to  the  suple  food-product  prepared 
bythebikingofSour.  The  word  itself,  O.Eug.irfad.iscommDa 
in  various  lonns  lo  many  Teutonic  languages;  cf.  Ger.  Bral, 
Dutch,  bnmj,  and  Swed.  and  Dan.  briU;  il  has  been  dnived 
from  the  root  of  ■'  brew,"  but  more  probably  is  connected  with 
the  root  of  "  brtili,"  for  its  early  uses  are  cooGned  10  "  broken 
pieces,  or  bit)  "  of  bread,  the  Lai.  /nuiiim,  and  it  was  not  till 
the  iilh  century  that  It  took  Ihe  place,  as  the  generic  name  at 
bread,  of  ilaf,  "  loaf,"  which  appears  to  be  the  oldest  Teutonic 
name,  cf.  Old  High  Get.  kliib,  and  modem  Ger.  Loib. 

Hitloiy. — Bread-balutgt,  or  at  any  rate  the  prcpatilloa  ot 
takes  from  flour  or  parched  grain  by  meins  of  heat,  it  one  of 
the  most  ancient  ot  human  ant.  At  Wangen  and  Aobcnhioscn 
have  been  found  the  calcined  re}nains  ol  cakes  made  from 
coarsely-ground  grain  in  Swiss  Lake-dwellings  that  date  back  to 
the  Stone  Age.  The  cakes  were  made  of  different  kinds  of  grain, 
barley  and  one-gratncd  wheat  (TViriiuiii  mfuxoutm)  being 
among  the  ingredients.  This  bread  was  made,  not  from  bat 
meil,  but  from  grain  crushed  between  some  hard  surfaces,  and 
in  these  lake-dwellings  many  round-ihaped  stones  have  been 
found,  which  were  evidently  used  for  pounding  or  crushing 
grain  against  the  surface,  more  or  less  concave,  of  another  ttone 
(see  Floi;e  and  Flour  MahvtiM^iure).  Perhaps  the  eatlieal 
form  of  bread,  if  that  word  may  be  used,  was  prepared  from 
acorns  and  beech  nula.  To  thit  day  a  sort  of  oike  prqared 
from  crushed  aconu  is  eaten  by  the  Indians  ot  the  Ptdfic 
slopes.  The  Sour  eilracted  from  acoms  is  bitter  and  anGl  t* 
eat  till  il  has  been  thoroughly  soaked  in  boiling  water.  Th* 
saturated  flour  is  squeeied  into  a  kind  at  cake  nod  dried  in  the 
sun.  Pliny  speaks  of  a  similar  crude  process  in  coonexion  with 
wheat;  the  gnin  was  evidently  pounded,  and  the  crushed 
remnant,  soaked  into  a  sort  of  pdp,  then  made  into  a  cake  and 
dried  in  the  sun.     VirgU  {.Giortia.  i.  16;}  refers  to  the  husband- 

Tht  question  naturally  arises,  how  did  the  take-dwellers  bake 
theit  okt9  ot  btuiied  grain  i  Probably  the  dough  was  laid  on 
a  flat  or  coovei-ahaped  alone,  which  was  heated,  while  the  cuka 
was  covered  with  hot  athet.  Stones  have  been  found  among 
prehistoric  remains  which  were  ippnrenlly  used  for  this  purpose. 
In  ancient' Egyptian  tombs  cakes  of  durra  have  been  found,  of 
concave  shape,  auggesliag  the  use  of  sucb  baking-slabij  here  the 
cake  was  evidently  pre^urcd  from  coarsely-cracked  grain.  In 
primitive  times  milling  arul  baking  were  twin  arts.  The  houte- 
wife,  and  the  daughten  or  handmaids,  crushed  or  ground  the 
grain  and  prepared  the  bread  or  cakes-  When  Abraham  enter- 
tained the  angeb  unawares  (Genesis  xviii.)  he  bade  his  itHt 
Sarah  "  make  ready  quickly  three  measures  of  fine  meal,  knead 
it,  and  make  cakca  upon  the  hearth."  Professor  ^laqiero  sayn 
that  an  oven  for  bakmg  bread  was  to  be  found  in  the  courtyard 
ot  every  house  in  Chaldaea;  ckne  by  wcie  kq)t  the  grindmg 
stonca.  Thai  bread  prepared  by  means  at  leaven  was  knam 
in  the  i*,j*  of  the  patriarchs  may  be  fairly  inferred  from  iho 
paasogc  in  Genesis  iii,,  where  il  is  said  of  Lot  that  he  "  made  a 
feasb  and  did  bske  unleavened  bread."  Whelher  the  ^w- 
bread  of  Ihe  Jewish  tabernacle  was  leavened  is  an  open  question, 
but  il  is  signibcant  that  the  Passover  cakes  eaten  by  Jews  to-day, 
known  aa  Matsns,  are  innocent  ot  leaveiL  Made  from  flour  and 
water  only,  they  are  about  12  in.  in  diameter,  and  have  somewhat 
ihs  look  ot  waiei  biacuita. 

The  andcnt  Elgyptiant  carried  the  art  ot  baking  to  high 
perfection.  Herodotus  remarks  of  Ifieai,  "dough  they  knead 
with  their  feet,  but  day  with  theii  hands."  The  practice  of 
uaing  the  feet  fur  dough  kneading,  however  repiiUve,  kins 
pcrtitud  ia  Scollnod,  if  indeed  it  is  yet  defunct    llie  Egyptians 


4-66 


Hd* 


e,  it  ii 


ctcUin  that  even  in  indmt  Egypi  afhil;  brud  nudt  fnna 
wlital  wii  used  by  the  rich.  The  lorn  o!  \be  biud  ti  rewited 
by  locient  monumend.  A  coDiDHm  ttitpe  wu  ■  (mill,  nmnd 
Inf.  (omcihing  like  Ihe  muffin  of  to-day.  Olber  kuvo  wtn 
doncalcd  rolls,  uid  curiously  owugh  wen  ^nUed  on  ihc  lop 
with  K(d>  like  modem  Vienni  bretd. 

The  hiitocy  oi  baking  in  classical  Greece  and  Italy  can  be 
ckariy  traod.  Aihenaeus  in  his  Dripmnophiin  minutely 
deMriba  many  diBerenI  kinds  of  biead,  wtiich  may  be  aBuniRl 
to  have  been  cuiTenlly  used  ia  Greece.  Accotding  ta  Pliny 
INal.  Hill,  iviii.  ii.  {  18)  Rome  had  no  public  baken  till  after 
Ihe  war  with  Pcraeus  (iji-16!  B.C.).     That  lung    ' 


in  Italy  continu 

ed  to  make 

■  great  deal  of  bread  at  home  is 

certain.    In  Pon 

peii  Severn 

DTivale  houses  had  jhcir  own  mill 

and  bakehouse. 

That  dty  must  also  have  possessed  baken  by 

I»de.  as  loaves 

of  btesd  ha 

e  been  found,  round  in  (orm.  and 

stamped  with  t 

e  maker's  n 

for  weifbt  and 

puiily.    In 

the  time  of  the  Republic,  public 

bakehousea 

delivered  to  the  public  giananes  by  tJie  Saccvh,  while  anothtr 
body  called  CaUMtnsa  distributed  the  gmln  to  the  bakcn. 
The  latin  weie  known  as  Piilatci  01"  ponnden,"  a  reminiscence 
no  doubt  o[  the  primitive  lime  when  grain  was  pounded  by  1 
pestle  in  a  mortar.  Slaves  were  bTgcTy  employed  in  Ihe  irksome 
work  oF  grinding,  and  when  ConsUnline  abolished  slavery  the 
StaSal  the  piilriitac  was  largely  recruited  from  criminal).  The 
emperor  Trajan  incorporated  about  *J>.  loo  the  college  of 
PiUttei  (millers  and  bikers),  but  iu  memben  were  cmploycra, 
tut  operatives.  The  work  of  ■  bakery  ii  depicted  In  a  Kt  at 
bavrdiels  on  the  lonb  of  a  muter  Hilor  named  Euiyiaccs, 
who  Boutishcd  about  a  century  Iiefore  Ihc  foundation  of  the 
college.  Here  the  graiu  is  being  brought  and  paid  for;  mills 
driven  by  horse  and  au  (or  mule)  power  are  busy;  men  are 
Heving  out  the  bran  from  the  flour  by  hand  (bollen);  bakers 
are  moulding  loaves  on  a  board;  an  oven  of  domelike  shape  is 
being  charged  by  means  of  a  ibovcl  (peel);  and  baskets  ol  bread 
are  being  weighed  on  the  one  harid  and  carried  off  on  men's 
back*  on  the  other. 

Stiuialiiin  cf  Sail. — In  the  middle  ages  baken  were  ubjected 
to  ^ledal  rtgulationa  in  aD  European  lands.    These  regulation* 


3Ubl  w 


lived  in  t 


ended  to 
The  legislators  appear.  ho> 


dealing  on  Ihe  pan  of 
iltin  beset  by  harass. 


rot,  not  only  of  their  own  officiah,  bnl  of  the 
in  London  the  bakers  formed  a  brothfrhood  aa 


under  the  co 
municipality. 

early  a)  irjs,  ana  were  mcorporaiea  m  ijo;.  inerc-wert  two 
distinct  corporate  bodies  concerned  with  bread-making,  the 
Company  ol  White  Baken  and  the  Company  of  Brown  Baken; 
these  were  nominally  united  in  1509,  bui  the  unkm  did  not 
become  complete  till  ibe  middle  of  the  1 71fa  century.  In  Austria, 
bakers  who  offended  against  police  regulationi  mpecling  Ihe  sale 
of  bread  were  liable,  until  companilvely  lecmt  times,  Id  fine, 
imprisonment  and  even  coTpond  puniihrneni.  In  Turkey  the 
lot  of  the  baker  waa  very  hard.  Baron  de  Tott,  writing  of  Con- 
itanlinoplc  in  the  igth  century,  says  that  it  was  usnal,  when 
bread  venl  to  (amine  prices,  to  hang  a  baker  or  two.  He  would 
have  ui  believe  that  it  was  the  custom  of  tnaatei  baken  10  keep 
a  wcond  hand,  who,  in  con^deration  of  a  small  incrcaae  of  his 
weekly  wage,  was  willing  to  appear  before  Ihe  cadi  In  caje  • 
victim  were  wanted.  A  baibaroui  puniihment,  InEkled  In 
Turkey  and  In  Egypt  on  bakera  who  (old  light  or  adulterated 
bread,  consisted  in  nailing  Ihe  culprit  by  his  car  to  the  door.post 
ol  his  shop.  In  France  a  decree  of  iSSj  rrJieved  baken  hom 
many  of  tbe  restriction)  under  which  Ihey  prevfouly  Hiflered, 
but  it  did  not  touch  Ihe  powen  of  the  munidpatities  to  icgultte 
the  quality  and  (ale  of  bread.    It  left  tbcm  tb«  right  conferrad 


iBi7gi,taeBfcfot(keM»4Bfa{n,theabjKt«f  wbkhwu  M 
prevent  baken  from  inotuiBC  Ibe  prict  of  bread  beyond  a  pdM 
jusii&cd  by  Ibe  price  ot  the  nw  materiabi  but  the  ri^tau 
eurcised  oa  their  ova  itspocuibilily,  subject  to  *ppc»)  to  Utfur 
authorities,  and  by  a  dnnUr  imwd  in  iB6j  ihey  were  invited 
10  abolish  ihis  Mu  tfcidU.  In  places  where  it  eiisis  it  ii  bed 
every  week  or  fortnight,  according  to  the  avenge  price  of  graia 
In  the  local  markets. 

In  England  an  act  of  parliament  wu  passed  in  iiM  for 
regulating  the  price  ol  bread  by  a  public  aniie,  and  (hat  sytlcH 
continued  in  optntion  till  iSis  in  the  case  of  the  city  of  London. 
and  till  iSjti  for  Ihe  rest  ol  the  country.  The  price  of  bread 
was  determined  by  adding  a  certain  nmi  to  Ihe  piice  of  every 
quarter  of  flour,  to  cover  the  baker^s  eipeiues  and  profit;  and 
for  the  aum  so  arrived  at  tradesmen  were  leqirired  to  bake  and 
sell  eighty  quart tm  loaves  or  a  like  proportion  of  other  siie*, 
which  it  wasrcckoncdeachquartcrof  flour  ought  to  yield.  The 
acts  now  regnbiing  the  manufacture  and  sale  of  bread  in  Great 
Britain  are  one  ol  1811  (Sale  of  Bread  in  the  City  ol  London  aitd 
within  10m, of  the  Iteyal  Eachange),and  theBread  Aclof  1836, 
as  10  sale  of  bread  beyond  to  m.  of  the  Royal  Elichange.  llic 
acts  require  that  bread  shall  be  sold  by  weighl,  and  in  do  other 
manner,  under  a  penally  not  exceeding  forty  ahllUngs.  TUl 
does  not,  however,  mean  that  a  seller  is  bound  to  sell  at  any 
particular  weight;  the  words  quarleni  and  half.quartem, 
though  commonly  used  and  taken  to  indicate  a  4-lh  and  >-b 
loal  respectively,  have  no  legal  aaiKiion,  That  is  to  say,  a  baker 
is  not  bound  to  sell  a  ioal  weighing  dlhei  4  lb  01  1;  all  he  ha* 
to  do.  vhen  a  customer  asks  for  a  loaf,  is  10  put  one  on  the  scale, 
wei^  it,  and  declare  the  weight.  When  bread  is  sold  over  the 
counter  it  Is  usual  for  the  vendor  to  cut  ofi  arul  tender  a  piece 
of  bread  to  nuke  up  any  deficiency  in  Ihe  loaf.  This  is  known 
as  Ihc  "  overwnghl."  There  is  lillle  doubt  ihe  somewhat  misty 
wording  ol  ihe  bread  acts  lends  itself  lo  a  good  deal  ol  InuduleBt 
dealing.  For  instance,  when  bread  is  sold  over  the  coanler.  two 
loaves  may  be  5  or  6  oz.  short,  while  Ihe  piece  of  makeweight 

to  verify  the  wdght,  and  unless  he  expressly  asks  f or  t  lb  or 
some  spcdiic  weight  of  bread,  it  is  very  doubtful  whether  the 
scl>r,  having  aalisTied  the  letter  of  the  law  by  pttdns  the  bread 
on  ll»  scales,  could  be  convicted  of  fraud.  The  provision  as  to 
sdling  by  wdght  doe*  not  apply  to  fancy  bread  and  rolls.  No 
exact  definition  of  "  fancy  briod  "  has  ever  been  laid  down,  and 
it  must  be  largely  a  quoiion  of  fact  in  each  paiUculii  case.  AU 
balcirs  or  sdlen  of  bread  must  use  avoirdupois  weight,  and  mutt 
provide,  in  a  conspicuous  pbce  in  the  shop,  beams,  scale*  and 
weights,  in  order  thai  all  bread  then  sold  may  Irom  time  to  time 
be  weighed  in  the  presence  of  the  purchaser.  The  penalty  for 
using  any  other  weight  than  avoirdupois  is  a  sum  not  acceding 
£5  nor  ks  than  forty  shillings,  and  for  failing  to  provide  beans 
■nd  scales  a  sum  not  eicceding  £5,  Also  every  baker  and  sdler 
ot  bread,  delivering  by  cait  or  other  conveyance,  must  be  pro- 
vided with  scales  and  wsghis  for  weighing  bread;  but  since  Ihe 
Weights  and  Measures  Act  1889.  no  penalty  is  incurred  by 
omission  to  weigh,  unless  Ihcre  has  been  a  request  on  Ihe  pan  of 
the  purchaser,  llie  acts  also  define  precisriy  i4ut  ingredienta 
may  be  em^doyed  in  the  manufacture  of  bread,  and  impose  a 
penalty  not  exceeding  £10  nor  teas  than  £5  for  the  adultention 
of  bread.    (Sec  further  under  APULTERiMlon.) 

Although  the  ad  ol  iSj6  exlenda  lo  the  whole  of  the  United 
Kingdom  (Ireland  excepted)  out  of  tbe  dty  of  London  and 
beyond  10  m.  ol  the  Royal  Elichange,  yet  in  many  Scottish 
burghs  this  act  is  replaced  by  local  acts  on  lh<  sale  of  bread. 
These  arc  in  all  ases  of  a  much  more  stringent  nature,  requiring 
aS  batch  or  household  bread  10  be  stamped  with  Ihe  reputed 
weight  Any  dcBdengr  withhi  a  certain  lime  from  Ihe  with- 
drawal of  the  bfiad  from  the  oven  Is  an  offence  The  London 
Ceuily  Coandl  dcaired  lo  hilndDce  a  ainilar  tyslem  Into  tbe 
area  under  Ihdr  tntisdiclion,  and  ptomoled  a  bill  10  that  effect 
in  190J,  but  ft  fdl  thnugh.  The  bill  ira*  eppoied  not  only  by 
the  Naiiooal  Aaaoelatian  «f  Uaater  Baken,  the  London  Maato- 


BRfAD 


467 


BdKn'  Piotccdw  Soamy,  ud  by  the  WCR  Bad  aMrapollUii 
baken  tn  atHdy.  but  ilu  by  tbt  Home  O&a,  whidi  objected 
U  *h(t  it  UraMd  eiceptioDBl  Ie^il41iui. 
It  axy  be  BoWd  that  i^  mcUol  iSsi  and  iSj6  defiw  pn- 
.  cbely  irbtt  nay  vkd  may  not  be  loU  aa  bnad.  It  ia  Ud  da»a 
in  (ettion  ■  that "  it  thall  and  may  be  lawlnl ...  to  dhUu  and 
kU  .  .  .  bnad  Bade  oi  flour  or  aieal  af  wbcKt,  hvtay,  lye,  oati, 
bvckwBaat,  LMHaa  com,  peM,  beana^  lica  or  potatoca,  01  a^  ol 
Itami,  aod  ailb  any  (ccaamon)  lalt,  pore  water,  egg*,  ailk,  barm, 
ktven,  potato  or  otbir  ytaM,  aad  mind  in  inch  pnporliona 
■1  Ibcy  ibaU  think  fit,  and  ntb  BO  olber  inpcdieBta  or  natter 

a  tf  BtMtUKt. — The  lanllary  anangemeoti  of 
in  Eniiaod  were  fint  tcgilated  by  tbe  BalthouiL 
Rcgnlatloa  Ad  iS6j,  irtricb  «n  npealcd  and  icphcad  by  the 
Factory  aod  WotliAop  Act  t>T>;  tbia  act,  wHb  nriooa  amend- 
ing acta,  naa  in  torm  npeaied  and  nplaced  by  tbe  Facuwy  aad 
~'    '  '  II.    Bylbtactali90iabaluboaaemdeG>ed 


IramtbabakingETteiiBgol  wbkba  profit  ii  deincd.  The 
oi[  18A3  placed  (be  lanitary  Mperviiion  of  faakdKiiuei  in  tbe  baada 
of  local  anthKitieii  iron  187S  to  iStj  lupavidOD  «u  in  tbe 
band*  of  hupeclon  ol  lactoiiea,  but  in  lUj  tbe  lupervirioa  ol 
lelan  bakehoum  ma  placed  in  the  handi  of  local  authetitieL 
Under  tbe  act  ol  1901  the  luperviilDn  o(  bakriwoMS  nUtb  are 
"  worfcibaps  "  ii  carried  ^1  by  local  auihoritie*,  and  for  tbe 
purpoaea  irf  tbe  act  every  bakduine  i)  a  wnijlxip  onlos  irithin 
it,  or  ttf  doM  or  cunibge  ot  prtdncit,  sleun,  nter  or  oibcr 
mecbanial  power  i>  used  In  aid  of  tbe  manuficluring  proceu 
carried  on  there,  in  wbicb  Que  it  ii  lieated  ai  1  non^eilile 
factory,  and  ia  nodcr  the  mpcrviikni  of  factory  inqxcton. 
Tbe  mort  tnipDrlanr  lecublidns  Lid  down  bv  iTie 


>i»*By  only  floni4  in  certain  CO 

nndoabted^  factoci  in  modilyisg  the  duuicter  of  vbeat,  and 
neceaiarily  tlicrefore  of  the  Bour.  The  •ime  wheat  grown  ia  tha 
•ameioil  will  ihow  vet;  varying  drgneaof  slnngth  (i.i.  of  gluten) 
in  different  icaaona.  For  lutaiice,  the  oorth-wsteni  diitricti 
of  America  grow  a  hard  tpiiat  wbal  which  in  a  nornud  Matcn 
ia  ol  almoM  aneqaalled  attengtb;'  In  1904  an  ciceM  of  moittuic 
and  deicien^  in  itu  in  tbe  Red  Itiver  Valley  daring  tbe  critical 
montba  of  June  and  July  cauied  a  aerioui  attack  of  red  and  black 
Tuat  in  thew  wheat  fiehfa,  the  diieue  being  more  virulent  in 
the  Amnican  than  the  Canadian  >ide  ol  the  valley.  The  result 
was  that  the  quality  of  tlie  ^teo  of  that  icuon'i  Americas 
■pring  wheat  *»i  moat  Kiiously  aBcctciI,  iti  famed  iliengtb 
being  ahaat  gone.  Wheal  fiom  the  Canadian  aide  wu  alao 
alectad,  bat  not  nearly  to  lo  gnat  an  eitenL  FloDi  nulled 
tnm  bud  wbta  wheat  in  the  American  winter  diuricU  la 
■iMiiiliimiiMnilj  Hiliianai  ilii  yiinaln  11  ii[  tbe  Noitb-weM. 
Huopiiaa  flour  mUled  from  Theii  wheat  ii  ako  very  alrong, 
and  (Ok  tbe  Soar  milled  Iron  eone  aouth  Runlan  tpiing  wbeata. 
But  hero  again  tbe  degree  of  ttrengih  will  vary  from  icaion  to 
iBBian  In  a  rrmartiUe  manaer.  In  the  main  each  land  hat  ita 
own  cleariy  marked  Qpe  of  wheat.  WbOe  tbe  United  Sute*, 
Canada,  Hongaiy  aad  Romia  an  each  capable  of  growing  nioig 
wheat.  Gnat  Britain,  Ftaaoc  and  Cermany  produce  what  inorc 
or  lew  weak.  It  Idlinn  that  the  bread  baked  from  flour  milled 
from  wheat  from  Siltiih,  French  or  Cermao  irtieat  aloDe  woidd 
not  make  a  hul  of  nfflcient  volume,  judged  by  pnacnt  Britiita 
ilandank.    AasmatIerollact,aceptlnio 


•up'plyirj  water 


tt  aeparate  aod  dittinct  from  any  cutern  iiip^ioA  a  water- 
no  Oraio  or  upe  for  canyliu  ofl  lewaee  nutter  tlult  iuve  an 
g  within  the  Ukehoiue.     (?)  "ne  inUrim  of  aU  bakrhauKi 


eam*  buil^ng  aiay  be  used  aa  a  ekeFang  place, 

ground  bakebouie  (one  of  wbicb  the  floor  is  more  than  ^f(,  bele 
tlie  surface  of  the  footway  of  the  adio" 
ooleH  certified  by  the  diolrict  council  1 
(sec  Redgrave.  FaclvJ .' 

Bnad  Slr^s. — As   compared    witb    wbeat-flotir,    iD   other 
nuteriala  used  for  r"*^'"E  bread  are  of  &ecoi 
Bye  bread  is  largely  consumed  in  some  of  the 


of  the  adioinine  stieet]  tt 
incil  B9  suitable  lac 
t  Austin,  Fmorj  Ad 


1  importance. 

Bidil  of  various  species  of  millet  is  used, 
and  in  Icdii  and  China  duira  and  other  cereal  grains  are  baked 
for  food.  Of  DoiiH:creal  flour,  the  piiadfal  used  lor  bread-making 
ia  buckwheat  (Fogo^iwi  tsadtoiia*).  eiieiaively  employed  in 
Russia,  Hollaod  lud  the  United  Slates.  The  flour  of  pease,  beans 
aDd  other  leguminous  seeds  is  alao  baked  inio  cakes,  and  in  South 
America  tbe  meal  of  the  tapioca  ptanl,  JtUiephii  UanHul,  is 
employed.  Bat,  eicepting  rye,  none  of  these  luhttancei  is  used 
for  making  venculated  or  fermented  bmtd- 

A  normal  sample  ol  wheal-flour  consislj  roughly  of  10  parts 
of  moisture,  71  of  starch,  14  of  nitrogenous  matter,  i'i5  ol  fatty 
^^  matter»,aadl'JS%of  mineral  matter.  Starch  is  thus 
jJJU*  tbe  predMuiiuting  component;  it  is  not,  however,  tbe 
dough-forming  mgiedienl.  By  itself,  stucb,  when 
uttirated  with  water,  forms  a  put  ty-tike  mass  devoid  of  coberence, 
and  it  i*  theglaten  ol  the  nitiogenoua  matter  which  is  tbe  bhiding 
(OBilitiicnl  hi  dougb-maUog.  because  when  wetted  It  forms  a 
more  or  1cm  elastic  body.  Ihe  proportion  of  ^uten  In  wbeat- 
Boui  variea  lioa  T  to  t5%,  but  the  mere  quantity  of  gluten  is 
bv  no  swani  tbe  only  Itandanl  of  the  amraBiial  valoe  si  the 
flMr,  tbe  qiulity  also  counting  for  anicb.  One  rf  the  hmctions 
of  ^tcn  it  to  pnduc*  a  U^  or  wdl-pUed  loal,  and  iti  value  tor 
tbi»pnrpo»  depends  largdy  en  ita  <|aallty.  nils  b  turn  ilif)eDdt 
iug^  on  Uie  variety  ol  r^cat;  certain  laon  of  wheal  an  aandi 
ticber  b  nllragenotn  elements  than  othcm,  bnt  auch  wheats 


EngKih  conntry  flour,  or,  more  frequently,  they  are  » 
with  floor  by  ^tish  milleia  milled  from  a  blend  in  wUc. 
oftenEngliahwhBathasaimall.ornoplaccatall.  Iftbebsket^ 
trarle  oils  for  tbe  making  ol  booidiold  bread,  especially  of  the 
London  type,  be  moat  use  a  strong  flora,  with  plenty  of  staple 
gluten  ia  it,  becaaoe  it  it  this  dement  irtiich  suppttet  tbe  driving 
or  lifting  toica,  witboat  which  a  U^,  bold  loaf  onmt  be  pro- 
duced. If  the  demand  is  foe  tin  or  (a>  It  It  called  In  oiany  porta 
oi  the  north  ol  £n^Bnd)  pan  bread,  a  weaker  flour  will  nficc, 
■a  tbe  tbi  win  keep  it  op.  A  Vienna  loaf  ihould  be  made  with  at 
leait  a  certain  proportion  of  Eungailan  patent  flour,  which  la 
normally  tbe  U^uil-prlced  flour  tn  the  miuket,  though  probably 
the  bulk  of  tbg  Wenna  nOi  made  In  London  contain  no 
A  cake  of  flat  ibape  can  be  very  wetl  made 
flotit,  bnt  any  cake  that  is  required  to  piesent 
a  domed  lop  cannot  be  picpand  without  a  flour  of  sobm  stienglb. 
Ita  a  general  opinion,  tboo^  contested  by  some  auihoritlat, 
that  toft,  weak  Bran  contain  more  iUvour  than  strong,  hanb 
floun.  The  ttnng  wheats  of  tbe  American  and  j^,^ 
Canadian  North-Weit  make  lot  Davony  floui  than  ^_.  " 
toll  red  wbiter  from  the  American  South-WeaL  It 
would  not,  however,  be  correct  to  say  thai  all  strong  wheats  are 
necaiaiSy  lets  full  of  flavoor  than  weak  wbeata.  Hungarian 
irfieat,  foe  initanoe,  ii  one  ol  the  strangest  wheals  of  the  world, 
but  hu  a  diancterlslic  and  [deasant  flavour  of  its  own.  Irulian 
wbeat^  on  Ibe  other  hand,  are  not  particularly  strong,  but  an 
liable  to  give  a  rather  harsh  flavour  to  tbe  bread.  English, 
French  attd  Cerman  wheals,  when  hirvetled  in  good  conditiMi, 
piodDce  flour  ol  more  or  less  agreeable  Sivour.  None  of  these 
wheats  could  be  classified  as  slroog,  though  Irom  each  ol  thoce 
lands  wheat  oi  fair  strength  may  bis  obtained  under  favouraUe 
meteoidogical  conditiona.  The  Austnh^n  continent  raises 
white  iriieat  of  fine  qoatity  wUch  haa  much  affinity  with  BriliA 


lesultanlflgvrbnotedfotitsvweetnem.  Both  mOlen  and  token 
who  ate  coDcened  with  tbe  lopfily  of  Ui^-dls  bread  aad  Sour 
make  fiea  tna  of  what  may  be  tanned  Aavonry  lAiats.  Tbe 
proportioa  of  Engliah  nAeal  naad  In  London  milts  fa  very  smal. 


468 


d'  bi*»d,  will 

"pilch"  into  tbcirtiougliacertiuipniportioD  of  ED^Mbcaunity 
flour,  that  is,  8oui  diiUcd  catirelr  or  chiefly  from  En^bh  what, 
which  imder  auch  condiliom  a  lUrncIbmcd  hy  «■  blend  of  itninE 
Bour,  ■  patenl  flour  for  choice.  II  hat  been  objccud  U»l  u 
Eo^ish  wheal  containi  ■  Icrfe  propojtioTx  of  ituiJi,  and  as 
■tuch  is  admitleiliy  destitute  of  flavour,  there  i>  Do  reason  why 
flour  Dulled  from  English  wheat  should  poocss  a  fwcetcr  flavour 
than  any  other  itaichy  wheat  flour.  Experience,  however,  has 
amply  prfivtd  that  veil-ripened  English  wheal  prodoca  bread 
with  an  agreeible  flavour,  tlutish  it  does  not  foUow  that  all 
Enghth  wheat  ia  under  all  condiriom  capable  of  baUng  bread 
ol  the  highest  quality.  But  it  would  be  ai  lalladout  to  hold  th>( 
weak  flout  is  mccsiarily  flivouty,  u  that  all  ttiong  (kwr  Is 
insipid  and  hanh.  DiSertot  wheats  ai«  undaubtedly  posaesaed 
ol  dilFcrent  Ibvouii,  but  nol  all  Ibex  flavoun  art  of  a  ptcasing 
character.  In  some  cases  the  very  reverse  is  trtie.  Califomian 
and  Aualrmlian  wheats  have  occasionally  aromatic  odoura,  due 
to  the  presence  of  certain  seeds,  that  will  impart  an  objcctlonaUe 
flavour  lo  the  resultant  bread. 

While  the  essential  character  of  particular  wheals  will  account 
foe  a  good  deal  of  the  Aavoui  that  may  be  detected  in  the  bread 
made  Irom  ihctn,  the  balung  praccu  must  tisii  be  responsible  to 
some  eitiTnt  for  flavour.  The  teinpenturt  of  the  oven  and  the 
degree  of  fermentstlon  must  be  facion  in  the  question.  It  has 
been  asserted  that  the  ume  flour  wiU  balu  inio  bread  of  very 
different  Savour  according  as  the  fermentation  it  canied  out 
aloWly  or  tpiicUy,  or  at  the  oven  is  hot  or  the  reverse,  A  high 
'    '        ' '      "    -    f  qulcUy  drawing  out  the 


subtle  essences  which  go  t< 
question  whether  they  are  ut  subsequently  rapidly  volatiliied 
and  partially  or  wholly  Inst.  The  rapid  lonnatlon  of  a  solid  cnut 
is  no  doubt  likely  ta  retain  some  of  these  flavouring  easaicea.  A 
moist,  or  "  dack,'*  sponse,  or  dough,  ^>pcari  dlalinclly  favour- 
able to  the  retention  of  flavour,  the  theory  being  that  under  auch 
condition*  the  yeaat,  having  more  roan  to  "  btcatbe,"  works 
IBOR  easily,  and  it  therefon  less  likely  to  COBvett  into  food  those 
loluble  mnsti  tuents  of  the  flour  which  give  flavour. 

The  colour  of  Sour  a  a  valuable,  dMUgh  not  an  infallible, 
lulei  to  its  baking  qualitio.  Thus,  a  Sour  of  good  colour,  by 
.  which  bakcre  mean  a  Sour  of  bright  appearance,  white, 

S^^  but  not  a  dull  dead  white,  will  usually  bakf  into  a  loaf 
of  good  ap[ieanace.  At  the  same  time,  a  flour  of 
pronounced  white  lint  may  bake  into  a  dir^  grey  loaf.  Tlua 
has  been  particularly  noted  In  the  case  of  floun  milled  in  Arcen- 
doi.  The  cokHit  of  flour  will  vary  Irom  a  rich,  creamy  white  to  a 
dnll  grey,  uxortUng  to  ill  quality.  The  diSctcnt  shades  an  many 
and  various,  but  the  prevailing  tints  ant  comparatively  few. 
Pcthapi  Blandy'i  danlScatlon  of  the  colonn  a)  white,  yellow, 
red,  brown  and  grey  is  as  serviceable  ai  any.  Each  of  thcae  tints 
is  directly  caused  by  the  presence  of  certain  sobaUncea.  White 
dcDOtea  the  presence  ol  a  coDiideraUe  proportion  ol  starch,  while 
a  pranounctd  yellow  tint  pn>cliiinK  gluten  of  more  or  leM  good 
quality.  Red  oiut  brown  Ajt  tiata  cmly  found  in  flours  of  low 
grade,  because  they  are  sun  proofs  of  an  undue  proportion  of 
branny  or  fibrous  particlea.  A  griyiih  flour  invariably  cootalux 
impurities,  luch  as  creaae  dirt,  from  Uw  wheat,  the  inteaatty  of 
the  tint  varying  in  praportioa  to  thdr  anMMmt.  With  n^rd  to 
a  yellow  tint,  though  thit  always  denotes  the  pntikct  of  ghiten, 
it  is  difficult  lo  otinate  the  baking  quality  of  the  floor  by  the 
shade  of  yellow.  In  the  beat  Hungarian  patent  floor  the  wbolc 
sample  will  be  ■iflnied  by  on  amber  tist,  known  ts  Budapest 
VienubakenssfeWKibfAiDl.  Rolk  baked  tmai  the  bait 
will  aot  infreqnatly  tut  yelfew  as  if  ofp  had 
Doea  u«  m  naUni  them  up,  thoagh  nothing  mon  than  Soar, 
ytast  and  water  bos  been  employed.  Stnof  flour  milM  f  lam 
Atnerioui  «r  Canodiaa  iptina  lAcat  It  alaa  ydlowith  iu  nloar, 
bMtbetintisDotP>deq>stwitkHiBpiknaD«r.  OMIlwotber 
Innd,  (heiB  an  floms  of  no  gnat  stnnglh,  sudi  as  thoM  fran 
aoflw  AiBtrallao  wliMts,  which  ai*  opt  to  lock  jreBow:  VfhMi 
the  colour  ol  flour  is  aot  maintained  hi  tbo  bitad,  At  noaga  is 
•"•iBtlly  to  be  found  in  the  baking  proceaa  cmployid.    Colour 


ii  a  lalrly  tniatwoithy,  bat  not  to  absohite  girido  to  the  ch«aica) 

composition  of  flour. 

Vnlortunately  not  all  flour  of  good  ooIoHr  is  saand  lor  bread- 
making  puipoee*.  Wheat  which  hot  been  bonetted  in  a  damp 
coodition.ochiubeeiithoroughlyiosked.bydieiicking  ,,„. .^ 
showettprevioustocutiingiorhasgotwet  in  (hestoiA,  g^ 
b  liable,  ualeiB  orefuUy  handled,  to  produce  floor 
that  will  only  bike  flat,  sodden  loaveL  Wheat  which  has  received 
too  much  rain  as  it  is  approaching  maturity,  and  has  then  been 
exposed  to  strong  sunlight,  is  pecullariy  liable  to  qm>ut.  Hkct 
aeerai  to  happen  lut  infrequently  to  La  Plata  wheat,  and  lluni^ 
wheat  ahippeis  In  that  country  are  usually  careful  to  dean  off 
the  little  green  spikes,  this  outward  deanaing  does  not  remedy  the 
mischief  wrought  to  ihe  internal  Fanttitutioa  of  the  barj.  Such 
wheat  makes  flour  lacking  in  itrength  and  IlabUity,  Ita  ^uten 
it  immature  and  low  in  pencntage,  while  the  soluble  albumlnodi 
are  in  high  penxnlage  and  in  a  mote  or  ieas  active  diastaalc  atate. 
The  itatch  granules  ore  llabls  to  have  weakened  or  fiasund  walh, 
and  Ihe  proportion  of  moisture  and  of  soluble  extract  will  be 
high.  With  regard  to  the  bencGcial  action  of  kiln  or  other  drying 
OB  damp  flour,  WlUlam  Jogo  wu  oonvinced  by  a  seiiei  of  experj- 
nuntt  that  the  gentle  artificial  drying  ol  flour  increase!  its  wsler- 
absorblng  capacity  to  about  three  times  the  amount  of  water  loit 
by  evaporatJotL  On  the  other  hotHl,  a  damp  flour  dried  too 
quickly  and  at  too  great  a  heat  is  liable  to  be  mode  more  i»»>i-«i< 
of  leia  soKeptible  lo  dioitasic  changes. 

ihenemploytd  wiih  weak  arid  nn 

»f  bleacher  of , .._  ..^  . 

■  coloured  throueh  contaiiuj ., ,... 

■  and  woody  fibre,  into  white-coloured  lo- 
an asa  producer  of  white  bread  it  irKfircct.na 


placed  in  a  ^it  of  waiet  containinE  a  Kinng  tolution  of  atum.  and 
Ihe  other  in  a  gliia  el  plain  water,  [be  gluten  in  the  latter  case  irill 
beconn  tixnt  dtys  and  perhapt  weeks  before  the  aainple  in  the 
alumed  water  It  iGiintigrated.  The  place  of  slum  in  tbe  nnm  of 
fcnnentalion  It  well  narked.  By  hokfltw  toiether  unstaljie  gluten, 
it  checks  the  (Eaita^  action,  and  the  propoftioii  of  starch  ranverted 
into  glucote  (grape  aiuaO  it  reduced,  with  the  result  thai  a  whiter 
and  nare  porouiloaf  it  produced.    It  it  geneially  admitted  that  by 

which  otherwiK  could  hardly  be  nude  into  bread  at  all.  Strictly, 
therefore,  thit  lubsance  i>  not  an  ndultciant  inumuch  aill  it  nbt  a 
nibsiiiuiejnanyieiue  for  flour.  But  it  is  admittedly  unwholetome. 
■nd  tigrefbre  Jtt  legal  interdiction  for  alimentary  purpoeet  b  quite 
iutiifiable.  Another  awxtt  of  the  uic  of  alum  it  that  it  it  employed 
lor  Ihe  purpoK  of  enabling  baken  lo  ate  poor  flour. 

A  fairly  latirfacton  test  for  alum  In  bread  (or  Sour)  ti  aflixdea  by 
analiulinetolutionoi  logwood  andantuialediQlutioa  of  auHnooium 
carbonate  Tbe  pretencaof alum  ii  ihowabya  lavenderor  lull  bloc 
colour.    The  depth  of  the  tint  u  laid  to  be  a  rough  guide  lo  the 

■hat  it  liat  TtHilnsd  in  the  detection  of  7  graintof  alum  ma  4- Ifcloaf. 


ler,  aooui  1 1  ox.  01  inso  qukktime  being 

ra  lor  doaghing  ooe  aack  of  flour.    Bread 

be  tpoDgy  la  tenure,  of  ogneaUe  Savour, 

JHy.    IntbtfaakedlaafdieKmelitnns- 

iqi  carbonate  (chalk)  by  the  cartandiOHderei 


Unmikalakd  tni  Vtiti^aUd  Sreod.— Wbeatmi  hnd  may 
bo  divided  into  two  main  dlvliioos,  nnvfiiculated  and  vesicalatcd. 
imply  taeaat  provided  with  vesicles,  or 
cavities,  tnch  oa  on  found  In  all  brad  that 


hot  bem  tfooUd  by  yeast,  leaVBi  or  any  odier  B^mt  &H  nadolag 
It  ^OMifsfln  la  otmctun  by  the  action  of  earbeeiic  acid  pa. 
Nsulr  oB  bfHd  eata  by  dvilhed  folk  is  voscukted.  though 


469 


there  uedtSmnit  methodiBnd  (Ntmnci  tor  MUfnins  d>i>  nnlt. 
IbId  Ihc  aietoiy  0!  uvakulatMl  bmd  eaur  luch  producti 
>»  the  Auitmlua  tUmper,  a  fiat  c&ke  prqured  from^our,  wilcr 
aad  KAlt,  and  baked  in  the  bat  aibcs  of  a  ttnod  in.  The  dough 
is  spread  on  a  flat  stone  and  covered  wilh  a  tin  plate,  while  the 
kot  aahea  an  heaped  around  and  over  it;  the  heat  should  not 
be  louch  in  excess  ol  313°  Fahr.  The  scone,  the  bannock  and 
othAT  similar  cakes,  still  much  appreciate  in  Scotland  and  the 
north  oF  England,  an  also  examplea  oi  unve^culalcd  bread. 
Tbey  aie  baked  on  hot  plates  or  "  griddles,"  Oh  heallhi,  ud 

that  tkey  aie  h^cd  by  a  high  insUad  al  a  modrnte  htat.    Bot 

are  geoenlly  prepaccd  without  Iht  aid  of  any  such  aerating  agent 
aa  coiboa  diMide.    (See  Biacurr.) 

VaicuUled  bread  Is  now  the  only  article  of  diet  made  from 
flour  to  which  the  term  bread  is  applied,  and  there'are  vaiioul 
ways  of  pioducing  the  spongifonn  teitore  by  which  it  is  char- 
acletiied.  'nieoidinaty  and  doubtless  the  most  latisfaclocy  way 
h  by  devekiping  the  catbon  dioilde  wlibin  the  dough  Itidl  by 
the  use  of  yeast  (f.s.)  or  leavtn,  which  xt«  up  alcoholic  fe> 
■BanlslioD,  ([dltthig  up  the  lacduiiinc  malten  In  tlit  Dour  Into 
alcohol  and  carbon  diinide.  The  latWi  ii  itlaioed  by  the  dough 
and  distends  It,  uuiJRg  che  bnad  <o  "tiie."  Or  the  ctibon 
dionde  may  be  artificially  introduced,  ai  in  the  so-calkU 
"aeiated"  bread  (see  below),  or  it  may  be  produced  by  the 
agency  of  nrtain  cbemicab,  as  for  instance  of  baking  powden. 

Such  powders  are  mixtures  which,  under  the  influence  of  either 
water  ot  beat,  evolve  arbon  dlaiide.  These  powden  have  been 
^^  divided  by  Jago  into  Ihitt  groups^— (0  Tarlialt 
vJ^U[j_  powders,  in  which  tbe  acid  coruiituent  i&  either  free 
or  partly  combined  taitiilc  add;  (3)  PhoifkaU 
powders,  in  which  the  acid  is  some  form  of  phosphoric  acid; 
(])  .tfiHi powden.  All  these  powden  have  amoreorlesiaperient 
action  on  the  human  system.  Tartrate  powden  have  the  dis- 
adVanlage  that  both  commercial  tartaric  add  and  cream  of 
tartar  freipiently  contain  lead,  a  poisonous  lubttancc.  Fhoi- 
phaie  powdcia  are  IcB  open  to  ob^lion,  as  they  are  more  easy 
to  obtain  free  from  lead  and  other  metallic  Enpuriliei.  Alum 
powden  contain  poiuiium  biaulphate  ud  alum.  It  la  somewhat 
remarkable  that  while  the  presence  of  alum  In  bread  is  regarded 
by  Ibelnwol  En^ndflsadulleration,  iliuse  in  baking  powder 
was  pronounced  legal  in /fffHfF  V, /{rnej,  1894,  l,Q.B-304,on  the 
ground  that  baking  powder  b  not  food  wilUn  the  meaning  ol  the 
Sale  ol  Food  and  Drug*  An  1875.  In  making  wholemeal  bread, 
hydrochloric  acW  and  sodium  bicarbonate  are  often  used  in  such 
propotlions  that  they  neuttaliie  each  other.  Carbon  dioxide  is 
evolved  and  raises  the  dongh.  In  prepanng  wholemeal  bread 
the  use  of  this  combination  has  tbe  advantage  thai  the  acid 
acting  rapidly  on  the  sodium  l^carbonate  soon  produces  enough 
carbon  diciide  10  aerate  tbe  dough,  and  thus  hasten  its  entry 
Into  the  oven.  WbcJemeal  flour  contains  so  large  a  proportiOB 
of  cerealin  that  diastasis  ia  apt  to  proceed  nipidly,  tb«  result 
being  ■  damlny,  sodden  loaf.  For  this  leuon,  perhaps  the  so- 
called  aerated  process  is  even  more  suitable  lor  making  whole- 
meal than  white  bread. 

Methods  of  dough-makiog  differ  in  different  countries,  and 
even  in  different  parts  of  tbe  same  land.  In  the  af  kani  method 
_  ,^_,_  the  dough  is  made  right  oH,  without  any  preliminary 
Jl'-A^  stages  ol  ferment  or  sponge.  This  plan  is  Jomelimes 
^t^t.  adopted  for  making  tin  bread,  and  occnsionaQy  for 
crusty  loaves.  For  tin  bread  a  strong  flour  would  be 
med  and  made  Into  a  slack  dough,  and  about  i}  lb  to  >  lb  ol 
distUkis'  yeast  would  be  used  lor  the  sack  (ito  Tb)  of  Bour, 
occasionally  with  the  addition  ol  a  little  brewers'  yeast.  Salt 
'a  used  in  tbe  proportion  of  ]  lb  to  jt  lb  per  uck.  Formerly 
also  it  was  the  custom  to  add  10-14  lb  of  bailed  potatoes,  but  the 
Die  of  potatoes  has  greatly  decreased.  A  tin-bread  dough  would 
be  made  slack,  with  about  ;o  quarts  of  water  to  the  sack,  and 
alter  being  mixed,  would  be  fermented  at  a  Icmpenture  of 
76-8e^  Fahr.  It  should  lie  (or  about  ten  hours.  A  dough  lor 
crusty  bread  such  as  cottage  loaves,  would  be  Inade  modi  tigbier. 


ot  more  than  60  qttatla  ot  water  bdag  albwed  to  tbe  sack.  It 
rouid  be  fermented  at  a  higher  temperature,  and  would  not  lie 
lore  thao  about  six  horns.  A  slack  dou^  is  much  less  labotious 
3  work  (when  the  dou^  is  hand-made)  than  a  tight  dough,  for 
rhlch  a  mechanical  kneader  is  very  suitable,  but  al  a  matter  of 
ict  the  use  of  oadunery  (see  below)  is  still  tbe  exception,  not 
be  rule.  When  a  stiff  dough  is  made  by  hand.  It  is  usually 
made  aoiDewhat  stack  to  begin  with,  and  then  "  cut  back  "  and 
:ed  "  at  regular  intervals,  that  is  to  say,  tboie  aod  men 
IS  added  till  a  doui^  ol  tbe  required  consisiency  has  been 
led.  (In  the  British  baker's  vocabulary  "  dust  '*  meana 
flour,  and  good  dust  stands  for  good  flour.)  Tlds  system,  oa  the 
'  and,  saves  the  labour  involved  lor  "sponging"  and  other 
Lions,  and  the  bread  is  produced  in  less  lime;  but  on  tbe 
hand  more  yeast  is  used,  and  bakers  generally  hold  that 
the  ayitem  tactiflces  Ihc  colour  and  leiiuie  of  the  loaf  to  con- 
vonience  of  KotkiDg  and  yield.  The  high  porportlon  of  yeast 
eaaUea  Ibe  dongh  to  cany- a  large  quantity  of  water,  and  about 
104  4-lti  loaves  10  the  sack  is  said  by  Jago  to  be  a  not  unusual 
yield  in  tbe  case  of  slack  dougha.  But  such  a  mult  would  only 
'  possible  with  very  strong  flour.  In  an  ordinary  way  96  loaves 
the  sack  is  a  v«y  high  yield,  unattainable  except  wilb  strong 
flour,  and  probably  the  avenge  yield  ia  not  iture  than  go  loovea 
to  the  sack-  In  Lottdon  the  manager  of  a  "  tied  "sbopis  usually 
held  to  account  for  0)  loaves  to  the  sack. 

Is  Ihe/imeiilandidwgliyitem,  the  ferment  usuallyconlists of 
10  to  14  lb  ol  potatoes  to  the  sack  ol  flour,  boiled  or  steamed, 
and  mashed  with  water,  so  as  to  yield  about  3  gallons  of 
liquor.  There  are  several  substitutes  for  polatoes,  iDctudiog 
raw  and  scalded  flour,  malt,  malt  extracu.  Sic;  brcwen'  or 
dlstilleis'  jFcast  may  also  be  used.  A  ferment  should  contain 
saccharine  matten  and  yeaat  stimulants  in  such  a  form  as  to 
favour  the  growth  and  reproduction  of  yeast  In  a  vigotoua 
condilloD.  Hence  It  should  not  be  too  concentrated.  About 
six  hours  arc  itquind  loc  Its  preparation.  It  is  added,  together 
with  ])  to  3  tb  of  salt,  to  tbe  dou^.  which  is  prepared  with 
about  56  quarts  of  water  to  tbe  sack,  and  worked  at  a  temperature 
ol  Sa-84*  Fahr.  The  dough  la  allowed  to  He  from  two  to  6ve 
hours  according  to  the  flour  used,  tbe  character  of  the  rcnnent, 
and  the  working  teDiperature,  In  this  system  tbe  pmponlon 
of  strong  Hour  is  usually  reduced  to  40  %  of  Ibe  dough,  and  no 
doubt  in  some  cases  only  soft  or  weak  lloun  are  used.  Naturally 
the  yield  ol  bread  Is  not  so  high  as  in  the  caK  ol  an  off  hand 
dough  made  entirely  from  strong  flour,  and  it  will  piohably  not 
exceed  ga  loaves  to  the  sack.  This  method  has  many  advantages. 
After  the  ferment  is  made  the  labour  required  is  not  much  greater 
than  with  tbe  off  band  doughs,  and  less  yeast  is  required,  while 
potatoes,  which  are  somewhat  troublesome,  from  the  necessary 
cleaning,  can  be  reptacod  by  the  substitutes  already  mentioned. 
The  method  produces  good-looking  and  palatable  bread,  though 
the  loaves  should  be  eaten  within  some  twelve  boun  of  leaving 
the  oven. 

The  sp9»tf  s"'  dHf  A  system,  which  is  probably  in  widest  use 
In  En^and,  Is  adapted  to  almost  every  kind  ol  bread,  and  has 
the  advantage  that  any  kind  of  Hour  can  be  employed.  The 
stronger  floun  which  need  long  fermentation  can  be  and  naually 
are  used  in  the  "  sponge  "  stage,  while  solt  floun  -are  ntiUied 
in  the  dough.  (The  sponge  is  a  certain  proportion,  varying  from 
a  quarter  to  one-half,  of  tbe  flour  necessary  for  making  the  batch.) 
In  London  the  baker  often  uses  for  the  sponge  a  bag  (14a  lb)  of 
American  spring  wheat  flour,  and  lor  the  dough  a  u/i.  (iSo  lb) 
ol  British  mUied  flour,  which,  whether  it  be  country  flour  milled 
largely  from  English  wheat  or  Lond«i  milled,  is  always  softer 
and  weaker  than  that  used  lor  the  sponge.  The  sponf^  Is  made 
very  slack,  ib  to  31  quarts  of  water  being  used  to  say  too  lb  of 
flour.  Yeast,  either  distiileta'  ot  lirewen',  must  be  added,  la 
proportfous  varying  according  to  Its  character  and  strength. 
Of  distllten'  yeast  0  to  10  01.  may  be  used  lor  iSo  lb  of  flour 
(induding  sponge  and  dou|^).  Salt  is  added  to  the  sponge 
sparingly,  at  tbe  rate  of  about  }  lb  to  the  sack  of  sto  Bi.  The 
abject  of  making  the  sponge  so  slack  is  to  quicken  the  fermenU- 
tlon.    Wbenset  tbe  spoBge  hallowed  to  lenaent  from  dx  to  tea 


470  BKJ 

boin,  ucuding  lo  tcnpenture  ud  Mbra  oonditkos.  Some- 
dma  lU  the  wiur  it  it  intnided  to  lue  b  put  inu  the  ipoDge, 
vbicb  u  EheD  known  aaa "  better  "  ipciiigc.  The  eponge,  when 
Ridy,  ii  incoTpontcd  with  the  rat  ol  the  Soui  lo  which  the 
IkHC&ujy  Amount  of  water  uid  salt  ii  added-  Ihc  wboic  nun 
is  then  doughed  up  into  the  Rquiiite  consiEteniry,  the  dough 
being  allawcd  to  lie  (or  about  two  houn.    Btcid  oudc  by  thU 

avoided,  il  ol  good  appeerance,  pmenting  i  bold  loaf,  with  even 
tenure  and  a  nice  iheen.  Owing  to  the  uic  of  »It  floun,  the 
flavour  aliouLd  be  agreeable,  and  the  loavea  ought  to  keep  much 
[onger  than  bread  made  by  fcnncnt  and  dough.  Ihe  yield  may 
liie  at  high  u  96  luvci  per  itdt,  il  Mrang  flour  hai  bnn  uied 
in  tbeiponge. 

A  combination  ol  ibe  above  two  DMtbods,  known  u  the 
fenruni,  sponit  and  dough  tyatem,  ii  often  uied  with  htcwen' 
yeael.  In  thii  case  the  yeaat  ii  not  added  to  the  ipongc  direct, 
but  goes  into  the  ferment.  Tbii  method  ii  rather  in  lavoui  with 
boken  who  lIi4kG  their  own  yeaat. 

The  lyilem  ol  brtad-imiiing  genenlly  med  in  Scotland  ia 
known  u  Ihtfioirianii,  i^mtcandJaiigli.  The  barm  ti  a  com- 
binatioQ  o(  a  malt  and  bop  yeait,  with  *  (low,  scalded  Sour 
ferment.    To  makeiheao-called"  virgin  "barmaSooItidi  baket 

10  lb  molt;  3  o£.  hops  and  a  jaj  for  [niuaing  them;  40  lb 
Sour;  I  to  3  01.  moit;  8  to  [2  or.  sugar,  and  iB  gallons  of  boiling 
water.  With  these  materiala  a  powerful  foment  is  produced, 
which  It  is  considered  bat  to  use  in  the  aponge  the  fourth  or  hfth 
day  after  brewing.  The  sponga  used  in  Scotlaud  are  "  half  *' 
or  "  quarter."  About  6  lb  of  malt  go  to  the  sadt,  one-sinth  going 
into  Ihe  sponge.  As  in  England,  strong  flours  are  used  for  the 
^longc,  but  ntber  stronger  Hours  are  used  for  the  dough  than 
is  uaual  in  Eogland.  Scottish  loaves  an  Uigely  of  the  "bride" 
type,  high  and  narrnw.  Such  bread  has  an  attractive  appear- 
ance and  keepa  well,  Jt  has  a  rather  sharp  flavour,  approaching 
acidity  but  avoiding  soumeH,  while  the  large  quantiQ'  of  malt 
nsediddsacluiractcnstictaste.  Theyield  rises  in  some  Glaogow 
bread  factories  to  100  loaves  to  the  sack. 

In  many  parts  of  Eun^w  bread  i)  stilt  nude  from  leavm, 
which,  properly  q>eaking,  consists  of  a  portion  of  dough  held 
-^  over  from    the   previous  baking.    This   substance, 

1,,,^.  known  10  French  boken  as  InaiH,  is  called  in  Germany 
Sauirliii  (ant/ici  "  wur  dough  ").  The  lump  of  old 
dough,  placed  aside  in  a  uniform  tempentUR  lor  wnie  eight 
houn,  swells  and  acquires  an  alcoholic  odour,  becoming  the 
InsiH  dt  du/  of  Ihe  French  bakers.    It  is  then  worked  ap  with 

11  becomes  Ihe  UtaiaJt  frimii/t,  Siihoun  bier,  by  the  addition 
of  tnoR  Sour  and  water  its  amount  is  again  doubled,  liwugh  lis 
consistency  is  made  rather  softer,  and  it  becomes  the  Ittain  dt 
netitit.  Finally,  hy  another  addition  of  flour  and  water,  the 
amount  is  again  doubled,  and  the  fewin  Jr  fmr  ^«n/j  is  obtained. 
This  mosl  is  divided  Into  two  parts;  one  Is  baked  yielding 
father  dark  lour  bread,  while  the  other  it  miied  with  more  flour 
■Ad  water.  Thissceondportionisla  turn  halved,  part  is  baked, 
aiKl  port  again  mixed  with  more  flour,  thb  lost  batch  yielding 
the  best  and  whitest  bread.  In  North  Germany  leaven  is  generally 
used  for  ""^''■"g  rye  bread,  and  loaves  baked  from  a  mixture 
of  wheat  and  rye  flour.  In  the  bakery  ol  the  Krupp  works  at 
Eaeti,  each  batch  of  the  10-alled  Padetbom  biiad  is  prepared 
eatirely  with  leaven  from  >;o  kika  of  rye  Sour  (patent  quaUly), 
100  of  wbeM  Sour  <aecondi),  »  of  buckwheat  mesl.  6  ol  ult,  ;  of 
leaven,  and  one  litre  of  <il.  In  Vienna  leaven  is  never  us&l  for 
■nakinc  the  roUi  and  imall  foodt  for  which  that  dty  is  famous. 
VIennete  baker*  uk  etlber  brewen'  ycait  or  a  ferment,  prepared 
by  tbemaelvea.ol  which  the  bub  itan  infusion  of  hi^i*.  Brewen' 
yeast  b  added  to  the  fenoent,  which  takes  the  form  of  a  very 
slack  dough.  With  loa  kiks  (»o-46  Ih)  of  floui  about  ij  Htm 
01  nearly  s  pUmi  of  fetnicnt  are  naed. 

In  the  ori^ual  Daugllsh  proceti  for  Ihe  manufacture  of  aerated 
bnad,  which  vaabnught  into  operation  in  Great  Britain  in  t  gj9, ' 
ouboaic  add  {■•  wit  evolved  in  a  generating  vend  by  the 


■ctl«)  ol  lulpfaitric  add  on  chalk,  and  af  ut  palfcathm  «•■ 
forced  at  high  preaaite  into  wats,  which  was  then  naed  km 
doughing  the  Sou,  In  thu  ptoceat  the  flour  that  had 
to  be  made  into  bread  was  submitted  to  the  action  ol  lawtt 
the  super-aerated  water  by  direct  transferoice.  It  was 
found,  however,  in  pradice  that  much  difficulty  occurred  fn 
making  the  gi)  admii  lewiny  with  Ihe  Sour  and  water,  great 
pressure  being  requited,  and  to  basen  the  difficulties  a  new 
process,  called  the  "  wine  whey,"  was  introduced.  To  cany 
this  out,  a  val  placed  on  the  upper  Btci^  ol  Ibe  factory  it chaijed 
with  a  portion  of  malt  and  flour,  irtiich  b  raaahed  and  allowed 
to  ferment  until  a  weak  and  slightly  add  thin  wine  b  pnduead; 
this  after  passing  through  the  uoolen  b  slued  tintU  il  b  tnni- 
formed  into  a  vinous  whey.  This  whsy  is  then  hUrodoced  intn 
aitrongcylinderpartlyfllkdwidiwattr.DMiiaaantedl^  lettins 
in  the  gas  (now  stared  in  a  highly  OM^Tttted  form  fn  boUlei), 
the  pressure  required  being  onb*  a  quarter  •(  that  ata/OMif 
with  Ihe  original  method.  The  fkrar  havtag  been  ^aod  in  the 
miien,  whidi  are  of  lobular  f«m  mntaiobia  revolvfni  anna, 
the  aerated  fluid  is  admitted,  and  in  ■  short  piiiod  the  flour  and 
fluid  ate  coRipleicIy  incorporated.  By  means  of  an  ingesioui 
appliance  ternLcd  a  dough  codt,  Ihe  etact  amount  of  dough  lor 
a  ungle  loaf  of  bread  is  forced  out  under  Ihe  pleasure  of  the  gas, 
and  by  revening  the  lever  the  dough,  which  expands  as  it  falls 


converted  with  case  into  400  i-lb  loava 
whereas  Ihe  ordinary  balLer's  process  would  require  about  ten 
houn.  At  flnt  a  difficulty  was  encountered  in  the  fact  thatthe 
dough  became  discoloured  by  the  action  of  the  "  wine  whey  " 
on  the  iron,  but  it  was  overcome  by  Killingwotth  Hedges,  who 
discovered  a  iun-f»isonous  vitreous  enamel  for  coating  the 
interior  ol  the  miien,  &c  It  has  been  claimed  for  the  DaugUsh 
process  that  it  saves  the  baker  risks  attendant  on  the  production 
of  carbon  dioiide  by  the  ordinary  proceta  ol  tementatlon,  in  that 
he  is  no  longer  liable  to  have  his  dough  spoilt  by  variatitma  ol 
temperature  and  oilier  incalculable  factors,  the  results  b^ng 
certain  and  uniform.  A  further  daim  is  the  saving  of  the  piQ. 
portion  of  ttaich  consumed  by  conversion  into  glucose  during 
the  piDcesa  of  fermentation.  The  original  objection,  that,  by 
the  absence  of  fermentation,  those  subtle  changes  which  help 
to  produce  flavour  are  lost,  b  annulled  by  the  use  ol  the  wine 
whey  process.  The  Dauglish  (socess  is  well  suited  for  producing 
small  goods,  such  as  cokes  and  scones,  where  flavour  can  be 
arti&cUJly  imparled  by  means  of  curraau.  flavouring  estencea. 
i£c~  An  undoubted  advantage  of  the  aerating  process  ol  br^d- 
making  is  adaptability  for  utilidng  Sour  with  unstable  gluten, 
which  can  thus  be  rude  Into  an  eiccllcnt  quality  ol  hremd. 
For  wholemeal  bread,  too,  there  is  probably  no  more  lultsbla 
process  than  the  Diu^isb.  The  strong  diastasic  actioD  of  t^ 
certalin.  inevitable  in  fermentation,  n  cntirdy  avoided.  The 
Aeiated  Bread  Company  have  about  a  hundred  depota  £n 
London,  which  are  supplied  from  a  central  factory. 

The  essence  of  the  bread-making  process  re 
by  Serge  Aposlolov  is  the  combioatioa  of  a  flour 
^ic  wheat,  ^lera  prdioiinaiy  deaniug,  is  groun 
flour  by  a  mill  composed  of  metal  disks  dressed,  that 


>  grind  very  dos 
keep  the  meal  cool.  Fran 
ng  process  about  10  %  of 
of  the  middlings  u  treated 


id,  by  ml 


the  middlings  obiaiued  by  t 
bran  is  separated,  and  the  re 

by  a  peculiar  process,  skin  to  mashing,  termed  "  uuvi&tion-" 
The  middling  are  saturated  with  lepld  wsler  containing  a.  amall 
proportion  of  yeast,  which  causes  a  certain  amount  ol  fermenta- 
tion. It  is  claimed  that  by  this  process  a  solution  is  obtained 
of  the  Soury  conslituenU  of  the  middlings.  From  the  vats  the 
aolutioa  b  poured  ou  an  inclined  sieve  whidi  has  a  gentle  recipro- 
cating motion.  The  floury  particles  pass  through  the  meshca, 
while  the  bran  taib  over  the  sieve;  the  proportion  of  the  whcac 
berry  thus  rejected  u  given  as  about  i\%.  On  the  other  hand. 
the  milky-looking  solution,  called  "  bctus,^' is  caught  in  a  ^bcdal 
vetad,  and  dciivcrcd  by  a  shoot  into  a  trough,  which  nay  be 


«l  «<**»«?  teMiIi.    TmhiMa 

takci  the  ptux  ol  thB  Didluiy  ipcHi^  Tie  Sour  I*  vUcd  in 
the  prapoiUoD  DMCMuy  to  m^  Uic  icqiuKd  batch  ud  lbs 
■hol«m4«l>(l>u|hed,tithcibrbBDdoipB«t(.  Tbenmiltut 
dooiji  li  nDoUed  in  ths  wdbuiy  w^  Into  Imtci,  which  uc 
baked  ta  due  cranio    71w  adviotacct  dilmed  lot  the  pnixB 

■rt 'Ab*  I'm  *)■<■' beny,  that  the nraltuthttul  It  (aiily  while 
Id  colaar  anl  it  agmahfe  In  flavDor,  and  thai  It  b  extiBDcly 
tbopte  and  prarides  a  icady  and  cheap  meaia  of  Oonr-iDaluiig. . 
MaeUmt  BalvJu.— Bnad-baUii.  duafh  «m  d  Oa  naM  Im. 
ponut  d  kanaa  indoairiet,  «••  laof  caRkdsM  iaa  DMMt  prirBliin 
■BBivr,  aid  miMtmn  ia  ttOI  fnaSally  uakoswa  la  ike  Mk  ol 


«t  aen  w  Ich  oa  a  lun  lolB.    Tk 
kakBy  kaa  bcea  iloWi  aod  tin  mretiaB 

hoaieiitnkiiuHniied  lOEkaoiiiiiiiiel ,— . —..... 

tt  tke  dDaik,  bat  now  tha  work  ol  tHe  bakery  entineer  atndi  ovs 
almoat  even  opctatioa  of  bnad-oukiK 

A  bitad-ba]^  plant  ibould  ba  inMawd  in  t  bsiMiiig  d  at  kait 
«*D  Kenya.  TGe  Bouad  Boor  nay  be  urd  [«-  the  ihot),  wiih 
poiaibly  ■  breaitcaolinc  and  dcntny  nom  al  the  mr.  The  flour 
Hiay  b*  holilcd  to  an  altlc  at  Iha  top  sf  the  bviUKnf.  or  to  the  top 

the  A»r  lack*  and  bap.    UadmiHtk  the  Bonr  of  the  «oar  wore 
-" — M  be  imtalled  a  dour  sUtcr,  a  vnple  appantoi  cDcuistjiig 

....      .  .  > .. ..  _t7_..  ,1^  g^j  enien  a  cylinder 

df  hly  agitaied  pnrvioiiily  to 


the  baker™,,, .-, 

daiRd  propwtnA.    The  opeiation  ce  btendin;  f 


•0  that  the  baker  i 

eflected  by  a  mnlviiif  blade  oI  HiliaUe  deiifD 


Mender  the  Boar  deMWida  Iw  ■  •Iccvr  iniii  the  dongh  kneadinf 
■nacbiaeaa  (he  Boor  below.  But  in  caiea  where  it  isdeiiied  merely 
tu  lift  and  blend  flour  leidy  lot  latuie  me,  il  may  be  received  in  a 
WORD  and  elevated  a^in  to  the  norap  Roor  by  an  onliiury  bell 
and  bucket  elevator.  The  water  required  for  dau(h!nE  pnrpnei  ia 
contllwd  la  an  iron  ank.  bed  to  the  wall  inconvenient  pnmmity 
tothgdonfh  kneader.  Thiiunk,  krwwnaianter  alteniperatiiii 
and  mninirini  tank,  b  pnivkled  with  a  giuEe  and  thetmanietn', 
and  frtrm  It  (heeiiact  qoantSty  of  water  needed  for  doushinE  can  be 
rapidlydnwaoffatlhedeiiredtenipetatuR.  Tbecold  waterRippty 
nay  be  let  into  the  unk  at  the  lap.  and  the  hot  water  npp^  at 
the  bottom,  the  idea  betai  that  each  fupply  ihaU  permeate  the 
whole  maia  by  Era^ityt  the  hot  water  aacendiiiT  and  the  COM  descend- 
Ini.  The  diid  typei  d'  dough  kneader  will  be  dncribed  Hibie- 
queally.  but  here  it  should  be  noted  that  not  only  have  machinea 
been  dcviied  for  cutllof  out  (he  eiact  diee  of  doujh  nqidred  lor 
■mall  Eooda.  tuch  ai  bum  and  tartbta,  hot  that  the  epeiatloni  of 
wcjchina  and  dividing  dou|h  lor  quartern  and  hill-qaanem  loavea 
can  aliabe  neat  iy  and  economically  edfected  by  machinery.  Further, 
al  Icatt  two  marhinet  have  been  built  which  lUcteaCully  miiuld 
kavei  M  nnple  ihape),  and  the  problem  of  nouldlna  homehDld 
btewl  by  machinery  ha>  certainly  been  vlved,  but  whellier  delicate 
tadua  and  other  bncy  ihapea  could  be  equally  well  moulded 
mechanically  ii  toa  certain. 

The  machine  bakery,  howevm  complete,  ii  not  hkc'v  ever  to  be 
quite  automatk:  and  continuoui  like  a  mudem  ilour  mill,  wheie  ihe 
plant  i*  connected  thrtKiEboul  and  virtually  fomu  oite  machine  (tee 
FLOUi  AUD  Floui  MANurACTuaa).  and  ihouih  the  cniinrtr  hu 
at  leaat  managed  to  cBect  every  operatinn  of  the  bakchouie  by 
mechinlcal  meini,  it  it  not  yet  poiiibie  lo  thoot  a  ack  of  flour 
uto  the  hopper  of  the  liller  on  the  lop  floor,  and  to  turn  it  into 

bread,  without  any  human  inl • >— — .  ■^"••■^  ■•  -i.-™ 

an,  the  moulded  douch  can  be 

aclualcoqiaclwilh' '■— 

meDiioned  above  ■ 
bakeriea.  The  ' 
bakeriei  where 


neof^hrnu^^Mll 


Inpracti 

en  diiperued  with,  c. _ 

bakeriea.    The  flour  eifler  and  blender  ii  indeed  found  in  many 

■   ■     ■       ■       mechanical  kneaderi  are  unknown,  while  not  in  all 

ea  weuM  be  (ousd  dough  welgheia  and  dlrUen,  Mill 


„  _„  ._.     .„„  _  ^..^-MHty  la  lU  af(Baeat, 

but  It  aaat  be  admitted  that  nuniaaiable  bakeriea  ol  capacities 

varyiaf  I ■-  • ' r  wedi  an  carried  on  mere  ar 

len  locce-  y  of  any  hind,  beyond  perhapa  a 

sifterorbl  « tbeaebakebousea  proquee  bread 

One  ad  V  iiften,  liiiiiks  rennviiw  the 

ImpDfitiri  '  aerating  flour  they  cauie  tt  to 

become  n  vndition  It  kneads  more  readily, 

Iiisilsoi  t  which  is  tboa  incerpsnted  with 

the  doufi  R  M  die  yeast,  cauaiog  a  mote 

•nntetic  t  ai^uamt  ia  favour  <f  doiqth 

hueadtrt  It  is  agned  that  the  operation 

of  doufh  I         .    .  Involve*  severe  labour  conducted 

the  dniih  through  emaaatioiH  from  the  bodiesof  the  operatirea.    la 

— ".managed  buerie*  the  utn»at  pervonj'  -'---■■ 

,.  .X  ilaB  ii  enacted,  but  the  unpfeinarl 

Certainly  posuhle.     It  ia  alao  contended  (hat  CAe  nie  01  macttlnery 
.1..  ... J _-..  I ihoroughiy 


.^ The  dough  kneader 

,»..    AaIarhackasi;6o,ak!ndaf'diiuth    -      . 
nslnKIed  In  France  iy  one  Saliniac.   It    .  . -,.  . 

coosistlnf  of  a  troagh.  Inride  which  the  ■' 

dough  waa  afitaCad  by  anna  shapea  acnewhat  Hke  harrowa.  This 
machiae  k  aid  to  have  been  tested  befon  a  conunillee  of  Ih* 
Academy  of  Sciencea,  who  reported  that  ia  their  presence  dough 
■^--■■^ ---  piepared  hi  fourteen  to  fifteen  minutes.  The  bread  baked 
dough  b  said  to  han  been  most  satitlaclary.  hot  for  some 
«  Dachine  never  came  into  leDCTal  me.    For  one  thing. 


me  into  leDSal  m 
ae  days.    In  general  dodgn  tlw  kneat 


ibaHiies 


D  the  wortd  over.  Saljgnac  wi*  quickhr  Tolki 
iventer.  Gmsln,  also  a  iwichman.  who  brought  out  In  I76t. 
Iiereahouts.  a  dovgh-kneadiaf  machine,  which,  however,  had  no 
etter  snccea  than  Its  predecessor.  The  first  kneading  machine 
rhieh  appears  to  have  been  in  actual  me  In  a  bakery  wasconitrocted 
by  a  Paris  baker  of  the  naiae  o(  Lcmbert.  after  whom  It  wa*  called 
the  Lcmbettine,     Lenbert  is  said  to  have  been  experimenting  with 

out  tiUlflio.  when  a  priie  of  ISpo  franca  (ffio)  waa  cffered  by  the 


„ , .5—  fianca  (/6o) 

Bociftt  d'Encouiagement  pour  nnduncie  Nathii 
was  woe  fay  Lcmb«t,  and  his  machiitelbereupon 


■e  in  France.    Il  is  le 

. Illy  country  hi  which  <! — 

m  there  their  use  was  limited. 


lie.    This  I 
...-imelnu 


Lembertioe.  The  objection  againt  both  tbeie  machines  was  that 
Iheb  blades,  while  eaeniHog  a  mixmg  aclion,  wen  defcient  in 
kneading  effect.  Probably  the  £nt  machine  which  achieved  the 
task  of  efficiently  replacing  the  work  of  human  arms  In  sponge 
'--*-!«  and  doujdi  fcneadinc  waa  the  Boland  kneader.  Th is  nas 
French  nadiine.  atid  dateaback  lo  about  the  middle  of  the 
Iglh  century.  It  Is  bdieved  to  have  been  finl  used  in  the  Sciptofl 
lakery  In  Paris.  It  consists  essentially  of  a  trou^,  inside  which 
~'~"*'-e  a  pair  of  blades  so  arranged  as  to  work  aomewhal  [ike 

lie  Boewa:  It  Is  claimed  for  Ihes  blades  that  their  action 

hai  the  cSecl  of  leasing  the  dough  backwards  and  forwards  when  it 
i>  ilack,  and  of  drawing  il  oul  when  it  happens  to  be  still.  It  it 
further  claimed  that  the  hUdes  are  so  shaped  that  their  revolution 
ba<  the  effect  of  moving  Ihe  dough  fnm  tiglil  to  left  and  left  to  right 
in  the  trough.  The  machine  Is  geared  to  give  two  speeds,  the  latter 
being  suitable  for  sponge  lelEini.  while  the  slow  and  most  powerful 
ipeed  ii  iniended  lor  ihc  doughing.    The  Boland  machine  bai  been 

aoe  of  (he  nnt  dough  kneaderi  to  lie  iiied  in  the  United  Kingdom- 
It  was  Insulted  in  the  great  Boland  bakery  in  Dublin,  where  it 
proved  a  great  success.  The  proprietor  of  this  bakery,  with  which 
was  also  connected  a  flour  mill,  is  said  to  have  had  his  attention 

Deliry-tSibovrs  dou^  kneader,  also  of  French  origin,  and 

ing  arms  inside  the  IrouEh  aie  shaped  af        '         "         ' 
lyre,  and  have  the  eflecl  of  fitU  working  up  ai 
dougb  right  through  the  handing  pmcess. 


itical  blaiies. 


AT 

■rtrich  tSm  fociajuft  <<  ftt  mtrtint— .  w. ___. 

ih*  duith,  u  (Bcctivcly,  h  k  '■'fl"—'.  u  on  b*  ii«M  by  tbt  _  . . . 
•Ullcil  opaulvc.    Tb*  lofcc  of  dia  kmiliin  ogcniloai  cu  be 

RgykwdintbautKop|iiii(UMinc)uiH.AUiarwiglilylui(iyMdiiii|b 
cu,  II  !•  aid.  be  ouck  in  thu  tnetdoe  in  twelve  to  Ulna  aiisuta. 
In  Cru  Brium  tbe  lyn  sf  macUn*  tint  bmI  la  be  moet  in 
lavBur  wu  the  [rDUEh  widiia  whkh  tlic  Jueading  (tin*  irotked  on 
horiiontal  iixi*.  'Hie  trough  wat  piibcr  open  tf  provided  with  e  tid. 
Tbe  kncaiUev  bl>d«  weig  v«iai»ly  iliaped.  but  leBCraUy  were 
nore  or  kafl  HEnighl,  and  w«e  detisned  to  both  nUJL  an]  urate  the 
doufb.  In  iDiiia  ata  the  lumding  bladn  win  mforked  on  a  uagle 
ui»,  io  otbert  two  difT«iepc  «ta  of  aimi  worked  on  two  aaee  niaouig 
parmlitl  10  one  juuriho-.  GcfKFally  the  koeader  ua  geartd  10  iwo 
Boceda.  (he  faat  motioD  heing  nwal  njitable  kr  aoongB  aclliofli  utd 
the  earliH-  atoga  ct  dough-makina,  while  the  Uom  moUon  wa* 
intended  id  draw  out  and  tbomuEhly  aeiale  the  dough.  To  dil- 
charge  the  dough,  tbe  mugh  waa  tilted  by  ncaiia  ai  m  hid  aad 
WQnA  wbeel.  the  lattef  being  aecured  to  tbe  soiiglL  Snneral  wia- 

At  "  Uoivcnol  "  Imeader  cooiiati  of  ■  BrDUth  hi  inrinnuliy. 
within  nhich  route  on  boriioatal  uo  ■  piit  it  b(«h>  lying  in  the 
Hmfl  piano.  Tbae  bladeo  an  curved  and  sr*  gcvcd  icgether  by 
mcani  ol  diffeteoliil  apur  vbceb,  with  the  object  of  nuuing  ihe  two 
•fHodlef  at  lueqiial  ipceda.  Tbe  boctooi  oT  Ihe  Eniitll  ii  divided 
into  two  Acnu<yliDdncai  cavilio.  lepiroiEd  by  a  ridge.  Each  blade 
(ilunget  into  iu  own  cavity,  and  Ihe  Ktioa  of  thoe  amu  lenda. 
while  pieuiag  tbe  dough  agairui  the  lidea  and  bate  of  Ihe  Irougb, 
10  bring  it  qukkly  badi  towardg  the  centre.  Tbe  dificreniial  ipeed 
ha>  the  advanUBc  of  cflnting  a  moie  iburough  niiung  of  the  dough, 
4>  it  bring!  together  piccooldmish  which  have  not  yu been  Biuigled. 
the  bladea  pinhi»  tbe  doufh  Inini  one  cavity  to  the  other.  To 
hasten  the  kneadii^  proceA  it  ia  deiirable  occaiBenaHy  to  revene 
the  motion  by  a  turn  of  a  band  wheel  oa  the  lame  ahalt  aa  Ibe  Iwo 
pollen.  Tbia  wheel  sovemi  all  Ihe  nutiona  of  the  bladei.  Tbe 
troiigfai  which  ia  let  low,  ii  tilted  over,  when  the  doiuh  ii  ready, 
by  an  cndlcH  chain  operated  by  a  hand  winch.  The  ifiDn  required 
for  Ihii  operatioo  ia  very  aUghl,  ai  the  trough  ii  balanced  by  iwo 
wrigkta.  The  action  of  tilting  doei  not  ioterlere  with  the  biado, 
which  continue  rotating  uodl  no^iped  by  the  band  wbceL  The 
Univenal  kmader  wai  acBianed  10  iniute  aa  cloiely  u  pohiblc  the 


BREAD 

eoacfwalarloIbaiBcli.    Tbeian 
gh  divider  haa  alw  produced  a  doi    ' 
hal  a  wide  nnge  of  work.   In  thia  appi 


sSS 

fMisc 

nan  anu  and  bandi.  b 

uT^»l^ 

'K'S.'S 

ledconiiali 

•innilyofadn 

"i^^i^^i 

Rough  to  be 

dough  who.  rody  for 

light-fitting  doon.    The    interior  a 

lilted  with  no  bladea  or  knivea. 

butpnxnuaireecyli 

res'.sc 

there  are  Kver 

A^t'^^^ltlSs 

other,    thac 

ictaimiaenoflbediiuEh.    The  door  ii 

opened  and 

ater  poured  ia. 

•nd  1'''^™"' 

ia  made  to  colale.    Aa  the  rolaliun  prociedi.  tbe 

and  beiof  lifted  up  by  the  revolvipg  drum 

^  -„,-..  -... In  this  proccaa,  which  ii  repealed  juin  aad 

.  the  dough  iacau^E  by  uut  tumbkdover  by  therodi.  which 
mlversand  lake  Ehe  place  of  the  revDlviniarnuor  the  trough 


die  *tcitdy  tumblinf  over  tnci 
luiKiog  effrct,  and  the  douafa  ii 
Condition  for  moulding.  The  ti 

diJ   wfK?"h*  ''Sjrfi'"™  '"tl 

blading  doufh  t>  in  aonie  o( 


ipied  for  making  a  dough  ^ 
.  _■ y^^  advantagn 


Rotary  ml«r.  iKommenda  it  on  shipboard  and  in  other  placet 

dough,  and  aiil]  more  the  moiddiDg  1^  kavee  by  merhanlcal  neana, 
^  waa  codiidered  an  urjattainabte  ideal    The  firat  alep  in 

STS.  thU  direction  waa  made  by  Ibe  Lewli-Pdnton  dough 
-^     ■      divider  and  weigher,  which  wai  intended  for  diiHdiog  and 

ordinary  way  a  baker  who  wiahca  to  luke  a  batch  of  half- 
Ouarleni  or  2-1h  loav«  ica^  off  2  lb  J  ca.  of  doufh  for  each  loaf. 
The  >  OL  are  a  tort  dI  iniuiaoce  against  light  weight.  The  evopora- 
lionof  moiilure  from  dough  In  Ibe  oven  ii  boundto  reduce  10  lonie 
cKicni  the  weight  of  Ihe  baked  loaf,  but  with  normally  baked  bread. 
3  lb  J  oa.  in  (he  caK  of  half-quarlerni,  and  4  lb  4  oc.  in  the  case  of 

Idling  of  d^ugh  require*  aome  palni  and  troimle.  it  would  be  lur- 
priiinc  if  hand  Kaling  were  alwayi  accurate.    Tbe  Lcwia-Poinlon 

tiact  weight  rcquiltd  eilber  for  I-lb,  t-Vi,  or  4'Bi  loavci.  The 
appjratut  doea  not  oieaiure  (he  dough  by  weight  but  by  volume 
1^  an  iogCTiioua  pliton  arrangement.   The  macnloe  when  fint  pui 

been  liinplilied.  ft  Iu*  been  aucteiarully  worked  on  dought  of  all 
deKhpiioni,  ratiglnt  from  the  tighleit  to  IboK  nude  with  M 


koid^ng  ia  he 


of  thinp  obaerved  in  hand 

al  ui.    This  (able  i>  ibarply 
igh  aa  much  AT  aa  little  U 


may  bercquiiwL  In  worfdag  dough  Fof  tinor  CoburxkHvea  only 
one  trough  ii  uaed,  but  for  eocIaEe  kjavea  two  jsralld  trougfaa  ii^ 
fitted,  one  Uking  the  lower  and  Ibe  other  Ibe  upoer  hiLT  of  (he  leaf. 

utoaatSoiy  cai%  i)i*o  tbe  tiau^  aod  (imultueoBab  ddimed 
at  the  edw  lidt  <<  tba  BKbinc  ready  to  be  pat  ngntm.  Wilh 
doughi  ithkk  nqiiiR  "  haading-up^"  two  machinea  may  be  uaed 
for  raoiiUin^  the  dou^  bciag  autooiaticaBy  fed  frora  Ihe  dividir 
14  tbe  handin^up  macnine,  and  aflet  a  ihart  proof  paiaed  thmich 

Another  inicniaua  dough  maulder,  known  ai  the  Bakcr-Callo*, 

ruBnioi  canvaa  and  bather  belt  Ta  prevent  piecca  from  diBniiii| 
iBouldiiw  prvccB,  a  wDaller  roller  la 
the  cyliadika]  nller  and  canvu  belt. 
ina  in  vorkiiv  tbe  luavea,  w 


laced  under  and  beta 

k  wooden  puncher  alio  aamu 

niibed  by  being  rolled  between 


ipherical  piecca  11 

Lyli  ndrical  ahape^ 


king  Ibe  luavta,  which  an 

jnda  ttpedal  ahaped  wcoden 

ing."   Thia  ■"*''*«"*  deliven  tbe  dough  in  ^jhencal  ahaped 

, It  inlanded  fcr  cottagi  bread  they  are  at  once  placed  oa 

tbe  dough  table  at  tbe  nde,  and  one  piK«  u  put  on  Ihe  lui  of  tb« 
other  icady  for  the  oven.  It  ia  claimed  the  machine  will  deaTcqiially 
well  with  huge  and  anull  pieces  at  the  lame  time,  »  (bat  the  lopa 

— ■  ■ 1 J-  (ogeiher.    Sfaoutd  the  machine  be  intended 

!ckal  juuchmcnt  ia  ued,  into  whuh  _th< 
ahape^  ready  (o  be  dropped  into  the  pan.  A  capaaly  cd 

■The  ocdioary  bakcr'l  oven  b  a  vaulted  chamber,  about 
loft.  in  length,  by  Bfl.ia  width  and  u  in- in  heifhl;  itiacantlructcd 
of  brick  or  atone,  and  hai  a  hnall  door  in  front  (biougb  which  (ho 
oven  ii  chained  (by  meani  of  a  "  pecJ  "  or  long  wooden  afaovel)  and 
the  ba(ch  withdrawn.  The  furnace  and  fiie^raie  arc  often  tdaced 
al  the  aide  of  Ibe  oven  door,  but  wi(h  Ihe  oldeM  oveiu.  which  wnc 
healed  by  wood,  there  generally  waa  only  one  doot  for  Ihe  fuel  and 
forlhcbread.  Wbelber tbefuraamiabeatedby coil.uiiuaual  in 
England,  or  by  coke,  ai  la  often  (be  can  in  Scotbnd.  tbe  oren 
mouth  nmaini  in  the  bakehouH  iladf;    hence  the  wklng  aiiil 

ways  ^^Dctionable.  For  one  thing,  tbe  fuel  ni 

be  Kept  u  the  bakdHHioa  itielf ,  ami  it  ia  obvioui  that  tbe  proc_..- 

_, ,....., „_,.■. ,_._  .. ,_  ...  ,jj  (^|j^  ^ 


r,  botbiu 


I  and  aue  bci 


within  the  bakdtouie.   Tbia  ia  in  main 
-■--  ---'«im_uita'-    -    '-■■■ 

I  get  into  tbe  ovgiu    I- _  .^^ 

pbnd  on  tbi  other  aide  of  the  fun 

iiaSewHl, 

'h^"i^  tte 

bebaliebiHDc, 


)n  of  heat.    Thcfi 


are  (ben  ahul,  and  the 

CQch  batch  of  bread  reiiuirea  a  separate  firing. 

■be  middle  oF  the  iqth 

water  and  are  hermetically  aealed  by  welded  ends.  TTie  pipes  are 
arranged  io  (wo  parallel  rows.  Ihe  one  at  the  crown  and  the  olber 
allheicdeaf Ihcoven.  Thepipeipniectaloneendid(o(hcfurnace, 
which  ia  act  at  Ihe  back  of  the  oven  and  ia  usually  outride  Ihe  bakt- 
houie.  Thia  it  termed  on  catemalty  healed  oven.  Aa  the  enda  of 
the  pipa  get  ren  hot  the  water  ii  converted  into  utperhealed  i(eam, 
which  being  under  lugh  presurenon  raibea  the  chamber  (o  baking 
beat.  uy4SD*lovu  F.  In  an  oven  of  thii  dacription  (he  heat 
can  be  continuouab' mainuined,  and  batch  aller  batch  can  be  baked 
wi(hout  rtfirine.  The  only  drawbaa  ii  (ha(  a  ilash  heal  cannot  be 
raised.  Inanolhertypeofcclemally  firedovenlheheat  isconvey^ 
by  flues  placed  at  the  bottom  and  top  cS  the  oven,  which  dischaivo 
into  a  chimney.  Eicdlent  reAiIti  hav<  been  atlBbicd  wilh  ovcni 
of  ibii  kind.  The  diitribulion  of  the  heat  can  be  well  regulaird; 
for  jn«ance.  it  ia  quite  posriUe  to  build  ovens  to  be  cooler  al  Ihe 
back  than  front,  an  arranfecnent  which  is  useful  when  the  bread  h 
wilbdiuwn  by  ncani  of  a  hand  ped.  As  the  baker  hai  10  withdraw 
each  knf  ooe  at  a  lime.  ■(  U  clear  that  the  withdrawal  of  the  tnlch 
(hrougk  Ihe  oven  door  must  take  lime,  probably  not  Ins  than  hat[- 


BREADALBANE 


•lidiiv  pUu  « tny.  nouied 
The  pIiU  iUcIf  ii  oflen  made  of 
VOlllch 


ll  litMd  •rilh  a  willidl 

id,  edie  to  edge,  tila  of . 


m  pa^jSTt'o' 
mrwement,  he 
>tCc  lower  o« 


Siy,  hit  bfe»d  ii  tnked  both , 

bullom  by  hot  evolved  froin  tikd  lurfiai,  ind  the  undoubted 
dniwbecki  inddcfitAl  te  bikidirbnAd  on  ftfl  inni  BurfiaH  ivoldrd. 
A  dnv-plue  bted  <o  in  OHfl  apabia  of  baUiu  ■  b*uh  iHde  froiii 

1  tadi  (iSo  K)  of  Aaur cm  be  lun out,  chiifedind  ran  in ifaiii,  in 
"'""'""■  '^'     iTjw-pktF  hii  the  incidmtel  acIvanHge, 

1  douUe  draH-(4ale  m|i  be  med. 
ig  the  uptxr  dnw-plale  tanning 
he  nit  on  which  Ihe  lover  dnw- 

wever,  b  man  ippticeUe  to  umli 

in  hije  ovtm.    Or  the  lower  oven  nuy  be  fitnd  with  t  dn  w-plate 
■lifle  the  upper  ovTo  Liicrved  with  a  peel.    The  draw-pUle  being  at 
a  lorcr  level  than  llwKleof  an  ordinaiy  oven,  the  ujqiet  deck  nuy 
be  mucked  with  a  peel  without  much  difficulty. 
'ntdtctf  ovM  KM  in  ntint  iD^iM,  >n  own  buHt  over  another 

ancabovt  Ihe  other.  liKobleeliitoiecurea  double  « treble  biking 
Hirfaee  without  a  very  mucli  larger  outlay  on  fuel  than  would  be 
neceiaary  for  one  oven.  Jt  iacaay  to  underatand  that  a  double  a 
three  decktr  oven  night  be  conattimed  under  condhioaa  where  it 
would  be  impoeaible  to  place  two  or  three  ordinary  eveu  aide  by  Wde. 
Practiul  taken  are  aomewhat  divided  ii  to  the  actual  ecomnyof 
the  daeker  ay^iem :  pofsibly  it  ia  a  <^ueitlon  of  management.  Tbe 
upfKrovcniibealcd  by  the  gaaea  which  have  paaaed  under  tbe  oven 
beneath.  Adoublc-clecheroveRon  tbe  flue  ptfiKiple  could  be  heated 
by  ihne  Ituea,  one  beneath  the  lower  oven,  aaother  paaainf  between 
the  cmwn  of  Ihe  Imm  and  the  lola  o(  the  top  oven,  aadthe  third 
over  the  cmwn  ol  the  upper  oven.  If  ■  third  oven  were  bunt  over 
Ihe  tecDnd.  then  a  foaith  flue  wouM  paia  over  tbe  crown  of  the  ihbil 
and  lop  ovrn.  In  Hch  an  amngeiiiDnt  o(  Buei  the  (Hatributlon  of 
beat  lo  the  ovena  would  be  fairly  equal,  but  no  doubt  the  lowet 
oven  would  be  Ihe  holleM.  Iiaddilion  tolbefluea.  which  ihouid  be 
Uralghl  and  acccuible  for  clenniDg.  ibcie  ought  ■!»  to  be  aulliary 

oven  or  ovent  can  be  regulated  independently  lo  a  great  extent  of 
the  bottom  oven.     The  power  of  legubling  the  heat  of  the  oveni 

that  ia  toaay,  producing  cakn  and  putry  in  addJlion  lo  bread,  oiusl 
wort  hia  ovena  at  varying  tempcraturea.  Cakraannoi  be  baked  at 
the  heat  (about  4So°  F.)  required  by  a  balch  of  houiehold  breed. 


BREADALBANE,  JOHK  CAHPBEU,  iiT  EuL  or  (ir.  i6j 
1717).  ion  o(  Sir  John  Campbell  ol  Clenorchy,  BaiC,  and  of  t 
Lady  Mary  Graham,  daughter  of  Willjim.  earl  of  Aiith  a 
Mentcith,  was  bom  about  1636.     He  took  part  in  the  aborli 


urged  Monk  tt 

declare  a  fr«  parliamcn 

ih*  tcslorntian 

He  sat  in  Ihe  Scottish 

Argytbhirttro 

mi6&,to.«,4.     Asprin 

In  October  167 

1,  from  George,  6[h  earl  0 

of  his  aignitie. 

,  lands  and  hcriUbl*  Ju 

Utler'i  death 

he  was  created  on  the  , 

Cailhnejs  and 

viscount  ol  Bteadalban 

Ihe  widowed 

-ouRtcss  of  Cailhncss,  a 

Hved  him  the 

alimentary  provision  a 

hiirl  covtnanl 

■d  to  pay.     In  iSSo  he 

JO  meckj  a  year  he 
,   .  a  Caithness  with  a 

band  of  700  men  and  defeated  and  dispoiussed  the  earl's  heir 
male.  The  latter,  however,  was  subsequently  confirmed  in  his 
lands  and  titles,  and  Campbell  on  the  ijth  of  August  16S1 
obtained  a  new  paieni  with  the  precedency  of  Ihe  former  one, 
creating  him  earl  of  Breadalbsne  and  Holland,  viscount  of  Tay 
and  Painlland,  Lord  Clenorchy,  Bcnederalodi.  Ocmelie  and 
Welch  In  thepwtageolScotbnd,  with  special  power  10  nominate 
his  successor  from  among  the  sons  of  his  fint  wife.  In  1685 
he  was  a  member  of  the  Scottish  privy  council.  Though  nomin- 
ally a  Pmbyieiian  he  had  assisted  the  intoleiant  and  despotic 


47J 

.    Re  (a 


govemmenl  of  Laoderdale  in  iijyt  with  1 
described  as  having  "  neither  hofiour  nor  religion  but  where 
they  an  mixed  with  interest,"  as  of  "  laic  campkiion,  of  Ihe 
gravity  of  the  Spaniard,  cunning  ua  Foi,  wlu  as  a  Serpent  and 
supple  as  an  Eel."  '  He  was  reputed  ihc  best  headpiece  in  Scot- 
land.' His  Influence,  owing  10  his  position  and  abilitiej,  «» 
greater  than  that  of  any  nan  in  Scotland  allcc  Argyll,  and  it 
w«  of  high  moment  to  King  William  to  gain  him  and  obtain 
Ms  tervices  in  conciliating  the  Highlanders.  BiBidalbane  at 
firsl  canied  rni  comnninications  with  Dundee  and  was  implicated 
in  Ihe  niyalist  inttlgue  tailed  the  "  Monigomety  plot,"  but  after 
tbe  battle  of  KQliccnnkle  in  July  i6tQ  he  tnado  overturn  to  the 
govfcnment,  lubacqnently  took  Ihe  oath  of  allegiance,  and  was 
entiusled  with  a  large  sum  of  money  by  the  govemmenl  to  aecura 
the  lubmissioii  of  the  dnns.  On  the  joth  of  June  i6gi  he  tnel 
tbe  Jacobite  chiefs  and  concluded  with  thEin  went  articles  by 
iritich  theynndertook  to  refrain  fiomactjofhoslilily  till  October, 
gaining  their  consent  by  threats  and  promises  lalher  than  by  the 
dislrilnrtion  of  the  money  entrusted  to  him,  the  greoler  part  of 
which.  It  was  believed,  he  lelained  himself.  When  asked  to  give 
an  actflunl  of  the  eipcndiluce  he  repLcd;  "  The  money  is  spent, 
Ihe  Highlands  are  quiet,  and  this  is  the  only  way  of  accounting 

On  the  >7th  of  August  a  proebmatlon  was  Issued  ofteifng 
indemnity  to  all  those  who  should  submit  and  lake  the  oath  ol 
■Begiance  before  the  lal  of  Januaiy  ifiqi,  and  Ihieatcning  all 
those  who  should  lefuse  with  a  mililaiy  eiecution  and  the 
penalties  of  treason.  All  the  chiefs  looli  Ihe  oath  napt  Maclan, 
*      :hief  of  the  MacDonalds  of  Glencoe.  who  postponed  hif 


«  till  t) 


:mbcr,  a 


taking  the  oath  till  the  6Ih  of  January  1699  thiough  the 
Lceof  a  magistrate  at  Fort  WDUam,  whither  he  hid  repaired 
:he   purpose.     This    irregularity   gave    Breadalbane   an 

or  generations  lived  by  plundering  his  lands  and  those  of 
;ighbours.  Accordingly,  together  with  Argyll  and  Sir  John 
Duliympte  (afterwards  Lord  Stoic),  Bieatklbane  orgaaiud  the 


thedi 


le  MscDonalds,  d 


r«  of  any  e. 


u  the  "  Mas: 


dbyai 


of  Glencoe."  whei 
ninnces  of  friendship, 
shing  Iheir  ho$[»tality 
n>ld  blood  on  the  13th 


It  him  hi  tb 


>alIR- 


ited  In  i&)s.  beyond  ihe  deposilio 
professed  to  have  been  sent  on  Bteiulalbane's  behalf  10  obtain 
a  dcdaration  of  his  innocence  from  MacTan's  sons,  who  had 
escaped.  T^c  discovery  of  his  former  negotiations  with  the 
Jacobite  chiefs  caused  his  imprisonment  in  Edinburgh  Caslla 
In  September,  but  he  was  released  when  it  was  known  that  he  had 
b«n  acting  withWUIiam's  knowledge. 

Breachiibanedldnotvote  for  the  Union  in  1707.  but  w«a  chosen 
a  representative  peer  in  the  parliament  ol  Greai  Britain  of  1713- 
1715.  Hisco-operation  with  the  English  govemmeflt  In  securing 
the  tempomy  submission  of  the  Highlands  was  itiapited  by  no 
real  loyalty  or  alic^ance,  and  he  encouraged  Ihe  attempted 
French  descent  In  l7ofl,  refuung,  however,  to  commit  himself 
to  paper.  On  the  ocAslon  of  the  Jacobite  rising  in  1715  he 
eicused  himself  on  the  iQlh  of  September  from  obeying  the 
aummons  10  anwar  at  Edinburgh  on  Ihe  ground  of  his  age  and 
inlinnilio;  bat  nevertheless  Ihe  next  day  visited  Mar's  camp 
al  f^Bierait  and  afterwatds  the  camp  at  Perth,  his  real  buainesa 
being,  oceording  to  the  Uaster  of  Sinclair,  "  to  trick  others, 
not  to  be  irlckt."  and  to  obtain  a  share  of  Ihe  French  subsidla. 
Re  had  taken  money  for  the  whole  i  loo  rnen  he  had  pmmiNd  and 
only  sent  joo.  His  joo  men  were  withdrawn  after  Ih«  battle 
«f  ShorillDiuIr,  and  hia  death,  which  took  place  on  Ihe  19th  of 
bftrch  iTi7i  rendered  unnecessary  any  Inquiry  into  hb  conduct. 
He  mtiri«d(i)  Mary,  daughter  of  Henry  Rich,  isl  earl  ol  Holland, 


■iranreirl  of  John  Mack] 
■  Carr.  if  Col.  N.  Hictt  ( 
'  ^ote  by  Sir  W-  Scon 
^stfujuf  (Abbotaford  Club. 


h,  IfcS).  I 


47+ 


by  wtiam  he  had  im  uoi,  Duncan,  st yltd  Lonl  Omdit,  who  wai 
pauedovcrin  [he  uicosuon.  and  John,  indcailnl  BradaJbancj 
{>)  Mary,  daughter  ol  Archibald,  iruiquii  of  Argyll,  lod  widani 
of  George,  6lh  earl  oi  Cailhncu,  by  whom  he  had  ou  ton. 
Colin.  By  Mn  Mildred  Liltlcr,  who  hUMmcItmetbul  probably 
in  error  been  named  oi  hu  ihird  wile,  he  hid  *  diughlcr,  Mary. 
John  Cahfb&ll,  ind  earl  of  Breadalbane  (r66i~t;5i),  an 

cccded  by  hi>  only 'ion,  John  (c.  1696-17B1).  Thii'earl  wai  > 
diplonuliX,  being  British  aoibastador  to  Denniark  and  10 
Rlttaia,  and  >  poUlidan.  being  lor  a  long  lime  a  member  of  Iha 
HouM  al  CoDiDiona  ud  a  lupponer  of  Sir  Robert  Walpolc, 
in  addilioB  to  holding  aeveral  official  poiiiloni.  All  hii  udi 
having  piedKcaMd  Iheit  father,  ibe  title  passed  on  hii  death, 
00  Ihe  16th  of  January  ijSj,  to  a  couain,  JeJin  (i;62-i8j4),- 
»ba  became  4th  earl  and  was  created  a  British  peer  ai  marqueaa 
of  Breadalbane  in  iSji.     His  ion  John,  the^rul  niarqueaa(i7ofr- 


BREADALBANE— BREAD-FRUIT 

in  the  *ua. 


niSSs. 


in  Scotbnd,  d 


IT,  Gavin  (b.l8ji},K 


le  Free  Chun 


»  plentiful. 


lC  lakes 


.     Tlwdi 


clfaaigi 


id  the  dc 


kinds  the  seeds  are  aborted,  and  It  it  only  It 


the  preparatior 
tne  sucei  are  baked  and  eaten  wiinoul  giinding.     ine  net 
yields  other  products  of  economic  value,  such  as  rulive  dcilh 
from  the  fibrous  inner  bark  of  young  trees;  the  wood  is  utcd 

which  eaudei  from  incisians  made  in  the  stem. 

The  bttad-fruit  ii  found  throughout  Ihe  Iropfcal  teciont  of 
both  hcmbphem,  and  its  Hm  introduction  into  the  West  India 
is  conneclnl  with  the  ramoui  muliny  of  the  "  Bounty,"  and  the 
remarkable  history  of  *  tnull  company  of  the  mutiiteen  *t 
Pitcaim  Island.    Altenlioa  wai  dincted  u>  the  fruii  in  168S  by 


Kclesi- 


o  Kovembcr  ig6i. 
eitincl,  but  the  Sujtlisfa  caHdom 
nder  (1814-1871),  whose  ion  and 
I  created  marquess  of  Brcadalbana 


•RUVALBAHIt  ■  krge  dUtrict  of  Perthshire,  Scetlan 
bordered  N.  by  Atboll,  E.  by  Siraihtay,  S.  by  Straibeam  at 
W.  by  the  districts  of  Argyll  and  Lornc.  and  occupying  son 
lOfo  iq.  m.  Most  of  the  surface  is  mountainous,  Ikn  Lawe 
(J984  [!.),  Ben  More  {J843),  and  Ben  Lui  (1708),  being  the  pri 

the  Orchy,  Dochart,  Lochay,  Lyon.  Almond  and  the  Tay  (during 
the  early  part  of  [ti  courae).     Topublion  mostly  ccvilr 
Aberfeldy,  Forlingal.  Kenmore  and  Killin.     Tlie  uU  ii 
;cepting  in  some  of  the  glen;        ■    -     - 


ess  to  the  Campbells  of  Clenordiy. 

is  most  important  food  staple  of  the 
tropical  islands  in  the  Pacific  Ocean  it  the  fruit  of  ArlamrfMi 
UKua  (nal.  ord.  Moraceae).  The  tree atlainsa  moderate  hei^t, 
bas  very  large,  acutely  lobed,  glossy  leavei,  the  1 
in  spikes,  and  tbe  femide  flowen  in  a  dense  head,  w 
■oliduion  of  Ibcir  fleshy  carpels  and  receptacles  lei 
Tbe  Iruit  b  globular  in  shape,  about  the  tiie  of  a  m 
tuberculaled  or  (in  some  varieties]  nearly  smooth  surf 
varieties  ol  tbe  tree  ai        


re  highly 


9nben,andBO 


a  only  I. 


tbe  heart,  with  a  taste  which  has  been  compared 

boiled  potatoes  and  sweet  milk.     Of  this  fnut  A.  R.  WalUuM, 

tropical  countries.  With  sugar,  milk,  butter  ei  Uesde  it  ii  ■ 
delicious  pudding,  having  a  very  alight  and  delicate  but  char- 
acleiistic  flavour,  which,  like  that  of  good  bread  and  potatoes,  one 
never  get)  tired  of,"  In  the  Pacific  Itlaods  the  fruit  iipresoved 
kt  use  by  storing  in  pita,  where  tbe  fruiu  fennent  and  reiotve 
into  a  mass  similar  in  cooslilency  to  new  cheae, 
state  Ibey  emit  an  ofltnsive  odour;  but  after  baking 
:  stones  they  yield  a  pleaaanl  and  nutritious  food, 
nethod  of  pieurvlng     ' 


«.  s.  Fema 
^.  i.  Siiuh 


e  latitudes.  The  Iruit,  which  c 
liHertnl  periods,  affording  a  1 
il  the  ye*r,  is  gathered  for  us 
B  found  to  be  gorged  with  st 


liich  when  pn^tly  cooked     1 


Fig.  9.  Avarielyollbcav 


and      Fig. 


ith  )  locuUmcnls. 


aptain  Dampier,  and  later  by  Captain  Coot,  who  recommended 
1  transplantation  to  the  West  Indian  cotonict.  In  17S7  the 
Bounty "  was  fitted  out  under  coirunarul  of  Lieutenant 
filliam  Bligh  (fl.t,)  to  proceed  to  Tahiti  to  carry  plants  Ibence 
1  the  West  Indian  Islands;  and  it  was  after  the  cargo  bad  been 
cured  and  Ihe  vessel  was  on  her  way  thai  Ibe  mutiny  broke 
il,  and  Lieutenant  Bligh  ai  ' 


vlth  th 


I  Tahiti,  whence  a 
nanl  Bligh  ultimaiely  re 


.    Then 


r  of  them 


id  lone  islet  of 
bed  England. and  was. 

plani»,»hichiallic  year  1 ;  9 1- 1  ;oj  he  success! u  I  ly  accomplished. 
A  somewhat  Hmilar  but  inferior  fruit  is  produced  by  an  allied 
Jack  or  Jak 


in  cutting  il  into  Ihin  ilica,  which  an  dried  I  India,  C(>biB  and  the  Eastern  Archipelago.    Tbe  luie  fruii 


bJ^EKKing  buliC-^BReakivater 


1 10  it  hi.  kng  by  e  lo  8  In- '"  ^Tneler,  and  I»  much 
the  naiivo  in  Indii.    11"*  *■*  »  chiefly  valuable  on 


»  mahcfluiy, 


loCDDUl  ol  it*  timber,  vbuhhu  &  ETsiB  ^i^  I 
■nd  alllioaih  it  bat  li^t-cohnitii  >t  (mtully 
at  the  appannce  of  Ihit  mod. 

MBUnrG  BULK,  i  nautkil  tem  loi  the  Ukins  out  of  k 
paition  ol  the  cMigt  ol  ■  ihip,  or  tlic  bcgjoiuiig  to  unkadi  end 
ued  in  ■  kgil  KiBe  for  takJng  inythlBg  out  ol  »  pukace  or 
panel,  or  in  say  my  datnying  its  enllrcty.  It  wu  Ilna 
impoittnt  in  conneEiDn  with  the  subject  of  baHnieat,  involving 

posevron  of  goods  in  e  box  or  package,  end  then  eoM  them  u  « 
who3e,  be  "was  guilty  only  of  e  breach  of  Iruat,  but  if  he  "  broke 
bulk  "  or  auvd  ■  separation  ol  the  goods,  and  sold  a  pall  ol 
■U,  he  ifU  guiliy  of  felony.  Thii  dtstinciion  wa>  abolished  by 
the  Lamny  Act  1861^  vliich  enacted  that  whoever,  being  a 
hBaeeo(iryclultel,moneyotvaIuab]esecurily,  should  fiaudu- 

pcnoD  other  than  the  owner,  although  he  shouhl  not  break  bulk 
or  otherwiM  deiermine  1  he  bailment,  should  be  guilty  of  larceny 

BBBAXWATBR.  When  a  harbour  (,q.t.)  is  proposed  10  be 
atai>liihed  on  an  eipoted  coast,  whether  for  naval  orcomnieioal 
pwipoaea,  to  provide  ■  protected  approach  lo  a  port  or  river, 
or  Id  serve  as  a  lefoge  for  vtucis  from  lIDma,  Ihr  necessary 
■belter,  so  far  ai  it  b  not  natunlly  futnishcd  by  a  bay  or  piojcct- 
ta(  headlands,  has  to  be  secured  by  the  couLiuction  of  one  or 
more  "breakwaters."  These  breakwater^  Iiaving  10  prevent 
the  waves  that  beat  upon  the  coast  from  reaching  the  site  which 
they  are  designed  to  protect,  must  be  made  (ufhclcnlly  strong 
to  vithiland  the  shocks  of  the  waves  during  the  worst  itorms 
to  which  they  are  eiposcd.  It  a  thereraie  eacniial,  belorc 
constructing  a  breakwater,  to  invBtigate  mocl  caiclully  the 
force,  periods  and  duration  of  the  winds  Fiom  the  quarien  10 
which  the  work  will  be  cipoied,  the  distance  of  any  sheltering 
tend  fmm  the  site  in  Ibe  most  stoiny  diiacliDn,  the  slope  of  the 
beach  and  the  depth  of  the  sea  in  the  neighbourhood  af  the 
shore,  and  the  protection,  if  any,  affcrded  by  outlying  shoals 
or  sandbooks.  la  a  tidal  sea.  the  height  required  for  a  break- 
water is  affected  by  the  aaiount  of  tidal  range;  aitd  the  eitcnt 
of  breakwater  ci^KWcd  lo  breaking  waves  depends  upon  the 
difleience  in  level  between  low  and  hi^  water.  "Pie  eiislence, 
also,  of  any  drift  of  sand  oc  thiagle  along  the  shore  must  be 
■sccruined,  and  its  extent;  foe  the  projectioD  of  a  iidid  break- 
water out  fiom  tlie  shore  Is  ccttain  to  aScct  this  littoral  drill, 
which,  if  btga  in  amount,  may  necessitate  inportant  modifica- 
tkins  in  the  design  for  the  harbour. 

Observatioiisof  the  force  and  prevalence  of  the  vbtds  fiDin  the 
diflcrent  quaticn  at  the  various  periods  of  the  yeti,  and  the 
fffg^  instruments  by  which  Ihey  are  recorded,  belong  to  the 
science  of  mcteOKikigy ;  but  such  records  are  very 
Tolnable  lo  the  maritime  engineer  in  indicating  from  which 
direcLions,  open  to  the  sea,  the  wont  itorms,  and,  consequently, 
Ihe  greatest  waves,  may  be  eipecled,  and  against  which  the  D»st 
efEooit  shelter  has  to  be  prOTided.  Homver,  11  is  iwtessary, 
lor  consttvcting  or  repairing  a  breakwater,  to  know  the  peiiod 
of  the  year  when  Ihe  odmest  weather  may  be  saldy  anticipated, 
■nd  also  the  stormy  season  during  which  no  work  should  be 
attempted,  and  in  pieparation  for  which  unfinisbcd  woriis  hsve 
lo  be  guerded  by  protective  measures.  In  the  parts  ol  the 
woiM  subject  to  periodical  winds,  suCh  as  the  monsoons,  the 
direction  and  force  of  the  winds  vary  with  icmaricable  regularity 
according  lo  the  seasons;  and  even  snch  uncmain 
as  hurricanes  and  cycloties  geDcially  visit  the  regii 
track  at  definite  periods  of  the  year,  according  to  I 
EveninwialemEi  


re  liable  to  beat  u| 
Bonhtm  coasts  in  Ihe  winter  nonthi  Ihan 
of  Ihe  yeaij  whikt  the  calmest  weather 
between  May  and  August. 

The  slie  nf  waves  depends  upon  theliineof  thevdnd,  and  Ihe 
distance  along  which  it  blows  conthiuotisly,  in  spproxfmately 


tenaed,  tbe"(eteh,"< 


,    with  the  Hue  travdisd 

by  the  strontest  pka.   Tite  diaumsions,  iftdeed,  of  waves  la 

whkk  they  an  ahed;  thou^  in  catain  seas  they  are  occasioh 
ally  gnatly  incnased  by  the  uceptioaal  vdodties  attained  by 
tBinicaaeS  and  lypboona,  which,  howEver,  are  ioMunateb' 
leslrictcd  to  fairly  wdl  ddncd  and  limited  regioas.  Wavta 
have  been  found  to  attain  a  maximum  height  of  about  ro  ft. 
In  the  Lake  of  Geneva,  i;  ft.  in  the  Mcditenancan  Sea,  13  ft.  in 
the  Bay  of  Biscay,  and  40  fL  in  Ihe  Atlantic  Ocean;  whilst 
waves  of  JO  lo  60  It.  in  height  have  been  observed  In  the  Pacific 
Oc^an  oS  ihe  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  whize  the  eipansc  of  sea 
'Ciposurelogaleaisco  *"' 

and  is  apparently  due 

elpoaed  altnations,  to  t 

In  ihcir  onward  coune,  which  B  naturally  dependent  on  the 

eateni  of  the  eiqasiue.    Ihus  waves  alxiut  560  ft.  in  loigth 

have  been  net  with  during  severe  gidcs  in  Ihe  AUaoHc  Ocan; 

whilst  waves  ffomOootoioooft-longanKganledas^oonmoa 

occurrence  in  the  Padfic  Ocean  dufaig  storms. 

The  nie  of  transmission  of  Ibe  undulation  abo  varies  wjlJi 

'ipDsure;  lor  the  ordinary  vdodty  of  the  apparent  traval 

sves  iu  storms  has  been  found  lo  amount  to  about  >i  m. 

nir  in  Ihe  Atlantic  Otnn,  and  lo  attain  aboul  17  m.  an  boor 

)lf  Cape  Horn.  The  large  waves,  however,  observed  in  mid-ocean 
It  reach  the  coast,  because  their  progress  is  checked,  lad 
height  and  length  reduced,  by  encounteiiag  the  shetving 
Dtlom,  which  dininishes  the  depth  of  waUr  on  approaching 
horc;  and  Ihe  actual  waves  which  have  to  be  arrested  by 

breakwaters  depend  on  theeiposuie  of  the  site,  theciisteoce 

of  continuous  deep  waler  close  up  to  the  shore,  and  the  depth 
b  situated.    On  the  other  hand,  Ihe 

'   ■        1  bay,  hy  the  increasing 

range' of  #  moderate  ItdaJ  current  is  much  augmented  by 
Lssage  up  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  or  up  the  Brislol  Channel  into 
the  Severn  stusry,  or  hy  filling  Ihe  shallow  enclosed  bay  of 
St  Mala.  'Diis  ^cct  is  intensified  when  ihe  hay  faces  the 
direction  of  the  sUODgeat  winds.  Thus  at  Wick  a  mass  ol 
masonry  weighing  1350  tons,  placed  at  the  head  of  Ihe  break- 
water projecting  hall-way  across  the  bay  and  fadng  Ihe  entrance, 
was  moved  by  the  waves  during  a  violent  storm;  and  a  portion 
of  Peterhead  breakwater,  weighing  3300  Ions,  was  shilled  a  in. 
in  iSgS,  indicating  a  wave-Eiroke  of  a  tons  per  sq.  ft.  South- 
westerly gales,  blowing  up  the  Gulf  ol  Genoa,  cause  large  waves 
to  roU  hito  the  bay,  reaching  a  height  of  aboul  ji  ft.  In  the 


Where  outlying  sandbanks  stretch 
stance  the  Slroombank  in  front  ol 
shon,  and  the  sandbanks  opponle 


It  of  a 


d  Ihe  adjao 


ihellering  Yar- 
mouth Roads.  large  waves  cannot  approach  the  land,  for  lliey 
break  on  the  sandbanks  outside^  Waves,  indeed,  always  break 
when,  on  .runnini  up  a  shoaling  beach,  they  reach  a  deplh 
approaimatety  eqool  lo  their  height;  and  the  largest  waves 
which  can  reach  a  shore  protected  by  intervening  sandbanks, 
are  those  which  arc  kiw  enough  to  pass  over  Ihe  banks  without 
breaking 

The  force  of  the  wind,  as  transmitted  by  degrees  lo  ihe  sea, 
b  manifested  as  a  series  of  ptogiessing  undulations  wiihoul  any 
matciial  duplaccmenl  of  Ihe  body  of  waler,  each  undulali 


ttansmiiiing  iij 


o  them 


n  thedi 


is  blowing,  till  at  last,  on  1 
Its  onward  course,  each  wave,  no  longer  fin 
which  to  communicate  its  energy,  deals  a 
obstacle  proportionale  lo  its  size  and  rale  t 
on  mdiing  shoal  water  near  Ihe  shoR.  the  undulation  is  finally 
transformed  Into  a  breaUng  wave  rushing  up  the  sloping  beacb. 


BREAKWATER 

it  neoOilaKk  to  Ibaiea  dowD 


■  ilnpiiig  baich 
Donnd  prodncei  ■  E«Ier  Konr  IhmB  tlw  (im^  Rfcctim  of  >a 
undDluioa  from  a  vcnkal  mS,  ttpeatily  vhtn  the  dqwh  ■ 
■ufl&dcDt  to  pravid«  «  coibian  of  wKto'  below  tbc  nrHTilatVim, 
protcctiac  the  toe  of  the  nJI  frotn  the  wBfih  oF  rco^ 

Tyfa  ff  SwatBo/tM.— Tbere  He  three  distinct  tjipti  of 
breatntea. — (i)  A  aiaiple  nibble  or  atncrete-block  mouod; 
(3)  ■  mtiaDd  for  the  bottom  poition.  aurnnjimlwl  on  the  tcp 
by  ft  lolid  npcntnjcture  of  muoory  or  cooctete;  nod  is)  m 
iquittat-mll  brakmte'.  built  up  ulid  fnmi  the  mft^xitUD  to 
the  Up.  ne  Mooad  Ijpc  lone  ■  lort  of  eomhintioa  of  the 
fiat  lod  (hiid  typcii  aod  euh  trpe  iraaits  sersnl  vsrietiei. 
In  ■  few  huMoD,  two  diScieat  tjFps  ban  been  adopted  foe 
diSoent  riluuioDa  M  tbe  nine  place;  but  tataUr  the  choice 
of  tn>e  li  dMecmJoed  by  the  mitBnli  mnnaUe  u  the  Ac  lot 
the  coBUnctkm  «f  (be  biokwUei,  tbe  nUuie  of  the  >Ba-bottom 
tad  the  dqith  into  which  the  bieatwUer  hu      ' 

I.  XiMb  ami  QmcnU-BlKi  lltmni  Baal 
mouwlqgaiiiuiuenlyof  Aoiuftctf  niU^itofH,jL..  _     ... 
from  A  oei^boiiriiig  qaury,  tipped  into  tbe  an  ft 
pTfidetcTDiaed  Uoe,  tin  tbe  mound  emergM  dui  of 
'hiE  nibble  Mone  ii  depeiitad,  diln  Iwm  bm 


ud  tbe  (op  ii<  ibe  nnaiid  withiEe  lutoi  ho 

cnnd.iiKl  •bar  Iuie  sooa  ue  not  leadilir  i 

— acnte  bisib  funuili  *  •rtry  coaveBtfl  aibilltDte.     -■   ■ 
igebliicfaMpgmftlly'iJTfiMtiidftitlitoBfaiTtriM     C«ft 
.tbeUpftoiJ^ilii^afirubbkDoiud.aitcKaaBpla.    1^ 
iiwmninriiwvakflntcniadeepwaterihdcexiDf'Algien     ^^Mib 
the  FicDcb  pom  of  Cette  and  Bona  on 


liisS 


tdnriof  Poftlano  nanxnr,  ana  me  Bann-rMx 
10  HaAoor.    Tbe  mouw]  tbva  depoaitcd  ia 

^ , „.„ iradettheactloBaltheKai  aadatolenbiy 

itable  (ona  it  by  dtgrea  fttuliiKl  by  combiued  depogiu  of  M — 
Thi>  ftyttem  aE  cnaitntctioB  li  very  wasteful  cC  mtenftU,  and 
only  be  RKHed  (0  where  extenlve  quftcrin  dote  ftl  hand  are 
to  luimib  nadUy  and  cheaply  veiy  lane  qua    '"' 
-'"e.ai«^bBdaBdTabliBKH,o 

if  BipRiieaed, 

■loae  of  Ih* 
[«  .Ftrr  lever 

ita  wavet.  the  rnound 
a  few  feel  above  high- 


advamajeoiuly  iniliied  laauarryioi;.'  W£en  the  nie  it  very  eifoed, 
the  large  wavet  tn  rtoma,  daiblng  over  a  rutoie-mound  bRakiratcr» 


Under  the  action  of  tbe  bcealdr 


ro.  ». — AlaxaAdria  Bj 

Thcte  bloelaaie  feaenDy  depoiitiid  at  laadon;   but  at 

Cette  (ts- 1),  and  at  tbe  breafcwftcet  in  deep  wiieru  Qviu  VeKliii, 
the  eaaoHe  bloelii  enverfag  tbe  nibble  have  been  Uid  in  nepped, 
beriBntat  counea.   Thii  ananinnent  neontata  nme  can  and 


con^dcTftbly  the  amounl  of  materiala  n«uiinl»  1 
tho»e3Aliietm»ii 


Fio.  I.— Table  Bay  Bicalcwatcr. 


breakwatcn  haw  ht 
■uucted  eadmivciy  wiui  con- 
crete Uacb.  w^,  lar  biiunec, 


.^  .^ ...  ~o  outer  psnion  ol  the  mi 

k>  enenl  inereuei  <rilh  the  range  of  tide,  ua  lane  tidat  1 

a  BTeaMlengib  of  elope  to  the  actionat  r*" '^' 

01  tbe  ica  elope  creally  T 


creally  Inen 

breakwater,  iB  pnoonioa  to  the  upotw  aad  the 

of  tide  1  and  the  annual  a  aba  aflccted,  bol  in  *  ptoportlon- 

the  breakwater  ieMuated. 

(KdiBuy  tnbUe "" 


■ubiectcdby  «.._.  ^^^^ . ,... 

tbelopandieailopeeflhtawud.  Fa  lnitanct,lha  upper  pod 
of  Plyoouth  breakwater  has  been  covered  over  In  fianitc  pa« 
let  in  cement,  to  dia^id^  the  diiplaceDent  of  the  itonea  by 


of  Europe.  mhUe  Dosiidi 


wavee.    Frequently,  0 
have  bean  formed  of  n 

placed  in  tbe  cotre  o. ,._._    _ 

ovec  along  the  nlopea  and  top  by  uycn  o(  larger  itonee,  iDcreann 
in  liiE  iDwardi  (beouter pan  of  Ibe  mound,  to  that  tbe  laigen  tton 
obtainable  lie  depoBIed  on  (he  oultide.  (nd  eipecially  on  the  to 


■o  doobr.  ibaonticaiiy  tb* 


tMhon,  and  in  the  cmril  bnak- 

directly  facing  the  Bay  of  BiKay.  Theie  lu^  coaciete  bloclu  are 

depaiiled  by  oanea  from  atitlne,  tipped  *  '     ■ 

slalltni  on  balnea,  nr  Sonled  out  bem 

Iiom  floating  decricks.    Tina  !■ 

foe  tbe   uppe-  "~>~  " 

Aleaftndria,  tl._..  ...  __..       .  .._ 

Junction  with  the  lioplnf     ' -i 

si  the  lower  block.  Inm  =130 
the  tnclinnd  plane*  en  tba 
deck!  of  birgca  and  the 
depoiit  of  the  nibble  from 
hopper  bantt.  provided 
alio  nth  ikte  lap*  for  tbe  e> 
hUer    nniona,    tbe   <!-   ' 

taBied  breakwater,  neai      „ 

birbonr,  me  coiut meted  in  two  yeiri  (1870-1 _ . 

when  a  nMnod  bieikwiler  hai  been  ralied  due  of  water,  idvanuge 
It  taken  of  a  caln  period  of  the  year  and  ft  low  tide  to  (orm  toiie 
bloclu  of  cnamte  wilhte^dnber  Irnnng  bb  Uk  top  of  tin  awnd. 


D  cipedftioiB 


—Port  Said  Wciiera  Breakwater, 
rr,  oeaily  a  m.  long,  ■hekering  a  very  ipacio 
utrucledin  Iwo  y»n  (1170-1871).     SijRicIiini 


BREAKWATER 


lovod  brakiAtar. 

CWjy.  ud  it 
npidlyco™!., 


dcpoiiud  iM  A  Hiiidy  ot  iiity 

.  „  — ttnBCBt  or  ludcrmuiu^^    A 

bat  tlw  diadvutaeo  of  luiiinai  a 

ideipucoalhebd 


rtE*^ 


tt  nIbUi 

for  lurboun  vfanc  Iba  ivailibEipaa  u  be 
Ncvmluka.  ■  nHUBd  tnlmatcr  oa  be 
I  ht  cnk|4Dynnt  <]f  a  luw  number  of  bar^CB : 

, of  larje  concrete  blocki.  Um  quutJiy  ol 

Rutuials  and  the  tpaa  occupied  by  the  mouMl  can  be  cwldenbly 
irdiHTd.  Thia  rorm  of  brcakwaler,  with  Itakiv  outer  ■loperxpoied 
to  breaJdjig  wtvei,  particuLarty  wibere  tbe  tidal  ran^e  ia  cDnsidtTablF. 


i^pet,  bill  they  are  Radity  repaiied 
liable  to  tbe  tcrioua  treachea  vhich  i 
upentnjctiirQ  and  upriEbt  uralla  in 
i.artataalfrijormtdijailmiid 
-^Tbe  aecond  type  of  bt^kvaler  co 


formed  in  aolid 


the  alopa  of  the  i 
pmion  to  the  cfe 
IheioUdcapiMfig. 


«  rapidly  with  the  heithi)  in  pn 
*^  BuperatrMCIUR  la  founded^  an 
ea  alao  to  protect  the  top  of  tl; 


_ ibe  nvCL    li. „  - 

ind  bnakvaUf^  portivru  vf  tibc  hifheal  mva  fcDcnlly  pan 
r  the  (op  of  the  idounii,  and  ahB  to  aome  ejoenl  eapend  their 


ttliabi* 


"^"^nd  hT'othetlieof' 
to  reach  il,  which  depedda  ejnq  the  Ivitht  and  flatneaa  ol 
of  the  nxMiid  iutt  in  fnnc  of  it  gn  tlw  m  mi*.  Special  a 
over,  haa  to  be  taken  to  pmcnt  tbe  ivpeuuracture  from  beinc- 
undemiiped ;  for  tbe  mvea  M  alma,  daahkif  up  ac^inat  Ihia  nearly, 
•enkal.  aolid  obatacle.  lead  in  llieir  loB  don  the  lacs  to  acair 
out  ibc  nateriala  of  I&e  noiud  at  the  ewer  toe  of  theaupentnctute. 
and  theirby  UBdemiae  it>  ea^eelalLy  where  the  Hpcntiucture  ia 
founded  on  the  moiud  near  lovMnttr  levef.  and  then  if,  thcfefon, 
no  adequate  cuahion  of  water  above  the  motuid  to  dimitnththc  aScct 

The  mound  conatiiudni  the  Itmrr  portion 
of  breakwater  baa  been  lanaed  in  the  aame 
mound   bnakwatera,  nem^.  of  rubbie.  i 
protected  by  concrete  blocln.  and  wholly  of  uj,4..i«»  mw^k 
only  dilTcrencea  introduced  in  the  mound  in  thai  eave  are,  Ihi 
Tied  dp  ao  high,  that  the  lop  portion  coveted  by  the 
re  needt  no  f  u/ther  protectioa.  and  that  ipeciaJ 
V  provided  on  the  tlope 
]  t^  outer  toe  of  tbe 


■,,rt^t^ 


Tba  loB«.  dctadiad  bnakwata  •helHrinf  the  aeriea  «l 
"i*ed  by  widi  pn^rctini  !**»■—  -i™.™  >t»  .«  ««-•  ...  u 

DociJ.ita  lypirallnL 

'    -  -'       -  ofaaonad 


aa  aid*  by  a  hi[h  w^,  v'l 
level,  aaid  pioHcled  on  the 


Uoeki  depoaited  at  randon 

The  aupentnictinB  at  Holyheai 
the  old  weak  lyiiEm  xf  :<  •«  U.1T  i 
Miag  between,  an  n 

■(did  and  kaa  eapucd,  la  only  prolcctea 

rubhfe  and  ume  fnnctcte  bloclu.  foming  an 
Tluae^  tlun  brcakwalen 

..  u_  ^....iu. ».  .M>  _.~..  __  _ ._».  -p  to.  or  a  little  al»vc 

TUt.  kowcver,  b  of  coanntivaly  little  importance,  aince  Iheae 
qiHM,  thnigh  nty  uacfaltor  aCEnt  to  the  end  of  the  brcakwaler  ia 

nii^  aeai  and  <iuaya  for  the  accaramoditwB  of  veaicU  are  beller 
prcAdad  welt  within  the  ahettcred  harbour. 

The  outer  poniona  of  the  main  breakwaten  at  Ceooa  and  at 
Naplei  (S*.  6),  extending  into  deptht  of  about  JJ  ft.  and  no  ft. 
reapectiveb'.  have  been  provided  with  supentrnclurea.  nmHar  in 
type,  but  nHwe  aoltd  than  the  auQerKnicture  at  Marwillei;  and 


-_— — idbRakwalen 

water.  The  objtei  ia  the  bit  cnae  ia  to  lay  tbe  faun- 
dationa  df  the  Kipstfruciure  on  tbe  mound  at  tlie 
hunt  kvrl  mnibtait  with  buildhig  a  aolid  ttnic- 
tare  with  biotka  aet  in  nuvtar.  out  of  water,  in  tba  ordinary 

iBMinit  'at  ■Kb  •  ibnth  Diubr  water  Bi  to  leciire  ^  noai  die- 
n  fact,  the  aolidity 


- . jianipWof  brealcwattfi  fortaed  of  a  rubble  mound 

unted  by  a  luperaimclur*  foundad  at  or  near  low  walB  or 
B-level,  are  futniifaed  by  Ckerboun  and  .Hotybad 
bnakwaiera,  the  inns-  brnkwaHr  at  ^pitiand,  and  tba 
„„_,™    biakwatenatManeillea.Cao>.CiviCaVecchia.Nati)es 
_.„  Trieaie  and  other  MediteiiwKn  pacta.    The  voy  ei. 


Fic.  6.— Sao  Vincenio  BreaVwaier,  Naplci. 

pnileeted  on  the  era  dope  by  uepfcd  couiiei  of  coorrete  blocki 
Inm  a  depth  of  16  fl.  below  lea-level,  covered  over  at  the  top  by  a 
naamry  apron  forminc  a  piokmaation  of  the  aupentructure.  Tba 
oaler  (iReiiaion  of  (he  main  hteaEnter  at  Civiu  Vecchia  fumjihat 
an  Inttreoing  example  of  a  compoaite  form  ol  breakwaler,  in  which 
tba  rabble  mound  haa  been  protected,  and  greatly  reduced  in 
volnmt  and  eineni  In  deep  water,  by  Kepped  counee  of  concrete 
bkeka  carried  up  from  near  the  bottom  of  the  mound  (k.  7). 

The  bieakwatara  in  front  of  Havre,  conurueted  ia  1606-1907,  for 
■hdleniic  llu-  alteied  entrance  to  the  pott,  were  Formed  of  a  lorted 
nbhhe  nio«nd,  protecied  on  (he  aca  uope  b; 
niiaad  a  Kttk  aliave  kiw  w 
hlocka  of  BiaaoD^.  b  "~ 

connected  together  by  UUiq 


water  of  spring  tldo,  upon  whf^  large 
•n  land,  were  detoiited,  with  thtir  upper 
a  o<  the  aea  appeared,  to 


nlaBg-S. 


478 


BREAKWATER 


rdocd  for  fOfnliii  hubonn  ol  Ibc  m 

^R  ilmoM  lU  lubGle-niounil  bmkwann 

TM  tm  old  deiachcd  bnakwatcn  ibdMriDf  Oebmn  Haiboar  ns 
iht  Hulh-cuieni  alnnrily  d  DeUnn  Bur.  nn  foniwl  oC  flmd 
lubUt  iDDundi  nited  kboiil  u  fL,  ibon  lew  water!  but  in  dmii 
the  «p  bttmn  iherl  tawardi  the  ekac  of  the  l«h  antury.  tli 
rubble  imind  wu  uoppnl  ■!  low  wiler.  lad  ■  esn  of  upentrucmn 
RHiiininf  o(  uepped  ccuna  of  brie  recuntnlar  Macki  ol  uor 
on  (he  Bb  And  harbour  videi,  with  ti|hilv  packed  nibble  beiwee 
them  and  apped  acroM  the  top  tot  a  widln  of  »>  ft,  with  a  courae  i 
large  bloc^  waa  laiicd  to  14  It.  above  low  water.  ceicniblidKi  on 


outer  toi  ot  tL. ,  , . 

uDdemliied  by  Inqgem  depedu  a(  ium  atnaiB  the  ■■  Ucc 

The  wwih-weit  bteakwaiv  «  Cokmbe  Kartwur.  caaBnioed  ia 
iB;6-iSS4,  iacinf  the  mi  niMd  by  the  loyih  wm  moiuaon.  ei- 
teodt  into  a  dcptk  of  M  It.  at  low  wuir,  when  the  liie  o(  Ikle  ■■  onty 
,  t.  — — ; —  —J  —  k-:i.  _ui. ______  I j^  „-„„  J 


Impairiiw  the  abeher  liukle.    Tbev  di 

(he  ahecli  and  remil  of  the  waveii  an 

«l  th«  foandktiiHia  aad  Ifie  pttrieciio 

■uHratrueture  ircaily  diminjilied   tli' 

9  ininiBi.    CoiiiH)iKMry.  the  Cotambo  I 

r  preterved  from  the  fajuiica  to  wKicli  1 

~  Akiermy  breakwater  auccumbed.    Ne 

"  y—'h'  coiM«niali  tt 


without  fiuicnally 


FlO.  7- — Cviu  Vecchla 
:  Upper  pan  of  the  ChAta  Vecdda 
fta  adowed  10c  the  new ' 
faharwhirr'""' 


^ugeit  the  moutli  of  Detan 


'I  ift  thia  inrtance  the 

p.  and  had  to  be  protected  akmc  the  toe  of  the  i—,„ 

ca  aide  by  lar^  atonea.  The  lame  form  of  nipentnicti 
a  nariDwcrhaae,  waireiorted  to  for  a  hmk — — '-■•— 
:  San  Pedro  in  Califanik  whh  lalliractory 


-  -  -  nini-d  -  -  = '^ '.'■  "^  "" 

in  i6»!tovini  only  a  portioo  about  s  It-  in  hnglrt  above 
the  avenie  hk  ol  tide  there  bdng  8|  It.  The  deaiin  wi 
faigly,  madi6cd  in  1401.  by  eomneiKing  the  Mepped  coun 


by  lar^  block*  of  Rone.  M  ft- HPft  and  5  ft.  deni,  laki  acma 
brtakwf  ter,  which  thua  preacnted  a  marked  racnbbnce  to  the  ui 
eection  ol  ilie  mound  at  Civita  Vtcchia. 

The  breakwater  at  Sandy  Bay  jiuE  refemd  to.  and  the  ooi 
Qviu  Veiihia.  whkJi  It  aomewhal  nacmblei.  i 
_  daaa  of  bceakwater  which  haa  a  tllprir 

^1"^^  bekiw  luv-watCT  level,  an  far  aa  iteppcd 
UkTu  tan  be  nmided  aa  lormloi  part  of  - 
^!^  but  aa  the  ptWectioa  afforded  by  th 
^,^  only  in  the  arranienient  "'  "*■"  ""'"" 

taiiadby  l^lock■depoBted«■>■«uwl■f.<««H■K*v-"«^"■^■■■- 
ta  leatrk^  thli  daaa  to  the  man  Bulid  MTUcCDrea,  mcmbliiiE  uprirhi- 
waii  hnakwaten.  founded  on  a  mound  at  aome  depth  below  low 
water-  Aa  the  main  object  of  thia  cloia  of  breakwater  la  to  krcp  the 
mound  below  the  cooe  of  diMurbance  by  wave*  in  aevare  notBia, 
fl  fa  evidml  that  the  depth  at  which  the  niperUfucture  b  tbunded 
ahouki  vary  dinctly  arith 


an^ement  ol  the  Uodn  from  1H 


.—Havre  Breakwater.  _        _ 

though  fully  ennwd  to  tbe  Atlantic  Ocean,  wu  b^a  whh  1 

•trudure  foundtd  at  low  water  of  tpriu  tidea  upoi -"^ 

but  within  two  year*  the  foundalioni  Cut  to  be  e 

below  kiw  water,  and  thia  waa  adhend  to  till  < 

Ibouch  the  bnakwaler.  completed  in  1M4,  extended  4IOD  ft.  tn«D 
the  i^oie  Into  a  depth  of  130  ft  at  low  tkle,  the  ite  of  quiaci  beli« 
17  It-   The  great  lecoil  of  tbe  wavta  In  itanna  lim  tbe  promenade 

water,  dlitnrbKl  the  aca  dope  of  the  mound  aloot  the  outer  pcRlog, 
■IniatBllndeptluof  Bote  ijod.attawwater.oattaa  dlanneaot 


-  at  V>1  It.  bekiw  kiw  water  (fla.  9). 

.      The  breakwater  for  ihdlerlni  Pctobnd  Bay,  when  the 

r   itae  of  iprino  ia  lt|  ft.,  waa  bnin  in  ItSa.  and  dealfoed 

to  eitend  lito  a  d«th  of  9)  Sihoin  at  low  water  (■( 

Hauoub).    It  waa  built  aa  an  Dpciafat  wall  upon  the  rodry 

boMom  for  tooo  ft.  fnm  tbe  abon:  bat  SSttjB  oi 

ponioa  with  a  rubhto  Imm,  wi  aiuuiiud  by  a  aucr* 
ftnctoR  ori^naRy  deiifBed  10  be  founded  yt  ft.  bchi#  low  una. 
Aa.  however.  durlB(  a  atorm  la  Octobir  itat,  the  lacoil  of  tka  *a*t* 
fnin  th*  Inakwater,  whkh  la  HDvided  witli  a  pmnenade  wall  rUw 
about  3S  ft.  above  knr  water.  duUDbid  rubbk  to  a  depth  of  se(  ft, 
tha  •sperKnetarc  haa  been  fouadcd  4J  ft.  btlow  low  water  oa  the 
nAUe  baie;  and  hi  outer  toe  fa  pntccied  fmm  bdiia  midiiuilmt 
by  two  rawa  of  coBCRta  Uocka  oa  lb*  rubble  Douad. 

Ftmerly,  in  coaatruetlac  a  Urt*  niptntnictun  upon  a  mbUt 
mound,  k  waa  a  esmmon  practice  to  build  a  aea  waD  and  a  harbeut 
wall  aev«at  feet  apart,  aad  to  fill  up  tba  iatemediate  -     . 
^uoe  between  them  with  nibU*.  ■>  *■  *conoBikally  to  -„_,,». 
forma  wide  alnietureoa  th*  top  of  tli*moand,aBdprcn>kle  jjr,, 
snadequatewidthfara<(uayakHigth(top.  Aihelterinf  ■,:-,~,, 
anil  waa  alaa  generally  erected  on  the  aea  akie.  Thia,  (sc 
inManee.  waa  thg  ayilam  of  conMrvcdon  adopted  for  the  aapcr- 
•tructuna.  founded  at  kiw  water,  of  Holyhead  bRakwalec,  Fonbad 
inner  bnakwater.  and 
St  Catherin'a,  J™y. 

breakwater!    th*   Tvih 


epenlni  thmugh  tha  aia  walL  tbe  acsafilni  out  of  tbe  ruhbia 
ullai,  and  the  ovcrthraw  of  the  thinnee  haiGmr  wall  are  rapidly 

can  be  effected.  Enxrlence  aoon  pmad  at  Aldemey  and  Tyac- 
mouth  the  uniultablEty  of  tbe  ivium  for  very  *a_poaed  aituatioati 
and  tbe  bitermedhtc  rabble  hlkna  waa  reofaoed  by  aoUd  hcanina 
down  to  a  certain  d*plh.  At  Cobmbn,  atier  th*  firal  1116  ft.  el 
the  iouth-weat  bcBkwatcr  bad  been  built  with  two  walla  and 
intermediat*  nibble  for  Iha  npantnicture,  aa  the  cipoHin  proved 
(iwlter  thaa  had  baen  aatidoaud,  and  a  aliriit  diapbccment  of  part 
of  tte  aea  wall.  14  ft.  wkKbad  occvriod,  iBe  nibU*  ^^tjlj^^ 


M  ft.  In  1 

A  dlUtt-..,  ..-, - , 

oa  lb*  top  of  a  nbbla  mauad  ccnalm  in  the  aettlemtat  of  th* 
mouBd  wUch  tahta  plac*  ariitn  the  weight  of  tbe  luper.  wtulm 
atmcture  cornea  on  it,  ia  ipite  of  the  coaaolidation  of  the  ^^^  * 
rBbUe  nndar  tlw  action  cl  tbe  ata  for  oae  or  twn  ynia  mi,, 
brfon  the  enoitaa  of  Iha  iwpaaalmcture  aa  it  ia  under- 
talnn.  When  lb*  ■apmtnclun  la  cvried  out  in  leac  Mepprd- 
forwanl  canwe*.  lnBtiil*r  aettlemgit  hi  imiealaily  bahle  to  occnr. 

^MlagnUile.  Cnopenkm  to  tbe  heS[ht  of  the lubbk  baK  and 
fta  dafideae*  (a  OBBiwXBea.  The  open  folnta  between  tbe  blocka 
laid  bikm  few  water  *Hbla  thi  air  to  penctnta,  oa  tbe  reccJI  ol 
•  at  low  lida.  Into  any  Intamal  hi 


BREAKWATER 


+79 


try  (lie  iacviuble  urrtubr  Ktlleineiit,  by  totauag  th 
01  (loping  ttaioa^  compoKd  of  comme  blod-  ■-- 
frH  to  leule  indcpcnduitly  on  tu  cnound,  b  buvwm  ■■■  ■« 
In  tbe  Bnc  upcntnictuR  thin  coiuliuctcd.  in  |S69-I>T4,  ■! 
to  Kanchi  harbsur,  iDUDded  15  II.  belov  Is*  Htcr 


ic  loouad  ud  14  ft-  high,  tbc  bi 


WOfT*" 


»  .-...«t<tf  LbRoupttpdicd  blockaliid  4,  _-^-„— ^-  _.  ,. 
•boteinid*,  ■««  ealircljr  uncaniiKttdi  and.  axHRiueiilly,  tlaousb 
the  HipcntnictuR  eSind  u  Ultk  oppotitioa  oi  pocticabk  to  tK 
wna  Iw  banDE  i»  IDp  iligfallr  below  Uih  ntcr,  tbi  nvn  u  ■ 
Monn,  UaoBt  tboir  vay  bta  Ibe  vtftical  Jont  buweoi  iba  t>a 
nnn.  Ibrev  Kxiie  of  Uw  top  >7-Ua  blocks  cf  lh>  luiet  low  down  oB 
lb( bwbour tloi)* o( lb> mound.  Tb>>taiuicoldiou(cw>iabvialtd 
IB  cfleeting  tbe  repiin.  bycopnocting  Uk  top  blocki  wilh  the  bciI 
oar*  by  uone  dowdi.  Tbc  (upcnuuclum  <J  Ibr  bmkwaun 
fominE  Madru  hicbour,  nKDPKixcd  >b  1I76.  vcic  limilaily  ait.- 
ftmcln  in  doping,  JBdepeodcnt  Kctiopit  44  It  ihick.  compoird  of 


;d  Jl  I. 


«(.beri. 


.    The  block)  io 


igjMi 


■cctcd  by  «  tenon,  proieciing  al  [be  top  ol  each  Uock  fittiiw 
miD  a  raoniK  in  the  block  above  il.  Tbe  RlentioD  ol  Iho  mtical 
]oin(.  however,  betwceo  tbe  two  n»>  led  [o  Ihe  ovenhcow  ol  the 
inater  part  of  the  (upenlnKlum  ol  tbe  ouler  inu  at  Madrai. 
(iouled  In  a  depth  ol  45  'l-  *»d  facing  lbs  Indian  Ocai 
cyclone  al  iWl.     In  the  reconUrucuon  oJ  [heie  luper 


introdiKcd  in  tb 


Fig.  10.— Colsitibo  Nonh-Weat  Bteik- 


it  the  top  ol  tbc 


■pecUHy      uiuged. 


r--_-- ■upcratrvctniTolthehr^iwBteribellep- 

b^ibe  FVinitfueieharbDvol  Marnugaoon  the  wcAcdUtof  Indiaf 
borr  panicuurly  with  the  object  of  pnvrntiog  tbe  undcnniBlnf  of 
the  lupcTsirLicture  founded  only  lA  It.  belowlow  water  of  apnng 
tidei,  OD  «  layer  of  rubble  ipread  on  the  muddy  (ca-bottoai,  Ihe 
KEtlenMBt  in  tbb  cttt  being;  occaaioned  by  the  yieldiog  of  the  ioft 
clay  bed.  Tlua  brakwaler  having  bceo  conunenced  in  1U4.  nb- 
•equeaily  to  the  failun  at  Madrat,  (he  •upemnictiue.  (onoed  of 
toacfete  blocki  vei(ldn(  >8(  to  jri  toni,  wai  bulll 
in  Bccoedaace  v^th  the  deilni  adopted  for  tbe  rr- 
conunicted  outer  anna  at  Madrae,  with  tbe  «■- 

■tope  ut  70*  iaaiead  of  76*  afaorewarda  to  eruure 
greater  nabilily.  Ibat  the  lUHntrunuce  waa  made 
}0  It.  in  width  innead  of  34  II.,  that  the  top  tier  of 
bloclii  Id  och  leellan  waa  iecnrnl  10  Ihe  oeit  tier 
by  two  dowcb.  each  formed  of  •  bundle  o(  tour  nih, 
penetnting  i|  ft.  into  each  tier,  k>  ai  to  enable  the 
top  counei  to  be  more  mciectly  aligned  than  with 
tenoni  and  mortbn,  and  thai  the  outer  tide  olthe 

about  ai  ft.  above  hm  water  (ig.  I  it  lie  riae  of 
■nim  lidei  at  f^amufao  U  6  It. 

At  Colonba  tbe  ■uperalnicturea  <d  both  the 
•outh-wen  and  aanh-*eat  bRakwalen  were  built 
oa  the  tloping-bbck  lyaiem  in  lectioni  s(  It.  thick, 
and  built  at  an  angle  of  it'  ihorrwanb  (Gg.  10); 
and  tbe  btocka,  from  16)  to  31  torn  in  weight.  wv« 


loceihrr  by  a  contlnuooa 
..    .  laaElhewbolcleBgthoitbFbmkwatcr. 

1  bloeka  ai*  laid  by  pawafHroverhuging.  block- 
,  calM  Thaat  face  Cuuot),  which  tnvclTloog  tbe 
lion  of  the  breakwalar,  and  lay  tha  bloeka  in  advance 

kvaUad  by  divm,  a*  ahowB  in  Bg,  lo.    Th*  euliar 

Tiuaa.  cnployad  for  the  akang-Uock  eupentnctiiraa  at  KaiacU 
and  Madrna,  wore  cooitrueted to  travel  OBly  backwardaaad  fofvarda 
so  the  OHDiileted  work,  with  auScleit  iklewaya  Biov^iaeat  tl  the 

Uttla  troltay  wavtliiBf  aloofthto*-'— -= ' I'-i ->■- 

block  b  HiqiCAded  at 
tlH  pnptiaaile,  to  lay 
tbaUockaforMckiidc  j 
of  tbc  WMntiiiclBn 
In  hiar  forma,  hinB 


inthc«ouib-wi 

. .wwateronthe 

tiera  of  blocki  in  the  north -wi 


rater,  tounded 


ifil  It.  bciow  low  water.     Five  oblong  gioo 

torinediBnoutdiaEtbehkxki.inlheadJaKni ,....  , 

aeetion.  emending  frooi  tdp  to  bottom  oTlbe  iccliafli.   Thtac  when 

baga.  which  aol  ouly  CDsaected  the  tien  dI  blocki  in  Bch  lection 
together,  but  ulao  inned  the  aeveral  aectioni  to  one  aaotbet,  and  ' 


u  tlKlopof  Tbe  truck  aa  which  Ihe  Titan  tnv(l(.B  that  it  cat 
depoail  blocki  at  tbc  Me  ol  the  iupemnKtun 
g  the  mound,  aa  well  aa  in  advance  of  the  fiaiihed 


hceakwatcia.  that,  i 


■level,  inxeded  by  a  pa.-, 

the  JTgular  [orm  of  tuperitruclure  adoplrd. 
■ *^|j^  harbour  at  Naplspravidu 


ample  of  thii  chauffc  of  c 

-,  -- — —  of  larpt  concrete  Bloeka 

ibout  SO  fl.  widi  at  the  baac.  it  laid  or 


m 


Lndiilft 


incRwd  depth  at  which  lupeiat 


firN  ■ght  that  th*  nibbll  baw  inight  be  dnpcuid  wUh,  and  tbe 
aupenUBCtan  tbuadsl  dinctly  oD  the  bed  of  Ihe  aea.  Two  cir- 
CVdutancea.  howevar,  atill  render  th*  compoiite  form  c4  bnak- 
watec  iBdlipciiHUe  la  certain  caaea:  (1)  Ibe  gnat  dtplb  into 

(6  fL  bekw  low  water  at  Fetechcail,  cad  loi  It.  below  mean 
aei-level  at  Napleai  and  (1)  Ihe  necenily.  when  the  n-botiom 
ia  iolt  or  liable  to  be  eroded  by  tcoar,  ol  interpDung  a  wide 
taie  betweea  tb*  upright  aupeiatraciun  aad  tb*  bnl  of  the  gca. 


— Napka  Hiibor  Eitenai< 


bicb  oompOKte  breakwatert  appear  10  have  bean 
..,  — ,-,.  ..luB  be  attriboled  to  the  greater  «po«ir*  aad 
of  tbc  litca  in  which  tbey  have  been  [rcquenlly  cennnicted. 
ipaied  with  rubble  moumkot  upii«ht  walla.  The  latter  lype^ 

1  tbc  vrry  large  quantity  oJ  DuleiHla  loquiied 


4-80 


BREAKWATER 


lor  *  Ugh  nouHl  widi  Bit  ilopa.  ud  br  th*  « 

JDoninl  prmuiTDf  Air  under  which  dWen  bA<i_  ., . 

btocka  for  an  upiighc  mJl  in  drrp  mter.  The  ItnplF  dcplh 
BupentrvctuTn  irr  foundnli  Lbe  diK  ^rotectmn  dfonkd 
cuur  toe,  ibc  (doptkiii  ol  tbe  iki^aat- 


iS 


and  Hink  bvSllin 


"Kr'»v 

United  Suta  lor  burbaun  on  uk  i 

uinlc bv suing ihtm withnibble ttou  'Onaocoiintcilibii.      . 

'  -■    *- '  -Tan  UD  ID  Ihoae  regioru.  thit  aimplc  mode  of 

smonucal,  even  thouih  tbe  rapid  dray  o<  Ihe 
timber  in  the  portioni  oT  the  criba  when  it  wu  illenia(d)'  wet  and 
dry  Involved  It!  renewal  about  every  fifteen  yrtn  on  the  avecage- 
Owing,  however,  (o  tbe  Uct  Ibat  ibe  ptice  nT  timber  hai  incfwed 
coniideTably.  whilit'lbal  oT  Pontine!  eemenl  hai  been  redtictd, 
duiable  anaete  uperuructum  aie  beginning  to  be  Hihatituted 
fee  the  rapidly  deayiflg  cribwork  atrvcturea. 

With  Ihe  exeejnian  peihic*  cf  the  AMtmey  brelkwHer.  which, 
owing,  to  it!  eaeeplional  ehpoeirre  and  the  unparaHHed  depth  into 
which  it  extended,  had  ita  Hpentrtjcturc  lo  olten  breached  by  the 


haabeen  k«it  in  repair,  the  compoiite  breakwater  of 
hai  probabTy  proved  tbe  most  difficult  to  contrtj 
of  it!  great  expoaurr.  The  origiiial  tkvign  cotBiated  o 
mound  up  to  aWit  16)  ft.  belo    '  ' 


id  raited  Kveril  feet  al 


SSt?fo) 


Ibe  work. 


SL 


,  _.   .   __.walL    The , 

....  _.  therlverNcTvionialif  ft.    Incarryingou 
-.,  the  auperatructurr  built  in  liteiuniniernwathau^.^  . — 
parr  deatroyed  by  the  fotkiwing  winter  attKnu:  and,  aceord- 

"*- '—"lira  waa  eventiiafly  conimictcd  on  a  widened 

ID  be  ihelleied  la  aoiiK  extent  by  the  outlying 
jnd  already  depoilted.  a  lyalem  lubwqiicntly 
ling  the  damaied  portna  of  the  North  her  at 
dvelter  of  the  mini  of  the  previout  work.    The 


tbe  eilended  nibUe  n> 
and  fanned  01  iron  cala 

ll&u'eon^^ror"  " 

Wna^al' 


ariially  ADed  wi 
opwithconcn 


ilightly  abeltcml  t^  a  ci 


je: 

wide,  tailed  B  Tt. 


part  waa  bvilt  of  concrete 


high  tide,  and 
k  only  J  ft.  high.  The 
frum  bang  undenained 


cki  la  pruti 

T^ia  auperatnicture  haa  fucctaafully 
Atlantic  wavea  rolling  into  the  bey- 
Tyocmouth  advantage  haa  been  taken  of  the  protection  unin- 
tentionally provided  by  prrvioua  fajlurea,  by  which  the  wavea  are 
bmken  before  reaching  Ihc  Hipcntruelure  and  piet  teipectively; 
but  inatcad  of  inlroduong  ■  wivt- bieaktf  of  concrete  blockL  f  cr  a 
piDtectioD  to  the  aopcntmcture,  a*  amnged  at  Marmagao  (ng.  ti) 

the  witlih  gf  the  MiUd  atipenlructvrT,  If  nrccaaary,  at  carried  out  at 
Naplaa<ii.  Ii).  attd  la  dlipenae  nth  a  parapet  and  keep  tbeauper- 
(triKtun  bw. »  being  nnuitaMe  for  a  quay  in  eipoaed  illuatlom. 
according  to  tbe  plan  adopud  at  Cciomba  (b.  9). 

3.   VprHta-Wall  Bnatweltrt.— The  tKrd  type  of   breakwater 
oontiiia  Ola  aotid  itruclun  foanded  directly  on  the  tea-bottom, 
'  an  npright  wall,  wilh  only  a  moderate  batter  on  each 
m  s(  breakwater  if  ttiictly  limited  towieiwhen  the 


e  erotlon  of  tbe 


ing  bottom,  11  would  be  eapuied  to  diitocatioD  iron 
ment ;  and  aucb  a  itructute,  by  obatructing  or  divr 
eurrenta,  tenda  (o  create  a  luur  along  iti  base;  wt 

're  very  liable  to  produ 

toe.    Moreover,  when 
.jter  have  to  be  kvcllei 

..^.tr  by  iheif  help,  the  en 

breakwater  into  a  coniideraMe  depth  ii  nndMiiMe 
Incnaaed  preaaiire  Impoaed  upon  diving  operationi 
The  Admlnlty  pier  at  Dover  irai  begun  about  I 
19th  miTvry,  and  famiihee  an  early  and  itoiabl 
upci^t-wil]  breakwater  revtif^  npon  a  hard  cball  . .  .  ._._.. 
Wat  lubaequcntly  eatcaded  ta  a  tieplh  of  atioat  4J  ((.  at  low  tide,  la 


takwater,  the  Prince  oTv^lea  pier  of  the  coBuncnial 
:  eastern  breakwater  and  detached  toutb  breakwater 
rbDvr.wereallfovadedona  levelled  bottom,  carried 
rd  chalk  underlying  tbe  aurface  layer,  by  meaaa  of 
ella.  The  eitcniian  of  tbe  Admiralty  pier  and  (he 
^^  of  Dover  harbour  contist  of  bond^  counea  of 


idTiI^  alq^ 


being  uaed. 
re  bedded  in 


pan  of  Portlaitd  cement, 

-  - roughly  in  the  block-yaid 

II  joggled  together,  and  above  kiw-watB 
It  arid  tbe  juintl  Hlled  with  cement  grout. 

mpotaiy  atagiilg  supported  at  inlcrvali  of  50J  ll.  by  cluilera  of 

tgirig  there  were  four  Goliatba,  preceded  by^  a  itage-crecting 

vating  Che  aurface  layer  of  chalk,  which  wat  finally  levelled  by 
vera,  the  lecond  for  carrying  the  diving-bell,  tbe  third  for  laying 
e  Uocka  betow  low  arater,  and  the  fourth  for  totting  the  blocla 
nveloH  water.  Thia  lUcceiKon  of  Coliatbi  enaUeiT  nnre  rapid 
ngns  to  be  made  than  with  a  aingle  Titan  at  the  em)  of  >  break- 
ring^  to  tibc_tempoianF  ataging^required^   The  fq 


a  rite  of  tide  at  nriiwaof  iSJlt.,  tiicavcrai 
mately  tt  ft.  at  high  tide,  nrcettitaring  a  1 
ac|uare  inch,  which  It  the  limit  at  which  mt 


P 

^^ 

srir^^S? 

Dt>verB 

naka 

■»a 

^I^U 

Adm 

rally  HeJtxtentioii. 

level:  bu 

wcatetn  breakwater. 

poaed  aide,  Riing  1 

It.  above 

d  the  raitem  break- 

FiteraLnhaaaparap. 

poKd 

tide,  railed,  however. 

nlyflfl^tbrn^iaqu. 

i,'"Thtb 

'.s'lr 

tenaje 

protected  from  aomr 

ilong  their  outer  to> 

Htfromthcireeal. 

The  levelling  of  tbe  faundatiani  for  laying  the  counea  of 
upright-wall  breakwater  ia  cotlly  and  tedious,  even  in  chalk:  a 
the  cvpenac  and  clelay  arv  conilderably  enhanced  it-herc    ^^     _ 
the  bottom  ia  ban)  rock.    Acccndingly,  in  conatrucling   ^^ 
two  breakwatera  at  the  entrance  to  Aberdeen  harbour    /^^ 


aelvea  to  the  rocin  jrregularitiea,  o' 


vdlisgthcbo 


Crete  In  bi^,  M  to 

n,  rahed  ilightly  abc>ve  low  water 
a  lolid  upright  wall  waa  erected,  formed 
tide  faced  with  granite.  Gtled  in  (he  cen 
with  Dan  concrele.  The  moat  exposed  r 
raised  abcKit  it  ft.  above  high  water  of  sp 
S  in.,  b  devoid  of  a  parapet;  but  a  aul 

herfAg.lJ),   TlHie  concrete  hag*  art  oud 


BR^AL— BkEAM 


«fn  sptofcrn  ■  Im 'MM tlw ^*V l*t>^atMm  ts the iMc. 


FM.  15.— SuMkflincI  Southcra    I 

gooo  torn  luve  b«n  drpo^Tpd  fa 

of  ch*  wide  pmioa  at  itis  ZKfaninr  bnnknler  (b.  16)  (ma 

*•■*  ■■*  by  building  iron  uiuoni.  o\kii  al  the  K^,  ia  Itii  dry 
iTT.  bH  oF  ilie  Bnit«  •hlp-anil,  liirint  (Item  with  caocmc, 
*"^  and  (Iter  ibE  ami  w  Sued  dlb  wuec,  iiMtlni  Ihea 
lul  one  by  one  ia  calin  wntbct,  •biiiiaa  (hem  la  psdmik  by 
admiiiioK  oaier,  and  then  liUiPi  Ibeo  iiitk  coacieu  uadet  inter 
from  clowd  >kip9  which  open  at  tlie  tiDltoin  direclly  they  beela 
10  be  niicd.  The  6zm  n-bed  fa  levelled  by  inall  rubble  Tor 
RceiviD^  tbe  large  bloeka,  whote  outer  let  ia  protected  froa 
VMlenninivf  by  a  layer  ol  Iw  blocks  ol  itoae  extendia^ 'out  for 
a  width  ol  30  ft.1  and  then  the  breakwatet  watli  tie  laiied  above 
high  nter^  jf-ton  concrete  bkclo,  Kt  ''■"■«"'  "  low  tidei 

SmetiiaMfuHlaan not atailibletoralaiia plant;  ■nriimrh 
CHS  Bidall  Buljht'Wan  brcakwatera  may  be  cone 
_  moderate  depth  of  water  on  a  hard  bottom 

"""T?  or  bouldcn*  by  emIlnE  timber  ftumiiq 
'"'  lacth»,UnliiiiitaidBw>thiiiM(iotli,»i>dil 
namta  bdnw  low  water  la  ckiaed  inaptr  ^p*  Ig 
btMtom  beioR  rdouii^  the  concmc,  vnicb  miBt  be 
treat  care  to  avoid  allowing  the  concrete  to  fall  throi 
The  pcrtJOD  of  the  breakwater  above  low  water  11 


mla  tbe  width  o[  the  bnaki 
wH  done  in  Babbacouba  Bay;  and  ia  fBCDOi 
biealiwatcrat  NewcaMie,  iRland.  advaotiie 
In  ditcclwn  of  the  outer  hall  to  int-' 

Incrcaae  la  depth  awd  eumBR.     in  larvp  Mnicli 

■nilocnty  of  derin  maybe  <i<><ntite  t '    — 

breakwater;  though  whovtwooriduce -,,, 

encloee  a  harbour,  the  dc^N  ihould  obviously  be  modified  to  >uit 
the  dmth  and  eirpoouTV.   At  Colofnbe  harbour^  the  lupentructure 

epeciat  cafct,  where  a  breakwater  baa  to  aervc  u  a 
>  Admiralry  frfcr  at  Dover,  a  hlfh  paraph  wall  fa 
;  Id  raon  caiee,  where  a  (anpet  menly  eiablet  thi 

dviiahie  to  keep  It  very  low,  or  to  dlipenie  with  if 
tontbrr.  ai  at  the  eouthern  Dover  breakwater,  the  northern 
eikwatrr  at  SundnLind,  and  the  Coloinba  western  brakwatert. 
^iocfof'tta"  ''^^  "i™"' 
■  '™™i»h?luii 


na  token  o(  a  chaiue 
ddition  to  the  width, 
proportionate  to  the 

ight  k^h  ol 


req^uim 


Bvs  rapidly  cnlar^  an 


kaoTmalnt 


[L.F.V,-H.) 


Fk.  Itb— Zietmnc  Harfcoiu'  Bitakwater  irith  ^lay. 
by  tide-work  with  man  lonerete  wItUfl  ftane*.  b  which  lari 
blocki  of  wtam  may  b*  badded,  provided  they  do  not  towA  a 


_,.J»  it  eonoeit 

tenpmtuR,  it  fa  adv^ble  •" 
tbe  upper  pan  <d  a  eaaoH 
■itgta  tDrlntaular  craeka, 

Uptfi|ht-ara1]  DreakvaleTB  ihoutd  not  be  fbrmed  with  two  narrow 
«atb  ajid  Intermediate  5]fing,  aa  the  nlety  of  Buch  a  breakwater 
depeadaendnlyaBtlMaea-walibdnf  maintunedlntact.  Avamini 
01  lb*  daaco  at  thfa  ayatcm  af  coaaBuetkMi,  CTimMned  wltfa  a  hlih 
Bopet.  ma  fnUhnl  by  tba  aouth  bnakwanr  of  Newaatla 
haihaur  In  DundnuB  Bay,  Ireland,  which  wii  bnached  by  a  Honn 
b  186a,  and  eTentually  almoat  wholly  dcMroyed;  whilrt  in  ruine 
fcr  many  yntn  filled  up  the  harbour  which  It  had  bnn  itecled 
to  rnttct.  In  dengaliH  It*  reconttruction  in  1S97,  it  waa  found 
poelibfa  to  imvida  a  eolid  aprwht  wall  of  unuUe  itniatlh  with 
tlie  malefiau  (altered  over  tbe  urbour.  toeether  with  an  cuifuiaa 
neerted  for  providing  proper  pcotectian  at  the  entrance,  Thia  work 
«*■  eomplnid  fa  I90«. 

tlp^ht-»«ll  bwakwatew  awl  fcpannietawa  aw  (eaaiany  made 

la  depth  and  «poaim  which  are  aftea  met  with  in  diOiircni  (arta 
of  the  eamc  bnalcwater.  Thfa  nay  be  acconnted  lor  by  the  general 
nulBD  al  naidhw  the  top  of  an  upright  wall  or  tnptmriKiure 
■■  a  quay,  which  alioald  nataidy  he  flven  a  nnilom  widihi  and 
tfaievlew  baaafaoled  tothevny  seneiml  pntcticaof  ifailteriiu  Uie 
top  of  theee  utucunt  with  a  parips.  Canenlly  the  width  ii 
praponioHd  to  the  nam  npoied  fin,  M  that  the  only  lemlt  ia 


BBtAU  nCHEL  JVUS  ALFRED  (1839- 
philoTogist,  was  bom  on  ihc  2&Ih  of  March  iSji,  at  Landau 
in  Rhenish  Bavaria,  of  French  parents.  Alter  studying  at 
Weissenbuis,  Meli  and  Paris,  he  entered  the  Ccole  Nortnole 
la  i8j).  Id  iSj;  he  went  to  Berlin,  where  he  studied  Sanskrit 
und«t  Bopp  and  Weber.  Ob  his  nlutn  to  France  he  obtained 
an  appointment  [n  the  department  of  oriental  MSS.  at  the 
Biblioth^ue  ImpMale.  In  iSfi4  he  bKome  professot  of  com- 
paraiive  grammsr  at  the  CoUfge  de  France,  in  iSjj  member  <rf 
the  Academic  dcs  Inscriplioni  e<  BcUcs-letlm,  (n  1879  iatftdaa- 
fhtiral  of  public  Initrtiction  for  higher  schools  until  the  (bolltioa 
of  the  oSicc  in  iBSS.  In  iSijo  he  was  made  commander  of  the 
Legion  ol  Honour.  Among  his  woriis,  which  deal  mainly  with 
tnylhblogicol  and  philological  subjects,  may  be  mcnlioncd: 
V  eiudcJa Briiina d/brtlitbrn  ZcreaHrinni (iB6j),Iot wMch 
a  priie  was  awarded  him  by  Ihe  Acadimie  deslnscriplioru; 
Htrcalc  tt  Cacui  (1S63),  In  which  he  disputes  the  principles  ot 
(he  symbolic  school  in  the  Inlciptclalion  of  myths;  Li  UyAt 
i'(Eiipe  (i!fi4)l  la  Tobltt  BuiMm  (i8;s);  iHlatifti  dt 
KyiiitliiketdcliniiiiilifiiiliTii.ei.,  iSSi) ;  Lrfimuli  mcls  (iSSj, 
1U6).  Ditl!«nnair<ttym>iloiiq<ahUi«  [tSSsJ  and  Crnmiiiajrc  Isf ilM 
(1890).  His  Eiiai  it  Sfmanilqw  {liqi).  On  the  signification  of 
words,  has  been  liinslated  Into  English  by  Mrs  H.  Out  with 
preface  by  J.  P.  Postgate.  Hli  translation  of  Bopp's  Csmparatif 
CramMot  (1B66-1S74),  with  introduclions,  ii  highly  valued.  Be 
has  also  written  pamphlets  on  education  in  France,  the  teaching 
of  andcnt  languages;  and  the  reform  of  French  orthography. 
In  I90«  he  published  Pmr  mieia  arxntUrc  Hcmerc. 

BREAM  (jfiroiiiii),  a  fish  of  the  Cyprinid  family,  cbatacterlied 
by  a  deep,  strongly  compressed  body,  with  short  doiial  and  long 
anal  fins,  Ihc  latter  with  more  than  siiteen  branched  lays,  and 
the  small  Inferior  mouth.  There  are  two  tpeciea  In  Ihe  British 
Isles,  the  common  bream,  A.  Irama,  reaching  a  length  of  i  ft. 
and  a  weight  of  11  lb,  and  the  white  bream  01  bream  flat,  A. 
blkca,  a  smaller  and,  in  moil  places,  rarer  spedcs.  Both  occur  Is 
slow-ninning  tiven,  canals,  ponds  and  reseivDiis.  Bream  are 
usually  despised  for  the  Uble  in  England,  but  fish  from  large 
lake),  if  well  prepared,  are  by  no  meana  desennng  of  oeiradsBi. 
Id  the  days  of  medieval  abbeys,  when  the  provident  Osteician 
nonka  attached  great  importance  to  pond  culture,  they  gave 
(be  fini  place  to  Ihe  tench  and  bream,  Ihe  carp  still  being  un- 
known in  the  greater  part  of  Europe.  Al  the  present  day,  the 
poorer  Jewi  {b  taife  Enghib  dlies  make  a  great  coDSumptJoa 


+8a 


BREAST— BJIECHIN 


ol  bfeim  tnd  ottm  Cyiwinidi,  mot  ol  tkni  being  imporUd 
aUve  (nxa  HollHnd  and  lold  in  Ihc  Jcwiah  Gsb  mvkttj.  In 
AoKtioi  thf  name  tream  is  cominODl/  givrn  to  the  goId«n 
itancT  minnoii  (Aiiamii  ckrynJnKm),  10  thr  pumpkin-seed 
MiaGsh  {Eiipmulij  tiNmui),  and  lo  »oine  kindi  of  potgy 

iSUST  (a  word  common  to  TcBtonic  languags,  d.  ibe 
Ctr.  Bruit,  pouibly  connected  with  an  0.  Sax.  bruilim,  to  bud), 
(he  teim  properly  confined  lo  iheeiteinal  piDJcctingpoJlsoFthc 
thorax  in  temaiei,  which  coolain  Ihe  mamnaiy  gliodt  (lot 
anatomy,  and  diieaia,  *ee  MAitUAiv  Gl*m>);  more  generaily 
it  is  used  of  Ihe  extcnu]  part  of  ibe  ihorai  in  animati,  iocluding 
'nin.  lyinit  between  Ihe  neck  and  the  abdomen. 

BWADTA  fauces  DB  (d.  mi),  one  oT  the  foreign  mercxn- 
arjeiol  King  Johnd  England,  from  whom  be  received  in  mania B* 
Ihe  heireu  of  Ihc  earldom  of  Devon.  On  the  outbrenk  ol  Ihe 
Barons'  War  (iiis)  the  Icing  give  him  the  ihcriftdono  of  ji» 
midland  ihiro  and  the  custody  of  many  cullos.  He  Fulfilled 
his  oiilllao'  duties  iriih  ai  much  sUll  ai  crvelly.  The  royalists 
owed  to  his  diring  the  decisive  victory  of  Lincoln  (1117).  But 
«lter  the  A»lh  of  Wiiliam  Marshjl,  eai!  ol  Pembtoke,  Falkej 
joiocd  the  feudal  oppoulion  in  conspiring  ajainst  Hubert  de 
Burgh.  Deprived  in  111]  of  most  of  his  honoun,  be  was  drawn 
Into  a  lebetlion  by  the  imprudence  of  bis  brother,  who  caplurcd 
■  royal  justice  and  Ihreo  him  into  prison  (1114).  Folkes  was 
allowed  to  go  into  exile  after  his  lubmissioD,  and  endeavoured 
loobtainapcrdonihroughthc  mediation  of  Pope  Konoiius  III. 
But  this  was  refused,  and  Falka  (fed  at  St  Cyriac  in  uiS. 

See  Shirley,  Rajul  Ullrri,  vol.  i.i  the  FalenI  and  CToa  JtoUi; 
PaulCCiiiiicUimEacIulf,  vol,  i.  pp,340-Mj.  (H.W.C,  D.J 


composed  of  volcanic  rocks,  limotonei,  siliceous  charts,  sand- 
stones, in  fact  of  any  kind  o[  material,  and  the  malrii,  which 
usually  corresponds  10  some  extent  to  tlie  fragments  ii  encloses, 
may  be  siliceous,  oloteous,  argillaceous,  lie.  The  dlslinciive 
character  of  the  group  is  Ihe  sharp^dged  and  unworn  shapes 
of  Ibe  fragments;  in  conglomerates  the  pebbles  are  rounded 
and  water-worn,  having  been  transported  by  waves  and  currents 
from  some  distance.  Then  are  many  ways  in  which  breccias 
nay  originitc-  SomearefomKdby  or^iinary  processeaof  atmt^ 
ildicric  erosion ;  frost,  rain  and  gravity  break  up  exposed  surfaces 
of  rock  and  detach  peces  of  lU  sins;  In  this  way  scree*  are 
formed  at  the  bases  of  dtlTs,  and  barren  mountain-tops  are 
covered  with  broken  dihni.  If  such  accumulations  gather 
and  are  changed  into  hard  rock  by  pressure  and  other  indurating 
agencies  they  make  typical  trecciaa.  Congtomeiales  ollen  pass 
Into  rocks  of  ihs  type,  the  difference  being  merely  that  the 
Ingments  are  of  purely  local  origio,  and  are  uaworn  iiecausc 
they  have  not  been  trunporled.  In  caves  breccias  of  limestone 
He  produced  fay  the  colbpsc  of  part  of  the  roof,  covering  the  floor 
with  broken  masses.  Coral  reels  often  contain  extensive  areas  of 
limestone  breccia,  formed  of  detached  pieces  of  rock  which  have 
been  dislodged  from  Ihe  surface  and  have  been  carried  down 
the  sleep  exlcrmj  slopes  of  the  reef.  Volanic  breccias  are  very 
toiqnoD  near  active  or  eiiincl  cnlen.  at  sudden  outbursts  of 
«eam  bur  fragments  from  the  older  rocks  and  scatter  them 
over  the  ground. 

Anolher  group  of  brccdaa  is  due  lo  crushing;  these  are 
produced  in  fissures,  faults  and  veins,  below  the  surface,  and 
Puybe  described  as " crush-breccias " and  "friction-breccias." 
Very  important  and  well-known  examples  of  this  class  occur 

II  tonned,  probably  by  dighl  crustal  movements,  and  is  lubee- 
queiUly  filled  wiEh  material  depcaited  from  solution  (quailx. 
calcite.  baryte*.  Ac.).  Very  often  displacement  of  the  walls 
again  lakrs place,  and  the  infilling  or "  veinstone  "is  torn  apart 
and  brccdatcd.  It  may  then  be  cemented  together  by  a  further 
introduction  of  mineral  matter,  which  may  be  Ihe  same  as  that 
finl  deposited  or  quite  different-  In  important  veins  this  process 
is  often  repealed  several  times;  detached  pieces  of  the  country 
rock  are  iningled  with  the  shattered  veinstone,  and  federally 


experience  alleiation   by  the  percoUllns  nuaeraJ  sotutloift 

Other  crush-breccias  occurring  on  a  much  larger  scale  are  due  to 
Ihe  lolding  ol  stritt  which  have  unequal  plasticities.  If,  for 
eiample,  shales  and  sandiloncs  ore  bent  into  a  series  of  arehes, 

crack,  while  the  ahidci,  which  are  soft  and  Bow  under  great 
pressures,  are  injected  into  the  cnvirt*  and  separate  Ihe  broken 
pieces  from  one  another.  Continued  movement  will  give  the 
brecdated  fragments  of  sandstone  a  rounded  form  by  rubbing 
them  against  one  anottier,  and,  in  this  way,  a  crush-conglomeraU 
is  produced.  Great  masses  of  limestone  in  the  Alps,  ScMIiidi 
Hif^ands,  and  all  regiou  of  inieue  folding  art  Ibus  converled 
Into  breccias.  Cherts  frequently  also  show  thii  structure; 
igaeous  rocka  less  commonly  do  so;  but  it  Is  perhaps  moat 
common  where  there  have  been  thin  bedded  alternations  of  rocks 
of  different  character,  such  as  limatone  and  dc^eilte.  limestone 
and  quartiite,  shale  or  phyUiie  ahd  sandstone.  Fault-brecdaa 
closely  resemble  vein-bre«jaa.  except  that  usually  tbdr  fng- 
ments  consist  principally  ol  Ibe  rocks  which  adjoin  ihc  lault 
and  not  of  mineral  deposits  introduced  in  solution;  but  many 
veins  occupy  fiults,  and  hence  no  bird  and  fast  line  can  be 
drawn  between  these  types  of  breeds. 

A  third  group  of  breccias  k  due  10  movement  in  a  paHly 
consolidated  igneous  rock,  and  may  be  called  "  fluxion-brecdas-" 
Lava  streams,  especially  when  Ibey  consist  of  jhyolite.  dadte 
alud  some  kiiids  of  andeiile,  may  rapidly  sididtfy,  and  Iben 
become  exceedingly  brittle,  II  any  pan  of  the  mass  h  sliU 
liquid,  il  may  break  up  the  solid  crust  by  pressure  from  withia 
and  the  angtilar  fragments  axe  enveloped  by  the  fluid  lava* 
When  Ibe  whole  comes  to  rest  and  cools,  il  forms  a  typical 
"  volcanic-flu  ilon-breccia-"  The  same  phenomena  are  aome- 
limes  exemplilied  in  intrusive  tilb  and  sheets-  The  fisnim 
which  are  occupied  by  igneous  dikes  may  be  the  seat  of  repcstad 
injectioBs  following  one  another  at  longer  or  shortei  Intervals; 
and  the  latter  may  shatter  the  earlier  dike  rocks,  catching  «p 
the  fragments.  Ajnong  the  older  formations,  especially  when 
decomposition  has  gone  on  extensively,  these  Sution  and 
inject  lon-brecdas  are  often  very  hard  to  distinguish  from  the 
commoner  volcanic-breccias  and  ash-beds,  .which  have  been 
produced  iqr  weathering,  or  by  the  explosive  poarer  of  super- 
healed  steam.  U-  S.  F.) 

BBBCBIH,  a  royal,  municipal  and  poUct  burgh  of  ForfaraUit, 
Scotland.  Pop.  (1001)  Smi.  It  lieioDtteleftbankal  the  Sooth 
Esk,  7]  m.  west  of  Montrose,  and  has  a  atitlon  on  the  loop  lino 
of  the  Caledonian  railway  from  Forfar  to  Bridge  ai  Dim.  BocUk 
is  a  proaperous  town,  of  great  antiquity,  having  been  the  she 
of  a  Culdee  abbey.  Tiu  Dana  are  said  to  have  burned  the  town 
in  ion.  David  I.  erected  it  Into  a  bishopric  in  1150,  and  it  is 
still  a  see  of  the  Episcopal  Church  of  Scotland.  In  1451  the 
earlofHunUycrusbedthe  insunection  led  by  the  eail  of  Crawford 
at  the  battle  of  Brechin  Muir,  and  io  164]  the  town  and  caatk 
were  harried  by  the  muqois  of  Montrose-  James  VI.  gave  t 
grant  for  founding  a  hospital  in  the  buigb,  which  yet  mi^itt 
thacounril  with  funds  for  charity.  No  trace  remains  of  Ihe  old 
walls  and  gales  of  the  town,  but  the  river  is  (iiimtd  by  >  two- 
arched  stone  bridge  of  very  early  dale.  The  cathedral  cfanrcli 
ol  the  Holy  Trinity  bclonp  to  Iho  ijth  century.  It  Is  in  the 
Pointed  style,  but  suflered  maltreatment  in  1806  at  the  bands 


restoration  completed  in  1901.  The  wtsiem  galJe  with  Id 
fUmboyant  window  and  Golbic  door  and  the  massive  stpura 
tower  an  all  that  a  left  of  Ihe  original  edifice.  Ths  modera 
stained  glass  in  Ihe  chancd  is  reckoned  amon^t  the  fineat  in 
ScDiIand.  Immediately  adjoining  the  cathedral  to  the  sontb- 
west  stands  the  Round  Tower,  built  about  looo.  It  is  K6)  ^ 
high,  has  (t  Ike  base  a  drciunference  of  Jo  ft.  and  a  diameter  at 
16  ft,,  and  is  capped  with  a  hessgonal  Bjire  of  iS  ft,,  which  was 
added  In  the  15th  century.  This  type  of  iiruciure  is  someiAat 
common  In  Ireland,  but  the  only  Scottish  examples  are  those  at 
Brechin.  Abemelby  in  Perthshire,  and  E^sbsy  in  the  OrkneyL 
Brechin  Csstle  played  a  ptaninent  pan  In  the  ^■"^"■l'  War  ol 
Independence.    In  tjoj  It  wflbslaad  farUfeniycUu  aiiegefB 


^  BRECKINRIDGE— BRECON 


*»3 


i>5t  bgr  WiUiui  oi 
the  piindpil  publk 

(founded  by  BIiAop  FMbn,  lAo,  u  «dl  ■>  Bkkop  AbMiwtbjr- 


member  to  ,         

EdieQ  ([woDoiincHt  EdycB,  ud,  locally,  Ai^)  Ua  aboat 
(  PI.  Botih  of  BreduB,  with  iriifch  it  ia  i 
rituted  on  the  North  Esk  and  near  the 
jato  the  EA  1  m.  uuth-wat.  Ediril  b  on  tb  thnthoU  of 
mnuiiic  Highlisd  tamtj.  The  picturaqna  Tiduof  Edaell 
CUtle  lie  a  mile  to  the  whE  of  the  town.  Once  tb*  aaat  ol  Ibe 
Liodjajv  Ihe  esUIe  now  belong  to  the  ail  of  Dalhoole.  Th* 
dmrdi  of  the  parish  of  FameU,  5}  m.  Aoutb-eaiE  of  Brvchln, 
wu  encted  in  1806  aJter  the  model,  so  it  is  ilatRl^  the  famous 
Bhdy  MoBie  (Cau  Santa)  of  Lorelo  in  Italy.  It  was  here  that 
tbe  old  KD^ared  itoBC  giving  a  venion  of  Ibe  Fall  ma  [ound. 
BetweCB  PinieD  asd  Brechin  lies  Kinnaird  Cailk,  Ibe  seat  ol  tbe 
tad  of  Sovtbesk. 

BHrnQmilH^  JOBH  CABILL  (leii-tSTi),  Amerina 
•oldtet  and  political  leader,  wu  born  near  LaSBgUm,  Kentucky, 
on  tbe  list  ol  JuiusiT  iSii'  He  wu  a  Donber  of  a  fomily 
prominent  ia  Ibe  puUic  life  of  Sealudcy  and  [he  natton. 
Hii  grandfilhei,  John  Breckinridge  (1760-1806),  who  revised 
Jc^bd'i  distt  of  tbe  "  Kentucky  Resolutions  "  of  1798,  was 
a  United  Suics  Knalor  from  Kentndiy  tn  iSot-iSo5  and 
attomey-genenl  in  Pteddmt  JeSerton's  cabinet  in  itas-i3a6. 
Rk  undo,  John  Bietkiniidge  lij^T-ti^i),  prol«B«of  paatoral 
Ibeobgy  in  tbe  PiJiKCton  TheotogiaJ  SeBdnary  b  iSjfr-iSjS 
and  fdcmany  yean  after  secretary  of  the  Preabytnion  Board  ef 
Foreign  Krisiitin9,andR(d>ertJelfenonBi«kbiiidte(igaD-iB7i), 
lor  seven]  years  superinteDdent  ol  public  initmctiOB  in  Kentucky, 
an  important  (actor  in  the  orguization  of  tha  public  tduvl 
system  of  the  Slate,  a  professor  from  igj3  to  1871  in  Ihe  Danville 
Presbyterian  Tbcologial  Semmary  at  Danville,  Kentucky,  and 
tbe  tempoTaiy  cbaliman  of  the  national  RepubUoui  convention 
of  iSt4,  weit  both  ptomineat  deigymen  of  llie  Piesbyterian 
(Hiorch.  lEi  cousin,  WHllara  Campbell  Preston  Breckinridge 
(1837-1904),  wu  a  Democratic  represenlalive  in  Congress  from 
iM;  to  189].  Another  (oiBin,  Joseph  Cabell  Breckinridge 
(1841-  ),  served  on  the  Union  tide  in  Ihe  Civil  War,  was  a 
major-general  o(  volonlens  during  the  Spanish-American  War 
(iS^g),  became  a  major-general  In  the  regular  United  Elates 
army  in  1903,  and  was  inspector-general  of  tbe  United  Slates 
army  from  i  Bog  until  his  retirement  from  active  service  in  1904. 

John  Cabell  Breckinridge  graduated  in  lS]8  at  Cenlre  OJIege, 
Danville,  Kentucky,  contlniitd  his  Hudies  at  Priucelon,  and 
then  studied  law  at  Transylvania  Univenily,  Leiinglon,  Ken- 
tucky, He  praclfaed  law  in  Frankfort,  Kentucky,  m  1840-1841 
aod  In  Burlington,  Iowa,  from  1B41  <»  1B43,  and  then  relumed 
to  Kentucky  and  followed  his  pnfes^on  at  Lexington.  In  rg47 
he  went  to  Menco  as  major  in  a  volunleer  regiment,  but  atrivrd 
loo  late  (ortervicein  tbeBeld.  In  1849  he  wag  elected  a  Demo- 
cratic member  of  Ihe  Kentucky  legiiialure,  and  in  1851-1855 
be  served  In  the  nsllanaj  House  of  Representatives.  President 
Pierce  oBered  him  Ihe  position  o(  minister  to  Spain,  but  he 
declined  IL  In  1836  he  was  chosen  vice-president  of  the  Uoited 
Statea  on  the  Buchanan  ticket,  and  althou^  a  strong  pithsla very 
and  states  rights  man,  he  presfded  over  the  Senate  with  oon- 
■pIcoDiia  turiical  and  Impartiill^  dudni  the  trying  yean  betcie 


waa  ha  du^  ta  make  th 
tba  dBCtkn  of  U*  opponent,  Unadn.  He  Hioaeded  John  J. 
QrittcBdM  la  IMted  Statea  Mnalat  boB  Kcntnc^  io  Hatch 
iMi,  bat  having  aubaeqaat^  ail)»d  die  CoofedBate  ictvica 
ha«aaBq)dlBd&omtbeSaiBtainD*o(DibeTi86i.  Aa btlgatUet- 
geaenl ha comnandtd  the  Cnfedeiau  naave  BtSdloh,  aod  ia 
AtigiBti86ilBbeeBiaemBjor-gtncnL  OntbasthollbkBiOBth 
ha  wu  icpubgd  in  his  attad  on  Batos  Koi^  but  ha  won 
diitiactiai  at  Stona  River  (December  31,  lUs-Janaaiy  a,  iStj), 
wbta  hii  division  loat  naai^  a  tUrd  of  Ila  DBmbar.  Ho  look 
part  in  tl^  battle  of  Chidiaraanfa,  defeated  <r«nfral  Fraba  Sigel 
at  NemnaAct,  Virgiida,  on  tbe  istb  of  ICay  1864,  and  then 
joined  Lee  and  took  pan  in  the  batllea  oi  Cold  Haxbor  on  the 
ISC  and  on  the  3k1  of  June.  Id  the  aatuna  haoparatedia  tha 
Shenandoah  Valley,  and  with  Bad/  waa  defeated  by  EbeiidaB 
at  Wlnchcater  on  tha  igth  of  September.  Being  tiaariencd  to 
tba  dqieruneot  ol  South-west  Virginia,  he  tou^  a  Bunber  ol 
mine*  eMagementa  la  eaatem  TeuKaee,  and  in  Jauaary  1861 
bccaaw  eecretaiy  of  war  (or  the  ConiCdeiUe  States.  At  tha 
due  of  Ebe  war  he  escaped  to  Cuba,  and  fnm  tbcre  vent  to 
Europe.  Ja  1S6S  ha  returned  to  the  UnitadStatet  and  resumed 
the  pnctica  of  law  at  Lexingtoo,  Kentucky,  wh^e  he  died  oa 
the  17th  of  hlay  1875. 

BBBCOX,  or  Bbecemoct,  a  market  (own  and  municipal 
bonnigb,  the  c^tal  of  Bimnisbire,  Walea,  iBj  m.  bom  Liadon 
by  rail,  ^eniia>4|M^iItaaled  neatly  in  the  centn  of  tho  county, 
at  the  coaaneBca  of  the  HMmUu  with  the  Uik.  Half  a  milo 
hl^efiqithenTcllalnlltlsIotolheDdtbomlbeaoath.  The 
eetliriMllcal  paiUot  Bieooa  ooulM of  tbe  two  dvil patiAea 
of  St.John  the  Evanfdlu  and  St  Uary,  both  on  tbe  left  bask  of 
Ihe  [Wc,  whDe  St  David's  te  Llanfaes  if  00  the  other  ride  of  tbe 
river,  and  wu  wbdiy  outside  the  tommlls.  Pop.  (1901)  5875. 
tliei*  Is  only  ode  Um  of  railway,  over  irticfa  sevcnl "— r*"--, 
however,  havatuiming  powera,  so  that  lbs  (own  aity  be  laaflwrt 
by  tbe  Brecon  t  Usnhyr  railway  from  Merthyr,  CirdS  and 
Newport,  by  the  Cambrian  from  Builth  Weill,  or  by  the  Midland 
bom  Herefoid  and  Swanioa  tcspectivBly.  The  Great  Wateo, 
raHw^  baa  aho  a  lervice  of  rasd  molon  between  Abeigavcuny 
aadBncoD.  AcanalnmiiingpulAbetgavennycoaiiectsBreoDtt 
wHh  Henhyr. 

The  Priory  church  of  St  John,  a  miuslvs  cruciform  building^ 
orij^nally  Norraan  willi  Eariy  En^ish  and  Decorated  additlona, 
is  the  finest  parish  church  ill  Wales,  and  even  taking  into  account 
tbe  cathedrals  it  is  acctvding  to  £.  A.  Freeman  "  Indi^nitaldy 
the  third  diurch  not  In  a  state  of  ruhi  in  the  prrndpallty,"  Its 
choir  furnishing  "  one  of  tbe  choicest  exaraptes  of  the  Early 
English  style,"  Previous  to  the  dissolution,  a  rood-scieen 
bearing  a  giganclc  rood,  Ihe  object  of  many  pilgrbnagei,  Blood 
to  Ihe  west  of  tlie  lower.  Tbe  church  was  leitored  under  Sir 
GBbert  Scott  between  i8«t  and  1875-  St  Miiy'a,  In  the  centra 
of  tbe  town,  and  St  Dsyid's,  beyond  the  Uak,  are  now  mainly 
modem,  though  the  ioimer  has  KHue  of  the  Norman  arches 
of  Ihe  original  church.  Time  is  also  a  Ronuo  Catholic  churdi 
(St  Midiael's)  opened  !n  1851,  and  chapels  belonging  Io  tbe 
Baptists,  Calvinlitic  and  Wesleyan  UetbodiiU,  and  Io  tbe 
CongreEationatists.  In  Llanfaes  there  was  formeriy  a  Dominicut 
priory, butin  1541  Henry VHI.gnuiteditwiihtllilspoese  ' 
10  a  cdleglale  church,  which  wu  transferred  thither 
Abergwili,  and  wu  given  the  name  of  Christ  CcJlege.  Mi 
the  iHshops  of  St  David's  during  the  17th  century  00 
redded  here,  and  several  are  also  buried  here,    A  sroall  part  of  tbe 

r84i  the  collegiate  body  was  dissolved,  and  its  revenues,  thea 
amounting  to  about  £8000  a  year,  were  tranafcrrcd  to  tbe 
ecclfdastiol  commissioners.  In  1853  Heniy  vm.'s  chance 
was  repealed,  and  under  a  chancery  scheme  adopted  two  yeaxi 
later,  fiiGoaycaTwasappiopriated for thasehDoL    New  school 


♦»♦ 


BRECONSHIRE 


ol  the  old  Dominicu 


mSSo.  Tbeduncel 
m  clupd,  ditiDg  from  the  ijth  century,  tu 
Idtond  m  itNM,  ud  ii  now  thi  icfaool  dupcL  Tbae  is  alio 
s  Congngstloiuliit  IhMlggic*]  college,  built  in  1869  at  a  CMt  of 
liifioo.  and  now  Bffilialeil  irith  the  anivciBly  of  Walei.  The 
atba  chief  buildingi  of  the  Iowa  me  the  thiie  hull  built  m  1841 
in  Ihe  Doiic  style  fnia  tWsigD*  by  T.  H.  Wyatt;  the  Cmldhall; 
the  bamcki,  *hich  arc  the  bn^qnarten  o[  two  bsttalions 
of  the  South  Wales  Boidcren;  the  county  io&rmuy  tounded 
in  1831;  and  thepriioD  (inLUiJaes}  [or  the  cannilaof  Biecon 
and  Radnor.  There  ifl  a  bronze  itatue  of  the  duke  of  Wdllnfftoti 
(erected  in  1354)  by  John  Evan  Hiomai,  a  native  of  the  town. 
The  lo*fi  coramanda  a  magnificent  view  of  the  Bncknock 
Beacons,  and  is  noted  for  its  ptomezudes  on  the  banks  of  the 
Vtkt  and  in  the  priory  gmves,  Brecon  is  favourably  known  as 
a  fishing  centre,  and  there  is  alto  boitros  on  tfie  Usk  and  the 
canal.  There  are  several  honset  of  inleresl,  notably  the  Pricny 
and  Dr  Avbtey'i  resideace  (naar  called  Buckinghtm  House), 
both  built  about  the  middle  of  the  i6th  centuiy,  but  the  finest 
spcdmen  it  Newum  (ibout  a  mfle  out,  near  IJanfaes)  built  in 
i^Sj  by  Sir  John  Games  (a  descendant  of  Sir  David  Ganj),  but 
BDV  a  f annbtniK.  Hie"  Shouldec  of  Mutton  "  Inn,  nm  known 
as  the  "  Siddoa  Wine  Vaults,"  was  the  birthplace  in  1755  of 
UnSiddons. 

The  TLUoe  BredoiDck  is  an  ingliriird  form  of  BiycheinioE, 
the  Welsh  name  of  Uk  territory  of  Biychin  (whence  the  niter- 
native  form  of  Brecon),  a  Goidelic  chieftain,  who  sained  posses- 
Bon  of  the  Usk  villey  in  the  5ih  century.  The  Welsh  name  of 
the  town,  on  the  other  hind,  has  alnyi  beeu  Abei-Uonddu  (the 
Btuary  o!  the  Honddu).  Theie  i>  no  evidence  of  any  seltleuiciii 
on  the  n'tc  o(  the  present  [own  prior  to  about  loga,  when  Beraaid 
Newmarch,  after  defeiting  Bleddin  ab  Macnarch,  built  here  a 
castle  which  he  made  his  residence  and  the  chief  stronghold  of 
hii  new  lordship.  For  this  purpose  lie  utiliied  what  remained  of 
the  materials  o<  the  Soiwn  tort,  ]  m.  to  the  weat.  tit  V  Gaer. 
which  some  idntify  u  BumiuiK.  He  tuhtequenlly  founded, 
near  the  castle,  tho  Benedictine  piiory  of  St  John,  which  he 
endowedandeoDttitutedacellofBattleAbbey.  lotimealown 
grew  up  outside  the  castle,  and  its  inhabitants  received  a  lerres 
af  duulers  from  the  de  Bohuns,  Into  which  family  the  culJe 
and  lotdibip  passed,  the  earliest  recorded  charter  beisg  grwited 
by  Humphrey.  3rd  ead  of  Hereford,  Under  the  patronage  of 
liB  great  ^grandfloa,  the  last  ead  of  Hereford  (whoiived  in  great 

oi  trade  in  South  Wales,  and  a  sijileen  d^s'  fair,  which  he 
Itunted,  still  survives  as  a  hiring  fair  hdd  ul  November.  Further 
charten  were  grahted  hy  Henry  IV.  (who  married  Hereford's 
co-hor^l.by  Henry  V.,  who  gave  the  town  two  more  (airs,  anti 
hy  the  Stafford  fatnily,  to  which  the  cjutle  and  loidthip  werv 
tUoltcd  on  the  partition  of  the  Bohun  estalcl  In  itsi.  Henry 
Stafford,  ind  duke  of  Buckingham,  reudcd  •  good  deal  at  the 
cattle,  and  Morton,  bishop  of  Ely.  *hoie  cuttody  as  a  prisoner 
vat  eBtruited  to  him.  plotted  wiili  him  then  lor  the  dethrnne- 
ment  oi  Itichard  111.,  tor  which  Stafford  was  executed  far  14SJ. 
His  son.  Edwaid,  the  jidduke,  who  was  bom  in  the  castle  in  1478, 
kad  the  estates  ttatored  to  him,  but,  in  tsu.  suffered  a  like  fate 
with  his  [atbK,  and  the  kudship  and  castle  then  vested  in  the 
onwn.  Both  were  acquired  in  the  neit  century  by  the  anccston 
of  Viscount  Tredegar,  to  whom  they  now  beUmg.  By  a  statute 
ol  TJ3S  Brecon  was  tnad  Ihe  county  town  of  the  new  shire  ol 
Brecknock,  and  was  panted  the  right  ol  electing  one  burgess  to 
nprescnt  it  in  parliament,  a  right  which  it  retained  till  it  was 
■nsed  in  the  county  representattou  in  1885.  A  chancery  and 
odkequer  for  the  oountica  of  Brecknock  arid  BadDor  were' also 
•riablisbcd  at  Brecon  Castl^  and  from  1141  till  iSjo  the  great 
MtMkus.  andsitice  then  theaatlses,  and  stall  timet  the  quarter 
iimIih  Ua  the  oounty.  have  been  held  u  Brecon.  The  borough 
tedaboaaepaiale  court  of  (luartcrieiBOiis  till  iSjs.  Tlieiown 
taw  iaeoipanted  by  a  charter  granted  by  Philip  and  Mary 


In  the 


of  h 


(dfiL    A  «hanet  granted  by  Jaocs  II.  was  never  aded  upon. 


not  Uywtl.  wUckia 


■  leaUbciWi.    Thelaki 


Tlie  borougli  was  placed  VM 

iSjs,  and  until  tbco  the  U 

formed  a  ward  of  the  boioni 

gUds  in  Ihe  town,  tbe  chief  induKiita  bdnt  d 

manufacture*.    TiMtt  ate  G 

(onueHy  each  of  them  waa  fa 

bdd  in  Uji,y  aikd  November  were  alao  lor  nuu^  mocn  ot  tAO 

used  to  be  the  case. 

During  tbe  Civil  War  the  greater  part  of  the  castla  ud  at 
the  town  walls  (which  with  their  lour  galea  were  until  then  weQ 
preserved)  were  demolished  hy  the  inhabitoati  in  order  to  prevcaU 
the  town  being  etthcTgarritonai  or  boBe^ed.  rhirifal.hniiiiMia. 
stayed  a  night  at  the  piioiy  houie  ahortly  after  the  battle  of 
Nateby.  The  chief  ruim  ol  the  csMle  are  am  enclosed  in  the 
ground  of  the  Csitle  Hotel,  the  principal  object  befog  Ely  tower, 
where  Bisbop  Morton  was  imprisoned. 

Betides  thoieilreadymenlionedlhepenonaof  note  bom  in  the 
town  indude  Henry  Stafford,  duke  of  Buckingham;  Dr  Hugh 
Price,  founder  ol  Jesus  College,  Oxford;  Dr  Tlumaa  Coke,  tba 
hrsE  Wesleyan  missionary  bishop  in  America;  aikd  Tlicophilua 
Jones,  tbe  historian  of  the  county.  Henry  Vaughan,  tix  Silurixt, 
BtonetimcisaclIaedhereaaadiictorDfmediciue.  (D.  Li.  T.) 

BBSC(UIGH1R&  or  BK£Cknocikiurs.  an  inland  coun^  in 
South  Waks,  and  the  fourth  largest  in  aU  Walea,  bouaded  N.W. 
by  Cardipin.N.andN.E.  by  Radnor,  £.andS.E.byUoiiniouth, 
S.  by  GUmorgan  arui  W.  by  Carmarthen.  The  goieni  aspect 
of  the  county  It  mountainous,  and  tbe  scenery  it  marked  by 
beauty  and  erwdeur.  The  climate  it  moiit  but  temperate  and 
healthy,  and  the  soil  of  the  vaCeya,  often  consittiiig  of  rich 
alluvial  deposits,  is  very  fertile.  The  loftial  mountains  in  South 
Walea,  extending  from  Herefordshire  and  Moomionthshin 
(where  their  casters  q>urs  form  the  Haltcral  Hills)  is  ■  iouth- 
easteriy  direction  into  Carmarthenshire,  completely  ciidrclc  the 
county  on  the  cast  and  south  except  for  the  break  formed  by 
the  Vale  of  Usk  at  CrickhowclL  Their  highest  summit  north 
of  Ihe  Usk,  an  the  eastern  sido,  when  th^  are  known  aa  tb 
Slack  Mountains,  or  sometimes  the  Black  Forest  Mountains,  ia 
Pen  y  Cader  (2614  ft.)  between  lUgarth  and  UaDihony,  and  on 
the  south-west  the  twin  peaks  of  the  Mynydd  Du  ("  Black 
Mountain  "}  or  the  siHalled  Carmarthenthiie  Vans  or  Beacon^ 
only  the  higher  ol  which.  Fan  Biydieimog(iA3ifL).  is,  however, 
in  Bicconthire;  ^hile  the  centre  of  the  crescent  [s  occujHed  by 
the  mattes  of  the  Bfecknock&hiie  Beacons  or  Vans  (often  called 
Che  Beacons  simply),  the  highest  point  oi  which.  Pen  y  Fan, 
formerly  also  known  aa  Cadair  Arthur,  or  Arthur's  Chair,  attains 
an  altitude  of  igio  ft.  In  the  north,  a  range  of  barren  hills, 
which  goes  by  Elie  general  designation  of  Mynydd  Eppytit  (a 
itrsl  portion),  itretchea 


rights 


north^astcriy  di 


with  Mynydd  Bwldi-y-Groet  on  Ihe  boundary  to  the  east  of 
Llandovery,  and  terminating  near  Buillh.  In  tbe  dreary  couotry 
still  farther  north  then  is  1  scries  of  rounded  hiUs  covered  witlt 
peat  and  moites,  the  chief  feature  being  DrygamFanr  (in  jit.) 

Of  the  valleys,  the  most  distinguished  lot  beauty  it  that  of 
the  Usk,  tlrelching  (nm  east  lo  west  and  dividing  the  (ounty 
into  two  nearly  equal  portioas.  The  Wye  is  Ihe  chief  liver,  and 
iomu  the  boundary  betwecsn  the  nunty  and  Radnorthirt  oji 
the  north  and  north-east,  from  Rhayader  10  !iay,  a  distance  of 
upwards  of  10  m.;  its  tributary,  the  Elan,  till  it  receive*  the 
daerwen,  and  then  the  latter  livcr.  conUnue  the  boundary 
between  the  two  coimlles  on  the  notlb.  while  the  Towy  separate* 
the  county  from  Cardigan  on  Ihe  notth-wett.  The  hilly  countiy 
totheoorthof  theEpfiyntis  mainly  drained  by  thelrfon,  which 
falls  Into  the  Wye  near  Buillh.  The  Usktisciin  the  Carmarthen- 
shire Vsn  on  the  west,  and  flowing  in  a  direction  aeai^y  due  east 
throu^  tbe  centre  of  the  county,  collects  tbe  wilci  from  the 
range  of  the  Beacons  in  the  south,  and  frem  the  Eppyut  range 
in  tbe  north  by  means  oi  numenHis  smaller  stnams,  ol  which  the 
Tarell  and  the  Honddu  (which  join  it  at  Brecon)  are  Ihe  moat 
important,  and  it  cntera  M 


tW«^" 


BRECONSHIRE 


na  1U,  ite  MtM  IiUlIW  tiibttaifai  (he  Hef*U  (Dd  (•# 
Udlta)  Ud  tkt  Tkwi,  in  liw  on  the  MiUh  o(  the  Bocan  DDte, 
Md  FM^M  llmwtfi  CbBoAUiUn,  flaw  inio  the  fiditol 
Cbuod,  tha  upper  locto  sf  the  MUd  and  it*  tiftutuiai  In 
tfcaVileiklKnlhbciiitdciavedlyUnmttloiiUiCeiiair'  "na 
mMiDUiiB  ol  tha  oowly  tauiilBb  one  d  the  bat  ntcr-ffo- 
dud^  VM*  in  Wtl<>>  RtcapnuBS  tU*.  the  eatpsntion  <rf 
Bionintbam,  UBdet  an  act  d  1891,  wquind  the  mtnibid  of  tiw 
Elu  and  □acnn^  ud  raoftriKUdon  Ibe  Eltn  thne  impound- 
isg  (taecvoin  whence  the  miti  ii  owducted  tJinHiiA  u  aquoduct 
to  Birainihun  <f  *J-  SwuKa  obuiaa  lU  diicl  ■apply  Inn  a 
rciervDiroFoiKthoCitandipLUioaplJaiiiaKatzuctcd  in  189^1906 
OB  the  Cny,  a  tiibutaiy  of  the  tlik.  A  liiie  iuduMtUl  uea 
arouDiI  Neath  U  (Ufqilicd  Irom  YitrodfeUle.  Ucithyc  lydfil 
dran  iu  lupply  boa  the  Icsci  Taff,  while  CardiS'i  nain  npply 
conei  fiom  Ihc  Great  TaS  valley,  where,  uad«  act»  of  1S84  and 
1S94,  two  Rstivoin  with  a  (spidly  ol  66S  iDiUion  plloiu  have 
been  constriKted  and  a  third  autboriud. 

In  (he  cut  «1  tb*  county,  ai  the  fool  oI  the  Black  Fomt 
Uountaini,  i>  Uyp  Saladdan,  «  BtccknoA  Hat,  bow  mon 
generally  ItDowo  ai  Uanfone  Lake  (fRnn  bcinc  pailly  lituited 
in  the  paiiilt  <i  that  name}.  It  ii  about  j  m.  kni  by  t  m.  bioid. 
being  thctargeaEUkcinSoulh  Wain.'.  UjMii an artifidil ialind 
in  the  Uke  tiacs  ol  lake-dwcUintB  tRre  discoTcnd  In  i8«4, 
together  with  the  boaeaot  icd  dco,  wild  boar  and  Bai  hngijrtnt. 

Cwbtx— Tht  sli^  neka  la  BiecfciDckshin  an  the  UaDdtito 
ihaka  and  lAtntti>«  diabaiei  of  pn^Uaodovafy  an  which  near 
Buibh  eatead  acfOH  Iba  Wye  fnn  Radoenbin;  aaalber  patch 
wtlh  vokanic  ootfiowi  comei  up  at  Lhnwrtyd.  and  at  both  pUcn 
they  live  liaeloiniBatalfprinn.  Not  Whiw  tba  Bala  Bedi.  which, 
wha  the  HKoedlai  Lowci  aad  Uppir  Uaadoneiy  ibalei.  landiiaan 
__.  ■__  .y^  ™rf.  — -■ — '  -•- " -■ 


♦»5 


, ., ^ . __.^ ...m  icanH  and 

(Idfaa  Totheaoiitheaatol  tUaretiaaaaanoVDinaopaf  Upper 
Uandovcry,  Werloehaiad  Ludlow  laDditaDaafld  aiudKoaa  (dUdwi. 
noroinfonnably  overlyian  the  Llandeilo  and  Bala  locli^  aruT  dipping 
oonfotmably  uadei  ibe  Ord  Red  Sandiionc:  they  eiiend  (mm 
Newbridgr-on-Wye  and  BuZth  Ibmagh  Uutannarth  (wbcie 
Ifaeie  ai?  minnal  ^riiiEi)  (owarda  Llaodomy,  while  ■  langue  of 
Lndlaw  nxika  biDU^t  up  by  laukiat  ealcodi  Irom  Erwdod  on  the 
Wye  for  8  n.  ■oultwMlwardi  into  the  Old  Red  Sinduone.  The 
ItnuLnder  and  greater  pan  of  the  county  h  aocupind  chklty  by  the 

KHy  hcliKdOd  Red  SiodUne;  In  itx  dliwKtEd  plateau  el  the 
ekMoBUahBiBitholCiizUDweUlhel         -  -■     -^ 


iih  ol  Bmcob  the  coflfllonefalk  upper  bcda 

.jid  plateau!  ol  the  Beacom.    The  nothera 

ity  i>  [armed  by  the  •cano  and  nunrtindi  ti  the 
hneriweanJ  MillMone  CSl  "^ -"    '  -'^'-"  ' — 

leCoJ^Suraaltbe 


ol  CiiiDnwell).  while  tt 


folded)  aod  near  Ti 
.......   ^^j 


'redaar  and  I 
aumh  and  at 


IT  al  [real  hciglili  ofl  Ibe 

7iirfiiiW(r.— Agriculture  is  the  thiel  indnalry.  and  the  Afri- 
<iilturtl  Sodety  ol  the  county,  dating  Iron  1755,  ii  the  oldert 
in  Wain.  About  Dne-founh  only  ol  the  area  ol  the  county  i» 
under  tultivation,  and  the  chlel  crops  grown  an  wheat  and 
barley,  but  above  all,  turnips  and  oats.  The  acrdige  devoted 
to  any  other  crop  is  practically  inBnitMinHil,  though  in  the 
eastem  part  more  attention  is  pau)  to  (luit-gmwing  than  perhaps 
In  any  other  part  ot  South  Wala.  The  farming  is,  however, 
chiefly  pastoral,  nearly  OM-adrd  ol  the  county  b  tommon  or 
waite  land,  and  Its  nnmberof  sbap  (mainly  ol  the  Rnlnor  Fomt 
bned)  lar  eiceeds  that  ot  any  other  counly  ia  Walea.  The 
breeding  ol  cob»  and  ponia  comes  neit  la  imponante,  and 
thMly  that  of  cattle,  now  mostly  Heiefordi,  tbouj^  Speed 
mentions  >  nali»e  breed,  long  ilnce  eitinet,  all  white  with  red 
can.  Ttatae,  together  with  pigs,  wod,  buller,  and  (in  imall 
qnantlltei)  dieese,  form  the  staple  of  a  considtnible  lisde  with 
Hie  Midlands  and  the  indu!tHil  diatricti  to  the  south  and  toDih- 
wot  the  farm)  are  of  compirativeiy  imal!  s!k,  the  average 
eidlinted  area  of  the  holdings  in  iSg^  being  63  trta,  and  the 
Ured  iaboui  averages  about  two  men  for  each  farm.  A  large 
Aara  M  the  mtk,  HpecfaBy  on  the  hi^land  laRni,  i>  dona  by 
I,  with  tha  aid, 


■npoaUnt.  <m)  beiai  enenivdy  worked— chiefly  anthiadla 
ia  tbe  upper  ceachet  of  the  Swum*  and  Neath  valleyi,  and 
hitiminmia  in  tha  Muth-easteni  coraei  ol  the  county.    That 

are  ^ao  limestone  and  fireclay,  firebrick  and  ceqioil  wofka, 

as  at  AbeiaanI  in  the  Vale  of  Neath  and  at  Fenwylit. 

The  Ccnlial  Walca  (action  of  the  London  ft  Nonh-Wcnera 
railway  froB  CiavcB  Ama  to  Swans^  ctmasaa  the  iKirth-weat 
mmar  of  the  county,  and  is  intcisocted  at  BuQth  Road  by  a 
hiaiH^  el  the  Cambrian,  winch,  running  for  the  Dtoal  part  on  the 
Radocaihln  lide  oi  the  Wye,  fDUawa.tlHt  livcr  from  Rhayader 
tn  Throe  Cocka;  the  MJ-u—H  tailwBy  from  Hcrelord  to  Swansea 
runa  thisa^  the  centre  of  the  counly,  efiecting  Junctioas  at 
Three  CoAi  with  the  Caahrian,  at  Talyllyp  with  the  Bncon  ft 
Uerthjrr  railwv  (sihich  cannecu  tbe  coonty  with  the  induilrial 
aitaa  of  East  GlaaMigiB  and  Weit  Uonuouthahiie) ,  and  at  Capel 
Colbcen  with  the  Neath  and  Brecon  line.  The  Noitb-Westem 
and  Rbymney  icini  line  Airta  the  aoutlxaBlcTn  boundary  of 
the  caunty.  Brecon  ia  alfo  coBsected  with  Newport  by  meam 
of  the  Brecknock  and  AbeigavenBy  Canal,  which  «aa  completed 
in  iSoi  indii  js  m.  in  length,  lite Swanaat^nal  and  thald 
the  Vale  of  Neath  have  atw  tbdr  northern  tennis  wftUn  the 
county,  at  Ystradgynlaia  aod  Abemant  ttspeclivdy.  The  main 
roads  of  the  county  are  probably  tbe  best  in  South  Walea. 

Ptputalitm  and  jldn'riiifraUnr.— The  area  of  the  ancient 
county  is  475,114  acres,  with  a  popuiiiion  in  il^iof  st,03I  and 
in  iQoi  of  19,007.  The  area  of  the  administrative  cmnly  h 
469,301  acres.  The  only  mumdpal  borou^  is  Brecon,  which 
i>  iht  county  town,  and  lud  in  root  a  popdation  of  5741.  Tha 
other  urban  dlitiicu  are  Brynmawr,  BuUth  Wells  and  Hay, 
with  pi^nlaiiani  of  6Bjj,  ol  t8oj  and  <4  16B0  reipectivd)r 
in  1901.  CrickbowcD  and  Tklgarth  are  market  townt,  while 
Llanwrtyd  Wdia  is  a  n[ddly  develcfiing  health  reiort.  Tba 
county  lonns  part  of  the  South  Wales  drcuit,  and  the  eolMI 
are  held  at  Brecon,  It  had  one  court  of  ipuner  aeBsIons,  and  i> 
divided  into  ten  petty  lesiionA]  divisions.  Hie  borou^  of 
Brecon  hai  a  separate  comniaion  of  Ihe  peace,  but  no  separate 
court  of  quarter  seuions.  Tbcit  aie  44  dvH  parishes,  while  the 
eccleaiaatical  pariabfs  or  distiicta  wlicdly  or  in  part  within  the 
county  number  yo,  of  which  67  are  b  the  dioccae  of  St  David'a 
and  the  archdeaconry  of  Brecon,  the  remaining  j  bdng  io  tbe 
dioceucf  Uandafi.  Tbecounty  Is  not  divided  for  p^riUtaenlaiy 
purposei,  and  returns  one  member  to  parliament.  Il  coBtalni 
a  smaU  part  of  the'parliimcnlaiy  borough  of  hicrtbyr  Tydfil. 

In  the  eastern  paila  and  along  the  Wye  valley,  Engliih  baa 
becone  the  ptnloBiinant  language,  but  in  the  rtat  of  the  counly, 
espcdaHy  Dotth  of  the  Eppyoi  range,  WeUi  occupiet  that 
portion.  In  1901  about  51%  ot  the  pt^iulation  above  three 
yeara  couU  apeak  both  En^  and  Wdah,  38%  could  qnak 
£nglishon]yandii%Welsk'oidy.  Themojorityolthapopala'. 
tioD  ia  Konconformiat  in  nli|^,  Ihe  chief  denomlnatlHii  befng 
Ihe  Baptists,  Calvinistic  MethodiMa  and  CIongrcptloBalitls. 
Besldea  an  endowed  giammat-achool  (Christ  Cdlcge)  at  BrHDn, 
then  ate  in  the  county  four  aeconitaiy  acfaoab,  eatabliihed  tmdcs' 
the  Wel^Intennediale  Education  Act  iBo9,vli.>epanteichoola 
for  bays  and  girts  at  Bream,  and  dual  schoob  at  Bnilth  and 
Brynmawi.  Most  of  the  county  insiltutiocia  are  In  the  Mwn  of 
Brecon,  bot  the  }oint  asylum  lor  tbe  countlta  o[  Brecon  and 
Radnor  is  at  Talgarth.  It  was  opened  hi  February  1903.  At 
Trevecca,  near  tbe  tame  town,  was  a  theological  college  for 
mlnislerial  sindenti  attached  to  the  Calvinistic  hielhodilt  body, 
but  In  October  tqc^  the  institution  waa removed  to  Aberystwyth, 
and  the  buildings  bave  tlnre  bem  uliliaed  for  a  preparatory 
school  belonging  to  tbe  ume  body, 

ffWory.— There  are  no  traces  or  record  of  Bitconahire  being 
inhabited  before  the  Neolithic  period,  but  to  that  period  d 


h(tio 


(Maonek),     InRomantlmeatbeeutemhaUoftheeoui  , 

part  of  tbe  tenitoiy  of  the  ^uics,  a  pre-Cdtic  lace.  nAoac 

flovemliw  ckas  at  that  time  piobably  cMt^sted  of  Brythoola 


♦86 


BREDA— BREDAEL 


Ctlu.  Bnt  Ml  ciffiti  mvt  of  Ciltk  iiiniiiiii  wpi«iit«l  by  ibr 
G«idcli  had  pined  wBl«*nl»  ilodg  the  nUeyi  of  the  thk  uid 
Wyt,  kmvini  Uacc*  in  pUo-suna  (e  (.  itanA,  Ukc),  ind  In  the 
OshuD  inicribsl  uont*  [ound  it  GUnutk.  Tnihraf  and  Tic- 
cuUe,  uu)  probably  lunriving  into  hittoric  liua  tisuad  the 
BetcoD  nngc  iDtl  laithec  louLh  even  la  Come  and  KidvcUy. 
The  conqueit  ol  the  diitricl  by  tbc  Robuu  wu  eBecttd  between 
aboui  *J>.  75  ud  So,  and  tbty  atablishcd  >.  fimtler  hin  (which 
wme  have  caUed  Caer  Bannau,  idcDlifymf  [t  m  Banniiud}  ucie 
jdD.  out  of  the  pre«at  town  of  Brecon,  kith  unaUer  ttailona 
on  roadi  lending  thereto  aC  V  Gaer  near  CricktwiiRil,  and  at 
Opel  Colbren  in  the  dinclion  of  Neath.  On  Ibe  depimiR  of 
the  Romau,  tbc  Cojdelk  bUl-lribei,  probably  vith  help  Inm 
Coserasd  Ilelaod,9e«n  tohavc  Rgaioed  pouessien  ol  the  Cik 
viilty  under  the  leadenfalp  of  a  chieftain  of  Ihcir  own  race, 
Biychas,  who  becasie  the  ancestat  ol  one  of  the  three  chkl 
tribea  of  hereditary  Welsh  uiolt.  Hit  tetritoty  {named  after 
hin  Brycheinlai,  wbenca  Brecknock)  lay  wholly  caM  ol  the 
Eppynt  range,  lor  tbc  lordihip  ol  Bualil,  coercqioDding  to  the 
iLodecn  hundred  of  Buitht  to  the  weat,  remakicd  indepeodeat, 
pmbably  till  the  NonMS  iovaiiDB.  Moat  of  tfae  older  churihei 
of  central  B  reckaockahiie  and  eaat  Caimarlbenihin  were  founded 
by  or  dedicated  to  mcmbeci  ol  Brychan^  family. 

From  the  middle  ol  the  8lh  century  to  the  loth,  Brychehuog 
pnpei  often  bore  the  brvnt  of  Merciaa  attacks,  and  many  of 
the  caitki  on  lu  eastern  border  had  iheit  origin  in  that  period. 
Subtequently,  when  Benuid  de  Newnarch  and  iiis  Norman 
ft^owen  obtained  posiewion  of  the  country  in  the  tut  quarter 
ol  the  nth  cent ujyt  these  were  converted  into  regular  fortreues. 
Bernard  him*#ll  inittated  this  policy  by  building  a  caitle  at 
Talgarth  on  the  Upp«  Wye,  but  in  1091  be  moved  louthwaidi, 
defcatod  thengnlusolBrydieiBioc  Bkddynab  Uaenanfa,and 
hii  biotber-in-law  Rhys  ap  Tewdwr,  the  prince  ol  aogth-veit 
Wales,  and  with  materials  obtained  fno  the  Reman  fort  of 
Caer  Bauuui,  built  a  castle  at  Brecon,  which  he  made  bis  MpiU 
bartma*-  Biycheiaiog  was  then  converted  into  a  lordship 
marcher  and  paiaed  to  the  Fltiwaltei,  de  Breos,  the  Bohun  and 
(be  StaSocd  lamilks  in  succcraioni  remaining  uiuSected  by  the 
Statute  of  Rhoddlan  ( I  jSi) ,  as  i(  iormed  part  of  the  marches,  and 
not  ol  the  prindpaUty  of  Wak*. 

The  IifoB  valley,  near  Boillb,  was,  howercr,  the  scene  of  the 
lait  Mnggle  between  Ibe  Entfish  and  Llewelyn,  who  in  iiSi 
Idl  in  a  petty  skirmisb  in  that  district  Hie  old  vbH  <*  inde- 
pcodence  flickered  once  again  ftben  Owen  Glendower  w^^**** 
10  Brecon  in  1403.  Upon  Ibe  attainder  of  Edwaid,  duke  of 
Bocklngham,  in  ij>i,  the  lottbhip  of  Brecon  trith  Ita  depead- 
•Bciei  became  vested  hi  Ibe  cnwB.  In  1556  It  was  ((oaped  with 
a  vholi  acika  of  petty  Ih(IU4>  miicber  and  tbe  lonUip  af 


anaQr  icuuna  one  member  to  paiUuncnl,  and  baadOK  n  riace 
iS}6;  the  borongh  ol  Brecon,  with  tbe  town  of  Uywel,  bad  alsa 
a  lepamte  lepnwpnfitive  from  the  aama  date  till  1U5,  when  it 
bccam*  merged  in  the  county. 

BaniA>  a  fortified  town  in  Ibe  piQvinCB  of  North  Brabant, 
HoUand,  at  tbe  confluoDCe  of  the  ^Laaliied  rivers  Uerk  and  Aa, 
tim.byrailEJI.E.olRoos(adaBL  Pop,  (igoo)  *t,3«6.  Ilia 
connected  by  ileaai  ttam«v  with  Antwerp  (jo  m.  S.S.W.),  and 
with  Geertiuideaberg  in  tbe  nortb,  and  Iha  island  of  Dnlvckwl 
on  the  weal.  The  fortrcse  of  Bredis.  wUcb  wia  once  cons" 
impitcnaUe.  has  been  diwMuillwl,  but  the  town  is  itiU  pro 
by  eilenslve  lines  of  f otiification  and  lies  m  the  midal  of  a  d 
which  can  be  readily  laid  under  water.  Itbaaafiaeqaay, 
ballandpark.  Tliere  aieieveral  Roman  Cath^icandPnl 
cfaurtbc*.    TbepriadpalFrvUslaDtebuicbliaGotUebdUdlag 

detingfron  theend.of  theijihcentaiy,wHha  Gnetowe ' 

a(bolraflal«cdate<i4io)-    Amasg  the  many  iaterastini  1 
menu  b  tbc  Impodng  tomb  of  tbe  uadtboldef  Count  Bngdbart 
Il.elN(«WBodhis«ife.     TUsbtbeworkof  To^i^DoVinccni 


Haacribed.    Since  iBil  Bicda  bis  beeo  ibeaentnf  n 


miGtaiy  academy  Ihr  at  m 


ltilMp< 


iietaled.ccil  principle.  Tbc  pfissn  la  In  the  lam  of  a  roMnda, 
s8yds.lndlnaeter.nndcBvercdbyahighdoaie.  lalhamiddh 
B  the  oAce  of  tbe  admiolslmlloa,  sad  00  tbe  top  of  lUa  a  smaa 
watch-tower.  Round  tbe  walboltherotiinda  are  ^  cell^  hS 
I  number,  and  amnged  in  law  tkn  with  bakonke  nacbed 
y  Iran  staircaiea.  Eacb  cell  Bouures  ]]  rob.  yds..  Is  pMvtdcd 
iih  an  elecuic  beU  oommuntcaltng  with  tbe  warder  in  tbe 
iwer.  heated  by  hat.«ir  pipe*,  and  U^ud  by  day  tbnnigh  a 
window  on  the  outer  wall  of  the  cotuDda.  and  fram  mmet  til 
KD  o'clock  by  clectrtc  light.  The  industrta  ol  Breda  compcjn 
Jid  woollen  goads,  eupets,  hats,  beer 
In  the  nei^bouibeod  ol  the  town  an 
the  vHlagesof  ClnDekcDaod  Prlnseiibage, dtualed  In  tl 
li  pretty  pine  woods.  They  form  lavourite  pi  ~  ' 
utd  In  tJie  woods  at  Ginnekto  la  a  Xneipp  tanaiomm, 

flutary.— Breda  was  in  the  nth  ten  tuiyadirect  fief  of  the  Holy 
Roman  Em^re,  Its  earliest  known  lord  being  Henry  I.  (ioqS- 
is).  In  whose  lamilylt  continued,  tboogh.  Iron  the  latter  part 
tbe  ijtb  DcntDry,  in  the  female  liBe,  oniS  Alii,  heiress  ol 
Philip  (d.  ijij),  sold  it  to  BrabanL  In  13S0  the  fief  wai  reaotd 
to  John  (iu^  of  Polanen  (d.  i];t).  tbe  bebca*  of  wheae  llM, 
(<L  1445),  married  Engethert  of  rlamiu  Ttilhiihiiig  (d. 
Henoetarlh  ft  lemalned  in  the  booae  of  Namau,  pasAig 
uJtimalelyloWmiial.  (r5]]-ts84).tbebil>ladtb<Jderof  the 
Netherlands.  Sredi  obtained  municipil  rights  in  i)S>,  butwii 
juiroundcd  with  wall)  in  15M  by  Count  Henry  of  NutaB, 
also  itstored  the  old  caiile,  originally  built  by  John  of 
^enin  1350.  From  this  period  until  lata  in  the  igth  century 
Aained  die  most  important  of  the  hne  of  fortresses  along 
the  Meuse.  Breda  was  captured  by  suiprisc  by  the  Spsniarda 
n  is8ll  but  in  IJ9D  it  iell  again  uito  the  hanib  of  HauiicB«t 
!4aisau.  63  picked  men  contriving  to  gel  iuto  ibe  town  cooocalad 
mder  the  turf  in  1  pest-boit.  The  so-called  *'  Spaniard's  B^  " 
itill  marks  the  spot  where  the  peat-boat  lay.  Iti  lunendet  In 
161s,  after  a  ten  months'  siege,  to  ibe  Spaniards  under  Spinola 
J  the  subject  of  the  famous  picture  by  Vehaquca  In  Ibe  linns 
delPrado  in  Madrid.  In  i637Bndawasncap(nTedbyn(det1dk 
Henry  ol  Orange  after  a  four  months'  liege,  and  In  1048  It  was 
Enslly  ceded  10  Holland  by  the  treaty  of  WeMpballa.  Duinc 
tbe  wars  of  tbe  French  Revolution,  it  was  taken  by  Draworlei 
—  1T93,  evacuated  soon  after  and  retaken  by  IfdiegTU  In  1795, 
after  the  whole  of  Holland  had  already  succumbed  to  tbe  Frendi. 
IniSij.asally  being  made  by  the  FteDdi  garrison  onanadvance- 
taid  of  the  RuHian*  under  BcnckendoiK,  the  dtkenn  of  Bredn 
gain  made  tbemsdvca  miiten  of  the  town, 
Breda  «■*  tbe  resldeno,  during  his  ciile,  of  Charles  II..  wbo, 
by  tbe  deciirallon  of  Breda  (tMo],  made  known  the  (ondiiiona 
of  hi)  acceptawc  of  the  cnwn  of  En^and.  In  i(ig6  WllUam, 
prince  ol  Otaage  and  king  of  Engiaod,  built  the  new  caalb,  one 
ol  the  iaest  building  of  tbe  period,  which  now  serves  aa  tb« 
military  academy.  Breda  abo  derivca  some  celebrity  tten  tbi 
various  political  ctngiciss  of  trhlch  it  ha*  been  tbe  tcene.  In 
I57J  a  canlerence  sra*  held  here  between  tbe  ambsnidors  ol 
Spain  and  those  ol  Ibe  United  Pcovinceai  In  iM;  a  peace  ma 
signed  between  Fjiglind,  UoUand,  Franca  and  Denmsiki  and 
in  1746-1747  iha  lepceaaatatives  ef  the  samapowei*  met  In  Iha 
town  to  disciHB  Iha  lermaof  anDtbei  treaty. 

tU  nun  VU  dUj-usa),  Flemish  painter, 

Alciander  van  Bicdad  (d.  171^,  who  was  also  an  artl*!, 

'    Antwerp^    He  induted  the  style  of  '" 


dbtlngubh  bit  rapki  of  tbdr  piOoic*  Iron  lb* 
onginaia.  tie  vUtad  England,  wbars  he  wn*  mi  well  enployed 
IbMin  a  law  years  be  wu  able  to  rctlr*  to  bb  native  coDDtoy  with 
a  uoBpMangr.  Tbe  end  of  Derwentwaler  was  one  ol  his  chief 
rsl'~n  Tbtfs  were  several  other  van  Bredada.  wbo  von 
honour  as  artiils— uiubly  Pinna  (iSii-i; 
falbei,  and  iota  [i6gg-i7jg}.  Tbey  were  fa 
"  Bnda,"  but  this  ananatly  is  iaooRVCt.  tbo 
ilgMtura  on  a^tun  by  Jas  Fiaas 


cr»^- 


BREDERODE'-fiRKIBNZ 


■  low  the  NcUwtluidL    !■  15(6  ht  «u  ooe  of  the 
tnmden  of  tie  taaltitney  of  aebha  who  bonod  thnmelTM  lo 


_  .  .         '    It  n*  >t  k  buqiKt  at  tlM 

llHalCulaiAa|mtlMllh«tAptil.pnriiMowb7BKdEnKk, 
Ibt  th(  nbriqoM  «i  la  Gam,  or  "  tki  Bc0u^"  mi  fim 
■IwotothteppoBeDtiofSpuiiihnla.  Bndmide  m*  b«id«hcd 
born  thB  NMhnbndi  by  Aha,  ud  dU  is  aaiikartly  ■(lermcd* 
M  tht««t)rn»B<lUHy-d». 
■ODDW.  OOnmiBD  aUltIL  (I7Tj-iIi4),  GcnoD 
u  bom  tt  Betnn  «d  Uu  14th  ot  Dctanber  1771.  *ad 


*  Bmba  oa  Ibe 

eofScptSBbcriSM-  Bwdow'j pitncipil norta «e HWirfhint 
oMii  CdCjUdM,  Ctapafkit  ■■<  C^tmU^  (EMta,  itm; 
BbiUiIi  tiua.,  LoDdoo,  1S17);  CAtmU  to  19.  /otnhndMf 
(AKocu,  iloi);  £iKnr/ to  WdOaaii  da  AlUm  (Aluni,  iB>t); 

W4ltackitUi   ■     ~ -        -     ... 

•    -  ■■    •       "on,  iSM).  

A  writjiifs  ««R  editacl  bv  J-  G. 

kM  ■  bivmiliy  of  tkc  nutlwr. 
■  vQlage  ol  Germiair,  id  the  kinsdom  of  Pnuia, 
ImnKdutcIy  nortfa  of  Stiltin,  of  vhkh  it  [onni  ■  ndnub.  Hen 
m  the  Yakut  imo-inHti  and  ihipbinkluijc  yudi,  wbeK  thr 
Httn*"  DnrtstUiwl  "  (igos),  Ibe  "  KaiHJn  AusuMa  Vklnia  " 
(IQ0«),  ud  the  "  CooTje  Wuhlngtoa  "  (igog).  the  ImieM  vend 
(T»  It.  lOBf,  >7,c»  lou)  Id  the  Cermu 


oovtring  For  tbe  lower  part  ol  the  body  and  kgi.  The  Latin 
inta  «t  hraan  b  a  CAIc  woid,  paob^ily  eosnatc  with  the 
Ttutoidc.  The  mud  In  ill  pnper  Beaalng  B  Died  in  the  phml. 
and,  itHctly,  is  ctmSsied  lo  a  ^rment  readiiiic  to  the  knea  only. 
The  mPantriK  of  "  the  hinder  part  of  the  body"  b  later  thaii^ 
and  derived  fnm,  it<  first  raeaning;  thii  lenie  appean  in  thie 
"  brtech  "  or  hinder  part  oF  1  jun.  Tie  iroid  it  also  Eonnd  in 
"  breecha  buoy,"  t,  (Ung  life-uviDg  ippaiaivt.  mnaiitiTH  of  ■ 
■opport  oF  canTu  bnedict,  Iha  "  Bmediei  Bibic,"  a  Dame 
lor  the  Genera  Bfble  of  1 560,  b  w  caBed  bocanic  "  breechei " 
ii  oed  ler  the  aprom  of  fl^JcavB*  laade  by  Adam  and  Ere.  On 
Ae  itaie  the  pfanae  a  "  brcedwe  "  part  ti  and  when  a  vaman 
^yi  in  nude  COitinne.  "  Bfeecfahic  "  li  a  itiap  paned  nnind 
the  breech  of  a  himaied  hont  and  Joined  lo  the  abafti  (o  aliov 


cen  able  to  bring 

I  Encludn  ell  the  modifying  influenna  which  man  euy 

i  hrtr  on  a  wild  tlock  for  the  purpose,  conscioiii  or 

,  of  ealabliihing  and  maintaining  breeds.    Charles 


Dirwin'i  VarisHan  if  AmiHult  tud  Plantt  wider  DtmalioMion 
(t  868)  WIS  the  startrng-point  oF  met  knowledge  on  thii  lubject ; 
when  it  appeared,  it  contained  nol  only  Ibe  bat  eollKtioii  of 
empitictl  FactJ,  but  the  only  rational  theory  ol  the  facta.  The 
fii3l  tttatiens  between  man  and  domeatkaled  animals  and  planis 
<»lre  due  to  uneomdaus  or  accidental  selection  of  wBd  stocks 
that  lolcrited  the  vidnily  c*  man  and  that  were  useful  or 
altractlvE  to  him.  The  new  condilions  must  have  produced 
modiScationi  In  these  stocks,  whether  ihew  were  ctued  by  a 
lOTTiTal  In  each  cenention  4I  indiirtdaib  with  the  power  of  I 


♦»7 

"1"  "7"^  "*  "^  ""*  eoruwueuii  or  wbv  ■'^"  *'  -  ' 
•jrtectioa  of  iDdMdwli  cvubie  of  such  Favounble  rcqioise. 
Tbe  eiMDce  <i  the  process,  however,  came  to  be  a  conscioiu 
selection  in  each  gmeratioBirf  the  best  individuab,  that  Is  to  lay, 
of  tboie  individuals  that  seened  to  man  tc  be  meal  adapted  to  Us 
wants.  The  ponlbililr  at  saUblishing  a  breed  depended,  tbne- 
ion,  in  (he  first  plaoi  on  the  naluial  variability  ^  wild  animala 
aftd  plinl^  then  on  tlw  vaiialbini  Induced  in  animals  and  planu 
tmder  Jub}(ctioll  to  tbe  new  conditioDs  btoufhl  atwut  by  man's 
inlarfeitttoe,  next  on  tbe  extent  lo  which  these  vaiiationt, 
nalual  or  aitifidal,  possted  thrnigh  the  seriea  oF  Ecnaaliasa. 
and  finally  on  nan's  inteUigence  in  altering  or  maintaining  the 
coadiUoBs  of  the  envinmment,  and  Id  selective  maliag.  The 
theory  <£  breeds  and  breeding  depends,  in  fact,  on  knowledge  of 
variation,  of  modificatiou  by  Iho  environment,  and  of  heredity. 
Any  attempt  to  giva  an  account  oi  what  actually  ha*  been  dona 
by  man  in  establislung  birecb  would  be  little  more  than  an 
imperfect  sammaiy  of  Darwin's  work.  The  artides  KeiEnnT, 
Mbsduiiii  and  Vaiutiom  and  Sii.icnoH  show  that  what 
may  be  called  the  theoretical  and  experimental  knowledge  o( 
vnrislkn  and  bercdily  is  far  in  advance  of  the  practical  art 
of  bsccdins.  Even  horticulturists,  libo  have  been  much  mote 
luwcMful  than  those  who  deal  with  animals,  are  still  Far  fnim 
bdng  able  to  lacdict  t)ie  icsuli  of  their  selections  and  cnmiogi. 
None  the  Icsi  It  Dvay  he  stated  definitely  that  such  prediction 
is  akody  so  neady  within  tbs  pnwer  of  tbe  practical  bleeder 
that  It  mold  be  •  wasH  of  time  to  give  a  suramaiy  of  the  eniling 
nle.«f-lhnnb  meibods.  The  art  of  breeding  is  so  immediately 
destined  to  become  a  science  of  breeding  that  existing  knowledge 
and  coDcq^tioiM  nnat  he  dismissed  aa  of  no  more  than  historical 
interest  V.  C.  M.) 

BBKI7I  (i)  A  current  of  air  generally  taken  at  somewhat 
less  Ihsna  "wind,"  which  In  turn  Islets  than  a  "gale."  Tbe 
term  Is  particularly  applied  to  the  light  wind  blowing  landwards 
by  day,  "  seA-breeae,"  and  the  csunlec  wind,  bbwing  off  the 
land  at  night,  "  laBd.-bree2e."  The  word  appears  In  Fr.  hhit 
(admitted  by  the  Academy  in  1761}.  The  Span,  bna.  Port. 
Mu,  and  Ital.  Anssa  are  used  for  a  wIik]  blowing  from  the 
north  or  north^asL  Accontlng  to  Cotgrave,  Pph*ifi|-  ^jg^ 
trtst  in  tbe  senee  of  tus,  the  name  of  a  dry  north  or  nocttheait 
wiod  pscvaknt  in  Switieslaiid  sad  the  bordering  psni  oF  Franca, 
luly  and  Germany.  The  word  is  fiiil  used  in  EngUib  u  applied 
to  tbe  cmI  sia-breeae  blowing  usually  From  the  cut  of  notlh-east 
in  tbe  West  Indies  and  Atlantic  iea.caast  of  Centra]  America. 
It  was  then  applied  lo  sca-breexca  liom  v^  quarter,  and  also 
10  the  land-hrccae,  and  so  to  any  U^t  wind  or  current  oF  air. 
charcosi 
bundng.    This  Is  probably  fram  llieO.Fr.  hrat,  modem  bdiit, 

word  connected  with  tnutr,  whencB  Eog.  Iroiw,  a  pan  For 

iming  eoab,  diircoal,  tic 

capital  ol  tbe  Austrian 
VonribeiB,  sa  well  sa  of  tbe  administrative  dittrict 
In  1900  III  papulation  was  7{9S.  Cennan.^ie»king 
and  Roman  CatboHc  It  Is  sitvated  at  the  south-east  an^e 
i[  the  Lake  of  Conttance,and,hetidesoommunicatians  by  water 
•iih  the  other  towna  on  the  sboies  of  that  lake,  is  connected  by 
ran  with  Fddkiicb  on  the  Arlberg  line  {S4  m.)  and  with  Munich. 
The  old  town  is  on  a  UDocfc,  crowned  by  the  andeni  castle,  while 

._    .. ^otiad  at  the  foot  of  the  bill. 

The  fine  parbh  chmch  (dedioUed  lo  St  Call)  sUnds  on  another* 
mound  more  to  tlM  south.  In  the  local  museum  are  collections 
of  various  kind*,  eqicdaily  of  tbe  Roman  saliquitict  wUcb  have 
beeadtvupontbesiUDf Iheoldlown.  Tbepositionoftbalown 
~    latehasthrsytmsdeitanimpoftaotpoitBi ' 


le  and  in  tlu  piodtKit  of  Ibe  c«ttansi4nniDg  faclotiea 


.. . ai  the  loth  canluiy, 

!ir  heirs  In  the  early  iith  century  bdng  the  counts  ol  Monlfort 
castle  north  of  Fddkinh),  who  gradually  acquired  most  of 
>  samondiu  country  (including  Fddklrrii  and  Bludcni). 
u  of  Tirol  since  r  jdj 


488 


BREHON  LAWS 


Ibtfr  daouini— (bit  FEldkircIi 
ontafon  valley  in  IJM,  Gult)'  t)w 
couaty  01  Hrepnz  In  iwo  pnni,  icquiitd  Id  ifji  *Dd  is>l-    In 
140&  the  AppcnzclLen  wen  drfctted  Man  BngcnE,  wUIe 
I6t7.  duiing  the  Thirty  Yean'  War,  tbe  ton  wa  ucbd  by 
(be  Swedes  under  Wrangel.  {W.  A.  B.  C.) 

BBBHOH  LAWS,  the  Engltth  but  Incairecl  appellation  of 

lackas.  meaning  Ibe  lam  of  the  Feine  or  Feini  (lainyeh),  whi 
wen  tbe  die  Gaelic  (umen.  DliiUlit  Feint  is  another  nann 
for  Ibe  laws,  withlheume  meaning.  Liwi  of  unlvenaJ  applica 
tlon  which  could  be  adniinisteied  only  by  duly  quaiibed  judge: 
wen  called  Ctin  law,  while  minor  laws  idminisleied  by  noblei 
and  mi^lratei  were  called  Urradhas  law.  Regular  cmrti  an< 
Jud^ei  eiisted  lo  Ireland  from  prehislorjt  timea.  Tbe  Anglo- 
Irish  word  "  Breboa  "  ii  derlwd  [lom  tbe  Gaelic  tnri  BrMtm 
(-Judge). 

The  eitatit  mnains  of  these  laws  an  manuKiipl  tranaarlpta 
from  earlier  cople*  made  on  velluM  from  the  !th  lo  tbe  ijlh 
century,  tww  pnstrved  with  other  Gaelic  cnanuscripti  in  Trinil 
College  and  the  Royal  Irish  Academy,  DuUin,  Ibe  Brita 
Vu5Aum,  OiFord  Univcnily,  some  private  coliectlons and  lever 
libraries  on  the  continent  of  Europe.  The  largest  and  ma 
Important  of  these  documents  b  the  Scnckui  Utr  ot "  Great  <M 
Law  Book."  No  copy  ol  it  Dow  (listing  is  complete,  and  ud 
portion*  an  missing  from  all.  What  remains  ol  it  occupies  (1 
firjl,  aecond,  and  a  portion  of  the  third  ot  the  voluniei  produced 
bytlKBrehon  Law  Commission,  whicb  was  appointed  in  1851, 

In  the  Atindi  i^  tk.  Four  UatUri  it  is  iwd:  "The  age  of 
Christ  4ja,  the  tenth  year  of  King  Laeghaire  (Lairy),  the  Saic ' 
U»r  and  Ftintaduu  of  Ireland  were  purified  and  wrilte 
Thisentryhaaamplebistoricalcorioboralion.   Ofmanytepai 
treatises  dealing  with  special  branches  ot  tbe  law,  the  Baek  if 
Aide,  composed  of  opinions  or  placita  of  King  Cormac  Mac  Art. 


n  the  first  part 


otheririse  Connac  oa  Quim,  Ard-Rig  of  Eiinn  fi 
iGS,  and  Cennfaelidh  the  Learned,  wh  "  ' 
of  the  jtb  ontury,  is  the  most  importai 

TTie  tcM  and  earlier  commeol»iic»  an  in  (be  ilurfa  Fdm~ 
the  most  archaic  form  ol  tbe  Celtic  or  Gaelic  language^  Fmn 
gradnal  changes  In  the  living  tongue  Ihrougb  a  hmg  cxpaDM  of 
time  many  words,  phrases  and  idinnt  la  the  Beaila  Ptim  became 
Dtsolete,  and  an  so  difficult  to  traolate  that  the  offidal  tnoila- 
tions  are  to  tome  extent  confeseedlyconJecmnJ.  lamtoycaiei 
only  opening  words  of  tbe  orighul  tm  reraln.  Wbenvet  the 
teit&  whole,  it  is  curt,  elliptiol,  and  yet  thythmkdtoa  degree 
attainable  only  through  long  use.  The  rifotomly  authefltie 
character  of  tine  laws,  relating  lo,  and  dealing  with,  the  actual 
realities  ol  life,  and  with  institutioBS  and  a  state  of  society 
nowhere  else  revealed  to  the  same  eitent,  the  eitreme  antiquily 
both  of  the  provisions  and  of  the  language,  and  the  meagrenesa 
of  continental  material  illuslratlva  o(  tbe  same  Ihin^,  endow 
them  wilb  enxptlona]  archaic,  archaeological  and  philologica] 

In  the  eitfiesi  times  all  leaned  men,  whether  tpedally  learned 
is  la*  or  Dot,  appear  to  have  acted  as  Judge*.  Gradually  a* 
laeralun  and  learmng  increased,  jndgmenia  delivered  by  men 
wiihont  ipedat  le^  training  fell  inia  disfavour.  In  tbe  t>t 
antury  o(  the  Chiiititn  eta,  when  Conchobhar  or  Conor  Uac 
Nessa  wss  Ungof  Ukter,  a  ethh  was  icached,  the  result  ol  which 
was  that  no  man  was  aOowed  to  act  u  Bnbon  nota  be  had 
studied  the  lull  law  course,  which  mXBflti  twenty  years,  and 
bad  passed  a  rigorous  puUlc  eaawifnatloii.  The  CMUit  ol  study 
tor  Brehon  and  OUamfa.  advocate  and  law-ageot  tespectivdy.  b 
carefnlly  bid  down  In  the  law  iuelf.  Tlw  BrthoBabip  ms  not 
an  office  of  slate  like  that  ol  tbe  Biodeni  Judsc.  hot  a  profession 
in  which  sicceaa  depended  tqwD  ablUty  and  judgmenl.  TIk 
Brehon  was  an  atbitralor,  nmpiie,  and  etpounder  ol  Ibe  law, 
rather  than  a  Judge  In  tl 


npoDippetl  waiBaUt  todaioap*,  lD*l«(p«(lllM*>di<frea 
binds,  U  any.  disgrace,  and  a  conseiiDent  loia  of  hia  iiiiiliwliiii 
No  Breboa  bad  any  fxed  teiritoilal  jarisdfctloiL  A  party 
initiating  proceedingi  could  aelecl  any  Bithon  be  phased,  U 
there  wen  more  thsn  one  in  hi*  district.  Every  king  or  chief 
ol  tufiirient  territory  retained  an  official  BltboB,  iriio  wan  pro- 
vided with  free  land  for  his  mainlenaoce.  In  ordinary  vaa  tbe 
Bnhon'i  fee  was  said  to  have  been  one-twdfth  of  the  amoant 


AssembUea,  naliimsT,  provincial  and  locd,  itcre  >  marked 
cbaracteriillc  ti  ancient  Irish  Hte.  They  lU,  withoM  eiceptioii, 
dlscharsed  some  legal  funofoDs,  legUatiTC  or  adminittntin, 
and  even  in  those  in  which  amntemcDt  [mdaainatad,  tbe  C6iM 
law  was  publicly  Rheaised.  Uoat  of  t^  anembUci  wen  annuat 
some  iriennlal,  some  lasted  only  a  day  cr  two,  Mben  a  week  and 
occauonally  longer.  All  originated  fn  pa^n  ftuKral  or  con- 
memoralive  rites,  and  continued  to  be  held,  even  la  Chmtiao 
times,  in  very  aodentcemeteiiea.  They  wen  called  bydiArent 
" cktiu,  Dal,  lie 


TTieFeisofTan 


before  Christ  down  to  jUD.  jfio,  n  . 
being  convened  by  tbe  Ard-Rlg,  held  at  Ids  leiideDCc,  presided 
over  by  him,  and  consisting  of  tbe  provincia]  kingi.  tanista, 
flaitia,  BreboDs,  warriors,  bistorians,  poets  and  other  dlstii> 
guiibed  men  Irom  tbe  whidc  of  Irdaod.  It  was  due  to  be  held 
every  third  year  foe  the  purpose  of  "  praerviDg  the  laws  and 
rules,"  and  i1  might  be  called  specially  on  any  urgeal  occatioo. 
After  Ibe  statomeo  bad  consulted,  the  laws  wen  proclaimed, 
idth  any  modi&cations  agreed  upon.  Then  tbe  pcoceedinv 
'  Kame  festive,  queens  and  great  ladies  taking  part.  The  Feis 
A-n.  jte  was  the  last  regular  on;  held  al  Taia  because  the 
ontrcb  aasEd  lo  resick  tlvn.  Ou  nalioBal  aiaemUy  of  an 
iceplional  chaiader  was  held  at  Tan  in  A.D.  6gr,  by  a  decne 
whIcb  wooaen  wen  cmandpalcd  from  Jiabilily  to  mSilary 

The  Aenach  held  annually  at  TaillUnn,  also  in  Mealb,  waa  ■ 
general  assembly  nf  the  pet^e  without  restriction  of  rank,  dan 
r  country,  and  became  the  moat  celebrated  for  athletic  qnrtSj 
un^  and  oaoleata.  Yet  even  here  the  laws  wen  read  aloud^ 
id  it  Is  not  without  significance  that  the  last  national  aiicmUy 
lU  at  Tailltenn  unckr  King  Xludeiic  O'Conoor  in  liW  waa 
political  one. 

Tbe  MU^ridm  (-territorial  awmbly),  held  at  Uisnead)  In 
Wcitmeath,  waa  a  ^hering  foe  political  and  tpiall-legklative 
'  one  Bsaenbly  Ibeit  about  a  century  bcfcn  Christ, 
of  tblniot  for  the  whole  of  Ireland  wa*  adc^ted 
I  d  Sen.  son  of  Aigt.  Thit  did  not  pnvent  the 
gatberlogi  at  inneach  ban  being  foi  ages  celcbcaied  for  gaiety 

Each  ptoviadal  kingdom  and  each  tualb  had  anemblie*  ol 
■  own.    Every  /MIk  and  JUil^Jtnt  was  a  member  d  a  kxal 

menUy,  tbe  dan  lyilem  oonferring  Ibe  qualificalion,  and  then 

being  no  other  ckction. 

iMembly  riien  convened  by  the  Bnigjk/v  lot  the  tpedal 

purport  of  efccllng  a  taniit  or  luccewor  10  the  king  waa  called 

Very  careful  ptoviifon  h  nude  lor  the  prtpatAion  of  the  sitei 
E' great  aaiemldics,  and  the  pteaervatioo  of  peace  and  order  at 
tbem  is  aanctioDed  by  Ibe  severaat  peaaliic*  of  the  law.    Tbe 

[ion  of  every  legal  process  calculated  to  occasion  friction, 

■a  aeiiure  of  property,  waa  suspended  during  the  lime  tba 

iblies  lasted. 

[  term  Bif  (reeh— m,  king)  was  applied  to  four  dasset  of 
grades  of  ruleis,  the  lower  grade*  being  grouped,  each  group  being 
■ubject  to  one  of  their  number,  and  all  being  lubiecl  10,  and  owing 
tribute  and  aDcgiaace  lo  tk  Ard-Rig  { -sufvcme  king  of  Erinn). 
The  Ai^-Xig  had  an  official  residence  at  Tata  and  the  kingdom 
of  Mcatb  for  his  (pedal  use.  The  pravindal  king,  Rig  Cuicidh, 
■isii  bad  an  ^ficialloidence  and  kingdom  of  bit  own,  toother  with 
alle^aee  and  tribiile  Irom  eadi  Rigrinot-Tuatha  in  bis  province, 
who  in  his  lam  rccdvcd  tribute  and  allegiance  from  each  Rjg- 
Tuatb*  uadcT  HibJectioB  to  bin.    TlK  Kig-Tuatha  lecti'nd 


BRBHON  LAWS 


489 


_ >r  mUm  It  hii  (oath. 

The  tiuth  wu  thcpUlitial  unit,  aari  tki  nikr  oi  it  «u  the  lonM 
to  trbom  Ibe  torn  "  Una  "  ni.api>lisiL  Fat  nch  ptyiMDt  al 
tiibulaikiiigahnyBinuieioMwRnini.  Evctykiii(ira*«bli|cd, 
OS  hii  insugmUiim,  to  imu  that  h>  weidd  (ann  Jiutly  (nd 
uxordinf  ID  b«,  to  which  ha  nmaioad  alway*  (object.    Ihe 

who  ksdly  ceouitiUal  ths  Feu  a<  Tan,  the  Mib-kinp  by  thoat 
under  tban  ia  their  reapBctive  sphBa.  No  poasa  nat  irf  f uU 
age,  impafectly  aducated,  iiupid,  bluid,  deaf,  dcfacmad  or  other- 
VBB  dafactive  id  nUod  a  bady,  or  lor  any  raaaoo  whaljoever 
unfit  to  diicbarsB  the  thitiet  or  uavorthy 


or propaity.  Hunileiaf kiialaplBrgeljFdelamiiiieditatiiamth 
iti  conelitivc  right*  and  obligsiioDs,  nqipUed  tha  pUce  of 
(satrut  and  <tf  lam  ■tfadini  the  fiwiienhip,  divodlioD  and 
denJutiQa  of  property,  gmaiiinling  the  dan  an  oiianlc,  nlf- 
(nottiaed  mihy.  a  pidttical,  aodal  and  OBtUal  btMiaooa  ea- 
pirtnenhip.  ThcioUdiiity  of  the  dan  ma  jM  nnat  important 
and  aU-psvadiaa  characteiinic  The  enlita  tamtoiy  occupied 
by  a  dan  hu  the  common  and  abidDle  pnperty  o(  that  dan. 
Sobject  to  thii  permanent  and  fundamental  oncnhlp,  pert  of  the 
land  was  ttl'Mjpait  Ear  the  maintenance  of  the  king  a  eudu 
Warriora,  itatnmfn,  Breboni,  Ollamhs.  phyaidaaa,  poeta,  and 
evea  exoinent  w«kcn  iu  the  more  important  arts,  were,  in 
diffennt  degroea,  rewarded  with  free  lands  for  thdr  rcspedivo 
public  aervicea.  Od  the  daltb  *ii  any  pcnon  so  rewarded,  the 
land  in  theory  reverted  totheclanibut  if  like  servicea  continued 
14  be  rendered  by  the  aon  or  other  ncceswr,  and  accepted  by  the 

fee  whom  the  taigtst  pnviuoa  was  made,  became  a  permanent 
noUlity.  FIaIth(Sah-nobJechieO  WHalermappUedtaanian 
of  thit  nidt.  Rank,  wilb  tbc  accompanying  privileges,  juris- 
dictioq  and  reqwnsibiJily,  wae  baeod  upoD  a  qualidcalion  of 
kindi^aild  ofpropeny,  beld  by  a  rimily  foraipedfled  number 
of  gensations,  togethet  with  oeruin  ooncumnt  condiiMins;  and 
it  cguld  be  lost  by  b»s  at  properly,  crime,  cowardice  or  other  di*- 
puEtid  condnct.  The  BiHtn  [n  every  tuaih  ud  all  ranks  o[ 
BDdety  were  oeganiccd  on  the  ume  hierarchical  paltorn  aa 
royalty,  A  portion  ol  bod  c^Ecd  the  Cwnkai  Senerba  was  devoted 
la  the  mpport  ol  widom,  oiphani  and  old  childleu  people. 

Fi'.-K  (£ana),  originaliymeaainghnilly,  came  in  course  of  tine 
to  be  applied  to  a  group  of  kindred  fBiiulies  or  to  a  whole  dan. 
From  dlfieiences  bet  ween  inddeolaJ  accounu  wiitleo  in  diSercnC 
ages,  it  appears  that  the  lodal  system  undtcweal  aonte  change. 
Fat  the  purpose  of  conveying  KHae  idra,  one  Ibeoty  may  ba 
taken,  according  to  which  the  jIm  was  made  op  ol  aevtntecB 
danimen,  with  their  familiM,  vii.  the  Cwtfiw .  romjathig  of 
the  failk-fiHe  and  four  othera  in  the  ume  or  neaitM  dtftte  of 
Unship  to  the  centre,  and  Ihe  Diklik^M.  Taijnu  and  lai^iM, 
eadi  "ii™"''"g  ol  lour  heads  oC  [unilics,  lonniBg  widuiiiig 
concentric  cirdci  of  kinship  to  wbkh  the  rii^ls  and  liabilitiBa 
of  the  Juie  eitended  with  ortalnty,  but  in  dlndntihlng  degreca. 

In  coarse  of  time  a  largg  and  iacieaalag  proportion  of  the  good 
land  became,  nnder  Ihe  titleaso  lar  deaolbed,  limitad  private 
prapeRy,  ThearetofaiablelaadavaUaUefatthecoanioB  use 
iTftht^fT*ff^m***nrH"*^*y'^'"**"''*****^!^*****"*''***^'"'**"**. 
batwassiEBalwiysiubatantlal,  Ashareof  this  was  the  birth- 
right of  every  law-abidiBg  member  of  tiie  Feini  who  rweded  it. 
To  salirfy  this  title  and  give  a  itsrt  in  lile  to  some  young  men 
who  woiUd  otherwise  have  got  none,  this  land  was  lubject  (o 
GabkaMtim  (— claa-naumption),  neaning  that  the 
the  whole  area  at  intervals  of  a  lew  yean  lor  a  Ileal 

d  died,  and  yonng  men  by  attajaing 


ba  sold,  tHH  even  let  eniept  lor  * 

neccasity.  The  Fdni  who  used  it  baa  no  lanoiora  ana  lu  rent 
to  pay  for  this  land,  and  could  not  be  deprived  of  it  eio^t  by 
the  clan  lor  a  crime.  They  were  subject  only  to  public  tributes 
and  the  ordinary  obligations  ol  frc<  men.  Presumably  their 
-  on  this  laibi  and  wen  not  subject  to 
wen  the  unfenced  and  unapptopiiatcd 
common  lands — waste,  bog,  forest  and  mountain — which  til 
dansmea  wera  free  to  use  promiscuoufdy  nl  trilL 

There  was  hardly  any  eeliing  and  little  Ittting  of  land  In  andcnt 
times,  tlaitha  and  other  persons  hiding  large  anaa  let  ta 
clspmien,  who  then  became  CeUu,  not  land,  bM  the  privilege 
of  facdiikg  upon  land  a  number  of  cattle  specified  by  agreemeot. 
FUiths  and  Bo^irea  also  let  catda  to  a  aitt  who  had  none  or 
not  enooA  and  this  was  the  most  prevalent  pmctica.  Then 
were  two  <UatInct  methods  ol  letting  and  biting — tatt  (— Ine) 
andi(Mr(— bue),  Che  cooditioos  being  f nndamentaJIy  diSeteot. 
~  lugely  settled  by  the  law, 


given,  left  the  cnh  fioe  within  the  limits  ol  jusllce  to  end  the 
coonenon,  left  hhn  oonqietmt  m  caa  ti  dispute  to  give  cvideoca 
against  that  of  tha  ttaith,  and  did  lot  Impose  any  liability  on 
Ikejfae  of  the  cnle.  By  sntinued  user  of  the  same  land  lor  soma 
yean  and  discharge  of  the  public  (litigations  in  respect  of  it  in 
addition  to  the  tia  or  paynmt  as  tenant,  a  ttSt  became  a  lub- 
owner  or  permanient  tenaol  and  could  not  be  evicted.  Tbtn  ii 
BO  provivaa  in  theto  laws  (or  evicting  soy  one.  Far  the  hire  ol 
cattle  a  usual  payment  wu  one  beast  in  seven  pet  annum  (or 
■even  yean;  after  which  the  cattle  that  reraained  becarae  the 
pnperty  o(  the  hirer.  A  utt-ctit  on  growing  wealthy  might 
become  a  bo-(Hri.  Dacr-lomri,  whether  ri  cattle  or  of  the 
tight  to  grate  cattle  upon  land,  wu  subject  to  a  liii-niaiciH 
(•wearisome  tribute),  (or  tbe  payment  ol  which  Kcuriiy  had  to 
be  givmi.  A  man  not  in  the  enjoyment  ol  lull  civil  rights,  if 
able  to  God  security,  could  become  a  Jatr^tili.  A  free  daniman 
by  beoomiag  a  daer-aiU  lowered  bis  own  status  and  that  ol  hia 
jlae,  became  inoompctent  to  give  evidence  against  that  ^  a  Baith, 
and  oovld  nol  end  the  connexion  until  the  end  ol  the  term  eiccpt 
by  ■  large  pqnneat.  The  memben  ol  bisjiiu  were  Hable,  in 
the  degree  of  thair  tdaliondup,  to  make  good  out  ol  their  own 
property  any  default  in  the  payments.  Hence  thit  tenure  could 
nol  be  Ie0U)y  attend  into  by  a  free  dansmsn  without  the  pennift- 
tion  of  hi)/)K.  i>air-<rila  were  alto  eiposed  to  casual  burdcot, 
like  Uwt  1^  lodgiiig  and  leading  toldlen  when  in  their  district. 
All  payment*  were  made  In  kind.  When  the  pBiticubr  kiad  wat 
not  qiodBed  by  the  law  or  by  agreement,  Ac  paymcntt  wert 
mado  according  to  coavenJenc*  in  hortet,  cattle,  sheep,  pigi, 
wool,  butter,  bacon,  com,  vegetables,  yam,  dye-plants,  leather, 
doth,  articles  ol  use  or  ornament,  Ac  As  the  clan  iyttcn 
relaxed,  and  the  jS«  loit  it*  le^  power  ol  fixing  the  amounts 
of  public  tributes,  which  were  similarly  payable  to  the  M^^ 
and  neglected  its  duty  of  sedng  that  those  tribuiea  were  duly 

.........  ,,    .      Qijj^  iributo  with 

oonfuM  juritdictioo 


their  payments  at'diaereni  periodsol  the  year,  tecund  a  conitaal 
and  oopioui  supply  without  an  inconvenient  surplus. 

Feofde  who  did  not  bdong  to  the  clan  and  were  nol  citiiens  wel* 
in  a  base  condition  and  iocompetent  to  appear  in  court  in  suit 
or  defence  except  through  a  Ireeman.  The  B«*a**  (-collier) 
and  Um  Sea-tliilki  (-old  dependent)  were  people  who,  though 
living  for  sucnssiva  gnmatloDa  aliacbed  to  the  famOiea 
of  Baiiln,  did  not  belong  ti     '       ' 


I  clan  and  bad  no  rightt  oJ 


490 

dtiiBuUp.  FuUkln,itm 
Um  lowcit  uction  of  the  pepuUtion.  Same  wen  bora  in  ihii 
conditioo,  Bome  ctuumen  vere  depreaicd  icta  it  by  crime,  con' 
icqucncca  of  wn  M  other  mlilonunej  iwtitnngen  of  m  loir  dui 
coming  into  the  Unitary  found  their  levet  in  it.  The  fuMirt 
tito  «en  dIvlJed  into  lur  ud  d«r;  the  fanner  being  free  by 
iadiutry  end  thrift  to  mcquire  lome  pnqwrty/mftor  which  five 
of  tbem  could  dub  together  to  acquire  righti  conufunding  to 
thmc  of  one  freeman.   The  ica-JnWiin  wen  irunpt.  fugitivn, 

Foneiife,  the  aittem  of  Mnding  children  to  be  reered  ind 
eduotcd  in  the  famiUei  of  feUow-cUniincn,  wu  id  prevalent. 
eipeciiiiysmonf  the  wealthy  duMi,  and  tlie  Inns  goveniingii  ire 
>o  clabonte  and  occupied  luch  a  large  qace,  thai  aanie  otenikin 
of  It  ben  b  tntvitabk.  B^ond  mention,  there  ti  little  to  be 
•aid,  owing  lo  the  abaence  of  general  prindpJca  [n  an  infinity  of 
apecific  details,  nuutly  domeatic  and  a[^rcntly  trivial.  A  diild 
[n  foaterage  was  reared  and  educated  suitably  for  the  position 
it  was  destined  Co  fill  in  life.  There  was  fosterage  for  affection, 
for  payment  and  for  a  litcruy  education.  Foaterage  begao 
when  the  child  was  a  year  old  and  ended  wlien  the  marriageable 
age  waa  reached,  unless  previously  terminated  by  death  or  crime. 
Every  fostered  penon  vms  under  an  obligation  to  provide,  if 
neceaaaiy,  for  the  old  age  ol  foater^iarenu.  The  affectJoB 
ariaing  from  this  reZalionihip  was  usually  greater,  and  was 
regarded  as  more  aacrcd  than  that  of  blood  relationsliip. 

The  solidarity  of  clan  and  jfus  in  their  respective  spheRS,  the 
pnvisiona  ol  the  aytlcm,  the  simple  nirsl  life,  and  xht  prevalent 
«l  barter  and  payments  In  kind,  left  compantivety  little  ona- 
alon  for  contracta  between  individuals.  Cosisequently  the  ruka 
lelatlng  ta  cantiact  are  not  very  numerous.  IlKy  are,  however, 
fuffidentJy  solemn.  Ko  oontnct  affecting  land  was  valid  unlets 
made  with  the  consent  al  the  Jhu  and  in  tfic  presence  of  the 
Airt-Poriaill.  Contracts  relating  to  other  kinds  of  pn^wrty 
are  more  numerous.  When  imporlatit  or  involving  a  consider- 
able amount,  they  had  to  be  nude  in  the  proenceof  tfailk  or 
magistrate.  The.f<r<-C<ur>iif presidedovermoflofiheconlracti 
of  the  cwamon  people.  The  parties  to  a  contract  should  be  free 
dtleens,  of  full  age,  sound  mind,  free  to  contnct  or  not,  and 
tinder  no  legs]  disability. 


BREHON  LAWS 


1  if  e: 


M  blndini 


n  the 


repealed  oorrelative  dicta  t' 
ing,"  and  that  a  thing  done  "  for  God's  sake,"  ■.&  gnils,  imposed 
little  obligation,  it  is  cleat  that  the  importanDC  of  valuaUc  con- 
tlderatifHi  was  fully  recognized.  So  also  wss  the  importance 
of  liRie.  "  To  be  asleep  avails  no  one  ";  "  Sloth  takes  away  a 
nun's  welfare."  Contracii  made  \>y  tbt  following  pecKnu  were 
innlid;  (i)  a  lervani  without  his  master's  authorityi  (i)  a 
monk  Hitboul  authority  Irom  his  abbot  or  manager  of  temwr- 
aiilies;  (j)  a  ton  lubjtct  to  hi)  father  without  the  father'! 
authority;  (4)  an  infant,  lunatic,  or  "  one  who  had  not  the  full 
vigilance  of  reason  "\  (j)  a  wife  in  letalion  10  her  husband'a 
property  without  bit  authority,  ^K  fas  free  to  bold  and  deal 
with  property  of  her  awn  and  bind  it  by  contract.  If  a  son 
living  with  hii  fatber  entered  into  a  eantnci  with  his  father's 
knowledge,  the  father  wu  held  to  have  ratified  the  contract 
nnlesi  he  promptly  repudiated  it.  "  One  It  hdd  to  adopt  what 
be  does  not  repudiate  after  knowledge,  having  the  power," 
Contract  ol  tale  or  barter  with  wstnnty  could  be  dissolved  f« 
fraud,  provided  action  was  Uken  within  a  limited  time  after  the 
fraud  had  become  known.  Treaties  and.  occaaional  very  im- 
portant contracts  were  made  "  bfood-covenanta  "  and  inviolable 
by  drawing  a  dirrp  of  blood  from  the  little  finger  of  each  of  the 
contracting  paitia,  blending  tUt  irlth  water,  and  both  drinking 
the  mliton  out  of  the  tame  etip.  The  fonna  of  le^  evidence 
were  pledges,  documetitt,  witneiKt  and  oMln.  In  cases  of 
qjedal  Importance  the  ptedga  wen  bumsn  bebtga.  "  hostage 
■untie*."  Tliese  wen  treated  a*  Id  tbeir  own  bomea  accard- 
Ing  to  the  rank  to  whkh  they  belonged,  and  were  ditdMtged  an 
the  perfonxMice  of  the  caotract.  If  the  anmn  wu  heoken, 
they  became  pifaoDera  and  mt^t  be  lettered  or  iwde  to  wort  as 
riana  tmtil  llie  obligatin  waa  satlaint.    Authentic  doCsaKnta 


ood  evtdmee.    A  wtaen  wu  im  aO  CMci 

the  force  of  the  contrut  aa  wdl  aa  tlie  value 
1  the  lawa  appear  to  imply  that  fay  Incaming 
iDcuired  Uabllitiea  as  a  surety.     Hie  pra- 
oath  might  be  by  one  or  more  of  the  dements,  pufM 

■■t.day. 


a,  land.  Tht  Christian  oath  might  b 


iray  in  which  ttiey  recognised  co 
iHecting  the  pople.    Although 


on  a  copy  of  the  Goqidi. 
ig. 


Mir,  the  sentences.  "  Let  1 
living  pen. 


r  die  who  UUi  a  humia  bcteg.** 

that  indicts  death  shall  suffer  death," 

ot  prrvail  in  Irdand  beface  or  after. 

'  nveoge,  retaliatioa,  tbt 


capital  punishment 
The  Isws  uuiloTmlv 

punishment  only  in 

every  other  form  of  redress.    They 

for  dealing  witl      '         '         ' 

regarded  tod  tr 

state,  for  ^  its. 

in  relation  to  any  CTimea  except  r'J'''™^  a 

or  tlie  disturluncc  of  a  large  ai 

tha  severest  penalties  known  to  the  la' 

tion  of  property,  death  or  putting  out  of  ey&    i 

the  person,  character  or  property  of       '■'--* 

regarded  as  a  thing  far  whkh  re| 

individual  or  faady  had  to  ici 

action,     'nils  differed  from  ■  civil  action  only  ii 

employed  and  the  efements  us«t  in  calculating  them 

the  rcparalioo.     The  function  of  a  judge  in  a  aioanal  a 

dvil  action  was  to  see  that  the  facts,  with  modifying  d 

stances,  wen  fully  and  truly  submitted  to  turn,  and  thai  by 

applying  the  law  to  these  facts  to  asacitain  and  deckie  tlu 

amount  of  corapensatJon  that  woufd  make  a  le^  adjustment. 

For  this  amount  the  guOty  person,  and  In  hia  default  his  kiDdned, 

became  le^Iy  delator,  and  the  injured'  peison  or  family  beeam* 

entitled  to  recover  the  amount  l^e  a  dvii  debt  Iiy  dislr»inl,  if 

not  paid  voluntarily.    These  wen  no  police,  sherib  or  public 

prisons.    The  dcd&ioiu  of  the  law  wen  executed  by  the  persona 

concerned,  su[^rted  by  a  highly  orpnised  and  disdpUaed 

public  opinion  springing  from  honour  and  intereat  and  intiereiit 

in  the  solidarity  of  the  dari.    Then  is  good  nason  to  belicvB 

that  (he  system  was  as  effectual  In  the  prevention  and  pnniah* 

ment  of  crime  and  in  Uie  redress  of  wranp  o  any  other  human 


Jn  cakufating  the  ■ 
acterittlc  and  importui 
Iwaout-value),  a  value 


the  a 


wu  BintcU»%  ( •honaur^itfce, 
every  free  penon.  nrjrlng 
insmDunitromoiKcowtotninycowiaaimlingtiiiaiik.  Itwu 
the  assessed  value  of  ilsliu  or  afia.  It  wu  trequrntly  of  oon- 
•equence  in  relation  to  contiacis  and  olbet  dui  aSairs;  but  It 
emerges  most  deady  In  connexion  with  aime.  By  the  cammis- 
other  di>gra«lul  or  injuriois 


iimiwuiio  occurred,  apart  from  any  other  ptmWMDenl.  Tbou^ 
existing  apart  from  fitie,  Einechlan  wu  tha  firat  elemat  in  almost 
everySne.  iJin  was  the  comnoutt  werdlor  bw,  whether  gnat 
or  smstl.  Brit  (-repatatioa,  tcdemptloa)  was  the  fine  for 
" separating  body  from  soul";  but  tha  lenn  wu  used  inli^ei 

sometimes  ctwf-iiii  (-body-fine),  bul  moat  Goniutly  the  mm 
of  ibeae  two.  It  may  be  taken  thai,  nlbjeft  to  iBodilylng  cir> 
comsunces.  a  person  golltyof  homlcMe  had  to  pay  (i>  (flirM''* 
for  the  destruction  of  life,  imapedlfe  of  raak;  (1)  the  boDOUC- 
valua  of  the  victim;  (j)  hit  own  boBOUMraJue  if  the  dead  wM 
nninteatlanal :  and  U)  douUe  hit  own  honovt-rahie  if  cnnmitted 
with  mallee  aforethoucht.  The  tsm  of  tkcw  was  !■  aB  euci 
heavyl  besvlesi  when  the  partlrs  wen  Wealthy,  Tlia  ainonot 
wu  ncBversbl*  as  ■  d^  from  the  criminal  to  the  cilcM  of  Ui 


BREISACH 


491 


pnpanir,MdteUiblu)tlM<'«*m«ab»ofUi>iNiaMMM 
ddcnuHd  by  the  ilk«m  ol  tHilwwlitp;  ud  it  wu  dunniut- 
(Mc  anHnc  iha  moabcn  oi  tbe  JSm  of  a  muMaed  penva  in  the 
■aiii  pnqMitiiiii*,  Tikt  >  ^uribntion  inwBg  (be  oat  ol  kin. 
the^of  kmiirdBBoiidd  Inc  thonidva  f  ram  Ikhilitjr  by 
■ivinji  up  Iba  DHirdonuid  Ml  (Dodi,  or  U  h*  MCtpid,  by  tf*iD( 
up  (ny  loadi  he  had  left,  depilvlng  him  at  duuhipi  aiiil  l>d(Iii| 
a  pledie  >viut  hii  lulun  nkdaeds.  Id  thne  dtciiBUMnrft 
the  liir  held  ibe  niimnil'i  tHe  larMl,  ud  he  miib  be  ilain  of 
taken  »  *  pruoner  or  ihve.  He  cmild  enape  only  by  beotmlng 
■  iatr-fiadkir  in  lome  diiunt  territoiy.  When  the  eflect  of  ■ 
oinie  did  not  go  beyond  en  Individual,  if  itut  Ini^ndaid't  >« 
did  not  nuke  load  their  diim  Hhile  ihc  crimiul  lived,  it  lipsid 
on  fail  deatb.  "  Tlte  crime  die)  with  the  oiminal."  If  an  un- 
known ttrangcr  or  persm  wilhoot  pmpcrty  caught  red-handed 

lawful  to  maim  or  itay  hjm  accarding  to  the  magnitude  of  the 
attempted  crime.  "  A  penon  who  came  to  inflitt  a  wound  on 
(he  body  may  be  nfely  killed  when  unknown  and  without  a 
nune,  and  when  there  is  no  power  to  anest  him  at  the  time  of 
cxiDuortting  the  trespan."  Fn  ciime)  aisinit  property  the 
uual  penalty,  ai  in  breach  of  contract,  wo  generic  restitution, 
the  quantity,  lubjcct  to  modifying  cticumitances,  being  twice 
Uk  amount  taken  or  deitroyed, 

Diatreai  of  leitun  of  property  being  tlie  univenal  mode  of 
obtaining  aatiifaction,  whether  for  crime,  bleach  of  conlncl, 
noD-paymeiit  of  debt,  or  any  other  cauie,  the  law  of  distreia 
came  into  operation  a)  the  lolvent  of  almoit  every  dltpute. 
Hence  it  ii  the  most  eiteruive  and  important  branch,  if  not 
more  than  a  branch,  of  theie  ancienl  laws.  Of  several  words 
meaning  distreu,  alitaliail  was  the  most  frequently  tued.  A 
person  having  a  liquidated  claim  might  either  sue  a  debtor  or 
proceed  at  his  peril  to  seize  without  this  prelimiiiary.  In  the 
latter  case  the  defendant  cou^d  stop  the  progrea}  of  the  seifure 
by  paying  the  debt,  giving  a  pledge,  or  demanding  a  trial;  and 
be  then  could  chooM  a  Biehon.  Distreu  was  of  two  kinds— 
(l)  alMtaM  ir/al  {  -diiliess  on  length,  i.e.  with  time,  with 
delays);  and  (])iid(iitaiflii^  [  -immediatedislieis).  Which 
method  wu  pursued  depended  partly  upon  the  facta  of  the  case 
and  partly  upon  the  respective  ranks  d  the  parties.  A  penon 
entitled  to  seize  property  had  to  do  it  himself,  accompanied,  if 
the  amount  was  Urge,  by  a  law  agent  and  witnesses.  No  man 
WIS  entitled  to  setie  unleai  he  owned,  u  had  a  surely  who  owned, 
■BfGdent  property  for  iodemaity  or  adjustment  in  case  the 
Beijui«  should  be  found  to  have  been  wrongful.  The  formalities 
varied  in  diffcrmt  ciRumstances  and  also  at  different  times  in 
the  long  ages  in  which  these  laws  prevailed.  Some  forms  may, 
in  the  Irish  aa  in  other  legal  ayitcms,  have  became  merely  cere- 
Bwnia]  and  ficiittous. 

TtSaii  ( •  Kiiuie  of  immovabk  property)  was  made  in  three 
periods  or  delays  of  ten  days  each  (-30  days).  The  first  step 
was  a  a«ticc  that  unless  the  debt  was  paid  immediately  seiiure 
would  be  made.  Ten  days  later,  the  ptaialiS  cmsed  the  fence 
in  upon  the  land,  with  a  law  agent,  a  witness  and  a  pair  of 

•f  the  debt  and  called  upon  the  defendant  to  pay  it  according 
lo  law.  On  receiving  no  answer,  or  an  unsaiislattmy  one,  he 
irilhdrew.  After  an  inlervil  of  ten  days  more,  the  creditor 
entered  irith  his  law  agent,  two  witnesses  and  four  horses,  went 
farther  in  upon  the  land,  repealed  his  demand,  and  if  refused 
withdrew.  Finally,  after  a  further  interval  of  ten  days,  he 
entered  once  more  with  his  law  agent,  three  witnesses  and  eight 
horsea,  drove  op  to  the  debtor's  house,  repeated  bis  demand,  and 
if  not  satisfied  drove  a  herd  of  cattle  or  a  flock  of  riwp  in  upon 
the  farm  and  left  men  to  care  for  them. 

AUtalml  ordinarily  meant  the  seiiure  of  movable  property. 
The  following  technical  tenns  will  indicate  the  ptBctdnre  in 
dfatresi  with  time: — Aurfocrt  ("demand  o(  payment, slalmg 
Iheamonnt  in  presence  of  witnesses);  a^(-delay};  alktabail 
(  -the  actual  seiiure);  a»d  (-delay  after  seizure,  the  thing 
imiabiing  In  the  debtors  piaiesaion)',  MhJ  (- the  taking  away 
■'"' '       '  "■'-- debtor  of  the  amount 


of  the  thing  selied};y«K  (  -notice  to  the  di 


<liw,tfataMMirorpa«ulta«Uch(hBtUn|s(iaedbl^NinmdMl, 
(Bd  ths  nasM  o(  tb*  law  actnt);  dscUn  (  -  deUy  dsnv  which 
the  thing  ii  Is  pound);  btad  (  —destruction  or  forfeitun  ot  the 
debtor'*  owDwahip  and  nbMitutioa  of  the  creditor^  ownership). 
Thoe  waa  bo  sale,  because  sain  foe  monsy  iraa  hitk  known. 
The  pnperty  in  the  thing  seized,  to  tha  amoDot  of  the  debt  and 
fipsnici.  became  legally  tilnshind  from  the  debtor  to  the 
creditoc,  itot  all  at  once  but  In  stagea  fixed  by  la*.  A  cnditor 
wa*  aot  at  liberty  to  idza  haasekohi  goods,  fatmiig  Dtenaili, 
or  awr  goods  the  leas  of  which  would  prevoit  the  debtor  ncovo- 
ing  fiim  embarrassment,  so  long  a*  there  waa  other  piOperty 
iriiich  coold  be  seized.  A  leizure  oonld  bo  made  on^  betweaa 
sunrise  and  sunset.  "  If  a  man  who  Is  sued  evade*  justice, 
knowing  the  debt  to  be  due  of  him,  double  the  delit  ia  payiUt 
by  bin  and  a  fine  of  five  sedi."  When  a  large  debt  wa*  cleaily 
wu  no  property  lo  aeiie,  the  debtor  Umadf  conld 
>tk  as  a  prisoner  or  slave  tmtil  the 


pRKxss  unknown  elsewbeic  except  hi  ports  of  India.  Uk 
I^aintifl  having  nude  Us  demand  and  waited  a  certain  tine 
without  result,  went  and  sat  without  Jood  before  the  door  of 
the  defendant.  To  tefuse  to  submit  to  fasting  was  onuider^ 
indeiiWy  disgraceful,  and  wu  one  of  the  thin^  which  legally 
degraded  a  man  by  reducing  or  destroying  his  honout-vsluB. 
The  law  said  "  he  who  doea  not  give  a  pledge  to  fasting  is  an 
T  of  all;  he  who  disregards  all  things  shall  not  be  paid  by 
IT  man."  If  a  plaintiff  having  duly  fasted  did  not  receive 
]  a  certain  time  the  satisfaction  of  bJs  claim,  he  waa  entitled 
tram  u  in  the  case  of  an  ordinary  defendant,  and  to  seiia 
double  Che  amount  that  would  have  satisfied  him  in  the  first 
instance.  If  a  penon  fasting  in  accordance  with  taw  died  during 
or  in  consequence  of  the  fast,  the  person  fasted  upon  wu  bcM 
guilty  of  murder.  Fasting  could  be  stopped  by  paying  the  debt, 
gi'riiig  a  fdedge,  or  submitting  lo  tbe  dedsioo  of  a  BrehDn,  A 
creditor  fasting  sfter  a  reasonable  offer  of  settlement  had  been 
made  to  him  forfeited  his  claim.  "  He  who  fasts  notwithstanding 
the  offer  of  what  should  he  accorded  to  him,  forfeits  his  legal 
right  according  to  the  dedsioo  of  tlie  Fozu." 

AuTil0irTTBS.^-Since  Sir  Samuel  Fertuion  wrote  hb  article  oa 
"DrTlKHiLaws"inthe9thedLtJDDDf  Ih]a£iK>£/ff^B«fu,iniichFeHtth 

hat  been  done  on  the  sub)eel.  and  Feciunn's ' " 

accepted  by  stolen,  ell hffaireEanls  the  la  nri 
oflhelaws.    r     "       '  '  ^^  — ^ 


ir  ai  rnanls  the  lanruage 


hiiln  Slali^fCrilkiim  (London,  NutC,  1903)  oTAtki 
'y  ([>ub1iD,  1901).    The  following  *rt  unponanl  lefc 

iKinuiy  Bipplied  by  Dr  Whitley  Stokei)  for  delaDed  mea 

n.  I>anste.  BtJti  flatlmi  dt  drni,  pp.  156-381  (Paris,  rSSg): 
Arbng  de  Tubainville  and  Paul  Cofllnet.  Slaila  10  U  dnnl  t. '  ' 
(I  volt.,  (laris,  iSh):  Joyce.  Sati*!  Hiilmy  if  Aneinl  It 
vd.  i.  Pp.  16S-314  G  vols..  Laadod.  ifoj);  ZeUiMjtji^  a 
"'  '  iv.  sal,  the  Copenhagen  fiagmenu  nt  tbe  Lairs  ( 


,  II.  ui,  MK  Copenhagen  fiagmenu  of 

...ipntant  tetteis  in  TIk  Aadtmy,  No*.  6«.  700.  ....  , 

;ai,  71U,  706.  707  {■ubtuntially  covered  by  Stoket't  Otfuiiai): 
itmwGIhiiK.jDty.  »«!'"■  ' '--■'-'  ■-  ■'  -  •■  -- 
of  Ihe  Uw-lrui  Ctilh  Gi 


f.EriHX 


■  »19-3IS  Ceo 


, by  Kum.  .,..,_ 

fiurfy  Hia.  at  IiiiihiiilO 
I  Early  Low  and  Cufne.  pp.  161-.  i«a  (TUi);  Heam'a 
.    .   .    ,iiUd(t^j9).mn<iKuitana-iSaidiai»AiKmaHizUry, 
PP:  4U-507  (1876),  ronuin  interealing  general  reference,  but  the 

Cinneli's  Brdn  Likxi  (ISM)  may  aho  be  csniulttd.    Sec  further 
the  article  Celt,  sections  lantuff  and  LiUnl^i.  (L.  G.| 

BRBIEACH,  or  AlIbreuach,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
grand  duchy  of  Baden,  on  the  left  hank  of  the  Bhine,  standing 
on  a  basalt  rock  ijofl.  above  the  river.  10  m.  W.  of  Fielburg-im- 
Brdsgau,  and  on  Ihe  railway  connecting  that  dty  with  Colmar. 
Fop.  (1900)  1J37.  It  hu  a  fine  minster,  partiy  Roaanciqne, 
partly  Gothic,  dating  from  the  loth  to  the  ijth  centuries;  of 
its  two  principal  lowers  one  Is  ijlh  century  Gothic,  the  other 
Romsnesqne.  The  interior  is  remarkablef  or  its  rich  decorations, 
especially  the  wood-carving  of  the  high  altar,  and  for  many 
interoting  tombs  and  irictnres.  There  Is  Utile  industry,  but  a 
considerable  trade  is  done  in  wines  and  other  agricultuial 


BREISGAU— BREITENFELD 


citj  an  impenil  city  uid  DBtU  Ihc 
middk  of  the  iBtli  cxuuijr  ons  of  clu  dilcf  fiiilii— ii  of  Ihc 
Eopfic,  it  of  stbU  maticpiilT.  A  (tronghold  of  the  Stfiuiii 
(b  GtiHc  Inbc,  vhkh  D<XD|inl  ths  anmtir  of  tha  Doula  ind 
Buifondy).  t  i™*  taptuol  in  ths  tisu  of  Jnlhu  Cuut  by 
Anavutni  mad  becune  kuon  u  the  i(«u  Atriocu.  Fctti&cd 
by  Ihc  enpenr  Vakntiui  in  ]6g  lo  ddsid  tha  Khiiw  ((uiBt  tbc 
CeamBM,  it  RtuDcd  iti  poftilioa  Ihiousbout  Ihc  taiddle  a^es  u 
one  si  tbcdiiifbulmAsoIGamuiraHlwu  called  the  "ouhioo 
ud  key  (JCuMK  Mrf  AJiIUmO  of  Ihc  Gcman  empire."  Id 
liiipotlMicftWLiwidnhatituveitiniaxtotlieiliitrin  BiB^in, 
in  which  il  ia  ritualed.  In  ug  it  «u  taken  by  the  empeni 
Otto  I.,  and  after  mnaining  in  the  eiduiive  poHcaion  of  the 
ampenn  for  two  ccnturica,  wu  atreogthcned  and  alHred  for  a 
while  between  lliem  and  Ihe  btibopa  of  BaicL  In  ii54aad  iilii 
the  biihopa  obtained  full  contnl  over  il;  bat  in  117J  it  wai 
made  as  Impeiial  dly  by  Kiof  Rudolph  I.,  and  at  the  begtnmiig 
ol  the  14th  cxBtuiy  hit  ton  hiougb  t  iC  dcfintlively  into  the  pOHCt- 
tioa  of  the  Uibthuig  montrcht,  leaving  the  bithops  liiit  few 
privikgea.  In  tbc  Tbiity  Yean'  Wu  Branch  lufxeHfuUy 
[Billed  the  Swedea,  Init  aiur  a  meioonble  vcgc  and.a  delence 
by  Geueral  von  Reitacb,  one  of  the  nkoti  famoui  in  military 
aanab,  il  was  iorced  to  capitulate  to  Duke  Bemhard  of  Stic- 
VVdmar  on  the  iSth  of  December  i6j8.  The  eiidcavourt  o(  the 
cnperot  Ferdinand  UL  to  retake  it  were  fiuilleu,  and  by  the 
peace  of  Westphalia  (164S)  Breiuch  was  annexed  to  Fiand. 
fly  the  peati  of  Ryiwick  (169;)  il  was  realoted  10  Austria,  when 
Louis  XIV.  built  the  town  and  fortress  of  Neubreiiach  on  the 
left  bank  of  the  Rhine.  Again  in  i;o3  it  fell  into  the  handi  of 
the  French,  owiol  <o  ticacbeiy,  but  was  ceded  to  Austria  by  (he 
peace  of  RaaUlt  In'*)-  Yet  agvn.  in  the  War  of  the  Austrian 
Succession,  it  watctplured  [i  144)  by  the  French,  who  diamanlled 
the  lortificatians.  They  reforlified  il  in  ■  796,  and  alter  passing. 
by  the  peace  of  Lunfville  (iSoi),  together  with  the  Breisgau  to 
the  duke  of  Modena,  Bie^ach  wai  by  the  peace  ol  Presshurii 
(LS05)  finally  Incorporated  with  Baden,  when  the  forti6catiofis 
wen  raied.  During  the  Fnnco-f^ennao  War  (i8;o)  Breisach 
tuflcred  teverely  from  bombardrocnt  directed  against  it  from 
Neubreitach. 

BRKUOAD,  a  district  of  Ginnany,  tn  the  gnrl  duchy  of 
Baden.  It  eilendi  along  the  right  bank  of  the  RJdhe  fnnn  Batet 
to  KeU,  and  ioduda  the  principal  peaks  ol  Ote  Kiuthetn  Black 
Forcatandthc  Freiburg  valley.  The  Breisgau.  originally  a  pdfu 
Or  eon  of  the  Frankiah  empire,  wu  ruled  during  the  middle  agft 
by  hereditary  counts.  Of  theie  the  earlleat  recvcdcd  is  Birtilo 
(461-^5),  ancestor  o(  Ibe  counts  and  dukes  of  Zlhringen. 
On  the  detlb  of  Bercblhold  V.  of  Zahringen  in  111S,  bit  co- 
beinua  brought  parti  of  the  Breisgau  to  the  counts  of  Uracb 
and  Kyburg,  while  put  went  to  the  margraves  aS  Bades.  At 
the  dote  of  tha  ijlh  century  tbc  Kyburg  part  of  the  Breisgau 
paaied  to  the  Habsburgl,  who  In  tj68  acquired  also  the  town 
and  counlship  of  Freiburg,  which  had  been  sold  by  the  counts 
of  Urach  to  the  Frciburgeii  4ad  given  in  pledge  by  them  to  the 
bouse  of  Austria  in  exchange  lor  a  Loan  of  the  purchase  price, 
wUch  they  wen  unable  leTCpay.  Tbcmilc  Urach  line  becoming 
extinct  [n  1457,  an  heiras  curried  what  remained  of  Ibeir  posses- 
sions in  the  Breisgau  to  the  bouic  of  Baden.  In  tbc  ttniggle 
between  France  and  Auttim  Irom  the  t7th  century  on wirds  the 
BniigBu  frequently  thiaged  maslcn.  In  iSor  Auitiia  was 
forcad  ID  eede  it  to  Ercole  III,,  duke  of  Modena,  in  compemation 
lor  Ihe  duchy  ol  which  Napolean  had  deprived  him.  Hit  iBC- 
ceMor  Ferdinand  look  the  title  of  duke  of  Modena- Brdigau,  but 
on  hie  death  In  1S05  tbc  Bitiigaa  waa  divided  between  Baden 
and  WMtranbcn.    ThelattercedaditBpanionloBadeniniSio. 

See  Stekvis.  jAmel  iUuain,  (tc  (Ladoh  ilgv-iBu). 

BHDILAK.  SCIPIOIIB  (i74£-iSi6),  luUui  leoleciK  of 
Ccnnan  parentage,  w«>  bom  at  Some  in  1 741.  lie  early  dlt- 
linguithed  himaeU  aapRifettorof  mathcmatica' 
pbilotophy  in  the  (oUege  of  Raguta;  but  after  1 


dedicated  to  geoltgica)  mwirhw  to  the  piapal  aU 
BccDunC  of  the  atairiiBon  dittiict  at  ToUe  ud  ad^ 
puhliilied  tn  1 786,  puBcd  fw  Ub  the  M 


He  alteewardt  made  many  jouzneyi  throu^  tb 
pania  to  OliBtrate  lu  geokisy,  and  publiihcd  in  1798  Ua  Ta/o- 
pafa  >iiu  lUb  Camfviia,  which  mulns  the  leaulti  of  mnck 
accurate  obaervation.  BniiUk  also  pubUtbed  an  cttay  on  tbc 
phyticai  condition  of  the  teveu  hill*  oC  Roaw,  wUdi  he  regarded 
at  the  remalnt  of  a  local  nJcano, — an  ofiinioB  ahoim  Ip  be 
errooesuihy thclaterreteacchcaoCG.B.BrocchL  Thepolilial 
(onvuliioni  of  Italy  in  1799  brought  Breitlak  to  Paris,  when  he 

leoained  until  iBoj,     '        ••       -       ■---.• 

aaltpetre  and  powder 

died  on  the  rsth  of  February  1S36.  Hia  other  publicationa 
includes— /lUraJiaww  oflii  ^tltpa  (1811.  French  ed.  i8ig}i 
TraiU  nr  la  tInuKae  aOriaui  im  iftU,  j  villi,  and  atlu 
(Milan,  iSig,  iSii);  Daoaimt  talepia  dtOa  frninda  ii 
Jtfi/jwCrSii). 

BHEITEHFBLD,  a  village  of  Germany  in  the  kingdom  ol 
SjAxony,  si  m.  N.N.W.  of  Leiprig,  ruled  In  militnry  history. 
The  £iil  battle  of  Brdteoleld  was  fought  en  the  17th  of  Sep- 
tembet  i6ji,  between  the  allied  Swedish  tod  SaxoD  araiiea 
under  GuiCavus  Adolphui  arid  the  bnperiai  forces  lujder  Count 
Tilly.  Tlie  battlefield  it  a  low  ridge  tunning  east  and  west 
between  the  villages  of  GAbschclwiti  and  Brdtenfeld,  the 
position  of  the  Imperialists  lying  along  the  crest  from  Gabsdiel- 

the  left;  (^>posIte  this  pcsitlon,  and  behind  a  group  ol  viUagc* 
on  Ihe  Loberbach  stream,  lay  the  Swedish  forces,  flanked  on 
their  left  by  the  Saxon  contingent  under  the  elector,  who  wai 
assisted  by  Amim.  The  vilkget  formed  the  only  obstacle  on 
the  gentle  ilope  lying  between  the  Lobetbach  ud  TOVs  line; 
throng  tbe«e  vilbget  the  Sweda  defiled  slowly,  and  formed  up 
rut  the  f^ien  ground  beyond  them.  TDly^t  army  was  drawn  up 
In  a  continuous  line,  the  Infantry  ranged  In  heavy  battalloni  to 
the  centre,  the  cavalry  on  the  wings,  and  the  tieavy  artiltery  in  e 
mus  in  front  of  the  infantry.     Gustavut  arrayed  the  Swcdei  to 

Sanks,  and  the  Saxons  were  drawn  op  in  a  similar  formation  on 
the  left  of  the  Swedish  left-wing  ex  valty.  Sofarastanbe  gauged 
the  respective  numbers  were  at  leui  j  1,000  Impcrialittt,  ii/us 
Swedes  and  1S.000  Saions.  The  Sweditfa  infantry  was  drawn 
up  on  an  entirely  novel  syMem;  each  brigade  o(  irifantry.  com- 
posed ol  several  bxiii]<Dnj,wu  formed  in  manyimall  and  bandy 
corps  oi  pikemen  and  musketeers,  and  partio  of  musketeers  were 
also  detached  to  support  the  cavalry.  IIm  gims  were  sattemi 
along  the  front.  The  Samni  were  ranged,  like  Tllly'i  army,  in 
heavy  masses  of  foot  and  horse  [Seceded  by  a  great  battery  ol 
gunt.  At  1  r.H.  Pa[:qienhnai,  commanding  Tilly'i  left  ning, 
led  lorwtrd  the  whole  of  hit  cavalry  in  a  furioui  chtrge.  FGriing 
the  fire  of  the  musketccn  who  were  intercalated  amonpt  Ihc 
Swedish  lune,  Pqipenheim  iwung  round  to  hit  left  and  chuged 
the  Swedlih  right  wing  in  Hank..  The  Swedea  of  both  Una 
proB^Mly  irikeded  up,  and  after!  pnloBgad  cosffict  the  Inpcriil 
hone  wen  drivea  completely  off  Ihc  field.  Tbe  attack  of  TDlyV 
'tight  wing  uBilei  FOntenberg  diticted  against  ike  Saioai  ww 
mon  tuceiariaL  The  Saxon)  weit  M  once  broken  and  nnted, 
only  a  handful  under  Anim  Diainlalning  the  ground.  Ftlntci^ 
ben  punned  the  lugitivt*  lot  many  milet,  aad  TTHy  with  the 
centre  of  infantry  (wUeh,cousdBing  tba  depth  of  its  formations, 
mutt  have  pwitiMd  great  maimviing  power)  lapidly  loUowed 


«u  ilnnuouly  oppoxd,  Md  it  (tit>  iMiMBt  the  dediivc  tinkc 
of  Iha  balUc  mu  ddivcKd  by  ihc  Swcdiih  [i|ht  wing,  wMdi, 
having  diiposcd  of  Ptppenheim,  iwung  nmod  «id  ocm[HCd  the 
gRwnd  oiigintUy  bfid  by  ihe  Imperial  Inlinliy,  tetiid  Tilly's 
guns,  »nd  with  Ihein  (nfiladed  Ihc  nwmy'i  new  line,  Thii  put 
an  Rid  ID  (hemllickol  the  Imperii!  Axit,  and  befan  untel  Tilly 
was  in  full  retreal.  hotly  puraiLed  and  losing  hcivily  in  priwncrar 
Uii  tout*  on  the  beld  have  been  euimaicd  it  7000  killed  and 
Hounded  and  atntoil  u  niiny  ptiunen;  the  Swedea  loiL  ibout 
1000  and  (he  Saionj  over  4000  mrn. 

The  village  d(  Bniienlcld  alu  gives  iti  name  Is  another  great 
battle  <n  the  Thitly  Yean'  War  (November  i,  1641),  In  which 
the  Swedes  under  Tontenison  defealod  the  Impcrialiiii  under 
the  archduke  Leopold  and  Prince  Piccolomini,  who  were  tceking 
to  relieve  Leipzig.    The  Swediihcavolry  decided  the  day  on  ihts 


in  the  Germ 


bearing  the  lille 

n,  lying  on  both 
w  o[  the  WcKr, 


BREMEK. 
Frea  HanmlaM  Bitmnt.    It  la 
(1)  the  largHI  portion,  with  (he  1 
banki,  but  chiefly  on  Ihe  righ(,  0[ 

duchy  of  Oldenburg,  and  coniisdng  in  the  nain  < 
cuunlry  inieisected  by  canala  and  dykes;  (1)  the  town  and 
diitrlcl  oF  Vegesack,  lying  separate  from,  but  immedialely  north 
of  Ihe  main  portim,  an  the  right  bank  o[  the  river;  [])  Ihe  port 
of  Brcmerhaven,  46  m.  down  (he  Weser,  at  !u  mouth.  Of  the 
whole  (errilory,  which  has  an  area  of  ^  sq.  m.,  about  one-half 
b  meadow  and  graihig  land,  one-quarter  under  tillage,  and  the 
temainder  occupied  by  a  little  woodland,  some  unproKtabte 
tandy  waslet,  the  bed  of  the  Weser  and  the  towns.  Market 
gatdening,  Ihe  rearing  of  cattle,  for  which  the  diitrlct  1i  widely 
lamed,  and  fishhig,  form  the  chief  occupation!  of  the  rural 
DODulatlon.  The  climale  Is  mild,  but  the  rahiFall  (id-^  In. 
m  the  average)  is  relatively  considerable.    Thepopula- 


1900- 

'90S- 

'H 

S^"'r  :  :  :  : 

Rural  diitricti       .     .     . 

Total     .... 

»»^.J 

S6).67] 

01 1^  inhabiunis,  who  belong  10  the  Lower  Saron  (JVttJer- 
SfJacm)  race  and  in  <kily  Interooune  mostly  ipeak  the  Low 
Gct^u  IPtaMabtk)  dialect,  about  (wo-lhlrds  are  nalivca  of 
the  lUteaiHl  one^^id  ImmigraiKs  from  other  pans  of  Germany, 
chie^  Irom  Maaovet  and  Oldenburg.  About  43  %  are  Protesl- 
■nt*,  6  K  Rsmaa  Catholics,  and  only  }  %  jtwa.  Hie  form 
nment  ii  that  of  ■  republic,  under  a  coostitudon  pro- 
imtheStfaofHatdi  1849,  revised  on  Ihe  itilol  February 
1S14,  the  17th  ol  Nonmber  187;,  and  the  iitol  January  1894. 
~  ...  'g  joi„^y  j„  ^  Kniieand  the  BUrgerKhaf  t. 

nate,  which  is  (he  eiecutive 
e  members,  elected  by  the 
coBvsit,  m  piesenUlton  by  the  senate.  Of  these  ten  at  least 
must  be  lawyers  and  three  merdnnls.  Two  ol  (he  number 
■K  nominated  by  their  colleagues  M  buiganustets,  who  preside 
bi  succession  for  a  year  at  a  lime  and  hold  oifKt  four  yean,  one 
retiring  every  (wo  yeais.  The  fiflrgenchaft  cwuisis  of  15a 
(formerly  300)  representatives,  chosen  by  the  citiKns  for  bik 
years,  and  fonna  the  kgialative  body.  Fourteen  memben  are 
clecled  by  iuch  dtiiens  of  Bremen  (city)  as  have  enjoyed  a 
uiivenity  educatko.  forty  by  ibe  menhaati,  twenty  l^  the 
Hi  forty^igbt  by  tke  oihn  dlim. 


er  to  the  Inperial  diet 

OteidHtai).  Fnvedy  Broaen  ww  ■  fm  port,  bui'fran  tba  iei 
«(  October  iSSS  the  wlulc  ef  the  Btilc,  with  the  dctption  el  two 
MBiB  lie*  diitacti  in  Bromni  aiul  BttmahavcB  Kapectiydy, 


joined  th'a  German  cuitofDi  union.  TV  state  has  (wo  Amts- 
gEiichte  (ootirts  of  first  instince)  st  Bretnen  and  Bremediavrn 
respectively,  and  a  superior  court,  Landgericht,  at  Bremen, 
'heiKe  appeals  lie  to  the  Obetiindesgericht  for  the  Hsnseatic 
owns  In  Hamburg,  Tiie  judges  of  the  Bremen  eoucis  are 
ppoJntedbyacommhtecof  meoibetsof  (he  senate,  (he  Sfliger- 
schafiand  the  bench  of  judges.  By  the  convention  with  Prussia 
of  the  ];th  of  June  1861,  the  free  slate  sorrendered  its  right  to 
lumiih  its  own  contingent  to  the  army,  the  rccnuls' being  alter 
thai  time  drafted  into  Ihe  Hansealic  Infantry  regiment,  forming 
a  portion  o(  the  Prussian  IX.  army  corps, 

HEMEM.  *  dty  ol  Cennany,  apilal  of  the  fne  stale  of 
Bremen,  and  one  of  the  Hinsesllc  towns.  It  lies  on  a  Htidy 
plain  on  both  hanks  of  Ihe  Weser,  46  m.  from  the  North  Sea  and 
71  m.  S.W.  from  Hamburg  by  rail,  on  Ihe  main  line  to  Cologne. 
tap.  (11)05)  "4.i)53-  It  has  also  direct  railway  eommnnlcatioii 
with  Berlin  via  Uclzen,  Hanover  and  Bremethiven.  The  diy 
consists  of  lour  quarleis,— Ihe  old  town  (AltjiadI)  and  iu 
Buburtan  eitensloni  (Vontadl)  being  on  the  right  bank  of  the 
river,  and  Ihe  new  town  (Neusudt)  with  Its  soulhem  suburb 
(SDdervorsladI)  «i  the  led  bank.  The  rivB-  is  croncd  by  (hrec 
bridges,  the  old,  the  new  (1871-187])  KaiierbrScke,  and  the' 
railway  bridge,  with  a  gangway  for  fool  piBengeis.  Hie 
ramparts  of  the  old  (own  have  long  been  converted  info  beautiful 
promenades  and  gardens,  Ihe  moits  forming  a  chain  of  laheL' 
~  '     lid  town,  with  its  winding  streets  and  lanea, 

e  gabled  houses,  dales  Item  the  medieval  days 
of  HaiBealic  proqierily.  On  ihe  mailiel  square  stands  the  find 
town  ball  (Raihaus),  dating  Irom  the  i;lh  cenluly,  with  a  hand' 
some  Renaissince  /a;iid'  of  a  somewhat  later  dale,  uxl  before  it 
a  stone  statue  ol  Roiind.  the  emblem  ol  dvic  power.  Its  cek-' 
braled  undeisround  wine  cell  a  t  has  been  immonaliied  by  Wohela 
Haun  in  hb  FkaMiuini  im  Sirmrr  RaiskiUtr.  The  town  hall 
is  internally  richly  embellished  and  has  a  gallery  of  Interesting 
paintings.  In  in  upper  ball  a  model  of  an  old  Hanseatic  frigate, 
with  ihe  device  Nt^iart  ntcau  eu,  tiiri  ium  (tf  ntaui,  banp 
fion  Ihe  ceiling.  Among  other  ancient  buildings,  situated 
chiefly  In  the  old  (ovm,  are  the  following:— the  caibedral  at 
3i  Peter  (formerly  the  aidilaplscopal  and  now  the  Lutheran 
parish  church),  erected  in  the  i  iih  century  on  the  site  of  Charle' 
maghe's  wooden  church,  and  famous  for  its  Bldkeller,  or  leaj 
*«ldl,  iu  which  bodies  can  be  preserved  for  a  long  time  wfthont 
suffering  decompoaidon;  Ihe  church  of  St  Anagaiius,  bidlt  shone 
043,  wilh  a  spire  400  fl.  high;  the  church  ol  Our  Lidy.  dating 
from  Ihe  itlhand  r3th  centuries;  the  1  ith  century  Ronunnqua 
church  of  St  Stephen;  the  SchUtltng,  or  merchants'  hall,  origin* 
ally  built  in  I«i9  for  the  doth-tradeis' gild;  the  Stadthaus  (town 
house),  formerly  the  archlepiscopel  palace,  and  omveited  (0  111 
present  uses  only  in  rSi?,  The  inosi  impoiuni  and  Imposing 
among  the  more  modem  architeclunl  additions  to  the  dty  are 
the  handsome  Golhic  eichinge,  compleled  in  1867,  Ibe  municipal 
(hea(re,  (he  municipal  library,  the  post  ofiice  OS78),  the  law 
courts  {1891-1895),  the  wool  exchange,  Ihe  Orman  bank,  Ihe 


(1888)^ 


A  beaullful 
[o  Ihe  nonh-cast  of 


embrace,  bnldcs  Ihe  Roland,  the  Willehad  founlsiD  (1883),  (he 

monunientoItheFiani:o-CermanWar(ereclcd  1875),  [he  centaur 

fountain  (i8qi),  an  equestrian  statue  of  (he  emperor  4 

(1893),  bk)  a  statue  of  the  poet  Theodor  KtSm 

pArk,  BUrgerjiarb,  has  been  lai 

meadows,  lying  beyond  the  raili    . 

the  diy-    It  ii  a  peculiarity  of  the  dometiic  1 

Breraen  that  the  majority  of  the  houses,  tmltke  the  custom  In 

moll  other  German  towns,  wheit  Sats  pitvail,  are  occupied  by 

iman  are  si  consldetable 
partleulaTly  developed  in  such 
avigailoB,  such  a*  shipbuilding, 


It*  hme  abfuat  oadBBivety  (o  i(j 


tnde.  nulnly  Import*.  By  tJw  coraplMion  ol 
works  on  the  Won  in  i8Si-iSm,  vhenby,  u 

Urge  ocean-going  vcueJi  ire  lUe  to  nam  righl 
iticll.  It  hu  eicelJtnt  railway  cannEiioni 
indunrial  districts  ol  Gennany.  Like  Hambui 
dominantly  a  transit  trade;  il  is  npcciaUy  in; 
importer  oi  raw  prodi 


lioiit  rival  of  Hai 
id  petroleum.  The 
id  by  river  and  rai' 

•001  £te/»o,ooo  in 
Ml  £9,7S 


ic  finl  placi 


market  ii 
atbec 


il)  increased  from  £3 


.  .883  ,tt 


about  £15,000,00 


sports  (both  sca-tiom 
r)i.;ao  in  igfij  I 
the  United  Sutc! 


n  which  imports  principoUy  come  arc  the  United 
Sutel,  Enflaod,  Germany,  Russia,  the  republics  o[  South 
America,  the  Far  East  and  Australia.  The  exports  rose  from 
t,  total  of  fiA/i96,joo  in  iS8j  to  £61,000,000  in  ipoj.  The 
number  ol  veweii  which  entered  the  ports  of  the  free  state  (i.e. 
Bremen  dty.  Bnmerhavcn  and  Vegesack)  increased  Irom  1860 
ol  1,158,514  Mregatg  tonnage  in  i&Sj,  to  4014  ol  i.li6fi3S 


re  lor 


!  of  the  I 


iniea.  especially  of  the  North 

n  of  69j,S«i  Ions,  besdes- 
llso  abares  with  Hamburg 
I  chkl  emigration  ports  ol 


ol  the   (jerman  shipping 

Gennaa  Lloyd  (fourided  in  10501,  n 

igos,  pouessed  a  ficel  ol  389  stcan 

tightets  and  timilar  crall.     Bremec 

the  potition  ol  being  one  of  the  I1 

Germany.    Tlieie  are  three  docki, 

dty — urnely,  the  fret  harbour  (which  was  opened  in  1888).  the 

winter  harbour,  and  the  limber  and  industrial  harbour.     Internal 

conmuninlion  is  served  by  an  eicelknl  system  ol  electrk 

tnnnnys,  and  their  ii  also  ■  local  ileuDboat  acrvice  with 

Beighbouring  viltagn  on  the  Woer. 

Hiilory. — According  10  Brandts,  quoting  Miitlin  Luther  in 
the  Laiam  Pkiloleticum.  the  name  il  detivedtroni  Btam.  Brim, 
I.e.  inn -the  river-bank,  or  confine  ol  the  l»nd  on  which  it  was 
built.  In  787  Bremen  was  chown  by  St  WiUehld,  whom  Chartg- 
magne  had  established  as  ))ishop  fn  ibe  ftgi  o(  the  lower  Wesct. 
as  hti  see.  In  B<S  the  destniciion  of  JUmburg  by  the  Notmans 
led  to  the  transference  of  the  archiepi&copal  Kc  of  Hamburg  to 
Bremen,  which  became  the  seal  ol  the  archblshopi  ol  Hamburg- 
Bremen.     In  065  the  emperor  Otto  I.  granted  to  Archbishop 

tab>)  the  right  to  eaublish  a  market,  and  the  full  administrative, 
fiscal  and  judicial  powen  of  a  count,  no  one  but  the  bishop  or  his 
adKtatui  being  allowed  to  eiercise  authotity  in  the  city*  This' 
privilege^  by  which  the  archbishop  ivas  lord  of  the  city  and  his 
Vaii  it*  judge,  was  frequently  confirmed  by  lubiequenl  emperors, 
coding  under  Frederick  I.  in  1 1  j8.  Thou^,  however,  Ihert  i>  no 
direct  evidence  of  the  existence  of  any  rommunal  orguiBtion 
during  this  period,  it  is  dear  from  ihi  vigoroui  pari  taken  by 
the  barshers  in  the  struggle  of  the  «mpcroi  Frederick  with  Henry 
the  Lion  of  Saiony  that  some  such  organisation  very  early 
eibtcd.  Yet  in  the  priviUgium  granted  to  the  townspeople  by 
Frederick  I,  in  ii36  the  emperor  h«d  done  no  more  than 
guarantee  them  their  personal  liberties.  The  earitctt  recogni Lion 
of  any  dvic  organiiaiion  they  may  have  poucssed  they  owed  to 
Archbishop  Hariwig  IL  (11S4-IM7),  who  had  succeeded  In 
uniting  against  him  his  chapter,  the  nobles  and  the  ciiiiens;  and 
the  £nt  mention  ol  the  dty  council  occure  in  1  charter  d  Arch- 
bishop Gerhard  IL  Id  ids,  thoigth  the  tettiultt  hen  naned 
doubtless  repreMnled  >  cfinsidetably  older  Initimtion.  In  the 
13th  century,  however,  whatever  the  civic  orgacbulioii  of  the 
townsfolk  may  have  been,  ii  was  iiill  strictly  lubordtsale  to  the 
archUtbop  and  hi*  V«il;  the  council  could  issue  ngulations 
only  with  ihe  nmseut  of  the  former,  while  in  the  judicial  wark  of 
the  liller.  tvn  in  small  questions  of  commercial  dishonesty, 
jtssolc  function  was  advisory.  By  ihe  middle  of  the  14  ih  century 
this  situation  was  eiacily  reversed;  the  decttd  town  council 
was  the  supreme  legislative  power  in  all  criminal  and  dvil  caiso, 
and  in  the  court  ol  the  adte<eliB  two  RaUmlbaia  sat  as  aWMon. 


The  victory  hid  biai  mn  over  the  arcMiialH(i;  but  a  (icih  petD 
had  developed  in  the  course  ol  Ihe  ijtli  century  in  the  givwih 
ol  a  patrician  das*,  which,  11  in  so  many  other  dtiel,  thrtstencd 
10  obMrball  power  Into  the  hands  of  a  dose  oligarchy.  In  ijo* 
the  commonalty  tose  against  the  patrician!  and  drove  them  Irom 
Ihe  city,  and  in  the  tallowing  year  gained  a  victory  over  the  eiilea 
and  their  illiea,  the  knights,  which  was  long  celebrated  by  an 
annual  service  of  thanksgiving.  This  was  the  beginning  of 
troubles  that  lasted  intermittently  ihrougbout  the  centuiy. 
Bremen  had  been  admilled  to  the  Hansealic  league  in  ii8j, 
butwasMduded  in  1185,  and  not  readmitted  until  1358.  Ouing 
10  the  continued  civic  unrest  it  was  again  cictudcd  in  1417,  and 
only  readmilted  in  14U  w)ien  the  old  aiislocratic  consliiution 
was  definitively  restored.  But  Ihough  in  Bremen  the  efforts  of 
the  craftsmen')  "  arts  "  la  secure  a  share  of  power  had  been  held 
in  check  and  Ihe  gitds  never  gained  any  imnoilance.  (he  cily 
govenuneni  did  nol,  u  at  Gjtogne  at 
igarehy.     Power 


ealthy,  b 
rtifidal   r 


:thea 


y  qualificati 


:whcre,  develop  into 
n  Ihe  hands  of  the 


individual  enterprise,  1 


developed  in  weallh  and  inllutnce. 

The  Refotnution  was  introduced  into  Btemin  in  15)3  by 
Heinrich  von ZUtphcn.  Archbishop  ChriiLf^eiof  Brunswick- 
WollenbUttd  (1487-1:58),  a  biuiil  libertine,  haled  lor  his  lusta 
andavariee, looked  onlhc  reform  ingmovemenlasarevollogiinst 
himself.  He  succeeded  in  getting  (he  reformer  burned;  bat 
found  himself  involved  in  a  lifeand  death  struggle  with  Ihe  dty. 
In  iij]  Bremen  joined  the  league  of  Schnulkalden,  sad  twice 
endured  a  siege  by  Ihe  imperial  forces.  In  1 547  il  was  only  saved 
by  Mansfeld'i  victory  at  Drskenburg.  Artbbilhop  Chiiltopher 
was  succeeded  in  I5s8'by  his  brother  Ceorg,  bishop  of  Mittden 
(d.  i564),who,  though  he  himself  was  instrumental  m  intiodudnf 
the  reformed  model  into  his  other  diocese  of  Veidon,  il  reckoned 
as  the  last  Roman  CalholicarchbilhopolBremeiL  His  successor, 
Henry  111.  (1  sso-isSj),  a  »n  of  Duke  Francis  I.  ol  Laue^buig. 
who  had  been  bishop  ol  Osnabrticlc  and  Paderbom.  was  k 


lefiniilvcly  pr 


The  last  archbisbop,  Frederick  II.  (ol  Denmark),  was  deposed  by 
the  Swedes  in  1644.  In  1646  Bremen  received  the  privilegem 
of  a  free  imperial  city  Irom  Ihe  emperor  Ferdtnsnd  III.;  but 
Sweden,  whose  possession  ol  ihe  arehbishopric  was  recogBlied 
yean  later,  refused  10  consent  to  this,  and  in  it66atienp(ed 


alnlyw 


cr  claim 


called  Bi 
HanovcT(GeorgeLolCi 

he  rccagniied  Bremen  a 
recognised  and  '' 


;r  the  ci 


n  thex 


1806  ilv 


the  Heel 
1)  icquired  Ihe  archbishopric, 
.  as  a  iree  cily.  In  iKoj  this  was  again 
rilory  ol  the  dty  was  even  atcnded-  In 
.he  French,  was  subsequently  anneied  by 
e,  and  freim  1810  to  iSij  was  the  ciplul 
ihe  Mouths  of  ttie  Weser.     Restored  to 


ol  Ihe  deptrinui 

independence  by  Ihe  congress  of  Vienna  in  1815,  it  subsequently 
became  ■  mamber  ol  the  German  Caniedenlion,  and  in  186; 
joined  the  new  North  German  Confederation,  with  which  it 
wu  merged  in  the  new  Cierman  empire. 

See  Buchenau.  Dk  htii  Hmniala^  BrtmtH  (ird  ed..  Briikb, 
190a,.  J  vols.):  Brmisilui  Urtti^niuck,  cdit^  by  R.  Ehmck 
and  W  von  Bippen  (1863.  fol.)i  W.  von  Bippen,  Cmltiiitu  dtr 
SlaiU  BrrmiH  IBremen.  1^1-1898):  F.  Doundl,  Vmxli  tittr 
OtKHdilr  iit  britKiuhcn  SladlrccUi  (Bremen.  1810,  s  vols.): 
BiemuAa  Jaialnuk  (htuoricil.  19  vols..  lU^ifOO);  and  Kail 
Hegel,  Saiu  uMi  aUn.  vol  ii.  p.  4B1  (Uipng.  'BgO. 

BBOIER.  PRBDRIKA  (1801-1865),  Swedish  Dovelist,  was 
boot  near  Abo,  in  Finland,  on  the  ijlh  of  August  iSor.  Her 
filher,  a  descendant  of  an  old  German  family,  a  wealthy  iron 
master  and  mcrchinl,  left  Finland  when  Fredrik*  «u  three 
years  old,  and  after  a  year's  residence  in  Stockholm,  putdiaied  an 
estate  BI  Arsut,  about  10  m.  Iron  the  laiHlal.  There,  with  ocii- 
lional  visits  10  Stockholm  and  to  a  nctghlnuriBg  estate,  which 
belonged  for  a  lime  to  her  lather,  Fredrika  passed  her  lime  till 
i8»,    Tlieeducatiaa  to  whlA  she  (Dd  her  listen  were  subficUd 


BREMERHAVEN— BRENNER  PASS 


mm  vUMully  Uriel;  FRdrikft  bralth  befin  to  pvc  m^; 
■ad  in  iSit  ihe  family  kI  out  lor  tht  loiiih  ol  Fiuce.  They 
tnVellHl  ilowly  by  my  at  GBnuy  ud  SBiuirluxl,  aai 
RtiiniedbyPmriEaodtheNethcrludL  It  •«)  *h«rtly  iIib  tUi 
time  thai  Miu  Bihdct  bccmne  acquBntdl  willi  Scbilkt't  woib, 
■hlcb  muk  a  vny  deep  impRttkni  oa  bn.  She  hMl  be( 
•rite  vene*  Iran  tbc  ■(<  of  cighl.  mnd  in  iSiR  ibe  hkc 
ia  findioi  a  pnhliibei  iot  tbe  lint  volunie  ol  hei  Tctlmmifr  ar 
kiviaiMifft  (ia*S),  ■bkh  U  onn  luncted  ■tlcntion.  Tbs 
Mcond  vcJuiaa.CiSjt),  contunini  oae  o(  hti  beit  tala,  FamUjem 
B.,  i&*eikdiiTt  evldcDCC  thu  a  real  noirriuE  hwl  been  lomid  in 
Sweden.  Tbe  Smdik  Acadony  amnkd  her  tbeii  unalia  gidd 
nedal,  lad  ibe  ittcnaMd  her  Rpotatioa  by  PntidttUms  itUrar 
(ilj4),  CmnonH  (iSjt)  >»'  othot.  Uei  father  had  died  id 
iSjo,  ud  her  life  vat  Iheretftn  ngulaled  id  acrordance  with  her 
OHniiiiheiiiullaalei.  SbcfivedlorMaieyeaninNonay  wiih 
a  liiend,  alUi  arboie  ikath  ihe  tiavdlcd  in  the  auiumo  ol  tivt 
to  America,  and  after  ipending  ncady  tno  ycua  there  reluned 
tbnwgb  Eiq^Bd.  Theadnirable  tnnilatiofii  (1846,  ftcMhcr 
warki  br  Mary  Howiii,  which  had  been  received  with  even  (lealtr 
eagerness  in  America  and  England  than  in  Sweden,  secured  for 
hei  a  warm  and  kindly  receplioo.  Her  imprcsiions  ol  Anerica, 
Htmmat  i  oys  nrldn,  were  published  in  iSsJ-iSs^,  and  at 


devoted  herself  lo 


T  bcrn 
:  for  the  advaDcemenl 
m  tbne  queatiwu  wete  eipouoded 
her  ULer  novels— HcrUo  (i8s6)  mdPartJl  itUtr  (1B5S}-  Mis 
Bremer  organiud  a  lodely  of  ladia  in  Steckbolm  lor  ibc  purpose 
ti  visiting  the  prisoni,  and  during  the  cholera  slatted  a  society, 
the  object  o[  which  was  the  care  of  children  Mt  orphau  by  Ihe 
epidemic  She  devoted  beiHlI  lo  other  pbilanlhnwlc  and  sodal 
scbcDes,  and  gradually  abandoned  her  earlwr  simple  and  cham- 
iat  type  of  story  lor  novels  directed  to  the  fuitbciUKC  of  hn 
views.  In  these  she  was  less  successluL  la  igj6  she  avis 
travelled,  and  spew  hvt  yean  on  the  continent  and  in  Pikilhie. 
Kei  reminiicences  of  these  countries  have  all  been  translated  in  to 
En^iih.    Od  ber  return  the  Kltled  at  Anta,  wbere,  with  the 

ciception  ol  a  visit  lo  Germany,  sbe  spent  tbefeni'-' ' 

bet  lile.    She  died  on  the  jisC  of  December  i86s. 

Sec  Lift,  LOfrt  «ii  Fmkimfi  Win  if  F.  hmm.  by  hee 
•kur,  Charkitle  Bremer,  mulated  by  F.  Mik>w.  Laadan.  tUO. 
K  selection  of  her  woriu  in  (,  vols,  appeued  al  Orcbro,  IB6S-I8;j. 
BRBHEII HAVEN,  a  leiport  lown  of  Gemany,  in  the  freestale 
of  Biemcn,  on  the  right  bank  and  eataary  of  the  W(«r,  at  the 
confluence  ol  the  Geeate.jS  ni.  N.  of  the  dty  ol  BrtnieD  by  nil. 
I^  (iS«s)  18,366;  (i«os)  u.iw-  It  is  built  on  a  tract  of 
tenilory  ceded  to  Bremen  by  Hanover  in  1816,  and  lurthCT 
increased  by  (reaiy  with  Prussia  in  rSbq.  It  fomu  pnctically 
a  single  town  with  CealemUnde  (Prusaia),  which  lies  aooB  Ihe 
Gecstc  and  with  which  it  ii  connected  by  a  drawbridge.  Hie 
pact  was  opened  In  iSjD.  and  besides  an  excellenl  harbour,  there 
are  three  Urge  wet  docks,  including  Ibe  Kaisethafen,  enlarged 
in  iSdt-iBqi)  at  a  coat  of  £900.000.  This,  togelber  with  Ibe 
north  patUon  d  lh(  Neuerhalcn.  constilolee  the  free  biiboot. 
Here  an  the  workshops  and  dir  dodu  of  the  North  Gciman 
Lloyd  sieanuh^  ounpiny-  The  whale  totemal  harbour  •yiten 
is  furnished  with  powerful  hydraulic  cranes  and  lines  of  railway 
ruauing  alongside  the  quays.  The  enliance  to  Ihe  port  is  free 
liODi  Ice  nearly  all  the  year  round,  is  eiccUenlly  biioyed,  and 
lighted  by  two  li^ishipa  and  eight  lighthouses,  among  the 
latter  Ibc  remarkable  RoihesandLeacfatturm,  erected  18S4-1S8S. 
The  HonoverlaD  fort  and  batteries,  which  farmeily  prMectid  the 
town,  have  been  removed,  and  their  place  is  supplied  by  four 
modem  forts,  with  revolving  tunleback  tuneu,  lower  down. 

KIOWD  possesses  Iwo  Protestant  and  a  Roman  Catholic  chuich, 
dirical  institute,  a  natural  history  maicum.  a  library,  a 
theatre,  a  aMaumcnl  lo  the  emperor  William  I .  and  one  id  Johann 
Smidt  (i77J-iSsa).  Ihe  burgomaster  of  Bremen  10  whose  entir- 
[Kiw  the  harteuT  of  Bremnhaven  is  due.  Shipbuildiag  and 
Itindred  induaUieB  are  carried  oa. 

ir  BRAHDtH  (e.  4S4-578),  Irish  Hinl 
a  kfcndaiy  nyage  in  the  Allutic,  j*  tatd  U.have 


at  Train  In  Kerry  in  a.D.  484.  The  Irish  lom  ol  Ml 
muiiiii.  the  Latin  ^ndoaii.  Medieval  hisiorlsns 
I  him  Brendio  of  Clonferl,  or  Brendan  son  of  Finnloga, 


BirT  (srj).  Llllte  Is  known  of  the  hi 
twenty  yan  previously  at  Clonfen 
of  the  Ss, 


Loibe" 


n  Galws 


1.    The 

tlUnd 


u."  alierwards  designaled  "  St  B 
ij  the  most  celebnicd  of  the  medieval  sagas  of  western 
J  tradiliooal  date  is  siSj~S7j.  The  legend  is  found, 
in  prose  or  verse  and  wilh  many  vaiiations,  In  Latin,  FreiKh, 
Engliih,  Saion,  Ftemish,  Irish,  Welsh,  Breton  and  Scolliih 
Gaelic,  Although  it  doce  not  occur  in  the  writings  of  any 
Arabian  geographer,  seven]  ol  its  inddents — such  as  the  landing 
on  a  whale  In  miRake  foe  an  isUnd— belong  also  to  Anbic  folk- 
literature.  Many  of  Brendan's  bbidaoa  adventures  seem  to  be 
borrowed  f  ran  the  half-pagan  Irish  saga  of  Mae Iduinor  Haeldune, 
and  otben  belong  ako  to  Scandinavian  mythology.  Tlie  oMeil 
■         :th  eenlof]'  JVnifgHe 

J  as  a  ttalll; 
Venetian  map  dalrti  13S7,  in  Ihe  ai 
Weimar  map  of  i4>4.  and  in  B.  Beccario'i  map  ot  i4j;,  it  Is 
Identlbed  with  Madeira.  Columbus,  in  his  ioumal  for  the  gth 
of  August  t^qi,  stales  thai  the  inhabitants  of  Hierm,  Gonieta 
aad  Madeira  had  seen  Ibe  island  in  Ibe  vest  \  and  Martin  Behaim. 
in  the  globe  be  made  at  Nuremberg  In  Ihe  same  year,  places  It 
west  of  the  Canaries  and  near  Ihe  equator.  During  the  i6th 
century  the  progrese  ol  eiploralion  in  Ihne  latitudes  compelled 
many  eartograpben  to  locale  the  island  elsewhere;  and  It  was 
laatked  about  100  m.  west  of  Ireland,  Of  afterwards  among  the 
WEit  Indleg.     But  in  Spain  and  Portugal  the  older  belief  as  to 

Fernando  Aiwa  left  Grand  Canary  in  search  of  Si  Brendan'! 
island,  which  had  again  been  reported  as  seen  by  many  trust- 
worthy wjtoessfi.  In  1J70  an  oSiclal  inquiry  was  held,  and  a 
second  eipeditioo  nndenakeq,  by  Fernando  de  VtHsloboi, 
governor  et  Palms.  Similar  voyages  of  discovery  were  made  by 
Ihe  Canarlans  in  1604  and  i;)i;  and  only  in  i7jg  was  the 
apparilloa  of  St  Bmidaa's  island  eiplalned  as  an  effect  of 

Among  the  nuinwaus  books  which  deal  wilh  the  legend,  the 
foUdwlnt  an  impvtaDli  Die  al^ramlilixht  PrataMBIUmr  Km 
Brtudam  MarSakk.  by  C.  Wshlund  (Upnla,  1900);  Lt  "  Kamtuit 
S^H,li  Sri^ail"  in'oHlk,  VntLia^T^ frWanti  (Bentamo. 
lS9J):/iif  SnuAmai-trpiiib,  *c.,  hyG.ihinncr(leipilg,  iBSBl; 
Iji  Viiyaiu  mtrtriana  it  SI.  Bmrioii,  »c.,  by  F,  MkM  {Paris, 
i«7l);  and  ^OaSamtH  Brnalami  ....  OiFiaoJ  Zdli'a  Dtamtna 
aantUed  tiilk  Us  W*  tf  SI  Bnmiam,  by  P.  F.Mocan  (Dubliii,  1871). 

BHBNHAKi  a  city  aad  the  counly-seit  of  Washington  county,' 
Teiu,  U.S.A,,  situated  In  the  S.E.  part  of  the  state,  aboal  68  m. 
N.W.  of  Houston.  Pop.  (iSge)  51091  [190a}  1968,  inchiding 
1701  negiM*  and  sji  foceign-bom;  (1910)  4718.  Bienham 
is  served  by  the  Gall,  Colorado  &  Santa  Ft  (controlled  by  the 
Atchison,  Topeka  k  Santa  Ft)  and  the  Houston  81  Texas  Central 
riHways.  I1  is  the  seat  of  BUnn  Memorial  College  (German 
Melhcidist  Episcopal),  opened  aa  "  Mission  Instilule  "  In  iSSj, 
aad  renamed  in  1884  in  hononr  of  the  Rev.  Christian  Blinn,  of 
New  York,  a  liberal  benefactor;  of  Brenham  Evangelical 
Lutheran  College,  and  of  a  Geiman-Anerlcan  hislltute  (189B),' 
The  munldpalily  own*  and  operates  the  waterworks.  The  city 
is  situated  In  an  agricultural  and  cotton-raising  region,  and  has 
cottDik  comprisaes  and  ^ns,  cotton  mills,  collOD-seed  oQ  re- 
flntrieSi  foundries  and  machine  shops,  and  fumiloR  and  wagon 
factories.  Brenham  wa*  settled  about  1844,  was  incorporated 
in  rlM,  and  was  chartered  as  a  city  in  187J. 

■BBPm  PAM,  the  lowest  (449;  ft.)  and  one  ot  the  motl 
frequented  passes  across  the  Alps  in  til  ages,  thou^  the  name 
itself  nrely  octun  ill  Ihe  middle  ages,  the  route  over  It  being 
said  to  lie  thAugh  "the  valley  ol  Trent."  It  may  be  described 
ai  the  great  gale  of  Italy,  and  by  It  molt  of  the  Teutonic  tribes 
made  their  way  to  Italy.    Om  reason  of  lis  Importance  It  that 


+9* 


BRENNUS— BRENTFORD 


muiy  'ill'  [)UM>  in  the  <nd  join  Ihit  Ereil  thonnighfue.  It  mi 
cmccd  no  Icwci  llisn  66  (JUKI  by  vuioiu  empcrora,  betmca 

back  u  17)1,  »hik  Ilic  lulwsy  over  it  wu  buili  in  1S64-1867. 
From  Innsbnick  to  the  Biimmil  o(  Uic  pui  ii  a  diilance  by  nil 
of  is  ™-  '^^  1'™  thtn  descends  through  the  Eitack  valley  past 
flriicn  (34  in.)  lo  Bolan  (14  m.).  Thence  il  followi  the  valley 
d{  Ih*  Adige  10  Trent  (]5  m.)  and  on  lo  Verona  (s61  ni.)-[n  all 
1J4I  m.  by  rail  imm  Innsbruck  to  Verona.  (W.  A.  B.C.) 

~  BBBNMUS,  the  name,  or  pHhtptiheoSdal  title,  of  Iwocfaitfi 
ol  the  Celtic  Caula. 

(0  The  fint  Brennus  crossed  the  ApeDDiDei  in  341  B.C., 
ravaged  Etniria,  and  innihitilcd  a  Romac  amy  o(  about  40,000 
men  on  the  Allia  some  1 1  m.  (Min  Cluijum  Uuty  16,  J90}-  Kobw 
thus  lay  at  his  mercy,  but  he  wasted  timei  and  (he  Bomam  were 
able  10  occupy  and  provision  the  Capilol  (Lhough  they  had  not 
iuRicient  lorces  to  defend  their  waits)  and  10  Mod  theii  women 
and  diildren  lo  Veil,  When  on  the  third  day  the  Cauli  took 
possession,  they  found  the  city  occupied  only  by  those  ago] 
patricians  who  had  held  high  olSce  in  Ihc  state.  Pot  a  while  the 
Gauli  wilhheld  Iheir  hands  out  ol  awe  and  reverence,  but  the 

but  the  Capilol  itsell  wilhslood  a  siege  of  more  than  sii  months, 
saved  from  surprise  on  one  occasion  only  by  the  wakefulnesi  of 
■he  ucicd  gecM  and  the  courage  of  Marcus  Alanlius.  At  last 
the  Gauls  consented  to  accept  a  ransom  of  a  thousand  pounds  ol 
gold.  As  it  was  being  weighed  out,  the  Roman  tribune  com- 
plained oE  some  untaimess,  Brennus  at  once  threw  his  heavy 
sword  into  the  scale;  and  when  asked  the  meaning  cA  the  act, 
replied  thai  it  meant   Vat  nctii  ("  woe  to  the  conquered  "). 


Th(G 


condition  from  which  she  look  long  lo  recover.    Al 

lerEegtad, 

usudtkniy 

appearing  with  an  avenging  army  at  the  namen 

when  the 

being  weighed,  and  delealipg  Brei 


II  bil 


--.,     ij-.i—..r Camillv,  17.  M.  iB;  PolyhilB  i.  6. 

(i)  The  ucond  Brennui  i«  said  to  have  been  one  of  the  leaders 
of  an  inroad  made  by  the  Cauls  from  the  eail  of  ihe.Adriatic  into 
Throa  and  Uactdotiia  (iSo),  when  tbey  defeated  and  tie* 
Ptolemy  Ceiaunuj,  then  king  of  Macedonia.  Whether  Bnonu 
took  part  in  lhi>  Aral  invasion  or  not  is  uncertain;  but  its  succeu 
led  him  to  urge  his  countiyineii  to  a  second  expedition,  when  he 
marched  with  a  large  army  through  Macedonia  and  Tleualy 
until  he  reached  Thermopylae,  To  this  point  the  united  forcea 
of  the  northern  Greeks— Athenians,  Phociana,  Boeoliam  and 
Aetolians— had  fallen  back;  and  here  the  Greeki  a  second  lime 
held  their  foreign  invaders  in  check  for  many  days,  and  a  second 
time  bad  iheiFrear  turned,  ouint  to  the  treachery  of  some  of  (be 
nalivet,  by  the  aame  path  which  had  been  discovered  to  Iha 
Peniaiu  two  hundred  yean  before.  Brennus  and  his  Gatd* 
marched  on  to  Delphi^  of  whose  sacred  treasures  they  had  heard 
much.  But  the  liltie  force  which  the  Delphiuit  tad  their 
nei^bours  had  collected — about  4000  men— ^avourtd  by  the 
•trenglh  ol  their  position,  made  a  successlul  defence.  They 
rolled  down  rocki  upon  their  toemin  aa  tbey' crowded  into  the 
deGle,  aid  showered  mtisile*  «n  Iheiti  from  above.  A  Ihuodet- 
itorre,  with  hail  and  inwoBc  cold,  incmsed  their  conlujion,  and 
OD  Brennus  himull  being  wounded  they  took  to  flight,  punued 
by  the  Greeks  all  the  way  back  lo  Thermopylae.  Brennus  killed 
himself,  "unable  10  endure  the  pain  of  his  wounds."  says  Justin; 
mote  probably  determined  pot  10  return  home  defeaied- 

S«  Juilin  niv.  6:  Diod.  Sic.  xiriL  11;  l^iwnKS  i.  I>13: 
L.  Conuen.  Dit  Waadtrusia  ia  Ziila  (Lcipiii,  1S61J. 

BREHTANO.  XLEHEHS  {i;;g.iS4)).  German  poet  and 
novelist,  was  bom  al  EhrenbreiiMein  on  the  gtb  o(  SepHnber 
WlS.  Hii  sister  was  the  well-known  Beltina  von  Aniim  (f,».). 
Coeihe'a  correipondent.  He  studied  M  Jena,  and  aftcrwarda 
resided  at  Heidelberg.  Vienna  and  Berlin.  In  iBiS.  weuy  of 
his  somcwhai  restless  and  unsettled  life,  be  joined  the  Romai 
Catholic  Church  lad  ttilbdicw  to  (h«  '  ~  ' 


bere  he  lived  for  some  yeifl  in 'iirict  seclusion. 

his tilehcipent in  Re|ensburg,Frankfai( and  Munich, ai 
lasged  in  Catholic  propaganda.  He  died  t<  AjchaSenburg  oa 
the  iSth  oi  July  1841.  Btenlano,  whose  early  wrilingt  wera 
published  under  the  pseudonym  Maria,  belfHiged  ID  the  Hdddbcrg 
of  German,  romantic  wiitett,  and  hit  works  are  marked 
cess  of  fimustic  imi^ty  and  by  abrupt,  biiarm  nwdcs  of 
ision.  His  finl  published  writings  were  Sa*irtn  *«f  ^«- 
S^itli  (1S00),  and  >  romance  Cnfmi  (1801-1S01);  of  hit 
is  the  bat  are  P«i«  lU  Ucm  (1604),  Viiltria  (1817)  and 
Die  aeniluat  Prif  (i8is).  On  the  whole  his  Enett  woiku  the 
"  cclion  of  Kafluiiiai  wn  X«ciu(riiu  (published  potlbunouily 
.Sjj);  his  abort  ttorjet.  tnd  more  e^wcially  the  charming 
CeiciicAO  KM  biatnt  Kaifrrl  »iii  dta  schantn  Anvd  (1B3S), 
•^ch  has  been  tiandaied  into  English,  are  tiiU  pofnilir. 
>  also  tstitltd  Ludwig  Achim  von  Amim,  hia  bnilher-i 
the  collectioa  of  folk-songs  forming  Dc^Knattx  WnMifo: 
*<™(.So6-,(loS). 

Brentano'i  ctJleeted  works,  editEd  by  hii  brolber  ChriMian,' 
appeared  alFrankfon  in  9  vols.  (i§5i-igS5).  Seleclioiit  have  licea 
ediied  by  J.  B.  Diel  (1S73).  M.  T<och  (ig^ij,  and  J.  Dohmke 
(rS93).  See  I.  B,  Did  and  W.  Kteiirti.  KUmr«,  B^nlBM  (j  vols., 
iB77-i878l.yieJn"'nduc;Jon  lo  Koch'iediiion,  and  R.  Stelj,  A.  tm 


('894). 


BRBNTAIK).  LUDWIO  JOSEPH   [called  lujo]  (iS44r-        ), 

erman  economist,  a  member  of  the  same  family  aa  the  pitted- 

g,  was  bom  at  Aschaflenburg  on  the  iBth  of  December  1B44. 

e  received  some  of  his  aoidcmkal  education  in  Dublin.     In  186S 

!  made  a  thorough  study  of  trade-unionism  in  England,  which 

resulted  In  his  principal  work,  Dit  Arbtilatilitn  dtr  Geiomart 

ipijg,  ia7r-ig7i;  Eng,  trans,  by  L.  T.  Smith).     The  hook 

assailed  by  Bamber^r  and  other  economisu.  bat  b  impoitamt 

only  as  an  authority  on  modem  associationt  of  wiwkmcn, 

for  having  given  an  impelus  to  the  study  of  the  ^Ids  of  the 

middle  ages,  and  the  eiaminaHon  ol  the  great  stores  of  neglected 

"nformation  bearing  upon  Ihe  condition  of  the  people  In  olden 

lays.  Brejilano'iothetworkstreofamoretheoreliealeharactcr; 

ind  chiefly  reltte  to  political  economy,  of  which  he  wb  profnaor 

It  Bmlau  from  iS7>  to  iSBi,  ai  Slrauburg  from  1881  lo  1SS8, 

Vienna  18S8-1880,  at  Leipiig  tSSfl-iRoi ,  and  at  Munidi  tince' 


rBiji.  Wen 


mDtj. 


(1877);  DU  il.riillick-ixuilc  BiWfunf  7ii  Enilaiid  (iSSj); 
UUr  dm  VrrWInit  wn  Arbtiuloin  tind  AittllaeU  tut  AriciU- 
IHU^t  (iSgj);  AparfolilH  (1B97). 

BREMTFOUD,  a  market  town  in  tht  Brentford  patUunentary 
divition  of  Middleiei,  En^nd,  10)  m.  W.  of  Waterloo  terminus, 
London,  by  the  Lraidon  ft  Souih.Wettem  railway,  at  the  June  lion 
of  thetlver  Brent  with  the  Thamet.  Rip.  of  urban  dislricidooi) 
I5,I7<,    The  Grand  Junction  Canal  joins  the  Bnnt,  aflofdins 


lustrfea  in  brewing 
J.  &c.    The  Gttnd  June 
BrentFoid  bts  been  the  co 


o  the  to 


aking,  s 


narket- 


In  leid  Brentford,  or,  at  it  was  often  called  Braynfoid,  was 
the  icene  of  a  great  defeat  inlNcted  on  the  Danes  by  Edmund 
Iroastdc.  In  iiBoa  toll  was  granted  by  Edward  I.,  who  gtanted 
the  town  a  market,  for  the  construction  of  a  bridge  across  the 
river,  and  in  the  n^  of  Henry  VI.  a  hoqiital  of  the  Nine  Olden 
of  Angela  was  founded  near  its  western  side.  In  1641  a  battle' 
was  lougbt  henin  which  the  royalists  defeated  tlie  parliamentary' 
fotctt."  Fochiticrvlcesonihisoccaiion  thcScotsmanRulhven, 
earl  of  Forth,  was  made  eail  of  Brenttoni,  a  title  ifiervardt 
conferred  by  William  III.  on  Manhat  Schombeig.  Bi«ntfoid 
wti  during  the  i6th  and  17th  cmlurlet  a  fawurito  retort  of 
I-ODdoo  dtiKBs;  and  its  inn  of  the  Three  Pigeons,  wliich  wat 
kept  for  >  time  by  John  Lowin,  one  ol  the  first  tclon^Shakc- 
spcan's  plays,  it  f  reqsently  alluded  to  by  the  dramatists  of  the 
period.  FatjtafFitdrsgvited  tsthe"  Fat  Woman  of  Brentlofd  " 
in  Sh*ke«(ie»re't  Utrry  Ificfi  of  Witinr,  and  nBmeroos  othet 


olhel 


.    The  ■ 


e  point, 


id  in  Cowptr'i  Tnk,  a«d  elRwbere.teem  to  owe  tbdr 


BRENTON— BRfeQUIGNY 


IMcad  duke  oi  Buckin^m.  pmhKxd  lo  1671. 

Sonth  oi  BnnKonl,  lowatdi  IfWmrlh,  ii  .SIbb  Hmne,  >  mut- 
ik>ii  louHlal  \rf  Loitl  Prauctar  Somenet  in  1547,  tad  nbidk 
and  <alais«l  by  the  loth  art  aS  NorthtiaibRUnd  end  Sir  Hnih 
Smitbsoa,  ■[terwirdi  duke  o(  NorUiumbctland,  tiie  udiltccu 
being  Inigo  Jono  uid  Robert  Admo.  The  girdcni  are  v««y 
beautiinL  The  Hta  of  Sion  or  Syoa  Houie  *u  pafiioaily 
occupied  byaRinvcntirf  DridKetineiiuiHcitaUBhcd  tlTwicken- 
Inm  by  Henty  V.  in  1415  athI  renviv^  hm  in  1451. 

BKBRW,  UR  JAHLEEL  (1770-1844).  Britob  adnir^, 
■u  bora  t>  Rhode  Iiluid,  U.S.A.,  on  the  iiikI  o<  Aaguit  177a. 
He  m  thk  *oa  of  Rar-Adninl  Jahlod  Brentoa  (t7>^i8oi), 
wbo  bekDged  to  ■  la<nli>i  family  which  HiScnd  the  Idb  of  mMi 
of  b*  propeit)'  ia  Uw  [BBin«tiaii  of  the  Amerion  eoloDict, 
He  wu  a  BenUnaDt  In  the  BriiUi  navy  when  Iht  nr  began, 
and  eiii[[ratcd  vith  hii  htniiy  lo  t>ic  mother  country.  Three 
of  the  iODS  entered  the  nsvy— Jihicel  (Ihe  eldest),  Caplafn 
Edward  Pribam  Brcnton  (i7;4'ii3i7),  and  Jinn  Wallace 
Breaton,  whs wai  kllkd  young  in  i tin  when  attacking  a  Spaniih 
piivaleeTiiearBaTcelonaintheboatlofthc"  Petrel,"  oF which  be 
was  lieutenant.  Jibted  wml  ts  aca  fint  with  hfi  father  In  17R1, 
and  on  the  irtum  of  pace  wu  lent  to  the  "  maritf ate  achoo]  " 
at  Cbebea.  He  served  in  the  peace  before  the  banning  oC  tbo 
war  in  1743.  and  paiacdhia  ckunballDaai  Bcntenant,  bat  weinfl 

-  "  ■  iMvj  againat  the  Rnadani.  Ia  tToo 
u  ud  ntnnied  home;  TBI  1799  he 
ider,  nioatljr  nndtr  Ext 
:  f  mm  which  the  admiral 
'Of  the"  Speedy  "brig  he  wot) 
ipanlah  guibcata  is  the  Strait* 
of  Gibfsltar.  In  i£n  he  leacfaed  the  laak  of  pott-captain,  and 
had  the  good  fortune  to  acTvc  aa  Aag<aptain  to  Sir  Janea 
(afterwardiLord)SauinaRSiiitbcactlanat AlgedTaa,and  in  the 
Suaili  Id  iSoi.  Dmiiig  Ihe  peace  nl  Amicna  he  nuuried  Min 
Stewnt,  a  kdy  bdragiai  to  *  loyalbt  f  amiljt «(  Hon  Scotia. 
AiUttlwrcBnnlafthgwuhecammudedaiBeceadoBvfMsilci. 
In  1S03  ba  had  the     ~  ~ 


cd  for  a  time  in  priiBB,  whoa  U>  wile  )oiiMd 


Having  b< 
aat  briUlaal  acdon  waa  fought  with  ■  ootuia  m  raneB. 
b  OBtnde  of  Naplei  In  May  iBai.  He  waa 
nvfMy  woBDiKd.  aad  If  mat,  then  king  of  Naples,  praised  tin 
aiatKly.  Ue«aiaiadeabaraBelbiSiiaBdK.tLB.imSis. 
Aftar  hii  Teconiy  fran  Ub  wound  he  waa  onabls  Is  bear  sea 
MTvicc,  bat  wu  made  eommUnBer  of  the  dockyaid  at  Port 
Hahoo,  aad  then  at  -the  Cape,  and  wan  afCerwarda  h'euleaaijt- 
gojttnet  of  Greoiwich  hoapital  till  1^40^  He  reached  flag  lank 
inlB^  1b  his  later  years  hetookaaactfvepajtinphilaiithnqkic 
•rork,  in  aMociatloo  with  his  brathet.  Captain  E.  P.  Brentoa, 
vbo  bad  stKB  much  service  hot  is  hot  reaienbered  by  hii 
■xitin^  OD  naval  and  mihlary  history, — Natal  Hidjrj  ^  Crtai 
»ila»  from  ikt  Year  itSj  U  r«u  <i«>j},  and  n>  j[^  and 

-      -     » tl  Jaka.  Bad  e!  Si  Ki'auKl  (1838). 

r«aefr  if  Ou  IMt  atii  Senlat  al  Via-AtnA^  Sb  JaUtd 

I,  lued  en  his  ova  papen,  waa  pabOihed  i*  i>46  by  Ihr  Rev. 
Raikoa.  and  reiiautd  by  tha  admiral's  sob.  Sir  L.  C  L. 

a.  in  18SS.  ID.  HJ 


IDD  ol  Bmx,  Enjbad;  tS  m.  E.H.E.  ot 
by  die  Gnat  Eutm  ^flnay  (Brmwaod  and  Worky 


The 
A  free 

aamtaai  itteol  was  lOBitded  in  1557.  The  Eoanty  asylum  k  ia 
the  vidnlty.  Tlien  are  brewerita  and  brick  works.  To  the 
■oath  liei  the  fine  upland  ol  Woriey  Common,  wfth  large  harradEa. 
Adjoinlag  Brentwood  to  the  minh^ast  ii  Shenfidd,  with  the 
cbunh  of  St  Mary  the  Virgin,  Eariy  Enf^ih  and  lactr.  Breni- 
■ood  waa  fomeriy  aa  important  postiai  staiioB  aa  tha  vain 


toad  to  the  astern  eonnticB,  which  f^Mn  Ibe  line  al  tba  nilaaj 
to  Colcbsater.  The  name  (flaraOsnd)  isluppoaed  torecndaa 
original  settlement  nude  ia  a  clearing  of  the  loiest.  Tha  diatrict 
■  largdy  reaidentiaL 

■Xnz,  JOHAm  (i49«-is7o),  Lnlheran  divine^  cjdest  son 
of  Manin  Breni,  waa  born  at  Wdl,  Wtlttlcmbetg,  on  the  34tb 
of  June  I49g.  In  I]t4  he  entered  the  uaJTcnlly  of  Htiddbag, 
vbtte  Otcalamiwdiu)  <nt  one  oi  his  tcschers,  and  where  in  1518 
he  heard  Luthd  discma.  Ordoioed  priest  in  ijio,aikd  appointed 
pnachtT  (ijii)  at  Hall  m  Swabja,  he  gave  binueU  to  bibliod 
eipoaiu'oD.  He  oeasod  to  akhraie  maai  In  159],  and  le- 
orgaaiiedhBchurchin  IJ14.  SucccuiulintEsiitinc  the  peiunt 
Insurrection  (1515),  his  foituma  were  aflected  by  the  Sdunal- 
kildk  War.  From  Hall,  when  taken  by  the  impciial  forces,  he 
fldl  DP  hi)  birthday  in  1548.  Pnitected  by  Duke  Ulrich  oi 
WOrttciDbcrg,  be  wu  appointed  (January  i  jss)  piovcot  of  the 
coikgiatc  chureh  ol  Stuttgart.  Aa  organinr  of  the  tefonnatioB 
in  WOiltcmbcrg  he  did  much  fruitiul  work.  A  lining  idvocale 
of  Lutheran  docliiao,  and  author  of  the  Sjniffowtma  Samkum 
(October  ii,  ijij),  which  set  forth  Luther^  doctriBC  of  the 
Eucharist ,  he  was  free  Itodi  the  prnecuting  tendencies  of  the  age. 
Ke  is  pralicd  and  qoetad  <i*  Joamiea  WMingtos)  for  Us  Judg- 
ment igalmt  applying  the  death  penalty  IS  an^iaptiali  di  oihar 
hertlki  In  tbe  X>(  HamHrii,  an  dal  ttnapmUi  (15S4),  issaod 
by  SdMSIhD  CMtclBo  nadcr  Ihe  paeadisiym  of  MartJBUB  BdUin. 
An  inoomdcu  «<ntloa  of  hfcwa^Qargelyexpodloy)  ^ipeared 
■•'ST^ISOO;  Several  of  hii  sermOBi  wen  mnodDced 
~     "  '  A  valmw  of   AataMa 

waae^ttd^Pnasd  biiMa.  He  died  onthe  iitb 
1570,  and  was  barled  la  hii  cburoh  at  Stnttgart; 
nis  gia*a  mi  aubtttiDenlly  violated.  H*  tni  taice  married, 
and  his  cMtM  son,  Jobann  Breni.  wii  appoinlsd  (i5<li)  pnrfemoc 
of  tbeoloo'  tai  TSbiagen  at  Ihe  early  age  ol  Iwmty-two. 

See  HartnannaMl  JMn',/>ka>ni  Brh  (It40-il4a);  Boanrt.  h 
Haack'e  UttUmyUtf.  (iW)-  (A.Co.*J 

nftiiraiiT,  Wins  aaoRasa  oodabo  piddbix  pb 

(i  7I4--I745),  French  sehalar,  was  bom  at  GainnevUla  near  Havre, 
on  the  itnd  of  Febrvtry'1714,  and  died  al  Paibop  the  jfd  ot 
July  1795.  YOt  fint  ptdilicationB  woe  aaoByraoiu:  aa  BiMtM 
ia  rAitfMlMU  it  Clwf  iaifa'd  As  f"  ^  I7^  (tTSa))  >ad  a 
•ericial  VtatatnltmipiaiJtit).  BaclcdaiiMnibCTottbB 
AadtmiadalncriptiaBan  Belks-lettnain  i7sg,  becantilbultd 
an  HAtodra  i<  i>w«tiHM  (Bi^nar  du  Coalsr  {voL  m.,  1760)  to 
tha  cdUeclad  wnki  ol  Aat  lUnitTious  society,  and  aba  a  Mtaffra 
nr  eaMltnwHnt  it  U  nUgitit  t  it  PtmUti  it  Maitmtl  (voL 
mfL,  1761-1 7«3)-  After  the  close  of  (he  Seva  Years' War  he 
waa  lOM  to  search  in  the  arduvea  of  En^and  f«  docunumu 
bearing  upon  the  history  of  FiaBct,  more  particularty  tipon  that 
of  the  Piencb  provlncca  which  once  beknged  to  £n|^and.  TUl 
mlmlon  (i7&4-t7M)  was  very  fruitful  in  nalta;  Bitqdgny 


tha  tiUa  lt»a  it  rtit,  n 
FriKt  «  fAufitknt,  itf^  LKtb  VII.  i%t^i  Ht^  tV^ 
IMa  ia  artUta  it  Ltmins  far  Brtfaiimj  (ocUeetion  of  Data- 
mail  tmUiU  Hlalifi  i  eMUaire  it  Fnmu.  1  vols.,  1839, 18*7). 
Brfe^uiguy  himiell  tireir  the  naterlal  for  many  important  itudlca 
fmB  the  rich  mbw  which  be  had  thua  exploited,  l^iae  were 
imteded  la  the  caUtcth»  of  tha  Acadteda  dai  Inset^itiani: 
ii*mtirt  tm  Ut  l^tm^  tmrt  la  frama  it  FAtt^lttft  trnt  It 
tkpu  it  Ckala  It  &J  (vd.  di) :  Uimtin  nr  It  tit  it  Utrit, 
rtimitPrmtt.tmaritHHBiVlll.,rtii-A»MtiTti'ni)M.)i 
lovUlmtlmi  tar  anir  if  l.bMrtitOMtlnk.,m.»ail.); 
tnd  Mtmtirt  nr  1st  nStaiatiau  Uucktm  la  f^m  it  moHan 
i'Blkaitai,  Tilm  fAn^^tm,  ^tbiri  mm  U  it  tAvf, 
Kumit  aacU  iat  fAltuftH.  Itat  iaafrka  it  Chala  IX. 
(vol.  1.).  This  last  wu  read  to  the  Aademy  00  Oa  imd  of 
Jannary  1745,  the  monow  Of  UbIb  XVI.*!  euraHm.  Vitmt- 
whUe,  Brfqnigny  had  taken  part  in  ihMe  great  and  cradileiHirb. 
Par  the  J^wJ  do  srdMHiBH  du  nil  di  f  rwMr  ha  had  pt^and 


498 


BRESCIA— BRESLAU 


una.    Td  the  Table  cluenf 


motcba  Into  the  Fi 
ItjtfiH  ia  dipUma,  ctarla,  IcUra,  it  adel  imfrimts  caiumaul 
rUiltin  it  Fianei  he  conlributcd  three  volumei  in  ndlabonLioD 
with  Mouchet  <i7fi9-i783).  Chaixnl  with  the  lopcrviuin  of 
k  hije  coUcctkin  ol  documcDU  boring  on  Fmch  history, 
uuJofDBl  to  Ryracr'i  Foedtra,  he  pubiiihrd  thf  6nt  volume 
IDiflmaaM.  Ckurlet,  he.  nm).  The  Rtroluliiw  inlerrapted 
him  in  hn  collection  of  Utmcira  amanuml  tkiilovi,  Iti  iiiiacti, 
(a  laua,  alaauia  Ckinoii,  begun  in  1776  at  the  IiuUInce  ei 
the  miDiitcr  Bcrtin,  when  fiileen  volumea  had  aF^>eAied. 

See  (he  note  on  BriquiEnr  >l  the  end  of  vol,  !.  ol  the  l/fmtira 
ii  rAca^imti  da  Jucnffiaw  (iScfi);  the  lntn>diict»B  id  *dI.  iv. 
o(tbc  TaiU  £lm'uiliififiit  da  difUma  (1S36):  Chimpa11ian-F«cu'i 
prcbux  10  the  LiUra  da  nil  tt  niaa-.  the  Comill  da  UaKHi 
luiuiiqita,  by  X.  Charmc*,  vol.  1.  paitim:  N.  Ounel.  Nomdlt 
KHrntMl  unwUHfi  (1BS6I;  and  the  Catilnrmt  da  maHkUrwU  ia 
iTf^T"i— '  CiKAmc  ■<  Bttnatfri  (in  the  Bibliotbiqiie  Nationakel. 
by  Rant  PoupardiD  (1909].  (C.  B.') 

BBBUIA  (anc;  Briiii).  a  dty  and  eptscopal  see  of  Lombirdy, 
Italy,  the  ^ntai  of  the  province  of  fireada,  finely  lituatedal  the 
foot  of  the  Alps,  5)  m.  E.  of  Milu  and  40  m.  W.  of  Venoi  by 
laiL  Pop.  (1901)  town,  4Mas;o™™™*i  71.73'-  Thepjanof 
the  city  ij  lectangulai,  and  the  tticeu  intellect  at  ti^t  aatf  e), 
t,  poculiuity  hailed  down  tiom  RoDHia  lino,  though  the  kna 
cncloted  hy  the  medieval  waili  ii  laiSBt  than  that  of  the  Rmnan 
town,  wUck  occupied  the  euum  poitioa  of  liie  pkkdI  one 
The  Piaziii  del  Mineo  mark*  (he  ^te  of  llie  (arum,  umI  the 
mnwun  ob  Ita  north  ride  b  cuconotd  In  ft  Cotinlhitn  tmple 
wllh  thna  ciBh,  by  ume  attributed  to  HocukSi  Iml  moe 
piotably  ^  CaplloUom  o(  the  cily,  cncted  by  Vopuiui  in 
*Ji.  IJ  [if  the  inacription  leally  belougi  to  iIh  building:  d. 
Th.  Uonnnenfai  Carp.  Iimrif' Lat.  y.  No.  4j[i,Balin,  iS;i), 
and  excavated  in  iSij.  It  eontaini  a  famout  bmnte  italoe  of 
Victoiy,  found  in  181&  Scanty  remaini  of  a  buildiug  on  the 
aouth  aide  of  the  fbnun,  called  the  curia,  hut  which  may  be  a 
id  of  the  thcatae,  on  tbe  out  Of  the  iraiple,  itill  e^t. 

k  of  the  town,  conuuada  ■  fine 
ion.  neoMcathednlitatound 
It  of  llie  toth  (P)  century  erected  over  an  early 
i-nnHian  —f"",  wldch  Itti  forty-two  ancient  oolosuu;  and 
the  Bnlello,  adjoining  the  new  catbednl  (1  building  of  ttei) 
antlienorth,iaaniaiHTClniildingof  tbeiithand  ijih  centuhea 
(the  arigtaal  town  hall,  now  tlM  pRieciure  and  law  ooutti), 
with  ■  lofty  tower.  There  >(•  alio  lemoina  of  the  convent  ol  S. 
Salvalore,  founded  by  Deddetim,  iting  of  lombardy,  [Deluding 
ihiee  ilinichea,  tm  of  wiiich  now  .ctolaln  the  fine  medkvni 
nneeun,  wUdi  paaattt  good  ivorien.-  The  cbutdi  ol  S. 
FnnceaoD  haa  a  Cotlbe  (a^ide  and  doittcn.    Hmr  u«  alio 


in  1154-1574-  Thia  ii  a  magniiceni  itructuic,  with  6db  area- 
mentuioo.  Hm  churdi  of  S.  Uaria  dd  Uiraooii  {i4ftS-ijij} 
ia  alio  noteworthy  fot  ita  general  eflactnnd  foe  titerichnoaofiu 
deUih,  aifiidtlly  el  the  relieb  oa  the  ticada.  Uany  othei 
chu^a,  and  the  picture  pUsj  (GaUeria  Uaitincngo),  ooMain 
fine  wncki  of  tbt  painten  of  the  Bnadan  achool,  AkmnJro 
BMividna  (ttntwHy  Inoira  ■■  UorMd),  Gitolaiwi  SoouniM 
andMo(Mto'apapil,Cwiman)Batti>t>UotDaL  TheBMiotcoi 
Qoeriniana  ooataim  ctriy  USS,  a  i«Ih<antury  MS.  of  Dante, 
Ac.  and  aono  ran  incunabuli.  Hw  dty  ii  we!  ivpfilied  with 
Ml  leN  than  leventy-two  public  (ouotaini.  Bioda 


.  naldiea,  cau^lci, 
i  UaMano,  6  n.  eaat  of  Bteicia, 
DVUUCDt  to  Victor  Enunanud  IL 
and  olhtf  buUdinp  In  Ronw.  Bnada  it  aitnated  on  the  main 
railway  line  betwoia  Milan  (nd  Vnoaa,  and  haa  banch  laihnyi 
•0  Imo,  Puma,  CfODoaa  and  (via  Rovato)  to  BergaBio,  and 
ftaaaa  tiaaiwsyi  to  Mantna,  SoocIba,  fOBIa  ToacolMM  and 


Theai 


It  Cdtic  Brbte,  a 


IB  ol  tlu  CoiBDaBf ,  Imfiian 
Mtnani  luboiitted  to  Rone, 
ided  a  dvil  (not  a  mOitaiy)  colony  hen  In  tj  i.e., 
and  he  and  Tiheiint  oonsUucteil  ao  atptectuct  to  npply  it.  In 
<5i  it  <rai  plundered  by  Atlila.  but  wat  the  leat  ola  dac^  in  the 
Lomhaid  period.  Fnim  1167  ii  wai  one  of  the  moat  active 
nerabcBol  the  Lorahard  League.  ]n  1158  it  tell  into  the faandiol 
Ecoelina  of  VeTDna.  and  bebngcd  to  Che  SciJigen  (dcHa  Seal*) 
untili4ii.  vheoil  came  under  the  Viieonti  of  Milan,  and  in  1416 
under  Venice.  Eiriy  in  the  i6th  century  It  waa  one  of  the 
wealthiest  d tie!  of  Lombardy,  but  haa  ttever  recovered  framitt 
■ad;  by  the  French  under  Gallon  de  Foil  in  ijil.  Itbdsnged 
to  Venice  untd  1797,  when  it  came  under  Auitriait  domiDioo; 
it  revolted  in  r54S,  and  again  in  1&49,  being  the  only  LoBbard 
town  to  rally  to  Charlo  Albert  in  the  latter  year,  but  waa  taken 
after  ten  daya'  obalinate  alrcct  fighting  by  the  Amtriana  under 

See  m'kuh  Crucian  IlluUUo  (Brena,  1838).  (T.  Aa.) 

BRBlLAir  (Polish  Wradatii,  a  dty  of  Qeiasi^,  capital  << 
the  Prtuaian  pitjvinoe  of  Silesia,  and  an  rpiimraWwT^.  aituatcd 
in  a  wide  and  fertile  |dain  00  both  hanks  of  the  navigable  Oder, 
350  m.  from  its  mouth,  at  the  infini  of  the  Ohle,  and  >o>ia.fraa 
Berlin  on  the  railway  to  Vieiuui.  Pop.  {1U7}  trt,gi6;  (iS8o> 
iji.gij;  (iSSs)  ^W.fito;  (1*90)  i3S,i*6;  (iflosl  47o,7Si, 
about  60%  being  Ptoteitaiita,  }}%  Rocaan  Catholici  and 
neariy  s%  Jewa.  The  Oder,  wbicb  here  break*  into  acveiBl 
anna,  divUci  the  dty  Into  two  ime<|ual  balvea.  croefed  by 
aumeioua Mdgei.  lielaiicrportion,ontbeleftbaink,indBda 
the  old  or  Inner  town,  aurrounded  by  beautiful  promenada, 
on  tha  dtc  id  the  ramparta,  disniuitled  after  iSij,  from  an 
eminence  within  which,  the  Liebkte  HShe,  a  fine  view  ia  obtained 
of  the  Bunoundi^  country.  Outiide,  aa  well  ai  aooa  tha  Oder, 

in  the  Schwddnita  quarter  in  the  aonth,  and  the  Oder  quanet  In 

inner  town,  in  contrast  to  the  aubuiba,  (tiU  retina  with  Ita 


Baptist,  waa  begun  in 

■ larged  in  the  17th  ~ai 

e^cdally  the  high  ahar  of  beaten  aQver,  and  hi  beautiful 

Croa),  dating  fmin  the  ijthand  14th  oenturica,  is  an  httaating 

mMumeata,  among  which  is  the  tonb  si  Heniy  IV.,  duke  el 
SHaia.  Tb  s..wltin-1-.j  m  aUcd  [mm  its  ckdicatkn  to  Om 
Lady  on  the  Saad,  datca  fiotu  tha  14th  oeatury.  aul  waa  artSl 
i8is  the  ehnidi  of  the  Auguatinian  canona.  Ihe  OamdKen- 
01  Minotitenkirdie,  lemarkaUe  foe  its  high-pitched  roof,  waa 
foundedbytheeBFcrorCharieilV.iniisi.  Theae are t^ moM 
notable  of  the  Rmaan  Catholic  churches.  01  the  Evangelical 
churdua  the  moat  Important  is  that  of  St  Elizabeth,  founded 
about  tijo,  rebuilt  in  the  14th  and  ijth  centuries,  and  ttatored 
in  iBii.  Its  tofty  tower  contaiu  the  Urgesi  bell  ia  Sileaia,  and 
the  drardi  pciwtin  a  odebnted  organ,  &ae  siained  giMa,  a 
Bagnificent  stone  pyi  (erected  in  14J5)  over  ji  ft.  high,  nd 
poitraita  of  Luther  and  Helanchihon  by  Lucaa  Craoadi.  The 
dratcfc  o(  St  Mary  Magdalen,  built  in  the  i^ib  century  on  the 
n»dd  cl  the  cathedral,  haa  two  lofty  Gothic  towen  connected 
by  ahrMge,  and  iainteteatingai  having  been  the  church  in  w^d^ 
in  ija],  (he  lalormation  In  Sileaia  wal  first  pnKklned.  Other 
notainitlQ'  nTJwiieHfil  buHdinga  an  the  gtaodul  Gothic 
churtA  of  St  Michael  built  in  1S71,  the  bishop's  palace  and  tha 
JewiA  qpnagegue,  (he  finest  in  Goiaany  alter  that  in  Berlin. 
The  liiiiiww  alrccia  of  the  dty  converge  upon  tha  Ring,  tha 

b^un  ia  the  middle  of  the  i4lh  and  completed  in  the  16th 
century.  Within  k  the  Fllntcusal,  in  which  the  dieU  of  Sikaia 
were  fomcily  held,  while  beneath  is  the  fauNua  Schwctdutaa 
KeUet,  uiad  coatiououily  aince  tm  a*  a  beer  and  nina  ham 


BRE83ANT— BRESSUIRE 


♦99 


n>  Mrimriq^  K 

itriUnc  ediSoe.  It  «u  built  [iTift-i7j6}  u  ■  isuiv;  ay  u 
Jduiti,  on  the  tiu  o(  tbi  ionnci  inpeti*]  atlla  procDlsd  t 
ibem  Iqt  the  empem  Leopold  1..  aod  tonriin*  * 


,.  .  it  public  buiUingi; 
tha  rofil  p*U«,  da  atvenmot  idcee  U  k«nd*ma  pOe  metal 
in  lU?),  the  pimiHul  Boom  «1  AMcably,  the  mnkipil 
uchivc*,  the  ooocti  a(  Uo,  the  Sil«ma 

cnAi  ud  antiqiiitio,  (tend  is  the  ienau ..  .__ 

eeutc*  (StlndctoM^,  vhlch  wu  lebnilt  fat  the  ptupoKi  tbc 
nuKum  of  fi"^  Aft*,  the  cxctenje,  the  Stftdt  ejid  Lobe  thcAUci, 
the  post  office  and  cckttal  lailw^  uuioa.  Then  u»  ■!•> 
niuacmui  >-»p''-''  tail  ichiMli.  Biokn  b  exoeeiiingly  rich  in 
fine  nKBumcnts;  the  molt  botavorthy  betn^  the  equatiinn 
■Utua  of  Frederick  the  Cmt  ud  Fnderick  Williun  HI.,  tiMh 
by  KiB;  tlw  ituue  ol  BiOcher  by  Rnacb;  ■  aufak  UUue  of 
Genaal  I^uentaea  by  Ijn^ww  and  Schadow;  k  bnnx  lUtue 
oIKulCaliliebS«a«(ir46-i79S},ttaBPni«iujuriM,anK>Bi>- 
oeot  to  ScUekmuhci,  bom  hcic  in  1768,  and  Mttwa  of  the 
eiDpetorWillinnLiBiuitudiuKlHoltke.  There  we  daoMvenl 

liihiiili  aliiifc  Ih iimilj.  fniiiiifcii  in  iioi  ■q'lhatapenr 

Leopold  I.  ■>  ■  Jeniit  collefE,  uid  grcotly  eiteiid«i ' 
eoeponljao  of  th«  imfvenity  of  Fnnkbrt-enOdw  in 
tibnxr  oootaiu  306,000  valnnc*  and  4000  HSS.,  and  hi*  in  tha 


pirfeM,  an  ObaetvUoo'i  ud  ■oMoaikel,  phjitfoloffical  and 
Uodiad  ioMJtBtlm.  There  ■!•  d^  duaicil  and  lout  modem 
•doob,  MO  Ucber  ^W  Kbooli,  a  Bonis  Catholic  nonnal 
•cbool,  B  Jewlih  Iheokicical  leadnaiT,  a  KhQoI  of  an*  aadcniu, 
andntuDBrooilitaniyandchadlablelouaidatioa*.  Itii|hoiiev«i, 
u  ■  ooaoaecid  and  IndMtriBl  dly  that.  Bnlau  it  moM  vfdelr 
known.  It*  (amtion,  dose  to  the  cxtemivo  oool  aad  iron  tekti 
of  Uppar  Silerfa.  in  proiii^ly  to  the  Aiatriaa  and  Ri  ' 
frantkia.  at  the  cenlfc  of  a  netwotfc  of  lailvayi  diiecdy 

«bMfa  vith  thcaecMuliieaandwJth  thecfckf  tMras 


aiiiaBn,hiinitaK,cul-&oa|oodi,  fold  Bad  lOva' 
fun,  ckith  aod  cotloBi,  paper,  maical  JnilnlnMi 
dun*.  Bre^D  ii  tha  haadqDBteiB  of  the  VL  f 
mriM  Bad  conuiai  a  buto  SOTJMn  of  tnopa  <f  all  1 

HUary  — Bieilau  (Lat  VralUnUj  .       . 
dtnuder  Thietmar,  bidwp  of  Hencbws,  In  A«b  raoo,  and  «*a 
pnhably bonded •onwyaanbafarethia dale.    £ailylB(he 


lut  of  Priud,  baame  tha  ca|iit^  of  an  iDdepeadiiit  diKhy  ii 
lit].  Dealiayed  I7  tha  Idmitri*  in  1141,  it  boob  recovered  its 
finaer  pnspeiity  and  received  a  latie  ioflui  of  GenHmaokniut. 
Thebi^apobtauicdthatitleof  aptinteof  the  Eopinln  iivi.' 
Wbea  Haniy  VL,  the  laat  dnka  ol  Bndaa,  died  in  IJ3S,  t^  city 


I.  Bnalu  placed  itaelf  under  the  pntoctiaB  of  Pope 
Pius  II.  in  i4fi],  aal  a  few  yean  aftannnk  doc  loider  the  rule 
of  the  Hnnyrian  kinf ,  MatthJBB  CorvionL  Aflei  kit  death  In 
1490  it  a^ain  became  Mdifect  to  B<riieBua,  paetfag  with  tha  nat 

^  'lo  1195  J»™1«-.  nn  of  Bolalau.  I.  of  tawa  SOaa.  who 
OKiinc  buhop  of  Smlau  in  Iljt.  InherlHd  the  ducfay  of  Ndne. 
•Mch  at  hit  rfcitli  {iwi)  he  baiueiihed  Id  hbiDown  in  the  M. 
Tte  AiMriu  imn  ol  Nd«  Rfll  beloafi  m  iha  bUiep  id  Brc^a, 
■ba  ala  Bill  bam  tha  title  af  prince  biJbap. 


of  Sikaia  to  Iht  HUiabafi  «AeB  k  ISi«  IMbaMd,  nfUnnidi 
caipuor,  wia  choaea  kin(  of  Bohemia,  Havinc  pawed  almoat 
widntuibcd  thnwsh  the  peiioda  of  ih*  Relafnatioa  aad  the 
Tluty  Yean' War,  Bieilaa  waacoaipalkd  to  own  th*  anlhoiity  af 
Fiedeikk  the  beat  ia  it«i.  It  wa^  hawsvci,  lacnuaid  by  the 
Au*tiiiB*lni757,bntwaaH(ainad  by  Ptedokl  after  hit  victaty 
at  Leathen  in  the  nine  ycac,  and  ha*  iBoa  bdenced  to  Fi  awia. 
alllB^  it  waa  bcU  for  ■  lev  dayi  by  (ha  Fiaach  hi  >«07  alter 
the  battle  of  Jem,  ind  apin  IB  iSi  J  after  the  battle  of  Bautatb 
Itanleaof  Iho  farlUatiooi,dlBiintled  by  the  French  ia  iSo}, 
WTO  liven  to  thedvicBBUuriliH^  Kkg  Fioderici  WiUian  UL, 
Bad  converted  iato  ptoowMde*.  In  kbitii  iSij  Ihii  tnonaith 
inued  ftom  Btcalau  tat  etiiiinj  apfietb  to  the  Fnaiiau,  ila 
BMiii  r«U  and.  .4»BMtBX>>ii(«>tMr,  and  the  city  wu  the  centra 
of  the  FniBian  pnpaiatiaDi  iot  the  "— i^'t"  which  ended  *I 
Lei|wg.    AflarthePnuiianvietoryatSadowBiBiK6,WilliBiBL 

lincethKlayial  Frukrick  the  Great  hu  booi  only  ^  k)^  to 
1^  ronl  luuM  tb      "    


Bnd.l«>4)" 

BKBSaAirr,  JBUI  BAPTUTK  PXOSPBa  (iSis-iSSei,  Fnnch 
actor,  was  bonat  Cbka-aur-Saloe  on  the  qrd  of  OcUbs  iSrs, 
and  beianhiattaceoturat  the  Vaifttfainhiiiin  iSjj.  In 
iBjn  hri  niinl  rn  tkii  rmiib  Ibintiinr  Tt  Patinburt,  w^n  lor 
ei^  yma  ha  played  bopoctant  parte  with  cver^BtKatiBg 


Pari]  In  iS^e.aod^niadebii  JAa(altbeC«^dia 
Fm{ai*aBaK(ull4ed^jaDMsv«lB  tSH.  From  playins  tb 
ardent  young  lover,  ha  tivned  to  leodiag  iMei  both  in  moidcni 
playi  ami  in  the  clmucal  rfpertoire.  His  Kicblieu  in  ififi  di 
BtiU-litt,  kia  OcUve  in  Alfred  dc  Mosaet'i  La  Cofnui  d< 
JfaruKM,  and  bis  ippwinoce  in  de  Uu«ct''s  ///aid  jit'itm  ftttt 
itiltamUeafinmtBiiUneafriumittkaamta  by  Tart^ft, 
Z*  l/iml^fc  and  Z>M  Jutm.  Biaaant  ntiicd  bi  1S15,  a^ 
diedim  the  ijid  of  JinuaiV  '^^-  Dnrins  ha  pBoicBOBUp  at 
the  ConaervBtifn.  Mounet-Snlly  va*  ODE  o(  his  piqdU. 

WBWK  a  diitrict  of  caslera  Frasca  enbraoDC  pottion  of 
the  dcpaianenta  of  Ain,  SaAnfret-Loire  and  Jon.  The  Brma 
exMidi  from  the  Deaabes  on  the  KHitb  to  the  rivR  Doub*  OB  the 
north,  and  fnn  tha  Sa6Be  eastwanls  to  the  Jan,  meaiurins 
aome  to  m.  in  the  tanner,  and  »  m.  in  the  latter  diiectkm.  It 
ii  a  plain  vaiyfaf  from  Boa  to  Soo  fL  abovo  the  kb,  with  few 
._.. ....     .       hj,(]„  ,^ 

the  iKith.  Ill  chief  riven 
the  Ve^  the  SeyMOtHB  and  the  Seillc,  all  Uibatariet  ol  (he 
EaBdo.  lie  ud  is  a  pavdly  day  but  nraderatdy  lettile,  and 
cattlB4Bteinck  largely  cBirkd  on.  The  regioati,  however,  mora 
eapecfadlyotiebcated  (nil*  table  poultry.  The  inhahilanti  pie- 
tervc  aditlhiclivc  but  almoat  obaalete  ceatume,  with  acniioBa 
htad^iBK  The  Braae  proper,  calkd  tha  Brtat  Bnatma, 
<BVrlaH  the  BOfthen  portkin  of  the  depaitnent  of  Ain.  Tin 
ffaaler  part  of  tl«  diatttet  belonged  is  the  middle  agea  to  tha 
lonlsof  Bigt,  liom  whom  ll  paid  in  i*T)  to  the Insteof  Savoy. 
till  the  Cnt  half  of  the  ijth  oentniy  that  the  pmvinoe, 
g  as  its  capital,  was  fouadcd  a*  such.  In  1601  itwai 
ceded  to  Fnwee  by  (he  treaty  of  Lyons,  after  whkh  it  fomiBl 
(togethetwiththeprovincecJBugqOirataaeparatBgavaiment 
and  altemrdi  portof  the  gBveinnienl of  Bnigtuidy. 


fUsaenHnl  in  the  departaient  of  Deu»6ivre*,  4I  m.  N.  of  Niort 
by  rail.  Pap.(i«o6)4sA<.  Tbetownisiiluiledonaneminaice 
overknUng  the  I>ola,  1  tributary  of  the  Argenton.  It  ii  the 
centre  of  a  cittle-i(9.ring  and  agrieultuial  regiou,  and  baa 
important  markets;  the  niuiufieture  of  wooden  type  and 
woollen  goods  is  carried  on.  Brcaauire  hai  two  building  of 
inteteel:  the  dutch  of  Notre-Daiae,  which,  dalilig  chkRy  from 

-         -        ■       ■•■ t,  haa  an  bnpoaog  towv  of  the 

D  cmlc,  bnilt   by   tha  Iwdi  of 


JOO 


BREST— BRETEUn, 


ItMniiinm.TiantinftlinTlirniiiil  iflTininri  Tbcliturlanaw 
In  nlnft,  mod  m  portion  of  the  «te  it  occupied  by  &  modem 
chaie&u,  but  in  ionoi  and  oulei  Um  ot  fbitiSntiDDs  m  itill  to 
be  Ken.  Tbe  whole  tonat  tit  finac  tBOnbUgg  of  fcvdil  niiiu 
In  PciloQ.  BioHiiit  i*  tfae  nt  of  ■  tab-}»irect  ud  bu  m 
tiibnnalolfiratiiisUiitt.  AaonitbedBUUnniflatdUvatioiu 
Umn  by  the  town,  it*  c^uic  (nm  Uie  Enfliih  >ad  HibiequeDt 
pilk^  hf  Fitnch  traopi  ondet  dn  GukUh  in  1370  ii  tbt  mOM 


It  In  Hie  deputment  of  Flnktfn,  i  s;  ra.  WJS.Vf. 
of  Romei  by  tuL  PopoUtion  (igoA)  ton,  71,163;  comiDiuv, 
Aj,2^  It  k  ^lulled  to  tba  DOrtb  ol  ■  mi^ficent  Und- 
tocked  b^,  and  occupia  the  ilape*  of  tm  hilli  divided  by  tha 
rivH  Penldd,— the  put  oJ  the  lown  on  the  l«f[  bwk  bting 
leguded  u  Brat  pn^ier,  while  tho  pin  on  tlie  tight  a  known 
u  RecouvTuce.  There  u>  also  citenilve  luburba  to  the  cut 
ol  thglown.  The  hiU-tida  ue  hi  •ome  pbm*  » itMp  tlwt  tlw 
liKCBt  fmm  the  lower  to  the  ^ppei  town  h«  to  be  eSected  by 
flight)  of  iteps  and  the  iccoad  or  Ibird  itorey  of  one  houce  is 
often  on  a  level  with  the  ground  itorcy  of  the  oat.  The  chief 
meet  ol  Brat  bean  tfae  aaow  trf  luc  de  Siun,  in  hoaoui  of  the 
SianuM  embany  lenl  to  Louis  XIV,,  and  tcnninala  at  the 
nmMkalik  iwing-bridge,  conlniclod  in  1861,  which  crones 
the  Bguth  oithe  Penleld.  Ronning  along  the  ihorc  to  the  nuth 
oi  tilt  town  ia  the  Conn  d'A  jot,  one  of  the  fineat  proneBadci  of 
tta  kind  in  FnucB,  named  afut  the  — ^■— '  who  coDMnietod  It. 
It  it  ulaBIad  with  tite*  and  adoniad  wfib  oiaiblo  Matuca  of 
meCoyinvi.  .Tbccutkirith 
la  (itth  to  the  ifth  centuriea),  com- 
:entnnce  to  the  liver,  lithe  only  fntncattag  boBdlag 
Bieet  ii  the  capital  of  one  oi  the  five  tiaval  anon- 
tl  Fiance.  The  naval  pan,  which  b  in  gieat  part 
oeavited  in  the  roch,  extendi  along  both  banki  ot  tlw  Penfeld ; 
It  compriica  gon-foundrle*  and  worlitbopi,  magaiLDet,  ifiip- 
bidldiDg  yud*  and  repairing  docfci,  and  employs  about  7000 
worluDcn.  Thcic  ara  also  Largo  navil  barracka,  training  ihipi 
and  naval  ichoois  of  vaTioui  kindi,  and  an  important  naval 
hoipital.  Bretf  11  the  scat  of  a  sub-prefect  and  has  tribunals  of 
fijtt  initance  and  of  commerce,  a  chamber  of  coBsmcrce,  a  boaj-d 
of  tradB-aihitratora,  two  naval  tribunak,  and  a  tribunal  ot 
maritime  contPtrce.  Then  are  alio  tyofa  for  boyi  and  glili 
and  a  icliod  of  cotDinerce  and  Industry.  The  caomeTdal  port, 
which  B  lepartted  from  the  town  IikH  by  tile  Coun  d'Ajol, 
compriin  a  tidal  port  with  docks  md  an  outer  harbour;  it  ii 
pnlecled  by  jctttea  to  tlie  east  and  wtM  and  by  a  bnahwater 
on  ihe  louilL  In  looj  the  number  ot  vtwls  entered  wti  101 
with  a  toonage  of  67.7SS,  tod  deared  iGo  with  1  lamnge  ol 
6l,D>i.  The  total  value  of  the  ImpoRa  In  1905  via  £944,000. 
The  chM  wtn  wloe,  coal,  timber,  mineral  tar,  leniliioi  tnd 
MMenand  enyfith.  Exporta,  of  lAkh  the  chM  mre  wfctal- 
fln«',lndtiBd*npeipbai|ihatei,wcr*inliudal  £40,000.  Boidea 
It*  MidiDS'  and  mackerel  bUng  tadoMiy,  Ihe  tows  hat  tonr- 
mili,brewerlei,lwiBdrici,  forget,  cngiiMcting  «orti,and  aiann- 
fietniet  of  bkdu,  cawDa,  clRtnlcab  (fnm  tea-wted),  booti, 
ihoea  B&d  lineii.  Btttt  oommmdcatia  1:^  tubmarlne  cable  with 
Aaeika  md  French  Wttt  Africa,  llie  roadstead  conusti  of  a 
un  length  of  14  m.  and  an 
dth  i4  4  m^  dn  imiith  bdng  haired  by  the  penlmda 
,  leaving  »  puuge  from  1  to  1  ra,  broad,  known  aa 
,  Hk  ootlfaiecil  the  bay  ia  broken  by  nUmerouannaUer 
baya  or  arms,  fOnncd  by  the  embondiurtt  of  atreamt,  the  oiotl 
inpottnt  being  the  Ana*  de<)uae>li,  the  Anaede  Poullnie,aDd 
the  raaaUa  of  the  ChltmuMn  and  the  Landemean.  Bnit  it  a 
forttot  of  the  Bat  daia.  Tha  fOrtihtatloni  o(  the  (own  and  the 
btiboui  fall  into  four  gniupc:  (1)  the  W7  niantrovi  forlt  and 
batteriei  gnaiding  tha  approadict  tn  and  the  dkannd  of  tha 
Gonleii  (i)  the  batteries  esd  lorli  dirtcted  npotr  tin  raadt;  (3) 
a  grenp  of  worts  preventing  aenat  to  tha  panimDta  ot  QuSacn 
and  comtBaiMliBg  the  giaond  10  tbo  tooth  of  the  penintola  from 
which  maiqi  o(  the  works  of  poap  (»)  cmld  be  takan  in  rtvcne: 
(4>  Ibi  detenco  of  Brett  Ittilt,  eaaainbg  af  •■  ofd-faUoBcd 


lU  iiiiMithig  Sttk  idttaiy  value  and  a  Chda  of  Atadad 
font  to  the  weat  ot  the  totro. 

Nothing  deialu  ti  kDMra  of  BnM  tHI  about  (140,  wlm  it  waa 
ceded  by  a  eannt  of  Lfen  to  J<^  I.,  dnke  of  Brittany.  In  1341 
John  of  Ifontten  gave  It  >qt  to  the  EngUah,  and  It  ifid  not  faially 
leave  their  liauda  till  tJOT-  Its  medieval  importsnce  was  great 
enongh  to  ^«e  ibe  to  tbt  Swing,  "  He  It  not  duke  of  Brittany 
wtu  it  not  lord  of  Bnat."  By  the  marriage  «f  Frandi  L  uritb 
Clauik,  daughtel  of  Anne  of  Brittany,  Brest  with  tlie  icM  of 
Ihe  dudiy  deSnltdy  pitiii  to  the  F>aieh  crown.  Thoadvant- 
agtaof  tbcttnatJoBfarateaporttownwenfifit  noo^faed  by 
RlcheUea,  wbo  In  i6ji  coMtncted  a  haiboar  with  moden 
wharvea,  wUch  ana  hocama  a  station  of  the  Froith  navy. 
Colbert  changtd  Ibt  moden  wbarvat  for  maiomy  and  othswiH 
Improived  the  peat,  ud  Vanban't  (r-" — ■—  —•—'  •-  — — 
1688.    During  Ihe  ilth  century  th 

importancs  cf  the  town  eontlnuM  id  nevaip.  u  11194  •■ 
En^lsh  aqnadro*  ander  Jtdui,  jrd  tmd  Bokdey,  was  ndtenUy 
defeated  in  altcnqiling  a  laaditig;  bat  in  1794,  dnring  the 
lerolullaury  war,  tho  Frend  Aeet,  UDdtf  \nltant  de  JoyoBie, 
waa  as  thonughly  beaten  bi  the  tame  place  by  the  Ea^iah 

BREST-LmmK  (Fididi  Bna^JJuuU;  and  in  the  Chira. 
Btrutit  and  BiroM),  a  Mnngly  fortified  town  of  RMiia,  la  tbt 
govemmenlof  Grodno.  137  m.  1^  lajl  S.  fiom  the  city  e(  Gnxtan, 
In  51*  s*  N.  lal.  and  ij*  si/  E.  loag.,  at  the.  jmictlaa  of  tbt 
nai^ble  ttm  Hukhoveti  with  the  Bog,  and  at 
of  taHwayt  from  Wanaw,  Kiev,  Moacow  and  East  F 

Pop.  (1B67)  «,4m:  ('v>i)  *».*'•> 

vttcjewa.    ItontalniBjewlihiy 
In  the  leth  .      -    .  - 


Tha  town  cairita  on  an  erteotive  trade  in  gi  , 
wood,  lai  and  leather.  Fiitt  meolioBed  in  the  hrglnniag  of 
the  nth  centuiy,  Breat-Iitovtk  w*t  in  Ii4>  laid  walte  by  tim 
Mongols  and  wai  not  rebtdt  till  »7Si  Ha  nibuibt  wees  btnned 
by  the  Teutonic  Knight*  in  1379;  and  in  the  end  of  the  igtb 
century  lite  wholi  town  net  a  limilar  lite  at  Ibc  haada  of  tb* 
khan  of  the  Crltoca.  In  the  reign  of  the  Poliih  king  Sigbound 
HL  <fieu  vera  bald  there;  and  In  tjM  ind  1596  II  waa  tba 
moetinsiilaca  af  two  ranartaUt  anKili  of  the  taibsiia  of 
wBtcni  ROBla.  In  16571  and  again  in  1706,  the  town  waa 
cafitnied  by  (ha  Sweda;  in  1744  h  wa*  the  acma  of  SnaioT'i 
victory  over  Ihe  FoUA  gmcnl  SienkawiU;  in  174s  it  was  added 
to  tbe  Rattbn  cmpln.  Tfae  Bntt-Litomk  a  Klng't  cual 
(so  m.  leog),  DtUiabig  tba  UiftbovetA-Bug  riven,  fonat  ■  lid 
In  tbe  wauawaya  thai  connect  the  Dmeps  with  tbe  Vlttula. 

BRBTBOik  unm  cBASLBg  AvamtB  IS  nMnnun. 

Burnt  IHE  (1730-1807),  Frendi  dtplonatist,  waa  ban  at  the 
chlteaa  of  Aa^^o-Firan  (Endre)  on  tbe  Ttb  of  Uircb  ino. 
Hie  wat  only  twenty-ei^  who)  be  Hit  appointed  by  Lonit  XV. 
inbttMdoT  to  tbe  elector  ot  Cologne,  and  two  ytais  later  ke  w«a 
lent  to  St  Peterdnni.  Be  amoged  to  be  tenpoiarily  thaint 
from  hi)  peat  at  tbe  time  of  tbe  palace  nvohition  1^  lAlcb 
CitlMTiiM  U.  was  placed  on  IbB  thrme.  In  1 7(9  ha  wa*  tent  to 
Stockholm,  aad  subsequently  lepictented  his  gwcnmBit  at 
Vienna,  Naplta,  and  again  at  Vienna  untB  1783,  ^Kn  he  waa 
recalled  to  becnme  minister  of  the  king^  botudHid.    la  thl* 


ii7<7. 


Hit  influence  with  tha  king  and  queen,  oqicdaily  with  tba  latltr, 
remained  tmthaken,  and  on  faleeker'a  diuniiul  on  tIte  nth  ol 
Jnty  1789,  BntenH  lucaeded  him  ai  tbiei  miniatcr.  Tbe  fall 
of  the  Bwtflle  three  dayi  later  pnl  in  end  to  llie  new  nlnitCry, 
and  BretauO  made  Ui  way  to  Swiueriand  with  the  fint  putr  of 
tmiptt.  At  Saleure,  in  November  1790,  he  tcteivfd  from  l^mit 
XVI.  eiduiivE  powtrt  to  nBgoliitc  with  the  European  tourtt, 
and  in  his  eBorti  to  dieck  the  ill.idviud  diplomacy  of  iha 
tanfrl  princes,  he  toon  brought  himself  Into  oppotiiion  with  his 
old  rivil  Calonne,  wfaa  held  a  cbief  pitca  In  Iheit  ceaadit 


BRtnGNY— BRETON 


SOI 


After  the  bilaK  tt  the  1^  t«  Vtrtmtt, 
tt  vhiiA  bo  bid  ■  tbm,  BietcuU 
Lo«i»  XVL.  „ 
princes.  Hk  dbtniM  ef  ibe  UBg'i  btotben  ud  hbdefaM*  o( 
Loali  xVl.'i  prengitlve  wen  lo  nme  extent  juWlfied,  but  Ut 
bilnnriseaBt  ■ItiCode  loirudi  then  ptfaice*  (mpbuind  tba 
dtsciuion*  Dt  tlw  nyil  Itnli]' la  the  ayct «( tonigB  nvodpi^ 
Kin  loDbd  OB  tbc  comte  de  nrsvcnce  n  tba  nKMnI  npKKDta- 
tlve  e{  kh  bntbnr  ind  hninil  ft  pretcat  for  mitJiiialeiam  on 
LooIA  bdnlf  bi  the  OMtndktair  M*t«maUi  «l  tb*  McstiMM*. 
BreteuQ  himMU  m  lb*  object  of  vtolent  altaekt  boa  the  pftitr 
of  the  priDOS,  nha  oaeited  IhU  b<  peniitod  1>  nerdilBg 
powen  vUdi  bad  been  revnked  by  Lmub  'XVL  Alttt  tba 
(secutkni  of  Hute  Antoinette  he  ntbed  into  private  Ufa  Bear 
Hamburg,  oaly  tetnrning  to  Fianu  la  iSoi.  U*  died  In  Pari* 
on  the  and  of  November  iSoj. 

Sk  the  owniDinof  Benrand 

andof themarqgi.de  Bouilli  ij ,,. 

CMtiOt,  17^^1791  (iBa9),rorniing  part  of  hitHiS. 

BB&TIGHT,  a  Firnct  town  (dept.  £uit<l-I«r,  arromluK- 

its  Dime  to  a  cdcbiaicd  truly  concluded  there  on  the  Sth 
of  Majr  i]6o.  belveen  Edward  UL  of  Eogbod  and  John  II., 
lumamEd  the  Good,  of  France.  The  eiactioni  of  the  Encliib, 
who  viibed  lo  yidd  as  few  as  possible  of  the  idvantacn  daJmed 
by  thnn  to  the  treaty  ol  London,  made  ncgatiationa  dlScult, 
and  the  discuuion  o(  tinna  begun  early  in  April  lultd  tnoio 
than  a  month.  By  vinue  of  Illil  treaty  Edward  III.  obtained, 
beiidei  Gatenne  and  Gaacony,  Foitou,  Saintooge  and  Aunis, 
Agenais,  P4rigard,  Limousin,  Qucrcy,  Bigone,  llie  couni&bip 
of  Gaure,  Angoumoia,  Rouergue,  Uontrtuil-aur-Dicr,  Fontbieu, 
Calais.  Sangaiie,  Hua  and  the  countahip  of  Guinea.  John  IL 
had,  mctfuvcr,  to  pay  three  miUiona  oi  gold  ctowds  for  hia 
ransom.  On  hii  lide  the  hing  oC  England  gave  up  the  duchiea 
<^  NoTmandyandTouraioe,Lbecouiitshipsof  Anjouand  Maine, 
and  the  aueeninly  oi  Brittany  and  of  Fluiden.  Asaguaraslec 
loi  the  pnynient  of  hii  ranaom,  John  the  Good  gave  aa  boiiagea 
two  of  his  aona,  several  pdncca  and  nobles,  four  tnhahiiaJita  ol 
Parie,  and  two  ciliiens  (mm  each  of  the  nineteen  principal  tow  na 
of  France.  Tbia  tieity  was  ralihed  and  sworn  to  by  the  two 
kin^  and  by  their  eki«t  son*  on  the  14th  of  OcLober  ij6a, 
at  Calais  At  the  same  time  were  signed  Ihc  special  condiliou 
rdating  lOfBchinporlanl  ailideof  the  treaty,  sad  the  renuncia- 
tory dauH*  in  which  the  lungs  abandoned  Ihcir  rights  over  the 
icrritny  they  had  yielded  to  one  anolher. 
Sh  Rymel'l  Focdna,  vol.  iii.:  Dlimant,  CorfJ  Jiflimialiqiu,  vot. 

id!  p.  hriLVol.  vLiE.  CoDieau;  LiiCrandi  TrtiUi  ilt  la  imrrr  it 
era  a«  (1M9J- 

BRBIOR,  JDUS  ADOIPHI  AtHi  LOOIS  (iSir-  }, 
French  painter,  was  bom  oo  the  lat  of  May  1817,  at  Couiritea, 
Pa]  de  Catao,  France.  His  artistic  gifts  being  nunffeat  M  an 
early  age,  be  was  sent  In  1S43  lo  Ghent,  to  study  under  the 
hUtorfeal  painter  de  Vlgne,  and  in  rg4S  to  Biron  Wappen  at 
Antwerp.  Finally  he  worked  in  Paris  under  Drolling.  Bis 
first  efforts  were  in  historical  aubjectsi  "  Saint  Piat  preaching 
in  Gaul ";  then,  under  the  influence  of  the  revolution  of  1S48, 
be  rtpreienlcd  "  Misery  and  Despair."  But  Breton  loOB  dis- 
covoed  that  he  was  not  botn  lo  be  a  hlitotlcal  painter,  and  be 
returned  lathe  meniories  of  mtun  and  of  the  conotiy  which  were 
impmsed  on  him  in  early  youth.  la  rSsi  he  eiha>lted  the 
'  Return  of  the  Harvuien  "  at  the  Paris  Siion,  and  the  "  Little 
Cleaner"  at  Brussels.  Tbcnceforward  he  was  essentially  a 
taimer  of  tuslic  life,  e^Kcially  in  the  province  of  Attols,  which 
he  quitted  only  three  time!  for  abort  acuisions:  in  1S64  to 
Provence,  and  in  iMj  and  1873  to  Brtltany,  whence  be  deijvid 
some  of  his  happiest  siudies  Ot  rcllgioua  scenes.  I!is  numerous 
subjects  may  be  divided  genEially  into  four  classes:  bbour, 
rest,  rural  Ictllvals  and  religious  festivals.  Among  h!i  more 
important  works  may  be  named  "  Women  Gleaning."  and  "  The 
Day  after  St  Scbasti.w'i  Day"  (rSss),  which  gained  him  > 
lUtd-das.  medal;  "  Blessing  the  Reida  "  (1857),  a  second-clan 
medal;  ■■  Erecllng  a  Caivaiy  "  (iBsg),  now  in  the  LlUe  pUery; 


"  Tbe  Ketdrn  of  the  GlHBMi "  (ilji)),  BOUT  b  tha  UuKnbmni; 
"  Evening  "  and  "  WoBca  Weeding  "  (1S61),  ■  firat-dass  mcilalf 
"  Cnndfitber'aBirtbdiy"  (i8&i);  •■TheCloHolDay"(iWs); 
"  necveat "  (tSS?);  "  PoUto  Oithenn  "  <rB«B}i  "  A  Pardon, 
Biittany  "  (iS6p);  "The  Foantaln"  (rSji),  iD«lal  of  honour; 
"  The  Sonfim  of  St  John  "  (187s);  "  Women  mending  Net*  " 
(i876),faitlMl>inalmuienn; "  A  Cle<inei"<i877),  LaxEmbontgi 
"Ev^falg,  Finbttre"(TSSl};"TheSongof  the  Laik"  (1884); 
"  The  Last  Sunbeam  "  (iSSj);  "  The  Shcpheid'a  Star  "  {|88«)- 
"The  Call  Home"  (1880);  "The  Last  Gleajungs"  (1895); 
"Gathering  Fofipics"  (1S97);  "The  Alarm  Cry"  <i899)i 
"  Twilight  ChHy  "  (1900}.  Breton  was  elected  to  the  luthutrn 
1S86  on  the  death  of  Baudty,  In  iSSQhewaamadecoraniaadtr 
of  the  Legjoo  of  Honour,  and  in  rS99  foreign  member  of  the 
Royal  Academy  of  London.  Healao  wrote  several  books,  among 
them  Lei  CAoKfi  el  At  ntr  (iStA),  ATor  ^'ii(m  rfanicfa  <i9Do), 
"  Jeanne,"  a  poem,  OdfUnt  Bernard  (rgoi),  and  La  feiHlart 

See  Juke  Bielen,  Vw  ^n  arUrU,  art  U  nafn  (autobkwnLphksl), 
(Parii,  1890)!  Marios  Vacbon,  Jula  BrtUn  (1S99J. 

BRETOH,  BunoH  or  ButTADd,  MlCHOlJlS  {inii-i6a6), 
English  pott,  belonged  to  an  old  tamily  lettled  at  L^tr-Btetoa, 
Eieex.  Hi(lather,WilliamBretoa,whahadnadeatttitideiBbla 
fortune  by  trade,  died  in  i^Sg,  and  thr  widow  {M*  EUabcth 
Bacon)  lurried  the  poet  George  Gascolgne  beioie  her  sons  had 
attained  their  majority.  Nichohis  Breton  was  pnfcably  borri  at 
the  "  capiiall  mansion  house  "  in  Red  Cross  Street,  in  the  petish 
of  St  (Ha  without  Crlpplegate,  mentioned  in  ha  father^  will. 
There  Is  no  official  record  of  his  residence  at  the  in^lveisily,  bst 
the  diary  of  the  Rev.  Richard  Madoi  lella  us  that  be  was  at 
Antwerp  in  1585  and  was  "  onceol  Oriel  College."  Hemitried 
Ann  Sutton  In  1593,  and  had  a  family.  He  is  supposed  to  hive 
shortly  after  the  pubUcation  of  his  last  work,  PanlaOicktt 


(.S.6). 


.«  patrol 


and  wrote  much  { 

her  ho 

lour 

mil  1601,  when  >be  seems  to 

have  withdrawn  h 

r  favour 

It 

the  meagre  record 

leby 

some  of  the  letters 

signed  N 

B.in 

APal>MhaPadicl>flitd 

UOm  (l503,  enlarged  1637);  lb 

191b  letter  of  the  second  part 

tof 

oUows: "  bath  ano 

Iherbee 

lala  Id  a  cold  bed 

bitter  storme,  and  beene  at  many  a 

hard  bantiuet?  aB 

these  ha 

I;  another  long  been  sichc 

so  have  I;  anolher  plagued  will 

an  unquiet  life? 

a  have 

other  indebted  to  his  hearts 

grfeie,  and  faine 

™uld  pa 

cannot?  so  am  I."    Breton 

popda 

bis  contemporaiiea,  and  tor- 

gotten  by  the  n« 

gencrj 

on. 

His  work  contislB  of  religloiB 

aoda 

tracts,    ffisrellgio 

ospoeni! 

excess  of  fluency 

ndswee 

nesj 

but  they  are  evidently  the 

•f  >he 

Virgin  and  his  references  to  Mary  Magdalene  have  suggested 
that  he  was  a  Catholic,  but  his  prose  wtitings  abundantly  prove 
that  he  was  an  ardent  Protestant.  Breton  had  little  gift  for 
satire,  and  his  best  work  Is  to  be  found  fn  his  pasionl  poeliy. 
His  Pasiiimalt  Sktphtard  (1604)  is  full  of  sunshine  and  ftesh  air, 
and  of  unaffected  gaiety.  The  third  pastont  in  this  book — 
"  Who  can  live  in  heart  so  glad  As  the  merrie  country  lad  " — 
Is  well  known;  with  some  other  of  Breton's  daintiest  poems, 
among  iliem  the  lulbiby, "  Come  Ultle  bsbc,  come  aHly  eoule,"' — 
it  Is  Incorporated  In  A.  H.  BuUen's  Ij^ki  /rem  EraaitlJlaK 
Rimanai  [1B90),     His  keen  ofncTvg lion  of  country  life  appcan 

a  schollet  and  an  angler,"  and  In  his  Fanlaslkka,  a  series  of 
shati  prose  picturra  of  the  months,  the  CbrlsLian  festivals  and 
the  hours,  wbich  throw  much  light  on  the  customs  of  the  limca. 
Molt  of  Breton's  books  an  very  rare  and  have  great  biblifr- 
grsphicsl  value.  IDs  works,  with  the  eiceplion  of  some  belongi- 
fng  lo  privite  owners,  were  tollected  by  Dr  A.  B.  Grosart  In  tli 

■  This  poem,  howevrr,  comes  from  TlnAtbt 
■tlich  is  only  In  part  Dnton'a  I         ' 


■  Arbw  d^Amitia  Di 


BRET6N  DE  LOS  HERRER03— BRETTEN 


*fon    f.Kii   (i; 


'«■*«  ./a  YeHMtWil  (1S77):  A  Fi 
F,lpi<«H€   ir>arin(;«    (iMll: 

ien  [MS,),  dm  priijwd  bv  J.  6.  Hi 

■  eJ3;  FaiiTnit't  Fooia  copftt.  cpfenA  d(  Still 
o:  Piutiiili  Millrtiu  (t6ooJ:  Paxinil'i  Fail, 
(160a};  UdaatkilUlt  llHmmrl  (l6oaJ;  Afa7it 
a  Saltmiu  Fallia*  0/  Ikl  Sslda  Lax  (1595),  di 
' '-  probably  by  another  ham 


Fnrtrl  of  Hid  UlUrl  (itofi.  Sir  i 
(1006),  Hary  Mardaln'i  Lamnlali 
DucalnUiUM  (iMi).  in  Hmc 


.4lhotMiyi8i 

hcBeivedaB 

aiiat  the  French  in  V 

alcncia  aod 

CilaJimu.  ■nd  it 

ired  with  tb( 

rant  ol  corporal  on 

the  Sth  ol 

Much  iSii.     H 

minor  poU  in  the 

vU  service 

under  Ihc  liberal 

doDhU  discharge  de 

erminedto 

urn  hit  living  by  writing  tot 

the  stage.     His  fin 

piece,  A  U 

prodded  on 

th=  [4lh  ot  Octobe 

.Sm.  and 

proved  (be  write 

10  be  the  lei 

MotiUn.     Hii  indiuliy  w«  u 

onishing:  bclwe«a  October  1811 

■nd  Novembet  iS 

iB,  he  (ompoicd  Ihiily-nine  plaji, 

original,  the  r«l 

piece*.     Id  i8]i 

iK  published 

wquitcd  by  it  a 

^Up  which 

Kctucd  lor  him  a 

appoinlmen 

as  sub-iibiaiias  at  Ibe  nalloiul 

Ubrwy.     But  the 

theatre  cJaim 

d  him  for  its  own.  a 

d  with  Ibe 

ciccplion  ol  Elena  and  a  (e« 

other  pieces  in  the 

conservative  with  a^  ai 


Nali 


si  Cuud.     He  w 


unpopular  1 


.    Hbnnly 

mia  be  ridiculed  the 
a  the  national  library, 
Lt  he  seriously  thought 


I  short  time  wi 
ol  emigrating  10  Ameri 
two  yean  Brel6n  dc  io«  HerrerDS  bad  it^aei  his  supitnucy 
on  the  stage.  He  bcanx  acietuy  to  the  Spsoish  Academy, 
(|UaiTelled  with  his  fcliow-membeis,  and  died  it  Madrid  on  the 
glhol  November  187  j.  He  b  the  author  ol  some  three  hundred 
(iny  origiaal  pliys.  ittenty-thi«  o[  which 


No! 


I  of  the  nj 


In  [olive  invention,  and  in 

<D  ol  chancier,  while  hit  metrical  dciUrity  is  unique. 

MvaU  oaiualdt  Its  IrliT  (iSji).  Uulitli:jtatil  {1BJ7)  ind 

'  "   1)  !>ti]l  bold  the  stage,  and  an 


U.  F..fc) 


likely  to  bold  ii  to  long  at  Spanish  is  tpoker 

See  Manjuts  de  MoHd^  Bnltw  it  lot  Btntrtt^  rttwiriu  da 
tidaydi  ni  ttras  (Midrid,  iSSj);  Ot--  -■    -   -     ■    " 
(j  vok.,  Midrid.  lUlJ;  E.  FiHeyro,  El 
(Paris,  1904). 

BURCHHEIDBt,  KARL  OOTTUSB  Up6-xia),  Gennan 
icboIaiudtbeDtaci*n,watbocnuGEivlcirfiDSiiony.  In  17^ 
be  entered  the  luuvenity  of  Leipzig,  where  he  studied  ibeology 
lor  lour  yarn.  Alter  tome  yein  ol  fanitaiion  he  resolved  to  be 
■edained,  and  in  tSoi  be  passed  with  gml  distinction  the 
etamiialion  lor  cmdidaluj  liealnpat,  and  atlracied  Ibe  regard 
o(  F.  V.  Rcinbard,  author  of  the  SyMm  itr  ihisllkkn  Uord 
(178S-181S),  (hen  court-preicher  at  Dn»kD,  who  became  hit 


:d  his  lire,    !■ 

libeoU«y. 


Winn  [liend  and  patron  during  the  tenuiade 
1S04-1S0A  BretKhneider  was  Prnol-dttttil  i 
of  Wittenberg,  where  he  lectured  on  philtaophy  im 
Duringlhisljmehe  wrote  his  work  on  the  development  01  oogma, 
Syittwwiiuht  Ewtmckdunt  aUer  in  dtr  Dotmaiib  wkfimwendtM 
Bep\ii  noiA  in  lymtolisclmi  Scttrijlen  der  aanidi>ilt4MUii- 
riiilm  und  nfirmirltn  Kirche  (iSos,  4th  ed.  1841},  which  wH 
followed  by  olben,  including  an  edition  ol  Ecclesiastic  us  with  a 
Latin  commentary.  On  tlv  advance  of  theFrencharmy  under 
Napoleon  into  Pruitia,  he  cklermiiwd  to  leave  Wittenberg  and 
abandon  his  university  career.  Through  the  good  oAket  of 
Reinhard,  he  became  pastor  of  Scbneeberg  in  Ssjiony  (1S07). 
In  rtoS  be  wat  promoted  to  ibe  office  of  luperinundenl  of  the 
church  ol  Aniubcrg,  in  which  capacity  he  had  to  decide,  ia 
tccofdaoce  wilh  the  caiun  law  of  Saiony,  many  matten  belong- 
ing to  the  department  of  ecclesiastical  law.  Bui  the  climste 
did  not  agree  with  him,  and  his  official  duties  inlerlered  wilh  his 
tbeologiciJ  studies.  Wilh  a  view  to  a  change  be  took  the  degree 
of  doctor  of  theology  in  Wittenberg  in  August  1811.  In  i8>& 
he  ms  appointed  general  superintendent  at  CMba,  Mien  he 
remained  unlil  his  death  in  1S48.  This  wis  the  gte*t  period  of 
his  literary  activity. 

In  i8»  was  puUished  his  treatise  on  the  gopel  of  St  Jotin, 
entilled  Pmbahilia  dt  Evanitlii  a  EpiiMaram  Jaannli  Afalali 
inddt  et  gn'fiK,  which  attracted  much  altentlon.  In  It  be 
ccdiected  wilh  great  fulness  and  discussed  with  marked  moden- 
tion  the  arguments  against  Johannine  authonhlp.  Thii  c*Ued 
forth  a  number  of  replies.  To  the  aslonlshmeni  d  evety  oae, 
Bretschneider  announced  in  the  pTeface  to  the  second  edition 
of  his  Dvtmalii  in  1811,  that  he  bad  never  doubled  the  autben- 
tidty  of  Ibe  gospel,  and  bad  published  his  Prtbabilia  only  to 
draw  attention  to  the  subject,  and  to  call  (orlh  a  nnKomplete 
defence  of  its  genuineness.  Bretschneider  remarks  In  hb  iut»- 
Mognphy  that  the  pablicstion  of  this  work  had  Ihe  eScct  ol 
[^eventing  bis  ippointitient  as  successor  to  Karl  C,  Tiltnuui 
iu  Dresden,  the  minister  Detlev  von  Einaiedel  (i;tj-iUi) 
denouncing  him  as  the  "slanderetoljobn"  (JakamnlaiMiidiT). 
"lis  greatest  conlribulion  to  Ihc  science  ol  eiesEals  «at  hk 
ixicm  Itatmalt  Craca-Lalinnm  in  tibrm  Hrri  Taltwnii 
[8)4,  ltd  ed.  1S40).  This  work  wu  valuable  lor  the  use  which 
s  author  made  of  the  Creek  of  the  Sepiuighit,  of  the  (Xd  and 
'ew  Testament  Apocrypha,  of  Josephus,  and  of  the  apoatolic 
fathen,  in  illuslratfon  of  tbe  language  of  the  New  Testanicnt. 
I  i8i«  be  published  AtcJogitdrr  ncwrm  TImictit  dtt  nanedi- 
■ien  DntirUamli.  Hugh  James  Rok  had  published  in  En^and 
(181s)  1  volume  of  sermons  on  Ihe  mlonalBl  movement  (Tie 
SiaU  if  Ike  PnUiUnl  RdigiByi  in  Cirmtny),  in  which  be  dai«d 
Bretschneider  with  the  rationalists;  and  Bretschneider  contended 
c  himself  wb  not  a  ntioaabM  in  the  ordinary  scose  of  the 
but  a  "  rational  IDpcrnaturalisl.'*  Sodk  of  his  numerous 
dogmatic  writings  passed  through  several  editions.  An  English 
tran^tion  ol  his  Uantal  of  Iki  Rttititn  and  Hiiten  'f  lln 
CkrisiioM  Church  appeared  in  1857.  His  dogmatic  position 
teems  to  be  inltrmediate  between  the  eitrcme  school  o!  natural- 
itU,  such  as  Heinrkb  Paulut,  J.  F.  Rfihr  aiul  Julius  Wc^dKidei 
on  the  OIK  band,  and  D.  F,  Strauss  and  F.  C.  Baur  on  Ibi  other. 
Recognising  a  supernatural  clemeni  in  theBitlc,  heDcvcithclcu 
allowed  to  the  full  the  critical  exercise  of  reason  in  ihe  interpreta- 
of  its  dogmu  (cp.  Otio  Paeidcnt,  DiwUfml  aj  Tiultty, 
pp.  8g  fl.). 

See  hk  eutobiivaahy,  /h  tuintm  LAtn:  StOiMtmpiit  an 
...C.Brtlldniridtr  (CoiIb.  iBjO.  of  which  a  Itanilatisn.  wilhaoiet, 
by  FrofesKi  George  E.  Day.  appeared  in  the  BlUlMlua  Smrt  aM 
Xmirlcan  BOIiaU  RtfctiUrj.  Wm  JS  and  J8  (l«SJ,  rSjj);  Nets, 
decker  in  Dw  aUffiwrH  KirchnuiitHif  (1148).  No.  18 1  WBateiMoa, 
--HicJmiidiri  atmaha  (1848)1  A.  G.  Famr,  CrOtaJ  Hiilorf^ 
u  TtmiU  (Bamplon  Lectures,  Itbl);  IlenoE-Hauck.  JCuf- 
:yto»ddS  (ed.  1897!. 

BRETTEH.  >  lovD  ol  Gomany,  in  tbe  grand  duchy  of  Baden, 

Ibe  Saalhach,  9  m.  S.E.  ol  Bruchsal  by  lail.     Pop.     (igoo] 

81.     It  h*i  some  manufactories  of  machinery  and  japanned 

goods,  and  a  coniderable  trade  in  Lmber and  live  stock.     Bnttea 

the  biitbplace  of  Mdanchthon  (1497)1  v^  ^  addition  to  1 


BRETWALDA— BREVIARY 


S03 


MtfW  «f  kbn  by  Dnb,  ■  neraocUl )»]),  mnUinias  ■  coO 
of  Ut  writinp  tad  buiti  ud  [ikliica  a(  bn  fooKiui  go 
ponila.  hu  betD  erci:tcd. 

BBBTWAUA,  ■  iranl  v»d  io  Um  An^oSaiutt  Clnnadi 
■ndR  Um  d*U  8>t,  uidiboiii  ■  ebuln  of  £lbdiUn,  Ui^tif 
tlie  P-t*"*'  II  Ifipaui  in  (cvcnl  niiaDt  fonm  <ti')<MBaMa, 
IrdimnwuraMa,  Ac],  ud  dkub  miiat  probabljr  "  Ivd  tl  tie 
Briti»"  or  "ksd  of  Brilun";  [«  ■Itlmigh  tba  dttivUiMi 
of  lb*  mrd  k  nBcciUin,  iu  eulier  lylkble  Mcm  Io  be  co|Mtc 
*ith  tlK  woTtk  BiitDB  ud  Britwmi*.  In  the  CJtrvwrfc  the  title 
fa  gnen  (o  Et^xn.  king  ol  the  EnglBh,  "  the  eighth  king  that 
n  Bntwaldi,"  ud  ictrapeclively  to  leven  king!  who  rated 
am  ana  01  other  of  the  £iigii>h  kiagdomi.  11k  kvui  i 
ftn  copied  from  Bcde'v  Hisltria  Eodeiiaslua,  and  it  is  ioten 
V)  note  thu  the  lut  king  nuned,  Qtwiu  of  NonhumbriB,  lived 
15D  yait  beisre  Ec^iett.  It  hu  been  ununcd  tlut  ihae  Kven 
kingi  CKidwd  ■  cettsin  lupenority  over  &  Urp  put  of  Englud, 
but  tr  nKb  loperioritr  eifaleil  U  >>  ceruin  that  h  wu  tmtatly 
vigae  ind  wai  tuucconpinied  by  any  uaiij'  cS  orguiatioD. 
Another  theory  fa  that  BrelHikli  ideti  (a  ■  mr-lcadenbip, 
tr  imfiriiim,  over  the  En^iih  HUth  of  the  Hunber,  end  hu 
Bolfaing  Is  do  with  Briioos  or  BritBUiia.  In  uppoil  ol  thfa 
eiptaniiian  ii  ii  uiged  Ibit  the  liile  is  given  in  the  Chtmuti 
to  Ecgbect  io  the  yeu  hi  vhich  he  "  conqiMRd  Ibe  kingdom  of 
the  Meidara  and  all  th«  traj  souib  of  the  Humber."  Leas 
bizly  it  Ibe  tbeoty  of  Psignve  that  the  Binvaldai  wen  the 
luccesnn  of  the  pscudo-enipcron.  Maiimw  and  CaraisiiB.  and 
ctaimed  to  share  the  imperial  dignity  ol  Rome;  or  that  of 
Kemblc,  who  derives  Brelwalda  fnxn  the  Sritisli  word  bnelaH, 
to  distribute,  and  traoilats  it  "  widely  nJing."  Witfareprdto 
EcgbcTt  ibc  word  fa  doubllcu  given  as  a  lilJe  in  imiution  of  iti 
eailki  use,  and  Ikeaaraeremaikappliet  toitiiaeio  A^thdMan"! 
charlH. 

See  E.  A.  Freemen.  Hiilery  aOn  Ntrmam  Ctntntit.  vol.  i.  [Oafanl. 
tar?);  W.  Smbbi,  CoiuiKainal  Hillary,  vol.  I.  (Oslord,  iBot); 
j.  R.  Creen,  Tlu  Uakinf  ej -Ba^iB^.  voL  U,  (LoDdoB,  1*97);  F. 


R.  Creen,  Tlu  Uakinf  ej -Ba^iB^.  vdL  ii,  (LoDdoB,  1*9; 
.Jlr»«t.    Tit    RiH   mi  Frttrtll  rf  Um   Eniitli    Camrnaw,.^- 
(London,  1831):  J.  M.  Kenble.  Tit  Sam  ia  En^a^  (Londos. 
1876);  ].  Rhr*.  atk  Brilain  (London.  ISM>. 

BHniaHBL(orBiDicHEi.),PIBnK,  Plemfab  painter,  wu  the 
ion  ol  a  peaaant  residing  in  the  village  of  Breu^l  oeu  Breda. 
Aiter  receiving  instmctiao  in  painting  frmn  Koek,  wboac 
daughter  he  married,  he  spent  >aine  time  [n  FTtnce  and  Italy, 
and  then  went  to  Antwerp,  irhCR  be  waa elected  into  Ibe  Academy 
IB  1551.  He  finally  settled  at  finiasela  and  died  there.  The 
■ubjecta  of  bfa  pictures  are  chiedy  bninoroua  figurea,  like  those 
of  T>,  Tenfers;  and  if  he  wanta  the  delicate  imicb  and  ailveiy 
deanieu  of  that  master,  he  ha»  abundant  spirit  and  comic  power. 
He  is  aaid  to  have  died  about  tb*  year  ijtb  at  the  age  oI 
aiity;  otber  aconinti  give  i;go  aa  ^  dale  of  hfa  death. 

Hfa  SOB  Ptn-n,  the  younger  (1JS4-1637),  known  aa  "  Med  " 
Breughel,  waj  born  in  Bnissels  and  died  at  Anlweip,  when  bis 
"  Chtlti  bearing  the  Cmi  "  b  in  the  miaeuoi. 

ABothersOB  Ju  (t.  ii6^>&*i).  known  aa"  Velvet "  Biengiicl. 
was  bom  at  Brunei).  He  inl  vtdied  bimsell  to  painting  Bowen 
and  fruits,  and  afterwarifa  acquired  considerable  reputation  by 
hu  landscapes  and  sea-pieces.  After  resfding  long  at  Cdogne 
he  travelled  into  Italy,  where  hfa  landscapes,  adorned  wirh  small 
figures,  were  greatly  admtied.  He  left  a  large  number  of  pictures, 
chiefly  landscipa,  which  are  eieculi d  with  great  skill.  Rubens 
made  Loe  of  Bicughd's  hand  in  the  landscape  part  of  several 
of  hfa  amall  pictuits — such  aa  hfa  "  Vertumnus  and  Pomona," 
the'Satyrviewlngthe  Sleeping  Nymph," and  the " Terrairial 
Paradise." 

BBBVXT  (a  diminutive  of  the  Fr.  hnf),  a  short  writing, 
originally  an  official  writing  or  kelter,  with  the  parttcnlar  meaning 
ol  a  pajMl  indulgence.  The  use  of  the  word  b  mainly  confined 
to  a  commfasion,  or  oflicial  document,  giving  to  an  officer  in  the 
army  a  pemanent,  a)  opposed  to  a  local  and  temporary,  rank 
1b  the  tervict  higher  thas  that  be  holds  subalanlively  in  ha 
coipt.  In  the  Britfah  army  "  bnvei  nnk  "  eifats  only  above 
the  rank  ol  captain,  but  in  ihe  United  States  amy  it  fa  poaiihle 
10  obtain  a  heevet  a*  fini  lituleDanL    In  France  tba  tarn 


IkmM  la  putkulariy  ised  with  ivpeet  to  tba  Geneial  SuB 
to  exprcaa  the  equivalent  ol  the  En^jtb  "  paued  Staff  CiJI« ' 
(pax.). 

BHBVUBT  (Lat.  tntiarimm,  abridgment,  epitome),  the  boot 
whiih  eontaina  the  olBcea  lor  tba  canoojcal  bouci,  u.  the  daJlj 
■ervicB  cf  the  Roaaa  CUholic  Ckuch.  Ai  cnnpwcd  with  tit 
Aagliatn  Book  of  Common  Pnycr  ti  ia  hotb  mot*  and  leas  com- 
ptcbenrivci  nm,  in  that  it  indudca  lenona  and  hymn*  ha 
overy  day  in  the  year;  lea,  becauM  It  Mcludsa  th«  Euchaiittk 
office  (contained  in  the  Ufaaal),  and  theapicialaffiGci  connected 
irilh  baptbm,  macriagt,  burial,  ordination,  Ik.,  which  an  found 
in  the  RitHl  or  the  PoutihcaL  In  the  earty  days  ol  Chrfalian 
wonhip,  when  Jewfah  cortom  was  followed,  the  BiUe  fumfahed 
all  that  wasCboughl  -*~— T,  coataimng  asil  did  the  books  from 
which  the  loaona  wen  read  aad  ths  paabnt  that  wen  redted. 
Tbc  Gist  step  in  the  cvoIuIIdd  ol  the  Bieviaiy  wn  the  separation 
of  Ibe  haitcf  into  n  choir-baok.  At  fint  the  peeddcat  o<  Iha 
local  chtitcb  (bfahop)  or  the  leader  ol  the  cboit  cboae  a  partinilar 
paataa  aa  he  thou^t  appiopciale  Fion  ibout-the  4lii  centusy 
certain  [Balias  began  to  be  gtouped  together,  a  pncov  that  wai 
furthered  by  the  nonastic  practia  of  daily  tcdtlng  the  150 
ptalms.  TbfalookioDnKh  time  that  themonksbavuitoipnad 
it  over  a  week,  dividing  each  day  into  boun,  and  alloUbii  to 
each  hour  iU  poetion  of  the  Psalter.  Si  Benei&t  in  the  Uh 
century  drew  up  such  an  anangemenC,  pmbably,  thou^  not 
oerlainly,  onthebasboItooldetRainan  divitloD  which,  though 
not  BO  skilful,  fa  the  one  in  getwcal  use.  Gradually  there  were 
added  to  these  ptallcr  cboic-bookt  additiona  in  the  form  ol 
aniiphons,  reqionses,  ooUecla  or  ahott  ptayen,  for  the  use  ol 
those  not  ikiUul  at  improvisation  and  metrical  compoailions. 
t>th,<entury  liluigical  author,  gives  the  following 
tot  Ihe  right  oonduct  ol  the  ci 
UM,  the  Otd  and  New  T 
Paiiouarka  ^Umt)  and  the  Zefewdoriiu  (dealii 
with  martyrs  and  saints),  the  Homiliarius  (hotuues  on  the 
GoQKk),  Ihe  StrmalBtui  (collection  oi  sermons)  and  the  works 
ol  Ihe  Fathers,  beiidet,  ol  (sone,  the  Pialltriam  and  the  CilUt- 
larimL.  To  overcome  Ihe  ioconventcnce  of  using  such  a  library 
the  Breviary  <ame  into  ujatence  and  use.  Already  In  Ike  Uh 
century  Prudentius,  bishop  ol  Troyea,  had  in  a  Brtwiarium 
PiaiUrii  nude  an  abridgment  ol  the  Psalter  for  (be  laity,  glting 
a  few  ptalms  lor  each  day,  and  Alcuin  had  rendered  a  similar 
secvice  by  including  a  prayer  lor  each  day  and  aome  other 
prayers,  but  DO  lessons  or  homiltca.  The  Bnviaryrighlly  to  tailed 
'ales  from  the  tith  century;  the  earliest  MS. 
'hole  canonical  o^e  fa  of  the  year  logg  and  fa 
in  tbe  Maiarjn  library.  Gregory  VIL  (pope  io73~taSs),  too, 
limptificd  the  liturgy  as  perionned  at  the  Roman  court,  and  gav* 
tui  abridgment  the  name  ol  Bioviary,  which  thus  came  todcoote 
>  work  which  from  another  point  ol  view  might  be  called  a 
Henary,  involving  as  it  did  the  collection  of  several  works  into 
one  There  are  several  extant  spedmeu  of  ritlKenlury  Brcvi- 
all  Benedictine,  but  under  Innocent  UL  (pope  1198-1116) 
use  was  extended,  especially  by  Ihe  newly  founded  and 
FrarKiacanccder.  These  preaching  friars,  with  the  aulbor- 
1  of  Gregory  IX.,  adopted  (with  some  modificationB,  i.t- 
bstitutioD  of  the  "  Ctllicul "  ioc  the  "  Roman  "  version  iJ 
the  Ptallcr)  the  Breviary  hitherto  uied  eiduai  vdy  by  the  Roman 
gradually  swept  out  oi  Europe  all  the  earliet 
partial  books  (Legendaries,  Respomories),  Ire.,  and  losome  extent 
the  local  Brevlario,  like  that  of  Sarum.  Finally,  Nicholas  III. 
'.    .  adopted  thfa  venion  both  for  the  curia  and  foe 

the  basilicas  of  Rome,  and  thus  made  lis  poaitioo  secure.  The 
Benediclinet  and  Dominicans  have  Breviaries  of  thdr  own. 
The  only  other  lypa  that  merit  notice  are^i)  the  Moiarabic 
Breviary,  once  in  use  throughout  all  Spain,  but  now  conhned  10  a 
,'  ioundttjon  at  Toledo;  it  fa  remarkable  for  the  numba 
and  length  of  ilsbymns,  and  for  Ibe  fact  that  tbe  ma)oriiy  of  its 
collecu  arc  addressed  to  God  Ihe  Son;  (i]  the  Ambrotan,  now 
confined  to  Milan,  where  It  owes  lit  retention  to  the  attachment 
of  tbe  clergy  and  people  to  their  traditionary  ritea,  which  they 
deriva  from  St  Amboae  (see  Lnvici). 


504  BKEV 

HU  (Iw  cnmdl  of  Tnot  every  hbbop  had  luD  power  to  icfubUe 

the  Bretiuy  of  hig  una  diocaej  uid  tbb  wu  acted  upoaafntoM 
evoywheie.  Escli  monutic  comtuuiuty,  alto,  bad  one  of  tu 
own.  Piui  V.  (pope  1566-is;)),  however,  whik  nnctioiiing 
tboK  which  could  iho"  st  leut  aoe  yan  ol  exbunce,  made  the 
Romut  obligatory  in  ill  ollKr  plicei.  But  the  bSuence  ol  the 
court  of  Rimu  bu  gradually  gone  oiuch  beyond  Ihii,  and  hu 
loperaeded  almost  all  the  local  "  UKi."  The  Roman  his  thuB 
become  nearly  unlvenal,  with  the  allovince  only  of  additional 
offices  for  aalnti  apedally  veneraled  in  each  particular  diocese. 
The, Roman  Breviary  has  undergone  several  revisions.  The 
most  remarkable  of  these  is  that  by  Frands  Quignonex,  cardlDsI 
ofSanlaCroce  in  Gcrusalemrie(i5j6),  which,  though  no laccepled 
by  Rome,'  formed  the  model  for  the  still  more  thorough  reform 
made  In  1549  by  the  tThurch  ol  England,  whoae  daily  morning  and 
evening  >ervi«a  are  hut  a  condensation  and  limpli&calion  of  the 
Breviary  office*.  Some  parts  of  the  prefacn  at  the  be^ning 
ol  the  English  I>nyer-Book  are  free  translations  of  those  ol 
Qoignonei.  Tlie  Pbn  Breviary  was  again  altered  by  Siitni  V. 
in  15SS,  who  introduced  the  revised  Vulgate  teit;  by  Clement 
Vlil.  in  1609  (thtough  Baroniui  and  Betlatmine),  eipedally  as 
concerns  the  rubrics;  and  by  Urban  Vlll.  (1693-1644},  a  portst 
who  unfortunately  tampered  with  the  test  ol  the  hymns,  injuring 
both  their  literary  charm  and  their  historic  worth. 

In  the  17th  and  ]£Ih  centuries  a  movement  of  revision  took 
place  in  France,  and  succeeded  in  modifying  about  half  the 
Breviaries  ol  that  country.  Historfcatly,  this  proceeded  from 
the  labours  of  Jean  de  Launoy  {1603-idja).  "le  dfeiicbeui 
des  ssiuts,"  and  Loufs  Stbaslien  le  Nain  de  Tillemonl,  who  had 
shown  the  falsily  of  numerous  lives  ol  the  taints;  while  theo- 
logically it  was  produced  by  the  Part  Royal  school,  which  led 
men  to  dwell  more  on  communion  with  £ad  as  contrasted  with 
the  invocation  of  tbe  saints.  This  was  mainly  carried  out  by  the 
adoption  of  a  rule  that  all  sntiphons  and  responses  should  be  fn 
the  eiact  words  of  Scripture,  whlcb.  o(  course,  cut  out  the  whole 
class  ol  appeals  to  created  beings.  The  services  wen  at  the  tame 
tlroe  limptited  and  shortened,  and  the  use  of  the  whole  Ptalier 
every  week  (which  had  become  a  mere  theory  in  the  Roman 
Breviary,  owing  to  its  frequent  superaesiion  by  taints'  day 
services)  was  made  a  reality.  These  reformed  French  Brcvi- 
■rio — t-t.  the  Paris  Breviary  of  i6fla  by  Archbishop  Francois 
de  Hitlay  (1*15-1695)  and  that  of  1756  by  Archbishop  Charlea 
Gaspaid  GidUaume  de  Vlnlimille  (1655-1746)— show  a  deep 
knowledge  of  Holy  Scripture,  and  much  careful  adaptation  o( 
diCferent  teals;  but  during  the  pontificate  of  Pius  IX.  a  strong 

gurated  hy  Montalembcrt,  but  lis  literary  advocates  were  chiefly 
Dom  Caerangf  (,  a  learned  Benedictine  monk,  abbot  of  Sotesmca, 
and  Louis  Francois  Venillot  (tSij-iBSj)  of  the  Unhtri;  and  It 
succeeded  Id  suppressing  them  everywhere,  the  last  diocese  to 
surrender  being  Orleans  in  rB75,  The  Jansenist  and  Galilean 
influence  was  abo  strongly  felt  b  Italy  and  in  Germany,  where 
~      -    -    ■        -  ID  the  French  models  were  published  at  Cologne, 


dothcrti 


er  the  direction 


Df  Benedict  XIV.  (pope  1740-1758),  a  tpedil  (ongregallon 
tected  many  materials  for  an  official  reviuon,  but  nothing  was 
published.  Subsequent  changes  have  been  very  (ew  and  minute. 
In  itjei,  under  Leo  XIII.,  a  commission  under  the  presidency 
of  Manugnor  Louis  Duchesne  was  a;qiointcd  [a  coatlder  the 
Breviary,  the  Mbsal,  the  Pontifical  and  the  Ritual. 

The  beauty  and  va1i»  of  marry  of  ibe  LaUn  Breviaries  were 
brought  to  the  notice  of  English  cfanrchnven  by  one  of  the 
numbers  of  the  Oifoid  TntU  jst  Ikt  Tiwia,  imce  whid  time 
they  have  been  much  more  itodicd,  both  for  thdr  own  take  and 
lor  the  light  they  throw  upon  the  English  Prayer-Book, 

From  a  bibliognphical  point  of  view  tome  ol  the  eariy  printed 
Breviaries  an  among  the  rarest  ol  literary  curiosities,  being 
merely  locah    The  copies  were  not  q>iead  far,  *od  were  toon 

>  II  wa>  approved  by  Clement  VII.  and  Paul  til.,  tnd  permitted 
*i  a  tubKrimic  lor  the  unreviwd  Breviary,  until  Piui  VTin  ijM 

(,  Pian  Breviary)  of  Ur  old  Brcvjaiy. 


w  (firmuiui  Piai 


worn  oDt  by  the  daily  use  madi 
editions  haw  perished  withouLleai 
while  olheii  are  known  by  unique  copies.  In  Scotland  the  Oldy 
«K  which  has  survived  tbe  convultioiit  of  the  rSth  centary  is 
that  of  Aberdeen,  a  Scottish  form  of  the  Sanim  Office,'  revised 
by  William  Elphinttone  (bishop  r4Sj-i5i4).  and  printed  at 
Edinburgh  by  Walter  Chapman  aod  Andrew  Myitar  in  1 509-1510. 
Four  copies  have  been  preserved  of  it,  ol  which  only  one  is  com- 
plete; but  it  waslepriDtediDlacslmilein  1854  for  the  Bannaiynt 
Club  by  the  munificence  ol  tbe  duke  ol  Bnccleuch.  It  is  pai- 
ticulariy  valuable  lor  tbe  trustworthy  liotlcei  of  the  early  hittoiy 
of  ScDilatuI  which  are  embedded  in  the  lives  of  the  nitinnai 
saints.  Though  enjoined  by  royal  aundatein  1501  forgimml 
use  within  the  realm  of  Scotland,  it  wai  probably  never  widdy 
adopted.  The  new  Scottish  Frnfrium  aanclioned  fortuc  Ronaa 
Catholic  province  of  St  Andrews  In  igoj  contains  many  of  the 
old  Abetdeen  coUecli  and  antrpboos. 

The  Sarum  or  SaliibUTy  Breviary  itsett  wu  very  widely  tiled. 
Tbe  first  edition  was  printed  at  Venitie  in  14B]  by  Raynald  de 
Novimagio  in  folio;  the  latest  at  Paris,  1556,  1557.  While 
modem  Breviaiiea  are  nearly  always  printed-  in  four  vohUMa, 
one  tor  each  season  of  the  year,  the  oditions  of  the  Sanm  ncHi 
exceeded  two  partt. 

CnUflitr  of  1I14  RmoM  Brcnary. — At  the  begiiming  ttanda  the 
usual  introductory  matter,  such  as  the  tablei  for  detenninilg 
the  date  of  Easter,  the  calendar,  and  the  general  rubricL  Tic 
Breviary  ittcll  is  divided  into  four  seasonal  part* — winter, 
spring,  summer,  autumn— and  comprises  ondcr  each  pirt  (i) 
the  Psalter;  (j)  PropnMm  it  Ttmptrt  (the  tpedal  office  of  tlw 
aeason);  (})  Fraprium  SamJtram  (tpedil  offices  ol  taints); 
(4)  Cdhuiiw  Sanclomm  (general  olBces  for  tainls);  (;)  Eitw 
Services.     These  parts  are  often  published  separately, 

I.  Tlic  FsaUtr.—ThU  il  the  very  backbone  of  the  Breviary,  die 
groundwork  ol  the  CaLholJc  praycr.boQk;  out  ol  it  have  grown  the 
aniiphonh  napcnsoriei  aod  vehkIcs.  In  Ibe  Breviary  Me  pialna 
are  arranged  uiording  toa  dispouliondatii^lrom  die  8th  centary, 

u,  twdyeeach  day  frvm  Monday  to  Saturday,  aod  rightcen  an 


It  Laudt,  Prime  and  C 


Pialmt  cuL-calvii.  (cicept  cavu.,  civiu.  aiide>lii.)areaidat  V««e«, 
live  each  day,  Pulmt  ci1viil,<l.  are  always  uhI  at  Lauds,  and 
live  that  hour  its  name.  TTie  ten  of  this  Pnlter  k  that  coamonly 
known  as  the  Gallican.  The  name  it  miiloiding,  (or  it  it  sBply 
the  KCend  revision  (A.D.  jga)  nude  by  Jcnuat  of  the  old  ilois 
vrniDDOTigiDaLly  used  in  Rome.  Joome't  fint  revLvon  of  the //ofa 
|a,d,  jgjy^nowD  as  the  Roman,  it  itill  used  at  St  Peter'i  in  Rnm. 
but  the  Gallkanj''  Ihanki  npecially  to  St  Gregory  of  Toun,  who 
iBtndoccd  It  iato  Caul  ia  the  6ih  century,  hai  ousted  il  everywheie 
site.  The  AnliphoBaiy  of  Bangor  proves  (hat  Ireland  accepted 
the  GaUicu  venion  in  tbe  7lh  cenLury,  and  the  Eaglith  Church  did 

1,  The  Prf'friam  it  Ttmpsn  contalni  the  office  of  tbe  teatoa* 
of  ihe  Chrinian  yrv  (Advent  to  Trinity),  a  conception  that  only 
giadiBlLy  grew  up.  There  it  here  given  thi  wholi  lervin  for  every 
Sjnday  and  weelt-day,  the  proper  anlipfaont.  retponnriee.  hymns, 
and  especially  thecourteof  dally  Scriplure.rcading,  averaging  abont 
twenty  verses  a  day,  and  (roughly)  amnged  thus:  for  Advent, 
Isaiah;  Epiphany  to  Septuagcsiiaa,  f^iullne  Epinies;  Lent, 
palriitic  bonUiet  (Genetlt  oa  Sundayi);  Paauoo-tidc,  Jeremiahi 
Eaiter  to  Whiliun,  Acta.  Catholic  emslles  and  Apocaiyeee;  Whittua 
to  Auruit,  Samuel  and  Kingt:  Augutt  to  Advent.  VIMam  booka, 
Maecibm,  Pniplieti.    Tbe  eitracti  are  often  scrappy  and  torn  oat 

J.  The  l"™pnim  SamOann-  ~.,-~:n.  .k.  L___    _1— . • 

of  the  secular  month.    Most 

hfonaphy,  oceaifoi&lly  reviaet 

logttal  and  other  dlKoveiiss,  but  still  bi^ely  uncritical.    Covering  a 

great  stiMoh  td  tiOM  and  tpace.  they  do  lor  (he  wenhlpper  in  the 

field  ot  chureb  history  what  (he  Scrip(ure  readinn  do  in  (hat  of 

biblical  Uitory,    As  aomething  like  w>  %  of  Ibe  dayi  in  the  jTtr 

otbecltbeaty  to  ee*  hew  thiiiectnnirf  the  Breviary  has  encroached 
■ijxm  the  Pnprimm  it  Ttmpon.  and  this  is  the  chief  problem  that 

n  (twelve  in  all):  If.  apoubs. 

1  the  BInaed  Virgin  Mary.    These 

.  and  many  of  theai  were  pmbably 

<  The  Sarum  Rite 


BREVIARY  OF  ALARIC— BREWER 


S05 


"  ^"sSmStrvi^'^^m  ans  (<7iuid  lie  [ittk  Offin  J  Urn  Otmtd 
Vinin  tiur.  Ok  Office  of  Ihc  Dad  (obUiiurT  oa  All  Seula'  [l*y), 

It  huAlrQcfy  b«nindiait«I,  by  Trfrmict  la  Mitlni,  Lalidl,  ftc., 


tkat  ml  ooiy  VKh  d«rg  but  rich  pan  ol 
the  day  bcuig  divided  mto  liturgiaL  "  be 
(tf  t)i«  wDl  be  (oupd  in  t  be  tnicC  Hauu, 


TS 


n; 


dtri,  UtiDllOlU, 

nrnDdcolieeti. 


■n«y«e:p=l 
rmu,  "*— "p*.  lit 


!  ^*lm  bive  ilready  been  dealt  will,  but  il  my  be  noted 
tow  cbt  ranhipncittini  of  iiiali'  IcMlvil*.  wilh  praclinny 


Il  be  adherea  to.  would  pfo^^  equal  DpponuflillM  for  ewrvHahB. 
A«  in  tbe  Greet  man  lod  in  the  Benedictine,  certain  ointfctei  like 
Ike  Sonc  of  McMHTEiadiia  n.),  Ihc  Snni  of  Hannah  (1  Sam.  IL). 
tbe  enter  al  Habakkak  (di.),  Ike  prant  ol  Henldah  (iMlah  uivtiL) 
and  oilier  aimUar  Old  Teunent  iiuH«e^  and.  tiDU  tlie  Ne* 
Testament,  the  MacnlEcal.  the  Bencdiclui  ijid  the  Nunc  dlmiitii. 
ate  admitted  aa  p«dlm«. 

Tbe  a<ilt>ttu  an  ihort  liluifical  [an».  aoiwtimei  ol  biblical. 
BOfnetJmea  of  palriitic  ori^inf  Died  to  lalioducc  a  pBlm.  The  lerm 
Qri|inall)'  Hgnified  a  chant  by  alicmatc  choui,  but  hai  quite  loac 

The  mfmarui  aie  limihr  [n  form  la  the  antlphoni.  but  come 
at  lb*  end  of  the  pulm,  bdaj  urisinally  the  irply  of  the  choir  or 
coootgatioa  to  the  pniceninr  wbi>  RcUed  tbn  pnalm. 

Tbe  k-^ns  arc  ihort  poeina  HOJng  back  in  part  to  the  daya  of 

5th  centuriCBl,  but  mainly  Ihe  work  of  medieval  auihon.    Togrihcr 


Miily  from  the  Bible, 


Tbe  Itumi.  •■  ha>  been  lecD,  an  dnwn 
the  Acu  of  the  Siints  and  the  Fat  hen  of  il 
tiw  ehnreh,  boofci  jfteraanJi  deluded  fr 

«ui,i.t.ihclntenafClniieiitorRonitindthc5*i#t- . 

la  lalcr  dayi  tbt  diiiidia  ot  Afiio,  having  rkh  n«iBoriali  of 
martyrdom,  lued  them  to  aupplement  the  leading  of  S^pti 
Monastic  influence  actouataforthe  practice  of  adding  to  Oic  rrad 
of  a  bibikaf  pasage  lome  pacriitic  commentary  or  eipoiiti 
Book!  of  hanilWa  wen  compUed  from  the  writings  of  SS.  Augoit 
Hiluy.  Alhanatiiih  Indon,  Ctefocy  the  Cieac  and  othtri,  1 
formed  port  of  the  Hbraiy  of  whicb  the  Breviary  wai  tbe  ultun 
compendium.  lo  the  leuona,  at  in  the  palni),  tiK  order  for  ipe 
daya  bnaka  In  itpon  the  normal  order  of  ferial  olKcei  and  dMocf 
rtie  tchema  (or  cnuacutln  nading.  The  lewmt  are  read  at  Ma' 
(which  kaubdhrlded  iau  thiec  Boctnrrv). 

The  ItWeiMjibrrBR  very  abort  Itftcma  read  at  the  other  "  houi 

Ih^eEwoftli 
IcBHona  of  tbe  1 

. , '  on  the  part  ol ^  ■ ■-- - 

caamplHttf  wMchata  found  In  lEe  IMdiicU  (TeacHntol  the  Apoilks] 
and  fn  the  ktian  of  Clenent  «l  Rone  and  Cyprian,  with  thr 
cfyMaHliathM  of  ehaich  older  InptovlmtiDn  in  pnyer  largely  pve 
|daca  lo  ael  fora^  and  cflllecllana  of jmyen  were  made  which  later 
dtvelppcd  Ipio  Sacramentariaa  and  OntloBala,  The  csDecti  of  the 
Bicvluy  an  lanily  dmwn  fnim  tbe  GelaAn  and  oiher  Sacra- 
■eniarfca,  and  tGey  are  iiaed  to  aum  up  ihe  dominant  idea  of  the 
fcalivtt  in  eonnulon  w4th  which  they  happen  to  be  uied. 

The  lUficuHy  of  hanunlefiH;  tbe  Pr^rium  it  Ttmftrt  and  the 
Pn^ium  Santunim.  to  whieS  nfennce  hai  been  made,  ii  only 

tJoHl  Mp  la  ^nn  by  a  kind  of  Catholic  Oiurebman'B  Almanack, 
called  Iha  CMv  Ktcitan^i  Drnnl  Ofii«.  puldiibed  in  diHerenl  csiin- 
pfce  and  dloMeia.  and  giving,  under  ei-cry  day,  minute  ditectiona 

Ewry  clerk  in  order*  and  every  member  of  ■  nJifloui  order  muw 
puUidy  Join  in  or  privaaily  n«l  nloud  {ij.  mfaiE  ibc  lipt  ai  wril  u 
th*  ejiea--il  lalcat  aboM  two  houn  in  thia  way)  the  whole  of  the 

le  uinlly  gn»«ed!  f.g.  Matina  and  Lauda  [about  j.w 
m,  l^ice  nilgh  Maeaf,  Sot.  and  None  (aboul  10  a.h!): 
JCompltoa(4  >Jt,)iaBd  from  four  10 eiihthonra  {depend- 

anoia  choir.    Laymen  da  not  un  tbe  Breviary  aaa  manual  of 

The  Rsnian  Bnviary  baa  been  tnnilaied  into  EngHili  (by  the 
■■■il»ii«  of  Bin*  in  iSn;  new  cd  with  a  tnn.  of  the  Martyr- 
olon,  noS),  Fnnch  aod  German.  Tbe  Er«li>h  veralon  la  note- 
wonbr  for  itt  hicluwin  of  the  akillul  mderingi  ol  the  aneienl  bymna 
by  J.  H.  N*wnian,  J.  M.  Ncale  and  etben. 


AuTHOunts— F.  CUnl,  l^iilmlkm  an  iMct  JftatMa; 
Probat,  rMmitt.  S.,  j.eL  "BiEvier"!  Blumer,  CvMJm  in 
B'nurf  (Fniburi,  i»}iI;P.  BatiSgl,  J^'^ufiirr  <■  trMairi rvmnia 
(Paria.  iSoj;  Eng.  nj:  Baudot,  I^  ttrhniAt  mma  (1007].  A 
eomnfeB  bililiofiufcy  li  appenM  w  the  aitlck  by  F.  Cahid  '» 
(hTCalUK  £H7dafaadH,  vol.  iL  (I90t). 

BREVURT  or  AUan  (BraitHMm  lUdrfaatw) ,  m  eaOectlm 
ot  RomaiL  law,  compilBd  by  order  of  AUrk  II.,  king  of  thi 
VbitDtka,  with  ths  advice  of  hia  bUxVi  uid  Mblo,  ii  Xht 
twenty^econd  year  of  Ui  rd^  (aj).  504}.  It  compriitt  aixleea 
of  the  Thndoaian  code;  Ihc  Novell  of  Hieodariui  II., 
dnjan  III.,  Mardan,  Majorlanos  and  Sevenu;  tka 
Inatiluln  of  Gajaa;  five  booh*  of  Ihe  Snltnliai  Xutti—  el 
Juliui  Panhuj  thirteen  tillra  of  Ihe  Cttforiin  code;  two  Utka 
'  the  Hermogeniao  code^  and  a  fiagiocnt  of  the  Ent  book  of 
Ike  Kafaiua  Pafiman.  It  il  tenned  a  mde  (coda).  In  tha 
mrtifcate  of  ADianut,  tbe  klnc'i  icfeicadtty,  bul  unlike  ihx  cod* 
'  *  itinian,  ftom  which  the  wijtino  of  jutiiU  wete  eiduded, 
nprliei  both  Imperial  cooitltuClnu  (Ittti)  and  Juridical 
■ei  (jura).  From  tha  dn:uml(aiicB  that  the  Brevtarnin 
ba*  prefixed  to  It  a  royal  moipt  (iMi*mif«riiiiw)  dliectisg  that 
cople*  c<  li,  certified  under  the  hand  ot  Anlanoi,  thonhl  ba 
received  eiduilvely  aa  Uw  througboDt  the  kintdom  of  Iha 
Viaifaiha,  the  con^iilatlao  of  the  code  haa  been  attributed  lo 
AsUboi  by  masy  writera,  and  It  it  frequently  deugnatad  tha 
Breviary  of  Anlaims  (Breviariuin  Anianl).  TTie  code,  bowever, 
appeua  to  have  Ejeen  huowD  amcaipt  the  VTalgoiha  by  Uie  tlUa 
of  "  Lex  RoQiaBa,*'  ot  "  Lex  Tbeodoul,"  and  it  waa  not  until 
tha  ifiihceiitary  Iliai  the' litis  of  "  Greviamim  "  was  inlioduced 
diatfngujah  it  from  a  recaai  of  the  code,  which  waa  Introduced 
Ulto  northern  Italy  In  tbe  ptii  century  for  the  uae  of  the  Somam 
Lombard/.  Thla  recasE  of  tfie  Visgothlc  code  haa  been 
aeived  in  a  MS.  known  aa  the  C:adex  Ulincniii,  which  wa« 
lormerly  kept  in  tbe  archivea  of  the  catFiedral  of  Udine,  but  ii 
loal;  and  it  wai  pubb'ahed  in  tbe  iSIh  century  for  the  firat 
by  P.  Candinl  in  Ilia  collection  of  andent  lawa  entitled 
taroniiH  Uga  AaHtiuit.  Another  MS.  oF  thia  Lombin! 
racut  ol  ttie  VUgodilc  code  wat  diacovntd  by  Hind  In  tht 
library  of  St  Gall.  The  chief  value  of  the  Vtalgothie  <»do 
omtlatt  in  tha  fact  that  tt  is  the  only  ccrileetion  of  Roman 
Law  in  which  the  five  fint  booki  of  tbe  Tfaeododan  code  and 
fire  bookt  of  Ihe  Senlemiae  RtafUu  of  Julhii  Fauhis  bava 
been  preKtvtd,  and  until  Ihe  diicsvery  of  a  MS.  In  Ihe  cbipler 
Ubraty  in  Verona,  which  conUlncd  the  greater  part  of  (b* 
'  utn  of  Gaiu),  il  wsi  (he  only  iiotfc  in  which  any  portion 
of  the  iattitntional  wiiltngi  ol  that  great  lutist  f^d  nuna 

The  moit  complete  edition  of  ibe  Bnvlarium  win  Ik  found  In 
the  cnlkclion  of  Roman  law  publiihed  under  Ibe  title  of  Jul  Cnik 
i4iiiVH(i«iniiM  (Berlin,  1B19).  Sec  alts  C  HlKl't  £«  Jtewna 
Vintolbnni  (Berlia,  iB47-i^)- 

BUWBR,  JOHN  raBRRBK  (tSio-iSn),  En^iali  historiiti, 
wiB  bom  in  Notwidi  fn  iSio,  Ifaeaon  of  a  Biptbt  idioolmasler. 
He  «u  educated  at  (}ueeii't  CoQtge,  Oxford,  ini  ordained  in 
tbe  Chuich  of  England  in  1S37,  and  becnoie  chaplain  lo  a  ceuml 
Lmidon  workbonse.  In  iSji)  he  wai  appointed  lecturer  in 
daialca]  literature  at  King'i  College,  Loiidoa,  and  In  1855  be 
became  profcasor  of  English  language  and  litrraturt  and  lectnref 
In  modem  history,  succeeding  F.  D.  Mauiic^.  Meanwhile  from 
iBs4  onward!  he  was  also  engaged  In  journalistic  work  on  the 
Uaniini  HtraU,  tfnrnini  Pat  and  Slatiiari.  In  lBj6  he  was 
commitrioned  by  the  master  of  the  tolls  lo  prepare  a  calendar 
of  Ihe  state  papers  of  Henry  Vin.,  a  work  demanding  a  vast 
amount  ot  leseaith.  He  was  also  nude  reader  at  the  Rolls, 
and  subsequenlly  preacher.  la  1S77  Disraeli  secured  for  him 
the  crown  living  of  Toppestidd,  Essex.  There  he  had  time  to 
coniinue  his  task  of  prepsring  his  ifUrrj  anrf  Foptri  aj  Ike  Scipi 
af  King  Harry  Vltl.,  Ihe  Introductions  lo  which  (published 
Kparatdy,  nnder  the  title  Tki  Kdpi  g/  Henry  YJII.,  in  tSS4) 
form  a  scholarly  and  aulboiflalive  history  of  Henry  VTII.'a 
tdgn.  New  editlDns  of  seveni  standard  historical  works  were 
abo  produced  rnider  Brewer^  directloo.  He  died  at  Toppesfield 
in  February  1879.  1  ;oU  i\..  Vt*.  Jl.f'^lC 


5o6 


R  of  the 


nolmonl 


(cUcSy  nulled  buLcy),  hope  uid  water.  Altbougta  the 
picpAfiDg  beer  (fl,*^}  or  ale  ii  ■  veiy  jLDdenl  one.  there  i 
Lttk  inforniatian  in  the  Uterilute  of  the  lut^ect  u 
4H>'nliu  ind  raethodi  employed  in  tuly  timea.  Ii  Hem 
certun,  bovever.  thit  up  to  the  iSth  ccntuiy  the 
Bsut  pnmitive  Liod.  With  regard  to  matericts,  wc  Know  that 
prior  to  the  (enenl  iolnduciion  of  the  hop  (lee  ALt}  u  ■ 
ptocrvntive  ml  ulriogiiit,  \  Bumber  of  oilier  hitter  ud 
•roDutk  plmu  had  been  empk>y«t  vilh  thii  end  a  view. 
THiu  J.  L.  Biker  {Tlu  Breaint  If^iWry)  pointt  out  that  the 
Cimhri  used  the  Tamarii  fcmuwca,  the  Sctndiuviiiu  ihe 
fruit  of  the  iwee t  giie  (Uyrica  laU).  the  Ciuchi  the  fruit  ud  the 
twigl  of  the  chute  tree  ( Vila  apiia  lului),  wul  the  Icekoden 
the  yinoH  [.IctiUKa  niUe/oJius). 

The  preparation  of  beer  oD  anyttuni  approKhing  to  a  manu- 
facluring  icale  ippein.  uniU  ibout  Hit  iitb  or  ijth  century, 
to  have  been  curied  on  in  England  cbiefi^  In  Ihe  nwnaiicrieii 
but  *t  the  brewen  of  LondoD  camlMiied  u>  form  as  auociation 
in  the  reign  of  Henry  IV..  and  were  c>^ioted  •  charter  In  144;. 
il  it  evident  ihit  brewing  u*  ^xcial  trade  or  induauymuit 
have  developed  wilbaOBieiaDidity.  Alter  ibe  Kefoimation  the 
nnk*  ol  the  trade  bten 
from  the  eipnprieied 

the  profesii<mal  brewers,  or  Diewen  tttr  uic,  u  tucy  an  nuw 
oiled,  brewed  chiefly  [or  the  maiiea,  the  wealthier  claiiet  pre- 
paring their  owo  beer,  but  it  tben  became  gradually  ^iparent 
to  the  latler  (owing  no  doubt  to  inproved  metboda  of  brewing, 
and  for  olhen  reuoni}  that  it  was  mate  economiciil  and  Itu 
tiDublewme  to  have  theit  beet  brewed  lot  them  at  1  tegulu 
brewery.  The  utual  charge  wai  300.  pet  barrel  (or  biller  ale, 
ud  Bt.  or  to  lot  unall  beer.  This  tendency  to  ceDtraliie  brewing 
epeialiona  became  n»tc  and  more  muked  with  each  succeeding 
decade.    Thus  during  1845-1905  Ihe  number  of  private  bciwen 

ing,  about  {oui-Slthi  were  in  the  dniseienipted  from  beer  duty, 
i.e.  fannen  occupying  bouses  not  exceeding  £1 
who  brew  tor  their  labourer!,  and  other  per 
bouiee  not  exceeding  £1$  aemual  value.    The  private  bouKI 
lubject  to  both  beer  and  licence  duty  produced 
barrdi  annually.      There  are  no  of&cial  figures 
of"  cottagebicwflii,"  thai  is,  occupiers  otdwcUii 
£S  annual  valuer  but  taking  everything  into 
li  probable  that  more  than  gg  %  of  the  beer  produced  in  the 
United  Kingdom  is  brewed  by  public  brewers  (brewen  for  (ale). 
The  disappearance  of  the  smaller  public  brewers  or  their  absorp- 
tion by  (he  larger  concemi  has  gone  blnd-in-hand  wilb  the 
gradual  eitinclion  ol  Ihe  private  brewer.     In  the  year  tSu-ifiQ] 
ggSj  licences  wen  issued  to  btewcra  for  tale,  md  by  IQ04-1OD! 
ibii  number  had  been  reduced  to  51^4.    There  ate  nunutout 
leasoiu  for  these  changes  in  the  ooostituiion  ol  the  brewing 
induiuy,  chief  among  them  being  (a)  the  Increasing  difficuliy, 
owing  partly  to  iLncensing  legislation  and  its  administration,  and 
partly  to  the  compcliilen  ol  the  great  bteweriei,  ol  obtaining  id 
adequate  outlet  for  retail  sale  ia  the  shape  of  licensed  houses; 
and  (t)  the  lacl  that  brewing  has  continuously  became  a 
■cicntific  and  specialiied  industry,  requiring  costly  and 
plicated  plant  and  expert  manipulation.   It  is  only  bycmploylnt 
the  most  up-to-date  michineiy  and  expert  knowledge  that  the 
modem  brewer  fan  hope  to  produce  good  beer  in  Ihe  short 
which  compcrition  and  high  taxation,  Arc,,  have  forced  upon 
Under  these  <Anditioni  the  am^  brewer  tends  to  exttuc 
and  the  public  are  ultimately  the  gainers.     The  rebtively 
alcoholic,  tightly  bopped  and  bright  modem  been,  which 
tmall  brewer  hu  not  the  means  ol  producing,  ate  a  great  adv 
an  tke  muddy,  highly  happed  and  alcohoUied  beverage 
vhkb  our  aDcestors  were  accustomed. 

'  Tbt  brewing  trade  has  reached  vast  proportion)  in  the  United 
Kingdom.  Tha  maximum  production  was  iifxta,^  barjel* 
Id  1900,  and  while  there  baa  been  a  steady  dKlina  aiaca  that 


year,  the  figurtt  foe  1905-1406 — Ur^oQ^^^S  txridi — mre  la 
eicesi  ol  thcoe  for  any  year  preceding  1897.    It  ii  intereitin( 
this  conoeiian  to  note  thai  the  writer  a(  ibeartideonBrewint 
Ihe  gih  edition  of  the  Eattydafaidia  Brilannia  was  ol  lh« 
o^nion  that  the  brewing  industry — which  was  then  (1S75) 
producing,  roughly,  ij,i»o,ooo  barrels— had  attained  ils  maii- 
,m  development.     In  the  year  ending  joth  Scptsmbei  1905 
■  beer  duly  received  Iqi  the  exchequer  amounted  toiij.r  50,053. 
e  number  0!  brewers  lor  sale  was  siBo.    0(  th«e  one  firm, 
nely.Mtsirs  GuInneu,owiiIng  the  largettbteweiyLD  the  world, 
brewed  upwards  of  two  nuUion  bands,  paying  a  sum  ol,  roughly, 
lillioa  tleriiog  to  the  ttvenue.    Three  other  firms  brewed 
on  a  million  bacieii  or  upwards.    The  qoantiiy  of  matt 
■IS  51,818,69;  bushels;  olunmalled  com,  115,6;!  bushels; 
t,  £aked  maiic  and  siniilar  materials,  1,348,558  cwL;  el 
3,;46,6i5  cwi,:  of  hops,  61,360,817  lb;  and  ol  bop  lub- 
es, 49,101  lb.    The  average  specific  griivlty  of  the  beer 
pioduccd  in  1905-1906  vu  1055-14.    The  quantity  of  beet 
iportcd  was  510.816;  of  beer  imported,  57.194  banels.    It  ia 
jrious  to  note  that  Ihe  figures  for  eipons  aitd  import*  had 
rmained  almost  statioiury  for  the  last  thirty  years.     By  far 
the  gtealet  pan  of.  the  beer  brewed  is  coosumed  in  Englaad. 
Thus  of  t  he  total  quantity  retained  for  consumption  in  1905-1906, 
iS, 590,563  barrels  were  consumed  in  En^and,   1,648,463  fa 
Scoiland,  and  3,j6s,o«4  in  Ireland.     In  iBji  it  wai  calculated 
by  Professor  Leone  Levi  that  Ihe  capital  invested  in  the  liquor 
trade  in  the  United  Kingdom  was  ,£117,000.000.     In  1908  this 
figure  might  he  safely  doubled.     A  writer  In  the   Brntrf 
Atmttn^k  for  1906  placed  the  capital  iniYsted  in  limited  liability 


£'8s,oc 


.wfor. 


itroduction 

ol  the  Licensing  BUI  ol  1908.  the  marbit  value  oi  the  breweries 
in  the  United  Kingdom,  together  with  their  licensed  property, 
was  in  the  neighbourhood  of  £110,000,000,  to  which  might  be 
added  another  ^io,ooo,o»  lor  the  value  ol  licences  not  iKluded 
in  the  above  calculatlont  the  total  ca|ntal  actually  subIe  In  tha 
whole  liquor  trade  (including  the  wine  and  spirit  industries  and 
trades)  being  probably  not  far  short  of  £250.000,000,  and  the 
number  ol  persons  directly  engaged  in  or  dependent  on  tha 
liquor  trade  being  under-estimated  It  1,000,000.  (Forcompam- 
tive  production  and  consumptian  see  Beeb.) 

Tmialimt  and  JtrnlsfiHj.— The  (kvekipaent  of  dM  brtwloc 
induory  in  Engbud  u  iuiinaidy  inuwoven  with  the  hiitayef  ia 

[onnedToi  the  saloEuanUnE  <i  the  revenue-  The  finS  duly  on  beer 
in  th*  United  Kingdom  was  impoHd  in  the  re«i>  el  Charles  II. 

(166a),  nanlv  ».  «d.  PIT  bsnti  in  Mrooi  aKTed.  per  band  en 

•icooiaad  la.  3d.  on  weak  beer  in  the  last  decade  ol  the  ITlh  cemury, 
and  to  Sl  to  IH.  m  the  year  Iteo,  at  which  rate  il  coatlnaed  until 
the  repeal  ol  the  beer  duty  in  1830,  A  duty  en  aiaK  was  fint 
impoied  in  the  reign  of  WiUian  III.  (1697},  a«d  Ilea  that  data 
until  1830  both  beer  duty  and  malt  tai  wen  dialled.  TheraWM 
&rtt  was  under  7d.  per  busbd,  but  this  was  iacnuad  19  to  n.  yd. 
prior  to  tbe  firet  repeal  of  die  beer  duty  (1(30},  and  to  41.  td.  alter 
Ibe  repeal-  In  1819  the  joint  hccr  and  man  taias  amoanlad  to  »• 
leu  than  13s.  8d  ])cr  barrel,  or  4|d.  per  canoa,  aa  i^iiM  ltd.  at 
the  present  day.  From  1856  until  Ibe  abolitioa  of  tha  Mall  tan, 
the  latter  remained  coastaot  at  a  fncllon  nnW  M.  ajd-    A  J^^ 

17 1 1  and  1863.  One  of  the  mainreaaoaa  for  the  aboCtioB  of  the  hep 
duty  was  ihe  fact  that,  owing  Is  tha  luccrtaliM  of  tht  crep,  the 
amount  pakl  10  the  revenue  wasauhtcet  to  wida  *:——■—  llm 
in  1S55  IM  revenue  Iconi  this  aiiarec  aawuBted  to  {718,183,  in  l86l 
10  ody  £149.700. 

It  was  not  nniil  1S47  that  the  DB  ol  Ngar  in  brewing  was  per* 
mitud.  and  In  ISJO  the  lint  MKir  tea,  aUHHiatiBi  tall- 4d.  percwi., 
was  iiapoaBd.  Il  varied  Iroa  this  figure  up  to  6a  61L  ia  1154.  and  ia 
1874,  when  the  oenenl  duty  en  sugar  was  repealed,  it  iras  raini 
[a  I  iL  6d..  at  which  rue  il  remaiiied  UBtO  iMot  whea  it  waa  repeaked 
nail  duoi.    In  lyil  a ' ' 

lied  in  brewina  pays  the  fciieral  taiand _.^, 

By  the  Fiea  Mash-Tun  Act  ol  1B80,  the  duly  waa  lakes  en  the 

aalt  aad  placed  on  the  beer,  or,  mere  properly  ipcakiiit.  BT  •■ 

naltsten'«id  brewen'  lictnc**  were  repealed,  and  ia  Reu 
lanual  lioMKa  duty  ef  £1  payabta  Iqr  every  brevei  Iw 


BREWING 


inpnad.  Tht  cUif  l«itai*  c(  >U>  •«  wm  lh*i,  db  aMl  ■(■«' Ihe 
ID  of  October  iSta.  ■  Imr  duly  wii  impoHJ  in  Iwu  of  du  old 
null  tu,  u  the  Die  at  6l  3d.  per  barrel  ol  ]6  gilkmi.  at  ■  ipecilic 
fraviiy  of  I'OW.  and  the  regu^tioiu  for  chargjnif  the  duly  were  to 
intEncd  M  loluve  Ihe  brewer  praclnlly  oni^ncied  m«  la  the 
dftciipcion  oT  dbIc  or  Aim  ind  iiicu»  or  otber  deicriptwn  of  wte- 
duriaa  lubKitiiu*  (otbir  Uu  delcterHiii  inicla  or  drufi}.  which 
be  ndsbt  no  in  the  Duiufaclore  «  cofcrfiring  ol  b«r.  Thi* 
fieedoDilB  thecbokeof  outerUbhucoDtinueddown  to  thepreienr 
dne,  cKept  thai  the  ine  of  "  iKthariii "  (■  product  derived  ffom 
cwHar)  wu  pnblbited  in  lUt.  tbe  nueo  bcinf  that  Ibii  Hibalann 
(lvetiaap|Mic«  priale-lulimi  to  beer  equal  lo  nuskly  4*  in  eaceu 
(<  in  real  pivity.  Ibi  revenue  HiSetinf  thereby,  la  isa^  the  duty 
OB  beer  wu  ivrrwd  by  a  reduction  in  the  ua  ndard  of  rravity 
fnnn  I  ^057  (a  I  ^ogj,  uid  in  1B94  a  further  «d.  per  harre]  wai  ndiM. 
Tba  ifulvlhutbewnv  6a.  Qd.Tier  buret  ■■■■ravrtyof  l<ou,  which 
wu  fDnber  iBCRued  10  n.  9it  per  birnl  by  llw  war  buc^  of  1900, 
al  which  Bgun  it  stood  in  Inn.    (See  abo  Liovo*  Laws.) 

Prior  to  1896,  rice,  flalied  muie  (m  bdowj,  and  other  ilBillar 
prepantioDB  had  been  claaeed  at  milt  or  com  in  refeience  to  their 
'  -' en.  but  after  that  date  tbey' ' *  -  - 


S07 


thBIrnatd.    By  the  new  act  (1880)41  ftweiibta 

daht  oT ausar.  were  to  be  cieened  tbe  cqidvalear  ^  - 

all,  and  a  brewer  watorpecied  by  oee  oT the  luddes  of  charge 


tor  wMBfe)  at  the  lundaid  gnii 
Luk  of  >kiU  or  inferior  machini 


bubel  of 


directly  on  the  material. 

haannunl  duty  ol  £1 «  bnwcn  for  >ik. 
Kitted  by  44  Vict.  c.  I>,  and  48  and  49 


3.  Ac.  to  41,)  or  OB.,  ai  the  case  niiht  I 
laiied.^  llie  teiDlatloBi  deaUnf  1 


■ashluthebfnKr  nmc enter  En  Uabivwinfl book  Cprorided  by  the 
InlBBdlltviaBc}  tbe  day  and  bow  for  conmencuia  to  naih  malt, 
com.  ftc.  or  to  diuolve  ufairand  (he  dile  of  maEloiiuch  entry  i 
and  alio,  two  houn  at  Iran  before  the  noIi«  hour  lor  maihini. 


Iwilnl 


Boftheo; 


»  mil  be^i 

in  hlibookthequaBiity  and 


ool£n*d  wi 
the  number  ami  name  of  the  ve 


takanaaoiutofby tbeofEcer.  'nienaRotheTretiiIatkia.<.(thoi 
prohibltinc  the  mixii^  of  worti  of  different  brewUip  unlcst  aecoun 
hu  been  taken  of  each  lepantely,  the  alteration  of  the  Bie  o 
abapeof  any  flanged  yeiael  without  nodcfeud  lo  oil 

rainrtia  ifhar  in  Arfl'o  CMilria.— Tbe  followinc  tibk  show 


be«  ii  not,  apparenlly,  i  matter  ol  any  nloment  11  legardl 
Savour  or  appeanncc,  but  the  importance  of  the  nUe  played 
by  thcK  (ubtuocei  in  the  biewiofl  ^voceu  ii  due  to  the  influence 
which  tbey  eicrt  on  the  solvent  action  of  the  water  on  the 
varioui  conjlilucnli  cA  the  mall,  and  possibly  of  the  hops.  Th* 
eiceUcat  quality  of  the  Burton  ilet  wu  long  ago  lunniitd  to 
be  due  mainly  lo  the  well  watec  oblainaUe  in  thai  lowo.  On 
analysing  Bunon  water  it  wai  found  lo  contain  a  mniideoble 
quantity  of  calciutn  iu1phate--Eypsum — and  of  other  calduK 
and  magnesium  salu,  and  it  is  now  a  well-known  fact  that 
good hiiteialei cannot  be  brewed eicept with wstencanUlDing 
thne  substances  in  auSdent  quantities.  Similarly,  good  mild 
ale  wnleii  should  contain  a  certain  quantity  of  sodium  chloride, 
and  waters  (or  stout  vtry  liiile  mineral  maltet,  eicepling 
perhspa  the  carbonates  of  the  alkaline,  catthi,  which  an  pre- 
cipitated on  boHing. 


Bvrtm  IToXrr  (Pale  Ale). 


SodiuR 


Sodi 


ralciun  Sulphate  ..... 
^akium  Carboaate       .... 
laf  nesium  Carbonate 
•lica  and  Alumina       .... 
Siil^i  tCglcr  (Stout). 

Chloriile 

I  Sulphate 


Iron  Oiide  and  Alumina 


mi  A 

iW^. 

HoUaad     .... 
AustroKoBgarian  Empire 


OoWoct 

Dn    cubic    cnntn 
M*lh-Tun  or  oa 
Ob  Wort 
HaltTai 


(rotud  nom^en). 


S»-9d. 

to  4^  Sd.,'ac 


substitutes  lor  the  two  latter,  and 


be  mentioned, 

of  great  importance  to  the  brewer.  Certain  waters,  for  Instance, 
those  coulaminalcd  to  any  extent  vrith  organic  matter,  cannot 
be  used  at  all  in  brewing,  ai  tbey  give  riK  b>  nnsaUrfactoiy 
ictmentation,  doudiness  and  abaomal  Hamnr.  Otiien  again, 
allhoo^  sniled  to  the  piodiKtIoD  of  one  lype  of  beer,  are  quile 
un£t  for  the  brewing  of  anotber.     For  black  been  a  soft  water 


nlypea 


Bccaaity.     For  Ihe  biawin 

>  They  wti*  daiiified  11  i8Ib  in  1896,  but  all 
hai  been  at  tbe  rate  of  Jl  lb  to  the  busbsL 


the  essential  ehemi 

■upply  artificially  ir 

modiN  its  cl '"" 

71.us.ifa-'- 

sary  is  to  add  a  suOkieocy  di  gypsum,  nu- 

it  is  desired  (0  convert  a  soft  water  ladling 
tn  chlorides  Into  a  Mtii'actory  mild  ale 
Ikiuor,  tbe  addition  of  30-40  grainB  of  sodiam 
cUoride  will  be  neccswy.    Oa,tha  ethv 

supply  Ii  scarcely  feasible  for  brewing  pur. 
poKS.  To  the  substances  used  for  tmtiilt 
btewiar  liquon  already  mentidnad  wa  inay 
.jj  1 ...   .  _....,|i^  deponlled  cc '— 

irp  chloride, 
or  lo  the  repeal  of  the  Malt  Acta, 
malt  aUowcd  in  the  United  Kingdom 
was  sugar.  The  quantity  of  the  latter  employetl  was  i(IJ,E6j 
ewt  in  1870,  i,i36,4}4  cwL  in  iBSo,  and  1,746,615  cwt 
in  1905;  that  is  to  Bay,  that  the  quantity  used  had  been 
pracliolly  trebled  during  the  last  twenty-five  yean,  altbougb 
the  quantity  of  malt  employed  had  nol  materially  increased. 
At  the  same  time  other  substiiuiea,  such  aa  uumalted 
corn  and  pteparatians  of  rice  and  maize,  had  come  bila 
favour,  the  quantity  a!  thcK  substances  used  bdng  b  igoj 
iij,67i  bushels  of  unmalltd  com  and  1,348, ssS  cwL  of  rice, 
iic,Jtc 


ifnfl  5iiiili(«lt>,— 


So8 


uihu 


'SSI'S 


ol  Siiiar,     PntrnUKE  of 


'9°] 


t'.3M 


Buiheli. 

4,503,*fc' 
T.904,70»' 
I0.7M.S10 
l5.7Pa.«13 


The  ciuKS  which  hive  led  to  the  brgely  incnaied 
lubilltules  in  the  United  KingdoiD  ue  of  a  lomewhiit  0  . 
Dituit.  In  the  GnE  place,  it  «u  not  until  the  niiJt  tu  wu 
repealed  that  tbe  biewer  wu  abJe  to  avail  hinucLf  ot  the  nrpti 
diisUticeneigy  preMntinmillpfH-thepurpcM  o(  transfonning 
Bt*rcb(DtlK[Ibtintb«t  in  malted  grain)  into  lugar,  Thcdiastatic 
enryiDc  or  ferment  (kb  helov,  under  Masking)  of  mailed  luHey 
B  present  in  that  material  <D  great  eircu.  and  a  part  of  I' ' 
■uridua  energy  may  be  usefully  employed  in  cnnverting 
atarch  of  unmalted  grain  into  lUgiir.  The  lireirer  has  foi 
also  that  brewing  operations  are  simplified  and  ancient  ' 
the  use  of  a  certain  proportion  of  subsCitt: 
thereby  cnatiled  appreciably  to  increase  his  turn-over^  I.;,  necan 
make  more  beer  in  a  given  lime  from  the  umc  plant.  Certain 
daisei  of  tubnituies,  loo,  are  somewhat  cheaper  than  malt, 
and  in  view  of  the  keenness  of  modern  conpcliljon  it  is  not  lo 
be  wonderedat  that  the  lirewer  should  resort  lo  every  legitimate 
means  at  his  dispoial  to  keep  down  costs.  It  has  been  coDlended, 
and  apparentiy  with  much  reason,  thai  if  tbe  use  of  (ubatitutea 
were  prohibited  this  would  not  lead  to  an  increased  use  of 
domestic  bailey,  inasmuch  as  the  supply  of  home  barley  tuiUble 


g  purpoMS  is  (4  a  limited 
policy  cS  "  malt  and  hops  only  "  w 
incrnsed  use  of  foreign  tiarley,  am 
demand  for  home  bariey,  inaamucl 


d  Ihcrefon  lead 


vell^cured,  aun-dried  foreign  b: 


It  beyond  thar  point  the  lo! 
ang  run  become  a  more  sc 
which  he  might  te 


IS  sugar  and  prepared 
igen,  tic,  than  even  the 
le  better  diluents  than 
undoubted  lacl  that  an 
eicessive  use  of  suhatitutes  leads  to  the  production  of  beer  of 
poor  quality.  The 
I  S-KJ%.  knowing  tl 
quality  will  in  the 
any  increased  profits  which  he  might  temporarily  ^i 

With  regard  to  the  niture  of  the  luhstltuiea  oe  odjuncti 
buley  mall  mart  generally  emptoyed,  raw  grain  (unmalted 
buky,  wheal,  rice,  maiie,  &c,)  is  not  used  eiieraively  in  Great 
Brilaio.  but  in  Ainerica  brewen  employ  as  much  as  je%,  and 
even  more,  ol  malic,  rice  or  jilmilai  maleiials.  Tbe  moiie  and  rke 
preparalions  mostly  used  in  En^and  ore  practically  starch  pure 
and  aimple,  substantially  the  whole  of  the  oil,  water,  and  other 
-  -^  ' "  ^'tueota  of  the  grain  being  removed.     Tlie  germ 

L  a  considerable  proportion  of  an  oil  of  oomewhat 
)ui,   which  has  to  be  eliminated  before  the 

d,  wetted,  luhmhted  to  ■  teraperatnie  sufficient 
.     .  tarch  cells,  dried,  and  finally  luUed  out  in  a 

flaky  condition.     Rice  a  similarly  treated. 

liie  njort  used  ore  chiefly  cane  sngor,  glucoao  and  bvert 
■ugar — the  btler  commonly  knowD  as  "  sacchaium,"  Cant 
sugar  is  mostly  used  for  the  preparation  ol  heavy  mild  ales  and 
■lout],  as  it  t^ns  a  peculiarly  sweet  and  full  flavour  to  the  beer, 
to  which,  DO  doubt,  the  popularity  of  thrt  clasa  of  beverage  b 
largely  due,  Itmrt  tufr  is  prepared  by  the  action  either  of  add 
or  of  yaa.  on  cane  sugnr.  The  chemical  equation  reprcuntlng 
the  convenion  (or  Inversion)  of  caoe  iBgar  U: — 


cane  sngat  is  deitto^otatocy  lo  the  fluie  <(  pohriatJ  Ught. 

The  preparation  of  invert  sugar  by  the  acid  procen  confltti 
in  tie  (ling  the  catK  sugar  in  solution  wilb  a  little  miiKial  add, 
removing  the  euesa  of  the  [alter  by  meu*^  chalk,  and  coii> 
cenitaiiug  to  a  thick  syrupy  The  yeaat  jgaaai  (Tompson'a), 
which  makes  use  of  tbe  inverting  power  of  one  of  the  cnoymca 
(invcrtase)  contained  in  ordinary  yeiit,  is  interesting.  Tbe  cane 
sugar  solution  is  pitched  with  yeatt  at  about  %^  C,  and  at  this 
comparatively  high  tempetaiutt  the  Invenion  proceeds  rapidly, 
and  femenlation  is  practically  iaipossible.  When  ttus  operatim 
ht  completed,  the  whole  liquid  (including  the  yeist)  ii  run  inio 
the  boiling  contenu  of  the  copper.  This  method  is  more  suited 
to  Ibe  preparaliOD  of  invert  in  (he  brewery  itself  than  Uu  add 
process,  which  is  olRlost  exclusively  used  in  special  supr  -mntkl. 
He,  which  is  one  of  the  constituents  of  inveri  sugar,  ij  largebf 
used  by  iuelt  in  browing,  ll  is,  however,  never  ptepoitd  ftum 
invert  sugar  for  this  purpcae.  but  directly  from  ttaicb  by  nwaat 
of  add.  By  theaction  of  dilute  boilingaddonilarchthelalletii 
tipidly  converted  first  inlo  a  mixture  ol  dextrine  and  maltose 
and  then  into  glucose.  Tbe  proporlions  of  glucose,  dexliineand 
mallose  present  in  a  commercial  tfucose  depend  very  much  on 
the  dDntion  of  the  boiling,  the  strength  of  the  add.  and  tb* 
extent  of  the  pressure  at  which  the  iiarch  it  convened.  In 
England  the  material!  from  which  ^ucose  is  manufactured  are 
generally  lago,  rice  and  purified  maite.    In  Getuiaoy  polaloa 

m  the  meat  common  taw  material,  and  In  America  puritcd 

lian  com  is  ordinarily  employed. 

lop  aihililiiUs,  as  a  lule,  aie  very  little  used.    T^y  mostly 

isist  of  quaaiia,  gentian  and  camomile,  and  tbcte  anbstitutc* 
quite  harmlen  per  u,  but  import  an  unpleuantly  rough  bhI 
hitler  taste  to  the  beer. 
Prmnatitii^ — These  ore  generally,  in  fact  almcst  univcrially. 
3ployed  iKiwadayi  for  draught  ale^  to  a  smaller  extent  for 
gck  ales.  The  li^l  been  in  vogoe  to-day  are  leas  aloohclk, 
art  lightly  bopped,  and  more  quickly  brewed  than  Ibe  been 
of  the  latt  generation,  and  in  this  teipect  are  somewhat  lea 
itable  and  more  bkdy  lo  deteriMate  than  Ibe  latter  were.  The 
preservative  In  part  replaces  tbe  alcohol  and  the  bop  ti 


.     Tbe 


«tlyu> 


re  the  bisulphites  of  lime  and  potash,  and  these,  when  employed 


BkEWIHO  OnMTioM. — Tbe  genera)  scheme  of  opetatioos  in  an 
En^iah  brewery  iriD  be  readily  undenlood  if  [eference  be  made 
'' ^~  1.  which  represents  on  S.quarter  brewery  on  the  frairLr^'eii 
theprindpkofwhichisihatallraateiiablobe  employed 
are  pumped  or  hoisted  to  the  highest  point  required,  tastoil  with, 
and  that  aubuquently  no  f  uitbcr  pumping  or  hoisting  ia  required, 
the  materials  (in  tbe  ilitjr  of  water,  molt,  wort  oc  bcfis,  be) 
b(ina  convej^  irom  one  point  to  another  by  the  force  of  pavity. 
Tbe  malt,  which  Is  hoisted  to  the  top  floor,  after  deat^  and 
adingii  conveyed  lo  the  ifobiftU,  where  il  is  crushed.  Thenca 
le  ground  malt,  or  "  gifat  "  as  it  Is  now  called,  posae*  lo  the 
CrisI  Hetper.  and  fram  the  Utter  to  the  UoiUri  UaJ-im,  In 
-■-■-h  it  b  intimately  mixed  wlh  hot  water  from  tbe  Hm  Lifar 
ref.  FromthemashingmachineibenuiedgristBnd"  Kquof  " 
to  the  Uaili-Tm,  where  the  Itatcb  of  tbe  mall  is  rendered 
Rihible.  Prom  tV  mash-tun  (he  deai  wort  passes  lo  tix  Csppa, 
it  ia  boiled  with  hspa.  Fiom  the  co^iei  the  bailed  wort 
I  lo  tbe  Hop  Baci,  where  the  insoluble  hcfi  constituent! 
:patated  frinn  the  wort.  From  the  hop  back  tbe' wort 
passes  to  tbe  Ciwbr,  from  ihejattu  to  (he  Kjjnt/riUtr,  Ibence 
(iB  the  purpose  of  enabling  tbe  revenue  officers  to  assess  the 
duty)  to  the  CeOalini  Keiief,'  and  finally  to  the  Fnutaiai 
Vtadi,  In  which  tbe  wort  is  transformed  into  "  green  "  beer. 
Thi  lattei  is  then  cleaiued,  and  finally  racked  and  stored. 
It  win  be  aien  Iron  Ibe  above  thai  brevlnf  conuls  of  acvea 
istiocl  main  pnnxHci.  which  nay  be  dsKd  oa  lollgwi:  (i) 
mnd.ng:  (i)  Maihiae^  (3)  Boning;  (4)  Cooling;  (J)  Fernientingi 
=.  « ,-■  "-jlinj  j„d  Siorifig, 


6)  CleanSa,;  {7)  RacVi 


passes.  o«  hs  way 

"coUactiBf  vessel,"  duty  being 


BREWING 

Inim  ibe  biu  to  the  mill,  tbnwli  •  dantiif  ud  indiiif  uipantiii,  |  in  order  to  mill  bhi  the  *i 
and  then  Ihrouih  an  automatic  mcuunnt  nacliiiie.  T)r  millB,  I  coiuiiuofa  nunibiT  o(  holli 
whichnulina  vnTieiy  of  dnif  na.  art  of  tbe  ariKKith  Tcllvr  type,  and  [  and  pierced  by  i  number  of 
•ftaoaiiMjedtliat  tkiniilt  uoTuWralher  than  jraund,    Itlhe    vetiel  (imn  which  the  ■{■ 


he<,oanerC)36fc)ofmalt. 

the  process  or  maihii^.  one  misM  ainoat  aay  the 

[hat  the  type  and  quality  ot  rho  beer  to  b« 
nrodiKtd  (ace  Malt)  dependa  almmt  entirely 
(a)  on  the  kind  of  malt  employed,  and  ft)  on 
die  muhing  temperature.  In  other  *orda. 
quality  may  be  controlled  on  the  liiln  or  in  the 
niHh-tuii.  or  both.  Viewed  in  Ihia  li(ht.  the 
rdlowini  theoretical  metJxidi  for  prcparina 
different  tyna  of  beer  are  poulUei— ft)  hiih 
kiln  bcita  and  high  madiiiw  temperalura:  T» 
hiffh  liiln  beat*  and  low  mashtnE  tempentnrea; 
(3)  low  kiln  heata  and  high  maihinft  lemptra' 

tenipervtuTTfl.  In  practice  all  thse  combina' 
tions.  together  with  many  intermediate  onca. 


—  _„,   -_  _,  _ _  _  _riermlnfd.     in  modem  practice 

ine  malt  and  the  maahins  "liqnor"  ii-t.  water)  are  introduced 
into  the  maah-nm  BimultaDeciuly.  by  meani  of  the  maihuw 
machine  fCf.  i.  A).  Hiia  ia  generally  ■  cylindrical  metal  veuci, 
commanding  tlw  muh-lun  and  provided  with  a  central  (haft 


maahnwni 


^   The  mash'tuD  (Af.  1)  i>  a  laije  metal  or 

I  with  a  falie  bottom  composed  of  pUica  pcrforat 
mall  holea  «  •lilt  (C).  Thii  arrangement  it  nece 
tain  a  proper  «aral'  "    '    '     "  "  '"  ""■ 

the  finiahed  maan  ia  c 
I  (laa  provided  with  a  ■linnng  ap| 

klw,  ib^./MfjTf  (fig.  I.  a.  andliSl'ir 


railing,  than  from  I40't<"  "'"" 

nil  chiefly  to  cripple  th 


not  range  further,  practically 

than  from  140'  to  l«a*  F.   The  effect  of  higher  tcmperm- 

aa  aliHdy  aaid,  k  the  agent  which  convcrta  the  inioluble  starch 
Into  soluble  deilrin.  lugar  ud  intermediate  pmdiKtB.  The  highs' 
the  muhing;  tempenluR.  the  more  the  diailaae  irill  be  crippled  in  it* 
■nkm.  antTthe  more  deitrlnxia  (non-lermentable)  matter  aa  com- 
pared with  maliose  (Eermenlable  Hi«r)  will  be  formed.  A  pale  or 
atock  ale,  which  ia  a  type  of  beer  that  muit  be  "  dry  *'  and  thai 
will  keep,  requires  to  contain  a  relatively  high  pr*-"-""-  ^  a^^^^^ 
and  Ntlle  maltose,  and,  in  its  preparation,  Iherefi 


[mptoyrtT  On  il 


rapid  c 


■^^ 


^- 


^^f^'^immmi  mmmmm*^ 


5ia  BREWING 

i^tncMW*  mMUr,  iMA  It  uidolnUe  b  ■  Mode  bttr,  M  it  md* 
■a  pndiicc  titt  *ad  liik  ItmBOUma.  With  R^id  (0  <hc  kuad 
of  nah  and  oilMr  nuurUk  cmphiyHl  im  pnxludiii  vufoiH  lyps  ol 
bar.pahilntiRiuileeillKrlniiiipkleiuJt  (Botnllr  >  minurE  af 
Eniluh  ■ltd  6m  (anitn,  wch  u  SByiu.  Cilileraia)  wly.  u  Inm 
nS  null  wd  •  Utile  Aikcd  muB,  rict,  invot  wngft  or  iIucok. 
KuoBiflc  bc<f1  (idiLd  alt)  tit  jaaAe  froRi  ■  mixtiw  of  pile  una  unbcr 
BAlti,  ■in'  wkI  Baktd  food*;  9Io«it,  (ram  jk  nuktmr  of  pak, 
unbs uidniuud  (black)  malu only,  or  with  the ackUiias ti  >> Utile 
■wt  or  taked  miie. 

when  lav  (nin  it  enployciL  the  proem  of  mathmfl  u  dightljr 
nudifini.  The  nulie,  tiee  or  atho-  pun  ii  uiully  tuatiniicd  id 
■  vtHtl  (calkul  >  mtrrur  at  tttktr)  entiielv  icfuued  Iroiii  the 
■Buh-tuB,  by  mmiii  of  Beun  u  a  idallvdy  bi|3i  lenperamrc, 

BW*].  ATtrr  about  hai(  an  boor  Ibc  idallaLied  mao  b  mixnl  wilb 
the  maiit  nuih,  and  this  takea  place  ihotlly  before  lajia  are  ae^ 
Thia  t>  poaaible  iiuynuch  aa  Ihe  auieh.  beiiif  already  is  a  hickly 

Ibe  limitnl-decankin  lyneoi  (tet  Mow),  it  ii  ponible  to  oulie  aie 
of  a  (air  weenia^  of  nw  ^ui  In  the  oiaafa-tun  proper,  thiu  douiB 

lit  FiUtr  Prtu  Pnxai.—Tiic  ofdlnaiy  maih- 


.   Thiien 


bcsin  with,  the  ipaiiinf  proceia  l>  at  t 
iBtUMd  (or  nabini  out  the  bat  portio 

■Kana  conplnt.    Theie  r"-' 


It  a  Booewhat  buSieinii 
of  the  won,  and  again, 

, e  ovtrcome  by  Ihe  Ulet 

lich  wa>  fint  intnduced  Into  Great  Britaia  by  Ibe 
P.Mem.   The  nah.  in  Ihiiinethod  of  brewing,  la 

,  andalthaufh  anuiliAafv  maih'tuii  niaybeitied 
svaraiion  oI  the  riear  won  fnin  the  lolkl  nutter 

I  liker  prea.  which  (etaiu  the 


incieaicd  yiekb  are  thua  obtained.    In  the  wrilcr't  o 

ii«^  «^de  applkcatiofl. 

Mftif.-TFfORi  the  naih-tiiB  the  won  pu« 
It  ie  Dot  poaiiUe  toainnce  the  plant  to  that  (heci 
beneath  the  Rtaih<tuu  Ua  i>  (he  cuf  in  brewrrir 
ptritaticit  tyiltm).  an  intcrmcdiaie  caJk^ting  vtu 
B  interpoacd.  and  (n>Ri  thia  the  wort  ia  pumpn 
The  bttcr  it  a  targe  copper  vcad  hcatH  by  dli 
Modem  coppmarc  generally  doard  in 
oany  old.|a4iioncd  op«i  coppcn  are  «iu  ^u  w.  i^n.-!  mui 

Kle^lc  brcwm  prefer  open  oipprrL    latheckned  tvpe  ih 
qucBlly  boilcdunder  il^I  pnwire.     When  the  wort  1 
nM<l  to  the  boil,  the  haps  or  a  part  (hereof  are  added, 

ivpc  A  beer,     the  obHicu  ef  boilint.  bckfly  put, 

t'lon  of  the  won;  U)  otncikm  Imm  Ibe  bi^iaol  hi 

'       he  beer;  (3)  Ihe  ccngBla 


that  ^vt  liavour  and 
prrcip<tatiDq  of  a  part  ol  (h 
albuminoid*),  which,  if  kit  io 
■■'■■'■     r;  U)  the 


»rt  ol  the  prouida 


ofbeeriidue.  Thelatte 


(iiBIblolni. 

SJiai.— Wl£i  'tie™ 
tomrd  into  Ihe  kop  baii 
vcwi.  filled  with  a  (ah 


For  mikl  aleaand  porltfi  about  3  id  4  lb.  (orlig 
II  itauu  6  in  to  tb.  and  (a  atrnng  alei  aiid  uati 

'  '"  """  bDihd  Ihe  ncmury  lime,  it 


ninintDlheiaolrri.    The. 


n  of  perfonted  plalcs;  the  Utter 
bdiog  drawn  off  into  the  coolen. 
1  Ihe  bop  back,  the  brvht  wort  ii 
ecDolrrilB  very  ^Llowveurl  of  great  area, 
LpoHire  of  the  hot  won  id  a  comporativriy 
lat  a  part  of  Ihe  hop  coDitituentt  and  otho' 
_,„~.»,^  ».„,.„_  ,a  the  won  ai*  lendtfHl  lanloble  and  an 
pceeipLlated.  Ii  vai  lormnfy  cDnaidertd  abHtutcly  eocntlal  that 
thithoiaeraiionthcxtld  take  pUee,  but  in  many  breverki  nowadayi 
CDolen  are  no!  uvd,  the  wort  being  run  direct  from  the  b«i  back 
ID  Ihe  refrigerator.  There  it  much  to  be  >aid  fcr  tbia  procedure.  Mi 
the  eipoauie  of  hot  wort  In  tbe  cooler  ia  altended  with  much  danger 
<t  barlerltl  and  wild  yean  inleeiion.  bat  it  li  Mill  a  moot  print 
whether  the  coofer  or  na  equivalent  can  be  entirely  ditpened  with 
for  all  claaicaof  been-  A  ratiofkal  alteration  vmiH  appear  lobe  tn 
place  the  cooler  <b  an  air-tight  cbambrr  nppHed  wtlh  parilitd  and 
iteriiiaed  ah-.    Thit  prindple  hat  ahvady  been  applied  to  the  rc< 


brewery,  at  work. 


pipea  ihiuugb  which  cold  wj 
■n  rcfngeralora.  employed  in  M 


M  pncttabk,  (h  ur 

ilcr  10  bring  it  U  i)m 
Kt-cral  E^Ddi  of 


law  beer.  By  Ibe  actioo  of  liviag  ytatt  edit  («  FEautirraTiOM} 
the  logar  conlained  in  the  wort  ia  ^I  up  into  alcobof  and  carboBic 
add,  and  a  aumber  of  Hibiidiary  leactuoa  occur.  Then  are  liro 
main  ayucma  of  fernMBtaliofl,  Ike  lepftnumtalun  lyitefB,  whkh  ia 
that  emptoyed  in  (be  IfnitHl  Kiagdom,  and  Ihe  Mmi  ffrmtnuiitii 
■yaten,  whfcb  ii  that  iiied  (or  ibe  pcBducIioa  oi  bcara  of  tbe  ceHHi- 
senial  f  lagtr  ")  type.  The  wort,  generally  al  a  temperature  ol 
about  6a*  f.  (ihii  ap^iea  to  all  the  aynema  ocepliDi  B  Iicc  belsw), 
in  wMch  the  tempeniuteli  higher),  1>  "pitched*^' wSh  liquid  ycaH 
<or  "  barm,"  at  it  la  often  called)  at  tberaleof,  according  to  tbe  type 
and  siiength  o(  Ihe  beer  10  be  made,  t  to  4  lb  to  the  bancL   Ativ 

al  the  liqukL  At  the  end  of  a  further  ihon  period  tliii  deveksa 
into  a  light  curly  matt  {caniifamir  or  cuHy  keadi,  which  CTadually 
becometlithter  tnd  more  aolld  bi  appeonace,  ana  ia  then  bbowb  aa 
ncky  hrad.  Thii  in  ila  turn  ihriflka  to  a  corapact  maia — tbt  vmjAi 
AbhT— wMchemitigrealbubbteaoffaawithaKiiiBiaouBd.  AttMa 
pDiat  Ibe  deaaifag  of  the  beer — f.a.  the  ■epuatioa  ot  the  yeait  fruB 
Ihe  liquid— haa  (aiily  commenced,  and  It  u  let  down  (eicepl  In  Ihe 
■Idnmlnt  and  YorkaUic  lyitemi  liee  bdowj)  into  the  poBtot  or 
uniom,  aa  the  caie  may  be.  Durtog  femieniatioB  ike  temperBiim 
riaea  coasiderably,  and  in  crdcr  to  prevent  an  cxccaaive  Icmpentiin 
faeinc  nbtaiaad  6(>-7S*  F.  ihould  be  (he  maiimum)  the  rRiBmlini 
vcMeli  are  tlHd  wiifa''aItempcnton,''  u.  a  •yitcm  of  pipea  tbroufb 
which  cold  water  may  be  run. 

OcBBiHg. — InEnpaodlheniethodiof  appl^offtlKIopfaiBeBI^ 
lion  Rilem  may  beclaaulkd  al  laUowi:  |A)  Tilt  ClroiltiilJ  ^Mm: 
(t)  Skimmini  SySan,  lb)  Dropping  Syilem  (pontes  or  crdbiBiv 
drof^ng  lyitemy  (<}  Burton  Uokin  Synen.  (B)  Tlu  Ytrkikat 
SUMt  Sjnart  5ylltia. 

lAJ  In  (o)  Ihe  ^Mniaiag  SyUtm  the  (rnnentalioa  from  atut 

noving  or  "  tkimming  "  the  ycait 
(Fig.  4).  Tlie  principl*  of  (Ii)  tbt 
—  ■' only  them-"-  " — ■ — 


Ibe  whole  width  of  lb 


S}  The  Burltn  Vnitm  Syjlim  ii  really  an  improved  ponto  rn 
•erlet  of  caiki.  npplled  with  beer  al  Ihe  deanilnf  ttagt  In 
feed  vrvrt,  an  mouittcd  io  that  they  laay  rotate  aJclally. 


e 


Kk  fitling  throiigh  a  bnnr^nle  and  go 
Thii  lyitem  yieldi  eanlknl  leviltt 


lad  ''bMtona,"  Bnd  luily  with  a 


BREWING 


r«.6(Pi>i«ii.).bo< 

0H  in  mcaan  AlUopp'a  brewery. 

(B)  rb  Sbau  Sawm  Syilai.  ohkh  ig  only  uwf  to  a  nnim 

~..  ,-„i.,.:_i.,  I.  .i.f  ^„^  o,  England),  [™:ikally«i(mri.iB 

r  BAij  «  vaive,  Thoe  iqiuret  are  buik  of  ilone  and  kiepl 
K  At  Ihe  fnA  of  tttv  feriTWEiialioir  The  jvui  lafiR  cloaing 
bale)  ii  muvKl  from  tht  top  equaiT. 

'  ■— Wt"  ihe  (crmenuiion  and  rleaniint  c)pcniiaiii 


■MimpinE  the  I 
iinpoaerriqiiar 
—  n-haleand 

^nun-bole) 


Kttlim 


tint  "  nock  "  and  "  pile  "  alei  are  Mom]  Frora  li 

iDoniht  prior  to  gdnft  out.  bul  "  running  "  becrr 

are  frequtfilly  tent  out  of  the  brewery  within  a  we  I 

uaibinff.     It  a  luuaL  to  add  xhtk  liopt  io  cask  (I  i 

Ittf^ntl  in  the  cue  of  many  bI  the  belter  been. 

lAuLh  mull  be  puT  into  condition  rapidly,  or  been  t 

flat,  are   Eeneralty   primed-     Priming  consiHt  in  I 

avi  ■0|irDdticB"cDfidilion." 

Finixt~fa  a  very  litht  anicte  i>  denied  nowadai'a.  and  thi«  hii 

in  order  to  replace  the  natural  lining  or  brightenini  which  >torap! 
hrin^  about,  fiiimjti  grnenlly  conriu  dI  ■  (otiitian  or  Kini- 
aolulioti  of  laliilaai  in  aour  beer,  or  in  a  Hiulkin  of  tartaric  acid  ot  d[ 
■ulphurDUi  aci3.    Afier  the  hningi  art  added  to  I  lie  beer  and  the 

onl  Ihroueh  Ihe  bunc-hole)  and  orry  with  them  [be  natter  whkb 
would  crtherwite  rrnrter  Ihe  beer  turbid- 

BiHUiaf.— Formerly  it  waa  the  lenciat  ciMom  la  brew  a  ipecial 
beer  for  Rrtlling,  and  th  it  practice  It  Hill  continued  by  aome  brewerL 
It  ia  Ecnerany  admitted  that  the  apecia]  brvw,  matured  by  itoraee 
aad  an  adequate  aecondary  femjeniation,  prndocH  Ihe  be«t  beer  lor 
bottling,  but  the  modern  Uiie  for  ■  very  Kghi  and  bright  ' 

itinE  among  these  it  the  "chilling  "and"  c^ 
iic  "  (ywen.    In  this  the  beer,  when  it  [a  ripe  for  nckine 
"  cblUed."  tbat  la,  cooled  to  a  very  low  tempenti 
there  la  aa  Immediate  depoaltloo  of  much  mal^~~ 
would  reqdire  pn^nged  tine  to  aettle.    The  _, 
did  to  rendered  auiie  bright,  and  Itaally.  in  on 
nediaie  "  conditian,"  ia  "  carbonaltd.     t.e.  ii. .    . 
pceaaim  with  carbon  i£oude  (carbonic  acid  gas), 

FoincH  Bkevtno  and  Beeu. — The  lyilem 
■hfch  diffen  most  widely  (tom  the  English  iii/iui 
/(nanfofWH  method  i>  tha  itcmiUm  and  ballam  J 
Qriten),  lo  widely  employed,  chiefly  on  the  conlinenl 
for  the  production  of  b««n  ot  the  "  lager  "  type. 


tbeae  ii  the  "  chillii 

'nwreT~whicho7hen>'i'! 
-     ■        ■   then  fil 


Icdlowi:— After  the  giisl  lias  been  mashed  with  cold  water  untD 
%  homogeneous  mixture  ensuea,  luflicient  hot  water  b  introduced 
Into  the  maah-tuQ  to  raise  the  temperature  to  Sj-ioo'F.,  accord' 
fng  to  drcumstance^  Thereupon,  about  one-lhird  of  the  mash 
(including  the  "  goods  ")  ft  Iransfentd  to  (he  llaisik  Kasd 
(mash  copper}.  In  which  it  is  gndually  brought  to  a  temperature 
of  (about)  i6j°  F.,  and  this  hut  ii  mainiiJiud  uniQ  the  maah 
becomes  transparent.  Hie&Kihvjtrc^,  as  this  portion  scallcdj 
i*  then  raised  to  the  boil,  and  the  ebullition  sustained  between  a 
quarter  »Dd  thiee-quattets  of  an  hour.  Just  sufficient  ol  the 
Dichiuiiilu  f>  returned  to  the  tnuh-tun  proper  lo  raise  Ihe 
temperature  ol  the  whole  to  111-115°  F.,anda{te[a  few  minutes 
a  third  b  again  withdrawn  and  treated  as  bcloce,  to  form  the 
kecond  "thick  mash."  When  the  latter  has  been  returned  to 
the  mash-tun  the  whole  b  thonu^y  worked  up,  allowed  to 
itaitd  in  order  that  the  solids  may  dcposil,  and  then  another 
third  (uUcd  Ihe  tAnUrmnucht  or  "  dear  ma^h  "}  Is  witbdnwn, 
boiled  uotQ  the  coagulable  albuminoids  lie  prtdpitated,  and 
fntlly  recodveyed  to  the  mash-tnn,  where  the  mashing  is  con- 
tinued [or  some  time,  the  £nal  beat  being  rather  over  160°  F. 
The  wort,  after  boiling  with  hops  and  cooling,  much  u  in  the 
English  system,  it  subjected  to  tjie  peculiar  system  of  feimenu- 
tion  called  ioUamftrmenitUion.  In  this  system  the  "  pitching  " 
and  ftnneniAtlon  take  place  at  a  very  low  lempemture  abd. 
compared  with  the  En^ish  system,  in  very  small  vessels.  Tlu 
lermenting  ccllan  are  maintained  sE  a  temperadite  of  about 
ir-38°  F.,  and  Ihe  tempenture  ot  the  fermenting  wort  does  not 
rise  above  jo'F.  Hieyeasl,  which  is  of  a  different  type  from  that 
employed  in  the  En^ish  system,  nmains  at  the  bottom  of  ibe 
feiBeuias  MB,  and  hence  is  deiivtd  the  uine  of  "  boltoB 


uratTxtiON).  The  ptiraaiy  fernematkai 
lasts  about  eleven  to  twelve  days  (u  compored  with  three  day* 
on  the  Englfd,.ystem),  and  the  beer  is  then  ran  into  store  (Uger) 
casks  where  it  ttmains  at  a  lemperalure  approaching  the  f  reeting- 
pointofwater  lor  all  weeks  (osii  months,  according  to  Ihe  lime 
ol  the  year  and  Ibe  data  o<  t he  bet r.  As  to  Ihe  relative  character 
and  itabiGty  o<  decoctioo  and  inlusioD  been,  \he  Utter  are,  aa 
a  rule,  more  alcoholic;  bul  the  former  contain  more  unlerinented 
molt  extract,  and  an  therefore,  broadly  speaking,  more  nutritive. 
Beers  ot  Ihe  German  type  are  less  heavily  hopped  and  m«e 
peptonhed  than  En^ish  been,  and  more  highly  charged  wilh 
carbonic  odd,  which,  owing  to  the  tow  fermentation  and  storing 
tcmperalures,  is  retained  for  a  comparatively  long  lime  and  keeps 
the  beer  in  condition.  On  the  other  hand,  infusion  beers  arc  of  a 
more  stable  and  stimulating  chatactcr.  It  ii  impouible  to  keep 
"  lager  "  bcM  on  drau^i  in  the  ordbary  seni*  of  the  term  in 
Entfand.  It  vrUI  not  keep  unlets  pbced  on  ice,  and,  as  a  mailer 
ol  fact,  Ihe  "  condilion  "  ol  Isgcr  is  dependent  to  a  far  gieaier 
eiteni  on  the  methods  of  distribution  and  storage  than  it  the 
case  wilh  infusion  beers.  If  a  cask  is  opened  it  must  be  rapidly 
consumed;  indeed  it  becomes  undrinkable  within  a  very  few 
hours.  The  gas  escapes  rapidly  when  Ifu  pressure  is  released, 
the  temperature  rises,  and  the  beer  becomes  flat  and  mawkish. 
In  Germany  every  publican  it  bound  to  have  an  efficient  supply 
of  ke,  Ihe  latter  frequently  being  ddivered  by  the  hnwcry 
logether  with  Ihe  beer. 

In  America  Ihe  common  system  of  brewing  is  one  of  infuiiun 
lushing  combined  irith  bottom  fermentation.  The  method  of 
sashing,  however;  thou^  on  Infualon  Imes,  diflen  appreciably 
from  the  English  process.  A  very  low  initial  Kcal~«boul  100*  F. 
—at  which  the  mash  remains  for  about  an  hour,  is  employed, 
thii  the  temperature  is  rapidly  raised  to  iSj-i^C*  F.  bjr 
ig  in  the  boiling  "  ctMiker  maah,"  Ij.  raw  grain  wort  from 
the  converter.  After  a  period  the  temperature  is  gradually 
'  icreised  to  about  165°  F.  The  very  low  initial  heat,  and  the 
[nployment  of  relatively  large  quantities  of  readily  tnnsform- 
ble  malt  adjuncts,  enable  the  American  brewer  lo  make  Isf  ol 
class  of  malt  which  would  be  considered  quite  unfit  for  brewing 
I  an  English  brewery.  The  system  of  fermentation  is  very 
inDar  lo  Ihe  continental "  lager  "  system,  and  the  beer  obtained 
bears  tome  resemblance  to  the  German  prfiduct.  To  the  Engltsh' 
palate  it  b  sonwtduit  flavourless,  but  it  is  always  retailed  in 
eiceedlngty  brilliint  condilion  and  at  a.  proper  lempcratuic. 
There  can  be  little  doubt  that  every  nation  evolvet  a  type  of 
beer  moat  suited  to  its  dimate  and  the  temperament  (rf  the 
xople,  and  In  Ihs  respect  the  modem  American  beer  is  m 
:icept(on.  Id  regard  to  plant  and  mechanica]  atrangioienta 
generally,  the  modern  American  breweries  may  serve  as  an 
object-leson  to  the  European  brewer,  although  there  are  certainly 
number  of  breweries  in  the  United  Kingdom  which  peed  not 
■r  comperisoa  with  the  best  American  plants. 
Ii  it  a  sign  of  the  limes  and  further  evidence  as  to  the  growing 
tie  for  a  lighter  type  i^  beer,  that  lager  Iflvwlng  In  its  most 
odern  form  has  now  fairly  taken  root  in  Great  firiuin,  and  in 
lis  connexion  the  piocets  introduced  by  Messrs  Allsopp  eihibiti 
any  feature*  of  inlerest.  The  following  is  a  brief  desciiptioq 
of  the  plant  and  the  methoifa  employed: — The  wort  is  prepared 
lines,  and  b  then  cooled  by  meant  of  reftigenled 
brine  before  passing  to  a  temporary  store  tank,  which  aetvei  at 
~  gauging  vesseL  From  the  latter  Ibe  wort  passes  directly  to 
le  lermenting  tuns,  huge  closed  cylindrical  vessels  made  ol 
sheet-steel  and  coated  with  glass  enamd.  There  ibe  won 
ferments  under  lednccd  pressure,  the  carbonic  acid  generated 
being  removed  by  means  of  a  vacuum  pump,  and  the  gu  thus 
withdrawn  h  npizad  by  Ihe  Introduction  erf  cool  sterilixed  air. 
The  fermenting  cellars  are  kept  at  41^*  F,  The  yeati  employed 
it  a  pure  culture  (see  Feuiektatioii)  bottom  yeast,  bul  the 
withdrairal  of  the  products  of  yeast  metabcdam  and  the  constant 
ipply  of  pun  fresh  air  cause  the  fermentation  to  proceed  far 
me  raiudly  than  k  Ihe  case  with  la^r  beer  brewed  on  ordinary 
MS.  It  b,  in  fact,  fimshed  in  about  til  dayi.  Thereupon  the 
>>r-aiipplr  b  cot  off,  Ibe  green  beer  agaiii  coded  to  «o*  F.  and 


thni<onvtrtdbyinc>iu(f  filicTcdiJrpnHUKIotbestDtt  tinlis, 
vhcR  seoiiKiDry  fmnenlalion.  luting  tluH  weckt,  taka  p1u«. 
The  gasn  evolved  lie  iHimicil  to  collect  UDdcr  pnuuie,  lo  that 
tlK  beer  a  theroughly  durgrd  with  the  caibsnk  uid  ncosury 
to  give  it  condition.  Ffnallr  the  betr  a  tgnia  coded,  filtered, 
racked  and  bottled,  the  whole  ol  these  operations  taking  plwx 
under  counter  pr£siuTe,  so  that  no  gas  can  escape^  indeed,  from 
the  lime  the  won  leawi  the  appa  Is  Uic  moiiKnt  when  it  i* 
bottled  in  the  ilupo  oI  brer,  it  doiei  nut  ceme  Into  contact  with 
the  outer  air. 

The  pnpantion  of  the  J^ipancte  beer  utl  (f.t.)  b  of  inletnt. 
Tile  first  stage  cansists  in  the  prrpaialiDn  o(  K^i,  which  is 
obtained  by  Imting  steamed  rice  with  ■  culture  of  AipcrtiUni 
rrymt.  This  micro-organiun  connris  the  atarch  inlo  sugar. 
The  Ktji  a  converted  into  nuts  by  adding  it  to  a  thin  pane  of 
iRsh'boiled  starch  in  a  vat  FcrtDcntation  b  set  up  and  leiti 
for  30  to  40  dayi.  The  third  stage  consists  in  adding  more  rice 
and  Kpji  to  the  tvlOr  together  with  some  water. .  A  secondary 
ferment  at  fon.  lasting  from  8  to  to  days,  ensoes.  Subsequently 
"'    whole  Is  filtered,  heatcdandrunintDCatka,andB  then  known 


ai  loW.     The  In 


.  able  ti 


bincdfunclioasof  saccharificatioA  a 
thadia$1aw  of  malted  groin  and  also  the  yeas 
brewety.  Another  liquid  of  interest  is  Wtiisb- 
it  largely  produced  in  Berlin  (and  in  some  n 
lbevAfaf-&:^produGed  inparti  of  England),  is g 


ol  a  European 
TJii^  which 


imhlo 


lerally  piepiRd 
from  a  mash  of  three  parts  of  wheat  molt  and  one  part  ol  bailey 
malt.  IVfermeniationisofasymhioticnalure,  two orgaiuams. 
namely  a  yraat  and  a  fission  fungus  (the  lalic  acid  bacUita) 
taking  part  ia  it.  Tlie  prcparaiioa  o[  this  peculiar  double  fer- 
ment is  asSBted  by  the  addition  of  a  certain  quantity  of  while 
wine  to  the  yeast  prior  la  fermentation. 

BaEwiNo  CHEHunv, — The  priociplei  of  tnwing  technology 
bdong  for  the  most  part  to  phyiiolcgical  chemistry,  whibi  thoM 
of  the  cognate  industry,  malting,  an  governed  cidusively  by 
tint  branch  of  koowlrdge.  Alike  in  folbning  the  growth  of 
bailey  In  Celd,  its  harvesting,  maturing  and  conversion  into 
malt,  aa  well  as  tho  c^mtbns  of  mashing  malt,  fermenting 
wort,  and  conditioning  beer,  physiological  chemistry  is  needed. 
On  the  other  hanc^  lite  consideration  of  the  saline  matter  In 
waters,  the  composition  of  the  eatract  of  watts  and  been,  and 
the  analysis  of  brewing  materials  and  products  gtoerally,  belong 
to  tlu  domun  of  pure  chemistry.  Since  the  eitmctive  matten 
'  '  d  in  *oit  and  b«r  consist  for  the  most  part  of  the 
dncta  at  etaich,  it  ia  only  natural  that  these 
id  apecial  attention  at  the  hands  of  stieniiEc 
ih  the  brewing  industry.  It  was  lotmerly 
he  action  of  diastase  on  slaidi  the  latter  b 
>  a  gummy  substance  termed  dcitrin,  which 
it  then  subsequently  transformed  into  a  tugai — glucose.  F.  A. 
MiMcuku,  hnrcver.  In  iS&>,  showed  that  sugar  anddeitrin  arc 
Jinaltaacously  pnduced,  and  between  the  years  1S71  and 
t>7i  Coraelius  O'SuUivu  definitely  proved  that,  the  sugar  pra- 
dwtd  waa  maltose.  When  atardi-paste,  the  jelly  formed  by 
Imliiig  itaith  with  boiling  water.  Is  mixed  with  iodine  sciution, 
t  deep  blue  coloaticm  results.  The  first  [»oduct  of  staidi 
detradotion  by  tillwi  acids  or  diastase,  namely  sduUa  itaicb, 
■bo  ciUbft*  the  lame  colontioB  when  treated  with  iodine. 
Aa  degradation  proceeds,  and  tbe  products  became  nton  and 
■cm  soluble  and  diffmible,  the  blue  reaclioa  with  iadine  gives 
place  fifit  to  a  purple,  then  to  a  reddish  colour,  and  finally  the 
Cotoratioa  cxaset  altogether.  In  the  same  way,  the  optical 
rataling  power  deCRasea,  and  the  cupric  reducing  power  (uwarda 
Pelillng'a  sohition}  increases,  a*  the  pnxeia  oi  hydrolysis  proceeds. 
C  O'Sullivan  was  the  fini  to  point  out  definitely  the  inAaencc 
of  the  temperature  of  the  mash  on  the  chatactet  o(  the  {aoducia. 
The  work  of  Huace  T.  Brown  (wfUi  J.  Hecoo)  extended  that<rf 
0%dlivan,aDd  (with  G.  H.  Morris)  etublished  tlK  presence  of 
an  inlenaediato  product  between  tbe  higher  destrlns  and 
mallose.  Tho  pcodacl  was  termed  maltodertrin,  and  Brown 
•ad  Morris  weie  led  tabelkve  that  a  laigeDBaibei  of  tbai  lut*- 


slantesexisUdinDultwdrt.    lief pniBsedior these sufaatanctl 

the  genetic  name  "  amylnins."  Although  according  to  their 
view  they  were  compounds  of  maltose  and  dcjtrin,  they  hid  the 
properties  of  mixtures  of  Ihew  twosubiunces.  On  the  assump- 
lion  of  the  existence  of  these  compounds,  Brown  and  his  colleagua 
formulated  what  b  known  as  the  mallodeitrin  or  amylotn 
hypothesis  of  starch  degradation.  C.  J.  IJntner,I[nSfli, clamed 
to  have  separated  a  sugar,  isomeric  with  maltose,  which  b  termed 
fsomallose,  from  the  products  ol  stsidt  hydrolyib.  A.  IL  Ling 
and  J,  L,  Baker,  as  welt  ss  Brown  sod  Moirb,  In  iSgj,  proved 
that  this  bomallose  was  not  a  homogeneous  substance,  and  evi- 
dence lending  to  the  same  conclusion  was  subsequentJy  bmught 
forward  by  coDlincntal  workers.  Ling  aod  Baker,  in  iSg7, 
isolated  the  following  compounds  from  the  products  of  starch 
hydrolysis— maliodcilrin-n,  f^ifW^,  and  miltodeniin-A 
C«H.Ai(p«viouslynamcdbyPr«)t,icbiood«truira.).  They 
also  sepamtcd  a  substance.  CnHnOii,  isomeric  with  maltOBe, 
which  had,  however,  the  chatacteristia  of  1  dextrin.  Thb  b 
probably  idcniical  with  tbe  so-called  dexlrinosc  isolated  by 
V.  Syniewski  in  1901,  which  yields  a  pheuylosaxoDa  melting  at 
B>-8]°  C.    It  bos  been  proved  by  H.  Ost  that  Its  loc^lcd 


e  of  m 
ubslance,  nultodeitrin,  isomejic  with  Ling  ai 


.  Baker's  malio- 


The  theory  of  Brown  sod  Morris  of  the  c 
ilihovgh  biied  on  eiperinental  evidence  of  some 
ncans  universally  accepted.    Nevertheless  it  is 
ni#F«t,  as  It  oAen  a  xational  and  consistent  espianaiion  «  ma 
1. ._   —laifgmatiDn  of  starch  by 


dianase.  and  even  if  not  strictly  correct  it  has,  al  any  rate,  pniveS 
ilieir  to  be  a  practical  working  hypolheds.  tli  which  the  nushiiu 
andfennentingoperalkHismaylieieguIatedaDdcontrolled.  itcaii: 

Ing  ID  Brown  and  Morris,  the  March  nwleculcconsistsof  GveantyUn 

JiCHiph  each  of  which  correspandi  to  Ihe  notecolar  fonnula 
^ntlaQitlb.  Four  of  Iheie  amylin  radiclei  ate  grouped  centrally 
round  the  fifth,  thus: — 

(C„H«0»)»>.,(~  a  n  1  ^(CiiHuCIa 
(CbH,,O,),>''^"""°-'-<[c„H»0„J; 
By  the  action  of  diastase,  this  complex  molecule  ii  split  np, 
undcming  hydrolyili  into  lour  groups  of  srayloins,  the  fifth  or 
central  gimp  remaininf  unchaned  (and  under  biewinz  conditions 
uiKhanfeable).  focming  the  subsUnce  known  as  stable  destria. 
When  diastase  actsontlarch-paiie.  hydrolysis  proceeds  aaiaraatjke 
reaction  represented  by  Ihe  fallowing  e<iuatiDa:— 

S(Ci,H.a.).-|-eoH,0-SoC„H>0„-)-(C„H.0.1. 
starch.         water.       mallose.      itaUe  dextrin. 

The  ami'laiDa  are  substances  centainiag  vaiyiog  numbers  ol 
amylin  (original  narch  or  dexlrin)  groon  in  canjunction  with  a 
propoflmiial  number  ol  maltax  groups.  They  are  not  separable  into 
maltose  aitd  deitrin  by  any  of  the  ordinary  means,  but  exhibit  the 

lysii  pcoceedb  the  snyk^  becsoe  gradually  poorer  in  amylin- 
and  nlativcly  richer  m  maltose-groups.  The  final  inxlucls  of 
Iramformation.  accDrding  to  Brown  and  J.  H.  Millai.  are  maltose 
and  riucoee,  which  latter  ts  derived  from  the  hydiolytis  of  the  stable 
ocatrta.  This  Ibeoni  may  be  applied  in  practical  biewing  in  the 
fbUoWiBi  manner.  If  h  is  desired  to  obtain  a  beer  dI  a  stable  dwr^ 
aclei^that  u  to  ay,  ooe  eonlsining  a  csoiideiablt  proportion  al 
high-lype  smyloins— it  is  aecessary  to  reiiiict  Ihe  action  of  the 
diaitaafn  the  nush-tnn  accordingly.  On  Ihe  other  hand,  for  mild 
running  alea,  which  are  to  "condition"  rapidly.  It  b  neceswy  x» 

Kivids  for  tbe  penam  of  suSkieni  maltodesirio  of  a  law  type, 
vestigation  has  shown  thit  the  type  ci  mallodeitrin  can  ^e 
regulated,  not  only  In  Ihe  ma>h-t"~  ■>■•'  -i-~  ™  ■>-  — '•  t-i-  a 
higher  type  isobtilned  by  lew  kil 


of  Myloint  which  are  (liable  for  a  piiticidarl 


Is  possible  theirloee 


of  malt  u  equally 

.. jutionib    Withotit 

type,  vigeraui  fermenlations 


ire  not  poitiUe.    it  nay  he 
liliogeooas  compounds  in  soi 

ndlbelike.    Oiie^ the ains .        

lown  Ihe  jwotem  subslanc-s  present  in  bailey  10  such  a  dcgrie 
he  wort  has  a  msiimum  natritive  vsloe  for  the  yeast  Tui 
t  IS  Biciiisry  for  the  production  of  subb  beer  to  eliminate  a 
proportion  ot  nilmgenous  matler,  snd  ihli  is  only  done  hw  lb* 

■ —  j-__j-j     There  is  also  some  evidence 

producing  Ihe  foaming  prop 


w  yeast.    Further, 


re  degmded. 


db,Google 


BREWING 


•ll 


1 

.9 

I 

I 
.db,Google    g 


BREWSTER,  SIR  D. 


Tt^  pRKrtK  of  diffrrtnC  typn  cl  photplu^  id  null,  ij 

in  Ih*  brtwiBg  preen*  by  ny  o(  the  riuyiim  jflrctKl  ty  (ocifi, 
ban  beca  loade  ihe  HibKct  of  rhtUi  mainly  by  FmbKb  uid 
A.  Hutart,  and  by  P.  E.  Rtil  ind  G.  Labouiai-      "" '--' 

•ay  luxe.    Tbcy  nuiy  with  utility  be  fiuupcd 

N  me.  R( 

CytUE     ....     DiUDlvn 


«  (LdpiiE.  lSv6). 
'  Bmnt  (Lonck 

..-, --'j'  Jeurmit  (Lou 

IfKfawbM  /«r  flrawn  ik 

n  {MuDicb).  ir.  s,j 

BRBWSTBB,  SIR  DAVID  (wRi-iEGS),  SoMtkh  mtml 
phikcophcr,  wu  boiD  OB  tbc  iilha[D«eiDber  17S1U  Jcdbuixb, 
■here  hii  fittm,  1  tctcher  of  high  nputalioD,  wu  nctoi  ei  the 
grnnmar  jchogl.  At  the  early  age  of  twelve  be  was  mt  to  the 
univenity  of  Edinburgh,  being  intended  for  the  clerical  proleuion. 
Eveabeforelhii,  hooever,  be  had  ahown  a  streng  [ndinatioa  for 
mtural  KkDce.  and  this  had  been  [oilcred  by  hi>  inlinucy  wllb 

aa  Sir  Waller  Scolt  taUed  him,  ol  great  locaJ  fame— Jamei 
Vcitch  of  Inchboony,  who  waa  pojltcDlaily  skHful  in  loaking 
leleaccpea.  Though  he  duly  finished  hfi  theological  coune  and 
was  licensed  (0  preach,  Brewster's  preference  for  other  pursuits 
prevented  him  from  engaging  in  the  active  duties  ol  his  pii>- 
fession.  In  i;g«  be  was  induced  by  his  Iellow.studenl,  Henry 
Broughani,  to  study  tlK  diffraction  ol  light  The  lestilts  it  his 
JDvestisitions  were  communicated  from  time  to  lime  lo  papen 
tothe  PiilcHtUiat  Traniaclieiu  ot  London  atid  other  identific 
journals,  and  were  admlnibly  and  impvlinlly  Hunmarlied  by 
James  D.  Forbes  in  his  pttlimlnaiy  dfaaertalion  to  the  eighth 
edition  of  the  EntydfpatJia  Srilannica.  The  (act  (hal  other 
philosophers,  notably  Etienne  Louis  Malusand  August  in  Frtsnel, 
were  pursuing  the  umc  Investigations  contemporaneously  in 
France  does  Ml  invalidate  Brewjler^  cbim  to  independent 
discovery,  evtn  though  ia  one  01  two  cases  the  priority  must  be 
a«igncdloDthen. 

TIk  moat  important  nibjecti  of  hb  inqoiria  are  enumented 
bf  Forba  under  the  lollowlng  ftve  heads:— <i)  The  la*»  of 
polariaalion  by  itBcclion  and  i^iaction.  and  otbet  quaDiltative 
bwi  of  phenomenal  (1)  The  discoveiy  olthepotariiingitncttue 
Induced  by  beat  and  piessure;  (3)  The  discovery  of  cryilats 
with  two  ales  of  double  icfiaclion,  and  mapy  of  the  laws  of  their 
phenomena,  including  the  conneiion  of  optical  structure  and 
crystalline  (ormi;  (4)  The  laws  of  metallic  reflection;  (j)  Eipert 
ments  on  the  absorption  of  light.  In  this  line  of  investi^iion 
the  prime  importance  belong  to  the  discovery  <i)  of  the  con- 
neiion bclwetn  the  refiactive  indei  and  the  polariiing  an^e, 
(1)  dI  biaiial  crystaK  ■'«>  Cj)  of  the  production  of  double 
lefiaclion  by  irregular  heating.  Thew  discoveries  were  promptly 
ncogniied.  So  t*dy  u  the  year  1807  the  degree  of  LL.D.  wai 
conferred  upon  Brewster  by  Maiischal  College,  Aberdeen;  In 
iBij  he  wal  made  a  member  of  the  Royal  Society  of  London, 
uid  reoititd  Ibe  Copley  medal;  In  iStg  he  received  the  Rumlord 


medal  ol  tlw  todety;  and  h  i>i6  tim  FMbch  iMltMc  awuded 
bim  one-half  of  the  pen  of  Ihree  tbousaHl  tiaaca  lor  the  iws 
moat  important  discoveries  in  phyiical  idence  roaik  in  Europe 
doting  the  two  preceding  yean.  Among  the  tion-icieniific 
public  his  fane  was  spread  mote  efieclually  by  his  redBcovery 
about  IgiJ  at  the  kaleidoicope,  lor  which  there  waa  a  great 
demand  ia  both  Ungi—'l  asd  Ameiva.  An  intrument  ol 
hither  inteieit,  the  stemacope,  which,  though  of  much  later 
dale(iS49~iSsol,  may  be  mentioned  here,  siace  iloiw  wiiht^ 
fcaleldoKOpe  tt  did  more  than  anything  elac  to  pofmlariie  bk 
name,  was  not,  a>  has  often  been  asteited^  the  invention  of 
Brewster.  Su-  Cbartes  Wheatstone  diacovtrtd  Ita  p>iiici[4e  and 
applied  h  ai  early  as  iSjS  to  the  conittuctiaii  nf  a  cumbtoua 
but  eSectivc  inatnunent,  in  which  the  binocular  pictures  wen 

■uggesllng  the  use  of  leioet  for  the  purpose  of  uniUng 


the  di 


the  Ic 


scope  may  falriy  be  lald  to  be  hit  laveDtton.  A  much  more 
valuable  prmctlcal  result  of  Bzeiratee'i  optical  Racarchea  wai 
the  impnrfement  of  tho  British  lighthouse  system.  It  Is  true 
that  the  dioptric  aiqaratua  waa  perfected  Independently  by 
Ftesoel,  who  had  also  the  latafactioD  of  being  the  Giat  to  put 
:t  into  operation.  But  ft  Is  IndisputaUe  that  Brewster  was 
arlier  in  the  field  than  Fresndi  that  he  iksctibed  the  dioptric 
■pFBRlus  in  iSii;  that  be  pressed  ita  adoption  on  tinec  in 
lUthority  at  least  aa  early  aa  iSro.  two  yean  before  Ftesnel 
iugsesl«]  it)  and  that  it  war  finally  introduced  into  British 
Hothouses  mainly  by  his  peniitent  eSorts. 
Brewster's  own  discoveries,  important  though  tbcy  were, 
ere  not  hb  only,  perhaps  not  even  his  chief,  service  to  science. 
fie  began  literary  work  in  1 794  as  a  regalac  contributor  10  the 
EJiniiBtli  Uaiainc,  of  which  he  acted  aa  editor  at  the  age  of 
twmiy.  In  igoj  be  ludertook  the  editonhip  of  the  newly 
projected  Edinbtrtk  EHCydatOfiia,  of  which  the  first  part 
ippeared  in  iSoS,  and  the  last  not  until  iSjo.  The  work  waa 
itrongest  in  Ibe  sdeatibc  department. 


'Suable  I 


>e  pen  of  the  editor. 


period  be  was  one  of  the  leading  contributcn  to  the  Bncyd'- 

pacdia  BrUamka  (seventh  and  dghlh  editions),  the  articles 
DD  Electricity.  Hydiodynamici,  Magnetism,  Microscope,  Optio, 
Stereoscope,  Voltaic  Electridly,  Ac.,  being  from  hia  pen.  In 
iRig  Brewster  undertook  further  editorial  work  by  establishing, 
in  coojuncllon  with  Robert  Jameson  (1774-1854),  the  Edinbvth 
Pkaeiefkiad  Jeunal,  which  took  the  place  of  the  EiinbtiTtk 
Uatiaitii.  The  first  ten  volumes  (1819-1814)  were  published 
under  the  Joint  editorship  of  Bicwsler  and  Jameson,  the  remain- 
ing four  volumes  (iS'S'iSiA)  being  edited  by  Jameson  alone. 
Alter  parting  company  with  Jameson,  Brewster  started  the 
Ediniiirtk  Jnrtiat  cf  Stina  in  i3)4,  sixteen  volumes  of  which 
appeared  under  his  editorship  during  the  years  iS]4-iS]i,  with 
very  many  articles  (mm  bk  own  pen.  To  the  transactions  d 
various  learned  sodelles  he  contributed  Iitnn  first  to  last  between 
three  and  (oiu-  hundred  papers,  and  few  of  his  contemp«ariea 
wrote  so  much  for  the  various  reviews.  In  the  NarlJi  Briiisk 
Rtrirm  alone  seventy-five  articia  of  his  appeared.  A  list  ol  his 
larger  aeparste  works  will  be  found  below.  Special  meniion. 
however,  must  be  made  of  the  most  Important  d  them  all— hit 
biography  of  Sit  Isaac  Newton.  In  1S31  he  published  a  abort 
papular  accotmt  of  the  philesopher'a  lile  in  Murray's  fsiitly 
Litrary;  but  it  waa  not  until  iSjj  that  he  waa  able  to  ksue  the 
much  fuller  Utmairi  ^  Itt  Li/c,  WHllagi  and  Duatoia  ^  Sit 
liacc  NnttH,  a  work  which  embodied  the  results  ol  more  than 
twenty  years'  patient  Invatigation  of  original  manuKripl*  and 
anotberavaitable  somtes. 

Brewster's  relatiois  *i  edilor  bron^t  him  into  frequent 
commui^cationwiththemoateminent  scientific  men.  and  he  waa 
naturally  among  the  first  ID  lecognlie  the  benefit  that  wmild 
accrue  from  regular  intercourse  among  workers  In  the  field  ol 
science.  In  an  article  in  the  Qmrltriy  Rnitie  he  threw  out  a 
suggestion  for  "  an  association  of  onrnobOity,  dergy,  gentry  aad 
phflosofAers,"  which  waa  taken  np  by  othoa  and  found  (peedy 
reaUaatlon  in  the  British  Aaaocialkra  for  the  AdvaoontBt  A 


BREWSTER,  W.— BRfiZfi 


SdtKC.  lt*GntnicctiiigwuhelditY<KkiatSjii(iulBnmur, 
■long  witli  Cluria  BibbiEE  ud  Sii  Jobs  F.  W.  HcncheL,  hid 
the  diicl  pan  in  shaping  iu  oinaliliilion.  In  Oie  tame  year  in 
wbich  the  Briliih  AaociaiioD  held  its  fint  meeting,  Bremer 
leciived  the  hoiMiur  ol  luufjiUiood  and  the  dccaraiion  ol  the 
Guelphic  order  oi  Hanover.  In  i3j3  be  wu  ippoinlcd  ptincipal 
o(  the  united  colleges  of  Si  Silvalaciad  Si  Leonard,  St  Andrewi. 
In  1B49  he  acted  a>  president  of  the  British  Aaociation  and  was 
cleeted  one  of  the  eight  foreign  asiocialei  ol  the  Institute  o[ 
France  in  lucceslion  10  J.  J.  Benelius;  and  ^en  yean  later  be 
accepted  the  oSce  of  principal  ol  the  univcnity  of  Edinburgh, 
the  duties  of  iriucb  he  dischar^  until  witUn  a  few  moDths 
leath,  which  took  place  at  Alkrly,  Uelrosc,  on  the  lolb 


DiFebr 


71S68, 


1566-1644), 


merkan  colonist, 


strmating  Btewcter'i  iJace  among  scientific  discovetvn 
the  chief  thiog  to  be  borne  in  mind  is  that  the  bent  of  his 
genius  was  not  characleiiatically  mathemilicsl.  His  pethod 
wu  empirical,  and  the  laws  which  he  established  wcr  generally 
the  result  of  repeated  eiperiment.  To  the  ultimate  eqilanalioD 
of  the  phenomena  with  which  be  dealt  be  coDtcibuted  nothing, 
And  it  is  rkoteworthy  in  thb  conoenon  that  if  he  did  rut  maintain 
to  the  end  of  his  life  the  corpuscular  theory  he  never  eiplicilly 
adopted  the  undulatory  theory  ol  light.  Few  will  be  indincd 
to  dispute  the  wrdict  of  Forbo; — "His  sdeotific  glory  ii 
diSereot  in  kind  from  that  of  Young  and  Fresoel;  but  the  dts- 
conrer  of  the  law  of  polariutlon  of  biaxial  crystals,  of  optical 
Bincnlogy,  and  of  double  refniction  by  compression,  will  slvayi 
occupy  1  foremost  rank  fa  the  tntdleeluai  history  of  the  age." 
In  addition  10  tlie  varioui  irotk*  of  Brewiter  already  noticed, 
the  following  may  be  o;entioiied; — Notes  and  Introduction  to 
Car^yie*!  traislalion  of  Legendte's  Efmeiili «/ C»i<Hfry  Ofl>4)l 
TrtalmimOplia  (iSjl);  LtlUri  b»  Nalural  Uapi,  addteswd  to 
Sir  Walter  ScoU  (iBji);  Tht  Uatfyn  ef  Sciena,  sr  lA.  Imu 
af  GeliUo,  Tytia  Bnht,  ani  KifUr  (1841);  Um  Wtrldi  lian 
0«[i8s4) 

See  7^  Btmt  Uful  Sir  DatU  BmHa.  by  hie 
Conka. 

BRKWirBA,  WILLIAM  [i 
one  of  the  leaden  at  the  "  1  _  . 
Nottlnghatnshii«,  England,  about  i;66.  After  atudying  for  » 
ahort  time  at  Cambridge,  he  was  from  rs84  to  ijSj  in  the  service 
of  miliam  Davison  (}  imi-i6o8),  who  in  liSj  went  to  the  Low 
Countries  to  negotiate  an  alliance  with  the  stalev^neral  and 
in  15*6  beaimi  auisUnt  to  WalsiBgham,  Queen  Eliiabeth'a 
•ecretary  of  stale.  Upon  the  disgrarc  of  Davison,  Brewster 
removed  to  Scrwby,  when  frotn  ijgo  until  September  1607 
he  held  the  poeilion  of  "  Post,"  or  postroastcr  respoiuible  for 
the  rdayi  et  bona  on  the  ixial  road,  having  previously,  lor  a 
ahon  lime,  usiited  hli  father  fa  that  oScc.  About  1601  hia 
nelghboutt  began  to  assemble  for  worship  at  bis  borne,  the 
Serooby  manot  bonu,  and  in  1606  he  joined  them  in  organizing 
the  Sep«t»tist  chuiehof  Serooby.  After  an  onsuecewful  attempt 
in  160T  (for  which  he  was  imprisoned  for  a  >ban  timel,  he,  with 
other  Sepsrattsti,  removed  to  Holland  in  i6og  to  nhlain  greater 
freedom  of  worship.  At  Leid«i  in  i6og  be  was  chosen  ruling 
dder  of  tht  Congregation.  Id  Holland  he  suppotied  hinueli  £nt 
by  teaching  En^ith  and  afletwaids  in  i6i6-i6ig,  as  the  partner 
of  one  Tbotnu  BKwer,  by  lecntly  printing,  for  sale  in  En^and, 
booka  ptOKrlbcd  by  the  Eni^isb  govenuneot.  thus,  saya  Bradlotd. 
having  "  imployinenle  iao<u^."  In  i6ig  their  types  were  seized 
and  Brewer  was  arrested  by  the  aulboriiies  of  the  university  of 
Leiden,  acting  on  the  instance  of  the  Biitt)h  ambassador,  Sir 
t>udley  Catieton.  Brewster,  however,  escaped,  and  in  tlie  same 
year,  with  Robert  Cuslunan  (c.  T5fto-i6jj),  obtained  in  London, 
On  behalf  of  his  associates,  a  land  patent  from  (he  Vlrgtnis 
Company.  [ni6jolieemigralcdtoAmericaon(he"Maydower," 
and  WI9  one  of  the  foundeis  of  the  Fiymoulh  CcJony.  Here 
besides  continuing  until  his  death  to  act  aa  ruling  elder,  he  waa 
also — regularly  until  the  arrival  of  the  fint  paiiot,  Ral[ji  Sinith 
(d.  1661),  in  i6jfj  and  irregulariy  afterward — a  "  teacher," 
preaching  "  both  powerfully  and  profitably 


See  Ai^bel  Steele'.  CJWtf  rf  li<  Pilpimn  tr  Uu:  Liji  em 
William  BrraUrr  (Philadelpliia,  1SJ7):  and  a  •kri'*  i" 
Bratllori-tfliiliiry^fUuFlmBiaiiPla^lvien  (newed.,  BoM< 


if  which  was  PlEKRE  DE  Btlzt  (c.  14K 
d  soldiers  and  ilalesmen  of  Charles  V 
IK  at  a  soldier  in  the  English  I 
"  "  I  of  Sicily,  the 


k  Rich- 


mond and  othen,  in  chasing  frr 
La  Trfmoille.  He  was  knlghled  by  Chatlet  of  Anjou  in  14J4. 
and  presently  entered  the  royal  council.  In  143;  he  became 
seneschsl  of  Anjou.  and  in  14*0  of  Poitou.  During  the  Piaguerie 
he  rendered  great  service  to  the  loyal  ciute  againtl  the  daui^n 
Louis  and  the  revolted  nobles,  a  service  which  wat  remembered 
■gainst  him  after  Loub't  accestlon  to  the  throne.  He  fought 
against  the  En^llb  in  Normandy  in  1440-1441,  and  in  Culenne 
fa  J44L  lathe  next  year  he  became  chamberlain  to  Charles  VII., 
and  gained  the  chief  power  in  the  itate  through  the  influence  ol 
Agnet  Sorel,  tupeiteding  hit  early  allies  Richmond  and  Charles 
of  Anion.  The  six  years  (1444-1450)  of  his  ascendancy  weie  tha 
most  ptotpetoua  period  of  the  reign  id  Charles  VII.  Mis  most 
dangerous  opponent  was  the  dauphfa  Louis,  who  in  144B  brought 
agaimt  him  accusations  which  led  to  a  formal  trial  resulting  fa 
a  comi^ete  eianeration  of  Sriit  and  bis  restoration  to  favour. 
He  fDvght  in  Normandy  [n  14SO-1451,  and  became  seneschal  o( 
the  province  after  the  death  of  Agnes  Sorcl  and  the  consequent 
decline  ol  his  infinence  at  court.  He  made  an  ineSeclive  descent 
on  the  English  coast  at  Sandwich  fa  its7.  and  was  pieptling 
aneapeditioninlavour  of  Margnret  of  Anjou  when  the  accession 
of  Louis  XL  brou^l  him  disgrace  and  a  abort  impcisomijenL 


'abalT-sis 


Charlotte  de  Valois.  dau^ter  of  Agnes  Sore!.  In  1469  be  ac 
panled  Margaret  to  Scotland  with  a  force  of  Tooo  men,  and  after 
the  battle  of  Hexham  he  brought  her  back  to  Flanden.  On  his 
return  Ik  was  reappofaled  seneschal  of  Normandy,  and  fell  in 
the  battle  ol  Monllhiry  on  the  i6tb  of  July  1465.  Re  was 
succeeded  as  seneschal  of  Normandy  by  hii  eldest  son  Jacques 
de  Btdt  (c.  1440-1490),  count  of  UauIcvHcr;  and  by  his 
grandson,  husband  ol  the  faraout  Diane  de  Poitiers,  Louis  de 
Bi*i*  (d.  ijji),  whose  tomb  in  Rouen  cathedral,  altnT>uted  10 
Jean  Goujoo  aad  Jean  Cousin,  it  a  splendid  eiaraple  of  French 
Renaissance  work. 

The  lordship  oC  Biti*  patted  eventually  to  Claire  CWmenct 
de  Mailli,  princess  of  Ccmdf,  by  whom  it  was  told  to  Tbomaa 
Drtux,  wtA  took  the  name  of  Dieux  Br£z^,  when  it  was  erected 
into  a  marquitate.  Hehii  Evaaio,  marquis  de  Dreui-Brfzt 
(i76>-iSiq),  succeeded  his  father  as  master  of  the  ceremonla 
to  Louis  XVL  in  i;Br.  On  the  meeting  of  the  slates-general 
in  1789  it  fell  to  him  to  regulate  the  questions  of  etiquetle  and 
precedence  between  the  three  estates.  That  as  the  immediate 
representative  of  the  crown  he  should  wound  the  susceptibililiei 
of  the  deputia  was  perhaps  inevitable,  but  Utile  allempi  was 


n  formally  it 


IS  provoldng  the  se 


anged  ci. 

mate  to  President  Bailly  the  pto- 
e  until  the  10th  of  June,  when  the 
ec  the  hall  to  prepare  for  the  event, 


lorden 


It  the  a 


shonid  meet  separately,  when  MIrabeau  replied  thai  ihc  ball 
could  not  be  deaicd  eicepl  by  force.  After  tbe  fall  of  the 
TuUeiiesBiCttemivatedlor ashon lime, but thoughbe  returned 
to  France  he  was  spared  during  tbe  Terror.  At  the  SestCirallon 
he  was  made  ■  peer  of  France,  and  resumed  his  funcllons  as 
guatdiaa  of  an  antiquated  ceremonial.  He  died  on  the  t;lh  ol 
January  1S19,  when  he  was  succeeded  in  the  peerage  aod  at 
court  by  his  son  Sdpkin  (i7gi-ia4J}. 
Tbe  best  contcnipcmy  account  of  fMerre  de  Brbf  It  given  to  tha 

r^roMinmrw  rJ  »h>   HiimindHn  chTDnLCleT.   CeOttet  ChlttelblB.  wfan 

.     ChaaeUain  addnwd  a    "''-'' 


BRIALMONT— BWAND 


n  (iSn-igoj),  BdgUn.  icneal 

r,  MB  <rf  GcMnl  Laucot  UuUra  BtUnodt 

~  VenloinUnbarioathaiithaf  Mty  liii. 

da  niiitu;  kImmI,  he  aitacd  tba  tony 

ist  Iw  mi  i^vaM  KciMiiy  to  Iba  wu- 
■  Chai^  b  1S55  he  contd  Ite  ittff. 
cocpi,  becuM  iMfiic  In  iHt,  ligDtBDUit«olond  1804,  colood  In 
1S6S  and  najoc-flOKid  1874.  In  tUf  nnk  be  beU  at  Slat  the 
poulian  el  dbectsr  «f  lartUcationa  in  tba  Antavp  dlltiiet 
(Dctember  1874),  and  nine  nxntba  later  he  became  faiqieetor- 
liiiiial  III  fialUlialfciiMaiiil  li  tlai  iiii|»  it  ia|liiiiin    In  iil7T 

the  fattificaUon  ol  the  Bdgian  plana  toat  with  tw  Bttla  oppori- 
thn,  mad  BriahHUt  accau  to  bneMt  amA  AappctatmBU  in 
lUa;  at  an;  tate  ha  aant  in  iSSj  ta  SniBaBia  to  adviM  a*  to  the 
loitifcitioa  iro^  icqaiRdior  th*  drfraoe  of  the  countiT,  and 


«aa  to  be  vade  a  fint-daaa  iOrtOB.  He  ma  thennpon  placed 
(■  ^^MtMUM  in  hti  own  lenki^  a  having  tadcftaten  the 
Bucfaaitat  imi*  wlthgat  Iha  aothaiiBitlco  of  bb  aovcnign. 
TU>  ma  due  In  pan  to  the  ncgenbn  vl  Avaltia,  which  pomt 
Rgankd  the  Buchuwt  mtb  aa  a  menace  to  beiadf.  Hii 
■nvicet  were,  haweinr,  too  valuable  to  be  loit,  and  on  hit  latBiu 
to  Bdgtun  in  1SS4  he  lesnaied  Ida  comnuad  of  tlu  Aalwerp 
milituy  dlMilct.  He  Ind,  tiuther,  lAils  in  caiteni  Enicpe, 
prepaiid  at  the  KqnaM  ol  the  Heiloilc  (OWHiuncnt,  a  Bcbeme 
for  the  dttoice  ol  Gieece.    Heietindb  i88d,  batconlinwdtD 


Sqitember  1903. 

In  the  Ellt  ftige  of  hfa  cares  aa  an  engi 
]dani  faUnted  with  but  illght  modlfieailon  the  Ideal  of  Vanban, 
and  hii  ori^nal  ichenia  for  foRiljHng  Antwerp  provided  (or 
bolhtncelDteandfoiti  being  on  a  baitiooed  trace.  But  hi  1859, 
when  the  gnat  entieached  camp  at  Antwerp  waa  finally  taken 
fn  hand,  he  bad  abeady  gone  over  to  the  achool  ol  poljigoiul 
'    '0  Ueaa  of  HoBtdrabert.    Aboat  twenty 

a  fortification  widch 
lutnnity  tctultid  from  the  intiodiiction  of  lang-nrage  gunf,  and 
from  tlie  evcnti  of  1870-71.  lie  extreme  deta^ed  fefti  of 
the  Antwerp  re^on  and  the  fartifiotfora  oa  tbe  Ueunat  Li«ge 
and  Nlimtir  were  conatnKted  In  accordance  with  Brialmont't 
final  piindpka,  via.  the  lavitb  oie  of  annotir  to  pmect  tlie 
•itf  Day  inside  the  foeta,  the  loppreirion  of  aU  artflleiy  poallloiis 


fatlgalde  writer,  and  produced,  b^da  enayi,  revicwi'  and 

trtber  papera  In  tbe  Journals,'  twenty-three  impoTlant  works 
and  toity-nlne  pamphfcts.  In  1850  he  oiiglnated  the  Journal 
it  Farmit  Bdp,  Hia  moat  Impeitant  publlcatioiu  were  La 
Fertijictlum  da  Impt  frtsttU  (BrusHit,  1^85);  Ixfuena  in  Hr 
timttanl  ti  drt  eiai-urplllti  tw  la  Jarllfiealian  (Rivatlt,  1S88); 
In  Ktfita ferti/Utt  (BfiBMls.  iSfo);  La  Dtfinu  ia  Haa  tt  la 
famjualieHilaJiiidHXIX'iiltli{iimat]i,iSos):  Pnpli  lU 
la  i^me  da  Kali  ttdila  farlif alien  ftrmancnlt  dtpai  Ya^an 
(Brnneb,  1898]. 

BBIAM  (1)16-1014),  king  of  Ireland,  known  u  Buitf  Boic, 
BoaoHA,  or  BoRomHE  ((rom  tmarna.  an  Irish  word  (or  tribute), 
was  I  son  of  a  crrtiin  Kennedy  or  Cenndde  (d.  gsO-  He 
passed  his  youth  in  fighting  against  tbe  Danca,  who  win: 
atantiy  ringing  Munster,  the  northern  part  of  which  di 
was  the  home  of  Brian')  tribe,  and  wan  much  lame  In  these 
eticDimlcTa.  In  976  his  brother,  Maihgamhain  or  Mahon,  whi 
had  brcome  king  ol  ThOTnond  about  051  and  aritrvanls  kin; 
o(  Kfunstcr.  was  murdered;  Brian  avenged  this  deed,  becami 
himteil  king  ol  Munslcr  in  gjS,  and  set  out  upon  his  camr  01 
amqaest.  He  lontd  ilie  tribes  of  Munster  and  then  ihosi 
of  Ldnater  to  osrn  his  aovereigniy,  defeated  the  Dsnes,  wh< 
wen  eat^)li*cd  annid  DnbUn,  in  Wlcklow,  and  maiched  Inti 


^In  at  wai  with  the  Danca  of  DuhEn^  and  on 
the  ijrO  «l  J^ntl  1014  Ida  tonea  gahiad  a  great  victory  ovci 
them  at  Oootaif.  Aflo  tUa  battle,  hoavTCr,  the  old  kiog  wka 
itala  in  hia  tent,  and  waa  btuiad  at  ArmagiL  Brian  has  enjoyed 
B  (teal  aitd  not  tindcaervcd  icpotatioB.  Ona  id  bJ*  chaitem 
b  atfll  prcaarred  h  Titei^  Collt«e,  DaUia. 

SseE.  A.  [>-Ahoii,  ff Miry  ^  Zr^laaA  >sL  L  (1903}. 


It  is  baOt  at  a  height  of  4334  ft 

^  Junction  of  tl»  Dtuance  with 

ttaeU  fa  ionoed  of  very  fleep  and 

r.thoB^pktnnqBeitraell.  Aa  it  Bca  at  the  fool  of  the 
descaat  fHon  tile  hfoni  Ocntne  Pass,  giving  acteaa  to  Ttuin,  a 
gieat  Bumbsr  of  fbrtificationa  have  beeta  coMtrocted  on  the 
liBt^ita  aioond  Biiancon,  eqieclally  towaida  the  eaal.  The 
Fort  Janus  b  no  less  than  400D  ft..aboTe  the  town.  The  pariah 
dmrch,  with  its  two  towers,  waa  btilt  i703~iT>d,  and  occupica  a 
very  conqmaioos  podtlon.  Tbe  Foot  d'AaCeld,  B.  of  tiic  town, 
was  built  ia  1734,  and  (onnsan  aich  ti  131  ft.  span,  thrown  at 
a  hei^t  of  184  ft.  acroB  the  Duraoco.  The  modem  town 
ertends  in  the  ptila  at  the  S.W,  (bot  of  tbe  plateau  on  wMch 
tbe  old  town  Is  built  and  (omu  the  aabuib  of  SLe  Catherine, 
with  the  nilmy  stitian,  and  an  important  silk-weaving  faclocy. 
Btian(on  ia  ji|  m.  by  nil  from  Cap.  Hb  commune  had  a 
dvil  populalina  in  isp6  of  4S83  (urban  population  3130),  while 
the  pemuneBl  gartfnn  was  1641 — in  all  7514  fuhatatants. 

BriaB^on  waa  the  Brifanlimm  of  tlie  Romans  and  formed  part 
of  the  kingdom  of  King  Cottlua.  About  1040  it  came  into  Ibe 
handa  o(  tha  omnia  of  Aibon  (later  daiqihins  ol  tbe  Viennoii) 
and  tbeBCelorth  ihaied  tbe  fate  ol  tbe  DaopUnC  The  Biian- 
(ODoab  included  not  metdy  the  upper  valtey  of  lbs  DmaiKa 
(with  thoaeof  ItaaBoentagtheCyioiideand  the  CniO,  botalsa 
tlw  vaB«qr  of  tlie  Doia  Ripaiia  (Cfsanne,  Ouli,  Bantouniche 
and  Eiiiies),  and  that  of  the  CUsoae  (Ftaestrelles,  Ftnnse, 
Pragdas] — these  glens  all  lying  on  the  castetn  slope  of  the  chain 
of  tte  Alps.  But  by  the  treaty  of  Utrecht  (1713)  all  these 
vaUays  were  handed  over  to  Savoy  in  eichange  fot  that  of 
Banelonnette,  on  tbe  west  slope  o[  the  Alps.  In  181J  Briaofon 
BaccMsfdIy  withstood  a  siege  of  three  months  at  tbe  bands  of 
tha  ADiea,  a  (eat  which  ia  commemonted  by  an  iniciiption  on 
one  of  its  gates,  Le  foot  rifand  it  raaaiir.        (W.  A.  B.  C] 

BBUm^  AMinDK  (iS6i-  ),  Piench  statesman,  wu 
bom  at  Nantes,  of  a  bouigeda  family.  He  studied  law,  and 
While  iiill  young  look  to  pnUtln,  asiodating  himself  with  tbe 
most  advanced  movements,  vriling  articles  lor  the  anarchist 
Jonmit  U  Fenfli,  and  directing  the  Lanltnu  lor  some  time. 
From  this  he  passed  to  the />((ai  ^^wKifw,  leaving  it  tolound, 
with  Jean  Jaurb.  L'HumainU.  At  the  lanie  lime  he  was  pro- 
minent in  the  movement  for  the  (oimallon  of  labour  union*, 
and  at  the  congratoi  working  men  at  Nanieiin  1894  besectired 
the  adoption  d(  the  labour  union  idea  agiinst  tbe  adherents  of 
Jnles  Gutsde.  From  that  time,  Biiand  became  one  o(  the 
leaders  of  the  Fnnch  Socialist  party.  In  1901,  alter  several 
nnsoccessful  attempts,  he  was  elected  deputy.  He  dedired 
himself  a  strong  partisan  of  the  union  of  the  Left  In  what  is 
known  ss  the  Bloc,  in  order  to  check  the  reactionary  depailes 
of  the  Right.  From  the  beginning  ol  his  career  In  the  chamber 
(^  deputies,  Briand  waa  occupied  with  the  question  of  the 
separation  of  church  and  slate.  He  wss  appointed  reporter 
of  the  commission  charged  with  the  preparation  of  the  law, 
and  his  mastirly  report  at  once  marited  him  out  as  one  of  the 
coming  leaders.  He  succeeded  in  carrying  his  piojtct  through 
with  but  slight  modifications,  and  without  dividing  the  paitiea 
upon  whose  support  he  Riled,  He  was  Ibe  principal  author  ol 
the  law  of  trpiratlDn,  but,  net  content  with  preparing  it,  be 
wished  to  apply  it  ai  well,  especially  as  the  ciluing  Rouvi' 


Si6 


BRIANZA— BRIBERY 


Invctitoriet  of  diiuch  piopcity,  t.  cUine  of  the  Uw  loi  nhich 
Brlind  i>U  not  lapomible.  CoueqiUDily  it  wxepled  the 
portfolio  of  public  imtnictHni  ind  woithip  id  the  Sirncn  mtnisliy 
Ci«a6].  So  far  u  the  chunber  wu  conccnMd  his  succxu  was 
complete.  But  the  icceptuic«  of  >  ponfoJia  in  a  bourjeoit 
minittTy  led  to  hia  uchisioii  friHn  tlie  Unified  Sociaiiat  party 
(Mtldi  i^eb).  As  oppoKd  to  Jauiii.  he  contended  that  the 
SociKliats  ibould  co-operate  actively  with  the  Radicals  in  all 
DUtten  of  reform,  and  not  ttuid  aloof  to  await  the  complete 
tutBlment  of  ttidT  ideali. 

BBIAVZA,  >  diitiict  o(  Lombudy,  Italy,  fonninf  the  aouCh 
put  of  the  province  ol  Cmno,  between  the  CwD  wutbem  arms 
tl  the  bte  of  that  Dane.  It  a  tliiclily  popolated  and  lemark- 
■bk  lot  h*  fertUIlyi  and  being  hilly  n  a  fiTOUtite  tuauner  MOrt 
«f  the  MilainB 

BUAHit  a  town  of  north-centnJ  Fnnce  in  the  deputnent 
tl  Ldiet  on  tie  li^  laint  of  the  Lone,  4ji  m.  &E.  of  OrUana 
CO  the  nQwny  to  Ncven.  R^.  (1906)  46«1-  Brianf,  the 
Briwaimm  at  the  Romana,  ii  situated  at  the  iittemity  of  the 
Cual  of  Brian,  which  unite*  the  Loire  and  iti  latcrd  anal  with 
the  Loing  and  »  with  the  Seine.  Ilic  canal  of  Briue  wat  cnn- 
ttnicted  Irom  i6os  to  1641  and  i>  about  jS  m.  lone.  The  indus- 
tries include  the  manufacture  ol  Sue  poUeiy,  and  of  to-called 
porctUin  buttons  made  of  fdspar  and  milk  bn  a  ipedaJ  procesa; 
its  lavcuor,  Baplerosaes,  has  a  bust  in  the  town.  The  canal 
traffic  is  in  wood,  iron,  coal,  building  materials,  ftc  A  modern 
hMpital  and  chordi,  aitd  the  hfitel  dc  ville  installed  in  an  old 
DMSted  cMteau,  are  the  chief  buadin^  The  Utend  canal  of 
the  Jxitt  cranes  the  Loire  near  Brian  by  a  Elae  cuial-btidge 
IM  yds.  in  lenclh. 

BBIAREira.  a  AickiOH,  in  Creek  mythology,  one  of  the 
thfc*  haodrcd-anncd,  fifty-headed  Hecatoocbeins,  brotbei  ol 
Cattot  and  Oyia  (or  Cyes).  According  lo  Homer  (lliad  L  403) 
k  na  called  Aegaeon  by  men,  and  Biiaieus  by  the  gods.  He 
was  tiK  son  of  Powidon  {or  Utanus]  and  Gaea.  The  Icgeiidi 
repnUng  bim  and  his  brothcn  are  various  and  aomevbat 
contradictory.  According  to  the  mat  widely  spread  myth, 
Briarens  and  Ids  brotlien  were  called  by  Zeus  to  his  assistance 
i^n  th  Titans  were  making  war  upon  CMympns.  T)ie  gigantic 
cnemic*  wnv  defeated  and  conugned  to  Tartania,  U  the  gates 
Dt  wUch  the  three  bntbect  veie  placed  (Kaiod,  Tliitt-  ^U, 
439.714)-  OtlnaccoDiitsmateBriaieiiaoneolthcaiteaanUol 
Olympot,  win,  after  his  defeat,  was  buried  nnder  Mount  Aetna 
(CaGimachus,  HyMit  to  XWm,  hi).  Bnmti  mcntioiB  him  ai 
ailittiDg  Zeis  when  the  other  Olympian  deities  were  plotting 
against  the  king  ol  gods  and  dcd  (llial  1.  joS).  Another 
trsdiliaa  makes  bim  a  giant  of  the  tea,  ruler  ol  the  labuloui 
Acgaea  in  Euboea,  an  enemy  o(  Posddon  and  the  invenlor  of 
wanUpi  (Scbol.  on  ApolL.  Rbod.  i.  ri6s).  H  v°uld  be  diOicult 
to  detjimine  cnctly  what  natural  phenomena  are  symbolised 
by  tha  Hecatonchrirca.  They  may  r^iresent  the  gigantic  forces 
ol  nature  winch  appeal  Id  eaithquakea  and  oilvt  convuhiou,  or 
the  muIIitDdiMUB  motioa  of  the  les' waves  (Mayer,  Dit  CifiMtii 
UKd  Taaten.  lU;). 

BRIHBBT  (from  the  O.  Ft.  hrihtrie,  beg^ng  or.  vacancy, 
briti.  Mid.  Lat.  triid,  signifying  a  piece  of  bread  given  to  bcfeui; 
the  Enf.  "  bcibe"  haa  passed  through  the  meaning  of  abnt, 
blackmail  and  cBorlion,  to  gifts  received  or  given  in  order 
to  indoeact  corruptly).  The  public  ofience  ol  teibeiy  may  be 
dc6aad  as  the  oReriif  or  livinc  of  paynenl  in  some  ihape  or 
lem  that  il  may  be  a  motive  in  the  perlormaiKa  6l  tunctiont  lor 
wliich  the  ptapar  motive  outfit  to  baacwadentlousiwiaaol  duty. 
Whta  thil  is  lapetieded  1^  the  loedidimpulsea  created  by  the 
bribe,  a  penon  b  aald  to  be  compted,  and  that  cocruplloii  ia  a 
letm  lonwlimet  held  equivikiit  to  bribery.  Tin  oSenca  may 
be  divided  Into  two  peat  chiaci  ttc  one  when  a  person  in- 
vcilcdwilh  powcrisiDduccdby  payaMnttouicitunjiistlyi  the 
other,  where  power  is  obtained  by  pnrchaiing  the  tuBraget  of 
ihote  who  can  Impart  il.  It  b  a  natural  prapenuly,  renuvabk 
oiUy  by  civiliaatloaor  aoote  powerful  oountetacting  Influence,  to- 
InI  that  avcry  ekoKnt  ol  power  is  to  ba  employed  as  much  at 


potaible  for  the  ownerV  own  behoof,  and  that  hs  bn>6tt  ibonid 
be  conferred  not  on  those  who  bat  deserve  them,  but  00  ifccoe 
who  win  pay  moat  for  them.  Hence  Judicial  corruption  is  an 
inveterate  via  of  imperfect  civilisallon.  llKre  is,  perhapa  no 
other  criow on  which  Ihe  force  of  law,  if  unaided  by  public  opinion 
and  moral),  can  ban  so  Uttle  influence;  for  in  other  crimes, 
luch  at  violence  or  fraud,  there  is  generally  some  person  immedi- 
Blely  injured  by  the  act,  wbo  can  give  hit  aid  in  the  deteclton  of 
■be  oReoder,  but  in  the  perpetration  of  the  offence  of  bribery 
■U  the  imaediate  puties  obtain  wlut  they  desire,  and  an 
satisfied. 

The  purification  ol  the  bench  from  Judicial  bribery  hat  been 
gradbal  in.most  ol  the  European  countiwt.  In  France  it  received 
an  impulse  in  the  r6th  century  from  the  hi^-minded  chaoeellor, 
Michel  de  L'HApital.  In  EngUnd  )nd)dtl  comptirat  hat  been 
a  crime  at  remarkable  rarity.  Iitdeed.  with  the  eaceplion  cf  a 
ttnluteof  1384  (repealed  by  the  Statute  Uw  Revision  Act  iSti) 
there  has  been  no  legiilatioD  rdattat  to  judicial  bribery.  The 
earliest  recorded  case  was  that  et  Sir  William  Thorpe,  nbe  In 
1351  WIS  fined  and  teraoved  from  office  for  accepting  bribci- 
<Mhei  celebrated  cues  were  tbcac  of  UichacI  de  la  Pole ,  cbancellOT 
of  En^and,  in  ijB;;  Lord  Chancelloi  Bacon  in  lOit;  Lionel 
Cranfield,  eail  of  Middkiei.  in  1614;  and  Sir  Thomas  Parker, 
lit  eari  of  MacdetfieM,  in  1715.  la  Scotland  for  tome  yean 
after  the  Revolution  Ibe  bench  wst  not  without  a  im^cioD 
of  intentted  pactialily;  but  aince  the  beginiiing  ol  the  ii)ih 
century,  at  leitt,  there  hat  been  in  all  parts  ol  the  eminre  a  perfect 
reliance  on  its  purity.  The  some  may  be  said  of  the  higher  daw 
cj  miniilcriil  officers.  There  b  no  doubt  that  in  the  pniod  from 
the  Revolution  to  the  end  of  Queen  Anne's  reign,  when  aipraker 
of  the  House  of  COnmiana  was  eipelled  foe  tribery,  and  the 
veal  Marihonntfi  could  not  clear  his  character  Item  pecuuary 
dithontaty.  there  was  mudi  cstraption  in  the  hitfieil  ofiicial 
quartets.  TheleveloftheoSence  of  official  bribery  has  gradually 
descended,  imtil  if  haa  became  an  eitremety  rare  thing  for  the 
humbler  oScen  conoecled  with  the  revenue  to  be  charged  with 
it.  Ii  hat  had  a  mote  lingering  eiittence  with  those  who, 
became  theii  power  it  more  of  a  comtilutiona]  than  an 
ofBdal  chaiBCtcr,  have  been  deemed  tot  reqionuble  lo  the  public 
During  Walpole's  administratiDn  there  is  no  doubt  that  membeta 
of  parlitment  were  paid  in  euh  for  votct;  and  the  memoiabla 
laylog,  that  every  man  has  hs  price,  has  been  preserved  at  a 
chatacterstic  imUcalion  of  his  method  of  gDvamment.  On* 
of  Ibe  forms  in  iriiich  adminittralive  corruption  it  tnoti  difficult 
of  eradication  il  the  appointment  to  office.  It  it  tometimet 
maintained  that  the  putily  which  ckancleriies  the  administra- 
tion of  justice  is  here  unattainable,  becauK  in  giving  a  judpnenl 
there  is  but  one  lorn  in  which  it  can  be  justly  »ven,  but  when 
sn  office  hu  ID  be  filled  rnany  people  miy  he  equally  fitted  for 
it,  and  penonal  motivet  must  influence  a  choice.  II  very  rarely 
happens,  however,  that  direct  bribery  it  luppoacd  to  influence 
luch  appointments.  It  docs  not  appear  that  bribery  was  coit- 
ipicuoui  in  En^nd  until,  in  the  eariy  part  of  the  iSih  century, 
contttluencies  had  thrown  ofl  the  feudal  dependence  which 
lingered  airumg  tbemj  and.  indeed,  il  is  oitcn  said,  that  bribery 
is  essentially  the  defect  of  a  free  peo[Je,  since  it  is  Ibe  tale  tt 
that  which  is  taken  from  others  without  payment. 

In  En^ith  law  bribery  of  a  privy  councIUor  or  a  juryman 
(ice  Ehbuceiv}  it  punishable  a*  a  misdemeanour,  at  is  the 
taking  of  a  bribe  by  any  judicial  or  Diinitlerial  officer.  The 
buying  and  tcUing  of  public  officea  it  also  regarded  at  cocanun 
law  aa  a  form  of  bribery.  BylfaaCustomtConaolidatianAclidTi, 
any  officer  In  Ibe  cutlomt  aervice  a  liable  to  lutant  dismissal 
and  a  penalty  of  £soo  lor  taking  a  hibe,  and  any  penon  oflerinc 
or  promiting  a  bribe  or  reward  to  an  olEccr  to  neglect  hit  duty 
w  conceal  or  connive  at  any  act  by  which  the  cisloms  nisy  be 
evadedthall  forfeit  the  sum  of  £100.  Under  ibe  Inland  Revenue 
RegdationB  Act  1840,  the  bribery  of  commliHOnerv  coUectoca, 
officers  or  other  person  emphiyed  in  relalion  to  the  Inland 
Revenue  involve*  ■  fine  of  fjoo,     The  Merchant  Shipping  Act 


■S9«.- 


djflS,  ■ 


lh(  natuit  of  bribery.    Qtiboy  is,b)>the  Exttaditien  Act  1906, 


BMC  A  BRAC--BRICK 


S"7 


witli  In  Ihe  Public  Bodies'  Comipt  Pncticxs  Act  1SB9.  The 
pDhUc  bcdfei  oanooriMd  ue  oountr  nniDdb,  town  or  bonugh 
ccnradb,  boudi,  cmnmJMlaiwn,  idecl  ratriM  ind  othn 
bodk*  Imfnf  Iwal  govcmniint,  public  health  or  poor  Uw 
powtn,  uid  having  for  those  porpoeei  to  mdmlDiiter  rata  ntsed 
Qtlder  public  fenenl  un.  The  giving  or  zeoeivfng,  pKuniilTig, 
offoJiiS,  ■nUdtfaig  or  ifneiDg  to  receive  uy  (ift,  fee,  loui  or 
•dvutagi  t^  may  penon  u  u  inducenKnl  for  uy  act  or  for- 
beua>co  by  a  immibcr,  officer  or  aervaiit  of  a  public  body  Jo 
reian)  to  the  affain  of  that  body  ll  made  a  mfldemeawnir  la 
Enstand  and  Ireland  and  a  crime  and  aSence  In  Scotland.  Pio- 
MCUtlon  imder  the  act  (aqoini  Ihe  DoDitnl  of  the  attorney-  or 
wdldtoi^fncral  hi  En^nd  or  Irdand  and  of  the  lord  advocate 
in  ScoUumL  Conviction  f«nden  UaUe  (o  tmprfionnient  with  or 
■itboDt  haid  laboDi  for  a  term  not  caceediei  two  yean,  and  to 
a  GbB  DoC  excudlng  £soa,  fn  addillai  to  or  in  He!  of  Imptiwa- 
■neot.  The  oflender  may  alio  bt  oidend  la  pay  to  the  pubUc 
body  eoDcefiRd  any  bribe  itolred  by  him;  he  may  be  adjad^ 
tactpahle  foe  leven  yean  «f  holding  pubfic  office,  i.e.  the  porition 
of  member,  oScer  or  lemnl  of  a  pibUc  body;  and  if  already 
an  ofScer  orwtvant.  betide*  foifdtiug  hii  place,  be  Sa  liable  at  the 
diiCRtian  of  the  court  to  forfeit  hb  right  to  compensatiDti  or 
pennon.  On  n  Iccond  conviction  ho  may  bo  adjudged  forever 
Incapable  of  bidding  puUic  olfice,  and  for  seven  yean  incapable 
of  bdng  RgBteird  or  of  Toting  ai  a  podiamcntary  elector,  or 
aa  an  elector  of  memben  of  a  public  body.  An  offence  under 
nay  be  proeecuted  and  punished  under  any  other  act 


information,  but  nun 


lame  offence.  Bnbery  at  pdltlcal 
11  law  punishable  by  indictment  or 
03  statutes  have  been  pased  deal- 
rrupt  practice."  In  this  sense,  the  word  Is 
clastic  b  meaning  and  may  embrace  any  method  of  corniptly 
faifluendng  another  for  the  puipooe  of  secuiing  Ins  vote  (see 
Cotton  Pucncn).  Siiboy  at  elections  of  fellows,  scholars, 
fftfficen  and  other  persona  En  odkges,  cathedral  and  coDcgiate 
churches,  hospitals  and oHier  sodelics  wss  prohibited  ini5flfl-i;ftg 
by  statute  Iji  EUs.  c  6).  If  a  member  receives  any  money, 
fee,  reward  or  other  profit  for  ^ving  his  vote  In  favour  of  any 
candidate,  he  forfeits  his  own  place;  If  for  any  such  consideration 


^vcn  or  promised  Is  incapable  of  being  elected 
oa  that  ocmsion.  tlie  act  b  to  be  lead  at  every  election  of 
Mlows,  &c,  under  a  penally  of  £40  in  case  of  default.  By 
the  same  act  any  person  for  comipt  (onsideniion  praentinE, 
intiiuting  or  bducting  to  an  ecdesiutioil  beoeficc  or  dignity 
forfeits  two  years'  value  of  the  bene6ce  or  dignity;  the  corrupt 
presentation  la  void,  and  the  right  to  picseDt  lapae*  for  that  torn 
to  the  cniwn,  and  the  corrupt  prcwutee  ii  dinbled  ftom  there- 
after holding  the  ssme  bene&ce  or  digdQr;  ■  compt  insUtuIios 
or  induction  is  void,  and  the  patmn  noy  present.  For  a  comipt 
resignation  or  exchange  ol  a  beiietes  tlw  giver  and  taker  of  a 
bribe  ibifdt  each  douUe  the  amount  of  the  bribe.  Any  person 
eoTTuptly  piocniing  the  ordaining  of  tninlsten  or  gnmlinE  of 
license*  to  preach  lorfdts  £40,  and  the  person  so  ordained  foifelti 
£10  and  bir  seven  jan  it  bcspadtated  from  hddiog  any 


withn  .  _ 
u  It  nay  be  witb  a  period  not  etueding 
■en  years.  The  offence  of  briboy  at  elections  It  dealt  with  on 
tnudi  the  tame  lines  at  in  En^and,  vdding  the  election  and  dit- 
qnalifying  the  offender  f  ran  bobUng  any  office. 

Bribor  may  also  tahc  the  fonn  ol  a  scciet  commitiion  (f,*.), 
a  profit  made  by  an  agent,  hi  tha  nniise  irf  hit  employment, 
without  the  kncnrtedge  of  Ut  piindpal. 

BSIC  i  BUC  (a  Frcndi  word,  formed  by  a  kind  of  onomato- 
poeia, meanlnf  a  heterogeneous  collection  of  odds  and  ends;  cf. 
dtirie  itdilrK,  cDHctpondtng  to  our  "  by  hook  or  by  crook  "; 


or  by  RduplicatlOD  fnm  Inset,  ntnse),  obfectt  of  "  virtn,"  a 
collection  oi  old  funiiture,  china,  plate  and  curioriliea. 

BRICK  (derived  according  to  tome  etyraologiatt  from  the 
Teutonic  Mcjte,  a  disk  or  plate;  but  mote  authoritatively, 
thntugh  tlie  Fiench  Anfae,  originally  a  "  broken  piece,"  applied 
eqtedally  to  bread,  and  to  to  clay,  from  the  Teutonic  triliam,  to 
break),  a  kind  of  artificial  stone  generally  made  of  burnt  cUy. 
andUrgely  used  as  a  building  materisl. 

Huiory.-^—'nt  art  of  making  bricks  datea  from  very  early  lioica, 
and  wt*  practised  by  all  the  dvilized  nations  of  antiqully.  The 
eaiSett  bumt  bricks  known  are  those  found  on  the  titis  ol  the 
ancient  dttes  of  Babylonia,  and  it  see  ms  probable  that  the  method 
of  making  strong  and  durable  bricks,  by  burning  Uocks  of  dried 
day,  was  dooivned  in  this  comer  of  Asia.  We  know  at  least 
that  wcU-bomt  bricks  were  made  by  the  Bab^onlana  mote  than 
9000  years  ago,  and  that  they  were  ntenslvely  tned  in  the  time 
ofSsfgonof  Akkad(c.)BOoB.c,).  The  site  of  the  andent  dty  oi 
Babylon  it  itill  marked  by  huge  mounds  of  bricks,  the  raloi  of 
its  great  walls,  towers  snd  palaces,  although  it  has  been  the 
custom  (or  centuries  to  tarry  sway  from  these  heaps  the  brick* 
required  For  the  building  of  the  tnodem  towns  in  the  turrouiutlng 
CDuntiy.  The  Babylodans  and  Assyrians  attained  to  a  hi^ 
degree  of  pmEdenty  in  brickmikiog,  notably  fn  the  manulacture 
of  bridu  having  a  coating  of  coloQted  glue  or  ensmd,  which  they 
liigcly  used  for  wall  decoration.  The  Cbineee  daim  great 
antiquity  for  their  day  industries,  but  it  Is  not  itnprobable  that 
the  knowledge  of  hricknuklng  travdled  esttwuds  from  Babylonia 
across  the  vrtiole  of  Asia-  It  is  believed  that  the  art  of  making 
glazed  bricks,  so  highly  developed  afterwards  by  the  Qlinete, 
found  its  way  across  Asia  from  tlie  west,  through  TeiHa  and 
northern  India,  to  China.  The  great  wall  of  (^na  was  con- 
structed partly  of  brick,  both  burnt  and  unburnt;  but  this  was 
built  at  a  comparatively  late  period  (c.  no  B.C.),  and  there  is 
nothing  to  show  that  the  Onnesc  had  any  knowledge  of  bumt 
bricks  when  the  art  fiouiished  b  Bsbylonia. 

Brickmaking  formed  the  chief  occupation  of  the  Inaellle* 
during  (heir  bondage  in  Egypt,  but  in  this  case  the  bricks  wen 
probably  sunnjried  only,  and  not  bumt.     These  bricks  wen  made 

stiff  paste  with  water.  The  day  was  the  river  mud  from  the 
banks  of  the  Nile,  and  as  this  had  not  suffidcnt  coheuon  in  itself, 
the  chopped  straw  (or  reeds)  was  added  as  B  bmding  material. 
The  addition  of  such  substances  increues  the  plastidly  of  wet 
day,  espedilly  if  the  miiture  i»  alloiwd  to  stand  for  some  days 
before  use;  m  that  the  action  of  the  chopped  straw  was  twofold; 
a  fact  po^bly  known  to  the  Egyptians.  These  sun-dried  bricks, 
or  "  adobes,"  are  still  made,  as  of  old,  on  the  banks  of  the  Nile 
by  the  follDwIng  methods— A  shallow  pit  or  bed  is  prepared, 
into  which  are  thrown  the  mud,  diopped  straw  and  water  in 
!ui  tabic  proporrions,  and  the  whole  mass  is  tramped  on  untQ  it  is 
thoroughly  mixed  and  ol  the  pnper  consistence.  This  mixture 
Is  removed  in  lumps  and  shaped  into  bricks,  b  moddt  or  by 
hand,  the  bricks  being  umply  sun-dried. 

Pliny  mcnUons  that  thiec  kinds  of  bricks  were  made  by  the 
Greeks,  but  there  is  no  indication  that  they  were  used  to  any  great 
extent,  and  probably  the  walls  of  Athens  on  the  side  towards 
Mount  Hymettus  were  the  most  Importiint  brick-structures  m 
andent  Greece.  The  Romans  became  masten  of  the  brick- 
niikci's  art,  though  they  probably  ncquired  muchof  their  know- 
ledge In  the  East,  during  ^eir  occupation  of  Egypt  and  Greece, 
In  any  case  they  revived  and  otended  the  manufacture  of  bridi* 
about  the  beginnbg  of  the  Chriitlin  era;  exerdsing  great  care  b 


tion  of  ti 


Intiodud 


,    ,  and  there  Is 

abundant  evidence  that  they  made  bricksextensivdyb  Germany 

Although  brickmaking  was  thus  mtrodnced  Into  Britain 
ncariy  MOO  yean  ago.  the  art  seems  to  have  been  lost  when  the 
Romans  withdrew  from  the  country,  nnd  it  is  doubtful  whether 
any  burnt  brick*  were  made  in  England  fnii 
the  ijth  century.     Such  bricks  (1 


n  nscd  during  this  long 


5t8 


periDd  mn  geisenlly  taken  f nm  Ilw  ranaia  ol  Roman  buadingi, 
ualColcbcueragd  St  AtbiQi  Abbey.  Ooe  of  Die  urUui  eut- 
ing  brick  buOdiiip,  ntcud  alter  tbe  nvivd  ol  bncknukisg  in 
Estfuid,  li  Utile  Wenbam  Ual[,  in  SuBolk,  biult  about  a.d. 
iiio;  but  it  mu  not  nntil  ibc  iith  century  that  bricks  came 
Into  general  am  again,  and  llien  only  lor  important  ediBcei. 
DuiiDg  Ike  leign  ft  Henry  VIII.  biickmaking  wai  brouibl  to 
great  perfection,  probably  by  workmen  brought  Irom  Flauden. 
and  the  older  portioia  of  St  Jaraa'a  Palace  and  Hampton  Coun 
Palace  niiiuii  to  testily  to  the  iliill  then  alliiiacd.  In  the  161I1 
Dentnry  brkks  *en  increasingly  used,  but  dovn  to  the  Gieat 
CIm>{Londai,in  t6M,  the  smaller  buildings,  ihc^  and  dnelling- 
bovMc  **R  coDStructed  of  timber  iramecoil:  filled  in  with  lath 
and  plaattr.  Id  the  rebuilding  of  London  alter  the  Bre,  bricks 
«(R  laigely  uted,  and  from  the  end  of  the  17th  century  la  the 
foacM  day  they  have  been  alm«t  eidusively  used  in  all  ordi- 
Mtjr  btiUdings  throughout  ihe  country,  oapl  in  those  diilricls 
wbm  buildint  stone  is  plentiful  and  good'briclf-clay  is  Act  readily 
pncttrahle.  Ibc  bricki  made  In  England  befoie  stif  "ere  of 
DBoy  liKB,  there  being  no  recogoiied  standard;  but  in  that 
y*«T  the  T"^  were  regulated  by  statute,  and  thepreKDl  itandajd 
■lie  was  adopted,  yii.  qX4lX3  in.  In  1784  ■  tax  wai  levied 
on  bricks,  which  was  not  repealed  until  iSj&  Tbc  tax  averaged 
■bout  4S.  Td.  pet  ihouiand  on  ordinary  bricks,  and  special  bricks 
were  ilDi  more  heavily  tuied. 

Tbefintbrickbuildinpin  America wereerected on  Manhattan 
Isbod  in  Ihe  year  1633  by  a  governor  of  the  Dutch  West  India 
Company.  Iliese  bricks  were  made  in  Holland,  when  the 
Industry  had  looi  reached  great  excellence;  and  for  many 
year*  bricks  were  impaled  into   '  '  "~ 


Iroi 


I  about  1650.  and  the  minulactun 
throu^  the  New  England  states;  but  lor  many  yean  tlie  homo- 
■nade  article  was  inlerior  to  that  imported  from  Europe. 

The  Dutch  and  the  Germans  were  the  gregl  brickmakcn  o[ 
Eiuope  during  the  middle  ages,  althnu^  the  Italians,  from  the 
14th  to  the  isth  century,  revived  and  developed  the  art  of 

ol  applying  coloured  enamels  to  these  materials.  Under  the 
Delia  Robbies,  in  the  15th  century,  some  ol  the  Bnest  woric  of 
this  class  that  the  world  has  seen  waa  executed,  but  it  can 
scarcely  be  uidudcd  under  brickwork. 

Brick  Ooyj.— All  days  are  the  result  oi  the  denudatinn  and 

the  fine  insoluble  particles  which  hive  been  carried  in  suspension 
in  water  and  deposited  in  geologic  basins  according  to  their 
•ped6cgravityanddegre*offincne5a(»eeCiAv).  These  deposits 
have  been  formed  in  all  geologic  epochs  (mm  the  "  Recent  " 
to  the  "  Cambrian,"  and  they  vary  in  baidnas  from  the  soft  Hcd 
plastic  "  alluvial  "  day*  to  the  hard  and  rock-likf  shales  and 
slates  ol  the  older  formations.  The  alluvial  and  drill  cky» 
(which  SCTB  aUme  used  for  brickmaklng  until  modem  times)  are 
found  near  the  surface,  are  readily  worked  and  require  liltle 
pteparalion,  whereat  the  older  sedimentary  deposits  an  o(ten 
diflKult  to  work  and  necessitate  the  use  of  heavy  machinery. 
These  older  shales,  or  rocky  days,  may  be  brought  into  plastic 
condition  by  long  weathering  (u.  by  exposure  to  i»io.  (test  and 
*un)  or  by  crushingand  grinding  in  water,  and  they  ItacDtCKmble 
ordinary  alluvial  clays  in  every  respect. 

The  day*  or  earths  from  which  burnt  bricks  are  made  may  be 
divided  into  two  prindpal  types,  according  to  chemical  com- 
posllion:  (1)  Clays  or  shales  containing  only  ■  small  percentage 
of  cnibonate  of  lime  and  consisting  diiefiy  of  hydntcd  aluminium 
•aicates  (the  "  true  day  substance  ")  with  more  or  teis  sand, 
HOdeauniiiaed  grains  of  felspar,  and  oiide  or  carbonate  ol  iron; 
these  days  luually  bum  to  a  buS,  salmon  or  red  colour;  (1) 
Clays  containing  a  considetaUe  percentage  of  cartunale  o[  lime 
In  addition  to  the  aubaUnccn  above  inentlaned.  These  latter 
daydepoaila  are  known  u  "marls,"'  and  nuy  contain  as  much 

^  The  term  "marl  "  has  been  wnmgly  appOcd  to  wny  tre-dnyi. 
It  ihoakl  be  resirieted  a,  natural  ntiiutca  id  clay  and  cbatk  such 
H  thaat  ol  the  Paris  aod  London  bauaa. 


**«o%ef  chalk.    TlKyban(tokHl{ABF']MU«wealiMr  lAJdi 

is  qui  te  distinctive. 

Brick  days  of  dais  (1 )  an  voy  widely  distribuud,  aad  have  a 
more  eneoHve  geological  range  than  the  mails,  which  ue  found 
in  cooneiioR  with  chalk  et  limatone  lotmationa  only.  Tbat 
ordinary  brick  days  vary  contiderahly  in  compotiiion,  and 
many  clays,  as  tbey  are  found  In  nature,  are  unsuitable  lor 
bridimaking  witboui  Ihe  addition  of  some  other  kind  ol  day  or 
sand.  The  lUoogett  brickdays,  i.e.  those  possessing  the  greatest 
plasticity  and  tensile  ttcengtli,  are  usually  those  which  contain 
the  highest  percentage  of  the  hydrated  aluminium  silicates, 
although  the  exact  relation  oE  plutidty  to  chemical  cerapotilion 
has  not  yet  been  determised,  Ths  itatement  cannot  bcap^icd 
indiscriminately  to  all  day*,  but  may  be  taken  u  fairly  applicable 
to  days  o(  one  general  type  (see  Ciav).  All  clays  coniaia  mon 
or  less  free  silica  m  tbeloim  of  sand, and  usually  a  small  peieenl-  . 
age  of  undecompoaed  Fdspu.  T^  mo>i  imporuni  ingredient, 
alter  Ihe  clay^ubatanoe  and  the  sand,  is  oiide  of  iron; 
lor  the  colour,  and,  la  a  leas  extent,  the  hardness  and 
durability  ol  the  burnt  bricks  depend  on  its  pretence.  The 
amount  of  oiide  of  iron  in  these  clay*  varies  Irom  about  i  to 
10%,  and  the  colour  lA  the  bricks  varies  accordingly  from  light 
buff  to  chocolate;  although  the  colour  developed  by  a  given 
peicentage  of  oxide  ol  iron  is  influenced  by  the  other  subEUncei 
proeni  and  also  by  the  mithod  of  Bring.  A  clay  containing 
from  i  to  S%  of  oxide  tA  iron  will,  under  ordinary  conditions  ol 
firing,  produce  a  red  brick;  but  ii  the  day  contains  3  to  4% 
of  alkalis,  01  Ihe  brick  a  fired  too  hard,  the  colour  will  be  darker 
and  more  purple.  The  actions  of  the  alkalis  and  ol  increased 
temperature  are  jwobably  closely  rthiied,  lor  in  either  case  the 
day  is  brooght  nearer  10  il*  fusion  poinl,  and  fciruginoui  diya 
geiKrally  becon»  darker  In  colour  as  they  apqiroach  to  (isioit. 
Alumina  acts  in  the  opposite  direciion,  an  excess  ol  this  com- 
pound lending  to  make  the  colour  lighter  and  brighter.  Il  i* 
impoasiUe  to  ^ve  a  typical  composition  for  such  clays,  as  the 
percentages  of  the  diflerent  coiulituents  vary  through  such  vide 
ranges.  The  clay  lubttance  may  vary  [mm  i(  toSo%,  the  (ree 
silica  or  sand  froni  j  10  &>%  llie  oxide  of  iron  from  i  to  10%, 

and  thealkaiisfromi  104%.  Organic  matter  isalwtyt  present, 
and  other  impurities  which  frequently  occur  are  the  sulphate* 
of  lime  and  magnesia,  the  chlorides  and  nitrates  ol  soda  and 
potash,  and  iron-pyrites.  The  presence  of  orpnic  matter  giva 
the  wet  day  a  greater  ptaslidly,  pmbabty  because  it  forms  a 

to  the  natural  plastidty  ol  the  day.    In  some  of  the  cosl- 

and  nuy  render  Ihe  clay  uselss  (or  farickmaking.  The  other 
impurities,  all  of  which,  except  Ihe  pyrites,  are  soluble  in  water, 
arc  undesiiablc,  as  they  give  rise  to  "scum,"  which  produce* 
patchy  colour  and  pitied  (aces  on  the  bricks.  The  commonot 
soluble  impurity  is  caldum  sulphate,  which  produces  a  whitilh. 
scum  on  the  face  of  the  brick  in  drying,  and  as  Ihe  scum  become* 
permanenlly  £ied  in  bunung,  such  bricks  are  o(  little  uie  except 
(or  common  work.  This  question  ol  "scumDiing"  ii  very  int- 
pottanl  to  the  maker  of  high.cla3a  fidng  and  moulded  tdcks, 
and  where  a  clay  containing  caldum  sulphate  mnst  be  used,  n 
cttloin  percentage  of  barium  carbonate  is  nowadays  added  to 
the  wet  day.  By  this  means  the  caldum  sulphate  is  convttlcd 
into  calcium  carbonate  which  Is  insoluble  in  waler,  10  thai  il 
remains  distributed  throughout  the  mass  of  the  brick  instead  of 
being  deposited  on  the  surface.  The  pretence  of  magnesium 
salts  is  also  very  objcclionaUe,  as  these  generally  remain  in  the 
burnt  brick  as  magnesium  lulphaie,  which  gives  rise  lo  so 
cffiorcicence  ol  fine  white  crystals  aher  the  bricks  are  built  into 
position.  Clays  which  art  strong  or  plastic  are  known  as  "  fat  " 
clays,  and  Ihcy  always  contain  a  hi^  percenlage  of  true  "  cliy 
subatancc,"  and,  consequently,  a  low  percentage  of  sand.  Such 
days  take  up  a  considerable  amount  of  water  in  "tempering''; 
tbey  dry  tkiwly,  shrink  greatly,  and  so  become  liable  to  lose 
their  shape  and  develop  cracks  in  drying  and  firing.  "  Fat  ** 
days  are  greatly  improved  by  Ihe  addition  of  totite  oharp  tantt 


wbieb  reduces  (he  lime  of  drying  ud  Uk  ahrfnloEt,  ud  mikcs 
ihe  bnck  moK  rigid  diuing  the  Gring.     CouK   MDd,   uplile 
clay^nbitKiKz,  b  pnciinUy  untfiecled  during  the  drying  wnl 
firing,  Bnd  ii  ■  dnirable  If  not  i  Kcnury  ingredient  of  »11  b  ' 
d»y».     Tlie  best  briclc-diyi  feel  grilly  between  the  Bng 
Ib^  tlwuld,  of  eoune,  be  Iiec  from  pebblu,  luSdentl]'  pluii 
be  nrndded  Into  ihipe  end  uiong  enout^  wlieii  diy  to  be  wifely 
handled.     AH  days  ere  greeily  improved  by  being  turned  over 
wad  cipata]  to  Ihc  weather,  oc  by  stwdlng  forioniEnionllBia  i 
«il  CMidilkiii.   Thii  "wealbcDnc"  uid  "ageing"  ol  day  is  pai- 
tkohrlyEmportanlnhcivbncbue  nude  fiom  tempered  c:l«y,u. 
day  in  the  wil  or  plastic  state;  whtie  brick  an  made  from  ahale, 
in  the  temi-plaiLJc  condition,  weathering  is  EtUI  of  importance. 

The  lime  clkys  a  "maih"oIcla3>(i),  which  contain  esicDtialljr 
■  tngh   percentage  of  chilk  or  Useitonc,  aie  not  ao  widely 
dlstilbuUd  u  the  ordinary  brick^days,  and  In  En^and  the 
natural  depgiita  oI  tbete  dayi  liave  Ixtn  tugely  eihaisted. 
A  wry  £m  chalk-day,  or  "malm"  u  it  wai  locally 
waa  fonnerly  obtained  from  the  aUurfmn  in  the  vidi 
LendoDi  but  the  avuIaUe  supply  of  this  haa  been  used  u 
at  Ihg  prtsenl  tiinr  an  arliBcUl  "  malm  "  is  prepared  by 
an  nrdinvy  bilcfc-diy  with  pouiid  chalk.     For  the  beat  I 
fadng-bticks  the  day  and  chalk  are  mixed  in  water.    'Hie  chalk 
is  ground  on  grinding-psns,  and  the  clay  is  mixed  with  water 
■nd  worked  shout  unt^  the  minute  hai  the  contiiteoce  oI  cream. 
The  Drittun  of  tlieic  "  poljia  "  is  run  Ihrou^  a  grating  or  coarse 
sieve  on  10  a  drying-kiln  ot  "  bed,"  where  It  ii  allowed  to  stand 
until  aliH  enough  to  walk  on.     A  layer  of  fine  uhej  is  then  9pr»d 
over  the  day,  and  the  masa  is  turned  over  and  nuied  by  spade, 
and  tempered  by  the  addhion  of  water.    In  alher  districts,  where 
clays  contalninglimestonc  are  used,  the  marl  Ii  miied  with  water 
OB  I  wuh-pan  aJid  the  resulting  creamy  Buid  passed  through 
coarse  uevet  on  to  a  drying-bed.     II  Decenary,  ooarsc 
added  to  the  clay  In  the  wash-p*n.  stid  audi  iddiiion 
ndrissbh  because  Ibe  washed  days  art  genenlty  TCty  fine  in 
grain.     Aaalber  melbod  ai  treating  Iheie  marls,  when  they  are 
iatlieplBMlceMidi(ion,i>toiqaeei«tlmi  by  machinery  through 
Ima  gntiap,  whidi  arreit  tod  reraove  the  pebbles.     Ii 

bottom  and  heavy  uvn  rollen.  by  which  meant  the  limestone 
pcbldca  are  cniahed  snfBdenily  and  mixed  thiou^  the  whole 
mas*.  TV  removal  of  limestone  pebbles  from  the  day  b  of 
great  imparlaixx,  as  during  the  fuing  they  would  be  converted 
into  quicklime,  which  has  a  tendency  to  ihaiier  the  hiick 
on  eiposuR  to  the  weilher.  Ai  before  lUied,  these  maris 
(which  usually  contain  from  ij  to  30  %  of  calcium  cirhonate) 
bom  to  a  yellow  colour  whidi  a  quite  distinctive,  although  in 
aone  case*,  where  the  percentage  of  limestone  is  very  high, 
over  40%,  the  colour  it  grey  or  a  very  pale  buff.  The  wtion 
of  lime  hi  bleaching  the  foiic  oxide  and  produdng  a  yellow 
inetmd  of  k  red  brick,  hu  Dot  been  Ihoroushly  invcsU^ted, 
bat  k  nemn  probable  thU  tMiie  oompouad  B  produced,  between 
tht  Ibne  and  the  oxide  of  Iron,  or  between  these  two  oxides  and 
the  free  litlca,  entirely  different  from  that  produced  by  oxide  of 
iron  in  the  ahaence  of  lime.  Such  marlt  require  *  harder  Cat  than 
the  ardiury  brick-days  In  order  to  being  aboni  the  reaction 
between  the  lime  and  the  other  IngRdienis.  Magnesia  may 
feplace  lime  to  some  extent  in  tuch  marls,  but  the  £ting  tempera- 
ture most  be  hif^er  when  magnesia  is  present.  Maili  usually 
contrtiel  very  little,  if  at  eH,  in  the  barm'ng.  and  generally 
Itroduce  a  strong,  squire  brick  of  fine  texture  and  good  colnnr. 
When  under-fired,  marl  bricks  are  vay  liaUe  to  disintegrate 
under  the  action  of  the  weat  hcf ,  and  gieal  aire  mtat  be  exercaed 
In  burning  them  at  a  tuScicnlly  hi|^  temperature.  ■ 

BriclMatiii[, — Bricks  made  of  tempered  day  may  be  made 
by  hnad  or  by  machine,  and  the  machines  may  be  wnrked  by 
band  or  by  mechanical  power.  Bricfci  nude  of  semi-plaitic 
day  (kf.  ground  clay  or  shale  sufficiently  damp  to  adhere  under 
pressure)  are  generally  machine-made  Ihioughout.  The  method 
of  nuking  bricki  by  hand  is  the  same,  with  slight  variation,  the 
world  ever.  The  lempeced  day  Is  pnased  by  haiul  into  a 
wooden  or  melal  mould  oc  tour-aided  case  (without  top  or  1  the' ground 


bottom)  which  b  ot  tbe  desired  shape  ind  atie,  altowaDce  being 
made  far  the  thrinkige  of  the  brick  in  drying  and  firing.  The 
moulder  itaods  tl  the  bench  01  table,  dips  the  mould  in  water, 
or  water  and  then  sand,  to  jBevent  the  day  from  ttkUng,  take* 
a  ruddy  shaped  pieceof  day  from  an  assistant,  and  dasbstha 
into  the  mould  which  rests  on  the  moulding  bench.  He  then 
ptessei  the  clay  into  the  comera  of  the  inould  with  ha  fingers, 
scrapes  off  any  snrphu  day  and  lereb  (he  top  bj  aaia  of  a 
slrft)  of  wood  called  a  "  strike,"  and  then  lumi  the  brick  out  of 
the  mould  on  to  a  board,  u  be  carried  away  by  another  assistant 
to  the  drying-ground.  The  mould  may  be  [diced  on  a  specM 
iricce  of  »a«d,  called  the  ilock-board,  provided  with  an  elevated 
tongue  of  wood  in  the  centre,  which  produces  the  hollow  or  "  (nig  ■ 
in  the  bottom  of  the  brick. 
Machine-made  brickt  may  be  divided  Into  two  hhid«,  plaillc  end 

The  machine-made  plaitfe  bricki  are  made  of  tempered  clay,  but 

leoetaTly  the  temprnng  and  working  of  the  day  are  iHicled  by 

the  UK  oI  machinery.  especialJy  when  the  harder  dajt  and  shales 

are  tiled.    The  machinci  umI  In  lhe_preparmtioo  of  such  elayunc 

grinding. mills  and  pu|-mill>.    The  gnnding-maii  are  either  a  Vrict 

"^t^  withmdnated  imcet  between,  thnngh  which  the  day 

a  solid  or  perforated  imn  bottom  00  which  the'day  w^'ihafe"? 

cruihed  by  heavy  rollers.    Shales  are  tometimcs  passed  Ihroagh  a 

grindina-min  bef^  they,are  eip^  u  the  action  of  the  weatfcr, 

ai  the  diiinlegratlaa  of  the  hard  himpi  d  ahak  greatly  amklalea 

-'-"matheriiur."    In  the  caM  of  ordtMuy  brick-day.  In  Ibc  plastic 

id>tK».,grinding-niDlB  are  only  uied  when  pebbles  more  than  a 

ikS  in  diameter  are  present,  as  atherwiw:  Ibe  clay 

Inetly  through  the  pug-mill,  a  proceit  which  may  be 


pproumarel^  [Ik  IB , „ 

lus  coDtiactjan,  for  ordinary  bridca),  ao  that  the  Duz  cklivera  a 

■'■■• ■ >  of  day  from  wfaldi  brida  miyle  made  by 

1  the  prascr  distances  apart. 

'-■  pltt  along  a  amooih  h<~ 
ne  Inme  hanng  a  numl 


e.whkh 


the  clay  ii  pushed  fr 


the  eseat  aAqited  for  hell-dilving:  although  in  iteeat  nan  IndinuUc 
pie^*  hav»  coTO  nun  and  more  into  lae,  oneeiBliy  in  Germany 
andAmenca-  Theeaential  psitsefabriek^eBara:  [Ii  abuor 
[lans  in  adikh  the  ohy  it  nsolded;  (a)  ■  phingtr  or  in  carried 
on  the  end  ol  a  lam,  which  gives  (be  neeeavy  pnaauRi  (j)  an 
anugement  for  puhiac  the  pteieed  brick  ae«  oTlhe  isaglding  box. 
Soch  pruan  an  gsntiaOy  mwle  ol  ima  thmghent^  aMoogh  othet 
metals  are  usid,  Doeasioaaliy,fc>themoalAa»ddiss.  ThegntoM 
'-"^"'-ni  found  in  brick  pRaaa  aRin  the  aMmsailDfiled  fwaetuat 
ram;  and  many  Inganiout  nechaakal  devlcea  have  been 
to  this  taij  aadi  elainiing  anog  [articular  advantage  over 

iltanecuily  f  mm  top  and 


plaslk  day  is  uied, 

■ddlHonat  ^ 
Although 


o  beneath,  giving  the 

-  best  bdcks  are  nillprmed  from  tempered  Of  Plastfe 

recently  been  a  great  development  In  the  manufactare 

,  ~  -•■—  — ade  bricki,  endally  In  thcw  diKrictt 

ir^IonakiDg.    These  leiuE-rilaitlc  bricki  art 

•ale  that  bas  been  luSicwmly  Dninened 

bind  together.    The  hard-clay,  or  shale, 

..— -,  .dlen  in  an  iron  grinding-pan  having  a 

perforated  bottom  through  which  the  crushed  day  passes,  when 
■uFEcienlly  line,  into  a  small  comfnrtmeni  nndemeath.    This  day 

■•-  '-  ->■—  -"-'---ml,  by  an  elevator,  into  a  aeve  or  ecreen, 

Tser  particlps  for  regrindlng.  Sets  of  rnlleri 
rushing  whtbrn  that  are  only  moderately  hard, 
leing  tilted  at  before.    The  material,  as  fed 


by,  but  tbey  arc  RiHrnUy  more  «n 
n  opibfe  01  *p|ilyiii|  ainiBr  pma 


-.  .-  Jmk  enphiytd  for  plutie 
UfODfty  aod  heavily  buln,  uid 

fedvmnuia  vJkr  dislB  ii 
-Kpoffct  u  tilt  ba 

lMh  thv  bricknukr 


=<ti»y™>" 


It  tod  the  pcvctH 
The  dryiRf  d  bfickh  vhk 


or  atbtniie).   I(  the  anuiplitR 


inpnc^OLbk  for  pUitic  bnclu;  mad  Ihe  «*a(li«iEVp  lempBinf 
»na  '^acCLDc"  may  be  lu^dy  or  cndRty  dupeOKcT  with.  The 
"'-m  required  U  heavier  *nd  more  cottly.  but  the  bftckyird  **--^—" 

1  «**  fonvwf  ly  done  in  the 

_, , ,_  ^ x-Ej';!" 

jwuid  M  fakiy  dry.  to  whicfa  end  wutAble 

nuu  be  imntcd  (by  be ■■ — ' -•     "  ■ 

iwiittheHirfinoltliebi....        

ItLwhicIl  «c  deponted  a 

IvApoiUea.  This  depDBL  produce  i, 

, . ,  Wken  the  dryinf  u  done  in  ft  dry  ntrao^ilien 

tbe  Auface  qidcklv  dria  wid  haideiu»  and  the  molAti'*'  '"^^  *^~ 
Interior  puan  to  tlie  Kirface  u  vapour,  the  Bluble  hI 
dinributed  through  tiw  whole  ni»,  «id  coiueqvently  tu 

Cacti.  Pintle  bridn  uIiB  Dudi  longer  to  dry  tbao 
■kriBk  more  ind  have  *  nvta  tendeocy  — ~~ 
Tbe  butaiiw  at  Irinc  of  bHcki  Ii  the  nuu 

■    ^        ....        ..        .   .      ^^      j^_ 

lo  which  they  hii 


SSI 


»  >b)wly  c<gf>' 


....  ,.  _— jnott  IcnportJiJir  factor  i 

. .    -it  their  strength  and  durabiutv  depend  ver 

_.__., character  and  decree  of  thefirine  lo-^'"*'  .*.— - 

been  iubjected.  The  action  of  the  heat  bringi  aEout 


decomjnltiont  and  R^ombination  which  cntinly  aher  the  phvticai 
chancter  d  tbe  diy  clay,  h  ■■  iniurunt.  ihnrlcn,  that  thrsrinf 
■bouM  be  catifully  conducled  and  that  it  ibould  be  undn-  proper 


Kal2iintie 


nature  of  the  clay,  thi .., 

of  good  ihape.  that  will  not  be 
action  of  Froet.   The  ilniihing  tc 


Itbevidmi  that  the  bcu  mHhod  of  tbiiiil  bricka  li  to  pGtcc  ihcm 

pmnaneal  kilna,  but  atihough  lOch  kilaa  *cre  wed  by  ibe  Romaiu 
rmc  »oo jfcara  afo.  the  t^dcr  method  of  firinf  in  *'  danpt "  ii  aliil 
—<-"-•  IB  tbe  Hiulicr  bridiMdi,  In  every  country  wbcre  bticlci 
Tbeae  daoipa  are  (omiedbyHnaiicing  theunhrcd  briclti 
of  Towi  or  watiat  placed  fairly  doecly  tfwtlvr,  »  ai  10 


_.  .. -jia.  placed  foirlj  , 

lam  a  rectanfnlar  etack.  A  certain  niimber  of  cii 
Doutha,  BR  formed  in  Oie  botlom  o(  tbe  (Itmp!  aiia  unr  1 
•pnad  In  horiaontal  layera  between  tbe  bridv  dirring  the  bi 
up  of  the  uack.  Firei  an  UniOed  iu  the  Hfe-mouiha.  and  the 
la  aUowed  to  go  on  bundng  untiJ  the  lad  la  conwined  ihiou 
The  damp  b  then  allowed  ts  cool,  after  vhich  It  it  lalm 
'  '  '■*  aorud;    Ihoae  that  are  wider-find  bdng  ' 


fchin*.  Soiaetimeatl 
_.  the  outrf-'-  '^—  •-■' 
re  plajlercd  over  with  day,  1 


damptiknllie 
of  burnt  bricla 
itha  being  brger 


_, There  are  many  other  local  oHKliic*. 

tioniin  Ibe  nunner  e<  buHdinf  up  the  clamnall  Irith  the  ofaject  of 

_,__.  — T_,_ ■_!  , -IK  irregular  and  not  HjflicienlLy 

mplDyed  wh&e  bricka  an  mode 


venial  cyliiKter  wi  ' 


nna,  but  they  can  all  be  grouped  un 


flntrived  a  number  o 


bottom  of  the  firinf-dieiBl 


JrnngU  hiloL  the  prodiicii 
t,  llwugh  flue*,  Into  the 
■ ....  H.^..r  UueAly  npwaroi  and  out 
n  b  to  inlndiKC  the  pnducta  of  con. 
n,  of  tbe  kiln,  and  to  diaw  them  down- 
bottom  which  lead  to  fluea  csuncttnl 
'.  Tbeae  dnsa-JnuU  kDna  have  ehon 
Hind  tbe  Iniide  wall  in  conneiion  with 


the  fin-moulha,  which  omdu ,,—  ,-  -  . 

bniig.chambcr, «  bere  they  are  rtvcrfacrated  and  paaicd  down  (hrDugh 
the  bricka  in  obedience  to  the  pull  of  tbe  chimney-  The  *'  bagi  " 
nay  be  joined  together,  forminf  an  inner  circular-  wail  eniiieiy 
iTHind  the  firing<Juinher,eBccpt  at  IhedoorwayL  andanumberof 
kilna  Biay  be  built  in  a  row  or  group  having  [heir  bottom  fluea 
ccuinecied  with  the  aame  (all  chimney.  Down-draught  kilna  uivally 
give  a  more  regular  fire  aoda  higher  percentage  of  wcU-find  bricka: 


iillkii  iiiigm»iwiiitillgliiJiiiiiainnillnilkiiiii|iiInjMh 
Jna,  while  the  IM  gaaea,  at  thnr  pan  fma  at  kiln,  nay  be  muni 
ir  drying  curpDaea,  being  conducted  thiuugh  fluea  under  tbe  laor 
F  tbe  drylagahed,  oa  their  way  la  tbe  eUBi».  The  meghod  «f 
■iag  noe  tall  chininey  to  week  a  graup  <£  oovn^lnH^t  kUaa 


HoRnun.i 


'  )aiia  Ihnwgh  a  1 

nd  ail  k^of  thiTtype  ue  buHtVn  Ihe  Hoflinun  prlnd^' 
.Jiere  are  ■  gnal  numbor  of  modlficatloBa  c(  Ibe  origuiBl 
conetradbn.  The  great  pciadale  of  "  caatiauo—  "  briaa 
"       H  of  the  waua^nt  bom  one  Idln  or  ocction  of  a  kila 

iwHber  kiln  or  eection.  ifirect  firing  bdng  applied  only 


I  the  utiiintion  of  the 

I  beating  upawHberk:— .  ,,  ,_„„_ —---■  — 

bambera,  uaoaliy  ncuagular  in  elafl,  are  built  aide  by  aidi  in  lira 
■lalld  lioea,  wlueh  an  cuaaMtcd  at  (he  enda  by  odier  kiln  ao  aa 
1  make  a  complete  drcuil.  Tbe  original  form  of  the  cmnpleu 
mea  woacllifitical  in  plan,  but  tbe  tendenn  in  recent  yean  haa  been. 
>  RitKn  Ibe  lidicof  Ok  dEpae  and  bring  them  tecelhcr,  tbna  giving 
I  "  '  j  '  ■  -  f^  ■  ■,  ■  ■  I  I  11  Vl 
aglea.  Coal  or  (aa  b  bamc  in  tba  chamber  or  aeciion  thai  b  bnaa 
rednip,  the  air  nnemry  lor  the  combuatioa  bdng  heated  on  be 
uaote  through  the  kUaa  that  aic  coding  down,  andthe  pndoclt  of 
gmbuitioB.  bdoK  ealeilng  tbe  diauiey  Hue.  an  dnwu  Umugk  a 
iimbir  of  other  Ulna  gr  Anben  caatabaag  an&td  bricka,  <Ach 
n  Ihuindually  beaiod  up  by  the  otheraiae  waaie-heat  from  the 
Tcliona  being  Bred.  ConLiauouakHaa  produce  a  niore  even^  fired 
induct  than  the  intermittent  Uina  neualty  do.  and,  of  ceum.  ar 
loeb^JM  caat^tor  fuel.    Caafctiig  b  now  Mag  cineadvdy  aHlied 

nib  oioier  <aic  and  intelligence,  Ihe  crime 
f  fud  and  perfect  cnnfrot  of  iriag.  ryro- 
Tcra  an  cQHHiK  into  uae  for  the  contml  of  the  firing  temeeraluifc 
Ji  the  tHlt  that  a  conmat  oad  Iruatwonhy  pnduct  la  luaed 
U  The  Mtnduction  of  nadnncry  greatly  bdpH  the  brickmaldn^ 
iuilry  in  opening  up  new  eourcca  01  aupply  cl  raw  material  ia  the 
ilea  and  hanlened  tbya  of  the  icdimenlaiy  dcpoaiu  of  Iba  older 
..Jlogic  formatiena,  and.  with  tbo  calcnrip*  —  -^  "-"i— —  «ri— 
pbnta,  ll  baa  bd  IS  Ihacatabliihneut  of  bi 


bne  GOOBTUi  u^eic  cvcr^ 
thiiw  b  coordinated  for  Ibe  pcodiiction  oTeiwrnioua  quantitiea  el 
bilcbat  a  minimum  coat.  In  the  United  Kingdom,  and  HlH  oiocc 
in  Germany  and  the  Utiiled  Statea  of  America,  gnat  improveineata 
ham  been  mada  In  maitkiery.  fiting-plBnl  and  ugaiiiialiaa.  a» 

■h.1  llw  »linU  .i.niifjwJ»..  :•,  .,^  t-l™  ■.»mIi.^»J  ny  -mt.  .rfiljti. 

ine^  to  the  ennt  advantage  of  the  Induatiy. 

iMu  BriiS  b  a  very  atrong  vitnoul  brick  oT  dark,  alaty-Uoe 
olour,  used  in  entlneFring  woclv  where  grcnt  atrength  c*  tmpermc- 
ibUitr  ii  dc^nUa.  Thes  bricka  m  am\e  of  rby  co      '  '      ' 

'  to  10%  of  sidde  of  inm,  aud  ii  * 

be  ordinary  way  until  Ibe  lalec 
hey  an  aubiccted  to  Ibe  alron,..   . 
itmoapbere,  which  la  produced  by  Ihr. 
ipoa  Ibe  m-moulhaaod  daspus  down  1 
moke  ihua  piwliiccti  rcilucca  trn  red  I 
ermua  oilde.  or  to  melallir  '""^  ~t.M- 

tbe  pecca,  and  aa  pmliicea  a  vitreoo)  iaipcnicalife  layer  n 
'hicfcneit  according  to  the  duraiioa  and  cbaiociet  of  Ihe  a 


kiln  I 


linitcmi- 

oTcarvou  ppudi--,  , 

xiUug,  aud  a  uibII  nuantili 

combinatiou,  leading  to  noduca  a  hi 


brkE: 


the  aiirfaee  iluring  the  earl,  . ,_ 

ity  ol  carlion  pfubably  enten  inta 
-  luinlcr  aurfocc  and  dariier  colnur. 

. itjooed  by  SInbo,  the  Cnek  geo- 

napher^nd  afifrwiidi  by  riiny  aa  being  made  at  Rune  hi  tbe 
Tniad.  Tbe  aeercl  of  tlieir  manufactuie  wai  iaii  for  many  cmurin. 
waa  rediacovered  in  itoi  by  Fabroni,  an  Italian,  who  Hade 

TlKae  bricka  an  very  light,  faiily  Hiong.  and  bdng  pour  conducion 
'  beat,  have  been  em  ployed  for  the  contlniclion  of  powder-magaalaca 
L  boud  ibip,  Ac 

Jfarlar  BMu  beton  la  the  diia  of  unburn  bridn  aad  aid 
--ricily  ^peaking,  blocu  of  artjficiai  alone  made  in  brick  moulda. 
TbeaeonciQ  have  been  made  fur  many  yean  by  moiildinga  mlhtun 
'       ■      •■■ Ettiebloeka  Ihua  made  to  ban' 


aand  and  dakol  Ihne  and  alloviiw 


alloviiwthebloekai 
—  — .  —    .-—  —..^.^B  b  bnugbt  aboar 
ofjhe  water,  but  ckleflv  Ar  the  converaion 

-'■•■•■-••■—  intoakjumarbonatcbylh 

■     of  the 


carbonate  by  Ibe  action  of  the  ca 


the  air.  TUa  haRlniiig  b  bniivbt  aboal  partly  by  eyaporatlBa 
'    klefly  ^  theconveraion  of  the  caldiun  bydnlc, 

imbinaEion  with  the  ailica  and  waler  pment  10  forni  hydi>tt*l 
icium  lilicaie,  and  pnbably  a  little  kydrated  baaiecarimati 
BliDfarTaed,bolhc(whichaubaUBDcaaieiatbe  nature  of  1 
hia  pnxna  of  natuial  hanleiung  by  eapoaiire  Iu  Ibe  air  wai 
ng  one,  ocrupioogfrom  lij  loelgl 


SSi£ 


BRICKnELDER— BRICKWORK 


ai]^^tt  din. 
niditkTdniilicpmaoaiidthcbriclnafin'nnlilnslcdHlibcsrtiDa 

gf  monar  bricli  hu  com  into  ■»  durirw  nasi  jxiii  mkicb  hsi 
vaciiutty  unengdcd  lis  oM  nmnu  brick. 

.iu^^M  Srtfb.— In  Iht  m^y  'rSghlin  of  til*  I9lh  tmldry.  Dr 
HkliuUi  tl  BcriiB  nWBicil  *  nrw  pmH  tur  lHnltniii|  Uucki 
VHde  of  1  mLctulv  d  buhI  uld  Hiitc  by  tTfaiJicf  ibcm  vilh  hi^h- 
pRHure  imiB  for  &  few  koun^  and  tbr  vo^tkid  lonrf-ZiMf  brrtltt 

■n  lAAdy  iJiffnmccB  ot  dmiL  in  Iha  manufunun,  but  ttie  feiwrat 
mnhnct  blnallcunlhcuniF.  Dry  und  li  inlimalTlj' mind  with 
about  wie-(«iilh  ol  its  wrif  hr  ol  powAerrd  abkol  linWt  Ike  ninTiirc 
is  thm  llifthtly  pioincnnl  with  wmtn-  and  altrrvArtk  AWukM  inio 
bricks  undK  pownfuL  anna,  cainbic  ol  eimini  ■  (nnuicnf  abinit 
to  lom  (Kr  ■]■  in.  ACtcr  mnonnl  from  the  pRia  Iht  bricki  an 
innidianly  placal  tn  hufi  unl  cylindcn  u*uall)-  W  lo  M  (i.  Isni 
and  about  T  It.  in  dii  meter,  and  an  ihtn  tubjcflid  lo  llw  aellon  (^ 

Sb-pRwin  ataai  (no  l>  to  Ijo  h  par  iq.  in.)  lor  Ifom  ten  to 
Hnbwin.  TliapniponiondilakcdKnwiaiondvarinaaonlini 
IS  the  nalynol  Iha  Unwind  (ht  purity  and  durutcrodlw  mail, 

., .- —  ._  .__  ..  ___j  ..J .^j  avera™.  Th*  lullowint  i>  in 

Ku  bricli:   •IlleatbiO,).  84%: 


ilyilt  o(  a  (nwal  Cvmao  aaH 
M(CaOI.7%i  ilumiuaBdoa 

d  alValit,  7%.     Vnder  Ihe  action  a  eik  UBniBnaun 

HE  aiiacka  Ihc  panlclnel  land.  and  a  chanialeomp'n' 
ie  and  uKca  ia  produwd  which  forma  ■  uron*  bond  t 
ler  panicta  ol  tand.  Thia  bond  ol  hvdnied  catdui 
'      ■      ■■-  Id  of  hMicr  ivpe  than.  III 

in  (he  morcar-ltfick,  and  tti 


lur.  but  may  be  aiaiaed  by  the  ajlflt 


ntnlhe 

iOicauti 
Bnint  el 
■nd-Bmc 


ualJv  g(  ■  lighi-firy 

liable  COnunnf  onm  ur  jhkhkuu  unun 

ndilion*  o(  manvfactuie. 

Jlmiiik  cT  »icL— The  Idlniini-  fiiure*  Indi 

r  brkki  ol  variooa  lypea  in  ii»>  fu  iq,  in.  :- 


by  the  ailintton  of 

I  by  Umc  and  the 

e  tbe  cniahing  lead 


StaSoidghin  Uv* 


i    W,  fl,') 


ic  luidy  vaste&f  bare 
ted  bv  the  sun.    Thii 


wind  Uowlni  (nm  tlie  inieii 
of  vegcUlion  in  summef ,  are  i 
hoi  wind  blowi  iIiDo^y.  of  teo  for  seven]  diyi  al  a  lii 
all  iltimpu  to  keep  the  duU  down,  and  parching  aU  _ 
It  ii  In  one  aeoie  a  healthy  wind,  as,  being  etcesdingly  diy  and 
hot,  it  deilioya  many  injurioui  getnis  of  diteue.  The  nonbem 
brickfiddo  i*alPK»(  iovuiably  followed  by  a  ilnins  "  Muihcrly 
biuter,"  doady  and  cool  from  tbe  ocean.  Tbe  two  wiodi  are 
due  10  (be  niH  caDK,  viz,  tcyclonlcsyttcni  over  the  Anunlian 
Bight.  Tbcie  lysleni]  frequenll]'  eileod  ialand  as  a  narrow 
V4ha{icd  deprcision  (the  apei  northward),  btinj^ng  the  winds 
tram  tke  sortb  on  tbcir  eastsm  lidci  and  Iron  th«  south  on 
their  weMcm.  Hence  a  (he  narrow  lytiem  pasas  eiiiwird 
iIm  wind  (uddenly  changes  fioro  noith  to  louth,  and  (he  ther- 
mometer has  been  known  (o  fall  fifteen  degrees  in  twenty  minutes. 
BUCKWOBK,  in  building,  ibe  term  applied  (0  constructions 
DUde  ol  bridis.  The  tools  and  implements  empfoyed  by  tbe 
brieklayer  are:— the  trowel  lor  spreading  the  mortar;  the  plumb- 
rule  to  keep  [he  work  perpendicular,  or  in  the  case  ol  an  inclined 
otbatiedngwiU.  (o  a  regular  batter,  for  tbe  plui 
made  to  suit  any  nquiied  iodinaiioni  the 
the  work  hotdoMtl,  ohen  used  In  conjunct 
edge  in  order  to  test  a  greater  length;  and 


spirit-level  to  keep 


p  with  (be  aid  of  the  gi 


Then 


9)  filed  i 


c,  pointing  rule  ai 
le  pointing  staA  bi 


ue  used  in  pointing  ji 

large  trowel  is  used;  lor  neater  work  such  as  facings,  the  bolsi 
and  chib-hammcr;  Iht  cotd  chisd  is  for  general  culling  iwa 
and  lor  chases  and  bslei.  When  bricks  require  to  be  cut.  tl 
<n»k  is  Kt  eat  with  the  square,  bevd  and  companeL    U  tl 


brick  10  be  shaped  b  a  tiard  one  it  la  phccd  on  ■  V.«lt>ped 

cutting  block,  an  indtioa  made  where  desired  with  the  tin  saw. 
andalttrLhtbolalerand  dub-hammer  have  removed  the  portion 
it  the  brkk.  (he  icutch,  really  ■  small  aie,  is  used  to  hack  ofl 
he  tough  pans.  For  cutting  soft  bricks,  such  as  rubbers  and 
nalmt,  a  frame  saw  with  a  blade  of  soil  liOD  wire  is  used,  and 
he  face  la  brought  to  a  true  surface  on  the  rubbing  stone,  a  slab 
of  Yorkshire  stone. 

In  ordinary  pnciiee  a  scaffold  Es  mrried  up  with  the  walla 
(tnd  made  to  nsi  on  ihtm.  Having  built  up  as  high  is  he  can 
teach  from  the  ground,  (he  scaBoMer  erects  a  scaOoId  with 
tiandaids,  ledgers  and  putlogs  to  cany  the  scaSoid  boards  {see 
ScarnHD,  ScArrou>tNC).  Bricks  lie  carried  (o  tbe  sciflold  ofl 
■  hod  which  hoMs  (wcniy  bricks,  or  they  may  be  hoisted  In 
ba^ets  or  Exnes  bymcans  ol  a  pulley  and  (all,  or  may  be  rmised 
In  larger  numbers  by  a  crane.  The  mortar  Is  taken  up  in  a  hod 
or  hoisted  in  palls  and  deposited  on  letlged  boanls  about  j  ft. 
squnre.  [4aced  on  (he  scodi^d  at  convenient  distances  apart  along 
the  line  of  work.  The  bricks  art  pled  on  the  scaffold  between 
■he  mortal  boards,  leaving  a  clear  way  against  the  wall  (or  the 
bricklayers  to  move  elong.  Tht  workman,  btginnlng  at  the 
extreme  left  of  his  sec!  ion,  or  at  a  quoin,  advances  to  the  right, 
carefully  kee|Hng  10  his  line  and  ftK|Utnily  testing  his  work 
with  the  plumb-nilc.  tpiiil-levtl  and  straightedge,  until  be 
reaches  another  angle,  or  the  end  of  hij  section.  The  painting 
is  sometimes  finished  off  as  the  work  proceeds,  but  in  other  cases 
the  Joints  are  left  open  until  the  completion,  when  the  work  is 
poinlcil  down,  perhaps  in  a  different  mortar.  When  the  wall 
has  reached  a  height  from  the  scaffold  beyond  which  the  work- 
cannot  conveniently  reach,  the  scaffolding  is  mised  lod 


work  C( 


erfroi 


ievcL 


iponant  thai  the  brickwork  be  kept  pcrteclly 
plumb,  and  thai  every  course  be  perteclty  boriiontal  or  level, 
bolb  longitudinally  3nd  transvencty.  Strictest  attention  should 
be  paid  to  the  levelling  of  the  lowest  course  of  laatingt  of  a  wall, 
foi  any  irregularity  will  nocessiiate  the  inequality  being  nude  up 
with  moitar  In  the  nnincs  above,  thus  inducing  a  liability  for 
the  wan  to  aclUe  unequally,  and  to  perpetuate  the  infirmity. 
To  save  the  trouble  of  kt^ng  the  [dumb-rule  and  level  cotk- 
slanlly  in  his  hands  and  yet  ensure  correct  work,  the  bricklayer, 
on  clearing  the  footing  of  a  watt,  builds  up  sit  or  eigbt  cDuises 
of  bricks  at  the  external  angles  (see  £g.  i),  which  be  carefully 
plumbs  md  levdj  aerosa.  Thea   '  -...-.._■  , 


^ 


"I I  '  L-"^  ' 


work,  a  fa'ne  being  ti^tly  ilnined  between  and  fixed  with  Med 
pins  to  each  angle  at  a  level  with  the  iap  ol  the  neit  course  to 
belaid, and  with  ibishemakes  his  work  range.  If ,  however,  Ibi 
length  between  (he  quoins  be  great,  (he  line  will  of  course  sag, 
and  i(  mon,  iherefon,  be  cardully  supported  at  Intervab  to  tbe 
proper  level.  Care  must  be  taken  to  keep  the  "perpendi," 
or  vertical  joints,  one  immediately  over  the  other.  Having  becm 
carried  up  ihna  or  four  courses  to  a  level  with  the  guidance  of 
the  line  which  is  raised  course  by  course,  the  woA  should  be 
proved  wiih  the  Itve!  and  plumb-rule,  particularly  with  the  latter 
al  the  quoins  and  reveals,  a>  well  u  over  the  face.  A  smart  tap 
wiib  tbe  end  of  the  handle  of  the  trowel  will  luSce  to  nuke 
a  brick  yield  what  little  it  may  be  out  of  tnith,  while  the  work 
is  green,  and  not  injure  it.  The  work  ol  an  efficient  cnftunan, 
however,  will  need  but  tittle  adjustmeai. 

For  every  wall  of  more  (haa  one  brick  (gin.)  thidc,  two  men 
•botild  be  toiploytd  at  the  same  linM,  one  on  * 


BRICKWORK 


oiJy,  tlw  mufc  ii  iiid  to  bt  cncaud  "  OKriund."  !■  wink 
drciilu  OQ  pUo,  bwidci  tbt  kvd  aad  plumb-tuk,  >  cuige  mouM 
«  limpUtt,  u  >  iiinflDi  inunmel— •  rod  Kotkini  oa  >  pjvol 
it  ihc  ceaIR  d(  the  curve,  uid  in  Ien(th  eqiulUng  (Ik  ndiu*— 
BUM  be  used  loi  eveiy  coune,  u  it  ii  evidcat  thai  die  line  ua] 
pins  ciDDDt  be  ipplied  to  this  ia  the  miimer  just  dscribed. 

Bricks  should  sot  be  merely  IiU,  but  eich  sliould  be  pliccd 
frog  ipwsrds,  ud  rubbed  emi  pressed  finoly  duwn  in  such  a 
mnoaer  u  to  secure  ■bulute  idhesiDa,  and  Iqcce  Ibe  mocUr  inta 
joinls.  Every  brick  sboukl  be  well  mtied  befDie  it  is  laid, 
-cqxciaUy  ia  bot  dry  mubcf ,  in  order  to  wash  oS  the  dust  (rau 
ill  nuiuc,  ud  to  obtain  more  complete  adhesioc.  and  prevent 
it  (mm  ahsoihinj[  mtei  Irom  the  mortar  in  which  it  it  bedded. 
The  bricks  are  wetted  oUkt  by  the  bricklayer  dipping  them  in 

OD  tbcm  US  they  lie  pikd  on  the  ifaffffM.  £■  brkklaying  with 
quick-tctting  temeBU  an  UBple  use  of  water  Is  ct  even  moit 
liapoittiKc. 

All  the  Willi  ol  ■  buOdiag  ttaM  an  to  taMiin  the  lamc  (loan 
ud  the  laow  loof,  tbould  be  earned  up  anulianfomly;  la  no 

up  to  the  lime  height.  Where  it  is  necessary  lor  any  reason  lo 
leave  a  pwtioo  ol  the  wall  at  a  cstain  levd  while  carrying  up 
the  adjoining  work  the  latter  ihoutd  he  racked  back,  i-i.  kit  in 
iiept  u  shown  in  Gg.  7.  and  not  carded  up  vertically  with  merely 
the  toothing  neccuary  for  the  bond. 
DuiUiiiii  in  eiposed  vtuatiDnt  are  frequently  built  with  ravity- 

,^^_  aniifly  hall  abftck  thick.  lenanied  Iran  the  brmer  by  a 
J^2r  c»viIv<](iecilB.(f(.l).  ThennwrnDianliEdlaEetlier 
at  frequent  utervaJs  by  Iron  or  itoiiewan  tin,  each 
having  a  bend  or  twist  in  the  centre,  which  prevents  the  traiu vistioq 
of  n«T  to  the  iuHT  waB.  M  water,  therefoiei  which  penetntn 
the  outB-waBdncH  10  the  boeol  Ike  tavil^iBiH)  trickles  nut  thmigh 
gritingi  pnvided  for  ibm  purpose  a  lev  lochn  above  tbe  gniuiu] 
k^eLThe  faac  si  Ike  cavity  should  be  taVen  down  a  counc  or  two 
bdow  the  level  of  the  damp-pnwf  COLine.  The  1«  are  placed  about 
jrt.apaTtbarilontally,  with  liar  lA  Id.  venuAl  intervals^  they  arc 
about  B  in.  kmi  ud  ( la.  wide.  It  Is  mnddered  preferable  by  (oitic 
■rchil«cta  aad  b-IMn  to  phca  the  thicker  wall  en  the  ouuide. 
This  eouese,  however,  allowm  ihe  main  wall  to  be  attacked  by  the 
weather,  wheceaa the  forma- method envidee for  its  protection  bya 
Kteeaot  brickwork.   Where  door  nnifwhidiiwlnina  occur  in  hollnr 


Is,  k  Is  of  the  ul .„ 

ling  bo  buik  in.  ^mfid  m  h 
frames  nad  nialli  mil,  tb*  wi 

L  Whi1».bviklii«  the  wi  ~ - 


s  throw  fiff  on  rachait 


■to-  which  iBay  pennnic  the  outer 
ia  very  iseiiiiisi  In  ensure  that  the 
eavity  Bwd  ties  be  Ivpt  eftwn  and  bee  from  rublnih  or  moetar.  and 
fertiuiauraaieawlqiof  stnw  oranarnvboBtdilslaMantbelieB 
who*  the  orieldayer  ie  wefUng,  to  eateh  any  ujalvv)  efaat  may 
be  hiadveneally  Aepped.  tSpMonka  ba^  nfc^  aa^  wotL 
proeceda.  A  biilow  wal  tsds  to  keep  the  biuldfa«  dry  btenuDy 
aad  the  tempeiatun  equable,  but  K  baa  IhnSsadvanlafeof  harbout- 

7the  wan'  ia  uiually  «Ik1  with  brickwock  10  gnvnil  vermin  or 
rabfeiah  ladiag  its  way  iaio  the  cavity.  Air  gnilngs  ibouM  be  Intm- 
dwced  hen  to  anow  oc  air  ctaeulatlng  through  the  cavity:  iheyalao 
fieilitalc  drying  due  afta-  nin. 

UiMnm  aialb  Bte  not  moch  usee  in  LjMdcia  tai  two  leaanna.  the 
K,  awkv  to  iho  iniimtiop  tern  the  weaihee  aflonled 
ig  bidWiv-  oai  of  the  BMin  reaatas  (oc  their  use  is 
gone,  and  the  oCtw  that  tk*  openae  is  greatly  laercaied.  owing  to 
■he  inthnrttles  kiBrtei  the  outer  aheH  and  requiting  the  mahi  wbU 
lobeof  th*  [ON  tQcfcoM  slllwUtad  Inaebaddel.  c<  Eowkm  Baildiag 

Act  18H.  Many  EiwIUt  r  ■  ■-■■•  — '-^-^  '-  -" -—  ■"- 

thieknoa  etf  a  eavity^alL 

In  Londoa  aad  the  surr 
bytherotof  l6tfI-sqBare.  Ilhtlekalalliiekneas.  Andnfbelck- 
-  -  -  ■     work  B  vsd  (our  eoutaca  to  •  loot  with  brkka  (I  in.  laof, 
ZSi  4i.i»wiKBad*|iB  thkh,wdiain8)ta.tatliklaMH. 

Miw         win  requn  uj6  brick^  and  Iha  auBbsr  win  vary  ~  •'^ 
bricka  sic  above  or  bdow  the  avenge  ue,  and  . 


luodiiw  eountia,  briekwort  is  aimaured 
.HhAekahi^knas.  Andofbrick- 

-reautamto*' ■^'-^•-••!-  > — 

Itlia  thiekj 

st-a?. 

X  thicker.     The  quantity  of 


k  ia  ■sairally  recfcooed  at  s 
kti>in|w.ihick.    Tot 

Bricta  weigh  fl 


. , ^,  _e  honght  and  1^  by  rht 

. A  quutity  weighs  about  6a  cwt.   The  wetghc  <f  j 

md  •<  biickw«k  is  111- >3  tone,  work  ia  oment  Boitar  bsiBg  havia 


dian  Aat  (secMed  ia  Hesa.  Saves  htkk*  tM  iiBalwd  to  fact 
a  so.  it.;  I  It.  of  reduced  tvidmrtr-i)  brfcfe  tfkh  ■■ 
lequueithricka.  Ibenuodicrof btickakldbya WDekBaabadar 
of  dgkl  bovn  variia  coosidtrabh'  with  the  deaoiptiea  td  •arfe 
but  CO  Hnight  walling  a  nan  wil  lay  aa  average  of  uo  In  a  day. 
^'*—  -* — ^'-'  pnipertke  ti  bricks  vary  oonsidetihly  arith  the 
he  ordiaaiy  Landao  slock  ol  good  quality  ihaald 
l.«ft<riweBty-loirbawVaCM.man  i-.,^,,., 
;..  ,..,u     ■.It.^iirtekawiBah— '-     •*■>" 

aT^*!^ 


Bmnt,  \aaem  (Akh  ktn  vhiffiKl  or  ni 
uhl  farrodEh  mlKju,  nrden  mrDflt,  Ac 
.  Praui  brUla.  owuUed  under  hydnulic  prhbr.  and  much  y«l 
rsr  (aeinf  work.  Tlwy  uuiUy  hiw  ■  d«p  Inw  or  b^kw  oa  one  ■ 

tnth  lurlianal  fuH.^h'''* '*' '     ''"  ''^^ — "* ' — 

as  EueUent  Iiet  lu  ibc 

BIntMcti.ddcBytH 

rawOtan  ii  jiccdcdp  v  tbcy^inc  vUrifinl  tbroo^lioiit,  hard,  hnvT, 
inpcTVlout  ud  TBT  duaUs.  Blue  bricJn  i^  ipecul  ■hupc  may  be 
hod  for  iHTtiiEi  rhiiudlinv  lUid  ofj^nf. 

Ahf4rtdti,  witbiuiiillac  cnal  heat,  iml  in  caaaEuon 
(omacoo.  They  Aould  alnyi  be  Laid  with  fnxlay  ia  place  of 

Ctoaftr^iteaUwialt-daaadcreHmeUad.  The  (onet,  brows 
in  colour*  ait  elaud  by  inrowliLff  nit  on  the  brickt  in  the  kiln. 
The  latter  are  drpped  into  a  «]ip  cd  the  required  colour  belore  beinf 
Uimt, and anuaed  fardccorativeaodaaiutary  purpoaco, and  where 
leBccIod  Ufhl  ia  roquiAd. 

MwUtibndit.  lot  comieet,  itHug  ca 
capiflfa.  They  41C  made  in  ibe  different 
and  oa  ■cceunl  al  tbtir  trealer  durabilii 
labour  of  cuuing,  aic  pnferahle  in  man 
■Hcr  work  and  aichet.  nicica  ihapcd  as  ^ 

TtK  itrBWIh  of  brjckwodi  nria  very 
tbt  kind  <d  brkh  uaod.  the  poaltioa  in  wlii 
-,       -     qualitjr  tl  the  lime  or  cement  1 

~rr?r~     qoaKcy  of  tb*  mckraamMp.    1 , 

"j^^  with  ihoil  walla  carried  out  In  llg6-l>w  by  the  Royal 
"~~  loatitute  oT  Briliih  Archlleeti  to  deterdne  Ike  »ver)|a 
letdi  per  KL  fc  u  mUch  emahfait  toot  pbce,  may  bo  brtely  tam- 
aad«d  al  lolkiwa;  Stock  brkkmik  in  bne  aurtaa  cruibed  uaAr 


BEllCKWORK 

EatioB  ihtee.M  bcinf 


523 


■.aiHliii 


:   G.'iJ.  EJict 


jd  IjEDfl  cniahed  under  ■  loitd  al  30-68  torn 

mnikta Hail  aiertar  tnabed at  I IV34  tea 

TKhnihta 
width.    TbeL 


(kickoeia,   U)  buadino  ef 


•hould  not  exceed  twdn  tlmei  ki  leait 


SVo 


imUiagmby 

of^n  and  Aaahinp.  Special  pcefaudoaa,  toot  moat  be 
in  tbr  fixioff  of'  coplnn  cbimaey  pota,  ridgea  aad  krpa. 
'  pmaiirB  capengnced  iafioflajid  aiay  be  taken  at 
but  Ihia  b  only  ia  Ilia  moat  eqiooed  poiitSaaa  In 
a  «•  Itont.  Foty  pouadi  ia  a  aufideat  aUomocg 
"^-^  -^— '-  pmteetinn  by  aumundlng  '-'—  *- 
tat  needalo  be  proirided  a^ 


the  country  or  • 

buiidinta  3l  tb  peraq.  fl.ball  that 

whh  ahidi 


.10  be  proirided  ^aloat. 
nuit  ba  paid  la  th*  aaad 


mon  be*aih(d  away  b.  _ .. _.. 

wiih  it  mint  be  removed  by  icreeninc  or  aiftint  River  aand  ia 
frcnuently  uacd,  but  ia  nn  lo  oood  an  pit  aand  on  account  4f  the 
particin  bc'iag  robbed  tmoolh  by  atlritioiL  Sea  land  ia  obfoction- 
able  lor  t«o  naioiu:  it  cannot  be  allogefhb  Iieed  Imiu  a  aalme 
UinI,  and  if  it  It  u>«I  ihe  iall  atliacU  axSilun  and  i>  liable  to  kup 
the  brickwork  [jermancntl^  damp,  The  pvlidn.  imnavrr.  an 
fenrr^ny  rounded  by  attrition,  cauaed  by  the  mowement  of  the  eea. 
:han  [T  they  rttaionl  tlwir 


nalantularfoino.  Rlie 


nt  of  ita  greater  durability. 


Ib  made  by  unng  foundry  end  or  unith' 
aand.     Then  arc  many  other  lubHilift 
Aa  tv.  eiamplcp  Btic  itone  grit  may  I 
Thoroulhly  burnt  day  or  balEut,  iM  bin.» 
ground  toaapiformiizeaDdicticeiKdfiDmdu 

Fal  limci  (thiilh^inn  whieh  an  pun.as  oppoied  ID  "  hydmulic" 
limn  which  are  burnt  from  limeitDDe  contarfung  unie  clay)  ihould 
not  be  used  for  mortar;  they  are  ^ow-aettiDg.  ind  there  iaa  liatnlily 
for  umc  of  the  moftar,  where  there  ia  not  a  free  aueu  of  air  to 
BuiU  the  letting,  renuining  lofl  fv  niDF  ecmgidnbie  nermd.  ofieo 
nvmthp.lbuicauiuu<iKi]silKltlsnieMandpdiaiblyMi1^it.  Crey 
(tone  time  i>  feebly  hydnulicand  makeaagDodnHftarforanlinary 
•Mb  tl,  b*we**n  oMayi  oadir  tke  Inloeoee  ol  Ibe  wcMher,  and 
ii  a.  ihtrdon.  adifiable  to  poiai  the  Cxtenial  face  of  the  ncsk  in 
Uue.arti  or  cement  mortar.  In  order  to  obtain  treats  darabitily. 
ft  ihifuki  never  be  itied  in  foupdaiion  work,  or  where  expoBd  to  wet. 
MaalkneiihydraL-^-'  -*---*-  ■.—■»■  —  « j .__    ■- _i.^_ij 


■01.11 


ti  la  bpHdijigi  it 


la  Portland  ce 

I  Ur  andogronnd  work,  Iwt  alao  la  gcaeral  buUding  wkoe  a  noall 
ra  colt  ia  »t  obiccted  to.  Ordiaacy  lime  Dwrtar  may  have  ita 
'nilh  couidarabty  enhanced  by  the  addilioaaf  a  nnaU  iirDpaetiDil 

°— '— ■ looaa  cement  b  wely  awl  for  monat,  but 

mi  account  of  the  mpidity  wilbwUdi  itaeti. 


rely  Bvpplanled.  — 

aLH.  Y.D.Scott  (I -.,, 

HI  d  F^er  of  Paiii  hai  been  added 

— rr- ■  the  action  of  ilaking  and  inducing 

[I  (anfuMy  mbied  ia  accnntance  with  Ibe  in- 
--  .*- — lanufacturera,  It  will  take  a  much  largs 


rsfdj 


t  by  hand  the  maleibb 

I  lumpe  of  Ume.    Tha 

Tg  the  lime  ihonty 


and  a  half  day..   U  the  m 

oecumnec  of  thvc  may  be  pRveated  by  grinding  the  lime  ihonty 
befun  ma.  The  man  ihoold  then  bi  welt  "  bnitd,"  iJ.  nucd 
logelhci  with  the  aid  of  a  tong.handkd  lake  calbd  the  "  lany." 
Lane  nwrtar  ihould  be  tempered  for  al  bait  two  d^a,  roagAly 
covered  up  with  laeki  or  other  material.  Befoee  belag  aa~" 


■  of  PmlandcFi 


beagaia  lurked  otcr  and  well  mlied  together.  Portland  and  Roman 
'  — — »- — -I-  —i — -I ._j-.j  —  -ccotint  of  their  nuick- 

.  blocked  up["  but  wiEb 
made  ■everal  Elinei  a  lEay, 
.    Omenl  mortan  ihauld 

, ._._jenpta™.    Caiiehouldho 

taken  ts  oblaia  the  tnpir  comincnc]',  which  ii  ■  itifl  paile.  If  the 
mortar  be  too  thkk,  extia  labour  ii  tnTolv^  in  ii«  vie.  and  much 
time  waned.  If  It  be  ao  thin  aa  ra  run  taiily  from  the  trowel,  a 
longerllBKbtalieninaeltini.and  ihewall  ii  liahletu  lettlc:  also 
thefebdanRrthaltheUmeortemenlvill  be  killed  by  theeicciiof 
:leoit haveltalrindingpoweraflected.  It ii not adviiable 
j1  week  when  the  temperauirt  ii  below  freezing  point, 
— -  — —  •— ^-'-laying  nay  he  aucceasfully  done  by  uaing 
1h  mrwtar  mint  he  prepaied  in  vnaD 

aite»"pta«"b« 

iim  the  work,  whtcb  woidd  then  be  deURNed  iqr'ihe  acllm  of  Iroit. 
Briekn  aaed  dnttng  fmny  weaths  ihould  be  quite  dry.  and  Ihoia 
that  have  faeea  enpoiBd  to  rain  or  froat  ahouU  never  be  employed. 
The  neubnwhidier  there  b  any  limit  to  bfbklwaW  work  tafrott 
is  Hill  aa  open  onb  Araoif  the  membera  ef  the  Norwegian  Society 
of  Eaglnecnand  Archileeti.at  wbceenieetlngi  thenibiect  haibcen 
freqoently  dbeuHed,  that  Umit  fa  varkindy  eHimated  at  between 
-t'  to  -«^  Rtaamar  (lit*  to  14*  Fahr.)  and  -II*  to  -IS*  Rtaumur 

'-*-' olfbekiwHrsFalit.).    It  hai  been  pnned  ^  bydraullo 

nod  hricklayai'  win  caa  be  srccuted  at  the  btier- 
The  fiHivk»Ion  fa  held  that  the  varbtloaa  In  the  opinioea 
i>  euhiect  are  atttftuldb  lo  the  difn  of  car*  bMlnwol 

Itaumur  S^  to 

„    . ..  .—  ^ ,-., -.,-_  .—  __,nae  of  building  ■ 

greatly  Incieaied,  owing  toa  larger  proportion  of  lime  being  required. 

For  grey  lime  mortar  the  uaual  proportion  ia  Doe  part  of  lone  10 

two  or  three  porta  ef  land :    liai  Ume  mortar  b  mivcd  in  aimibr 

pruponioni^  aapC  tor  work  belm  ground,  when  equal  (juantitiea 

'1  the  pruponionaDf  onrtolhiee.  ot  Ave,  ofiud;  good  renlti  are 
ibtaiiKd  with  lone  mortar  loniScd  with  cement  ai  loUowar-one 
part  daked  line,  one  part  Pontand  cement,  and  levcn  pana  aand. 

of  land.   Selniiic  lime  mortar  1>  tmalW^in 
ind  mart  bt  mixed  In  a 


bedeURwed 


pan  Kuhr  manner,  the  lime  being  ^ritgniuncl  In  water 
mill,  and  the  and  gndually  added,   Btiie  or  black  m 
'  — '"  of  foundry  aahei  at'  " —    ■-—  ^-  - — 


aSiS 


^..  , , —  .1  improved  by  the 

IditimiDf  a  proponionDf  cement.  For  aettlna  fitt-bridii  Gre-ckni 
alwin  uxil.  hinting  for  rendering  inttde  cfainney  Sae*  li 
adeefoaepenof  hmewitlilhnepanitircndunBfnitlrnnMraw 
" —  No  eflicieM  lutniitutc  hu  been  found  for  (hb  niiMm^ 
loakl  be  aicd  ftah..  A  mortar  IhJil  haa  found  aptnoval  tor 

— iney  ihafia  b  compcaed  by  gruiding  in  a  morut^niU  one 

pan  of  Wo*  h'ai  Inne  with  one  put  each  of  and  and  foHndry  adiea. 
In  thenterasl  walli  of  the  Albert  Hall  the  mortar  uKd  waa  one  part 
Portland  cement,  one  pan  grey  Burbam  Kmc  and  lii  pani  |nt 
laad-    Thelia»wua(akediweiily.I«iihoorB,aadaIi«rbalii(Biwd 


52+ 


*lthili*iuidl«MaiidiniH*tlw«iKinwuwldcduil  ihewbolc 
rwuHl  [or  opg  miBHiei  the  Huil  tat  prcpaicd  in  qui  nliUci  only 

LendonCDBntyCiHiiioluiiiiitiecIiaii  16  o(  Ibe  Mttropulii  M»ii»ro- 

IKBI  uid  BuiidiiiE  Acu  AmendiMnt  A-  ■'■— ■" 

puniHu  of  lii "- ■■— 


lotoi- 

lor  the  purpoteo^  makinc  mi 


eat  Ad  ItTt,  nquint  1)»  m- 

,, to  three  o<  viul  or  frir,  nad  lor 

.    Clun  Hjlt  ntcr  only  ihould  be  used 


BRICKWORK 

edfcialilKbrii^w 

in(  (L),  Ibe  ridge,  iiul 


work.    II  i> 


d  u  Iqptimacely  med  id  ^uged 

-Jtrtenlly  kit  between  ihe  brielu. 

ig  tPC  bricki;  and  filling  or  fliuhing 

oJ  grout  U,  Ihei 
lukTnoc  be  cou 


nd  MaiD  the  [ice  artihe 

Hred  or  "  run,"  u  il  b 
be  made  aa  lanE  a  time 
ee  wccJa  aIiduu  elap^ 

The  pflntTuE  of  a  will,  u  prewuBly  mentioped,  u  done  either 

witli  Ibe  bricQaying  u  at  the  completion  o(  the  work.     II  the 

P,^!^     poinling  It  to  be  ol  the  nne  monar  « the  mt  o(  the  worli, 

It  would  pcnbably  neatly  lacililate  nallen  (o  fioiih  oS 

'1  wjih  Ihe  bricUaying.  but  nhere.  u  in 

■c  a*  the  icaffold  h  taken  down  at  -be 

ihe  intim  being  raked  out  by  the  bnck^ 

layer  to  ■  depth  of  |  or  I  in. 

By  the  lallei  method  the  iibDlE 

.  laceof theworkiakept uniloriD 

'  In  appcannce.    The  diflcnnt 

fgrmt  of  joinia  in  teDcia]  uie 


The   iat   joint   jnntcd    {two 

J  loma,  B  and  C)  u  a  devclop- 

ment  of  the  Roih  ioiat.     In 

order  10  locreaie  the  dcanty 

„  and  thereby  enhanoe  the  diii*- 

K  bility  of  the  mofiar,  a  ecmi- 

rirrular  fTDOve  if  fwmed  ilonf 

the  centre,  or  one  on  each  nde 

>     ol  Ibe  joint,  wiihanuDnjcJnter 

and    ftraight^edge.      Another 

form,  raic^  ued,  ii  the  keyed 

'--—  -■■ .1  D,  Ihe  tAatt 


Fid.  3.— FnrauoIJaiDli.  width  of  th 

key.  Struck  or  bevelkd,  or  weathered,  jGina  lu> 
preeied  back  with  tlie  trowel  to  form  a  tlopinr  tu 
cA  the  ■«.  The  lower  edfeia  cut  oB  with  the 
cdte.  Thii  Joint  ia  in  veiy  comnun  uie  for  ne 
WDrknen  liequently  nuke  the  ilape  In  Ihe  opp 

Ihinforminga  kdnon  the  hrick:iU>c«chea  tl , 

bani  Inun  rapidfy  caum  the  diiintecialisB  of  the  upper  por 
-•  -*-  •-^-■-  — ■  -'  -■■-  joint  itadf.   Wi'''  f«««<l  ffnling, 


face,  which  throw* 


brick:  lUicuche*  the 
ini  Inun  rapidly  caum  the  diiintecialisB  of  il 
,  the  brick  and  of  Ihe  joint  iucK.  Wiih  itccHed  jcaniing,  no 
..tach  uiedf  a  deep  ihadow  may  ba  obtained.  Thit  fonn  ofjoinl. 
iliaitrated  in  G,  b  open  to  very  aerloot  obwliona,  for  il  encotuagn 
Ihe  loalLing  of  the  brick  with  rain  inuead  of  throwing  efl  Ihe  wet. 
aa  it  leenii  (he  nalural  function  of  food  pointing,  and  Ibii.  beiide* 
cauiing  undue  dampnev  in  ihe  wall,  reooera  il  loJjle  to  damace  by 
froK.  It  alia  leave*  the  airiiEa  of  the  bricka  unproKCIed  and 
liable  to  bt  tfam^ed,  and  from  itc  deep  recewed  form  doe*  not  make 
fDrelabililyinthewnrk.  GaugedworkhaiveTythinJointa,atabown 
ai  H,  formed  by  dipping  the  aide  of  liie  Iwick  in  while  hiDe  putty. 
The  akeich  I  thon  a  join  raked  out  and  filled  hi  with  poiniin( 

precBding  forma.  Wtan  Ihe  wall  i>  to  be  ^aalered  Ihe  jeinla  an 
cliber  leFi  open  or  raked  out,  or  Ihe  upetAiwui  monar  nay  be  left 
poirudint  at  ihown  al  J.  By  either  innhod  an  eiciOcnt  key  ia 
obtained,  to  which  Ihe  imdetlnE  linnty  adherea.  In  tuck  pointing 
(K)  the  ioinu  in  nked  out  and  nopped,  It.  filled  in  lluih  with 
onrtar  cokiined  to  match  the  briekwnik.  The  fact  of  the  wall  it 
then  nibbed  over  with  a  aaft  brick  of  (he  aame  OBhwr,  or  the  work 
aay  ht  (okMiid  with  pirmenl.  A  nanow  ntxm  ii  Ihen  cut  in  the 
raiiili.  and  the  mortar  allowed  (o  let.  Whit*  lime  putty  ii  neat 
nlitd  into  the  vroovv,  bcini  prwed  on  with  a  Jflinliiv  tool,  leaving 
BwMujcdnt  i  10  tin- wide,  and  with  a  pnjeelloa  of  about  A  in. 
bayoid  Ihe  lac*  of  the  work.  Thii  metbod  ia  not  a  good  or  a 
dB*Ue  un,  and  abauki  only  be  idepHd  is  M  iMak  when  tb* 


le  preature  over  a  larger  area  ol  grotind.  olVaeia  al  in.     -^.^ 
ide  beiiv  made  on  eiidi  lide  of  the  waU  until  a  width    '"■'*V>- 

lual  10  double  the  thicIincH  of  the  wall  ia  reached.   Thiainawan 
M  wouldbesf 

:nie  tScn  nmad 
«  width  of  the 
e  London  Buikt 
•ide  of  Ihe  brick 
generally  aaile  I 

A. 


-ei- 


1 1 1  I  I  ,iiiii  iii 


I         I        I  "^T 


I  '  r 


Fic.  4.— Diagram  at  Boading. 
for  eaay  winking.  Footingi  ihauld  be  built  with  hard  bricki  laid 
principally  as  iieaden;  atretchen,  if  neceiaary.  ahould  be  placvi  in 
ihemiddkolthewall., 

eirery  covne  lover  tlie  ioiati  of  Ihoie  in  ibe  oourw  bekiw  it,  and  h 
lend  to  make  Ihe  whole  niau  or  onmbination  oi  bricka 
act  u  much  tontber,  or  a>  dependendy  one  upon  another,  ""™* 
Bt  Tnaihie.  The  workinea  ihould  be  etricllv  tuperviied  aa  they 
ilb  Ihe  work,  for  many  failureaare  due  to  their  iciioranee 
-    ihia  puiiciilar.    The  obiecl  of  boadii*  will  be 

' "  fig.  4.     Here  it  b  evidewlrom  Ihe 

., .jat  any  wtiihi  placed  on  the  topmoii 

brick  (d)  it  carried  down  and  borne  alike  in  every  courae;  id  Ihia 
wny  ilW  weigbl  00  each  brick  ia  dinributed  over  an  area  increaaia* 
wilh  every  coune.  Bui  Ihia  fonu  ■  kHigitndinai  bond  only,  which 
beyond  the  width  of  Ihe  brick;  aid  t 
K  two  brick*.  thlclE,  built  in  tUa  manner. 


wall  of  one  brick  and  a  half, 
■mtiM  in  eflect  couiit  of  thres 
independently  of  each  other. 
show  thdr  Abort  aide*  or  eiida 
cen^nly  •  compact  wall  of  a 
brick,  would  be  pmdiiccd,  and 
be  double.  Ihe  kHigitudiBal  bo 


ic  half  brick  thick  wi 
no  bricka  wen  tamed  eo  u  I* 
'roat  iutead  of  their  long  onei 
It  bifck  ihlck,  inUead  oThall  < 


.  je  hiniitudinal  bond,  Ibe  bricka 
11  of  ittetehera  and  header*.    In 


vail  of  any  mat  di 
coKpofleaaf  Bmai 

are  laid  In  it  definite  amngemenl  of  ittetehera  and  header*.    In 
"  Engliifa  bond  ".(tif .  S>.  rightly  eoukleied  the  moH  perfect  in  uk. 


r; 


ibining  the  advamagca  of  Ibo  Iwopreviout  m ... 

^  reference  ID^.g  will  ibow  how  the  praceit  ef  bonding  i> 
_-_  hi  a  iratl  one  and  a  half  bricka  in  thickncta,  and  how  the 
In*  are  focmed.    In  wall*  which  are  a  multiple  of  •  wlMilt  brick. 

(H  the  elevation*  of  the 
tack  face*,  bi     ' 


.u*ed  to  make 

tIT, 


odd  half  brick  mi 

Lbe  Ihfaknt 

iduatruion,  the 


Ihe  principk  of 
ndter  walb  arc 

I   of   lb*   lanu 

Ic  will  be  obierved  that 
I  a  brick  have  lo  te 


queen   doiera:    they  are   placed 

ncn  to  the  fine  hewler.    A  Ifaite- 

qunncr    brick    i*   obviogily    aa      i,  ,1^  _d 

available  for  Ihia  parpoae  aa  n   boAdtaWOi 

header  and  ekaer  conbined.  bn    taflimoadi. ,._.,. 

Ihe   latlar   method    b   preferred   >i>». 

btcaiHe  by  the  UM  d  il  nmtumii*       Fi«.  5.— EafUih  Bead. 

"' —  —   --,  procrved,   and 

retained  on  tbe  return*.    King  doaet* 


1,-   add 

tUl  Ih« 


BRICKWORK 

ndiiif  Ihe  < 
■U*3inMi 


535 


tlDKdblHll.  For 


FfanUiboBlMdKfKbiriJE^t  l«£iif'»D''EiigLi^  l™d. 
tkc  oUcet  hciflf  Is  eonUiN  Om  bcK  ratum  a(  tbc  two  tnndi. 
UiJoimwdly  tbt  malt  ii  u  impnmiMnt  on  Flenlih  bond,  ubvut- 
IwuitdaatbdiHaftmuiUeinwniiralltHiall.  Thii mcthnd 
otboDdiiif  it  unHd  "  Hiitli  FknUh  bond."  Mid  ii  tbown  in  Bt^  7. 

Id  itmdiiiv  band,  wUch  ninuld  only  b*  umJ  ror  nib  hiH  > 
kidc  in  tUckncM  all  tte  bricia  in  bU  u  amcliin.  a  halt  bnrk 
banc  mad  in  ahtnale  couaa  to  Man  tbt  bond.  In  hhV  ciicvrI 
US  iliHiily  ea  pliB  Madait  of  iba  aiaaf  (tnictinm.  and  [or  (oo<[nE>, 
nojtctiae  faauldinft  and  corbeli,  Ibi  biickinTv  aJL  laid  a*  hcadcra. 
(.*.iriththdrnidalothaInnt,aadllicirlenEihanH>I)K  tfaiducu 
flf  tbt  valL    Tliia  ia  temtd  "  hcadiif  bond." 

In  thick  valla,  Ihnabtlcki  thicliand  npwanli.a  nvlniol  labour 
la  cflacwd  aithaat  laia  al  ttnaath,  bf  t^  adoplian  cl  "  hFninf 
bona  "  or  "  diannal  bond  "  in  the  Intvritir  of  ijk  vail,  (he  outn- 
Ik»  o(  tlic  wan  btiai  built  In  E*fiib  tad  Flmiiita  bond.,   Thia 


tfcaa  IT  ta..  cm  that  bebg  abaoit  too  thIa  to  adadt  tt  uy  pvt 


HCD^^B,  (bout  it  hb  *kle  and  A  In.  thick,  dtbcr  [xlvaniztd 
ca-  wn  larrvd  and  landed  to  rrtard  ruaanc.  ia  tiaea  In  ordrr  to  obtain 
"nal  tit.    Tie  cmtomaiy  pranic  '■ 


r  adt  half-brick  In  thickncs  ol 


be  ma^er  ia  pcffoniicd  to  provide  a  key  In 

A  difficulty  often  arlaca  in  bonding  vben  Tadni  work  vi 
of  a  flighily  difiennt  Bit  frwn  th«e  nicd  in  '^bacbni,' 

taduucally lenned.  Aiilii.u^CDUrae.narc^uytokapalJI: 

in  property  levdkd  cswis,  adiileRnce  hat  to  be  nude  in  Ibc  tUck- 


-  Ji>%e< 

The  laipoitancB  for  luiivy 

tian  ol  damp  unod  a 


[mm  Iheei 


itrodufliDR  of  damp-prabf  coUTaea 


.-.  bywatci  leaking  doam  Innn  ilie  top  of  tha 
brine  drtven  oa  ta  the  face  by  wind,  p  „ 
-  ' be  prerefflerf  by  the  JJ^^I^T^ 


Imm  Ihe  tluid  by 
of  by  IheadoptioB 
been  bid  and  ihc  wall  hie  been  bnnchl 
■bovt  the  Eniihcd  lurfica  <d  Ibt  grooad. 


thin  blue  bricki  in  crment 

ridcnd-  Glued  itonewar*  * 
perfonted  ilabi  about  1  in.  % 
thick  ire  ^Jcrially  made  for'/j 

™p£li(li(.9^^nllyhu 

SSitecttfTuywlorTin. 

thick  it  a  (ood  pmieeilaB  Fin.  9. 

Skely  u  oa^'  ihould  ■  mtlement  occur,  but  In  hot  veitber  It 
1.  H.M.  «  _n__  '>ut  at  the  joinlt  under  beivy  wcifbla.    Fell 
I  h  m  eictUent  nibadtute  lar  iipbalt,  and 
k  or  aqueen  nut.     Sheet  lead  ii  eadent, 

been  intraduced  oonrialiai  o(  1  thin  ibeet  .of  lad 
nn  layttB  of  aiphilt.  BatEment  ttonya  to  bi 
■,  be^dfi  Ihe  damp-pnof  csune  horiiontally  In 


h  not  Ribie  to  a 


Ihe  Rsnc,  and  ibo  a  vertical  datap-pnof 


. „  ihefTOund,  either 

nndend  on  tbe  ootiide  baliNiD 

r&  '(&.  II  ud  td.* UOnr 


Sli 


BRICKWORK 


■o  imputipi  ill 

muk  for  kecpiEig  liie  Hrta  df 


wkhh  b  (omed  anoad  duit  poitkini  of 
:1i«  fnuod,  Ibe  ob^eeE  bciflai  u  prevent  tl 

:ict  wiiK  tile  brickwork  ol  trie  main  Willi  ■ 
Lbe  buiMiiic.  Amftgementfl  dw 


made  by  the  Lond«i  Coitnly  C« 
Metrapolit  MaBAfement  uia  Bui 
1S78.  require  thit  "  t  "    ' 


I    (pplicdtaikebcscftlieinll. 

Maltture  it  pmenled  Iroii 

Mtldudon  (ron  thetop  ol 

at  eame  [mperviout  aueiul 
In  Ike  form  d  ■  csplif.  Thii 
may  conui  of  ordJury  brida 

doyMa  couna  d  tils  Im- 
■nediilely  -  bdow.  called   a 


filed  on  batteni  in  a  •iniUr 

{fa.  I]). 
The  luc  of  holbnr  nlli  in 

been  nlemd  to. 
Tlie  by-Um  dated  igfli, 
jodl  under  leclmi  16  of  the 
liktinti  Acta  AnKBdmenl  Act 


Birveyor,  eiiendinj  ihniughoiil  iti  whole 
DM  IcM  Ihan  6  in.  bdow  ihe  leve)  ol 

eailli  ilutl  be  protected  by  naierlali  impervioLj  to  moulkire  to  the 
BUidclion  of  the  dittrict  lurveygc.  .  .  .'  "  The  top  ot  every 
pany-wall  and  parapet-wail  ihall  be  finiihrd  wiib  one  courae  of 
bard,  well-bumltriclia  i«  on  rip.  in  cement,  or  bvacopineof  any 

Archu  are  con«mction«  built  o(  wedie-ihaped  blotka.  which  by 

._^,        inipiwl  weight,  the  re«iiliint  lo»d  Ixing  tinnioiilled 

through  the  hloeki  to  tht  abulmcnti  upon  which  the  endi 

of  the  arch  re«t.    An  arch  should  be  compowl  ol  wch  raatenalt 

•haptandreaiiltbccruihiogitniniinpaKduponil.   TheabutiDenle 

enough  to  take  aafcly 
the  thrutt  of  the 
WEirhted  arch,  aa  the 


Ideflectioo  and    fnilun. 
The  outward  thrmt  tA 


9  idea  that  in  the  latter 
q^form  no  ihmninc  take* 

Archea  Id  brickwork 


ardics,    ro^h-cut   anci 
gauged.      FHain  orchei 

bncka,   and    lincc    Ihf 
diflsenoe  between  thi 


pliery  of  the  airh  tequim  the  patti  of  whldi  an  (icfa  u  nade 
be  wedge-fanned,  which  an  ordinary  brick  fa  out,  ibeditfcreace 
be  made  in  nortai.  with  the  reeult  that  the  jointi  baconu  • 
ihaped.  Thia  obviously  jivei  an  ob|eetionable  incoihitten 
miterial  in  the  aich.  and  for  thii  leaaoa  to  obtun  pealEK  ati 

it  ii  adviiaUe  to  build  ihoe  atchei  In  independent  tinii  sf  hall 

thickacK  The  uDdermoB  rinn  ihouM  have  thin  j^mnti.  thoie  ol 
each  tucceeding  riag  being  tliohtty  thickened.  Thi*  preventa  the 
Innt  ling  tnm  aettUng  vhue  thoH  above  remain  ia  poHlivo, 


uciiXItiiigli:^, 


"BRICKWORK 

■  ioial  and  4I  In.  wl£rWlMa  niiublc  pro^uon  for  bini  hai  ixH 
brio  nude,  wood  plun  an  driven  into  Ibt  joinit  ol  the  bricki. 
Grvat  tart  miut  be  talnn  In  drivini  tboe  in  the  jointB  ol  irvab 
w  at  tW  conert  rf  nnlk,  or  dnaafe  ney  be  dooe- 
Tlie  iHiiic  "  bnck-*fUu  '*  ia  ^n  lo  nJli  Itad  vilh  nibUr 


527 


tim  of  briclo.    The 
^pcrtcd  ol  4inyLeldinB 

vhidi    perhapt    do 

■hu    ■    hundred Ih 
pan   o(   iu   hcitht. 


evhtli  iti  height  compoied  of  nortar  iointi,  thai  19 
that  by  ii*  raiuie  and  maaneT  of  applltatian  mu 
bl  dryinr  and  yield  to  pmeure.  To  obvUte  Ihi 
aetde  and  ihna  eaiae  The  butiing  of  the  face  or  faik 
the  noftar  lued  ihould  be  Dompoied  ci  PnnlaBd  ce 

bei{h1  equal  to  an  exacT  number  oC  brick  eounc^  I 
practice  in  erFcdn^  buQdinp  wjlh  a  facnig  ol  Ken 
10  b«ck  up  (he  atimework  with  brida*  Owinf  id  ti 
Urity  d  the  Hoatt.  nvat  difficulty  ia  experience 
propel  bond  between  iFc  two  nuie^lf.  Through  bg 


hliher.  il  peadbfe,  Am  tdJMIM  baiWnti.  Mck  lie  apt  u  caiue 
down-draiighi  and  make  the  chimney  ioii^-  When  tbit  ia  fbuod 
impoaiibta,  one  of  the  many  [onna  o(  patent  ehinmey-pon  01 
reVDlvii«  CDwIa  imm  be  adnpttd.  Etcb  Sue  muit  be  eepiraled  by 
■makt-ptinr "  wfthea  "  or  diyiaoBB.  uually  half  a  bricli  in  Ihiekneu; 
conneidon  between  then  ainea  imoky  diinintyi.  The  liie  o[  tb* 
llue  ror  an  ordinary  gnte  ia  14X9  in.;  tor  a  kitchen  Move  14X14 
in.  The  outer  wall  oTa  chtmney  ateck  niay  with  advanuge  be  made 
9  in.  thick.  Fimky  lobea.  rccunniUr  or  cfreulat  in  tnnavin* 
■cclion,  are  largely  uaed  in  piaca  of  ibc  paijeltinf ;  although  more 
CTpeniM  than  the  tatter  they  have  Uie  advanlaM  in  pcqnt  of 
ctcanlineta  and  dunbiUty*  Flrepiacea  generally  rnuirv  more  deptll 
than  can  be  provided  In  the  ttlckoeaa  of  the  wall,  and  tlui^t 
neceeillatc  a  projeclkHi  10  eonlaln  the  Ireplice  and  fluea.  called 
the  "  chimney  biean."  Sometiniea,  eapeciariy  when  the  wall  ia  an 
eiiemal  me,  ihepr^calonmay  be  made  on  (he  back,  thai  alkiwiif 

venienily-ihaped  mm.  The  projection  on  the  ootiide  lace  of  the 
wall  may  be  treated  asanomamenlal  feature.  The  fireplace  apeninf 
it  covered  by  a  brfck  relieving  arch,  wbicb  ia  fortified  by  wrought- 
ircn  bar  from  I  to  1  in-  thidc  and  >  to  t  in.  wide.  It  It  oaually 
bent  to  a  "  camber.''  and  the  brick  arch  built  apM  ft  natural 
ukfl  the  Hnie  curve.  Each  end  ia  "  caulked,"  Ibal  ia,  apUl  longf. 
TudinaTly  aod  turned  up  and  down.  Theinlerior  of  a  chimney  breut 
behind  tlie  atove  ihould  always  be  filled  in  aolid  viih  concrete  or 
brickworlL    The  Hoofing  in  the  chimney  opening  ia  called   the 

of  the  chintnw  breaat.  and  the  fron 
"  trimmer  arch  "  deaigned  to  auppor 
farmed  in  aDfid  c«ncrele,  nipporTed 
fixed  la  the  flooe  joMi.  without  any 


k  wall  and  hllcts 


Tall  fii 


«  chin 


unconnected  with  other  buildings.  If  it  ii  neceuaty  t6  bring  other 
work  doK  up,  *  alniiht  joint  should  be  used.  The  thafi  of  the 
chimney  wQI  W  bvilC  "^aveHiand,"  ihamenworkliif  from  the  inside. 

10  wk  in  the  tind.  'Not  mon  tlun  i^.?f  height  should  be  etlneci 
in  one  day.  (he  work  of  ncceuitv  beins  ckme  In  amaD  portions  (o 
allow  (he  mortar  to  set  before  il  ia  required  to  sustain  much  wei|bt. 
The  bond  usually  adopted  ia  one  conrte  of  headers  to  lour  of  screKhert. 
Scaffolding  is  sometimes  erected  outside  for  a  heighl  of  15  or  30  ft., 
to  facilitate  Ixtter  pointirig.  especialiy  vhcr*  the  chimney  is  in  a 
prominent  position.  The  brickwork  at  the  top  must,  according  to 
the  London  Building  Act,  be  a  in.  (hick  (i(  it  bcllei  14  in.  in  shafts 
'  hi*h),lnereadng  half  a  brick  in  Ihlckneu  for  every 
>  ft.  meaauied  downtrarda.     "The  shal(  shall  taper 


height.  Thewidlhol 


haden  shouM  be  ftequcniiy  built  ul,  arid  the 

Na[  (he  lent  impor(an(  paT(  of  the  bricklayer's 

ofdWmoeyandoilieritues.  C — --■—"--'■■"- 

SJSS   S5*™k.*^(ii!' 
■"  buUt  with  precision 

diflerent  parts.    Bendi  muti 


bend  of  not  leai  than  to'  thould  be  tonned  m  each  flue  to  mlcrcenl 
dowBKlraughts.  Every  fireplace  mutt  have  a  separate  flue.  The 
colknion  of  a  number  of  Hues  into  a  "  s(ack     is  economical,  and 

from  an  aesthetic  point  of  view,  for  a  numljer  of  tinslc  flue  chimneys 
atickina  up  (rem  various  pans  of  the  roof  would  appear  most  un- 
ilghlly.  ThearchKectsofthe  Elipbethan  and  '^"f  f*"°^*,"™ 
tectum  feature.    The  shaft  should  bi  carried  well  above  the  — ' 


shall  not  be  bonded  thcrewiih."  The  firebrick  lining  thoufd  lie 
carried  up  from  about  >5.fr-  for  ordinary  tempcratuna  (o  douUe 
thait  height  (or  very  great  ones,  a  space  of  i4  la  s  in.  being  leepl 
between  the  lining  and  the  main  nnT  The  lining  itaalf  is  usualtr 
4  jin.  thick.  The capis  usually  of  cau  iron  or  tcrni.cattastren>lhend 
with  iron  bolls  and  ilraps,  and  sometimes  of  slone.  but  the  difiicully 
of  pniperly  Giini  thk  lalter  material  cautea  k  to  be  negleeled  6 
(avow  of  one  oTthc  former.  (See  a  paper  by  F.  J.  BaKroft  am 
"  Chimney  Construction."  irfiich  conlilu  1  tabulated  descripikia 
o(  nearly  siity  shalts.  Pnc  Or.  and  Urci.  £nf.  £k..  December 

The  worit  of  laying  bricki  or  tiles  at  paving  falli  to  the  tot  of  the 
bricklayer.    Paving  lormed  of  ordinary  bricks  laid  Ra[  or  on  Iheir 

la((er  being  practically  non^xwous  and  (herrforc  more       •**■* 


((er  being  practically  non^xwous  and  (I 
inila^  and  cleaner.  Special  bricks  of  cat 
lade  (or  s(ablc  a(HJ  similar  paving,  ha^nf 
ic«  10  a»tia(  drainage  and  afford  good  foo( 


IfiiSdl^ 


e  bricu  bedded  in  tand,  the  ground  Mng  previously  wdl 
d.  The  aide  ioinu  of  the  bricks  art  grouted  m  vi&  lime  or 
,  Dutch  clinkers  are  smalf.  hard  paving  bricks  burned  al  a 
J  -t  ^  j^jii  yellow  colourj   they  are*  in.  long. 


n.  wide.  Din.  Ilik'k.  A 


W«d&kV;7rfin^V«-,r 
An  immense  variety  of  amamtntal 
rnanufactured  of  diflerent  coiouri^ 

makes  for  cleanliness  and  improved 

lentation  of  buildingt.  externally  aa 


BRICOLE— BRIDGE 


patten  or  daum  that  an  iatroduOH]  an  fine  worked  in  pnltiDnt 
Itw  giDuad-wdtE  Ixiiic  Ulad  in  allcniirdi.  For  tbe  lue  ol  (taient 
forpaving  •«  PLASTU.    _ 


^iff^ 


?^^.V 


._  ^»-.««  J,— ,— w^,—  ^J  brickvork  an  aa  folkrtr*^ 
RivliittoB.  Mm  go  3aiMn|  CnulnictM.  vail.  L  iL  uL;  CaL 
H.  E.  SiddoB.  AUt  Mhmair,  vol.  iL;  Sfctifcaliim-.  J.  P.  Alien. 
BmUding  CuuOuitiem:  F.  E.  Kidder,-  BriUiaf  CsufmcUn  imd 
SupiriiUtmiimH,  UTt  ii  (190]);  Loisiiuini  £  Cncn,  BmSdmi 
QMOnutiai:  E.  Ijitooii.  Ar^  uhI  HIh:  Keuy  Adam,  BaiU»( 
Cnunicliiiii;  C  F.  Milclxll,  6*aiiiit  Cmtnaiat,  vob.  L  i>.i 
E.  Street,  £rul  and  i/arbU  JnUiKhin  (■  /U^.  U-  Bi.) 

BMCOU  (■  Freacb  vord  of  unlinoim  oiigm],  k  militiry 
engbw  lot  culiiif  heavy  noDtt;  tito  a  t«Di  in  (esoia  tot  a  lidc' 
alrakefcboundingoff  the  wall  ol  the  cnurt,  corrupted  inu> "  biick- 
vaU  "  from  >  Minxx«'  nfCnnce  lo  ihc  wail,  and  in  bdUiaids  for 
a  itrnke  off  the  cmhlon  to  make  a  cannoa  oi  haaud. 

BKIDAin  (or  Bkydavhe],  JACQUES  (i;oi-i;67).  French 
Roman  Cathode  pnadier,  irai  bom  at  Chudan  in  the  department 
of  Gard  on  the  iiat  of  Uaidi  1 701.  He  wu  educated  at  Avignon, 
first  in  the  Jcauit  coliegc  and  ailcrwarda  at  the  Sulpician  aenumuy 
of  St  Cbaries.  Soon  after  hia  ordinaiion  to  tlie  piietibood  ia 
171S,  he  joined  the  iriinfiH  Ktyala,  organlied  to  bring  buk  (a 
the  Catholic  faith  the  Froteitaiits  of  France.  He  gained  their 
good-Till  and  made  niny  convett*;  and  for  ovei  Sony  yem 
he  vititcd  at  i  mlnioiuiiy  piaicher  abnoit  evety  town  ol  ccDin] 
and  uuthem  Fnace.  In  Patii,  in  1744,  hi*  Knnont  otatod  a 
deep  imprcasion  by  thdr  doqumce  and  sincerity.  He  died  at 
RDqurmaure,  neat  Avignon,  on  the  und  ol  December  176;. 
He  waa  the  autlior  of  Ca/Ui^na  i^iriiudt  (Montpelief,  1748, 
Irequently  reprinted,  in  uae  in  moftt  French  chnrchca);  ids  kT' 
racina  were  pubtisiied  in  5  to!],  at  Avignon  in  rSij  (ed.  Parts, 
1S61). 

See  Ahbi  G.  Caimo.  Lt  MoCU  da  prllra  (iBoj). 

■BIDE  (a  common  Tentonlc  word,  t.t.  Cotb.  tniJki,  0.  Eng. 
tryif,  0.  K.  Get.  fr6l.  Mod.  Gei.  Braal,  Dut  (mU,  possibly 
derived  fiom  Ibe  tool' in-,  cook,  beew;  from  the  med.  Utiniied 
form  brala,  in  the  sense  of  daughtcr-in-taw,  !i  derived  tlie  Fr.  Cm), 
(he  term  used  ol  a  woman  on  her  wedding-day,  and  applicable 
during  the  first  year  of  wildiood.  It  appears  in  combination 
with  many  wordi,  some  of  them  obsolete. 
is  the  newly  married  man.  and  "  bride^x  , 
are  old  eijuivalenu  of  wedding-bells,  wedding-breakfast. 
"  Bridal "  (from  BrUi-alc),  oiigiiially  the  uedding-feut  iUdf. 
has  grown  into  a  general  dociiplive  adjective,  t^.  the  bridtd 
parly,  the  brUii  cacmoay.  Tlie  bridi-caii  had  iu  origin  in  the 
Roman  tmfarrtalie,  1  form  of  marriage,  the  tssenliiJ  feilures  of 
which  were  the  eating  by  the  couple  of  a  cake  made  of  tslt, 
water  and  flour,  and  th*  holding  by  tlie  bride  of  three  wheat- 
can,  lyiabolical  of  plenty.  Under  Tiberiua  the  ake-tating  (ell 
Into  disuse,  but  the  wheat  ears  survived.  In  the  middle  ages 
they  were  aiher  worn  or  earned  by  the  bride.  Eventually  it 
bccAma  the  custom  for  the  young  giria  to  auemble  outside 
■he  church  porth  and  throw  grain!  of  *heat  over  the  bride,  and 
afterwards  a  scramble  for  the  grains  took  place.    In  time  the 


oatmeal  cako  being  in 


d,  as  is  the  custom  In  Scotland  to-day. 
L  In  Eliiabeth'i  reign  these  biKuiU 
man  rectangular  cakes  made  of  eggs, 
milk,  sugar,  currants  and  apices.  Every  wedding  guest  had  one 
at  least,  and  the  whole  collection  were  thrown  at  the  bride  the 
instant  she  crossed  the  throhold.  Tbcoe  which  lighted  on  her 
head  or  shoulders  were  most  prited  by  the  scramblers  At  last 
these  cakes  became  anulgamated  into  a  brge  one  which  took  on 
it*  full  paries  of  almond  paste  and  otoament*  doting  Charles 
II,'*  lime.  But  even  to-day  in  rural  parishes,  >,(.  north  Notts, 
wheat  is  thrown  over  Ihc  bridal  couple  with  the  ciy  "  Bread 
for  life  and  pudding  for  ever,"  eipres^vc  of  a  wish  thai  the  newly 
wed  may  bealwayi  affluent.    The  ihiowiDgof  rica,a  very  asdcnt 


enttom  tnt  MM  latit  (BIB  tte  vknl;  b  i^nboHol  of  Oe  irftb 
that  Uw  bridal  may  be  ftuItriiL  llw  trW«Bf  ms  the  bowl  or 
lovioi-csp  la  which  the  bridcgrooni  pted(ed  thi  bride,  and  ibc 
him.  Hie  custom  ol  breaking  tUi  mae-cap^  altar  tb  bridal 
con^  had  dnined  it*  cMlmu,  it  GODiaoii  to  both  tte  Jen  and 
the  member*  of  the  Gieefc  Chiuch.  Ite  former  dadi  ft  agaliut 
the  wail  or  on  the  ground,  the  Utter  tnad  it  under  foot.  The 
[Anue  "  bride^up  "  wai  alu  aometla>B»  med  of  the  bowl  <d 
•piced  wltHs  prefMcd  at  nI(U  lot  tha  bridd  opuple,  BriJd- 
fnnri,  anciently  called  brlde-Iaow  wm  at  fint  ptecei  ol  gold, 
silk  or  other  tare,  used  lo  Usd  up  the  sprip  of  lotemary  lottDerly 
worn  at  wedding*.  These  took  later  the  loim  of  bunches  << 
ribbons,  which  were  at  last  metunoTphoMd  tato  tosettea. 
Bridepeim-Mcn  and  tridtimaUi  had  btttatAy  Important 
dutiet.  The  .men  were  called  bride-kni^ts,  and  lepiesentcd 
a  survival  oi  the  primitive  day*  o(  maniage  by  capture,  when 
a  man  tailed  his  friends  In  to  assist  to  "lift"  the  bride.  Bridei- 
maids  were  usual  in  Saion  Entfand.  The  ■aour  of  them  had 
personally  lo  attend  the  bride  for  some  days  before  the  wedding. 
The  making  of  the  bridal  wreath,  lb*  deconlioa  oi  the  tables  lor 
the  wedding  feast,  the  dressing  of  tha  bride,  wen  aiaong  her 
spedal  tasks.  In  tfie  same  way  the  senior  groomtman  (the 
hill  huh)  was  the  personal  attendant  of  the  husband.  The 
bridt-aain,  the  wagon  in  which  the  bride  was  dijvea  to  her  new 
home,  gave  it*  name  to  the  wsldings  o(  any  poor  desirvfag 
couple,  who  drove  a  "  wain  "  round  the  vilbge,  collecting  small 
su  Rii  of  money  or  articles  of  f umitate  towards  Iheit  housekeeping 
These  wen  (ailed  bidding-weddings,  or  bid-ala,  which  were  in 
the  nature  of  "  benefit "  leasts.  So  general  i*  stOI  the  CMtom 
ol  "  bidding-weddings  "  In  Wales,  thai  printers  usually  keqi  the 
form  of  invitation  In  type.  Sometime*  as  many  as  lii  hundred 
coU)des  will  walk  in  the  bridal  proceaion.  The  iridd't  wnalk 
is  a  Christian  substitute  for  the  gilt  comiet  all  Jewish  bridea 
wore.  Thecrowningof IhebridelSBtitlolaervedbyttieRussian*, 
and  the  Cklvlnist*  of  Holland  and  Switierland.  Tlie  wearing  of 
ornnge  bloesomi  is  said  to  hav*  Muted  with  the  SaiacEM,  who 
regarded  them  a*  emblem*  of  fecBndiqr.  It  «a*  faitndaoed  Into 
Europe  by  the  Cmsaden.  T^Mdt'jtcSIsthamodcnktataiof 
the  jfdKiuMw  M  large  yellow  veil  which  completely  enveliqied  the 
Creek  and  Roman  bides  during  the  oefemooy.  Su^aonwriag 
isstlll  In  toe  among  the  Jewiand  the  Fvniaii*. 

See  Brand.  .(Mfnifiiia  <f  Cnsi  Brilsui  (Hulltl'i  ed..  im):  Rev 
J.  Edward  Van.  Omit >i>Ultn>  [rBMl. 

BRtnnU.  a  district  ol  London  between  Fleet  Street  and 
the  Tluune*.  so  called  from  lb  well  of  St  Bride  or  St  Bridget 
close  by.  From  William  the  Conqueror's  time,  a  castle  or 
Norman  tower,  long  the  occasional  residence  o(  the  kings  ol 
England,  »lood  Ihcro  by  the  Fleet  ditch,  ileniy  Vlll.,  Stow 
says,  buQt  there  "  a  atalely  and  beaulilul  house,"  specially  for 
the  housing  of  the  emperor  Charles  V.  and  hb  suite  in  rji5. 
During  the  hearing  of  the  divorce  suit  by  the  Cardinals  at 
Blackfriars.  Henry  and  Catharine  of  Aragon  lived  there.  In 
15SJ  Edward  Vt.  made  it  over  to  the  dly  as  a  penitentiary,  a 
house  of  correction  (or  vagabonds  and  loose  women:  and  it 
was  formally  taken  pouevaon  of  by  the  toed  mayor  and  corpora- 
tion in  issj.  The  greater  part  of  the  building  was  destroyed 
in  the  Gteat  Fire  o(  t666.  New  Bridewell,  built  in  iSig.  wai 
pulled  down  in  1IUS4.    The  term  has  become  a  synonym  (or  any 

BRIDOL  a  game  of  cards,  developed  out  of  the  pune  o(  whist 
The  country  of  Its  origin  is  unknown.  A  similar  game  is  said  lo 
have  been  pbyedin  Denmark  in  the  middle  of  the  igth  century. 
A  game  in  all  respects  the  same  as  bridge,  eicept  that  in  "  no 
trumpa  "  each  trick  counted  ten  instead  of  twelve,  waa  played 
In  England  about  rg84  under  the  name  of  Dutch  whisL  Soma 
connect  it  with  Tuikey  and  Egypt  under  the  name  of "  Khedive," 
or  with  a  Russian  game  called  "  Yeralash."  It  was  in  Turkey 
(hat  it  first  won  a  share  of  poputat  favour.  Under  the  synonyms 
of  "  Biritch,"  "  Bridge,"  or  "  Russian  whist,"  it  found  it*  way 
lo  the  London  clubs  about  iSm,  from  which  date  its  popalariq> 
rapidly  increased.  .   „   „riL 

Oriimity  £rtf(<.-Btidg«,  h)  iti  mJImV>  Ui^SdUem  faom 


yet  In  euh  hind  Ihc.putiKr  of  the  doder  Uka  no  put  in  the 
pUy  of  thlt  pttticnlu  huuL  After  the  Gut  Ind  hii  cudi  an 
plusd.on  the  table  txpotei,  tad  it  pbyed  by  the  dealer  u  at 
dummy  whin;  nevntitelca  the  deaieiV  pirtDei  it  Intetened 
In  the  result  i^  the  hand  equally  with  the  dealer.  Tbc  trump 
luit  i*  not  detenniiiFd  by  the  latt  card  dealt,  but  ii  idceted  by 
the  dealer  or  hii  partnei  iiithout  CMUulUtioo,  the  loimer  havins 
the  £nt  optkiD.  It  la  further  open  to  tbeni  to  play  without  a 
tnunp  wit.  The  value  of  titcki  asd  hoooun  variei  with  the 
■uil  declared  ai  trampa.  Bonoun  are  reckoned  diffenntly  from 
vbiit,  and  on  *  acale  whkh  b  tomcwhat  involved.  The  acore 
far  hODOnn  doei  not  count  tomrdi  winning  or  keing  the  nibber. 
but  is  added  afterwards  to  the  ttick  Kxm  in  oidei  to  dcleraiine 
the  value  of  the  rubber.  Theie  lie  alio  Korea  for  holding  no 
tnoDpa  {"  chicane  "),  and  for  winnins  all  the  tricks  ot  all  but 

The  icote  has  to  be  kept  on  paper.  It  It  utoal  lor  the  icoring 
block  to  have  two  vertical  columni  divided  htUmy  by  a  hoii- 
sontathne.  TheleftcolumDiiforthescorert'sidc,  indtheright 
for  the  opponents*.  Honours  sre  scored  above  the  boriiontal 
Ime,  and  nick)  below.  The  drawback  to  thji  arraogeaient  b  that, 
since  the  scont  lor  each  hand  are  not  kept  ttpar«tely,  it  is 
pnerally  unpoBlUe  to  trace  an  error  in  the  scars  without  going 
throngh  the  whole  seriet  of  hsnds.  A  better  plsn,  itseemi,  It  to 
bave  four  columns  ruled,  the  inner  two  being  assigned  to  tricks, 
the  outerones  to  honours.  By  this  method  a  line  can  he  reserved 
lot  each  hand,  and  any  disoepuicr  In  the  scorerst  ooce  rectihed. 

The  FDithind  anb,  London,  drew  up  a  code  of  laws  b  iSos, 
and  this  code,  with  a  few  amendmenu,  vu  in  July  iSgj  adopted 
by  a  joint  commiltoe  of  the  Turf  and  Portland  Oub*.  Ateviaed 
aide  ^une  into  forte  in  January  1905,  the  provisiant  of  which 

Each  trick  above  6  counts  1  pabifi  ta  a  qiade  declaration, 
4  b  a  dub,  6  in  a  diinwad,  3  In  a  heart,  11  in  a  no-trump  declara- 
tion. The  pme  consists  of  30  pobti  made  by  tricks  alone. 
When  one  tide  his  won  two  games  the  rubber  Is  ended.  Tlie 
winners  are  entitled  to  add  loo  points  to  thdr  score.  Honours 
Dontiit  of  ace,  king,  queen,  knave,  ten,  in  a  suit  dedaration. 
If  ^  pbiyet  and  his  partner  oonjoiully  bold  3  (or  "simple") 
lunoort  tlwy  score  twice  the  value  of  a  trick;  if  4  honours, 
4  times;  If  s  honours.  5  timea.  If  s  player  in  hit  own  hand  hold 
4  liODOun  he  It  entitled  to  score  4  honours  in  addition  to  the 
score  for  conjoint  lunours;  thus,  if  one  pl«yer  hold  4  honours 
Ud  his  parliier  the  other  their  total  score  is  9  by  honours. 
Smilariy  if  a  player  hold  5  honours  in  his  own  band  he  is  entitled 
to  score  id  by  honnua.  It  In  a  no-trump  hand  the  partners 
omjofntly  hold  3  acea,  they  scoie  30  lor  boiunin;  if  4  aces, 
40  for  honours.  4  aces  in  i  liand  count  100.  On  tlw  same 
footing  as  the  score  for  honours  are  the  fallowing:  ckicane,  if 
a  player  hold  no  trump,  in  amount  equal  to  simple  honours; 
pant  dam,  if  one  dde  win  sU  the  Dicks,  40  pomts;  Ji«l< 
iIoiB.  If  they  win  11  tricks,  10  pirints.  At  the  end  of  the 
rubber  the  tots]  scons,  whether  made  by  tricks,  honours,  chicane, 
lUm.  or  rubber  points,  are  added  together,  and  the  difierence 
between  the  two  totals  b  tiK  number  of  pomts  won. 

At  the  opening  of  play,  putnert  tie  arranged  and  the  cards 
are  shuffled,  cut  and  dealt  (the  last  card  cot  bting  tuned)  at 
at  whin;  but  the  dealer  cannot  lose  the  deal  l>y  miadeaUng. 
After  the  deal  Is  completed,  the  dealer  makes  the  tnui^  or  no- 
trump  (joju  aioui)  dedantion.  or  pssses  the  choice  to  his  partner 
without  remark.  If  the  dealer's  partner  make  the  declaration 
onl  ol  his  turn,  tlie  adversary  on  the  dealer's  left  may,  without 
nmtoltaiioii.  diiin  a  Fresh  deal.  If  an  adversary  make  a  dedara* 
&ia,  the  dealer  nuy  cUim  a  fresh  deal  or  disregard  the  declara- 
tion. Theb  alter  the  declaiation.  either  adversary  nay  double, 
the  leader  having  fint  option.  The  eScctof  doubling  is  that 
ttch  trick  is  worth  twice  aa  many  points  as  before;  but  the 
■cores  for  honours,  chicane  and  slam  are  unaltered.  If  a  declara- 
tion is  doubled,  the  dealer  and  his  patoer  have  the  right  of 


529 


*■  at  fint.    Hm  dtckrer  hu  the  first  optiasL    The  other  tide 


OB  sgttn  radoable,  sod  n  <■ ;  bo  t  the  vahH  of  a  trU  ta  limited 

to  100  points.  To  the  play  of  the  hand  the  laws  are  neatly  the 
same  at  the  laws  ol  whist,  eicept  that  the  dealer  may  etpose  hia 
cards  and  lead  out  of  turn  without  penalty;  after  the  second 
hand  hat  played,  however,  he  can  only  correct  this  lead  out  ol 
turn  with-  the  perraisrfon  of  tile  advirsariet.  Dummy  cannot 
revoke.  The  dealer's  partner  may  take  no  part  in  the  play  ef  the 
hand  beyond  (uarding  the  dealer  against  revoking. 

AiaauFlty  a'niit  two  objiclj  an  to  be 

suned  at:  firtt.  which  the  combined  lorcw 

have  the  bea  c  ck>;  secondly,  to  lelecl  the 

trump  10  that  lb  ren  inlh  the  characicrol  the 

hand,  >.(.  auiti  e  handianatronaaodiif  k>w 

value  when  very  a  iriat  advaalageit  nnenlly 

happeas  that  a  L  w3  at.  but  occatloDaTly  a  low 

value  IS  dewiabl  doa  should  fall  to  tte  hand 

which  has  the  B  ea.  that  it,  cither  the  bflr« 

■utoruuuualac  ^locgnudlstioBbeiaianoind, 

the  dealer  nun , , ^  amount  of  var^uioa  fn>i> 

tlie  normal  in  hu  ptnner  •  hand.  II  bit  own  hand  has  dittioclive 
features  beyond  (be  avenge,  he  should  name  the  uump  luic  himiell, 
otherwise  pats  It  10  bit  partucT.    It  may  here  be  staled  what  it  lbs 

As  regard!  the  ieisth  ol  a  luit.  a  player's  kug  luil  ii  lather  nwre 
likely  ID  be  fewer  than  five thanover  Eve.  If  ihe^ilei  has  in  bti  hand 
a  lun  itf  five  cards  indudiog  two  hanoun.  it  It  probable  thai  he  hat  a 
bettar  luit  to  make  tnimu  than  dummy;  if  the  tuil  is  in  hetiti, 
and  the  dealer  has  a  fair  hand,  be  ought  to  woe  the  muBp.  Aa 
le^rdt  ttEBngth,  the  avecage  hand  would  cootain  ace,  king.  qiKen^ 


Luve  and  te 


uth.    Handt  ttnnver  or  weakei 


.,...  jr  equivaleat  slreDgth. 

than  this  by  (he  valut  ol  a  king  or  lat  ou 

Ukeh'  than  not  that  hit  partnir  willeidier  holdanioiigerbBiHl.  oe 
will  hold  such  a  weak  hand  at  will  counteract  (be  player'i  itingih. 
The  dealer  wooU  not  generally  with  tuch  a  hand  decbie  no  trump, 
c^ieciBlly  at  by  making  a  no-tiump  dtdantkin  the  dealer  foifeita 
(ha  advBBtaii  ol  holding  the  taiw  tnimija. 

OactofMww  ty  lltaiir. — la  calculating  the  Mrength  of  a  hand  a 
knaxit  wvth  two  tens,  a  queen  it  worth  iwo  knavei,a  king  it  worth 
a  queen  and  knan  together,  and  an  ace  it  worth  a  king  and  queen 
cofelher.  A  kiiv  Bnguarded  It  worth  leat  than  a  queen  guarded ; 
a  queen  Ja  not  fully  goarded  unlett  accompaoied  by  tbrae  mote 
" — '""  " *~'  *■ "  ■■"■■  ■'    "'   ■  knave  guBjtlcd. 


'  tcnall  card  it  it  worth  a 


itmoB  enou^  for  a  no-trump  declaralj 
-  -bove  the  avenge  wjih  all  lite  hoooun 
pmiecled-    It  uyet  be  a,  king  and  knave 


all5tetu._, 

above  the  averaie  H  then  itpiotectL .- 

an  ace  or  a  king  and  queen  above  tbg  avenge  iionJy  twotuitiare 
prolectedi  An  established  black  suit  of  tix  or  more  ctrdt  with  a 
guarded  Ung  at  card  ef  entry  iiEOodemiiih  for  no  inimpi.  With 
uuea  aeet  DO  trumpa  can  be  dadared.  Without  an  ace.  lour  Id  ngi. 
twoqoaeisaadakiiaveare  required  in  order  to  justify  thcdeclara- 
tion.    When  the  dealer  has  a  choice  of  drchu^tiouSj  a  sound  heart 


ineguiar,  eBpcdally  LI  blajik  in  hearta.  Six  clubo  with  thne  hooDura 
or  five  with  lasr  hoooun  should  be  dedated.  Spadet  an  pnctically 
only  dedandwith  a  weak  hand:  with  only  a  kinsiD  thflhandaauft 
of  five  ipadea  duoM  be  decbied  ai  a  defenuve  measure.  With 
nochi^  above  a  ten  a  suit  af  two  or  three  spades  can  be  declared, 
though  even  with  the  weakest  handi  a  luit  of  £ve  dubt  or  ol  six  red 
canli  will  prafaahly  prove  teat  espenwve. 

Dedsrolml  In  Ancwy.— From  the  lict  that  the  caD  hat  been 
patted,  the  dealer*!  partner  mutt  credit  the  dealer  with  kaa  than 
average  strength  at  regarda  the  rank  of  hit  caidt,  and  probably  a 
ilight^  Inoeaaid  number  olblackcatdtihenvat  therefenbenioia 
backward  in  makiiu  a  high  dedaration  wfaeoever  he  can  make  a 
•gunddechratiaaarieHvalue.  On  the  other  haod.  he  baa  b«  the 
option  ol  paislag  (he  dedaradan,  and  ptay  be  driven  to  declare  on 
Less  sQcngth  benuie  the  ooly  alternative  it  a  tbon  suit  of  ecodea. 
For  esiamplh  with  the  hand;  Hearts,  ace.  kv.  a;  diamoaita.  qn. 
o.  7,  G.  3:  iduU  kg.  10. 4;  nadca.  9,  a,  theehaoca  «e  in  the  dealii'i 
favDur  with  tva  tmmpt.  but  decidedly  againtt  with  only  two,  and 
the  diinond  dedantkM  it  to  be  preferred  to  the  ipade.  Still,  a 
hand  may  be  to  weak  that  ipadet  should  be  declsied  with  two  or 
IcM.  but  five  dube  «  hi  diamonds  woiA^be  fsefeesUe  [wKh  tho 
«ate..ofha.ri^  i.ouTTVtOO^IC 


I)5hh.— win 
I  be  nadB  nun  r> 

I  with  -h  ■'  'h'  • 

■t  tunty-dfbt.  Wbcoi 


.n*- 


BRnXiE 


Dedirina  to  tbi ,,   .._ 

tnimp  decbnitoa  curia  wlih  ii  inull  clunca  at  itrec  by  iricki 

CHNini.^PnalaUy  the  leeikr  onlr  douUei  &  ao-Lniaip  de- 
dvitioD  when  he  bold!  whet  a  protHbLy  en  eiablLfhed  lult  of 
tma  cirdi  «  e  ait  wUch  can  be  eaubUibei]  iritb  the  km  of  one 
trick  and  be  bu  to<>d  ^ode  of  n^taay.  Seven  ardi  of  e  lulE 
iddudbif  the  ac^  tanf  and  queen  make  a  ■ouod  double  wflbout  ury 

■nd  knain  whb  two  acta  la  other  Bha. 

nr  the  third  hand  h  iiDl*awlIy  ludmtood  to  mean 
,sha>awryiciai(iiilii^SbecueMaUlih.  In 
lie  douUt  hb  panner,  ucsMIng  ta  diSneM  convaidon. 


DoflUincbr 
uitba  MiFS 
vpontiolbed 

ctba  ihMc^nr'rinwp^riigds'lhe  liiiM  Hrit  us^^ 
Tc  doghlB  boldi  bk  of  ■  luit  haded  try  the  mce.  kliw  and  quhc, 
y  about  an  evca  chaoce  rhtl  hu  «ut  tin  be  lelccted  j  be  lAould 


rn  ilHReB  (uh  Bi  tin  on 


haad a* nfanb  the  lank of  hUca/dt,  or  five  tniniie  wlib  a  hand  of 
h,  jt  b  hl|hly  probable  that  be  tai  unnt  ai  ibe 


it  [•  hMily  pr 

lie -further  tal 


dauUnK  ^w  niidi  valu 

otbinfBt  plar  *lth  the  expcclatiin  of  findinc  the  uunpe  emily 
AtribBtediOili  ii  eointaWuced  whea  the loaUa  i>  on  Ibe  Ml 
«(  the  dcdaribf  baad  br  the  ia(iaHtbM>  ^vm  to  hit  panucr  to 
kad  tniinpa  tlunieb  the  Kroaa  band,    la  thii  poaftioni  tben,  (ba 

pUyer  ebodd  dSftle  «hb  Ibe  Mmiftb  K.te'  -' "" 

(be  dechrer^  riihl,  the  player  ibeuld  bokl  n 
nnieii  bli  band  la  free  from  lenao 

beea  made  by  dunvny,  one  tnimt , 

need  not  be  on  tbe  decliTn't  Idt.  A  tpade  declintlon  by  the  dtnler 
tan  be  doubled  whh  evn  lete  nmiitli.  A  declaration  can  be  rather 
mm  (Rtly  doubled  when  a  liiif  le  trkk  undoublcd  >ill  ula  the 
dealer  out,  but  even  in  Uth  poeition  the  player  rnuit  be  autioui  of 
infonninf  the  dealer  that  there  b  a  itroiiE  hand  BEaiDit  hini' 
Xidnfifaf.— When  a  deelanlkie  baa&Kn  douUFd,  the  drdinr 

pared  to  find  occa^onaHy  atrengtb  af^net  bia  eooMentiy  eaceed- 
fa(  tbli  nlninnin.  Eucpt  (n  the  caie  of  a  ipade  dedaialioa,  caaea 
in  which  RdoubHni  iijuMffiable  are  wy  tan. 

7k  Play  if  On  Htnt. — In  a  na^tnimp  dslantloB  the  main  ob)ce( 
fi  to  brinf  in  a  kmf  eult.    In  lelectliii  the  iiilt  to  eatabUih,  the 
Mkiwinf  an  favourable  a>ndM9n•^-^>lle  hand  iboald  bold  ■> 
n  canb  of  the  «iit.  The  tm  bmdL  Dnlne  whb 
lid  hold  betnn  then  el|bl 

, ik  that  tbeaail  will  be  eatal 

Tbe  baud  which  conuini  ibe  alran  wit  ihoaM  be  •uBleiently 


farss". 


Ld  the  Gneiae  abould  be  made,  it 


of  high  cardi.  ihould  hold  betnn  then  ei|ht  cardi  of  the  Mlt,  ■>  ai 

. j_. ^"--— -be aiit  will  baeatabliilied  in  three  reuadt 

be  airan  wit  ihoaM  be  •uBleienthr  inuiK 

,.  uJltbDutdDMbenfuHofpoailblelenacei 

at  lo  fnalte  It  diiadvantateout  to  open  it,  Aa  rrfaidi  the  play  of  tbe 
card!  in  a  mlt,  it  ia  not  the  object  to  make  ulcki  eariy.  but  to  makn 
all  poanUe  tricln.   Deep  finetaea  abould  be  made  when  there  la  no 

other  wav  of  Keillni  a  trick.'  Ttlckt  may  be  alvea  away,  IT  < 

doing  a  lavourable  opeaiii^can  be  made  For  a  nneiie.^   WbeE 

better  to  lave 
atainnmayfall. 
It  ii  in  tenerat  u 

•tumid  JM  be  k( 

rvea  canb  beaded  bv  ace.  hint,  and  tb<  . 

.- , liemn  *  loag 

nil,  it  it  frequeMhr  poaeiMa  to  pRvnl  ilt  being  broofht  la  by  a 
device,  lueh  aa  hcAfing  sp  a  whrninc  eafd.  until  the  aah  n  aihauncd 
frcrm  hli  pattner**  hand,  or  phyini  in  Mher  lulla  lo  aa  to  tiva  the 

and  to  live  Ibe  latte  the  lead  iriwn  be  hai  as  card  to  retmi.  The 
dealer  abould  aivc  aa  Uttle  InforaialiDn  aa  paaiibtt  aa  to  what  ha 
boMi  In  hb  own  band,  pkylnf  Inqim  lalieanb.  Uuully  be 
■hauM  play  tbe  htfier  or  U^wM  el  a  eeqaeace:  HH.  there  ira 
poajtlont  In  which  playing  the  hifher  (iva  more  InfonnallDn  than 
the  lower;  a  etilct  (dhntnce  to  a  nile  hi  harif  aaebti  the  adveruricL 


icard  thalodagcwda  h  Oh  d«lMte  iMid  AbCT  ID  hVi  CHdt 
the  canb  of  aa  raablMiwI  aah  In  the  ether  hawL  «oa>r«fiB» 
tbe  advene  tnimpa  have  been  taken  oat,  but  oltea  bcfon 

L_T ..- — '— dnwiDf  tnimpa.  With  no  eani  ef  aav  vaihie 

■  ladAoakloma  lim  tbK  tend,  but  k  b 


I  a  moderately  high  card  from  the  a 
to  fineme  it,  when  hokUpa  no  caida  io  niiHcc  with  it  In  either 
hand.  Someiboa  (opeciallv  in  DD-tnimpi)  It  b  the  better  play  to 
make  the  wak  hand  thiid  pkysr.  For  injtancr.  with  kina.  t,  7.  S.  1 
in  one  hand,  knave,  i  in  the  oibei,  tba  beat  my  of  opaainc  b  [roa 
the  hand  that  bddi  Ave  cvda. 

In  a  no-inimn  declanikn  tba  opponenli  of  the  dealer  ihonM 
endavour  to  fiad  tbe  [ongeii  auil  m  tbe  two  handa.  or  the  one  moat 
eaiOiieatablbbed.  tthh  ihb  ebjact  iha  Indir  elwnU  opaa  bia  bM 


Ibcin  wiih  ipKial  diect  when  tbekwiauit  blnlhetipoeed  hand. 

Agaioil  pD-trumpi  the  liadcr  ihoiUd  not  play  hb  wianuig  cardr 
unleiebehajaeaoddianrearclaringlheault  without  help  from  hb 
partner;  In  hkw  caaa  It  i>  adviabfe  to  give  away  the  tnt  trick. 
qpecbUy  if  he  haa  no  card  <I  n-Bmiy,  in  ordo-  that  bia  nrtner  oa 
gauiluiliakadBiavbanacardolthHiiiifltaurai  butbi4dii« 
ace.  kia(  aad  queen,  or  ta,  king  with  leren  ia  the  auit,  or  ace  king, 
knave,  ten  with  id.  the  player  may  had  out  hb  beat.  With  three 
hoDoutaany  two  of  adiich  an  ia  aeqaeBee  (not  to  the  ace)  the  player 
■hould  IcMT  the  higher  of  tbe  agqaHCK   He  akoaU  ted  hb  hUM 

player  khould  lead  a  ii^ih  car-' -  " '' — ■--»---- 


canbtJ  tbe  auil:  lotinal 
nnd  eight,  playiM  the  qi 
•mailer  canb;  the  untc 
kim,  knive  and  ten  t<  wl 


-^v^ 

I  Ike  eanl  kd.  and  c*D  oIlDi  plaei  tki 
a,  ihaievem  ia  led,  dun>my  bddi  queen 
a.  the  third  player  holdi  Ibe  nine  and 
canli  higher  than  the  eevn  an  ace. 

Ix  wvidd  kit  kd  tbe  kimvai  he  mM 
ndeiiher  knave  or  tea.  Tbe"*kvBi" 
rof  npa  in  tbe  uid  kd  aubtncttd  fioni 
K  Mated)  fivrt  ibe  number  tl  catda 


cardt  lo  the  leader,  aivl  by 


, I  the  ilhutiaiivecaae  given. 

nj  the  bcM  opening  kad  ia  a  aingbloa.  bUinf 
•tning  acqueaec.    A  kad  from  a  tooacc  or  a 


kad  through  iti 

iba't,  if    ' 

,  tJl  hi, 

tdvaatate  of  better  tnfiirT 
"^  ~  fofkiwiaf  aifliub  art,  hi 


.uible  rule.  The  to 
h1  with  a  - 


_.  ,  dedintlona.    It  fa  not  advleable  to 

adopt  any  of  tlw  recent  whM  oiethodi  of  glvng  ialonaathm.    It  la 
chv  tbat,  il  the  advcnatie*  aignat,  tbe  deabr'i  hand  ah»  b  a 

~  ~    hb  natural  Ddvanuie.  b»  ibi  lunhtt 

^.iou  flun  either  of  the  advenariet. 
wever.  med.  and  an  of  great  trict 
ncramrily  high  card,  whether  to  oae'a 
in  a  nfrlriM^  declaration,  lodlcata 
dedaratioB  a  limilar  mcched  of  play 
ind  a'dciin  to  rulT,— it  b  beat  uied  ia 

led  thniugh  dmarny  wH  Imiueinly 

he  ha>  a  goaf  <n mi.     Tba  lm«M  «f  ■ 

will  aannimet  apbiin  the  poiitiaa 
lime  kcepng  the  dokr  In  the  dark. 


Theic 

makfan 

•IrcDgth  In  the 


olthei 

Ihecavofikiniledbyc 

Tbe  bkheai  al  a  oqw 

tdl  the  tbutl  playv  Aal 


EirdplayvA 

led  ttmui^  il _.  . 

[rd  clayar,  at  Ibe  ume  time  kceiang  the 
on  dutnmy'i  left  it  b  hitik  to  fnene  a| 


or  qaecn,  tba  knave  ahoiild  aaBafly  be  pliiycd.  panhr  beaai*  tbt 
othat  hi^  can]  may  be  in  the  kader'e  hand.  |arlly  becaoat,  a  the 

finemclaili,  the  pUyermay  Nin  hold  a  tenanoverdummy.  When 
a  player  b  with  any  chance  of  eucccH  trying  to  tatablikh  hialoBg  nit, 
be  iliookl  kaepevciy  card  of  it  if  pnulble,  wbnhce  It  il  ■  tuii  aStadv 

the  B^n  oUeel  ot  the  hand  i>  to  eitabliih  one'i  partnei'i  Miii.  it  it 
"'-*  "-"'»— /  for  a  player  to  keep  bii  own  loi^  uit,  and  he  ihould 
1  to  guardmi  the  other  luitL  In  eDme  dicke  a  diaean] 
«  alwayi  nndeiMood  to  inditale  etreo^h  in  the  aitilt 
on,  while  il  maket  the  faine  eaiicr  for  mferw  iiJayec^ 
uiea  the  player  to  throw  away  one  of  hb  n»al  valuable 

lJi<  SCarr— At  the  becinning  <A  Iht  hand  the  cbanea 
gainit  any  particular  remit,  that  at  the  icon  of  knc4ll 
;e  d1  geting  to  any  paitkulac  ■coca  b 


c'l'i: 


BRIDGEBUILDINQ  BROTHERHOOD— BRIDGE-HEAD 


53' 


ja  of  (Ctliif  to  a . 

TbepriDcltid  pc^nti  to  baalniFd  *t 
Tbi  nuoD  it  ilHi  the  nam  34.  i 
dKlwoin  from  tba  miMctin  pcin 


K  dodcr  u  iuker"Tl« 


p^iot-     WbVB  jppnvcbiis  lanK  il  [1  An  b! 
bntioB  thM  puy  JUM  taU  Ibe  pliyo-  out 


Wbea  Uk  tan  h  *4  M  '>  aEniut  ikc  dnkr,  b«ni  and  clubi  a^ 
lultK  Bick  bctta  nblivoly  u  dianHiiidi  ihio  i[  the  iccr  dT  lovt-al 
la  ihe  bn  and  anwcl  guno  of  tbe  rubber  ihe  value  of  tmcb  pott 
■UT«d  tor  boinun  u  pratably  about  a  ball  of  a  p^irf  acored  t< 
tricica— In  ■  dov  Eame  mher  leat.  in  a  a«-rided  ttmt  nlher  oion 
Ib  tb«  dacidiiia  lamc  oi  the  rubber.  «  aceonnl  of  thi  bnponanc 
el  ivvknuiE  (be  pine,  the  value  of  each  polnl  koihI  for  hoDoun  iinli 
taone-thirdof  a  oDint  Koied  for  trku> 

OArr  Farmt  ^Brtd/t.—Tht  loUonriat  vaciedei  of  tbe  lUKU 
aba  (dared :_ 

"  '  -  "prf  BtUh.— The  three  playen  ml:  tbe  ooe  that  cui 
id  dea^  and  taker  dummy  for  one  deaf:  each  takr 
m.    Dommy'icardiaredealt  ractdovnwanlf.ind(h 


mitfofTed:  1 

Ijimm  niit:  if  niiti  an  oqual  ia  knclh,  ibe  Hmngnl.  ij.  the  Hiit 
Gontaintiw  most  dIp%  aa  counting  elex^»  hinat  queen  and  knave 
tanntinf  ten  cacfi.  If  loit)  ate  <qual  in  both  Iciigih  and  etRncth, 
the  oae  in  which  tha  tiidt  fan  tbe  liiaber  value  mux  be  trumpa. 
On  tb*  dummy'*  dcdaratioa  ih*  ilunl  pUycr  can  only  double  bebte 
Mincbixmcwih.  Wben  the  £ril  card  baa  been  led.  duntny'i 
IianirH  Dpovd,  never  before  the  lead.  Tbetamebjo:  the  pUjnr 
Vina  the  nihher  wbs  ii  the  fint  to  win  mo  nmB.  FiItTpi4nt>  are 
.tanHWDa,aid£ft]rinDnforthenbber.    SHnrtioiea 

gnntei  are  ptayed  witboat  leferenn  to  a  rubber,  fifty  puinli 
'  acDmd  for  a  nme  voik.    No  trkka  acore  tovardi  nine  eiapt 

oUch  a  player  wint  to  Ui  on  dnl:  the  value  ol  trielo  won 


icane.  At  tbecndnf  tbe  ru 
iiua  una  or  hst  an  ndjuib 
I.  Bwithl9a.amiCwith3: 


ET  the  totati  aic  added  m 


, ,  no,  latter  can  double,  but  bii  Pf"^ 


1  only  double 
konhilown 

t65M 


)Ib¥^  of  dunny  dcclam  From  hit 

_,  „ _. pennifnon  to  play  has  been  pvi 

playv  on  dummym  right  deali.  dummy'!  partnet 

dummy'*  hand  to  decide  if  he  wUI  double,  but  he  m_,  — . 

U*  own  (ill  a  ctid  hai  been  led  by  dummy.  In  anaiher  form  < 
dummy  bridge  two  handiareeipmed  whenever  dummy't  adverwrit 
dial,  but  the  g»me  i>  anniited  for  many  playem.  ai  in  ev«y  oibt 

band  th*  game  if  oae  of  double-d 

Mimj  Srnfd^TUa  ia  a  f  otm 
Ibe  aoiKlealB  baa  the  dummy 
■trencthen  hii  lund  by  diKaidini 
equal  numlier  From  the  Fuurlh  p 


I  that  nacU 

«aiUkioa 


"jrs" 


twoalayn  Each 
IB  Uiat  bai  the  eat 
by  bit  oppooent,  a 
■nwde^ernalntb. 
a^tbaanefulaaa 

dwaai'.  to  bM  no 
Tbi*  coald  be  avoid 


la  an  ao  ananHi  that  tW 

ipccial  (land  bdnc  lequlml  f 

nmybtid^    TbeoblK- 
oppojent  doei  not  M  tbe  de^'i 

cbecUng  an  erronwua  declaration. 


Amifitm  Atffi.— TUi  variety 

lehicb  adda  an  clenkent  charactfz 
been  niggsted  about  1004.  but 
Bath  Gub,  London, 


be  (MM  fot  four  playeo, 
of  poker,  appean  to  have 
out  waa  laally  intioduced  at  tbe 
luwj^uj  igoy,  and  then  vaa  giaduaily  t^ken  up 
oy  a  wioei  cirde.  The  liwi  were  jeltled  in  Auguat  1(108  by  a 
joint  cnmrnitlec  of  tbe  Balh  and  Portland  clubt.  The  Korini 
{e«Mpt  u  below),  value  of  luila.  and  play  aie  u  at  oTdinaiy 
bridge,  but  the  varicly  cuuiUi  in  the  method  ol  declaration, 
the  dedjtralioD  nol  being  confined  in  auction  bridge  to  tbe  dealer 

otheiwiK.  The  dealer,  having  examined  hii  hand,  atail  declare 
to  nin  at  leau  one  "  odd  "  trick,  aiul  then  each  player  in  luni, 
beginning  with  the  one  on  the  dealet'a  left,  ha*  the  right  lo  paaa 
tbe  prcvioui  dedaintion,  or  douhJe.  or  redouble,  or  overcall  by 
making  a  dedainlion  of  higher  value,  any  numbn  of  timet  l£ 
all  are  utiafied.  the  actual  play  of  the  combined  handa  (or  who! 
In  ordinary  bridge  would  be  dealer  and  dummy)  resting  eventu- 
ally with  tbe  ^Ttnen  making  the  £nal  declaration;  the  paitner 
who  made  tbe  Gnt  cull  (bowever  unall)  in  the  luit  finally  con- 
stituting Ihe  Itunip  (oi  no-lTump)  playi  the  handi,  the  other 
being  dummy  A  drcUralioa  of  a  greater  number  of  tricks  m  a 
>uit  of  lower  value,  vhkh  equate  a  previous  call  in  value  of 
points  ((.(.  two  in  ^ladea  as  againit  one  in  dubi)  it  "  of  htghei 
value  ";  but  doubling  and  rei^ubling  only  aflect  the  acore  and 
not  the  declaration,  so  thai  a  call  of  two  diannnds  overcalla  one 
nl>-tnimp  even  thou^  this  has  been  doubled.  The  scoring  in 
auctionbridgebas  the  additional  element  that  when  tbe  eventual 
player  of  the  two  bands  wins  what  was  ultimately  declared  or 
more,  his  side  score  tbe  full  value  below  Ihe  line  (ai  tikks),  but 
if  he  fails  tbe  OE^nenlt  score  jo  poinit  above  the  line  (at 
honours)  for  each  unikr-tiick  (i.e.  nick  abort  of  the  declaration), 
or  iDD  or  100  if  doubled  or  redoubled,  nothing  being  icored  by 
tilher  side  below  the  line;  the  lost  on  a  declaration  ol  one  ipide 
itliraited,haweveT,  toamaiimumof  loopointt.  A  player  whosa 
declaration  has  been  doubled  and  who  fulfils  his  contract, scores 
a  bonua  of  ;d  points  above  tbe  fine  and  a  further  50  points  fot 
each  additional  trick  beyond  his  dedatalioni  If  there  was  a 
redouble  and  he  wins,  he  scoiea  double  the  bonus.  The  penalty 
for  a  levoke  (unaBectcd  by  a  double)  is  (i)  in  the  esse  of  the 
dedarer,  that  hit  adversaries  add  ijo  above  tbe  line;  (1)  in  the 
case  of  one  oi  hit  adversaries,  that  the  deilarei  may  dlbei  add 
150  points  above  the  line  or  may  take  three  tiicfct  ftom  his 

tricks  may  aisisl  him  to  fijfil  bit  contract,  hut  ahall  not  entitle 
him  to  any  bonus  for  a  double  or  redouble.  A  revokingside  may 
SCOT*  BOthing  either  above  or  below  the  line  except  lor  hoiuurs 
or  ctatcane.  At  regardt  the  essential  Icalun  of  auction  bridge, 
the  conpetitive  declaration,  it  is  impossible  here  to  discuti  the 
intricadei  tnvofved.  It  enlaili.  clearly,  much  reliance  on  a  good 
partner,  tince  the  variout  rounds  of  hiddiag  enable  good  playen 
to  draw  Inferences  as  to  where  Ihe  cards  lie.  Tie  game  opens 
the  door  to  much  larger  scotet  than  ordinary  bridge,  and  since 
the  end  only  comet  from  scant  made  bdow  the  liu,  theit  ue 
obviona  vnya  of  isnlongins  It^l  tbe  cost  of  tcoret  atxnre  tbe  hne 
which  Involve  much  more  o(  tbe  gamUing  element.  IE  by  no 
ueatD  fallows  thai  the  irinncr  of  tbe  rubber  It  tbe  winner  by 
points,  and  many  players  pfefer  lo  id  for  paint*  [ta.  above  ita 
line)  eilorted  from  thcii  oppounu  tatbet  than  lot  fuISllin^  ■ 
dedtiatlon  made  by  themselves. 

Hille^nnt,"  lam3  awl  PriiuipUi  tf  Brtffs; 


Dalton.  SaUiriay  Bri^ti,  contaiaiqi  full  bibliograi^y  (Loi 
b);  J.  B.  Elwell.  Aiianad  Bridfc:  R.  F,  Fouer.  BiJa  To. 
sdiwDnh,"  Lan>ianJ/ViaWfibid/Briil(t:  E.  BcrgboTl.  Di 


13  SrUp ;  Birilth.  or  Jttui 


tl  Bridti:  E.  Bcrgbofl.  Dam 
Wkia,  pamphlet  In  Brit.  Mi 


DtMtU- 


BEIDOnDlWIRO  BROIHERHOOD,  a  confntenily  IFraUa 
Pnllfeei)  that  ainc  In  Ihe  Muth  of  France  during  the  latter 
part  of  the  nth  omlnry,  and  maintained  hoipica  at  tbe  duel 
lORb  of  the  principal  rivers,  betide*  bnildlng  bridges  and  lookinf 
af lei  ferrka.  Ibt  bcotheibood  *ai  ftcopiiied  by  Pope  ClcmEal 
Ul.fniiSv. 

•KlDOB-HtUI  (Fr.  OU-iu-fimt),  in  [animation.  •  wcxk  di- 
ti^wd  to  covet  the  pasaagc  of  a  livar  by  mea '  '—*"—•- — 


S3' 


BRIDGEND— BMDGES,  R. 


na  one  or  botb  buifa.    At  Uk  pracoi  <i(  movlDf  u  umy  over 
bti^c*  b  iIdv  UKJ  complicaied,  it  ii  atiully  necetuTy 
■ecun  h  Inun  hostile  inUmiptton,  ■nd  the  mrki  coulituti 
the  bric^e-bud  mint  thenlore  be  tuffidently  fu  idvuKed 
lap  the  enemr'i  utillerr  out  ol  nnge  of  the  bridfc^ 
■ddJtion,  room  a  rc<[uire<l  f«  the  tnopa  to  lonn  Dp  oa  t 
IkrtlMT  bulk.     Id  fomn  diyi,  with  ihort-nnic  mapon, 
bridfe-beid  wu  ofUn  liltle  nxue  thu  >  krcd  for  the  Udie 
itteU,  bDt   modem  condltioia  hm  itndeKd  oeccnuy  fu 

BRID6EKD,  ■  muket  torn  in  the  lOiitbeni  puliimenUry 
(tiviilaa  of  GluziorEUKlun,  Wika,  on  both  tide*  of  the  ili 
OgwT  {whence  !t>  Webh  nune  Penyboot-it-Ogwi).    PBp. 
nihandBtrlct  (i90T)to69.  II  hu>itttloni6:m.  From  Lond 
on  the  South  WiJet  tnisk  line  ol  the  Great  WeMern  nilwi. . 
ind  it  the  junction  of  the  Bury  Campuy'i  nliwiy  to  Bury 
vtiUiDlwit  Major.     Bridgcndhut  good  market  loii^cultunl 
produce,  and  it  an  imporliut  outre  owing  to  it*  being  the 
natural  outlet  lor  the  mininl  valteyi  of  the  Uynvi.  Garw  and 
the  two  Ogwr  riven,  nhich  converge  about  J  m.  north  of  the 
town  and  are  eonnerted  with  it  by  br»DCh  linea  ol  the  Great 
Western  nilway.    Ttou^  without  large  manufactuiing  indui- 
tiiei.  the  town  h«»  joinery  worka,  a  braia  and  iron  loundry, 
ry  and  brewery.    Therearebrick-workiaad 


in  the 


It  Angclton  and  Part  Gwyllt  an  the  Clamargan  county 

Tliere  wai  no  civil  parMi  of  Bridgend  picviwt  to  t«oj,  wbcn 
one  wai  formed  out  of  portion*  of  the  parbbe*  ol  Newcaitle  and 
Coily.     Of  the  taille  of  Newcaatle.  buDt  on  the  edge  of  a  diS 

above  the  cliiinh  of  thai  parish,  there  letnain  a  courtyard  with 
flanking  lower*  and  a  fine  Norman  pteway.  At  Coily,  about 
1  m,  dillant.  IlKreare  more  eitenlve  ruim  of  Iti  caitle.originaiiy 
tte  *eat  of  the  TurberviDei,  lord*  of  Colty,  bvt  now  belonging 
to  the  earli  of  Dunraven.  Coity  church,  dating  from  the  14th 
a  fine  crudfonn  building  with  central  embattled 


ETlnl 


ityle. 


BSIMB  OP  ALLAH,  a  police  burgh  of  Stitlingihire,  Scotland. 
Top.  (igoi)  1140.  It  liet  an  t]K  Allan,  a  left-hand  tribularr  of 
the  Forth,  J  n.  N.  of  SUrilng  by  the  Caledonian  railwav  and  by 
tramway.  Bnill  bugely  on  the  well-wooded  alopea  of  WcMerton 
and  Alrthtey  HOI.  ahdteied  by  the  OdiOa  (nn  the  north  and 
cut  wlndi.  and  envboned  by  dufiBlng  icaiBy,  it  ha*  >  peat 
npuuikiD  «*  a  health  raort  and  watering-plua,  capadalb'  in 
winter  and  iprlng.  TfaeR  k  a  pomit-room.  Tta*  thief  boildinga 
■re  the  hydrapalUc  and  the  Uacbibne  ■nitnin  of  tee  ait  and 
natnnl  Urtory.  The  fnduMiie*  tndnde  bleachiaf,  dyeing  sod 
paper-making.  The  Stiathallan  Cttherini,  uattaUy  hdd  in  the 
neiglihuufhoodi  k  the  moat  popotar  athletic  meetlni  in  mid- 
Scotland.  AirthteyCaitle.UaBdlnsiDainepukwlthalake, 
adjoint  the  town  on  the  *oulh-ea>t,  and  Jwt  beyond  it  are  the 
oM  cbnrdi  and  barytng-pDund  of  Lofie,  bcuUifully  aituated 
at  the  loot  of  a  panite  (par  of  Ibe  OchU  range. 

niDO  VORT,  a  dty,  a  port  ol  entry,  and  son  ol  the  county- 
aeaU  of  Fair&ld  county,  Connectknt,  V.SJi.,  CHilenuve 
with  the  town  oF  Bridgeport,  la  tkc  S.W.  part  ol  the  itate,  on 
Long  Iiland  Sound,  at  the  mouth  of  the  IWoimock  rjver^ 
■bout  IS  m.  S.W.  of  New  Haven.  Fop.  (iSSoI  iT,6ui  (1890) 
4S,S66;  (igoe)  70,996,  of  wbom  11,181  woe  forelcn-born, 
Indudint  5i]T4  from  Inland,  3171  fnKn  Hungary,  18S4  from 
Gcnnany,  ijss  fmn  England,  and  I4JS  tron  Itaty;  (19'°) 
ioa,os4.  Btidg^art  i*  ■erv«d  by  the  Now  YoA,  New 
HKven  k  Harttdtd  nilway.  by  line*  o(  cgaw  itetmeta,  uid  by 
ilcunen  to  New  York  Qty  and  to  Pott  Jefheaou,  directly 
acroas  Long  bland  Soand.  The  hubonr,  lomad  by  the  oMary 
o(therf*eraDdYenowMaiP«Dd.tn  inlet,  kouxlkiit.  Between 
the  eatnary  and  the  |MBd  I*  ■  petinnK  ^Bt  Bridgeport,  in 
whkfa  an  teatt  at  the  lutnt  nanlactaring  (■tablhhmento, 
'  and  wot  of  tk  hacboor  and  the  rivB  k  thi  main  poetioD  of  the 


Beanhley,  b  the  extreme  nofdi  put  of  the  cHy,  and  Senldt,  W(M 
of  the  harbour  entrance  and  along  the  Sopnd;  in  the  latter  are 
atatues  of  Eliai  Howe,  who  built  a  large  lewing-machiike  factory 
here  in  iMj,  and  oF  F.  T.  Baraum,  the  ahowman,  who  lived  in 
Bridgeport  after  tA«6  and  did  much  for  tbe  dly,  especially  foe 
Eatt  Bridgeport.  In  Seaiide  Park  there  k  abo  1  loldien'  taf 
•alloc*' monument,  and  in  the  vicinity  are  many  fine  lesidenoa. 
The  principal  building  aie  the  St  Vincent'a  aod  Btidg^iott 
hai^tah,  the  PtoteMant  orphan  aaylom,  the  BamBm  Inatinne, 
occupied  by  the  Bridgeport  SdeutlBc  and  Hktoikal  SocMy  and 
tlK  Bridgeport  Medial  Society;  and  the  United  Statei  govein- 

In  190S  Bridgeport  vai  tbe  prindpel  sarrafactotlng  centre 
in  Connecticut,  tbe  capital  isvested  in  manufacturing  being 
t49.]Si,M8,  and  the  product*  being  valued  at  (MiSBtijig.  Tbe 
lai^eil  indmtrie*  were  the  manufacture  of  cotieti— -the  product 
of  Bridgeport  was  io-g%  of  the  total  for  the  Udtcd  State*  in 
igo^,  Bridgeport  being  the  leading  dty  in  thii  ilidUBtry--icwing 
machine!  (one  of  the  factoria  of  tbe  Singer  Manufacturing  Co. 
■  here),  iteam-fittinff  and  beating  ^fointiii,  cartridges  (the 
facloryof  the  Union  Metallic  CutridgeCo,  bbere),  automoblla, 
brass  goods,  pbonogiaphi  and  grimopbons,  and  typewriicn. 
There  are  dso  large  fovodry  and  muhiae  ahopa.  Here,  too, 
are  tbe  winter  headquarten  of  "  fianum  and  Bailey^  drcus  " 
and  of  "BuHaloBill'i  Wild  West  Show."  Bridgeport  k  a  port 
of  entry;  its  imports  in  1908  were  valued  at  (656,171.  Bridge- 
port was  originally  a  part  o£  tbe  township  of  Stratford.  The 
first  lettlement  here  was  made  in  i6jo,  Ii  »**cal>ed  Pequonnock 
u^  ibgs.  vben  its  Dime  wu  changed  to  Smtfietd.  During 
the  War  ol  IndepeodcDce  ii  wt*  a  centre  of  privateering.  In 
180D  the  boroagh  o(  Bridgeport  wat  chartered,  and  in  1811  the 
township  was  Incoqiorated.  The  dty  waa  not  chartered  until 
1836. 

See  5.  Orcutt't  Sutrry  or  Uf  rrwHln  of  5(n(fgrd  Did  Ik  CJiy  (^ 
Smffipurf  (New  Haveu,  iSw). 

•B1ME8,  BOBBKT  (1844-  ),  En^kh  poet,  bom  on  tbe 
13rd  ol  October  1844,  wai  educated  at  Eionand  at  CoqxB  Chriati 
College,  dford.  and  atudled  medldnc  in  London  at  St  Barthido- 
raew^  boapttaL  He  waa  afterwards  asiktanl  physidau-al  tha 
Children'*  hnqntal.  Great  Ormond  Street,  and  phyliciui  at  tha 
Great  Northern  hntrital,  retiring  in  1S81,  Two  yean  Utei  ha 
married  Mary,  daiii^ter  of  Alfred  Wtterboioe,  RA.  Ai  a 
poet  Robert  Bridge*  itamk  rather  Bpui  from  the  curttal  of 
modem  Eigliih  vtne,  but  hk  work  hat  bad  great  iniluenct  In 
a  Bclect  dide,  by  its  ttattaint,  purity,  precision,  and  debcacy 
yet  itiength  of  eiptesslon;  and  it  embodlts  a  diiiinct  ilieory 
o{  pioaody.  Hk  chief  critical  woikt  are  Uiilai'i  Ptaioiy  (iSgj), 
a  volume  bade  np  ol  two  earlier  eiaayi  {iSg]  and  igSg],  and 
Jtkil  Ktcb,  a  Cnlial  Eiay  (189:!.  He  maintained  (hat 
Engikh  prcandy  depended  on  the  number  of  "stressca  "  in  a 
line,  not  nn  the  number  of  syilablet,  and  that  poetry  ihoutd 
follow  the  ruka  of  natural  apecch.  Hk  poetry  waa  privately 
printed  in  the  first  instance,  and  was  slow  b  making  its  way 
beyond  a  comparatively  small  circle  of  hk  adn^ien.  Hk  best 
workk  to  be  found  in  bis  Slurta  Piems  (1890],  and  a  complete 
edition  oi  hk  Pttllai  Werkt  {6  vols.)  wu  publkbed  in  1B98- 
190S.  Hk  chief  volume!  are  PnmHtirm  (Oifard,  iK8j,  privately 
printed),  a  "  mask  in  tbe  Greek  Manner ";  Em  and  Piycki 
(iSSj),  a  version  of  Apuleius;  Tic  GraUk  o/  Ifte,  a  serki  d 
atxty-nine  sODneli  printed  for  private  circulation  in  1876  and 
1889;  Slmitr  Pttmt  (1890};  Ntn  (iSSs),  a  bklorical  tragedy, 
the  aecond  part  of  which  appeared  in  1B94;  AtkSa  in  Scjrm 
(1890),  a  drama;  Polide  (1890),  a  romantic  drama  in  the 
~Bbethan  matmer;  Tlu  Return  tf  Vlyau  (il«o).  a  dnma 

five  acts;  Tke  CtriiOam  Captaa  (r890),  a'  tngcdy  oa  tha 

na  subject  a*  Calden)n'>0A^ivl>tC«ulaiilr;  TktHtimtmt 
tf  llm  CkkI  (1S9}),  a  comedy  founded  oa  the  tarn*  dnmatiit^ 
0  «n*  d  WW  and  on  Lope  de  Veg>>*  £1  J'snr  U  ArrfettM; 
Tie  Full  >/ fcccikw  ( I B89),  partly  tran*lated  fiwn  the  HmiiM*- 
riaiarMiuiur  of  Terence;  Hymnifriim  lb  raOmdMi  Bymd 
(Oiford,  1899);  and  DamUr,  a  Uaik  (Oxford,  igoj). 


533 


BRDan.  1.  Defmliau  tMd  Gaural  CnuMemfiMi.— Bridge* 
(oU  fomv,  briff  ^ffr  brndgtl  Dut<±,  brag;  Genkun, 
Brildu;  ■  comnioi]  Teutonic  wgcd)  uc  itnictuTa  curying 
fndnyi,  w&tDwayi  or  nul«a>3  ■cios  ItremiA,  valkys  or 
olber  nub  or  railnyK,  leaving  ■  pas&igc  way  bdov.  Lorif 
bridfa  of  scnnl  spuu  ire  often  lennnl  "  vioducu,"  tod 
brid^  ^LTTying  anils  are  tcrmn!  *'  aqueducts,"  though  thb 
leim  is  KHnetimes  u>ed  foe  waterways  vhich  hive  no  bridge 
ttiuctuie.  A"  culvert  "  is  ji  bridge  of  Hmall  span  ^vfngpauBge 
todninage.  In  nul«t.y  voik  an  "overbridge  "  is  a  bridge  over 
the  niiway,  atid  aa  "  underbridge  "  is  a  bridge  carrying  Ific 
raiiway.  In  all  countries  there  artf  legal  regulations  fikiiig  Ibe 
miaimum  span  and  beigbt  of  such  bridges  and  the  width  of  road- 
way to  be  provided.  Ordinarily  bridges  are  fixed  bridges,  but 
there  ara  also  movable  bridges  with  machinery  for  opening 
a  dear  and  unobstructed  passage  way  lor  navigation.  Most 
conunoRlj  tliesa  ara  "  swing  "  or  "  turning  "  bridges.  "  Float* 
iug  "  bridges  an  roadways  carried  on  pontoons  moored  ia  a 

In  I-*""!*-**  and  medieval  times  bfldgea  were  consthicted 
of  timber  or  masonry,  and  bter  of  brick  or  concrete.  Then 
late  in  the  i3lh  century  wrought  iron  bejpn  to  be  used,  at  Erst 
bi  comtHnallon  with  timber  or  cast  iron.  Cast  iron  was  about 
the  same  time  used  lor  arches,  and  some  of  the  early  railway 
bridges  were  built  with  cast  iron  girders.  Cast  iron  is  tuw  only 
osedlorarched  bridges  ol  moderate  span.  Wrought  iron  wu  used 
on  a  laife  scak  in  the  suq>en»on  road  bridges  of  the  early  part 
ot  t^  i^th  century.  The  great  girder  bridges  over  the  Mcnal 
Strait  and  at  Saitash  near  Plymouth,  erected  in  the  middle  of 
die  EQthcentary,werecntirriy  of  wrought  iron,  and  subsequently 
wrought  inm  girder  bridges  were  extensively  used  on  railways. 


te  strengthened 


n  (i.e.  from  i83o  onwards)  it  has  wholly 
xcept  for  girders  of  less  than  loo  ft.  span. 
Ttelatotcbange  in  the  material  of  bridges  t  '  '  -  ' 
tkaof  IcRO-ooBcnte,  armoured  concrete.or 
«jtb  ited  bus  lot  arched  bridges.  The  i 
chkfly  to  metallic  bridges.  It  is  only  : 
med  that  tbe  great  spans  oI  joo  to  iSoo 
have  been  nude  pouible. 

1.  In  a  bridge  there  mi. 
andthewiilrnKlwe.  In  Ihelonneitbemun  supporting  menibeT 
Of  members  may  be  an  arcb  ring  or  arched  ribs,  suspen^a 
chains  or  ropes,  or  a  pair  of  girdera,  beams  or  trusses.  The 
bridge  flooring  rests  on  the  supporting  memben,  and  b  of  very 
vuions  types  according  to  the  purpa«  of  the  bridge.  There  is 
ilso  In  large  bridges  wind-bracing  to  stiffen  the  structure  against 
borisPDtd  forces.  Tbe  wiifmcfiire  consists  of  (a)  the  piers  and 
csid  Eders  or  abutments,  the  former  sustaining  a  vertical  load, 
I  addition,  the  oblique  thrust 


and  («  tl 


isbeW 


which  are  often  difficult  and  costly  parts  ■ 
tbe  position  of  a  bridge  may  be  fixed  by  considerations  which 
predude  the  selection  of  a  uto  naturally  adapted  for  carrying 
■  heavy  stmctore. 

3.  Tyfit  tf  BnJfH.— Bridges  may  be  classed  as  artHof  Mdia, 
En  wUch  the  prinopal  members  are  in  compression;  ntspeiuim 
ifidgUt  in  which  the  prindpal  members  are  in  tension;  and 
gMcr  Iridtes,  in  which  hall  the  components  of  the  prindpal 

The  duice  ef  the  type 

-[■: 


Hie  cost,  having  regard  to  the  niateiials  availabi 
■pan*  brick,  muoniy  or  concrete  can  be  used  witnoui  eiossive 
out,  btn  lor  loBgei  qiaiis  steel  is  more  economical,  and  f«  very 
kog  spans  Its  use  is  imperative.  (1)  Tie  importance  of  securing 
-         ■       aU  cost  of  maintenance  and  repairs  has  to 


metal  >Rb  bridges  sre  less  oblectionable  tban 

Most  commonly  the  engineer  has  to  attach  gi 
to  tbe  question  of  cost,  and  to  design  bis  stni 
tbe  greatest  economy  cgntiitenl  with  the  provis 
strength.  So  long  as  bridge  building  was  an  em| 
waste  of  material  wis  unavoidable.  The  deve 
theory  gf  structures  has  been  largely  directed 


I   of   n 


:termining 
case  ol  bridges  ol  large 


especially  in  tb 

span  the  cost  and  difiicuity  of  erection  1    _, 

cases  facility  of  erection  becomes  a  governing  consideration  in 
tbe  choice  of  the  type  to  be  adopted.  In  many  coses  tbe  npui 
is&ied  by  local  conditions,  such  as  the  convenient  sites  for  p^rs, 
or  the  requirements  of  waterway  or  navigation.  But  here  alsD 
the  questioo  ol  economy  must  be  taken  into  the  reckoning. 
The  cost  ol  the  superstructure  increases  very  much  as  the  span 
increases,  but  the  greater  the  c»t  of  the  substmciure,  the  larger 
the  span  which  is  econoniical.  Broadly,  the  least  costly  amnge- 
menl  is  that  in  which  the  rost  of  the  superstructure  of  a  span 
is  equal  to  that  nf  a  pier  ftnd  foundation. 

For  masonry,  brick  or  concrete  (he  arcb  subjected  throughout 
to  cflmpresHon  Is  the  most  natural  form.  The  arch  ring  can 
be  treated  as  a  blockwork  structure  composed  of  rigid  voussoin. 
The  stability  ol  such  structures  depends  on  the  position  ol  the 
line  ol  pressure  in  relation  to  the  extrodos  and  intrados  of  the 
arch  ring.  Generally  the  line  of  pressure  lies  within  the  middle 
half  of  the  depth  of  the  arch  ring.  In  hndlng  the  line  of  pressure 
some  prinripie  such  as  the  prindple  of  least  action  must  be  used 
in  determining  the  reactions  at  the  crewn  and  springing,  and 
some  assumptions  must  be  made  of  not  certain  validity.  Hence 
to  give  a  margin  of  safety  to  cover  contingencies  rwt  calculable, 
an  excess  ol  material  must  be  provided.  By  the  introduction 
of  hinges  tlie  position  of  the  line  of  resistance  can  be  fixed  and 
the  stress  in  tlia  arch  ling  determined  with  less  uncertainty. 
Insonterecentraanmrarchedbridgeflof  spansup  to  t  so  It.  built 
with  hinges  conxidenble  economy  has  been  o^ained. 

For  an  elastic  arch  of  metal  there  is  a  more  complete  theory. 
but  it  is  difficult  of  aptdication,  and  there  remains  some  un- 
certainty unless  (as  Is  now  commonly  done)  hinges  are  Intro- 
duced at  tfie  crown  and  ipriaglngs. 

In  suspension  Midges  the  principal  memben  are  in  tension, 
and  the  IntToduction  ol  iron  link  chains  about  the  end  of  the 
iSth  century,  and  later  of  wire  rO[)es  of  still  greater  tenacity, 
pcrmilted  the  construction  of  toad  bridges  of  this  type  with 
spans  at  that  time  imposuble  with  any  other  system  of  con* 
struction.  The  suspension  bridge  dispenses  with  tbe  compression 
member  required  in  girders  and  with  a  good  deal  of  the  stiflening 
required  in  metal  arches.  On  the  other  hand,  suspension  bridges 
require  lolty  towers  and  massive  anchorages.  The  defect  ol  the 
suspension  bridge  is  its  Oeiibiiity.  It  can  be  stiBened  by  Orders 
and  bracing  and  is  then  of  mixed  type,  when  it  loses  mucb  of  its 


i-erlhelesi  tb 

bridge  will  probably  be  the  t 

■pe  adopted  in 

future  for  vfiy  great 

spins.    A  bridge  on  this  .J 

,tem  has  been  projected  at  New 

York  of  3J00  ft.  spin. 

the  construction  of  an  enora 

Mus  number 

of  bridges,  and  most 

ol  these  are  girder  bridges,  in 

which  about  h 

If  the  superstructure 

use  of  wrought  iron 

and  later  olmUd  steel  has  m 

dc  the  constn 

ction  of  such  bridges 

ical.    So  lar 

concerned,  more  material  mu 

the  used tha 

for  an  areh  or  chain. 

or  the  girder  i>  in  a  sense 

a  combinatio 

of  areh  and  diain. 

On  the  other  hand,  a  girder 

mposesonly 

1  vertical  load  on  iu 

A  fundamental  dilTerencc  in  girder  bridges  arises  from  the 
mode  of  support.  In  the  simplest  case  the  miin  ^rden  are 
supported  at  the  ends  only,  and  il  there  are  several  spans  they 
are  dlsunliniaui  or  indiprtidciil.  Bui  a  main  ^rder  may  tte 
o  or  more  points  10  aa  to  be  coiainuotu  ttvtt  V^ 


*  mora  fpans.    The  coBtiniiilr  peitnili  ec 

n  4  Ehree-ipan  bridge  the  Lheoreljcol  advan 
11  nbiiul  49%  'or  a  dead  load  and  i6%  lor 


BRIDGES 

of  weighl.     Quatlro  Cap!) 


«bj«l 


.    The 


of  the  loppoil!  dut  10  utlltmenl  oE  Ihe  pien  may  very  (icaily 
alln  iht  dBtiibation  of  stmt,  and  render  Ihe  bridee  unure. 
Hence  many  multiptc-ipan  biidgo  luch  it  Ihe  Hawknbury, 
Bcniiva  and  ChiltravMli  bridget  have  been  built  with  inde- 
pendent ipons, 
Lastly.sonM  btidgej  are  romposed  of  canlileven  and  impended 


The  I 


hinccd  at  Ihe  pointi  < 

Whatever  type  a( 
atccrlain  the  loadi  Id 
K>  that  the  itreuet  due  to  Ihe  loads  d 
by  eiperience  to  be  safe.  In  many  coui 
tiros  ja  public  and  raQiray  bridis  ar 


dev^pn 

Mnt  of  theory 

las  advanced  f<iri  pn<s«  with  1  he 

lor  bridfet  of  gtealpr 

detifn.  and  there  is  : 

>»  Utile  uncetlainly  in  cakuli 

.  any  of  the 

In  the 

Kltl  bridge  every  member  h*)  a  definiie  fun 

ion  and 

>•  lubiei 

ed  to  a  calci 

.aibeei. 

thcfui. 

in  the  deve 

ipmeni  of  bridge  design,  and 

worthineii  is  complcLely  recognised.     The  marginof  uii 

trlainly 

impirical  allowances  on  the  side 

hasb«i 

steadily  diminished. 

The  1 

not  only  bee 

incieoici  the  dead  weight  of  the 

ion  ot  the  whole  load  to  be  lu 

ppoitcd. 

lases  a  point  is  reached  at  which 

he  dead 

the  lupeninicture  beonnet  to  large  that  i 

limit  is 

0  any  fun  he 

ILSTO 

BY  OF  BUDCE  BuimiNO 

«,    »™«B   flri/pr,.- 

-The  bnl  bridge  known  to  ha 

ve  been 

bout  ti>  B.C..  is  practically  iBtact;  and  the 
probably  in  46  B.C..  retaim  nticb  of  Ibt 
il  raasoniy.  The  Pons  Aelius,  buili  by  Hadrian  KB.  \m 
:r>aircd  by  Pope  Nicholas  II  and  Clement  IX..  ii  now 
idgc  ol  Si  Angclo.     li  had  eight  arches,  the  gt 


Fic  3.— Pontc  Salatio. 
I'lt.'    Dio  Cissius  mentions  a  bridge,  poitihly  joos  to 

in  length,  buih  by  Trajan  over  the  Daitube  in  tjo.  104. 
lien  are  laid  ttill  to  eiisl.  A  bas-relief  on  the  Traju 
shows  this  bridge  nil h  masoniy  fliers  and  timber  arches, 
represent  al  ion  i>  probably  CDDventional  [fig.  1).  Traju 
iittucietl  the  bridge  of  Alcantara  in  Spain  (fig.  2),  01  a 
ngih  ol  fijo  ft.,  at  910  fi.  above  the  stream,  This  had 
les  and  was  built  of  none  blocks  without  cement.  Tlie 
if  Narsct.  buill  in  the  6ih  ccnluiy  (fig.  j),  caiiicd  the  Via 
over  the  Anio.  It  was  dcttrayed  in  186;.  during  the 
:h  of  Garibaldi  to  Rome.    It  had  a  foniBcalion  Mch  as 

usual  in  blCT  bridges  for  defence  at  for  ihe  enfetcement 
Tbe  great  lincsofaqunlucis  built  by  Roman  engineen, 
ing  from  jea  B.C.  onnaidt.  where  they  art  carried  above 


-Fir«  Span  ol  SchaflliiDien  Bridge. 


Ikrr  Early  Bfiifja.— Bridges  with  tlon* 
lemructures  were  no  doubt  coottmctcd 
inward,  but  they  have  perished.  Fig.  4 
•-  creeled  by  the  brothers  GrubcEUPaon  at 
he  middle  ol  Ihe  i8th  century.  It  had 
ft.,  and  may  be  taken  as  a  representative 


ricius,  the  bridge  defended  by  Honlius.    Tlie  Pons  Milvius.  I  type  of  bridges  of  I  hit  kind.    The  Wilt  ingen  bridge  by  the  nmt 
w  Fontc  Molle,  was  reconitnicted  in  stone  by  M.  Aemilius  I  engineers  had  a  span  of  J90  ft.,   probably  the  longesl  timbet 
Per  the  ancient  bridles  in  Rome  tee  funhcr  Roks 
1  inch  works  u  R.Tamriani.  Rtiml  mul  £ 
mt  {Eng,  trans.,  1897).  Pp.  16  foU.' 


le  portions  of  the  old  bridge 
I  to  ;q  ft.  span.    The  Pons  Fabriciui  (nod.  Ponte 


BRIDGES 


noDc  brldgca  In  Grot  BriUIn,  lit 
len  Ike  crtlopaa  biidga  uill  cniiiBg  on  Dutiscwi, 
i  of  itODc  picn  bridged  by  iloiM  ilito.  The  bridge 
Eut  Dut  HI  TaTiuock  hui  tbrae  pin*,  with  lUbt 


Fic  5.— CcDwland  Bridge. 

ij  ft.  by  6  [L  (Snila,  iim  ./  lit  £.j.p«eH.  ii.-*])-    It  ii 
npuled  10  huve  luled  lor  looo  yein. 
The  curious  bridge  u  Crowland  near  Peterborough  (Eg.  3) 

uader  It  having  been  diverted,  is  one  of  theeariiHt  known  ttoat 
bridges  in  Engiind.  It  is  referred  to  in  a  charter  of  the  ytar 
(M3-  It  was  probably  built  by  the  abbots.  The  Gni  bridges 
□vcrlheThuiesilLondon  were  nodoubl  of  limbec.  WlUiunot 
Malmesbury  mentions  the  ciistencc  of  I  bridge  in  994.  J,  Slow 
(Sumy  «/  lit  Cilits  of   Lmdon   end  WcilmimtlrTi  describes 


wasde>traTnlfatBdIIUt7i«i)oiBbyCimagnoli!Di4iG,  Tlw 
Rialio  bridge  at  Venice,  aiih  a  spaa  ol  91  fi.,  was  built  ia 
isM  by  Antonio  da  Ponie.  Fig.  7  ihowi  the  beautiful  Ponto 
deli*  Triniti  erected  at  Flotince  in  >j66  (lom  the  deagn  of 

e.  UnOn  BHit^.—  (a)  Timbir.—ln  Ed^uhI  limbec  bridge* 
of  considerable  ipw),  eilbei  bracid  Irums  oc  laminatad  arches 
(i.e.  Biches  of  planks  boiled  logethcc),  OCR  built  ioc  some 
of  the  earlicc  nilflnys,  particulaily  the  Great  Western  aod 
the  Uaocbettec.  Sbeffiekl  li  Uncoln^ire.  They  have  moally 
been  replaced,  decay  havLog  taken  place  at  the  joinu.  TImbec 
bridges  of  luge  span  nerc  construclcd  in  America  between  the 
end  of  tbe  iSIb  and  the  middle  of  the  lotb  ceoluiy.  The  Amos- 
keag  bridge  over  the  Mcirimac  at  Manchesier,  N.H.,  U.S.A., 
buiit  in  1701,  had  0  spins  of  gi  ft.  The  Bellows  Falls  bridge 
over  the  Connecticut  (built  lySs-izgi)  had  3  spans  of  1S4  ft. 
The  ungular  Colossus  bridge,  buill  in  igu  over  Ihe  Schuylkill, 
a  kind  of  flat  arched  truss,  had  a  span  of  J40  ft.  Some  of  these 
timber  bridges  are  said  to  have  lasted  ninety  yeaiswilh  ordinary 
repairs,  but  they  were  road  bridges  not  heavily  loaded.  From 
1S40,  IruiHS,  chiefly  ol  timber  but  with  wrought-iion  lension- 
tod*  and  catt4ron  shoes,  were  adopted  is  America.  The  Hove 
trua  of  i8]o  and  the  Pratt  truss  of  1S44  are  eiamples.  Tbe 
Howe  tnist  bad  timber  chords  and  a  lattice  of  timber  eituIs, 
with  vertical  inn  lies.  In  the  PiatI  tnisa  the  siruii  were 
vertical  and  the  ties  inclined.  Don  to  i8ja  such  bridge*  wece 
generally  limited  to  ijo  ft.  ^Hin.  The  limber  was  nhile  pine^ 
As  railway  ioadl  increased  and  greater  spans  were  denuitded. 
the  Howe  tcu»  was  atiSeaed  by  limber  arches  on  each  side  oi. 
each  girder.  Such  a  composite  tliuclure  is,  however,  funda- 
mcnully  defective,  the  dislHbuUon  of  loading  to  the  two 
independent  lyilems  being  iDdelerminale,  Remarkably  high 
limber  pien  were  built.  The  Genesee  viaducl.  Boo  fl.  in  length, 
built  in  1SJ1-1S51  in  10  spans,  had  timber  (lestlc  plen  190  fL  in 


Fie.  6.— Old  Londi 
the  buildioc  ol  the  CrM  alone  bridge  (omn;Dnly  oUed  Old 
LoBdon  Bridge:  "About  Ihe  year  it;6,  Ihe  stone  bridge  was 
begun  to  be  founded  by  Peter  of  Colechuich,  near  unto  Ibc 

timber  bouses  (fig.  fi)  which  were  frequently  burned  down,  yet 
the  main  strurture'existed  till  the  beginning  of  the  tgth  century. 
The  span  of  the  arcbe*  ranged  from  10  to  jj  ft.,  and  the  total 
waietway  wat  only  jj;  ft.  The  walerway  of  Ibe  present  London 
Bridge  is  6go  fi.,  and  the  lemoval  of  the  obstruction  caused  by 
the  old  bridge  caused  a  lowering  of  the  low-water  level  by  5  fl.. 


and  a  considerable  deepen 
Lhettflht  EHginirTi."  Rci 

The  architects  of  the  Re 


FiO.  ;.— Pont*  dclla  Ttiniii,  Fhw 
ig  ol  Ihe  river-bed.  (See  Smiles,  I 
aisunce  showed  great  boldness  in  I 
Iter  of  iji  fl.      Tbii  noble  bridge  I 


E  in  the  Pepysian  Libcaiy,  Magdalene  College,  CambridEe. 
height.  (See  Mosse,  "  Ameiiom  Timber  Bridges,"  Pik.  IhiI. 
C.E,  uii.  p.  305,  and  for  more  modem  eiamples.  citii.  p.  409; 
and  dv.  p.  3811  Cooper,  "  American  Railroad  Bridget,"  7roiu. 
AM.,SK.C.£.vol.iii.pp.i-iS.)  These  limbec  framed iltuclurca 
served  *i  nodeb  for  the  earlier  metal  trusses  whicb  began  to 
be  used  soon  aflec  i8$a,  and  which,  eicepi  in  a  few  localilies 
where  iron  is  costly,  have  quite  superseded  ihem. 

7-  (4)  Jtfftiwify.— The  present  London  Bridge,  begun  in  1814 

ud  completed  in  iSji,  b  as  £ne  an  uample  of  a  masonry  arch 

itcucluce  a*  can  be  found  (figs.  8  and  9)-    The  design  was  made 

by  John  Rennie  tbe  elder, 

'  "as  bi^  »n,'sir"  Jo^ 
Rennic.  Tlie  scmi-eDip- 
lical  shape  of  Uie  uchcs. 
Ihe  variation  of  span,  ihe 

[    slight  curvature  of  Ibe 


I  a  singularly  beautiful  bn'dge.  The  ccnlre  aich  has  a  span  of 
ijift.,indiiKSi9ft.  fi  in.  above  Trinity  high-water  marki  Ihe 
iTchca  on  each  side  of  tbe  centre  have  a  span  of  140  ft.,  and  the 
ibutmentacchesijoft.  Tlietolallengihoflbebridgeis  toojtt..  . 
Is  width  Iram  outside  to  outside  jfi  ft,,  and  height  above  low 


53* 


BRIDGES 


,*tUr  60  tl.    Ttit  two  autre  pun  tre  14  tl.  tUi^  the  eilcrior 

MooB  ue  gnnilc,  llie  inttnor,  fa^  Biamlef  Fill  ind  hill  Inm 
Ptin^w,  Derbyjhiie.  The  voimoira  o(  the  cenlre  «idi  (all  of 
fTMbt)  ire  4  (u  «  in.  deep  it  the  crown,  and  increuetunol  Ins 
thin  g  h.  at  tht  spiingiiig.  The  general  depth  tl  vhiib  ihe 
fonndilioii*  ue  bid  ii  about  19  [t.  6  In.  below  lew  water.  The 
total  eott  w»  liASfJ",  btu  tbe  conlraclot'a  tender  lor  the 
bridge  a)0M  wai  J4iJ,oSi. 

Since  1867  il  but  been  recogtdied  that  London  Bridge  was 
iudequale  torarry  tbe  inSic  pasting  over  i(,  and  1  scheme  lor 
■idning  it  wai  adopted  in  igoo.    Thi 


piper  by  H.  M.  Martin  (Pne.  Inl.  C.  E.  nl.  tdS.  p.  4«>);  aad 
lor  that  of  the  daitlc  arch,  to  a  paper  br  A.  E.  Yonng  Ifttc 
lull.  C.E.  vol.  ami.  p.  j>j). 
In  Germany  and  Anwnci  Iwo- aad  three-hhiscdacehacf  masonry 

and  the  calculations  being  ilmple.  in  engineer  cut  ^snturv  to  vivt 
cloKly  to  thcdimeiuioiu  required  by  theory.  For  hinges,  Leihbnnd, 
ol  Stuttgart .  uses  ■tacela  of  lead  ibout  1  in.  thick  extending  over  lb* 
middle  iliird  of  the  depth  ol  [he  vouBoir  jidnta,  Oe  reit  ollbe  jolaa 
beinr  left  open.  As  t he  lad  a  planic  this  eonitnictlDa  Is  virtualb 
an  artitulalion.  II  the  pmurt  on  the  lead  li  uoilormly  varying, 
the  centre  ol  pressure  mii«  be  within  the  middle  Iblid  ofthe  width 
of  the  lead ;  that  is.  it  cannot  deviate  Iran  the  tcaiR  o(  '  ~ 


1904,  tbe  loolwiyt  being  cairied  on  gianit*  corbels,  on  which 
an  mounted  rorniees  and  open  parapets.  The  width  between 
puapets  is  now  65  It-,  giving  a  roadwny  ol  ]S  It.  and  two  fool- 
waya  ol  15  11-  each.  The  archiiect  wis  Andrew  Munay  and 
the  engiDeef,  C.  E.  W.  CnlttwcU.  (Cole,  J'rac.  I%sl.  C.E.  cUi. 

The  largest  masoniy  arch  b  the  Adolphe  bridge  in  Luiembutg, 
erected  in  1000-1903.    This  has  a  span  ol  17B  (i.,  138  II.  rise 

Ihickneu  ol  the  arch  is  4  It.  S  in,  at  the  crowo  and  i  It.  1  in. 
wheie  it  jolna  the  spandrel  masonry.  The  roadway  is  51  ft.  6  in. 
wide.  The  bridge  is  not  continuous  in  widlh,  there  ate  arch 
rlnga  on  each  face,  each  16,4  It,  wide  witb  a  space  between  ol 
19,  J  ft.  This  space  it  filled  with  a  flooring  of  leinlorccd  concrete, 
rewing  on  the  two  arches,  and  carrying  the  central  roadway. 
By  the  method  adopted  the  total  masoniy  has  been  reduced 
one-lhird.  One  centering  was  ujed  (or  the  two  arch  rings, 
wi^Hiited  on  dwarf  waUi  which  lomed  a  sUpway,  along  which 
It  was  moved  after  the  Bist  arch  was  built. 

TTU  near  the  end  of  Ihe  19th  centuiy  bridges  of  masonry  or 
brickwork  were  so  constructtd  that  they  had  to  be  treated  as 
rigid  biockwork  sinictures.  The  stability  ol  such  structures 
depends  on  the  position  ol  the  line  ol  pressure  relatively  to  the 
intrados  and  eilrados  of  the  arch  ring.     Generally,  so  fat  as 


I  and  Hall  Section  of  Aich  nl  Londoti 


Londaii  New  Brii^ 

joint  by  man  than  one-eighteenih  01  Its  depth..  In  any  case  the 
position  ol  the  Tine  of  preuum  is  conAned  at  the  lead  artlculitioni 


I  sotne  assumptions  ol  doubtful  validity  made.  But 
introduced  at  crown  and  springings,  the  caJctdaiion 
of  the  stresses  in  the  arch  ring  becomes  simple,  as  the  line  ol 
pressures  mutt  piu  through  the  bingo.  Such  hbiges  have  been 
used  not  only  for  metal  arches,  but  in  a  modihcd  fonn  lor 
masonry  and  concrete  arches.  Three  cases  therefore  arisen 
(a)  The  arch  b  rigid  at  crown  and  springing);  (i)  the  irch  is 
two-hinged  (binges  it  springing!) ;  (c)  the  arch  is  three-hinged 
(bings  al  crown  and  springings).  For  an  elementary  account  d( 
tbe  theory  o(  arcbti,  hinged  or  sol,  reference  may  be  made  to  a 


S'T^ 


tinged  .. 


Lit  of  Rn 


b  would 


I,  •V^li\  It.,  with  taaaitiruU. 
ijoru:  wioiD  m  arcn  11  ii.;oeHnol  arch  at  cnjvn  and  apnngiiig 
j-i  and  J-96  It,  respectively.  The  strciics  were  calcuUled  to  be  15, 
t?  and  \t  tons  per  tq.  ft.  at  crown.  Joint  of  rapture,  and  «prini{ing 
respectively.  At  Cindnnati  a  concrete  arch  of  70  fi.  inan  has  oren 
buSt.wlIhatHiof  iOlt.  The  csDcrcle  is  reinfonxd  by  eleven  9-10. 
■tcd-rolled  iolsc^  spaced  jft.  apart  and  supported  by  a  crots-chaanci 
loitt  at  each  spnnging.     The  arch  is  15  in.  thick  at  the  crown  and 

and  3  Id  4  broken  slaDe.  An  important  series  of  enperimenlB  on 
the  strength  of  nuHnry,  tnirlc  and  concrete  structures  will  b« 
found  in  the  Ztiisdu.  dti  ciltmiiiuw  iu,  mmd  Attk.   Vtraiut 

(isss'-  , 

The  thermal  coefhefent  of  cspatision  01  Btcei  and  con'**^*  ■•  "*>'■" 
the  same,  otherwise  changes  ol  temperature  would 
itrcss  at  tbe  junction  of  the  two  mslenals.    If  tht 
are  disposed  sym  metrically,  the  amount  of  kad  carriet 

as  the  moment  ol  Instla  oil  the  ctdu  icctlDn.    Bii.  ,.  „  ...... 

Ihe  amouni  of  strns  and  dimini^ice  as  the  ratio  ol  sand  and  ■ 

j«oa.ooa  lb  per  iq.  in.  For  sled  E>-M.ooo,ooo  to  30,0001000,  c 
the  avenge  about  twdvetimea  its  valuefotcoacrele.  Thenaair 
compressive  working  stress  on  thcconcrctcmay  befioo  Ihpersq 
the  len^le  working  stress  50  Ihperiq.  in-,  ana  tbe  working  ihea 

per  sq.  in.     Tbe  amount  of  steel  in  th«  atruelim  nuv  vbtv  I 

br;3ll>l.s%    The 
to  Ttsiil  compression 

S.  (c)  Suspension  Bridgrs. — -A  suspension  bridge  coDsisIs  of 
two  or  mote  chains,  constructed  ol  links  connected  by  pins,  or 
ol  twisted  wire  strands,  or  ol  wires  laid  parallel.  The  chains  pan 
over  lolly  pitta  on  which  they  usually  rest  on  saddle*  caniedby 
roUcis,  alld  art  ltd  down  oo  either  ude  to  anchorages  in  rodl 
chamben.  A  level  platform  a  bung  from  the  cbaitis  by  lui- 
pensionrods.  In  the  suspension  bridge  iron  or  sled  canbeuaed 
in  its  strongest  fttrm.  namely  hard-drawn  wire.  Iron  suspension 
bridges  began  to  be  used  at  the  end  of  the  itth  ceiUuiy  for 
road  bridges  with  spans  unattainable  at  that  lime  in  any 
other  system.  In  1B19  T.  Tellotd  began  the  construction  of  tbe 
Menai  bridge  (fig.  10).  the  ^an  being  570  ft.  and  the  dip  4]  ft. 
This  bridge  suffered  lonie  injury  in  astomi,  but  it  is  ilill  in  good 
condition  and  one  of  the  meat  graceful  of  bridges.  Other  bridges 
built  soon  alter  were  the  Friboutg  bridge  ol  E7D  ft.  span,  tb* 
Himraersmith  bridge  ol  411  (I.  span,  Ind  the  Pest  bridge  of 
666  ft.  span.  The  merit  ol  the  ample  suspension  bridge  it  iU 
cbeapnets,  and  ils  defect  b  its  fieiibility.     This  last  becomeakM 


BRIDGES 

Mrisa  M  Ite  i-aii  *d^  el  Oe 
pcoponlon  lo  the  live  oi  tempon 

^lechUly  luiled  (di  great  ^ma.  _^ ^ 

bnkta  domi  ia  couequeKc  ol  Ihc  otciUiCioni  producfd  by  I  bcitidini  the  re^aainRit  aTtbeUDiber  t^d^'w 
badk*  of  nw)  BudUng  ia  lUp.    In  i8y>  ■  n^icMidn  bridge  {  iWi^tb&biklteia  |S^|«97  vHUkendonudi 


at  Antcts  gsn  inj  when  4S7  wldlcn  v 
mi  ii«  wen  killed. 

leu  various  plans  have  been  adopted. 
Ia  the  Ordisb  lyslon  a  cenaiu  number  ol  inlcRncdiale  poinu 
in  the  span  jtre  supported  by  obli<)ue  chains,  on  tJhlcb  girden 
rest.  The  Ordiib  bridge  buili  at  Prague  ia  186S  had  oblique 
dnlBS  tuppocling  the  itiSening  girden  at  ioienDediite  poinis 
of  the  BpAH.  A  curved  chain  aupported  the  obique  chains  and 
kept  then  straight.  In  1860  a  bridge  wai  erected  over  the 
Danube  cinal  at  Vienna,  of  164  It.  span  irtiich  had  two  panilel 
chains  one  above  the  other  and  4  tl.  apart  on  each  ^de  at  Ibe 
bridge.  The  chaini  of  each  pair  were  connected  by  bracing  so 
(hat  they  fotmed  a  still  inverted  arch  motlng  defonnaiioD 


ems  lor  a  luipeniian  bridge  of  71 

ion,  but  the  pmjeci  wai  not  then  ci . , 

lie  liok  chaini  ol  the  Hujigetlord  auipco^oa  bridge 

„  .jlmidown  were  available  al  imall  cou.  and  tbnc 

;eie  uied  to  complete  the  bridge.  There  are  ihiee  chains  on  eaii 
ide,  oC  on*  and  two  linlu  allemalely.  and  ihe«  loppan  wroujhi 
ton  itiflening  girden.  There  arc  WTOughl  iron  tadiDa  and  itcd 
Dilen  on  the  (Sen.  At  196  ft.  on  either  dde  fmm  the.towen  tte 
natoiart  carried  over  umilaraaddles  without  Tellers,  and  thence  al 
J*  with  ibe  haritontal  doum  (o  the  anchoiagei.     Each  chain  hai 

A  (he  htiifte.  and  longer  aa  they  are  more  IneliMd,  lo  thai  their 
lortiDnul  nroiKMiMi  Is  14  ft.    The  chains  an  so  antiged  that  there 
It  each  t  ft.,  attached  si  ibe  joint  of  one  of  the 


unequal  loading.  The  bridge  carried  a 
1  nak  owing  lo  emus  of  olculalion,  an 
in  ]SS4.  The  principle  was  sound  and  has  been  proposed 
>ut  iSjo  it  was  perceived  that  a  bridge 
o  any  n^way  train)  could 
pporting  chains  with  atlSeoIng  girders  luspendei 
from  them.  W.  J.  M.  Raakine  proved  (Appliid  Uaianki 
p.  sjo)  that  the  neccHaiy  streciglb  of  a  Kinening  t^rder  wouli 
be  only  one-seventh  pail  of  that  of  an  ind^Kodi 


Ibe  same  ^lan  as  the  bridge,  suited  to  cany 
load  (not  iaduding  the  dead  might  of  the  ' 
poted  by  the  chain).  (Sea  "  Suspension  B 
Roadway,"  by  Sir  G.  Airy,  and  the  discuui 


(heaa 


each  lide  f  ovnu  a  girder  4 

-idietef  gm 
Vorkaretfa 


plate  girden  jfT 
.  the  band  railing 
liangei  4)  aq.  Il 


al  New  y«k  are  the  n»n  remarkable.  Ihe^iwUyn  Uida. 
in  la  tS7i,  has  *  centre  span  at  iSKi  and  aide  inni  of  gjo  (t 
BeooldvD  appcoaeh  being  971  't-,  and  the  New  York  ^ptoadi 
{  ft.,  the  total  length  oflhe  bri^  li  S9S9  ft.  There  aie  four 
cables  which  carry  ■  promenade,  a  roadway  and  an  electric  raitway- 
Th*  nUfening  gitden  ol  the  main  fta  are  40  It.  deep  and  6;  ft. 
apart.    The  saddles  for  the  chains  are  329  it.  above  high  water. 


begun  In  tSTi 
The  Br~'-'— 

i*2i 


iB6r,  nvl.  p.  >fl;  also  "  Suspendon  Bridges  with  Stiffening 
Girden,"  by  Max  am  Ende,  Prac.  Inst.  C.E.  ciiivii.  p,  joe.) 

The  nwK  renurknble  bridge  consTucted  on  this  system  was  rhe 
Niagara  bridge  buili  by  J.  A.  RoeUinE  in  i8s3-i8S5  (fig.  1 0-  The 
•pan  was  8jt  Ft.,  much  the  largest  of  any  railway  bndBe  at  i\u"  •'"- 
and  the  height  above  the  river  34^  ft.    Then  were  four  lui 


wiiesaiior.sti  , 
up  and  damped  w 
bridge  (fig.  1.*^  ' — 


(anditslengthadjuated.    Roeblhig  pt*(< 


wire  is  taken  iqianKly 
loeblhig  preferred  paimlwl 


538 


BRIDGES 

dirfAsfth*tn>1tbtaocriM 

ha  about  1 1 16  toiiH,  and  hu  ft  noinliuL    Ixing  1070 1 
iM,  tlH  utul  bnaUag  xROftk  btiDg  I  4S  It.  hwc,  1 


'  TMiiVIo  «  ft.  hr  Sl  (t- enntd  «itk  bttbM  pkMft 
f  It  oTplM  blDcb  dDwilkd.  The  bunilci  mau 
ngleoTflJ*,  kndibetr  r«ATViidi[D  tbchuculFchamben 
UTV  365  tonm  frf  cxfuntcnraEhi.  f  be  total  weieht  of  ach 


prolubtv  prater.  The  Bddlci  an  331  ft,  above  ihe  mter.  The 
lour  ciblH  iuppon  a  dead  load  ol  7140  loiu  and  a  live  load  oi  4017 
tooi.  Each  cable  I>  compnied  of  17  Mraitdi  ol  loS  wina,  or  7696 
HraUcl  ued  wirei,  No.  SErw.<^,  or  iboit  A  In.  In  Olvnaa. 
The  wire  wai  requiccd  (o  have  a  tenaile  ilreoeth  olBg  toni  kt  aq.  in-, 
and  ii%  elongaOon  in  5  [I.  and  i%  in  8  in.  Catt  atcel  clanpa 
holdtEecab1eI(weIhet.aadtalhetel)ic(unKndina  lodiareaitachFd. 
Tbe  cablet  are  wrapped  In  mlloD  duck  Baked  lo  oiidiied  oil  and 
vamiah.  and  are  aheaihed  in  ilieec  iron.  A  iaEer  bridgi^,  the  Man- 
hattan, b  daigned  to  carry  four  railway  tracks  and  four  tramway 
Unea,  wiifa  a  wide  roadway  and  footpatha.  aupportcd  by  cabica 
91^  in.  in  diameter,  each  compoaed  of  9472  EaJvanizrd  ated  wirea 


Fio.  13.— Tower  Bridfe;  LoodoB. 

but  nanany  the  time  Ulan  la  on 
worked  l>y  hydnulE  iiinciiiDay, 


er  Brid«,  London  (fijf.  13).  ia 


re  apan  to  permil  the 


X-bridie,  which  I1 141  (t- above  Trii 


tv  H.W. 

illenph 


north  and  780  ft.  en  the  aou 

C 

ESfn1o5j^'™riSt'"of™ 

K?H 

auapemlFd^  firdcr  tjjpt 

■vel  loot-bndBe,  which  ia  ii. .  . 

etihe  twoaEoiTipaniiiiTart.    The 
oaa  IB..  aiul  that  at  i>i*  apprDachoa  lafki  ii-  on  1 
idlli  of  the  btidH  betwt 

tre  aoan.  where  it  ia  19 

iteMofi  of  ueel.  enclo«d  In  ■  facinf 


ud  a  halt  o^um.    They  ir 


».  dO  Iran  and  SUd  Giiitr  BrUta- 
nembera  an  two  or  nan  horiionlal  bi 
Tlie  ciiden  cany  a  Boor  i 


top  [ink  biidtd} 
Iheplatiozn  ia  variouaty 
imanly  GDdallU  ol  cifiM 
lain  giiden,  toA  loD(l- 


conatiucted.    Fee  railwiy  bijdtn  it  o 
giideta,  altubed  M  ot  reating  «a  tbe 

■udinal  raO  fiidai  «c  Miiiisen  cuiied  t>y  UK  croai  piaat  taa 
directly  auppnrtini  ibe  aleepcn  and  nUa.  For  tpaoi  ovct  7 j  ft., 
eipansfon  due  to  chaofe  of  tenpenlun  is  pittvidcd  lor  by  <vry* 
Ing  one  end  of  each  chain  (irder  on  nllen  placed  between  the 
beaiiog-plale  on  ibe  giider  tuA  tbe  batplate  on  the  pia  sc 
ibutmesl. . 

Fig.  14  ihom  tbe  n^er  bed  of  a  girder  of  tbe  tCoilnibarB 
bridge  of  400  ft.  ipan.  It  will  be  leen  tbaC  the  girder  directly 
rati  OD  a  cylindrical  pin  or  tKluK  to  placed  ai  to  distribute  tbe 
load  uDilonnly  lo  lU  tbe  toUen.  Tbe  pnaaun  on  the  tvUen 
is  limited  to  about  f — 600  i  is  lb  per  in.  length  of  lollci,  where 
d  ii  tbe  diameter  of  the  roller  in  Incbo. 

In  tbe  ginlen  of  bridges  the  horiionlal  gtrdei  is  ilniost 
eidusivcly  subjected  to  vcttiol  kading  lorcet.    InvcstigatioD 


middle  girdera 
BttachBftoIlK 


towe™.  11 
fnicnfthaD 
by  liiilit.    ' 

bigh-kvtl  foolwiy  girdcn.  Tbcae  ti< 
art  jointed  to  the  hanging  chaina  by  pir 
30  in,  in  diameter  with  a  ring  in  Ealvi 
aanrniodini  it  s  in.  thick.  One  ' 
ring  la  rigidly  attached  to  '*»  ■■' 
one  10  the  hanglr^  chain, 

over  the  leogth  of  the  pii-    ..  . 
bearing  under  then  luna  trantmi 
kiad  at  the  ioint  to  the  "".I  m 
of  the  timcrt.    Tbe  abuti 
abuiD-n  "  „_™  Th.  .I.  ,1° 
byh< 


i'thrfSr^i'E^ 

■o  that  tbey  an  atiff  aniut  un- 
.  ..rica]  loading.    Each  chain  over 
a  shore  span  consisla  of  two  KBmenta,  the  longer  attached  ta  the  tie 


kdidimdinai  girdcrm  between  eacR  pair. 
thick  and  6  in,  deep,  ii  riveted  to  tbe  kingit  ud 
an  connrcted  to  gtrderm  embedded  in  uirge  cod 
foundatioDa  of  tbe  appniach  viaduct*. 

"The  two  biHulei  are  each  conitnicted  with 
iL  apart,  aid  lon^tadiiia]  and  suBaidiajy 


flo.  14.— Rollv  Bed  of  ■  Gilder. 

ol  the  mtcmal  stmses,  which  balance  the  txterul  force*,  shorn 
that  moat  of  the  material  should  be  arranged  in  a  (op  Bange, 
boom  or  chord,  subjected  to  compnssjon,  and  a  bottom  fluge 
or  chord,  subjected  to  tension.  (SeeSraENCTH  or  Uatuuals,) 
Connecllog  the  Hangcs  is  a  venical  web  whicb  may  be  a  soUd 
plate  or  a  syiteKi  of  biadog  ban.  In  any  case,  though  tbeeiati 
fotni  o(  cross  section  ol  girdeta  vatirs  very  much,  It  is  virtually 
an  I  section  (fvg.  ij).  The  funclioDof  the  Haagcs  is  lo  tesisi  a 
boriiontal  tension  and  compiBainn  distributed  pnctically  uni- 
lotmly  oa  their  tns*  TNTi~w     The  wib  |it*Uu  I 


BRIDGES 


on  vtMtdl  ud  bofiMDUl  pkna.  Tlw  inclkied 
id  «ompK»ioii>  in  tit  bin  of  a  bnCEd  web  ira 
to  tbii  shear.    The  faorw 


^Dlt* 


Fia  15.— Fluttd  GInlcT. 


or  ctaerdt  are  pinUet.  But 
ginlcn  may  have  curved 
cbouli  and  tbcn  tbe  atrcna 
lo  Ibe  ^eb  aic  dinuiBbcd. 
Al  Gnt  giiden  had  lolid 
orpIateHcbs.but ' 
over  100  [t.  the  wt 

bar*.  In  lome  gii ' 
bridici  the  mesibin 
connected  entirely 
riveting,  in  othen 
piincipil  nemben  an  1 
nected  by  pin  joinli.  The 
pin 


iafDnnUiliBtihetmpCTfeatlitMribntvallable.  TheConva^ 
bridge  wu  EiM  coitpkled,  and  the  bit  tiifn  paiwd  thnngh 
the  Brtunnia  bridge  in  1S50.  TImu^  each  girder  baa  bceB 
■Dade  coDtinuoDs  ttm  the  (our  ipuii  it  bai  UM  quite  tbe  pro- 
poiUoa  over  ibe  plen  wkkb  ■  oDDibuoiB  giida  ibonld  have, 


uied  in  the  Chepstow,  Sak- 
rly  English  biidgn  is  now  rarely 
omonly  used  in  America  ai  la  be 
inCeatun.    With  pin  nnneiion) 


aib,  Newark  Dyke  and  other  < 
Oscd  in  Europe.  Bui  it  is  so  ( 
regarded  as  a  distinctive  Amcr 

Id  early  pin  bridges  insufficient  bearing  ares  was  allowed  between 
tbe  pins  and  parts  connected^  and  they  worked  loose. 
cases  riveted  covers  had  to  be  subililuted  [or  the  pins.  Tbe 
proportions  are  now  better  understood.  Neverthele^  the  lend- 
ency  is  to  use  riveted  tonneiions  ni  pttference  lo  pini,  and  fn 
any  c»«  to  use  pbis  for  tension  members  only. 

Ontbefim  English  railways  cast  iron  girder  bridges  [or  spam 
of  10  to  66  ft.  were  used,  uid  in  some  cases  these  were  Irrissed 
with  wrought  iron.     When  in  1S45  the  plans  for  carrying  t 
Chester  and  Holyhead  railway  ovot  the   Mcnai  Straits  wt 
eonsidered,  the  conditions  rmposcd  by  the  admiralty  in  I 
biterests  of  navigation  involved  the  adoption  of  a  new  type 
bridge.    There  irai  an  idea  o[   sing  luipeniion  chains  conibined 
iritb  a  girder,  and  in  fact  the  tower  piers 
■ccommodite  chains.     But  the  theory  o(  such  a  combined 
■iructure  conld  not  be  formulated  at  that  time,  and  It  was  proved, 
partly  by  eiperiment,  thai  a  simple  tubular  girder  o[  wrought 
ireu  was  strong  enough  lo  carry  the  railway.    The  Britannia 
bridge  (fig.  16)  has  two  spans  of  4A0  and  two  of  ijo  ft,  at  lot  ft. 
above  high  water.    It  consists  of  a  pan  of  tubular  gitden  with 
aolkl  or  plate  sides  stifTened  by  angle  Irons,  one  line  of  rails 
passing  through  each  tube.     Each  ghder  is  1511  ft.  bng  and 
weighs  4680  tons.  In  cross  section  (fig.  1;),  it  Is  ijft.  witle  and 
varies  in  depth  ^m  ij  ft.  at  the  cads  to  jo  ft.  at  the  ci 
Rirtly  10  counteract  any  tendency  to  buckling  under 
prtssion  lud  partly  for  convenience  in  assembling  a  great 
oFpbtes.  tfaetoptnd  bottom  wen  made  cellular,  the  cells 
just  large  enough  to  permit  passage  fat  painting.    Tbe  total 


s^'rm 


:o 


Fic.  1: 


ii  Bridge  (Cross  Section  of  Tubulu  Girder}. 


insl  be  retarded  as  an  Impetleclly  continuous  girder.  The 
were  in  fact  designed  as  independent  girders,  the  advantage 
of  conlinniiy  bcingil  that  time  fmpcrfectly  known.  Tbe  vertical 
idei  of  Ihe  girders  art  stiffened  so  Ibat  they  amount  10  40% 
of  the  whole  weight.  This  was  partly  necessary  10  meet  the 
ncenain  conditions  infioiting  when  the  distribution  of  lUpportr 
Lg  loices  was  untnown  and  there  wen  chances  of  distonion. 
Wtougbl  iron  and,  later,  steel  plate  web  girders  were  largely 


area  o(  tfce  ctltelar  ti^  Sange  of  the  large.qwn  glrden  is  64B 
tq.  in.,  and  of  the  bottom  jSj  sq.  b.  As  no  scaffolding  caoM  be 
used  (or  tbe  centn  spans,  the  girders  wen  built  on  iboie.  Boated 
out  and  raised  by  hydrauljc  presia.  The  credit  for  the  success 
a(  ibe  Conway  and  Britannia  bridge*  must  be  divided  between 
the  eoiineen,  Kobert  Slqibenion  and  William  Faiibaim,  and 


used  for  railway  bridges  inEngknd  after  the  construction  of  the 
Conway  and  Menti  bridges,  and  it  was  in  the  dtscuiakMU  ariung 
during  their  design  that  the  proper  function  of  tbe  vertical  *d> 
between  ibe  top  and  bottom  flanges  o[  a  girder  Bnt  came  to  be 
understood.  The  proportion  o(  depth  lo  span  fo  tbe  Britannia 
bridge  was  -Jr.   Bui  10  br  as  the  Bsnges  an  concerned  the  slicM 


S+o 


BRIDGES 


I*  tbt  deptb  of  the  girds. 
.  lo  m4kc  Ibe  girder  vciy  d 
nil,  bowem,  iavolva  b  mudi  hcavin  web,  Bnd  thci 
tnj  type  of  (iidcr  there  iniut  be  >  ratio  at  depth  to  ipaa  i 
b  mou  eanwinkal.  In  Ibe  cue  of  Ilie  ptete  web  Iher 
bo  ■  cotuidtiatilc  ciceu  of  suteruii,  partly  la  itiSen  il  i 
buckling  ud  putly  because  aa  eiccja  of  thickrtess  m 
provided  to  nduee  tbe  eflect  of  eortnioD.  It  wu  iood  I 
thit  irilb  plate  webs  Ibe  ratio  of  deptb  to  span  cauM  di 
eouuimk>lly  incieued  bcyood 
A  to  A-  On  >1":  ■ 
«  fnmed  or  braced 
opponiuiily  for  mucb  better 
UnDEcmeni  of  malerisl,  lod  _ 
1  very  »oon  became  appattnt  N-ij 


followed  tbe  geoeral  dnign  o 
the  earlier  timber  bridg 
plate  web  girderi  are  i 
for  Ipant  of  ku  than  ic 

Three  lyp»  of   bracing   lor 
the  web  very  early  developed — 
Ibe  Warten  type  in  which  (he  br 
trianglei,  the  Whipple  Klurpliy  in  ' 
and  the  tio  inclined,  and  the  ktti 
liei  are  inclined  at  equal  angles,  usually  45'  with  ibe  boi 
TIm  earliest  publisbnl  Ibcorelicat  inveiiigations  of  (be 
In  bracing  ban  were  perhaps  Ibou  in  tbe  paper  by  W.  T.  Doyne 
and  W.  B.  Blood  (Free.  Insl.  C.B.,  iSji,  (i.  p.  1).  *nd  the  paper 
by  J.  Barton,  "  On  Ihe  ecoDomic  distiibuiioo  of  material  in 
tbeiideaol  wrought  iron  beami  "  {Free.  Intl.  C.E.,  1855,  liv. 
p.  44]). 
■  The  Boyne  bridge,  conjIraOed  by  Bs 


culaud  podtloa  of  one  of  (he  poInM  al  cooUuy  laii»  all  Ik 
riveta  of  the  top  baam  were  cut  out,  and  by  lowering  tbe  en 
of  the  gilder  over  the  tide  qian  one  bidi,  the  joinl  w 


onfidence  wil. 


Fia.  18.— Span  si  Stiiath  Bridge. 
tS54-lSjs,  wai  a  remarkable  example  ol  the  < 
which  engineers  began  to  apply  theory  in  design. 
fcr  two  lioei  of  railway  with  lattice  girders  f 
three  ipans.  The  centre  span  wat  164  ft.,  and 
ijS(t.8in.;depth  ji  tt.6iB.  Not  only  were  ( 
ttetigned  to  calculated  Mtesae).  and  the  coniinuiiy  of  the  ginii 

ukeo  into  account,  but  the  validity 

teated  by  ■  verification  on  the  actual 
ta  of  contrary  flexure  of  the  c 


In  both  England  and  America  in  early  braced  bridgei  cait 
iron,  gcncrall/  in  Ihe  form  of  ttibet  circutii  or  octagonal  in 
aectkia.  was  used  for  compreuioD  memben.  and  wrought  iron 
for  the  tention  mcmbcn.  Fig.  10  abovi  tbe  Newark  Dyke 
bridge  on  the  Great  Northern  railway  over  the  Trent.  It  wu 
a  pin-jointed  Warren  ginler  bridge  erected  from  design*  by 
C.  M.  Wild  in  iSjt-iSjj.  The  span  between  tUFponi  vai 
359  ft.,  the  clear  span  i4o{  fi.;  depth  between  joint  pins  16  ft. 
There  were  loui  girden,  two  to  each  line  of  way.  The  top  flange 
cnnsiited  of  cast  inn  hollow  castinp  butted  end  to  end,  and 
tbe  siruU  were  ol  cast  iron.  Tbe  lower  £ange  and  lica  wen  Sat 
wrought  inn  links.  This  bridge  has  nOw  been  replaced  by  a 
stTonger  bridge  lo  cany  Ihe  greater  loads  imposed  by  modem 
traffic.  Fig.  10  shows  a  Fink  truss,  a  chantieiiji  it  early  AmetkaD 
type,  with  cast  iron  compicssion  and  wrought  iron  teiaioa 
members.  The  bridge  ba  deck  bridge,  the  railway  being  cairied 
on  lop.    The  transfer  of  the  kads  to  tbe  ends  of  tbe  bridge  by 


F)C.  n.— Fink  Trina. 


BRIDGES 


ndni  ban  or  irlih  inier- 

.    BMwii  of  Hipportlos  (he 

iiMr  ginlm.  In  1S69  ■  bridac  a(  J(k>  ft.  ipau  «u  buBt  OD  thii 
*yi(em  ai  LouitviUe. 

I  Amongu  nnwrkible  Anwricin  ginlct  bridtn  miy  be  mcn- 
tlaacd  the  Ohio  biidfe  on  the  Cindoiuli  &  Cavhiftaa  nflwty, 
wtatb  ii  pnibibly  iLe  UifCK  sinter  quo  couUucled.^TiH 


glfdcniflBeRcdas.    Fi|. »  •bnn  ginlen  tncted  Id  tU>  my; 

the  doued  Una  beini  tenponty  ramben  duiint  encttoo, 

1. 1.     i^ij  ^jj  ^^^  ^^  tnoed  6nt 

a.  From  thcK,  by  Ihe  lid 
ilR  ipui  it  buitl  out  Iram 
itOever  bridga  u  fu  creeled 


wbicb 

on  uagiDg  end  ucboRd  to  Uw  j 

of  tbe  lemponiiy  memben,  the 


centre  tpan  ii  J  JO  [t.  and  ih*  liJe  ipaiu  49a  ft.— cenlR  to  centn 
at  pier*.  Tbe  cirden  are  JndepeDdent  polyconal  gfrden.  TIil 
centra  girdei  has  I  length  o[  545  It.  and  a  deplb  of  £4  [t.  between 
pin  centra.  It  b  67  ft.  bctweea  pinpeli,  and  cain'n  two  line; 
of  railway,  two  camaicwiya,  and  two  (oolwayi.  Tbe  cnxi 
(Irden,  itringeti  and  wind-bracing  are  wrought  iron,  tbe  ml 
of  mild  tinl.  Tbe  bridge  wsi  canitructcd  in  tSSS  by  Ibi 
Pfaoenix  Bridge  Company,  and  waa  erecled  on  tuning.  Tli( 
Iota]  weightol  iron  and  iteel  in  three  spa ni  wai  about  Jooo  torn 
'  iol  ((}  CmUitncr  BrUga.— It  hai  been  aiated  that  11  in  j 
girder  tuidge  of  thiee  or  nwre  ipana,  tbe  girders  were  madt 
conlinuout  there  would  be  an  important  economy  of  naterial, 
but  that  the  danger  of  Ktlleinenl  of  the  mpporti,  which  would 
aerioualy  alter  the  pointi  ol  conliuy  Haute  or  pointi  where 

/N?a7r^\NXM/l/IN^:TOa7K_ 


the  bending  nnnKnt  chaogei  lign,  and  therefore  the  nugniiudo 
and  diltribulion  of  the  itmso,  generally  prevenli  the  adoption 
of  continuity.  II,  however,  hinges  or  ^inta  are  introduced  at 
the  points  of  contrary  flciuze,  tjiey  becomo  necessarily  points 
when  the  beading  moment  la  aero  and  ambiguity  as  (o  the 

liille  considered,     " 


Ii  the  I 


^pl«t 


nelhodol  bridging.     Itii 
iractlcabk  with  independent  girdei 

ncemcd.     There  Ii  another 
es  is  of  the  highest  importance.    The  castilevcn 


nmi  bridct,  but  alter  the  fall  of  the  Tay  bckbe  bi 
—  absBdoiKd.  Tha  hrUte,  which  was  bnia  in  itSi 
and  complMcd  la  i«89.  ii  at  the  only  unowliv  ol  (he  Fonb  in  ■ 
width,  is  dividwl  by  the  island  of  InchgHvie.  The  fenglh  of  the 
cantilever  bridge  is  Juo  ft.,  made  up  tSiu:  central  tower  on  Inch- 
Ean^>«afi.;FiicaiidQBe«Bfefry  pienvKh  iij  It. :  two ecBinl 
elrden  between  cantilevers  each  Mo  It. :  end  bx  cantlleven  each 
680ft.  Thelwo  main  BDwisare  each  1710  It,  Tbe  clear  headway  b 
■17  It.,  and  Ibi  nlRnchaMK  ol  the  IDwErsabove  high  water  361  It. 
TIm  outer  ends  el  ibe  Am  caoiileveR  sie  kaded  to  babnce  half 
rolUin  hud,  andjoo  tons  In 


cot  nib. 
•i^'S^thenr 


The  two  mam  spans  are  I 
,  and  the  eatieme  Wight  ol 
—  ewda  el  ibe  di«  can... 
of  the  ocural  girder,  ■! 

*'  intemal  vbdud'ol . . 

Provision  la  mada  tar  lor^tudiiuj  e> 


viaducts.  (Sa7»tFMi2r>rfH.^W.  Weatbola:JbMt«ifttt 
Briliik  AntcuUltH  (1M4  and  iMsJi  Dii  Arlk  Brtiit^ vta  G. 
BarkhauesB  (BrTui,  iSag):  ITit  FtrA  Bridtl.  by  Philip  Phillip* 
r.iia.1 ,  Vhwh.  Kareourt,  Pnc  Imt.  aE.  caxL  p.  m-) 

sra  bridge  ol  a  total  length  ol  910  fL,  for  two  ttocaol 
tfxn  iKIWMn  lowers  49*  ft.  Completed  In  iMj, 
itly  iliengthened  {Prte.  ItO.  C£.  cvii.  p.  It,  and 

ii  The  Lanidawne  bridge  (completed  iMg)  at  SeUnir,  over  the 
The  rlcsr  span  is  790  It.,  ead  the  ■uwended  girder  Mo  It. 
!i.  The  ipan  to  the  centre*  o(  the  end  uprights  is  810  ft.: 
etween  centres  o[  main  uprights  at  bed-plate  r~  '•    — ' 

I  (oca  single  line  ol  reilwsy  of  3  Ic  6  in.  laufe. 

.....  —V  the  most  heavily  etraioed  part  ol  the  slruclure,  the  -.- — .. 

provided  for  beii*  IIOO  Ions.     Thisis  due  to  the  half  weight  ol' 

— "c  ginScr.  (be  weioht  cJ  (be  rAAIIlevcr  itself,  the  rrdling  load 

ill  the  tiridge,  and  (be  wind  pressure.    The  anchors  ace  bulk 

■tcel  £^tcs  and  angle  tian.  and  arc  buried  in  a  large  taam  of 

I(.  by  II  It.    Tbe  bridge  was  designed  by  Sir  A.  Rendel.  tte 
'-ing  engineer  10  tbe  ImUan  govennent  IFrie.  IvL  C£^ 

hS' The  Red  Rock  cantilever  bridge 


(t..  ami 

[t.    Tbe 
The  back 


>•- 'T'O' 

Fie.  13.— Forth  Bridge- 
be  buitt  out  (rem  the  pien,  member  by  member,  without  aay 
leapoimiyKa Holding  below,  10  that  navigation  is  Dot  Inlempted, 
the  coat  ol  scaRolding  \t  savol,  and  the  difficulty  ol  building  in 
deep  water  Is  obviaied.  Tbe  eealR  girder  may  b«  hnQt  on  the 
caDtileven  and  lolkd  into  place  or  BIted  from  the  water-level. 
Fig.  11  shows  a  lypital  cantilever  bridge  of  American  detltn. 
In  (hii  case  the  shore  ends  of  the  eulllevers  are  aochorcd  to 
the  *butnien(s.  J.  A.  L.  Waddell  hu  shown  that,  in  •ooe  eaaes, 
ll  is  convenient  to  erect  simple  independent  spans,  by  building 
tbcm  out  as  cantilevers  and  ouiivetting  tten  '  '     ^  '~ 


(5)  The  Ponhkeepste  bridge  0 


S%. 


linn  and  the  other  way 
snchonit.    The  gMer  1 


Tbe  gintoraover  tbe  Honid 

itileveri  over  the  adieining 

ilevers  protecting  one  way  over 
■  a  shore  span  when  it  la 
I  an  Sijlt.i  the  cantilever 


Jiiid?BB 


542  BRIDGES 

duiniMl^niSi»rt',i«p«idalq]u«7Slt.iilioRi|i«ustejlt.  Ibrfdgci.    Sndi  ■  biUge  ^nu  the  Wurmoutb  bridfe,  dnllMd 

L.i^.i..«ntik™rbTidg.o(»n<«l,«.»^g.>6)'    The(irt«j'JS«-    Souihwuk  bndg.  oTtr  the  ThuiKi,  daigiml  by  Jobn 
uiB  d(  [be  Whipple  Miuphy  type,  bu[  with  euned  [op  boonu.    The  I  Rsuue  with  cut  iiOD  riba  uid  erected  ia  1814^1819,  huacealK 


ic  J  lailiray,  between  the  main  ■ 


ddtelsft.  h'ii'h.'" 


bpu  al  140  ft.  ud  (  rbe  of  >4  tt.  Id  Full  tbe  Auuerliti  (iSoo- 
1806}  end  CaiTousel  (iSi4-t8j6]  bridcei  bad  cast  iron  aicho. 
In  iSjS  en  aqueduct  bridge  «*)  erected  al  WaahlogtOD  by  It.  C. 
Melp  (1816-tSgi}.  Tbii  had  two  arched  rib<  rermed  by  tba 
cast  iron  pipes  through  which  the  water  pasied.  The  pipa  mtu 
4  (t.  in  diameter  initde,  li  io.  thick,  and  were  lined  with  itava 
of  pine  J  in.  thidi  to-prevent  (retting.    Tbe  >pan  wai  loo  tt. 


Fio.  JS.— Quebec  Bridge 
{1750-1751)  In  iTTJ-t;75  at  Coalbrookdale  over  the  Severn  (fig. 
(7).  Ilhad&vecuIiroiiaicbediibiwitIiscentreip3noIi(»[|. 
Thi>  curious  bridge  is  tlill  io  use.  Sir  B,  Baker  stated  that  it 
had  required  patching  lor  uinely  years,  because  the  arch  and 
(he  high  side  arches  would  not  work  logethei.  Eiptnsion  and 
contraction  brake  the  blgb  arch  and  llie  coanexiaiu  belwecD 
Uk  arche*.  When  It  broke  they  fished  it.  Then  Ibe  botts 
xl  or  the  ironwork  broke  in  a  new  place    He  advised  that 


Rhin'r  at  Cobleni."  Tlie  b 

Of  l4rge.4pan  bridfes  with  Keelarcliet.  oneof  themoat  important 
is  the  SlUouU  bridge  over  [he  MiiHHpfM.  completed  in  1S74&.  n). 
The  river  at  St  Louis  is  confined  10  a  tingle  channel,  [6oo  it.  wide, 
and  in  >  Irethel  io  [870  the  icour  ruclied  a  depih  ol  ]I  ft.  Captain 
|.  B.  Eads.  [he  engiiieer.  delemiined  [o  establish  ihr  rirr,  .lul 
abutments  on  roeh  at  a  depth  for  the  east  pier  and 
'  Ij6  r[.  betow  Ugh  waeer.    ThiswaseSccted  byca 


in  the  iSth  and  taily  in  the  ijth  century.  Tlw  difficulty  ol 
raitttig  heavy  arch  dbs  led  to  the  construction  of  cast  iron 
wtbei  oi  caat  rouMoin,  aomewhat  like  (be  vousioirs  of  masooiy 


The  Aleiander  III.  bridge  over  the  Seine  has  fifteen  Beel  ribs 
'""^  at  crown  add  BpricRng*  with  a  span  ofj5j  fL  between 
of  hinges  and  ]5ati.  Eciween  abulmenli.  The  rise  f  mm  side 
«.  «..(«  hinges  is  »  ft.  7  in.  The  luadway  li  65t  ft.  wide  and 
lootways  33  ft.  (Fnx.  ImO.  C.R.  cm.  p.  jjs)- 

Tbc  largest  thiee-hiived'arcli  bridge  cDniCmcted  is  tbe  Vlsut 
Tiadau  in  the  south  of  France  (fig.  jo).  The  cmtml  span  ia  7JI  fi. 
<t  in.  and  the  heighr  of  tbe  raili  above  (he  villey  3S0  It.  It  has  a 
very  fine  amieamnct,  etpedaliy  wbcD  seen  IB  pcnpeetive  and  KM 

Fig.  31  shows  the  Doiiro  viaduct  of  a  total  length  of  llM  It. 
arTy)i)gBnilway>opft.above[hewitcr.  The  span  of  (he  central 
opeuni  IS  JJS  f  [.  _Tbi  pnndail  rib  ia  araceBt-thaped  j>-8  ft.  deep 


.    RoObwkwli 
i.    Tb(Cui£l, 

>ourD,  aha  dnaned ' 


i-atonpaft.  W^bloTmiM  I  il»  U 
ariocbo'  vrchcd  bnOR  over  tbe  {  toni  ■ 


■pADT^jiou.    TbcLuuL  bridge  ii  ariocbcr  0ichcd  bfidR  ovu  —  ^ , 
DinirDiiludtriinedbyT.Styrii.   Thii ku a tpin of su It.   Thsrc  1 
lMy.lt4f[.B|!anv«tically.    Thi 


nelu  For,  im)  ismplFtS  ID  ipo; 
:h  Aaviag  ■  toul  kngth  it  fiJD  it.     . . 
'  I  al  ths  crmra  go  It.,  uid  depth 


sur. 

Zambcu,  doigned  by  Sir 
a  rnmhinqtiDn  of  girder  and 
rdi  ii  500  ft.  nun, 
IS  ft.    IteiMlb 


bndnt.  WirerabTetwen  Died  in  the  vniion, 'by  Vhkh 
memben  were  lifted  from  bargee  and  auembled,  the  optrVion  be 
CDitducnd  from  ttie  dde  picn. 

Tbr  Niigan  FilU  and  Clifion  iteel  arch  {fit.  Jz]  reptaeei  the  ol 
RoeMini  iinpeiiniii  bridge.  The  centre  (pan  i>  a  two-hinged  pa 
boUc  bnced  rib  anh.  and  rbcn  an  ude  tpkia  of  19a  and  910 
The  bridge  carria  two  eltctric-ar  Itaelo,  two  roadwayi  and  I 

aS'^toiM  (Buck,  Pn^  J**  C.E.  cifiv,°"'70).  ''p^''cL^>i 
FidUr,  ipeaking  of  the  arrangement  adopled  for  putting  initiil 


between  centra  of  riba  o(  maio  anJi  k  97I  ft.  at  cron  and  ub. 
g  in.  at  iprln^ngi.  Tlie  curve  of  thr  main  areh  i>  a  ^raboli.  Tha 
bridge  hai  a  roadway  of  30  ft.  for  two  linn  of  railL  Each  half  accb 
waa  upponed  by  caDlea  till  jrtined  At  the  centre.  Aa  electnc  rable- 
way  of  900  ft.  ipan  capable  of  carryLng  to  tonawviuardin  crtctioa. 

i>.  (t)  UttaUt  Btldtei  can  be  doKd  to  cany  a  road  or  taUny 
or  in  aomc  caict  an  aqutduci,  but  can  be  opened  to  give  free 
puuge  Id  navigalioD.    Tbcy  tn  of  tevenl  typ«: — 

(1)  Liflitit  BrUfiL^Thc  bridge  vitb  ill  platform  is  suipeoded 
(com  giideii  above  by  chaini  and  coUDtervelgbts  at  Ibe  lour 
comen  {bg.  jj  a).    It  is  lifted  vertically  to  (be  Kqulred  bdgbt 


boldeaiudiennadoptert  by  thtengiiiBeraAnullr 
Tbi  Carabit  viaduct  earns  the  railway  rH 

Canul  depannwDt,  France,  at  uo  Et.  above  law  ■  be 

dcrpeat  part  c^  the  valCey  it  croeaecL  by  an  arch  dI  54t  ft  ik] 

113  ft.  rue.    The  bridge  II  Hnilar  to  that  at  Opano,  all  ed 

>y  Seyrjg,    It  Ii  tonned  by  a  cmccm-ihaped  arch,  co  .  on 
loe  bde  by  four,  on  the  other  tide  by  tiro  latEicc  girdte  vatia,  dd 

ron  ^n.    The  arch  ia  formed  by  two  lattice  ribi  hinged  at  the 


irtleo  opened.    Bridges  o(  thii  type  ate  not  vu;  ni 

Inporunl. 

(i)  Relllat  BrU[a. — The  ^iden  an  longer  tliln  Ibe  ipsa 
and  the  part  overhangiog  (he  abutment  ii  counler-wdghted  10 
that  the  centre  of  gravity  iaover  ibe  abutment  when  the  bridge 

il  rolled  forward  [fig.  3J  b).  To  fill  the  gap  in  the  appioidics 
when  the  bridge  i)  tolled  (onratd  a  bame  carrying  that  part  of 
the  road  is  moved  lolo  place  tideways.  At  Snndeilaod,  the  biidge 
is  first  lifted  by  a  hydraulic  press  so  u  to  clou  the  roadway 
behind,  and  is  (hen  rolled  back. 


Fio.  30.— Visur  Viadi 


toltom  nearly  the  parabolic  line  of  prmurea.  The  (wo  arch  ribs 
■re  «j|  It.  apart  at  UM  iprinpnga  and  Ml  ft.  It  (he  crown.  The 
roadway  girten  an  lattice,  17  It.  deep,  lupponed  from  the  arch 
riba  at  four  pointt.  Tbe  tnlal  length  of  the  viaduct  it  tjij  ft. 
The  latliee  girden  of  the  aiili 


(])  OrotB  er  Batadt  BrW(«.—The'lort(m  draw-bridge  H 
the  original  type,  in  which  a  single  leal,  or  bascule,  turns  round 
a  horisoniil  hinge  at  one  abutment.  The  bridge  when  dosed 
is  jupponed  on  abulments  at  each  end.  It  is  raised  by  chains 
and  counlerweighls.  A  more  common  type  i>  »  biidge  with  two 
letfts  or  bascules,  one  hii«ed  a(  each  abutment.    When  closed 


544  HKllAj 

each  batcule  it  prakmgcd  btckmrdi  beyond  the  Unge  ta  u  |  }^'^ 
to  biluKe  It  the  hiose,  tlie  prolongalioD  ^akini  iato  tbc  pirn  nnltn 
wbta  the  bridge  ii  opened.  I  Biiit 

.   U)  ^IRHf  «r  Twmiiif  BrUiti.—TiK  largen  BioraMe  bridgei  I  vcuni 


Tlnp^vd  by  the  fixed  platTorm  which  liiikt  into  a  m 
mry  when  the  brid^  openi.  In  da«ed  poeitioil  the 
at  on  1  bed  pbte  on  thelice  of  the  per  4  ft.  3  in.  beyo 
ttiQ^  The  biid^  ■■  worked  by  h^nBtic  pow 
itor  with  a  load  <il  -  }4  torn  supplying  preture 
u  im  a  per  * 
The  bridge  oi 


Fic.  31.— Douro  Viiiducl. 
tial  uii.  Tbe  bridge  ii  carried  an  4  diculu 
base  plate  witb  ■  ceolial  pivot  and  a  dicular  track  for  a  live 
ting  and  conical  roUen.  A  drcular  revolving  platfono  read 
on  tba  pfvot  atid  rollen.  A  toothed  arc  fixed  to  the  revolving 
platiotm 


Tiic  weight  ol  biill»t  in  the  ihon  ai 
:u>a  »  ]d;  toni.  The  weight  o(  each  1u(  includiu 
ul  1070  tone.  The  axis  i>  ol  i«B^  ><«1  11  in.  i 
ive  rollen  4]^  in.  id  diameler  and  12  In.  long.    T. 


and  ihe  bridge 

:d[Bg.3jJ).lbeiliorter 

!n  wme  iniall  britjges 

ihorter  arm  b  verticil 

and  the  bridge  tutni  on  a 

at  the  abwUMBt  (fig.  jje). 
(;}  Flotlini  Bridta,  the 

The.  movable  bridge  in 
It*  cloKd  poition  muit  be 
pcoponioned  like  a  fiud 
bridic.  but  it  hu  alu  oihtr 
Condiliooitoiulfil.  If  it  re 
vdvra  about  a  veniral  mjaa 
jtl  centre  tA  gnvity  muil 
ilwayi  lie  in  tRat  lui;  if  it 
mlb  tbe  eenln  of  gravity 


i  bridge  of  two  liied 


ofM  It 


lit  gl  in.  in  diame 
10  1/1.7  in.  at  (be. 


footway.    The  bridge  can  be  opened 
minuu.  and  k'opfraiBd  by  two  large  efKEncmatrrr^    Thewbavea 
tpeed  ivduciiDn  TrDm  armature  ahalt  to  bridge  crflumn  of  i<ni  To  i, 

lift!  Aicb  tranilei;  the  weight  a(  the  bridge  to  the  pim  whea  the 

lltTcleatance  it  >  in.,  » that  tbe  cndi  are  lilied  1  In.    Thla  givet  a 
load  of  50  lont  per  eccentric- ,  One  motor  it  placed  at  each  end  ol 


At  Riga  there  i 
^neint  of  Founeet. 
pentaoni  placed  64  f 
bedk<i5li.longUI< 


ting  pontoon  bridge  ovet  tbe  Dtoa.  It 
105  ft.  in  length,  each  tuppoded  by  two 
rt.    The  pdraofraftiuc  joined  by  three 

_-, ^--  .-  .,_—--  rJralld  groove*  tn  the  frwing.    Twoapant 

are  tnannd  for  opening  ouily.  The  total  length  it  1130  ft.  and  tbe 
width  4«  It.  The  ponlooni  are  of  iron,  gjf  ft.  in  lerwh.  and  their 
•eclion  ii  elliptical,  to)  l(.  hr)ri»ntal  and  II  It.  vertical.    Tbe  dii- 

tahen  from  th 

-4'— '■' 

t],  T'ran.tpgr'cr  £ri<f{ei.— Tfait  new  type  ot  bridge  olit^tl 
of  a  high  level  bridge  from  which  it  impended  a  car  at  a  low 
levdJ  The  or  receivci  ibe  traffic  and  con  veyi  it  acnm  ihe  river, 
being  cauwd  to  travel  by  decitic  machinety  on  the  high  levd 
btidgc.  Bridges  of  Ihit  type  have  been  erected  at  Fortugalcle, 
Biaerli,  Rouen,  Rocheiort  and  more  recently  scrou  tbe  Ueney 


indolea 


ig  »  lb  per  It..  I 
a  downttreato  1 


belwe 


u  of  Widi 


id  Runcoi 


The  Runcorn  bridge  croisn  the  MancheHcr  Ship  Canal  and  the 
Meney  in  one  tpan  of  torjo  It.,  and  four  approach  ipanB  <i  ii\  ft. 
on  one  aide  and  cuic  apan  an  the  other.  The  low-Ievel  appri^ch 
roadwiyi  are  35  ft.  wide  with  loolpatbl  C  ft.  wide  on  eacli  sde. 
The  Hipponingttrucluieiitcablc  Hiipenilon  bridge  with  Riflenint 
giidera.  A  car  ia  siupendcd  from  the  bridge,  carried  by  a  troUey 
ruDOing  on  the  UDd<jaida  t£  tbe  atiffeajng  girdart,  tbe  car  belnf 


by^  2,), I.,  JlJt.    The  cli 


ihcwliCT.    Tbe  andciddc  o( 


Thela 


14,  In  Ihe  United  Stalts  lew  nilwiy  companin 
build  Iheii  on  bridga.  CeiMnI  ipcciliaiwns  ii 
loading.  &c.,  an  turaishtd  10  biidgc-building  compai 
malie  lliedriign  undM  the  dircciianoC  cnginctn  uho 
ia  tbl>  kiod  of  worli.    The  doign.  wiili  iliain  slimi 


Ther 


Id  Iheir 


■iullyconsidci 


typti 

*ilh  rdoence  10  wnvctueni  ana  accuraie  nunuuciure.  auna- 
ard  paLIerni  oi  delaila  arc  largely  f  dopLcd»  and  more  system  in 
IntreduMd  in  the  wotiulwp  than  ii  pcasjhic  wbece  ibe  dnigns 
•re  more  varied.  Riveted  pbte  girdois  are  lucd  up  to  jq  ft. 
ipaa,  riveted  braced  girdcn  Cor  <p*ru  ef  jo  It.  to  ;j  li.,  and  pin- 
connected  ifaden  Tor  longer  spani.  Since  the  eretiion  cl  Ibe 
Forth  bridge,  caatiievn  biidgn  have  been  eiivniively  lued. 
■nd<oineren»rkkbl((i«l*rcKindiuipen(ii>n  biidgei  luvcabo 
been  coulruclaL    Overhead  railwayt  ace  virtually  cDniinuoiti 

imdyi 

SibilnulMii. 

15.  The  subslRictute  ol  •  bridge  comprhts  the  plen. 
mtnts  and  louiidiliont.  Theu  paniom  uiuglly  conti 
masonry  In  lome  form,  mrluding  under  that  general  head 
Dinonry.  biickworli  and  mncreie.  Octasionally  metal 
or  wDOdworli  is  med  (or  intermediate  pieim. 

When  girden  form  the  lupersiniciure,  the  iwnliant  pi 


Imply  regulafed  by  the  aullicienr' 
Wlienartho  form  the superaltuclui 
designed  u  to  transmit  the  multan 
in  jjafedfrenion.  and  so  distributed  1 
comprened.  The  intermediate  piers 
lerbalasi 


real  load. 


no  pari  maybe  unduly 


the  I 


one  arch  is  loaded  w 

For  sinpetiion  bridge*  the  abuiment  forming  the  anc 
tnutt  be  so  designed  as  to  be  thoroughly  stable  under  theg 
pull  *hifh  the  chain  ctiB  eteci.  The  piers  require  to  be 
above  the  platlorm,  and  their  design  must  be  niodified  ici 
10  the  type  of  smpeniion  bridge  adopted.     When  the  re 


e  indine 


nelhodt  d(  foundi 
properly  which  st 


In  I 


At  their  end  H 
blade  of  east  iron  Irom  two  to  eight  times  the  diameter 
■haft  ol  the  pile;  the  pitch  of  the  screw  varies  from  one-hail  to 
one-launh  ol  the  enemal  diameter  of  the  blade. 

iii  files  have  been  used  in  land.  These  piles  hive  a  flat 
;e  at  the  bottom,  and  water  is  pumped  in  at  the  top  of  the 
vihich  is  weighted  to  prevent  it  from  rising.  Sand  is  Ihua 
n  or  pumped  from  below  the  piles,  which  are  thui  easily 
ted  in  ground  which  baffles  all  attempts  to  drive  in  pilB 
lows.  In  ground  which  is  ol  Ihe  noluie  of  quicksand,  pilci 
Dfien  slowly  rise  to  ihcii  original  position  alter  each  blow, 
clli,— In  Mnie  aoUa  foundaiioni  may  tie  cditained  by  the 
ce  ol  building  a  masonry  casing  like  that  of  a  well  and 
vating  the  soil  inside;  the  casing  gradually  sinki  and  Ihe 
>Rry  it  coalinued  at  Ihe  surface    This  metliod  is  applicable 


Ihe  last 

.umber 

.f  hallow  cylindrical  pilbn, 

vertical 

ibnrd 

med   against    later*!   yielding   by 

I   and    diagonal    bracing. 

cases  the  piecs  are  cast 

Bllcd  with  concrete. 

whenb 

Brm  bearing  stratum  could  < 

brick  cylinders 
■  '  *  f  ou    ■ 


e  can  be  sunk  to  almost  any  depth  0 
leight,  and  are  filled  with  FottUnd  cement  coa- 
'  are  sometimes  eicavaled  by  grabs.  Sometimes 
led  in  and  kept  free  ol  water  by  compressed  air  so 
ion  work  can  be  carried  00  inside  Ihem  (Gg.  J5). 
lailly  civet  beds  I  bey  arc  Bunk  leolt.  01  nore,  lor 


5+6 


■cDoiiDg  al  the  river-bed  in  flooiU.  I 
cut  of  the  Eapna  bridge  over  the  SuUej  eacb  pier  con 
ol  IhlM  brick  welli,  iqft.  inditmeler,  nink  iioll.  Tb( 
oi  I)m  Bnurei  bridge  were  single  iron  caiuoiu,  65  It.  by 


rc/JM.— CofUideTalloo  of  the  loal  aindiiian  iffecting 
[on  oF  bridges  is  ilways  JmpottanI,  and  umctimcs 
L  CDDtrolLing  jBclor  in  the  detetminiEion  ol  the  dfsign. 
y  be  duied  u — (1)  f»cEiotx  on 


ilaging  or  labework^  ( 


;2u"3.iJ 


il  timtxr,  onh  binli.  or  buill- 

'3  end  moN-S'frSni  ilie  to  iSe" 

Tojuiili  of  timber  pile*  at  nearly 

Hjual  diitjncH  ol  JO  li.  la  30  U.,  carrying  a  timber  pLitform,  on 

navigaitoit,  and^tlic  pljiforni  at  rhia  pari  lacarricci  by  a  timber  and 
iron  iruH.  When  ihc  licad>ay  ia  fntt  or  iIk  livcr  dM(^  tinber- 
Imced  picn  or  duuen  o4  piln  ai  dnUncta  ol  so  !■-  M  loo  (1.  niy 
be  ujhL  These  carry  lemparary  iruHTa  ol  limber  or  ti«t  The 
Kuilrnbuijbrid|T  In  llalland.  which haiaipaaof  441  ft.,  waaeneled 

(nd  J  toni  of  bidta.  The  brii^  aapcntmcture  wrifhed  iijo  toiu, 
•a  'bat^  T<ib.  It.  of  limber  wet*  ucd  tier  ton  oC  Hiiierurucdire, 

ahore.  lifted  by  poalaoii*,  llaatcilaDt  10  their  pHition  between  iM 
piera,  a  ndbMly  lifted  into  plaa  by  hydnuRennKa.  The  Mocrdyk 
trhJK  in  Holland,  wilh  14  ananaoTjia  li..  vaa  ended  in  a  tiinilar 
vay-  Tbrn  coavenience  of  ertcling  girden  on  ahore  ia  veiy  gieaCt 
but  tlien  iiaoiiHi  rich  In  the  flcating  operationa  and  a  good  deal  of 
banling  olant  Ea  rcquind- 

(1)  Iri  bridge  oonllala  of  girritn  cDRilnuoui  over  two  Br  more 
■pana,  It  may  be  put  logeiheron  the  enbanknient  ai  one  end  and 

poirer  la  applinl  by  levers  and  ratchets  to  (he  mllen  on  which  the 
girders  travel-     In  such  rolling  operations  the  girder  Is  subjcffcd 

and  parts  Lnlend«i  for  tension  may  be  in  comprwlon:  Ivoce  it 
may  need  to  be  stiffeoed  by  limber  during  roHingp  The  bending 
action  on  Ihr  bottom  boom  in  passing  over  the  rollers  Is  also  levrre. 
Modi&ciiiau  of  the  sysieni  have  been  adored  (or  bridges  with 

be  lolled  oni,  H  the  projcctuii  end  is  supported  on  a  Kmparery 
auspeuloaealikinchoMoDCKhside.  Tha  fne  end  it  dung  lo  a 
Uock  ruuilBi  on  the  cable-  If  the  bridge  to  eiecitd  wb»  (he  river 
it  Matty  dry  a  Invellini  (tage  nuy  be  contincied  to  carry  the 
pniaeting  end  d  (he  girdtt  wKDe  it  la  hauM  acmi,  the  other  end 

one-ihird  d(  iu  lesgih.  and  then  luppDrted  on  a  floating  pontooii. 
(4)  Some  type*  ol  IxidEe  can  be  buill  oiil  froin  ihe  abut  men  t>,  the 

arTEii^  'cen«ilTy?^n  addhionf  wire  eaUea  ate  stmcb^  ac™ 
the  tpaa^rom  which  tifting  lackk  la  auspendcd.    In  bridgea  so 

S^Leuii  Mdge.  lull aKhetvm buirt7ui ooeTthcr  ddc  of'wh  pier'! 
ao  thai  the  kiad  balanced-  Skeleton  towers  on  the  piers  supported 
chain  iltached  (o  the  aiched  ribs  at  suitable  pirinlt.  In  siaie  ot 
carelid  provlaioa,  Duch  dUbculty  srat  ciperienctd  in  making  the 
eoflnexioii  at  the  crosro.  fivB  the  evpannon  due  to  tempcrdiurr 
ehaiaca.  The  Douro  bridge  was  rimilaily  erected.  The  girders  ol 
the  tide  tpant  wer«  rolMout  to  at  10  overhang  Ihe  grealspan  by 
10s  fc.»  ano  formed  a  platform  from  avhich  parti  of  the  anh  could  be 
tuipHKM.  Dwarf  towers,  bidit  nn  the  arch  ring  at  the  hitli  panel 
troni  either  tide,  helped  10  luppon  the  girder  above-  in  erecting  the 
centre  part  ol  the  anh  (Seyrjg.  Pm.  Inst.  C.E.  Uill.  p.  ITT)-  The 
great  cantilever  bridgea  have  been  erected  in  Ebe  tame  way,  and  chey 
■n  ipecially  adapted  for  tnctlon  by  buOdiag  ovi. 

Sirainint  Atliini  and  Wtrkht  SItaut. 
tj.  In  tnetil  bridgct  wnmgbt  iron  has  been  replaced  by  nJld 
Meet— a  tlrongtr,  tougher  and  belter  malerial.  tngot  metal  or 
Diihi  Bieel  wu  tomcllino  Inicheroui  when  finl  [niroduced,  and 
■cddcnti  occiiTTcd,  the  ctuia  of  which  were  obscure.  In  (acl, 
small  diSflencet  a(  conipmlllon  or  vaiialiona  in  Ihermil  treal- 
iBeM  during  manufacture  tnvolvc  telalivcly  laise  diSeitncet  of 


quality.    Kow  it  ft  n 
ipecilying  the  eiact  quiUiy  ai 

Sliuclutsl  wrougbi  inin  hai  a  tenacity  01  10  to  m  tons  per 
aq.  in.  in  (he  diitclJon  of  rolling,  and  an  ultitnaie  elopeaiioD 
of  S  or  10%  in  B  in.  Across  the  direction  ol  railing  tbe  lenidty 
it  about  iStonsperiq.  in..lndtheelongatlon  i%inSin.  Sted 
hat  only  >  small  diaeience  of  quality  in  dlHciint  dircclioni. 
Then  il  ttill  conlreveny  al  lo  what  degree  of  haidBcti.  oi 
[which  il  nearly  ihe  aaim  lUng)  what  peraentagt  ol  cwfaoa, 
can  beiiermiited  sri  lb  safety  in  steel  for  itiuclurei. 

tin  of  seel  uaed  maybeclau'tedatlolkiwa:— (a)  Solt 
na  a  lenacii)'  ol  i]|  n  ib  loat  per  tg.  in.. and  an  dongatioa 
1%  in  I  in.    W  Medium  itt^Mfait  a  tenwiiy  0(16  le 

.-./.„  „B  .1 :—     '->  Mod«.te1»  hard 

_  iJldiTWllMga. 


iteel.  having 


in.    »)  Med 

._.  _,..„., and  18  to  is%elongaiki_    „, 

iving  a  tenacity  oIm  10  J7  lont  per  «|.  is.,  and 
W  iTacd  siiel,  luvi^  a  tenacity  of  j;  to  to  con 
.^  elongation.    Sail  attel  la  oted  (or  iiveta  -. 

— ..etimea  for  the  whole  aupettlnietiire  ol  a  btidfe.  hi.,  ,„ ._ 

feel  more  feneraJI^  lor  ihe  plalet.  angle  hart.  Ac.,  the  weight  of  tba 
iridge  being  then  reduced  by  abooi  7%  lor  a  given  farto' ~'  — '-^' 


ratdy  hard  tted  hat  hcei 
•|M»  oridgea.  Hard  tied,  if  Uh.-u  «, «,.  ■>  nnj  wi,,^  ,«■  ■, 
mcmbert.  In  which  there  it  ka  riik  of  Bawt  eiiendii 
icniion  mcmbert.  With  medium  or  modcratdy  hard  ti> 
hotel  ihould  be  drilled,  or  punched  |  in.  lest  in  ddmelt 


fartor  of  tafery. 


shall  be  acid  or  batic  cpenbeanh  ttccl.  conlalning  not  more  I 
o-o6%  of  autphur  or  phosphorui.  Plates^  aoglct  and  ban,  01 
ihaa  rivel  tari.  miial  nave  a  teniile  tlreagth  ol  iB  10  Jl  tont 

*-'  -  "*      ol  w%  ia  g  in.    Rivet  hart  letled  on  a 


,„ Rivet  hart  letled  ol  _ 

tieter  mutl  have  a  tensile  ttrcogth  of 
inelongaiioB  c'    '" 


iB.  SrraiHriig  .ilelimi.— The  external  Fortes  acting  on  t 
bridge  nlay  be  riassified  at  foUoIvs: — 

(0  The  (iw  or  Umftrery  hai,  Wrt  toad  bridges  the  wriglil 
of  a  dense  crowd  unilonnly  distribultd,  or  (he  wei^i  of  ■  beavr 
wagon  or  liticlton  engine;  (or  nilwiy  bridges  the  w^hi  of  Ihi 
heaviest  train  likdy  lo  come  on  the  bridge,  (i)  An  allomnce 
it  somclimes  made  for  infiKl,  thai  is  Ihe  dynamical  action  ol 
the  live  load  due  to  want  ot  vertical  balance  In  the  movinc 
parts  o(  locDmotivrs,  to  iTRgolarities  of  the  pennanen(  way,  or 
to  yielding  ol  the  stmclure.  (j)  The  4<ai  load  compiiie*  Ihe 
weight  dI  Ihe  main  girdcts,  Socring  and  wind  bndng,  or  the 
total  weight  ol  the  supeisiructure  eidvsive  of  any  part  diitctly 
carried  by  ilie  picm.  This  is  uiuilly  (reated  as  unifotnily 
diittibuled  over  the  span.  (4)  Tbe  ioriaulal  prciiMrl  due  (o  > 
wind  blowing  Irantvenely  10  the  span,  which  becomes  of  im- 
portance in  long  and  high  bridges,  (j)  The  tmplviiiial  drat 
due  lo  the  friction  of  a  tiain  when  braked,  about  one-ieventb 
ol  Ibe  weight  of  Ihc  liain.  (6)  On  a  curved  bridge  lh<  anlri/aiat 
lead  due  lo  the  radical  acteletalton  of  the  train.  II  v  is  Ibe 
weight  of  a  tecomolive  in  Ions,  r  the  radius  of  curvature  of  Ibe 
irack,  *  (he  vekwily  in  feel  per  tec,;  then  (he  horJEonul  lore* 
eietledoBihe  bridge  ism^/gr  Ions.  (7)  In  tome  cates,  etpcctally 
in  atch  and  sutpcnakm  bridges,  changes  of  (empcialure  act  up 
tltettei  eiiuivilent  10  Ibose  produced  by  as  eiiemaj  load.  In 
Europe  a  variation  of  (emperaluie  of  70*  C.  01  196°  F.  ti  com- 
monly assumed.  For  (hit  Ihe  eipantion  it  about  1  in.  in  100  Ft. 
Cenenlly  a  siiucture  should  be  anchored  ai  one  point  and  Free 
10  move  if  possible  in  other  dirtctions.  Kougbly,  if  cipuiaion 
it  prevented,  a  tireit  of  one  ton  per  iq.  ua.  il  Kl  up  in  alee] 
>ltucluttifaieschii*chaii|e  of  tempera luic 


SiMricii  and"! 
bridnt,aiid« 


n  Kaad  Bridi'i.—h  dense  crowd  of  people  may 
irm  load  of  lo  to  110  ti  per  sq,  ft.  Bvl  In  rece 
I  ol  traction  enginea  and  siagnnt  which  pam  01 
reated,  and  this  kind  of  load  genei^ly  prediK 

ir  large  towns  loads  c^  ^  lonB  may  come  on  m 
aly  and  borough  aiitboritictfaisist  on  provMoa  bei 


classes  accordinc  10  Ihcir  importance,  and  the  lollowkAg  hade  ai« 
prescribed,  the  designer  having  to  provide  tuf&cicnt  tlrcnglh  eitber 
fur  a  uniformly  diiiribaled  crowd,  ot  loc  a  >e|vy  Btcoa  uywhim 

""""""""  izoaB.Google 


BRIDGES 


In  Enitaitd  Mill  teriir  louli 
(J>rK.  Ima.  C^  ciU.  p.  33)  h.^ 
ciwine  And  boiler  trolky,  and 
■itk  (niiH.     He  lu        '     ' 

1^  IsHmnnl  trt  *aa 


pravKkd  [or.    ].  C  Intlii 

qumUii  lowl  per  loot  oT 


Toi.1  w™J,u.  too.  .        ... 
To>i.pcr7l.o..rdl.         .       .        . 

ToiK^cfLofwbcdhw,       .      . 
Miiiiniiiii  iilc  knd.  toa.       .       . 

98  IX. 
i-o« 

1i 

iS-Jo 

•a 

Tom  pcrTt.  onr  ill   .... 

"1 

76-46 

7S-65 

Enninknlltt 
Do  dw* 


U'te  SS^i    te-M  47-00 


LiTfc  ai  (hne  lo«ds  i 
oTmii  b>  pnivided  loi. 

Lm  Laai  m  ffaAnj'  BrUl«.— TTic  live  load  ii  the  velsht  ol  the 
>.__._■_.  j^j^  which  can  come  on  the  bridge.     In  the  earljer  girder 


oa  (hOTi  (ptiu,  they  an  not  m 


II  fer  foty  diffemit 


3ad  vrUch  at  etrry  point  w 


..  .  ....  , oieuh  line  of  way,     Ai  that  time  bcoinoiivn 

on  njhvayi  of  4  ft.  B4  in.  gauge  weiched  al  mcnt  u  to  45  tons,  and 
their  length  between  Duffenwaatucn  ihai  theaveragt  kod  did  not 
CKCced  I  ton  per  foot  run.  Trabu  of  wuong  did  not  weigh  more 
iIhb  thne^iiiarteia  of  a  ton  per  fool  nw  when  bkhI  heavily  loodtd. 
The  weighti  of  eaiim  and  wagoni  an  oow  plater,  aod  in  addition 
it  la  nccgaiied  tfiii  the  concentialion  of  the  loading  it  Ihe  ailci 
givea  riK  to  gnter  iiraininB  actioq.  especially  in  abort  bridget,  than 
the  wne  leoS  undomly  ditttibuled  alH«  the  nan.  Hem  many 
sf  ibe  earlier  hcvlgei  have  had  to  be  nreDglheoed  (a  carry  modem 
tnlKc  The  following  eumplca  of  tome  ofEhelKavievlocofruIivei 
DO  Engliril  railvayt  ii  given  by'W.  B.  Fair  (/Vet.  tmiL  C.  E.  call. 

I  !  ! 


i    !    ! 
mi 


cj)  CDcbCi) 


.lafffl 


^IV?^  •^U^J'S- 


&)(aM)   '  (\)(\)(\)(h 


L4;yr  i  afa;  1  S}^_ 


■.*"_^.4-_a.+A-«4, 


•Tr">:r-*ii— -^- Tr-rr-ir—xr 

tt-M         1*^9       »-l*  a-4S  $0-*»       lO^t        104*         9M 

Good!  Engine.  L.  ft  Y.  Ry. 


mi0 


m 


I  i 


Oj6cb!db 


w 


— .j...— ..^^......j.«;c^^^..-.-..|...::-.v:^:.-.. 

PtaMiWr  Engine,  Xrn.RjF.  C     ("tOoIt' 


548 

■hall  be  dniflin 


Sp.n. 

Li«  Lo^  in  T«... 

30 

If™"' 

P«ft.n.B. 
4-6 

btuifS  ji,  iiuKad  (Jan 
91  could  be  con 


jM  be 

JKwId  pmluce  1 

:lHa  of  nilny-    Bridfc* 


•  10  a  tyincal  liovy  locaniitivc  which 
It  ai  any  eiinini  luconwiivt  cm  cmch 

^ jid  then  Ik  d»i(iied  inr  iheie  vlccnd 

wfluld  be  Hfer  in  dralinE  v^th  Aooriag  ginkrt 


, ^ .„ ,^  -,- -    .Unlong 

WlDt  PrnMia.  New  Yatk.  tigaj  pnpiH  to  anaBfc  n.lmy* 
n  clnoi,  according  to  the  live  kadi  whkh  nay  be  citpccted 
.he  ehanclr*  nf  inelr  tnffi&^and  to  conunKt  bfidgn  in 
■nee  with  thii  duillvatiiia.  For  tbe  liihint  claH,  he  take*  a 
itive  and  Ititdet  nl  93-5  ton.  u  ll.  beturcs  buScn  (averaie 
'B  ton  pvr  It.  run),  and  (or  the  lieavint  a  locomotive  and 
wei^ins  144-S  tana.  51  (I.  bnween  buflcn  (annn  load  1-77 
s  It*  ran),  ^^ns  he  aaumei  to  welih  lor  the^hleit  cti» 
u  per  ft.  run  and  fer  the  heavieM  1^9  tont  He  talcet  ai  the 
idlor  ibridnlivoiuchenainea,  followed  by' ""in  nf^iAi-nn^ 
iftheipaR.    Wadddl-al ■— • 


^ ..M0(  MOO  lb. 

iL  Impad.—  II  a  vertical  load  ii  Impoied  Hiddenly.  but  withai 
niatity,  work  ii  done  durint  deflection,  and  the  delonution  an 
ftnA  are  momentnrily  double  those  due  lo  the  aame  load  at  rr 

on  the  nniclarc.    No  fcud  gfrucily  thii  hir-" '- "'--■  ■- 

bridp.  But  if  ■  loud  bn  applied  ihai  the  de 
•peed,  the  itreti  u  fnsicr  t  lun  that  due  to  a  1 
Inid,  and  vibrationt  aboui>  nHia  poHliDn  1 
not  bcinf  nbiolulcly  sinighT  and  flnioiMh.  cei 

npidly  cbanglni  (onw,  dut  to  the  moving 
wlikh  are  unbalanced  vcnicaUy.  act  on  Ibt 


•hould  be  made.    E.  K.  Stom 
CDllmiad  lonie  nKHurenenK  «  m 
of  Indian  bridcea.  and  lound  (I 
Impact  to  depend  on  the  ratio  0(1 
averiEing  be  obliined  the  (ollowi 


Dead  kad  in  per  ce-i 
ofloijlload:    .     . 

.0 

X. 

30 

^ 

s» 

70 

90 

■^■sl^Ji:;^""' 

*> 

80 

7" 

to 

s» 

JO 

,0 

RaiiD  of  t<v«  to  dead 

load. 

, 

4 

.■3 

.-o 

043 

010 

'J 

'i 

a 

SS 

40 

1-6 

03 

H  oTlive  to  dead  load  ttre 


Sk.  C.  E.  nn.)  and  by  F.  E.  Tumcaur.  (rr 
The  latter  uied  ■  Rcoidini  deltectonetn  in 


a  larce  ellecl  in  nuBiw  vi 
theviEniiwuirccunulativ 

lewihaoijln  an  hou'r  tEei^'ii  not  mu^h  v 
tl  dcOectied due  tobnpact  at  40 or  jam 


Geneal1yt(i)Aii 
jntion.  t»)THHi« 
■n  boor  b  likely  to 


I  foriirder  ■(■«  of  kaa  tkm  )0  ft.    (])  Thb  piRemae 
ra^dly  (or  tan(er  apafli.  beeonint  abant  is%  for  JiJt. 

J  aame  at  that  of  deflection:   that  In  web  bracing  ban  la 

rather  (renter.    U)  Speed  ol  train  prodncet  no  eflect  on  the  man 
Uefleciion,  but  only  on  the  magnitude  of  the  vibntlons. 
A  purely  enplricai  aDowance Tor  impact  umaeahaa  been  propovd, 

giiden,  10%  tor  jjfrjt.  apant, 
addeTto  the  Kvc 

welfiN  ol  main 
nclmed  wbe 


'tI«di«%MbiB 


..  — r 4  the  type  ndo 

le  character  of  the  Aoortflg  Ih 
Iwiy  bfiiha  »>  ««>«  <■••>« 


an  fan  beyond  whicli  the  deadkwl 

.  ^^he''iJafflaoring  had  on  ■ 
br  sidered  (or  Ihe  pment  purp«c  la 

be  (W,f  W/}  be  the  weigh!  uTnain 

gii  W/.  but  n«  tlirir  own  weight  in 

W,-(W(+W/)(*+»'+i' . , .) 
will  be  Ihe  weiriit  ol  main  gltden  to  carry  Wi+Wr  and  thdr  own 
weight  (Buck./'rK./nit.  CV£.  lavii.  P.JJ1).    Hence, 

W,-(W,+W/)W(I~H. 
Since  in  dnigfilng  a  bridge  Wi+W,  ii  known.    »(\V,-t-W,>  can  be 
found  from  a  proviiional  design  in  whkh  the  weight  W,  Ij  oe^eeicd. 


ow  let  wi'.  wt'  be  the  girder  weights  tier  ft.  ri 
n  h»d>  f  per  It  tun.    Then 


pbtlDrm  per  It.  run:   Wi  the  weight 

mton'of  rMli'l:"'d-'d^k'3'g'iJi. _,.,„  „ 

•pantoikpllioliirderKihalr-W    Then 

•.-(•i+th)P/(Cdj-«.(»,+wJ/,/(C<-JO. 
whercCtiacoMtanKorinyiypeofgtrdet.    tiiiniiteaiyioGilhe 

B-!«h +»,«'/(«<(-(■}- (iii|+w,)W(K-lr) 
where  J  -  (w,  +iJ,+it.W/wi  il  lo  be  deduced  fmn.  Hie  data  of  wme 
bridge  previoutly  de«ignf>d  with  ll"  •-™-  umii.-w  ■«■■>■■*■     Vmm 
.     .  I -.xample*.  C  vain 


1  wi  the  weight  at 


Sinn  theikaiier  lo  the  Tay  bridge  in  1819.  £  <o  the  nuaimum 
wind  preHuie  on  anuU  plain  Bormal  10  Ihe  wind,  there  it  not  much 
doubt.  AnenunKter  obacrvAtionB  ahow  that  pmturea  of  jo  Mft 
per  ■).  It.  accgr  in  HorBii  annually  in  many  localiiiea.  and  thai 
occafionaHy  higher  preiHirei  Art  recorded  in  expcned  poeitioni. 
Thut  at  BidMone,  UvcrpDol.  where  ihe  gauge  hu  ajT  rwptional 

tonudon.  HKh  a>  t\ni  at  St  Louitin  1896,  il  has  been  cakulued. 

lo  96  liiper  tq. It.  mu«  have  bwn  reached.     AJ  1q  anemomttet 


M-fl.  lOag 


al  Sir  B.  Baker  at  the  Forth 


.hndef.ihtnto  Ihal  on  a  till 

watlnttlnnM  aiimilailyupoiwlanrnwnicirf  plate.    InthcciK 

of  bridgea  ihert  ii  the  luntn  difficulty  that.  ionK  aurlica  partially 


., ji.KiftH.tUil.    — 

if  Tnik  dKldid  llHt  tiB  aindaL 

nrtial  Mitfica  In  Gml  Britnin  ilKHild  ba  unmd  In  deiljiilin 
■UKCWtt  to  bt  S«  ft  pv  m.  ft.    For  ■  plan  lirder  bridn  sF  Ini 

bdaht  ibu  tlM  tnlB,  ■"■-  -"-'  ' —       -■ ' ' 

__  ...  ._  -^  ijrgJHtBl 


BKIDGES 

It.iiHfdaHd««t«inrl)>wiMp(lta*lii,in«a 


M  wind  ii  U  ba  MhiB 

" ■  ■ — Hi  ^£?b>iSt«,  ti 


■Howl  wo  ft  fait 

In  idditien  js  ft  pn  q.  [t. 

^'•J  hMtm  of  kSHbusart.' 

'  ~  I  periq^fl.  o_  .  cr,"  ■ 

t.  SIrtaa  j'tnuOat— For  ■  hag  tims  eiisiiicen  held  the 


It  opiniOB  that,  if  the  total  dead  aj 
■        ■  «(ofi™n)di- 


on  any  w  .  ,  ,  ,  . 

aq.  in.,  ample  ■afclj'  wu  Kcuicd.  It  n  no  loBgcr  piMtibk  lo 
detign  by  »  liiaple  a  rule.  In  an  inletotlnt  ad^o)  (a  Ihe 
Britiah  AwdatJanin  iSJj,Sic  B.Baka  dcsciibed  the  amdition 
of  opimoa  aa  to  the  safe  Umiti  of  itrcu  aa  chaotk.  *'  The  old 
fonadalioiu,'*  he  said,  "  are  ahaken,  and  cngioHia  have  not 
come  to  an  fl^rrrmflil  Teapecting  the  rebiuldirg  ol  the  atmcture. 
Ihe  wjaocc  in  Ube  alrength  of  ■"■'■Tig  bridgei  i<  fxh  as  (o  be 
■ppartnt  to  the  educated  eye  vithout  any  alcuIatioiL  In  Uie 
pKKnldayensIneenanhi  accord  alto  the  prlDdplei  of  eatimal- 
ln|  tke  nugnilude  ot  Ihs : 


Tla  ptankd  nmdl  b  that  a  bridgo  whidi  voold  be  paued  bjt 
the  Englitfa  Board  of  Trade  would  nquin  to  be  atnngtlieiitd 
i%  in  lome  part)  and  60%  in  olhen,  befoit  it  would  be  ac- 
cepted by  the  German  government,  or  by  any  rf  the  (oidinf  rail- 
way companin  in  America."  Sir  B.  Baker  Ibcn  described  the 
rcinlti  of  eiperlmenu  cm  repetition  of  atrta,  and  added  that 
"  hundred)  cj  eiisiing  bridges  which  cscry  (wenly  Uaini  a  day 
with  periect  lafely  would  bnti  down  quickly  tmdn  twenty 
mint  an  hour,  Thii  fact  was  (oiced  oa  my  attention  nearly 
lirenly-£ve  yeais  ago  by  the  fracture  of  a  number  ol  girden  of 
ordinary  itrenglh  under  a  £ve-minutca'  train  lervice," 
PfMtical  enperjew*  taught  engineei*  that  though  s  tons  per 

(San  mSe  for  lov  hndin  with  Ivge  nt^  el  dead  to  live  load.  It 
wu  OH  Ble  for  ihort  odb  in  wfakE  Ihe  atrew  vr  mainly  due  u> 
live  load,  tfa*  wiifht  uf  th*  bcidtc  beiiif  iiiutl.  The  eqieriinenB 
c<  A.  WMIer,  np»Kd  by  Johaaa  Bauchinger,  Sir  B.  Baker  and 
oiherh  ibow  that  (ha  breaking  itreia  ofa  bar  ■  not  ■  Sued  quanciiv. 
but  dapiwU  OB  th*  naga  elvarbtion  d  «naa  to  ohKh  it  u  auh- 
iectrd,  if  lliat  variation  'a  repeated  a  very  btrga  number  of  umei. 
Let  K  be  the  breaking  Itrenglh  o(  a  bar  Bar  umt  of  leelBa.  when  It 
la  loaded  oia  gradoaU*  to  bceaUng,  Thi>  BWy  b>  tensed  the 
natial  bnaUng  Mreaga,  Let  Ka.  be  the  breaking  itrength  of 
the  aiK  barwfien  tubfKtad  to  Mnw  varying  from  ^„.  to  !_„. 
■Inmatlly  bmI  repeated  an  indefinitely  imt  auinher  of  times; 
It....  ii  to  be  reckoned  4-  it  nf  the  nme  kind  aa  L^..  and  -  if 
of  Che  oppoiite  kind  (teiukin  or  thnut).  The  laoge  ef  Mreia  ii  there- 
foiw  l_l.^-^*.<...  if  the  KiBH  an  both  of  tEe  aaa  kind,  and 
k_.-|-kb,.IIth«>areatD«uiiteklndL  Letd -l.,;*_h.-tbc 
imma  of  etma.  wW  A  it  nli^yi  poddvc.  Then  WBUer")  navlH 
agree  cloaelr  with  Ihe  rule, 

W-ia+VdC-BAK), 

i-j._  For  1  naiicat  |.     ■ 

kodcd  and  ^\>ad 

A>>/l_.»d4^. -0-uK.    The  sate  workitig 

hm*CMC>lBl_.dlvtfillwaelBCMrofa>fe<l. 

MUtbatabarta--lBtIgi>ed-'byiapeatadMraimng.  .Thenal 
ef  the  actioB  b  aea  weO  BBdanrteod.  bw  the  word  latlg^  may  he 
aed.  y  il  la  KN  ceniMirBd  U  linib  nnR  Ihan  that  At  breakim 
Mnaawtderiepethion  of  lending  dWnUienr ' 


na.  A-a,iL,.-K,  the 
■0  placed  that  it  laaltematelv 
„  and  fc™^  -o^  K.  Fc-  - 
,_™lndSe_' 


■.  Let  A  be  the  dwl  had  and  B  the  Uva  lovl.  prednd^ 
fat  a  bar:  *-B/A  tk  iBtio  of  linn  dKd  load: /Ttha  wis 
i«  limit  <«  Riaa  Eoe  a  bar  iob jectad  to  ■  dead  load  only  aad/ 
fa  wMfciaf  aiH  in  any  other  taaa.    Then 

f,(A+B)/tA+lB]  -/,tl +.)/(!  +*).). 
The  (onowing  table  givia  valuta  c</io  computed  on  the . 


a«gr«(/»it»t«Jn,/., 


ridgn  Bctionn  deunnd  by  thia  rule  differ  hltie  fiorn  thov  Aagnad 
r  lonsulna  band  dlnclly  ea  WflUee'a  eipcriiaaala.  Thit  nik  lua 
vn  revived  in  Aaaefka.  and  appears  to  tc  iacreaaingly  relied  ea  io 
ilia.  lUi^iiiau  (See  Tniu.Am.SK.  C.B.  ili.  p.  t».) 
The  mSadof  J.  J.  Wenatxh  a«l  W.  Lauahaidc  bamd  on  an 
npiriol  aqiiwioB  lor  wAltr'i  law,  haa  been  much  sasd  in  bridge 
deaigninc  (see  Aac  Iwt.  C£.  tiiii.  p.  17$)-  Lm  (  be  (ha  mliaal 
Iratlaig  Um^  el  a  bai,  loaded  aoea  gradaafiy  op  to  bactun 
0  ■hnakng  had  dvided  by  origBial  area  of  leetioB) ;  ■  the  bn^ing 
strength  gl  a  b«r  leaded  and  Bdsded  an  Indetnltdy  HiBi  BOBbat 
of  tbaei,  theimaa  vaiying  from  a  CO  oaltaniatdy  (thWla  KiBied  the 
er^BOto  nrm^;  Bad.  &«ly,  M  >  ba  tta  hrcaklH  atrwlh  <tf  a 
narHfafeeced  id  aa  ladataltaly  gRBI  Bunbas  eriepedBeas  ef 


^SSo" 

its-1.    Thitistermerf'thesarsltia 
Hinenta  fiva  v^Qca  of  ^ 

ibjected  To  aheraations  of 
en.  by  WaUer'a  law,  the 


7u7l ^  .. 

_, _. materials.    II  a  bnri 

•titat  having  the  nnge  A>/_r-/rt. 
bar  win  uhlaiBteht  bnab  if 

/-u--Fa.      ,     .      ,     .     di 

where  F  Is  some  Bnknowa  lunelkin.    Lannhardt  found  that,  for 

agrMd'withMi|ieriaieBt!"F<ie ilruata  eJ'iEgen^hindi  Wiyn^ 
Isnnd  F-(b— i)l)(M~J— /_,}  lohe  limilarly  ai^mahnatn.  Now 
kt  iU„(tb.>-«.  where  «  it-Hrr-aeconUng  ai  the  ttioHt  an 
ef  [he  tame  cr  oppoaile  sigBt.  PuttiiB  the  vniuet  of  F  In  (I )  and 
tohringlor  /■— „  •rtget  for  the  breaking  ttnm  «(  a  bar  •shjceted 

"""'£:::Ui'.-4i:!  i:=3:s^io 

h/.^,  divided  by  a  factor  ot 
HI  WMIet't  renlla  lor  koa  and 


el  ^ve  Ihe  following  eq 
wuwot«Bgstrese./-a.«[i-I-U} 
led,        »  „   -S-«j(l+W. 

For  tharing  ttmH  Ibe  working  itiess  may  hi 
'or  tention.  Tlie  iDllowing  table  gives  valBca 
I  cakulatcd  by  Iheie  a^iKUwu: — 

ITtrUig  Srin /or  Tnuwn  sr  TtrsU  (y  fuBlarA  W 


^ 

Working  St™./. 

*. 

Iron, 

Steel. 

j:« 

ttt 

VH 

?« 

-'■" 

o-SU. 

>-M 

550 


iitioatl  ibonaa  itioiild  be 
:l  in  WShlcr'i  upcHmcnu.  ii 
La  add  tba  inipiict  ■llowaim 


^^^by  tKtnltg  tba 

bridle  wort    TUm  reject ,—  — 

cflcct  of  Rpctilloni  and  dawa  biUR  incmbcn  Ick  ihe  IodI  dead 
asd  liv<  bid.  pliu  a  lani  allovaiKg  tot  inipaci  varied  aeoxdiu  lo 
■iHHwinlye»lricalnjlb  {S«  WadddlTKAiiMu.  p.  rO  Now 
ia>iiaMiHWBbkr->la«,/-..ror*aybridKnKnlKr  E  loysd  (oi 
the  '3^^!^  poiBbW  lin  bad,  a  llVe  lua  which  choufh  ii  nuy 
aomatifflei  come  on  the  brSdfa  uid  nuit  therefoR  be  provided  for, 
b  not  Ihe  bhiI  live  load  ra  wUch  the  bridie  ii  HbiBUd.  Hence 
the  nan  ol  iUH  /—•■  —fmin-,  'no  whicE  the  wotUnI  itres  ia 
deduced!  ii  not  the  ordinafy  Ewi(a  of  itnia  which  li  lepcated  a 
pracllcaUy  tnfiiiite  auaibiref  tinea,  but  ha  nn|eolnie»»which 
the  bfUn  i>  nbjicied  aaty  at  conpantively  long  I 

pcaclicany  it  appean  pcobaUe  •■—  -"-  -" 

b  eithef  ol  the  Ubiea  above  it  I 
of  impact  alio. 

^flidi  bitdn-buildcfi 
ntionul  linllu  u  woiliini 
Nordetberall  - -' 


torn  in  to^  booim,  5-0  taai  in  verticab  and  lone 
bm    For  the  Stanley  bridle  at  Btiibane  (lie 

1  boon,  I'D  loB  Id  venkal  itnita,  6-s  tou  in  diannal  tia. 
Da  b  wind  liiaeiBa,  and  6-s  ton  in  cnaa  and  rau  glrdcf^ 

new  Ta*  brii^e  die  limit  of  atnie  ii  EOpenlly  5  todt  per  iq. 
Einineabnin  which1beftiwcbanceiBiin4  ton»periq.ia, 

Focih  bridfe  for  membcfi  in  which  the  Etroe  varied  fcom  o 
laiunium  frequently,  the  limit  waa  j-o  tone  per  iq.  ia.,  or  if 
ev  varied  nR<]i  }« toni  per  eq.  in.  1  for  membin  lubjecled 

ni  per  en.  in.  if  the  alumationi  were  infiequenl.  The  iheaiinc 
r  rivcu  in  lEEHon  nenben  wai  nwie  i|  lime*  the  aieful 
I  of  plate  in  tenacia.  For  umpieiiian  memben  the  ihearini 
'  rivett  in  buti-jcxDU  was  made  half  the  uaef ul  lectioii  of  plate 


BlofTraf 


SI5 


1.  Let  fi|>  3?  repreatnt 


Fia  IT- 
The  naciiso  at  the  tight  ibuimeni  b 

Ri-W,.i/J+WrtflT-..., 
That  at  the  left  abutment  i> 

S-R-I(W,+Wi . . .) 
wheie  the  wmnatkni  eitendt  to  all  the  loadt  to  the  left  of  the  it 
tion.   Let  ^  fi .  .  .  be  the  diitanoi  of  (be  loidt  from  a  t.and 
the  diilaace  of  Ri  f  mn  a  t ;  thea  ttu  bcadioi  moment  at  a  t  it 

when  the  nmniation  extendi  to  all  the  kade  to  the  [eft  of  a 
U  tlie  loadt  on  the  liiht  c4  the  aection  arcconiideredthceipiei^ 
•re  linilar  and  live  the  lanw  reetUta. 

If  Ai  A«  an  the  cro«  HctioEu  of  the  tcnrlon  and  comprort 
iaafea  or  cbordfl,  and  It  the  diEtance  between  their  mau  ccnirci, 
tbea  an  the  aaumptlon  thai  (bey  lewt  all  the  direct  horiconul 


B.iheioiiof  SaadT 


!o  Ihelef 


Ri-W,(.+o)-W,li+aa)-Sr: 

BJ»-Wiao-W,a-T(; 
menti  about  B, 

if  M,  Ml  Mi  are  the  momenti  of  the  external  foim 

A,  and  BreiipecLively,andAH  J  iiule  Ihepcjpendiculata 
B  on  the  directiofu  of  the  fOTCca  cut  by  Ibe  lectiori, 

S)-Mii  Tl-M.andCc-Mi. 

tore  generally  if  H  i*  the  ttreat  on  any  bat,  k  the  pcrpendicubr 
ce  from  the  join  of  Ibe  other  two  ban  cut  by  the  Kction.  and 
ha  moment  of  the  forces  on  one  udc  of  that  joia, 
H*-M. 

INiMMin  1/  Bendl*!  Uemtml  ami  Sluarini  Fara.—Let  a 

girder  d  nan  I.  hg.  «,  Bupponed  at  the  endi,  cany  a  fhicd  load 
W  at  ■•  from  the  %ht  .butmenl.    TV  reaclioni  at  tile  ab: 
~      and  It,-' ~       ■ 


^ 


,-W(/-H}/LThc 


Fm.  39.  Fic.  40. 

to  l^  Ul  and  n{ht  of  the  load  are  R,  and  -R,.  and  the  dieolbmioil 
of  ah^jinw  force  ia  given  by  two  ncIaDai^  Bending  moment 
iBcreaaia  unifmnly  from  eliW  abutiHnt  to  the  load,  at  whicll 
the  bendin(  mnnent  la  M-Rdi-R,(l-ai1.  The  dbtributioa  ol 


BRIDGES 

.  _.,    _,     , Jiarihitiiin  i 

of  tttnr  am  TBtial  tcctioH  i>  (iica  by  ibt  mliiiiHi  d  x  dafitf  I 

Una.  Tin  (naUM  btndinc  insnieDi  ii «  ihe  cmuc  and  -  M.  -  )>K  i 

Al  uy  pgiat  w  (rom  ttm  ibutwiu,  (Ik  biaduig  muatnt  i>  M  •■  i 


bat;  aaiwetlaM«abMiaMM,R.-lt.-W-    tWdiarilntian    taUgdBttntWwiiil.  Ttti 

_.  .^ . • —  ._  .L.  __,. ,.  _,,_,_    EyWndaj  W,  w  C,irilg//-fi(>' 

MtlijUifc.    Thu  niilt  H  nodiGed 


J.  anr  im  It  TmMmi  laaij.—ija  *  unilann  tn 


rhfch  it  ilu  Iba  ahnrliv  rom  at 


■  toad  ihcn  in  (Ik  hfl  ^ir  < 
j  h  of  a  dillvrent  Mn  frofn  1 
j    the  .bad  lead.    Fig.  t^ 

Irit  aiK!™6^"«,  (j'  Kin 


■beB'  chania  ^fn,  UTonlinf  u 
ortlieniht.  The  bradng  ban.  Ih 
mutt  be  adapted  to  retitt  either 
nttgt  al  Mreat  to  which  thn  an  h 

due  to  Ibc  load  advandng  fioni  IK. 

15.  CmOat  Siair  wkn  amcnilraUd  Lc 


m  tn 


Fm.  44. 

vheaWi  b  at  C.    Let  R  be  the  rCH 

bridi*  «ben  W,  ii  at  C.    Then  the  n 


d  h  gtoerally  unall  aad 
DtcrtcciioD*  by  nil]  and 


and   B  an  W(^-i]/p  and 
Now  let  C  (lig.  46)  be  tbe  K 

kti  till  W.  is  at'c  "|"r  i ' 
■utlant  Dl   the  loadi  then  • 


■>A..  •' 


1  the  Am 


ntheihcarL 

;  if  R?/^>  w***:  >^ 


Fic  45- 
tbetbs 

«viS?vK'S 


.  CfKlufiia^ 

Bi"/!  and  liie  bending  momenT  at 


int.     The  nncliao  al  B  i> 


rIEng  luadh  tbe  bending  aii 


aeria  of  traveUinf 
rinler  Irom  the  le 
from  the  left  abu 


FIC.4S. 

le  lofiJIn^  Ti  eomptett  In  that  ca 


Inthecaieofa 

it,  be  iheir  naultanta  op  bther  tide  of  C. 
is  Wf /f+Wid+i)/'-  The  bending  mcaieiil 

M-W,i(f-iii)/I+W^|i-(j;+o)/Il. 
If  tbe  toadi  an  mmrd  ■  diitmce  Ai  (a  the  tigtat,  the  beadiBf 
M-I-OM-' 

and  chii  Is  pa 
W,(l-«i)>W*i^  < 
Wj«>W,/((-«). 

Idlandright'ofC.  Hence, 
il  the  nveiaie  load  to  (he 
Left  of  a  leclion  14  grearer 
than  that  to  the  tigtii,  the 


an-WjuU-al/J-  W,uai/(, 
<live    oe    the    bending   mome 

'OQaaaaaaa 


the  avenge  load  i>  (be  lame  on  either  ikle  of  C.     If  one  of 

^  pencil  tbe  tuHflmem^'lhl^ilion.    HTm  the  eriieririn 
the  poilion  of  (he  loadi  which  mikea  the  moment  al  C  grenleat 


fwtl 


'  the  Icsdt.  but  it  'a  not 

Mm  moTnent-    Generally 
»  of  the  largest  of  the 

^ny  Dthen  to  rifht  and 


Mn  n  a 

CO. OB 

1.1     . 

I  If 

'          1 

jI  tbe  freatot  loach  al 


loult  nnve  ovBibc  Einlcr,  the  poimi  C,  D.  E  docribelbe  pinbDlu 
Mb  Mk  M  h  tbc  mkHh  ordinta  of  which  m  IWA  )W  J.  ud  fWri. 
If  tbMi  an  Ent  drawn  It  u  tuy.  Ua  uy  poiitiim  tl  the  luidi.  to 
draw  the  Knti  B'C,  B'D,  &*£,  ud  to  finif  the  nm  of  (he  latercepti 
whidi  ii  the  tODd  bendinf  nioiiint  oDdir  *  kad.    The  lower  ponioa 

Tni  W^^ilu  ulvin^^  di<uiKe^'a^aii^''k«l'^  im  Ihe"|lrd«-| 

Asd  I^nim  A'F  nvH  tvnHiiw  mnmnilj  due  10  Wi  Dllty;    U  Wj 

LET  00  the  girder,  and  the 
W..    GB'^  the  curve  dI 


curve  FG  livn  moninu  due  n  W,  and  W> 

cue  ol  1  ihon  brid(c  with  very  uaequ^  lotjli.    The  thm  I^Uy 


^ 

a 

Q 

■'' 

T          ,      , , 

' 

, 

'                 '                 ~ 

■1 

^ 

, 

....,_..... 



r 

ic  kiodi  uken  ttpantely.    The  thiec  hovDy  clotted  o 
una  Hi  rnuimum  moMieoI  uiidei  each  al  (he  kadi,  (or  I 

[hi-    Al  might  be  expected,  the  nuuDcoti  ve  gmietf 
uE  u  the  KtJoDi  udder  the  i5-£oa  load.    The  havy  at 


diea  h  ti  beat  to  dnw  the  cnrva  of  madsum 
lot  aaiae  Mwiinad  Wpjcal  m  el  kada  In  thfi—y 

vlir  pnlyiiin  afiorda  •  nnhod  <of  dttcmimiic 

Bui  voy  (itat  amraqr  (a  dnwlac  xEa  cmc  la  uancceaaary. 
bacaiua  tbi  nUlBf  atock  of  rallwiyi  virica  »  Buch  that  the  pcedae 
nulnitode  and  dlMrlbotloa  o(  the  foada  which  wQl  paia  over  a  bridie 


hM  da 
LUiea 

bacaiM . 

nulnitode  and  dlMrlbotloa  i 


ot  be  known.  Alt  thai  t* 


IQnly  to  jproddce  aomewhat  leverer  ttniidtM  ihaa  any  pi 
actui  rodina  hndi.   Now,  aicnM  for  nry  Mart  brklaea  at 
unequal  loau.  a  parabola  cad  K  (ouad  wMch  iBcliuKa  1hi 
tl  mnii—m  BomeaU.    TUt  parabola  b  the  curve  td  ma... 
■Bflieali  (or  a  tnvellint  load  uuform  per  tc  mn.    Let  ■.  be 
load  pat  ft,  run  which  would  ptoducc  the  madnuim  moai 


iHS 

which  will  ptodiica  tkeRaaieet  bendinc  moainii  at  the  centre  of  the 
hridfcoratoat^oanarepan.    UtM, and  M.  be thoae oooaaa. 
At  aaectioB^iUM  ■  frnn  Ibeanln  o(  a  ginlrr  vlmfmn  jc,  thabe■d- 
M  -  |w,(p«)  (< +i)^ 
Puttiii  a-a,  fat  the  ctntic  acliaa 

andpattinix'li,  UnicttiOB  ai  qnner  ■■«■ 

From  thaw  tquatioaa  ■  iialnc  nl  w,  cu  b«  obtaiaad,    Tliea  the 
btidp  la  daipHd,  ao  (araa  the  di 

cqiuviJcnl  load  w. 

tj.  la/Lutma  Uattr—ia  dealiav  trilh  the  actioo  et  travrllini 
Iwli  muizh  aiuUDCE  may  be  obolncd  by  giiBg  a  Use  tamed  aa 
ii^binM  km.  Such  a  Um  haa  for  ahirliii  the  diunc*  al  a  load 
from  aos  end  of  a  tiidtr,  and  far  ordinate  the  beadtat  laaaent  or 
•beat  at  any  tlven  mcIMBi  or  on  anr  Bember.  due  la  that  lead, 
CnwaUy  the  iaewae*  liac  ia  drawn  for  nidi  load.  In  fif.  ji  let 
W  be  a  tfrder  aupportad  at  the  cnda  aad  let  It  b^  rcqiditd  lo 
iavtalitate  the  benrfiiia  Booeal  at  Cdoe  to  unit  kad  la  arw  psiitiaa 
oothegiider.  WheaOielaad  liat P. tbenactloaat  B'&a^Vand 


B  dwi  hiail  and  the  vmton 


&■-?«:" 


tg  Icwdi  al  filed  diitancee.  let  Pi,  Pi.  Pi,  ...  be  the 

■ll  abaimeal.  Sel  off  iheK  diiium  aloac  Ab  and  let 
be  the  correRpondint  Drrtinatea  ol  the  inBueace  cnrva 
the  venkib  under  thelaada.    ThcadwaoaeatalCdK 


551 


•tuwn.  the  load  ■i'b'i>(f-ii)/B,iind  thii  it  E''a*lp,  Tliemaownt 
d(  tbc  load  II  C  ii  I■(J-s)/^1I(^)/A,  Thit  it  tbt  cquitioa  U  the 
dotlrd  Mat  RS  (fii.  ji). 

|[  the  unit  lud  i>  .t  F',  the  raaioa  u  B'  und  the  ibat  it  C 

Ifae  tudoga  the  right  tg  RKive  vjiwinb;  at  up^-«/J  (i^Hl 


«<hinnki 

■he  pmoBi  f-^  «hcr 

■£K',.™A-^'i 

^£^^Ji^ 

^^i1.?/S^sl 

loctinKB 

O. 

taction   M    B'    l»   [be 
low]  It  E',  [bit  it. 

[*(x,+»)-.rf)/f(, 
wlikh  it  the  eqiutfcm  to 

W 

(i  \    / 

CmrirTthe    dMribati™ 

' — •! 

siS-'£-S;-ss 

.    _    L.. 

Iwdi  P,.  p.. .  .  .  K  dif 

.  .  .  fnm 

(beliAibutineat.ri.n,..  . 

b^off       the        oidinata 

X  Ok  kwk  it^-Po^+Pfli+  -  .  - 


_j1i  C  divldn  the  (itder  ii  i 
d,  the  kadbx  laid  bBni  M  C 
— ■>^—  ■«  ^.^^Dnlly  wptiaa,  ■  cnal  or  two  i 
poiitBii  lint  the  (leitol  nlui  <^  S.    ne  p 


olBeriaimk 


rjSL 


dbyGoogle 


55+ 

■IKR  (  k  tbi  au  in  teet  msd  r  !•  the  nds  si  ifin  to  dtpt 
uccoue.    TaldDsKlMMcH  tiRttnaiTMOtoQOOO, 


ThB  pndiisl  limit  of  ifKn 
CUmin  Fldler  {Tnelal  om  | 
very  (arTuI  thnrcliol  ana^i 
urpehud  huobu 
for  ^nllel  glidcn 


For  unlkl 


■ouM  bt  laa  iIub  thii.    PnAat 
rite  Cmiinuim,    —  ■  ■ 

■  «H  thewcigliiiDl 

a"i 


ihli  Dt  bndin  Hi  diHntnt 
m  tAe  loucnnng  vaiiA  for  iht  riiniiiiw  ipaiu^ 
Iwa  r-io.  iIk  lliriiinj  uan  i>  tojo  It,    T" 

. ...ig  iirdcn.  *h«i  f^9,  the  limiiiiH  ipjic.  , 

DT  fluuble  nupeiuHKi  brkJcct  *iEh  wrought  iron  link 

, dip  'r^lh  «  (be  tpui.  the  Limilmg  span  ii  iSoo  ft- 

For  UiSciiol  luipenuan  I>rid^  villi  vin  ublo.  i(  the  dip  ii  Alb 
o[  the  •pan  Ihelimiling  ipin  \ilJOO  ID  3600  ll.,  and  [T  lb<  dip  ii  |lh 
o[thciipaii,3)JolD4iJoIt.,  aaonl  ing  (o  Lbe  Ibc  ui  i<  uIfi  y  alloiicd. 
]i.  BriKctf  Cirdcrt.—h  frame  [j  ■  rigid  ilniclurc  composed 
oT  itniBht  9lruU  and  Ilea.  Tbc  siruit  ami  tiet  ut  called  bracing 
ban.  The  (tuno  ua  whok  may  Ik  (ubjeci  loa  bending  moment, 
but  each  incmbet  li  limply  ciicndcd  or  campresKd  w  thai  [he 
talal  iiiman  a  given  membct  ii  thf  unie  ai  all  its  emu  section), 
wblle  the  inlen^iy  o(  Kioi  li  unilotm  [oiall  the  parltol  tay 
OH  troM  KCtion.  Tbii  muh  muu  follow  in  any  fnroc,  the 
menbcn  of  wbich  are  n  ninnect«l  that  the  jointi  oiler  Jiltk 
or  no  leibtance  to  change  in  the  relaii«  angular  position  o(  the 
■nemben.  Tbus  il  the  mcmbcn  are  pinned  logeihei,  the  Joint 
nnsiating  of  a  single  circular  pin,  the  ceotre  of  vrhich  lies  ia  the 
uia  of  ibe  piece,  it  is  dear  that  the  direction  of  the  only  stress 
whidi  can  be  tnnSEnitled  from  pin  to  pin  will  coincide  vrlih  this 
mil.  The  aus  become^  thercFore,  a  line  of  resistance,  and  in 
riawining  ol  (be  itteuei  oa  frames  we  may  treat  (be  frame  u 
COBiialing  of  simple  stnlght  Unel  from  joint  to  Joint.    Il  ia 

not  iBIIeE  sensibly  whether  these  members  are  pinned  togeiLet 
■itb  ■  UBgle  pia  or  mote  rigidly  Jointed  by  several  bolts  n 
rivets.  FTimcs  ua  nuch  used  as  girders,  and  they  also  sivt 
oscful  deslgni  for  tuspensioii  and  arched  bridges.  A  frame  used 
to  support  a  weight  is  often  called  a  (run;  the  stresses  on  ihe 
vaiioua  membeis  of  a  (nisi  can  be  oHnpuled  for  any  given  load 
with  greater  accuracy  than  the  Intensity  of  stress  on  the  various 
parts  of  a  coBlinuoos  structure  such  as  a  tubular  gfidei,  at  the 
rib  of  an  aich.     Many  assumptions  are  made  in  iienliog  of  the 


ioitifia) 


It  sensibly  to 


bridge  t. 


inforr 


and  that  the  fr 


ifrac 
smc  shall 
ad.     Fram 


<  change  their 


UM  member  can  eloagali 
ji  cumple  Kill  lerve  to  dike 
ig  of  this  Utnitaiioa  clearer.    Let  a  fratti 

ts  KB,  BD,  DC,  CA.  C8  (Bg.  S7),  Jointed  at  the 
points  A,  B,  C  and  D,  and  all  capable  o( 
resislfng  tenaioa  and  compression.  This 
f  rsme  will  be  rifid,  i.e.  it  csanot  be  distorted 
without  causing  an  altenlion  in  the  length 
ol  one  or  more  of  the  members;  hut  if ' 
a  change  of  temperature  or  anv  oibei  < 
_.  one  or  all  of  the  memi 
Fig.  sj.  length,  this  will  not  prodi    . 

member,  but  will  mcRly  cause  a  chang 
the  fom  of  the  frame.      Such  a  (nme  as  Ibis  cannot 

stress  on  one  member  by  making  soaie  other  member  of  a  wr  _ 
length.  Any  error  of  this  kind  will  merely  aSect  Ilie  form  of  the 
frame;  11,  however,  another  member  be  btreduced  bclwcen 
A  and  D,  then  If  BC  be  shortened  AD  will  be  itniaed : 
extend  il.  and  tbe  lour  other  members  *ill  be  compressed;  if 
CB  i*  kocUwned  AD  will  thereby  be  compRBed,  and  the  four 
other  membeti  eitendcd;  if  tbe  woifcman  does  not  nuke  CB 
and  AD  of  exactly  Ittf  right  length  they  and  all  the 
will  be  permanently  strained.  These  stresses  will  be 
quantities,  which  tbe  designer  cannot  lake  Into  acoi 
inch  ■  combination  should  K  possible  be  avoided.  A  Irani  of 
this  iccoDd  type  Is  said  to  have  one  1    '      ' 


31.  Tfpti  of  Biaad  Giitti  8rUf».-'n(s.  5B,  59  aod  (to 

show  an  independent  girder,  •  cantikver,  and  a  cinlileveiand 
suspended  p'^"  bridge. 
In  a  ih»e-tpan  bridcB  continuoiH  girdcn  srv  lighter  than  dia* 

Bi  to  the  level  of  the  lup-  ^„— r~~^ 

ports.  Thceanii  lever  and  ^--^        A     A"-^ 

It^tJ^ln  gng'^'a    1  r 

bcidgei    ihe  _  cantileiw  ^^^ 

by  building  out,  which  14  ccociomical  and  lomclimcs  neceiuTy.  Tl  is, 
however,  unKaMc  unlns  UEidly  fuuil  at  the  pkn.  In  tie  ForA 
bridiesiabiliivij  obtained  panly  bv  ihc  gnai  Mce»  o(  ttead  <F»cr 

clrb>ldEn  M  ol  gioil'i^n'h'te'gi^i^'ls  »il'riu'^'ill4  boan^'riut 


FIO.SJ. 
(he  ctoiat  BpprsiJmadoB  of  setual  to  ihcomlcal  dlmcnslaHS  of  (ha 
parts.    In  spina  ever  MO  ft.  Il  is  eeonomical  to  have  one  borisonlal 

boom  and  oaepolygr~~" -■----<-----.,.  ...»  ^^    , 

backed  (Itdcr  is  a 
■one  dlffieultic*  of  i 


alely  pafsbolicj  baDm.    Thekog- 
.L.  ...„  types,  avo'-"- — 

the  girder. 


^<KPl>v ..<KP&K 

forms  of  traa,  tbe  Ung.poK  truss  (Gc.  Gi,  a),  or  t)ie  qucca-poit 
ITUH  (^.  Gi.  i).    Their  nuy  be  used  in  either  the  upright  or  (ho 

CtruHcs  in  the  upright  posit' 
]a,  where  Ibe  circles  indicate 


rhich  the  Booriog  girders 


lni»nit  laid  K>  the  I 

[he  KCOddaiy  Bupportod  OA 

KDndaiy.    Thua,  the  Fink  IruM  conHSls  of  Wng-pcM  truBes: 

the  Pratt  IiuH  (fig.  (>:)J,  and  the  Whipple  Iiuia  (Eg.  64)  of  <)ueeni»M 

budge  ia  buUl  piilly  ol  tjaiber,  fiartly  of  iled. 


r 

, — ......~ — being  genarmlly  of  timber  and  the  tendon 

nenben  of  Heel.  On  the  f^cihc  cnut.  where  cioeUcM  timber  is 
ibtainaUe  and  steel  wixka  ale  diMani,  combination  biidga  «• 
till  latrely  laed  (OnewtK,  Tnuu.  Aim.  Sx.  C.B.  iniL  p.  4^). 
[^  owibiBBsiiui  bndgeat  RsacbBigh,  OngsB,li  ■  aatihwd  WdgB. 


bci-l  584  ft.. 
The  coiopiwioi 


BRIDGES 

'    Tkb  potyran  fi 
,     by  Clark  fluw 


id  Ihc  pita  □[  luel.  Tfat  diDnl  bLocb  and  poit 

33.  CrspUc  Ufihul  t/finiliiii  ilu  Slnna  JH  firsud  Straams.— 
Fit  ^  ihowi  ■  comnian  lorm  o(  bridn  tnin  lEnown  ■•  a  Worm 
ptitT,  wiLli  lino  indiating  uttnial  limn  applied  tt>  the  jolnii; 


MA  NN\ 


Im^  The  liniT 
H  of  foTcei  which  n 
Hd  objocl  10  be  txfik 


f  (^  '"  '^f 


artCed  by 

iiul  all  be  in  iquilibriun ;  then  line*  mav. 

lined  in  the  not  paraEraph»  b?  convenKntly 

,  ..I  the  spacci  irhich  they  icparate  imtead  of 

by  ihe  RKIbod  utually  onpliwed  in  nunetcy.   Thu*  we  •halt  call 

thehvincliuiilineDnthekft  hand  ibe  line  AC,  the  line  1 

tng  ihe  Bm  force  on  Ihi         '' "    '     '      ' 

iDcmber  at  Ihe  top  left 

joint  awy  be  called  ABHC,  bd«  the  ooini  when 
nai.  1^  thl.  method  of  ietwrfng.  cWry  cndD» 
dtsiaited  bjr     ' 


AB.  Ihe  fint  hoiiBoul 
'  nllariy  each  point 
lop  fini  left-hand 


a  anfiiilf  (he  (rune,  asd  ei 
nain  a  dluinaivt  Ictm:  t 
pOKd  by  O.  Ilrnrici  and  R. 


n  (PUi.  Uai-  1864) 


/|\NN^^M/|\, 


L«  a  frane  (without  ndundant  mnnben).  and  the  eilemBl 
constituting  one  of  thcK  two  plane  HguTcs,  th^he  linn  in  the  alh« 

tiidE  the  form  between  the  jointJ  ot  the  (tame,  nnd,  comeqnenily, 
Ibe  tiRCa  DO  each  member,  ai  will  now  be  eKplained- 

RecipitxaT  fi^uret  arc  caiily  diawn  by  f^fowjng  dcfir 
and  afford  Iheicfore  a  aimpic  method  of  computing  th 


•howi  I  frame  iuppottid  at  thr  two  end  jo 
ip  foint.  The  kadi  and  tfie  auppDiting  fore 
L  Fig.  67  a  abowi  the  Rdfncel  figure  or 
OKM  M  Ihe  aaunpliaa  tliat  the  reaclioai 
ha  baMin  fig.  67  a.  lencRd  in  Ibe  tHuaJ  man 
-  ■-■•■"■  ■- a  in  fig.  e6.  and  In 


I  an  indicated 
ut^htly  la- 


>  Bow'a  method.     Whea  all  Ihe  forca  ai. _...  _ 

,_  _7_..__   ...        t_._    ■  „um|  (jHoa  win  b«  ndaced 


caae  fn  girden.  the  potyfoa  of  « 

iro  •traighl  linee.  fig.  frr  p.  mperii 
th  AX  repreaenn  the  load  AX.  t 
■h  YX  the  mction  VX.  .kT 
eio(lciVti>.uXA.  AB.. 


the  length  AB  Ihr  Irwl  AB,  tl 

'forth.   The  line  XZ  conitta  I 
IZ.  rcpreacnting  Iht  loade  ulii 

9  aa  if  ilvhtly  iacbotil  to  U 


bm  aiF  no  nduadanl 
lembnm  abutting  ai  Ibe  point  af 
r  ■ufficient  lolaiaKX  the  n 


w  two  Iriangka,  each  having  *■  one 

ent  a  polygon 

1  in  which  the  ktten  X  and 
t  of  Ihe  irliiigle  E^  tbc  linea 

lianglc  YXE  it  the  Rdpnical 


FiO.  6j. 

:  of  Ibe  three  line*  YX,  XE.  EV  in  t 

;or<»  in  «|uilibiium  at  tbc  poin 

w'hKh  wT  miiM  go  niu^  the  t^ngle^XE  to  find  the  d^i 
twowher  force;  doir>gthi.wefindthat  Ihe  force  y^- 

towardi  tbc  point  VXE.  and  Ibe  force  EY  away  fn ,_    _ 

■>....: 1.-  i—jgf  diagram  to  indicate  the  direction  of  the 

-.-.     .  - .-mbcr  EYmitit  pull  and  therrfort  act  aa  a 

,  and  that  tbc  member  XE  mint  pinh  and  act  am  a  itnit.    Panlng 
■      ....  .      e^  the  IpadXA  acting 

Ihe  a'lTow,  fig.  66.    TTi* 


Thii  polygon  of  ft 
dafiniiion,  t«  caDed 
ihe.Bdct  are  smngea  in  me 
which  Ihcy  act,  »  that  it  the 
4.  Ac.,  paiuiig  round  the  outside  cl  1 
returning  at  Ia4l  to  ioint  I,  then  in  1 
itg  Ihe  force  1  wiU  te  not  Ibe  iidi 
wai  be  (oUowid  by  the  tide  reproei 


BRIDGES 


.._mn  Eirda- ((!(.  6>)>  tcBiiKl  at  the  top  and  bMton 

lolMf.  Fh.  ttt  k  the  polyfoii  tt  tatrmi  (occca.  aad  691  ia  haU  Ibe 
rcdpncal  pfun.  TfaaomipktcEadiiroGalfifiiRbihowniDfif-bga. 
I1K  nctnod  ol  Kctioni  already  deacribcd  n  of tm  men  oonvnienc 
Aaa  tba  method  of  ndpncal  ogana,  aod  the  attbod  of  Loflueoce 
llov  ia  abo  often  the  zaadiett  way  of  dealiog  with  bnced  sinlBi. 


-  SS-  Oau  tfM  niftrmly  tltut  a 
leecUi  of  the  lialu  ba  auuBicd  Meaaib 

|i*ea  almplc  dlRritnlisiia  o(  load  will  taw  [dc  lona  01  conipaia- 
Uvriy  lii^le  aMlbcmalkal  cunvt  hnown  aa  caHoiriei.  The  Ime 
catcaaiv  u  that  awuncd  by  a  chain  of  uairorm  wdihl  per  unit  oT 
knit  h.  bill  the  lonn  gcDeraUy  adopiid  For  iiupcniiooliiidin  li  Ibat 
aaaumed  by  a  Uiain  under  m  weight  uniformly  diAtribuEed  relatively 
•o  a  borinntal  Unc.     Thii  curve  ii  a  paxaboU. 

Ramnoberiaf  lb— '- -■-- ' "— -■ 

icHiiulloiriJ^ 

bytbe ■--' 


or.  caBlRf  z  the 
Tlir  value  of  1 


~,  wcifc  (hat  trie  JicrruDiitii  taottoii 
poiota  of  HippDrt  b^ing  at  equal  b 

H-aiU/By, 
era  the  Venn  10  Ibe  Mia 

■«'/jy. 


The  value  of  H  k  equal  to  the  naiimum  tenilon  oa  the  boHuii 

hn«*  « .1  nijipiLHjua  oa  the  top  Han^p  of  a  tinier  of  equal  apaii 

■iimUfly  loaded,  ajH  baviDf  a  d^ith  equal  to  the  dij 


npoKai  o(  tba  rewltut  (tiucal 
■ba  viftleal  conpoaeal  V^nirbt 
inOaodF.otHi.     IniHIriaiute 

ive,  FC  venlcnl.aiid  DC  horiionial ; 
be  (avponieital  nqwctirely  to  tbt 


Riulunt  teniiaii  alonf  Ibe  dialn  at  F.  tba  venial  (oree  V  paMw 
IhnHuh  the  point  D,  aad  the  horiaental  tauion  «■  0;  henc* 

H  !  V-DC  1  FC-*c>/ly  :  wi-i/l  :  y. 
k(«  DC  la  the  ball  of  OC,  punriac  the  curve  to  be  a  pafiNilai 

Tba  value  cf  R.  the  teiiaun  at  any  point  at  a  duUiut  i  Iron  llM 
vettax,  i>  obUioeil  Inca  iba  equitno 

R'-H'+V-^i'/^y-HW, 
"i.    ......      R-wVd+.'A/). 

Let  <  be  the  tislg  between  the  Uncen  at  any  polM  bntng  At 
co-BnUmtaiand^yDKaiund  Inoi  tbe  vettB^  thai 

J. tanf-iy/i. 

Let  the  length  of  ball  the  parabolic  chain  be  olbd  t,  tfan 

4. l-«+iy/jt. 

The  (oUowlat  b  the  appcmimate  eiiinadoii  lor  tha  nlatia* 
betwan  a  chaii(e  Ai  la  Che  lenph  tit  the  half  cb^  and  the  cerrf 
qxmdiof  cbaiv  Ay  "^  the  dip : — 

.+a.-*+(«/ji)ly>+iy4y+(ay)^-.+jy/}«+«PA>/3»+M)flJ»V 
IT,  BTglrctiiit  the  laat  turn, 

J- Ai-w-Jy/Jt, 

6- ay-aiat/tf.  

OB  the  chaiu  or  by  a  chaiiie  ol  tempentiire  lan  be  (Mculatad. 

36.  IMUaitu  d  GiriBi.—ij^  >■■  71  npceaent  a  beam  bent  by 
aOcnulIoadL  let  the  orimi  O  be  taken  at  the  loimt  polM  ol  dw 
bembgaoi.  Tbea  the  deviation  yDEol  the  neulralaidi  of  the  btnt 
beam  at  any  poini  D  Irom  the  aali  OX  ii  given  by  tbc  iduio* 

ia  M 

wheieU  ii  thebendinc  moment  and  I  the  inunint  of  Inertia  Of  dM 
beam  at  D.  and  E  ia  the  coefficient  of  elaiticily.  It  b  BBiaUy 
acoinic  tDM^  io  dcaecliofl  cakulat  ioiu  10  take  for  I  the  moment  A 
incnia  at  the  centn  of  the  beam  and  to  CDuider  It  coMaat  Kr  thi 
Length  of  the  beam.    Thai 

»-El//"'^- 

Thui  lor  a  bram  (upponed  at  iheendi  and  kiaded  with  ■  per  inch 
len«hM->Ia>'^),>beneblbebaUman.    Tien  the  delaliMt 


The  ndiuf  of  curvature  ol 
the  bean  at  D  ii  rivn  by 
the  nbtlon 

R-EI/M. 

37.  CMptic     ifttlad    4 

jliiSiat    Dtfitcliijn. — Divide 

pnili  of  length  I.  »  that  , 

■J'L;  compute  Ibe  ladB 
of  curvBluR  Ri.  R>.  K.  lor  FlO.  Ti- 

the Kveral   aectioni.     Let 

meaiurtinenti  along  the  beam  be  repreiented  acen 
convenient  icale.  eo  that  eitliag  Li  andli  the  lenglhi  I 

r^j".  n  "Rif7i1  i'c.  where  t'lriny  eoSv'Si^t  c^ 
of  lurhmagniluSeai  will  allow  an  with  the  ndii.  n. 


■BRIDGET— BRIDGETT 


MrfnwaiH^nwkbm. 

ndii  ri.  ri.  Ac  (nou.  for  a  knglh 

jnGnirt.  and  Ihc  curve  rnuu  tnd  w 
but  «ii),  tlwn  l«  •  b«  the  maiuTM  atoKtior 
■Biflit  Jin*.  Hud  V  the  Kliul  dcllEctka  o 
V-»/l.  ■pprcaisuttly.  Tliii  method  date 
venial  ordinalei  of  the  curve  ue  drawn  10 
tluii  tUI  of  the  tioriunul  onliiuin.  Thui 
be  onMcinh  oi  in  indi  la  Ihi  toot.  <!->», 
leniih  WDuM  be  dnwn  eqiM]  to  10  In. :  ibe 
Ue.caiu*  >en  Ki,ciCD  Cl,  «U>  n«w,  il  the  c 


h.JbJ^&cindiritliil 


be  rnutiled  by  iltcring  the  value 
toonr:lhu  bBure  is  merely  lued 


VDutd  be  da  paper  iocm 
Kttb  a  radiur  of  » ia. 

oflhe^andiBeh^ri 
efh  In  G|.  71  dUton 
u  u  aiuBialitm. 

J8.  Ctmirr.—ln  tvd 
ka  ■nrldag  knd  it  abo 

oj  JDJntB  wben  a  beam  ia  fiint  loaded  a 
•luHiM  be  talien  than  for  a  tolid  bar. 
I7.soo«ao  lb  per  HI.  in.  lor  fim  loadi 
the  apprminare  rule 

'  Working  deBeclioa-l-Ji/ia.oaot, 
where  I  ii  tlie  ipan  and  k  [be  depth  el  the  beai 
bring  thoae  uuial  in  bridiework.  due 

BRIDGBT.  lAnn. 


the  R 


***' (W.  C.ll.i 

e  properly  Baicm  (c.  4S'-S'i),  one 

Loulb,  her  father  being  a  prince  of  Ulster.  Rrfuiing  la  many, 
ihe  choK  a  life  of  seduslan,  making  her  cell,  tbe  first  in  Ireland, 
under  a  large  oak  tree,  whence  Ihe  place  wu  called  Kil-dara, 
"  the  church  ol  the  oak."  The  dty  of  Kildire  is  supposed  la 
derive  iu  name  from  St  Brt^'t  cell.  The  year  of  her  dealh  f> 
generally  placed  in  jij.  She  was  buried  at  Kildare,  but  her 
remains  were  afterwards  translated  10  Downpalrick,  when  they 
■ere  laid  beside  the  bodies  of  St  Patrick  and  Si  Columha.  Her 
liaal  is  celebrated  on  the  tst  ol  February.     A  large  collection  of 


itt^iedro 


crrepuli 


*as  not  confined  to  Ireland,  for,  under  the  n 
ifaebecameafavouritesaint  in  England,  andnumerous  churches 
were  dedicated  to  her  in  Scotland. 

See  the  five  lives  liven  in  the  BoOandiit  Ada  Sanclamiii.  Feb.  T, 
I-  TO.  It?.  9S0.  Cr  Whiiley-Stoke.,  Tira  Uiditr- friili  rTomilia 
fm  At  Lmi  ^  Saim  Paltick.  BrinI  dud  CoteMu  (Calcutta,  1874): 
Cdaa.AaaSS.HOnntlm-.D.""'-'™  ii—-fi-!-k  &;.i.  vj 
iLiKaowlei.  Lift  at  Si  k 
Chevalier.  Sipcrlmr, 


1.  190S).  I 


VfHk 


rer  ^Uiocraphy  i 
Sin-BiH.  fnd  ed 

N,  SAIHT  (c.  i]oi 


BRIOOBT,  Bucm*,  Bikcitta,  Ot 
"373),  Ibe  most  celehraied  saint  of  the  nonnem  mngoonis,  wpi 
the  daughter  of  Biigei  Persson,  governor  and  taiman  Cprovinda! 
judge)  of  Uppland,  and  one  of  the  richest  landowncn  ot  the 
co\intTy.  In  iji6  she  was  married  to  UK  Godmicton,  lord  of 
Neticia,  to  whom  the  bore  aight  childien,  oat  ol  wbora  «*s 


St  Catbetise  of  Sweden.  Bridgei'a 
siintly  and  charitable  life  Mwn  made  her  known  far  a»i  wide, 
she  gained,  100,  great  lelitious  influence  over  ber  husband,  with 
whom  (IJ4I-IJ4J)  she  went  on  pilgrimage  to  St  Jamn  ol 
CompCBtella.  In  iju.  shortly  after  their  return,  UU  died  in 
the  Cistercian  nxinalery  ot  Alvaslra  in  Eul  Gothland,  and 
Bridget  now  devoted  heneU  wholly  to  religion.  As  a  child  she 
had  already  believed  heoclf  10  have  viilont,  these  noir  became 
DIOR  frequent,  and. ber  ncotds  of  these  "  iivelaltons,"  which 
were  tanslated  into  Latin  by  Mtlihias.  canon  of  LinkBping.  and 
by  her  confessor,  Peter,  prior  of  Alvaslra,  obtained  ■  great 
vogue  during  the  middle  age*.  It  was  about  this  time  that  she 
founded  the  order  of  St  Saviour,  or  BiidgHiiiie*  (},*;),  of  winch 
the  principal  house,  at  Vadatcna,  was  richly  endowed  by  King 
Magnus  II.  and  bis  queen.  About  ijso  she  went  to  Rome, 
partly  to  obtain  from  tbe  pope  the  aulborizaljan  of  tbe  new 
order,  partly  in  pursuance  of  her  self-imposed  misaion  to  elevate 
Ihe  moral  tone  ol  the  age.  It  was  not  till  1370  that  Pope 
Urban  V.  eonfimied  the  rule  of  her  order;  but  meanirbik< 
Bridget  had  tnade  faersdf  universally  beloved  in  Rome  by  bei 
kindness  and  good  works.  Save  for  occaaioBal  pilgrimages^ 
including  one  to  Jerusalem  in  IJ73,  she  remained  10  Rome  till 
her  death  on  Ihe  J3rd  of  July  ij7j.  She  was  canonised  in  ijfli 
by  Pope  Boniface  IX.,  and  her  feast  is  celebrated  on  the  Qth  of 

BlILIWBAFHy.-  .,  Oct.  8,  iv. 

^MOWJ  rcruM  Si  IpMla,  187,'° 

The  be«  modem  .  «  Caihe^w 

de  Flavigay,  entitli  vr  HtitaJuma 

«( (OS  •>*;.  (Pari.,  WUiojiaphy. 

The  Revcblioiij  ar  !  Si  Bridget', 

works  published  b;  nd  edited  by 

G.  E.  Klemmtng  G  at  lull  blblic^ 

^!Sibl'?.T*ii^ut.  """'  *** 

BRIDGETOK,  a  city,  pott  of  entiy,  and  the  county-seal  ol 

Cumberland  county.  New  Jeney,  U.S.A.,  in  the  south  part  of  the 
state,  on  Cohansey  creek,  j8  m.  S.  of  Philadelphia.  Pi^.  (1890) 
i>,4i4;  (1(100]  ijiQij,  of  whom  65J  were  (oreign-bom  and  701 
were  negroes:  C190S)  IJ.fin:  (toio)  14,100.  Il  is  (enred  by  the 
West  Jersey  &  Sea  Shoie  and  the  Central  of  New  Jersey  railways, 
by  electric  railways  connecting  with  adjacent  towns,  and  by 
Delaware  river  steamboats  on  Cohansey  creek,  which  is  navigable 
■-  ■•■'-  --'—     "  ' -■' 'J—'-'  -'-  •---  J  park  of 


n  Ibis 


6so  acres  and  a  fine  public  library,  and  is  tbe  s« 

tofWestJers. 

academy  and  of  Ivy  Hail;  a  school  for  girls.    I 

is  an  importai 

glass  bottles,  being  valued  in  1905  at  »...s 

.79S— 4>-3% 

the  value  of  all  Ihe  city's  lacioiy  ptoducts- 

-and  Bridget 

e  Unit 


industry),  macninery,  clolhint, 
it  abo  hss  dyeing  and  finishing  works.  Though  Bridgelon  is  a 
port  of  entry,  its  (oieign  commerce  is  relatively  unimponanL 
The  first  seltlemcnl  in  what  is  now  Biidgclon  was  made  toward 
the  dose  ol  the  tSlh  century.  A  pioneer  iron-works  was  estab- 
lished bere  in  1S14.  The  dty  of  Bridgelon,  formed  by  the  union 
the  township  of  Bridgeton  and  the  township  of  Cohansey 
icorporated  in  1S4S  and  1&4S  respectively),  was  chartered 
1864. 

BRIDOErr.    THOMAS     BDWARD      (iS>g-i«Q9),     Roman 

CaihoLc  print  and  historical  writer,  was  bom  at  Derby  on  tbe 

loth  of  January  i^'Q-     He  was  brought  up  a  Baptist,  but  in  his 

.iileenthyearjoined  the  Churchol  England.     In  1847  he  entered 

il  John's  College,  Cambridge,  with  the  iniention  of  taking  orders. 

Bdng  unable  to  subocribe  to  ihe^Thlrty-Nine  Anides  he  could 

not  taXc  his  degree,  and  in  iSjd  became  a  Roman  Calholic,  soon 

afterwards  joining  the  Congregation  ol  tbe  Redemptorists.    He 

:  Ihmugh  his  novitiate  at  St  Trond  in  Belgium,  and  alter 

,ne  of  five  yean  of  theological  study  at  Wittem,  in  Holland, 

ordained  priest.     He  returned  to  England  in  1856,  and  (or 

forty  yean  led  an  active  life  as  a  missioncr  in  England  and 

Ireland,  preaching  in  over  So  missions  and  140  letreau  10  the 


558 


BRIDGBWATER— BRIDGITTINES 


d«^  and  ts  nam.     U'a  My  [n  Limcrirk  wu   psiltcilhll]' 

mccoilul,  ind  he  founded  m  religioui  coafrilcniity  of  lnymea 
vblch  nninbeitd  sooo  memben.  De^iite  ba  uduoui  life  M  *■ 
priai,  Biidgeti  found  line  lo  produce  lileiiiy  woclu  of  value, 
chiefly  dealing  with  the  hiiloiy  of  '^w  Refonnation  in  Engfand; 
among  thex  are  Tkt  Lift  -i  Biaui  JiJni  Fiikn,  Biilup  */ 
Kxluila  (iSSS);  TIh  lifl  anil  Wnlinn  tj  Sir  TJamai  Men 
(iSqo),  Hitlcrj  cf  Iti  EacAariit  ia  Grtal  Brilain  (i  voli.,  iSSi); 
Our  Lady"!  Osar^tig;;.  jided.  1B9D).  He  died  a[  Clapham  on 
the  i7lh  ot  February  lOpo. 

For  a  complete  liit  ol  Bridfetl'i  vctki  mr  TU  Lift  if  falJter 
SndifU,  by  C  Ryder  (Loadoo.  1906). 

BBIIMBWATm.  nAHCll  EQKRTOK,  ]M>  Ddie  or  (i73^ 
itoj),  (he  orlglutor  ol  Briltih  irdand  navigation,  younger  un 
ofihe  lit  duke,  vai  bom  on  the  ust  of  May  17^6.  Scroop,  lit 
duke  of  Bridgewater  (i6gi-rT4s).  wai  t)ie  un  of  the  3rd  earl  of 
Bridgewater.  and  was  created  a  duke  in  1730;  be  waa  thegreat- 
graodioD  of  Jobn  E^rton.  iic  earl  of  Bridgewatfr  (d.  164^;  cr. 
itti]),  «hoK  name  ii  associated  wilb  the  production  of  Milton's 
Ctmui;  and  the  latter  was  the  ion  of  Sir  Tbomai  Egerlon 
(r^o-i6r7).  Queen  Elizabeth's  lord  keeper  and  James  l.'s  lord 
Aancellnr,  who  wai  created  bmn  of  EUesmere  in  lioj,  and  in 
i6r6  VlKounl  Biaddey  {q.a). 

Ftandt  Egerton  lucceeded  to  tfae  dukedom  st  the  age  of  twelve 
on  the  death  of  his  brother,  the  ind  duke.  Ai  a  child  he  «> 
■icUy  and  of  luch  unpromising  iniellecinal  capacity  that  at 
onetime  the  ideaof  cutting  the  entail  was  seriously  entertained. 
Shortly  after  attaining  his  majority  be  became  engaged  to  the 
beautiful  ducheis  of  Hamilton,  but  her  refusal  to  give  up  the 
■cquainlana  of  her  sister.  Lady  Covenlry.  ted  to  the  breaking 
ofl  of  the  match.  Thereupon  the  duke  broke  up  hii  London 
nubliihmenl,  and  retiring  to  bii  estate  at  Wonicy,  devoted 
himself  to  the  making  ol  canals.  The  navigable  canal  from 
Worsley  to  ManchesteT  which  he  projected  tor  the  transport  ol 
the  coal  obtained  on  his  estate)  wu  (with  the  exception  of  the 
Sankey  canal)  the  first  great  undettaklng  ot  the  kind  executed 
in  Great  Britain  In  modem  timet.  Tbe  construction  of  this 
remarkable  work,  with  Its  fanoD*  aqueduct  across  the  Irvell, 
was  carried  out  by  James  Brindley,  tbe  cetebraled  engineer. 
Tbe  completion  of  this  canal  led  the  duke  to  undcrUke  a  (till 
mot*  *ambitiaus  work.  In  1761  he  obtained  puliamenlary 
powers  to  provide  an  improved  waterway  between  Uverpoo) 
and  Manchestei  by  meau  of  a  omal.  The  diSculllei 
encountered  In  the  eiecution  of  the  Utter  work  weit  »lill  mote 
formidable  than  those  ol  the  Wonley  canal,  tovolving.  u  they 
did,  tbe  carrying  of  the  canal  over  Sale  Moor  Moaa.  But  the 
genius  of  Brindley,  his  engineer,  proved  iuperiot  to  (U  obitadrs, 
and  though  at  one  period  of  the  undentidng  the  finindal  n- 
uurcesof  tbe  duke  were  almost  eihausted,  tbe  work  was  carried 
to  a  triumphant  conclusion.  Hieun  tiring  perseverance  displayed 
by  the  duke  in  lurmounting  the  various  difficulties  that  rcurded 
the  accomplishment  of  his  projects,  together  with  the  pecuniary 
mtricikmi  he  imposed  on  himself  in  order  to  supply  the  necessary 
"  Lc  he  reduced  his  personal 


a  year),  a 


imple  of  that  energy  »r 


succos  of  great  undertakings  so  much 
depends.  Both  these  canill  were  completed  vben  the  duke 
was  only  tbirty-iix  yean  of  age,  and  the  Icmalnder  of  hi)  lite 
was  spent  in  extending  them  and  in  improving  his  estate)  \ 
and  during  thelaller  years  of  hi)  lite  he  derived  ■  princely 
income  from  the  sncceu  of  hli  enterprise.  Though  a  )ie«dy 
■upponer  of  Pitt's  adrainlsttMion,  he  never  look  uy  ptominent 
part  in  politia. 

He  died  unmarried  on  the  8(h  of  Uardi  iSoj,  when  the  ducal 
title  became  extinct,  but  the  earidom  of  Bridgewater  pisied  (o  a 
ceaein,  John  William  Egerten,  who  bcasK  jtta  eiri.  By  hi) 
will  he  devised  his  canals  lad  eMaica  OD  tnat,  aadei  wblcb 
bta  iiei^ew,  tbe  marquess  of  SitSoed  (aflenrud)  Snt  duke  of 
Sutheriuid),  became  the  flnt  beneficiary,  and  next  his  )on  Fiandi 
Levaoa  Cover  (ilterwards  fini  eari  of  EllesBere}  and  his  issue. 
In  order  that  the  trust  tlnuld  last  at  long  as  poHible,  an  eitn- 
Oidinary  uk  wa>  made  ot  tbe  legd  nik  thai  property  may  be 


•ellled  for  tbe  duralkin  ot  lives  In  being  and  twenly^NW  yeui 
after,  by  chooting  a  great  number  of  person)  connected  with 
the  duke  and  their  living  iuue  and  adding  to  them  the  peer* 
who  had  taken  their  seal)  in  the  House  of  Lords  on  or  before 
the  duke*)  decease.  Though  the  last  of  the  peers  rlicd  in  1S57, 
one  of  the  comnonet)  survived  till  the  i^th  ol  October  iBSj,and 
coniequcndy  the  tniil  did  not  eipiie  till  the  rgth  of  October 
:90j,  when  the  whole  property  passed  under  the  undivided 
ontrol  of  the  earl  of  Ellciinen,  The  canals,  however,  had  <■ 
871  been  transferred  to  the  Bridgewater  Navigation  Company. 
>y  whom  they  were  sold  in  18S7  to  the  Mancheitei  Ship  Canal 


11780,, 


]d  F.R.S.  in  17B1. 


He 


:  above)  in 


I  Ebrt>pshire. 
le  lucceeiied  his 

r,  and  •  teakni) 
ituralisi  and  intit)uarian.  Ulicn  he  died  in  February  1810 
ie  earldom  became  eiliiKl.  He  bequeathed  to  the  British 
luseum  the  valuable  Egerlon  MSS.  dealing  with  the  literature 
FFranceandluly,  aDdaIio£T>.ciee.  He  alto  left  £Sooo  at  the 
isposal  of  the  president  ot  the  Royal  Sodety.  to  be  paid  to  the 
jtbor  or  authors  who  tnight  be  lelectcd  to  write  and  publish 
300  copies  of  a  treatise  "  On  the  Power,  Wisdom  and  Goodness 
I  Cod,  as  manifested  in  the  Creation."  Mr  Divies  Cilbcrl, 
ho  then  filled  the  ollRce.  selected  right  penoni.  each  to  under- 

cward,  together  with  any  benefit  that  might  accrue  fnm  tbe 


rding  to 


Df  the  t 


ce  ptibUihef 


■  \^"2i.  M 


The  Briihewaier  r 
iafUlisH  M  eibnlal 

ifan.byThomaaCI -. , ., 

Vtfu.  u  la.  n^ul  CiiUitimt  ^  Uam.  by  JcA^    Kidd.  hL  D. 
ImiCrmml  njiicl  anutd^riwilirdtrauilii  Kaltrtt 

well.D.D.     4.  riuHamJ 

I  itiKiwi  Dait*.  by  Si 
eUi  Mniebiy  crvidmiwSt  rwf. 
Mark  RDM.  A.  Cnltn  aid 
'    "  im^T^ality.  by  William 


by  William  Whewel 


tidnSwilk.,, 

Tkalao.  by  William  V^. '  i.  "ciaOi^  HomiatT.  tad  Ott 
FMncliOH  ol  Dilution,  cniiderti  with  rrfertrnti  ta  Nwimrai  Thtaioo. 
by  Wlliaia  Proui.  M.D.  The  wnrki  are  ol  •locqual  merili  ■e%«nl 
of  them  looka  high  rank  in  apolrTgeiicliieratuie.  They  Unl  appealed 
during  the  yean  IBJJ  to  184a.  and  alterwardi  in  Bohn'a  Scientllic 

BRIDOITTIMES,  an  order  of  Auguitinian  canonesiea  founded 
by  St  Bridget  of  Sweden  {q.t.)  c.  13  jo.  and  approved  by  Urban  V. 
'■  '     ' -'      *     attached 


unity  oici 
if  the  .  " 


I  chaplaii 


iuScand 


buted 


the  government  t 
Sweden  and  Norw. 

the  fact  that  tbe  head  house  at  Vastein,  by  Lake  Vetler,  was 
not  )uppr(x>cd  till  ijgj.  There  were  homes  alio  in  other  lands, 
so  that  the  total  number  amounted  to  So.  In  England,  the 
famous  Bridgittine  convent  ol  Syon  at  Iilewortb,  Middlesei, 
na)  founded  and  royally  enilow«l  by  Henry  V.  in  141s,  and 
became  one  of  the  richest  and  moil  foihionable  and  iaSuenllal 
nunneries  in  tfae  country.  It  was  among  the  few  religious  houses 
restored  in  Mary's  reign,  when  nearly  twenty  of  the  old  com- 
munity were  te-eltabliihed  at  Syon.  On  Eliaabeth'i  accession 
tbcy  migrated  to  the  Low  Countries,  and  thence,  after  many 
vidsBtudes,  to  Rouen,  and  finallyin  ijMtoLishon.  Here  they 
remained,  always  recruiting  Ibeh-  nntnben  from  England,  t^ 
iS6r,  when  they  relumed  to  England,  Syon  House  li  now 
eitablisbed  at  Chudletgh  in  Devon,  the  only  English  community 

Reformation  times.  Some  six  other  Bridgittine  convents  exist 
on  the  Continent,  but  (he  order  is  now  compoed  only  of  womeiL 
See  Hclyot,  HiiUi'i  iti  erini  rrliiirax  (i;ijl,  iv.  c.  4;  Maa 
HeiinbiKher,  Ordn  i.  Kncrtialionn  (1907),  li.  (  Sii  Kemr 
Hauck,  KiBlmcyklnfadit  (cd.  ]),  art.  "  Biigltta  ":  A.  Hamiltan  id 
IMilM&nemSUr^TbcNuiuolSyDii."  (E.  C  B.) 


BRIDGMAN— BRIDGNORTH 


559 


II  (1S47-       ),  Amokii 
■rtlit,  WIS  bora  al  Tiukcgcc,  Alabiiu,  on  the  lOlh  ol  November 
1S47.    He  begin  i>  ■  dnughlsmaa  In  New  Yotk  In  the  Ameif 
Bulk  Note  Company  in  1S64-1MJ,  imltlDdied  lit  In  then 
yean  it  the  Bra^yo  Att  Scbacl  and  at  the  National  Aodi 
a(  Design;  but  he  went  to  Paiii  in  18A6  and  became  a  pupil  ol 
J.  L.  Gir«me.     Pirii  then  became  hii  headquarten.     A  trip  U 
EcTpt  in  1S7J-1S74  mulled  In  pictun^ol  Che  Eail  that  allracled 
□nnccUatB  attentioti,  and  hii  lii^  and  important  compa 
"  The  Fmienl  Proceision  of  a  Mummy  on  the  Nile,"  in.  the 
Salon  (1S77),  bou^t  by  James  Cordon  Bennett,  brought  him 
the  ciou  of  the  Legion  of  Honour,     Other  pain  ling)  by  him  were 
"Aa  American  Circui  in  Nonnandy,"  "Proceaion  o(  the  Bull 
Apii  "  (bow  in  dx  Corcoran  Ait  Gallery,  Waihinglon),  ami 
"  Rununiaa  Lady  "  (to  the  Temple  coUeciion,  PhiladdphuJ. 

BBIDQHAI,  UURA  DBWX7  {iSi^iiSg),  Amcriom  bUnd 
dcaf-mulc,  m*  bom  «k  the  iittsf  Dcctmbc  iSigat  Hanover, 
N*w  OaapiUn,  VS.\,,  bdnc  the  thM  daughter  of  Duud 
Bridgmin  (d.  tS68],  *  KibMintial  Baptist  fanon,  and  his  wife 
Harnony,  diughtcc  ol  Ciuhnan  Itownet,  and  grand-daughter 
ol  JOKph  Dowur.oDe  ol  the  five  £nt  letUtn  (1 761)  bI  Thclfoid, 
Vtimont  Liun  wai  a  delicate  infint,  puny  and  riclnty,  uid 
wai  subject  to  £ts  tip  10  timity  months  old,  hut  othnwlso 
■ecmed  to  have  nonnnl  Koses;  at  two  years,  bowtvct,  ihe  had 
a  very  bad  attack  ol  scarlet  fever,  which  destroyed  sight  and 
hearing,  btnnted  the  sense  ol  stacD,  and  left  her  syslen  a  wreck. 
TIuui^  she  gradually  recoveied  health  she  renulncd  a  blind 
deaf-mute,  but  was  kindly  treated  and  was  in  partkulaj  made  a 
wt  of  playmate  by  an  eccentric  bachelor  friend  ol  the  firidgmans. 
Ml  Aia  Tenney,  who  a*  soon  as  she  could  walk  used  to  take  hel 
lor  iambics  a-ficld.  In  iSj7  Mr  James  Bairelt.  ol  Dartmouth 
CoUes^  taw  hei  and  mentioned  hei  case  to  Di  Mussey,  tlie  bead 
of  the  ***^'*'*^  department,  who  wro  te  an  account  which  attiacled 
llw  attention  of  Dr  S.  G.  Howe  (q^.),  the  head  ol  the  Perkins 
Institution  for  the  Blind  at  BostoiL  He  deleimined  to  tiy  to 
get  the  child  into  Ihe  Inttilution  and  to  attempt  to  eduute  btr; 
her  poients  assented,  and  ia  Ociobei  i8j7  Lauia  entcicd  the 
iduioL  Tfaon^  the  Ism  of  bee  eye-balli  occasioned  some 
delonnily,  ihe  was  otbeiwiu  a  comely  child  and  of  a  sensitive 
and  aSectionate  oatorc;  (he  had  buDmo  familiar  with  the 
vorid  iboDt  her,  and  was  Imitative  In  so  far  as  she  could  fallow 
(he  actions  of  othcni;  but  she  wm  limited  in  her  comnnmication 
irith  Dthen  to  the  namwer  uses  ol  touch— pUtlng  her  head 
■meant  appiova!,  rubbing  her  hand  diupproval,  pushing  one  way 
meant  to  go,  drawing  another  to  ooie.  Her  mother,  preoccupied 
with  hDiBe->ror|[,  had  already  ceased  to  be  able  to  control  her, 
andherfathn'taulhotjty  vaa  due  to  leu  ol  superior  force,  not 
toreaion.  DrHamaioBceuthlmsellto  teach  her  the  alphabet 
by  touch.  It  is  Impossible,  foe  reuooi  ol  space,  10  describe  his 
efloiti  in  deUQ.  He  lin<bt  words  befDre  the  individual  lettett. 
and  hk  £nt  eapcrimcDt  eonsisting  in  posting  upon  KVeial 
common  aitkles  such  ai  keyi,  qiooiis,  knives,  ttc,  little  paper 
kbel*  wllh  Ihe  names  ol  Ihe  article!  printed  in  labed  lelten, 
which  he  got  her  to  feel  and  differentiate;  then  he  gave  her  the 
aamelabelaby  themselves,  which  she  learat  to  aasodaie^th  the 
articles  they  referred  lo,  until,  with  the  spoon  or  knife  alone 
beloie  her  she  could  find  the  right  label  [or  each  Imm  a  mii ed 
heap.  The  next  stage  vii  tegivehcftbeoimponent  letters  and 
teach  her  to  combine  them  in  tbe  words  die  knew,  and  gndually 
In  thi*  way  she  karat  all  the  alphabet  and  Ihe  ten  digits,  tic 
TTte  whole  process  depended,  of  connc,  on  her  having  a  human 
intemgenre,  which  «ily  required  siimulaiion,  and  her  own 
interest  In  learning  became  keener  as  she  progressed.  On  the 
J4th  ol  July  iHjq  she  first  wrote  her  own  name  le^bly.  Di 
Howe  devoted  hinoell  with  the  utrastt  patience  and  anlduiiy 
to  her  cducalion  and  wat  rewarded  by  increasing  snccets.  On 
the  nth  of  June  1840^  bad  her  first  arithmetic  lesion,  by  the 
aid  of  a  metallic  case  perforated  with  square  holes,  square  types 
bein^  used;  and  in  nineteen  days  she  could  add  a  column  ol 
figuns  anounling  to  thirty.  She  was  in  good  health  and  happy, 
and  waa  Ircated  by  Dr  Howe  as  his  daughter.  Her  case  already 
bctu  to  InltnM  tbe  public,  and  oLhcri  wtra  htgoght  lo  t>r  Hvn 


'  lor  treatment.     In  1R41  Lam  began  to  keep  a  jonrniJ,  fai  wUdi 

she  recorded  her  own  day's  work  and  iboughu.  In  January 
1S41  Chalks  Dickens  visited  the  lutilulion,  and  afleiwanU 
wrote  enihusiastically  in  Amtriam  Natti  cA  Dr  Howe's  succesi 
with  Laura.  In  1S43  lundi  were  obtained  lor  devoting  a  qiedal 
teacher  to  her,  and  first  Miss  Swift,  then  Miu  Wight,  and  then 
Misa  Paddock,  were  appointed;  Laura  by  this  time  was  learning 
geography  and  dementaiy  aatnaouy.  By  degrees  she  waa 
given  letigkius  losliucilDn,  bul  Dr  Howe  was  intent  upon  not 
inculcating  dogma  belon  she  bad  grasped  the  essential  moral 
truths  ol  Christianity  and  the  itnry  ol  the  Bible.  She  grew  up 
s  gay,  cheerful  girl,  loving,  optimistic,  bul  with  a  nervoua  system 
inclining  to  iirilabitlty,  and  requiring  Oirdul  education  in  self- 
control.  In  iS6e  hei  eldest  sister  Mary's  death  helped  to  bring 
on  1  religious  crisis,  and  through  the  inSuence  of  some  of  hei 
family  she  was  received  into  Ihe  Baptist  church;  she  became 
lor  some  years  allei  this  RioiT  lell-CDnscious  and  nlhei  plelistic. 
In  1S67  ^c  began  writing  compositions  viijch  she  called  poems; 
Ihe  besl-known  is  called  "  Holy  Hone."  In  1871,  Dr  Howo 
having  been  enabled  to  buikt  some  sepanie  cottages  (each  under 
a  matron)  for  the  blind  girls,  Laura  waa  moved  from  the  laigci 
house  ol  the  Institution  into  one  of  them,  and  there  she  continued 
iier  quiet  tile.  The  death  ol  Di  Howe  in  1876  was  a  great  griet 
to  her;  but  before  he  died  he  had  made  arrangements  ty  which 
she  would  be  linancially  provided  lor  in  her  home  at  the  Inslitu- 
lion  loi  the  rest  ol  her  lilc.  In  1887  hei  jubilee  was  celebrated 
Ihere,  but  In  iSSq  she  was  taken  ill,  and  she  died  on  the  14th  of 
May.  She  was  buried  at  Haoovei.  Hei  name  has  become 
familiar  everywhere  as  an  eiample  of  the  education  of  a  bUnd 
deaf-mute,  leading  to  even  greater  results  In  Helen  K.eller. 
See  Latira  Br^nan.  bv  Maud  Hon  and  Flonnce  Howe  Hall 

£QOt),  whkh  canTains  a  bibliDEraphy ;  and  Lilt  awf  EdueMwn  vf 
ivo  Dnty  Bhifia*  (iB7g},  by  Mary  S.  Umaon.  (H.  Cm.) 
BRISGHORTB.  a  market  town  and  municipal  borough  in  the 
Ludlow  pariiamcntary  division  of  Shropshire,  England,  ijo  m. 
N.W.  by  W.  from  London  by  the  Great  Westera  railway,  on 
the  Wotcesler-Shrewsbury  line.  Pojt.  (ipor)  6051.  The  river 
Severa  separates  the  upper  lovn  on  ihe  right  hank  from  the 
lower  on  tlu  lelL  A  steep  line  ol  rail  coDoecU  them.  The  upper 
town  is  buHl  on  the  acclivities  and  summit  Ok  a  rock  which  risei 
abruptly  from  Ihe  river  to  the  height  ol  i3o  It,,  and  gives  tha 
town  a  very  picturesque  appearance.  The  railway  passes  under 
by  a  long  tunnel.  On  the  summit  is  the  tower  ol  the  old  castle, 
leaning  about  17°  from  the  perpendicular.  There  an  also  two 
parish  churthn.  That  ol  St  Leonard,  formerly  colleglBle,  waa 
practically  rebuilt  in  iS£].  This  parish  waa  held  by  Richard 
Baxter,  tbe  [anuiui divine,  in  164a.  St  Mary's  church  is  indassic 
style  of  the  late  iBth  centuiyT^  The  picluresrtue  half-timbered 
sl>1e  ol  domestic  building  is  frequently  seen  In  the  siicets.  In 
Ibis  style  arc  the  town  hall  {iGjs),  *iid  a  house  dited  1580,  in 
which  waa  bora  in  1719  Thomaa  Percy,  bishop  of  Dtomore,  the 
of  the  RdifiHui!  Aaciinl  EniliiJi  FtHry.    Thegr 


chod,  I 


tuples  » 


n  bui 


there  are  also  a  college  ol  divinity,  ■  blue-coat 
literary  institute  with  library  and  achool  oC  art  There  are 
large  charities.  Neat  the  town  is  a  curious  ardent  hetmitige 
cave,  in  Ihe  sandstone.  At  Quallord,  i  m.  soutb-eaat,  the  de 
of  a  oslle  dating  from  loSj  may  be  tiaced.  This  domiiulcd 
the  andent  Foresl  ol  Morf.  Here  Kohert  de  Belcsme  arlglnally 
loimded  Ihe  adlege  wUch  wis  afterwards  moved  to  Bridgtwith. 
Bridgnorth  nannficlam  cupels;  btewine  is  carried  on,  and 
there  it  trade  in  agriadtunl  produc*.  The  town  is  gorerBcd 
by  a  mayor,  4  ildennen  lOd  t*  OMUciUon.  Aiea,  joiS  acita. 
The  early  hlnary  e(  Bridgnorth  bcoOMCted  with  AhcHMs.  lady 
d  Ihe  Meicians.  who  laiKd  •  mound  there  is  911  as  part  ol  hor 
~cBiivt  pDlicy  against  (he  Danes  of  the  Avt  bonmihi.  After  the 
>nque«  WillCm  I.  granted  the  manor  of  Bridgiionli  10  Eail  Rojer 
Stirewibury,  whoge  son  Roben  dc  Brksme  iramlMted  his  riiile 
■i  Imm  Oiiatford  to  Bridmonh,  bal  OB  Roben'aaltaindcr 
h.  K  is  poUble  that 
rimleges,  for  Henry  II 

_  . ,, luiomK  which  they  had 

of  Henry  1.   King  John  tn  1115  ^ranred  th™  Irtedom 


-DUEh  Irom  C>iiaiford  to  Bridinonh,  bi 
J  the  (own  became  a  loyaT  bonniil 

y   I.  fianled  the  barge —-.-■-   — 


M  ita  c^^oi 


560 


BRIDGWATER— BRIDPORT,  LORD 


I>17  Htoiy  III.  cooltrnd  «vn*I  oew  rfahu  aBd  libenin,  unnc 
wUch  IRR  ■  |Ild  metelHin  with  *  luiue.  That  culy  cluncri  wrn 
eonfimied  bv  leverAl  weuedini  kinn.  Htary  VI.  ennllng  in  addi- 
tion i^u  of  bicul  and  ale  ind  «lurp^ilct«.  BridinonK  «u 
tecofponnd  by  JaiBU  I.  Id  154&  llw  barcMm  Rlunwd  two 
iWdbcrt  to  puliaineal  la  1145.  ukI  coUiimfid  to  da  10  uatD  JS67, 
wb«  ibev  nm  ■Hun«l  gnjy  one  member.  The  (o*n  iru  dU- 
ln[ic:h[9Rl  in  t«Ss.  A  veiHy  fair  on  Ihe  f«st  at  Ihe  TianiUlioR  of 
St  Leonaid  and  lhr«efDllawinff  days  ml  framed  (0  tJie  burgCHH  in 
ijn.  and  to  ifijo  Charlea  I.  iniUEd  Ihem  licence  ta  hold  anotbcr 
fur  on  tin  lliunday  befon  tlw  bat  aveli  in  Lent  and  two  foUowing 
dayi 

BBIDOWATKB,  t  mukel  town,  port  ud  municipal  boniUEb 
in  the  Bridgw&lcr  puliiincDlaty  divisioD  of  Somcnet,  Eogland, 
on  the  rivet  Purit,  10  m.  [toin  its  moutb,  ind  isi}  m.  by  tbe 
CnatWeileiniailnyW.  by  S.  of  London.  Pop.  U901) 'i,v>9- 
It  B  pleaianlJy  utuated  in  a  level  and  weQ-vooded  country, 
having  on  the  eoat  the  Mendip  ru^ge  and  on  the  veil  Uie 
Quantock  hilli.  The  (own  Una  along  bolh  tides  of  the  river, 
here  cmsed  by  a  handsome  iron  bridge.  Among  sevelal  places 
of  worship  the  chief  ii  St  Maty  Magdalene's  cbutch;  this  has 
a  north  porch  and  windows  dsting  from  the  14th  fentury, 
besides  a  lofty  and  llender  Ipiie;  but  it  has  been  much  altered 
by  restoration.  It  possesies  a  fine  pointed  rccedo*.  A  bouse 
[n  Blake  Street,  largely  restored,  was  Ihe  birlhpbce  of  Admiral 
Blake  in  isgt.  Near  the  town  are  the  Iliree  Gne  old  cburcfaes 
of  Weston  Zoylsnd,  Chedwy  and  Middleioy,  containing  some 
food  brasses  and  carved  woodwork.  The  battlefield  of  Sedges 
moor,  where  the  Monmoutb  lebeQioD  was  finally  crushed  in 
iCSj,  is  within  j  m.;  while  not  fu  off  is  Chailiach,  the  homE 
bf  the  Agspemonitcs  Iq.t,).    Bridgwater  bas    a  consideratile 

timber,  and  eiporting  Bath  brick,  farm  produce,  earthenware, 
cement  and  piaster  of  Paris,  The  river  is  navigable  by  vetvls 
of  jootons,  tbough  liable,  when  spriog-tidesaR  Sawing,  to  a  bore 
which  rises,  in  rough  weather,  to  a  hci£ht  of  9  fu  Bath  brick, 
manufactured  only  here,  and  rn^e  of  the  mingled  sand  and  clay 
deposited  by  every  tide,  it  the  staple  article  of  commerce; 
iron-founding  is  also  carried  on.  The  town  is  govemed  by  a 
mayor,  6  tldcimen  and  iS  coundlloTS,     Area,  qi6  ict«. 

A  letllenKnt  probably  grew  up  in  Saxon  time)  at  Bridgwater 
(BWfs,  ffnfffvabtfTf,  BrrMnm^rr).  owinf  ilioHf[inata  trade  centre 
btiUpaticlonallbflnoutnol  tbe  dijef  river  in  Sonenet.  It  became 
■  ncsoa  bocaugh  by  tbe  charter  granted  by  Joka  in  iior,  which 
pisvided  that  the  town  diould  bea  free  bOTDUEh.  tbe  burgcunlobc 
free  and  qidt  cf  all  toDi,  and  made  Wlliant  de  Briwcn:  overlord. 
Other  ehaiten  wen  granted  try  Henry  111.  In  1217  (eonfiimrd  in 
IjiB,  IJ70, 13S0),  which  nn  Brvhwaiet  a  gild  neivhsnl.  l!  was 
inoatiKHaud  by  charter  of  EdwanTIV.  [146^),  confinoid  in  1154. 
15U,  ifivg  and  1684.  Parliamentary  represenlatkMi  began  in  1395 
vid  continued  until  the  Reform  Act  of  iSjo.  A  Saturday  market 
and  a  fair  on  the  14th  of  June  wen  granted  by  the  chatter  of  1101. 
Another  bh  at  the  h^nnlnf  al  Lent  mt  added  in  1468.  and  a 
tessfld  lurkel  on  Tbunday,  aad  Iain  al  Midammcr  and  on  the 
iiH  o(  September  wen  added  in  IU4.  Charki  11.  gianlid  another 
fair  on  the  79th  of  December,  'nw  medieval  imporiance  of  theie 
maileti  and  fairs  for  rhe  sale  nf  wool  and  vine  and  later  of  cloth 
has  gone.  The  ahippanfi  trade  o'  (be  port  revived  arts'  the  con- 
z r  -L ,  dj^  j^  jg^|_  ,jj  jp„  ,^  limber  have  been 


cHl«(«  F'"^ 


.  ■  market  town,  nunidpil  boraugh  and 
teaside  rwrt  in  the  Bucknne  paiiiainailarjr  divi«0[i  of  the 
East  Kidini  «i  YoikihiTe.  England,  ]i  m.  N.N.E.  from  Hull 
by  a  branch  of  the  North  Eastern  rulway.  I^)p,  (t^t)  Sgig; 
(tQOi)  11,481.  It  is  divided  into  two  parts,  the  nndcnt  market 
town  lyiog.aboat  i  d.  from  the  coait,  while  the  modem  houses 
of  Btidlinglon  Quay,  the  watering-place,  fringe  the  shore  of 
Bridlington  Bay.  Southward  the  coast  beoomea  low,  but 
rtorthward  it  is  steep  and  very  fine,  where  [he  great  ipni  of 
Flamborough  Head  (j.e.)  projects  eastward,  fn  the  old  town  of 
Bridlington  the  church  of  SI  Maty  and  St  Nicholas  consitts 
of  the  hne  Decorated  and  Perpendicular  nave,  with  Early 
English  portions,  of  the  priory  cbutth  of  an  Augnstinian  founda- 
tion of  tbe  lime  of  Heniy  t.  Tbeie  remains  also  the  Perpen- 
dicular gateway,  serving  ai  tbe  town-hall.  The  founder  cl  the 
priory  was  Walter  de  CauDt.  about  1114,  ind  the  inttitution 


•cotadtete 


^  and  Its  old  church,  dating  from  i7«,ito«diu 
iqo6.  At  Bridlington  Quay  theie  i*  eiccUent  ica-baUiiBS,  and 
the  parade  and  onuunental  ganleDi  provide  pleaaast  pronouuleSi 
Eitensive  works  have  been  cairied  out  along  tlte  >e«  [i«nt. 
There  is  a  chalybeate  spring.  Tlie  harboiLr  is  endOMd  by 
two  alone  piers,  and  there  it  good  anchoiage  in  the  bay.  Tha 
municipal  borough  b  under  a  mayor,  i  atdenDen  and  18  coun- 
cillon,  and  has  an  area  of  9751  acres. 

Tbe  mention  nffourburgtstesat  Bridlington  (Brelliogun,  Builo^ 
ton)  in  tbe  Domeslay  turvey  ihowa  it  to  have  been  a  bofwigh  befon 
the  CanoDeit.    With  the  nat  of  the  nortt-  ''  c— t-~i  Bittii-.™ 
HlllanI  Imm  (he  ravages  ol  tbe  Nonnui 
from  £})  ID  tbe  ictgn  cf  Edward  Iht  COnleiagr,  WHO 

of  ihepn»WMinMjEailMotgr.toga.attheli^of'. , 

nirwy.  By  thai  time  it  was  in  the  hands  irf  tha  king  by  (hefocleitiire 
•d  Earl  Moitar.  It  w»  granted  br  WUlian  II.  to  Cilbert  de  Gaunt, 
whosi  son  aad  hrir  Walter  (aoHled  Ihe  priety  and  endowed  ii  with 
'  BridEngloa  and  otter  taaila.    Proa  thi>  date  ih( 


b  of  Ewland,  ^iffingtef 


importasce  c^  the  town  eteadily  Increued.  Hrnry  L  and  srver^ 
aucceeding  hlqga  confirmed  Waller  de  Gaunt'a  gift,  Stephen  granling 
inadditiontheiightiohaKa  port.  In  1546  ffenty  IV.  nuitd  the 
pnor  and  coavent  e— mpthm  from  fif teentha,  tentha  and  "'t'4'%*j 
in  leCDn  Cor  prayer  for  hfanaelf  and  UatliicHi  in  every  luaaaiiiig  at 
the  Ugh  altar.  Alter  tbe  Diiaalutlaa  iGe  aanor  leoBlaed  with  Ub 
crown  until  tlSl4,  wbcn  Cbarks  I.  granted  It  10  Sir  Joha  RamKy, 
iahoeebrotherandheir,SIrGeorgeRamaey.  aoUit  In  touta'^--~- — 
inhabitaala  of  the  town  on  Ichalf  of  all  tbe  Icnaou  eTthi 


da  good.     It  it  evident  fr 
allowed  ID  hnl '    ' 


"see.  J." 


irr.     Henry  VJ.  in  J44*  gr — -^^  . —  , ..,. 

the  vigil,  day  and  morrow  of  Ihe  Nativily  of  tbe 
OepoStion  of  Si  John,  late  prior  of  Bridlington.  ai 

of  the  aame  St  John.    All  tairt  and  natkett  wei 

-xr  M  th.  jnhaMtantt  ol  the  town. 


BRIWOBT,  ALBZARDBR  BOOD.  Viscoikt  (i;i7-iSt4}, 
Biillih  ftdmirnt,  was  the  younger  brother  of  Samuel,  Lord  Haul, 
and  couunof  SirSamuel  and  Captain  Alexander Hpod.  Entering 
the  navy  in  January  174T,  he  was  appointed  lieutenant  of  the 

o  the  '■  Prince,", 

u)  served  aa  a  licuteaanL]  and  in  this  comnaiid  served  in 
le  Mediterranean  for  some  time.  Returning  home,  he  waa 
;>fKiintcd  to  the  "  Minerva  "  frigate,  in  which  be  nas  present 
I  Howkc't  great  victory  in  Qui  heron  Bay  (iathNi]venbcri7j9). 
\  i^di  the  "  Alincrva  "  recaptured,  after  a  long  ttrug^,  tho 
Warwick  "  ol  equal  force,  and  later  in  Ihe  same  year  Captain 
ibe  MeditertaneaD, 


Kard  h< 


until  tt 


in  of  peace.     From  Ihit  lu 


tbe"  Kobuit  "  was  pretent  at  the  battle  of  Uthant  is 
1778.  Hood  wat  involved  in  the  cauit-matlial  00  Admiral 
(alterwards  ViicounO  Keppd  which  lollawod  thit  action,  and 
although  advene  popular  feeling  wu  itouted  by  the  coutie 
which  he  took  in  Keppel't  defence,  hit  conduct  doe*  not  iccia 
to  have  Injured  bit  professional  career.  Two  yean  later  he  was 
made  rear^dmiral  of  the  white,  and  succeeded  Kempenfcldt 
aioneol  Howe't  liag-eDicers,  and  in  the  "Queen"  (qa)  be  wai 
present  at  the  tdicf  of  Gibiallar  in  1781.  For  a  tine  he  ia( 
in  the  KouM  ol  Conunons.  PranwtHl  vii»«dninil  is  1787^ 
he  became  K.B.  in  Ihe  following  year,  and  on  the  nceaaioii  ol 
the  Spanitb  annamem  in  i  j«o  flew  hit  flag  again  for  1  ihott  time. 
On  the  outbreak  of  the  war  wiib  FraiKC  ia  I7g]  Sir  Aleaander 
Hood  once  mote  went  to  ica,  thit  time  at  Howe's  second  in 
command,  and  be  had  his  sbatt  in  Uk  opentiooa  which  cul- 
mlnaled  in  the  "  Ciorioua  First  of  June,"  and  lor  his  mvice* 
waa  made  Baroa  Bridport  of  Crkkel  St  Tboraaa  in  SMoerscI 


BRIDFORT— BRIEF 


561 


Ik  (b«  IrU  pMniB-  HCaeafanh  Bridimt  ma  pncliiaJIjF  in 
iwlepiadent  canBund.  Is  1795  h  (suBht  the  mucta-crilicEHd 
putU  anion  of  tht  ijid  ol  June  off  Bdle-Ile,  whkh,  bowever 
uslivoonblir  it  ina  K|uded  1b  lonie  quKten,  wu  fsunud  b 
■  pnt  victoiy  by  tbc  publk.  Biidp*n^  peenge  wu  nude 
Engtiih,  and  he  becinw  vice«dmlni  of  Englud.  Id  i)v6-i;i3; 
he  pnclltill]'  diftcted  tbe  wu  fiom  Londoo,  nnly  hosling 
hb  flng  maost  uvc  it  nich  oiijcal  lima  u  thai  oi  the  Irish 
Cipedltiao  in  i;«7-  !■>  the  [oUowing  year  he  wai  ahoot  to  put 
(0  lea  when  the  Spithead  Sect  muljiutd.  Hesucocdnlat  finl 
in  parifyiDg  the  tn*  of  hii  S*g4hip,  who  had  no  personal  podge 
■pint  their  admiral,  but  a  few  dayt  later  the  mutiny  broke  out 
afmh.  and  Ihs  time  vu  unconlnllaUe.  Foe  a  vhiie  Mck  the 
nutincen  irere  mprdk,  and  it  vBMdy  by  the  greatst  emtiom 
<i{  the  dd  Lord  Howe  that  oider  wia  tiKD  restored  and  Ihe  nxa 
RtDrned  lo  doty.  Ailer  the  nnitiDy  hlid  been"  nipproicd, 
Bridport  took  Ihe  ficel  to  lea  as  commander-in-chid  in  nanK  ai 
well  as  [n  fact,  and  tiom  1798  to  iSos  penoDnDy  directed  the 
blockade  ol  Bnit,  which  grew  itricin  ■«(  Uiicter  as  tintc  went 
OD.  In  iBoo  he  was  lelievtd  by  St  Vincent,  and  retired  from 
■etivt  duly  alter  fifty-nine  yon'  tervlce.  In  reward  tor  hii 
Gnt  itcord  Hi  peeiage  wat  made  a  viscounty.    He  spent  the 


\g  yttn  ol  hit  life  ii 


Hed 


in  the  IK 


May  18(4.    Thf 

Ihe  Iriih  barony  passed  1 

laiBJIy,  [or  whom  the  visci 

See  CHuniock,  Binpepliia  Namlii.  vL  la:  fatal  Ckmidt.  I, 
)65 ;  Ralle,  Ka.  Bin.  i-  lOl. 

BBIDFDBT,  a  muket  town  and  manicipsl  borough  In  the 
Western  parliantentary  division  of  Doncisiiire.  England,  i5  m, 
N.W.  d(  Doichesiet,  on  a  faianch  ol  the  Gnat  Wceicm  tiilTiiy, 
Pop,  (1901)  sjio.  It  is  ideasantly  litiiated  in  a  hilly  ditrici  on 
Ihe  river  Giil,  Inm  which  ii  lakes  iti  name.  The  main  part  ol 
the  town  is  about  a  mile  from  Ihe  sea,  with  which  it  b  connected 
by  a  winding  street,  ending  at  a  quay  lumMndcd  by  the  fishing 
village  of  Weal  Bay,  where  the  lailwsy  terailMtn.  The  chuii:h 
oi  St  Uary  is  a  handsome  cruciform  Perpendicular  building. 
The  batbour  ts  accessible  only  Co  smill  vessels.  There  k  tome 
impoit  trade  is  flax,  timber  and  coal.  The.  principal  articles 
ol  manufacture  have  long  been  sailcloth,  cordage,  linen  and 
Sahing-Dcis.    The  municipal  borough  is  under  a  mayor,   6 

Bridport  w»  eviitcnily  of  ume  Tinponann  befon  the  Conquest. 


By  .. 


Ill  the  ki 


jmber  of  homes  lu 
a  WRtcbedooDdilic 


of  1 109.  which  states 


ILfbrth 


III.  gnnted  the 

borough  and  gi 


t'tf-i'M." 


^-...edbylai 

.JI667.  aadby  thiithe 

lirsi  euitlDg  grai  -  - '  -      -  -'  -  - 


-.„ the  right  to  hold  It  at  Ihe 

jate  of  40*..  and  to  choose  two  baiMs 

tDuuweraltheexchequerforlhelann.  A  deed  of  IjSI  (howl  that 
Kearr  111.  alsD  granted  tbe  burgesses  iKedom  from  toO.    Bridporr 

: ,-Jt..T I  :...._  i-^Charlesll.paBleda«w 

fovtmediuiiil  ISJS.    The 
I  ,,u«,ML  auu  Mu«  10  Bridport  is  dated  1 595. 

,., „  Qvt  mtrraalg  Rolls  that  Edward  l.poHFucd 

a  maricEC  there.  The  town  was  noted  for  tbe  manulaclure  oC  ropes 
aiu)  cables  as  early  as  i2tjt.  and  an  act  of  parliament  (ai  H«nry 
VIII.)  shows  that  Ihe  InhiliilaaU  had  "  iron  tinK  out  of  mind  '' 
made  the  cables,  ropes  and  hawsers  lor  the  royal  navy  and  for  most 
ol  the  other  thips.  Diidport  was  represented  ?n  parliamrni  by  two 
Dwrnbcrs  from  139s  to  1A67.  In  the  latter  >ear  the  number  was 
tsfucid  to  one,  ■»{  is  lUj  the  town  was  disfraachiaed. 

■niB  (Brii[ui  lallta,  from  Celtic  triet,  clay),  an  tgrictHtarat 
district  ol  nonlwm  Fiance,  to  the  E.  of  Paris,  bounded  W.  and 
S.  by  the  Seine,  N.  by  tbe  Marne.  It  has  an  area  of  1400  sq.  m., 
Eoraprisjng  Ihe  greater  part  ol  the  department  of  Seine-ct-Mame, 
toptber  with  portions  of  iIk  departments  of  Seine,  ScItw-et-Oisc, 
Alsne,  Maine  and  Aube.  The  western  portfon  was  known  as  the 
Brie  Jran^iu^  Ihe  eastern  portion  as  the  Brit  tAamptnmse. 
The  Brie  forms  a  plateau  with  lew  eminencs,  varying  in  altitude 
between  joo  and  500  It.  in  the  west,  and  between  jooindSjofl. 
la  tbe  cut     III  scenerir  b  varied  by  forests  el  some  slie— the 


stractloial  porpceei:  the  suhwU  b  linesloee.  The  Yfaes,  > 
tribaluy  of  the  Seine,  and  tbe  Giud  Morin  and  Petii  Morin, 
ttibutaries  ol  the  Maine,  are  the  cMel  rivtcs,  but  the  re^^on  is 
not  abundantly  watemi  and  the  rainfall  b  only  belween  10  and 
14  in.  TI1C  Biie  b  bunous  for  Its  gnin  and  lu  dairy  products) 
especially  cbccsc*. 

■BIBF  (Lat,  &vsir,  therl),  In  English'letal  ptaclkc,  the  written 
ttatetnenl  given  to  a  bartbler  to  form  tbe  l»sis  ol  hb  case.  It 
was  probably  w  ealled  Iron  it*  at  Gnt  being  only  a  copy  of  the 
orlghaJ  writ.  Upon  •  barrister  dnoltes  Ihe  duty  o(  lakini 
charge  of  a  case  when  it  comes  into  court,  but  aH  the  prdhnlnary 
work,  such  as  Ihe  drawing  up  of  the  rase,  serving  pspers,  mai- 
ihslHng  evidence,  ttc,.  b  ptrlormrd  by  a  solkilor,  ao  that  a  brief 
contains  aconrisesunimaryfar  the  inlormatlon  of  coBnsel  of  the 
case  which  he  has  to  pleud,  with  all  material  facia  in  chronologicat 
order,  and  fret^entiy  such  observations  IhcreoD  as  the  solkltec 
may  think  tit  to  make,  the  names  of  witnesses,  with  the  "proofs," 
llul  b.  the  nature  oi  the  evidence  which  nth  witness  is  leady 
if  called  upon.    The  brici  n 


Bel  w 


iningx 


the  olher  side.  Accompanying  the  brief  may  be  copies  of  Ihe 
pleadings  (see  Pleadikc),  and  of  all  documents  material  to  iha 
case.  The  brief  is  always  endoised  with  the  title  ol  the  court 
in  which  the  action  b  to  he  tried,  with  Ihe  tfilc  ol  the  action,  and 
Ihe  names  of  the  counsel  and  ol  tht  solicitor  who  dclivcn  Ihe 
brief.  Counsel's  f cc  b  also  marked.  The  delivery  oi  a  brief  to 
counsri  gives  him  authority  to  act  for  hb  diem  in  all  itiatlm 
which  the  litigation  involves.  The  resuji  of  the  aetiMi  b  noted 
on  the  brief  by  counsel,  or  if  the  action  hcomprombed,  the  terma 
of  the  compromhe  are  endorsed  on  each  brief  and  signed  by  the 
leading  counsel  on  Ihe  opposiie  side.  In  Scotluid  ■  biicl  b  called 
a  memorial. 

In  the  United  Slates  the  word  has,  to  a  Ceiuin  extent,  a 
diRercnt  meaning,  a  brief  in  hs  En^ish  sense  not  being  rfqolreil; 
for  the  American  attorney  eicietscs  all  the  lunetions  distributed 
in  En^and  between  barristers  »nd  solicitors.  A  lawyer  somctimea 
prcports  for  hb  own  use  what  is  called  a  "  trial  bliel "  lor  use 
at  the  trill.  Thb  corresponds  in  all  essenliil  particirfars  with 
Iht  "  hriri  "  prepared  by  the  solicitor  in  England  for  (he  iM  of 
counsel.  But  the  more  dbiinciive  use  of  the  term  in  America  b 
inlhecsseoE  the  brief  "in  error  or  appeal,"  bdlore  an  af^llate 
court.  Thb  is  a  written  or  printed  document^  varying  acocding 
lo  crrcumslances,  but  embodying  the  arffiment  on  the  question 
sSectcd.  Most  of  the  appdlaic  conris  requite  the  filing  of  printed 
briefs  for  the  use  of  the  court  and  oj^nsing  counsel  «t  a  lime 
designated  lor  each  ride  before  bearing.  In  the  ndes  of  the 
United  States  Supreme  Court  and  ritcuit  courts  of  appeab 
the  brief  is  required  tO  contain  a  concise  statement  ol  the  case, 
a  specificalion  of  eirora  relied  on.  Including  tbe  substance  ol 
evidence,  the  admil^an  or  rejection  of  which  b  to  be  reviewed, 
or  any  extract  from  a  charge  excepted  to,  and  an  argument 
exhibiting  dearly  the  points  ol  law  or  lact  to  be  discussed. 
This  form  of  brief,  it  may  be  added.  Is  also  adopted  for  UM  at 
the  trial  in  certain  slates  ol  the  Union  which  letiuiie  printed 
briefs  to  be  delivered  to  the  court. 

In  English  ecclesiastical  law  a  brief  meant  letten  patent  bnied 
out  ol  chancery  to  churchwardens  or  other  officers  for  the 
collccTIon  of  money  lor  church  purposes.  Such  biiels  were 
regulaled  t^a  ststuteol  1J04,  but  ate  now  obsolete,  though  they 
■re  St  Dl  lo  be  found  named  in  oneol  (be  rubria  in  the  Communkra 
service  ol  Ihe  Book  ol  Common  Prayer. 

The  irlff-bei,  in  which  coanscl's  papers  an  carried  to  and 
from  court,  now  forms  an  integral  part  of  a  barrister's  outfit, 
but  in  the  early  part  of  the  19th  century  Ihe  pcsstssion  of  a 
brief-bag  wt*  strictly  confined  to  those  who  hsd  received  ana 
from  a  king^  counsel.  King's  counsel  were  then  few  in  number 
wen  considered  officers  of  the  court,  and  had  a  salary  0!  £40 
a  year,  with  a  supply  of  paper,  pens  and  purple  baff.  Thcsd 
bags  they  distributed  among  tiring  luBloisotlbeiraequalnlanCTi 


$t» 


BRIEG— BRIENZ 


wboM  bnodla  sf  briefi  wtn  «9ttiit  incMiveDiaiily  bve  ta  be 

ariKdiatheiihanib.  TliaeptRiuiiilttwcRaboI^dicdiB  iSja 
Eoglolibriel-bipareBaweilhctbtuoTKd.  Btudustare  ihoM 
with  which  barriUen  provide  tbtnwclvtt  when  fint  ailed,  uid 
il  H  ■  bnuh  ol  ciiqucltc  lo  k(  Ihii  bif  ■>«  viiiblc  io  court.  Tlic 
only  bricl>bi|  alloHcd  to  be  pUied  on  ihc  dc^  ii  llie  red  baj, 
Wch  by  Engliih  latil  eliquctie  is  given  by  i  leidinc  rauuel 
Id  ■  iunior  who  hat  been  amCul  id  him  in  same  imponani  cue. 

BRIBO,  a  lown  of  Gennany,  in  the  PruuiiD  province  of 
Silnia,  on  the  left  baolc  «[  the  Oder,  and  on  the  Brslau  and 
Beuihen  milway.  tj  m.  S.E.  o(  the  foraicr  city.  Top.  (igoo) 
M.oga.  It  hai  a  caille  {the  rcaidenci  o<  the  old  counla  of  DiicR). 
a  iuulic  asyhim,  a  gyauuuium  with  a  good  libraty,  Kvcral 
churdttl  and  bospilalA,  end  a  theatre.  Jli  fonidcationa  were 
dcBlroycd  by  the  French  in  tAo7,  and  are  now  repbccd  by 
beautiful  promenadca.  Brieg  carriea  on  a  couidcrable  liade, 
ill  diiel  manulactuiea  being  linen,  cmbroidciica,  cotton  and 
woollen  (ooda,  ribbons,  leather,  nuchiiwry.  hata,  poattlnard 
and  cigara.  Important  caltlc-nurkela  are  held  here.  Bncf,  or, 
as  it  it  called  in  early  doaiments,  Cnilai  AUa4  Ripu.  obtained 
municipal  righia  in  iiso  Iron  Duke  Hcncy  III.  ol  Bcrslau.  and 
watfortified  in  itg?)  lli  name  ii  derived  iron  the  Folbh  Bnrt 
<thare).  Burned  by  the  Huasilct  ia  1418,  (be  town  wat  won 
■Iterwaids  rebuilt,  and  in  isasil'aiafjn  fetlificd  by  Joachim 
Fndenck,  duke  of  Biies.  In  the  Thirty  Yean'  War  it  (uSered 
Iitailyi  in  that  d(  Ihc  AualniB  lucceuion  it  waa  heavily 
bombarded  by  ths  Piuitiin  (oicti:  and  in  1S07  it  wai  captured 
by  the  French  and  Bavaiiaca.  From  ijii  to  167$  Briit  waa 
the  ca|Hlal  of  an  Independent  line  of  dukes,  a  cadcl  bnnch  ol 
the  PoIiihduJiaiilLowerSilata.  byoneof  whom  thecaHlc  wai 
built  in  1341.  In  isj7  Frederick  tl.,  dukool  Ltegnili.  Brief 
and  WohliH.  concluded  with  Joadiini  II.,  elector  ol  Brandco- 
burg,  a  Inaty  according  to  which  hia  duchy  wai  to  pan  la  Ihc 
bouie  of  Bnndenburc  la  the  event  o(  the  citlnction  ol  hit  line 
On  the  death  of  George  William  the  last  duke  in  1675,  however, 
AuMria  refused  to  acbiowlKlge  the  validily  of  the  treaty  and 
>Bn»ed  theduchiet.  It  wu  thedetenuaitionaf  Frederick  II. 
•I  Pmttia  to  auett  hit  claim  that  led  in  1740  to  the  war  that 
ended  two  yeua  bier  id  the  ceuioD  of  Silctia  to  Pnisia. 

See  Stokvia.  itcnml  i'Ullmrt.  iiL  pp.  M.  64. 

BRIBO,  olteD  now  ipdt  Bus  [Fr.  Siijni,  ItaL  Srifi),  a 
piciureiqne  tmall  town  id  the  Swits  canton  of  the  Vabit,  situated 
It  the  loot  of  the  northern  slope  ol  the  Simplon  Tass,  ou  the 
light  bank  of  the  Saltine  ttream,  and  a  little  above  iti  junction 
with  t^  Rhone.  lU  older  houses  an  very  ItaUiD  in  appearance, 
iriiile  ila  moat  pnuninent  buildings  (cattle,  loimct  Jctuitt' 
CoUegc  and  Unuline  oHivenl)  all  dale  from  (be  i;ih  oeuiuiy, 
and  are  due  to  the  generosity  of  a  single  mcnibcT  of  the  local 
Slockilpet  family.  The  proipeiily  ol  Bricg  b  bound  up  with 
the  Simplon  Fatt  («.».),  so  that  it  etaduiliytupplinled  the  mote 
ancient  village  of  Naleis  oppoallc,  becoming  a  separate  parish 
(Ihc  church  is  at  Glii,  a  lew  aioulet  trtiro  ihe  lawn)  in  1517. 
Il*  Dtdieval  name  wu  Brita  dita,  Thr  opening  ol  the  carriage 
mad  acnu  the  Simpkm  (1S07)  a"!!  «'  'he  tunnel  beneath  the 
pau  (igeC),  as  wdl  at  the  lact  that  above  Biicg  is  the  steeper 
wd  lot  fertile  ptttton  al  the  Upper  Valais  (now  much  Irequealed 
by  louiiMs],  bre  greatly  Incnased  the  importance  and  site 
ol  tlM  towiL  The  opening  of  Ihe  railway  tunnel  beneath  (he 
LBWchra  ft™,  aSording  direct  coinmunicatioB  with  Beni 
the  BcTBor  Obcibnd,  b  calcubted  iliU  further  to  oomril 
tB  Its  pn^oily.  The  new  town  catcnds  below  Ihc  old 
and  b  ckan  to  the  tight  bank  of  Ihe  Rhone.  In  tgoo  the 
p^ndatiMi  waa  tiSi,  dmoat  all  Ronuiutta,  while  tii6  were 
German-tpeaking,  r'9  llaiianvcaldnt  (the  Simplon  tunnel 
woAmea),  and  14'  FMnch-^Makii^,  one  pction  otiJy  qieaklng 
Vlimvmh.  (W.  A.  B.  "' 

BRIHU  iSrid  or  BrOi,  a  seaport  b  the  pnvlao  of  South 
HoUaoa,  HoUtnd,  on  the  notth  tide  of  the  ialand  of  Voome, 
M  Ik  mouth  of  the  New  Maai,  ;)  n.  N.  (i<  HeUevoetslub. 
Pop.  (1900)4107.    ItitafoKiliedpbctaadhatagaodhatboiU', 

hal^«adaseqihuai*<l*tkt&oBiju,  llwWwct^thcGtoou 


maiallKhtlwiise.  UMiattlMtndt 
o  Hellevoettiub  by  the  aHtiog  ol  the 
I,  but  it  (till  hat  tone  businMi  b  eota 


KcA  o(  St  Catharine 
ol  BHcUe  wai  diveni 
Voanuebe  Canal  in  1 
and  ladder,  as  well  a 
inhabitants  are  aba  engaged  in  the  Giheriea  and  ai  piktt. 

The  chief  event  in  the  histofy  of  Brielle  b  iu  capiiue  by  th* 
CiUMi  tui  Ida.  a  squadron  ol  ptivateert  which  raided  the  Dutch 
coast  under  commission  of  the  prince  ol  Oruge.  Tlut  event, 
which  took  pim  on  the  itl  ot  April  1571,  was  the  fint  Uou  In  the 
king  wax  of  Dutch  independence,  and  wai  folkiwad  by  a  general 
outbreak  of  the  pattiatie  party  (Uoiley,  Riu  a/  lit  Datck  Km- 
piMk,  part  iii.  chapter  vL),  "  The  BliU  "  wai  one  o(  the  but 
Dutch  lowns  handed  over  to  Queen  Eliiabelh  in  15S4  as  security 
lor  English  eipcn«s  incuiml  hi  tiding  the  Dutch.  Brielle  b 
the  birthpbce  of  the  CacDous  admiral  Martm  van  TVomp.  and 
also  of  Admiral  van  Alinonde,  a  dfatinguiahed  commandei  ol 

BHIBniB-LB^EIAliAU,  a  town  of  notlh-eutcra  France, 
in  Ibe  department  olAube,  im.  from  Ihe  ri^t  bank  of  the  Auba 
and  ati  m.  N.E.  ol  Tmyes  on  the  Easiem  railway-  Pop.  (190a) 
i;6i.  The  chUeau,  whirh  overloaks  the  town,  b  an  Imposing 
building  of  the  bller  hall  of  the  iSth  centuiy.  built  by  the 
csrdiiul  de  Brienne  (see  bckiw).  It  poasenes  an  important 
collection  ol  pictures,  many  ol  them  hisioiical  portraits  ol  the 
17th  and  iSih  centuries.  The  church  dates  fnim  the  i6<fa 
century  and  coBtalnt  good  tlained  glass.  A  statue  of  Napoleon 
commemoratet  hb  Mjoum  at  Brienne  ftom  I77g  to  17S4,  when 
he  was  studying  at  Ihe  mitiuiy  tcbool  mppirued  In  1790. 
In  1814  Brienne  was  the  scene  of  fighting  between  Napoleon 
and  the  Allies  (see  NarOLEOHic  CmrAioHi}.  Brewing  it 
carried  on  m  the  lovn.  Bttenne-b-ViriUe,  a  village  i\  m. 
loutb  ol  SiJennc-Ie-Chlteaii,  hat  a  church  of  ihe  nth  and 
i6lh  centuries  with  £ne  ilained  windows.  Ihe  portal  odcs 
belonged  to  the  ancient  abbey  ol  BaiselontBinc,  the  ruhu  of 
which  are  ^tuated  neai  the  village. 

Cnvli  tj  BrifHuc, — Under  tbe  Canriingian  dynatty  BricaDb 
le-CUieau  was  ihe  capital  town  of  a  Fr^^  oouptaUp.  Ia 
Ihe  iDth  century  it  was  captured  by  two  advei 


became  king  of  Jerusalem,  through  hb  marriage  with  Mary  o 
Slonlferral,  heireia  of  the  kingdom  of  Jerunlem.  He  led  a 
crusade  in  Eg>pl  which  had  no  lasting  succeiii  and  when  iu 
iiiq  he  wu  elected  emperor  ol  the  Eiat.  lor  the  period  of 
Baldwin  n.'t  roiBMiiy,  he  lought  and  conquered  ihe  Creek 
emperor  John  III.  (Balaues  or  Vatities].  Walter  V.,  count  of 
Brienne  and  ol  Lccce  (Apulb)  and  duke  ol  Athens,  fought  against 
the  Greeks  and  al  first  drove  them  from  Thessaly,  but  waa 
eventually  deleated  and  killed  near  Lake  Copals  in  IJti.  Hb 
son.  Waller  Vl.,  alier  having  vainly  attempted  to  reconquer 
Athens  bi  iiji,  served  under  Philip  ot  Valois  against  the  English. 
Having  defended  Fknmce  agalnit  the  PIsans  he  aucceeded  in 
obtaining  dictatorial  powen  lor  himself  in  the  republic;  but 
his  lyrarmiod  conduct  brought  about  his  ctpulrion.  He  was 
appoinledconstableof  France  by  John  ihe  Good,  and  was  klUcd 
at  the  battle  ol  Poiiicn  in  use.  His  sitter  and  heiiesi  Uabellc 
married  Walter  of  Enghien,  and  so  brou^t  Brienne  W  the  house 
olEr.ghien,>nd,hyhijmirriagewlth  Margaret  olEnghlen,  John 
of  Luiembutg-St  Pol  (d.  about  rjs:)  became  couni  ol  Brienne. 
The  bouse  of  Luremburg  retained  Ihe  counlship  until  Margaret 
Chailolte  of  Luiemburg  sold  it  Is  a  ceruin  hfaipoB.  who  ceded 
il  to  Henri  Aoguite  de  Lomfnie  (whote  wife.  Louite  dc  Bfon, 
descended  ftom  the  home  ol  Luienburg.Brienne)  in  1(140. 
The  Limousin  house  ol  Lomfjiie  (the  genealogies  which  trace 
this  family  to  the  ijih  century  are  imtruitworthy)  produced 
many  welt-known  lUlesmen,  anxing  othen  the  celebnied 
cardinal  Clienne  Charlci  de  Lominle  de  Brienne  (iiiT-ifw), 
minisier  ol  Louis  XV. ;  and  the  bit  kmb  ol  Brienne  were 
memben  ol  this  family.  (M.  P.*) 

BBIEHZ,  LAKE  OF,  in  tbe  Swbs  canton  of  Bern,  the  fint  lake 
inio  which  the  river  Atr  eiqundt.  Il  lies  in  a  deep  hollow 
between  the  village  of  Briem  on  Ibe  east  (ijBo  inhabitanti,  the 


BRIERLEY— BRIGANDAGE 


tMel  cmtw  «l  lhea»l«  wuud<mliHl»dnMiT)  ma.  mi  Ot  not, 
BMttB  (1515  UuUtamli).  d«M  In  lalalakai.  IB  loisili  is 
iboM  «  DL,  iu  width  it  !>-,  uvl  iu  muJBDU  dcpUi  8^6  ft. 
■iMh  H*  va  b  I  li  «q.  B.,  ud  th*  Hiiuc  i&  iSsj  f I.  abon  Ihe 
icm-lnd.  Ob  Uh  wutli  abon  ut  tht  GkaliKh  Falls  and  the 
toailetoflidnnM.  OatbeiMMhihMcai««(«rsaiUlviU*|o. 
1  ^ocoiT  and  nd  •*  nrmpued  with  its 
,  Iti  diicf  iSuent  ii  the  LQtHhine 
B  tht  valhyi  of  Crinkhnld  and  LauicibrunDRi). 
toBlhaUccin  1SJ9.  (W.A.B.C.) 
(  (ieij-lBv6},  EngB^  hw  and 


nlMijff»t(iSn)ittnctcdBttcBtioa.  In  iS6]hcdcE)Uld)' 
took  to  joomaUnn  ud  UtHBUire  at  hii  vork,  puUidung  m  iWj 
hh  Ormda  if  Wairlam,  and  in  1864  a  bng  itory  called  Tit 
layraci  >/  Loaflqi  Sidt  (afleminb  dnowtiiwl),  foUond  by 
othan.  He  atarted  in  1869  Bm  Brkrlty"!  Jmniol,  a  vnkljr, 
which  ccotinoBd  liD  iSdi,  and  be  fave  public  mdinci  Inm  ba 
own  writing  iriiitinc  Amenca  in  1880  and  iSS*.  Hb  vafloui 
A^V-Of-Yiat  aketdM*  (iboot  Anwica,  London,  tc),  and  Ui 
pictOR*  of  LaacuhiK  ccounon  lUc,  woe  very  pc^idaiv  and  wen 
collected  after  U*  death.  In  iU«  he  loat  hi*  uvnip  by  the 
faihiR  of  a  boildiBa  Hidety,  and  a  f und  wBi  raised  Idt  hii  luppon. 
He  died  on  the  iSthofJannaiy  iBg6,BndlwoyeaialateiBilaIae 

SBUBLT.  to.  OtVltO  WUTBB*  (iSir-iBw).  English 
marina  painUr,  who  ome«f  an  old  Chohire  funily,  wu  bom  at 
ChBla-.  He  ealcfcd  Stn'i  art-Khaol  in  Londoo,  and  attet 
■ludrinf  naval  aiddtectnre  at  Plymouth  he  ohibited  lone 
dmwinv  of  itip*  at  ihe  Royal  Aodimy  in  iSjg.  He  had  1 
liiwimi  for  the  ata,  and  in  i84f  itaited  round  the  wodd  with 
"trjtr'l"  Boyd  (i7q6~iSji),  aflowaids  Hell  known  at  a  grtat 
Autralian  aqoatter,  In  thelatter'l  lUp  "  Wanderer."  and  having 
pit  to  New  South  WbIc*.  Duds  his  hone  at  Auckland  for  ten 
yean.  Biiedy  P«inl  ia  called  aim  hjm.  He  added  lo  hia  tea 
npciimcei  by  voyicei  on  UJd.S.  "  Ratdaoakc  "  in  1S4B,  and 
with  Sir  HcDfy  Keppd  on  the  "  Meander  "  in  iSsoi  he  returned 
to  England  In  1851  on  this  ship^  and  Llhislratcd  Keppel'i  book 
about  Ui  tmiiB  (iBu)-  Me  wu  again  viib  Keppel  during  the 
Ciimon  War,  ud  iHihlisbed  in  1855  a  tciiet  nl  tithociaphs 
iUwtiMai "  1h«  &i|liBh  and  French  Btxa  in  the  BilLic."  He 
waa  now  taken  op  by  Queen  Victoria  and  other  membecs  ol  the 
loyal  family,  and  wn  attac^hcd  to  (he  suites  oC  the  duke  oi 
~ the  prince  of  Walea 


ESby  himiandiD 


_  _  »t  the  Royal  Wgtet-colour  Sudety, 
his  more  Important  weeks  indudin^  tht  hiiiotical  piciurei. 
"  The  Retieatof  the  Spanish  Armada"  (iSji)  and  "The  Loss 
of  the  Revenge  "  (1877).  In  1SS5  he  was  knitted,  and  be  died 
on  the  14th  ol  December  1S94.  He  was  twi«  married  and  had 
an  active  and  prosperous  lif^  hut  was  no  great  artist^  his  best 
pkturcB  sie  at  Hetboume  and  Sydnty. 

BBIKDZ,  nsftsB  (iSjS-  ),  Freocb  diuutbt,  was  bom 
in  Paris  of  poitf  parenu  m  the  igthol  January  1858.  Aoae-aci 
play,  Brrtitri  PaHiiy,  wiiiien  in  coUaboraiion  with  M.  CasLoo 
Salandri,  waapraducod  in  1871},  but  he  had  to  wail  eleven  years 
VIon  be  obtained  motber  bearing,  his  Utiun  d'  oMiiMi  being 
produced  by  Anioine  at.the  lUlln  Libre  in  1890.    His  plays 

of  the  Kciol  system,  Slamtliilli  ( i8i)j)  poJHted  out  the  evil  results 
ol  education  of  girls  of  the  working  cbsscsi  M,  dc  Rliaal  [i8»9) 
was  directed  against  pharisaitnii  L'EnptHaie  (iS^)  against 
comiption  in  polilici ;  ZJu  flto^oilniri  ( I  Sg6]  against  the  fiivoUiy 
oC  fDhionabte  chariLy;  and  L*&mw%  (1896}  satirised  an  jndis^ 
oiminale  belief  in  the  doctrine  ol  heredity.  La  Treis  FilUi 
it  U.  Duftnl  [1S97}  is  a  powerful,  somewhat  brutal,  study  of 
the  miseries  imposed  on  poor  middle-class  girls  by  the  French 


£m  ^sarMadtoc),  f  ertwldia  by  the  oei 
ol  its  medicBl  details,  waa  tend  prlvataly  by  the  sutbor  at  iIk 
IMUro  AnloAie,  and  P^Ut  amic  <i9os)  fkacribei  the  lib  ol  a 
Psraian  thsp^id.  Idlec  playt  aic  La  Ctmlt  (tfi].  acted 
privately  at  Rouen  hi  1893),  MtUrmM  (1904),  La  Obmnut 
(i9a«),intoUibeialknwithM.JennSigMis.andJar  HawMtoi. 
a  oonedy  In  Unee  ads  (1906). 


cJetl,  and  composed  of  r 
R^aenu  of  htfantry,  mrslry  or  attillety.    The  Ba 

brigade  oeodsts  as  a  rale  of 

bayoaeta)  with  supply,  tranap 

the  cavalry  teigade  of  tsra  or  luree  regiments  ot  cavtlty.  An 
artillery  "  bripde  "  (Beld,  bono,  and  heavy)  is  in  Great  Brilam 
■  amaller  unil,  fombig  a  lieoL-eolond's  coinmandand  comiRJng 
of  two  or  thiiK  bMtoie*.  <See  Antv,  Amuuv,  InsMtn, 
and  CavALn.)  Iha  staff  ri  u  talanliy  or  cavalry  biig*da 
usuaSy  aauista  of  tho  bri^dici  eonuDUidiBg,  Us  tide-doOmp, 
tad  the  hdgade-maior,  a  stall  offioB  wboee  dulki  ut  inter- 
mediate  between  tbose  ol  an  adjutant  aiul  those  of  a  gmenl 


from  the  O.  Fr.  irV/aii.  which  ia  a  kaa  ol  the  ItaL  triffodt, 
■n  irregular  or  partissn  soldki.  Thtie  can  be  no  doubt  at  to 
tho  orfghi  of  tho  word  "  bandit,"  which  baa  the  tame  neaaing. 
In  Italy,  which  k  not  >nijatt|y  coaridersd  the  home  of  tlia  DMit 
"  '  idEutoooinhrigmdt,a>airii(»iiiaa»iM»dtdawd 
X  tenja,  cdled  la  Scotlud  "  a  <facn« 
stdtltventl  byabinatofalMcnsttba 
,    ThabritiBd,tfaat«l(n,iBlhaoittaWwbOcoodnets 


plnndet,  by 

end  kills  the  iHisoneis 
the  bogand ' 
the  thieves 


not  infrequently  hat  been,  the  laat  resource  af  a  people  nbiect 
to  mvasioo.  The  Calahfiant  who  fought  for  Fad^und  ol 
Naples,  and  the  ^laniah  itfegular  levMs,  which  maintsined  tht 
natlDnsl  resislanca  agahisl  the  Fnnch  from  iSog  to  1S14,  were 
called  brigands  by  their  enemies.  lathe  Balkan  peninsula,  under 
Turkish  rule.  thebiigaikdB  (ctllid  Uefiii  by  the  Creektand*aydiifa 
□t  iayJtUti  by  the  Slavs)  had  aoma  daim  to  beb'eve  themsdvea 
thereproentstivesol  their  people  against  (qi{Kestan.  Theonly 
approach  to  an  attempt  to  ■"■■"■**■"  order  was  the  penniasioa 
given  (0  pert  of  the  population  10  carry  arma  ia  order  to  repreas 
the  klephts.     They  were  boice  called  "  trmltoli."    Asamstter 

Ihe  klephls.  Ihe  hivadet  who  reduces  a  nation  to  anaicby,  and 
then  sufleis  from  the  disorder  he  creates,  always  cslla  his 
opponeols  brigands.  It  is  a  natural  consequence  of  such  a  war, 
but  a  very  disastrous  one,  for  the  people  who  have  to  have 
recourse  to  thsie  methods  of  defence,  that  the  brigand  acquiies 
somemeaauRof  haaoura hie  prestige  from  bis  temporary  Bssocia.- 
tion  with  patriolismand  honest  men.  ThepatiioC  band  attrscis 
the  brigand  proper, '  '     '  " 


(Long  life  to  Ferdinand,  a 
not  nnftir  critia  to  hs-v 
guenillcios.  Italy  and  Spain  suffered 
disorder  developed  out  ol  the  popular 
Numbeis  el  the  guenillcn*  al  both 
Gonditioni  uight  have  been  ' 


"  KiNFerwHdDyKiBse 
~  us^  robbingj  has  be 


5«+ 

l<»U<iat(i« 


BRIGAhTOAGE 


A  tat  occwtoul  booty,  »hich  they 
OBMaaMtoiCB^CBtbicaatirticdnUnd.  Their  amntiyniBi 
had  to  work  for  a  BCmd  dditfoaace  Ithd  tlieii  late  diloidcn. 
1b  the  Eait  the  bnfaod  hu  had  a  iieer  icopo,  and  hai  even 
fomided  Unfiti-^  David'i  foUmnns  in  the  cave  of  Adiillatn 
•am  auch  nMUerial  aa  brifaada  an  bade  of.  '^  And  cvoy  (me 
Ibit  wu  1b  dMi^,  and  cvoy  one  that  vat  in  dtbt,  and  cvoy 


ha  becaiH  a  capuln  «nt  them:  and  then  voe  with  him  about 

torn  hmdiBd  men."    Nadir  Shah  of  Pctiia  becao  is  jatt  wch 

a  can  ol  Adullam,  and  lived  to  ploadai  Dalhi  irith  a  boat  o( 

PnlaaaaDdAfihani. 

plKCi.    AeouatryofmouBtaJBaadfonitiitaYOanbletotbe 

bripud.    Tie  hitf>la>di  of  Seotlaal  Bipplled  a  aafo  »ra«e 

to  the  "  cntleBeB  navoa,"  vbo  earned  off  the  altk  of  tiK 

Ibe  Sienaa  ol  Spaio.  were  tb^  bomn  ot  the  luHui  "  bandilo*  " 

doRa  "  <niden).  Tbe  loieMt  ot  England  gave  oovtr  u  the  oul- 
lam,  mfaoat  v«y  much  Battered  poniaii  ii  to  be  (aand  in  the 
baUadiol  RoNnHaod.  lie"  ■naquii,"u.thehudiof  Cotaica, 
and  iu  hUb,  luvt  helped  the  Conitan  bri^nd,  aa  the  budi  of 
AaitraUa  covered  the  buihiantcr-  But  ndtbcf  lonat  thicket 
DOT  mountain  Ii  a  laiting  protection  againit  a  good  police, 
need  with  inlelUgencc  by  the  govtnunenl,  and  uppotled  by 
the  law-abiding  part  ol  the  community.  The  great  haunti  <^ ' 
bilganda  in  Euiope  bave  been  cenlia)  and  aoatlMm  Italy  and 
tb«  woiat^dminiitered  pari*  ol  Spain,  empt  thoK  whkh  fell 
tmo  the  handi  of  the  TUAa.  "  Wbowvti  aunwroui  trocqit  o< 
bauUtd,  multiplied  by  auccoa  aad  inpailT,  publidy  defy, 
tnauad  of  dnding,  the  foiticc  of  their  ontiy,  we  taay  safely 
Infer  that  the  i  inijiii  ■Mkaaa  of  the  gonmnicnt  is  felt 
aod  abowd  by  the  lowM  nnk*  ot  tbe  oamnunity,"  it  the  judtt- 
ment  paued  by  Gibbon  en  the  dbotden  of  Sicily  in  the  nign 
ot  Ibe  empoor  n«wi>»ni«  Thb  maknem  hat  not  alnya  been 
a  itgnof  nal  facbleDCM  ta  the  goveinmcnt.  Engbmd  mi  vigor- 
ously ruled  In  the  rdgn  of  WBUui  m.,  v^vn  "  a  Inletnity  el 
plmdeien,  thirty  In  number  BMording  lo  the  hnmt  ettjnute, 
•qnalted  near  Waliham  Cnni  uader  the  thadm  of  Erring  Forest, 
and  built  thonsdvcs  huts,  Irom  vhich  they  milled  faith  with 
toon)  and  pistol  to  bid  pisseagen  stand."  It  was  not  btoute 
the  state  wti  weak  that  the  Gubbtaigi  (lo  caHod  In  eoBtttnpt 
from  the  trimmings  and  refute  of  fiih)  talested  Devanihire 
for  a  gmeraiion  from  their  hcadquaitem  near  Bfcnt  Tbc,  on  tbe 
edge  of  Dartmoor.  It  was  becauM  g»gl»iul  had  not  provided 
bcndf  with  a  mmpeteiit  rural  polict^  In  Rlatlvdy  unmltled 
paru  of  the  United  SUlct  there  bti  beat «  Oanridenbl*  amount 
of  t  certain  kind  of  bifguidigt.  In  earfy  days  tlw  travel  route* 
to  the  fir  West  weR  infested  by  highwaymen,  who,  bowmr, 
iddora  united  into  budi.  and  such  outlaws,  when  captured,  »ere 
often  dealt  with  in  an  eitra-legal  raaaiKi',  i.[.  by  "  vigfUnct  com- 
miltets."  The  Meikan  brigand  Cortina  made  Incunloiii  into 
Tens  befote  the  CivQ  Wtr.  In  Canadi  the  mounteil  police  have 
kept  brigandage  down,  and  in  Hedco  the  "  Runic*  "  have  mide 
ID  end  ij  the  bifgaitds.  Snch  cuiable  evils  as  the  highwaymen  o[ 
England,  and  their  like  In  the  Statca,  aie  not  to  be  compared  with 
tbe"  Econhenn,'*  or  Skfameti,  ol  France  hi  the  15th  century,  or 
the  "  ChaulTeun  "  of  the  revolutionary  epoch.  Tbe  first  were 
large  hands  of  dbcbarged  nurcenary  tddien  iriw  [HUsged  the 
dnratty.  The  second  were  mStna  who  loited  their  victims 
to  pay  tiniom  by  holdbg  tbdt  ftet  in  fires.  Both  Bonriihed 
because  tbe  goremmeat  was  for  the  time  disorgsniicd  by  foreign 
invtdoB  or  by  tcvohltion.  These  were  far  more  terrlWe  evils 
than  the  licence  of  criminals,  who  are  encouraged  by  1  ftir 
prospect  of  impunity  because  there  Is  no  permanent  force 
always  at  hand  to  clnck  them,  and  to  bring  them  prempdy  to 
Imtice.  Ai  the  rame  lime  it  would  be  going  much  too  far  to 
I  eSdent  police  it  tbe  >c^  cause  of 


Mgaadagata 


linually  renewed.  TbeoOendcsi  enjoyed  a  large  meaiuieol  public 
■ynqiathy,  and  wan  waned  m  cencolcd  by  tho  papulation, 
even  when  thty  weie  not  activdy  nppotled.  Hh  traditional 
outlaw  who  q«r«d  the  poor  and  leiled  tribute  cai  Ibe  lidi 
was,  no  doubl,  ahrayi  a  creature  of  Sctioiu  llw  balbd  wltidi 
tells  ua  liow  '*  Rich,  wealthy  miieii  were  ahhoD«d,  By  bmvt, 
free-hearted  Bliss  "  (a  rascal  hanged  for  highway  robbery  at 
Salisbury  in  itiQs)  must  have  been  a  mere  echo  of  the  Robin 
Hood  songs.  Bt 
the  law  and  its 


who  defied  theffl  have  beta 

Then  and  then  it  wm  , 

boen  dUbcult  10  eitiipttc    Schhtder.] 

wheat  ml  name  wa*  Johann  Buckkr.  aad  wbo  ■•*  bom  at 

Hoklcn  CO  Ibe  RUne.  BouriAed  from  im  to  iSos  became 

Iheie  WM  no  proper  police  to  stop  him;  it  it  abo  tnie  that  aa 

he  chiefly  plundered  the  Jewa  he  had  a  good  deal  of  ChriMian 

The  bilpndtge  of  Greece,  toulfaem  Italy,  Corsica  and  Spain 

hil  ilrr|iniiB'lt.  inrt  bin  iiiinihi  in  fjiiltii  iiijiim  wiil  Allfout 
couulries  am  well  provided  with  hiding-plaoct  in  forest  and 

Its  offinn  have  been  leguded  at  dangen,  if  not  as  dellbenu 
enemiit,  to  that  Ibty  have  found  little  native  help,  and,  what 
is  not  Uie  Icatl  importaot  cause  of  the  pcnlitcnce  ol  brigandage, 
there  have  generally  been  local  potenti.tci  who  foimd  it  to 
their  [ntercat  to  protect  the  brigand.  Tbt  case  of  Greece  under 
Turkish  rule  need  not  be  dealt  with.  Whoevemas  not  akiephi 
was  the  victim  of  some  official  citonioner.  It  would  be  grooly 
unfair  to  apply  the  name  bri^hd  to  the  Uainola  and  ilmilar 
dans,  who  had  lo  dioote  between  being  ftyed  by  the  Turks 
or  Kviag  by  the  iw«d  under  thdr  own  law.     Wbem  [t  bccama 


nominal  partial 


y  politldaM  who  n 


the  brigand*  for  their  own  ptupaaea.  Tbe  result  wi 
state  of  things  described  with  on^  patdmablc  atggtnlJon 
in  Edtnond  AIksiI'*  smuring  Sri  de  Ja  ••eKlifu.  An  aniluatic 
and  most  Interesting  picture  of  the  Greek  bif^nds  will  be  found 
in  the  story  of  tbt  Captlvi^  of  S,  Soleropouloi.  an  ei-mlnl*ia 
who  fell  into  their  htndt.  It  wi*  tnndated  into  En^y>  nnder 
the  title  of  r*>  BHtm*i  ^Hu  Uirta,  by  th<  Rev.  J.  0.  Bagdoo 
(London,  iMS],  Tbe  uitfortunti  of  Sotmpoolo*  led  lo  the 
idoptlon  aS  aticof  mcatarc*  wlacfa  cleared  tbe  Uona.  wbet* 
the  peisaatry  gave  active  npport  lo  tbe  tnnps  when  they  taw 
that  tbe  govemmcnl  was  hi  euneat.  But  brigandage  was  not 
yet  eitlnct  in  Greece  In  1S70  an  English  party,  consbling  of 
Lord  uid  Lady  MuncatUr,  Mr  Vyner,  Hr  Lloyd,  Ur  Herbert, 
and  Count  de  Boyl,  wai  captured  at  Oropot,  near  Uarathon,  and 
s  ransom  of  £15,000  was  demanded.  Lord  and  Lady  Uuncaster 
were  set  at  liberty  to  seek  for  the  ransom,  bat  the  Greek 
government  sent  iroapsfnpnnuit  of  the  brigands,  and  the  other 
prbonrrs  were  then  lounlcred.  The  tcoundr^  were  hunted 
down,  aught,  and  oecated,  and  Greece  hat  since  then  heea 
lolenbly  [ree  from  this  tepcoteh.    In  the  Balkan  p    ' 


BRIGANDAGE 


5*5 


«tt  ObMh  mnb  ■fdM  tla  TWk.  aad  tb  i»ci  coolBcU 

Id  Coirio  lbs  "  mAquii "  tau  nnor  been  witbont  iu  tHijuul 
ben,  bcietiiu  tnduniy  bu  b«o  Mafunl,  lamily  '     ' 


pcoplt  M  nppon  the  hw.    Tic  brifiBd  [i  dwtjn  •  be 
kut  ant  fuiioa  of  Conlcus. 

Tbc  tCTwIliiiiiK  vUeli  Umur  bd(ind«ie  bu*  been  more 
picnleot,  uid  [or  leaga.  In  Italy  than  ebewhcrt  in  wotem 
EuiT^,  wilb  tl»  rtAndiiig  eiception  of  ConJci,  wfaich  h  lutlen 
In  ell  bal  poUtial  ilk^iaet.  Until  tbe  middla  of  the  iqth 
century  luly  vu  divided  into  •mall  naUi, »  tbit  llu  bflgejul 
vbo  <ni  dauly  panned  ta  ime  could  le*  to  taothir.  Thu  it 
mi  tbnt  Uuco  Sdun  oi  tbe  Abniul,  wbtti  hifd  pRMcd  by  tbc 
^udth  viccny  of  Kepla  jnit  before  and  iflec  itoo — covld 
cioa  tb<  becder  ol  Ibe  papal  itatei  and  ittun  on  ■  lavonrabk 


b  Venka,  tnn  whence  be  could  a 
witb  hb  Menda  at  boma,  anif .  , 
ocwmcbvWt  bemikdinloilnpuidalaiu.    Marco  Sdi 
id  tetraiiMl  tbe  cooDtry  fu  tod  *kle  at  the  bead  ol  Itoo  m 


luhidcd  Terq«ata  l^K, 
of  Ua  K1HWC0  m  poats  and  poMiy.  Uangone  mi  finally 
taken,  and  heotBti  to  dcatb  iritb  bannDen  at  Napla.  He  and 
Idi  like  an  tbe  bnoti  of  much  popular  vcne,  wrilten  In  lUata 
rtiw,  and  bcgimlag  wilfa  tbe  motional  epic  JDvoatioti  to  the 
mnie.  A  fine  enmple  i*  "  Tlic  meat  beautiful  hiilary  >tf  the 
Bfe  and  death  of  Pkm  Mutdno,  chief  of  Banditti,"  vhlch  hu 
KmainedpopolaririlJi  tbe  people  of  aouthemltaJy.  Itbegiiia: — 
-  lo  clBto  1i  rfcmltH.  e  a  im  anliie 
Dri  ftaii  f^MEO  Mandno  fuonnu  " 
(t>M«  MiKfan  diat  iRst  ootlaiRd  nan 
1  ug,  and  all  hia  np,) 
In  Mplea  the  Bomber  et  conpeling  code*  and  juriidictiDna. 
the  ninrival  of  tbe  fendal  power  of  the  DoUea,  who  ihdiered 
hrtdiltl,  Jon  aa  a  Tfj^iland  chief  gave  refuge  to  "catetaui" 
in  Scotfand,  and  tbe  hiilfiliMiii  ■  iil  tl«  peaiantry,  made  brigand- 
a|e  chmoic,  and  tbe  tuae  coidilioBB  obtained  to  Sicily.  Tbe 
Bonibon  dynuty  redoced  biifaadage  ttif  mocfa,  and  Mcoied 
order  on  the  nain  hi^Haadi.  But  II  waa  not  eilinfaiihed,  and 
it  mivtd  dnriaa  the  French  innatoiL  TUi  waa  the  lourialiinf 
time  of  tbe  notoiIouB  Fra  Dkvdo,  who  began  ai  brigand  and 
bloaaoBcd  Into  a  patriot.  Fti  Dlavdo  waa  captiued  and 
cncnted  by  tbe  French.  When  FcnlinaDd  wai  reMoced  <m  the 
[■O  ol  NapolcoB  he  caplayed  an  Mogbb  officer,  Genoal  Sir 
Rkluudaaicb,toiapi)TCMthebriffuib.  Censal  Chuich,  who 
kept  good  order  aaoag  kb  wUeia,  and  who  made  them  pay 
(or  ercrythint,  gained  the  confidenn  of  the  peaaanuy,  and  re- 
itarad  a  fafa  meaauie  3<  leciinty.  It  ma  he  who  GnaDy  bnn^t 
to  }nttIoe  tbe  ilHaiiiona  Don  Ore  Anlcchiaiico — prieat  and 
bitgand— vbodedandat  hia  ttfal  with  oflhand  indifference  that 
heauppoied  he  had  murdered  about  M'^enly  peopbi  lint  and  lul. 
When  a  bnither  ptkat  wu  aenl  to  give  him  the  comolatious 
of  religion,  Gio  cot  Urn  abort,  aaying,  "Slop  that  tballer,  we 
■n  two  of  a  trade:  we  need  not  play  tbe  fool  to  one  another  " 
(Lattiatt  fwair  ctuuUn,  iltrn*  dcB*  iitUM  fr^tuiam:  »■ 
d  tmiiamf  ^»  mO.  Ewty  auccoalva  revolutionary  diatuib- 
anc*  in  Naplea  HW  a  rccrudcaceDoe  of  bri^ndage  down  to  the 
Dnlficatlon  ol  i80O'iS6i.  and  Iben  It  wai  yean  before  the  Italian 
govemmaat  roolad  It  out.  The  Knutc  of  the  treuble  waa  the 
aappoit  tha  bilganda  Kceivad  fram  vaiioB  kiudt  of  "  luwi. 
llKpH  '  (■ajnlafarta)  yail  man,  eatmpt  oSdab,  political 
patilea,  and  Ibe  praMnri  wbowtro  temnbed,  or  wbo  profited 
hf  idling  Ibe  bijgudt  food  and  dolhea.  In  Sicily  brigandage 
hat  bean  radnnic  In  iSid  two  EntflA  travellca,  Mr  E.  J.  C. 
Ibcoaaadlha  Rav.  J.  CUnriay  Aynealey,  wen c^Uued and 
held  to  tanaom.  tir  Uoena  found  thai  iht  "  manut(ngoIi "  of 
tbe  brigand)  anong  the  peaaanta  charged  (amine  pricta  for  food, 
awl  oatortionaW  pricea  (or  dothea  and  camidgea.  What  it 
IrvB  of  Naflea  «»d  SicOy  ia  UiM  ot  «hci  paiu  of  Ilaty  ■■Mir 


mdaaib.    In  Tuscany,  Redmont  ,  ...     .. _^_ 

country  hai  been  oideity,  bui'ihe  borden  infeuedvithbiigaadi. 
The  ironl  diilricL  ouuide  CaUbrii.  hu  been  [be  papa]  atatcL 
The  Amtrian  genenl,  Frimont,  did,  however,  partly  dear  tile 
Roniagaa  about  iSn,  though  al  a  heavy  coit  of  Ufe  to  Ua 
aoldien— nuatly  Bahemian  Jigen — from  the  Dudaiia. 

The  hiitoiy  of  btigandage  hi  Spain  ii  yery  sm&u.  It  nay 
be  Hid  to  have  been  endemic  la  and  aoulh  |d  the  Siena  Uonna. 
In  the  north  it  has  Oouiiahed  when  vivcmmeBt  waa  weak,  and 
aftec  (onigB  iuvaiien  and  dvd  wan.  But  it  hai  alwaya  been 
put  down  cauly  by  a  capable  adminialratno.  It  m'^hfil  Ita 
greateit  heighl*  In  Catalonia,  when  it  bt^an  in  tha  Niile  of  the 
peaaanta agaimt  tbe  feudal cuctioaa of  the  landlORlL  Ilbad 
ita  tnditioaal  hero,  Roque  Cuinait,  who  Sgtuet  in  the  eecoid 
part  of  Don  Qniiote.  Tbe  revolt  agaimt  the  houic  of  Auatria 
in  1640,  and  the  Waiol  the  Succeiaioii  (i700-t7i4),gBTeagreat 
itiumlua  to  Catalan  biigandige.  But  it  waa  then  put  down 
is  ■  way  for  which  Iialy  oBert  no  precedent.  A  country  gsUlo- 
man  lumed  Fedio  Vcdana,  henditiuy  biiUt  (military  and 
civil  lieutenaot}  of  tbe  archbiihc^  of  Tungona  in  tbe  lows  of 
Valli,  armed  hit  fum-Krvanti,  and  rained  the  altadia  of  the 
biipnda.  With  thE  help  of  neighbouring  country  gentlemen  he 
limed  a  sIioDg  band,  liooim  ai  the  Moua  (fioyij  of  Vcdana. 


Thebi 


ibined  to 


:I  dd  of  h 


of  Vails,  but  were  repulsed  witb  great  low.  Iha 
govertunent  ol  Philip  V.  then  conumtuoned  Vedana  to  racM 
a  tpedal  corpt  of  police,  Ihe  "  cicuadra  de  Catalona,"  whicb 
still  eiiila.  For  five  genentian  Ibe  colonel  of  the  escaadn  wai 
always  a  Vcdana.  At  all  limes  lo  central  and  noiibtm  Spain 
■he  country  population  has  tuppoitcd  ibe  police  when  the 
government  would  act  firmly.  Since  the  orgaoiiation  of  the 
cicdlent  eonatabulaiy  called  "  Id  Guaidia  Qvil  "  by  tbe  duke 
of  AhuoMula,  about  1S44,  brigandage  has  been  well  kept  down. 
At  tbe  ckae  of  the  Catlist  Wu  Ai  1874  a  few  bands  (nfeaied 
Catak^a,  bat  00*  of  Ihe  wont  wu  tuii^M.  and  all  ita  members 
battered  10  death  with  boxwood  cudgeli  by  a  gang  of  chatcoal- 
bunwn  on  the  ruin*  of  the  castle  of  San  Martin  do  Centdlaa. 
iDsnchcooditioosas  these  brigandage  cannot  latL  Uoic  lym. 
pathy  ia  Ml  (or  "  handoltna  "  ia  the  touth,  and  theic  aito  they 
fiodSpanUi  oquivalenls  for  the"  manuttngoli  "of  Italy.  The 
tobacco  nauggiing  (nm  Cibialtai  keeps  alive  a  lawkai  daia 
which  aink)  easily  into  pure  brigandage,  Feihapa  the  indoence 
of  tbe  Berber  blood  in  Ihe  papulation  hdpa  to  oolong  tha 
baiborisai.  The  Siem  Uorena,  and  the  Semnla  de  Raada, 
have  produced  the  bandits  whoae  achievementa  form  the  lubjeci 
of  popvlar  baUadi,  luch  as  Frandsco  Eattban  E)  Cuapa  (Francis 
Slifihen,  tbc  Bui  or  Dandy),  Don  Juan  dc  Semlonga,  Fedranaa, 
Ac  Hie  name  o(  Jttt  Haria  has  been  made  (amiUar  to  all  tbe 
world  by  Heiimfe^  Koty,  Carsuit,  and  by  Biiet'i  open.  Joal 
Maria,  called  El  TtmpranUlo  (the  eariy  bird),  waa  a  hiitorical 


muggter,  then  a 


bought  oS  by  tbc  go 
the  otha  hligandt.    Jimi  Mali 
rhom  he  was  endeavouring  lo 


VU.,  I 
"  He  was  finally 
a^iasion  to  suppiem 
ot  by  one  of  them, 

.     .  _  _        noraukl  tinea,  but 

in  140S  a  bandit  of  iba  old  stamp,  popularly  known  ai  "Et 
VivOlo  "  (the  Vital  Sparit),  hauled  tha  Serraafa  dc  Rooda. 

Tbe  brigand  life  baa  been  made  the  lubiect  of  bhA  tDmante. 
But  idwn  stripped  of  BcUoi  it  appean  that  the  bands  bave 
been  moetly  reemited  by  men  who  had  beta  gniky  of  honUdde, 
oat  of  jealousy  or  In  a  gambling  qnaml,  and  wbo  ramaincd  in . 
ihem  not  from  lovB  of  tbe  life,  but  from  (cai  of  Ibe  gaUswa. 
A  idoiDid  brigand,  known  aa  Faaw  di  Lopo  (WoU^  Step), 
ccnfemod  to  Mr  HcFarlaae  about  181a  that  the  weaker  meaber* 
of  tbe  band  were  lermriied  and  robbod  by  tbe  bnlliet,  and  that 


Tha  "  dacoita  "  or  brlgandi  of  India  war 
ai  tbeb  Eoroptan  coUeagnea.  The  Find 
brigandi,  and  the  Tbnp  were  a  religioiu  ae 

AdtHoutds.— The  literature 


S66 


BRIGANDINE— BRIGGS 


McFvlute-s  Uki  ami  EiftUu  qf  Bniiai  <W  SMm  Oatdoa 
1*37)  i>  ■  wrful  Inlroduclion  lo  Ihe  lubject.  TTi*  authiir  nw  a  par 
flf  vrhat  he  vifltc  abeat,  and  [ivn  many  rdemco.  parliciilaHy  f  d 


lluo  thc'Oiribi  TVoKMri  a«f  /uJun  Britoidi  d  W.  T.  C.  M«ni 
(Londcin,  iStt).  nd  TV  Britanit  tt  On  Mtrta,  b*  S.  SaRfDpDiilea, 
MnAMl  by  tb*  Rev.  J.  O.BifdoB  (Laodoii.  ■■£».       (D.  H.) 

BRISAHDUII.  I.  Fnnch  won]  neuini  the  (nDon  for  tfie 
MpiiiA  or  trffiiiJfi,  lictat-amol  Cmt  loldieni  part  of  (be 
VTBoiirof  I  foot  loldia  ia  the  mldifie  agBi,  cemiiUncof  A  ptddcd 
lunlc  of  anvu,  luthcr,  be,  mad  fined  with  dcMiy  mwd  Ktln 
or  riop  of  Iron. 

aRMlVm  (Celtic  fer  "  monnUhieen "  or  "tne,  iniri- 
le(Hl'7,  ■  people  of  Doithen  BtituD,  vho  fnhatHtcd  the 
eouDtr;  fram  the  mouth  of  the  Abui  (Homber)  on  the  cut 
uid  the  BeUniBia  {Hcney;  ucordini  to  othen,  Rlbble)  od 
the  west  **  bf  nonhwuih  u  the  Will  of  Antoniaui.  Their 
territOT]*  thm  indu'ded  most  of  Yort^re,  the  whole  of  Lino- 
lUre,  Durham,  Weltmoiluid.  Cumbeiluid  and  part  of  North  um- 
berland.  TheirchkftowDWBi  Ebuncum(ot£bancum;  York). 
They  first  came  into  contact  with  the  Romani  during  the  idgn 
of  CltDdim,  when  they  sere  defeated  by  Pubtlut  Oitoriia 
Scapula.  Under  Veipasiaii  they  submiited  to  Petiilin  Cerealii, 
bnl  were  Dot  finaD]'  lubducd  CIQ  the  time  of  Antoninui  Piua 
(Jtc  Africtla,  171  FauilD.  viii.  43.  4).  The  name  of  their 
cpoDTmoua  (Oddes  Btigutht  ii  fouod  on  iniciiptiasi  (.Corp. 
Itmr.  Lai.  ni.  KM,  t^%,  1061;  F.  Htverfietd  in  Anliaahptal 
/Mnul.  rilL,  1S41).  end  aba  that  of  a  ffod  Bergani— Brigau 
(£filfliunifi^{ra>Ufs,Tii.No.9»).  Abnnchof theBri|ante* 
abo  Kltled  in  the  lonlh-eail  comer  of  Ireland,  near  tbe  liver 


iter  StntJatkttt,  L  (iS9<>.  for  aarient 

andieriiiHi  J.  Rby*.  CMic  firing  (jnled.,  1904) :  hu^-WHim, 
KttkmtjilttMi:  S.  PL  L  (1*97). 

BUM  (pcoperiy  Cuhtoid  Bnac*  or  Ciahtoid  Bnom). 
a  market  town  in  the  North  Undae;^  or  Brigg  parliamentary 
diviiiaBaltJiKolnihire,  England,  illuated  on  the  rivnAncholrae, 
which  aSonb  water  communicalion  with  the  Kumbei,  Pop.  of 
lubaa  diKrkt  (igoi)  jiyi.  It  ii  ij  m.  by  road  north  of  Lincoln, 
mi  b  tcrved  by  the  Gnmaby  line  of  tbe  Great  Centnl  lailwiiy. 
'Dnde  b  pffiBd|kally  apicolturaJ.  Id  t8A$  a  retoarkable  boat, 
■*ri|p»i  iQ  early  Britlah  workmanahip,  waa  unearthed  near  the 
rirer;  it  b  bolkmcd  out  of  the  trunk  of  an  oak,  and  meaiurei 
48  ft.  6  in.  by  ahmt  5  IL    Other  pithiitotiG  idia  have  abo 


I   <it4i-       ).    Anetion 
.  _  .      a  h«B  In  New  Y«(fc  City 

awuieij(hatjannan'>84i.     Hawaacdvoled 

M  Virginia  <ig5t-lSM. 
Snoluty  f*  iMj,  and 
Berlia.     " 


New 


f->»J4,«i 


binii»|i  I  in  Uidoa  HkoIo^oI  Seatnarjr  1374-1891,  and  of 


iMo  to  ito*  b«  WM  an  aditor  ol  the  JVutytanaii  Kaiew.  In 
il«i  he  wa*  tried  foe  bccoy  by  tha  peeihytery  ol  New  York 
and  acqDitlad.  The  ehargs  w«  baaed  upon  faia  inAuguial 
iddxM  of  (ht  (needing  yaa.  I>  lakf  they  were  ai  ioUawi: 
that  b*  had  Uugfat  that  nMon  and  the  Cborch  are  aacfa  a 
St  Mitboiitjr  wUdi  llan  from  Holy  Scriptm 


kaHolySi 


.r'J: 


la  iSm,  bciof  ioltMBMd.  U  «o«kl  MOB,  is  pMt,  by  th<  n 
and  tone  of  hit  mumhiiia  liy  what  U*  owB  ~ 
the  Union  Tliealocical  Senimiy  called  Ibt  "d 
Irritating  "  natun  of  hii  ioauitra)  addiCM.  He  1 
a  ptieat  of  the  PnKeatant  Rpbenpal  Chinch  la  Mm.-  Hia 
icbalaiihip  pncutad  lor  him  the  honoiuy  dtgrea  of  D.D.  firam 
Edinbufsh  A8S4)  and  fiom  Gbiaow  (leoi),  and  that  o(  Utt.  D. 
[ran  Oxford  (i«oi).  WithS.  R.  Diner  and  Fmoda  Brows  he 
pitpand  a  leviMd  Bcin*  and  Eai/uk  Imiff  (<t9i-t$B]), 
and  with  Dilvet  edited  tbe  "  launiatiMul  CoDiBeDtBiy  Setiea." 
Hb  pubUcaliou  indude  BOUmI  Stuiy!  I"  flbajjla.  ifaWt 
sad  BiHirr  (iB8})i  Batrev  Pamt  if  Ikt  Crmlitu  {i8S4>i 
Amtnaai  FratyHriaiutm.-  lit  OrifiK  md  Ba^t  Bblmy  IiWs): 
JfuitBulc  Pn^m  (i8U)i  WkUkmt  A  Tittktit^  QmMm 
fir  Urn  Tima  (iSSgi;  Ttt  AaAirHf  <<f  Hit  BiljSoit*>in  (ilgi); 
7*1  BiWe,  l*(  CJUnt  and  lh>  Xaamw  U891) :  71*  Bislv  CnlKUM 
■/  lit  Baalnch  (189}];  Tkt  UtmA  if  tin  Giflt  (itvtli 
Tkt  Uatiat  af  lit  AptUlti  (itg*);  Nim  Lit**  •■  tin  Uft 
tf  Jtiat  (i«o4);  Tit  ElUtal  Tiaikmt  tf  Jtna  (1904)1  A 
Critiai  and  EunUal  CnmnUart  •■  <*•  Bt^  ^  ftatrnx 
(1  vob.,  1906-1907),  b  which  he  waaaiutedbyhiadaiighuii 
vATit  Virfi^BinitfOmUfHivii). 

BRIOOI,  8BKBT  (ijjfr-ifijo),  Ea^iih  mathcmatidan,  waa 
bomatWBrleyWood,DewBaliIai,inyoifctUre.  Herwhiated 
at  SI  John'i  CoUege,  Cambiidae,  in  ijgi,  aad  obtaiacd  a  fellow 
tfaipin  tjBS.  Inij9ihewBBmadana<Ieraf  the  phyiical lecture 
(oODded  by  Di  Thomaa  Liaacn,  a>d  in  1596  fint  fmfnarr  of 
In  Creaham  Home  <alteninrdi  CaUev),  Lowk^  I» 
lae  be  pRipoMd  the  alltfalioB  ol  the 
hypeihoUc  foen  wUch  John  Napier 
ama  vnii  ukxb,  ld  inai  in  which  unity  b  limit  ft  a>  tha 
logarithm  of  the  tatio  of  ten  to  oob)  and  loan  afterward*  ht 
wiotc  to  the  inventor  00  the  aubject.  In  i6i6  he  paid  a  vialt 
ID  Napier  al  Edjubosb  i»  order  M  diaraM  tha  mncBled  chance; 
and  nai  year  he  rcpceted  hb  vbtt tor •  ilmlaT  pwpoie.  During 
theie  conlereocca  the  alteiaiioa  piopoaed  by  Brigp  m*  apecd 
upon;  and  on  hii  return  from  hb  aecoDd  viiii  to  Edinburgh  in 
1617  he  accordingly  publiihed  the  Grtt  chiliad  of  Eui  Logarithma. 
(See  Name*.  John.)  InibighewaaappaintcdSaviiianpralcttor 
of  geometry  at  Oifotd,  and  resigned  his  ivofeaonbip  of  GreahaiB 
Ci^legc  OB  tbe  15th  of  July  i6».  Soon  alter  hb  aeltlement  at 
Onford  he  waa  incorporated  maater  of  azta.  In  ifiu  be  pub- 
liahed  a  imaU  tract  on  the  NoMi-Wiit  Pauatt  U  Ue  5«il*  5ui, 
tb'nf*  the  Canlimml  ef,  Virtinia  end  Htiittit't  Buy;  and  in 
1&14  hb  Aritim^iia  Letarilhmka^  in  folio,  a  work  contaiaipg 
the  lofarithmi  ol  thjny  tbouaand  natuial  numben  to  fouiteea 
ptacca  of  hguis  boidB  tbe  inlH.  He  *1*D  oompleted  a  table 
of  kgaiithmic  ainu  and  tangeula  for  tbe  himdredib  pail  ei  every 
degree  to  fourteen  placta  of  bgur<a  besidei  ibe  indea,  with  a 
table  of  natural  lines  to  £ftccn  places,  and  the  tangent*  aj>d 
accanti  for  the  lame  to  ten  [dacei;  all  of  which  were  printed  at 
Goudo.  in  j6ji  and  published  in  i6jj  under  tbe  title  of  Triiomt- 
~  >Li,  MATBJUiikTicii.}.  Briggsdiedon 
:fijo,  and  wu  buried  in  Uerton  College 
'  t  hia  Lots  of  til  Grttiam  Proftuvrtt 
of  great  prolMty,  a  cmteinner  of 
lown station,  prefcxring a atudintitf 


ifni  tit  Rtitiltflit  PtU.  H 


ImpCDvtneat  at  Kavintion,"  pfialed  in  the  lecepd  edittoa  of 
Edward  Wrighl'i  (leatue  entlltd  Ctrlaut  £rrt>i  in  JVoifiUin 
dtUdtd  tMd  tarredid  (London,  161D,  410);  A  Dttcriptiat  a/  en 
Iialr*mnUl  TabU  ImfM  lit  pari  tnttritaia,  drtil^  ty  ilw  Stmvt 
VriiU  (LoMlo^  ibi6  and  i&li,  nan);  LiyibMi—  OiMar 

audtuu  J.  titptri  CEdlnb'Lugh,  I614,  4lo] :  Enctidil  SrauaUram 
Vl.lOri  prtara  (London.  i6»,  IoIIb)  ;  4  TnaliB  an  lit  Ktrti-Wal 


priarti  (London. 

wUAtSrMSaa  (London.  ie>i.4[o).  npiiaRd  in 
«,  vel.  ill.  p.  gp;  jtrilbiairia  IJtarrlljwsflB  (Lom 
Trifaaaniria  BriUmaka  (Goudae,  1663,  folio}  i  I 
:hbuhop  Uiher;  Ualirmaiaa  ai  Aal^u  mitiv  ntnila. 
other  oorVt.  u  hii  Cammiauritl  an  m  AmiCni  <f  Aftr 

.andlttmariiraaiTrtatiaii/Lamir ■ ■  ^■"   ■- 

ita  ^tt>  OMk.  hr ' -^ 


ra  mi  TrtaliM  If  Lammaifaaatmpm 


%xs 


BRIGHOUSE— BRIGHT 


S67 


-  niOIOIIB,aniuki|albotm«kiatlMSIbadparilMMUUT 
divMioa  <>(  Hie  Wat  Riding  of  VoAihJK,  EasUnd,  jt  m.  N- 
«[  Huddcnfidd  by  Uic  Luiaihin  ll  Yukihiis  aSlmy,  <n  the 
nw  DJdu.    Pcfi.  (1901)  91.735.    It  ii  in  tbe  hun  of  ite 

'ct  ot  Ibe  Wat  Riding,  uid  hu  luge  wooUcb 


uid  wonlcd  facloria;  oupeu,  ituchii 
prydiKKL  Hm  turn  wu  incoipontfd  i 
by  m  mtyor,  S  aldermen  and  14  coundUon.    A 
BBIOBT,   Sm   GHAHLEl   HUTOH    (iSji 


i&SS),  EogtUk 
(ckgnpn  tnsuieer,  who  am*  oi  an  oia  loiiuNire  family,  wu 
boiD  on  tbe  Sth  of  Jime  iSji,  at  Wanuead.  Euci.  At  the  age 
of  £ltecn  ba  became  a  deik  under  tlw  Electric  Telcsnph  Com- 
pany. Bii  taknt  for  oieclricai  enginMring  vtt  mod  ihcnm, 
and  hii  prognu  va>  npid;  M  that  Id  iSji  ba  ««>  appoialed 
engineer  ts  tbs  Magnetic  Telegtapb  Can^ny,  and  in  (hit 
Capadly  lupciinlended  the  laying  of  line)  in  virioui  parti  of  the 
Britilb  Isle),  including  in  iSjj  the  Gnt  cable  between  Great 
Britain  and  Ireland,  from  IVwIpatrick  to  Donaghadec.  Hii 
npcrimtnti  cooviDCed  htm  ol  the  pncliobilily  of  an  electric 
■ubmiriiiE  able  eonnuion  between  IieUad  and  America; 
and  bavmg  in  1^55  already  diicusied  the  question  with  Cyrui 
Field,  who  with  J  W.  Brett  controlled  the  Newfoundland 
Tclegnpb  Company  on  the  other  side  ol  the  ocean,  firighl 
organiud  with  thea  the  Atliniic  Telegnph  Company  in  1S56 
for  the  purpose  of  carrying  out  the  ido,  himself  becoming 
Biginecr-in-chicf.  The  story  of  the  first  Atlanlic  cable  is  told 
elsewhere  [see  Teieceaiv),  and  it  must  lufiice  here  to  >ay  tlul 
in  185S,  after  two  daappoinlmenti.  Bii^t  tucosifully  accom- 
plished what  toDUDyhad  seemed  an  impossible  feat,  and  wiL  bin 
a  few  days  ol  landing  the  Irish  end  of  the  line  at  Valenlia  he  was 
knighled  in  Dublin.  Subsequently  Sir  Chgilcs  Bright  super- 
viiel  the  laying  of  submaiine  cabin  in  varroui  regiou  of  the 
world,  and  tooha  leading  part  aj  pioneer  in  other  devclopmenli 
of  the  electrical  induilry.  In  conjunction  with  Josiah  I^Iimer 
Dark,  with  whom  he  entered  into  piniienhip  in  1S61,  be  in  vented 
impioved  melbodi  of  instdattnt  tuboianne  cables,  and  a  paper  on 
electrical  ilandardi  read  by  them  befoie  the  Britith  Auodaiion 
in  the  same  year  led  to  the  eataUishment  of  the  British  Aasocia- 
lion  CDramiltee  on  that  subject,  whose  work  hrmed  the  founda- 
tions of  the  system  siill  in  use.  From  iS6s  to  iSfiS  he  was 
Liberal  M  J*,  lor  CietDHich.  He  died  on  the  3rd  of  Hay  iSSg,  at 
Abbey  Wood,  near  London. 
~     "ft  SlwynlSir  C.  T.  Bn'iU.  by  his  too  Charles  Blight  (revised 


sst» 


'  BRlDBT,J0HH(iSi<-iSe9),British)taleimaii,wasbonat 
Rochdale  on  the  iCth  of  Kovember  1811.  His  father,  Jacob 
Bright,  wu  a  much-respected  Quaker,  who  had  ilaited  ■  cotton- 
mill  at  Rochdalein  1809.  Th(  family  had  reached  Lancashire  by 
tvomigrations  AbrahamBright  waia  WUtihireyeoman.who, 
early  in  ihe  iBlh  century,  removed  to  Coventry,  where  hia 
descendants  remained,  and  where,  in  1775,  Jacob  Bright  was 
bom.  Jacob  Bright  nas  educated  at  the  Ackworth  school  of  the 
Society  of  Frifnds,  and  wis  apprenticed  to  a  fustian  manu- 
facturer at  New  Mills.  He  nutried his  employer 'i  daughter,  and 
leitled  with  his  two  brolhera-lnlaw  at  Rochdale  in  iSoi,  going 
into  butincss  tot  himself  seven  yeara  later.  His  first  wife  died 
'»iIhDUtchildreii,andinigo9  he  married  Martha  Wood,  daughiei 
of  a  tiadaman  of  Bolton-te-Moon.  She  had  been  nluciied  at 
Ackworth  school,  and  was  a  woman  of  greai  iirengih  of  character 
and  refined  taste.  There  were  eleven  children  of  this  marriage, 
of  whom  John  Blight  nas  the  second,  but  the  death  of  bli  eldet 
brother  in  childhood  nude  him  the  eldest  son.  Ife  was  a  delicate 
child,  and  was  sent  as  I  day-scholar  to  a  boarding-school  near  his 
home,  kept  by  Sir  Willbm  Litllewood,  A  year  at  the  Ackworth 
Khool,  two  yean  >t  a  school  ai  York,  and  a  year  and  >  half  at 
Ntrwton,  near  Gilheroe,  completed  hia  education.  He  learned, 
he  himself  said,  but  little  Latin  and  Greeic,  but  aci^nired  a  great 
hnn  of  English  llleralure,  which  his  gnatber  fostered,  and  a 
kne  bF  ODtdoor  punuits.  In  hli  siitemth  year  he  entered  his 
lalher'imill,  and  In  due  time  became  a  partner  in  the  business. 
Two  agitations  were  then  gnhig  on  in  Rochdale— the  fint  (hi 
Vhkh  Jacob  Bright  wu  a  leader)  in  oppoailioD  to  a  local  cburch- 


nta,  txa  theaeeood  for  parikm 


la  John  Bright  took  part, 

Cnltcfl,  a  friend  of  George  Foi,  and  one  of  tbt 
persecuted  and  imprUoned  [oeachett  of  the  Society  of  Friend*. 
Hia  political  intereil  wa*  probably  first  kindled  by  the  Preaton 
election  in  igjo,  in  which  Lord  Stanley,  aflci  a  long  Ittuggle, 
wu  defeated  by  "OraMr"  Hunt.  But  it  waiaaa  member  of 
Ibo  Rocbdale  Juvenile  Toapeanot  Band  that  he  first  leanwd 
public  qieakiBg,  These  young  men  went  out  into  the  villagta, 
borrowed  a  chair  of  a  cottager,  and  spoke  from  it  at  open«ir 
meelingi.  In  Mrs  John  Uilla's  life  of  her  husband  ii  an  account 
of  John  Bright 'a  first  eatemporeqwech.  It  was  at  a  temperance 
neating.  Bright  got  his  notea  muddled,  and  brokadown.  Tbt 
chainaan  gave  ont  a  tempetaoce  MDg,  and  during  the  singing 
told  Blight  to  put  hia  notai  aaide  asd  lay  what  caroc  into  hia 
mind.  Bright  obeyad,  bigaa  with  much  heaitancy,  but  found  bia 
tongue  and  made  an  excellent  aildins.  Onsoneeariy  occasiom, 
however, he (SDmilted hit (peech to mnnory.  In  iSjihecalled 
on  the  Rev..  John  Aldis,  an  eminent  Bapiiat  minbler,  to  accom- 
oanv  him  to  a  local  Bible  meeting.  Mr  Aldis  described  him  as 
ig  gentlemoD,  who  surprised  him  by  hit 


intelligenceaadibDughifulueis,  but  who  teemed  ai 
walked  10  the  meeting  together. 
-'  LUlating  speech,  and  oi    "' 


Me  Aldis  counselled  him  K 


Blight  Look  the  advic 

This  "  first  lesson  in  public  speaking,"  as  Bii^t  called  it,  waa 
given  in  his  twenty-fitsL  year,  but  he  bad  pot  then  contemplated 
cnleting  on  a  public  career.  He  was  a  fairly  prosperous  man  oif 
business,  very  happy  m  hia  home,  and  always  ready  10  take  part 
in  Ihe  sodal,  educational  and  political  life  oi  his  native  towiL, 
He  was  one  of  the  founden  «f  the  Rochdale  Uterary  and  PhDo- 
sophical  Society,  took  a  leading  part  in  iti  debalei,  and  on 
holiday  journey  in  the  East,  gave  '' 


in  his  travels.    He  fint 


In  i83< 


cheater  corpontion,  and  Bright  went  to  ask  him  to  speak  at  an 
educiticn  meeting  in  Rochdale.  "  I  found  him,"  said  Bright, 
"  jD  his  office  in  Mosley  Street,  introduced  myself  to  him,  and  told 
him  what  I  wanted."  Cobden  ccaisented,  and  at  Ihe  meeting 
was  much  struck  by  Bright'i  short  speech,  and  urged  him  to 
speak  against  the  Com  Laws.    His  first  speech  on  the  Com  Laws 

the  Antl  Corn  Law  League  He  was  still  only  the  kul  public 
man,  taking  part  in  all  public  movements,  especially  in  oppoal- 
tion  to  John  Feilden'a  proposed  factory  legislation,  aad  to  the 
Rochdale  chunh-rale.  In  1S31  he  buGt  Ihe  house  which  he 
called  "  One  Ash,"  and  married  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Jonathan 
PiSettman  of  NewauUc-on-Tyne.  In  November  of  tbe  same 
year  there  wu  a  dinner  at  Bolton  to  Abraham  Paullon,  who  bad 
just  returned  from  a  succeasful  Antl-Com  Law  (our  in  Scotland. 
Among  the  speatceia  were  Cobden  and  Bright,  and  the  dinner  fi 
memorable  OS  the  fint  occasion  on  which  ^  two  future  leaden 
appeared  together  on  a  Free  Tradeylatfcim.  Bright  is  described 
by  tbe  historian  ol  the  League  u  "  a  young  man  then  appearing 
for  the  first  lime  in  any  meelingoulof  hisown  town,  and  (^idng 
evidence,  by  bis  energy  and  by  his  grasp  of  the  subject,  of  hia 
leading  part  in  the  girat  agitation." 


n  bad  m 


840  he  le 


the  Rochdale  church-rate,  speaking  (mm  a  tembsloM 
in  the  chunr^iyard,  where  it  looks  down  on  the  town  in  the  vaBey 
befffv.  A  very  happy  married  life  at  home  contented  him,  and 
at  the  opening  of  the  Free  Trade  hall  in  January  1S40  he  ut  with 
■he  Rochdale  deputalion,  nndtstinguiihed  in  the  body  of  the 
meeting.  A  daughter,  Helen,  wag  bom  to  him;  but  hia  young 
wife,  after  a  long  illness,  died  of  conamtiptlon  in  September  iE4t. 
Three  days  alter  hei  death  at  Leamingtan.  Cobden  called  to  IM 
him.    "Iwa*hilhedetith(o(grlcI,"saklBrigbt,wheDun«^C 


S68 


tbesUitiieofUsltlcndatBiKUoTiiEoiSr;,"  I  mi 

of  dnpu'r,  for  the  life  and  lUnsMDC  oT  njr  hi 
riUnguishHl."    Cobden  epiiLe  ume  word!  of  ci 


■Fill  never  rest  till  the  Corn  La*i  he  rtjiealtd.'  I  nccepted  bii 
iDvitation,"  idded  Briglii, "  uidfroio  tkit  lime  we  never  ceued 

10  labour  hurd  on  btial!  of  the  te»lution  which  we  hid  mule." 
At  the  gencnJ  eieclion  in  1841  Cobden  wis  retunied  fof  Slock- 
pon,  ind  in  184]  Bri^t  wis  the  Free  Tnde  cindidile  it  * 
by-dection  at  Durhim,  He  «u  defeated,  but  his  iQccasfu] 
COBtpetlEor  WIS  unseated  on  pelitfoo.  and  at  the  lecond  contcat 
Bright  was  returned.    He  iru  ilrOLdy  known  in  the  counli? 

11  Cobden^  chid  ally,  and  wu  recrived  in  the  Houscor  Commons 
with  a  luspiijon  ind  hoiIiLity  evfn  greiln  thin  hid  net  Cobden 
himself.  In  the  Anti-Corn  Liw  movenMnl  the  two  speakers 
were  the  complcmenla  and  cotrelativcs  of  eich  other.  Cobden 
hid  the  ditnncA  and  eonlidcnce  of  the  poLitiol  philosopher, 
Brl^t  had  the  passion  and  the  fervour  of  the  popular  orator. 
Cobden  did  the  reasoning,  Brighl  supplied  the  declamation,  hut 
lite  Dcmoslhcnes  he  mingled  argument  with  appeal.  No  orator 
of  modem  times  tiBC  more  tapidl)-  to  a  foremost  plate.  He  was 
not  known  beyond  his  own  borough  when  Cobden  oiled  him 
to  his  side  in  jSai,  and  he  entered  parliament  towards  the  end 
of  the  session  of  i  S43  with  a  formidable  reputation  as  an  agitator. 
He  had  been  all  over  En^nd  and  Scotland  addressing  vast 
meetings  aud,  as  a  rule,  carrying  them  with  him;  he  had  taken 
■  leading  part  in  a  conference  held  by  the  Anti-Corn  Law  League 
in  London,  had  led  deputations  to  the  duke  of  Sussex,  to  Sir 

Smes  Grahim,  then  home  secretary,  and  to  Lord  Ripon  and 
r  OladitoM,  the  secitUty  and  under  secretary  of  the  Board 
of  Trade;  and  he  was  universally  rccogniied  as  the  chief  orator 
of  the  Free  Tmdc  movement.  Whcrc\Fer  "John  Blight  of 
Rochdale"'  was  announced  10  speak,  vast  crowdfl  assembled. 
Be  hod  been  10  announced,  for  the  last  time,  at  the  first  great 
muting  in  Drury  Lone  theatre  on  15th  March  184J;  hcnceforLh 
Ids  name  was  enough.  He  took  his  seat  In  the  House  of  Commons 
as  one  of  the  members  lor  Durham  on  iSth  July  1843,  and  on 
fth  August  delivered  his  maiden  speech  in  support  of  a  motion 
by  Mr  Ewart  lot  reduction  of  import  duties.  He  was  there, 
he  said,  "  not  only  ai  one  of  the  representatives  of  the  dty  of 
Durham,  but  also  as  one  of  the  represenlolivaof  Ibat  benevolent 
orginiutian,  the  Anti-Corn  Law  League."  A  uember  who 
heard  the  speech  dcscnbcd  Bright  as  "  about  the  middle  siu, 
ralbci  Gimty  and  squarely  built,  with  1  fair,  dear  complexion, 
and  in  IntcUigenl  and  pteaung  cipieuion  of  counlenance. 
His  voice  a  good,  his  enunciaLion  distinct,  and  his  delivery  free 
Siom  my  unpleaiinl  peculiarity  or  Dianncrism."  He  wore  the 
usual  Friend's  coal,  and  was  regarded  with  much  interest  aud 
hostile  curiosity  on  both  sides  of  the  House. 

Mr  Ewait's  motion  was  ddcaled.  but  the  movement  of  which 
Cobden  and  Bright  were  the  leaders  continued  to  spread,  la 
the  aulumD  the  League  reso!vi;d  to  raise  £100,000;  an  appeal 
was  made  to  the  agricultural  interest  by  great  meetings  in  the 
faming  counties,  and  in  Novynber  TMi  Titus  startled  the  world 
by  declaring,  b  a  leudin^  arUde,  "  The  League  is  a  great  facL 
It  would  be  foollib,  nay,  rash,  to  deny  its  importaBce."  In 
London  great  meetinp  were  held  in  Covent  Garden  theatre, 
at  which  WiUism  Johnson  Fox  was  the  chid  oralor.  but  Bright 
and  Cobden  were  the  leaders  of  the  movement.  Bright  publicly 
deprecated  the  popular  undcncy  to  reprd  Cobdm  and  himself 
as  the  chief  movers  in  the  agitation,  and  Cobden  told  a  Rochdale 
uulieQc*  that  he  always  stipulated  that  he  should  speak  hrst, 
and  Bright  should  follow.  His  "  more  sutdy  genius,"  as  Mr 
John  Motley  calls  it,  was  already  makiag  him  the  undisputed 
mailcrof  tbefcehngsof  hisaudiencea.  In  the  House  of  Commoni 
hii  prognis  was  slower.  Cobden's  argumenutive  tptttba  were 
icgardcd  more  sympatheticaliy  than  Bri^t's  more  rhetorical 
frp^fc*.  and  in  a  debate  on  ViUkrs'a  annual  motion  agafait 
the  Cora  Laws  Bright  was  hard  with  so  much  impatience  that 


bewuob&gedtostfdswn.  la  Ae  ntM  ttnten  (184^  it  memS 

for  an  inquiry  Into  the  operation  of  the  Game  Laws.  At  B 
meeting  of  oiunty  memhets  earlier  in  the  day  Peel  had  advised 
them  not  to  be  led  into  discuadon  by  a  violent  spee<k  from  the 
member  for  Durham,  but  to  let  the  committee  be  granted  without 
debate.  Bright  was  not  violent,  ud  Cobden  said  that  he  did  hb 
work  admirably,  and  won  goldea  ofunfons  from  alt  men.  Tin 
speech  established  his  pOBtioo  is  the  House  of  Cemmoss.  In 
this  tession  Bright  and  Cobdes  ctmr  into  opposition,  Cobden 
voting  fat  the  Haytuoth  Gniil  and  Bii^  agaiail  ft.  On  only 
one  other  occaston— *  vote  for  South  Kensington — did  they  go 
into  opposite  lobbies,  duijiig  twenty-five  years  rf  parliamentary 
life.  Intheautunnof  1845  Bri^t  retained  Cobden  in  the  public 
career  10  which  Cobden  had  invited  hJm  four  yean  before. 
Blight  was  In  Scotland  when  a  letter  came  from  Cobden  simonn- 
□ng  his  determination,  forced  on  him  by  business  diffcuities, 
lo  retire  from  public  work.  Bri^t  replied  that  if  Cobdes  ittrttd 
themainspringoftheLeaguewas  gone.  "  I  can  m  no  degree  late 
your  pbcc,"  be  wrote.  "  As  a  second  I  on  fight,  but  there  are 
incapadlies  about  me,  of  which  I  un  fuliy  tcmsaoia,  iddd 
prevent  my  being  more  than  second  in  sndi  a  woA  as  we  have 
laboured  in."  Afewdayslaterheset  off  for  Manchester,  posting 
in  that  wettest  of  autumns  through  "the  rain  thai  rained  away 
the  Com  Laws,"  and  00  his  arrival  got  his  friends  together,  and 
raised  the  money  which  tided  Cobden  over  the  emergency.  The 
crius  of  the  strug^c  hod  come.  Peel's  budget  in  1S45  wasifint 
step  towards  Free  Trade.  The  bad  harvest  and  the  potato  diaesM 
drove  him  to  the  repeal  of  the  Com  Laws,  and  at  a  meeting  in 
Manchester  on  ind  July  184S  Cobden  moved  and  Bright  seconded 
a  motion  dissolving  the  league.  A  library  of  twelve  hundred 
volumes  was  presented  to  Bright  as  a  memorial  of  the  nmg^. 
Bright  married,  in  June  1S47,  MTis  Margaret  Elizabeth 
Leathani,  of  Wokefidd.  by  whom  he  had  seven  children,  Ut  John 
Albert  Bright  bdng  the  ddesl.  In  the  succeeding  July  he  was 
elected  for  Manchester,  with  Mr  Ifilner  Gibson,  without  a  contest 
In  the  new  psrtiament,  as  in  the  pnvious  session,  he  oppoud 
legislation  restricting  the  hours  of  labour,  and,  as  a  Noncon- 
formist, spoke  auinit  derici]  control  of  national  education. 
In  1848  he  voted  for  Hume's  househidd  suffrage  motion,  and 
intioduced  a  hill  for  the  repeal  of  the  Game  Laws.  When  Lord 
John  Russell  brought  forward  his  Ecdesiastlcal  Titles  Bill, 
Blight  opposed  it  as  "a  little,  paltry,  miserable  measure," 
and  foretold  its  failure.  In  this  parliament  he  spoke  much  oa 
Irish  questions.  In  a  speech  in  favour  of  the  government  bill 
for  a  rale  in  aid  in  1849,  he  won  loud  cbeen  from  both  ^do, 
and  was  complimcnled  by  Disraeli  for  hiving  sustained  the 
reputation  of  that  assembly.  From  this  time  forward  he  had  the 
"    ■     ""  and  took  effective  part  in  the  4  ' 


>poke. 


flogging  in 
He  supported  Cobden's 
expenditure,  and  in  and 
In  the  election  of  1851  I 


It  the  Irish  Eatahlisbed  ChUrch. 


returned  for  Manchester 
ral  rdorm  and  ttli^ou* 


speeches  he  ever  dclivetcd  wei 
in  fruitless  opposition  to  the  Ci 
northecounliy wouldlisten.  "] 


War.  Neither  the  House 
to  the  House  on  Monday,'' 
i  heard  Bright  say  every- 
thing I  thought."  His  most  memorrble  speedi,  the  greatest  he 
ever  made,  was  ddivered  on  the  Jjtd  of  February  iBjs.  "The 
ongd  of  death  has  been  abroad  throughout  the  land.  Von  may 
almost  hear  the  beating  of  his  wings,"  he  said,  and  concluded 
with  an  appeal  to  the  prime  rairuster  that  moved  the  House 
as  it  had  never  been  moved  within  living  memory.  Hicre  wa< 
a  tremor  in  Blight's  voice  in  the  loudilng  parts  of  his  great 
speeches  wfiich  stirred  the  feelings  even  of  hostile  llstetier^ 
It  was  noted  for  the  tint  time  in  this  February  apeechf  byt  the 
most  striking  instance  was  in  a  speech  on  Mr  Osborne  Morgan's 
Burials  Bill  In  April  iS;;,  in  which  he  described  1  Quaker 
funeral,  and  protested  against  the  "  miserable  supentition  of 
the  phrase  '  buried  like  a  dog.' "    "  In  that  sense,"   he  ni^ 


BRIGHT 


'  I  i&tl  be  baifad  lite  a  dag,  W  ad  &0M  vltb  ■horn  t  IB  bat 
■cqmlnMd,  >liam  I  bst  love  ^id  otccn,  will  be  '  buiinl  like 
a  das.'  ttiy  mote,  ni]'  oon  anceilora,  vho  in  put  lime  luSeted 
petHCUtfcui  for  wlut  la  Obw  held  to  be  ■  dghleous  cuttt,  luve 
all  been  buried  lUa  dop,  if  Ibat  phiue  ii  true."  The  under, 
balf'brokfn  tooci  ia  Thich  iliesc  words  wen  uid,  the  uuxpreu- 
Ible  palbot  of  hi*  voice  and  maimer,  were  never  lorjotlea  by 
dtoae  who  heard  that  Wedneaday  morning  apcech. 

Bright  waa  diiqualified  by  Illness  during  the  whole  of  iSfdand 
1S57.  In  Falmmtaa'a  penal  diuolution  in  the  latter  year, 
Brl^  una  iciecltd  iQr  Haachater.  but  in  August,  while  ill  and 
ebiat,  Biimingham  elected  him  willwut  a  conlesL  Hereiumcd 
topuUtmcM  in  iSsl,aDdlD  Fcbtuuy  teomdcd  the  oHlion  which 
Ihnw  out  Lord  FatmcratOB'igovnmnent.  Lord  Derby  Iheieupon 
ODK  into  office  for  the  lecoad  time,  tod  Slight  hid  the  Htislic- 
tionof  willing  in  the  pawing  al  two  mcMurca  whidt  he  had  long 
advocated— the  admiaalaB  of  Jews  to  parliamriit  and  the  transler 
of  the  govenmenL  of  India  from  (he  East  India  Compuny  to  the 
QowiL    He  waa  now  restored  to  full  political  activity,  and  In 


569 


ol  Refona.  Towards  the  dose  of  ihe  atniggje  he 
of  Comnoni  that  a  Ihousand  meellng)  had  been  held.  I) 
every  one  the  doot»  were  open  lot  any  nun  to  enter,  yei 
an  aimosl  unanimous  vote  for  reform  had  been  taken.  1 
debates  on  the  Reform  Bills  submitted  to  the  House  of  Cora 
9 1867,  Bright'i 


protagonist 
d  the  House 


Ho 


rebuked  Lowe'i  "  BolZoy  Bay  view,"  and  described 
u  retiring  to  Ids  "  cave  of  AduUam,"  lod  hooking  in  Lowe. 
"TIm  party  of  two,"  he  said,  "lemindi  me  ol  the  Scotch  terrier, 
which  vaa  ao  oovered  with  hair  that  you  could  not  (ell  which  waa 
thehead  and  which  was  Uie  tail."  Thcae  and  similar  phrases,  sudi 
aa  the  excuse  for  withdrawing  the  Reform  Bill  in  (he  year  of  the 
great  budget  of  1S60 — "  you  cannot  get  twenty  wagons  at  once 
through  I^mplo  Bar  " — were  in  all  men's  mouths.  It  was  one 
of  the  triumpis  of  Bright'i  oratory  that  it  constantly  produced 
lilaa  pi^nilar  ciiea,  Iha  phnse  "  a  tree  breakfast  table  "  was 
bit;  and  on  Ihe  Rjcction  of  Fonter'i  Compcntatiss  for  Dis- 
tabancc  Bill  he  used  the  phrase  u  to  Irish  diaconteDt,  "  Force 

During  Jul  great  idana  a^Ution  Brigjit  had  vigorously 
•nppotted  Cobdin  in  the  negotiationa  lot  the  treaty  ol  commerce 
wit^  Trance,  and  had  taken,  with  hii  usual  vehemence,  the  side 
«t  Ike  North  In  the  discuisions  in  England  on  the  Aaiukan  Civil 
War.  In  UarthiUjCobden  died,  aiul  Bright  told  (he  House  of 
Commona  be  dared  not  even  adempt  to  eipress  the  leclingi 
which  oppiened  him,  and  lat  down  overwhelmed  with  grief. 
Tbelr  ftieiMlthip  was  one  of  the  most  characteristic  features  of 
the  pubEc  life  ol  Ihcit  time.  ■'  After  twenty  years  ol  intimate 
and  alaoat  hiotheriy  friendship  with  him."  tsid  Bright,  "  1 
httkUnewkniDUChllovedhim  tH]  Ihadlost  him."  In  Jane 
itl65  padiament  was  dissolved,  and  Brighl  was  niunted  for 
Birmingbtra  without  oppoaition.  Pslmetalon's  death  in  the  early 
antumn  broo^I  Lord  John  Russell  into  power,  and  for  the  first 
tine  Blight  gave  hii  luppon  to  the  govtrament.  Russell's 
fouth  Reform  Bill  was  introduced,  was  delated  by  the  Adut- 
hmiM,  and  the  Detby-DiiraeU  miniatry  was  installed.  Bright 
dedutd  Lotd  Derby's  acccMlon  to  be  a  dedatitioD  of  war  against 
the  woAIng  dasMi,  and  louaed  the  great  (owns  in  the  demand  foe 
nfocm.  Bright  waa  the  popiUai  hero  of  the  time.  As  a  poliiicil 
leader  Ihe  winter  of  1S66-1867  was  the  culminating  point  in  his 
CBictt.  The  Keforni  Bill  wsa  carried  with  a  dause  for  minority 
repreaentatlon,  ud  in  the  autumn  of  iS63  Bright,  with  two 
liberal  coAncnM,  waa  apin  returned  for  Birmingham.  Mr 
fHidilimr  eaoM  Into  powa  with  a  pnciamme  ol  Irish  lelorat 
b  church  aiul  had  inch  aa  Bri^t  had  long  arged ,  and  he  accepted 
tbepoHoipcoJdcBlBlthiBoenlelTiwk.  Heihusbecamea 
ntembcc  of  tbe  privy  oountil,  with  the  title  of  Ri^t  HonouraUe, 
(nd  liom  this  time  forth  wai  1  teoogniud  leader  ol  the  liberal 


on  the  second  reeding  ot  tbe  Irak  Church  Bin,  and  wrote  a  lettei 

on  the  House  of  Lords,  in  which  he  said.  "  In  harmony  with  the 

Athwart  its  coune  they  at*y  meet  with  acddenia  [K>t  pleasant 
Ide  them  (o  think  of,"  He  also  spoke  strongly  in  the  tame 
seuioo  in  favour  ol  tbe  bill  pctmitting  mairia^c  with  ■  decoscd 
wife's  sitter.  The  nut  Mssion  lound  him  disqualified  by  a  severs 
illness,  which  caused  his  letiiemeat  fiom  office  at  the  end  of  the 
year,  and  kept  him  out  of  public  life  lor  four  years.  In  August 
1S7}  htr  Gladstone  rFCoostnicted  his  cabinet,  and  Bright  retuincd 
to  it  as  chancellor  ol  the  duchy  of  Lancaster.  But  his  haij  bad 
becDme  white,  and  though  he  spoke  again  with  much  of  his  forma 
vigour,  be  waa  iu>w  an  old  man.  Intheelectioninjanuary  1874 
Bii^l  and  hia  coUesgua  ireri  returned  for  Birmingham  without 
oppoBtion.  When  Mr  Glatbtone  resigned  the  leadership  ol  hia 
party  in  (87s,  Bright  waa  chairman  of  the  party  meeting  whidi 
chose  Lord  Harrington  as  his  successor.  He  took  a  less  prominent 
part  lo  poUliul  discussioo.till  the  Eastern  Question  btoo  gbt  Crttt 
Britain  to  the  verge  of  war  with  Russia,  sad  liis  old  energy 
llamcd  up  afresh.  In  the  debate  on  the  vote  of  credit  In  Febniary 
iSjS.henude  oncof  hislmpressivespeeches.ui  '      '' 


mpli^mt 


tolnci 


rshadln 


by  any  tingle  word  or  act 
jsinesa.  The  debate  lasted 
gram  from  Mr  Layard  was 
ana  were  nearing  Constanti- 


which  oonld  shake  confidence  in 
five  days.  On  the  fifth  day  a  i 
published  amwuncing  that  the  Rusuana  were  n 
no[Je.  The  day,  said  Tie  Tinui,  "  was  crowd 
alarms,  contradictions,  fears,  hopa,  resolves,  uncertainties.** 
In  both  Houses  Mr  Layard's  despatch  was  read,  and  in  the 
eidted  Commons  Ur  Forster's  resolution  opposing  the  vote  of 
credit  wsa  withdrawn.  Bright,  however,  distrusted  the  am- 
bassador at  the  Porte,  and  gave  nasons  lor  doubting  the  alarming 
(clegtam.  While  he  waa  speaking  a  nole  was  put  into  tbe  bands 
of  Sir  StaSord  Northcote,  and  when  Bright  sat  down  he  nad  it 
to  the  House.  It  was  a  conhrmaiion  from  the  Russian  prinw 
minister  ol  Bright's  doubts: "  There  is  not  a  word  ol  truth  in  the 
mmours  which  have  readied  you."  At  the  general  election  in 
18S0  he  was  re-elected  at  Birmingham,  and  Joined  Mr  Ctadtlone'a 
new  government  as  chancellor  ol  the  duchy  of  Lancaster.  For 
two  sessions  he  spoke  and  voted  with  his  colleagues,  but  after  the 
bombardmeDl  of  tbe  Alciandria  forts  he  left  the  ministry  and 
never  held  office  again.  He  [dt  most  painfully  the  severance 
from  his  old  and  ttusted  leader,  but  it  was  farced  on  him  i>y  his 
convictiw  of  (he  dinger  and  impolicy  of  foreign  enunglementa. 
Ho,  however,  gave  a  general  support  to  Mr  Gladstone's  govern- 
ment. In  iSS]  be  took  the  chair  at  a  meering  of  the  liberation 
Sodety  in  Mr  Spuigeon's  chapel;  and  in  June  of  thit  year  waa 
(he  object  of  an  unparalleled  demonstration  at  Birmingham  to 


elebiai 


he  ^»ke  strongly  of  "  the  Irish  rebel  party," 
and  accused  the  Conservatives  of  "  alliance  "  with  them,  but 
withdrew  the  imputation  when  Sir  StaBord  Northcote  moved 
that  sucb  language  was  a  breach  of  the  privileges  ol  tbe  House 
of  Commons.  At  a  banquet  to  Lord  Spencer  he  accused  the 
Irish  membett  ol  having  "  eihibiied  a  boundlesi  sympathy  for 

to  apologiie  (or  these  words,  and  was  supported  In  his  rdusal 
by  both  sides  ol  the  House.  At  the  Birmingliim  election  hi  1S85 
he  stood  for  tbe  central  division  oi  the  ledittributed  constituency; 
he  was  D^^ned  by  Lord  Randolph  Churchill,  but  was  elected  by 
a  large  majority.  In  the  nev  parliament  be  voted  against  the 
Home  Rula  Bill,  and  it  was  generally  fdt  that  in  (he  dection  ot 
iSg6  which  ioUowed  its  defeat,  when  he  wu  rendecied  without 
opposirion,  his  letters  told  with  fatal  effect  against  the  Home  Rule 
Liberals.  His  cootribution  lo  the  discussion  was  a  suggestion 
that  the  Irish  (nembers  should  form  a  grs-od  committee  to  which 
every  Imh  VJl  should  go  a(Ur  first  reading.  The  break-up  of 
the  liberal  party  filled  him  with  gloom.  His  last  ipeedi  at 
Birmingham  was  on  lolh  March  ISSS,  at  a  banquet  to  celcbrstB 
Ur  Chamberlain's  return  from  hit  peace  mission  to  the  United 
SUtea.  Ha  spoke  of  imperial  ledeialion  as  a  "  dream  and  en 
abvudUy."   In  Uoy  his  illneu^ttupcd^be  ^^  ^  b^^iS 


570 


BRIGHTLINGSEA— BXIGHTS  DISEASE 


October,  ud  died  on  tbeiTlh  of  Much  it8q.  HevuboiIHId 
dK  gnvcyird  el  ilw  ineetiii(-ha«iM  ol  the  Sociely  of  Fmnds  in 
Rochdilt. 

Bright  hid  moch  Uxenry  ud  socUt  ncognltlon  in  hfi  later 
yan.  In  liBi  he  «*9  decled  lord  Rttor  of  the  univcnity  ol 
Glugow.  uid  DiDdlt  mote  d[  his  RCIoruIaddicB^"  Itwunot 
the  old  Bright."  "  I  un  wary  ol  public  ipeaking,"  he  hid  told 
Dr  Dile;  ''my  nuDd  b  aloicaC  ■  blank."  He  was  givea  «□ 
hozKnaiy  degne  of  the  univcnity  of  Oifoid  <n  iIW,  and  in  iSBS 
aitatUEof  him  wai  ejected  at  Binnlngham.  Tie  ^Ttl  marquas  of 
Salabgry  uid  ol  him,  and  it  aupu  up  hi>  chaiactet  u  a  public 
man:  "  He  wu  the  gnaleit  maater  of  Englith  aiaiory  that 
this  gennation— I  may  say  several  generations— has  teen.  .  .  . 
At  a  time  when  much  speaking  has  deprewed,  has  almost  citcr- 
mlntied  eloquence,  he  maiatilneil  that  robust,  powerful  and 
Ttgoniti*  style  in  which  he  gave  Citing  eipreiaion  lo  the  burning 
and  noble  thoughts  he  desired  to  ailer." 

Sk  rttMiand  Spudui  «l  Hit  XitU  Hbh.  Jul  °.i 

6r  Ceorn  Bamen  Snulh.  I  vols.  Svo  (iWl):   7  *■ 

ruU,    It.P;   by  John    M'CilchriU.  in  Cawil's  vc 

ai»nphie>  (1S6S);  Jikn  Briihl.  by  C.  A.  Vince  ui 

imPaiiUmaiUry  Brjsn,  by  Akn  grifU.  U.P..  to  tif 

UU6):  Sftnka  <n  QiuaUm  rf  PMi  Pclky.  1  it, 

M.P.,  edited  by  J.  E.  Thorold  Aoeen  1  vols.  «v.  Ik 

AMiuui.  ediluf  In  I.  £.  Thon^  Rogcn.  in  lit 

Lawt  tl  lit  RitU  Urn.  Js\n  BtitK  U-P..  colleclo  ch 

(ISBs). 

BRIQimiNGSBA  (ptODOunced  BnnunA;.  a  pott  and  fish- 
ing station  in  the  Hattrich  pailiameniaiy  division  o(  Essei, 
England,  on  a  creek  opening  [rem  the  cast  shore  of  the  Cobie 
esluary,  the  terminus  al  a  bianch  Irom  Colchester  ol  the  Great 
Esslcm  r^I*ay,  tit  m.  E.N.£.  ol  London.  Pop.  of  urban 
district  (1901)  4S0I.  Tie  CokhcstR  oyster  beds  an  mainly 
In  this  piit  ol  the  Colne,  and  the  oyster  fishery  is  the  chiel 
industry.  Boii-building  is  carried  on.  This  is  also  a  favourite 
yachting  centie.     TTie  church  of  All  Saints,  principally  Per- 

lofiy  lower  and  west  front.  Brighllinpea,  which  appears  in 
Domcsdiy,  Is  a  member  ol  Die  Cinque  Port  ol  Sandwich  in  Kenl. 
Near  the  opposite  short  of  the  creek  is  St  Osylh's  priory,  which 
originated  n  a  nunnery  founded  by  Osyth,  a  gmnd.daughter  of 
Penda,  king  ol  Merda,  martyred  {(,  653)  by  Norse  invaders. 
A  foundalion  for  Auguslinian  canons  followed  on  Ihe  site  cariy 
in  the  iJlh  century.  The  remains,  bicorporated  with  a  modem 
residence,  include  a  bie  Perpendicular  pieway,  abbots'  lower, 
clock  lower  and  crypt.  The  ptcway,  an  erobaltled  ilruclure 
with  flanking  turrets,  b  paiticularly  fine,  the  entire  Front  being 
panelled  and  omaraenlcd  with  canajHcd  niches.  The  chuidi  of 
St  Osyth,  also  Feipcndiculat  in  the  main,  te  ol  inlercst. 

BRIORTOH,  a  watering-place  ol  Boutke  county,  Fictoria, 
Austnlia,  ])  m.  by  rail  S.E.  ol  Melbourne,  of  wUeh  it  b  practi- 
cally a  suburb.  It  stands  on  the  east  shore  of  Fori  Phillip,  and 
has  two  pien,  a  great  eitent  of  sandy  beach  and  numerous 
beautiful  villas.    Pop.  (1901)  10,019. 

BRiaRTOH.  a  municipal,  county  and  parliamentary  borough 
o(  Sussex,  England,  one  ol  the  best-known  seaside  resorta  in  the 
United  Kingdom,  51  m.  S.  from  London  by  Ihe  London.  Brighton 
ll  South  Coast  railway.  Fop.  (1901]  113,478.  Its  ready  access- 
ibility from  the  metropolis  b  the  chid  factor  In  its  popularity. 
It  is  situated  on  the  seaward  slope  of  the  South  Downs:  the 
poution  is  shehered  Irom  inclement  winds,  and  the  climate 
fa  generally  miU.  The  sea-front,  overlookmg  the  English 
Channel,  stretches  nearly  «  m.  Irom  Kemp  Town  on  the  east  10 
Hove  (»  separate  municipal  borough)  on  the  west.  Inland, 
including  the  lubutb  ol  Preston,  the  town  eiiends  some  1  m. 
The  tendency  ol  the  currents  In  the  Channel  opposite  Brixton 
fa  to  drive  Ihe  shingle  eoslwani,  and  CDCroachments  of  the  sea 

begun  about  1830,  6a  It.  high,  >]  ft.  thick  at  the  base,  and  j  It. 
at  the  summit.  There  are  numeraus  modem  churdies  and 
chapels,  many  of  them  very  handsome;  and  the  former  parish 
church  ol  St  Klcholas  remains,  a  Decorated  ilructure  containing 
a  Norman  (onl  and  a  memorial  to  the  great  duke  of  Wellington. 
The  incumbency  of  Trinity  Chapel  was  heH  bj  the  lamaa 


pieachet  Frederick  WilBam  ttobeHsan  (iS4T-tl5S}.    Tbt  town 

hall  and  the  pirechial  offices  Ire  the  principal  •dminlstntive 
building.  Numerous  inslilulfons  contribute  to  the  entertain- 
ment qI  visitors.  01  these  Ihe  most  temarkable  a  the  Pavih'on, 
built  aa  a  residence  for  the  prince  regent  (afterwards  Geo[ge  IV.) 
and  lenodellcd  in  iSig  by  the  arctntect,  John  Naih,  in  a 
grDtes^iue  Eastern  style  ol  architecture.  In  1840  it  ns  purchased 
by  the  town  for  iCs},ooo,  and  is  devoted  to  various  public  uses, 
coDliioing  a  musenin,  issembly-nHms  and  pictute-gaDcris. 
The  detached  building,  fomKrly  Ihe  sUbtes,  is  convctted  into 
a  Bne  concert  hall;  it  is  lifted  by  a  vast  glued  dOBie  approach* 
ing  that  of  St  Pau!^  calhdiral.  London,  hi  danenuena.  Tliere 
areseveraltheatresindrauMi-halls.  Theaq 


collection,  but 


is  also  used  as  a  concert  hall  and  winter  prden,  a 
is  laid  out  on  its  loof.  The  Booth  cdleclion  of  British  birds,' 
bequeathed  to  the  corporation  by  R  T.  Booth,  waa  opened  hi 
igjj.  There  lie  two  plen,  of  which  the  Palace  pier,  near  the 
lite  ol  the  old  champier  fiSi]},  which  was  washed  away  in  1I96, 
is  near  Ihe  centre  ol  the  town,  while  the  West  plec  b  towards 
Hove.  Preston  and  Queen's  parks  are  the  principal  ol  sevcnl 
public  recreation  gnninds;  and  the  racecounc  at  Keaip  Town 
b  also  the  property  ol  the  town.  EdueaiioDB]  esiafallsbmenli 
are  numerous,  and  Indude  Brighton  College,  which  ranks  high 
among  'EBgliji  public  KhoiJs.  There  aie  municipj  schools  ol 
adence,  technology  and  art.  St  hlory't  HaD  (1836)  b  devoted  to 
the  education  ol  poor  clergymen's  dau^ters.  Among  many 
hospitals,  the  county  hospital  (181S),"  open  to  the  sick  and  lame 
poor  of  every  country  and  nation,"  may  be  mentioned.  There 
are  an  eitensive  mackerel  and  herring  fishery,  and  motor 
entfneering  worhi.  The  paitiuncntsTy  borough,  which  includes 
thepBtishof  Hove,  teltmu  two  member*.  The  county  borough 
ctealcd  in  1888.   The  municipal  borough  b  tmder  a  mayor. 


4Blden 


,»S3««c 


Although  there  b  evidence  of  Roman  and  Saion  occupation 
ol  the  site,  the  earlicsl  mention  of  Brighton  (Bibtclmaton, 
Brichelmestone,  Bri^thelmston)  Is  the  Domesdiy  BwA.  waui 
that  its  three  manors  belonged  to  Eart  Godwin  and  «n«  held  by 
Wlliim  de  Warcnne.  Of  these,  two  passed  to  the  ptioties  of 
Lewes  >nd  MicheUiam  respectively,  and  Ma  the  dissolution 
of  the  monasteries  wete  subject  to  frequent  sale  and  divbion- 
The  third  descended  to  the  etils  ol  Arundel,  lolling  to  llie  shars 
ol  the  duke  ol  Norfolk  in  141 5,  and  being  divided  in  1503  between 
Ihe  famiUci  ol  Howard  and  Berkeley.  Tliat  Brixton  wu  a 
large  fishing  village  m  io36  b  evident  from  the  rent  of  4000 
herring;  in  1185  it  had  a  separate  constable,  and  hi  I]}3  itwai 
assessed  for  a  tenth  and  fifleenlh  at  £j-4:A).  hail  the  aiMii' 
ment  ol  Shorehiun.  In  1340  there  were  no  mejihanti  there,  only 
tenants  of  lands,  but  Its  prosperity  increaaed  during  the  ijih 
and  16th  centuries,  and  It  was  assessed  at  £6:n;8  ta  1534. 
There  is,  however,  no  Indication  that  11  was  a  boiout^  In  IJlo 
commissioncn  sent  to  decide  diipuies  between  the  bhctmea 
and  Landsmen  found  that  from  time  immeniorbil  Brighton  had 
been  governed  by  two  bead  boiou^  tilting  In  the  bonilgh 
court,  and  assisted  by  a  council  called  the  Twelve.  Tlua  con- 
stitutron  dBsppearcd  belorc  i;?!,  when  commisaionen  titn 
Brighton  refused  a  charter  oHered  by  Gooige, 


:  ol  Wait 


ii8s4.    II  hi 


:  ol  Wales 


1  fishing  town  in  165a 
ts  popularity  inotHed 
K  Gkokoi  IV.)  ID  the 


iiy  boiough  In  t£ 
it  became  a  la^ionaUe  teaon 
alter  the  visit  of  the  pi 
duke  of  Cumberland  in  178.. 
the  PivilioD  in  1 784-1187,  and  hb  adoption  oMt  as  hb  principal 
rtsidence;  and  his  association  with  Mn  Fitiherbett  at  Btighton 
wu  the  iluling-point  ol  its  lishionible  repute. 

Sec  Viilnrit  CnMy  Hiiltry—Saiex:  Smsta  AnImttUtfad  S^ltly 
T^.,.»i.ti.  vol.  ii. ;  L.  MelvIIke,  £n(k»,  Hi  HiMry,  sB  FMa  and 
i  (Loddon.  1909). 


tFvliK 
BRIOHra  SIIKASB,  1 


in  tbt  urine,  and  litquently  ilso  Ihe 


BRIGNOLES— BRINDISI 


in  O0fiB0deft  *itk  Udpfy  <Uiflue 
mn  BiM  detcribM  in  iSij  by  Dr  Rwbaid  Bright  (ij8»-iajS}. 
Sine*  that  petiod  ft  bH  been  aUbliihed  that  tin  lymptonu, 
butCMl  ot  bdnc»  u  wm  fomrdy  Aui^Kwid,  the  itiult  of  otu  foroi 
el  diKU*  ol  tliB  Udniyii  nuy  ba  depcadcnt  «i  vuimi  mrabid 
cuHliliau  <if  tboK  ai|uu  (iM  Enom  DiseaiU).  Hence  tbe 
mm  Bii^I'*  dlitMti  which  Ii  ictaincii  in  mtdicil  uodwnditan 
in  honooi  ol  Bi  firichV  iMt  bi  undcntood  u  hnins  ■  gaiait 
■ppUcitian. 
The  ijnBptiMU  in  SMally  a(  "  "    ' ""     "  '"  ' 


qquitity,  ii  o(  diric,  aaaky 
■■k«.inii  itaclhui  the  prcMoce  of 

while,  mdi 


lilc,  M,  ihort  ol  Ihii,  n 
ment  oi  one  •(  the  ch 
oliiet  hand  •■  unu 


npid  tecoveiy  dI  itnnjth. 

Id  tb*  tnetmait  of  acnU  Bti(ht'i  diwMe,  awd  nnlci  uc 
often  ohUined  bom  local  depletion,  tram  wann  batht  ud  fiom 
the  «an(ul  cmployBMnt  of  diuKtia  and  psitatlna.  Clmnuc 
Bii^t'a  fUKua  ia  modi  IcM  amenable  to  licatBNnC,  bnt  by 
efioiti  la  —*'■—'■  the  attoBfth  and  jnpiova  tbe  qoatity  of  the 
Uood  by  aliont  nouriihownt,  and  at  the  nma  time  by  (oafding 


11  ol  Vat  m  the  S.E. 
a.  by  nil  N.  oi  ToidUL  Psp.  (iod6>  3639.  It 
ia  boill  at  a  kjgbl  of  754  IL  above  tbe  aaa-levd,  hi  a  futile 
V^kf,  and  on  tbe  tight  banh  of  tbe  Ouani  river.  It  eontalai 
the  M  Mmmte  palace  o(  the  csmUa  d  Piovence,  and  baa  an 
aclha  Had*,  eapedally  la  pnuMC,  knaiiB  aa  fnmi  dt  A^mbt. 
Id  oU  aama  was  VHU  Futntwm,  aa  the  ddMno  of  the  coimti 
oi  Provence  wen  oluo  btongbt  np  bera.  It  wa*  lacked  00 
wveial  eceariaaa  daring  the  icUgloaa  wan  in  the  16th  ctntuiy. 
Twebo  ndlei  to  tbe  N.W.  la  St  Hadndn  (with  a  fine  oedlcnl 
chnch),  whicb  la  one  ol  the  bcM  itartini-polnt*  for  the  nuu 


St  Uaiy  Hagdakne  ia  uid  to  have  taken  lefuge.    Thii  is  »  n. 
diMant  by  mO.  (W.  A.  B.  C.) 

BUIUIPAT),  ot  BiAUiJUUSrAtl  ("god  of  Kmigth"),  < 
deity  of  bnpaniQce  is  early  Hioda  mythology.  In  tbe  Rjg- 
veda  he  ii  nptewnted  u  tbe  god  of  pnyri,  aJdmg  Indn  tn  bk 
atfiqaeitaft]icclow].demoii,aadac  timaeppcan  tabeidenti&ed 
with  Agnl,  god  of  fire.  He  [i  the  aSquisg  lA  Heaven  and  Earth. 
the  Ivo  wuldi;  ii  the  inqiireT  of  prayer  and  Che  guide  and 
protector  of  the  pioiiL  Be  la  pictiued  aa  havlbg  leven  montha, 
■  InmdRd  wlagi  and  homs  aad  I*  aimed  with  bow  end  anowa 
a  chariot  drawn  by  ted  hoiiea.    In 


3*1  A.  A.  Macdooal],  Vtit  MjOthtf  (Stmrtiart.  1I97). 

BUL,  PAUL  (ij54-ifii6),  Flemidi  patatcr.  was  bom  at 
Antwerp,  llie  sqciaa  of  his  elder  brother  IIanhew(i5io-isl4) 
b  the  VaUcm  Induced  him  to  go  to  Room  to  Hve.  On  tbe  death 
ot  Mauhew,  Paul,  who  far  luipasiMl  Urn  ss  an  artU,  succeeded 
10  bis  peuions  and  cmploynenls.  He  painted  Isadsopes  with 
a  depth  of  cUaioscuro  Uten  little  practised  b  Italy,  and  intro- 
doced  into  Uwn  figures  well  dnwn  and  Gndy  cojourod.  One 
ol  his  best  compositions  Is  the  "  Mailyrdoni  of  St  Clemmt," 
in  tbe  Sala  demeMioa  of  the  VaticaD. 

'    »ULL,tbenaBicgiventoaaal-IWh(PiMa/ac*f>,orM*Mhit 
Imu)  which  ia  a  tfUdM  dosely  nUled  to  tbe  tnibot,  differing 


from  it  in  having  vety  small  ■ 
BO  bony  lubcsculei  in  the  ski 
II  abounds  on  puts  of  the  Brit 
for  Ihe  table  than  the  tntut 

BHILUTLUVUIH, 
tioQomiit,  waa  bora  at  Bdley,  Fiance,  oi 
In  T78g  ha  was  a  depaly,  In  179]  m 
proKription  be  Bed  from  Fnace 

thence  to  ^e  United  Ststo,  where  he  pl^id  in 

Maw  Votk  theatre.    On  the  fall  of  Robcqiierra  ha  m 

J, '---mm member o( the eoBit  of  caa 

on  political  eooomy  and  law,  hat  his 
yiulapi  iu  lett,  a  onnpendinm  ol  the 
aitofdlninf.  Uanyediliani 
BrUlat-Savartndied  in  Paiiion  Ihe  ind  oi  Febniaiy  t8>6. 

BBmtnm  the  popokr  name  e(  niliAur  {(.s,),  partk 
of  the  commerdal  "  roll  sulphur."  Tin  ward  measa  literally 
"  burning  stone  ";  the  Bnt  part  being  famed  bom  the  stem 
of  the  Uid.  Eng.  frauiM,  ID  bain.  Eailiar  forms  of  tbe  woid 
are  Iwariiw,  bntlam,  (ryswfmr,  Ac 

BHIK,  BEnDKm  (igjj-rSoS),  Italian  nanl  adminirtiatef, 
waa  bom  at  l^uio  on  the  iTtb  of  Uay  iSjj,  and  onlll  tbe  age 
of  forty  worked  with  diitinciiim  as  s  naval  engiuer.  In  iSrj 
Admiral  Salnt-Bon.  minister  of  muioe,  appointed  htm  undn- 
aecietaiy  s<  ante.  Tbe  two  men  com^deted  taefa  other;  Saint- 
Bon  encefved  a  type  oi  ship,  Biin  made  tlw  plana  and  directed 
its  constnclion.  On  the  advent  of  the  Left  to  power  In  1S7A, 
Biin  was  appointed  minister  of  maibe  by  Depreds,  a  capacity 
fai  i4ich  he  continaed  tb«  pragiamme  of  Saint-Bon,  while  en- 
laivng  and  completing  it  in  nch  way  as  lo  form  the  first  organic 
sdieme  lot  Ihe  devdk^Hxnt  of  the  Ilahan  Beet.  The  huge 
warships  "  Italia  "  and  "  Dandolo  "  were  hii  work,  tluugh  be 
aflerwaids  sbandooed  tbdr  type  in  favour  ol  smaller  and  fasUr 
vessels  ol  the  "  Varese"  and  tbe  "  Garibaldi "  dan.  By  Ua 
initiative  Italian  naval  Industry,  alioosl  nou-odslent  bi  i8;j, 
made  ia|dd  ptogina.  During  Ua  (feven  yean'  ndnhtiy  (1S74- 
1S7S  with  DapRtis,  iM4~iS9i  with  Dapntis  and  Ciiipi,  1896- 
iSgS  iritb  Rudmi),  be  Bucoedsd  in  ctaatfatg  laige  private  ship- 


In  iSft  im  taunt  the  Cioltti 

capad^,  Ifaa  ktag  and  (tusan  of  Italy  to  Potsdam,  but  shewed 
weaknos  towards  Franco  on  tbe  occasion  of  the  manacre  ol 
Italian  wuikiaeu  at  Algocs-Hoitcs.  He  died  on  (he  t4th  tt 
Uay  189*,  while  mbiater  of  marine  bi  tlie  Rodinf  cabinet.  He, 
more  than  any  other  man,  must  be  regarded  aa  the  faacllal 

BKUnUBAK,  a  town  of  BrlUsh  India,  hi  Ihe  Uuttn  diilriGt 
ef  Ihe  United  Provinces,  00  Ilw  right  bank  of  the  Jnmna,  G  m. 
N.ofMuttia.  Pop.  (1901}  31,717.  Biindabanisoneafthemoat 
peculiar  places  of  pilgrimage  in  India,  being  asaodated  with  the 
colt  of  Krishna  as  a  shepherd.  It  contaliiB  ba(hing.staln,  tanka 
and  wdls,  and  a  great  numbs  of  handaome  temples,  of  which  tha 
finest  Is  that  of  Govlnd  Deva,  a  cnndtoim  vaulted  buildiiq  of 
rediaiidRone,datlngfToni  tjge.  Tha  town  was  founded  earlla 
in  tbe  same  century. 

BKINBISI  (anc.  BnmfiriHR,  f.v.},  a  assort  town  and 
archieplscopal  see  of  Apnlis,  Iialy,  in  the  piovince  ol  Leoca,  • 
S4  m.  N.W.  by  rail  from  tbe  town  of  Lecce,.and  346  m.  fnn 
Anoma.  Pop.  (1I61)  Seeo;  (»Ti)  is.TSJ;  (iOo>)  *S,3>7. 
The  chief  hnportancs  of  Bifnifiil  is  due  to  id  pdslthin  as  a 
starting-pidnl  (or  the  East  The  biaet  haiboui,  admbsHy 
^dtaredasd  ij  tojoft.  Id  dcpth,aUowaocaaaBteaBMnto  Do 
at  the  qoays.  Brindsl  has,  bowem,  been  abandontd  by  the 
laija  staamen  ol  the  Peninsnlar  ft  Orkntal  Steam  Navlgatka 
Campany;  wMch  had  ceded  theie  since  1S70,  hutsince  iSjScaH 
at  UaneOIca  hmead;  small  cxpnn  boat*,  ORying  tlte  maila, 
Btm  leave  swsiy  week,  connecting  with  tbe  krgn  staaaera  at 
Fort  Said:  but  Ibo  nnmberof  panengers  leaving  the  post,  which 
for  lbs  yean  1891-1897  avenged  14,718,  waa  only  7608  In  >9bj, 
and  only  MI  ol  these  woe  carried  tnr  the  P.  ft  a  boats.  Hm 
bibonr  railway  alationwM  not  compMed  until  190;  (OnMstv 


572 


BRINDLBY— BRIONIAN  ISLANDS 


R£ftrl,He.  3671,  i^,  pp.  ij  >qq.)-  Tbe  port  wu  deucd  bi 
tpojby  i4Qint>eliof  t,4ai,i69  looi.  The  impotu  reproeBted 
A  nluB  of  £619,09*  uul  Uk  oporti  a  vaIiw  of  £a63,aoi — on 
incnue  of  ££4,077  and  £57,807  fcqicctivdj  on  llu  figoro  iri 
Lbe  pnvKHU  jcu*,  while  In  iSgg  the  UDOoots,  which  wen  below 
UKarense,  wen  only  £191,400  and  jCis3,0(w.    l^munimpoili 

aporti,  wise  tod  qjrit*,  oil  and  dried  Iniiti. 

f  mkrick  IL  0«Glcd  a  cude,  Kith  huge  nnind  towen,  to  cuud 
the  imiet  bubonr;  it  ii  now  a  convict  prlwti.  Tbe  cailmlni, 
rained  by  earthquaha,  wai  mtond  in  1741-1749,  but  hai  lome 
tanaina  efitajncaaic  pavement  (11 7S).  Hw  baptiimai  duuch  of 
S.  Ciovaiini  al  Sepolcn  <iith  ccntuiy)  ti  bow  a  muieum.  The 
town  wia  captund  in  B3A  by  the  Saiaceno,  and  deatroycd  by 

^Mthutoa.  Byzantine  foircmor.  In  1971  ilfci]  into  the  hajidiol 
dicNonnuUiUulbeqBnitly  appeua  in  the  hiiteiy  ol  tlie  Cnuade*. 
E*riyintliBi4ttanalBty  the iiuiKpaitiiai blocked  by  Giovanni 
Oninl,  piiaoe  of  Tuantoi  tbe  town  waa  devaitated  by  pestilence 
in  litS,  and  wu  phmdered  in  I3;i  and  ijSj;  but  even  fnater 

B  {1716-17J1),  Enfliih  ogineei,  waa  bom 
ihiie,  hi  171G.  lb  pannti  were  in  very 
9,>iidb>iccdvedliltleoTnoeducaUaa.  At 
tbe  age  of  wventten  he  wa*  apprenticed  to  a  millwright  near 
MafchafiHd,  and  aoon  after  com^deting  hii  appicnticabip  be 
Bet  Dp  in  buiineH  for  himadf  aa  a  whedwrigbt  at  LtA,  quickly 
becoming  known  for  hia  ingennity  and  ikii]  in  repairing  all  kinds 
of  maduoery.  In  1757  he  designed  aAd  set  up  an  engioe  for 
draining  tome  coal-pils  at  Clifton  in  Lnncaihin.  lluve  yeais 
later  be  entended  hit  lepulalion  by  annpleting  tlie  macUnery 
(sr  >  ailk-niill  al  Con^too,  la  i7Sg,  when  Ibedokeol  Bridge- 
water  wu  aiuimi)  to  improve  the  outlets  for  the  coal  on  hia 
catatei,  Brindic^  advised  tbe coucruciion of  acanal  iron  Wonley 
to  Mucheiter.  Tbe  diScultia  in  the  way  were  great,  but  all 
veiv  pnTDsounted  by  bia  genius,  and  bia  crowning  triumph  was 
theconstnictionofanaqueductto  carry  the  canal  at  an  elevation 
of  30  ft.  over  the  river  IrwcU  at  Barton.  The  great  success  ol 
tliis  canal  encouraged  similar  projects,  and  Brindicy  wu  soon 
engaged  in  eiKnding  bia  first  work  to  the  Mersey,  at  Runcorn. 
He  then  desgnnd  and  nearly  completed  what  he  called  the  Gnod 
Tnmit  Canal,  connectinc  the  Trent  and  Hombor  with  the  Meney. 
The  StafloidiUn  andWoTCBtenhire,  the  Oiioid  and  the  Chcsier- 
fieUCanab  WHO  abo  planned  by  him,  and  altogether  be  laid  out 
over  j«o  a.  of  easab.  He  died  at  Tunhuitt,  Staflocdshire,  on 
tbe  jath  ei  S^tember  1771,     Brindicy  retained  to  the  last  a 

power  of  tbosght  more  than  compeosated  for  hia  lack  of  training. 
It  is  told  of  hiiB  thai  when  io  any  difliculty  be  used  to  retire  to 
bed,  and  there  remain  thinking  out  his  problem  until  the  solution 
became  clear  to  him.  ilia  mechamcal  ingenuity  and  ienillly 
of  resource  were  very  remarkable,  and  he  undoubtedly  potwaaed 
the  englneertng  faculty  in  a  very  hi«h  degree.  He  wa*  u 
«DtkiBlutiG  b^icver  in  canals,  and  his  itpoiled  answer,  when 
Hked  the  UK  of  navigable  riven, "  To  feed  canals,"  is  chuscter- 
i^c.ifDOtallogetherauthentlc 
BRWTOII,  MMIBL  SABBUOX  (iBjj-iSm),  Ametkiii 
•  archaeologitt  and  ethnokigiM,  waa  bom  at  Thornbury.  Penn- 
qrlvania,  on  tha  I3tk  of  May  1837.  He  gxaduated  at  Yale  in 
l8j8,(tudiHl  for  two  yetnin  the  JeSdwn  Medical  College,  and 
then  loi  one  year  travelled  in  Europe  and  continued  hig  studies 
■t  Piiit  and  lUdtlbwC.  From  1S61  to  186;,  during  the  Civil 
War  in  Anarica,  he  wu  a  suivcoB  in  the  Union  artny,  acting  for 
ooe  year,  iS64-tWj,  u  surgeon  in  charge  of  the  U.S.  Army 
fltaeral  hoapjtol  at  Quiacy,  lUiniHa.  After  the  war  he  practised 
me&ine  at  Watchoter,  Fcnmylvaaia,  for  aeveral  yean,  wa* 
the  editor  of  ■  weakly  pniddical,  Uw  UMcal  and  Surgunl 
lUttHa,  In  Fhiladdphia,  Iron  1874  to  1887;  became  profoMr 
of  ethiwlafy  and  trcfaaeoloty  in  the  Academy  of  Natural  Scienoea 
In  PhUaddiAla  in  1U4,  and  wm  profcaior  of  American  lin- 
■uluici  acid  aidiaeolosy  in  Iha  ludvenlty  of  Pennsylvania  from 
1U6  anlU  hia  ikath  at  Pbiladalphia  m  the  jiu  of  July  itso.  1 


State*  and  in  Earope.  and  wu  president  at  different  limea  of  the' 
NumisDkatic  and  Aniiquuian  Society  of  Fhiladdphia,  ol  the 
American  Folk-Loit  Sodely  and  of  the  American  Assodation 
for  the  Advancement  ol  Sdeace.  I>uring  the  period  from  iSjo 
(when  he  pi^>lished  his  first  book)  to  iSn,  be  wrote  a  icon  o< 
.hooka,  sevnal  of  them  ai  great  value,  and  a  large  niunber  of 
'punphleta,  brochnrca,  addreasea  and  r**t"fnf  arttdci.  Bit 
prindpd  works  are.— r**  UyOis  cf  tit  fltm  WerU  (tSW),  tlw 
first  attetppt  to  analyse  and  corrdate,  according  to  true 
)cientiEcprlnciplei,thenytlKdogy  of  the  American  Indiana;  Tjbi 
Xaipaia  Sttilimaa;  lit  Saarcti  ami  Aim!  A  CntrOutum  M 
Uu  Scicaa  and  PkHtnipkj  «/  Xrfiffn  (r8)6);  AauricM  Htn 
ir^lii  (18S1};  Esioyi  f^sii  ^liKriMmii  (1890);  Rattt  ami 
Ftrfla  0890):  TjI>  Atarkan  Rut  (iS«i};  Tki  PmnwU  if 
Hafpiiua  (1893);  and  Xilitiail  of  Primillt  Pt»tU  (1S97)- 
In  addition,  he  oditad  and  publislied  a  Litnty  tf  AnKTiam 
4hnf6Mi£*(iTa(mCS*olB.l88l-l890},avalnahle  contiibutiaB 
to  tbe  tdtsceofanthropolofyiB  America.  Of  the  eight  vohuoe^ 
six  were  edited  by  Brinton  Umsdl,  one  by  Hotalio  Hale  and 
one  by  A.  S.  (^tlclKt. 

BRimnLLIDtS,  MABIB  MADELEm  KARQllBSm 
D'AUBKAT,  Uaaimsi  Di  (e.  1G30-1G76),  French  poisoner, 
daughter  of  Dreua  d'Aubray,  dvil  lieutoiant  of  Farii,  wu  borm 
in  Paris  aboirt  1630.  In  i6si  she  married  the  mait|uis  de 
BrinvilUen,  then  WTViag  In  the  icgimcnt  of  Normandy.  Con- 
temporary evidence  deuribes  the  mshiulsc  at  this  time  u  a 
pretty  arid  mucb.4Durted  little  woman,  with  a  fascinating  air 
of  childlike  innocence.  In  jSjg  br^  husband  [ntroduad  her 
to  his  friend  Godin  de  SafntC'CroIi,  a  handsome  young  cavalry 
officer  of  eatravagant  tastes  and  bad  reputation,  whoae  mistreaa 
she  became.  Their  relations  soon  created  a  public  scandal,  and 
as  tbe  martiuis  de  BrinviUIers,  who  had  left  France  to  avoid  hia 
crediion,  nude  no  effort  to  terminate  them,  U.  d'Anbny 
secured iheirreat of  Sainte-Croii on  a  UortiUtatMeL  Foraycar 
Sainte.Croii  remiined  a  prisoner  in  the  Bast)Ue,  where  be  i> 
populariy  supposed  to  have  acquirfd  a  knowledge  o(  poboni 
from  bis  fdlow-piisoncr.  the  Italian  poisoner  Esjli.  Wten  te 
left  the  Bastille,  he  plotted  with  his  willing  mistress  hia  revenge 
upon  her  lather.  She  diceriuUy  undertook  to  experiment  with 
the  pofsoni  which  SaiBt»Cr<ni,posaibly  with  the  help  of  a  chemist 
Chriitapher  Glaaec,  preputd.  and  found  subiecti  ready  to  hand 
In  the  poor  lAo  Knight  bar  charity,  and  the  tick  whom  she 
visited  in  the  bospltala.  Meanwhile  SaintcCtoti,  cunpletely 
mined  finai>dally,  enlarged  his  original  idea,  and  determined 
that  not  only  M.  Dreni  d'Aubiay  but  also  the  tatter's  two  lom 
and  other  daughter  should  be  poisoned,  so  that  the  marquise  de 
Brinvillieis  and  himself  might  nmie  Into  possemm  of  the  large 
family  fortune.  In  Febrnary  1666,  satisfied  with  tho  t&daicj 
ol  Sainte-Croli's  preparations  and  with  the  ease  with  which  dray 
could  be  admimstered  without  detection,  the  manpiise  pEisoned 
her  father,  and  In  1G70,  with  the  connivance  of  their  valet  La 
Chauss£e,  her  two  brothers.  A  post-mortem  exarninatioii 
suggcated  the  tea]  cause  of' death,  but  do  suspicion  waa  directed 
to  the  murdenn.  Befon  any  attempt  could  be  made  on  the 
life  of  Mile  ThMse  d'Aabray,  Salote-Cnix  suddoly  died.  An 
he  left  no  bairs  the  police  were  called  In,  and  discovand  anon( 
hb  hdonglogs  dociuDeoln  seriousiy  inctiminatiDg  the  marquise 
arid  La  Cbiamit.  The  btler  wu  amatad,  tottued  into  ■ 
complete  codcasloa,  and  broken  alive  on  ths  whed  (iSij),  b«t 
the  marqvise  OKaped,  taking  rrfuga  first  prsbably  im  Bt-i^I''. 
then  ioGeimany,  and  finally  in  a  convent  at  Litge,  wbeaoe  sb* 
wu  decoyed  iy  a  police  enbaaiy  iH^isnd  a*  a  pilest.  A  fidl 
account  of  her  life  and  crlmta  wai  foud  anoag  ha  pepctt. 
Her  attempt  to  commit  suicide  was  frustAted,  ud  ite  WM 
taken  to  Faii),  where  she  wu  beheaded  ud  bet  body  burned  oa 
the  ifith  of  July  1676. 

-  ^~  Y  ■■■■-■-■■■-^-■-^-■-■— i>=— ">--■- —j^—-  ■  II, 
V«t  Hitif  Uii«(W  (Pans.  'U>)- 

BBIonAN  UUNDI,  a  group  of  mall  islattds.  In  the  Addatit 
Sea,  oS  the  weat  eoast  of  Iilria,  from  whidi  they  are  sepmnted 
row  Caaale  di  f  ■saoa.  .  They  bdoog  to  Ansliia  aai 


BRIOSCO— BRISBANE,  SIR  T.  M. 


573 


■n  t«dva  in  Bomber.  I^  U  ■  ncent  period  Ibcr  mn  dikftr 
mted  lor  thai  quinicsi  which  have  been  worked  for  centurie* 
and  bm  iupplied  nutUrul  not  onJy  lor  the  paUcct  ukI  bridge* 
at  VenicB  uid  the  wbott  Adritlic  tout,  but  Utteily  for  Vioiu 
ud  Bedin  >ha.  Aj  they  commuid  Cheentiucc  to  the  nival 
hufaeor  of  PoU,  ■  nnos  lortRU,  "  Fort  Tc(etlhoa,"  hu  been 
d  «a  the  laiftM  <f  them  (Brioni),  together  with  nmur 
ow  ol  Iht  othoi.    The  kludi  in  inhabited 


.  i4T«-t}}i)>  Italian  ■cnlptm'  ami 
aidiitect^kiiown  u  Hied*  ("  citriy-lteidtd  "),  wu  bom  at  Puhu. 
InaicUtectonheiiknowBlytlieGbardiof  Sta  duniia  In  bii 
native  dty,  but  be  la  moat  famoui  u  a  imkei  b  metal.  His 
nasterpleca  an  the  bmue  Fudwl  andelabnini  (ii  ft  Ugh) 
in  the  choir  e(  the  SinM  (S.  Antania)  at  Padua  (ijij),  indthe 
two  bnnue  ttUela  (1)07)  o(  "  David  dukdng  before  the  Aik  " 
and  "  Judith  and  Holotemei "  in  the  lame  cfaurch.  Hi*  bnnue 
and  ^ble  tomb  ei  the  pbyridan  Gitalamo  dcUa  Tore  in  San 
Pbdd  at  Vefooa  wat  beautifully  deeotated  with  rellefi,  which 
wen  taken  away  by  the  Froidi  and  an  now  in  the  Loovre.  A 
aombti  of  otlier  wmta  wUdi  emanated  fmn  hli  woikihop  are 
ntulbMcd  to  him;  and  be  haa  been  lugftaled,  but  doubtfully,  ai 
the  aiUhor  of  a  Ina  bmiic  icHd,  a  "  Dance  of  Nymphi,"  in 
the  WaDaea  tolIectioD  at  Hertford  HouH,  London. 

■UOinB.  a  town  «f  central  Fiance,  capital  of  au  amndlue- 
miat  is  Iba  dcfutmem  of  Haute-Lolrr,  on  the  left  bank  of  the 
Allier,  I4<T  (L  above  the  jea,  47  m.  N.W.  of  Le  Puy  on  the  Pirl>- 
lyoaiaSmy.  Pop.  (iQott)  4iSi.  Qrioude hai  to  a  treat  eiteot 
•icaped  mademitttloQ  and  (till  hai*  many  old  housei  and 
loontaiaa.  Itt  itteett  ue  narrow  and  inegutir,  but  the  town 
St  nrmmded  by  wide  boolevudi  lined  irith  tnea.  The  only 
bnildbicotoMkseqnencelilhedniTdiof  St  JuUan(i>th  and  ijth 
oentaiicB)  tn  the  Rmnaneaqna  M]4e  of  Anvenne,  of  which  the 
dwir,  with  lit  apie  and  n<Satln|  cbqieb  and  the  mouic  oraa- 
BCDtatioB  oi  the  cttcftor,  Ii  a  Ibu  eumpte.  Biioude  b  the  teat 
of  ■  aat^-pretect,  and  of  tribunal!  ol  £nt  inuance  and  of  00m- 
mtrce.  Hm  plain  In  which  it  la  dtuated  ii  of  greal  fertility; 
the  pain  trade  of  the  town  ii  GonddefaUe,  and  ma^et-gudenlBS 
Is  carried  on  in  the  ootdJrlt.    TIm  induttiict  indude  brewing. 


a  body  it  Iwtnty-Gve  bU^ita  to 
M  Kdici  ol  8t  JoUan.  ¥et  lofne  time  tltet  ijSi  the 
I  the  headqnarten  d  Btrenccr,  lord  of  Caetdnan, 


which  then  devaitated  Fiance.  Tbe  Ind^iti  (or  citKMU,  ai  they 
•fltntanb  beame)  of  St  JuUan  bore  the  title  of  counts  ol 
Brionda,  and  tor  a  long  time  oppoeed  tbemadves  to  the  civic 
liberties  of  the  inhabllants. 

BKiqDXKAULT  (or  BuguiKAin),  nUUICOB  Dl  BUU- 
YUM,  SlMHnn  n  (<.  i501-ist>},  leader  o(  the  Huguenots 
idnilDg  tbe  fint  relighns  wan,  was  ike  son  of  Adrien  de  Briciue- 
miult  and  Alenne  da  Saiute  ^^De,  and  wit  bom  about  i  joi. 
Wi  fint  TmnTpnIgn  was  trndir  dw  count  of  Brisssc  hi  tlie  Pied- 
III!  mil  wi  van.  On  bit  Rtmn  to  Fiance  in  isu  he  jiuned 
Adndral  CoUcsy.  dwied  with  the  defOice  of  Rouoi,  hi  ij6i, 
be  ledped  in  bvcnir  of  Uontsomery,  to  whom  the  prince  of 
CoodetodentTOted  thetaik,  ud  went  over  to  EnglaBd,  whoe 
be  condnded  tbe  tnaty  of  Hampton  Court  on  the  10th  st 
September.  He  then  letnraed  to  Fiance,  and  took  Dieppe 
from  the  CatboScibelore  the  sandarioaDt  peace.  II  Ut  than 
in  tbe  teooDd  idigioai  war  w»  len  biportant,  he  ^yed  a  my 
acthc  part  bi  tb«  tUrd.  Be  too^  at  Jamais  Roche-Aheine 
and  MontcoDtotir,  atdtted  In  the  tiego  of  P^tieii,  was  neariy 
04itared  hj  the  CiAoGci  at  Boiii:tI>i><i>  i^'Icto*'!^  VCieliy, 
•nd  ilmOit  mrpriied  Beuttm.  In  1570,  bdng  durfcd  by 
CoBgny  to  atop  the  armr  of  tlM  princea  In  itt  tseeot  of  tl» 


with  tbe  admiral  it  S(  £tlmiB  h  Hay.  On  the  »tt  oi  tte 
foUowiag  June  he  asstiled  in  acUevliig  the  ^etoiy  of  Amay- 
le-Dnc,  ud  wu  then  employed  to  negotiate  a  maitjage  betweea 
tbe  piinCB  «4  Naviiie  and  EUiabeth  of  En^and.  BeinglDlW* 
on  the  ni^  of  St  Baitbolomew  lu  took  refuge  In  tbe  house 
of  the  English  ambasaador,  but  wia  ancsled  there.  With  hb 
friend  Ainaud  de  Cavagnet  be  was  ddivand  over  to  the  parie- 
nwnl,  and  fsOed  in  couiage  when  coafronted  with  Ui  ludgea, 
teefclng  to  escape  death  by  tmwoithy  meant.  He  was  con- 
demned, Devertbelctt,  on  the  lylb  of  October  1571,  to  tbe  last 
penalty  and  to  the  conlecation  of  Us  pioperty,  and  cs  the  111th 
<4  October  he  and  Canpn  weic  executed. 

See  BiMn  MtbtoH'sw  ia  Afim  r^imlu  au  isjimi  ii 
naace  (new  editiDn,  fib),  vol.  IL;  la  frtma  tnUaamU  (ind 
editioo).  vaLii.,aitklB"BiBuvtls." 

BSIQinTTI  (diminutive  of  Fr.  IrifMc,  bilck),  a  form  of  fud, 
known  also  as  "  patent  fuel,"  couistlng  irf  small  coal  ooaprcued 
into  solid  blocks  tiy  the  aid  of  tome  binding  material.  For 
making  biiquetlei  tbe  Dnill  coal,  if  previously  washed,  ii  dried 

in  a  disintegrator.  It  is  then  [nanpomt«d  in  a  pug  mill  with 
fiom  S  lo  10%  of  gas  irilch,  and  softened  by  heating  to  between 
70°  and  90°  C.  to  a  pliitic  miss,  which  ts  moulded  Into  blodu 
and  completed  by  1  pressure  of  ^  lo  >  tons  per  tq,  lit  in  a  midune 
with  a  rotating  dic^ptale  lomewhat  like  that  used  In  making 
semi-pJistic  diy  biicks.  When  cold,  the  briquettes,  which 
usuilly  weigh  fiom  7  to  so  tb  each,  although  nnaller  ^aa  are 
made  for  domestic  use,  become  quite  hard,  and  can  be  handled 
with  less  tseakage  than  the  ori^nil  coaL  "Ybtit  prindpal  use 
is  as  fuel  for  marine  and  locomotive  boHcis,  the  evapoiative 
value  being  about  the  same  as,  or  somewhat  greater  than,  that 
of  coaL  "nie  piindpsl  teat  of  the  manufacture  !n  Grnt  Britun 
is  b  South  Wale),  where  tbs  dust  and  smalla  lesultlng  from 
the  handling  of  the  best  ttcam  coals  (which  are  very  brittle) 
an  obtainable  in  laise  quantities  and  find  no  other  use.  Some 
vBiietiet  of  lignite,  when  anshed  and  pieised  at  *  steam  heal, 
soften  tuffidently  to  furnish  compact  briquette  without  requiring 
any  cementfaig  material.  Biiquelles  of  this  kind  tie  made  to  a 
laneeilentframthe  tertiary  lignites  in  the  vIdnitTof  Cologne;  ' 
— '-  '--  house  fuel  on  the  Iowa  RUne  and  b 

-  (t77J->B6o), 
Scottish  soldkr  and  aitranomcr,  was  bom  on  the  i.jrd  of  July 
T77]  at  Brisbane  House,  near  Largs,  in  ^rnhtie.  He  entered 
the  army  b  1789,  and  senrd  b  Flandert,  the  West  Indies  and 
the  Pminsula.  In  1S14  be  was  tent  to  North  America;  on  the 
retumof  Napoleon  Inm  Elba  he  was  recalled,  but  did  not  arrive 
b  time  to  take  part  b  the  battle  of  Waterloo.  In  iBii  ho  wu 
appomted  governor  of  New  South  Wales.  Daring  the  fdnr  yean 
for  which  he  bdd  that  office,  altbon^  be  allowed  the  *™~'ti 
of  the  colony  to  get  into  eonfudoo,  he  endeavoured  to  Improve 
its  condition  by  btiodudng  tbe  vine,  sugar-cane  and  tobacco 
pliEl,  and  by  encouiaging  the  bteaiting  of  hones  and  the  le- 

dimitiono"      "      ' 

out,  ind  01 
niraed  after  Jum. 
at  Paiamatu  In  tSii,  and  the  Br£ibfM  CalolffM,  which  wai 
printed  In  iSj5  and  contained  738;  stars,  was  the  result  of 
observations  made  then  in  iSi>-t8>6.  Tlie  observatory  waa 
discDntinned  b  iS;5.  After  his  return  to  Scotland  be  resided 
chleBy  at  hiakentonn  b  Roxbar^uUie,  where,  at  at  Brisbann 
House,  be  had  a  large  and  admiiaUy  eqiupped  observatory. 
Important  magnetic  observations  wen  begun  at  Hakentoun 
In  1841,  and  the  results  gained  him  in  184B  the  Kdth  priie  of 
the  Royal  Sodcty  of  E^nbur^,  b  whose  7Vaiuac(iM>  tbey 
were  publidied.  In  iS]6  he  waa  made  a  bamnd,  and  G.CB. 
b  1S37;  and  in  1S41  he  became  genoaL  He  was  dected 
proldent  ol  the  Koyal  Sodety  of  Edinbui^  afta  the  death 
of  Sir  Walter  Scott  in  iSjj,  and  b  the  following  year  acted 
as  pttaidenl  of  the  British  Assoriatkm.  He  died  at  Brisbane 
House  on  tbe  17th  of  Januaiy  iS6a.  He  founded  two  gold 
medala  for  the  caoonnaeaiat  of  sdentlfie  research,  one  In  th* 


BRISBANE— BRISSON 


■«udatthBltaimlSiici«]tglEdisbai|b.uid  llicolher  in  tin 
iif  tlM  ScMtkh  Society  ol  Art*. 

BBUBAn.  the  uiiital  of  Qiimiiiimt.  AiuItiUl  It  is  liti 
■ted  in  Stuley  county,  OQ  tHc  buki  of  (bo  rim  BriibaBt,  1 J  n 
(ran  iu  moulli  in  MoieUm  Biy.  Il  it  built  OD  a  lerici  o(  hQ 
■Mac  from  the  riveF^ub,  but  lome  pirtg  of  il,  Hicb  u  Woo 
b*  Hid  Soulh  Biiibute,  occupy  lev-lying  fliti,  which  hii 
nea  been  the  eccae  of  diiutrois  Soodt.  The  miin  >tne 
■nd  princ^  buildinct  of  the  cily  ii«  lituted  on  t,  longue  i 
bud  Ibroed  by  iKHitbirard  bend  of  the  rivet.    The  extreinily  i 


At  bounicil  gardeni,  (be  fron 


nuUni  GovcnL 


Hi™,  the  aSci*l  lerijeace  of  the  tanmn  of  the  colony,  tod 

id  Queen'*  Fufc.  which  b  used  •* 

tU*  paric  Albert  Stteet  lum  lor 

......  Je  duougb  the  ban  of  tfie  city, 

teaoint  la  Albert  Fuk,  in  which  1*  the  abeemuny.  Queen'* 
Street,  the  m*inlhaiaui;h£ui  of  Biiibue,aD9se>  Albeit  Street 
nddwny  between  the  two  paiki  and  leads  acroai  the  Victoria 
Bridie  to  the  lepaiate  dty  of  South  Brisbane  on  the  other  aide 
of  the  liver.  The  Vicloiia  Bridge  is  a  fine  steel  ilructuie,  which 
Kfjaced  the  biidga  iwepi  aw*y  by  flooda  b  februaty  iSqj. 
BriibuM  ha*  a  large  number  of  buildingt  of  irdiilectuial  merit, 
theiigh  in  amne  caae*  their  effect  ii  mancd  by  the  narrowDCBa  of 
the  atneta  in  which  they  Kand  Anung  the  tnott  pnmiineat 
are  the  Home*  of  Pariiiment,  the  great  domed  cuttom-houie 
on  Iherivtr-baitk,  the  lands  office,  the  general  post-office,  the  town 
halls  of  Briibsne  and  Soulh  Brisbane,  and  the  opera  house.  Tlie 
RcnuB  Catholic  cathednl  of  St  Stephen  (Eliabeth  Street)  is 
an  imposing  building,  having  a  detached  campanile  containing 
Ihelaq^IbcDinAustnlia.  The  foundation^tone  of  the  Ao^- 
OB  cathedral,  on  an  elevated  lite  In  Ann  StRct,  waa  laid  by  the 
princeof  Wales  (ladukcof  Yock)  in  leoi.    The  dty  it  the  scat  at 

■  Roman  Catholic  atchbiibopaiidofan  Anglican  bishop.  Many 
ol  the  eonuDcrcli]  and  private  tnuldiBct  are  alio  worthy  of  notice, 
apedally  the  QuccniUnd  National  Bank,  *  dauic  Italian  stntc- 
tun,  the  maeiive  treasury  buildings,  one  of  the  lugeat  eiectiani 
fa  ADtiali*,  the  Queensland  Qub  with  its  wide  colonnades  in 
Italian  Renaisaanca  style,  and  the  great  building  of  the  Brisbane 
Newtpspa  Cnnpany.  Brisbaneiswcll  provided  with  psiksaod 
open  spaces;  the  Victoria  Park  and  Bowcn  Puk  are  Ihe  largest; 
toe  high-lying  Mount  Cool-lha  comnwads  fine  views,  and  there 
•r*  odier  paika  and  uumeroui  [ecieatloa  grounds  in  various 
parts  ol  the  dty,  bcaidcs  Ihe  admirable  botanical  gardens  and 
the  gardens  ol  the  AccUnutiiation  Society.  Electric  tramways 
and  Dumibuaes  serve  all  parte  of  the  dty,  and  numerous  lerries 

•Outh  and  weal.  By  careful  dredging,  the  hioid  river  is  navig- 
able aa  far  *i  Brisbane  for  ocaan-going  vessel*,  and  the  port  is 
the  terminal  port  for  the  Queensland  mail  ateaoKrs  to  Europe, 
■nd  is  visited  by  steamera  to  China,  Japan  and  America,  and 
for  various  intcr-coionial  lines.  There  is  whari  accommodation 
4M1  both  bsnks  of  the  river,  a  graving  dock  which  coo  be  used  by 
vcMels  up  to  5000  tons,  and  two  patent  slips  which  can  take  up 
ahipeaf  loooand^oo  tons  respectively.  The  exports  are  chiefly 
coal,  sheep,  tallow,  wool,  Iroien  neat  and  hido.  The  annuil 
■alga  of  impoita  and  eiqwite  eaceedi  leven  and  nine  millions 
starling  reflectively,  liteic  *re  boot  factories,  soap  works, 
breweries,  tanscriea,  tobacco  wotki,  be.  The  climate  is  on  the 
whole  d^  and  healthy,  but  during  lummei  tbe  temseiature  is 
high,  the  mean  ataMle  tenqienttuie  being  about  70*  F. 

BriibaBe  wai  founded  in  iStj  a*  a  penal  aeltlcnieat,  taking 
It*  nam*  from  Sir  Tlumaa  Biisbaue,  then  govenuc  of  Australia ; 
In  1S41  It  bccuK  ■  fiec  eelllemeat  and  in  1(59  tbe  apltal  of 
Queensland,  the  town  up  to  thai  lin>e  baring  belonged  to  New 
South  Wales.  It  was  inoiipocsted  In  tbe  same  year.  South 
Bririianebecameasepaiatediyiui^aj.  TbemunidiHlgovein- 
ncBt  ol  the  dty,  and  also  ol  South  Brisbane,  is  in  the  hsods  of 

■  mayor  and  ten  aldermen;  the  tufaurbs  are  controlled  by  shiie 
councils  and  divisional  boards.  .  The  chief  aubuibs  are  Kangaroo 
Point,  Fortitude  Valley,  New  Farm,  Sed  Hill,  Paddington, 
Ifiltai^  Toowong,  Breakfait  Creek,  Bulimba,  WooUongabbs, 


Tbe  populattooof  tbemcmpaBttn 


consoles,  candcUbra,  w 

in  the  Louis  '_ 

on  archJlectund  subjecla.    His  prindpal  works  aiK:-^L'Atdii^ 

latiirt  medma  (i  vols.,  fjlt);  L'Art  it  UUr  la  maistmi  ii 

eamfispte  ()  vols.,  1743};  TVoftf  dm  beau  astmtid  iam  la  arts, 

atftvial  particiiititmait  i  farcUlectere  (1751);  and  TraiUdti 

pfoporliota  harmtni^Ka. 

BBISUC  DDXa  or.  The  Gd  (4  Brinac  in  Anjou  waa 
acquired  at  the  end  of  the  1 5lh  cenoiry  by  a  noble  FRnch  family 
named  Ccwi  belonging  to  the  tame  f^ovince.  Reai  de  Omt 
manled  into  Ihe  CouSer  family,  jut  then  vcty  powerful  at 
court,  and  became  freotMr  pantliMt  (chief  pantler)  to  Louis  XIL 
Two  ol  hi*  loa  were  in*niaili  of  Fiance.  Biiaaac  wai  made  ■ 
couBtship  in  tjAo  for  Chad**,  tbe  tidat,  who  wa*  grandmaster 
ol  artillery,  and  governor  of  Piedmont  and  of  Picatdy.  The 
second,  Artus,  who  held  theoScesof  frsodfosiMer  of  Fnnceand 
superintendent  of  hnsnce,  H,*fiwjnf^h*,<  |MTT,f*lf  in  the  rrliflw 
wan.  Charles  IL  de  Coiai  lon^t  lor  the  League,  MkI  aa 
govEroor  of  Paris  opened  the  gates  of  that  town  to  Heny  IV., 
who  ctCBled  him  maohal  of  Franoe  in  1594.  Briasac  w**  raised 
to  a  dnchy  in  the  peenge  of  France  in  itit.  Louis  Hercnk 
TimolioD  de  Coiei,  due  de  Brissac,  and  ccsmnandaiU  of  the  cott- 
atllutiooal  gaud  of  Loai*  XVL,  was  killed  at  Veisaillei  on  Ihe 
qthofSeptemberinafoihisdevotimto  tbe  king.      (M.  P.*) 

BHIMON,  BUGKNE  HEHBI  (>8js-  ),  Fitnch  lUtamaa, 
wa*  bom  at  Sourgc*  on  Ihe  jitl  of  July  iSjs-  He  flawed  hi* 
lather'*  profession  of  advocate,  and  having  nude  himaelf  csci. 
qijcuoo*  in  oppoailioB  during  the  last  days  of  Ihe  empiie,  was 
appointed  d^uty-mayor  of  Paris  after  its  overthrow.  He  *** 
elcctedWtbeAsaemblyanthcBthof February  1871,  asasiembee 
of  the  extreme  Left.  While  not  approving  of  the  Commuae,  he 
wii  the  Gtat  to  propoae  amnealy  lit  the  condemiud  (on  tbe  ijth 
of  Septembee  1871),  but  the  proposal  was  voted  down.  He 
strongly  supported  obllgilofy  prhnaiy  education,  end  w*i  ■ 
firm  anti-dcricaL  He  was  ptecidest  of  tbe  chamber  from  1S81 — 
replacing  Gsmbetta — (o  March  iSSj,  when  be  became  piime 
minister  upon  the  rcugnarion  of  Jules  Ferry;  but  he  reigned 
wheI^  alter  Ihe  genenl  election*  of  that  yeu,  be  only  JHt 
obtained  a  majority  for  the  vote  of  credit  for  the  Tongking 
eipcdition.  He  remained  conspicuous  as  a  public  man,  look  a 
prominent  part  in  exposing  the  Panama  scandals,  was  a  powerful 
candidate  for  the  prcaidcacy  after  the  murder  of  Preatdent 
Camot  in  iSo4,  and  waa  a^in  president  of  the  chamber  from 
December  1894  to  1898.  In  June  of  the  latter  year  ha  formed 
a  cabinctvheBthceountjywuviolcnily  excited  over  the  Dreyfui 
aSaii;  hi*  finmeu  and  honesty  increased  the  respect  in  which 
he  wa*  already  held  by  good  duiens,  but  a  chance  vote  on  an 
occMJonofeipecliI  enftement  overthrew  his  ministry  in  Octoliei. 
A*  one  of  tbe  leader*  of  the  radicals  he  aclively  supported  the 
ministrre*  of  Waldeck-Kouiteiu  and  Combea,  eqiecially  con- 
ing the  law*  on  the  leligiou*  oiden  and  the  aeparatioo  of 
chandstate.  In  iSfi^he  was  a  candidate  for  the  preaidcncy. 
In  May  1906  he  was  elected  president  of  the  chsmbec  of  deputies 
by  soo  out  of  sSi  votes. 

BKIUOX,  HATHnRIlI  JACQIFEg  (■73j-igo6).  Frtndt 
loologbt  and  natural  philosopher,  wa*  born  at  Fostenay  le 
Comleonthejothof  April  1713.  The  earlier  part  of  his  life  waa 
spent  in  the  pursuit  of  natural  history,  his  published  work*  in 
this  departmcDt  induding  Le  Rtgiu  oainbtJ  (1356)  and  Omidi^ 
Utu  (1760).  Alter  the  death  of  R.  A  F.  Riaumur  (iSgj-i7si), 
whose  assistant  he  was,  he  abandoned  natural  history,  and  was 
appointed  professor  of  natural  philosophy  at  Navarre  and  later 

Peidi  tptdfipia  da  corps  (1787),  but  be  publi^ed  sevcisl  other 
booksonphysicalsubjectswhichwereiu  considerable  repute  for  a 
lima.    Be  died  at  Croiny  near  Paris,  00  the  ijldoIJuneiSoA. 


BRISSOT— BRISTOL,  EARLS  AND  MARQUESSES  OF 


s  WutVOXS,  icgMntcd  Fnsck  Gimodut,  wu  bon 
u  UBfim,  vhen  tail  lalhei  WW  U  lan^aqxr,  IB  Juiiiu7 1 T  M. 
BriBM  Rccntd  ■  ■ood  (dacMkia  and  (Mend  tin  eOa  ol  a 
koTif  U  Farf*.  Hit  fint  voik*.  FMint  Ai  Itit  aimiiielln 
(■781)  ud  KWiMUfM  >«lw«>tic»  A>  HfitUnr  (17B1), 

•a  Ibi  pUkMiiliy  of  kw,  aa ■■    ■• 

■MinbiiKl  «lthtk«etkk>l 


Amtadn  Noln,  «t  aUch  hi 

Ai  an  t((Bt  af  Ihh  Mckty  he  paid  B  viA  to  tbe  UaiHd  Eliis 

b  11S8,  and  ta  ini  pablkbcd  hb  ffvMMa  Fa^aff  dMi-lu 

Frem  Iha  fint,  Bii»ul  thnw  hiiiaell  hcut  aiid  lool  Into  the 
Kamlalloa.  H*  cdittd  th«  Falritli  Jran^  fnm  1789  to  179J, 
and  hdng  a  mU-iakniHd  and  capabla  nua  toA  a  pronlnfmt 
part  in  abiii.  Upon  tha  dnnolitiaB  of  tlw  Budlk  the  keys 
warn  faiiaulni  to  him.  tmioamlix  hit  ipeedua  at  the  JacoUn 
<Ui,  ha  ina  alectod  a  mcmbar  of  tha  Bnraki[>ality  of  Paris,  then 
tt  tkL^idatin  Aoamhly,  aad  lalarof  the  National  Coovendon. 
Danog  thD  Lcgiilatln  ABemUr  bii  kDOiriedie  dI  fonJgB  aOain 
(Bihlad  Ub  aa  BambcT  of  thg  dvlomtic  coauilttc  practically 
to  dinct  the  IdnifB  paUcr  of  Fnnta,  and  tite  declantion  of  ni 
aphnt  tt»  HBpwwan  the  wthcf  April  1741,  and  tliat  atainn  ' 
EatfandoalbeiNe(Julri793.*a«laitdydiiBtDhlm.  Itms 
■bo  BfiNot  win  (ave  thne  «an  tha  dianiixT  oi  icvdlntloBaiy 
propafuda.  He  wu  in  uany  m)«  tha  Inaiffng  ipbtt  oC  the 
Qirandiati,  «taa  mr*  alB  knoim  aa  Bittaatfa*.  V«sDiaud 
nrtiinljr  ma  In  aupnioi  to  htm  io  oratory,  hut  Brliaot  wu 
quick,  lagic,  impatuoui,  and  a  man  oI  wide  knowladfo.  Bnt  he 
laaa  at  the  aaraa  time  ndUating,  and  not  qu^jfied  to  ttng^ 
agabit  Ae  Goee  cnergiea  raoKd  by  the  evnti  of  the  Rtvc^tioo. 
Bii  party  Ml  bdora  the  Mountain;  lenteooe  of  amtl  »u 
pa»nl  niimtlholeadingBienbetielitBiitbe  indof  Jons  itqj, 
Bitaot  atlompted  to  ncape  b  diagoiie,  but  was  arroted  at 
Monliu.  Hii  damatnour  at  tba  trial  wu  quiet  and  dignified; 
■ad  on  the  jitt  at  October  1793  he  died  bravely  with  KveraJ 
othcc  Ciicddiiti. 

Sea  MImMHt  it  trioM.  hb  hi  (nlmtoreiiu  a  U  Sitiliilwn 
paMctiu,  puEiUibed  by  bn  kuu,  with  noin  by  F.  de  MddcriI  IPuii. 
rtjSV;  HAnM  William..  Ssmnir,  ic  la  RMiaion  fn^u,  {P.iii, 
>^>:F.  A.  Anlird,  IfjOralnriibliiUfu'iUiKel^Jd  CrwiciUuii 
sad  cd..  Piri^  1905):  F.  A.  Aulerd,  L*i  FtrlmiU  IMraira  i  b 
faiimXVW  liUt,  trminl  to  XAnl^wi  (Parii.  1SB3). 

BBWKHh  UUI  and  ■AHanBUn  op.  llna  Eniliih 
tltb  hu  been,  held  In  tb*  Htfvey  family  iinco  1714,  tfaouch 
pnriOBsly  aa  caildan  o(  BbMdI,  In  the  J)i|by  bmUy,  !> 
MMdated  with  1*0  vpedaUy  bmon*  repRKOtalise*,  ot  whom 
aepante  biogiapUe*  tn  tina.  Hie  Hervey*  ue  mcatioaed 
diirinc  the  131b  omtmy  as  Mated  la  BedfacdihiK,  and  afurwardi 
In  Suiolk,  where  they  have  farid  the  esUte  of  Ickwoith  since  the 
tStli  ceatiDy.  John  Hcrvty  (ifii6-r679)  was  the  eldest  ion  of 
SrWlUiaaiKervay(d.i66o),aiidwaabomaDtberBIhaIAa«ast 
ttiit.  Ho  held  a  high  poiition  in  Uk  hoiuehold  oI  Calherioe. 
vifaof  Charles  IL,  and  was  for  many  yean  membaol  parliament 


ig  child  E 


kb  hhnman,  WUHam,  Lord  Hervey  al  KidbrookB  (d.  1&41), 
hnt  Mt  no  cidldien  wben  be  died  oa  die  iSth  of  January  i(t79, 
■Ml  U>  aatato  paiMd  to  hit  brotlier,  Sir  Thomit  Hervey.  Sir 
Tbnnai,  wim  wai  member  of  paitlameBl  fv  Bury  SI  *'''-'"■"'■, 


S7S 

fay  Ueaoo, 


died  <B  the  t7tk  of  Uay  i6m.  and  wai  no 
Joki,  who  becBine  the  ut  csd  d  BriitoL 
.  JoBM  HuvBT,  ist  cad  if  BiiMol  iiMf-iiS'),  hen  os  the 
■}th  of  Aofust  1665,  waa  educated  at  dare  Hall,  CambrMi*, 
and  became  membei  of  pacUamoit  for  Bury  St  Edmundt  ia 
March  1694.  In  Hatch  1703  he  waa  ciaated  Banm  Hervey  of 
Ickwocth,  ami  in  October  1714  waa  mada  eari  of  Brinol  u  a 
-nward  for  hii  leal  ia  pnoiotinc  the  priadplea  el  t]»  nvoMbni 
■nd  aapiwrttng  tha  Haaoveiian  aucoadon.  He  died  on  the 
nth  d  January  17!!.  By  hit  fiitt  wlla,  Isabdla  (d.  t6«3)r 
dasghter  oI  Sir  Sobett  Can,  Bart.,  ol  Sleaford,  be  had  oae  mo. 
Can,  Lord  Hervey  ( 1691-1 713),  who  waa  educated  at  OaraHaU, 
Camhddge,  and  wu  nCDher  fa-  Bury  St  Edmmdi  from  1715 
to  T711.  (It  hu  been  nggBtod  that  Carr,  wbe  died  onmanitd 
im  the  r4thal  NovwnbcT  1713.WU  the  father  o(  Horaa  Walpob.) 
He  marTledMCoadly£lliabcth(d.i74r),  daughter  and  Cft^hdiaa 
at  Sir  Thomai  Fellon,  Batt.,  of  Flayferd,  Suffolk,  by  wlwm  ha 
had  lea  tou  and  aii  daughtera.  Hh  ddot  ion,  Juhn  (lAgli- 
1743),  look  the  CDurteiy  title  of  Lord  Hervey  on  the  death  of 
hii  half-biothti,  (krr,  In  171],  and  pfnedxniw  Ruown  both  u 
a  writer  and  a  politician  (seo  HnvEV  0*  IcawoiTH}.  Another 
soa,  nomaa  <i<9!ri77j),  waa  one  of  the  RKmbeit  for  Bury 
from  I7}j  10  r747:  hdd  Tariou*  office*  at  cotot;  and  doped 
with  EUiBbeth,  wile  at  Sir  nwDiuHanaKr.  He  had  very  poor 
hc^lh,  and  hli  recUem  Hf  e  fiequenlly  bnraght  him  into  pecuniary 
and  other  difBcultlei.  He  wrote  aumerout  pamphlets,  and  when 
he  died  Dr  Johnsoa  said  cf  him, "  Tom  Hervey,  though  a  vldoia 
man,  wu  one  oi  tlie  genteelnt  men  vbu  ever  lived."  Another 
of  the  lit  earl's  sons,  Ftlum  (1711-1773),  wu  aba  member  for 
the  kmily  boToogh  of  Bury  St  Edmnnda.  Having  amumed  the 
additional  name  of  Batbunt,  Fdlon'a  (landHU,  Feltoa  Ehrdl 
Hervwy-Bathoist  (1781-181^,  wu  created  a  barooel  in  iBil, 
and  on  hit  death  a  year  later  the  title  dcacended  la  Ut  litotber. 
Frederick  Anoc  (1783-1814),  the  direct  aaceMor  of  the  pteeeat 
baronet    The  tat  eail  died  la  Januaiy  1751,  the  title  and  etttle* 


Gaoaoi  Whiuk  Hebvbt,  nd  eaH  ot  Brittol  (■7ii-i77{), 
uioeldaalaon  of  John,  Lord  Hervey  of  Ickwortb,  1^  Ui  maniacs 
with  Mary  (i7ao~r76g),  daughter  of  NichoUa  Lcpell,  wu  bom 
on  the  Jilt  of  Augait  1711.  He  tervtd  for  ume  ytati  hi  the 
army,  and  ia  1755  wu  teat  to  Turin  u  envoy  eitnordlBary. 
He  wuambu^dor  at  Madrid  fnHni758  to  17A1,  fining  a  diSicull 
position  with  (redltanddlgnity,  and  ranked  among  IhefoDoweit 
of  Pitt.  Appointed  lord-lientenaat  ol  Iidand  in  1766,  he  never 
visited  that  country  during  bit  thort  tenure  of  thii  office,  and, 
alter  having  lerred  for  a  ibort  tlax  u  keeper  of  the  privy  aeal, 
became  groom  of  the  Male  to  Oeorga  III.  in  January  1770^ 
He  died  unmarried  on  the  18th  or  lolh  ol  March  1775,  and  wu 
succeeded  by  lu  brother. 

Ancra-nji  Johh  Hebvsy,  3rd  earl  of  Btlitol  (1714-1179), 
wu  bora  on  the  19th  of  Uay  1714.  and  entered  the  navy,  when 
hi)  promotioB  na  rapid.     He  distinguished  bimidf  in  MVcral 

Admiml  Hawke  in  1759,  although  he  had  returned  to  Englaad 
befon  the  battle  ol  Quibeisn  Say  in  November  1759.  Having 
served  with  distinction  in  the  Wett  India  under  Rodney,  Ua 
active  fife  at  sea  ceaied  when  tbc  peace  of  Faiii  wu  concluded 
in  February  1763,  He  wat,  however,  nominally  commander-in- 
chief  in  the  Meditemncan  in  this  year,  and  wu  made  vice- 
adniral  ol  the  blue  In  Jaimary  177B.  Hirvey  wu  meaibcr  of 
pariiamenl  for  Bury  from  1757  to  1783,  and  after  bang  te 

a  short  time  member  for  Saltath,  again  re '  " 

176B  imtn  he  xucceo 

He  often  look  part  in  debalei  in  parliament,  and  wu  a  frequent 
contributor  to  periodical  lilcrature.  Hairing  aerved  u  a  lord 
of  the  admiralty  from  1771  to  1775  be  won  iome  notoriety  uaa 
opponent  of  the  RDcUngham  minbliy  and  a  defender  of  Admltaj 
Keppel.  InAu8Usti744hehadbeeniecndymanIedtoEHnbtth 
Chudleigh  (1710-1788),  ifteiwardt  duchess  of  Kingston  lj,tit, 
but  Ihii  unkm  wu  dissolved  in  1769.  Tbc  eari  died  iii  London 
on  the  i3nl  1/  December  1779,  leaifng  no  legitimale  isne,. 
and  having,  u  lar  u  poi^Ue,  aUcnatad  his  property  Irom  the 


57« 


BRISTOL.  2ND  EARL  OF 


dtb.  H*  WM  «KBBdBd  b]F  Ui  bntba.  Kny  of  Ui  letten 
•n  in  Ilw  Rccotd  Office,  ud  bb  Inmudi  in  tlH  Britah  Museora. 
OlhBlcuatut piimd ia tht GnmiBi  Pafiri.veU.  Hi.  md iv. 
(Lowfen,  iSsi-iSu).  ud  the  £^f  ^  Aimtal  Kc#M  >?  tlx 
Boa.  T.  ii^pA  (LouloD,  1851). 

FmncE  Anontrai  Hmvn,  bfabop  of  Deny  (17)0-1803), 
who  IDW  bcnnw  4tfa  ctil  «f  BiiMid,  mi  bora  on  IJw  at  of 
A  xiyo,  and  cdncaled  U  WcMmintcc  idMol  tad  Cvpot 


u  ihand  bjt  the  dqr  of  Leadoaiaiy.  H<  boat 
oca  >t  DowBhiD  lad  BaUjnculllon,  iMeh  he 
adocBcd  with  ma  mtki  of  ait.  At  a  bUwp,  Henep  wi*  ta- 
doUdoBi  and  TJcQant;  hr  lamund  cotnpklc  Rtu^am  aqtulity. 
and  *aa  oppoand  to  tha  lyitan  (rf  titho.  In  December  iT;g  he 
bccama  cad  of  Bristol,  and  in  q^te  ol  hii  biothtT'i  (nil  ncceeded 

is  Italy,  ha  nUitned  10  Iidand  ud  In  17S1  tbiew  fainiself 
tidauly  into  the  Irish  vohmlcn  movttnenl,  qidddy  atuining 
a  pnadueat  poaitioB  among  the  vsluntccn,  ud  in  gnsl  slate 
atmdliv  the  nanation  hdd  in  Doblin  in  November  178}. 
Ctcried  avay  by  hii  poiition  and  fail  popuJari  ly  be  tall^  loudly 
of  nbdUon,  and  Ua  violent  knguafe  led  the  KovemmenE  la 
COtttemfdato  hio  aiTot.  Snbuqncntlyhe  toohnopart  inpcditiq, 
^pfHflf  hb  later  yean  mainly  on  the  continent  of  £nrope. 
In  179S  he  Vai  unpriioned  by  the  French  at  Milan,  rcouining 
in  cuatody  for  "i'-''-"  mcaithi.  He  died  at  Altuno  on  the  Sth 
of  Jtily  1S03,  and  waa  buried  in  Icfcvarth  dmrdi.  Varying 
cfltimalc*  have  been  found  of  hii  chaxactcr,  including  favourable 
Ones  by  John  Woley  and  Jenny  Baitham.  He  wu  undoubtedly 
dever  ark!  cultured,  but  licentiom  arul  eccentric  In  later  life 
he  openly  prolcned  matcrialiitlc  opinions;  he  fell  In  love  vith 
the  counUw  Lichtenan,  miitren  of  Frederick  William  II., 
fcinc  of  Fnuala;  and  by  hit  bearing  be  pve  freah  point  to  the 
Myiuf  Uut "  Cod  created  men,  women  and  Herveya"  In  r^si 
bo  had  married  Elizabeth  (d.  iSoo),  daughter  of  Sir  Jerrayn 
Dawn,  Ban.,  by  wbon  he  had  two  iobi  and  thrae  daa^tert. 
Hla  elifai  ton,  Aufuatua  John,  lord  Hervey  (iTST-iTtt),  had 
imilimtiil  hb  lather,  and  he  wai  lucceeded  in  III*  title  by  Ida 

Fumura  Willuii  Heivit,  5th  eari  and  irt  marquen  of 
Briotd  (i;i^iSsg),  wis  bom  on  the  md  of  October  1769. 
He  married  Eliaibeth  AUuna  (d.  184*),  dauchier  of  Clolworthy. 
IM  Bano  rcmplelown,  by  whom  lie  had  til  sons  utd  three 
dauihlai.  In  iStS  be  was  created  cuuquaj  of  Brietol  and 
Eacl  Jeimyn,  and  died  on  the  T5th  of  Felmuiiy  tSjp.  He  was 
■KCteded  by  hi*  *0n  Frederick  William  (iSix.-i864),  M.P.  for 
Bury  St  Ednunda  itjo-itss,  as  md  matquest^  and  by  ihe 
lattec'i  «ID  Frederick  WiUiain  Jobn  (18M-1907),  U.P.  for  Went 
SoHolk  ■lls«'iM4,  at  3rd  marqacB.  The  lalter'i  nephew, 
JWerick  William  Fane  Hervey  (b.  1863),  who  inccndnl  at 
4th  BBiqaea,  temd  with  distinction  In  the  idyal  navy,  and 
VasU.P.  lor  Buiy  St  Edmnndi  f ram  igoitoiooj. 

Sia  lehn,  Locd  Hovey.  MauJri  Bf  lb  Xn'ra  i^  Osni //.,  edited 
by  J.  W.  Croker  (London.  1U4);  J<An  Hervev,  lit  eariof  BriKol. 
ifiarj  (Went.  iSu);  and  leOrr  Boaki  tf  Brutal:  riU  Sir  T. 
Bmifi  LiUtn  dvint  CnrliUf  mi  Pmu  ivi*t  VUnaluiti 
(Wetl^  I«9t)-  AlB  the  artidef  in  the  Didiavity  ^  Saiiarat 
fiufni^7,  vol  xxvl.  [LoDdoo.  1(41}. 

BKISTDL,  QESBOB  DIOBT,  ind  Eail  oyi  (1011-1677}, 
ddesi  son  of  the  lit  eacl  (ice  bdow],  was  bom  in  October  1611. 
Al  the  *fe  ol  twelve  he  appeared  at  the  bar  of  the  Hoaie  of 
Commom  indplcaded  for  hit  lather,  then  in  the  Tower,  when  bit 
Jvutb,  inceliu  person  and  weO-deliveitd  qicecit  ntade  a  |reat 
■  7.  «.b  the  Ditbyliae:  for  tht  Hervey*  lie  aboni 


the  rjth  of  Anson  i6i«.  whnB  ha  wis  a  fnvwite  pi^  K 
FeteiBeylm,*odbeauBeH.A.fni6j«.  Hei|MnttbelOlkni>fa« 
yean  m  itDdy  aad  in  travel,  tmai  wfakh  he  iMnraed,  iccadl^ 
to  OinBdon,  "  the  nwM  accoapfahad  penon  tt  on  natioB  nr 
perhaps  aiqr  other  nation,"  aad  diilh^iMiid  by  i  mmAably 
handionm  penon.  In  till  and  i6}9  woa  wntWa  tha  iMtn 
hUmeoiLenlGartiaitbjMiidSirKimdmDi^  KAamtmimt 
g^ipm  (puU.  i6si),  in  wUch  Di|lQF  atty kri  Kornin  CatbeB- 
cim.  InjDnei«54DisbywuODinmittedlatheF1eettfllJntr 
for  diiking  Crofts,  a  (entleaiaB  ri  the  oovt,  in  Spriss  GardifB; 
and  ponbty  Ui  severe  lieatmoil  and  the  ditlaiaui  shown  to  Ua 
father  were  the  ciiHei  of  his  hntilily  te  the  conrt.  He  wai 
elected  nembci  fair  DoneUUie  in  both  Um  Short  aad  la^ 
pariiamenti  hi  1640,  tad  In  coBjwctioa  with  Fyn  ind  Uaupdai 
he  tndEtn  active  part  in  the  oppoailiiw  to  Claries.  He  aovcd 
OB  the  9th  of  November  kt  a  comBlttea  to  oomideT  the  "  diplof- 
able  ttsle  "  of  the  UBcdoB,  and  an  tba  nth  was  Indnded  intha 
comnuttee  lor  the  impeachment  of  StnJeid,  igtlait  wbcmba 
at  first  showed  sreatieaL  He,hawBTei,appaMdthcatttlndcr, 
made  snetoqtient  ^leachui  the  11st  of  ^dl  tisi,  •cccnliiitii« 
the  wetknessol  Vane'sevidam  apiut  the  pdsonei,  aad  aboiriBC 
the  iojustice  of  <■  fott  fatia  le^slalion.  He  was  rcfaided  in 
conteqiwDce  with  (icat  hailffity  by  the  pailisnientary  patty, 
and  was  tocused  of  having  itolea  tiui  Pym's  table  Vane^  noua 
on  which  the  ptotecutlon  mainly  d^oded.  On  the  ijth  tl 
July  Ills  vecch  was  bnrat  by  the  hai^man  Iqr  the  order  d  Ihe 
Houw  of  ConuBont.  Meanwhile  on  the  Sth  oi  Fcbroaiy  he  had 
made  an  impottant  speech  in  the  Cdbbubs  advacatinc  tha 
refoimatiaa  and  oppuine  the  abnliiicMi  of  episcopacy.  On  tha 
Sth  of  June,  dunos  the  angiy'diicnBlon  on  the  tiniy  pkt.  ha 
naimvly  scaped  aiaault  in  the  Home;  and  the  Mloinng  day, 
in  Older  10  save  him  Itom  fnithci  .n.rf..  a^  king  called  Um  ap 
to  the  Lords  In  hii  laths's  barony  of  Di^iy. 

He  now  bctame  tho  ova  geniua  of  Ctaaties,  1A0  had  tlv 
incredible  faUy  to  fellinr  his  advice  in  pretnenca  to  aicfa  mo 
■a  Hyde  and  Falkland.    InKovcoriierheiineaidadaipsfars- 


in  qieaking  in  the  LonU  acilDSl  the  laMroctioa  BBacaina  evil 
comuellon.  He  u«eslad  la  Oisrlcitk  impeachment  ii<  the  £*« 
memben,  and  ui^ed  upon  him  the  fatal  aueapt  to  amsl  then 
on  the  4th  of  Jangaiy  r64>;  but  he  (aBad  to  iday  ioa  put  in 
the  Lords  in  securing  the  arrest  ofLoidUi  '  " 
the  conlrvy  be  declaicd  that "  the  king  WI 
■dvlsed  ";  and  scoording  to  Clanndon  nis  unprndcnce  wit 
responsible  lor  tha  betrayal  of  tht  king's  plan.  Neil  day  he 
advised  the  attempt  taacka  them  in  the  dly  by  foree^  Thenna 
month  he  waaordemd  to  appear  Id  the  Lords  to  answers  durge 
of  h^  treatoi  foe  a  mppoud  amad  altoopt  at  Kingston,  but 
fled  (0  Holland,  vdtere  bo  Joined  the  queea,  and  ea  tlie  >6th  «t 
February  ms  inpcacbed.  Subsequently  he  visited  Charles  at 
Yorii  dliguital  ai  a  Frenchman,  bni  on  the  letum  voyage  to 
Holland  he  was  (ipiured  ind  taken  id  Hull,  wbcte  he  fOr  some 
lime  escaped  detection;  and  at  last  he  cajoled  Sir  John  Hotham, 
after  discovering  himself,  into  pennitling  hit  escape.  Later  ha 
ventured  on  a  second  visit  to  Hull  to  peisusde  Hotham  td 
snmader  the  plaea  to  Oisiles,  but  tbii  project  liHed  Ho  was 
prticnl  at  EdgehiO,  and  greatly  dktta^iudied  Umidf  at  UA- 
£eld,iriKiehewiswDnndcdwhHeletdtagtbtananlt.  Heseon, 
however,  threw  down  Us  ooamlidon  in  cansegaence  of  a  qnurel 
with  Piiiice  Kopert,  and  returned  U  Ihe  khig  at  Oidord,  over 
lAom  be  obtained  mont  influaice  aa  tha  pi«<|iect  became  m 
^oomy.  On  the  iSth  oi  September  i&ts  he  w 
secretaty  of  state  aad  a  privy  councillor,  aitd  oi 
October  hi^  steward  of  Oxford  University.  He  n 
the  queen's  diustrmis  policy  of  foreign  alliances  aiKl  hdp  Inim 
Irdand,  tad  engaged  ia  a  leria  ol  Impnidcot  and  Dt-candncleat 
Hgotiatloni  which  greatly  injoied  tbe  king's  afFdrs,  while  lui 
fierce  di^wtet  with  Rupert  mid  his  party  faitber  caAarraBed 
them.  On  the  14th  of  October  r64j  he  was  made  Ueutenant 
general  of  the  nyal  (orca  north  of  tbe  TiaA,  with  the  ofajact 
of  puihbg  thion(h  ts  Join  Uonlnte,  bat  be  was  defiled  oa 


BRISTOL,  itT  EARL  OF 


^  Ijth  ti  SheibirD,  «bn 

diichMlB<  llic  king*!  opctutlont  trom  tbroul  uid  ii 
and  liit  intri^o  with  the  Scoti;  tod  alta  raching  Dumfnes. 
Iw  fouBd  hB  wi]'  bund.  He  ocapcd  oa  tlw  14th  to  Uk  I>h 
of  Man,  thence  cnasng  to  TreUnd.  when  he  CAuacd  Glunorgin 
to  be  arreslcd.  llere>  on  this  ner  itdge,  he  believed  he  vu 
folDi  to  ichieve  wonden.  "  Hive  I  not  carried  my  body 
iwimraingly."  he  wrote  to  Hyde  in  impreisible  good  ipiriti, 
"wltobdngbcforeflo  irreconcilably  hated  by  the  Ptuitan  party. 
have  thui  seaunabiy  made  myKlf  as  odious  to  the  Papists?"' 
Uia  project  now  was  Co  bring  over  Prince  Charles  to  head  a 
royalist  moTcincnt  in  the  island;  and  having  joined  Charles 
at  Jersey  in  April  16(6,  be  intended  to  entrap  him  on  board, 
bat  was  thssuadn)  by  Hyde.  He  then  travelled  (a  Puis  to  gain 
the  queen's  consent  to  his  scheme,  but  returned  to  persuade 
QiBrics  to  go  10  Paris,  and  accompinied  him  thither,  revisiting 
Ifeland  on  the  19th  ol  Jime  once  more,  ind  RniUy  escaping  to 
France  an  the  lurrender  □<  the  island  to  the  pariiament.  At 
PaHs  amontit  the  royaliits  he  found  himself  in  a  nest  of  enemies 
eager  10  pay  ofl  old  scores.  Piinn  Rupert  chalienged  him,  and 
he  (ought  a  duet  with  Lord  Wllmoi.  Hecontiaued  bis  adventurei 
by  serving  In  Lotdi  XIV. 's  troops  in  the  war  ol  the  Fronde,  In 
which  he  greatly  diitlnguished  himaelF.  He  was  appointed  in 
lAjt  [ienlenAnt-general  in  the  French  army,  and  commander  <f 
the  forces  in  Flanders.    These  ilew  honours,  however,  were  soon 


lost.  Dnrlng  Maiarin' 
aspired  to  -become  his 
from  the  first  penetral 


successor;  and  the  ordinal,  who  had 
id  Us  character  and  regarded  bim  as  a 
s  lesioration  to  power  tent  Digby  away 
on  an  eipcdilion  in  Italy;  and  na  hit  reiutc  informed  hira  that 
he  was  included  in  the  list  of  those  espeiied  from  FrarKe,  In 
accordance  with  the  new  treaty  with  CromwelL  In  August  16  j6 
he  joined  Cbatiesn.al  Bruges,  and  desirous  of  avenging  himself 
gpao  1h^  cardinal  offered  his  servlcfs  to  Don  John  of  Austria  in 
the  Netherlands,  being  instrumental  in  eSecting  the  surrender 
ofthe  garrlsen  of  St  Ghislifn  to  Spain  tn  1657.  On  the  ist  of 
January  1657  he  was  appointed  by  Charles  TI.  secretary  of  state, 
bvt  abortly  afterwards,  having  become  a  Roman  Catholio^- 
probably  with  the  view  of  adapting  himself  better  to  his  new 
Spanish  friends — he  was  compelled  to  raiga  office  Chark), 
however,  on  account  of  his  "  jollity  "  and  Spanish  experience 
took  him  with  him  to  Spain  in  i6j9,  though  Ms  presence  wat 
especjally  deprecated  by  the  Spar^;  but  he  succeeded  In 
Ingratiating  himself,  and  was  welcomed  by  the  king  of  Spain 
subsequently  at  Madrid. 

By  the  death  of  his  father  Digby  had  succeeded  in  January 
t^so  to  the  peerage  as  md  earl  of  Bristol,  and  had  been  made 
K.G.  the  same  month.  He  returned  to  En^nd  at  the  restora- 
tioB,  when  he  found  himself  eidndcd  from  office  on  account 
of  bit  rellgioii,  and  nlegated  to  only  secnndary  importance. 
His  deiire  to  make  a  brilliant  figure  Induced  a  reatleis  and 
unbilious  activity  in  parliament.  He  adopted  an  attitude  of 
violent  hostility  to  ClatendorL  In  foreign  aHain  he  Izidined 
strong  to  the  side  of  Spain,  and  opposed  the  king's  marriage  with 
Catherine  of  Portugal,  He  persuaded  Charles  to  de^Mtch  him 
to  Italy  to  view  the  Media  princesses,  but  the  royal  marriage 
and  treaty  with  Portugal  were  settled  in  his  absence.  In  June 
i66j  be  made  an  attempt  to  upset  Clatendon's  managemenl 
<rf  the  House  of  Commons,  but  his  intrigne  was  eiposed  to  the 
parliament  by  Charies,  and  Brislol  was  obliged  to  attend  the 
House  to  enincnle  himself,  when  he  confessed  that  he  had 
"  taken  the  liberty  of  enlarging,"  and  Ms  "  comedian-liko  speech  " 
ddted  general  amusement.  Eusperated  by  these  failures,  in  a 
violent  scene  with  tbe  king  eariy  In  July,  he  broke  out  into 
fiena  and  disrespectful  reproaches,  ending  with  a  threat  that 
snleis  Chiiiet  granted  his  reqiieats  withm  twenty-four  houii 
**  ha  wtmid  do  aoraewhat  that  ibooid  awaken  Um  out  of  hii 
■tnmbeti,  aiul  nuUn  him  lo<di  better  to  his  own  biiihim. 
According  on  (be  lotb  be  fmpeacbed  CUtendon  in  the  Lord 
of  bVi  iiiimiii,  and  oa  the  chug*  bdng  dismissed  raicired 
>  atmsitH  Sob  Pefrrs,  K.  MI. 
■    "    ■■    ■  ■— i<itifli9).»PP-«^«?.«t. 


the  warrant  issued  fn*  hit  apprehendon  by 
two  years.     In  January  1604  he  caused  a  new  scosation  by  his 
~  ~  ~      '   '  is  hmne  at  Wimbledon,  where  he  publidy 


himidf  a  Protestant,  hit  motive  beiig  pnibibly  to  MCiBe 
iumimlty  from  the  charge  of  recusancy  prefened  agaimt  him.* 
When,  however,  the  fall  of  Claieiuloa  wh  derind,  BilMd  wu 
again  welcsmed  at  court.  He  took  hia  seat  in  the  Lords  on  tha 
39th  of  July  166;.  "  The  king,"  wrote  Pepyi  in  NoTenbcT, 
"  who  not  king  ago  did  ny  of  BtittoU  that  he  was  a  man  able 
in  three  yean  to  get  himself  ■  foctnne  ia  any  kingdom  in  tha 
world  and  lose  all  again  in  three  months,  do  now  hug  him  and 
commend  hb  parti  everywhere  above  all  the  world."*  Ha 
pleased  eagerly  for  Clarendon's  comraital,  and  on  the  refusal 
of  the  Lords  accused  them  of  mutiny  and  rebellion,  and  entered 
hit  dissent  with  "great  fury,"*  Li  March  166S  he  attended 
prayers  in  the  Lords.  On  the  rjth  of  March  167]  tliough  itiQ 
ostensibly  a  Roman  Catholic,  be  spoke  in  favour  of  the  Test  Act, 
descrilung  hlnMelf  as ."  a  Catholic  of  the  church  of  Rome,  not 
a  Catholic  of  the  court  of  Rome,"  and  asserting  the  un6taeia 
of  Romanists  tor  public  office.  His  adventurout  and  ttralic 
OTcer  ciosed  by  death  on  the  «ih  of  March  1677. 

Bristol  was  one  of  the  most  itriUng  and  conspocucot  fignrei 
of  his  time,  a  man  of  biilHant  abilitin,  a  great  orator,  one  who 
distinguished  himself  without  eflorl  in  any  sphere  ol  activi^ 
he  chose  to  enter,  but  whose  natural  gifts  were  marred  by  a 
restless  ambition  and  insIabiUty  of  character  fatal  10  teal  gmt- 
oesa.  .  Clarendon  describes  him  as  "  the  only  man  I  ever  knew 
of  such  incomparable  parts  that  was  none  the  wiser  for  any 
experience  or  misfortune  that  befell  him,"  sad  records  his  extra* 
ordinaryfacllityininakingfriendsindmxkingeneniia.  Horace 
Walpole  characteriisl  him  in  a  series  of  his  smartest  antitheaei 
as  "a  ilngulai  penm  whose  life  was  one  coniradiction."  "He 
mote  apinst  popery  and  embnced  it;  he  was  a  lealoui  oppoter 
of  the  court  and  laaaifke  forit;  was  conidentiously  converted 
in  the  nddst  of  his  prosecution  ot  Lord  Strafford  and  wat  most 
unconsdentiousty  a  persecutor  of  Lord  Clarendon.  With  great 
parts,  he  alwiyi  hurt  himself  and  his  friends;  with  ismantic 
bravery,  he  was  always  an  unsuccessful  commander.  He  spoke 
for  the  Test  Act,  tboogh  a  Roman  Catliolic;  and  addicted  hhn- 
itlf  to  astrology  on  the  birthday  of  true  philosophy."  Beiidca 
his  youthfol  cornapondenee  with  Sic  K.  Digby  on  the  subject  of 
religion  already  mentioned,  he  was  tha  author  of  an  AfJati* 
(1643,  TlMDUSoa  Tracti.  E.  34  (3a)),  justifying  Us  support  oi 
the  klng^s  cause;  of  £frfra  .  ,  .  o  comedy  (1667),  printed  in 
R.  Dodsley's  StUit  CoOat.  of  Old  Btitiik  Pluyi  (Haditt,  1S76), 
vol.  iv.,  and  of  IFsth  and  Waric,  an  adzpUiion  from  the  Span^, 
acted  but  not  printed.  Other  writings  are  also  ascribed  to  him, 
including  the  atithorship  with  Sir  Samuel  Tuhe  of  TAe  AdteBtima 
0/  Fin  Hmrj  (1663).  His  eloquent  and  pointed  ipeedies, 
many  of  which  were  printed,  are  included  In  the  artide  in  the 
Bu%.  Brif.  and  among  the  Tlwmn  Tncts;y»  alio  tbe  general 
catalogue  In  the  British  Museora.  The  catalogue  of  his  lihrary 
waipublisfaedin  iGSo.  He  raanied  Lady  Anne  Russell,  daughter 
of  Fronds,  4th  eail  of  Bedfotd,  by  whom,  besides  two  dia^tcn, 
he  had  two  sons,  Fraocb,  who  predeceased  him  nn] 
and  John,  who  ncceeded  him  u  3rd  carl  of  Bristol,  1 
death  without  issue  the  peenge  became  extinct 

AuTBOuma.— See  the  article  In  Diet.  Hal.  Swf. ;  Wood'a  Alk. 

Oicn.  (BGh).  UL  iToo-Iioi:  SiMniMu  BrO.  (Klppia),  v '- 

K.  Watpole'sJtnafaiiJ  tfriU>>lii!iDri(Park.llM>,ili.l9 

.tnefiaau.  tH  f.  Dowr •'     "  " 

Emtmat  Engiamn  (tL  . 
iv.  1  Barkitn  UitaBaiiyXll 
Slau  Pafri. 

BBItnn,  ittBK  tasn,  iit  Sou  ot*  (15S0-16S3]  En^iA 
diptomatlst,  son  of  Str  George  Digby  of  CdeshDl,  Warwickshire, 
aiid  of  Abi^,  dan^iter  of  Sir  Arthur  Henninghtm,  was  bom  bi 
'  Pepy»'il't»ry,lw.si...  .  71.  viL  i$g. 

•  /».  i07;Pr«luUBf(ktCmli.by  J.  E.T.  Rogers.  L3& 

•  JA  in  lbs  Digby  liae;  lor  the  Hwveyt  eea  abov&i 


mea,  pcLJI,  iS(t789)iCDnnl4i(h«*i'*Lw»af 


578 


BRISTOL,  1ST  EARL  OF 


T5So.uidcBtandHMdilniCoUBa>,Oiliinl,lDi5g5(U.A.i6aj}, 
V™''*'!  ■  menber  at  Ihc  Imm  Temple  in  isgS.  la  1605  be 
wu  Mat  to  Jnam  to  Infonn  hia  at  tfac  lAiety  ol  tlic  princeu 
EUabctfa  at  tW  timo  ol  the  GuapowdeT  Plot.  He  gained  hii 
hmwr,  wu  md*  ■  centkniui  of  the  privy  dwmbei  ind  one  ol 
■^n-l''-"— -.  ■■i>ii— «''-'ffc'""-  '""J  From  1610101611 
ht  *■>  nKB^xx  (rf  puiluMDI  loi  Heydoo.  In  1611  be  Hu«at 
ai  imbuBdoi  to  Spain  to  Defoliate  ■  aianufc  betweeD  Princa 
Howy  ud  the  infanta  Amw,  aad  to  cbampioa  tbs  ciiue  of  Uw 
11,  lot  wbon  Im  obtaintd  lubstaatul  I 


iaitt] 

In  ifii4  Iw  ^_ 

bb^a  Uaiia  tod  Clwbi,  tlMagk  be  liiBMif  wu  in  favout  of  a 
Pnttitaot  BunlagB,  aad  dciiitd  a  political  and  not  a  matftmonlal 
tnaty.    la  iSifi.  on  tha  diigraca  ol  Somtnet,  1m>  wai  ncalled 
boae  to  live  endtnc*  conceniac  the  latter^  ceanetiona  aitli 
_    .  ...  ....  -•-- ■--■-•-,4]ii,p,hFy  (ouoeBtor.and 

9I  Sherbone  forfeiied  by  tbe 


the  BltDliatioiu,  relumiDg  in  llay,  and  being 
Digby  oe  the  1^  of  Novembci.  He  CDdeavoi 
breach  nitk  Spaita  on  the  clectiDn  of  the  elector  palatine,  the 
Unf^  •on'in-lair,  to  the  Bobemiui  thnoe;  and  io  March  i6ii, 
after  ths  lallei'i  eiqnittlan  fnun  Bobanii,  Digby  wai  tent  to 
Bnatdt  to  obtain  a  tumwHhm  ol  itottiiitia  io  llie  Palitinau. 
Ob  the  4th  at  Joly  he  went  to  Viaraa  and  diew  up  a  iduae 
of  padfication  with  the  cmpeiDr,  by  which  Fredoick  waa  to 
abandon  Bohemia  and  be  lecured  in  hii  heredilaiy  teiritoiieti, 
but  the  agnement  could  never  be  cnfoiced.  After  railing 
nonqr  for  the  defence  of  Ueiddberg  be  letimed  bome  in  October, 
tod  on  Iba  iiit  ol  Navembei  eipliioed  bii  pi^cy  to  the  paHia- 
nent,  and  aiked  foi  money  and  force*  for  ill  execution.  The 
Hidden  dittolution  of  parliament,  however,  prevented  the 
adoption  of  ^ny  mcaaure  of  support,  and  entirely  ruined  Digby'i 
plant.  In  t6i>  he  returned  to  Spain  with  nothing  on  which 
to  rely  but  the  goodwUl.of  PUlip  IV.,  and  nothing  to  oBcr  but 


i  Ontlie  IlthofSeptembcrhiwaicrealedeirlol  Briitol,  He 
mfcd  on  the  manlagc  treaty,  bcUeving  il  would  include  favour- 
aUe  CMkditioiH  for  Frederick,  but  the  negotiations  were  taken  out 
«l  bit  coatr^  and  finally  wrecked  by  the  arrival  of  Charles 
UnnaU  ud  Snckingbam  In  Haidi  ifiij.  lie  incumd  ttrir 
icacBtment,  of  friilch  the  teal  InqMrttlon  we*  Buckinglum'i 
fnptacabic  |ctlouty,  by  a  lettet  written  to  Jnmet  infonning  him 
of  Suckiii^iam't  unpopularity  among  the  Spaoiih  ministers, 
and  by  hli  endeavouring  to  maintain  the  peace  with  Spain  after 
Ihelt  dtpaitnte.  In  January  1614  hcteft  Spain,  and  on  arriving 
at  Dover  In  March,  Buckingham  aad  Charles  having  now  com- 
plele  atcendancy  over  the  king,  he  wat  forbidden  to  appear  at 
court  and  ordered  to  oonGae  Unuelf  at  Sheriwme.  He  wat 
lequiied  by  Buckin^m  to  tniwet  a  serlet  of  Intetrogatoiiet, 
but  ha  rehsed  to  Inculpate  himself  and  denumded  a  trial  by 
pailiamml.  Onthedeathof  Jameshewaircmovedby  Charlesl. 
from  the  privy  coundl,  and  ordered  to  absent  himself  from  hit 
first  parliament.  On  Ul  demand  in  January  r6i(i  to  be  present 
at  the  conmatiou  Charlea  angrily  refused,  aiul  accused  him  ol 
having  tried  to  pervert  bis  religion  in  Spain.  In  March  ii>^6, 
after  the  assembling  of  the  second  pirlitmeni,  TMIby  ippbed  10 
Uk  Lordly  who  tu|q»rted  his  rights,  and  Charles  sent  him  his 
.mitaccompanied  bya  letter  fromLord  Keeper  Coventry  desiring 
bim  not  to  Dte  it.  Bristol,  however,  took  his  seat  and  demanded 
^tlcx  aplnit  Buckingham  (Thomaion  Tracts,  E.  ri6  (id)). 
The  king  endeavontcd  to  obtttuct  bis  attack  by  cauung  Bristol 
«D  the  rtt  of  May  to  be  blmielf  bioufht  to  thebai,  on  an  accioa- 
tion  of  Ugb  treaion  by  the  attonuy-generaL  "nie  Lords,  bow- 
*vet,.o>dend  that  bolli  chargea  ihould  be  Investigated  timul- 
ItancDusly-'  ^  Further  proceedings  wen  stopped  by  the  disAoluiion 
'  ~  "  Lt  on  the  15th  of  June;  a  pinsecutioa  was  ordered 
in  the  Stat  Cbambei^  auL  Bristol  wai  tent  to  the 


Tower,  lAen  he  nmalned  till  the  t7th  of  Mudi  itfil,  wtai  tbt 
pcen,  on  the  ■—"">■''";  of  Chatlca't  third  patUarDent.  intbtad 
on  his  libentian  and  restoration  to  hit  teat  In  the  Lordi. 

In  the  diacvmioM  upon  the  Petition  of  Right,  Bristol  tupporled 
the  use  oF  ibo  king'i  prerogative  in  emeigencies,  tnd  aitated 
that  the  king  beuds  hit  legal  had  a  regal  power,  but  joined  in 
Uw  demand  for  a  lull  acceptance  of  the  petition  by  the  king  after 
swer.  He  was  now  restored  to  favour, 
Ltics  till  the  outbresk  of  the  Scottish 
Charles  of  the  danger  of  attacking  with 
ai  the  leader  in  the  Great  Coundl  held 
■ritb  the  Scoti  in  S^iember 
r64o  at  Ripon,  ami  advised  tttongly  the  ■lunmoaki  of  the 
padiaDKnt.  la  Febtttary  t64r  be  was  one  of  the  peers  whs 
advocated  idbnns  in  the  admiolttraiion  and  were  given  seats 
in  tha  counoL  Tltough  no  friend  to  StraSord,  he  endeavoured 
to  aava  hit  life,  desiring  oaly  to  tee  him  caduded  from  office, 
aitd  aa  a  witneta  wat  eictised  from,  voting  on  tho  attaiiulcr. 
He  wat  appointed  aentlenian  ol  the  bedchamber  nn  tha  king't 
departurt  fot  Scotland,  and  on  the  S7th  of  l>ecomber  he  wat 
declared  an  evil  caunsellar  by  the  House  c^  Commons,  Cromwell 
on  the  iSth  moving  an  address  to  the  king  to  dismiss  him  from 
bis  CDuncilSi  on  the  plea  that  he  had  advocated  the  btiafiDg  up 
of  the  Borthem  army  to  overawe  pariitment  in  the  preceding 
firing.  There  is  no  evidence  to  support  the  charge,  but  Digby 
was  regarded  by  the  puliamentaiy  party  with  special  hatred 
and  distrust,  of  which  the  chid  causes  were  probably  his  Spanish 
prodivilict  and  hit  indifferena  on  the  great  matter  of  religion, 
to  which  wns  added  the  unpopularity  reflected  from  hit  mi^ 
guided  ton.  OntlMiSthof  March  iG49hewas»uIto  theTowet 
for  having  failed  to  disclose  to  parliament  the  KeoUtfa  petition. 
Liberated  in  April,  he  spoke  in  the  Lordt  on  the  lotb  of  May 
in  favour  of  an  accommodation,  and  again  in  June  m  vindication 
of  the  king;  but  findLog  his  efforts  ineffectual,  and  believing  all 
armed  rebeliion  agtinat  the  king  a  wicked  violation  of  the  most 
solemn  oatht,  he  joined  Charles  at  Vork,  was  present  at  EdgehiU 
and  accompanied  him  to  Oxford.'  On  the  ist  of  February  1643 
he  was  named  with  Lord  Herbert  ol  Raglan  for  removal  from 
the  rvuit  and  public  office  for  ever,  and  in  the  propositions  of 
November  1A44  was  one  of  those  eiceptcd  from  pardm.  Id 
January  be  had  endeavoured  to  ioiligale  a  bceadi  of  the  Inde- 
pendents with  the  Scott.  Briilol,  however,  wat  not  is  favout 
of  continuing  the  war.  and  withdrew  to  Shetboroe,  removing  la 
the  spring  (d  164410  Exeter,  and  after  the  surrender  of  thedly 
retiriiig[tbioadonlherith<^  July  by  order  of  the  Houses,  which 
rejected  his  petition  to  CT>mpound  for  his  estate.  He  took  up 
bit  residence  at  Caen,  passing  the  rest  of  his  life  in  exile  and 
povetly,  and  occasionally  attending  the  young  king.  In  1647 
he  printed  at  Caen  An  Apfhiy,  defending  his  support  of  the 
royal  cause.  This  wat  reprinted  fa  1656  (TliDmaun  Tracts, 
E.S$7,e).    Hediedat  Paris  on  the  rfilh  of  January  i£]}. 

He  is  described  by  CUnndon  as  "  a  man  of  grave  aspect,  of  a 
presence  that  drew  respect,  and  of  great  parts  ami  ability,  bat 
patsiooalB  and  supercilious  and  too  voluminous  a  discourscr 
in  council.*'  His  aim  was  to  cScct  a  political  union  between 
Englaud  and  Spain  apart  from  the  religious  or  marriage  queslioni 
—a  policy  which  would  probably  have  benefited  both  English 
tnd  European  lolerestsj  but  it  wat  one  understood  neither  in 
Spain  nor  in  England,  and  proved  impracticable.  He  was  a 
man  of  high  character,  who  refused  to  compound  with  falsehood 
and  injustice,  whoee  misfortune  it  was  to  serve  two  Stuart 
sovereigns,  and  whoH  firm  reustance  to  the  king's  tyranny  led 
the  way  to  the  great  movement  which  finally  destroyed  it. 
Besides  lus  'tft/ofy,  be  was  the  author  of  leveial  printed  tpeechea 
and  potnia.  and  translated  A  Dc/iiKC  of  Iki  Callulit  FailA  by 
Peter  du  Moulin  (1610).  He  married  Beatrix,  daughter  of 
Cbarles  Walcot.  and  widow  of  Sir  John  Dyve,  and  Itesldes  two 
daugbteis  lell  two  sons,  George,  who  succeeded  him  at  Ind 
etrl  of  Bristol,  and  John,  who  died  uomuried. 

BtntocBAnv.—The  best  account  oF  BriBel  will  be  foDiid  in  the 
■■*-  ■  -■-"■- ii/&itto»*andottheCm/lfar, 
Oe  aunt  alcetch  ol  hi)  career  In 


y  S.  R.  Gaidiiicr,  who  alio  wi 


BRISTOL 


579 


BBBTOIk  a  township  at  Hulford  couiKy,  Coanecticnt, 
U.S.A.,  in  iho  anlnd  purt  of  the  sialt,  iboul  i6  m.  S,W.  ol 
HinlDid.  Il  hu  la  irei  a[  17  sq.  m.,  lod  conUiDi  Ibe  vlUagE 
or  Foreitvill*  ind  the  borough  of  Biiilol  (iBcotporalttl  In  1853). 
Both  ut  Btiulnl  on  the  Pequabuck  rivcc,  ud  in  icrvnl  by  (be 
wettem  biioch  oI  the  midliDd  ^vofco  of  the  N««  York,  New 
Hiveo  &  Hulford  nUwiy,  ud  by  electric  nilwiy  to  Hinfoid, 
New  Briiiin  ud  TenyviUe.  Pop.  (1890)  7)8»;  (i»oo)  9643,  in- 
duding  Ihel  of  the  borough,  6a68  (1910)  13,501  (borough,  9517). 
Among  the  nunufictute*  of  the  borough  of  firiilol  hte  docks, 
woollen  goodi,  iioo  cMIingi.  hardware,  bran  ware,  liiveiplale 
and  bella.  BiiMol  clocks,  first  muufactured  aoon  illec  tbe 
War  of  Independence,  have  long  been  widely  known.  Brillol, 
oiigiualty  a  purl  of  Ibe  township  ol  Fairaingion,  wu  Snt  Rltkd 
about  i;]7,  but  did  not  become  an  independent  cocpontian 
until  tbe  fonoaiioa,  in  1741,  of  the  Gist  church,  known  after 
1744  as  the  New  Cambridge  Society.  In  1748  ■  Proienani 
Epijcopal  Church  was  orginiad,  ind  before  and  during  the  War 
of  Independence  its  members  belonged  to  the  Loyalist  party; 
theti  lector.  Rev.  James  Nichols,  wuurrcdand  feathered  by  the 
Whin  and  Moms  Dunbar,  a  member  of  tbe  church,  was  banged 
tor  treason  by  the  Connecticut  aulborltict.  Chlppen't  Hill 
(about  J  m.  ftom  the  centre  of  the  township)  was  a  favourite 
Kndeivous  ol  the  local  Loyalists;  and  ■  ov«  there,  known  as 
"The  Tories'  Den,"  Ss  a  well-known  landmark.  In  178;  New 
Csmbildge  and  Weil  Sriiiln,  uolher  eccleiiajtical  society  of 
Finnington,  were  incorporated  Bi  the  township  of  Bristol,  but 
in  1S06  they  were  divided  into  the  present  townships  of  Bristol 

■RIfTOI.  a  dty,  county  of  a  dly,  munidpsi;  county  and 
parliamentary  borough,  and  seaport  ol  En^and,  chiefly  in 
Ckiucesleiahire  but  partly  in  SDmeTietshiie,'ti8)  m.  W.  of 
London.  Pop.  (1901)  3J8.04S-  The  Avon,  here  forming  tbe 
boundary  between  Gloueestenbirt  ud  Somerset,  though  enieriog 
the  estuary  of  the  Severn  (Biislol  Channel)  only  8  m.  below  the 
city,  is  here  confined  between  considenble  hills,  with  a  narrow 
villey-fioor  on  which  the  nucleus  ol  the  dty  rots.  Between 
Bristol  and  the  Chuncl  Ibe  valley  becomes  a  gorge,  crossed  at 
a  single  stride  by  the  famous  Gilldn  Suspension  Bridge.  Above 
Bristol  the  hUls  again  close  in  at  Keynsham,  so  thai  the  city 
lies  in  a  basin-like  hoHow  some  *  m.  in  diameter,  and  eilends 
gp  the  heights  to  the  north.  The  Great  Western  railway,  striking 
into  the  Avon  valley  near  Bath,  serves  Bristol  from  London, 
connects  It  with  South  Wales  by  tbe  Severn  tunnel,  and  with 
Ibe  southern  end  south-weslem  counties  ol  EngUnd.  Local 
lines  ol  iMi  company  encircle  Ihe  city  on  Ihe  north  and  the  south. 
serving  the  oulpons  of  Avonmoulb  and  Portishcad  on  ihc 
Bristol  Channel  A  trunk  line  of  the  MidUnd  railway  connects 
Bristol  with  the  north  ol  England  by  way  ol  Glouccilcr. 
Woiceslet,  Birmingham  and  Derby.  Both  companies  use  Ibe 
cenlril  italion.  Temple  Meads. 

The  nucleus  ol  Bristol  lies  to  Ihe  north  of  Ihe  river.  Tbe 
business  cenlic  is  in  the  district  traversed  by  Broad  Street, 
High  Slreel.  Wine  Street  and  Com  Street,  which  radiate  from 
a  cenin  ckae  to  Ihe  Floating  Harbour.  To  the  south  of  Ihis 
centre,  connected  wiih  it  by  Bristol  Bridge,  an  island  is  formed 
btlween  IbanoalingHatbourandihe  New  Course  of  the  Avoo, 


I    ud  here  an  Tkmpla  Heads  stntlan,  above  lilctoria  Stnet, 

!  two  of  the  finest  chunbes  (Ibe  Temple  ud  St  Mary  ReddUe) 
the  geoeial  boipftal  and  other  public  buQdings.    Immediately 

!  above  tbe  bridge  tbe  Ulllg  river  Fioma  folns  the  Avon.  Owing 
10  the  natim  of  the  tile  tbe  stiteti  an  imgulai;  la  the  tamer 

:  part  of  the  dty  ihey  an  generally  nartow,  and  aometimei,  with 
their  udent  gabled  bouses,  eitrtmaly  pktURsqne.  The  pilB- 
dpal  suburbs  surrouBd  tbe  dly  to  tbe  weal,  BOith  and  east 

Ckurcku.  Ere— In  the  centre  of  Briatolartmarkablecallection 
of  architectural  antiquities  is  found,  prinripnily  ecdesiastical. 
This  Ihe  dty  owes  mainly  to  a  few  great  baniniil  famOiea, 
such  as  tbe  earls  of  Clnuceater  and  the  Berkeleyt,  In  ila  early 
history,  and  to  a  few  gnat  men±ants,  the  Caoyngs,  Shlpwards 
and  Fnmplons,  in  iU  later  caKer.  The  see  of  Brlstd,  footided 
by  Heniy  VIU.  in  1541,  was  united  to  that  of  Gloucester  in 
183^;  but  again  sepataled  in  i8ot.  Tia  diocese  indodes  parts 
ol  GkiucestetGhire  and  Wiltshire,  and  a  small  but  populou* 
poition  of  SomerseL  The  cstbedial,  standing  above  tbe  so- 
called  CanoDs'  Mush  which  botden  the  Floathig  rirti*»t 
Harbour,  is  pleasantly  iltualed  on  tbe  south  side  of 
College  Green.  It  has  Iwo  western  towers  and  a  central  lower, 
nave,  sbert  transepts,  choir  with  aisles,  an  eastern  Lady  chapel 
and  other  chapels;  and  on  Ihe  south,  a  chapler-bouss  and 
cloister  court.  Tbe  nave  is  modem  (by  Stnet,  1877I,  imliatlog 
the  choir  of  tbe  i4lh  century,  with  its  curious  skeleton-vaulting 
in  the  aisles.  Besides  the  canopied  tombaof  the  Berkeley*  with 
their  effigies  in  chain  maQ,  ud  similarly  fine  t«nh*  ol  the 
croslend  abbots,  there  are  meraoriala  to  Bishop  Butler,  tO 
Sterne's  Eliia  (Elizabeth  Draper},  and  to  Lady  Heakelh  (the 
friend  of  Cowpet),  who  are  all  interred  here.  Then  is  also  heiw 
William  Mason's  fine  epitaph  to  his  wife  (d.  1767),  beginnin( 
"Tike,  holy  eailb,  all  that  my  soul  holds  dear."  01  Fil>- 
Harding's  abbey  of  Si  Augustine,  lounded  in  1141  (of  which  Ibe 
present  cathednl  wis  Ihe  chunh).  the  slaldy  entrance  gateway, 
with  its  sculptured  mouldings,  temiins  hardly  jajured.  Th* 
abbot's  gateway,  tbe  vestibule  to  tbe  chaptei-house,  and  thi 
chapter-bouse  itself,  which  Is  carved  with  Byiaallne  eiubtrancs 
of  decoration,  and  acknoiriedged  to  be  one  oC  Ihe  fines!  Nonnan 
chambers  In  Eunpe,  are  also  perfect.  On  Ibe  north  side  of 
College  Green  is  the  small  but  ornate  Mayor's  chapel  (originally 
St  Mark's),  devoted  to  the  service*  ol  the  mayor  ind  corporation. 
It  is  mainly  Decorated  and  P<-rpendicular.  01  the  churches 
within  Ihe  centre  of  the  dty,  the  following  are  found  within  a 
radius  of  hatf-i-aiUe  from  Bristol  Bridge.  St  Stephen's  church, 
built  between  1450  and  1490,  is  a  dignlRed  slruclure,  chieBy 
inleresling  for  lis  fan-traceiied  porch  and  stalely  tower.  It 
was  built  entirely  by  Ihe  munificence  of  John  Shipward,  a 
wealthy  merchanL  The  toner  ud  spin  of  Si  John's  (15th 
century)  stand  on  one  of  Ihe  gateways  of  the  city.    This  church 

and  is  buill  upon  a  fine  groined  crypL    St  James's  church,  the 

burial  niace  ol  its  founder,  Robert,  earl  of  Gloucester,  datei 

d  fine  Normin  work  remains  in  the  nave.    The 


loner  is  ol  Ihe  I4(h  cenluo'.    SI  Philip's  has  u  Eaily  Ei  , 

debased  Perpendicular.  Robert  FiliHamon'i  Norman  lower  ol 
St  Peter,  the  oldest  church  tower  in  Bristol,  still  presents  its 
musive  square  to  the  eye.  This  church  stands  in  Castle  Street, 
which  coBimemontes  the  castle  ol  Robert,  eiri  of  Gloucester, 
the  walls  ol  which  were  ij  ft.  thick  at  the  base.  Nothing 
lemaioa  ol  this  foundation,  hut  there  still  ciist  some  walls  and 
vaults  of  Ihe  Uier  stronghold.  Including  a  line  Eariy  English 
cell.  Adjacent  to  the  church  is  St  Peter's  ho^nlal,  a  picturesque 
gabled  building  ol  Jacobean  and  eariicr  dale,  >-iIh  a  fine  court 
roam.  St  Mary  le  Pan  and  St  Augustine  the  Less  Ire  churches 
of  the  Perpendicular  en,  and  nol  Ihe  richest  specimens  of  their 
kind.  Si  Nicholas  church  is  modem,  on  a  crypt  of  Ihe  dite 
rjoj,  and  eariier.    On  Ihe  island  south  of  Ihe  Floar'      " 


tiog  churches  in  the  dty.  Temple 
jrch.  with  lis  leaning  tower,  1 1t.  off  the  perpendkukr, 
ains  nothing  ol  the  Templars'  period,  but  I*  a  fide  building 
Ihe  Decorated  and  Fnpepdicular  pcrioda.    Tbe  thuich  at 


580 


«f  dMica  nd  fnbh,  I*  tbc  Gnt  acdeamkil  buBdlm  in  Bristol, 

na  built  lo  iha  BMrt  put  in  llielittci  put  gf  the  Mtb  oeotDiy 
tiy  WilUui  Cuivaior  Cuviifa  (f.i.),  bat  tiw  Kolptund  nonli 

Tbu  fina  tovaf  i*  aim  Dtoonttdt  ob  u  E^x  ^"jf**^  ' '  " 
Ilia  ^Ir^  Dscontcd  io  Kyic,  la  nodwn.    Aimc  ubi 
noaiuMntibtlM«fAdninlF«nn(d.i7i8),tbeiallur  of  tb« 


Qt  St  TtMou'i,  1b  tha  vidDlty,  ooly  dw 
tanrCisthcBituiyJRma&ixrfllMaUitiuctanb    AllHi" 

uf  the  ijtli  ciBtuiy,  witb  the  ntaatioB  of  lout  NoiBtB  titn 
Cn  Ilia  Diva;  ud  b  inUnatiai  fion  Iti  oonedoa  nth  tba 
UKJBit  gild  of  caloidui,  udMaa  oSce  It  mi  "  to  osvBt  Jem, 
inilnict  jotithi,"  and  kaqt  Uw  acdtvn  of  tha  toan.  Tlidn 
ms  thefint  Inatlbraiyin  tbadQr,  poMiUrnEocUnd.  Tlw 
racotdi  of  the  chuicli  cmlain  ■  ^Mfulviy  iilctiiiwqaa  Rfm- 
■enUtloii  «<  tha  udBt  catoBt  <(  tba  (ntanii^. 

Amooi  coDvcntiul  remain,  bendi*  tboaa  already  maitiMud. 
thnaeilitaf  tha  Dominlooi  pikity  the  Euly  Eu^iih  nl«:l«7 
ud  ilamdlaiy,  the  latin  oxapiiBiif  a  nw  of  fifteen  original 
vjubim  and  an  wk  root  of  tltf  tame  date;  and  el  St  Bar- 

arcadca,  alao  Early  rji|R>Ti     Hmw,  <ititli  tbe  szoall  chapci 
_        —  jtfi  Celcffw,  Holy  Tlinit/  Hc^ital,  both 
,  the  icnaiu  ^  the  Iwuie  of  the  AuguMinian 
a  the  cathednt  contrite  the  whole  of  Iha 


alniboiue*  (1699),  adjoininl  their halL  lUiaild' 
bt  the  i6th  coitniy.  A  imill  heiBe  luu  St  Uaci 
the  Bchogl  whBB  tbB  poet  Chattaton  received 

•  cbmt  "■"■■■"*  the  ncotdi  anwDg  which  he  daimid  to  have 
diacoveied  tome  of  the  manoKripti  nhidi  wen  in  ttalily  bi* 
own.  A  hooH  hi  WiDB  Street  wu  the  taithplace  of  the  poet- 
laimate  Hobert  Southey  (1744)- 

'.  Putlk  BuiUiKtr,  Ifc—Tie  public  bidlduw  an  loiiMwhat 
orephadowed  b  btetest  by  the  ecdcaiaalicaL  The  couDcil 
houH,  at  the  "  Cnaa "  of  the  fear  main  tboraughlaiea,  date* 
Irom  rl*7,  wai  eolatsed  in  rtiM,  and  ooalaln*  the  dty  archivei 
andnianypoitniti,iBc]adiii(a  VanDyckandaKndler.  Tha 
Guildhall  lidoae  by— a  modon  Gothic  building.  Thaeichangv 
(oied  a*  a  cora-narket)  it  a  noteworthy  building  by  the  fkmoiK 
ardiitect  of  Bath.  John  Wood  (1743)-  Bdnrd  Colitm,  a 
revered  dtlien  and  benefactor  of  tlie  dty  (d.  rjii),  ii  com- 
Baemorated  by  name  in  several  buildings  and  institutionB,  notably 
In  ColMon  HaU,  which  ii  used  for  concert!  and  nKotingi.  A 
baikk  ckae  by  St  Stepbsi'i  church  clainu  to  have  originated  in 
Um  fint  aavingt-bank  eatahiiihed  in  England  (iSii).  Similarly, 
the  dty  Ene  library  (1613)  i>  conudend  to  be  the  ori^nal  of  its, 
hind.  TIUTBristolinaaeamand  reference  library  were  transfeued 
to  the  oapoiaticD  Id  iStj.  Vincent  Stuckey  Lean  (d.  iSgg) 
bequeathed  Is  the  cotpoiation  of  Brittol  the  sum  ol  £50,000  for 
the  further  development  of  the  free  tibraiica  al  the  dty.  and  with 
etpedal  ngaid  to  the  formation  and  sustenance  of  a  general 
reference  tibniy  of  a  itandard  and  sdtDtific  chaiacla.  TIib 
central  blirary  was  opened  In  igof.  An  ut  gallery,  preacBlHt  by 
Sir  Wiltian  Houy  Wills,  was  opened  in  1905. 
-  Among  educational  esiablishnunts,  (he  technical  csUege  ol 
the  Company  of  Merchant  Ventuicis  (iSBj)  suppliea  identi&c, 
tedtnical  and  c^nmerdal  education.  The  extensive  buUdinp 
d  tbii  iDititDtioa  went  destroyed  by  fire  in  r«o(.  Univenity 
Col^ae  (1B7&)  forms  the  nucleus  of  the  univeniiy  of  Bristol(cbar- 
leied  1900).  ClillcD  College,  opened  in  iSCi  and  incoiporalcd 
h  iBii,  indndca  a  phyiiol  idenca  scbool,  «i '      ~ 


a  BBHOB  a>d  oUanMocjr.    OtWoB^  ibW  day  Mted  (il»i) 

indudet  doBCMic  ecoDomy  and  caKithcpIca,  Aioong  llw  many 
chaijtahk  imtitutiaoi  are  the  general  hupltil,  opened  in  iliS, 
and  ainca  repeatadly  enlargedj  royal  hoipilal  for  liGk  childna 
Royal  Victoria  hsm^  and  the  Quacn  Vlctoiia 

r  Bristol  the  moit  oteoaive  are 
thoM  bofdedBC  the  rivet  in  the  neighhouihood  ol  the  gergc^ 
Dui^am  and  CliftcD  Downi,  «a  the  Gkmcettenhin  ade  taea 
CunaH).  Olhcn  an  ^^ctatia  Fatk,  loodi  of  the  river,  nc« 
the  Bedmliuler  statien,  EutvOle  Park  by  the  Frame,  on  the 
north-ea«t  ol  the  dV  beyond  Stapleton  Road  ttatlon,  St 
Andraw's  hik  near  U<mlp(lia  itatlon  to  the  north,  and  Brandon 
HiU,  weat  of  the  cathedral,  an  abrupt  emfainnm  commandint  a 
fine  view  ovs  the  dty,  and  oowiied  with  a  modtn  iDwec 
ftanmamwrating  the  "  IihuIIi  centenary  of  the  diKovcty  ol 

AmftricahyJnJmf^hnC,  aTiriinwmT^ywK,  fiA«>ti«wiiil^>»^^na  " 

Other  mnunals  in  the  dty  aiB  the  High  CtuB  00  College  Gitea 
(1850),  and  ttatUBB  of  Qncm  ^^idoiia  (tSSSJ,  SamueJ  Uoriey 
(iBSB),  Edanmd  Burke  (1B94).  and  Edward  Coblsn  (iS»),  in 
iriMtK  meBMiy  an  held  amnial  Cobtcn  banquata. 

Boriaat  ami  TVadt.— Bristol  hatbovr  wat  locmed  b'  1I09 

tQT  the  ooDventon  of  tha  Avon  and  a  brasch  of  the  Pnam  rnlo 

"  the  float,"  by  the  cutthfg  of  a  new  dauuel  lor  (he  Avon  and 

the  fonnatko  ol  two  baBm.    Altocatbae  the  water  area,  at  fixed 

levd,  it  about  8;  acne.    Four  dry  dodu  open  into  the  Seating 

harboor,'    In  tAA4  the  Avonmouth  and  Poetisbcad  docka  at  the 

ancB  wen  hoo^  np  by  the  city  i  and  the  port  eiteadi 

iham  Miila  on  the  Avon  to  the  moath  of  the  river,  a&d 

dktanea  down  the  eatuary  ol  the  Eercm.    Tlte  dty 

dodu  have  a  dqith  of  13  fL,  while  tbote  at  AvDnmouili  are 

"' :  to  the  latfeM  vestds.    In  1901  the  censtnction  o( 

•ive  Royal  Edward  dock  at  Avooraoulb  was  put  in 

the  cuponliMi,  and  the  dock  waa  opened  by  King 

Edward  VO.  b  1908.    It  it  entcnd  by  alock  S7J  ft.  long  and 

'\  wido,  with  •  dqtthol  water  on  Ike  till  of  46  ft.  at  ordinary 

b  and  16  It.  at  ndinaiy  neap  tide*.     Ibe  dock  itself  has  a 

length  of  r  110  ft.  and  1  bitadth  of  roao  ft.,  and  then  ia  a 

h  and  puH«e  ronnertiiig  with  tha  M  dock.    Tlie  ntex 

taiily  (apabl*  of  oitMuion.  Fottlibcwl  dock,  on  the  Somcnet 
an  area  «(  ti  MTCi.  Theporthaaalaige  trade  with 
.  the  Weat  lodiet  and  deewhoa,  the  principal  Imporla 
bdng  grain,  fruit,  oils,  ore,  timber,  hides,  catUe  and  goieial 


lactund  ells,oe 


a  goods,  tin  and  laU.    Ihe  Elder  Dempuer, 


.no  pdudpal  Induttiiea  ar 
tactode^  sugar  tcfaeriii,  teaacco  mUM  and  plpe-^LUi«,  glaii 
woriu,  potleriea,  aoapcdea.  ihM  (actoriei,  leather  woika  and 
tanneries,  chemical  weeks,  saw  miUi,  breweries,  copper,  lead 
id  shot  works,  irca  works,  macbine  wodu,  slained^iaper  works, 
ichon,  chain  cablet,  tail-doth,  tnittnot.  A  coalfidd  extending 
i  m.  touth-east  to  Badstock  avaih  much  for  Briatol  mann- 

TlK  parliamenlaiT  borough  is  divided  into  four  divisions,  each 
returaing  one  memhci.  The  govenunoit  of  the  dty  it  in  the 
bands  of  a  lord  mayor,  as  aldermen  a^d  66  councilkH^  Tbe 
area  in  1901  wa*  tt,7os  acres;  but  hi  1904  it  wat  increated  to 

Hiitery.— Briitol  (Bri^Iow,  Biistou,  Biislow,  Bristole)  It  one 
the  best  examples  of  a  town  that  has  owed  its  gteatnai 
entirdy  to  tnd&  It  wat'never  a  shin  town  or  the  site  ol  a 
[diglDiis  haute,  and  it  owed  little  to  its  podtion  at  the 
i  a  feudal  lordship,  or  u  a  miUtaiy  post.  Though  it  it 
oth  Billiib  and  Roman  campa,  then  is  no  evidence  of  a 
I  «r  Roann  tettloaent.  It  was  the  western  limit  of  the 
Saxon  Invadon  of  Biitaiu,  and  about  the  year  leoo  a  Saaon 
ettlement  began  to  fiow  up  at  the  junction  of  the  liven  titata 
ind  Avon,  the  satural  advantages  ol  tlic  situation  fawoanng 
the  growth  of  the  township.  Bristol  owed  touch  to  Daniih  luta^ 
and  during  the  reign  of  Canute,  when  the  wool  trade  wilb 


S«i 


IttlMdbciu,  Rb«cuMllwnuActf<>TEBtUtlid>«a^  Inth« 
reign  of  Edw&rd  the  Canfdtor  tht  town  vu  iochided  in  the 
euMom  ofSweyBGodwinaan.ud  it  the  lUteof  the  Doousdty 
■UTTey  it  wu  ^Jieidy  m  royal  bonwgh  ^Eneined  by  a  reevt 
ippainted  by  the  king  u  ovtriord,  the  kiiig'i  gcJd  beiiig  usCMcd 
It  no  muks.  There  vu  m  mint  it  Ihe  time  of  the  Cogqual, 
which  proves  thai  Briatol  inu3l  have  bcca  already  a  pfafe  of 
ume  liie,  though  the  fact  that  the  torn  mi  a  member  ol  the 
royal  manor  of  BastoQ  ibowi  that  ita  importance  wai  tlil]  of 
recent  growth.  One-third  of  ttie  geld  wai  paid  to  Geoffrey  de 
Coutances,  bi&hop  of  £ietcr,  who  threw  up  the  earthworka  ^  the 
caitle.  He  joined  in  a  rcbdiion  a^Inst  WUUam  IL,  ud  atUr 
hii  death  the  king  granted  the  town  and  castle,  aa  pait  of  (he 
honour  of  Gloucester,  to  Robeit  FitiUamon,  whote  davjblcr 
Uabel,  marrying  Earl  Kobert  of  Gloucester  In  1119,  brought 
hira  BriiiDl  as  her  dowry.  Earl  Robert  itiU  furtfatr  >Itenglbened 
the  castle,  probably  with  maioBry,  juid  involved  Briitot  in  the 
rebeUion  aj^lnst  Slepben.  Fnini  the  cutic  be  binjed  the  whole 
oeighbonihood,  threatened  Bath,  and  sold  his  ptiaonera  as 
tlavea  to  Irebnd.  A  {ontempotaiy  chKoicler  describa  Bristol 
castle  as  "  tdted  of  a  niighty  mound,  lad  girrisoHid  with 
knights  and  foal  toldien  or  rather  robbin  and  niden,"  lod  he 
calls  Btistot  the  ilepmotber  of  Eatlud. 

The  history  of  the  cbartets  gnnled  to  Bristol  be^ni  about 
this  lime.  A  charter  granlcd  by  Henry  II.  in  1171  eiempled  the 
burgesses  of  Bristol  from  certak  toUi  thmughout  the  kingdom, 
and  conhrmed  eilttiog  liberties.  Anothei'  diartir  ol  the  same 
year  granted  the  diy  a(  DubUn  Co  (he  nun  of  Btiitol  a*  m  odaay 
with  the  same  libnUe*  as  tbcic  own  town. 

As  a  rctnlt  ptolwbty  of  the  doia  coonaion  betacai  Btistot 
and  Ireland  tlie  growtb  of  the  wool  tnda 
Many  Bristol  mea  scltled  b  DubHti,  wMch  fot 
Bristol  beyond  the  seas,  Its  chatters  being  ah  .     . 

those  gnuited  to  Bristol.  About  this  lioM  Bristol  began 
export  wool  la  the  Baltic,  *ad  had  developed  a  wlae  trade  wftb 
the  south  of  France,  vhQe  ■oap-nwking  and  tanning  were 
flouiiihing  industties.  Bristol  was  itfll  otpoiied  manoriatty 
ntbcr  than  municipalty.  Ita  chief  courts  wen  the  weekly 
hundred  coort  and  the  court  teet  held  three  timei  a  year,  and 
presided  over  by  the  reeve  Appointed  by  the  eui  of  Gloucester. 
By  the  marriage  of  Eirl  John  with  the  heiress  of  Earl  William 
o(  Gloucester,  Bristol  bKaioe  pan  of  the  n>ya]  demesne,  the 
rent  paysble  to  the  king  being  filed,  and  Ihe  town  shook  off  Ihe 
feudal  yoke.  The  charter  granted  by  John  in  if«o  was  an 
epoch  in  the  history  of  the  borough.  It  pmvided  that  no 
bnrgeis  should  be  impleaded  witliout  the  walla,  that  no  non- 
bntgesi  should  sell  wine,  cloth,  wool,  leather  or  com  in  Bristol, 
that  all  should  bold  by  burgage  tenure,  tliat  com  need  not  be 
ground  at  the  lord's  mill,  and  thai  the  burgtnea  should  have  all 
their  reasonable  gOds.  Al  lome  uncertahl  date  soon  after  thk 
a  commune  wss  established  Id  Bristol  on  the  French  model, 
Robert  FitzNichol,  the  first  mayor  of  Briil<d,  takhig  the  oUh  in 
ino.  The  mayor  was  chosen,  not,  like  the  reeve  wbom  he  had 
displaced,  by  the  ovedord,  but  by  tht  merchaoti  of  Bristol  who 
were  members  of  the  merchant  giM.  Ihe  Gnt  docunentary 
evidence  of  Ihe  eiistence  of  the  tDadWRt  gild  tppCMa  in  1)41. 
In  addition,  there  were  many  cnft  giMs  (Mtt  at  leul  twenty- 
lix  were  known  to  exist],  the  moat  importaM  being  the  gilds  of 
the  weavers,  tuckers  and  ttdlcn,  and  the  COd  ol  the  Kalendars 
of  Bristol,  which  devoted  ilsdf  to  rdtgioaa.  educational  and 
■Ddahwork.  The  mayta  ol  Btistd  was  bdped  by  two  assiitana, 
who  were  called  provMti  BatH  1167,  and  fraa  tt6j  Eoijii  were 
known  as  stewards,  and  after  that  date  as  bailiffa.  Bcfot*  this 
time  many  religious  bouses  bad  been  loonded.  Earl  Robert  of 
Olouetater  esU&lisbed  the  Benedictine  priory  of  St  Jamesithse 
wercDomiaican  BndFnncncanprforieB,amonast«iyof  OnnsUtea, 
and  in  abbey  of  St  Aognstlw  rounded  by  Robert  FlUHudlngt. 

In  (he  leigD  of  John,  Bristol  began  the  stmggle  to  abaocb  the 
neighbouring  manor  ol  Bedminster,  the  eailciri  half  of  wUch 
waa  held  by  the  Templan  by  gift  of  Earl  Robert  of  Ooucetter, 
bikI  the  western  half,  known  as  Rcdcliffe,  was  ndd  by  Ihe  same 
carl  to  Robert  FiuUardinge,  afterwards  Lord  Birteley.    The 


Tanpkn  acqniCBced  wlthont  much  dified^,  httt  tl»  wealthy 
ovnert  of  the  manor  oT  Reddifle,  who  had  their  own  naooital 
courts,  market,  fair  and  quay,  ttaiitsd  the  unioB  tor  neariy 
OTIC  hundrtd  years.  In  114^  a  new  OMirsa  waa  cut  for  the  river 
Ftamc  which  vastly  improved  the  harbotn,  and  in  the  nme  year 
a  stone  bridge  wns  built  over  the  Avon,  bringing  TCmple  and 
RcdcUS*  into  doier  touch  with  the  city.  Ue  charter  granted 
by  Henry  ni.  in  iijfi  was  important.  It  gave  the  hurgoaes  Ihe 
right  to  dusse  coroners,  and  as  they  already  farmed  the  gdd 
payable  to  the  king,  Bristol  must  havq  been  pnrtlcally  inde- 
pendent of  the  king.  The  growing  eidusivencBB  of  the  modant 
gOd  led  to  the  great  Insurrection  of  ijts.  Tbt  oligarchical 
party  wis  supported  by  the  Berfceleyi,  but  the  npfKntfon  coai- 
tinued  their  rebellion  until  ijij,  when  the  town  was  besieged 
and  taken  by  the  royal  forces.  Duiiog  the  reign  <rf  Edward  UI, 
doth  manufactoie  developed  in  Bristol,  llomas  Blanket  act 
up  looms  in  1J37,  empK^ng  many  foreign  workmen,  and  In 
i]5]  Bristol  WIS  made  one  of  the  Staple  towns,  the  office  of 
mayor  of  the  st^e  being  held  by  the  mayor  of  the  town. 

The  charter  of  1J75  eilaidcd  the  boundaries  of  the  town  to 
indnde  Reddifle  (thus  seltltng  the  long-itandmg  du^te)  and 
the  waters  of  the  Avon  and  Severn  up  to  the  Steep  and  Flat 
Holmes;  and  made  Bristol  a  county  in  itself,  independent  of 
the  county  courts,  with  an  elected  sheriff,  and  a  coimdl  of  forty 
to  be  chosen  by  the  mayor  and  sheriff.  The  town  was  divided 
into  five  wards,  each  rtpresenltd  by  an  stdcrauui,  the  aldemen 
alone  being  difible  for  the  mayotally.    This  charter  [confirmeil 


IitS8]waafuIloi 


roavon 


prosperity,  the  era  ol  William  CiDyng,  ol  the  foundation  of  tba 
Society  of  Merchant  Venturers,  and  of  the  voyages  of  John  and 
Sebastian  Cabot.  William  Canyng  [1399-1474)  was  five  timca  * 
mayor  and  twice  represented  Bristol  in  partiameDl;  be  carried 
on  a  huge  doth  trade  with  the  Baltic  and  lebuill  St  Mary  Rcd- 
cliffe. At  the  same  time  doth  was  exported  by  Bristol  merchant* 
to  France,  Spain  and  the  Levant.  The  records  of  the  Sodety 
of  Merchant  Venturers  began  in  1467,  and  the  sodety  increased 
in  infiucnce  so  rapidly  that  in  i  sbd  it  directed  all  the  foreign 
trade  of  the  dty  and  had  a  lease  of  the  port  dues.  It  was  iit- 
corporated  In  1551,  and  received  other  charten  in  i6jg  and 
iMi.  Henry  VII.  granted  Bristol  a  duuter  in  14(19  (cooGnned 
in  T510)  which  removed  the  Ibeoretically  popular  basis  of  tbe 
corporation  by  the  provision  that  the  aldermen  wer«  to  b« 
elected  by  the  mayor  and  ooundl.  At  the  diisolutloa  of  Ibt 
monasteries  the  diocese  of  Bristol  was  founded,  which  induded 
the  counties  of  Bristol  and  Dorset.  The  voyages  of  discovery 
in  which  Bristol  had  played  a  con^icuous  pan  led  to  a  further 
trade  development.  In  tlie  ifith  century  Bristol  traded  with 
Spain,  tbe  Canities  and  the  Spanish  colonies  in  America, 
shared  in  the  attempt  to  colonize  Newfoundland,  and  began 
the  trade  in  African  slaves  whidi  flourished  during  the 
i7tb  ceatuiy.  Bristol  took  a  great  share  in  tie  Civil  War 
and  was  three  timea  besieged.  Charies  II.  granted  a  forma] 
charter  of  Incorporation  in  i6t4,  the  govemiDg  body  being 
the  mayor,  is  aldermen,  30  common  councilDBen,  i  sheriffs, 
1  coroners,  a  town  derk,  clerk  of  the  peace  and  jg  rninltt  nffifiah^ 
the  governing  body  itself  lilliDg  up  elU  vacandea  In  ita  number. 
In  the  iSih  century  the  doth  trade  declined  owing  to  the  com- 
petition of  Ireland  and  to  the  general  migration  ol  manufaclucea 

maintained  by  the  introduction  of  manufiautes  ol  Imn.  brass, 
tin  and  copper,  and  by  Ihe  fiourishing  West  Indian  trade,  sugar 
bdng  taken  hi  eiduuige  lor  African  slaves. 

Tbe  hot  wells  became  fashionable  in  tbe  reign  of  Anne  (who 
giaBlcd  a  cbsriet  in  1710},  and  a  little  later  Brislnl  was  iIm 
centre  of  the  Methodist  revival  of  Whiiefidd  and  Wesley.  The 
dty  was  small,  densdy  pc^nilaied  and  dirty,  with  dark,  narrow 
streets,  and  the  mob  ^ined  an  unenviable  notoriety  lor  violenca 
in  the  riots  o(  1 70S,  1753,  T767  and  iSji.  At  the  beginolnc  <d 
the  iQth  century  it  was  obvious  thai  the  prosperity  of  Btiitol 
waa  diznlnishing,  comparatively  if  not  actually,  owing  to  (i) 
tbe  rise  of  Liverpool,  which  had  more  natural  facQlties  as  a  port 
than  Bristol  cnild  offer,  (i)  the  abolition  of  the  slave  trade. 


BRISTOL— BRISTOW,  B.  H. 


oluch  n^Md  the  Wot  Indlim  ngu  tnde,  and  (3)  tlu 
tloDAle  title*  levied  by  die  firiiLol  Dock  Compuiy,  incocpi 
1ft  1803-  Tbese  rmta  nude  competiLion  with  liTcrpool  and 
London  Impossible,  while  other  tolls  were  Levied  by  the  Merchant 
VcDturen  and  the  corporation.  Hie  decline  was  checked  by 
(he  tOoiU  of  the  BiiitolcbuibeTof  commace  (founded  in  iSij) 
audbylheMiuudpalRetomiAclof  1835.  Hie  new  corporation, 
cotlftiitSng  of  4S  coonciUon  and  16  aldennen  who  elected  the 
mayoT}  bdnc  thenuelvea  choaen  by  the  buigeoea  of  each  vard, 
bau^t  the  dock*  m  1S48  and  reduced  the  feea.  In  1S77-1SS0 
the  docka  at  the  nwuth  c^  the  river  at  Avonmouth  and  Poctiahcad 
were  made,  and  the«  were  booght  by  the  corporation  in  1884. 
A  revival  of  trade,  rapid  increaae  ol  peculation  and  enlaisemoit 
df  the  bounduiea  of  the  city  [idlowcd.  The  dijef  matiitrate 
became  a  lord  mayor  m  itq^ 

1S1&}:  J.  WaUany. 
iWry  if  BritUt  (1 S14) ; 

lon/lBSl":  W.  vl<lM. 
.n.  iMt):  J.  Ijiimer. 
■te.  CeaccUna  nlalint 
ever,  HiiUry  ti  Biiiul 
Bxk  0/  SKuef  (1900)* 
'iasria  CmafHiiurj, 

BKISTOL,  a  borough  of  Bucks  county,  Pennsylvania,  U.S,A., 
an  the  DeUwire  liver,  opposite  Burlington,  New  Jersey,  lo  in. 
N,E,  of  Philadelphia.  Pop,  (1&90)  6sS3;  {'VJO)  7104  (11J4 
(oteign-born);  [igio)  9»S*-  H  i»  served  by  the  Pennsylvania 
railway.  Tie  boroi^  is  built  on  level  ground  elevated  sevetil 
(eel  above  the  river,  and  hi  the  midst  ol  an  altraclive  (irming 
.  counlry.  The  principal  business  houses  are  on  Mill  Street; 
while  RiddiSe  Street  eitends  along  the  rivet.  Among  Biiitol'l 
nunuficturing  esublishments  are  machine  shops,  rolling  mllli. 
a  planing  mill,  yam,  hosiery  and  worsted  tniUs,  and  factories 
tor  in'V'";  carpets,  wall  paper  and  patcal  leniher.  Bath 
Springs  are  bcaled  Just  otitude  the  borough  timlU;  though  not 
■0  famous  as  they  were  early  in  the  rSih  century,  Ihete  spring 
are  still  well  known  Idr  the  medicinal  properties  of  theit  chaly- 
beate waten.  Bristol  was  one  of  the  first  plana  la  be  settled 
In  Pennsylvania  after  William  Penn  received  his  charter  for  the 
province  In  16S1,  and  from  its  seitlemeni  unitl  179J  it  was  the 
seal  oi  government  of  the  county.  It  was  Laid  out  in  16(17  "i^ 
vas  Incorporated  as  a  borough  In  1710;  the  present  charter, 
however,  dates  only  from  rS5i. 

BRISTOIa  the  ihire-townsbip  of  Brittol  county.  Shade  Uand, 
tJ.S-A,about  ijm.S.S.E.of  Providence, between  Narraganatt 
bay  on  the  W.  knd  Mount  Hope  Bay  on  the  E.,  thus  behig  a 

feainsula.  Pop.  dgoo]  tigoi,  <m  whom  193J  weiv  foreign-bt^i 
1905;  state  etaiua)  7511;  (1910)  8565;  area  u  »q.  a.  It  ii 
■crved  by  the  New  York,  New  Haven  A  Hartford,  and  the 
ICbode  Idand  Suburban  railmys,  and  is  coimected  vilh  the 
Island  of  Rhode  Island  by  (nry.  Mount  Hope  (>iC  It.),  on  the 
tastem  side,  comtoind)  delightful  views  of  badscapt,  bay  and 
rivet  scenery.  Elsewhere  in  the  township  the  surface  Is  gently 
undulating  and  generally  well  adapted  to  agriculture,  espedalty 
to  the  growing  of  onions.  A  small  island,  Hog  Island,  is  Included 
in  the  township.  The  pitndpa]  village,  also  known  as  Bristol, 
is  a  port  of  entry  with  1  capsdous  and  deep  harbour,  has  numu- 
faciotics  of  rubber  and  woollen  goods,  and  is  well  known  o  * 
yacht-building  centre,  several  dcfenderj  of  the  America's  Cup, 
Including  the  "  Columbia  "  and  the  "  Relianr«,"  having  been 
buHt  in  the  Hcrreshoa  ^r^  ben.  At  the  close  of  King  Philip's 
War  in  i67«.  Mount  Hope  Neck  (which  had  been  the  leal  ol  the 
vanquished  sachem),  with  most  of  what  is  now  the  township  ol 
Bristol,  wasawardcd  to  Plymouth  Colony.  In  i69o,iRimcd(tteIy 
after  Plymouth  had  conveyed  the  "  Neck  "  to  a  company  ol  four, 
the  viHage  was  laid  out;  the  following  ynr,  in  aniicipBtion  of 
fnture  commerdal  importance,  the  township  and  the  viUage 
arri  named  Bristol,  from  the  ttnm  hi  En^and.  The  town- 
ship became  the  ahire-township  in  1685,  passed  under  the  juris- 
diction of  Massachusetts  In  i6gi,  and  in  1747  was  armeaed  to 
Rhode  Island.  During  the  War  of  Independence  tho  village  was 
bombarded  by  the  British  oil  the  ;tb  ol  October  1775,  bm 


suffered  Iktte  Oainage;  on  the  iith  of  llay  177a  It  «n«  vWud 
and  partially  destroyed  by  a  British  force. 
BHUTOL.  a  dty  of  Sullivan  county,  TennesKt,  and  Wasb. 
ity,  Virgiina.  U.Sj*.,  ijo  m.  N.E.  ol   KnokviHe, 
■--  -'itude  of  about  1700  fL    Pop.  (tSSo)  ji 


"•)  IJJ9S, 


(i8go)Ari6;  (1900)  9850  (including  ]i>Si  negroes);  ( 

is  served  by  the  Hoislon  Valley,  the  SoDlbem.  the  Virginia  & 
South-Westem,  and  the  Norfolk  Ik  Western  railways,  and  is  ■ 
railway  centre  of  some  importance.  It  is  near  the  great  aiatnl 
deposits  of  Virginia.  Tenneaaee,  West  Virginia,  Kentucky  and 
North  Carolina;  an  important  distributing  pc4nt  for  iron,  coal 
and  Coke;  and  haa  tann.riea  and  lumber  mills,  iron  furnaces, 
tobacco  factories,  furniture  factories  and  packing  houses.  It  is 
the  scat  of  Sullins  College  (Methodist  Episcopal,  South;  1870) 
lot  women,  and  o£  the  Virginia  Institute  for  Women  (Baptist, 
1^),  both  in  the  state  of  Virginia,  and  of  a  normal  college  for 
negroee,  on  the  Teimessee  side  of  tJiestate  line.  The  Tennessee- 
Virginia  boundary  line  runs  through  the  priiLcipa!  street,  dividing 
the  place  into  two  separate  corporations,  the  Vitgirua  part, 
which  bcfoit  1S90  (when  it  was  chartered  as  a  dty)  was  known 
as  Goodson,  bc^  administratively  independent  of  the  county 
in  which  it  is  situated.  Bristol  was  settled  about  igjj,  and  th« 
town  of  Bristol.  Tetinessec,  waa  first  incorporated  in  1S56. 

BRISTOV,  BRUAMIII  HBLM  (1831-1S96),  American  Uwyer 
and  politidan.  wai  bom  In  Elklon,  Kentucky,  on  the  loth  of 
June  i3]9,  the  son  of  Ftaaris  Marion  Briston  (1804-1S&4),  ■ 
Whig  DWtnbet  ol  Congress  in  (8J4-18JJ  and  1859-1861.  He 
gra'duated  at  Jefferson  College.  Caiiansburg,  Peimsylvania,  in 
1S51,  studied  law  uader  his  father,  and  was  admitted  to  the 
Kentudry  bar  in  185J.  At  the  be^niung  of  the  Civil  War  he 
became  Ueutenani-oaiond  of  the  i5lh  Kentucky  Infantry;  was 
severely  wounded  at  Shiloh;  helped  to  recruit  the  8Ih  Kentucky 
Cavalry,  of  which  he  was  [ieuienaut-colond  and  later  colondj 
and  assisted  at  the  capture  of  John  H.  Morgan  in  July  18G1. 
In  iB6}-tS65  he  was  sUte  senator;  in  i86f  1866  assistant 
United  States  diatrict-atiomey,  and  in  1866-1870  district- 
altomey  for  the  Louisville  district;  and  in  1870-1877,  altera  few 
months'  practice  of  law  with  John  M.  Harlan,  was  the  (£rst 
appointed)  solidtor-genenl  of  the  Uniled  States,  In  187] 
President  Grant  nominated  him  aitorney-genenil  of  the  United 
States  m  case  George  H-  Williams  were  confirmed  as  chief  justice 
of  the  United  Statea,*'^  contingency  whidi  did  not  arise.  As 
secretary  of  the  treasury  (1874-1876]  he  piosecutcd  with  vigour 
the  so-called  "  Whisky  Rhig,"  the  hcadquarlen  of  which  was  at 
St  Louis,  and  which,  beginning  in  iS;o  or  1871,  had  defrauded 
thcFederalgovemmentoutof  a  large  part  of  its  rightful  revenue 
from  the  distillation  o(  whisky.  DiiiiUas  and  revenue  officers  in 
St  Louis,  Milwaukee,  Cincinnati  and  otlieT  dties  were  Implicated, 
and  the  fUidl  gains — rhidi  in  St  Louis  alone  ptubably  amounted 
to  more  than  ti,soo.ooo  in  the  ill  years  1B70-1S76 — wen  divided 
between  the  distillers  and  the  revenue  oScets,  wbo  levied  asita* 
ments  on  distillers  ostensibly  for  a  Republican  '•■"■["If  fuad 
to  be  used  in  furthering  Giant's  r&^lection.  Prominent  among 
the  ring's  alleged  accomplices  at  WaahiogiDii  was  OrviUe  E. 
BabcDck,  private  teoetary  to  Freiident  Grant,  whose  personal 
friendship  for  Babcock  led  him  to  indiscreet  InleifeRnce  iu  the 
prosecutioD,  Through  Bristow's  efforts  mare  than  loomen  wet« 
indicted,  a  number  of  whom  were  convicted,  but  alter  some 
nontha'  imprisonment  were  pardoned.  Largely  owing  to  frktioD 
betwcca  ^*  ■"*■*"  and  liie  president,  Brisiaw  teugned  his  portfdio 
Id  June  1876;  as  secretary  of  the  treasuty  he  advocated  the 
resumption  of  specie  paymenu  and  at  last  a  partial  retirancat 
of  "greenbacks";  and  he  waa  also  an  advocate  of  civH  service 
reform.  Ue  was  a  prominent  candidate  (or  the  Republicao 
preiideBtial  nomination  in  1S76.  Alter  187B  he  practised  law 
isNewVarkCity,  irtierehediedon  the  iindof  June  18961. 

See  Urmffriai  eT  Bmjamin  Hetm  Brijtam.  largely  piepared  by 
David  Wlilcoi  (Cambridge,  Man.  a\ituW  priind,  il^y.WtiiUr 
Prtmit.  lUh  CnnX:  IMSeia..  Mis.  Due,  No.  lU:  Statu  if  On  Crtat 
Whiiiey^in  (Chicago.  iMo),  by  John  McDonald,  who  for  Karfy 
•ii  yean  had  been  wioeriiior  of  Internal  revenue  at  St  Leuifc  ■ 
book  by  one  concerned  and  to  be  coondeied  in  that  ngbt 


BRISTOW,  H.  W._BRITAIN 


583 


•on  ol  UijiM-Ctnen]  U.  Biiatow,  who  lerved  in  cha  PfniininLir 
Wu,  wHi  bora  on  the  ijlh  of  IrUy  iSi?.  Ha  «*  cdnialBil  at 
King'i  CoUcgf.  UHidoD,  UBdcr  Jobs  FhiUipi;  then  profeHDT  et 
gtoloE)'.  In  1S41  be  wm  ippoioted  unituit  geologiit  as  Ihe 
Ctologicai  Survey,  aod  ia  tlut  lervice  he  mnuDcd  for  forty-oix 
yean.  becDming  direclDi  loi  EinUnd  and  Wales  in  1871.  and 
retiring  in  ii3&.  He  waa  elecied  F.R.S.  in  1861.  He  died  in 
London  on  the  ^^^li  of  June  i88g.  His  puhlicatioaa  (see  Gal. 
MH;  'S89,  p.  JB4I  iBcIude  ^  C/aiHrr  of  UiMralBO  (iSfii)  and 
rii  Caltt)  'flie  liU  af  WifU  (1S61). 

BBITAIII  (Gr.  npmnal  nWi  Bpfrrwfa;  Lit.  JriloMiig. 
mdy  AiIMum),  the  anglidied  tenn  of  ihe  claBaital  name  of 
Escland,  Watei  and  Scodand,  aometunes  exieoded  to  the  Britiab 
Isles  ai  a  whole  {BriUittkat  Iiaidae).  The  Greek  and  Roman 
lonna  are  doubllos  altempta  to  reproduce  a  Celtic  original,  the 
Eiacl  fonn  oi  which  is  iliU  matter  of  dispolc  Biittanr  (Fr. 
Bretofite)  in  veatBn  France  derived  its  name  from  Britain 
owing  to  mirations  in  the  5lh  and  6th  ccncuiyA.D.  Ihepenonl- 
£catJ<Hi  of  Britannia  as  a  female  figure  may  be  traced  back  as  far 
M  the  coins  of  Hadrian  and  Antoninus  Fins  (eady  md  cmtuiy 
K.D.);  its  first  appearance  on  modos  cmns  ii  oa  the  copps' 
of  Chaiha  U.  (see  NtJUisUAiics). 

In  what  follovi,  the  archaeological  interest  oI  eaily  Britain 
b  dealt  with,  in  connexion  with  the  history  of  Britain  in  Pre- 
SoDtui,  Roman,  and  An^o-Saion  days;  tbis  account  bdag 
■upptementaiy  to  Ihe  ulkles  Encukd;  Enausm  Udtokt; 
SciniaND,  He 

Fu-RoiUH  BuraiM 

CeologisB  aie  not  yet  agreed  when  and  by  whom  Ihitam  waa 
fixit  peo[4ed.  Probably  the  island  was  invaded  by  B  succesakm 
(tf  racoi.  Hie  first,  the  Paleolithk  men,  may  have  died  out  or 
retired  beEore  mccaaaon  arrived.  During  Ihe  Neolithic  and 
BiooEe  Ages  we  can  dimly  tracs  further  immignitoni.  Real 
knowledge  begini  with  two  Celtic  iavuiana,  that  of  the  Goidda 
inlhelaterportof  IheBtome  Age,«idth«taf  tbe  Biytbon*  and 
Belgao  hi  the  Iron  Age.  These  Inviden  brought  Celtic  dvUiia- 
tion  and  dialects.  It  is  oncenain  how  far  Ibcy  wae  themselvts 
Celtic  in  blood  and  how  far  they  wete  numemos  enough  to  abeorb 
or  obliterate  the  mas  which  they  found  in  Brilaio.  But  it  is  not 
luunaonable  to  think  that  they  wen  no  men  conquering  caste, 
hod  that  they  were  of  the  same  race  Ba  the  Cellic-q>esklng 
peoples  of  the  westeni  conlincnC.  By  the  age  of  JuHus  Caesai  all 
the  inhabiiants  of  Britain,  except  perhaps  some  tribes  of  the  far 
north,  were  Celts  in  qwech  and  customa.  FoUtically  they  were 
divided  into  lepuate  tod  gcnetally  waning  tribes,  each  under 
its  own  princes.  They  dwelt  in  hill  forts  with  walls  of  earth  or 
rude  elone.  or  in  villages  of  round  but)  sunk  inn  the  gnmnd  and 
roembling  Ihtse  found  in  pant  of  noilbem  Gaul,  or  In  lub- 
ID  chambcied  boUses,  ar^in  hvnlels  of  pile-dweUings  con- 


tbem  all  the  more  in  that  Ita  love  of  beauty,  Uke  tbcbf,  was  ndied 
with  a  feeling  tot  the  fantastic  and  the  grotexiue.  Tbe  Roman 
caaquett  of  northern  Gaul  (57-50  B.C.]  brought  Britain  into 
debute  nlarion  with  tbe  Medlterraneaa.  It  wa*  already  closely 
connected  with  Gaul,  and  when  RMiaa  etvUlsitfon  and  Ha 
products  invaded  Gallia  Belgica.  they  paned  on  casOy  la  Biitaia. 
The  British  coinage  now  b^ins  to  bw  Roman  kgenda,  and  after. 
Caeaai's  two  raids  (55,  54  B.c,)t]M  •nullum  Irlbeamnnganfad 
«t  Rome,  though  they  do  not  Men  to  have  regarded  Ihemsdves, 
at  viiails.  Actual  conquest  was.  however,  delayed.  Auguslni 
planned  h.  Bat  both  be  and  his  locctiaoT  Tiberius  reaUxed  that 
the  greater  need  waa  10  coniolidate  the  exbting  empire,  and 
'  "tion*  recently  made  to  It  by  Pompey,  Caenr 


uctcdai 


.    But,  n 


as  begmrung,  houses  of  a  better 
type  were  perhaps  coming  into  use.  and  the  aouthem  tribes 
employed  a  gold  coinage  and  also  a  currency  of  iron  bars  or 
ingot*,  attested  by  Caesar  and  by  aurviving  eiamplea,  which 
weigh  mughly,  some  two- thirds  of  a  pound,  some  j|  lb,  but  mostly 
1}  lb.  In  religioa,  the  chief  feature  was  the  priesthood  of  Druids, 
who  bete,  as  in  Ciau),  practised  magical  arts  and  bai^rous  riiia 
of  human  sacrifice,  taught  a  scciel  lore,  wielded  great  influence, 
but,  at  least  as  Druids,  took  ordinarily  no  part  in  politics.  In 
art,  these  tribes  possessed  a  native  Late  Celtic  fashion,  descended 

connected  with  the  La-Tine  culture  of  tlie  continental  Cclta. 
Its  chamcteristica  were  a  flamboyant  and  fantastic  treatment 
o[  plant  and  animal  (though  not  of  human)  forms,  a  free  use  of 
the  geometrical  device  called  the  "  reluming  spiral,"  and  much 
■hill  in  enamelling.  Its  Guest  products  were  in  bronse,  but  tbe 
artistic  impulse  q»ead  to  humbler  work  in  wood  and  po<tery. 
The  late  Celtic  age  waa  one  which  genuinely  delighted  in  beauty 
of  form  and  dctaQ.  In  this  it  raembled  the  middle  ages  rather 
than  Ik*  Romaa  empire  or  the  present  day,  and  ' 


RoiuH  Buiaw 

L  TIh  Jtfmam  Cn^vsit.— The  conquest  of  BritjUa  was  uadci- 
taken  by  Claudius  in  a.o.  43.  Two  causes  coincided  to  produce 
the  step.  On  the  one  hand  a  forward  policy  then  ruled  at  Rome, 
leading  to  annciationt  in  varioua  lands.  On  the  other  hand, 
a  probably  pbllo-Roraan  prince,  Cunobelln  (known  to  literature 
as  Cymbeline).  bad  just  been  succeeded  by  two  sons,  Caractacus 
<f.>.)  and  Ti^odumuu,  who  were  hostile  to  Rome.  Caligula, 
the  hali-insuM  predecetMr  of  Claudius,  had  made  in  respect 
' '  h  we  know  only  through  a 
„  .  but  wUdi  doubtless  had  to  be  made 

good.  An  tmnediale  fcosom  lor  action  wis  the  appeal  ol  ■ 
fugitive  British  prince,  presumably  a  Roman  partisan  and  victim 
of  CnnobdiB's  aont.  So  Auhu  Plantlui  with  a  singularly  well 
equipped  army  of  some  40,000  men  landed  in  Kent  and  adnnced 
on  London.  Here  Claudius  himself  appeared — the  one  reigiung 
emperor  of  the  ist  century  vho  crossed  the  waves  of  ocean,— and 
the  army,  crossing  the  Thames,  moved  forward  through  Essex 
and  captured  the  native  capita],  Camulod^um,  now  Colchester. 
From  tbe  base  of  London  and  Colchester  three  corps  continued 
the  conquest.  Tbe  left  wing,  the  Second  Legion  (under  Vespa£aa, 
atierwatds  empeiDr),  subdued  the  south;  the  centre,  the  Fooi- 
teenth  and  Twentieth  Legions,  subdued  the  midlands,  while 
the  right  wing,  tbe  Ninth  Legion,  advanced  through  the  eastern 
part  oj  the  island.  This  strategy  was  at  first  triumphant.  The 
lowlands  of  Britain,  with  thdr  partly  Romanised  and  partly 
scanty  population  and  their  easy  physical  features,  presented 
no  obstacle.  Within  three  or  four  years  everything  south  of 
the  Kumber  and  east  of  the  Severn  had  been  either  directly 
annexed  or  entrusted.  >s  ptotectorates,  to  native  client-princes. 

A  more  difficult  task  remained.  The  wiki  hills  and  wUdet 
tribesof  Walcaand  Yorkshire  offered  lar  fiercer  resistance.  There 
followed  thirty  years  ol  Intermittent  hill  fighting  (a.D.  .47-79). 
Tbe  precise  steps  of  the  conquest  are  not  known.  Legionary 
(orlrtssea  were  established  at  Wroietee  (for  a  time  only),  Chester 
and  Caerleon,  fadng  the  Welsh  hills,  and  at  Lincoln  in  tbenortll- 
easL  Uonmouthshir*,  and  Flinishire  with  its  lead  mines,  wen 
early  overrun;  ia  60  Suetonius  PauUnus  reached  Anglesea. 
The  method  of  conquest  wu  the  establishment  ol  small  detached 
forts  In  strategic  portions,  each  garrisoned  by  500  or  1000  mcft. 
and  it  was  accompanied  by  s  full  shsre  of  those  disasters  whkfa 
vigorous  barbariana  always  inflict  oh  civilized  invaders.  Pro- 
gress was  delayed  too  by  the  great  revolt  of  Boadlcea  (f.K)  awl 
a  brge  part  ol  the  rtominally  conquered' Lowlands.  Her  rising 
was  soiHi  crushed,  but  the  govemment  was  obviously  afraid  lor 
a  while  to  move  its  garrisons  forward.  Indeed,  other  needs  ol 
the  empire  cnuscd  the  withdrawal  of  the  Fourteenth  Legion 
about  67.  But  the  decade  a.b,  70-Bo  was  decisive.  A  aeries  of 
Ihrta  able  generals  oontmandcd  an  army  restored  to  its  pn^HT 
■ireOglh  by  Ot  addition  of  Legio  IL  Adiutrii,  and  achievnd 
the  finilstibjugitionol  Wales  and  the  first  conquest  ol  Yorkshire, 
when  a  l^kMiaiy  lortresi  at  York  was  lubalituted  for  that  at 

Tbe  third  and  best-known,  if  not  Ihe  ablest,  of  tbesr  geoethls, 
Juliia  Agricola.  Dtoved  on  in  a:d.  So  to  the  conqueal  of  the 
farther  north.    He  esUblished  between  tbe  Clyde  and  Fo"'- 


584 


two  of  whkb  «e  idl  tmcnbtc  1 
Bu  HilL  He  tbea  tdviacnl  inti 
vittoty  "  kl  Hom  Greupiu*  (h 
Cnmpiut],  pcobsUy  nm  the  coi 


Ciindan  ntu  FilUrk,  uid  i 


ce  of  the  Tax  ■'"l  the  Iili, 


partly  aufnisec!  (mc  GAtOACca).  Ha  dnamt  even  of  invBding 
,  IrUdiI,  uid  thoujht  it  an  euy  tuk.  The  home  govenunent 
Judged  othetaiM.  Jealout  ponibly  of  a  loo  briUiint  gencid, 
cemiuly  ivene  irom  couly  ind  f ruities  ampaigni  and  needmg 
the  LcciD  II.  Adiutrii  foi  woik  elaevheie,  it  ncalled  both 
governor  utd  legion,  and  gave  up  the  mine  iiaitherijr  of  his 
notniiul  coDquati.  Tlie  malt  wild  rcault  of  hii  cunpaign* 
ii  that  hit  bittleGdd,  tnlnpelt  Grampius,  hu  provided  to  anti- 
quaiic*,  and  thtou^  them  to  (he  world,  the  modem  naate  of  the 
Cramplao  Hilli. 

What  fionlict  was  adapted  af  m  Agricola^  depaituie,  vbctbci 
Tweed  01  Cheviot  or  ether,  ii  unkDoan.  For  thirty  yean  (ad- 
(j-115]  the  miUlary  hittory  of  BritsJa  is  a  blank.  When  we 
ncover  knowledge  we  are  in  aa  altered  world.  About  iijor  rio 
the  northern  Britons  n»c  in  revolt  and  destroyed  the  Ninth 
Legion,  posted  at  Vork,  which  would  bear  the  brunt  ol  any 
Dortbera  trouble.  In  111  the  second  reigning  empetor  who 
croued  the  ocean,  Hadrian,  came  himscU  lo  Britain,  brought 
the  Siit]iL.egioDto  replace  the  Niath.  and  introduced  the  IioMict 
policy  of  his  age.  For  over  70  m.  from  Tyne  to  Solwiy,  more 
C3tac  tly  from  Wallscnd  to  Bowness.  he  built  a  continuous  rampart, 
more  piobatily  of  turf  ilun  ol  stone,  with  a  ditch  in  fiont  of  it, 
a  number  of  snull  ions  along  it,  one  or  two  outposts  a  few  miles 
to  the  north  of  it,  and  toine  detached  forts  (the  bnt-knovn  is 
on  the  hill  above  Uaiypoit)  guaiding  (te  Cumbcdand  coast 
beyond  its  ■eaten  end.  The  details  of  hit  work  aie  impcrlcctly 
kiBwn,  for  though  many  Rmalu  survive,  it  it  hard  to  separate 
those  of  Hadrian's  date  from  others  that  are  later.  But  that 
H^f|ri.«.  biult  a  wall  bete  is  proved  alike  by  Lilcrstnre  and  by 
inioiptions.  The  meaning  of  the  scheme  is  equally  certain. 
It  was  to  be,  as  it  were,  a  Chinese  wall,  marking  the  definite 
limit  of  the  Rohan  world.  ItwaEnowdecEand.notbytbe  leatt 
leielutions  of  cabinets,  but  by  the  work  of  the  spade  marking 
the  solid  caith  for  ever,  that  the  era  of  conquest  was  ended. 

But  empires  move,  thou^  ruler*  hid  them  stand  stiQ. 
Wluther  tlie  land  beyond  Hadrian's  wall  became  temptingly 
peaceful  or  lemsined  in  vcidag  disorder,  our  authorities  do 
not  say.  We  know  only  that  ^Ktut  141  Hadrian's  successor, 
Antoninus  Pius,  acting  lluau^  hb  general  Lollius  Urbicus, 
advanced  from  the  Tyne  and  Solway  frontier  to  the  narrower 
isthmiB  between  Forth  and  Qyd«,  36  m.  across,  whidi  Agricola 
had  lorti&ed  bcloTe  him.  Here  he  reared  a  continuous  rampart 
with  a  ditch  in  front  of  it.  tair-siicd  forts,  probably  a  doicn  in 
number,  built  either  dose  behind  it  or  actually  abutting  on  it, 
and  a  connecting  rood  miming  from  end  to  ertd.  An  ancient 
writer  ilatea  that  the  nmpait  was  built  of  regularly  laid 
■ads  (the  same  method  which  had  probably  been  employed 
by  Hadrian),  and  eitavatioDS  in  1891-1843  have  veri£cd  the 
The  work  stiU  survives  visibly,  though  in  var^ng 
'le  agricultural  districts  nor  its  two 
.  OccattonaUV.  as  on  CroyhiU  (near  Kilsyth),  at  Wester- 
wood,  and  in  the  covers  of  Bonnyiide  (3  m.  west  of  FalUtk), 
wall  and  ditch  and  even  road  cin  be  ditlioclly  tniad,  and  the 
«ila  of  many  of  the  forts  an  plain  to  piacliKd  eyes.  Three 
of  llwse  forts  have  been  enavatcd.  AH  three  show  the  ordinary 
ieatuns  of  .Ronsn  ttiuaa,  tlnu^  they  differ  more  Ihsn  one 
would  expect  in  foits  built  at  one  time  by  one  general.  Bar  Hill, 
the  nost  compleuly  aiplored,  ooven  three  acn> — neatly  five 
(imea  as  much  as  Ilie  oariier  fort  of  Agiicida  on  the  same  site. 
It  had  tampaita  of  turf,  barrack-rooms  of  wood,  and  a  head- 
quarten  buiUing,  storehouse  and  bath  in  stone:  it  stands  a 
few  yards  back  from  the  wall,  Caalle  Cary  coven  nearly  font 
acres:  Its  lampartt  contain  massive  and  wcU-drcned  masoniyi 
its  Interior  buildings,  though  they  agm  in  material,  do  not 
■I  together  agree  in  plan  with  those  of  Bar  Hill,  and  its  north  face 
taUs  in  line  with  the  frontier  wsIL    Rough  Castle,  near  Falkirii, 


strength  of  f  ta  tnrt-btdlt  and  earthen  ranpsRs  and  raveHni,  utd 
for  a  leraaikahle  series  of  defensive  pts,  reminiscent  ti  Caesar's 
lilie  at  Alesia,  plainly  intended  to  toeak  an  enemy's  charge,  and 
either  provided  srilb  stakes  to  impale  the  assailant  or  covered 
over  with  hurdle*  or  the  like  to  deceive  him.  Besidp  t^  dozen 
foru  on  the  wall,  one  or  two  outposts  may  have  been  held  at 
Ardoch  and  Abernethy  along  the  natunl  route  which  runs  by 
Siirlingand  Perth  to  tlielawlandi  of  theesat  coast.  This  frontier 
was  reached  from  tlK  south  by  two  toads.  One.  known  in 
medievBl  times  as  Detc  Strict  and  mlsnambd  Wading  Street  "by 
modem  antiquaries,  tan  from  Corbridge  on  the  Tyne  patt  Otter- 
burn,  crused  Cheviot  niai  Uakendon  Camps,  and  puaed  by  an 
importantfort  at  Newitiad  near  Ueliose,  and  another  at  Invnesk 
(outskieofEdinbmjh),  to  the  eastern  md  of  the  valL  Theotber, 
starting  from  Carlisle,  ran  10  Birrens,  a  Roman  fort  neat  Ecde- 
fechao,  and  thence,  by  a  tine  not  yet  eiidortd  and  indeed  not  at 
all  certain,  lo  Cantaira  and  the  west  end  of  the  waU.  Ttdl  wall 
waiinadditionto,aDdnotinsteadof,  the  wallof  Hadrian.  Both 
banien  were  held  together,  and  the  district  between  them  *aa 
regarded  as  a  military  area,  outside  the  range  of  dviliialioa. 

The  work  o(  Pius  brought  no  long  peace.  Siiteen  ycaia  hler 
disorder  broke  out  in  north  Britain,  an>arently  in  the  district 
between  the  Cheviots  and  the  Derbyshire  hills,  and  was  repressed 
with  difficulty  aitct  foot  or  five  yean'  fighting.  Ej^tesn  at 
twenty  yean  later  (tSo-iSs)  a  new  war  broke  out  with  a  dif- 
ferent issue.  The  Roouos  lost  everything  beyond  Cheviot,  and 
perkapa  even  more.  The  goveRimcnt  of  Commodus,  feeble  In 
itself  and  vexed  by  many  troubles,  could  not  repair  Ibe  loa, 
and  the  dvU  won  which  soon  raged  in  Europe  fi93-i97) 
gave  the  Caledonians  further  chance.  It  was  not  till  joS  that 
Scprintius  Severus.  the  ablest  emperor  of  his  age,  could  turn  hil 
attention  to  the  island.  He  came  thither  in  person,  Invaded 
Caledonia,  commenced  the  reconstruction  of  the  wsU  of  Hadrian, 
rebuilding^  it  from  end  to  end  in  none,  and  then  in  the  fourth 
year  of  hii  operations  died  at  Yotk.  Amid  much  that  is  ota- 
ccttain  and  even  legendary  about  his  work  in  Britain,  this  It 
plain,  that  be  fixed  on  the  line  of  Hadrian's  wall  aa  his  lubitan- 
tivi  fionlier.  Hit  tttccosots,  Caiacolla  and  Severus  Aleundet 
(iii-ijj),  accepted  tbe  position,  snd  msny  inscriptions  fefet 
to  building  or  rebuilding  eaecuted  by  them  for  tbe  greater 
efficiency  of  the  frontier  defences.  The  cnnquat  of  Britain  wai 
at  last  over.  Tlie  wall  of  Hadrian  remaliMd  lot  neatly  two 
hundred  years  more  the  noTtbcni  limit  of  Roman  pown-  in  i1m 

II.  Tkt  Pminet  of  Brilain  and  Ut  MilUary  Syrteai.— Geo- 
graphically, Britain  consists  of  two  parts:  (i)  the  comparatively 
Qat  lowlands  of  the  south,  east  and  midluids,  suitable  to  agrictd- 
tuTC  and  open  to  easy  Intercourse  with  the  continent,  Lc.  with 
the  rest  of  tbe  Roman  empire;  (i)  tlie  district  consisting  of  tha 
hills  of  Devon  and  CornwaJ],  <iS  Wales  and  of  nontaem  England, 
legions  lying  more,  and  often  my  mnch  mote,  than  600  (L  above 
the  sea,  scured  wllh  gorges  and  deep  viUeyt,  mooMaiuaas  tn 
character,  difficult  lor  armies  ta  tiaveite,  ill  GtMd  to  the  pcacefid 
pursuits  la  a^culture.  Tliese  two  parts  of  lbs  pioiiacc  diifci 
also  in  their  history.  Tbe  lowlands,  as  we  have  leen,  wcce  oon- 
cpiered  easily  and  quidtly.  Tbe  uplands  were  hardly  subdued 
completely  tnl  tlie  aid  of  tbe  snd  century.  Tliey  differ,  thinjiy, 
in  the  character  of  tbeit  Roman  eccupatloa.  Tht  lowlands  wen 
the  scene  of  civil  lile.  Towns,  villages  and  conntry  honiei  weir 
tbetr  prominent  features;  troops  were  hardly  teen  In  than 
uve  In  tome  fottrelaes  on  the  edge  of  the  hilb  and  in  a 
chain  of  foiti  buill  in  the  4th  century  to  defend  the  south-east 
coast,  the  MMaUod  Saxon  Shore.  Tbe  u^nds  of  Wales  and  (be 
ruHlh  ptenatej  anothet  qwctade.  Here  dvll  life  was  almost 
wholly  abaent.  No  eountiy  (own  or  cotmtry  house  baa  been 
tonndmoiathaniom.  iwittiotyaTfcarwtatot  UoniBOuthihiR. 
Till  hilh  were  one  ateuive  mlUlary  trontieT,  tovercd  with  forts 
and  tinted  loada  conaecling  Ibem,  and  devoid  of  town  lite, 
oounlty  hoDtet,  famt  ot  peaceful  dvllited  Indnttiy.  Tlit 
geogT^hlial  divWon  was  tiot  reproduced  by  Kome  in  any 
administrative  psrlltiont  of  the  province.  At  first  tho  whole 
was  fovcmcd  by  one  Jepiiw  Aujuiti  of  consulsr  standing 


db,Google 


db,Google 


5«S 


SvtfaBiw  SBwta  nadi  It  MO  fmbccs,  Sapaito  ud  InloiM. 
nih  m  bouBduy  wUch  pnbtl^  na  fiom  Uanba  to  limey, 
bat  w*  dd  DM  know  how  loaf  thii  uruiciBsit  luted.  In  Iha 
jtli  cmtiny  then  mn  five  ptovinca,  Briiuuua  Tiimi  and 
Sccuodi,  Flivik  ud  Huiiu  CMHUimsk  and  (lot  i  vhOe) 
Valmtit,  nited  br  pfouidei  ud  amttlarB  undo  &  fiMriM. 
bat  tbc  only  (bine  kDam  ol  ibem  ii  Ihit  BiitumU  Piiau 
laduded  Cirencater. 

TIk  inny  vblch  giarded  m  cooch)  tbc  piovlaa  om- 
Attd.  from  tbi  tbne  of  Hidriu  onwuds,  o[  (i)  three  Iciioiu, 
tbe  Second  »t  Isa  Saunim  (C»erieon-on-U>fc,  f.»),  tbe  Ninlb 
It  Ebnilcuni  (f.v.;  now  YoA),  the  Tventletb  (t  Dm  (qt.; 
noK  CbatR),  1  loul  oi  lome  15.000  heavy  inlaatiyi  and  (1} 
1  lar^  but  UDcef  tain  Dumber  o(  auxtliaric9»  troop*  ol  tbe  Kcocid 
gnde.  DTpoixed  [n  infantry  cohort!  or  cavalry  o/at.  eacb  sdo 
or  IOCS  itranf.  and  posted  in  ailtlU  neater  tbe  [rontien  tbin 
tbe  tegisDl.    Tbe  lefisnaiy 


Hail)  foita  bmlt  bdoM  in  «oad  ii 

laed  freely  and  only  tbe  (tv  pHinpal  building  ttta  to  la<r« 
been  coaltucted  ihiaaghaat  cj  itotie. 

We  may  Dbutntc  tbcic  diancter  frara  Houateadi,  vUdu 
In  tbe  foin  In  which  in  know  ii,  perhifs  diite*  from  SciMlmiaa 
Sevena.  Tbia  fan  ma*unB  about  360  by  600  ft.  aod  covei 
■  triA*lcMtbaa5aaa.  ttanmpaiti  are  of  atone,  >i>d  its  aettk 
rampart  soiDdda  wilb  tbe  pat  wall  ol  Hadrian.  Itl  iatCDOt 
ia  filled  with  atone  buildicv.  Chief  amn^  Ibew  {aec  fig.  i),  and 
in  tbe  ceotK  of  tbc  whole  ton,  it  tbe  HeadquattcB,  in  IM. 
PriiKifUor,u  It  i>  often  (lboaghpetlia|aka>eofrectly)  ilylad 
by  aodems,  Frvterium.  TUa  i>  ft  KCtaagular  aUudure  iritk 
only  one  catnoce  whidi  five*  aeccM,  fint,  to  a  iiBall  doiilaed 
court  (>.  a),  then  to  a  MtoKl  open  court  ^  7),  aid  finally  to  ■ 
row  of  five  rooma  (i.  S-ii)  conlainini  tbe  ibiaa  tut  olbdal 
worabip,  tbe  treasury  and  other  officea.  Cloae  by  were  oficBa* 
qaartea,  genoally  built  rowHl  a  tiny  cloiitBed  Co 


"^ 


ftOKCOVICIVH  dKVWSTUu} 


tncf*  can  itill  be  leen  in  tbc  lower  counea  of  tbe  north  and  eaal 

menu  (viii.).    Thoe  fiUed  the  middle  third  ol  the  foru    At 

towD-wali*  oI  CbBter,  in  the  abbiy  garden  at  York,  and  on 

the  two  enck  were  harraclu  for  Ihe  lolditn  (l.-vi.,  iiii.-xviii.). 

the  south  aide  of  Cacrleoo.    The  auiiliary  audit  were  hardly 

No  ipace  wai  allotted  to  private  religion  of  domettit  life.    The 

a  tenth  of  the  aiie,  varying  geoeially  from  three  to  aii  acrca 

Of  Iheie  upwaida  of  )a  are  known  in  Ea^and  and  aome  » 

fdlowen,  &c.,  biy  outside  the  walk     Such  were  nearly  all  the 

Roman  loru  in  Britain.    They  differ  lome«hal  from  Roman 

lorU  in  Germany  or  other  province!,  tbougb  most  of  the  differ- 

Brecon,  one  of  the  mo.1  perfect  ipedMeia  to  be  found  anywhere 

in  tbe  Roman  empire  ol  a  Romaik  fCM  datilg  from  tbc  end  ol 

varioua  pbcti. 

Fort!  of  this  kind  were  dotted  all  along  tbe  miUtary  roufa  of 

In  Scotland  eicavition  hia  been  mere  active,  in  pinicular 

Chaler  put  a  (on  at  Caer-hyn  [nor  Coowiy)  to  a  fort  M 

at  the  foru  of  Birrent,  Newitead  near  HeUoe,  I-yne  Mr 

Peeble).  Ardoch  between  Stirling  and  Perth,  and  Caitle  Ciry, 

ceait  from  (Unleon^n-lhk  pait  a  (on  at  Cardiff  and  perhapa 

Rough  Caaile  wd  Bu  HiU  on  the  waD  of  Piua.     The  intenial 

oihin,  to  CamianheD.     A  third,  roughly  paralld  to  the  iborc 

of  Cardigan  Bay,  with  forta  at  lianio  and  Tomrnen^y-imir  <»«. 

some  of  ihem  the  internal  buiblbw  an  aU  of  aUne,  while  in 

FeWfnio,),  co«a««,  the  ^thern,  «--**««  Jflk,  whO. 

tke  faitalcir  «u  hdd  hj  >  lyMoa  ol  fOHh  >ad  fbtu  OM  ytt  *dl 
i—lairtuJ  but  dkonUilB  >t  Mch  poinli  u  Cia-ga>  on  Bili 
Lake,  Cutk  CoUea  nor  UudriDdod  Wdli,  tfac  Gur  near 
BtecH,  Mcrthyr  ud  CeOyiMr.  In  Ibc  oortH  ol  BriuLn  wc 
Sad  Ihra*  trioaral  nwh.  One  lal  due  nonh  fion  Ysit  put 
km  at  CuiBick  Bridge,  Fforn  Bridge,  BuKhater,  Lindiater, 
EbcbBUi  to  Ibe  mU  and  U>  Scothiid,  whDe  fanncba  (hraugb 
ChBUr-Ie-Etreet  reached  Ibe  T)rae  Bridce  (nm  AcUib]  at 
HewiauleandtbeTrDcBOulbslSoulhSlDddi.  AKtvadmd, 
turnioc  noiU-wat  from  CalUrick  Bridce,  ummbUiI  ibe  PemlK 
Chain  by  war  ol  forti  at  Rol^eby,  Bows  and  Bitngli-undrr- 
StabUDOM,  docBided  into  the  Edca  valley,  reached  Hadrian's 
nil  aaa  CariUe  (Luguvallium),  and  paaed  on  La  BErnsa.  The 
IbM  leute.  itanuig  From  Cbfitcr  and  paning  up  ihc  «cMen 
eeail,  ii  rnan  coinplei,  and  cctsu  in  dupUcalc,  the  nsull 
petbapa  of  iwo  diScrcnt  scbeioa  a(  mad-intklng.  Foruio  ptenly 
can  be  dMcclcd  ilong  it,  notibly  UaadKUn(Mancualgin  or 
Mamucium),  Ribcbeici  {BremciesnAcuin),  Biou^iam  CuiJf 
(Broavum),  Old  Pinrilh  (V«eda),  and  on  a  wston  branch, 
WatercrDak  near  Kendak,  Walechad  neo  the  hold  ol  that  naae 
on  Ambleside.  Hardkoou  above  EsLdale,  Maryporl  (Uiello- 
dOnum),  and  CNd  Carlisle  fpcuibJy  Pelriana)-  Id  addilioji,  tmj 
or  three  crcei  roarb,  not  yet  ndbciently  erptorrd,  oiaJnt^todl 
commuiikalian  belwecD  Ihc  Iroogu  in  Yotlshiic  asd  tbou  in 
Chohire  and  Lucubira.  Thit  mut  lyuaa  bean  plain  nHrin 
of  havinf  bcf n  mndcm  diflutnt  times,  and  «ilb  dibtcBtobjec- 
tivn,  but  wchavepo  evfdcDcecfaal  any  one  part  vu  abandoned 

torla  ircit  diiinanllcd  ai  tha  country  (rew  quieter.  Tbui, 
GeUygaer  In  Soulh  Wales  ind  Hardknott  In  Cumberland  have 
yielded  oolbing  bier  than  Ihc  opening  of  the  ind  century. 

Besides  these  dcIiuJaed  futa  and  iLaii  dOBoecIing  roadi,  the 
DOrth  of  Britain  ns  defended  by  Hidriin's  wall  (fip.  i  and  j). 
The  biuay  ol  Ibis  wall  hu  been  given  above.  The  icIuaI  vorlu 
are  Ihtcelold.  First,  there  is  that  vhicfi  to-day  (araislhtDi«I 
■triking  feature  In  Ibe  vholc,  the  <ia]l  of  slotie  6-S  ft.  thick,  and 
originally  pcihapi  14  ft.  hijth.  nilh  a  dt-ep  ditch  in  Irani,  and 
lorts  and  "  n^e  caatles"  and  turrets  and  n  coanecling  rc«d 
behind  It.  On  the  high  moors  bet  veenChollcrfordindGiUand 
lis  traces  Ire  ilill  plain,  u  it  climbs  fron  hm  to  hill  and  vinda 
abng  perHous  pr«ipi(«a.  Seamdly,  ihcte  is  Die  lo-called 
"  Vallum,"  in  reality  no  taama  al  all,  but  a  broad  Bat-bollonicd 
lit  of  which  Ibe  earth  lias  been  cast  up  on  either  side  intb 


tuff  and  Sntrn*  noaitneM  H  In  iione.  The  ncSBttraalsa 
probably  loUoKvd  in  gedsral  tbe  Hiie  of  Hadrlss^  wall  ta  order 
toutaiK  ihe  enitioc  ditch.  Bad  this  eiphfai  why  the  ttutwafi 
itiell  IB  vives  only  at  qwdal  point*.  In  gocial  k  was  destioycd 
lo  Dak»  way  for  the  new  wall  in  stone.  'Ocaaionally  (as  at 
Biideawild)  there  was  a  deviatioa,  and  tbe  ol^  work  survived. 


This  coDvetsioa  of  earthtrork  into  st 

lan  be  ^araBeled  from  other  pans  ol  Ibe  Roman  ensure. 

The  meaung  of  the  taUum  h  much  more  douhifoL  John 
Uod^on  and  Bruce,  the  local  aullkorities  of  the  19th  renluty, 
supposed  that  it  was  erected  to  defend  Ihe  wall  from  loinbeni 
insurgents.  Others  have  ascribed  it  10  Agtiojla,  or  have  thought 
il  Hadrian,  or  even  assigatd  il.  to  pte-Roman 


Datives.    Tb*  U  

Roman  work,  no  older  than  Hadrian  (il  so  old),  and  that  it  was 
not  intended,  like  the  wall,  lor  military  delenci.     Probably  It 
m  witb  dtber  the  tnrf  wall  or  tbe  stone  wall, 
limit  of  tbe  civil  province  of  Btitain,     Beyood 
LOB  wm  4ADBUL  fli  prF$ent  go. 

111.  Tic  CivitaaHeH  s/  Rtmm  AtAiih.— Bdiind  these 
brmidable  garristsis,  sbellered  fmm  balbariaiu  and  in  easy  con- 
tad  wiib  Ibe  Roiaaa  empire,  uretchtd  tbe  towUnds  ol  souibem 
and  ^dtem  Briuin.  Efere  a  civilized  life  grew  up.  and  Rranan 
culture  spread.  This  put  of  Britain  became  Romaniied.  In 
the  laads  looklngon  In  the  Thames  estuary  (Kent.  Essex,  Middle- 
sc)0  the  process  bad  perhaps  begun  before  the  Roman  conqueit. 

citenl  il  was  definilely  encouraged  by  the  Roman  govemnenl, 
which  hire,  as  ciscwhcie,  founded  towns  peopled  witb- Roman 
(it  lieu— generally  disdiarged  le^nariet — and  endowed  them 
wifh  franchise  and  constitution  Hke  three  of  the  ItaJian  munici- 
palities. It  developed  still  nurt  by  its  own  tulomstlc  growth. 
Tbe  eohaent  dvQiiaiion  ol  Ihe  Romam  was  accepted  by  the 
BiiioBs,  as  il  was  by  tbe  Ganb,  with  something  like  enihusiaam. 
Eneouta^  perhaps  by  sympatheiic  Romans,  spurred  on  still 
more  by  their  ovvn  Instincts,  and  kd  no  doubt  by  tbeii  nobles. 
Ihcy  began  fo  speak  Lsiin.  to  ioe  Ibe  material  resource*  ol 
~  '  riTited  life,  and  in  time  10  conslda  thonselves  not 

ing  subjects  of  a  foreign  empire,  bnl  the  British 
:[  Ibe  Roman  state.  The  steps  by  which  these 
ran«ht<lfni  to  seme  emm  be  dated.  Within 
13  ol  the  Claudian  in 

time-capircd  soldiers,  had  been  planted  in  tbe 

capital  olCoIchcsler(Camulodflnum),andlhough 

linly  as  a  fortress  and  Ibus  provoked 


Thirdly,  nowhere  very  clear  c      '  '  ' 

nnstructed  ol  sods  laid  in  regular  courses,  witb  1  dilch  in  froot- 
This  turl  wall  is  certainly  older  than  Ihe  alone  wall.  and.  as  our 
ancBenlwrileismcBllon  two  vnU-bailders,  Hadrian  and  Septimius 
bscniB,  Um  aatuial  inference  is  that  Uadirian  built  bis  wall  ol 


filling  il  not  in  plan. 
Thi  baths  of  Balh  (Aquae  Sulis)  are  eiploiitd.     Another 
crWnia  is  planifd  al  Lincoln  (Lindum),  and  a  tUtd  at 
tClevum)  in  56,     A  new"  chief  judge  "is  appointed 
jng  livil  business.     The  lai-galherer  a    ' 
ing  ofinr  begin  to  make  ihelr  way  into  the  hills.     Dnrins 
the  and  ceoliiry  progress  was  perhaps  slower,  hindered  doubt- 
'      the  repated  risings  in  Ihe  nonh,    Il  was  not  till  tbe 


41^  ctDtiny  tie  ikBcd  tnlaiBi  tnd  IwfldR*,  and  ib*  cbth  and 

nut  ol  Biiuin  nrc  tquaUy  fimou*  on  lie  coniinent.  Tha 
prelubly  wi*  the  i|c  Hben  ihc  protpciiiy  and  RanuaiiaUon  si 
(be  pmvbice  nadnd  iu  height  By  ihuiimciheiawD  papula- 
[ioiB  and  the  rdoolcd  lnwn|  the  anintrjr-IoU  ipoke  Lilln,  and 
Sriuin  n^nkd  iitdf  u  a  Roioan  Uod.  inhabiin]  by  Romaiu 


13  genuinriy  Ron 


whjth  had  Ifaita  qinad  vnr  haU  the  jikikd 
U  hi  kind  iHih  that  at  Ib«  other 
n,  iiid  in  panicular  with  that  o! 

which  cnmpoaE  it  an  niriwd  by  mailer  fin.  Ida  wealth  and  teu 
■plcndout  Than  the  lanieelemnllielMvhert.  It  watabounenD 
in  ill  diilHhuLiun.  Large  tncil.  in  psiticuUt  Warwickshire 
and  Ibc  adJoiAlng  nidlands,  wcrt  veiy  thiniy  inhahiied.  £ven 
dnntiT  p«apled  atiu  like  oanh  Keat,  the  Suou  ccui,  weu 
GloucntenhiR  and  cait  SooMnet,  tmntediairiy  adjoin  anu 
like  Ih*  WeiM  ot  Kent  and  SusMX  where  RonuuKi-BiItigh 
fcmaini  hardly  occur. 

The  admlniuraLion  af  the  dviKnd  pan  a(  the  pnvliue,  while 
■abject  to  the  governor  oI  ill  Brilain,  wu  prxtlraily  enlniited 
to  local  (utbnriLics.  Each  Romui  municipality  tuliil  itwU 
and  a  territory  perbipj  at  Uif  u  a  tniaU  county  which 
bdonged  to  it.  SorM  diairicti  behuiged  la  the  Imperial 
DynMJRt,  and  wen  Hjinioisleted  by  iicnii  oC  the  (mpcror. 
The  rest,  by  lat  the  lugrt  pan  of  the  caunlry,  wai 
divided  up  among  the  old  native  Iribci  or  cantons,  KRie 
th  grouped  10 


■bdayMen 


rcDl  ic 


5«7 

md.    A>  «•  MB  it  iD^y,  tt  it  m 


and  louth  and  weji,  in  >hape  an  Irregular  heiigon,  ^aikiMn 
«Bckned  IB  a  dicuit  el  a  mile  uid  a  haU  by  the  maiilve 
mtoioladly  wall  which  nilltUDdi  hen  and  tberanoeniL 
high  (fig.  t).  Ouuhh,  on  the  north-cut,  b  (he  graisy  boDow 
of  a  tiny  amphiiheairci  on  the  west  a  Hue  of  carthworki  runs  in 
wider  circuit  than  the  walk.  Tbeaiea  withiatbe  walliiaa  nit 
eipanse  of  cultivated  land,  unbmken  by  any  veatlge  al  antiquity; 
yet  the  loil  ii  thick  with  tQe  and  potsherd,  and  in  hot  ■unmen 
the  unevenly  growing  com  revcali  the  remalot  slilrtetB  beneath 
the  iutface.  Caiiial  eicavatkini  were  made  heie  fai  1744  and 
i3]3  ;  more  lyitematic  anet  intermitteiiily  between  iBt4  and 
iK«4  by  the  Rev.  J.  G.  Joyce  and  aiheti;  finally,  in  May  t«90, 
the  complete  gncoveting  of  the  whole  lite  wu  bqptn  by  Mr 
G.  E.  Foi  and  otberL  The  wort  wai  carried  on  with  qilendid 
perteverance,  and  the  uncovering  oS  the  interior  waa  eompletcd 
ia,9=», 

Thr  chief  rauhs  eoocern  the  bufldlnn.  Thoueh  theie  have 
vinitlifdwbolly  (rwn  (heKirface.  (he  fnmdatlonaaikibvtvt  eouract 
at  their  walli  turvive  TaTrty  perfect  below  graund:  thua  the  plan  <i 


town  -here  iti  coun 

U  (onfe)  met  lor  canton 

:k«lt. 

eaembles  that  wl 

ch  we  find 

in  Gaul.     Ilia  an  old 

•ndweyilluittiteilt. 

Roniai 

by  devoluiioD. 

Inibegenerdlraa 

workc 

Bomai 

^Britishnicthelwo 

cbleHeataro  were  the 

[all  inlD 

no  ciaiiCt. 

Five  nodem  cities  Cokhesl 

and  Si  Albans.  Usnd 

«.an<j 

nwmr 

(aaUon   bear   the  ni 

founded  by  the  Rorr 

>\  charter* 

.    Non 

of  the 

s,  vary 

.D  po««in(_  in   «» 

characle 

ullci  of  > 

towit.  The  chiel  of  th«e  seem  (a  be  cantonal  capilati; 
pnbably  developed  em  (4  the  market  centra  or  capiula 
si  the  Celtk  tribes  before  the  Roman  coaqueM.  Such  are 
Inndun  Briganlum.  capital  of  the  Briganlct.  t>m.  noiih-weMof 
York  and  the  moM  northcriy  Romano- British  town,  Raise,  now 
Lckcsler,  capital  ol  the  Corilani;  Virwctmiuoi.  now  Wroieler, 
Dear  Shrewsbury,  cspital  of  the  Comovii;  Veoik  Silurum, 
DOW  Caerwent,  near  ChcpUow;  Corinium,  now  Cirence«ler, 
capilal  of  the  Dofauni',  Isca  DumnonlonuD,  ciiw  Eieier, 
the  most  westerly  ol  thoe  towns;  Dumovaria,  nost  Doi- 
chester,  in  Denet.  capital  of  the  DunKrigei;  Veola  Belffrum, 
DOW  Winchester;  Calleva  AlrebaluBh  Dew  Silcheiter,  10  m. 
vutb  o(  Reading^  Dutovuniim  Cantiacamni.  saw  Canter- 
bury; and  Venta  Icenorum,  now  Caiator-by-Norwich-  Besides 
these  country  towos,  Londinium  (London)  was  a  rich  and 
important    trading   lawn,   centre   ol   the   mad   tyilem,   and 

markabk  objecu  diKovercd  in  H  ebandanlly  ptove;  white 
Aqua*  Sulil  (Dath)  was  a  spa  provided  with  Ipkndid  baths, 
and  a  richly  sdomeil  lemrde  of  the  native  patten  deily,  Sul  or 
Sulil,  whom  the  Romans  called  Minerva.  Many  amaUer  pUcts.. 
too.  tor  uami^e.  Magna  or  Kencheiier  near  Hereford.  Dorubrivae 
or  Rochester  in  Kent,  another  Dutobilvae  near  Pclcrboteugh. 

ir  Cheatei^ord.  eihibMed  some  measure  of  town  lite. 


At  a: 


_,_„.  -      le  may  lake  Sitchester.  remarkable  as  Ihi 
n  the  whole  RoipaB  empire  which  baa  been  completdy    I 


.   Jbttr  (fig,  S).    

lu  opening  into  rt  from  behind,  Thisballwsa 
1,  wide;  iwo  rows  of  Corinihiaa  eohtnuu  nn 
ihe  ckrestory  roof  aiay  <iav>  noail  n  ll.  above 
•ere  Ireicsed  ot  Mbk)  with  aiaitJe.  aad  <a> 
■    ■■      atKS.     Finil]y,a   --'--      -         * 


Empire,  whether  they  were  luN  munkipaliiles  or  (ai  inhabb 
CaltevBwu)  of  lower  rank.  TheCalievin  FoniM  seemiui  geHnl 
rimplcrthan  ailien,  but  in  badtk*  is  itmaitably  larg£  Prohnb^ 
the  British  climate  compelted  mon  indaor  Hie  than  the  sasnfar 

J.  Tmiefcj.— Two  tmll  KioBre  leniples,  of  ■  commoa  western* 

pravlnciii  type,  were  in  theeau  ot  the  umm;  ibeEids  of  thrlaner 

■neaHTd  41  f(  eq,.  and  wis  Uned  with  Purbcck  marble.    A  thad. 

nn-ular  temple  HODd  belseen  the  fminl  and  the  sovih  gat*.     A 

a  BmBer  sqiure  shrine  feud  In  1407  a  liiilt  aaai  ol  ib( 


S8S 


, ._ If  IsKriptloaa  iMA  idua  to*  cOd 

Uillimm)  aiKl  inciilMUlly  eaunu  ihc  nunc  CMtn. 
i.  CJtrulign  Climnk.—Qote  ouuidc  the  mitlMut  uik  cC  the 

■idnxfa  ™*  HooRil  with  iiUin  ml  t™eni;  la  Ibeiip*  ra  ■ 


Re.  J.— Pbn  of  Foruia  Builiu  and  umiundinii  SildiHtcr. 
vu  ■  ymL  Irnml  with  wooden  Mlinn  in  h  were  n  wtll  near  the 

Nodirvci prml ut dit« nr utc wat dbeewcd.  But lh« flround ^n 
ift  that  ofaa  early  CKritiian  church  uf  Ihe  "  haulida  "  lypc.  Thii 
lypcnHnprlKdnawandaikka.endlaf  atoneaodlnanapteand  two 
ciumbcn  mcmbGng  nidimcntary  Iraiurpta.  and  at  Ibe  other  end 
in  a  porch  (iHrAa).  Previouaioaboiit  A.D,  420  the  porch  wai  often 
al  the  (ut  cad  and  the  apaeat  the  weal,  and  the  allar.  ollen  movable. 
■tood  61  the  apte— aa  al  Sikhcuer.  perhaiia,  on  the  mooic  papcl. 
A  court  cndowd  the  whole:  near  the  porch  wai  a  lavcr  for  Ibr  ablu- 
tiona  of  intcBdInf  wrnUppen.  Many  luch  churrhd  have  b«n 
loond  in  other  coantriei.  opectally  la  Ronan  Altica;  do  stbrr 
•aliifactory  imtance  it  known  in  Brilaln. 
4.  Ttmm  d*ai.~\  «i[te  o<  public  balhi  (load  a  little  can  of  tbe 
a  pcrietyk  court  for  loanfin  and  a 


tBDoy,  and  M  a^TKM  at  hot  nxima — tbe 
TurUihbatbi.  la  their  Em  [oimibe 
160  It.  by  So  IL,  but  they  weit  latir 


iHtb  of  Silchntr 

J.  friKUi  /fauii.— Tbe  private  homer  ol  Silcbeati 
iHm.  and  pcrhapa  one  or  two  additional 


BilchBHiT  in  nwnte  wadinc 

fadiridiullr  itrikinf .     The  brveat  SIkheilD'  he 
•naaK  (or  iMtha.  ia  imsaUy  taken  to  ba  a  tuBH-nu 

town  pfohwbly  did  not  contain  men  than  laveaty  or 


•n  with  rcfular  and 


but  WHC  net  ■mama.  Han*dHn'farBSi,aBitlaiII«(fRlaMy, 
aad  perhapa  a  bakery  have  auo  been  noticed. 

7.  Slruli.  Rtaii.  Grc— The  ntecu  were  paved  with  travel: 
they  varied  in  width  up  to  i>|  It.  They  interaeet  rccularly  al  rtaU 
Biifka.  dividinc  the  town  iaio  BJuar*  hlocki.  like  laodem  MannhflM 
(irTuri(.aai]nliii(taa  Roman  ^vtcm  uaual  in  both  Italy  and  tbt 
pnTviDcei^plaiDly  tbcy  wen  laid  out  aQ  at  orve,  poaiibfy  by 
Aiiicola  (Tic.  Ap.  11}  and  nuM  probably  about  hi>  itine.  There 
wtie  bxii  cbiel  ntea.  not  quite  lymninncilly  placed.  Tbe  ton- 
wall!  are  buDt  ul  lial  and  conacu  bondEd  with  inmitoae.  and  are 
backed  with  earth.  In  tbe  plaOL  ihauih  not  in  the  lepona.  o(  the 
ocavatioai.  they  are  ibowa  ai  built  bier  than  tbe  BiTru.  No 
ttacet  of  neat-market,  theatre  or  aqueduct  have 
«»■  «.  M  r.nni  welb  Uned  wlf- '—  — ■- 

-.  nS  bM"bI!!d , ,  _. 

■d  many  belomr  to  the  bcBUiDlnft  of  CaUeva»  but  le 

ividoally  nouEk.    Tncea  ol  late  Cdlk  art  ate  iinca- 

ind  [nacriptkaia  ibaiw 

.  jTouLatia.    Oinai't* 

:|>larcd.    Of  auburto 


[hbourbDod  o(  Callcva 
u  in  Critic  etymolocy, 

Romano-Bridiih  lowm.  and  it  •isnihcant 
dI  the  towna 


)iL    Such  doubtleia  vi 


lA  Roman  Briiain— Ihoicu^ly  Ronaniied,  peopled  with  Ronan- 
tpealiinK  ciiixena.  fumithcJ  i^Ih  Roman  aKiuTtenancea.  Kviag  in 
Roman  wayA,  birt  not  very  larte.  not  very  rich,  a  harnMe  wiinan 


■ecmt  to  have  been  divided  Into  rslala,  conimoDly  (though 
pethap)  incorreclly)  known  ai  "  viUai."  Many  aua^ia  nr- 
vive,  »iiie  of  thcBi  large  and  hiiarfDus  count  ty-lioiua.  Mme 
inert  fainii,  coiulruclcd  usually  oa  one  of  the  two  pattemi 
docrfbcd  in  the  account  of  Silchnler  above.  Tbe  InhabiUnli 
were  plainly  as  various — a  few  o[  ihem  eriI  mblcs  and  wealthy 
landowBtn,  othn*  amall  finnm  or  pottibly  bailiSi.  Some  of 
theae  tataies  wcti  worked  on  the  true  "  viU*  "lyMera.by  whkfc 
the  lord  occupied  the  "grtai  bonie,"  and  cultivated  the  land 
eloK  round  it  by  slavn,  •hile  he  let  Iht  test  to  h»)(-(tte  crfmi. 
But  othtt  lystccK  Riay  have  prevailed  11  well.  Among  the  mosl 
inporlint  count ry-hou«F>  arc  those  ol  Bignor  in  wen  Sdskx, 
and  Woodchester  and  Chedwonh  In  Glouccatenhlle. 

The  wealth  of  Ibe  country  wis  principally  agnrian.  WlienI 
and  wool  were  eiponcd  in  the  4th  century,  when,  as  we  havt  saW, 
Britain  wai  especially  prosperous.  But  Ihc  details  til  tbe  trade 
are  unitconled.  More  Is  known  of  the  tend  and  Iron  mine* 
which,  at  leut  in  the  firsr  (wo  ceniuriea,  were  worlied  in  many 


Pio.  6.— Plan  of  tnppoaed  Inn  and.BathiMSilcbcalB. 
dlitticts— lead  io  Sometset,  Shropshire.  Flintshire  and  Dtrty- 
shin:  iron  in  (he  west  Susxi  Weald,  (he  ForcM  of  Dean,  and 
(lo  a  •light  ateot)  eliewhen:.  Other  minenls  were  lus  BOtable. 
The  gold  mentioned  by  Tacitus  proved  scaoly.  Tbe  Corolsh 
(in,  according  to  prtKnt  evidtnn,  was  worked  conipmlivdjr 
little,  and  perhaps  most  in  (he  later  Empjit. 

Lastly,  the  mads.    Here  wc  must  put  audi  all  idea  of  "  Faa 
Great  Etoads."    tW  catesory  is  probably  the  tnvestioa  al 


■ntiqairfa,  «nd  cerlilnry  unconnitlefl  witb  Rom»B  Briuin  (act ' 
EunNE  StiEET}.  liuleid.  we  miy  distinguish  [our  mlin 
groups  al  roads  niliitin[  fnm  Loodon,  end  i  fifth  which  rum 
oMiquely.  One  road  ran  louth-ast  lo  Canterbury  aod  the 
Kenliah  pons,  oF  which  Richborough  (Rutupiae)  was  the  most 
ftequented.  A  s«ond  ran  west  to  Silchester,  and  thenn  by 
vatious  branches  to  Wrnchester,  Eicler,  Bath,  Clouceilci  and 
South  Wiio.  A  third,  known  afterwarda  (o  the  English  as 
WalKniStreet,  ran hy  St  Albans  WBUnearLichlicrd(Lelocetuni}, 
to  Wroieler  and  Cbcsln.  It  also  gave  access  by  a  branch  lo 
Leicester  and  Lincoln.  A  lourlh  served  ColchcsHr,  the  eaatem 
counties,  Lincoln  and  Yorlc  The  fiflh  is  that  known  lo  Ihe 
English  as  the  Fosse,  which  Joins  Lincoln  and  Letcesler  with 
Cirenccsler,  Bath  and  Eieter.  Besides  these  live  groups,  an 
obscure  road,  called  by  the  Saaons  Akeman  Street,  gave  a]tcma< 
tive  access  from  Londc 


nother 
Sheffield,  past  Derby  an 


Severn 


c  Hun 


minghair 


By  tl 


throughout  the  lowlands  of  Bi 

IV.  Tin  End  tf  RtrnuB  Brilnin.—Enriy  in  the  4lh  imtury 
h  was  netessary  to  establish  ■  special  coast  defenw.  reaching 
from  the  Wash  lo  Spilhead,  against  Saxon  piratfs:  then  were 
fans  at  Brancuster,  Bonjugh  Castle  (near  Vomwuth),  BradKcll 
(at  the  moBlh  a(  the  Coinc  and  Blackwater),  Reculvrr,  Rich- 
borough,  Dover  and  Lymme  (all  in  Kent),  Pevensey  In  Sussea, 
Porchester  near  Porlsmguth,  and  perhaps  also  al  Felrastowe 
in  SuFlolk.  Atler  about  350,  barbarian  assaults,  not  only  of 
Saxons  but  also  of  Irish  (Scoli)  and  Picts,  became  commoner 

daiming  to  be  tmpcnr,  withdrew  many  Inwps  from  Britain 
and  a  later  pietnider  did  Ihe  suiKv  Early  in  the  5lh  century 
Ihe  Teutonic  conquest  of  Gaul  cut  [he  island  oS  Irom  Rome. 
Thb  does  not  mean  thai  there  was  any  great  "departure  ol 
Romans."  The  cenlral  government  simply  ceased  to  send  Ihe 
usual  govetnors  and  high  oRkcrs.  The  Romano-British  vitn 
left  10  themselves.  Their  position  was  weak.  Thrir  Feitrcsses 
lay  in  the  noiih  and  wesi,  while  Ihe  Saions  attacked  the  cast  and 
■oalh.  Their  Irairwd  iioops,  and  even  Iheir  own  numbers,  must 
have  been  (ew.  It  is  inletligible  that  they  followed  a  precedent 
let  by  Rome  In  that  age,  and  hired  Saions  to  repel  Sanons. 
But  they  cauM  not  command  the  Gddity  of  their  mcmnaries, 
and  the  Saxon  peril  only  grow  greater.  Ii  would  seem  aa  if  ihe 
Romina-Britons  were  speedily  driven  from  the  easi  of  the 
island.  Even  Wroieler  on  the  Welsh  border  may  have  been 
finally  destroyed  before  the  end  of  Ihe  jlh  century.  Ii  seems 
thai  the  Saions  though  apparently  unable  to  maintain  their 
hoM  so  far  to  the  west,  were  able  lo  prevent  the  natives  from 
recovering  the  lowlands.  Thus  driven  from  Ihe  cenires  of 
RonuhlEed  life,  from  the  re^on  of  walled  cities  and  civilieed 
bouses,  into  the  hills  o(  Wales  and  the  north-west,  the  provincials 
underwent  an  mtelH^ble  change.  The  Celtic  element,  never 
quite  extinct  in  those  hills  and,  like  most  forms  of  barbarism, 
reasserting  itself  in  this  wild  age— nol  without  ttinforcement 
from  Ireland — challenged  the  remnants  of  Roman  civilization 
and  in  the  end  absorbed  them.     The  Celtic  language  reappeared; 

the  Cei  Ik  an  emerged  from  r     ' 

is  new  and  medieval  fashions. 


AIN  5S9 

Brmsf  Impltmiiat,  and  Amdtnl  Brltiik  (Mu  (with  «ppL):  Boyd 
I>awkiiu,  Earli  Uan  in  Brilam  [T«So)^  f.  Rhyi,  Cdlic  Brilai* 
IjtA  (d..  1904).     For  late  Critic  art  lee  J.  M.  iCemble  and  A.  W. 

vols,  lii.-lv.  Cekk  ethnolovy  and  phitol«y  (lee  Cai.1)  are  still  in 
Ihe  "  age  of  diicuiwn."  Fn-  aaclrnl  tanhworka  ve  A.  Hadrian 
Allervd,  Earllmmrk  (f  EaebiiHl  (IMO). 

For  Rofnan  Britain  xe.  in  leneial,  Prof.  F.  Haverlield,  Tkt 
Romanaiaum  if  Kimum  Briuin  TOiford.  I«o«).  and  his  aniclei  In 
the  FicUrn  CmUy  HitUrf,  alK  Ihe  chapler  in  MommMi't  Ama* 
Prminai:  and  an  ankle  in  the  EUtlnirik  Snitw,  IBm.  For  Ihe 
wall  of  Hadrian  ate  John  Hodeion,  RUtory  tj  tltitkiimbeitaii^ 
(1840);  ].  C.  Brwc,  JiaiHi  W<dli3t6  ed.,  l8«7li  repsni  of  excava- 
lions byllaverfield  in  the  Cmmbtritui  AidaaUpi^  SociHr  Tnmui- 
li'nu  (iBu-tm)  \  and  R.  C.  Boaaoquct,  Ktmtn  CtmftI  Httisisladi 
(Newcastle,  IMl.  For  the  SoKtiih  Eicavatkna  ite  iVgaWiuft  af 
IW  Sttiay  it  Anttmriii  ^  StMla-d,  XX.-11L,  and  especially  J. 
MacdonaU.&u^dvprint.Clatgow.  1906).  For  other  fans  see 
R,  S,  Ferguson.  Cunterlawf  .trilt,  Sk.  Trttu.  xii„  on  HardknotI  ;ai>d 
J.  Ward.  Roman  Ftrl  i>/ Colynir  (London.  I901).  For  Ihe  Roman 
occupation  of  Scotland  see^iamfald  in  AnHnint  WnU  Ktftrl 
(I8«)i  J.  MicdonaM,  Raman  Sana  in  llmUniaa  ilia.  lO-nY. 
and.  thoiith  an  older  work.  Sluan's  CoMnia  Rtmana  (1851). 
For  SHcheuer.  Aiitateloai  (teoo-iqoB);  for  Caement  (A.  1901- 
IwS);  for  London.  Charles  Roach  Smith.  Rtman  Lanit*  (iSsoli 
for  Chriuianily  in  Roman  Britaia.  Bnif.  Mia.  Ra.  (1896)^  for  tbe 
vUbges,  Ces.  Pill.Rivers'  Eic*attit*i  in  Craalaru  Oau.  Ire. 
(4  voli.,  1M7-I908).  and/V«.  5«.y^i         -     -       ■ 

PtJrict  (1005):   IfaveilWfd's  Rom 


Pairick  (1005):   Ifaveifiefd's  ii 
Vinogndoll,  Gr—tk  ^Uu  lltn, 


(1904):  Prof.  Bury's  ijfi 


■j^ai^P 


(F.J.H.) 


Anslo-Saxon  Briiaik 


I.  Hiilory.— Tlie  history  ol  Britain  after  the  withdnwal  ot 
ihe  Roman  troops  is  eiiremely  obscure,  but  there  can  be  litlk 
doubt  that  for  many  ycais  the  inhabitants  ol  the  provinces  wete 
exposed  to  devastating  raids  by  Ihc  Picis  and  Scots.  According 
to  Gildas  it  was  for  protection  against  these  mcursiona  that  the 

a  densive  victory;  but  subsequently  they  turned  their  arms 
against  the  Britons  themselves,  alleging  that  ihey  had  not 
received  sufErient  payment  for  Iheir  sendees.  A  somewhat 
diffennl  account,  probably  of  English  origin,  may  be  traced  In 
the  HiUiria  Brillnnam,  according  to  which  the  nrsi  leaden  of 
the  Saxons,  Hcngcst  and  Hona,  came  as  exiles,  seeking  Ihe 
protection  ol  the  Brilish  king.  VorligEtn.  Having  embraced  his 
service  they  quickly  succeeded  ineipelling  Ihe  noTihem  invaders. 
Eventually,  however,  they  overcame  the  Britons  through 
:hery,  by  inducing  the  king  10    "        '  ... 


Kliei  of  II 


<o  these 


according  to  tradition,  that  the  kingdom  of 
The  story  is  In  itself  by  no  means  Improbable,  while  Ihe  dales 
assigned  lo  the  Urst  InvaikiD  by  various  Welsh,  Gaulish  and 
English  authorities,  with  one  eicepljon  all  fall  within  about  a 
quarter  of  a  century,  via.  between  the  year  41II  and  the  joint 
reign  ol  Martian  and  Valenlinian  III.  (450-4SS). 

of  the  most  meagn  and  unsalisfaclory  character.  According 
10  the  Angto-Saion  Chronicle  the  kingdom  of  Sussex  was  founded 
by  a  certain  Ella  or  £lle,  who  landed  In  471.  while  Wessei  owed 
iis  origin  to  Cerdic,  who  arrived  some  eighicen  years  later.  No 
value,  however,  can  be  atlacbed  to  these  dates;  indeed,  in  the 
latter  case  theslory  itself  is  open  10  suspicion  on  several  ground! 
(seeWisstx).  For  the  movements  which  led  lo  the  Foundaiion 
ol  Ihe  more  northern  kingdoms  we  have  no  evidence  worth 
consideration,  nor  do  we  know  even  approximately  when  Ihey 
tookplace.  Butlheviewthattheinvaslonwaseffecled  through- 
out  by  small  bodies  of  adventureis  acting  independently  of  one 
anolber,  and  that  each  of  the  various  kingdoms  owes  its  (nlgln 
to  a  separate  enterprise,  has  little  probabflity  in  its  favour. 


Kenl  and  soulhcrr 


lothrei 
pshire  being  occupied  by  Jules  («,•.), 
Wessex  were  founded  by  the  Saxons, 
and  the  remaining  kingdoms  by  the  Angli  (f.a.).  The  peculiari- 
ties of  social  organisation  In  Kent  certainly  tend  to  show  that 
this  kingdom  had  a  different  origin  from  the  resli  but  tbe 
evidence  for  the  distinction  between  the  Saions  and  Ihe  Angli 
ll  of  a  much  less  satisfactory  characlat  (see  AKcii>-S«xoHa]. 


590 


BRITAIN 


The  njal  (iiinn<r  of  Enex  oujr  rafly  luva  been  of  Sanin 
origin  (kc  Essex),  but  on  the  other  bind  Ihe  Wcsl  Saion  royal 
family  claimed  to  bg  ot  Ihe  same  stock  ai  that  of  Bernicia,  and 
Uuir  cenoeiions  in  Ihe  puL  seem  to  have  lain  with  ihe  AngU. 

We  need  not  doubt  that  the  first  invasion  was  (oUowed  by 
a  long  period  of  warfare  between  the  natives  and  Ibc  invaders, 
in  which  Lbe  iailer  gradually  slrengthencd  their  hold  on  ihe 
conquerrd  territories.  It  a  very  probable  Ibat  by  Ihe  end  of 
the  jth  cenluiy  all  the  easUrn  pan  of  Britain,  at  least  as  far  as 
Ihe  Humber,  wis  in  ibeir  hands.  The  first  imporlanl  check  was 
nceived  at  ihc  siege  of  "  Mons  Badonicus  "  in  Ihe  year  jiy 
{AnK.  C«mbr.),  or  perhaps  ralhcr  some  fifteen  or  twenty  years 
carlkr-  -  According  to  Gildasthisevent  was  followed  byaperiod 
of  peace  for  at  least  forty-four  years.  Id  Ihe  latter  part  of  the 
6ih  century,  howi  


■eally  e. 


the  upper  part  of  the  Thames 


oulh  tl 


mercd  first  Wiltshi 

f.  togelher  with  the  country 
lar  as  tne  lievem.  ine  northern  fronllcr  alsoseenu 
en  pushed  considerably  larlber  forward,  perhaps  inlo 
what  is  now  Scollind,  and  il  is  very  ppobabJe  Itnil  Uw  basin  of 
the  Trent,  together  with  Ihe  central  districls  between  the  Trent 
le  TTuunes,  was  conquered  about  the  same  lime,  though 


si  this  ' 


cord.     Again,  the  c 


I  Chest 


kingdom  ^  Elmel  in  aoutb.west  Yorkshire,  and  the  occupation 
of  Shropshire  and  Ihe  Lothlans  took  place  perhaps  about  the 
sane  period,  thai  of  Herefordshire  probably  soRicwhat  lalcr. 
In  the  loulh.  Sotnciset  is  said  to  have  been  conquered  by  the 
West  Saions shortly  alter  the  middle  ol  the  7th  century.  Dorset 
bad  probably  been  acquired  by  them  before  this  time,  wbile  part 
ol  Devon  seems  to  have  come  into  their  hands  soon  afterwards. 
The  area  thus  conquered  was  occupied  by  a  number  of  separate 

north  ol  Ihe  Humbtr  contained  two  kingdoms,  Bcmicia  (f.p.) 
and  Deira  (g.c),  which  wen  eventually  uniled  in  Nonhumhria. 
South  of  Ihe  H umber,  Lindsey  seems  to  have  had  a  dynasty  of 
i>  though  in  historical  limes  it  waa  apparently  always 


oflheTrci    ' 


3o(  Norll 

;d  Ihe  nucl 


sr  Men 


Then 


ia  («-r.). 


and  Sutsei  (see  arlicin  on  these  kingdomi 
of  anckni  kingdoms,  while  the  old  diocn 
out  of  the  kingdom  of  the  Hwjcce  (f.t.),  wi 
coincided  In  aria.  The  louih  of  England, 
■■  West  Wales  "  (eventually  reduced  to  Cor 
by  Wcssei,  which  oritfnally  also  possessed 
noilh  of  the  Thamo.  Lastly,  even  the  Isli 
have  had  a  dynasty  o(  ilt  own.  But  11  m 
Ihal  all  these  kingdomt  wete  always,  or  • 

supreme  over  all  the  kings  soulh  ol  the 
l^lowed  by  the  East  An^ian  king  Raedwak 

Before  i£lhelbcrhl  ■  similar  position  had  bi 
Saion  king  CeawHn,  and  at  a  much  earlier 
fln,  by  Ella  or  £Ue,  the  first  king  of  Si 


lib  which  it  pmbably 


lo  be  furnished  by  Ihal  principle  of  personal  allegiance 

Mhtchlomed  such  an  important  element  in  Anglo-Saxon  society. 

1.  CopiMieiiJ.— Internally  Ihc  vaiioui  ilalts  seen  to  have 

been  organiaed  on  very  similar  line*.     In  every  case  we  find 

Usgly  govenimeni  from  the  time  ol  oui  earliest  records,  and 

■     "    "  *    '  ta  back  to  a  date  anterior 


ot  this  supremacy  h 


kt  frequently  borne  by  more  than 
SoflMtimet  we  find  (hx  supreme  king  together  wit 
oi  under-kinp  iHthrtpili).  somelimcs  again,  espcl 
uultei  kingdou,  Essci,  Suuci  and  Hwicce,  we  mi 


or  more  kin^  geBcrally  bratlwn,  Rfffdof  tofettiei  appinally 

on  equal  terms.     During  the  greater  part  □(  the  gth  century 

rale  such  divisions  did  not  last  beyond  the  Ijfeume  of  the  kings 
bciweenHhoRi  thcanantemenlhadbcenniade.  llw  kings  were, 
with  very  rate  eiuptions,  chosen  from  one  pariicuUi  family 
in  each  state,  the  anccstiy  of  which  waa  traced  back  not  ooly  10 
the  [aundcr  ol  the  kingdom  but  aUn.  in  a  Hmoicr  drgree.  lo  a 
god.  The  Diembeis  of  such  lamllie*  were  tntillrd  lo  special 
wergilds,  appaienily  si(  limes  as  great  as  those  of  Ihe  higher 
class  of  nobles  (ice  below). 

The  only  other  central  authority  in  Ihe  slate  was  Ihi  Ling's 
council  or  court  Oearf,  tnlan,  fjitu,  laimliiiM).  This  body  con- 
sisted partly  of  young  varriors  in  constant  attendance  on  the 
king,  and  partly  of  senioc  oSicialt  whom  be  called  together  from 
lime  to  time.  The  terms  used  for  Ihe  two  classes  by  Bede  are 
inififes  (minsltil  and  cemiMi,  for  which  the  Anglo-Saxon  version 
has  ^fiuj  and  ^fjiAor  respectively.     Both  classes  aL" 


>l  Ihe  I 

ich  persona  or 


il  family. 


om  subjcci 


Ihe  infaimation  al  our  disposal.  The  incidents  which  have  been 
brought  foTHud  as  evidence  lo  this  ellect  may  with  al  least 
equal  probability  be  interpreted  u  ciiscs  of  profession  or  liarU' 
fcience  of  personal  sllegisnce.  In  other  rcspccis  the  (unclions 
of  Ihe  council  Kem  to  have  been  of  a  dclibcraiive  character. 
It  was  certainly  cuitomary  let  Ihe  king  to  seeL  Ibeir  advice  aiwl 
moral  support  on  important  questions,  but  Ibere  is  nothing  to 
show  Ihal  he  had  to  abide  by  the  opinion  ol  the  majority. 

For  adrainislralive  purposes  each  of  ihe  various  kingdonn 
was  divided  into  a  number  of  disiricls  under  the  charge  of  royal 
recvca  (cywn/ei  ttrc/a,  fraifcclus,  pratptisilia).    These  officials 

ritclis)  or  fortnascs  (tyni'iijei  turf,  aril  r(|i'j),  which  served 
as  centres  and  meeting-places  (markets,  tir.)  for  the  iiihabitanU 
ol  the  diilrict,  and  10  which  their  dues,  both  in  luvmenls  and 
services  had  lo  be  rendered.      The  usual  si 


Idiiion  u  ihisc  d 
icgoty  belong  the  shirti 


X  been  joo,  fioo  ot 
:  find  I 


■9  hides.' 
nuch  Ian 


jooo  hides. 

Wctsex  (Hampshire,  Wiluhire, 

'hich  had  an  eaH  (afafamuii,  priuitptt 

Many,  i(  not  all,  of  iheso  persons  were  members  of  Ihe  royal 
family,  and  it  is  not  unlikely  that  ihey  originally  bore  the  kinglj 

i.  Sxial  OrgsHiufiwi.— The  officials  menlioDed  above, 
whether  of  lOyal  binb  or  not,  were  probably  drawn  from  the 
king's  personal  retinue.  In  Anglo-Suon  society,  as  in  that 
of  all  Teutonic  nations  in  eaily  times,  ihe  two  most  imporlanl 
principles  were  those  of  kinship  ind  persorial  allegiance.  11  a 
man  luSered  injury  it  was  to  his  relatives  and  his  lord,  rather 
ly  public  oRkial,  Ihal  be  applictf 


and  redress.  If  h 
accordiDg  10  his  si 
a  further  but  small 
pHnci[de«  applied 

in  royal  families,  i 


n,  had  tc 


n  (weiild).  . 


0  oB  t 

lily  was  by  nt 


staying  ol  a  kinsman  was  regarded 
all  ofTences.  Mach  the  same  (eding 
la  the  staying  of  a  lord— 4n  ellcnce  for  which  iw  com- 
in  could  be  rendered.  How  far  the  armed  (ollowers  ol 
■ere  eniiUed  to  compensation  when  the  latter  wai  slain 


H  hide  (liif.  itiwuc./eiiiifia.  (riiiJiinel, 

!'hoMve'r'!^t«™*o'have  inein't'o)  Itouit 
Dt  of  land  appeitainiiig  to     '         '   ' 


h^illlioM. 


59» 


It  nMMUln,  bat  In  the  oue  of  ■  Urg  tiny  lenivH]  m  mnioiinl 
equal  to  tba  wetgild.  AnDtber  impoitint  dcvelopmcDl  ol  the 
prindplt  of  «l[cgiftiice  it  1o  be  found  in  Ihe  cuAt«n  of  hcrioUp 
In  bid  Una  iliit  cuMom  amounted  pnctially  lo  i  iTsicm 
of  death-dnllM,  piyibje  in  bona  and  inn  or  in  money  Co  the 
laid  of  tkc  ikccued.  Tbeit  can  be  Ultle  doubl,  however,  ihat 
origiBdly  it  «u  i,  mtontisB  to  the  lord  of  the  nililacy  outfit 
■JthwUdihehldpftMnWd  his  man  when  heenlered  his  service. 
Tlie  tn>titDlb»  ol  Ibegnhood,  It.  membcnhlp  ol  the  cmilalut 
or  ittintK  ol  &  prince,  oflend  the  only  opening  by  which  public 
Ule  couM  be  entered.  Hence  it  wai  probably  adopted  aimosl 
univenally  by  young  men  of  th«  liiglwit  claisa.  The  thcgn 
was  expected  to  fight  for  his  lord,  and  generally  to  place  his 
KTvkel  at  hit  disposal  in  both  war  and  puce.  The  lord,  on  the 
other  baod.  had  to  keep  his  thegns  and  rtward  then  from  time 
to  time  with  amu  and  Ireuure.  When  Ihey  wei«  of  an  age  to 
marry  he  wuexpectcdlDprovide  them  with  the  nieans of  doing 
w.  If  the  loKJ  wall  king  this  provision  look  the  formal  a  grant, 
perhajn  normally  ifd  hides,  from  the  royat  [andi.  Such  estates 
vett  not  ittictly  htrediiary,  though  as  a  mark  ol  favour  ihcy 
.were  not  unfrequenily  re-granted  id  the  sons  of  deceased  holders. 
ThtimictUTeQfiocieiyin  England  was olesomewhii  peculiar 
type.  InadditiontosIavTJiWho  in  early  timesseemtohavtbwn 
unmerotij,  we  find  in  Wnsei  and  apparently  also  in  Mercia  three 
<S»Ba,  described  as  IwdfiynJt,  tiikyudi  and  lvkyt\Ai  [rom  the 

•peelivily.  It  is  probable  that  rimibr  classes  ensted  also  in 
Korthumbria,  though  not  under  the  une  names.  Besides 
these  terms  there  were  others  which  were  probably  in  use  every- 
where, via.  taitcinid  for  the  two  higher  classes  and  ceorliic  lot 
tbe  lowest.  Indeed,  we  find  these  terms  even  in  Kent,  though 
the  social  lytten  of  that  kingdom  seems  to  have  been  ol  an 
oHnlially  dlReient  chstuler.  Here  the  vetgiW  o[  the  carliit 
das  amounted  to  too  shilling,  each  containing  twenty  silver 
coins  Uaaaai),  as  agaimt  aoo  shillings  ol  four  (in  Wessei  five) 
tStnr  coins,  and  waa  thus  very  much  greater  than  the  latter. 
Again,  there  was  apparently  but  one  ttiUkund  ckss  in  Kent, 
■fill  a  wergild  ol  300  shillings,  while,  on  the  other  hand,  below 
the  larliic  class  we  find  three  classes  of  persons  described  as 
iocftu,  who  corresponded  hi  all  probability  to  the  lilt  or  freedmen 
of  the  ctMitinental  laws,  and  who  possessed  wergilds  of  So,  60  and 
40  ihiDinp  respectively.  To  these  we  find  nothing  analogou) 
So  the  other  kingdoms,  though  the  poorer  classes  ol  Welsh 
ftecmen  had  wergilds  varying  Irom  1 10  to  6s  shilling.  It  should 
be  added  that  the  dilTerenlial  treatment  ol  the  various  classn 
was  by  no  means  confined  to  the  case  of  wergilds.    We  End  it 

Injuries,  !n  the  fines  to  which  they  were  liable,  and  in  the  value 
■ttadied  to  their  oaths.  Generally,  though  no!  always,  the  pro- 
portions observed  were  the  same  as  in  the  weigllds. 

The  nature  ol  the  disllnclion  between  the  tnSltuiii  and 
iwrfjjc  claiMi  b  nowhere  clearly  erplained;  but  it  was  certainly 
hereditary  and  probably  ol  conwderablc  aniiciuity.  In  gencial 
we  may  perhaps  define  them  in  nobles  and  commons,  though  in 
»iew  of  the  numbers  of  the  higher  classes  it  would  probably  be 
more  correct  lo  speak  ol  gentry  and  peosanis.  TTie  dislinclion 
between  the  tarl/iyTidi  end  liziyndc  classes  waa  also  in  part  at 
least  beredilarr,  but  there  is  good  reason  lor  believing  that  it 
aioM  out  ol  the  possession  ol  land.  The  former  consisted  of 
persons  who  possessed,  whether  as  individuals  or  lamilies,  at 
lean  five  bidet  of  land— which  praclicatly  means  *  villagt — 
while  the  Liter  were  landless,  i.e.  probably  without  this  amount 
of  land,  Withid  the  eurfric  class  ve  find  similar  subdivisions. 
tbon^  t^  wnejiDI  marked  by  a  diflerence  In  wergild.  The 
(^dJgtUt  or  IrOtiUriiii  (tribute-payer)  seems  to  have  been  ■ 
etori  who  ponested  at  least  a  hide,  while  the  trbur  was  without 
bnlofhEsown,  and  received  hit  outfit  ui  bun  from  his  lord. 

4.  Ftymfti  and  Scrtittt. — We  have  already  had  occasion 
to  tefer  to  the  dues  which  were  tendered  by  dlReienl  claiaes  of 
the  population,  and  which  the  teevea  in  royal  villages  had  to 
MUkI  ind  superintend.  The  payments  seem  to  bive  varied 
Vtat^KC«(Aii|  to  the  dtM  from  which  uieyiKicdnc.   Tbne 


(0  have  been  knows  «*  /tmi  or 
fialar,  tnd  consisted  of  a  fixed  quantity  of  articles  paid  in  kind. 
In  Ine's  Laws  (cap.  70)  we  find  a  list  of  payment*  vedfied  for  a 
unit  of  ten  hides,  perhaps  the  norma]  holding  of  a  timi^kjmit  mu 
— Ihou^  on  the  other  hand  It  may  be  nothing  mote  than  ■  mo* 
heal  unit  in  an  aggreffte  of  esutes.  The  list  couitti  of  oxeo, 
sheep,  geese,  hens,  honey,  ale.  loaves,  cbeeae,  butter,  fodder, 
lainHn  and  eels.  Very  similar  speoficatioiit  are  looadeliewhcn. 
The  piyntenis  rendered  by  the  gg/iffiUa  (MMoriM)  mra 
known  as  fo/oJ  {Irihi4itm),  ai  his  tminc  impllct.  In  Ine^  Lawa 
we  hear  only  of  the  ilvilif  or  white  cloak,  which  was  to  bt  of  the 
vahn  of  six  pence  per  household  (hide),  and  of  barky,  which  was 
10  be  six  pounds  in  weight  lor  each  worker.  In  later  tioNa  we 
meet  with  many  other  payments  both  in  money  and  in  kind,  tone 

On  the  other  hand  the  geiiir  seems  not  to  have  been  iiaUe  to 
payments  of  this  kind,  presumably  because  the  land  which  he 
cullivBlcd  formed  pan  of  the  demesne  {Mamd)  of  his  lord.  The 
term  tojot,  however,  may  have  been  applied  to  the  payments 
which  he  rendered  lo  the  latter. 

The  services  required  of  landawnera  were  my  manifold  in 
chancier.  Probably  the  most  important  were  military  service 
ijird^  txfieditio)  and  the  repairing  of  fortificatims  and  bridgcv— 
the  Iriaedt  ntcaiOv  of  later  times.  Besides  these  we  And 
reference  in  charleis  of  the  glh  century  to  the  keeping  of  the 
king's  hunlers,  horses,  dap  and  hawks,  and  the  enlcrtainiug  ol 
messengers  anil  other  persona  in  the  king's  service.  The  duties 
of  men  of  the  shifnii  class,  if  they  are  to  be  idenlilied  with  the 
rnfcuiUii  (rgtfuiairni)  of  later  lunet,  probably  consisted  chiefly 
in  riding  on  the  king's  (or  their  lord's)  business.  The  services 
'    '  '  '  from  what  we  find  in 


in  the  cullivi 


nably  H 


ol  the  di 


r  chief  duly  was  tc 


leland. 


ificatlons  and  btidgen. 
in  reality 


that  the  labour  o 

(hou^  it  is  charged  against  the  lando 

delegated  by  them  to  their  dependents. 

J.  Ifor/are.— All  classes  are  said  to  have  been  liable  lo  the 
duly  ol  military  service.  Hence,  since  the  ceotls  doubilesi 
formed  the  bulk  of  the  populalion,  It  has  been  thought  that  the 
Anglo-Saxon  armies  ol  early  limn  were  essentially  peasant 
forces.  The  evidence  at  our  disposal,  however,  gives  Utile  jusii' 
fication  for  such  a  view.  The  regutalian  that  every  five  or  >ii 
hides  should  supply  a  warrior  was  not  (  product  of  the  Danish 
invasions,  as  is  sometimes  staled,  but  gees  back  at  least  to  the 
beginning  of  the  glh  century.  Had  the  fighting  maiciial  been 
drawn  from  the  Itorllit  class  a  warrior  would  surely  have  been 
required  [rom  each  hide,  but  lof  military  service  no  such  regula- 
lion  is  lound.  Again,  the  fird  (/yffl  was  composed  ol  mounted 
tng  the  9th  century,  though  apparently  they  fought 


id  there 


itury.     Nod 


c  indica 


alhcr 


ubtce 


utheca 


biel  b 


j!s,  and  cspeciDlly  lo 
iCrioui  fighting,  however,  wss  probably  lelt  to  the  ^eiihrHiid 
^tosses,  who  possessed  horses  and  more  or  lest  eOeclive  weapona. 
fndced,  there   it  good    reason  for  regarding  these  dames  at 

The  chief  weapons  were  the  sward  and  spear.  The  former 
were  twoedged  and  on  the  average  about  3  ft.  long.  The  hilts 
were  often  elaborately  onumen ted  and  sonwtimei  iheie  weapons 
were  ol  considerable  value.  No  definite  line  can  be  dnwk 
between  the  spear  proper  and  the  favclin. '  The  ipear-hcidt 
which  have  been  found  in  graves  vary  considerably  in  both  form 
and  siie.  They  were  fitted  on  to  the  Shalt  by  a  socket  which 
was  open  on  one  eide.  Other  weapons  appear  to  have  been 
quite  rare.  Bows  and  arrowj  were  eertiinly  in  use  for  iporling 
purposes,  but  there  it  no  reason  lor  believing  that  ihi^  were 
much  used  in  warfare  before  the  Dtniih  invasions.  They  art 
very  seldom  met  with  in  graves.  The  matt  common  article  el 
defensive  armour  was  the  shield,  which  was  small  and  droilar 
and  appBiently  of  quite  lUn  lim*-wood,  the  cdfe  beia(  lanwd 


591  BRn 

pnb*l>lT  by  I  tbfn  buid  of  inn.  In  the  centre  ef  the  thield.  in 
order  to  protect  the  huid  vhich  held  ii,  «u  i  itrooc  inm  bou, 
lome  V  il^  iv  diuixtcr  and  piojectiof  about  3  in.  It  il  dear 
f  AHn  Ijtcniy  evidoKc  tlut  the  hdmet  {kdm)  and  co*t  <t(  dtairi 
mil  (tjriu)  wen  alia  in  conunoa  uie.  They  uc  iddam  (aund 
in  invo,  however,  nhrthet  owinf  10  the  cuttom  ef  herieta  or 
to  Ibe  tut  that,  on  icaiunt  ol  thai  relaiivdy  bish  value,  Ihcy 
vtn  frtquently  handed  on  from  te 
beirioonv.  Cnave«  aiv  not  oden 
noiini  that  in  liter  timei  the  heriol  of  an  "  acdinary  thetn  " 
(wafdna  ptpiy—by  whkh  u  meant  apparently  not  a  king's 
thefn  but  a  man  ol  the  Ivillkyxdt  cUu-— couitied  ol  kii  bone 
with  ill  saddle,  &c.  and  his  (Inn,  or  tso  poundt  o[  tUvcc  u  an 
equivalent  of  the  whole.  The  anna  lequired  were  piobably  a 
■word,  hdmei,  coal  of  mail  and  one  01  two  ipeBra  and  shields. 
There  are  distinct  indiotions  that  ■  similar  oulBl  wal  [airly 
common  in  Ine's  tin».  and  that  itt  value  was  much  Ibe  same. 
One  would  scarcely  be  justified,  however,  in  supposuig  that  il 
was  anything  Ukc  univenaJ;  lor  the  puichuing  power  e(  such 
a  sum  was  at  that  time  considerable,  represcntins  ai  ii  did 
about  16-10  Dien  or  loo-iio  sbecp.  It  would  hardly  be  safe 
IS  credit  men  o(  the  sitkynit  class  in  seocral  with  more  than  a 
horse,  qiear  aud  shield. 

(L  ApiaUvc  and  Villaf  Lift.—Tbcn  is  no  doubt  thai  a 
Fairly  advanci.-d  system  of  asricullure  mutt  have  been  known 
to  the  Anglo-Saxons  before  they  tetllcd  in  Britain.  This  is  made 
clear  above  all  by  the  icpreseDtaliua  of  a  plough  drawn  by  two 

BohusUn.    In  Domesday  Book  the  heavy  [Hough  with  eight 

the  beginning  of  the  ^Ih  century.  In  this  kingdom  the  system 
of  agricultural  Icrminology  wu  based  on  il.  The  unit  was  the 
ra/vJTf  iaratntm)  or  ploughland  (Irom  tulh,  "  {dough  "),  the 
lounh  pan  gl  wbich  was  the  tfioclr^  or  fMC  {jvlum],  originally 
a  yoke  ol  oien.  An  analogy  is  supplied  by  the  tsruceta  oC  the 
Danelagh,  the  eighth  pan  of  which  was  the  btnala  or  "  oi-land." 
In  the  jolh  century  the  J ff/tfnf  seems  lo  have  been  idcntifjcd  with 
the  bide,  but  in  earlter  times  it  contained  apparently  t'.vo  hidea. 
The  hideitscU,  which  was  the  regular  unit  in  the  other  kingdoms, 
usually  contained  [>a  acres  in  later  times  and  was  divided  into 
Four  firdn  [pviatat)  or  yardlanda.  But  originally  it  scents  lo 
have  meant  simply  ihe  land  pertaining  to  a  household,  and  its 
uea  in  early  times  is  Quite  uncertain,  though  probably  Ear  leas. 
For  the  acre  aba  then  wai  in  later  times  a  standard  length  and 
breadth,  the  former  bdng  called /«rA/aii;  {Jurltntl  and  rakoncd 
at  orK-eightbof  a  mile,  while  the  tucerbratdK  or  "  acre-breadih  ^' 

that  in  practice  the  lorm  of  the  acre  wu  largely  condiiionrd  by 
the  nature  of  the  ground.  Originally  il  is  thought  10  have  been 
the  nicasute  of  a  day's  ploughing,  in  which  case  the  dimensions 
given  above  would  scarcely  be  reached.  Account  must  iJso  be 
taken  ol  the  possibility  Ihat  in  early  times  lighter  teams  were  in 
(rneiil  use.  II  so  the  rurmal  dincnsions  ol  the  acre  may  very 
well  have  been  quite  dlScrcnt. 
The  husbandry  was  of  a  co-oporatjve  character.    In  the  nth 

case  lo  hive  been  otherwise  in  early  times;  for  though  Ihe 
peasant  might  then  hold  a  hide,  the  hide  itself  was  doubltesi 
smaller  and  not  commeniuraie  in  any  way  with  the  ploughland. 
The  holdings  were  probably  not  comptci  hut  ognsisted  of 
scattered  tiripi  In  common  fields,  changed  perhaps  Irom  year  lo 
year,  the  choice  being  determined  by  lot  or  olherwise.  As  for 
the  method  of  cultivation  itself  there  i>  Utile  or  no  evidence. 

may  have  been  in  use;  but  on  the  other  hand  it  ia  quite  possible 
that  in  many  cases  the  lame  ground  was  not  sown  more  than 
once  in  three  years.  Thepievalenccof  Iheco-operallvepcinciple, 
it  may  he  otwcrved.  wm  doubllcss  due  in  Urge  measure  lo  the 
fact  that  the  greater  part  of  England,  eqKciilly  towards  the 
can,  wwKttlcd  not  in  scattered  farms  or  hamlets  but  in  compact 
tiilMca  with  the  cultivated  lands  lying  round  them. 


The  mill  was  another  etemeni  whidi  tended  (o  pttnoMa  tto 
same  principle.  There  can  be  little  doubt  that  before  the  An^cK 
Salons  came  lo  Britain  Ihey  possessed  m  instrumoitfoepiBduis 
com  eicepi  the  quem  (iscsrii),  and  in  nmote  districts  this 
continued  in  use  until  quite  Uu  times.  The  griiidiBg  seem  lo 
have  been  perfoimed  cbieBy  by  female  slaves,  but  — ""—il'r 
we  bear  sbo.of  a  donkey-mill  {isakicarn't.  The  mill  proper, 
however,  which  was  derived  Irom  the  Romans,  as  its  name 
{mylt*.  (tMB  Ltt.  wiWiiu)  indicate*,  must  have  come  into  uae 
fairly  early.  In  the  iiih  century  every  village  of  any  siieseenw 
to  have  possessed  one,  while  the  earUest  relercoces  go  back  to 
the  Sih  century.  It  it  not  unlikely  that  they  were  in  use  durins 
the  Roman  occupation  a(  Britain,  and  consequently  that  they 
became  known  10  the  invadcia  almoii  from  the  Gist.  The  niill* 
were  ptttunuUy  dtiveo  loi  the  most  put  by  water,  though  we 
have  a  leferencc  to  a  witulraill  u  early  as  the  year  Sj3. 

All  the  ordinary  dopieiic  animals  were  known.  Cattle  asd 
sheep  were  putured  on  the  common  bmdt  appertaining  to  iha 
village,  while  pigs,  which  (e^pcciilly  in  Kent)  scorn  lo  have  been 
toy  numerous,  were  kept  in  the  woods-  Boe-kee]nng  was  also 
practised.  In  all  these  matter)  the  invuion  of  Britain  had 
brought  about  nochange.  The  cultivaliou  of  fruit  and  vegclablcx 
ontheothcrhand wasprobablyalmostentii^yncw.  The  name* 
arc  almost  all  derived  from  Latin,  though  moat  o!  them  seem  ta 
have  been  known  mod  alter  the  invasion,  at  all  events  by  the 
jth  cenloty. 

From  the  conddcrationa  pointed  out  above  we  can  hardly 
doubt  that  Ihe  village  poss>.*^ii.^t  a  certain  amount  of  cotjurato 
life,  centred  perhaps  in  in  ale-house  where  its  aHiin  were  dis- 
cussed by  the  inhabitanla.  Thcic  is  no  evidence,  however,  whidl 
would  juitily  us  in  crediting  such  gatherings  with  any  suhuaotiil 
degree  ol  local  luiheiity.  So  far  as  the  limited  inforrtatioa  at 
our  disposal  enables  us  lo  form  in  opinion,  the  lesponsibilily 
both  for  the  intemil  peace  uf  the  village,  and  for  its  obligatiODt 
to  the  outside  world,  seems  to  have  lain  with  the  lord  or  his 
steward  (tr"/',  lilluiii)  from  the  beginning.  A  quite  opposite 
view  has,  il  is  true,  found  favour  with  many  tcbi^rs,  via.  that 
the  vlllasa  were  orginslly  lettlcincnts  of  lice  liDdreda,aod  that 
the  lord's  authority  was  superimposed  on  them  at  a  later  date. 
This  view  is  hosed  mainly  on  the  numerous  place-names  ending 
in  -iii[,  -iucham.  -intlen,  I:c.,  in  vhich  the  tyllaUe-inf  is  thought 
to  rL'fcr  to  kindreds  of  cultivators.  It  i)  mote  probable,  however, 
that  thisc  names  are  di:rivcd  from  pcixins  of  the  tteel/tytiii 


HI  how  lai  the  villago  were  tetUy  ni 


settlemc 


be  regarded  as  conclu 
Anglo-Saion  Chronicle 
were  formerly  British  n 
ham  is  English^which 


evidence.  Thus  according  to  tha 
n.  571)  Denaington  and  Eyn^uni 
IS.  Even  il  the  first  part  of  Egoeiea- 
by  no  means  certain— il  i>  hardly 
Ling  this  statement,  for  Cuitcrbuiy 
ICminiKirabiiri)  and  Rochester  [llrtfa  aaUir)  were  without 
doubt  Roman  placet  in  spite  of  their  English  namo.  On  th* 
whole  it  seems  likely  that  the  cultivation  of^the  land  was  not 
generally  intcttuptcd  for  more  than  a  very  few  yearsi  heric«  th* 
convenience  of  utiliungeiliiing  si  tcsol  villages  would  be  obvioui, 
even  if  the  building*  thcmujvei  hod  been  burnt. 
T.  ToHfll.— Cildit  slates  thit  in  the  time  of  the  Soman* 

of  foriresics  UailcUai.  Most  of  these  were  situated  within  the 
terrilories  eventually  occupied  by  the  invaders,  and  reappear 
as  towns  in  later  time*.  Their  history  in  the  i;itcrvcning  period, 
however,  it  wrapped  in  obscurity.  Chaicr  appears  to  hive  been 
deserted  for  three  centuries  after  its  destiuction  early  in  the 
7th  century,  and  in  most  of  the  other  case*  there  are  featuics 
observable  in  Ibe  situation  and  plan  of  the  medieval  town  which 
suggest  that  its  occupation  had  not  been  continuous.  Yet 
London  and  Canterbury  must  have  recovered  a  ccrTain  amount 
of  imparlance  quite  early,  at  all  events  within  two  centuries 
after  the  invtsjon,  uul  the  same  is  probably  true  of  YeAt 


BRITAIN 


593 


Unmlo  and  ■  bw  diIim  pbaa.  Tie  Ion  appthd  to  both  the 
dtla  ud  tla  fonrOKi  d  the  Romm  vu  uuter  (Lat.  oifn), 
IcM  ErequentljF  tin  Ea^lih  md  turf.  Hiae  h  littta  or  no 
rrideDce  for  Ibe  eiiMencs  o(  tone  otha  thu  Kinuii  la  cariy 
tinMa,  [or  the  word  aril  li  merely  a  traiiiktloB  a(  tarf,  whkh 
wu  lucd  (or  any  rortified  dwdlinC'l'ace,  asd  it  b  Improbable 
tlut  anything  which  ccndd  pmieriy  be  called  a  town  ww  known 
to  the  Invadcn  beiora  their  airlmJ  In  Britain.  The  Dannh 
KttletDenu  it  the  cad  o(  the  9tb  centuiy  and  the  deltailve 
lystEin  Irdtiited  by  Kin|  AUied  gnc  birth  to  a  new  lerla 
fortified  town),  from  which  the  bonn^  ol  the  middle  aga 
mainly  doeended. 

8.  Heiati,— Owing  to  the  fact  that  hotsa  wen  buDt  entirely 
of  pershable  miieriila,  wood  and  wattle,  we  ue  necei 
dependent  itmoil  wholly  upon  litemy  evidence  for  knowled^ 
of  this  3nb3ect.  Slone  leemi  to  han  been  wed  bit  loi  cfauRbct, 
bnt  tha  wis  not  before  the  tUi  century,  and  we  ire  told  that  »l 
(bit  misons  were  imported  (mm  CiuL  Indeed  wood  vu  used 
for  many  chvicha^  as  wdl  as  foe  most  leculir  buildinp,  unlil 
*  nuch  later  period  The  wills  were  fomtcd  dther  ol  stom 
fiuAa  laid  together  mtlcally  or  bmiontiUy,  cr  ebe  of  posts 
•t  a  ihort  (blince  from  one  anothei,  the  inteislices  being  filled 
ap  with  watllewoil  danbcd  with  cliy.  It  is  not  unlikely  that 
Ihe  botHei  of  wealthy  pcisons  wete  distinguished  by  a  gocid  deal 
of  omimentation  in  carving  and  painting.  The  rool  was  bigb- 
pilched  ind  covered  with  straw,  hay,  reeds  or  tiles.  The  regular 
form  of  the  boOdinp  was  rectasgulir,  the  gable  sides  pn>b- 
aUy  being  shorter  than  the  olben.  Then  b  little  evidence  for 
pertitioni  Inside,  ind  in  wealthy  (subtlshmenis  the  place  ol 
rooms  aeems  to  have  been  supplied  by  separate  buHdinfp  within 
Ihe  same  enclcaure.  The  windowsmust  have  beenmereopenlngs 
In  the  walls  or  roof ,  for  ^B3s  was  not  Died  for  lUs  purpou  belere 
the  letter  port  of  Ihe  Tth  centDiy.  Stoves  were  known,  bat  most 
commonly  but  wis  obtained  from  an  open  fin  in  the  centre  o( 
Ihe  building  Of  the  various  buDdings  In  a  wealthy  csuUiih- 
ment  the  chief  were  the  hall  (kMlI),  which  waa  both  a  dining  and 
reception  room,  and  ihe  "  lady's  bower  "(irj^frw).  which  served 
also  IS  1  bedraoRi  for  tlw  mister  ind  rnktrcas.  Tothne  wc  have 
to  idd'buUdln^  for  the  ittendinli,  Utcben.  bakehotae,  Ac., 
and  farm  buildings.  There  it  Ilille  or  no  eiridence  fee  tlia  use 
«(tw»«toreyedliou>eslnearlytime3,tboiigh)nthciothaiidiith 
centuries  they  were  common.  The  whole  group  <a  btddin^ 
itood  In  in  CDcloaute  (tm)  surronnded  by  a  stockade  {hmfi, 
wtdch  peihtpa  rested  on  an  earthwork,  though  lldt  is  Ospwted. 
Sbiihriy  Ihe  homestead  of  the  peasant  wn  lutiounded  by  a 
fence  Miv). 

9.  OoOKi.—TfK  chief  miteilil  for  dotUng  wu  at  Bnt  no 
doubt  wool,  though  linen  must  also  have  been  used  and  later 
becune  (airly  common.  Tbe  chief  gumtniswen  the  coal  (rw), 
the  trousen  (irtc),  and  IIk  cloak,  for  which  there  seem  to  have 
been  a  number  of  nimo  (loKi,  kaak,  leiceiit.  f^.  Mrild).  To 
these  we  may  add  the  hit  (*««),  bdt  (lynW),  stockings  (*mo), 
ihofs  («rrt,  fKy.  rif/iiHt)  ind  ^ovei  (^if).  The  tmJWK  wis  1 
fur  cott,  whit  the  we  or  imoc  seems  to  hive  been  an  under- 
prmenl  and  probably  sleeveless.  The  whole  attlrt  wis  of 
Bitianal  ori^o  and  had  probably  been  lo  use  long  before  the 
fnvaslon  d  Britain.  In  the  great  bog^poiit  at  Thorsbjierg 
In  Angel,  which  dates  from  about  the  tth  century,  there  were 
lonnd  ■  cost  with  long  sleeves,  m  a  fair  state  of  preaervation, 
a  pair  of  long  trousers  with  remains  irf  socks  attached.  leietal 
shoes  and  portions  d(  square  doaki,  oIK  o[  which  had  obvloitsly 
been  dyed  gieen.  The  dres&  of  the  upper  dassfs  must  have  been 
of  a  somewhat  gorgeous  character,  especially  when  account  is 
taken  of  the  brooches  and  other  ornaments  which  Ibey  wore.  It 
is  worth  noting  that  iccording  lo  Jotdines  the  Swedes  in  the  6th 
century  were  splendidly  dressed. 

ro.  TVorfe.— The  few  notices  of  this  tnbject  wMch  ocetir  In 
Ihe  early  hwa  seem  to  refer  primarily  to  cattle-deaHng.  But 
then  can  be  no  doubt  that  a  considerable  fmport  and  export 
trade  with  the  continent  had  sprung  up  quite  early.  In  Bcde'i 
time,  if  not  before,  London  wu  resorted  to  by  many  merchants 
both  by  land  and  by  sea.    At  Cnl  the  ddei  apoR  trade  was 


Ffobabljlnilaifia.  E^lbb  tlavca  ante  to  be  obulned  In  Rami 
even  bdan  Ihe  end  of  the  6th  century,  ai  appeaia  (tom  tin 
■ell-known  itoiy  of  Gregory  Ihe  CreaL  Since  the  atandird 
price  of  ilavea  on  Ihe  continent  was  hi  genenl  Uno  or  tOMr 
times  aa  peal  la  It  waa  in  England,  tla  Iraik  must  have  been 
very  profitable.  After  the  adoption  of  Chiistianlly  it  waa 
gradually  pnddbtted  by  the  laws.  Tlio  nature  of  the  imports 
during  the  heathen  period  may  be  learned  chiefly  from  the 
graves,  which  contain  many  broocbca  and  otha  omamenls  of 
continental  origin,  and  also  •  eotaln  number  at  aHver,  toooM 
and  glass  vesseb.  With  Ihe  introduction  ol  ChristiaBity  Ibt 
ecdesiasliad  ootmextoa  between  England  and  lbs  continent 
without  doubt  Uou^  about  a  laift  Incnaae  In  the  fapoTts  of 
secular  u  well  n  iclitfous  objects,  and  Ihe  frequency  of  pOgri^ 
ages  by  persooB  of  Ugh  tank  mtnl  have  bad  the  aama  cOECt. 
The  use  ofsBk  (smIik)  and  (be  adoption  <rf  Ibe  mancua  (ica  bdinO 
point  to  communication,  dicct  or  Indlcect,  with  mon  diitaBt 
countries.  In  lbs  >th  cennry  m  beu  fteqnently  of  talk  «a 
merchant  sMpa  at  vaifous  porta,  especially  London. 

II.  CoiMi*.— Hie  eariiesi  coin*  wUcb  can  be  identified  wHk 
certainty  are  some  silver  irieces  wldcb  beu  in  Xanlc  letten  Ibl 
nine  of  the  UctclasUng^ihelred  (671-704),  There  are  otheia, 
however,  el  Ihe  same  type  and  standard  (ibuot  11  grdaa)  which 
may  be  attributed  with  probability  to  bis  father  Fenda  (d.  65i>. 
Bui  it  it  dear  from  the  laws  of  fibdberht  that  a  regularsilvci 
coinage  was  tn  use  it  least  half  a  century  befon  this  lime,  and 
it  Is  not  unlikely  that  many  unidentified  coins  may  go  back  lo 
the  6ih  century.     These  an  fiirly  numerous,  and  are  eliha 

'tbout  Inscriptions  or,  if  they  do  bear  letten  at  all,  they  seenl 
be  mere  corrupliona  ol  Roman  legends.  Ibeir  deaigna  an 
derived  from  Roman  or  Prankish  cdns,  apeddly  the  former, 
ind  their  weight  vui«  irom  about  10  to  31  ^ni,  though  tlu 
very  light  coins  are  rare.  Aiionymous  gold  coins,  resembling 
FianMsh  trienles  In  lype  and  atandaid  (it  gnint),  are  also 
fairly  common,  though  they  most  have  posed  out  ol  use  wry 

rly,  as  the  lawi  give  no  hint  of  their  eaislence.    Larger  gdd 

ins  (irWirfO  an  very  rare.  Inthecarlylawslhemoneyactually 
In  UM  af^wars  to  have  been  cnlirdy  silver.  In  Ofla's  lime  a 
new  gold  coin,  the  imkiu,  resembling  in  standard  Ihe  Roman 
solldus  (about  70  grains),  was  introduced  from  Uahinnmedan 
countries.  The  oliiett  extant  ^tedmen  bears  a  faitbfidly  allied 
Arabic  Inscription.  In  the  same  reign  the  lilver  raba  trndeiwcnt 
a  considerable  change  in  type,  bdng  made  larger  and  thinner, 
white  from  this  time  oawaiib  they  ilwaja  bece  the  name  of  the 
king  (or  queen  or  archbisbop)  for  whom  they  wen  issued.  Tho 
design  aiid  eiecuiion  also  became  remarkably  good.  Thcw 
wdghl  was  at  firii  uniOKled,  hut  probably  towards  tbe  ckse 


!  Oila's 
Alfred.  His 


rign  It  w. 


mindly  at 


Ih  Ibe  ei 


a  was  never  idul- 
NorthuBbiia, 


terited.   No  bniRM  coins  were  cisnni  eicept  ii 

Originally  iiillini  ("  shilling  ")  and  sceaii  seem  lo  have  been  tbe 

eims  for  gold  and  silver  coins  respectively.  By  the  time  of  Ine, 

however,  #™ii«(,  feyilnyiat  ("  penny  "),  had  dreidy  come  into 

e  for  the  latter,  while,  owing  to  the  temporary  diaippcaranc* 

a  gold  cdnage,  icCIJfHf  had  come  lo  denote  a  mere  unit  of 

[Qunl.     II  was.  however,  a  variable  uoil,  fat  ibe  Kcnllib 

illing  contained  twenty  sctaHai  (penct).  while  tbe  Mercian 

ntalned  only  fonr.    The  WesI  Saion  shiltiDg  seems  origindly 

have  been  Identical  with  the  Mercian,  but  later  it  contained 

five  pence.     Larp  paymenti  were  generally  made  by  wdghl, 

940-1JO  pence  being  reckoned  to  the  pouod,  perhaps  from  Ihs 

7ih  century  onwards.     Tlie  mancus  was  equaled  widi  thirty 

pence,  probably  Innn  the  time  ol  its  iniroduciion     This  means 

the  value  of  gold  relatively  to  silver  wu  10^  r  from  Ihe  end 

ffa's  reign.    There  is  reason,  however,  for  thinking  that  in 

eariler  times  It  wuuIowasS;  1,  or  even  ;:  r.     In  Nonbimibria 

loially  difFcient  monetary  system  pnvailed,  Ihe  tmil  being  the 

'yiM,  which  contained  three  Krtllas  or  pence.     Aa  to  the  valt* 

of  the  btODM  (oios  we  an  wiihout  inlotmatiaa. 


groiL  Thcibcep 
Mercii,  from  euly 
the  DonzuJ  price  of 


The  pntcbuiag  power  of  i 
■ns  valued  It  •  ibilling  in  be 
lima  liU  the  nth  aaiury. 

t  ilavt  dkd  hilr  1  pound  thai  ol  >  tlone.  i  tie  pncc  ol  i  pig  n 
twkc'MKl  that  dI  u  Di  ill  litna  u  eital  u  thit  o[  4  ihn 
Refarding  the  pricn  of  commodiiia  othct  than  live-ilock 
have  liitk  definite  inlonnalioD,  Uioush  an  ippniaitiiaie  aiinu 
may  be  nude  of  the  value  of  anna.  It  ja  woith  nothing  that ' 
often  heti  of  paymenta  in  gold  and  ailvcr  veasela  m  place 
money,    la  llu  foniici  cue  the  tnaBCui  was  Ibe  uaual  unit 


obeol 


II.  Onumeati, — Of  thcM  the  moat  inteiealing  aie  the  bnxichca 
which  were  worn  by  both  aeiea  and  of  which  laije  numben 
have  beai  found  id  heathen  ttmeleriea.  They  may  be  cloucd 
under  eight  leading  types:  (i)  diculat  or  ring-aluped,  (i) 
cnidform,  (j)  ■quue-lieadcd,  (4)  ndiated,  (s)  S-shapcd,  (6) 
bird^haped,  (;)  diih-ehaped,  (S)  cupcllifonn  or  saucer-shaped. 
Of  IkacNo).  jand  ■ 
thii  i>  probably  the 
But  the  laat-mEntloned  type  varies 
almost  plain  disks  of  bioiue  to  ma 
MuddecL  with  getni.    No.  B  is  believed 


t  loM 


peculiar  to  En^and, 
>nd  occur)  diieny  in  the  loullicni  MitlUnds,  ipecimeni  being 
luually  found  in  pairs.  The  bitoian  an  gill,  often  lunished 
wiib  dettchabic  plates  and  aonctimcs  set  »ilh  brilliinis.  The 
remaining  types  were  probably  brovght  over  by  the  Anglo- 
Saxons  at  the  time  of  the  invuioii.  Nos.  I  and  3  are  widcipicad 
outside  England,  but  No.  i,  Ihoush  common  in  Scandinavian 
countries,  is  hardly  to  be  met  with  south  of  the  Elbe.  Il  i> 
worth  noting  thai  a  number  of  spccincni  were  found  in  the 
cremation  ccmeleiy  at  Borgsledtcrfcid  Dear  Rendtbutg.  In 
England  it  occurs  chiefly  ui  the  tnOTe  norlhcra  couniiei.  No(. 
s  and  J  vary  greatly  in  siie,  from  i)  to  ;  in.  ot  more.  The 
smaller  specimens  are  quite  plain,  but  the  laiger  ones  are  gilt 
and  generally  of  a  highly  ortumcntal  character.  In  bter  times 
we  har  of  brDocbes  worth  11  much  as  sia  mancuui,  sj.  et)ui- 

Among  other  ornaments  wt  may  mention  haitpini,  tinp 
and  ear-rings,  and  especially  bucklci  which  are  often  of  clabotatc 
workmanship.  Bracdets  and  necklets  are  not  very  common, 
a  fact  which  b  rather  luiprising,  as  in  early  limn,  before  the 
issuing  of  a  coinage,  these  anicka  (beafdj)  took  the  place  of 
money  to  a  lorlfc  extent-  Hic  glass  vcs&cls  are  finely  madt:  and 
of  somewhat  atriking  appearance,  though  they  dosdy  resemble 
contcmponiy  coniincntid  type*.  Since  the  art  of  glass-working 
was  unknown,  according  10  Bede,  until  neatly  the  end  of  the 
;lh  century,  il  ia  probable  that  (hew  weie  all  of  coniincnlal 
or  Roman-British  origin. 

ij.  AmiaimeiiH.—li  is  clear  fnim  the  frequent  refcreoces 
(0  dop  and  hawk)  in  the  charters  that  hunting  and  falconry 
were  keenly  pursued  by  the  kings  and  ihcir  retinues.  Games, 
whether  indoor  01  ouldiMr,  are  much  loa  frequently 
but  there  is  no  doubt  that  the  use  of  dice  lUtf)  was 
At  court  much  time  wis  given  to  poetic  rediaikm,  often 
pinied  1^  music,  and  accomplished  poeta  received  liberal 
nwarda.  The  chiel  mu^cai  instrument  ws*  the  harp  {luarpt), 
which  is  of  ten  mentioned.  Less  frequently  we  hear  of  the  fluic 
Ifift)  and  later  also  of  the  fiddle  (^eJ^).  Trumpets  (ion., 
imettliarH,  tyn)  appear  to  have  been  used  chiefly  as  signals. 

14.  n'ritirif.— The  Runic  alphabet  seems  to  have  been  the 
only  form  ol  writing  known  to  the  Anglo-Saxons  before  the 
invasion  of  Britain,  and  indeed  until  the  adoption  of  Chlistianily. 
In  its  earliest  forni,  as  it  appear!  in  inscriptions  on  various 
articles  found  in  Schleswig  and  in  Scandinavian  countries,  it 
consisted  of  twenty-lour  leltem,  all  of  which  occur  in  ebectdaria 
in  England.  In  actual  use,  however,  two  letters  soon  became 
obsolete,  buin  number  of  other*  weie  added  from  time  to.  time, 
some  of  which  are  found  also  on  the  continent,  while  others 
■re  peculiar  to  certain  parts  of  England.  Originally  the  Runic 
alphabet  seems  to  have  been  used  for  writing  on  wooden  boaKts, 
though  none  of  these  have  survived.  The  inscriptions  whidi 
have  come  down  to  us  an  engraved  partly  ou  menorial  slone*, 


which  are  not  tuieo— na  la  (b*  Bocth  of  EBgUnd,  and  pad^ 
on  various  metal  oblecli,  nngbic  Imn  iWDtd*  to  broocbea. 
The  adoption  of  Christianity  brought  about  the  faunductlon  ot 
the  Roman  alphabet;  but  the  oldet  lOfm  of  writing  did  not 

immediately  pasa  out  of  use,  for  almoat  all  the  inscriptions 
which  we  possess  date  from  Ibe  ilhsr  folloving  cenlurlea.  Coins 
with  Runic  kgends  were  issued  at  least  until  the  middle  of  the 
Stb  ctntuiy,  and  some  of  the  mrsnorial  tloncs  dale  probably 

column  at  Bewcnstie,  Cumberland,  believed  la  commcmotaie 
AUiftith,  the  son  of  Oswio,  who  died  about  fiia.  and  the  croaa 
at  Ruthwell,  Dumfrieishire,  which  is  probably  about  a  century 
later.  The  Ronian  alphabet  was  very  soon  a^ilied  to  the 
purpose  of  writing  the  native  language,  t-t-  in  the  publiaiion 
of  the  laws  of  £thelbeihl.  Yet  the  type  uf  character  ia  which 
even  the  eariiest  surviving  MSS.  are  written  is  beUevcd  to  be  of 
Celtic  origin.  Most  probably  it  was  introduced  by  the  Irish 
missionaries  who  Bvangeliiod  the  ntnth  of  England,  though 
Welsh  influence  is  scarcely  impansible.  Eventually  thisalphshet 
was  enlarged  (probably  before  the  end  of  the  7lh  caniury)  by  tlu 
inclusion  o!  two  Runic  letters  for  U  and  w. 

IS-  iCorrtoit.^-This  is  perhaps  the  subject  on  which  oui 
iuformstion  is  most  inadequate.  It  is  evident  that  the  rda-^ 
tiiHuhipi  which  prohibited  marriage  were  diSeresi  from  those 
lecogniied  by  the  Church;  but  the  only  fact  which  we  know 
deRnltdy  is  that  it  was  customary,  st  least  in  Kent,  for  a  man  10 
mairy  his  stcptnothn.  In  the  Kentish  laws  marriage  is  repre- 
sented as  haidly  moie  than  a  malur  of  purchase;  but  whether 
this  was  the  case  in  the  other  kingdoms  also  the  evidence  at  our 
ilisposol  ii  huuScicnt  to  dcdde.  We  know,  however,  that  in 
addition  tothcsum  paid  to  the  hride'sguardisn,  it  was  customa^ 
lor  the  bridegnxun  to  make  a  present  {ntrtmgifu)  to  the  bride 
henelf ,  which,  in  the  case  ol  queens,  often  consisted  of  a  residence 
and  considerable  estates.  Such  persons  also  had  ictinuea  aad 
forli&cd  residences  of  theii  own-  In  the  Kentish  laws  pmvitioa 
is  made  for  widows  to  receive  a  proportionate  share  in  their 
husbands'  property. 

16.  futitrti  Rila. — Both  inhumatton  and  erematioa  were 
practised  in  heathen  times.  The  former  seems  to  have  prevailsd 
everywhere;  the  tatter,  however,  was  much  more  common  in 
the  more  noilhcm  counties  than  in  the  south,  though  case* 
are  fairiy  numerous  Ihtougbout  the  valley  of  the  Thames.  Ia 
Bcamlf  citmation  is  represented  as  the  prevailing  custom. 
There  is  no  evidence  that  it  was  stlU  practised  when  the  Romaa 
and  Ci^c  mlssionaiieB  arrived,  but  it  is  worth  no^ng  (hat 
Bccurding  to  thv  ttsdiiion  given  in  the  Anglo-Saxon  Chronicle, 
Oxfordshire,  where  the  custom  seems  to  have  been  lairly  common, 
was  iwt  conqucied  before  the  kilter  part  of  the  6th century.  The 
burnt  rcnuint  were  generally,  if  not  always,  enclosed  in  urns 
and  then  buried.  The  urns  themselves  are  of  clay,  somewhat 
badly  baked,  and  bcoi  geomeiriol  patterns  applied  with  a 
punch.  They  vaiy  considerably  in  site  (from  4  to  11  in.  or  more 
in  diameter)  and  closely  tiaenble  those  found  in  northern 
Gennany.  Inhumation  graves  are  sometimes  richly  furnished. 
The  skeleton  is  bid  out  at  full  length,  generally  with  the  bead 

shield  obliquely  across  the  middle.  Valuable  bioochcs  and  other 
ornaments  are  often  found-  In  many  other  cases,  however,  the 
grave  contained  noihing  except  a  small  knife  and  a  simple 
brooch  or  a  few  beads.  Usually  both  classci  ol  graves  lie  hdow 
the  natural  surface  of  the  gmund  without  any  perceptible  trace 

1 7.  Rditiett. — Mere  again  the  infoimalion  at  oui  diquaal 
is  very  limited.  There  can  be  little  doubt  thai  the  heathan 
Angli  worshipped  ceitain  gods,  among  them  Ti  (Tig),  Wodea, 

'Thunor  and  a  goddess  Frigg,  fiom  whom  the  names  Tuesday, 
Wednesday,  Thursday  and  Friday  are  derived.  Ti  waa  probably 
the  same  god  of  whom  early  Roman  writers  speak  under  die 
nameMan(sceT4K),  while  Thunor  was  doubiless  the  thundei-god 
(sec  Tuox),  From  Woden  (g.s.)  most  of  the  royal  families  tnced 
their  descenL  Seaineat,  theanccstor ol  the  Eut  Sawn  dynaity, 
was  also  in  all  piobability  ■  god  (see  EmcI,  KinodOii  Or). 


BRITANNICUS— BWTISH  CENTRAL  AFRICA 


A  utbraFomoipUc  repnsenUUais  ol  the  p>di  m  Iwvc 
BO  dtir  rvitkace,  tbough  wt  do  hear  of  dtrina  in  ucred 
CBctoMiCT,  at  whkh  werifita  woe  oSocd.  It  it  deu  ibo 
tint  fhere  vcK  penoni  ipecUUr  act  aiaxt  f«t  tbe  priatluwd, 
who  wen  not  allowed  to  bear  aims  or  to  ride  except  on  mait$. 
Notica  of  laend  tiee*  and  grovei,  ipriogi,  ilonei,  Ac,  arc 
much  moM  heqnenl  than  tine  Bfening  lo  the  (pds.  We  hear 
^tu  a  (ood  deal  of  witcha  and  valkyries.  and  ol  chinni  and 

lellen  weie  cndited,  b  in  the  North,  with  the  poirer  of  baiciuii( 
boada.  .  It  k  piob^e  oIb  that  the  belici  in  the  ^irit  world 
■nd  In  a  futon  life  wu  ol  a  umeriiat  innilar  kind  to  what  we 
find  in  Scandinavian  Kliglon.    (Sec  Tedtonjc  Peoples,  f6.) 

The  chief  pcinaty  auIlHriciii  an  Cildu.  Dt  Exciiia  Bniamnof , 
■■d  NcenliH,  Siilant  AritnuH  (kL  Sin-Mane,  Berlin,  1144): 
Th.  Moaauea  ia  Mam.  Gtrm.  hU.,  AuO.  AntituUi..  torn.  uii. 
(Berliib  iMJi  Bid*,  Hal.  Eid.  (td.  C.  Plummn.  Oilord.  1996); 
the  Jbxeo  OrniUfXtd.  C  Plummei,  OiTsnl.  1892-1699) :  >nd  the 
iluto^aw  Ltw  (cd.  F.  LiebermiDn.  Hille,  190]).  and  Chanen 
nir  da  Q.  Biieh,  armAmuH  Sanmiium,  LDndon,  leSj-lS^j). 
Moden  authoriliB:  Sh.  Tuner,  EiUtr)  "/  X^  Anifi-Saxinii 
(LoDdon,  Itvt-ltis;  7th  ed.,  1851);  Sir  F.  pJilirave,  Rizt  and 
Pnit^iu  i^lfa  £aifut  Ctmmtmelli  (London.  iSji-iSji);  ].  M. 
Kemble.  Tki  Stxau  in  Eailati  (London.  ItM;  lad  ad..  1876}! 
K.  Maiirer.  Kriliuii  Oitrician  d,  dnMoki  Ctimtiint  k.  Krciu- 
ttianuttujt,  voIb.  L-iiL  (Munich.  l8f     --«-«■■■  '    rg. 

CudicUf  ■»  Em^md  (Himbura.  Ig  £t 


IEn^xj  (Londoi 
PtliliaU  Hiitarf  a/  En^a^  ILjudi 


?n^.*4^ 

ii'luf 

En^a^  ILjudi 

^H^UlHrnuiua.  f.  Ol 

thMteTifwYiy^  Seebohm^Sifc 


is;s„"",«. 

(London,  rooa)  1  r,  Yinocradaff. 

toot):  H.  M.  Ciudwick,  Studiii  ™  1.-, ,— ra- 

WJ«,  1905) ;  I**  0"i"  «/'*'E"C'"»  "'"'"(*■. '907) :  M.  Heyne, 
oiA- 2tt  Id«  Mtf  CnUrKtio  der  HcU(  f  B>ri4  (Pwlerbsni.  I864) ! 
R.  HwiiilK. Ooi dnXKbifaai  ((^xtfln  ■.  FsriOmm,  tj)  IStnu- 
tmn.  lUif;  U.  Heyiw,  [Haliilu  HaiualUrlimtt.  L.li..  in.  ILeipiig. 
1900-t«ll;  O.  tWJwin  Brown,  rfa  ,4rtf  la  Early  Enthni  (London, 
jfuin,  nL  L  {Loadoa.  1887]:  C.  Reuh  Smitli,  CnUnfixn 
^>/dMa  (Lmdon.  ia4»-i868):  R.  C.  Nerille,  5iuin>  Mupais 
fl>oedaa.  i8$i};J.  Y.  Akennan,  Rataaa  ^Fafom  SKmidtm 
(Landon.  1855);  BanD  I.  de  Baye.  tttdnarU  datb-nranit  (Parii. 
IS8o)j  n>  Tndialrial  Arb  tf  lit  Aiulr-Saatni  (London,  i8t3>i 
a  SU|di*Blk  Tin  OU  IVfrttn  Kmmi  Urmauim  (Loodoo  and 
C<ni*Bhat*i>,  iMe-losDl  W.  Vitlor.  Dw  MrAawlrtKtn  Xuwa- 
N»n(  [Haitwri.  1899)-  ReferencemustalKibeinBdeUtbeanicle? 
on  Anifo-SauD  anliquiliH  ia  Ihe  ViOeria  CftMy  HiiUriti.  and  to 
viriow  papera  in  AreJuuototia,  the  Arduahiital  Jturini,  Itie 
/•■raaf  flT  (li(  A^liit  Areiamlafiaii  Sttiity.  the  AasriiDM  >f  Iti 
Stiity  rfAiOiiaarut,  the  .tuccvM  Ardiiuitiaal  Sttinui-RtparU, 
and  other  aoltquarian  ^ouniala,  (H-  M-  C-} 

BUTAItHICaa,  ton  ol  the  Roman  empemr  Clandiia  bj  hit 
tUrd  wile  Meualtioa.  waa  bora  probably  ld.  4r.  He  waa 
wiginally  called  Claudiia  Tiberius  Germsiiicat,  and  ttctived 
the  sacne  Britannicua  Irom  the  senate  on  account  of  the  couqueat 
Dude  in  Britain  about  the  tiote  of  his  birth.  Till  48,  Ihe  date  of 
hit  iDother'i  eiecutioa,  he  was  looked  upon  u  the  heir  proump- 
tlve;  but  Agripinna,  the  new  wile  of  Claudim,  soon  petsnaded 
the  feeble  emperor  is  adopt  Luciia  Domitius,  koowD  later  aa 
Nero,  her  aon  by  a  previon)  maitiage.  Alter  the  acccsion  of 
Kero,  Agrippina,  by  playing  on  hii  feara.  induced  him  to  poiton 
Britanoicua  at  a  banquet  (a.d.  jj).  A  golden  atatue  ol  the 
young  prince  wia  set  up  by  the  emperor  Titua.  Biitannicua 
h  the  lubjecl  of  a  tragedy  by  Kacine. 

Taciturn,  Anialt.  lii.  3S.  41,  xill.  14-ifi:  SoetaalBi,  Are,  331 
Did  Casiue  bi.  31,  34!  wnikt  quoted  under  NEKa 

BRITISH  CBNTSAL  AFRICA.  Ihe  «cnRtl  name  eiven  to  (he 
Britiih  proleclotatet  in  Sooth  Onlnl  Africa  north  ol  Ihe 
Zambezi  river,  but  more  particularly  to  a  large  territory  lying 
between  8°  ij'  S.  on  Uke  Tanganyika  and  17*  6"  S.  on  the 
livH  Shirf,  near  ita  conBoence  with  the  Zunboi,  and  between 
36°  10"  E.  (diiirict  of  Mlanjt]  and  ifi"  30'  E.  (r 
Kafukwe).  Ori^n^ly  ibe  tem  "  Britiih  OntrtI  Africa 
inUed  by  Sir  H.  U.  Johnali  - 


influence  north  of  the  Zamhei!  which  were  formerly  intended 

Id  be  under  ooe  adminislration;  but  the  course  of  eventa 
having  prevented  the  connexion  ol  Buouehuid  (see  BAicrraa) 
and  (he  other  Rhodesian  tefriiatia  with  the  mote  direct  Britiih 
■dmmislration  north  of  the  Zambezi,  Ihe  name  ol  Briiiih 
Central  Africa  wu  conliDed  oSdally  (in  iSgj)  to  the  Briliib 
protectorate  on  the  Sliirf  and  about  Lake  Nyn^a.  In  vyoj  Iha 
official  tide  of  the  protedonte  waa  changed  to  that  of  Nyisaland 
Protectorate,  while  the  tiilea  "  Notih  Eastern  Rhodesia  "  and 
"  North  Weileni  Rbodsia  "  [BirotHbnd)  have  been  given  to 
the  two  divisiona  of  the  British  South  Africa  Company's  territory 
north  of  (he  Zambeii.  The  weatem  boundary,  however,  of  tbe 
territory  here  deiciibed  hu  been  taken  lo  be  a  line  drawn  Irom 
oui  the  Hiurcc  of  Ihe  Lualnba  on  the  louthem  boundary  of 
Belgian  Congo  to  Ihe  wstetn  source  of  the  Luanga  river,  and 
thence  the  course  ol  the  Luunga  10  ita  junction  with  tbe  Lumgwc- 
Kafuka-e,  after  which  the  main  course  of  the  Kafukwe  delimits 
tbe  territory  down  to  the  ZambcaL  Thui,  beiidea  the  NyaaaZand 
Protectorate  and  North  Eastern  Rhodnia,  part  of  North  Weilero 
Rhodeua  is  included,  and  for  the  whole  of  thia  region  Biilsh 
CenUal  Africi  is  the  most  convenient  desigaation. 
PliyiicJ  FaCarn.— Within  these  Umili  we  have  a  territory  of 

TLake  TanEan>Hla,  hidit  than  hnlT  Lake  Mweru, 
f  Lake  Bangweulu,  nearly  the  whole  toutsta  of  the 

. ,__  .  -,,j„^_  u„  ^jioi,  of  the  river 

eodwateri  of  the  river  Congo). 
I  (or  upDCr  Congo)  from  it>  eiit 

- (nnn  the  nortli  end  of  I,»ke 

Luanga  end_  the  whole  coone  of  the  Kafue 


t\vtn  Shirf  and  Lmi 
orKafu'kwer"  "Olhlrrie. 


lonlhe'i^per'^irf).  ami  Ihe  a^lnciin'fwnn'iVflyl^'^i'i'rw., 
being  the  Bantu  word  Kilne).  which  Ilea  oa  Ihe  bonlcra  of  Ihe 
Portuguese  province  of  Mocamblque.  The  Routhem  border  of  this 
territory  Is  ihe  north  hank  of  the  Zambeii  firm  the  confluence 
of  the  Kafokwe  to  thai  of  the  Luanjwa  »l  Zumbo.  Eanwards  of 
Zumbo,  British  Central  Aliin  b  leparatrd  from  Ihe  river  Zimbeil 
by  the  Poriuguew  poHcnioni:  no'erihelcia.  connderahly  mote 
than  two-thirda  of  the  country  lies  aHihin  the  Zamheri  ba^fl.  and  it 
included  within  the  luboidinale  basins  of  Uke  Nyau  and  of  the 
riven  Luannn  and  Lumgwe-Kaltikwe,  The  rentiining  poniena 
drain  into  the  baiini  of  the  river  Coneo  and  of  Lake  Tancanvika. 

half-dried  iMmpo  I  led  Chiha,  which 

uilet^lhoujh  In  past  agei  it  pcobobly 


t.''abo%T  m-(e«l.    Only 


npt«f"lidl  hi 


..-  regards  ongr^phita 

h^^^'sh!^^^°at  ai 
lafcj^r  ■^-™^-  -■- 
anyika  ■ 


breadth  varyins  from  15  10  40  m.    Lake  Tin- 

. —  „ -JDO  ft.  above  tea-level,  wllh  a  length  of  about 

m.  and  an  average  breadth  of  nearly  40  m.    Lake  hlweru  and 
-  ■  '      ■  .in,|. 


Lake  Bangweuhi  are  respecliwly  1000  and  1750  ft.  above  lea-kvel 
Lake  Chirwa  i>  1946  It.  in  aliiiude.    The  h'gheM  mounuln  fount 
...:.!.:....- i7_i, ■—-'■■■-■,)  down  15  Mount  Mlanjc.  inlhcea- 
the  pTotectorare.    This  remarkabte 

_  _  , _..  isolated  "chunk"*  of  the  Archean 

pFateau.  through  which  at  a  later  date  there  has  been  a  volcanle 
-  iibuni  of  baiall.  The  lumniit  and  lidel  of  this  mas  nhibil 
veral  cratcra.  The  highest  peak  of  Mlanje  reachu  an  altitude  of 
iti  It.  (In  German  territory,  near  the  north  end  of  Lake  Nyaea. 
irf^ close  10  Ihe  Brit'-'-  ' — ■■-  '■  " •  ■> "■-  ->•-—•- 

Lnd  DedEB.  in  AngDnilaitd.  which  reach  an  ahhude  of 

-  -       -■    -^.^..-iM.. idintheKondeMounlaina 

ruceed  a  height  of 
)  and  Chiradnr'" 


Ottia  hi^  I 

00  li,,  and  points' 

__oofl.    There , 

(}soo  ft.)  In  Ihe  Shii4  Kighlanda.    The  prfncl[ 


:son  the  Nvika  Ptaiean  and  in  the  Koitde  Mounlaina 
of  Lake  Nyasa,  which  probaUv  enceed  a  height  (' 
-  -•-  " Zomhe  (»00  (t.)  and  Chiradnt 


untry 


n-(i)thcShir{Highkiod 
tween  the  river  Shirf,  the 

"to  the  »e«  ofukc  Nya» 


re  Chllwi 


["be  Luengwe-Kaf'ukwe.  'tslf  oflea  called  kS^. 
■aofwa  (or  Loangwn)  la  an  iadmndeiu  afHuenl  ol 


596 

SbM:  (j)  Uw  Nyilw  PUuiu,  ohich  lis 
Biut  (u^Ote  Nyaa-Tanraayila  PIiihii 
river  Luanpn,  ihe  viciniiy  of  Tanca 

L«be  Mwvni  (bifbcB  poinl,  700D-A000  fi,).  FiBAJIy  nay  be  own- 
lionHJ  tUt  tracl  of  elevated  couolry  bdvecn  Lake  Baocweulu  and 
the  river  Luaputa.  and  between  Lalx  Ban^wvulu  and  tbc  Lasin  of 
Ebe  LuanEWB ;  and  alio  the  Lukin^  ^Muihin^)  or  U^wara  Moun- 
caina  of  north  Wenern  RJiodeaia,  which  attain  pertupa  10  altitude* 

The  whole  of  ihii  put  of  Atiia  ii  pniclically  wilhuit  any  ttrelch 

raiofall.     TV  nearrit  approoch  to  a  dneit  [■  the  rather  diy  land  la 

lower  Shirt  diurici.  tlie  annual  (ainbiU  BnfaaUydaeaiiDieiiccrdan 
avenKof  IS  in.  Diewlicie,  in  ibc  vicinity  td  Ibcbifhm  nwuntnina. 
tlie  ninlairniay  alliinao  average  of  75  in.,  in  pansof  MounI  MUnje 
pouibly  often  ifschinff  to  100  in.  in  the  yea/'  Theaveraee  nuy  be 
pnt  at  so  in-  per  aniiuni»  whicb  ta  alia  about  ihe  rvenge  raintfull 
of  the  SUrt  Kiihlanda,  thai  port  of  Britiih  Cemnl  Afrks  whicli  at 
pment  attncti  the  neateat  autnber  of  Eimpean  aettlen- 

Ceg'sn.— The  whole  lamulion  is  Aichtan  and  Prioanr  (irilh  ■ 
few  modem  piutonlc  outbiirata)»  and  chiefly  eon^Aa  of  franite, 
'  "BUM  and  other  Aicbean  ncka, 


Mlanie  plateau  (S-E.  a 
Lake  Nyua  and  Ihe  eaa 

'''^li  and  l/inmili.-CDlit  hai  been  found  in  Ihe  Shii«  High- 
laodBi  in  Ihe  liillt  alonf  the  N^asa-Zamheii  watvrparting.  and 
in  (he  maunlainoui  rcoion  west  of  Lake  Nyaaa^  lifver  (ealena, 
•ilver-lead)  in  the  hiUt  of  the  Nyas-Zambeii  <nterpartiiR ;  lend 
in  ihe  ume  diuricd  graphite  in  llie  wcMem  biiia  ol  Lake  Nyata: 
(upper  (pyritei  and  pun  on)  in  Ihe  vrst  Nyan  iccion  and  in  the 
lui\t  of  North  WeusD  and  Nonh  Eaitera  Khodcua:  iioB  oic 
alinott  oniwraaDy:  mica  alnoit  univertalty:coAloccuninthenonh 
and  weH  Nvaea  dittricit  (eapeckJly  in  Ihe  Karroo  aandalonet  of  the 
R  ukuru  vatLey).  and  pethaMalDnDihe  Zambeii-N  yaaa  wairrinn  ing  \ 
limotane  in  the  SUri  buiia:  matsehile  in  aouth-weu  AnEDniland 
and  North  Weitern  RhodeiUi  and  perhapa  pMrolcum  in  pUns 
along  the  Nyut-Zanibcii  waleipan inc.    (SrcaUo  RHOH9*.) 

flara,~t(o  nrt  of  ihe  counlry  come*  wilhin  Ihe  loteM  regHHi  oT 
Weit  Africa.  Tlw  whole  of  it  may  be  laid  10  lie  within  Ihe  aavannah 
or  park-like  diviwii  of  the  continent.    A*  a  gcncial  ruk:.  the  laiid- 

ve^uiloa  andlafly  wcU  watered.  Acluat  foritt*  of  kiCty  met. 
lontti  d  ■  Weal  Alricaa  lype.  are  few  in  number,  and  are  chieflv 
limlied  lo  poniona  of  the  Nyika.  Angonikind  and  Shiri  Kivhlaads 
ptaieaui.  and  toa  few  nook*  in  vjdicyi  near  the  uulh  end  of  Tangan- 
yika. Patche*  of  foieit  of  tropical  luxuriance  may  nni  be  «n  on 
tbeilopetof  MountiMlanjeandCbiradiulu.  Onlbeunpcr  plaieau* 
of  Mount  Mlaojc  there  are  femtiof  ■  remarliable  conifer  <H'hM>ui(- 
Ma  u  mliyiti).  a  relet  too  of  ihe  cypreu.  which  in  appemncc  mcmblct 
much  more  the  cedars  and  ia  IJicxefort  wnmgly  Myled  tin  "Mlanje 
cedar.**  Thi*  tree  ia  remarkable  at  being  the  moit  northern  form  of 
agroup  of  yeW'lilce  eooiferaconAned  olhcrwiie  10  South  Africa  (Cape 
Colony).  Immenie  anAi  in  the  lower-lying  plain*  am  covered  by 
long,  coals  gru,  iDnatbiK*  reaching  10  f I,  in  heighi.  Man  of  ihc 
Wcw  African  foml  tree*  are  rtpreientcd  ia  Briiiili  Central  Africa. 
A  luU  Uu^of  ibc  known  Aon  ha*  been  campikil  t^^  W.  ThiietioD- 

?^"V  'i^L-...:..  „J!,."^''Briiii  Central  mL. 


BRITISH  CENTRAL  AFRICA 

A  to  the  north  of  Anganiland ; 

•II  hnurccn  Ihe  bailn  of  the 

and  the  vicinity  of 


for 


id  partly  introduced) ;  coflee 


■itd  coflec  U  laid  t 


inlrodund  from  abrvad) ;  rubber 
I.  uwiH  of  Uoiclfilii,  Fioi. 

liing  a  valuable  drug); 


-derived  chiefly  fr, 

aUMira.  CarpUiiti  and  CoJupHorni'ii 
aaccoua  planum  the  Sln^aiUitiii  pod  ^ui 

African  cultivated  cereal*  [Strtti 

— culiivalcd  chiefly  by  Ei     

of  paUn>— the  oil  palm  on  ^.^  1 
aouth  end  of  TaOEanyilta  and 
HyploKU.  Fkmaioi  wild  da. _ 

The  lail  named  wa*  ialnnluccd  _.  .     ._    __.  __  

loundonLakaNyaiaandanihekinrShirf.  MouoTiheEi 
ngeiable*  have  been  introduced,  and  thrive  eaccedingly 
cipetially  the  potato.  The  nunBo  hai  alio  been  iniioducei 
l^„.  •«<  hu  uk.fl  to  Ihe  Shirf  Highlandi  aa  to  a  annd 
line*  have  been  planted  by  Ewopeai 


oti'the  Liiapula),  the  ^uiu  an. 
d  by  Araba  at 


C*aBgea»  lemoDa  am 
vine  hii'herimbai  pr 


r.Ksr 


Pineappin  givn  the  bev^  re 


•  bkbt 
>eSidr. 


'Ikm  iavour.    The  v«tna&  product 


trough  which  thi* 
le  eipon  of  which,  however,  ha*  paaaed  through  veiy  diiheartieniiiB 
ictuationi-  In  ty>J-i9a6,  irj.gig  lb  ot  cefTee  [value  £|G.|33> 
ne  eiponcd ;  but  during  thi*  twelve  moniha  ihe  crap  of  eotton— 
liica  newly  dcvekipednnduM,  mee  to  776^1  In  fnm  iSj.ltJ  K 

1904-190^    An  eaiiaOy  narkad  inciei*  in  totaccQ  and  (nnud- 
jli  {Aratkii)  haa  taUB  pbce^    Bee*wan  ia  a  lieiac  export. 
/'duio.— The  fauna  la  on  tb*  nholc  very  rich.  It  haa  affitflie* 

•  <>.u  ,«iw-»  with  the  We(t  African  loieM  region,  but  dlHer* 
latrlef  to  the  norUi  and  aoirth  by  the  abeenee 

'  ■  ■    ■  ».  — . 


Iiily  (inm  the  eouatiiei  t 

luch  animal*  aa  prefer  di 

a.  gaieUe*  and  (he  ^l"^**     There  i*  a 
ibulionof  thi*  laat  between  the  dinricu 

J  and  llioae  of  Eaat  Africa  between  Vieto , 

in  Ocean.    The  fiiallc  ■  found  In  IheLnaaga  valleyilt  ladia 
with  in  the  eUmne  nonh-c*ii  of  the  couBBy.    The  ordinary 

an  rhinoceros  bnHI  occaiioBaUy.  bin  very  rarely,  aeea  in  the 

5hii« Highland*.    TheAfricanelephantiifairlyconnUMi  (hiou^iDut 
ihole  tetrilory.    Uon*  and  kopnrda  are  very  abundant;  the 

,  it  tlill  found  In  gnat  mirnben.  and  beknga  to  thn  Central 

African  variety  of  Burchell'a  arbia.  which  ia  complciely  aiiipFd 
down  lo  the  haafa.  and  I*  imennedlale  In  many  panlculara  between 
the  true  libra  ot  the  mountain*  and  Burthell'i  lebra  of  the  pbin*. 
The  principal  aalelofie*  found  ate  the  table  and  the  nan  {Hipt*- 
'  '  w*  af  CMu  «  waterbuck  (the  pukn.  Ibe  Scnga 
c.  Crawthay**  waterbuck  and  the  eontnon  waters 
h,  laeiafbe  (paaiEliinu),  banebeeai.  brindled  inu 
^),Bevml  duykeraQncludlni  the  large  OfltolifiiMt 
pfinger,  oribi.  aleinbok  and  reedboch-  Aimhw 
o  or  mcR  bushbuchs.  the  inyala.  the  waiir  trageb|A 
-  -->  -■--  --udu  and  Liviiwstone's  eland.  The  oaly 
"be  hyaena  ia  the  apeiied  kind. 
leven  species  of  nwakeya. 


/hjIoWjbIi.— The 
ound  of  a  Han 


f  rs.  and  all  theae  ibcet  >  0 

Illy  beloafinc  la  but  one  ^lecie*,  thi 

b  itprKCDtcd 


■e  inti      ■ 


only  one 

perhapa  at  the  north 
end  of  Lake  Nyiii.  where  Ibe  physique  of  the  native  Awankonde 
recalls  thai  at  the  Nilolic  negro).  Arabs  Tiom  Zaniibat  have 
settled  in  the  country,  but  not,  as  lai  a*  i*  known,  eailier  than 
the  htiinnins  of  the  19th  century.  As  tbt  prcsenl  writer  talm 
the  jeneral  lem  "Negro"  to  include  equally  the  Binlo, 
Kollenlot,  Bushman  and  Congo  Pygmy,  this  deugnatioa  will 
covet  all  the  balivct  of  British  Ccnii*]  Africa.  The  Bantu  race*, 
however,  exhibit  in  mne  part*  aign*  of  Hottentot  at  Buahmafi 
inleimixtufe,  and  there  *ie  legends  in  aome  mountain  distiicti, 
especially  Uounl  Mlanje,  of  the  lonner  eiittence  ol  unmixed 
Biuhmaa  tribe*,  while  Bushman  stone  implenicnu  u«  found 
at  the  south  end  of  TangiDyiks.  At  the  ptcsenl  day  the  popula- 
tion ia.  as  tf  rule,  of  a  Uack  or  chocoble-colouiTd  Negro  type, 
and  bclonp,  linguiiticilly.  entirely  and  etcluslvely  id  Ihe  Banw 
family.  The  language*  ijBkcn  oflei  *evcial  vciy  inlCRMlng 
forms  ol  Banlu  speech,  notably  in  the  dialricl*  between  the  north 
end  of  Lake  Nyasa,  the  south  end  of  Lake  Tan^nyika,  and  the 
river  Loapula.  In  the  nme  or  less  plateau  country  included 
within  these  geogiapliical  limits,  the  Banlu  dialects  are  of  an 
archaic  type,  and  to  Ihe  present  writer  it  ha*  teemed  as  though 
one  of  them,  Kibemba  or  Kiwemba,  came  neat  to  the  origiul 
form  ol  the  Bantu  mother-language,  though  not  neaitr  than  the 
interesting  Subiya  of  loulhcm  Barotxcland,  Through  dialectt 
qwken  on  the  west  and  north  of  Tanganyika,  theic  bmguagei 
□I  North  Eastcin  Rhodesii  and  iKitihcin  Nyasalud  andtil  the 
Kafukwa  basin  are  connected  with  Ibe  Bantu  language*  of 
Uganda.  They  also  offer  a  slight  lesemUancc  to  Zuln-Kaffit, 
and  it  wouldKcm  at  though  the  Zulu-Kaffir  race  nutt  have  come 
str^iight  don  from  the  counlria  to  the  north-east  of  Tapginyika, 
across  the  Zimbcxi,  lo  their  present  home.  Curhmsly  esraiib, 
tome  hundreds  of  years  allei  Ihii  loulhwaid  PiigntioB,  intcsliM 
wars  and  conllicta  actually  detemlncd  a  wrlb-ostward  ictun) 
migration  of  ZnluL  From  taataheleiand,  Zuhi  tribe*  doned 
Ihe  Zambeti  at  various  pcrioda  Icooracndng  fnini  about  iBio), 
and  gradually  extended  their  laTagn  and  dominloD  onr  the 
plaletusloIhewBl,  north  and  north-east  of  Lake  Nyua-  Tta 
Zulu  language  b  itiU  spokea  by  the  ikminaiint.CMMlB  Wwt 


BRITISH  CENTRAL  AFRICA 


Nyndud  (n  iwthn  Zonnjura:  EtioHhtf;  RBOimu: 
EUntlfty;  uid  Yaoi).  Ai  Rpirds  Eorcipi  Kttlen  in  tlib  piit 
of  Ahk«,  the  Anbs  nay  be  mfatkiati  Erst,  though  they  ate 
iwir  met  with  only  in  vciy  snail  numben.  The  Arabs  ua- 
danbtedly  firM  ktard  of  this  rich  couiiliy — rich  not  akmc  in 
oaturaJ  products  mcfa  as  ivory,  but  abo  in  ilavcs  of  ^ood 
quality— fram  their  ictllciiKnts  near  the  deJIa  of  the  river 
Zambes,  aiu!  these  icttJemcats  nay  date  back  to  an  early 
period,  and  mJsht  br  coeval  with  llie  saneited  pt^Islamilc 
Arab  Mtlleinenti  in  Ibe  gold-besrini  ntxKB  of  Sonlh  East 
Afriou  But  the  Arabs  do  not  Mem  to  have  made  much  pnifreM 
in  Ibeir  penetntion  of  the  country  in  the  days  befoic  fireanasi 
and  when  hrearnu  came  inla  use  they  were  for  ■  Ions  time 
foKstalled  by  the  Portuguese,  vho  ousted  then  from  the  Zam- 
be^  Bal  about  thebe^nnin^of  Ihcigthcentuiy  thcincnasing 
power  and  commercial  cnteipriie  of  the  Arab  sullaaatc  of 

inUnd  fimn  the  east  coast.  Hity  gradually  founded  strong 
slave-tDdiii<  tettlensntt  on  the  east  and  ivcst  coasts  of  Lake 
Hyasa,  and  thence  westwards  to  Tanganyika  and  the  Luapuia. 
They  never  came  in  great  nuinben,  bowner,  and,  eaccpt  ben 
and  there  on  ihe  coast  of  Lake  Nyasa,  have  kft  do  miied  de- 
Bcendantsin  the  population.  The  total  native  popuUlion  of  ill 
British  Cenlial  Africa  is  about  j,ooo.ooo.  thai  of  the  Nyasaland 
Protcclonle  being  officially  estimated  in  19a;  at  997.15s  Of 
Eanpans  the  ptouctorale  possesses  about  600  to  70a  settlers, 
jnchtding  lome  roo  officials.  (For  Ihe  Europeah  population  of 
Ae  other  territories,  see  RuoDESia.)  The  Eutopeans  of  British 
Central  Aftio  are  dtiefly  natives  of  the  United  Kingdon  or 
Sonth  Africa,  but  there  are  a  few  Ceiniuu,  Dutehmen,  French, 
ItiUiai  and  Portuguese.  The  protectorate  hu  also  attracted 
>  Dumber  of  Indian  traden  (over  400},  bcvdei  whoa  about  150 
Britiih  Indian  soldiers  (Sikhs)  aro  ompk^red  u  the  uickns  ol 


rrodf  and  rMMmncwimi.— The  toW  nkB  of  lb*  trade  at  the 
pnucnmle  in  the  year  i<M-tgoo  was  ItSSJt^,  showlaa  sD  in- 
lease  of  75  %  on  the  figina  lor  the  prevfous  year.  iSat-iSg^, 
laipoR*  woe  vahiad  at  f  17&03S,  an  locnaae  of  61  %,  andopoRi 
Bti;M4«iaBinciaii>oritn%  In raaj-iM the inpona nacbed 
toa.tf  I  and  lb*  npoits  ^6,770.  The  value  if  isooni  Imo  the 
luodesu  HoviBces  duriag  the  wna  period  wia  aben  tso-OOO, 
odudiag  (nitny  material,  and  dv  eipons  £18x00.  The  rnncipal 
cxpons  am  (beMe*  minenk)  oAik.  eottoa,  tobaeoo,  mbher  and 
hmnr.  A  Hiaba  of  Ei^iihioea  nod  Seatiiea  (peAaps  no)  an 
•ettU.  naiahr  in  the  ShM  Highhuk.  aa  csCee  sbntefs. 

Fnm  the  Chinde  moulh  of  the  Zanbeai  Is  Pan  HenM  on  tb* 

'" "  IB  is  HiainlaiDed  by  light^liaHght  steaiaers, 

'--"  " nhertsMamenwBBtal-By* 


thaaghialhedryieMoiifAna-Non 

asceadKsbrasPortHenkl.andbainalH  . . 

the  voyage.  A  laQway  niBS  fmrn  Pen  Hcnid  to  BIwHyre,  Ibe 
coaimereial  capital  it  the  Shirt  KigbWnda.  The  "  Cape  u  Cairo  " 
railway,  which  cisMed  the  Zamlieii  in  1905  and  Ibe  Kafukwc  ia 
looe,  nadicd  the  Bmkea  Kill  mioe  ia  \m.  and  in  itoq  was  con- 
tinucd  to  the  frontier  d(  Belgian  Congo.  There  an  iwitar  •ervkn 
bv  euamp  berween  the  ports  on  Lakca  Nvasa  and  Tanpnyiha. 
The  African  InsKontieeotsI  letegnph  bae  (fomded  6y  Cecil 
Rhaderi  ran  Ihnodi  the  protectonte,  and  a  branch  line  has  beeB 
eslahluAed  fnHn  Like  Nyan  to  Fort  Jameson.  Ihe  pnseni  bead- 
quanen  of  the  Oiarieied^Coiiipany  in  North  Eastera  Rhodesia. 

rflnu.— The  ptuicipal  Euispean  letdemBnl  or  town  la  Blantyn 
(f(.).  at  a  height  of  ahoBi  3000  It.  above  the  ■«,  ia  the  Shirt  Klgb- 
bndi.  This  place  <«  aained  after  UviniiioBe'i  biitlqilaee,  and 
was  founded  in  iSjO  by  the  Church  of  ScallaDd  miiBiaa.    The 


■n  idand  00  the  cast  CO 


SXj; 


from  Ibe  Buth  end  ol  Cake  Nyis),  Ii 

west  coast  of  Lake  Nyu).  UJnnia  (o 

Lake  Nyaaa).  KanBn  (oa  Ibe  aorln.weec  cnaH  oi  i.aK  nytm, 

File  (on  the  NvaH-Tanganyika  plalean),  FoR  Janmoe  (cants 

of  N.E.  lUBde^,  iBU  the  ifnr  Liangwa),  Abenorn  (da  the  wni: 

end  of  Lake  Ta^uyika).  KaliKwiZ  («>  the  aa  amml  id  Lak 

Mweni)  aad  Poet  Raacberv  (oeac  the  JohnMon  Falls  as  the  Luapnl 

jlZisieirtMtiiifc—Tle  pwaeat  peHttcal  divisions  el  the  cnuntr 

'  The  orisnLSed  Brmed  force*  and  police  aie  under  ihe  direclio: 

1 .1-  I 1..  —rtnuojm  ihroughoul  Britiih  Central  Africa,  aa 

1(150 Sikba,  110  ncgnin  and  u  British  oAon). 


are  aa  foBon^-Tha  Nyaaaland  Pniectonte,  ia.  the  di 

■urroundiog  Lake  Ifyasa  and  the  Shift  province,  an  admin: 

directly  unief  the  imperial  government  by  a  governor,  who  K» 
ondw  Ihe  onjn  of  the  coloniat  oAce.  The  governor  is  ssiisli  il  tor 
'  '  kgUadve  council,  whiA 
diitficis  to  the  wcatwiidL 
.  North  Western  Rhodeua. 
the  Britbdi  South  Afria 
Lnaneied  Companyjn  CDmuHaliDn  with  the  govciwr  of  Nyataland 

HiMry.— The  ktsloiy  «(  Ihe  leititoty  dealt  wilh  above  i* 
recent  aal  tUgbt.  Apart  liom  the  vague  Portuguese  wanderings 
during  the  ]6th  and  ijlh  centuries,  tbg  hist  European  eipkicer 
of  any  education  win  penetrated  into  this  country  was  Ihe 
cdebnted  Portuguese  lAcial,  Dr  F.  J  hi  de  Lacnda  c  Almeida, 
■ho  joumq'ed  Imn  Tete  on  the  Zambezi  to  the  ncinity  of  Lake 
Uirtru.  But  Iho  real  Ustoiy  of  the  country  begins  with  the 
advent  of  David  Livingstone,  who  in  1854  penetrated  op  the 
Shiii  river  aod  dJKOVsred  IJkc  iVyasa.  Livingalone's  aubae- 
quent  Joutneyi,  lo  the  south  endotTntigaiiyika,  to  Lake  llweru 
and  to  Ukke  Bangweuh]  (whete  he  died  in  1S73),  opami  op  this 
rt  of  Sooth  Central  Africa  and  centred  b  It  British 
very  particular  manner.  LinngstODe's  rleath  srai 
by  tike  entry  of  various  missionary  «xie(i^  vbo 
the  evan^di^lioD  of  the  country;  and  these 
missionaries,  together  with  a  few  Scottish  settkis,  steadily 
oppcaed  the  attempts  of  the  Portuguese  to  extend  their  sway 
m  this  driettion  fiom  the  adjoining  provinces  ol  Mocamblque 
and  dI  the  Zambezi.  From  out  of  the  nuuionaiy  todeties  grew 
a  trading  company,  the  African  Lakes  Trading  Corporation. 
This  body  came  into  conflict  with  a  number  of  Arabs  who  had 
csUbUshed  themselves  on  the  north  end  of  Lake  Nyasa.  About 
tSSsastrugglebcgan  between  Anrb  and  Briton  for  the  possession 

The  African  Lakes  Corponlion  in  its  unoSdal  war  enlisltd 
volunteers,  amongst  whom  were  Captain  (afleiwardl  Sir  F,  D.) 
Lugord  and  Mr  (siterwuds  Sir)  Alfred  Shaipe.  Both  these 
gentlemen  were  wounded,  and  the  opoalions  they  undertook 
wennot  crowned  with  complete  success.  In  i88«  Mr  (sfterwudl 
Sir )  H.  H.  JohiBlon  wna  sent  out  to  endeavour  to  eHcct  a  posvlile 
arrangement  of  the  dispute  between  the  Arabs  and  the  African 
Lakes  Corpomtion.  and  also  to  ensure  the  protection  of  f ricruUy 
native  chiefs  from  Portuguese  aggression  beyond  a  certain  point. 
The  outcome  of  these  dTorts  and  the  treaties  mide  wss  the 

of  the  Zunbcii  (lee  Atuca:  f  ;}.  In  iSgi  Johnston  returned 
ID  the  country  as  imperial  comniuloncr  and  unsul-gencial. 
In  Ihe  mtetval  between  18S4  and  iSgi  Mr  Alfred  Sharpe,  on 
behalf  of  Ccdl  Rhodes,  had  brought  a  large  part  of  the  country 
into  treaty  with  the  British  South  Africa  Compiny.  These 
territories  (Northetn  Rhodcdi)  were  administered  for  four  yean 
by  Sir  Hwry  Johnston  in  conneiion  with  the  British  Central 
Aida,  pcotectotate.  Between  iSgi  and  iS«j  a  long  struggle 
continued,  between  the  British  authorities  on  Ihe  one  hand  and 
the  Arabs  and  Mahonunedan  Vans  on  the  other,  rrgnrding  the 
suppressioB  of  the  slave  trade.  By  the  beginning  of  iBq6  Ihe 
last  Arab  stronghold  was  taken  and  Ihe  Yaos  were  completely 
reduced  to  tubmiisioa.  Then  followed,  during  1S96-1S98,  wan 
with  the  Zulu  (Angom')  tribes,  who  claimed  to  dominate  and 
harass  Ihe  native  populations  to  the  west  of  Lake  Nyasa.  The 
Angoai  having  been  subdued,  and  the  British  South  Africa 
Company  having  also  quelled  the  turbulent  Awemba  and  Bashu- 
kulumbwe,  there  is  a  reasonable  hiqie  of  the  enuotry  enjoying 
a  settled  peace  and  considerable  prosperity.  This  pro^icct  has 
been,  indeed,  alttady  lesliied  to  a  consdeiable  cilcnt,  though 
the  increase  of  commcEte  ha*  scarcely  been  as  rapid  as  was 
antic^Bted.  In  1897,  on  the  iransfcroice  of  Sir  Harry  JiAnston 
to  T^mia,  the  coramisaionership  was  confcrTcd  on  Mr  Alfred 
Shaipe,  who  was  created  a  K.C.M.G.  in  1903.  In  19a*  the 
administration  of  the  protectorate,  originally  directed  by  the 
foreign  office,  was  tnnshned  to  the  colonial  office.  In  1907,  on 
the  change  in  the  title  oflhe  prolectorite,  the  designalion  of  the 

executive  and  legislative  councili  wen  enablished.    The  mineral 


59« 


BRITISH  COLUMBIA 


lutveyi  and  nthnr  coiulnictlaa  cooiineDce^  under  Che  (oRltii 
office  were  canied  oa  vifocouily  under  ihe  colsnUL  gffice.  The 
iscRued  tevenue,  [mm  Isifioo  in  1901-1901  to  £7^.000  in 
Igaf-igab,  [or  the  protectmaU  aloDC  (xe  alw  Rhodisu),  Is 
tn  evidence  dF  inoruinf  pn>^Tity,  Expenditure  m  execs  of 
Kvenue  ii  met  tty  gnots  In  aid  from  the  impeiiai  eichi^ucr, 
w  [ar  u  Iho  NyaiaUnd  Piotcclurate  is  omccrncd.  The  Briliih 
South  Africa  Coiapady  fimuica  the  remainder.  The  native 
population  b  veil  disposefi  towordi  European  rute,  iiavfng, 
indecdi  at  aU  tiraa  fumiibcd  the  principnJ  cooLingent  of  the 
4  lucce  with  which  tho  Africsn  Lakca  Company.  Britiih 


LhAfik, 


ab,  Zulu  <     ' 


1*  three  (uabont* 
Biiliah  South  Africa  Compaiiy  an  armed  tteanter  on  Lalre 
Tan^nyilu. 

Unfartunately,  though  10  rich  and  fertile,  the  land  b  not  aa 
a  rule  v«y  ficidthy  for  Eun^ieuu,  though  titcie  are  ligm  of 
[inpnrvetDCEiC  in  th^  ropcct.  The  prindpal  icaurgea  an  block- 
water  fever  and  dyaentery.  besides  ordinary  malarfal  fever, 
malarial  ulcers,  pneumonia  and  bnmdiitis.  Tho  chmate  is 
agreeable,  and  C3cept  in  the  krw-lying  diitiicu  k  never  unbear- 
ably boti  while  on  the  high  mountala  plateaus  Iroat  frequently 
aocon  during  [be  dry  leaton. 

Sea  HanaAi  if  ■■  Eiptdilin  It  llu  Zamiai.  At,  hy  David  and 
Charia  LivtantaDC  (1865);  Laii  JoMrmaii  0/  Daid  i,mH£tl0H, 
edited  by  theltev.  ilaracc  Wallet  (1871);  UManlnlh  Folheririg- 
h^m.  Aitnhtftt  in  JVjoHtowf  (1891);  Hee^  Drummood,  Trapiai 
AlHct  Uth  ed,,  1B9O 1  Kev.  D.  C.  Scott.  An  Emeydtpttitc  DitUmary 
•ffte  Wiiu'i><Hld>i(tiiiH,uiMlnuAniutCMMfXlnia(itoi): 
Sir  H.  H.  JoRiutoo.  finliut  O-dnl  Afrita  (ind  ed.,  ISgS):  Mia 
A.  WenHT.  rtt  Ifaiiia  af  BrUiik  Cinlnl  AMa  (IwSji  jaha 
Buchanan,  The  Skirt  HitkUid,  (lUj):  Uood^iMcle.  flatl  tart 
•■  J^ipBic  A/rita  IT89B);  H.  1.  DliH,  JVysntawl  mUt  On  Ftnipi 
Ofia  (1901);  J.  k  S.  MODT^  Tki  mtmyilia  PnUtm  (I«n0; 
uiitleianNanhEaKeraand  North  Weitm  Rliadciia  (chiety  by 
Frask  Mcllandlln  the/'>ir>«li>//ik//r^ii&K»(y(i9ai-i906ii 
annual  fitwrli  oe  Britidi  Cntial  Africa  pubtiihcd  %  Ihe  Coloiiial 
Ottcei  vanoin  linciwiic  woks  by  MiH  A,  Weraer.  the  Rev.  Covan 
RobntBO.  Dr  Et.  Lan,  A- C.  Madan,  FatharTomnd  and  Moouew 
EJacoiiet.  {H.H.J.) 

BRrnsH  COLUMBIA,  (lie  western  province  of  the  Deminisn 


It  is 


I  the  Rocky  Mountains,  until 

.  inCcitectt  no*  W.,  which  a  loiiowcn  sorin  10  00'  ^., 
Ibui  indudinf  within  the  province  a  part  oi  the  Fence  rivu 
»untiy  to  the  east  of  the  mounuini.  Ti»  louthcni  boundary 
a  fomied  by  49*  N.  and  the  strait  separating  Vancouver  Island 
le  state  of  Washington.  The  northern  boundary  is  6g*  N-, 
stern  the  Pacific  (Xean,  upon  which  the  proviiux  fronts 
Hjt  600  m.,  and  the  coast  stnp  of  Alaska  for  a  further 
distance  o[  400  m.  Vancouver  Island  and  the  Queen  Chortotle 
Islands,  at  well  as  the  inulter  islands  lying  oS  the  western  coast 
of  Canada,  belong  to  the  province  of  Briliih  Columbia. 


the  weir  and  approach  Ihe  rangn  whicb  border  (he  Paci6c  coait 
Thjs  British  Col umUa com priiespraclkally  the  entire  width  of  whal 
h»  been  icrmed  the  Corditferi  or  Cordilleran  belt  of  North  Aoieric* 
bedKea  the  panlkis  of  lalitude  above  Indicated.  Then  are  twt 
ruUnc  nauntaio  qnlemt  in  this  bclc—lhc  Rocky  Mountains  ptopei 
OS  the  Doctb-eaM  ikle,  and  the  Coait  Rang*  on  the  KHilh-iicH  a 
PadGcwlc.  Between  IbeKaienibetdinale  ranges  to  whidivaiioui 
tool  names  have  been  given,  aa  well  aa  the  "  Inlerior  Ptiteau  "— ae 

J — —  — «  of  hUly  couatiy,  the  hBl  svnmlti  haring  an  r ^- 

LS.I.  i._  ^  .1. 1 .1..  <■ "-ngo.    Tl 

in»  o(  Ihe  oinb'L 

ol  tbg  Pm6c  Ocean,  haw 

li£iid  ud  fbeOiieen  (^ubRe  iiOandiai*  leinnantsof  Milt  ai 

^i 1.I.1,  nuia  nrailcl  to  the  ecul  but  is  now  1 

■Hlh  the^tcnof  Ihe  Paciac.    Thepn 


height  of  Ibe  nnge  along  th 
khhaM  p!3*latl(e  ^nadiu 


although  Ibe  h^beB  pak  in  British  CMumbia  a  Meant  Fair- 
— ither  an  the  Inienaiiooiil  Boundary,  which  liws  u  IS.M7  ft. 
Other  high  peaks  in  tbi  Roc^  Mounurni  of  Canada  are  ColuBiUa. 
11,740  fl;  Foibe*,  II.D75:  Anlnibaine,  ll.Sto;  Bryce.  II,6t6l 
Temple,  ii,U«,  L)iD.  tl.461.  There  an  a  namber  of  pun  ovrt 
the  Rocky  Mountains,  anong  which  may  be  memioncd,  beginning 
from  the  Kiuih,  the  South  KeoMnay  or  Bouadary  Pus.  710D  ti.; 
the  Ci<i>w'>  Nest  Pai%  uoo  (this  is  Iravened  by  the  ioiitbcrn  branch 
of  the  Canadian  Pacific  railway  and  croaies  great  coal  kids),  the 
Kicking  Horse  or  Wapta  Pa...  jioo  (which  i>  traversed  by  de  nain 
hoe  of  the  Canadiau  Vweitc  nnny).  the  Athabasca  iW^eoiS! 
the  Yellow  Mead  Pan.  lyjj  (which  win  Drohably  he  ned  by  iG* 
Grand  Trunk  Padb  raiTway).  the  f^ne  tUvcr  l^ss,  alw,  and  Iba 
Peace  River  I^ss.  loao.  through  which  Ibe  Peace  river  flows. 

The  Coast  Range,  lOBietian  eaOed  Ihe  Caiarle  Range,  borders 
the  Paciivcoastforvoom- and  gives  toil  it.  lernarkable  character. 
To  Its  partially  ubBeigad  tianaverse  valley*  are  dac  thi  eM»Hnit 
harboun  on  (he  coast,  the  deep  sounds  add  inlcli  which  pcnetralw 
fnrintsndai  many  points,  as  welt  as  the  profound  and  gboniy  fiords 
and  the  MupendoD.  piTcipkes  which  render  the  coast  line  an  ea- 
.Eeeraird  repmdlictiim  oi  that  of  Norway.  The  coasi  is.  in  fact, 
one  of  th.  most  tenaitable  in  the  warii  euiiHrrni-  with  .11  in 
indcnutwiu  Tooo  rn.  In  tbe  aggregate,  aiwl  being  fringed  wjih  an 
aichipcLgD  of  innumerable  islands,  of  which  Vancouver  Island  and 
Ihe  goeea  Charfolie  lilindi  are  the  largest. 

Along  Ibe  lOuih-weMeni  side  ol  Ibe  Rocky  Monntains  is  a  very 
nmarkable  valley  oleSBKlmblrgeolooal  antiquity,  in  which  ancH 
seven  of  Ihe  great  riven  of  tbe  t^ilic  .lops,  among  Iheni  the 
Kootenay,  CoGinibla,  Fraser  and  Finlay,  How  for  portions  of  Ih^ 
upper  courses.  This  valley,  which  is  from  i  to  fi  m.  in  width,  can 
be  traced  coatiauously  for  a  length  ef  at  hesl  goo  m.  One  of  the 
moat  important  rivn  si  the  ncmlBce  ia  Che  Fraser.  whrh.  lUng  in 
Ihe  Rocky  Mounuios,  aowa  for  a  long  diuance  to  the  nerth-weat, 

__j  ..__ uuip,  j,!„,,„||j,  cnisses  (he  Coast  Range  by  a 

-illcy  and  empires  into  Ibe  Sirail  (J  Ctwgia.  a 
lib  ui  ibt  Hne  Tonit,  flow,  north  lor  about  Ijo  «.. 

recroaainE  the  Canad^n  Pacific  raflway  at  Revctiloke.  and  oa 
thioBgh^  Arrow  Labia  In  the  Kooteoay  eounlry  into  Ibe  United 
Slates,  emptying  into  the  Pacific  Ooean  u  Auirai  in  the  stala 
'  Oregoii.    Thoc  laheii  as  well  as  the  other  bnie  lake,  ia  soulhen 


tbe  Claoal  period  Briiidi  CotunOiia  was 


rly  i_ , 

covered  by  the  Cenlilleran  glacier,  which  ..  . 

the  eonntty,  fien  a  gihli  irrg'  aiuinid  iftuated  in  the  liclnity  d  tbe 
57ih  porallri.    Ice  fiinni  ihj  glacier  ^ewnd  thnnigh  passes  in  ibe 

great  plaina.  beyond  the  Rocky  Momtala  laaBt.  The  gnat  valley 
bHwcen  the  coot  laan  and  Wacomw  Ishndwaaaho  occapied  ^ 
a  feeler  that  mvid  in  both  dircettoaa  f rsoi  a  enural  pobn  la  the 
vioidty  of  Valds.  bland.  The  lAects  ■(  ihk  glarU  aetion  and  ol 
tht  long  periods  of  efouni  prnding  it  and  of  olbar  phyuiogtai^ic 
changes  covKCtcd  with  it.  pawing  away,  liBve  meat  ImpOTtanl  brar- 


OiiiuU.— The  subjoined  figm.  relating 

dpiniianaraliofflatBblepRuredhy  Ht 

ol  (he  neteonalogical  acrvicb    Tht  stailon  at  Vktoria  1 


of  the  seatbtn  pMI  <t  iha  ceast  rf 

, , e  niafall  {B  mlidi  gnanr  oa  ciposHl 

parts  ol  Iba  •Mer  anasl.  A^iaaia  rqnaent.  Ihe  Frasar  delta  and 
Kamlagiia  th*  anthem  laterior  district.  Tbe  mean  tenpcniurc 
BatufaMydacMsaatBthealhwideftheteialaLfcJMadwmbodl 
ahng  (he  coast  and  in  Ihe  latecior,  while  the  nracipiatlaa  biaeaiaa. 
The  figuiea  given  for  Port  Siaqwa  are  ef  S/anm.  aa  lb*  Faeifc 
urmiausof  aeC^nndTmakPadfiefaltway  wfllbaia  Ihisvicinitr. 
Fsww. — Amaiig  the  krgcrmammals  an  tbe  big-hon  or  wieantoia 
sbeepfOiB  ■asdratfrt.lha  Rocky  MowRaia  aoM(UaaBKa  Mrdsaa), 
the  griasly  bar,  BBDae,  woodlaad  (wibou,  bfacfc4Blled  or  mule  deer, 
whin-talUibar,aadcoyiil&  Ml  thow  an  to  be  fomd  only  M  the 
mainland.  TheUack  be.r,wolf,pun>a.1yni.wapiti.and  CofmnbiaB 
or  ceaei  daer  are  eamnoa  to  panaeftabiewnUnd  and  Uaada. 

«at.  scanner  and  harbour^eal.    About  ^ 


own  10  occur  in  tbe  provliKe.  among  whicb.  at 
ly  be  Bunthned  tbe  burrowing  owl  of  the  dry. 


■I.    About  uo  tpedes  of  bin 
!,  among  wh£b.  a>  of  qMcial  Ini 


Digitized  byGoO^Ie 


BRITISH  COLUMBIA 


599 


M<uTUi|>..FUr. 

MmibM 
T«ip«,urt 

—        1 

SSS 

-sssisa 

H^hat. 

L»_. 

=s 

„°a 

iZK 

Vfclori.'      .     .     . 

pa; 

Aui.  56-9- 

i 

:i!: 

Dec  7-98 

ii 

£[nci 


, ^  -- _._.,.     land  ori^natc  aUo  wcl 

npiHaitcd.    Tbe  nUIuccoiu  birdi  Inclodc  llie  licfc  blue  pouM 
Mllil csut,  nptacca Is (bi  Rocky  Mounuint  bv <bc duiliy  jmuic. 
Thk  mncni  tons  <f  tha  "  unKC  pacirid)^  ~  d  sxcm  Cuiuiila  ■> 
dm  ■bundul,  loptber  siu  Kvcal  fomu  itfcmd  to  ihe 
Jwwja,   BHienUy   luinrii  «  "  putridcn "   or   mSrd   g 
PtvmicBnB  9ho  abgiuid  in  many  oE  (Ac  higlier  nu>untain  rt 
Of  the  Anaiidat  only  pAivng  mmrioD  D«d  be  madir.     UuHt 

•^ndaiR.  but  in  the  iummcr  a  tnaWtt  numtKT  imiain  10  I 
chief  unonje  which  are  the  leaf,  mallafd.  wood-diicL.  Bpoo 
^a-tali,  bomB-bead,  led-head,  caava*-back,  icaup-duck*  ffc 

Am  and  Ptptleiitn.—Tbe  ans  ot  Briiuh  CalambU.  Is 
Sijfioo  iq.  m.,  ud  its  populitioii  b:r  tiM  oimit  of  i«ai  wu 
rjcjxx),  Sinn  that  date  tbli  ba>  beoi  laijcly  incrcued  by  the 
iiSui  of  miiKn  and  otltm,  CDiuequant  upon  the  diicovciy  of 
pnd/HB  metaU  in  liu  Kootenay,  Boundary  and  Allia  diitricta. 
Hodi  of  this  ii  a  Eoiting  population,  but  tlic  opening  up  of  Ihc 
nlkyi  by  railway  and  new  lines  of  stcimboalj,  logeiher  with 
tba  Kttlsocnta  made  In  the  vicinity  of  tbe  Canadian  Fad&c 
mitmy,  hai  Huited  in  a  coniiderable  increase  of  the  pcnnanent 
popojation.  H»  vhite  pc^lation  comprises  m?n  of  many 
Utiinialilicl.  Tlien  h  a  laigc  Chinese  population,  l!ic  cimsai 
«f  looi  xctuming  i4,»ii.  TIk  iil£iu  of  Chioamcn  has,  however, 
pncdolly  tetied,  owiBf  to  the  tax  of  (joo  per  bead  impoKd 
Iqr  the  goveranmt  of  the  domEnlon.  ftlaoy  Japanese  have  also 
come  Id.  TIw  Jaitaat  an  eniaged  cbicUy  in  lumbering  and 
itUns,  but  the  Chinese  are  found  evoywhcie  in  Ihe  province. 
Gtnlol^Ktioa  it  lakm  by  Ihe  irhitEpc^idatian  to  tlu  incieasing 
knobir  oC  "  UoB|oliu»,"  oning  to  their  competition  with 
vUtciln  thelaboiu  matketi.  Tbe  Japanese  do  not  appear  to  be 
■o  mndk  dUiked,  M  they  adapt  themietva  to  the  nays  of  white 
am,  but  tb^  are  eQiuUy  objected  to  on  Ibe  score  of  cheap 
Umkic;  and  in  1907-1^  considerable  friction  occuned  with 
tlw  Daminlon  lovenunent  over  the  Antl-Japanesc  altitude  of 

In  tha  cams  of  iqdi  the  indiaa  population  is  returned  at 
■5,488;  of  tlieie  20,351  are  profcwing  Chriiiisns  and  5137  are 
pagsaa.  The  Indians  are  divided  into  veiy  many  trib«,  under 
kcal  nanwa,  but  tall  naturally  on  linguistic  grounds  into  1  tew 
lai^  gmupa.  TbuB  the  Kiutheia  part  ol  the  interior  is  occupied 
br  the  Siliah  and  Kootenay,  and  tbe  northern  interior  by  the 
Itnath  ot  Athapackan  pec^Je.  On  Ibe  coast  are  tha  Haida, 
lUmihian,  KmkiatI,  Moollia,  and  about  the  Culf  of  Gcocgja 
vaiioui  Uftei  leEaUd  to  the  Salish  proper.  There  Is  no  treaty 
with  tbe btdiuia  of  British  Columbia,  a*  ¥rith  IhcoG  ol  Ihe  trains, 
for  the  idioquiihsient  of  >*<"'  title  lo  tha  land,  bul  the  govcta- 
^CM  otheniise  asilsia  them.  Ttierc  Is  an  Indian  superinlendsit 
ftt  Victoria,  and  under  him  arc  nine  ngencica  Ihrou^iout  the 
pfovinca  to  atteiKl  to  the  Indians— relieving  Ihcir  sick  and 
dcstltitta,  aupfdyinc  them  with  seed  and  imT^emcnts,  settling 
Ihdr  di^iutea  and  adailnislering  jualice.  The  Indian  lishittg 
vtationa  asd  burial  grounda  an  reserved,  and  other  land  haa 
been  set  apart  for  them  for  a^cuttuial  and  pastoral  purpcaca. 
A  pumbcr  of  achoob  bam  be«i  established  for  thcii  edacalioit. 
Tbey  wen  at  one  time  a  danscmis  ekment,  but  am  now  quiet 


'4»*i4'M.,  IJJ"  19' W..  height  »5  ft. 
■«■  14'  N.,  Ill"  31'  W.,  hi«hl  SJ  H- 
•so"4i'  N.,  i»  19  W.,  height  1103  It. 
'»*•»♦'  N-  tjo"**'  W,  height  J6fi. 


Nelson  in  West  Kootenay,  ai  wolt  ai  Femie  in  East  Kooteaay 
and  Grand  Forks  In  tbe  Boundary  district,  are  also  fJaoe*  of 
importance, 

if  ininf .— M  ining  Is  the  principal  bidustry  of  Bri  Ilsh  Columbia. 
The  country  is  rich  in  gold,  lilvci,  copper,  lead  and  coal,  and 
ha*  alto  iron  deposits.  From  1S94  to  1904  the  mining  output 
increased  from  t4,>i5,7i7  to  ti6,977,3S9.  In  1905  it  bad 
reached  tiaA6o,igs-  The  principal  minerals.,  in  nrder  oT value 
of  output,  are  gold,  copper,  coal,  lead  and  lilvet.  Between 
fSsS— the  year  of  the  placer  discoveries  on  tbe  Fiaser  rlvcf  and 
In  the  Cariboo  district — and  1SS2,  the  placer  yidds  were  mud 
heavier  ttian  in  subsequent  yeais,  running  from  one  to  neariy 
four  millioQ  dollars  annually,  but  there  was  no  quarts  mining. 
Since  1S99  placer  mining  has  increased  considerably,  aithou^ 
the  greater  port  of  the  relum  has  been  from  lode  mining.  The 
Rossbnd,  the  Boundary  and  the  Kootenay  districts  are  the 
chief  centres  of  vcin-iDiiiing,  yielding  aurifcreus  and  ciquiferoua 
suipliide  ores,  as  well  ai  luge  quontiUa  of  ailver-bcuing  lead 
ores.  Ores  of  copper  and  the  prcdous  metals  aro  being  pro- 
spected and  worked  also,  in  serial  places  along  the  coast  and 
on  Vancouver  Island.  Tbe  mining  laws  are  liberal,  and  being 
based  on  the  experience  gained  in  the  adjacent  mining  centiea 
ol  tbe  Western  SUlcs,  are  convenienl  and  effective.  The  most 
important  smelling  and  rcdudng  plants  are  those  at  Trail  and 
Nelson  in  the  West  Kootenay  country,  and  at  Grand  Fotki  and 
GroenwDod  in  the  Botudary  district.  There  are  also  numeroui 
concentrating  plants.  Mining  machinery  of  tbe  moil  modetn 
types  is  employed  wherever  machinery  is  required. 

The  province  contain*  enonnous  supplie*  of  excellent  coal, 
most  of  which  are  a*  yet  untouched.  It  is  chiefly  of  Cretnceoui 
age.  The  producing  collieries  are  chiefly  on  Vancouver  IsUnd 
and  im  tbe  western  slope  of  the  Rockica  near  the  Crow's  NeM 
PasB  in  the  extreme  soulb^aslam  poctiod  of  tbe  proviaces. 
Immense  beds  ol  high  grade  bituminous  coal  and  senii.ant]iradte 
are  ciposed  in  the  Bulkley  Valley,  south  of  the  Skeena  river, 
not  far  Irom  the  projected  line  of  the  Grand  Trunk  FaciBc  railway. 
About  one-half  the  coal  mined  is  exported  to  the  United  Stalo. 
FiiJierUF. — A  large  percentage  of  the  conmem  it  derived  from 
the  lea.  the  chief  product  being  salmon.  HalJbnt,  cod  (Kvtial 
varieties),  ootachan,  stur«on.  her  ■■--'-■■-  ■■■  -'      '  ■■-- 

'"  •!■"  plentiful,  bul  nth  tbe  ei. 
become  the  object*  til  ei 


g,  ^d  and  m 


Tbeie  an 


or  spring  flaltnon  ir  the 


targm  and  best  laUe  £s>i.  and  b  folkwl  in  the  ta 

■■--  "'-  ---ikeyc,  which  runs  In  enormous  numbers  up  tne 

riven.    TIds  is  tbe  luh  preferred  Tor  canning. 


'  is  of  brightei 

oantirieB  Out  a  constant  supply 


BMTISH  COLUMBIA 


tlw  Fn*T  liver.    Then  It  umnt  ■■ 

RMricUng  the  a-'  -•  -• 


a1  fiihery  it  in  impgflanl  indmtrY,  diou^  ■pparenLly 
Hie.  OiainE  to  the  ■Sicily  of  ■au  aoa  intenbti«ul 
etnins  pni^  lealiiif  In  Beriiw  Su.wben  Ibc  Rcueit 
bwa  taken,  the  biudCM  oTMal-huntiiic  B  loiiu 
•n  tab-biLKlmim  hive  been  stiblUied  on  tbecUj 
led  by  tbetf  £>h.  Oysen  ead  lobilen  [too  tha 
AcUiilic  coast  have  been  pbntcd  la  Brltiih  CDliimt^  nten. 

TiiiAtr^-^'nc  province  £■  ricb  in  foieet  [n)wlh»  uid  then  U  A 
Ready  demand  in-  iu  luiabo'  in  tba  dtbirpani  of  Cuula  u  veil 
u  Ii  South  Ameria,  Afrta,  Auunlli  and  Ckina.  Tlwfolhnriiisiii 
lUt  oi  lOBW  of  llie  more  UnpoftABt  tno — lario  leaved  Dupl*  (kcff 
nwriMyCem).  red  itder  (Altai  ntm),  m«en  lareb  Uv£i  tai- 
JtmiaBi}.  whhe  umice  (Pkm  ■On).  Eogellmuu'i  ({iRice  (Pim 
&IH1MIIM.  Meaiko'aipnn  (fi»B  lilctnuii).  wfaile  neuolaia  piae 
(WnuiiuMtula}.  black  nin  (naw  nurrajaiu),  ydlow  pine  (nmi 
«iniA»nJ.  Dou^u  fir  (PmiUiiuw  Z^si^ub),  weelera  whiu  cik 
[Owrfw  nuTyaao),  nant  cedar  (Tkaya  mMla].  yellov  cypRig  or 
cedar  <ni(^<Kc(u),*eBetabeiiilock(T'faHiKr(n»iii»).  The 
priaciii*!  (inber  tt  cammerce  b  the  DoiKlat  Rr.  The  tng  n  nflen 
louad  jm  fl.  Ulh  aad  (ron  8  to  lo  It.  in  diuietir.  Tbe  wood  ia 
touffh  and  Kron^  ajid  highly  valued  for  abipa'  tfvrs  aa  well  aa  for 
buildiiu  purpcnee-  Red  or  ^nt  cedar,  wliicb  rivah  the  Douflaa 
fir  in  ginn,  is  plentiful,  and  is  iHcd  for  ihinflHaawFllaa  for  InlniDr 
vork.  The  vectem  vhitc  vpnice  ia  alao  much  employed  for  vuiotia 
purpcaeL  Thereare  about  eighty  ■avmilla,  lar^  and  KpaLi.  in  the 
pnnrince.    Tie  amount  -*  ■■-' ■  ~  " — '-■ • 


of  lufflbcf  [o 


loul  of  MS.ojt.; 
'dihiclnlni.w 
jSJJMft,    The. 

1904. 


Uinted  Kinsdoa     .     .     .  T.498401 

South  An>e^  ....  is;647.BoS 

Annnlia ia,04S,<iM 

&iuthAfrfca      ....  i,si7,i54 

Chiaa  and  Japu     .     .     .  tfiia^i 

Fiji  fitaikli  '.'.'.'.' 


Ft. 
ti.6qoM9 

4.7S7.7B* 

983.341 


ibia  lomber  in  the 


>ic  Biv.*i>,ai  weQ  aa  peachca.  apnooti, : 

iu,  luubly  Miawbemn.    All  thne  are  < 

:  alio  cultjvalcd.    A  large  nurltet  for  t] 

-Alberta  an 


Bopa 

UP  in  (he  rapidly  ^roiniic  pro\  ^^^  — . 
Impara  and  fifigrli.— For  the  year 
*-'--'  '*-*-'-  .""J  importa  («hawioE  a 
eara)  woe  valuecf at  1 


'""■'^  "  " '■■■'■"  'vass 

^7774»il  mneoea.  >l,iai,S3]'    loraii.   »i.046,;i8:    ammalt, 
pl.iJlJ     agriculture,    1119.436;     nunubctuns,     »1,8B3.777; 
■Mxllaocaiis,Si,io«.6u;aib  and  bulUoB,  £171,131. 
^iftwjFi.— The  FaciSc  diviiion  of  ibe  Canadian  Pacific  nflway 


nbLi  UuoueIi  Ihe  Roclcx  M 


boundary.  Thia  coatin 
maitty  nraltd  to  ihc  bo 
at  the  Boundary  dittiic 


tar  aa  A»d«v  in 


^■llhXu 


"myih^ficiDiiH 
ireat  Northern  I 

In  190s  tAcrc  w< 


ifi27  m.  of  railway  in  the  province,  of  WUd  1187 
^ontisUed  by  (he  Canadjan  Pacihc  railway. 
SUfifimi.—The  Canadian  Pacific  Railway 
it  mail  Mcamer  niBniDg  fron  Vancouver 
Emprcsa  line,  which  runi  to  Japan  and  Chi_  ..»».  ...  «»» 
lod^^J  (he  Australian  line  to  [looolulu,  Fiji  and  Sydacy, 


DRipanyhaa 
id  Victoria; 


aut^ect  to  removal  Tor  ^uae.  an  eaeculive 
and  a  aimdekgiilative  chamber.  Tbeeaeci 
by  the  heu(CDaii|.tDvefnar  on  '*"  ~ ''  ' " 


ve  yew,  but 


dal  govnaeat  an 
ol£daiBiakinji 


of  E6veraor.gcncf*l 

TbcBritiih  North  Amcin  Act  ^1867]  confederating  the  t»loidea, 

'le  juriidiction  of  the  provuidal  lepslature  at  distinguithed 

I  el  the  federal  parliaineat,  but  mibin  iu  own  juiiidiciaiB 

noe  makea  the  law>  For  iu  own  governance.    TV  act  ot  the 

i  year  of  tli  pliuge,  by  the 

, ivon'arm^  (0  the  juridical 

of  (be  privy  cound]  of  (he  United  Kingdom,    BriUih 

lendt  thiec  tenatora  and  tevcn  ntemben  to  ihe  lose* 

of  the  federal  parliamcat,  which  n(H  1 


^lil^  il 


yaai«.— There  it  a 


Sriiiih  Coll 


tbia  pretided 


vat  dii^ded  by 


ereedt  at  foilowi:  Church  of  Eulani 
PreabyteriaD.   34.0flf;    Roman   Ulhc 
not  Bated.  5003:  toul,  178.6^.     The  nuoiiionai  ays 
Colambia  diflert  tUghdy  from  Ibal  of  other  provino 
hrcc  cla&ct  of  schoolt — common,  graded 
_liy«ia ■-"' '    -" 

oSkve'oir „     — . 

colie«io(M(CilllImverai(y,  whole  chief  Bca(  it 

tcbo&  an  amtnUcd  by  (ruBecs  letechd  by  )be  mtepayen 

each  acboot  diauiet ,  and  (liere  il  a  Bipetintendent  of  ediHaUon  aei 
snder  the  pnvinciil  lectetaTy. 

^^itmf.-~Uiiderlhelermi  of  bnina  with  Canada.  Britiih  Columbia 
ncciwa  fitUD  the  doaiiniHI  govenuncnt  annoaUy  a  certain  com  ribu- 
(ion,  whiJi  in  1905  amounud  (a  IJ07.07&    This,  with  provincial 

bnd.  (imber  diieL  Ae.,  amounted  in  the  year  1003  to  lJ.gao.46T. 
The  expenditure  for  (be  ycur  wai  Sa,30a.4i7.  The  Rata  Mbt  t£ 
(he  pnnaa  in  I90J  wai  tt3,lS>,o97,  with  aiicu  ct  U^<ti,Sf^ 


(ovince  in  190}  wai  »i3JS»,os 
~„  ,._i„  J  *ii,7SS,j,8.    The* 


.    The  income  t 


3  »4.4ea.S69. 


1  amounted  to  Sjo?  JSS*™.  '" 


h  ticso 


unicip^    a 


iftite]!,— The  diacowiy  of  British  dtumtna  wu  madi 
the  Spaniaid  Pens  in  1774-  Wilh  CookV  vii 
explaratioDof  the  coait  began  in  1778.  Vancouver,  Id  1792-1704, 
Alinnyed  almcat  the  entire  coast  of  BdtishColtunbiavillL  much 
of  that  to  tho  oortli  and  south,  for  the  firitiah  govetmnent. 
The  mterior,  about  the  same  time,  waa  entacd  by  Uackeniic 
and  tndeia  of  the  N,W.  Company,  which  in  ifiii  became 
1  with  the  HKbon's  Bay  Company.  For  the  next 
ity-fight  yean  the  Hudaon's  Bay  COn^any  mJcil  this 
Immense  tFrtitoty  with  beticGttnt  despotism.  In  1S49 
Vancouver  Island  was  predaimed  a  Bntish  colony.  In  iSjS, 
consequent  on  the  dboivtry  of  gold  and  the  UliB  influi  of 
miDen,  the  nuinlabd  UsritAty  srai  erected  into  a'  ooloiy  imda 
the  name  of  Blitiih  Columbia,  and  In  iBM  this  was  mated  with 
the  colony  of  Vancouver  Island,  under  the  aama  name.  In 
1S71  British  Columbia  enlcred  the  confederation  and  beome 
part  of  the  DomtniDn  of  Canada,  sending  thica  Kmaton  and  six 
(now  seven)  membcn  tn  the  House  of  CommoDS  of  the  federal 
parliamcnL  Ooo  of  the  conditions  under  which  the  colony 
enlcred  the  dominion  was  the  speedy  construction  of  the 
Canadian  Pacific  railway,  and  in  1876  the  non-fulhlment  of  this 
promise  and  the  (ppaient  hidiffcretKe  of  the  govemmenl  at 
Ottawa  to  the  nprcscntallou  of.  Biilith  Columbia  oeatcd 


db,Google 


db,Google 


BRITISH  EAST  AFRICA 


«Ioa>,'  iMA  mtn  oalr  undknlBl  vhai  tha 
ol  I  IniBConllimUl  nad  wu  besuo-  In  lub- 
•equenl  yon  the  [oumlitig  of  (be  dl/  ot  Vucouvcr  by  the 
CP.R.,  the  alabliihmcDt  of  tbe  CtU  CuudUa  Uamibip  line 
to  China  «nd  J^pui,  uid  tbtt  to  Amlnlia,  tocher  with  Ibe 
ditpula  with  Ihc  United  Suiei  on  Ibe  subject  o[  pelagic  iciling, 
wd  tbe  dscovtiy  of  tbe  Eooteiuy  ud  Bounduy  mining 
dittricti,  hive  been  tbe  diiel  eventi  in  tbe  blitory  of  tbe  pioviDce. 
"  "  I  K«sf>  kr  At  Patifc  Oaam  (LoBdoc 
ttf  Disa ■-■'-  "-- ^  -      -  '■  —  ■ 


(UcIinO:  Aniuat  Kiftrti  i*  Uiaiilir  a  Uaa  ami 
■Kiitat  Kiptrtt  tt  On    Pntadat    and    Omfnim    CMtnioinli: 
CaUhtut  at  PmbukU   Ifutui   (Victcrii);   KtptH  Caltticd 
" -'  Cviaia  tfnna  1871  to  dite) :  Jtifitrli  ^  Cnwrflu  Puific 

>ni>  «■  JV.»'.  rniu  (i&4-l99})l  Lad,  NJiaaliu 

Iiland  CLoDdaa,  1866];  BtrinfSta  Arbilntiim  (n- 

-.1  In  rVms),  (LoodoD,  IB9j);  Jb#^  1^  Bcn'iit  Sa 

(Loniisa.  Govenineiit.  Itu);  A.  Main,  la  Calnmbti 

(C.  bL  D,i  H.  Si  ).)  F.  D.  A.) 
BRTniH  BAST  AFRICA,  k  torn,  to  iti  •ridnt  Kiue,  Indudinc 

Afrid  between  Gcnnu  Eut  Alrio  on  tbe  loath  md  Abyuinia 
and  tbe  An^o-£gyptian  Sudan  on  tbe  lunb.  It  comixin 
the  pntectontei    ""      "       ""  "'    --■'■--  "-■--      ■       - 


almnt  eniiiely  to  the  fieat  pUlean  of  £iu  Afiica,  nrely  ialKng 
below  an  clevilioa  of  icoa  ft.,  while  eitouive  eeciinii  rise  to  ■ 
beigbt  ol  6000  10  8000  It.    From  the  coaM  loiriaodi  1  icHei  ol 


_  .  ana  krndi  to  a  bnad  uam  ot  hlih 
ground  remirluble  (o[  tbe  abundant  traces  ol  votcinie  action. 
This  broad  upland  ii  fumwed  by  tbe  eastern  "  rift-vallcy," 
[armed  by  the  lubiidence  of  its  Qoor  and  occupied  in  pacli  br 
lakes  wiibout  outlet.  Towards  the  west  a  basia  of  lower  eleva- 
tion is  paitially  occupied  by  Victoiia  Nysoia,  drained  noith 
to  tlie  Nile,  while  slill  futhec  inland  the  giouiid  again  dies  to 
a  second  volcanic  belt,  cuboinatiig  m  tbe  Ruwensori  range. 
(See  ZumBAa,  and  for  Uganda  protectorate  see  UcilKtu.) 
Tbe  prevni  anide  treat!  of  the  East  Africa  protectorate  only. 

Tetopa/Jir.—Jbe  Muthero  froolier,  coterminous  with  lbs 
sonheni  Icooller  of  Genoao  East  Africa,  mas  north-west  Irom 
the  moDib  al  tbe  Umba  tivti  in  «■  40*  S.  to  Victoria  Nyaitia, 
which  It  ittikea  at  t'  S.,  deviatiDg,  boiiever,  so  as  to  leave 
Uount  Kilinunjani  wholly  in  Cermaa  tcrriloiy.  The  easlem 
bouodaiy  it  the  Indian  OceaD,  the  coast  line  being  about  400  m. 
On  tbe  north  the  ptotectaiau  i>  bounded  by  Abyssinia  and 
Italian  Sonullknd;  an  the  wal  by  Uganda.  It  has  an  area 
of  about  140,000  sq.  m.,  and  a  population  estimated  at  from 
1,000,000  to  «,ooo,ooo,  ioduding  some  35,000  Indians  and  jooo 
Euiopeana.  Of  tlie  Europeans  many  are  emigrants  from 
South  Africa;  they  Include  tome  hundreds  ol  Boer  familici. 

The  Ent  ol  the  pualld  loact— Ibe  ouil  plain  or  "  Tembonri  "— 
it  grnonlly  of  iiuignilicant  wiillh,  vajytng  from  2  to  lo  oL,  except 
in  the  valleys  ol  Ibe  main  rivers.  The  ahore  line  ia  broken  by 
bays  and  branchliw  t — '■■  -" ••= "  '-'—■■-  ' ' '- 


1.  Such  I 


SSIZ 


uchipeiapij.  belwe 

.. . sues  alraublcr,  with  tha 

>n  of  Port  Durnford  In  1*  to'  S..  but  tkicled  Ka- 
il amall  islands.  Beyond  Ihc  coast  plain  the 
generally  well  deftaed  ttep  or  steps  to  en  alti- 
t..  lorming  the  wide  level  plain  aliai  "  Nyika  " 
(uplands),  largely  cootpowd  of  quartz.  It  con- 
tains lar^e  wateriest  sreia,  tuch  aa  the  Taru 


tfaer  Inland  gratay  uplandt  extend 

-B  edge  of  the  rfft-valky,  though 

varied  wllh  cultivated  ground  and  lorett,  the 
fnnniT  eapedally  in  Kikuyu,  the  latter  between 
o*  and  oT|^  S.  The  moit  ntenalve  grstnr 
plains  an  those  of  Ktpte  cr  Ktpole  and  Athi, 
between  I*  and  >'  S-    The  general  altitude  of 


BiilUh  Es*  Africa,  including  the  volcanic  pill 
ot  Kenya  (f.r.)  (17.007 fc),  Sitlima  (I3,>lilt.) 
and  Nandaiua  (about  ti,«o It.).    TbeSatlUna 

" — ■ — ■ e.  Of  Abeedare  Moonulnt,  hat  a 

m  of  fully  10,000  ft.    To  tb*  west 
rill-valley  is  matlEad  by  a  line  c< 


a  generally  level 
BiK  Aftica  ta  [armed  by  tbe  arid  i>^ilani  plabu. 


their  ncfth  end  H 


Si«n  (tSoo  It.)  ai>l  Lonnnnt  (8700),  the  Utter 
OBibccidiidividMoAtbeneia  basni— thaiol 
Late  Naivatha.    TBs  iia  small  Ireth-waler  W^ 

wl^  |»b«ini»<:lotedtoihe«>nhbytherid||e 
itf  UoBat  Buru.  beyond  which  is  tbe  baiia  ol  the 


6o2 


BRITISH  EAST  AFRICA 


s 


[Ccofitty.— The  gcolofical  [onnatioiii  of  Britiih  East  Afdca 
occui  In  [our  re^ou  poucsiiag  dulincl  phyjioinphical  (ealura. 
The  cout  plain,  numir  [b  the  loutb  and  riling  lomawhat 
>teq>Iy,  coniiilt  of  Rent  nclu.  Tbe  foot  plaUau  ahicb  succecdi 
b  campcKd  of  MdimenUiy  rocki  dilinf  fifin  Triu  lo  Juiauic 
Tbe  tndenl  pbtuu  commciKing  at  Taru  utendi  lo  the  liordcn 
of  Kikuyu  asil  i>  compoKd  of  ancient  cryttalline  rock*  on  *hicb 
Immeiue  quuilitlo  of  volanic  ro(k»— pojt-Jurauic  lo  Recent— 
have  accumulated  to  [aim  ihe  vokanii:  pLileau  of  CenUal  East 
Africa. 
TbD  (ormatiijiu  ible^ 


Kite  and  vokanoea  of  cbe  rifl-nlley- 
KimaivfiuL,  K«tya  ^nd  p4alcaj  aaptia 

vegneiia  ji  the  ptcdorniui 


^4i.__ 

A,dKua*.—T\iete 


gnaita.  HornMeiide  Khiiti  and  bedi  of  laecanwriiiuc  limeii 
■re  nie.  Cheriy  quiruitn  incnlKddeil  vith  iDykniln  oiEuroii 
Oinks  of  the  Nandi  hilli,  but  thcii  age  it  not  known. 

Orlmffmmr—Fnm  itaJo  en  the  Sabaki  tlver  Di  Cn| 
ebtainni  Mi-valta  and  ipecimena  of  Palnaiaitnla  Fiuluri. 

KarrsB^-Ttte  pi"  af  Mann.  naiT  Etabai  iniuioii  Uation 
Monibaia.  have  yiMtd  tpecinien.  of  Oautpiaii  trnnieii* 
imdia,  thua  indicaiinn  (heir  Kajrm  ave- 

" -     rt  ti  Ihia  «(*  art  iitil  teen  a 


•n,,- 


ladia.    Bc&mnile*  are 


itciiUaM.— Ttitae  ar 


cblv  repmniKd  by  Mnic  bouldr 

_ ,eao(  Kilimanlan.  and  Kenya.    They  ahow 

PfaiHocene  timet  the  ilacien  ei  Kilimanjaro  and  Kenya  u 


JttaM.— The  iBcienl  and  «on  modem  lala  dejeaiti  have  (0  (ai 
jMded  00  manmalian  ee  other  orBnic  renaina  ef  inlcmt. 

/RMMUoai  fatcanic.— A  belt  d  Tokuie  ncki,  over  isojno  iq. 
B.  n  ana,  exltndi  Imn  beyond  the  ■ouibem  to  beyond  tbe  nonhern 
mitoriil  Knila.  They  belsiiR  to  an  older  and  a  nemer  an.  The 
aMar  poop  BoniMnced  arilh  a  tmtt  at  Bidin  eniplloiu  akni  the 

«N  althe  pnaent  rift-wBey  and "'     ■"  "^     "-       - 

flaauna  innwrn  and  lepeated  Aowi 


h"i?.    I 


Cretaemat  Into  early  Tertiary  ti 

«a>  loOixfwl  by  the  eruptioni  el ._ 

canota  «i  the  ■Jfi-vaDcy.    The  Oova  Iran  Kibo  bichide  MphttiM 
,lavu  rieh_ia  aeda  Mqan.    They  beat  a  doae 


d  pnbably  aatended  thnni^ 
1.  Tbii  sraai  wkaaie  period 
T  the  lariH  wl. 


et  the  Kyalu 


ooon  aloBf  the  northern  lover  iloiiea  of .... 

i^oo.  are  of  a  aliihiSy  man  laQiDt  dale.  A  fear 
w  buB  vHunwa  D  tba  latter  refion  liava  only  reaeatly  bcemoe 
otinct;  a  lav  may  be  only  dornaat.  Donyo  Bun  atitl  cmiu 
HuaU  quiotltka  of  tteui.  chile  Mount  TeUi.  in  the  nchbowhood 
of  Lalce  Rudolf,  una  la  eruption  at  the  d«B  of  the  19th  ceauvy-l 

Climale,  Flara  ami  fomi.— tg  Ua  dlmale  and  yefetatkn 
Biitiih  East  A[rica  again  abowi  an  imnienKnt  of  »nie>  paiallel 
to  the  coaaL  The  coast  tegion  is  bot  but  ■•  leneraay  owie 
healthy  than  tbe  coaat  laoda  o[  other  tropical  Gouatriea,  thia 
bcins  due  lo  the  constant  becoe  from  the  IndiaA  Ocean  aikd  \a 
the  dryness  o[  the  soil.  Hie  raiMaD  on  the  cout  babontjsln. 
a  yeai,  the  temperature  tropioL  The  lucceedinf  plaiiu  and  the 
outer  plateaus  are  more  arid.  Fatthei  inland  the  highlands — 
in  which  term  may  be  included  all  diitricti  over  5000  ft.  bi^ — 
are  very  healthy,  fever  being  almost  unknown.  He- averafc. 
teraperatun  [s  about  66°  F.  in  tbe  sod  leaaoh  and  tj*  F.  in  tbe 
hot  teason.  Over  7000  ft.  the  dimate  becoDes  dlstlDctly  eoldec 
and  f  nMIs  aie  eipafenced.  Tlie  average  raiii[all  In  the  '■Ta''liTi'ti 
iibctwcenwandsohi.  The  country  bordering  Victoria  Nyanaa 
is  typically  tropical;  the  rainfall  exceeds  Oo  In.  in  the  yenr,  and 
this  region  is  quite  ansuiiahle  to  Europeans.  The  hoiteM  period 
throughout  the  protectorate  is  Dectmba  to  April,  tbe  (ooleit, 
July  lo  September.  The  "  greater  raliB  "  [all  front  Hard)  ta 
June,  the  "  smaller  lalna  "  in  November  and  Decembet.      Tlu 


jngle,    Vuc  ioRtta  of  olivea  and  iu 


ts  of  peal  trees  whose  lowest 


branehn  are  }o  it.  from  Ibe  [lound.  Two  varieties  of  Ibe  valuable 
rubber-vine,  tanitltkia  fiorUa  and  LamMpUa  KitUi.  are  lound 
near  the  coast  and  n  the  fereau.  The  higher  iBouotaina  ptesefvc 
diiiinct  ipcdes,  Ibe  iurviviag  lemnantsof  the  Sora  ol  a  coaler  period. 
The  iauna  la  not  abundant  eacept  In  hne  manunals,  iiUch  arc 
very  numerous  on  the  drier  ateppea.  They  ioclude  the  canwl 
(conlincd  lo  the  arid  northern  re^ooa),  ekphanl  (more  and  Boi* 
lestricied  to  unfrequented  dbtiica},  illnoceros,  buBalo.  raany  khida 
o[  anielope,  lebia,  giraffe,  hippopotamus,  lion  sad  other  earnivora, 

larlyabuDdanlsnd  dangerous.  CromdilesarecDminaaia  Ibe  larger 
riven  and  in  Vioorialfyanu.  Snakes  are  aamewhal  rare,  tbe  moat 
danfcmui  being  the  ouR-adiler.  Ceniipedet  and  acorinons,  at  well 
as  mesquiiDn  and  other  inaccts,  are  alio  leia  eomrnon  than  in  nic>iC 
tropicaftDUnlrira.  In  some  districts  bees  are  exceedingly  nutpcnni^ 
The  birds  include  the  oairieh.  stork,  busiard  and  leciMaiy-bird 
among  ihe  lairer  varieties,  the  guinea  fowl,  varioui  Undi  01  tour 
fowl,  and  the  lesser  buiiard,  tbe  wild  pigeon,  weaver  and  horabilL 

pelicans  and  Itaniingaea. 

Inkabilatiii. — The  while  population  b  chieHy  in  the  Kikuyu 
uplands,  Ihe  rift-valley,  ud  in  the  Kenya  legioii.  The  whites 
are  mostly  agricujturisti.  There  arc  also  numben  a[  Indian 
seltlen  In  the  same  districts.  The  African  races  include  icpte> 
sentatives  of  various  stocks,  as  the  country  forms  s  borderland 
between  the  Negro  and  Uamilic  peoples,  and  contain*  many 
tribes  o[  doubtful  ■fTmittcs.  The  Bantu  divislDD  of  tbe  negioei 
is  represented  chiefly  in  the  south,  the  principal  triba  bdng  tht 
Wakimba,  Wakikuyn  and  Wanyika.  By  ibe  notth^ait  shores 
oI  Victoria  Nyania  dweU  the  Kavirondo  (fl.t),  a  race  ttmarkabh 
among  the  tribes  of  the  protectorate  for  their  nudity.  Nilotic 
tribes,  Including  the  Nandi  (^.d.),  Lurabwa,  Suk  and  Turkana, 
are  found  in  the  north-wcsL  Of  Hamitic  strain  are  the  Masai 
li-t),  a  race  of  cattle-rearers  speaking  a  Nilotic  language,  who 
occupy  part  of  the  uplands  bonleiing  on  the  eastern  rilt-nlley. 
A  branch  of  the  Masai  which  has  adi^ted  the  settled  life  oC 


BRITISH  EAST  AFRICA 


603 


•Nth  ol  tbt  Con  EiaipmBt  (thao^  tba  true  Bonu  couDtilcs 

UB  libui  and  Dim  is  AbyBuiiui  territory),  wliile  Somali  occupy 
the  country  beliicciithiTBu  and  jDba  riven.  Of  ths  Sonuli 
tiibcs  tlie  Ueiti  dwell  near  the  couC  and  an  more  ei  leH  sution- 
uy.  Furthei  inland  it  Che  nomadic  tribe  ol  Offtden  SonalL 
lie  Gum,  another  Somali  tribe,  occupf  the  country  South  el 
the  lower  Oaua.  Primitive  hunting  tilbei  an  the  WiOdorabo 
in  Mmailand,  and  icaCtend  tribei  of  tmall  Miluic  in  varioBS 
puta.  Tbe  toa>t-land  contain*  a  mixed  populMkn  of  SwaUU, 
Arab  and  Indian  imtnigiaiits,  and  teprtatntattvea  of  niunaons 
luleiior  tiibea. 

Prnhiat  aai  Trniu. — Ihe  protectorate  has,beei  divided 
Into  the  province!  of  Scyyidie  (the  louth  coait  prDvincs,  tapital 
Mombaia);  Ukamba,  which  occupies  the  centre  of  the  pn>- 
lectofale  (cniuUl  Nairobi) ;  Kenya,  the  district  of  Mt.  ICoiya 
(capital  Fort  Hall)i  Tanaland,  to  tbe  north  ol  tbe  two  provincca 
fiiit  named  (capital  Lamu);  Jubaland,  tbe  northern  repon 
(capital  Kiunayu)^  Naivasha  (capital  Naivasha);  and  Kiaumu 
(capital  Kisumu);  each  bcinfl  in  turn  divided  into  diitricta  and 
Eub-di&trictL  Naivaaha  aad  Kisumu,  which  adjoin  the  Victoria 
Nyania.  formed  at  first  the  eastern  province  of  Uganda,  hut  were 
tiaosleiTcd  to  the  East  Africa  protectorate  on  the  lat  <d  April 
190J.  Tbe  chief  port  ol  the  protectorate  ia  Uombaaa  (?■?-)  with 
a  population  of  about  30,000.    The  harbour  00  tbe  *outh-wnt 

the  Uganda  railway.  On  the  mainland,  nearly  oppotiteHombaM 
town,  ia  the  lettleinent  of  freed  ilav»  named  Freretown,  after 
Si  Baitle  Frere.  Freietown  (called  by  tbe  natiTca  Klaoni)  ta 
the  beodquarten  in  East  Africa  of  tbe  Church  Miaionaiy 
Socieiy.  it  it  the  leaidoice  of  the  bi^p  of  the  dioceie  of 
HombuaandpoHeaeasfinechurcbandmissioghoue.  Lamtl, 
on  the  latand  ol  the  sum  name,  ijo  a.  nDrtfa-eaat  of  Mombaaa, 
i>  an  ancieat  KllkineDt  and  the  headquarters  of  the  coast  Arab*. 
Here  are  uhm  Fonugttete  nuns,  and  a  large  Anb  dty  is  buried 
benealb  the  unda.  Tbe  other  towns  of  note  on  the  coast  an 
Malindi,Patta,KjpiruaiidKi5inayti.  AtMalindi,the*' Melind  " 
ol  Faradiu  Lduif  is  the  pillar  erected  by  Vaaco  da  Gama  wbenhe 
visited  the  port  in  14^  The  harbour  is  very  ahallow.  Kismayn, 
the  northemnxnt  port  of  the  protecursCe,  33am.  notttMast  of 
Mombaia,  it  the  jait  ahclteied  anchorage  on  the  east  coast  and 
Is  Invaluable  as  1  haibour  of  refuge.  FDurishing  tonus  have 
grown  np  along  tbe  Uganda  milHsy.  Tbe  most  imponanC, 
Nainbi  (f.i.),  31;  rrL  from  Mombasa,  IJ7  from  Port  Florence,. 
was  choKn  in  1907  as  tbe  administrative  capital  of  the  protec- 
torate. Naivaaha,  64  m.  north-north-west  of  Xurobi,  lies  in  the 
lif l-vaUey  dose  to  Lake  Naivaaha,  and  is  6130  f  L  above  the  les. 
It  enjoys  an  eiccUeit  cUmale  and  is  tbe  centre  of  a  European 
agricidtural  settlement.  Kisumu  or  Poet  Fhvenoe  (a  term 
conlined  to  tbe  bsibour)  is  a  flourishing  town  built  on  a  hill 
Dveriooking  Victoria  Nyinn.    It  is  the  entnpAt  foi  tbe  tiada 


&— aainaiiflUj.-^Miich  has  been  done  to  open 
means  of  roads,  includiilg  a  trunk  lOatt  from  Moi 
in  the  upper  Sabaki  basut,  and  Lake  Kaivasha,  t 
Victoria  Nyania.  But  the  most  important  engin 
taken  in  the  protectora 
Uomhua  to  Victoria  N 


3p  the  coturtiy  b 
laia,  by  Kibwei 
Berkeley  Bay  d 


igun  bi  >aa6.  : 
road,  until  the  < 
direct  route  acron  ine 

KBTiRmdoGolF.  TheTailnyltsB4(n.bB(aBdisa(nictra[J-s8ft.) 
gauge,  the  Sudan,  and  South  and  Central  Mrican  lioa  beiag  of  3  It. 
8  in.  gauge.  Tbe  Uganda  railway  la  eaientially  a  mounlaia  Iiae. 
Mth  gradlenCs  of  one  In  nlty  and  one  in  tbny.  From  Mombaia  il 
aiwea  to  the  mainhnd  by  a  bridge  half  a  mUe  long,  and  atc«iida 
the  plateau  till  il  leachn  the  edge  of  tbe  rifi-vallcy.  34a  n.  from  its 
■tartinE  point,  at  tbe  Kifcuyu  Eecarpiocnt,  where  it  is  Jtoa  It.  above 
the  sea.  It  then  descenda  acroea  ravines  bridged  by  viaducts  to 
At  valley  Boor,  dropping  to  a  level  of  601 1  ft.,  and  neit  aKending 
the  opposite  CMau)  escarpment  to  tbe  (uminit.  8i»I  ft.  abovi!  sea- 
level— the  blghcil  ptint  on  the  line.  In  the  remainlDC  too  n.  of  lit 
coane  Ibe  level  sink*  to  3730  Il»  the  altitode  of  the  station  at  Pest 

■^ «e.    The  railway  vat  bi^lt  by  V-  "-■'■•■ —  - 

'  about  tosoojer 

id  by  March  1903,  w 


Gaesia  Whitebaaaa,  iha  MgiMcr  wIb  had  bcea  b  charge  e(  thtooa. 
strmlaa  fian  the  '"tJ-^hf,  iialgiiiiil  Us  peii.  The  rd«y.  by 
daiag  awajr  with  the  cairiage  «l  lesda  by  tnen,  gave  tbe  fnal  death- 
blow 10  tbcilare  trade  hi  that  part  e(  East  Africa.  It  also  facilitated 
tbe  cominiied  occopatlon  aail  dsvelopneai  of  Uganda,  which  wah 
previow  taha  connnction.  an  ahnoit  impoajble  usk,  owIh  to  the 
vohibittve  tOM  of  tb*  carriaie  of  goada  Iron  the  ooan— £«o  pet  100. 
The  two  avowed  obiicu  of  the  laflny-^  deatroetioB  c<  the  ibve 
Kadcand  the  securing  of  tbe  Brltbh  padlioB  in  [;pBife--tave 
been  attained;  mKeovs-,  the  raHaay  by  optniog  up  bod  sidt^le 
(m  EltrapaBB  settlement  has  also  doae  much  towards  naUng  a 
psestieiiMi  eoloay  ol  tbe  proteelorale,  wtick  was  legaidsd  belon 
tbe  advHil  of  thellieas  linte  bei  ter  tbaa  a  d«R  («  beW.  Hiilsry). 
Thaiaaway  alsodiowaafaitietimon  the  capital  eipendilm,  the 
Buiidut  after  ib&Bylng  all  woridng  eapeiKS  biing  £30,000  in  1905- 
1906  and  tT^jaaa  hi  1006-1907. 

Miiiahait  ia  visited  by  the  boats  n(  several  iteamihip  -~-—-i^ 
the  Gemian  East  Afrin  Iiae  mainbininE  a  fartnightly 
Hamburg.    There  fs  also  a  regular  lervice  to  and  froi 

—"-  eonnecting  Moidiaaa  with  '— -"- ■■ 

^^^ ■    -" 


with  the  rest  of  tbr  world.    There 
■■  Tlowmwith 

and  by  the 


isalsoaa  inlaod  sysien  of  tel^iBphi 
OIK  saeihcr  and  with  Uganda. 

^(TKiiHin  and  e(kr /ndartriH.— In  L ^ . 

shores  of  VktoHa  Nyanea  tba  prodoeu  are  tropkal,  and  euMvatioa 
li  mainly  ia  the  haods  of  the  natives  at  of  lodiaB  imnUipanta 
Then  are,  however,  numerous  plantations  owned  by  EnropcaDi. 
Rice,  main  and  other  grains  are  raised  In  large  quantities;  eoltoo 
and  tobiRO  are  cultivated.  The  eoeiMiut  palm  pfsniatiens  yield 
copra  ol  eacellenl  qmlity.  and  the  bark  of  the  mangrove  trees  it 
■ipocted  for  taonblg  purposes.  In  some  inbnd  (tinncts  beans  of 
the  castor  oil  pknt,  whidi  groirs  in  great  abundance,  are  a  lucrative 

la  cultivated  by  the  natives.  '  The  collection  of  rvbber  l£ewise 
employs  numhos  of  people. 

Among  Ike  European  selttera  in  the  hieher  regions  much  attentisa 
ia  devoted  to  the  production  of  vegetables,  and  very  large  crops  of 
potatoes  are  raised.  Oatk  barley,  wheat  and  rolTee  are  alto  giown. 
The  uplandt  are  peculiar^  adapted  lor  tbe  Taiting  ol  itocE,  and 
naayel  the  white  aettlen  posieia  large  flocks  andherdi.  Merino 
sheep  have  been  introduced  from  Australia.  Ostrich  farms  have 
also  been  established.  Clover,  lucerne,  ryegrass  and  licnilar  graues 
have  been  introdiKBd  to  improve  and  vary  the  fodder.  Other 
vegetable  products  of  economic  value  are  many  varif  tics  of  timber 
trees,  and  fifave-produdng  plants,  which  are  ahuiHlant  la  rbe  scrub 
re^u  between  tbe  coast  and  the  higher  land  bordering  the  tilt- 
vaUey.  Ovet  tbe  gieatet  nan  of  tbe  country  the  soil  ii  light  rcddiih 
loam;  in  the  eastern  plains  it  it  a  heavy  lilack  laam.  At  a  rule 
it  is  easily  cultivated.  While  the  majority  of  the  African  trilies  in 
the  territory  are  not  averse  from  agricultura]  labour,  the  number  <d 
men  available  for  imrk  on  European  holdinp  it  small.    Moreover, 


factoriet  (or  the  coring  of  bacon.     Native  industries  include  the 
weaving  of  cloth  and  the  making  of  inals  and  baskeli.    Stone  and 

streams  of  the  Tana. 

Irsiit.— The  imports  conun  largely  of  textiles,  hsidware  and 
rnanufactured  goods  from  India  and  Eiiiope;  Great  Brilaia  and 
India  between  them  lupplying  over  30%  oTlhe  total  imporU.  CS 
other  counEries  Germany  has  the  leading  share  in  the  trade.  The 
exports,  which  include  the  larger  part  of  the  eKtemal  trade  of 
Uganda,  are  chiefly  copra,  hides  and  skins,  grains,  pc^atoes.  rubber, 
ivory,  chillies.  beetwaK,  cotton  and  6bre.  The  retail  trade  it  largely 
in  the  handi  of  Indians.  Tbe  value  of  theoporti  rose  from  £89>s« 
in  1900-1901  tofJJJ.Ma  in  1904-1905,  in  which  yeanhe  value  of 
the  imports  for  tbe  first  time  exceeded  £500,000.  in  1006-190;  the 
vohimeof  tiade  wasfi.i944Si'>niports  being  valocdat  {;mA47 
and  expofts  at  (440.70J.  the  United  Stales  takes  33%  of  tba 
OKBons.  Great  Bntaincoming  ne«  wirh  rs%. 

CstcmiMii/.— The  system  of  goveinnient  resembles  that  of  a 
British  crewa  colony.  Ac  the  head  of  the  adminiitraiion  it  a 
goinmor.  who  baa  a  deputy  styled  lieutenant-governor.  proviDcial 
immissionen  preildlac  oyer  each  province.    There  are  alio  caecw 


the  "  ten-mile  ilrip  "  (tee  below. 

. rr-j  ~ jnd  Arab  population.    The  extra' 

trritorial  inritdiclkm  gnnled  by  the  sultan  to  various  Powers  waa  . 
1  1907  tianiferred  Co  Great  Britain.  Domestu  slavery  lonncrly 
tilted:  but  on  the  advice  of  the  British  government  a  oecrH  was 

om  after  that  date  could  be  a  slave,  and  ^' waa  foIlowTd  m  1907 
y  a  decree  abolishing  the  legal  status  of  slavny.  la  the  rcu  fl( 
Gr  protectorate  slavery  it  not  lecogniicd  in  any  form.    Legislation 

a  ordinances  made  by  the  governor,  with  the  assent  of  Ihe 
live  council.    The  judical  lyitem  ii  bated  on  Indian  models, 
besgh  in  catct  in  wkidi  Alrieiui  an  coaccmed  regard  ii  had  i* 


BRITISH  EAST  AFRICA 


the  conplEIiiM  of  tSa  Ugindi  milwiiy,  .  .  . 
ravtnue,  haa  iacicaied  snady.  In  1900-1901 
tfH^S  lad  llic  cxpniJiLDR  flM.«j8;  in  190,  . 
inra:  revemie  tiu.tS6.  tmoinim  £jM.ss9: 
tb*  toub  Biert  £iTa.iea  tni  Cftijtif,  ind  in  1^116-1 
ndny  figuica  ven  iadtuKO  for  th«  finl  time) 
ftl6.ilW.    The  iMcincis  wn  nude  food  by  ^1 


TVirandirdi . 

is  chwdy  in  th«  handt  of  die  nrisii 

U>™Ee  ordiia^J^  bra 
nb  vhcnli  in  Mombu 
Ld  ludiuii  at  NaintbU 


90T  (wlan  Hie 
£4*1^  and 


Hillary. — Fiom  the  Slh  century  to  Ihe  11  th  Anbs  and  Pti^ni 
made  settleffients  aJoDg  the  coast  and  gained  poEittcal  Bupremacy 
at  many  places,  leading  to  the  formation  of  the  so-called  Zenj 
empire.  The  hiitory  of  the  eout  towm  from  that  lime  until 
the  ntlblisbtcent  oIBrilbbculeiiidcnIifiedwithtfaatofZaniibai 
(;.*.).  Thelolcriorof  what ianowBrilish  East  Africa  iras  Rist 
made  known  lq  the  middle  ol  the  igth  century  by  the  Gcnnan 
missiooaiia  Ludwig  Kiapf  and  Johanna  Rebnumn,  and  by 
Bbiihi  Karl  von  dcr  Deepen  (i8j3-ie6s)  and  olhcn.  Von  <Sti 
Decken  and  three  olher  Europeans  were  murdered  by  Somali  at 
a  town  caUed  Haidera  in  October  1865,  whilst  «ploring  the  Juba 
river.  The  couotrin  east  ol  \'ictorii  Nyanza  (Masailand.  kc.) 
were,  however,  £ist  traversed  throughout  their  whole  extent  by 
the  Scottish  tuvclier  Joseph  Thomson  («.?.)  in  iM3-i8a4.  In 
188B  Count  S,  Tclcki  (a  Hungarian)  discovered  Lakes  Rudolf 
and  Slefanie. 

n  the  country  now  forming 
nnexion  with  the  sultanate 
of  Zaniibai.  At  Zonobar  British  influence  nas  vety  itiODg  in 
the  but  quarter  ol  the  igtfa  ccatury,  and  the  seyyid  or  suttan, 
fiaigasb,  <kpcndcd  greatly  on  the  advice  of  the  British  reprc' 
lenlative,  Sir  John  Kirk.  In  1877  Borgash  offered  to  Mr 
(afterwords  Sir)  William  Mackinnon  (iSij-ig^j),  chairman  ol 
the  British  India  Steam  Navigatinn  Company,  a  merchant  in 
vhom  he  hod  great  confidence,  or  to  a  company  to  be  Eonnedliy 
him,  a  lease  for  ya  years  irf  the  customs  and  administration  of 
the  whole  of  thctnainlanddanunionsof  Zanzibar  including,  with 

owing  to  a  lack  of  support  by  the  foreign  office,  and  conceniona 
obtained  in  1884  by  Mr  (afterwards  Sir)  H,  H.  Johnston  In  the 
KiUminjaro  district  were,  at  the  time,  disregarded.  The  taige 
number  of  concessions  acquired  by  Germans  in  1SS4-1S35  on 
the  East  African  coast  uonscd,  however,  the  interest  of  those 
who  recognized  the  paramount  importance  of  the  maintenance 
il  British  influence  in  those  regions,  A  British  claim,  ratified 
by  anogreemcnl  with  CecmaoyioiSSf,  was  made  lothc  districts 
behind  Mombasa;  and  in  hlay  18J7  Baigash  granted  ID  an 
association  formed  by  Mackinnon  a  coaccB^on  for  the  adminis- 
tration of  so  much  of  his  mainland  territory  as  lay  outside  the 
retfon  which  the  British  government  had  recognized  as  the 
German  sphere  of  opetations.  By  international  agreement  the 
maintand  tenTloriesof  the  sultan  were  defined  as  extending  10  m. 
inland  from  the  coast.  MacKinnon's  usodalios,  whose  object 
j„)_.  was  to  open  up  the  binicrUad  as  well  as  this  ten-mile 
ivM  strip,  becunelitelmpcrialBritBhEastAfrica  Company 
|;'">'.T  by  a  (ounder*!  agreement  of  April  18SS.  and  recQved 
'"  '"  >  royal  charier  in  September  of  the  same  year.    To 

this  coB^ny  the  itillan  made  a  ructhct  concession  dated 
October  lES£,  Od  the  faith  ol  these  conccsiions  and  llie  chatters 
'  •  sum  of  £>4o,ooa  was  subscribed,  and  the  conipany  iccdved 
formal  charge  ol  their  concessions.  The  path  of  the  company 
ma  speedily  beset  with  difBcuUies,  which  in  the  first  instant 
•rose  out  of  the  aggressions  ol  the  Cermaii  E*it  Aliicaa  Company. 
This  company  had  also  received  a  grant  from  the  mttan  in 
October  iSSS.  and  its  appearance  on  the  coast  was  followed  by 
grave  disturbances  among  the  ttibea  which  had  welcomed  the 
British..    This  oulbieak  l«l  U  a  ioiaL  Britiah  and  Geman 


blockade,  which  seriously  lumpned  trade  opertfiooi.  It  had 
also  been  antidpated,  in  tttlance  on  certain  auuraoces  ol  Prince 
Bismardi,  emphasized  by  Lord  Saliabuiy,  that  German  enterprise 
in  (he  interior  of  the  cmBlry  would  be  conGned  to  the  south 
of  Victoria  Nyanza.  UnloTtunately  this  eipecution  wu  not 
realized.  Moreover  German  subjects  put  forward  d^nti  to 
coast  districts,  notably  Lamo,  within  the  rompany^  sphere  and 
in  many  ways  obstructed  the  company's  operations.  In  all  these 
disputes  the  German  government  countenanced  its  own  subjettv 
while  the  British  foreign  oflice  did  little  or  nothhrg  to  assist  the 
company,  sometimes  directly  discouraging  its  activity.  Moreover, 
the  company  hod  agreed  by  the  concession  of  October  iSSS  to 
pay  a  high  revenue  to  the  sultan — Batgash  had  died  in  the 
preceding  March  and  the  Germans  were  presdng  Ins  succeasor 
to  give  them  a  grant  of  Lamu — in  lieu  of  the  customs  collected 
at  the  ports  they  to(*  over.  The  diatuTbanee  caused  by  the 
Genitan  claimi  had  a  detrimental  effect  on  hade  and  put  • 
considerablestrainontheresourcesof thecompany.  Theactioti 
of  the  company  in  agreeing  to  onerous  financial  burdens  wai 
dictated  partly  by  regard  for  imperial  Interests,  which  would 
havebeen  seriously  weokened  had  Lamu  gone  to  the  Cetmana. 

By  the  hlnieiland  doctrine,  accepted  both  by  Great  Britain 
and  Germany  in  the  diplomatic  correspondence  of  July  1887, 
Uganda  would  fall  within  Great  Briuln'a"  sphere  of  influence  "; 
but  German  public  opinion  did  not  so  regard  the  matter.  Oermm 
maps  aasigned  the  territory  to  Germany,  while  In  Engluid 
public  ojKnion  aa  stren^y  eipected  British  fnflueace  (a  be 
puamouni.  In  1839  Karl  Peters,  a  German  ofGdal,  led  what 
waa  practically  a  raiding  expedition  Into  that  ci3untry,  after 
tunning  a  blockade  of  the  ports.  An  eapedition  under  P.  J. 
Jackson  had  been  sent  by  the  company  in  (he  same  year  to 
Victoria  Nyanza,  but  with  instructions  to  avoid  Uganda.  In 
consequence  of  representationa  froD  Uganda,  and  of  tidings  b» 
received  of  Pcten's  doinp,  Jackson,  however,  determined  to  ga 
to  that  country.  Peten  retired  at  Jackson's  apptoadi,  cfainiiBt 
nevertheless,  to  have  made  certain  treaties  which  constituted 
"  eHective  occupation."  Feten's  treaty  was  dated  the  tal  of 
March  1S90:  Jackson  concluded  another  in  April  Meantime 
negotiations  were  proceeding  in  Europe;  and  by  the  Angltv 
German  agreement  of  the  iit  of  July  1890  Uganda  was  asigned 
to  the  British  spberc.  To  consolidate  their  position  in  Uganda— 
the  French  missionaries  then  were  hostile  to  Great  Britain— 
the  company  sent  thither  Captain  F.  D,  Lugard,  who  reached 
Mengo,  the  cqiital,  In  December  1890  and  estaUi^ed  the 
authority  of  the  company  despite  French  intrigues.  In  July 
i8go  repreuntatives  of  the  powers  assemtded  at  Brusseta  bad 
■greed  on  common  efiorls  for  the  inppres^os  of  tlie  davc 
trade.  The  inierlcrence  ol  the  company  in  Uganda  bod  beea 
a  material  step  towards  that  object,  which  they  sou^t  to 
foitber  and  at  the  lame  time  to  open  np  the  countiy  by  the 
construction  of  a  railway  from  Mombasa  to  Victoria  Nyanzt 
Bnt  their  resources  being  inadequate  for  such  «i  nndertaiung 
they  loughl  imperial  aid.  Although  Lord  Salisbury,  then 
prime  minister,  paid  the  highest  tribute  to  the  company's  labours, 
and  a  preliminaiy  grant  for  the  survey  bad  licen  practically 
a^eed  upon,  the  scheme  was  wrecked  in  parliament.  At  a  lata 
date,  however,  the  railway  was  buili  entiiely  at  goverement 
cost  (inpTB,  i  Cmmiimico/friBj).  Owing  to  the  firandal  stnln  im- 
posed  upon  It  the  company  decided  to  withdraw  Caplain  Lugard 
and  his  forces  in  August  1891 ;  and  eventually  the  British  pnmn* 
ment  assumed  a  protectotate  over  the  country  (see  Uganiu). 

Further  difliculties  now  arose  which  led  finally  to  the  eatinction 
of  the  company.     Its  pecuniary  interests  sustained  a  acvera 
blow  owing  to  the  firiiish  goveniment — which  had 
taken  Zaniibai  under  its  ptotection  in  November  2l»»»i 
1890 — declaring  (June  tSgi)  Ihc  dominions  ol  the  atawrm. 
sultanHiLhinlheltcetradezonc.  This  act  eiilaguished 
the  tteatica  regulating  all  tariiis  and  duties  with  foreign  powen, 
and  ^vB  free  trade  all  akmg  the  coast.    The  result  lor  the 
company  was  that  dues  wete  now  swept  away  withont  com- 
pensation, and  the  company  was  left  saddled  with  the  psymi 
of  the  lent,  and  with  the  cost,  in  addiiio 


BRmSH  EAST  AFRICA 


bo5 


■e  (Or  wlikk  hid  hem  derived  front  the'dDea 
SEoier.  ■  Kheine  o[  tumtios  vhicli  it  dnw 
t  mnmivil  erf  the  fordgn  office- 

impuy'i  iffiin  h«9  drifted  in 


.  . ,  (June  189J).  At 
la  Sth  Hi  Mijr  liM  ib  ofler  to  nmndeT  the  cbiRer  ta  the 
sovenuanu  WM  ^fioved,  ihao^  >at  without  itning  imteMi. 
Negotlatioos  Aagged  eu  to  over  nm  yun,  ud  tdtlnutdjr  the 

the  |wopa(t7,  ri^iu  and  unti  of     . 

In  £150,000.   Akbougb  the  compugr  had  pnved 

tot  Ihs  tfianhoUen  (ii4ua  its  wooimts  mre  vound  np  tbcjt 

dtaloKd  ■  total  defidt  of  £igj,T5T)  >t  >>»)  wwnipUihed  a 

gieat  deal  of  good  vork  Hiid  hid  biDiigfat  under  ficitish  away 

>ot  only  the  heid  waten  of  the  opfier  N&e,  but  -%  rich  and 

Iwalthy  apland  re^Eoa  admiiably  idiptgd  fo*  European  c(Anill&- 

tioa.    To  tha  jiid^eot,  fmniiht  and  patriotim  of  Sir  WDiim 

UacUBDOa  Britidi  Eait  Africa  pnctiaUy  ovei  Iti  fouDdillaii. 

Sir  Wilhini  ind  hii  coUcaguca  of  the  company  were  Isisely 


■tavery  and  to  Impnvc  the  coaditioii  ol  the  natives.  Wlh 
thii  lim  they  piohibiltd  the  drink  lialEc,  itirted  ladnttiil 
ndiBoiii,  biiiK  nadi,  and  adminfatend  ■t*"'''  juitice;  In 
the  opinion  ol  a  later  idmialitTator  (Sir  C  EMt,  their  work  ud 
thit  of  their  immediate  tiitccaton  wai  the  grcitest  philanthropjc 


U  adndniitTalion.  The  territory,  hitheno  kaown  ai 
Irom  the  Inklali  ol  the  eoDpiny,  wa*  now  ttjded  the  E 
Africa  prolectonte.  The  iraill  sultanate  of  Wn\t  (f.r.)  on  toe 
maioland  opposite  Lamu.  frcijo  1&85  to  ]£qo  a  Goman  pro- 
teaorate,  «a>  included  in  (be  British  pnitectonte.  CoincideDt 
with  iht  transfer  of  th?  admimitntiqD  id  the  imperial  govenmieDt 
■  diqHite  as  to  the  lUcceuion  to  s  diicliainsMp  in  Uie  Murui, 
the  most  importsnl  Anb  funity  on  the  cuui,  led  to  a  revolt 
whidi  lasted  ten  maDtht  and  involved  much  hud  fighting.  It 
endH  In  April  iSg6  in  the  fiight  of  the  rebel  leaden  to  Geimaji 
Unilory,  when  they  wtn  Interned.  The  rebellian  marks  an 
tmportant  cfioch  in  tbe  history  oi  the  [Hotectorate  u  its  lap- 
proskin  definitely  iUbUltDted  European  for  Arab  ioQuence. 
•■  Belott  the  rebellion,"  uy*  Sir  C  Eliot,  "  the  coaat  wis  a 
fnteocd  Arab  ttate;  uoa  its  lupfoaiion  U  bu  beeo  giowin( 
Into  a  British  colony." 

¥ma  1S9S,  when  the  buOdiug  of  the  Uombaaa-VIcloria 
Nyania  railway-  wu  begun,  tmt3   igoj.  when  the  line  *aa 

practically  completed,  the  eneisict  of  the  idmiailtra- 
^^l?"  tion  were  largely  abaothcd  in  that  great  work,  and  in 
^^'j        dtabtishing  eHective  control  over  tbe  Maui,  Somali, 

uu)  other  Irlbet.  The  coast  luidi  apart,  the  pro- 
tectorate was  regarded  u  valuable  chieSy  at  bang  the  high 
toad  to  Uganda.  But  as  the  railway  reached  the  high  plateaus 
Ibe  diaoavery  was  made  that  there  were  lu^  areas  ol  land- 
Very  qwiscly  peopled— when  ilie  dinwle  was  oceUcnt 


lbs  tompletioB  of  Ibe  nuhny,  by  iflonUng  tranqwrt  Facilities, 
Bwk  It  practicable  to  opes  the  comitry  to  Klthn.  The  first 
tft^aOlM  iot  luid  wu  nade  in  April  i^oi  by  the  Eat  Africa 
Syndicate— a  foapany  to  wlddi  Goatidcn  bdongbig  to  the 
Cbutered  Company  of  South  Afifci  «Bt  btetested— which 
•00^  a  grant  of  ;oo  tq.  m.;  and  thik  Was  Followed  by  otber 
■fpBflttinii  tor  consideiable  areas,  a  idieme  bring  alfio  pro- 
pounded lor  i  llije  Jewbh  BCttlemeiit. 
'  Dnilu  1903  the  arrival  of  hundreds  of  prupeclht  settlers, 
diefly  from  South  AErica.  led  to  the  decUon  to  entertsin  no 


iiightsofpaatDiaab  iBlhecanjiBrootof  thisp^liqr4d^oM 
saae  between  Lord  LuiadainiB,  toitign  tecntaiy,  iiui  Sit 

,  Cbarlta  Eliot,  who  had  been  (ommiHiODet  since  lODa  11« 
leKoga  secietaty,  bdisvinf  hkutlf  boiuid  by  {dedgea  givea  to 
the  syndicstc,  dedded  that  tbey  should  bo  granted  the  lease  of 
the  500  sq.  m.  tbey  bad  apfflied  tot;  bat  after  couullini 
o&cbli  of  the  protectorate  thco  in  London,  ba  irfused  Sli 

to  two  sppUcuMt  fnm  Sootb  Africa.  Sir  Chules  Ihoenpca 
redgned  his  pott,  and  In  t  public  lelegiam  to  tha  ptima  minislera 
dated  Mombasa,  the  >ist  of  Jtme  1904,  save  as  Us  NasDn~- 
"  Lord  Lansdomw  oideied  me  to  lefuie  grants  ol  Isnd  to  certain 
private  persMis  tridle  givbig  ■  moiwpoly  of  land  at  unduly 
advantageont  terms  to  the  East  Abks  Syn<£cate.  I  hav* 
refuted  to  oecnlti  these  instluetloni,  wUch  I  nmwiArr  tmjon 
and  Impolitic"*  * 

of  ^  Donald  W.  Stewart,  the  chief  commlarioner  <k  Ashant^ 
to  lucceed  him  wst  announcxd.  Sir  Donald  induced  the  Masai 
whose  graiing  tights  were  thnstmed  to  temove  to  anothd 
diitrict,  and  a  sellfctDent  ol  the  land  claioti  wu  arranged.  An 
oBer  to  the  Zionist  Assedatlon  of  land  for  colonisation  by  Jew* 
was  declined  m  Augost  1905  by  that  body,  after  the  receipt  of  a 
lepott  by  a  commistioner  sent  to  cismine  the  land  (6ixw  tq.  mj 
oSered.  Sll  Donald  Stewart  died  on  the  1st  of  OctcAMT  1905, 
and  was  succeeded  by  Colonel  Hsyes  Sadler,  the  commbtionet 
of  Uganda.  Meantime,  in  AptS  190J,  the  admintWratlon  of  the 
protectorate  had  been  transferred  from  tbe  foreign  to  the  cokmlal 
officB,  By  the  close  oF  i;oj  con^dersbly  over  a  million  *cna  ol 
land  had  been  leased  or  sold  by  the  pratectoiata  authmitfci 
about  half  of  it  lot  grasing  puipoaet.  In  1907,  to  meet  tha 
demands  ol  tha  increarfng  number  ol  white  lidubftaiita,  who  had 
lotmeda  ColoidMs'  Association  lortbepiomotkncf  thsirlntareilt, 
■  la^ibtiva  coantH  wta  eitabliriMd,  and  on  this  coundl  rqm* 
■enutivesot  tha  sattkrs  wen  given  seats.  Ibe  tt^  of  the  cUef 
oStdal  waa  also  altered,  "  govenioi "  beioB  tubttitnled  foi 
"  commifriouei."  In  tbe  tune  yeu  a  icbeme  was  drawn  op  lot 
assisting  tbe  fanud^tion  of  Btltisb  Indisns  to  tbe  rtgiana 
adjacent  to  the  coast  and  to  Victoria  Nyann,  dlttricta  not 


In  geners)  the  nlatloni  of  the  British  with  the  tribes  of  the 
InteiioT  bare  been  satMsctary.  The  Somali  In  JobaUnd  have 
given  tome  ttouUe,  but  the  Muai,  mtwiilutandiBg  (heit  warlike 
icputstioa,  accqttad  peaceably  the  contnil  of  the  i^tes.  This 
was  due,  in  grMt  measure,  t-  ''-- 
questira  [dagoe  carried  off  tt 

them  for  years  to  a  state  of  wapi  ana  w^uaq*  wnm  ocsuujsu 
their  warlike  habits.  One  of  the  nuat  tronhlcMime  tribes  proved 
to  be  the  Nandi.  who  occupied  the  aoatbetn  part  ol  tbe  platena 
west  of  the  Man  cacatpment.  They  repeatedly  raided  their  lem 
wariike  neighboais  and  comiaitted  wholesale  theFts  from  the 
railway  and  tclegmph  Unta.  In  September  looj  an  expedition 
was  snit  sgsinst  them  wblch  reduced  the  tribe  to  submission  in 
the  following  November;  and  early  in  1906  Ihe  Nandi  were 
removed  into  a  reserve.  The  majority  of  the  nativei,  unaccut' 
lomed  to  regular  work,  showed  themsdves  averse  From  taking 
servire  under  tho  white  farmers.  The  inadequacy  of  the  labour 
supi^y  was  sn  eariy  cause  ol  tronUe  to  the  settlcn,  while  the 
labour  regolatlonsenforced  led,  during  rgoT-i^aS,  t( 
friction  between  the  cdonists  and  the  arlnrinistimtl 

For  several  yean  after  the  ewahHshmriil  ol  the 
the  Dortheni  region  remained  very  little  hnawii  ana  no  niiempi 
was  msde  to  admUitei  the  dlttrlcL  The  natim  wen  fi» 
quently  i^ded  by  patties  of  GaOas  and  Abymlidani.  and  In  tbi 
sbsence  of  s  defined  fiontlar  Abysrinlan  govcmneM  pons  wen 
pushed  tooth  to  Lake  XtHkdf.  The  Ahysrinians  atn  made 
themsdva  masters  of  the  Bonn  conntiy.  After  long  negotia> 
tfoDt  an  agreement  as  to  the  boundary  Uu  betwecD  the  lake  and 

<  Sec  Ctrrtipviitiia  nfoftsf  u  Oa  Xa^ialim  ^  Sit  C  SUI, 
AMm.  Jft  I  (1904) 
•Tbe  Plantei*  and  Fam 


BRITISH  EMPIRE 


the  ifwr  Juba  *u  d(But  It  A<fi>  Abitw  OB  tbe  6ih  of  DecDibei 
tgor,  uid  in  igoS-ifiag  the  fiantlel  vu  ildimitBl  by  in  Anglo- 
AbynaEui  nmmudan,  Uajor  C  W.  Gwynn  bong  tlie  chid 
British  Rproeautlve.  S&vc  for  iu  mrth  nnWm  entemity 
Like  Rodott  wu  luigned  to  tlie  Bitiiih,  Liki  Sufuue  falliiig 
to  Al^HJnUi  vhile  fnm  oboul  4*  ao'  N.  the  Diiu  to  iu  junctioii 
With  the  Jobs  became  Uk  Innliei. 

BiBLioeKArnr. — The  moM  cnnipnbenrfvi  acisgnt  of  ibe  iin>- 
~    ~      ~    10  tbcdoas  of  1904,  npnially  <' ' 


tants 


^._, . pniKTOFite  w  dcL 

nvenur  ifiued  ennuiDy  by  the  Bntiih  _  .  ..  _ 
m  Dntmlffi  Ytar  S«l  A  Ban  AJriai  (Bciaib»), 
1901.  ThsiWsuff/i^«rwiluicDiicBiiiag(bt  Brit 
D '--lud  by  the  W«  Office.  Umdon, 


Eliot  (LaDdan,  I^cifiJ. 
ia  the  StforU  by  Uu 
■■ —  1891!;  dim] 


W,  Cruory  (Londgo.  1901).     Biihgp  A. 
M  [/jia*!  0  ■!(  am  ^/rKi  (Laodon,  1  r-° 

^-frr., — .  ^^  —  I  -■ 


Britiih  Eut  Africa  Compuiy  a  coodieJv  nd  atilluiritatnitty  Uld 
fnm  official  documenu  nBrilM  Eaa  Africa  or  Oh,  by  P.  L. 

"-" ' ■    '  — '--,  1893).    Aaotber  book,  valuable  for 

U  Auifaluii  «f  Briiuk  "'•>  Africa, 

-     -■  V  A.  R.  fuciii'i  Eit*fc« 

1 908)  conOlna  a  umniary 

-.  _, ,-— .,  — , *-  — —  expkiren  ThnuA  Maai 

Uni,  by  JOKpfc  TIbubdii  (LobiIhi.  I8M1,  ia  ipicially  valuable. 
Far  the  MnbttB  Irantiar  Ke  Cant.  P.  Maod  •  leport  lo  4/Kca  Jtfa.  jj 

(1904).  For  ledocy  Me.  beaiJca  Tbomaoo'i  book,  7b  Ctttl  Hfl 
'lUIn,  by  I  wTCnfory JLoniloii.  1896):  Atnu  a  BM  AtAa% 
Claatr.  by  Hiu  Meyer  (LoKkui  and  Letmii,  itaa);  aod  XHwt 
HlalimilnUCttlttHlluEaa  Atria  FnUtMalt,ivKB.a^ 

gitaua]  CMBce.  Londsn,  1908).    For  bii  Eaine  and  otsitholofy  kg 
Safari,  by  A.  Cbapnua  tLnidoii,  Itt^}.    Tbe  nory  ol  Ibcbuild- 
■  ./      .       t        1  '  Jio  the/'inaJJifpwlitflla 

II  (1904),  publiibcd  by  tbe 

w  kmely  given  to  lie  viole 
.  te  of  terriiory,  ibe  inhabitant!  of  which,  niidei  variooi 
n  €i  govcmmcnt,  ultimately  look  to  the  Britiah  crown  «i 
the  Riprsne  bead.  The  tenn  "  esquie  "  ia  in  tbia  connexion 
obnoualy  Died  rather  for  coavcnlcnce  than  in  any  acnie  equivi- 
Imt  to  that  ol  the  older  or  de^nlic  anpiRS  of  hlitoiy. 

The  land  luclacc  of  the  outh  ii  etUmited  to  extend  ovci  about 
51,500.000  iq.  m.  Of  thia  irem  the  firitkh  oaiHre  ocnipip^ 
gg,,fi  aeuly  ons-qucter,  Extending  over  an  area  ol  about 
11,000,000  sq.  m.  By  fir  the  greater  poitfam  liei 
within  the  tempente  lonea,  uul  li  aidlible  for  white  lettlemenL 
Hie  notable  excepttoni  are  the  loutheni  half  of  India  and 
Burma;  £ut.  Wot  and  Ceolnd  Afiica;  the  Wot  Indian 
coknUa;  tbe  northera  portion  of  AiBtnlii;  Ne*  Cuuua, 
Britiih  Baroea  and  that  portion  of  North  America  •rhich  extendi 
Inte  Arctic  reglont.  The  area  of  the  Krritory  of  the  empire  ii 
divided  ilmoM  equiBy  between  the  louthem  ind  the  northern 
hembphens,  the  gnat  dlvWcoi  ol  AuMnluii  md  South  Africa 
coveiteg  between  then  in  the  natbem  bomiipbeit  $.308,506 

the  nadve  Mite*,  cover  betwean  them  in  the  nenhem  hemliphtie 
I.i7i.S15iq<ii>-  Hwaltenutkaof  theKBaoBiiiithaicojqdete, 
ODo-half  ol  the  empfaa  sijoying  uunmer,  while  one-balf  b  in 
winter.  The  dlviiian  of  territory  between  the  eaaleffn  and 
wotcm  hontipheiia  ia  Icaa  equal,  ^■■y<«  occupying  iJone  En 
the  wvatcnt  hcmi^ihcrc  3.^51,046  aq.  m.,  while  Auitnlatii, 
South  Africa,  India  and  the  United  KmgJ-m  occiq>y  logetlui 
rB6,9is.o;Siq.m.    Ai  a  mallei  ol  latl, 

tiona  ol  the 

oner  half  h  in  daiimoL  Tbeae  alleraitwni  of  time  aad  of 
•auou,  coBUncd  wllh  the  vuie^  of  lotb  tad  dioutei,  aic 
calculated  to  hivi  m  tntnarin^y  JnpoiUat  eSect  ivoa  the 
oaletial  ind  indmtrial,  u  will  a*  i^en  tbe  loeiil  and  political 
devdopmenu  of  the  impin;  Tbil  wHI  bec«nK  evident  in  con- 
sdeiinc  tha  Indmtifil  prodacdMa  of  Ihe  diSnent  divineni,  and 
the  himtt  imdhii  which  ptmit  the  cnuaer  produce  of  one 
portion  of  Iha  empire  to  n^fly  the  winter  requirementi  ol  in 
other  maAeti,  and  conven^. 

The  onpita  oootiini  or  fa  bounded  by  lome  ol  the  highlit 
nnuatatni,  the  ■reitesi  lakci,  aad  the  mail  impoitanl  dven 


ofthowHld.  ItadhuateaiBarltntdtalndadeBllIhetMiiwn 
rJlm.ij.  of  tho  world;  111  mill  ate  no  ka  vaiiooL  In  the 
pniiid  of  anlial  Cinadi  it  poacuta  itane  of  the  uoit  valuable 
whcal.pnidudng  hnd;  In  the  gnu  landi  of  tha  iuciioi  of 

aia.  neUnhnLKlngdoaiatpreiEntpnHliKeaBioiecoaltban 
any  other  linglB  countiy  otecpt  the  Umled  Slato.  Ihe  eflect 
ol  dimate  Ihtoiigbont  the  cmpin  in  modifying  the  type  ol  the 


hardy  aetlvt  habit;  in  Auatrtlia  to  a  tall, 
localljr  known  aa  "  coButaUtcn,"' 
and  intcBectiiBl  aclratjr. 
In  New  Zealand  the  type  pttiema  almoit  exactly  the  cbiii- 
acteriulci  of  tbe  Britiih  Iilei.  The  South  African,  both  Dutch 
and  Bciiisb,  ii  readl)y  ncognlKd  by  an  afqiannlly  wn-dhed, 
lank  and  hard  habit  ol  boiiy.     In  the  tropical  iiiiiiiiiiiiin  of  the 

the  iadividoal  alone  ii  aflected.    The  Qpe 


thia  iuseating  a^ect  of  jmpeilal  devdopment,  that  tha  muld- 

measi  of  travel  thtoDghout  tbe  empire  will  tend  te  nodify  the 
future  BccenCuation  of  race  diftennce,  while  tbe  vaiiety  of 
dctnenta  in  the  vaat  area  occupied  ihoidd  have  an  Important^ 
though  11  yet  not  icientiGcaUy  traced,  efiect  open  the  Bnthh 
imperial  type. 

The  white  popidalioa  of  the  onpirc^  reached  in  1901  a  total 
of  oTs  53,000,000.  or  aamethiiig  over  one^ei^th  of  ila  attire 
population,  which,  including  native  meet,  ia  estimated       _ 
at  about  400,000.000.     Ihe  white  populatioit  iodudea       dZa!^ 
Htne  French,  Dutch  and  Spanish  pecplea,  biU  li 
mainly  of  Anf^o^Saxon  race.    Jt  ia  dulributed  rou^dy  aa 


"ne  native  population  of  the  empin  indndea  typci  td  the 
principal  black,  yellow  and  bnmi  racca,  damng  with  theia  tltt 
bigh-Iype  race*  of  the  Eail,  which  miy  altnoat  bo  tailed  wUta 
The  native  population  of  India,  mainly  high  tjp^  bown,  «u 
returned  at  tbe  cenmiof  1901  ai  im.>9I479'    Thapiqidaliensf 

may.  however,  be  coflected  iuo  tha  foDewlng  pdnc^alfnapa: — 
(A)  Malayo-Polyaetiu'. 

liL  ^iiieM.C]iJnue. 
(O  Dravldo-Mugdl: 

L  Muofi  (KoluiaB). 
EL  DnvidiuL 
(D)  lEtdo-Eunfxaa. 

ledo-AryaD  lub-famiTy. 
m  Semitic. 

d.  14.  Glpiy. 


Straici  Settkneeta,  brown,  otind  and  1 
Hong'Koiig,  Chineae  and  brown, 
Noru  Bonao,  mixed  l>rovn  and  Saraw 


ne  cnndnueil  for  the  Gm 

tiF  oT  Owi  t!  Om  Brilut  Emfii 
■llwwUta  pofadatiaa  of  Dntii 
iBui  el  igot  wai  i,i4i,ai&. 


for  1901  from  the  variout  psm  of  tbe  tmi/a 
■'—--—  in  tM«  into  a  tjite-book  ondcr  li 

in,  KOart  wiA  Summary. 

-•■•• — ■- AMnasoBrtbwtBtt 


:oaB,CjOOg[e 


db,Google 


BRITISH 

0<a«TOa»im»Mi*Mchliil»maeKEi»tmidq»niilHidia 

Tkniil  thit  aakt  np  the  gmUr  part  of  the  pofiubUoo  of  CcTlau. 

Tine  R«  h  nude  up  of  Anbt,  Miliyi,  China  On  Ilw  SUaits 

StltloDcnts  utd  Hraf-Xmc),  Dyaki,  Eunsuun  and  atben. 

Will  India. 

Ike  Vctt  bidki,  lochuUng  the  Eoatinenlal  oMdc*  of  Britiih 

itm  a  total  eoknucd  pqpuktioD  Bt  about  i,gi>,ts5.    Tlie 
cohnuM  of  tUi  gioup  whkh  have  the  largot  Goloand  popola- 

lamalo— Cliitfly  block.  MOW  bcom  and  ydlow  790,000 
Triaidad  and  Tobifo— Black  and  brown .  >  i]d,ooo 
BricU  Caiaok-^k  and  brawn    .       .       .       afeooo 

Tbi  popolatiiHit  of  tlHi  Wtit  India  an  vcty  vuiooi,  betef 
made  op  largely  of  imported  African  negno.  In  Junaia 
.thai  ooBliibat*  fou-fiftla  of  the  population.  Tbat  an  i1m 
In  the  Uandi  a  conaldenUs  Dmnber  of  inpoited  Eaat  Indian 
COtCeaand  acme  Qdnew.  Hie  abori^na]  net*  fodude  American 
JodUna  of  the  ■"■IwT^wJ  ^^  Cariba.  WUb  thev  then  baa  been 
intennixtun  of  Spanlih  and  nirtniWM  blood,  and  a»*r  noud 
trpci  hava  appeand.  The  total  Encapean  popolation  of  thla 
(toiip  of  eolonia  amounts  to  upward!  o(  Bo,ooo,  tioirtiich  15,000 
on  account  ol  fiermoda  may  be  added. 
ASrka. 
gS2;j[Chiaaybhck.e«i™.«lj;      ;       ,    l^^-^ 

The  aboriginal  lacci  of  South  Africa  wen  the  Bralimen  and 
EottenlOU.  Both  tbcse  raici  are  rapidly  dlminiihing  in 
numben,  and  in  Briiith  South  Africa  it  i>  eipeded  that  they 
win  In  tha  anu»  of  tha  twentieth  century  become  extinct. 
Bcddes  Ibeaeprii^ve  lacei  Iheic  arc  the  dark-^kiimed  negioida 
of  SantnatocJi,  commonly  known  in  theii  tribal  groups  as  Kaffirs, 

many  leaser  groups.  The  Bsntu'  compoae  the  gmler  part  of 
the  native  pi^ndatkin.  Tliete  are  also  in  South  Africa  Halayi 
and  Indians  and  othen,  who  daring  the  last  two  hunditd  yean 
have  been  inboducad  from  Java,  Ceykn,  Uadagaicar,  Moiam- 
biqne  and  British  India,  and  by  intenDuriage  with  each  other 
and  with  the  nativ*)  have  produced  a  hybrid  pqndatka  gesn^y 
classed  Uvether  under  the  heading  of  the  btind  Races.  These 
aieofaUoolouia,  varying  (njmydlow  to  dai*  brown.  Tie  tribes 
of  Central  Africa  arc  as  yet  less  known.  Many  of  them  ohiblt 
radal  chiraclcriada  allied  to  IboH  of  tha  Cribea  of  Smth 
Aliica,  but  with  in  some  caiea  an  admiituie  of  Arab  blood. 
East  Ajritn. 
..     Black 

f^™j«d™a»di:   :   :   :  :  *-^™ 

Ziaaibar— Hack  and  hfown  ....  »oo,ooo 
Ugaada    .....  ...    3,300,000 

Total       .       .      ,    7.4»S,ooo 

Wat  Alrica. 

KIgaia  OndwKng  Lagnt—Blai^  aor 

Cold  Coul  (Ml  finteriaiut-ClueBy  U—  .      ..,--,— 

Sierra  Lama                              -       ••  XfootBa 

CsnU*                                     ■•        -  rd^^no 

From  cast  (o  west  aeitiss  Africa  the  aboriginal  nalioDa  are 
mostly  of  the  Mack  negroid  type,  their  varieties  being  only 
Imperfectly  known.  ITi*  tendency  ol  some  of  the  lower  negroid 
types  has  beoi  10  diifl  lowardi  the  west  coast,  where  they  ilitl 
practise  cannibalistic  and  (etish  ritca.  On  the  east  coast  are 
found  much  higher  types  an»oaclung  to  the  Chiiatian  rscri 
of  Abyadnia,  and  from  cast  to  nest  there  has  been  a  wide 
admixlwe  of  Arab  blood  producing  a  lieht.brDwn  lype.    In 


607 


L'-^BIack,  very  low  Qipe    .      .      , 
Qiioeaa  and  half  caircf^  yeOow  . 
New  Zealand — Maorii^  bnjwn.  Chincae  and 


h-Wynaaiaa,  Mack  and  bro* 
Ilia    fiilj  niAii.  black  and  be 


The  natJTe  lacea  of  Auitialia  and  the  Tolyncsian  groiqis  of 
islands  are  divided  into  two  tnain  types  known  as  the  dark  arid 
light  Polynesian.  The  dark  type,  which  la  black,  Is  of  a  very 
low  oidei,  and  In  some  of  the  islands  sinl  retains  its  cannibal 
habits.  The  aborigitul  tribes  of  Australia  an  of  a  low-dsst 
black  race,  but  gencnlly  peaceful  and  inoflenslve  tai  their 
habits.  Tie  wU«  Polynetioa  races  ate  of  »  very  superior  type, 
and  eiMbit.  as  b  the  Uioris  of  New  Zeilandi  chiracteilitia 
of  a  high  order.  The  nstives  ol  Papua  (New  Guinea)  are  to  a 
very  low  state  ol  dviliiaiion.  Tie  estimate  given  ol  their 
has  been  taken. 

T1»  only  cokiqied  nathn  nces  of  Canada  an  the  Kcd  ^'"•"■i 
many  In  tribal  variety,  but  lew  in  nnubn. 

Natlrc  Popotltkns: 

India    .             ......  194.191479 

CeyloB  and  Eascem  Cdenici         .      .  S,i44.9H 

We«  ladles 1,913,635 

South  Africa ;,2ii,js9 

Biidah  Cetitnl  Alrica      ....  s,oao,ooo 

£■■  Africa        ......  ijis,ooo 

Wbm  Africa        .......  iMij-ooo 

AuMialana  and  Idaods    ....  814,000 

33S.*7S.3'7 

Whin  pcipuUliaas Sl,aia^ 

Total     .    388.711,78} 

TUs  Is  wjihont  taking  Inio  acsonnt  the  population  of  tlie  lesser 
ciDnrn  colonies  or  altanllig  lor  the  ta>criaBe  likely  to  be  shown 
by  later  cenmses.  Tbrou^HnC  the  empiiv.  and  notably  to  the 
United  Kingdom,  then  k  among  the  white  races  a  consIdersUe 
sprinkling  of  Jewish  blood. 

The  latest  calculadon  of  (he  entire  population  of  the  woM, 
induding  a  liberal  estimate  of  650,000,000  for  peoples  not  brought 
under  any  census,  ^vea  a  total  of  aomelldng  over  1,500,000,000. 
Tlie  population  of  the  (mpire  may  therefore  be  eaknlated  as 
amonnltog  to  sontething  nion  than  one-fourth  of  the  papulation 
of  the  woild. 

It  is  a  matter  of  Gist  [mpartana  to  the  geographical  dislri- 
bulion  of  the  empire  that  the  five  priodpal  divisions,  the  Cmted 
Kingdom,  South  Africa,  India.  Austialia  and  Canada  im^^,^ 
are  separated  from  each  other  by  the  three  great 
oceam  of  the  world.  The  distance  as  usually  calculated  in 
nanlical  miles:  from  an  English  port  to  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope 
is  SS40  m.',  [ram  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  to  Bombay  ia  4^10; 
Iron  Bomhoy  to  Melbourne  is  5630;  from  Melbourne  to  Auck- 
land is  j8]o;  from  Auckland  to  Vancouver  la  duo;  from 
Halifai  to  Liverpool  is  1744.  From  a  British  port  direct  to 
Bombay  by  way  ol  the  Medjlerruican  it  is  6179;  from  a  British 
port  by  the  same  route  (o  Sydney  I(,m8  m.  tleie  great 
dliunces  have  necessitated  the  acquisition  of  mtetmedlato 
ports  suitable  for  coaling  ilatkms  on  the  trade  routes,  and  have 
determined  the  position  ol  many  ol  the  lesser  crown  cdouiea 
which  -an  held  limply  lor  military  and  cotninerdil  purposes. 
Such  are  the  Bermudas,  Gibraltar,  Malta.  Aden,  CQdon,  the 
Straits  Settlements,  Labiian,  Hong.Kong,  which  complete  Ihs 


BRITISH  EMFIRB 


the  Uiuiiliiu  ud  Scr^idle*, 

and  the  Ktoaft  of  list  inM« 

the  Britiih  aupitt  hive  been  ncfcjr  klet*  of  the  DonherD  Pkdfic 

tcqidnd  tor  the  paipnc  of  (defnpb  lUtfana  in  cmuuxion  with 

■n  in-firitkh  able. 

For  poipoMi  ol  pditiod  idmlDiitntion  the  antin  UOt  Into 
tlv  thn*  Mcllou  of  the  Vtdlei  Kingdom  ol  Cimc  Biiuln  ud 

Ilk  of  Mu;  the  Indiui  enpite,  cooiiiUiig  of  Britnii  India  and 

■11  othei  odoniti  ud  depeMeiida. 

In  the  modem  mum  of  extension  beyond  the  Hmiu  of  llie 
tinlted  Kinsdon  the  crowtb  of  the  emiNK  ii  of  compantivelj' 

^ ^      ncent  date.     The  Channel  Idanda  became  Britiib 

u  •pf  "'  '^  Nonnan  ioheriiance  of  William  ttie 
Conqoeror.  The  Iile  of  Man,  whidi  wai  for  a  ihort  time  held 
In  conqueit  by  Edward  I.  and  leitored,  «u  leld  hy  iti  titulu 
•overeifn  to  Sic  William  Scnpc,  tail  of  Wauhire,  Cn  1393,  and 
by  hit  luhsequent  attainder  for  hi^  treason  and  Ihc  confiscation 
of  bis  estates,  became  a  &ef  of  the  English  crovn.  It  was 
(ranted  by  Henry  TV.  in  1406  to  Sii  John  Stanley,  K.C.,  incaloi 
of  (he  earls  of  I>erby,  E>y  whom  it  wu  held  till  1736,  when  it 
passed  to  Jamca  Murray,  ind  duke  of  Atholt,  as  hnT-.BCDeial  of 
the  lolh  eail.  It  was  inherited  by  hii  daughtei  Chiilatte,  wife 
of  the  jrd  duke  of  Atholl,  who  sold  it  to  the  crown  [«  £70,000 
ud  an  annuity  of  £1000.  With  these  cxciptioai  and  the 
nominal  pomssion  taken  of  Newfoundland  by  Sii  Humphity 
Gilbert  in  i  jSj,  all  the  leiritoriil  uquisitiosa  of  the  empire  have 
been  made  in  the  i7lh  and  subsequent  cenlurien. 

The  foUaving  ii  a  list  of  the  British  colonics  and  deprndendes 
(otfaei  than  Ihne  belongiuf  to  the  Indian  empire)  togcthei  with 
aeummarystatementof  the  date  and  method  of  [heir  acquisition. 
Arranged  in  chiDmriogicaL  order  they  give  some  idea  of  the  nte 
of  growtb  of  the  empiie.  The  dates  are  not,  however,  in  all 
cases  tbose  in  which  British  sovereignty  wu  atablished.  They 
Indicate  in  some  Instances  only  the  first  definite  step,  such  as 
the  building  of  a  fort,  the  opening  of  a  trading  station,  or  other 
act,  which  led  later  to  the  incorporation  in  the  empire  of  the 
country  indicated.  In  the  case  of  Australian  stala  or  Canadian 
provincet  originally  part  of  other  states  or  provinces  the  date 
is  that,  sppioiimalely,  of  the  first  settlement  of  British  in  the 
distttclnamed;  (,(.  tbm  were  B4$>sh  odonisti 
In  the  last  half  of  the  i8lb  century,  but  the 
coutitDtcd  until  1905.  Save  where  otherwise  stated.  Bdtisb 
■tuboiity  has  been  continuous  from  the  first  data  ncntloned 
in  the  table.     Reference  should  be  nuute  to  ths  utklo  on  the 


Method  of 
Olbertfot 


I        1609 


Did  Bot  bceoBi 
wholly  British 
nnin  1713. 

Cakd  tsTrana 


K^^ 
Sr^ 


alBHuiain 


1(71.      Nettben  TaiiuiH 


iraa 


....        i«9i      Scttkd    by    E*M    India    Co. 

CevenuseDi  wmd  in  BfitM 

Bihunas     ....        ie&     Settlement. 

Viigia  liUnds  .     .     .   |W6-|67»  Settlement  ana  connimt. 

N.  W.  Ttnitaria  J  iMg      Sestkneei  nader  royal  dwier 

Csaada  of  Hudson's  Bay  Co.    f^is^ 

chased  from  imp.  gov.  iSte, 

and  trsnrfened  to  CUida 

Turks  and  Caicos  is.    ,       I67B      Senleamt. 

CibnlOr     ....        I7d(      CapitalatioB. 

New  Bruoswicii  1713      Cessiaa.. 

Prince  Edward  Is.  t>5S      Conquest. 

Ontario 1759-1790  With  New  BnuswIcliandNoia 

Qudcc 1759-17)0     Seoiia  coutitmed  Domigioa 

ol  Canada  1K7.  Prince 
Edward  Is.  enters  tk  eon. 
fedeiatian  1073-  In  tSto  all 
Brlrirt  paisf  wians  lotliet  than 
Newfoundland]      b     North 

Dnnduca    ....        tjit      CaaqaesL 

St  Vliceiil       .     .     .         1761      Capilalalla» 

Grenada       .      .  .  ITCa  „ 

Tobago  ...  .        1763      CesijDa.     Afterwards  In  Fitncb 

poBF^DB.  ReecnquRtd  ito]. 
Fslkland  la      .      .      .  176]       Settlnncnl.     Reoccupied  l8js. 

Sukaichewan  .     .     .        ITCi      SiIiIcnKDt.       SepaiatKl  from 

N.W.  Territories  of  Canada 

Pitcaim  1 1780      SettlmeDt. 

Straits  SeltliSSCBts  17W      Setilemeat  and  ceiiioa.    Veand 

10  liBjSJ  in  crown  by  E.  I.  CO. 

llM         Tranfferred  ' '--" 

colonial     pi 
MalaoaisL. 

Sem  Leons     .     .     .    •   17B7      Settlement. 
Mbetia.     .  .     .      e.  ITW    SepaiaTedfmnN.W.TcniUriM 

of  Canada  igos. 

New  South  W-"--  -—      '■— 

Ceylon 


•795 

»oa  Z 

IftkCnlatT-. 

tKo]      Capituladno. 
'"--      SettlemeDt. 


BRITISH  EMPIRE 


609 


Ftdtnltd  Hilar  StUH  i>74-iB95  Ti 

Nanb  Bonn  ,     ,     i        lUi      Tmtjr  u^j  milcinai 

ntyal  charter.     Pnoctgnie 

Pipu    ....     .    I    .        1884      Pnmclontr dfclamL 
Niiml  .     ,    ,    %    ^  lU4-ii8fi  TiC(iv.cow)iKW*ndirItkB«t 
uw^  myal  dumr.      Our- 


SDmaliUnd .     1 
Bcchuanalind  ,     , 

Ziiltiluid     ■   *     , 

Sinwik      .     .     . 

Brunti   .... 
Bricidi  E(M  Abica 


W«-hai.«<' 

Padk  Itlindi— 
Cliriumu.  Far 
Penrhyn.  Suvai 


lSB4-lSSfi  Otcii[Btiai 
.  lS8s-l3f  I  Brntrqon 


(Inland  1M7. 
edrdaiwL  Southern 

tolmur  1B95. 
18M      rnlec  tonic  dcdand. 


'S 


ndirtilannil 


"™°.nrf«1 


,    TYaiu 


■  Sqi       Prottcton 

i8q6      Mililary  ocrusalia 

1I9S      LeiK  tima  CtTna. 


ScoSr* 


l,J«r. 


Porniecty  BrilUh 


imble  Cay,  Cato 
'  liland,  Dudoaai 


IiUnd,  Htnihiki  Uandi,  Niuan  Iiland.  Palmei 
Palmyn  Iiland,  Pbocnix  Group,  Punlr  Gioup,  Kaine  Iiland, 
Rskiuia  Iilaad,  Rolumtb  Iiland,  Siupriia  Iiland,  WaahingtoD 
or  New  Yorklibnd,  WlUii  Croupind  Wmk  R«i. 

In  the  Indian  Ocean  tfaen  ue,  beudci  lbs  colonla  already 
mentioned,  Rodtlgaei,  tlw  Cbago*  Islandi,  Si  Brandon  Iilindi, 
■  bUn<l>,   Aldabn,   Kuril  Uutia  lalandi,  Ualdive 


Islan. 


mother  I 


D  certain  dqxndenciea  the  toiettigoij  of  Crcit  Britain 
{9  not  ahiolute.  The  Island  oi  Cypru  i>  nominally  ilill  part  of 
the  Turklih  empire,  but  in  iS;S  wai  hioded  ovir  lo  Great 
Britain  for  occupation  and  adminiitiation^  Gicit  Briliin  now 
miking  to  the  Porte  on  accooni  of  the  ittsnd  in  annaal  paymtnt 
of  £sooo.  The  idmlniiuation  is  in  the  hand)  at  in  oSciil 
Uyled  high  commiuioner,  who  ii  inveited  *ilh  the  powen 
usually  conferred  on  a  colonial  governor.  <  "  -< 
other  regiot 


>f  equatorial  Africa  the  ni 
.e  powen;  In  the  Far  Eaat  oert 


n  ana*  ue  bdd  on 

gypl,  without  farming  part  of  Ihe  Britiab  empire,  oiim 
;r  the  militiry  occupitioa  si  Gnit  Britain  in  |U>.  "  By 
E  of  conqucit  "  Great  Britain  lubocquently  claimed  a  ibite 
le  adnunEitralion  of  the  [oimcr  Sudan  provincH  of  Ecypt, 
of  tLe  tsLli  si  Januaiy  liw  nuUahed  the 


{oinl  wvtcelgDty  •(  Onat  BtiliiB  and  Eijrpt  w 
known  ai  tba  Aafht-Egyplian  Sudan. 

The  iDdkn  MCtioD  of  tlw  aofii*  *a»  ncquiicd  during  the 

i;tb-i9lh  cenluiie*  under  a  niyiii  charter  granted  to  the  Eul 

India  Conpuiy  by  Queen  Eliiabeth  in  1600.    llwMtnufnred 

--  the  impciiil  (ovemmenl  fn  iSsS.  and  Queen  Victoria  waa 

-himed  enprtii  undei  the  Royal  Titlei  Act  in  1877.    TIh 

'inc  lilt  fivcB  thi  dalct  ind  method  ef  acqmtitlon  of  the 

--'ibenaindlvliionaot  [he  Indian  trapiic    TheyhiTe, 


..Under  .be  Biipina«  agency. 
Udaipir.                                      Bhantpu 

3.  Uodcr  the  Central  Indian  agency. 

iS^ 

£131. 

(Sa« 

BRITISH  EMPIRE 


9.  UndB  cbc  Fuojib  govtRimr 


lind. 

Nabhi. 

Kapuctti 


Kam 


u  the 


In  uldllhiti  (0  thcM  then  in  Briliih 
Vppa  Buima  frontlet  and  the  Bonn*  fiontier.  There  ii  *1» 
■  ipheie  o(  Britith  inaiMDce  in  the  botdei  of  AFghiDiitin.  Hie 
•Ule  of  Nepd,  thoufh  indcpendcM  u  regaiUi*  itl  Internal 
idmbuitnlion,  hu  been  rince  lit  anipiisn  of  1S14-1J  in  doe 
teUtiou  with  Gnat  Britiln.  It  Ii  bound  lo  ncdve  1  Briiiih 
reudent,  and  itt  politioil  lelalkm  villi  otheriutcsiRcontroUed 
hy  the  gavenuDent  of  India.  All  the*e  native  lUta  have  come 
Into  rdative  dependency  upan  Great  Britain  aa  a  reaidl  of  con- 
qual  o[  of  treaty  eonwqucnt  upon  the  anneiation  of  the  neigh- 
bouring provinces.  Tlie  tct  Ucment  of  Aden,  vi;h  ila  dependenciea 
of  Peiim  and  Sokotn  latnd,  fonns  pari  of  the  (Ovemment  of 

Thia  vut  confcriet  of  atatei,  wideljr  diSncBt  In  chancttr, 
and  acquired  hy  many  diSerent  ciethodi,  holdi  toftlher  under 
the  luprcnm  beadilup  of  the  cravn  on  a  generally 
JfjjJ^  atkiuwlcdgtil  lilplt  princiiJe  of  Mlf-gavtmmcnt, 
Kll-iupport  and  lell-defence.  The  principle  ii  more 
tuOy  applied  in  fame  parti  ol  Ihe  emiHre  than  in  olhcn;  there 
are  •omc  parts  which  have  not  yet  completed  (heir  political 
evolullon;  some  othen  In  which  the  principle  is  tempoiaiily 
or  for  special  reasons  In  abeyance;  athen,  again— chiefly  ihoie 
of  very  imalt  Mtenl,  which  are  held  far  purpow*  of  the  defence 
OT  advantage  of  the  whole — to  which  jt  is  not  applicable;  but 
(he  principle  is  generally  acknowledged  as  the  strucluiat  basis 
upon  which  the  constitution  of  the  empire  eaists. 

In  lis  Rlalion  to  the  empire  the  home  section  of  the  British 
Isles  is  distlnguiihed  from  the  others  u  (he  place  of  origin  ol 
the  British  race  and  (he  residence  of  the  crown.  The  hlslory 
and  constidiilonal  development  of  this  portion  of  the  enpire 
will  be  found  fully  treated  under  separate  headings.  (See 
EHCUNn;  WILES;  IMLAMD;  Scotland;  UmtiD  Kihcdoh; 
Ekcuih  HiBTonv;  Ikdu;  Atbica;  At;sii*ua;  Cikida;  &c.} 

Ii  is  enough  lo  lay  that  lor  puiposes  of  tdmlniltnliOD 
the  Indian  empire  is  divided  Into  nine  peal  provinces  and 
four  minor  commissionetihips.  The  nine  great  province!  aie 
presided  over  by  two  jovemois  (Bombay  and  Madias),  five 
lleut.-govemara  (Bengal,  Easlcni  Bcngsl  and  A»am,  United 
Provinces  lAgra  and  OudhI,  Ihe  Punji ' 


r  (the  C 


»)  a 


ice).    The  four  I 


ii  vested  in  the  vi 
For  legifUtive    p 


ty  in  connciL    The  Co 


■   baldes 


|.chief. 


vcmOT-teBeral's  council  ii 
meniben  nominated  by  the 
crown,  ana  nai  power  unocr  ccruin  rettriciions  10  make  laws 
(or  Btiliih  India,  (or  British  subjects  in  the  native  state 
(or  native  Indian  subjects  of  the  crown  in  any  part  of  the 
The  administration  of  Ihe  Indian  empire  in  En^nd  la  i 
on  by  a  secretary  of  state  for  India  assisted  by  a  councQof  not 
loa  thoB  ten  nenben.  The  upenditure  of  iba  Ici 
under  Ihe  control  of  the  KUCUry  in  caoKiL 


respomible 

olonles  Ihe  crown  bai  entire  control  of  regitlili 

IKcers  are  under  the  conlroJ  of  the  home  ft 

ioi  only.a  veto  an  legiiUiton, 

control  of  the  public  oSeert. 

ipondUe  colonJci  the  crown  retains  a  vela  upon  legidallon, 

control  of  any  public  slEoct 


t  IhehSD 


the  EOvcmor. 

In  crown  ciAiniet — with  (be  eiception  of  Gibraltar  and  St 
elena,  wliete  Uwi  may  be  made  by  the  fovemor  alone — Uwt 
t  niide  by  the  governor  wilh  the  concurrence  of  a  council 
iminiled  by  the  crown.  In  some  crown  colonica,  chiefly  thoic 
^tpiiied  by  c«nqual  or  cenion,  iht  authoriiy  of  thb  couac3 
sis  wholly  00  the  crown;  in  oiheri;  chiefly  those  acquired  by 
settlemenl,  the  coundi  i>  creeled  by  the  crown  under  the 
lotliy  of  local  01  imperial  laws.  The  ctown  coimcil  ol  CeyloB 
nay  be  ciicd  a>  an  eiample  of  the  first  kind,  ind  the  cniwa 
council  of  Jamaica  of  [he  secood. 

In  colonies  pcaicislng  representative  Instilutiohs  without 
respomible  fovemmeni,  the  cmwn  annot  (genenily)  legialaU 
by  order  in  council,  snd  laws  are  made  by  Ihe  governor  wilh 
the  concorrence  of  the  Icglslailve  body  or  bodies,  one  at  Iciat 
of  these  bodies  in  cases  where  a  second  chamliereiist)  potsesiint 
a  prepcndcrance  of  elected  repreaenlalives.  The  BahamM, 
Barbados,  and  Bermuda  have  two  legislalive  bodies — one  dected 
and  one  nominated  by  (he  crown;  Malta  and  the  Leewird 
Islands  have  hut  one,  which  is  partly  elected  and  partly 
nominated. 

Under  n^onsiUe  government  legislation  b  carried  im  by 
parliamenleiy  meani  eiactly  as  at  home,  with  a  cabinet 
responsible  to  parliaineni,  the  crown  reserving  only  ■  right  of 
veto,  which  is  ciercitcd  at  the  discretion  ol  the  governor  in  the 
CMC  eS  certain  liilla.  The  eiecutlvt  councils  in  those  coknles, 
designated  as  al  home  liy  parliamentary  ch^ce,  are  appointed 
hy  the  governor  alone,  and  ihe  other  public  officers  only  nomin- 
ally hy  the  governor  on  Ihe  advice  of  his  eieculive  council. 

Colonisl  governors  are  classed  as  govemors.gtnenl:  gover- 
nors; lieu  [.-governors;  adminislntors;  high  eommlwloiiera; 
snd  commissioners,  according  to  the  status  of  the  colony  and 
depeiidency,  or  group  of  colonies  and  dependencies,  over  whidt 
they  preside.  Their  poVt'crs  vary  according  10  the  poaitfoh  which 
(h^  occupy.    In  all  cases  they  represent  the  crown. 

As  a  consequence  of  this  orgaiilution  the  £nsive  of  ctown 
colonies  Is  under  the  direct  control  ol  the  Impeiisl  govemment; 
the  finsnce  of  represenlalivi  colonies,  though  not  directly 
controlled,  is  usually  influenced  in  Imponini  departures  hy  ilw 
opinion  of  the  imperial  government.  In'retponslUe  coUmlei 
the  finance  Is  enlfrely  under  local  control,  and  the  Imperial 
government  is  dissociaiedfromeithermoral  or  material  roponsi- 
bilily  for  colonial  debts. 

In  federated  groups  ol  colonlci  and  dependencies  maitert 
which  are  of  common  interest  lo  1  given  number  of  separaie 
govemmcnis  arc  tiy  mutual  cnnsent  of  Ihe  federating  com- 
raunilies  adjudged  to  the  suthority  ol  1  common  gsvemment, 
which,  in  Ihe  case  of  self-governing  colonics,  is  voluntaiiljr 
created  for  Ihe  purpose.  The  associaied  slates  farm  under  Iht 
federal  government  one  federal  body,  but  the  parts  rtlalneonlrt* 
ol  local  BUitlers,  and  exercise  all  their  original  tights  of  govem- 
ment in  regdid  to  these.  The  two  great  sel [.governing  group* 
o(  fedecattd  colonies  within  Ihe  empire  are  the  Dominion  cl 
Canada  and  the  Commonwealth  of  Australia.  In  South  Africa 
unilHotion  was  ptefetrcd  to  federation,  the  then  sd[-goveiii]ng 
(otonics  being  united  in  iqio  inla  one  slate — ihe  Union  of  South 
Afiia.  India,  of  which  the  aSBociiled  provfnees  are  under 
the  control  ol  the  cenlral  gsvemmenl.  may  he  given  as  an 
"'"r**  of  the  pnclical  ftdcalioa  of  dcpcndcaclct.    P-'—fi— 


BRITISH  EMPIRE 


if  Uu  We*t  L 


a(  fCihntid  avtn  ntotia  i 
loimd  In  the  Lccwud  bland 
fcdenUd  Utity  Sutct. 
lliii  rou^  lyitem  ol  MH-iovenuiiait  for  the 

•irolvKl  Dot  wiihgul  KiDK  tiTtiii  und  [riclfon,  bj 

Ihiough  Ike  viduitudts  «f  thne  bundnd  yean 

iDdependeni  Wiiaiive  in  Iht  dtvelopmenl  of  ) 

Quae  Elfubrth'i  fiiit  puieni  Co  Sir  Wnltgr  Rileigii  perinlited 

Biitiili  aubjectl  to  ucompsny  him  to  AtiHricm, "  with  giurantcc 

of  a  ooniteuiiin  of  tbe  cnJoyinnK  of  >I1  Ibt  lii^ti  which  her 

■ub}«i>  enjoyed  bI  home." 

'niit  gomntee  nwy  pnsunubly  have  b«n  intended  it  the 
time  otAy  to  *uore  the  hilendliig  seiUen  that  tliey  ihould  low 
■o  lighu  of  Bciiiih  citiisBliip  at  home  by  taking  up  their 
Radence  in  Amnica,  lu  mutual  Inleipnlation  in  a  wider 
trait,  aetvinf  at  once  lo  eaiabUaii  in  the  mhmy  righu  of  tixlitn- 
ihfp  equivalent  lo  thoic  ^joyed  in  England,  and  to  preserve 
for  the  n^lUit  Iheitalua  o[  BiiUah  tubjcct  ai  home  and  abroad. 
haa  lonlifd  in  ippliciiUon  to  all  luccctding  systems  of  Btiliih 
coloniatlon  the  unconscioin  chatter  of  union  o!  the  empite. 

The  6isl  American  colonies  were  seliled  under  royal  grants, 

which  in  those  dayt  lepanird  America  from  Gnat  Britain 
tecured  them  from  interierence  by  the  home  anlhorilies.  They 
paid  their  own  moit  modeiaie  governing  eipenses,  and  they 
fonlilbulcd  largely  to  their  own  defence.  From  the  middle  of 
the  ijth  century  iheir  trade  was  not  tree,  bol  this  was  the  only 
Ttslrfclion  from  which  Ihey  sufleted.  The  great  war  with  France 
in  the  middle  of  the  iBth  century  temporarily  destroyed  this 
tystem.  That  war,  .which  [esulled  ht  the  conquest  of  Canada 
Uld  the  delivery  of  the  Notth  Ameiiotn  cdonles  from  French 
antigonitm,  coat  the  imperial  eidieqiter  £90,000,000.  The 
attempt  tO  avert  the  lepeiition  of  such  eipenditure  by  the 
...       'irougii  the  British 


It  led  (o  the  or 


d  the 


bislory  of  the  enii^R.  It  has  to  be  noted 
the  iltter  hall  ol  the  i;th  century  and  the  earlier  part  of  the 
ifith  century  parliamentary  power  had  to  a  great  exieiit  taken 
the  place  ol  the  divine  right  of  kings.  But  parliamentary 
power  meant  the  power  of  the  Engliih  pco[de  and  tiipayera. 
The  atruggje  which  developed  iuelf  between  the  Aioerican 
-  colonies  and  the  British  parliament  was  in  Fact  a  struggle  on  the 
part  of  the  people  and  taipayera  of  one  portion  of  the  erapre  lo 
resist  the  domination  of  the  people  and  taxpayers  of  anothtfl* 
portion.  In  this  light  it  imy  be  accepted  as  having  historioilly 
cstablisbed  the  fundomenul  axiom  of  the  conititution  of  the 
einpire,  that  the  cnmo  is  the  supmne  bead  from  which  the 
parta  lalie  equal  dependence. 
The  crown  requiring  advice  in  the  ordinary  and  constitutional 

the  KCTctaifes  of  slate  for  the  cclonici  and  for  India.  After  the 
gre»i  rupture  separate  provision  in  the  home  govemnient  for 
the  adminiilration  of  colonial  aflain  was  at  first  judged  to  be 
unneCEsiary,  and  the  "Council'  of  Trade  and  Plsnlilions," 
whicb  Dp  ID  thai  da.le  bad  supplied  the  place  now  liken  by  the 
two  offices  ol  Ihc  colonies  and  India,  was  suppressed  in  i;Si. 
There  was  a  reartion  from  the  liberal  system  of  cohmnl  self- 
goverrunent,  and  an  atten^t  waa  made  to  govern  the  colonics 
simply  as  dependencies. 

In  1 791 1  not  long  after  the  extension  of  the  range  oF  parffi- 
mentiry  authority  tn  anoiher  portion  of  the  empire,  by  Ihe 
creation  in  1784  of  the  Board  of  Control  for  India,  Prlt  mide 
the  step  forward  of  granting  la  Canada  representative  initilu- 
tioni.  of  which  the  home  govetamcnl  kept  the  responsible 
control.  Similar  institutions  were  also  given  at  a  hter  period 
to  Auslraha  and  Sooth  Africa.  But  the  long  peace  of  Iheeariy 
part  of  the  15th  century  was  marked  by  great  cokmial  devtlop- 
ments.  Anstralia,  Csnida  and  South  Africa  became  important 
communities.  Representative  institutions  contndled  by  the 
llOme  govenuncni  wen  insulficjent,  and  they  reasserted  the  daim 
lor  Ebeny  to  manage  their  own  alfaln. 


>Or-Be 


niaiin- 


FMlly  ruponifMB  goveniment  waa  granted  to  Canada  in  tS^a, 
and  gndually  eitended  lolheothor  colonies.  In  tR;4awpante 
aecrecary  of  state  tar  the  colonies  waa  appointed  at  home,  and 
ifK  cobmikl  office  was  tslablished  on  its  presoit  footing.  In 
India,  as  in  the  colonie*.  there  came  with  Ihe  growing  needs  Of 
empire  •  recognition  of  the  true  relations  of  the  parts  to  eadi 
other  and  of  the  whole  <o  ihe  crown.  In  1S58,  on  the  complete 
Iransferenoe  of  the  territories  of  Ihe  East  India  Company  to  Ihe 
cnwn,  Ihe  board  of  conirol  was  abdished,  and  Ihe  India  Counril, 
under  Ihe  presidency  of  a  seottary  of  state  for  India,  waa 
created.  It  was  especially  piovided  that  the  members  of  the 
council  may  not  sit  in  parliament 

Thus,  although  It  has  not  been  foond  pracIicaUe  in  Ibe 
working  of  the  Drrtish  consillulion  lo  carry  out  the  full  theory 
of  Ihe  direct  and  exclusive  dependence  of  colonial  possessions 
on  the  crown,  the  theory  Is  recognised  as  far  as  possible.  It  is 
understood  that  Ihe  principal  sections  of  (he  empire  enjoy  equal 
rights  under  Ihe  crown,  and  that  none  Is  subordinate  lo  another. 
The  intervention  of  the  imperial  imrUament  in  colonial  alTaira 
b  only  admitted  theoretioUy  in  so  far  as  the  support  of  pariia- 

To  bring  the  practice  of  the  emfnre  Into  complete  harmony  with 
Ihe  Iheoiy  It  would  be  necessary  to  constitute,  for  Ihe  puipoie 

aD  imparlan  t  parts  of  the  einpire  sho\dd  be  represented. 

"ne  gradual  recognition  of  the  constitutional  theory  of  the 
British  empire,  and  the  asjumption  by  the  principal     .      ^. 
colonies  of  full  self-governing  responrfbih'ties,   has    jff 
cleared  the  way  for  a  movement  tn  favour  of  a  further 
development  which  should  bring  the  supreme  faeaddilp  ol  the 
etnpite  more  mio  accord  with  modem  ideas. 

It  was  during  the  period  of  domination  of  Ihe  "  Uanchester 
school,"  ol  which  the  most  effective  inBuence  in  public  affairs 
was  exerted  for  about  thirty  years,  extending  from  184s  to  187s. 
that  the  fidlest  development  of  colonial  telf-gOTcmmenl  was 
attained,  the  view  being  generally  accepted  at  that  time  that 
scZf-goveminginsrituUoiu  were  lobe  regarded  as  Ihc  preliminaiy 
(o  inevitable  separation.  A  general  inclination  to  withdraw 
from  the  acceptance  of  imperial  responsibilities  throughout  the 
world  gave  to  foreign  nations  at  the  same  lime  an  opportunity 
by  which  Ihey  were  not  slow  to  profit,  and  contributed  lo  the 
force  of  a  reaction  of  which  the  part  played  by  Great  Britain  in 
the  scnmfale  for  Africa  marked  ihe  culmination.  Under  the 
incTcasiag  presi<ure  of  forngn  enterprise,  the  value  of  a  federation 
of  the  empfie  for  purposes  of  common  interest  began  to  be 
£scus9ed.  Imperial  federatian  was  openly  spoken  of  In  Jfew 
Zealand  as  early  as  1S53.  A  similar  suggestion  was  officially  put 
forward  by  the  general  assodalion  of  the  Australian  cohmies 
lo  London  in  1857,  The  Royal  Colonial  InstilutiDn.  of  which  the 
motto  "  Urfled  Empire  "  ilfuairatcs  its  aims,  was  founded  in  1868. 
First  among  leading  British  statesmen  to  repudiate  Ihe  old 
intcrpretalion  of  colonial  sdr-government  as  a  prdiminary  to 
separation.  Lord  BeaconsGeld,  In  iS7i,spokeof  the  constitutions 
accorded  to  Ihe  colonies  as  "  part  of  a  great  policy  of  imperial 
coDsolIdaiion."  In  rS?;  W.  E,  Forster,  afterwards  a  member 
of  the  Liberal  government,  made  a  speech  in  which  he  advocated 
imperial  federation  as  a  means  by  which  it  might  become 
practicable  to  "  replare  dependence  by  association.^^  The  founda- 
tion of  the  Imperial  Federation  League-Hn  1KS4,  with  Forster 
for  its  £rst  president,  shortly  to  be  succeeded  by  Lord  Roscbeiy 
—marked  a  distinct  step  forward.  The  Coioniil  Conferences  of 
1887  and  subsequent  years  (the  title  being  changed  to  Imperial 
ConTerence  in  IP07),  in  which  coh>ma]  opinion  was  sought 
and  accepted  in  reelect  of  important  questions  of  imperial 
organixalion  and  defence,  and  the  cnthuuastic  loyalty  displsyed 
by  Ihe  colordes  towards  the  crown  on  the  occasion  of  the  jot^ 
manifestations  6S  Queen  Victoria's  reign,  were  further  indlcatloM 
of  progreisin  the  same  direction.  Coinddently  with  Ihisdevetap- 
ment,  the  achievemenls  of  Sir  George  Ooldie  and  Cecil  Rhodea, 
who,  Ihe  one  in  West  Africa  and  the  other  in  South  Alrka, 
added  between  them  to  the  empire  in  a  space  of  lias  than  twenty 
yean  a  domiuini  of  giealer  extent  than  Ibe  whole  ol  Btiiisfa 


6l2 


BRITISH  EMPIRE 


ii  IhcBiiUihcmiHn 


iDdift,  loOamd  bjr  ilic  ictlon  of  1  boit  of  AitiiilidtlMil  dbdpla 

ia  Mter  puU  ol  the  woild.  cftKliully  itcramed  tin  Buvcnwut 

initiUcd  by  Cobden  and  Bright.    A  tCDdeiK?  wbich  bad  M«n«l 

ttmpoiuUr  to  point  tonftidi  x  (oinpluent  dlmlution  ol  the 

empire  wu  Hinted,  fuu)  the  doting  yeui  of  tbf  19U1 

«CR  Biukcd  hy  1  growing  diipouLion  1 

4iid  importunce  o[  thi  unique  poiitiea  w 

hu  crealol  ior  iueJt  in  the  vorid.    No  uiunsi 

ol  ihe  rulity  o[  imptrul  union  could  be  aeeiBi 

*u  ifloided  by  the  lupport  gjvea  to  Ibe  impa 

«oloni»  and  India  in  the  Seulb  Atricu  We 

vlidaliaa  of  Ihe  4nipin  wouJd  find  cipimion  i 

when  at  Ihe  Colonial  Confcienca  held  in  Loni 
«■■  decided  to  form  a  pennanenl  icciclaiiat  1 
CominoD  intemti  of  the  lelT-goveniing  colonies 
country.  It  wu  farther  decided  that  confcien 
In  future  Imperial  Conferencei,  bel¥i«n  the  b> 
and  the  govMnmenli  of  the  lell-govemi 


Britain  iboulc 


II  yean,  and  that  the  prime  minister  of  Gre^t 

he  (X  qlfiit  prcsdcnt  of  the  omlnence.    No 

eaecutive  power  woi,  however,  conferred  upon  the  conference. 

The  movement  in  favour  at  tariff  nform  ioiU'Med  by  Mr 
ChamhcTlain  lq.t.)  1b  190J  with  the  double  object  of  liviiig  « 
pKference  10  coloaial  |Dodi  asd  of  piotectinf  impeiial  tndc  by 
Ibe  inpodlton  in  eetlaia  cam  of  letaliative  dutict  on  fotdfn 
Soodi,  waia  natunlevolutloDo[lbeiiDpeiliIiMfdei,aDdo(lbe 
fact  that  Iv  >bii  lime  the  mdc-iutlMkt  of  tbe  United  Klofdom 
bwl  piovcd  thai  trade  with  the  cokmki  mi  fonninf  an  incicM- 
Ingly  taige  pniporlloa  of  the  vbole.  In  ^le  «f  ^  defeat  of 
flw  UnloBlM  party  in  Entfaad  in  igod,  and  the  accculon  to 
power  of  »  Libcnl  goveranent  oppoeed  to  aoythinf  whidi 
■pfieued  to  be  incontiileat  with  free  inde,  (he  movement  for 
colonial  preference,  baud  on  tariff  lefonn,  conlinued  to  make 
bndway  in  the  United  Kingdom,  and  was  deGniidy  adopled 
by  the  Unloniit  party.  And  at  the  Imperial  Confeience  of  19 
It  wai  advocated  hy  aU  the  cotooisl  premio*,  who  could  p«nt 
the  progicii  made  in  theii  own  stata  tonrdi  giving  a  tar 
[Hclereaa:  to  British  goodi  and  to  those  of  one  another. 

Ilie  question  Q[ielf-|Dvemmcnt  iidoKlyaiKidated  with  the 
quealion  of  sclf-auppoit.  Plenty  of  good  land  and  the  liberty 
to  nianage  their  own  affaiia  were  Ihe  cauica  aasigncd  by  Adam 
Smith  for  the  marked  properity  of  the  Briliih  coloniei  towards 
the  end  of  the  iSlh  century.  The  lame  ausei  are  slill  observed 
to  produce  the  same  effects,  and  It  may  be  pointed  out  that,  since 
the  date  of  the  latest  of  Adam  Smith's  writings,  npwsids  of 
6,000,000  aq.  m.  of  virgin  KtH,  rich  with  possiUlities  of  a^^ 
cultural,  pastoral  and  mineral  wealth,  have  been  added  to  the 
empire.  In  the  ume  period  the  while  population  has  grown 
from  about  ij,ooo,QDa  to  S3,ooo,ooo,  and  the  developments  of 
agricultunl  and  industrial  ouchineiy  have  multiplied,  almost 
beyond  compulation,  the  powers  of  productive  labour. 

It  is  tcvoely  poasihle  within  this  article  to  deal  with  10  widely 
varied  a  iuh}ect  as  that  of  the  productions  and  industry  of  the 
j^^,  empire.  For  the  purposes  of  a  genenl  italement, 
ptrUt  it  is  interesting  to  observe  that  concurieDtly  with  the 
*«•''•  acquisition  of  Ibe  vast  eonlinenial  aitas  during  the 
uf'u'rf-  "'^''  """"*■  *'"  progresa  of  indutlrial  sdcnce  in 
application  to  meint  of  Inuupoit  and  conununica- 
Uon  brought  about  a  tevoluiioB  of  Ibe  most  radical  chiractci 
In  the  accepted  lams  of  economic  development.  Railway! 
did  away  with  ihc  old  law  that  the  qiread  of  dviliation  Is 
necessarily  governed  by  facilities  for  water  carriage  and  Is 
consequently  confined  to  river  valteyt  and  tea-sboies.  Steam 
and  electridty  opened  to  Industry  the  interior  of  ccmtlociits 
prevtoutly  regarded  u  unapproacbabte.  1^  letouicei  of  these 
■aai  inland  spaces  whkh  have  lain  untouched  since  bistory  began 
became  available  10  Indlvidnil  enterprise,  and  over  a  great 
portion  of  the  earth's  lurfacB  were  brou^t  within  Ibe  poasesuonx 
of  the  British  empire.    Tbe  ptodnctlon  of  raw  matsial  wiihui 


I  careful  «l«dy  of  Bgutea,  and  b] 

use  figures  wllb  Ibe  lolal  figures  ol  tbe  wofld.    The  tropical 

lempenle  potietskins  of  Ihe  empim  indud*  eveiy  fidd  «( 

pcDdHclioa  which  can  be  leqniied  lor  the  use  of  man.    There  ii 

main  sla|de  of  human  food  which  k  not  g>o*n;  Ibeie  b  ■» 

Lteritl  of  teitite  Industry  which  is  not  produced.    Tbe  firilish 

ipire  ^ves  occupation  to  mora  thin  one-tbird  of  the  penoM 

iploycd  in  mining  and  qnanying  in  tbe  world.    It  may  be 

(resting,  aa  an  indication  of  the  relative  paction  in  iM* 

ipect  o[  the  British  emi^ie  to  tbe  world,  to  state  that  at 

nent  it  prodiices  one-third  at  the  coal  supply  of  Ihe  world. 

e-ai>th  ol  the  wheat  supply,  and  very  nearly  two-thirds  of  the 

gold  supply.    But  while  IbMC  figuiti  may  be  Ukta  as  In  them- 

:  saitslaaory.  it  is  lar  more  ImporiAni  to  remnabei  thai  a* 

le  potential  resources  of  the  new  bndi  opened  tocnteiprisc 

been  barely  foncdved,  and  their  wealth  has  been  Utile 

than  scratched.    Population  a>  yet  ha*  been  only  very 

qiuscly  sprinkled  over  the  surface  o[  many  of  the  Veu  most 

'Uble  for  while  seltlcment.    In  the  wheat  lands  of  Canada, 

pastoral  country  of  AuslraUsia,  and  the  mineral  Mds  ol 

lib  Aliica  and  western  Canada  alone,  the  undeveloped 

lurces  are  such  as  to  ensure  employment  to  ihe  labour  and 

istoctlon  Is  the  needs  of  al  last  as  many  millions  as  they  now 

itain  thousands  ol  tbe  British  race.    In  respect  of  tbit  proaiiie 

he  future  the  position  of  the  British  empire  is  unique. 

!t  ianot  too  much  tosay  th2.t  trade  has  been  at  orwe  the  moat 

ive  cause  of  expansion  and  the  most  potent  bond  of  anion  in 

:  development  of  tbe  empire.    Trade  with  the  tropica]  and 

tlement  in  the  temperate  regions  ol  the  world  fonnfd  tbe 

is  upon  which  tbe  foundations  ol  the  emtrira  were  laid. 

Trading  tompania  founded  most  oC  the  Amcricnn  and  WcM 

Indian  colonics;  a  trading  company   won   India;  ■   trading 

company  colonlied   tbe   noitb-weatm   districia  of   Canada; 

commercial  wan  during  tbe  greater  pari  of  the  iSth  century 

established  the  British  command  of  the  sea,  which  rendenal  the 

scttlemenl  of  Anstialosia  possible.    The  same  wars  gave  Great 

Britain  South  Africa,  and  chartered  companies  in  tbe  19th 

century  carried  the  British  llag  Into  the  interior  of  the  African 

continent  from  south  and  east  and  west.    Trading  csmpanie* 

developed  Bomeo  and  FijL    Thcbondsofpio^ieraua  trade  have 

kept  the  Australasian  colonics  within  the  empire^    The  proleciioa 

of  colonial  commerce  hy  thelmperialnavyitoneof  thestnmgeat- 

of  material  linlu  whidi  connect  the  crown  with  the  outlying 


d  by  the  1 


iety  ol 


of  tbe  North  American  colonics  ihelc      *!• 

left  pncliciUy  free;  but  by  th^  famous     „m^ 
Nangation  Act  of  11S60  the  Importation  and  eiporla- 
tioo  of  goods  from  British  colonin  were  restricted  to  British 
ships,  of  which  the  master  and  three-fourths  of  the  marinen 

British  dipping  and  to  keep  the  morupoly  of  British  colonial 
trade  lor  the  benefit  of  British  merchants,  was  folkiwed  hy  many 
others  ol  a  nmilai  nature  up  to  the  Ume  of  the  re[Kal  of  the 
ComLawiIn  iS46and  ihc  introducl kin  ot  free  trade  into  Great 
Britain.  The  Navigation  Acts  were  repealed  in  i&4^  Thus 
for  very  ncsriy  two  hundred  years  British  trade  was  lubject  10 
icatriclions,  of  which  the  avowed  intention  was  to  curtail  the 
commercial  Inlctcouite  of  the  empire  with  the  world.  During 
Ibla  period  the  comraercj*!  ot  mercantile  system,  of  which  tbe 
falUdei  were  eipoacd  by  the  economist*  of  the  latter  half  of 
Ihe  18th  century,  continued  to  govern  [be  principles  of  Briti^ 
trade.  Under  this  system  monopolies  were  common.and  among 
them  lew  were  more  important  than  that  ol  the  East  India 
Company.  In  i!i]  the  uade  of  India  was,  however,  thrown 
open  to  compeliitDn,  and  in  i&^i,  after  the  introduction  of  free 
trade  at  borne,  the  prindpal  British  colonies  which  had  not  yet 
ai  that  date  receivol  the  grant  of  teq>onsible  government  weie 
•pedaOy  empowered  to  atxdisb  differential  dulif*  upon  fordgo 


BRITISH  EMPIRE 


613 


•'ii^'it'  ni  ibe  not  slloetthcr  ntuotanl  rise  In  the  tnuiufictur- 
■Bg  (nuci  al  the  politkxl  tchool  known  u  the  IJuxbtttcr 
(chool,  vhichvudiipcacilloquciIkalliemliMloCral  BHuJn 
of  Uk  cctcDtion  of  cokmis  which  were  no  loncer  bound  to  (ItE 
ker  thg  mmafoiy  of  thdr  cemmodi]  mutcti.  An  cqnSy 
Mtunl  deiiR  on  Ihc  put  ol  the  bxtet  catonkt  to  profit  by  tlw 
(ipi»nnidt]i  which  wu  opened  to  tbtm  of  cMaUiddng  hml 
numlsctuR)  of  their  on,  conbintd  irttb  the  amvcnienBe  la 
new  oHmlnes  of  using  ihe  cnitaiiia  u  la  imtrinneat  of  tumtJon, 
kd  to  lomething  like  1  ndpncal  leetjng  o(  leKMowot,  end  there 
folkraEd  ft  period  during  whid  the  poUcjr  vl  Gre*t  Britahi  *ai 
to  show  no  couidcruian  for  colodiil  tnde,  end  Ike  policy  of 
Ihe  piindpil  colania  wu  to  impoie  be»v;  dutiei  opon  BrilWh 
tnde.  By  •  Kridiul  pnxm  ol  better  imdenUBdbw.  kqdy 
belped  bf  the  devctapment  of  neui  of  ommiraicitioit,  Ibe 
(ntagoiiiitic  eitrane  ma  tbenifoiied,  and  ■  leodcncy  lowuda 
■  rjttta  ol  pteferenltil  duties  vitUn  the  empfrc  ^tfikytd 
.  iaiit.  At  the  CokmalConlcKnce  held  In  London  la 
■"  ■         ly  the  Sotnh 


jH^'^     iSST^piopeulvufotnMl 
Immu.     Alriam  ddecMe  for  the 


■  prelcreatnl  qntcDi,  IniioiiBg  >  duly  of 
1%  upon  ili  tanita  goode,  the  [osoeedt  to  "be  directed  to  the 
■uiDtcouKs  of  the  imperisl  nivy.  To  thii  end  It  wu  nquxted 
thii  calain  licitiea  with  foreign  nnllonl  vbtdi  impaled  rotrlc- 
liani  on  the  tnde  of  vuioui  parts  of  the  empiie  with  <acfa  otha 
ihould  be  dawnnced.  Some  yon  liter,  ■  itmif  leeling  having 
besi  Banifcited  Id  Eo^uid  igiinst  any  foidgn  enpfemcM 
•tuuling  la  the  wiiy  of  new  doinestic  trade  umigemaittbetocm 
>  cokmy  and  Ihe  nother-countiy,  the  Genua  ud  Belgian 
matia  in  <iocitioB  were  denonnced  (1S97).  HeanwbSe,  limul- 
lannnuly  with  the  raovemcDt  in  fivonr  of  redprood  faal 
■dvinlage*  lo  be  gnaled  whliiii  the  ein[rin  by  the  many  local 
govemiDcata  to  each  other,  (hen  waa  a  growth  of  the  perct^tion 
that  an  Inowe  o(  Ibe  foidgn  trade  d£  Great  Britain,  curled 
on  chieSy  in  mann&ctund  gonk,  waa  accnsipanled  by  >  «orre> 
quodhig  enlargement  of  the  hraw  oaAeti  lor  cobniial  raw 
aatcrlid,  and  amaqncBtly  that  injury  to  the  fonjgn.  trade  o( 
Great  Britain,  wlule  at  yet  h  as  largc^  outwd^xd  the 
between  the  United  Kiniploin  and  the  nilnnire, 
react  upon  the  colomra.  Thia  view  waa  ddbuttly  exprened 
at  the  ColoDial  Confennce  at  Ottawa  tn  1844.  and  wM  one  o( 
the  lictois  wliich  ltd  to  the  wiinqniahmcat  eit  the  danand  that 
Id  return  for  colonial  concciijona  then  shoild  be  an  ImpoaitioB 
oa  the  part  of  Gnat  Britain  of  a  dlOertntial  ilaty  iqna  foiagn 
good*.  Canada  was  the  Gnt  ImpoitaDt  Brttiih  colony  to  give 
(nbitantial  eiprenlon  to  the  new  imperial  lentiment  b  com- 
merdal  manna  by  the  fntrodBction  hi  iSm  of  an  imperial  tuiS, 
graMing  without  any  recipnical  advantage  a  deduction  of  15% 
vpon  cuMOm*  dutica  iBipowd  upon  Britiib  goods.  The  same 
advantage  was  ofiercd  to  all  fiiithh  coloDfa  tradb«  irilh  her 
DpOB  eqvra]  larma.  ]n  later  yiaii  tbe  Sooth  Afriom  itatca, 
AnslnlUi  and  Ne*  Zealand  al»  granted  preferential  treatment 
(o  Britiah  gooda.  Meanwhile  In  Great  Britain  the  system  of  free 
Inpona.  regsided  «a  "  free  tnde  "  (thoo^  only  one-aided  free 

mne  the  cnabHahtd  policy,  oatoua  duties  being 

N  purpose*  of  (evcone  on  a  few  adected  arltelea. 


la  la  the  Uahod  Klngdon.    Ibe  pnportion  ta 

.  ,.j  -... as  about  one  qnrtar    biCanaila 

K.  at  cotoaa  and  cnbe  fenl  Ihe 


j(,  In  other  words,  a  tax  npon  t 

«a  one  o(  the  clnef  aoonaa  of  imperial  iwemiK 

he  devalapmcnt  of  iteam  ildpi^g  and  electricity  gam  1 


tf  v«n  by  tbe  intioductlon  of  railroadt  and  industrial  ntKUneiy 
to  pmdunioD  and  roanutactures.  Whereas  at  tb*  beginning 
of  the  19th  omluiy  the  journey  to  Aoatralia  occsi^ed  eight 
months,  and  husinoa  conmunicitioiH  betweta  Sydney  and 
London  could  not  nceivB  aniwera  within  the  year,  al  the 
beginning  of  tbe  soth  century  the  jounuy  could  be  acesnpliahed 
in  thlrty^no  daya,  and  telt^aphic  despatches  enabled  the  meet 
inqwrtaut  busiiKii  to  be  transacted  within  twenty-four  houii. 
For  ana  caigo  cairied  hi  the  year  at  the  beglnDing  of  the  19th 
ocntnry  al  least  six  could  now  be  carried  by  the  same  ship,  and 
from  tlie  point  of  view  of  tradf  the  diSennce  ol  a  ventun  which 
reaUies  ita  profits  in  two  months,  as  compared  with  on*  which 
occiqriod  a  whole  year,  docs  not  need  to  be  insisted  en.  The 
Increased  rapidity  of  the  voyage  and  tbe  power  of  daily  com- 
munkntion  by  telegraph  with  the  most  distant  markcta  have 
introduced  a  wholly  new  element  into  the  national  tnde  vl  the- 
e,  and  commerdal  Intenourse  between  the  loutheni  and 


>]  ahemation  1 
Ibe  value  was 
meat,  poultry  and  ot 

' '  ~  qoantitica 


I,  of  whidi  until  quit*  leceot 
not  even  concaved.  Fruit,  eggs,  hutter, 
her  perishable  commodities  pus  in  dally 
between  the  northern  and  the  southern 
alternate  Sow  which  coniributrs  to  raise 
degra  the  volume  of  profitable  trado. 
Thus  the  butler  season  ol  Auslratasia  is  from  October  lo  Haich, 
while  the  butler  seaaon  of  Irdand  and  northern  Europe  la  from 
biarch  to  October.  In  three  yean  after  the  introduction  of 
kfrchamhen  into  the  steamers  of  the  great  ship[uig  lines, 
Victoria  and  New  South  Wala  built  up  a  ycariy  butler  tnde  of 
£1,000.000  with  Crut  Britain  wiihovl  seriously  aSecting  the 
Irish  and  Danish  market*  whence  ibe  aummer  supply  is  dnwn. 
Theae  ladlilio,  combined  with  the  enonnous  additions  made 
to  the  public  stock  of  lind  and  labour,  contributed  lo  raise  the 
vohune  of  tnde  of  the  empire  from  a  total  of  less  than 
£100,000,000  in  the  year  iSoo  to  a  total  of  nearly  £1, 500,000,000 
in  1900.  The  declared  volume  of  British  eipona  to  all  psrta 
of  the  worid  In  iSoo  was  £j8,i)o,i30,  and  the  vahie  of  British 
Imports  from  all  part*  of  the  world  was  £30,570,6051  total, 
XM.690,715.  As  in  thoseilays  the  oolonics  were  not  allowed  to 
trade  with  any  other  country  this  must  be  taken  as  representing 
imperial  trade.  The  nact  figorcs  at  the  trade  of  Indis,  tlie 
colonics,  and  tbe  United  Kingdom  foi  1900  wen:  import^ 
£*)9,iiS,io9;  enporii,  £6571*99.383;  total,  £1,467.077,571. 

A  qeesilon  of  loverrsgn  importance  to  the  continued  sdstence 
of  the  empire  is  the  questirai  of  defence.  A  country  ot  irtuch 
the  main  Ihorou^fara  are  the  oceans  of  tbe  world  ^_,^ 
demands  in  the  Gnt  Instants  a  strong  navy.  It  has  XCnT 
of  late  yean  been  accepted  as  a  fundamental  aiioni 
of  defence  that  the  British  navy  should  exceed  in  strength  any 
reasonable  combination  of  foreign  navies  whidi  cotrid  be  brought 
sgahist  it,  the  accepted  fonnila  being  the  "  two-power  Mandard." 
!.<.  a  10%  margin  over  the  fdnt  strength  of  the  two  nefl  powen. 
The  expense  of  maintaining  audi  a  floating  armaoent  must  be 
ookMB],  and  unta  within  tbe  decade  1*90-1900  It  was  borne 
txduslvdy  by  the  taifsyet*  of  Ibe  United  Kingdom.  As  the 
beoefiU  •(  tailed  erapire  have  become  more  amaciatEdy  a^irect- 
ated  In  tbi  colradt*,  and  th«  value  of  Ihe  fleet  as  an  Insurance  for 


ttnlf  on  the  part  of  tbe  sdf-goveming  cntonies  lo  contribnte 
towards  the  lomulion  of  a  truly  impiiriaj  navy.  In  1S9J  the 
Anstialaalan  colonies  voted  a  subsidy  of  £196,000  per  annum 
for  the  nainlenaitrc  of  an  Ausualasian  squadron,  and  in  1S97 
Ihe  Cape  Colony  also  offered  a  contribution  ol  £30.000  a  year 
to  b*  nacd  at  tbe  discretion  of  Ihe  imperial  govemment  for 
naval  {mposa.  Tie  Australian  coniHbuiioa  was  tn  r<ioi 
iarnsiril  to  £140,000,  and  that  of  tbe  Cape  to  £50,000,  while 
Natal' voted  £35,000  n  you  and  Newfoandland  fjooe.  Bnt 
apart  from  ihtst  comparadvely  slight  cantribuiions,  and  ihe  local 
np-keep  of  colonial  lortiScatians, — and  the  beginning  in  190!- 
1909  <rf  an  AnstnUan  torpedo-boat  SotEDa  provided  by  the 
Commonwealth, — the  whole  cost  ol  the  Imperial  navy,  9n  which 
dtbtately  the  lecuijly  of  the  emito  rested,  remained  to  be 


6-14 


BRITISH  EMPIRE 


bonu  ^  tic  uipiyen  is  the  Sritiih  liluidi.  TIm  extent  ot 
tiiu  buiileii  ni  emphulicd  in  i9og  by  the  rcveUtkini  u  Id 
the  iocicua  of  the  Gcnuso  (and  the  atHed  Auilriui)  Sect  At 
Ihii  crisii  ia  the  biitoi^  of  the  two-powet  MuhUkI  ■  mve  of 
iHUhittJHm  ttuted  in  the  colanim,  icsullinf  in  the  o&et  of 
"  Dmdaoushu  "  liora  New  Zealand  and  cbewheKi  ind  the 
British  lovenuneDl  oUed  an  Impertal  Coofcnue  to  oouider 
tke  whole  quotioa  afioh. 

Luid  delcDce.  though  a.  sdcondaiy  btandi  of  ibe  fteat  qaettion 
of  impeiial  defence,  hu  been  iQtimalcly  coDDCCled  with  th^ 
dcvelopDient  uicl  internal  growth  of  the  empiie.  In  the  cue  of ' 
(lie  bnt  Kitlemenl  d[  the  American  ndomet  tliey  wen:  eipectcd 
to  pmvide  for  iheii  own  land  defence.  To  some  extent  in  the 
early  part  of  their  career  they  carried  out  thti  eipectaiion,  and 
ivcD  on  occuion,  as  in  the  takicK  of  Louishuig,  which  «u  >ub- 
Kquently  given  back  at  the  peace  of  Aii-la-Ch«peUe  u  the  price 
of  the  French  evacualiOD  dI  Madras,  lendcred  public  Kivlce  to 
Ihr  empire  at  luge.  In  India  the  principle  of  local  self-defence 
was  Irom  the  beginning  catiied  into  pncltce  by  the  East  India 
Company.  But  in  Aoerica  the  claim  of  the  French  warrprovcd 
loo  heavy  for  local  rewurces.  In  lus  Great  Britain  intervened 
with  troopa  sent  from  hrane  under  Gcneisl  Braddock,  and  up  lo 
Ibe  outbreak  of  Ihe  American  Wai  the  ctBt  oi  the  defence  d1  the 
North  American  coloniei  was  borne  by  the  imperial  exchequer. 
To  oeet  this  ei^nsc  the  imperial  parliament  took  upon  itself 
the  tight  to  tax  the  American  coloniea.    In  176;  a  Qulrtering 

in  the  colonies.  As  a  result  ol  the  American  War  which  lollowed 
and  led  10  the  loss  of  the  coloniesafiectcd,  the  Imperial  aulhoriiics 
accepted  the  charge  ol  the  land  defences  of  Iho  empire,  and  with 
the  exception  of  India  and  Ihe  Hudson  Bay  territories,  where 
the  tiadingcompanics  determined  topay  their  own  expenses,  the 

by  the  taxpayers  of  the  United  Kingdom.  This  condiLJen  of 
aSairs  lasted  till  the  end  of  Ibc  NajMlconic  Wan.  During  Ibc 
thirty  years'  peoi^i  which  followed  (here  come  time  tot  considera- 
tion. The  ££Cal  changes  which  towards  the  middle  of  the  iqth 
century  gave  to  Itc  telf-goveming  colonies  the  command  of  their 
own  resources  very  natuially  earned  with  them  the  cuniequence 
that  a  call  should  be  made  on  colonial  eichcquen  10  ptovide  for 
their  own  governing  expenses.  Of  Ibrtt  defence  is  obviously  one 
la  the  most  esscntiid.  Coinddcntly.  thcrelon,  vdth  the  move- 
ments of  free  trade  at  home,  the  renunciation  of  what  was  known 
u  the  mercantile  system  and  the  accompanying  graius  ol  con- 
itiiulional  freedom  to  the  coloniet,  a  mnvemcnt  for  the  re- 
organiialion  of  imperial  defence  was  set  on  foot.  In  the  decade 
which  elapsed  between  164S  and  iSj6  the  mavemeal  as  regards 
the  colonies  was  confined  chiefly  to  calls  made  upon  tbem  to 
conlributBto  thdiown  defence  by  providing  bairacki,  fortiCca- 
tions,  Slc,  foi  the  acconunodaiion  oi  imperial  troops,  and  in 
■ome  case*  paying  for  (he  use  o[  troops  not  strictly  rcquiied  lot 
imperial  purposes.  In  185;  the  Australian  cr^nictagroed  to  pay 
the  expeascs  of  Ihe  imperisl  garrison  quailercd  in  Australia. 
This  was  a  very  wide  step  from  the  imperial  atlempt  to  tax  the 
American  colonies  lor  a  similar  purpose  in  the  pncc^ng  oeniury- 
Neverthcless,  in  evidence  ^vcn  before  a  depaitmcntal  commitlee 
In  iSj9,  it  was  shown  that  at  that  time  the  colonici  oi  Gnat 
Britain  were  ire«  from  almost  every  obligation  ol  conlributing 
dther  by  personal  service  or  money  payment  towards  their  own 
defence,  and  that  the  cost  of  military  expenditure  In  the  colonies 
in  the  preceding  year  had  amounted  In  round  figures  to  £4,000.000, 
A  committee  ol  the  House  of  Commons  sat  in  1S61  to  consider 
thcqueation.andin  i&Sa  It  was  reiolvedi,  without  a  division,  that 
"  coloniea  exerciang  the  right  of  sell-government  ought  to  under- 
take the  main  responsibility  ol  providing  tot  their  own  interual 
srdei  and  security,  and  ought  to  assist  in  ibcir  own  eilemal 
defence."  Th«  decision  was  accepted  as  the  basis  of  imperial 
policy.  The  first  effect  was  thegraduaJwithdtawingof  imperial 
troops  from  (he  scU-goveriing  ci^nita,  together  with  Ihe 
encouragement  of  the  development  o!  local  military  aystema 
by  the  loan,  when  desired,  of  imperial  military  experts.  A  call 
was  abo  nude  for  larger  military  costribulions  bom  knbc  •! 


the  crown  cokmin.    The  committee  of  lSs9  had  tmplam^ 

initsreporttlielacl  that  the  principal  dependencesl  the  colonicB 
for  defence  is  necessarily  upon  the  Btilish  navy,  and  in  1B65, 
exactly  loo  yean  after  the  Quartering  Act,  which  had  been  the 
cause' of  the  troubles  that  led  to  the  independertce  of  U^  United 
States,  a  Colonial  Naval  Defence  Act  was  passed  which  p 

powei 

volun 


Lt  the  disposal  of 


SUlheCaa 
.  organised  nucleus  of  a  local  army  to 
Canada.  In  the  some  year  the  imperial  troops  were  witfadiawn 
from  New  Zealand,  leaving  the  cdonial  militia  to  deal  with  the 
native  war  still  in  progress.  In  1S70  the  fast  impeiial  troopa 
were  nitlidrawa  bum  Anslralia,  and  in  iSjj  i(  wss  officially 
aODOuneed  that  military  expenditure  in  the  colonies  vrss  alBMit 
"  wholly  lot  impeiial  purposes."  In  1^75  an  imperial  officer 
went  to  Australia  to  report  lor  the  Australian  goveroawDt 
upon  Atutraliaa  defence.  The  appmntment  in  1879  of  a  royal 
commission  to  consider  the  qucstitm  ol  imperial  defence,  which 
ptexnted  its  report  in  1881,  led  to  a  conoiden' '  ' 
and  leoisanfxatioa  of  the  ayxUm  of  impcri 
Cooling  ttalioDi  were  alio  Kiected  with  reference  to  the  trade 
routes.    In  iGSj  ruraoioi  of  war  roused  a  very  Strang  feeling  in 

cotidition  of  the  lortiScations  recommended  by  the  commisiiaa 
a(  1879.  Military  activity  was  stimulated  throogbont  the 
empite,  and  the  Colonial  Defence  Committee  was  oeated  IB 
supply  a  much-felt  need  for  orgamied  direction  and  advice  to 
colonial  adminbtntioiis  acting  necessarily  in  independence  at 
each  other.  The  question  of  cdonial  defence  was  among  Iht 
most  important  of  the  subjec  ta  discussed  at  the  colouiid  couferenc* 
heU  in  London  in  i$87.  anil  it  was  at  this  ainference  that  the 
Australasian  coloniet  first  agreed  to  cntiiiibute  to  Ihe  expenst 
of  th^  own  naval  defence.  From  lbs  date  the  principle  ol  local 
mponsibility  loi  lelf-iiefence  has  been  fuUy  accepted.  India 
has  its  own  native  army,  and  pays  for  the  matnlaunu  within  it* 
frontiers  ol  an  impeiial  gairiMn.  Early  in  the  summer  ol  1S99, 
when  boetilitics  in  South  Africa  appeared  to  be  imminent,  the 
governments  of  Ihe  principal  robnics  took  occasion  to  expicsi 
their  appiovil  of  the  South  African  poiiry  punued  by  the  im- 
perial govemmcnt,  and  oSers  were  made  by  (be  governments 
of  India,  the  Auttnlaiian  colonies,  Canada,  Hong-Kong,  the 
Fedcr^  Malay  states,  »me  of  the  West  African  and  other 
colonies,  to  scnii  tontingenta  for  active  service  in  the  event  ol 
war.  On  the  outbreak  of  hostilities  these  oBtn,  on  (he  part  of 
the  self-sovcming  coloniea.  were  acripted,  and  colonial  conlin- 
gOM  upwards  of  ]o,oeo  strong  were  among  the  most  eScieat 
sections  of  the  British  fighting  force.  The  manner  in  which 
those  colonial  contingents  xere  raised,  their  admirable  fitting 
qualities,  and  the  service  rendered  hy  (hem  in  the  field,  disdoMd 
altogether  new  possibililles  of  military  oiganiiaiion  within  the 
empire,  and  in  subsequeol  yan  the  subject  rontinued  to  engage 
the  attention  ol  the  statesmen  of  the  empire.  Progress  in  (hi* 
field  lay  chiefly  in  (he  increased  support  ^ven  in  the  colonial 
states  to  the  separate  local  movements  for  sdf-dcfcnce;  but 
in  1909  a  scheme  was  arranged  by  Mr  Hatdane,  by  which  the 
BritUb  War  Office  should  oo^perate  with  the  colonial  govem* 
Dents  in  providing  lor  (he  training  of  ofiicen  and  an  interchange 
of  views  on  a  oommon  nnlitary  policy. 

Tfae  iofiortaiil  questions  of  justice,  religton  and  iiulnictiBa 
win  be  foand  dealt  with  in  detail  under  Ihe  headings  ol  sciaiBt* 
aectiooaoltheeiiijdte.    Sjwemsol justice Ibrou^nut 
the  empii*  have  a  dim  resemUaooe  In  etch  Mhcr,      ^J 
■ud  the  Judidal  Domniitee  of  the  privy  a»undl,  on 
wUch  ihaKlf-gDvcming  colonies  aad  India  ■lenpceseotediCSB- 
stltata  a  npRme  court  ol  appeal  (f.t.)  for  the  entire  empire. 
In  the  natter  ol  rctlgjoii.  whUe  as  imperial  otgaBlntiui  Id  thi 
strict  HDS*  is  poaftle,  the  pmgreM  made  oy  the  Lambelh 
ConfeieacB*  and  otfaerwiie  (see  Akcucai'  CttUHcnilut}  hu  done 
much  to  bring  the  wo^  oi  the  Chnich  of  Engtand  in  dJbrcnt 
puisol  the  world  into  a  cooperative  system.    Rdigioa,  el  which 
■  ' -fie*. 


BRITISH  HONDURAS 


615 


■BCpt  ta  taitt  when  the  imelH  ot  R^Ion  tHm  kmdi  to 
pMCtkA  fofilgn  to  accepted  Uws  of  hunumly.  It  fa  pcrhapi 
iBltiadBg  to  itatc  th*t  the  number  of  penoni  in  the  cmpin 
BOmiuUr  pra(«Hbii  tts  ChriHinn  nUgkn  Is  jS,oe(i>,(ioi>,  -ol 
Mahomwdua  94,ooo,oai>,  of  BixldUfli  i  i,ocw,ooi>.  of  Mindm 
•DS,oaakOoo,  of  pafui  and  otbm  ts.eoa.iwa.  Syitem*  o( 
fattiDCtioa,  ol  vkich  tlw  abn  ii  teaatiiy  limilor  In  Ihe  white 
porliRU  «(  the  empbe  and  li  dttected  lowlrdi  tifing  to  every 
Indivldiul  the  bisb  at  %  libcnl  eduution,  ut  goveraed  wholly 
by  loc*]  requlieiuentt.  Nitiva  icboob  ut  Mtabliihtd  In  all 
•ettled  cmmiuiitlci  owlet  Britbb  nik,  , 

LiAiATV' — Id  Rceoi  yore  Ihe  tnbiect  fif  fititiib  npovlina 
hu  uepired  z  frowiiu  lite    ~    '  ■■■<■-  ^^^ 

■  Klecied  number  ol  the  1  lly 

be  CDUulled  on  ctiffeRnt  11  hj 

^  ilu  Sniidi  CalaiHit  lit  iry 

^  BriliiA  Cubmiil  POiey  lU 

fipifKlA  Sou  (rgoi);  Sir  J.  J); 

(lM9),j'ro4(niHrfGiw«f  ill 

C.  R.  hrion.  Imi^riai  Fn  iat 

AttrrMin,  NmiS  vU  Ui  iat 

C<fflU((l>97)!  Sidney  G  iki 

"'-'-'Trd.fi.  Sin — '  -' 


srii 


Sir  H.  J< 


■nvkif 


.,..!•  of  lbev= 

..  _he  Imperiel  CanleitnF 
Schoelini^i  BrMili  Tradi . 


of  the  Imi 


•RinSH  BOHDDHAS,  formeily  oiled  Balue,  or  Beuib, 

a  Brilith  down  colony  in  Centnl  AiKiica;  bounitcd  on  the  N, 
and  N.W.  by  the  Huian  province  of  Yucatin,  N.E.  and  E. 
by  the  Bay  of  Honduru,  an  inlet  d  tl»  Caribbean  Sea,  and 
S.  and  W.  by  Cualenula.  (For  map,  K«  Cturiu  Auiici.) 
Pop.  (1905)  40j;i;  ana,  7561  >q.  m.  The  Ironliei  of  Britith 
Bondnraf,  ai  defined  by  the  conuenlions  of  iSjg  and  iSgj 
between  Gitat  Britain  and  Oualemala,  begins  at  the  moulh  of 
the  river  Saratoon  or  Santun.  in  the  Bay  of  Honduras;  ascendi 
that  river  ai  far  at  the  rapids  of  Craciu  1  Dioii  and  ihenco, 
tinning  to  the  right,  runs  in  a  itiaJght  line  H  Garbutt'i  Rapidi, 
on  the  Beii«  river.  From  this  point  it  proceeds  due  north  to 
the  Uexican  frontier,  where  it  follow*  the  nvet  Hondo  to  it* 
month  in  Chetuinal  Bay. 

Britiih  Honduras  difien  little  from  the  mt  of  the  Yucatan 
peniaauii ,  The  ai^iroach  to  the  const  is  through  the  islcU 
known  at  cays,  and  through  eraai  reefi.  It  it  both  ditEcuIt  and 
dangerous.  ForwmemilcsiDlaiidlhegRmiiditlowandtvrainpy, 
thickly  covered  with  mingrovea  and  iropii:*!  jungJe.  Nut 
aucceedi  a  narrow  belt  of  rich  alluvial  land,  net  eiceeding  a  mile 
in  width,  beyond  which,  and  parallel  to  the  rivera,  are  vaft  tiacis 
of  sandy,  arid  land,  c&iled  "  pine  ridges,"  from  the  red  pines  with 
which  ihey  are  covered.  Farther  inland  tiiesc  give  place,  firai, 
to  the  less  elevated  '*  broken  ridges,"  and  then  to  what  arc  called 
"  cahoon  ridges,"  with  a  deep  rich  soil  covered  wiih  myriads  of 
palm  trees.  Next  come  broad  savannas,  studded  with  dumpj 
of  trees,  through  which  the  itre^nii  descending  from  the 
mountain*  wind  in  every  direction.  The  mountains  themselves 
rfu  in  a  succession  of  ridges  paralld  to  the  coast.  The  first  are 
the  Manatee  Hills,  fmm  800  to  10110  It.  high;  and  beyond  these 
are  the  Cockscomb  Mountains,  which  are  about  4000  ft,  high- 
No  less  than  sixteen  streams,  lar^  enough  to  be  called  rivers, 
descend  from  these  toountains  to  the  sea,  between  the  Hondo 
and  Saistoon.  The  iminhabited  country  betwca  Carbutt's 
Rapids  and  the  eoast  south  of  Deep  rivet  was  Grti  eifdored  in 
rSju,  by  Henry  Fowler,  the  colonial  secretary  d(  British 
HoDdaras;  it  was  thai  found  to  consist  of  open  and  undulating 
grasslands,  aSorduig  fine  pasturage  in  the  west  and  of  forests 
foil  of  valuable  Cliober  in  the  east.  Its  elevation  varies  from 
iioato  jjoolL  Auriferous  quarts  and  tracts  of  other  tnineral) 
havebeen  discovered,  but  not intuffidentquantily  to  repay  the 
COM  of  naning.  The  geology,  laona  and  floraof  British  Honduras 
do  not  raateriaay  diSer  from  thoaa  of  the 
(kc  Cumai.  Akiiica). 


Although  the  colony !]  In  the  tnptci.  Ilk  <^mate  b  vibtta^eat 
The  highest  shade  lempcraluiE  recorded  is  08*  F.,  the  lowtat  jo*. 
Easterly  lea^winda  prevail  dorins  the  greater  put  of  the  year. 
The  dry  season  lasts  from  the  middle  ol  February  to  the  middta 
of  May;  rain  occurs  at  faitervals  doling  the  othef  months,  aiul 
almost  continuously  in  Octobei',  November  and  December. 
Tlie  annnal  rainfall  average*  about  Bit  in.,  but  rises  in  lome 
disnict*  to  150  in.  or  more.  CholerB,  yeflow  fever  and  other 
tropical  diseases  occur  ^loradically,  but,  on  the  whole,  the 
country  is  not  unhealthy  by  comparison  with  the  West  Indies 

/nksMUmt.— British  Hondum  is  a  little  larger  than  Waki, 
and  has  a  population  smaller  than  that  of  Ch^ter  (England]. 
In  1904  the  iohabitints  of  European  descent  numbered  ijoo, 
the  Europeans  153,  and  the  while  American*  iiS,  The  ma)inity 
belong  to  the  hybrid  race  descended  fitim  negro  slaves,  aboriginal 
Indians  and  wliite  settlers.  At  least  six  distinct  racial  groups 
can  be  traced.  These  consist  of  (0  native  Indians,  lobefoutid 
chiefly  in  f  oteat  villages  in  the  west  and  north  ol  the  colony  aw^ 
from  the  aea  coast;  (1)  descendants  of  the  English  buccaneetv, 
miied  with  Scottish  and  German  traders;  [j)  the  woodcutting 
eliis  known  as  "  Beli«  Creoles,"  of  more  or  less  pure  dcKent 
from  African  negroes  imported,  as  slaves  or  as  labouieis,  Irau 
the  West  Indies;  (4)  the  Caribs  ol  the  southern  districts,  descend- 
ants of  the  population  deported  hi  1706  from  St  Vincent,  who 
were  of  mixed  African  and  Carib  origin;  (5)  a  miied  population 
in  tlio  south,  of  Spanish-Indian  origin,  from  Guatoniala  and 
Hondnraa;  and  (6}  in  the  north  another  Spanish-Indian  group 
which  came  from  Yucatan  in  1848.  The  popuhtion  len^ 
alonly  to  increase;  about  45%  of  the  births  are  iOegitimBle,  and 
males  are  more  numereus  than  fonales.  Many  tract*  of  fallow 
land  and  forest  wereonce  thickly  populated,  for  British  Honduras 
hasiisruinedcitjcs,andothcr1racesof  a  lost  Indian  civilisation, 
in  common  with  the  rest  of  Central  America. 

Naiural  PndiuU.—For  more  than  two  cent  una  Britlih  Honduru 

li^num-vitac,  fustic,  bullet-wood,  BDU-marla,  iroDWODd,  roacwood. 
Sic.  The  coloured  jiUkabitaati  are  uosLirpuaed  an  woodmen,  and 
avene  from  agriculture;  to  (hat  there  arc  only  about  go  tc),  m.  tit 
tilled  land.  »]Ear<ane,  bananas,  cocoanot-palma,  otsntsins.  and 
varioutotherlniitsaRcuhivaled;  vanilla,  aariaparilla,  aspodilla  or 
chewing-gum,  rubber,  and  the  cahoon  or  coyol  pain,  valuable  foe 
itsoil.irow  wildinlargequantities.  la  September  1903  all  the  piiie 
tiees  on  crown  lands  were  sold  to  Mr  B.  Chipley,  a  dtiun  or  the 
United  Sutes.  at  onecent  (fd.)  per  tieejiheofifcel  of  the  sale  being 
to  secure  the  openb^  up  cd  undevetopcd  terrltofy.  Unsuceeisful 
alleinpcs  havo  been  made  to  establish  sponge  fisheries  on  a  laige 


— Bclire  (pop.  In  r9fH, 


Other  to 
("44),  1 

snd  Mu ._,„ 

boardi,  who^e  ag^re^re 


99«9). 
Walli 

ffil 


■S3 

a  New  Orleans.  Livnpool,  Colon  and  Puerto 
Lortes  in  Honduras,  regularly  viiii  Beliie. 
Camimta  and  niuna.— Between  iqoi  and  l^s  the  tonnage 

fro™  300,000  to  49646s;  tlie  imports  rose  Ironi  tsit.s'io  to 
£386,113:  the  ciporr«  from  iiSj.soo  to  £377.61].  The  eipons 
eonnu  of  the  timber,  fruit  and  other  vegetable  prndncti  ilready 
menticiriDd,  besides  rum,  deenklns,  tortoiiesbeU.  turtles  and  sponfei, 
while  the  principal  fanporta  are  eoccon  nods,  hardware,  beer,  wme. 
spirits,  groceries  and  specie.  The  tea-borne  trade  is  mainly  ihsred 
by  Great  Britain  and  the  United  Suies.  On  the  I4lh  of  October 
1894,  Ihe  American  gold  dollar  was  adopted  at  the  lundard  coin,  in 
place  of  the  Cuairrulan  iLillar;  and  llic  ailver  of  Horrfa,  South  and 

iuucd  to  the  value  of  i,  3,  8,  to,  ^and  too  dollars,  and  therviaa 
local  currency  of  one  cent  bronn  pieces,  and  of  j.  10,  s^  and  50  cent 
■liver  pieces.  The  British  sovereign  and  half  aovereign  are  legal 
tender.    In  1846  the  govemmenl  aavings  bank  wat  loonded  la 


Britiih  Bank  of  Koodi 


"^inihe 


The  revenue,  chiefly  derived . 
"  WaJS  i«  1905.   Ttaes 


eUaS^hedat  Beliie. 
ieta  thacoitof  pe^ 


BRrrOMARTIS 

t  m  Imnitut  ttaai.  fOM,  duriat  Iht  bim  period. 

lo  IfiiMo,    Th*  jnibBc  debt,  ■mountiiic  in  1905  u 

•eat*  the  taliDcc  dw  oa  Ibne  knu  whkE  wnc  niisd 

1  lS9t,  lor  public  woiki  In  BcUk.    TImIcuiu* 

I  laifian]  109  J. 

/dHuiiMhM.— Fr 


, ,__ runctloB 

■ad  pindau  thni  CNnbluibed  «n*  codttBl  wid 

tlw  none  of  "  Bunvb]'')  L»t>,"  iftcr  Ihi  viiit  of 

niby,  ia  I7S6,  »iia  •! 


trvtnor  ma  cmCol  nvcmor  «4d  com- 
idcnd  IndepcndcDt  J  JuniOk    H<b 

mTrnboC  FcrTdmiiuMntlvt  purpoH  tbe  eolnoy  ii  divUid  into 
■ii  diwricct— BcHic  Corool,  Onu>  Willc,  the  Ciyo,  SCua  Cnek 
>nd  Tokdo.  Thcaphil  cl  the  lut  BUKd  ta  PintiCoidai  the 
other  dinricti  ukt  the  nainee  of  thdr  chief  tawu.  Eatfnh  cammon 
bw  ii  valid  tbmiEboui  Bridab  Haaduiu,  ■abject  to  nodificatina  by 
laaX  enctniHiu.  lad  to  the  imeniioB  of  ihi  CmalUthi  Umi  >/ 
Briiiih  H-HiiMnH.  TliiiailkcaBacfefdlBUKiH.eutaai,  Ac,  «v 
o»cUllyicvi»l(ndpiibliibedbetineBlU4aBlI«BI.  Apnaliniiy 
be  cairied  bcfon  the  privy  council  or  the  upmie  court  of  Janulce- 

Jtdirion  and  Edutalicn.— The  churchea  repmentcd  m  Rofnan 
CuhoTic.  AoElicaa.  Weileyaa,  Bipliil  ud  Piabytslaa:  but  neiK 
gf  then)  lecelvea  MBitanx  Irtm  poUic  fuada.  The  Udiopric  <4 
Britiili  Hoadunu  ii  pin  of  (he  Weat  ladiu  ptovincc  of  the  Chunb 
of  Enibftd.  AlmiKI  all  the  adioola,  aecoaduy  aa  nil  aa  prinuty, 
art  deBomimfoaaL  Sdioal  fca  arc  chari^ed,  aad  graoca-Ia-aid  are 
mad*  to  ekflioitan'  acboolt.  Meal  of  th*K.  riace  1804.  have  been 
■adcr  the  cancrol  i^  a  board,  oa  vbkh  the  idiiioui  booia  managiog 
the  achoob  an  RprncDIcd. 

IMfoBi.— Tlia  Ddiic  volunlMT  light  bfaotry  ami,  laimt  in 


<&uktl^B|btMm>lli*(iv*tW«lUiiir  Bdb«udBiir 

HoDdo,  takinc  tbt  coune  «f  tlwa*  tve  rivtn  (m  vnatlcnUa 

'-'--*-"    11iaccaiKCMMHu"inTeii»t  tobecmndBBda* 

m  the  liiliU  of  Kverdgnty  a<  the  ktsg  of  Splia  " 

iet  in  queMloa,  nhxK  lU  the  Entfih  diveticd 

I  tenitotio  •etc  u  coocealnte  UKonchm  aitldB 

foi  in  1786  a  DOW  Imty  m*  esndudtil,  in  which  tlM  iunf  of 
Spain  maiJa  an  f**-!' '"-■■'  pant  el  tcnitaty,  *— *"— ■'■■t  thie 
ana  betvcen  tlw  liven  Sibua  «  Jabon  ■sd  Bdiie,    But  (has 

It  t*  not  to  be  lutniuiuil  that  a  population  conqXBCd  of  lo  lawless 
a  Kt  of  men  waa  nmaikably  exact  in  i(a  obicrvanceDf  the  treaty. 
Thiy  KOD  to  have  greatly  annoyed  their  Spanish  ndghboun, 
who  easerly  anited  thoudvcs  of  the  bnakins  out  of  war  bctwtra 
tbe  two  countiicaln  1796  to  concert  albnaidaUeanadcoa  Bdiu. 
They  amceotrated  ■  force  of  1000  men  at  Campeadiy,  which, 

fMBdiic,andanivedonlhetodol  July,  179).  Ihc  Nttlei*, 
- 'ded  by  tbe  Bfitiih  doop  of  wu"  Merlin,"  had  itTongly  fortified 
■man  iiland  In  the  haibonr,  calkd  St  Gvoise'iCiy.    They 


"BS7, 


It  40.  waa  cieatrd  in  1904.    For  tho  whole  colany, 

,. cr  about  i>a    Tlien  ia  ilao  a  vduntccr  Cn  bfigade 

of  J3S  e&Bcn  and  men. 
Hiilery.—"  His  Majesly's  Settlement  in  the  Bay  of  Honduias,' 

as  the  tettitoiy  was  tonnerly  styled  in  oSidol  documeDts,  qwd 
ils  origin,  in  ifijS,  to  log-waod  cutun  who  had  fomterly  been 
buccaaeeis,  Tbse  werr  aftennrds  joined  by  agtnti  of  Ibe 
Chartered  Company  whidi  eiplsitcd  the  pear!  fisheries  of  the 
Mosquito  coast.     Although  thus  industriously  occupied     '* 

descents  on  the  logwood  establishments  of  the  ^uniards,  wboic 
attempts  10  erpel  them  were  generally  auccosfully  resistr ' 
The  most  fonoidable  ol  these  waa  made  by  the  Spaniards 
April  ITJ4.  when,  in  convniueDce  ol  the  difficulty  of  appmachiog 
the  position  from  tbe  >ea,  an  opedition,  consisting  of  i  joo  men, 
«B  organised  inland  at  the  town  of  Peten.  As  it  ncaied  the 
coast,  it  was  met  by  iso  BHtish,  and  completely  routed.  The 
log-viiod  cutlers  wen  not  again  disturbed  far  a  number  of ; 
and  their  poution  had  become  to  wdl  eauhtished  that,  i 
treaty  of  1763  with  Spain,  Great  Britain,  while  agreeing 
molisb  "  all  fortifications  which  English  aubjects  bad  erected 
lo  (lie  Bay  of  Honduras,"  insisted  on  a  clause  ill  favour  of  the 
cutters  ol  togwood,  chat  "  they  or  their  workmen  were  1 
be  disturbed  or  molested,  under  any  pretext  whatever,  b 
said  placts  of  cutting  and  loading  logwood."  Strengthened  by 
the  recognition  of  (he  crown,  the  British  acttlers  made  freah 
encroadunenta  on  Spanish  territory.  Tht  Spaniards,  asserting 
that  they  wot  engaged,  in  sitmggling  and  other  iltidt  practices, 
OTganiaed  a  large  force,  and  on  the  ijth  ol  September  177Q, 
uddcnly  attacked  and  deatroyed  the  cstabliihnieDt  at  Behiw, 
taking  the  inhablunta  prisonen  to  UJcida  in  Yucatan,  and 
alterwatdi  to  Havana,  where  tnott  of  them  died.  The  survivors 
were  hTjeiated  in  178J.  and  allowed  to  go  to  Janutic*.  In  ijBj 
tjiey  ntuined  with  many  new  idventuren,  and  were  soon  en^ge  ' 
In  cutting  woods.  On  the  jrd  of  September  in  thlt  year  a  ne 
treaty  was  signed  between  Great  Britain  and  Spain,  In  which 
was  npressly  agreed  that  hi)  Bri  tannic  Majealy's  subject]  should 
lave  "  the  tight  of  cutting,  loading,  and  carrying  away  logwood 


_  Campttchy.    llua  waa  the  last 

attend  to  dislodge  the  Britoh. 

The  defeat  of  the  Spanish  attempt  of  1798  has  been  adduced 
aa  an  act  of  conquest,  thereby  permanently  ettatdishing  British 
aovOQgnty.  But  those  who  take  tUi  view  overlook  the  im- 
poitant  fact  that,  in  TS14,  by  a  new  treaty  with  Spain,  tba 
proviaioiit  of  the  eariier'ttcity  were  revived.  Tliey  forget  also 
'laC  for  many  yean  the  British  govtntment  never  laid  daimtA 
ly  tightt  acquired  In  virtue  of  tbe  ncteufid  defence;  for  10 
te  as  I S 17-1 8  ig  the  acta  of  patUamcBt  tda  ting  to  BcfiK  thny* 
refer  to  it  aa  "  a  settlement,  for  certain  piuiwaes,  tmdcr  the  pro- 
tection of  Kit  Majcaty."  After  Central  America  had  attained  iti 
independence  (1S19-1B19}  Great  Britain  aecared  ita  paiitioD  by 
Incorporating  the  provisions  of  the  treaty  of  1 784  in  ■  new  ti«9 
with  Meiico  (1S16),  and  la  the  drafts  of  tieatia  with  New 
Granada  (189  j)  and  tbe  United  SUICs  of  Central  Ameiica  (iSji). 
The  tcnltoilcs  between  the  Belise  and  Santoon  rivers  were 
laimed  by  the  British  In  i8]<i.  ThesubKquentpcacetuiprogttia 
if  tbe  country  under  British  rule;  the  exception  oi  Beliie  from 
that  provision  ri  the  dayton'Bulwer  Tiealy  (?.>.)  of  iSsowhidi 
forbade  Great  Britain  and  the  United  States  to  fortify  or  coloniia 
wint  on  the  Centra]  American  mainland;  and  the  settle 
of  the  boundary  disputes  with  Guatemala  in  iSj^j  finally 
confirmed  the  legal  sovereigaty  of  Great  Britain  over  tlK  wbde 
colony,  including  tbe  territorin  daisied  in  iSjO.  The  Bay 
Islands  were  recogniied  as  part  of  the  republic  oi  Hondurai  in 
iSsg.  Between  1849,  when  the  Indians  beyond  the  Hondo  rota 
against  thdr  MesJotn  rulers,  and  1901,  when  they  wen  finally 
tobjugatcd,  rebel  banda  occulonally  attacked  the  naitbeni  and 
notth-weitem  """•'-^  of  the  colony.  Tbe  last  serious  raid  wn 
loikd  in  iSti. 

BiaMOoaAFBT.— For  aS  Ratlatlea]  matter  ntatliH  10  the  coleiiy, 
sec  the  annual  npsfta  to  the  Btitiih  Coloolal  Offiee  (Loadon).  Fee 
the  pTogreia  of  cuilontion,  see  A  Namtim  «/  a  Joamty  acrvu  Out 
tmafhni  Ptrtin  of  BriiGk  Hniiwai,  by  H.  Fowler  (Beliu ,  i8;o); 

•-"•  '^  An  Expedilion  10  the  CockKomb  Mounuiim"  by  I.  P-" 

. ,.■ .  ..,  - — .  y ......  ^.......  ._.   ,f  p 


I  PhoMhii  tl  Itn  Urmt  Gtspitinal  Sxitlr,  vol.  iF.  (London, 

....  . J .,___^_.__    ._    ^..^    ^    (^    y _. 

B.  Wrubt „ 

:  local  history  is  recounted  in  tbe  Hiiltn  of  Briltsk 
•    "    ^■""- ■ ..  eValrtl 


>dP.  B.  Wrubt  (Ediat 


Heniuna,  by  A.  R.  Clbbs  (London.  |88;1);  in  Kela  ... 

.livrKa.fiyt-I.  Sqiiier(NewYoric.  IBSS):  and  In  Ariisear  Briti'it 
HntdMns,  a  puer  read  before  the  Sodery  of  Ana  by  Chief  lunite 
Temple  {London,  1B47).  (K.  d.  J.} 

BRITDIIARTU  ("  awect  maiden"),  >■  old  Cretan  p>ddess, 
later  identified  with  Artemis.  According  ta  Call^nachua 
(flym  la  Diant,  19a),  she  was  a  nynqih,  tbe  daughter  of  Zens 
and  Carme,  and  a  lavouiile  companion  of  Anemia.  Being 
pursued  by  Minos,  king  ^  Crete,  who  waa  enaaomcd  of  her,  she 
sprang  from  a  rodt  into  the  ■■■,  but  was  saved  from  drowning 
by  falling  into  aoDie  fishermen's  nets.  Shewtiafterwardsmade 
a  t<KldaS  It  Attenua  hixIb  the  name  tt  Dictynni  (Mmar,  "  a 


BRITON-FERRY— BRITTANY 


617 


■Mt'O.  SlMWwthciMUaa>»afhimttn,dibcfmni»idiillon. 
and  tho  k  gaddfsgol  birib  ikI  health.  Theccaln  of  her  wonhip 
wu  CydonU,  whence  ii  «it«ul«I  to  Sputa  ind  Acglna  <iilwR  ibE 
ifuku>wnuAphaea)aiid  thcisLuubof  tlicMnliietTBii«aiL  By 
Kfmc  ^  i»  coiuldcnd  to  have  been  a  moon-goddcn,  facr  flight 
From  Mituu  inci  her  leap  Id  to  Iheici  eignil/ing  (be  revohiUon  and 
dJupputance  of  Ibc  izu»d  (FauaaDiai  ii,  40,  iIL  14;  Antoninus 
Libeiilii  4ol. 

BBITON-FERST.  a  leapott  in  llic  mid-parliamcnlaiy  divbion 
of  CliTnorEaiuhin,  Wajs,  on  the  easlem  bank  of  the  esKury  of 
■he  Neath  dvec  in  Swansea  Bay,  with  aUtieni  on  the  Great 
Wdlem  and  the  Rhondda  Ii  Swansea  Bay  tail  ways,  being  i;4  m. 
by  nil  from  LondoiL  Fop.  of  urban  diitiicl  (iqoi)  £973.  A 
tram-line  connccla  it  with  Neath,  i  m.  distant,  and  the  Vale  of 
Neath  Canal  (madcin  1797)  haaitstennitiui  here.  Thediitiict 
was  formerly  celebiaied  for  its  scenery,  but  this  hai  been  con- 
lidenbly  marred  by  industrial  development  whicfa  received  its 
chief  impetus  from  the  coustruclian  in  1861  of  a  dock  of  13  acict, 
the  property  of  the  Great  Western  Railway  Company,  and  the 
opening  up  about  the  same  time  of  the  mining  districia  of 
Clyncorrwg  and  Maesteg  by  means  of  the  South  Wales  mineral 
railway,  which  connects  them  with  the  dock  and  supplies  it  with 
its  chief  eipoil,  coal.  Sled  and  tinplates  are  manufactured  here 
on  a  hrge  scale.    There  atcaUo  iiiin-works  and  afoundry. 

The  name  La  Britiane  was  ^ven  by  the  Noiman  leltleti  of 
the  nth  century  to  (U  ftny  across  the  estuary  of  the  Neath 
(where  Archbishop  Baldwin  and  Giraldus  CRssed  in  11U,  and 
which  is  still  used),  hut  the  Welsh  name  of  the  town  from  at  leut 
the  itith  century  has-been  Llansawel. 

BBITTAlfY,  or  Barr.tN!nf  (Ft,  Brtlagiu),  known  ai  Annoifca 
(f .1.]  until  the  Influx  of  Celts  from  Britain,  an  andenl  province 
and  duchy  of  France,  consisting  of  the  north-weat  peninsula,  and 
nearly  corresponding  to  the  deturtmenia  of  Flojstire,  Cdtes-du- 
Nord,  Morbihan,  Ille-cl-VilBine  and  Lower  Ixdre.  It  is  popularly 
divided  into  Upper  or  Western,  and  Lower  or  Eastern  Brittany. 
Its  greatest  length  ^twecn  the  English  Channel  and  the  Atlantic 
Ocean  is  ijo  kilometres  [about  155  English  miles),  and  ilaauper- 

It  comprise*  two  distinct  rones,  a  mariiiioe  lone  and  an  fnland 
armc  In  the  centre  there  are  two  plateaus,  partly  covered  with 
fan^,  unproductive  moorland:  the  southern  plateau  is  continued 
by  the  Montagues  Noires,  and  the  northern  is  dominated  by  the 
Hontad'Airfe.  These  nngesnowherceicced  risoftinkoght, 
iHt  friHn  their  wild  nature  tbey  teaD  the  aspect  of  Ugh 
mountains.  The  waterways  of  Brittany  «>«  for  the  loatl  put  of 
little  value  (nring  to  thdr  torreBt-Uke  chancier.  .  Theon^river 
basin  at  uv  iB^Mnaace  fi  that  of  (he  VEUtne,  iHdeh  Soiwi 
Ihioaih  RentHB.  Hie  oout  Is  very  much  indented,  opedal^ 
■taig  the  Ei^idk  Chaanel,  and  la  rocky  and  lined  wllii  neb  md 
Ideti.   The  maatlia  of  the  rlveia  lona  deep  otnadeL  ThiB 


__...._  _       ,    _  n  the  fertOe  diitrina  otrcals 

bn  ar*  cultivated.  InduitiitI  punuita,  except  In  a  tew  le^ioit 
Idwn^.iAlch  an  nthet  Fnaxh  than  BraUin,  have  hitheno 
nodrcd  bat  little  atlentko. 

~   '   »  an  by  natnn  onatrvalfvc.   .Tbay  ding  with 


II  not  HH  the  nth 
boliibfdInHBapail 
H>  dbtiict  In  Emopa  when  the  popidar  ChiiBtlaitf^  lUis  Mriul- 


vtty  prfular  both  In  cut  and  coloar,  hot 
ladUKKBtdatdcta.   Bil^Kd,<>falata^bhMan 
not  mly  by  the  watm,  bat  b  the  coMT   --—■-■ 


In.  B«<tct's  Srau-sMf ,  « 


The  Celtic  Itngvage  is  mIH  qnken  in  tower  Brittany.  Foot  Aft- 
lecta  are  pretty  dearly  marked  (see  the  article  Celt:  LoafWdft, 
" BnttH,"  p.  jiS).  Nowhere  has  the  taste  [or  marvelknu 
legends  been  kept  10  green  as  in  Brittany;  and  an  entire  folk- 
literature  still  Bourishes  there,  as  is  manifested  by  the  large 
numbei  of  folk-talet  and  tolk-wnga  which  have  been  coOecied 
of  late  yean. 

"Ac  wbde  dudiy  wa*  formeriy  divided  into  nine  bishoprics  ^- 
Rennet,  Dol,  Nnntea,  St  Malo  and  St  Brieuc,  in  Upper  Brittany 
and  Trfguier,  Vannea,  Qnlmpei  and  St  Tol  de  Uon  in  Lower. 

Hiiliiry.~OI  Brittany  before  the  coming  of  the  Romans  we 
have  no  exact  knowledge.  The  only  liaceileftby  theprimiiive 
piqnilatlons  are  the  mcgalithlc  monuments  (dohnens,  menhirs 
and  cromlechs),  which  remain  10  this  day  In  great  nutnbeii  (see 
Stone  MommsKn).  In  s6  n.c.  the  Romans  destroyed  the 
Beet  of  the  Veneii,  and  In  51  the  inhabitants  of  Armorica  took 
part  in  the  great  Insurrvclion  of  the  Cauls  against  Caesar,  but 
were  subdued  finally  by  him  in  ji.  Roman  civitiaation  was  then 
establlihed  for  several  centuilet  in  Brittany. 

In  the  ;th  century  numben  of  the  Celtic  inhabitantsol  Britatn, 
flying  from  the  Angles  and  Saxoni,  emigrated  to  Armorica.  and 
populated  a  great  part  of  the  peninsula.  Converted  to  Chria- 
tlanlty,  the  new-camera  founded  mouateties  which  helped  to 
clear  the  land,  the  greater  part  of  which  was  bamn  and  wild. 
The  Celtic  immigrants  formed  the  counties  of  Vannea,  Comon- 
aHle,  Lion  and  DomnonJ^  A  powerful  arbtocracy  waa  con- 
atitnted,  which  owned  estates  and  had  them  cultivated  by  teib 
or  vnielBa.  The  Cdts  sustained  a  long  itruggle  against  the 
FrankUi  kings,  who  only  nominally  occupied  Brittany.  Lonii 
tho  nous  placed  a  native  chief  Homeaot  at  tlie  head  of  Brittany. 
Theft  vaa  then  a  iatdy  long  period  of  peacej  but  Nomenot 
rebelled  a^&ut  Chailei  the  Bald,  defeated  him,  and  forced  him. 
In  S46,  lo  tecofnlie  the  ind^Mndence  of  Brittany.  The  md  of 
the  Qlh  century  and  the  be^nafaig  of  the  -roth  were  remarkable 
lor  die  invasinu  of  the  Northmen.  On  several  occasions  liiey 
were  driven  back — by  Salomon  (d.  874)  and  afterwards  by  Alain, 
count  of  Vanne*  (d,  gaf)~-hiil  It  was  Alain  Badietorte  (d.  Qji) 
»4o  gained  the  dcdjive  victory  over  them.' 

In  the  lecond  half  of  the  roth  century  and  In  the  nth  century 
the  counts  of  Rennet  were  predominant  in  Brittany.  Geoffrey, 
•onofConan,  look  the  litleof  duke  of  Brittany  in  ^9.  ConanIL, 
Ceoflrey't  grandson,  threatened  by  the  revolts  of  the  nobles,  was 
attacked  ^so  by  the  duke  of  Normandy  [afterwards  William  I. 
ol  En^and).  Alain  Fergent,  one  of  his  aucceasois,  defeated 
William  In  1085,  and  farted  bim  lo  make  peace.  But  in  the 
toUotring  century  the  PlaaiageneU  succeeded  in  establishing 
themidvta  In  Brittany.  Conan  IV.,  defeated  by  the  revolted 
BiMon  Boblea,  appealed  to  Henry  II.  of  Engtind,  who.  In  reward 
for  hit  help,  forttd  Conan  to  give  his  daughter  in  marriage  to 
hia  ton  OeoSrey.  Tbns  Hcniy  II.  became  master  of  Brittany, 
and  Oei^rey  waa  reeognfied  at  duke  o(  Brittany.  But  lUt 
new  dynasty  waa  lut  *<»5*iww*  to  last  kmg.  0«fl'rey'a  poa. 
thumons  son,  Arthur,  was  awiisliiilnl  by  John  of  England  in 
1*0],  and  Arthur'a  slater  Alii,  who  sncoeded  to  hia  rights,  was 
Banledfniiis  toPieiredelMBnx,  wbobccameduke.  This  was 
the  biBhuilnc  of  a  ducal  dynasty  of  Fmch  origin,  iridch  laated 
tDl  tb  ^  e<  the  rsth  csitDry. 

Fnan  that  tnoment  the  ducal  pomr  pined  itngth  in 
BiltlBiiy  and  tuceecded  In  etrrbing  the  feudal  nobles.  Under 
Franch  taflnsnEc  civBlBllDn  made  notable  progress.  Fat  noK 
than  a  cmtmy  peace  r^ffaed  nsAsCaibcd  bi  Brtttany.  Bm  fa 
ijti  the  death  of  John  m.,  witboat  direct  fedr,  pisviAed  a  war 
of  •atcegakia  between  tlie  bonsei  of  Bkta  and  Uantfort,  ^dch 
liitBd  till  1JIS4.  Tills  war  «(  tfcwrien  was,  in  TcaHty,  an 
taddnit  d  the  Hnulred  Years'  War,  the  partitant  of  Bhjt  and 

RaglarMi  In  r3d4  Job)  of  Montfort  (d.  ij^p]  waa  reeognlad 
aa  doke  of  Brittany  under  the  Btyle  of  John  IV.,'  bet  hii  rei|n 

1  CertainautboritaetcDuatlhefatberc^thi>dake,anath(TjohBof 

Moatron  [d.  1345).  amoar  the  dubfs  of  Brittany,  aod  accordinE  to 
.= •      ,.  •hiV.,nSjohoTv, 


m  the  younEer  Tok 
grJohaVLaadm: 


BRITTON,  JOHN— BRIVE 


roaMed.  noUUy  1^  hU  itnifglc  with  Oliviu  do 
CliBon  (iMft-lwr),  John  V,  (d.  144').  on  the  othtt  hand, 
distinguished  hinuelf  hy  liij  ablo  ud  pacific  policy.  During  hii 
reign  end  Uk  reign*  oi  hit  lucccMon,  Francis  I.,  Peter  II,  add 
Arthur  III.,  the  ducal  aulhorily  developed  in  i  remarluUc 
maruKr.  'Hie  duliei  loraicd  a  sunding  army,  and  luccceded 
in  levying  bearlh  uies  (Jewitis)  Ihroughout  Brillany.  Fninds 
II'  (143S-14S6)  iou^l  against  Louis  XI.,  miably  during  the 
War  ol  the  Puhlic  Weal,  and  adeiwanb  engaged  in  the  iirunle 
aKainll  Cbades  VIII.,  ksoon  u  "  The  Mad  War  "  (La  Cman 
FoUt).  .  Alter  the  death  oi  Francis  IL  the  king  of  Franceinvsdcd 
Btitliny,  and  forced  Francis's  daughter.  Anne  of  Biiitany,  to 
many  hitn  in  I4pi.  Thus  the  leuolon  ol  Brittany  and  Fiance 
was  pieptied.  Alier  the  death  of  Charles  VIII.  Aniw  married 
Louis  XIL  Francis  I.,  who  married  CUude,  the  daughter  of 
Louis  XII.  and  Anne,  settled  the  defiiulivc  annexation  of  tbe 
duchy  by  the  contract  of  1537,  by  which  the  maintenance  oi  tbe 
privileges  and  liberties  of  Briltmy  was  guaranteed.  Until  the 
Revolution  Brittany  retained  luown  estates.  The  loyal  power, 
however,  wu  exerted  lo  leduce  Uie  privileges  of  the  province 

notably  in  the  iSth  century.  The  struggle  was  particularly  keen 
between  176a  and  i;6o,  when  E.  A.  de  V.  du  Plcssis  Richelieu, 
due  d'Aiguillon.  had  to  fight  simultaneously  the  estatei  and  the 
parliament,  and  had  a  formidable  adversary  in  L.  R.  de  C.  de  la 
Chalotais.  But  under  the  monarchy  the  only  civil  war  in 
Brillany  in  which  blood  was  shed  was  the  revolt  at  the  due  de 
Merc(eur(d,  1601)  against  the  crown  at  the  time  of  the  IiouUcs 
of  the  League,  a  revolt  which  hislcd  from  i  jSole  i  so8.  Meotlon, 
however,  must  alio  be  nude  of  a  serious  popular  revolt  which 
broke  out  in  1675 — "  lite  revolt  of  the  stamp«l  paper." 
Sea  Bennod  d'Ar^tri.  Hiilain  it  Brtupu  (Paris,  IjM); 

Dom  Lobineau.  Riitaee  it  BrtiucMt  "*---  ^'  '* —  *' 

Miioiri  it  Brtlant  (1741-1716);  T. 
-  ■ttii.y(iMo!;A.duChaie1i--  '■-- 


Dom  Lobinau.  Hiiutri  it  BnluBa  (Purii.  1701)1  Uoin  Mori 
-■      ■       ■     "    ■  ---'):  T.  A.  Trollope.  .4    Sio.»ff 

!l,t^!J*l. 


it  la  BiOatrnt  (1861I;  F.  M,  Luie 
BnHfiu  (Aria,  lUi).  and  r^itlta 
^  Jilnn  d(  As  ftMifM  a  to  1^ 


C^si 


„..,j;r(Parii"l8») !  A-  Dupuy. 

, M  (Paria,  iBSo),  and  Etiiiti  imi 

■Mtrolin  naiaMlf  m  flntacua  *■  XVIII'  liiJt  (iSoOl 

..  h,  L'EmipMitii  tr^mu  «  Armtnuit  du  V  an  VIP  ii/tit 

iVtaaa,  18B3) :  H.  du  Ckiiiiou,  BrOapa  nrtiilmu  a  piamiqut 
VPtnt,  iU6)i  Arthur  di  la  Borderto.  Balxn  ic  Brtlatit  (Reniiei. 
i»»6  wn.y.  J.  Lnnoine.  La  gittttt  ia  t-piir  timbrt  im  iet  bttaai 
tataatm  Bliuipit  n>  ittS  (itsB):  M.  Morion,  La  £rcU(»  a  Iliac 
i'AifwUM  {Parifc  Iti^):  B,  Pocqnet,  Lt  Due  i-MlMUUia  el  In 
"  tiail  (Parifc  1900-1001) :  Anatole  le  Bral,  ViriUtl  HiOnrci  du 
'  ■  'i»97),  and  la  UfBudifa  lo  morl  (Parii,  1902):  Ernem 
lain  it  Friuia.  vol.  L  (Firia.  i»o]);  Herri  S«e.  £jwb 
rr  nraitt  en  BrttagBt  an  ntflwii  dH  (1896),  and  Lei 
Oasiu  nnlti »  Brrlatnt  du  XVl-  liide  i  la  Rhelidian  (1906). 

BBITTDH,  JOHM  {1771-1857).  English  ainiijuaiy,  was  bom 
ontbc7tliof  July  1771  at  Kington .St-Michael,  near  Chippenham. 
Hit  parents  were  in  humble  ^trcumsCancea,  and  he  was  left  an 
ocphvi  at  an  eftriy  age.  Ac  sixteen  he  went  lo  London  and  was 
■pppenlioid  to  ft  wine  merchant.  Prevented  by  ill-lieidlh  from 
■erring  hit  full  tern,  he  found  himself  adrift  in  the  world,  witboul 
eyorfrienda.    InhisCihtwithpovertyhewupultostiangt 


ol  WStshire  ud.  In  conjtmction  with  hia  friend.  Edward  Wedlake 
Br^ey,  Briltoo  produced   Tki-  BeamUtt  t}-  Witbkiit  (igoi; 
t  (ob.,  a  tUnl  added  1b  iSss),  the  firM  of  the  leriea  Tkt  Bamlits 
^  SHgtaad  and  tfola,  tina  volumes  of  which  Britton  and  his 
frkod  wrote.  .  BtittoB  wal.  the  origiilatoi'  of  a  rsi*  claia  of 
Utetuy  worts.    "  Befocehis  time,"  says  DigbyWyatt,"  p(^ular 
topognphy  was  miknown.','    In  iSoj  Britton  published  tbe 
£nt  part  of  his  AnUUdmii^iaijmUa.alGTat  Britain  (9  voll., 
taoj-1814);  und  this  waa  foUawcd  by  CotWrol  AnO^uititt 
i/£aiAtm((i4  vols.,  iSi4iei5)-    In  1S4S  >  Bdlton  Club 
foim^,  and  >  sum  of  {1000  was  subscribed  and  givoi  to  Brit 
wbo  waa  lubuqnentty  gnnted  a  cItQ  list  pension  by  Disn 
then  chancellor  of  the  exchequer.    Britton  *u  an  can 
■dvoau  of  the  prtauvntioD  of  national  uoauncBta,  ptopotlug 


I8i7  the  formation  of  a  Kidety  M* 

■  the  rreservation  of  Ancient  Mon 
supervised  the  reparation  of  Waltham  C 
'  von  church.    He  died  in  London  01 
Amodfi  otlier  wi 


e  Miitthai  A- 


.  _.„,.  lUulnaieia  if  Fenlkm  AUny  t>Bil)i  Arikil , 
litnuiti  ^  Hamaaii.  with  illuitratlaiB  by  Pugin  (iSiJ~it>7)i 
PulMiiteiit  AtttisuUiti  */  EkAuW  Cilia  (1I30):  and  IliiUiy  it  lit 
Palaa  «d  Htmut  ^  Partiamtiil  at  V/at»a<ula  (tSM-l«K>.  the 
loinl  work  of  l^lon  and  Brayley.  He  contributed  much  to  Ibe 
CcrditmaiCi  Matfitint  and  olhcr  periodicals. 

W\%  A'BabKt'apt'j  tiis  pubHilied  in  1S30.  A  Dttcriflitt  Aaniu 
s/tiijUinry  ICn-li  waipublubedlvhiaBHiiCantT.  E.  Joae*. 

BRITTON,  the  title  of  the  eatUesl  lummaiy  of  ilie  law  of 
England  in  the  French  tongue,  which  purports  10  have  been 
written  by  command  of  King  Edward  I.  The  origin  and  author' 
ship  of  the  work  have  been  much  disputed.  It  has  been  attri- 
buted lo  John  tc  Breton,  biihop  of  Hetefoid.  on  the  authority  of  a 
passage  found  in  some  MSS.  of  the  histoiy  of  Matlbev  of  Well- 
minslci;  there  are  difficulties,  however,  involved  in  this  theory, 
inasmuch  as  tlie  bishop  of  Hereford  died  in  1175,  whereas 
allusions  are  made  in  Srillen  to  several  lUtntcs  passed  after  that 
lime,  and  more  particukrly  to  the  wcD-known  statute  Quia 
enptcres  Icrraritm,  which  was  passed  In  1  rgo.  It  was  the  opinion 
□f  Selden  that  the  book  derived  its  title  from  Henry  de  Braclon, 
the  bst  of  the  chief  Justiciaries,  whose  name  is  sometimes 
spelled  in  the  fine  Rolls  "  Britton  "  and  "  Bretton,"  and  that  it 
was  a  royal  abridgment  of  Bmclon*s  great  work  on  the  custotna 
and  laws  of  England,  with  the  addition  of  certain  subsequent 
statutes.  The  arrangement,  however,  of  the  two  workt  it 
different,  and  but  a  small  proporlion  of  Bracton't  wotk  ii  in- 
corporated in  Briimn.  Hie  work  is  entiried  hi  an  early  MS.  of 
the  14th  cenlury.which  was  once  in  the  ponctslon  of  Selda.and 
is  now  in  the  Cambridge  university  library,  Sianma  dt  Ittibai 
Atiffie  fuf  xtiolur  Brtlont;  and  it  ts  described  as  "  a  book 
called  Bretoun  "  in  the  wiQ  of  Andrew  Horn,  the  learned  chamber- 
lain of  the  city  of  London,  who  bequeathed  it  to  the  chamber 
of  the  Guildhall  in  1339,  together  with  another  book  called 
liirrtir  ia  Juiliia,. 

BriOan  was  fint  printed  in  London  by  Robert  Redman,  wilhoal 
a  date,  probably  about  the  year  If^o,    Another  edition  of  il  wu 
nrTntKl  Ji,  1640,  comcied  by  E,  Winraie.    A  third  edicioa  ol  it, 
Enflnh  tnnilaiion.  wu  publnhed  at  the  UnlverHty  Pren, 
.»..  L..  -  ..  .:■_,..,     ^n  EnjUdi  traoilitioB  of  the  work 
prewuily  puUithed  hv  R-  Kelhaa 

BRTIZSKA.  or  Baitsxx  (from  the  Poliih  ityaia;  t  ifimina- 
live  of  bryia,  a  goodi-wagon),  a  form  of  artiage,  copied  In 
England  from  Aotuia  eariy  in  Ibe  igth  ceniuty;  as  mcd  in  , 
Poland  and  Rusiia  it  tiad  four  wheels,  with  a  long  wicker-work  ' 
body  constructed  for  reclining  and  a  calash  (hooded)  top. 

■BIVB,  or  Biivas-u-GuLuxoE,  >  town  of  south-cenUl 
France,  capital  of  an  tnondtssemcnt  in  the  dqiaitment  of 
Corrto,  61  m.  5.S.E.  ol  Lisnget  on  Ihcmain  line  of  thaOittaiB 
railway  from  Paris  la  Uontkuban.  P^i,  (1906)  town  14.954; 
commune  30,636.  Il  lies  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Corriie  in  aB 
ample  and  fertile  plain,  wbichii  the  mcetlng-place  of  important 
roads  and  railways.  Tbt  bicchuc  which  fonmriy  sunsnnded 
the  town  h*i  be«n  replaced  by  thsdy  boulevards,  and  a  few 
wide  choroughfates  have  been  made,  but  many  namiw  winding 
■tteets  and  ancient  houses  still  remain.  Outside  the  bonlevatds 
lie  the  modem  quarteia,  also  tlie  fine  promenade  planted  with 
plane  tiKS  iihkb  stntdics  to  tbe  Cotrlie  uid  coutaiia  the  cUef 
reatanniitt  and  IhGtbeatrc  HerealsoitthenatneotUanhsl 
Guillmune  Uarie  Anno  Bnme,'  who  waa  a  ulive  of  Brlvc  A 
fine. bridge  Itaiborer  the  river  to  tubnrti*  «n  its  right  bank. 
The  public  buildioga  ate  of  Htile  InteRst  (part  lion  the  dninh 
ol  St  Martin,  wUdi  ataada  in  tbe  bean  ol  tbe  old  town.  It  b 
a  building  oi  the  isth  tcntury  In  the  RamaMsqii*  style  ol 
LinnwiB,  with  tbiec  nnDW  naves  ot  Slmest  emul  h(W<t. 
Tlieec  ■   '    -    ■        •     -  ■  


OxTon],  tSi; 


l^b^F^ 


1RIX5BN— BRIZO 


619 


■  •dwolofindBlliT-    Ilipoiiiloa 
■Bce,  aadlt  bum  voy  krgs  tndBin  the 

ij  iKfttailm  *ad  findt  «<  tbe  viScy  of  tbe  Corrtie,  wv)  in 

grata),  Utc-ttock  uid  tiaSe*.    Tilil»4]d!aKla,  FBpv,  vDoden. 
.....  ..-.-  — 2  ui4  taitbnnrare  ue  mannlketiued,  ud  Ukic 


&■  the  Mdiii9  (n  Dimwroiu  iDck  ovM,  mtur  of  them  having 
bata  tued  u  dwelfinp  In  pnUiUvie  tima.  Tlie  bat  kaown 
»*  Ihaae  of  Lamooioai,  enwntKl  In  itagti  in  ■  tcrtkal  vaS 


Brasaaau),  a  (duil  dty  in  tbe  Austrian 
...  ._.«  of  TtaJ,  and  the  diief  lenm  ot  the  administritive 
dbtiictofBriien.  Pop. (1900) 5767.  lliiiiciiatediiilln  valley 
at  (be  Eiuck,  at  the  omfluence  ot  that  stieam  with  the  Rieni, 
aid  ii  a  ilatlon  on  the  Brinnei  railway,  bdn;  34  m.  aoHtb-eut 
of  that  pan,  and  14  m.  noitltcait  of  Sotien.  The  aspect  of  (he 
dty  li  very  eccIeaiaKtcaJ;  jt  U  aiin  the  lee  of  a  bishop,  and 
containa  an  ifitb-caitDry  cathedral  churchy  an  epiacopol  palace 
and  letoinary,  twelve  churehea  and  five  monaitcriei.  The  i« 
vas  founded  at  the  end  of  (he  flth  centary  (poaiibly  of  the  fith 
ceatnry)  at  Siben  cat  (be  rocky  heighta  above  the  town  of 
Klaaaeti  (aome  way  to  (be  aoulb  of  Briien),  but  bi  imi  waa 
traiufeiTed  to  Bibeo,  wbJch,  pethapi  a  Roman  atalion,  bearae 
later  a  nyal  eitate,  tmder  de  nanie  of  Priiknu,  and  in  $01 
wii  ^ven  by  Louli  (be  Child  to  the  bbbop.  In  1017  the  bishop 
iMdved  tram  the  emperor  Coond  n.  veiy  erlenilve  tenqmal 
powen,  which  be  only  lost  (0  Anitrfa  bt  1S03.  The  lown  wu 
aiimMmded  in  tojD  by  walls.  In  is>5  it  was  the  acene  of  ihe 
fint  oatbreak  of  (he  greX  peauntg'  revolt.  Abont  j)  m.  north 
of  Briaenb  the  gnat  loitTess  of  FnnEeniinte,  buDt  iSjj-iljS, 
10  tnard  the  mute  over  the  Biamer  and  the  way  10  the  eait  up 
the  FiuterthaL  (W.A.B.C.) 

BBIZHAM,  a  seaport  and  market  lown  in  (he  Ibrquay 
pail£anKn(ary  division  of  Devonahiie,  En^and,  33  m.  S.  of 
Eieter,  on  a  branch  of  the  Omt  Watem  laOway.  Pop.  of 
vtban  district  (1901)  8091.  The  town  ia  liregnla^  IniUl  on 
the  cliff)  to  the  soulh  of  Torbay,  and  iU  harbour  ii  sheltered 
by  a  breakwater.  Eariyinihe  lothcentuiy  it  was  an  important 
nilltary  post,  with  fortified  barracks  on  Berry  Head.  It  il 
the  beadquarten  of  (be  Devonshire  aea-fisheria,  having  also 
a  large  caai(ing  trade.  Shipbuilding  and  the  manufaciure  of 
ropes,  pdnt  and  sails  an  induitriea.  There  b  eacelleni  balhing, 
and  Sriifaam  is  in  favour  as  a  scadde  mat.  St  Mary's,  (he 
BDCtenC  parish  church,  has  an  ehtwiBte  i^lh^ccntury  font  and 
lome  monnmenu  of  interest.  At  the  Biitith  Seamen's  Ori^unt' 
home  boyi  are  fed,  clothed  and  (rained  ai  apprenlicei  for  the 
mcichant  service.  A  aiatiu  cammemoralet  the  landing,  in 
l6gS,  of  Wniiam  of  Orange. 

Bralum  Cote,  caUed  also  WmdmiU  Hill  Cavern,  is  a  well. 

hill  composed  of  Devonian  limestone.  It  was  discovered  by 
dunce  in  i8j8,  having  been  unlQ  then  hetnielically  sealed  by  a 
masiofh'Bteitaaebrccda.  DrHngh  Falconer  with  the  aBsiilance 
of  a  anamiltee  of  geologists  excavated  IL  The  loccosion  of 
beds  in  descending  order  ia  as  follows^ — (r)  Shingle  consisting  of 
peMile)o(limestone,slKteand  other  local  rocks,  with  fragments  of 
ItaUfmite  and  containing  1  lew  bones  and  worked  flinta.  Tlie 
lUdinen  variei  from  five  ta  sixteen  f«L  (i)  Red  eive  earth 
with  angular  ftagmenta  of  limeatone,  bones  and  worked  flints, 
rad  having  a  thickneM  of  3  to  4  ft.  (})  Kcmnanta  (in  fiia)  of 
■m  old  Malagndtic  floor  about  nine  mchcs  thick.  (4)  Black 
peaty  soO  vaiylag  hi  ihkknaa,  the  maximum  being  about  a  foot, 
(5)  Angular  dtMs  fallen  fma  above  varying  In  ihickncB  from 
cot  to  ten  feat  (6)  Stalagmite  with  a  few  bonn  and  antlcra  of 
ittodnr,  the  (bIckneB  varying  from  one  to  fifteen  faicba.  Of 
particular  fnterESl  Is  the  presence  of  patches  or  ledges  of  an  old 
Waliimlltf  Isor,  tbr*»  la  loul  feet  above  the  pitaest  floor. 


Ob  the  tmdea-dda,  then  n*  tmaA  attached  fanmeaM  el  liow- 
stone  and  qoarti^  showing  that  the  shin^e  bed  ooee  extended 
np  to  it.  and  that  it  tben  formed  the  original  floor.  Tbeabingte 
tbetefon  atood  some  feet  hl^KT  than  ft  does  now,  and  it  is 
suvpuecil  that  a  ihotk  or  jar,  such  a*  that  of  m  cartbqnak^ 
broke  tp  the  -ftalagmUe.  and  the  pebbles  and  sand  coraposinf 
theshbiflennkdeqieTintatbaGssiiiesiDtbeBmcstoDe.  TUa 
addf (ton  to  the  riie  of  the  care  was  partially  fiUedup  by  the  cave 
eartli.  At  a  latei  period  the  fall  of  angidar  tragmCnta  at  (h« 
entlaoce  fioaBy  doaed  tbe  cave,  and  i(  ceased  to  be  acteaaible 
enept  to  a  tew  borrowing  aninials,  wboee  nmafna  an  found 
abdvc  the  second  and  newer  stalagmite  floor. 

Tie  fauna  of  Brtiham  cavern  doscl]'  rescmbtoi  that  of  Kent's 
Hate.  The  bsoa  el  the  bear,  hoiH,  rhlnoceTos.  Hon,  elejduuit. 
hyena  and  <d  many  htrds  and  smaS  lodenB  wen  nneuthed. 
AJtogetheriGsi-bones,  nearly  an  broken  and  gnawed,  wenfoand; 
of  these  691  betniged  to  birds  and  small  rodents  cd  more  recent 
time*.    Thelmplemeataareofaroa^dy-dippedtypereaenibUng 


palaeoatahvcal  evidencea,  geotegists  suppose  that  the  fonnatlm 
of  the  case  was  carried  on  simultaneously  with  the  excavation  ot 
the  valley;  that  the  small  streams,  flowing  down  the  unier 
nmiEcatlons  of  tlu;  valley,  entered  the  western  opening  ot  (he 
cave,  and  traversing  the  fissures  in  the  limestone,  escaped  by  (he 
lower  openings  in  the  chief  valley;  and  (hat  the  raunded  pcbUes 
found  in  the  abmgle  bed  were  carried  in  by  these  atreama.  '  It 
would  be  onfy  at  times  of  drought  EhAI  the  cave  was  frequented  by 
animals,  a  theory  which  explains  the  small  qnanlity  of  ammsJ 
mnains  in  the  shingle.  The  implements  of  nun  are  relativeiy 
mm  common,  seventeen  chipped  flinlj  bavhig  been  fbnnd.  As 
theexcaviiion  of  (hevalley  proceeded,  the  level  of  the  stieam  was 
lowered  and  iU  course  diverted;  the  cave  coiuequenily  bectnw 
drier  and  was  far  more  frequently  inhabited  by  predatory 
animals.  It  was  now  cssenliaily  an  animal  den,  the  occasional 
visits  of  man  being  Indicated  by  the  rate  occumnce  ol  flint- 
implements.  Finally,  tbe  cave  became  a  lesort  ol  bean;  the 
remains  of  3  s<  specimens,  in  all  stages  of  growth,  including  even 
sucking  cubs,  being  discovered- 
See  Sir  ]<Mph  PiHOich.  Caliitf  fint);  %  lofaii  Evana, 
Amdttt  SlnM  ImpUmMidi  (f  Cnal  Brilium,  p.  Jii;  Rcpmt  on  (b* 
Cvn,  PkiL  TrmmM.  (Rayal  &ieiaty.  ItJJ). 

BBIZTOM,  a  district  in    (he  Bou(h  of  London,   Englaild,  ^ 
inchided  in  tbe  metn^Mjlitan  borough  of  Lambcdt  (f.a.)- 

BBIZEDX.  JDLIElf  AUaDBTB  PAUOE  (iSa3-iS3g),  FMnch 
poet,  was  bom  at  Lorjent  (Morb3ian}onthe  iithof  Seplembei 
He  belonged  to  a  family  of  Irish  oti^n,  long  settled  i> 


any,  ai 


d  lor  (he  law,  but  ii 


Tbtttre  Francais  a 
in  coUaboraiion  with  Philippe  Bnsoni.  A  journey  to  Italy  in 
company  with  Augusle  Bsrbier  nude  a  great  Impres^on  on  hfm, 
and  a  second  visit  (1S34)  resulted  In  1S41  In  (be  publicadon  of  a 
complete  translation  of  the  Drnns  Cammtiia  in  fcria  rimt. 
With  Primd  d  Kda  (1851)  he  included  poems  written  under 
Italian  inflnence,  entitled  La  Tmaira  (1S41).  but  fai  the 
rustic  idyl  of  Mara  [1836)  turned  10  Breton  countiy  life;  in 
£ei  Brtlfnt  (184;)  he  found  bis  inspiration  in  the  folklore  and 
legends  of  his  native  province,  and  in  lWeii-.4rei>r  (1844}  be  used 
the  Breton  dialect.  Ka  Hiitoirei  feaijuti  (iSss)  was  crowned 
by  the  French  Academy.  His  work  is  small  in  bulk,  but  isdiaiac- 
lerized  liy  limplicity  and  aincerity.  Brizeux  waa  an  ardent 
student  of  the  philology  and  archaeology  of  Brittany,  and  had 
collecied  materials  lor  a  dictionary  'of  Bnton  ptece-names. 
He  died  al  UontpcllieT  on  the  jtd  of  May  ig;g. 
HlstEim 


(1B98J,  bytheabb^C  LedEK. 

BRIZO.anandent  goddess  worshipped  in  Delos.  She  delivered 
oracles  in  dreams  to  those  who  consulted  her  about  fishery  and 
seafaring,    Tbewomenof  DelosofieredherpreBCnls  consistlngof 


BROACH— BROCADE 


£iU  in  oidci  to  obMln  her : 


.(Ath. 


>.  3JS). 


ir  Bhakdch,  IQ  uideiit  dtjr  uid  modem  district 
01  tintiu  ladia,  ia  the  aoithan  divinoa  of  Bombay.  Tlie 
dly  u  OD  the  lighl  buk  o(  the  Nnt>iiddt,>t>out  30  id.  fram  tb* 
an,  ukI  loj  m.  N.  of  Bombay.  Tlic  am,  iodudiai  nbucbt, 
occtqHS  H  iq- »>•  Pop.Uv>')*'fi96-  The  lea-bonu  trade  ti 
ceofiiied  to  ■  lew  coasliaj  veueU.  UuuUaom-iicavlng  It  afanngt 
eitjnct,  but  levcral  catton  miUs  have  been  opened.  There  uc 
alio  la^  OoiU'inilli.  Broad)  la  the  Bunbaduva  ci  the  Chioeie 
traveUet  HiOan  Tiug  and  tbe  Birygua  of  Ptdemy  and  Arrian. 
Upon  the  conquest  of  Gujaral  by  tbe  Mabommeduia,  and  tbe 
formatlanof  the  itate  ol  that  name,  Bcoadi  (ormed  part  ol  the  new 
Limidoau  On  tla  ovezthrow  by  Akbai  in  157],  it  hu  miBied 
to  tbe  Uogul  Bapinuid  govenied  by  a  Nawab.  The  Mahnitu 
became  lu  mauen  in  i68j,  Irom  Hhich  pciiod  it  ni  hdd  in 
lubordlnatian  la  tbe  pshwa  imli!  1771,  Hhen  it  wai  captund 
by  a  lorcc  under  General  Weddaibuni  (brother  to  Lord  Lougb- 
boiaugh},  jnho  waa  IcIUhI  in  the  auault.  In  1783  it  vis  ceded 
by  tha  Bhtiah  to  Smdbla  in  adtDowledgmenl  of  certain  aervicci. 
It  WBHtoimedin  i«oj  by  a  detachment  commanded  by  Colood 
WoodiDiton,  and  was  Gsally  ceded  to  the  East  India  Company 
by  Sindbia  imdei  tbe  treaty  ol  Sarji  Anjangaom. 

Tlie  Discaici  or  Broach  couiaina  an  area  of  1467  iq.  m. 
Coniiiting  cbiefiy  of  the  alluvia]  plain  at  the  mouth  of  the  rivec 
Neibudda,  the  land  ii  rich  and  highly  cultivated,  and  though  it 
is  wiibout  fonsla  it  1>  not  wanting  in  trees.  Tie  district  ia  well 
supplied  with  hvera,  having  in  addition  to  the  Neibudda  tbe 
Mahi  in  the  north  and  the  Kim  in  the  south.  The  population 
compriies  leveial  diitinct  iices  01  caslei,  who,  while  spcalung  a 
common  dialect,  Gujarati,  inhabit  icpante  village*.  Thus  there 
are  Koll,  Kunbi  or  Voro  (Bora)  villages,  and  olhen  whoae  lands 
are  almoat  entirely  held  and  cultivated  by  high  caatea,  auch  as 
Kajputs,  Brahmam  01  Puiees.  In  1901  tlu  population  was 
191,763,  ahowing  a  decrease  of  15%.  compared  with  an  increaae 
of  5  %  in  the  preceding  decade.  The  principal  cropa  are  cotion, 
millel,  wheat  and  pulie.  Dealing  io  cotton  is  the  chief  industry, 
the  dealers  being  organixed  in  a  gild.  Besides  the  cotton  miUa  in 
Broach  city  there  are  several  factories  for  ginning  and  pressing 
cotton,  some  ol  tbem  OB  a  very  large  sole.  The  district  is 
,travers^  throughout  its  length  by  the  Bombay  b  Baroda  railw^. 
wfalck  croaiei  the  Nerbudda  opposite  Broach  dty  on  an  inn- 
girder  bridge  etc?  spans.  Hie  district  luBered  leverdy  from  the 
[amine  of  1899-11)00. 

BROACH  [Fr.  irackt,  a  pointed  instnunent,  Med.  IdL  Irscca, 
d.  tbe  Latin  adjective  Ar«*iu  or  breuiu,  projecting,  used  of 
teeth),  a  word,  of  which  tbe  doublet  "  brooch  "  (g.t.)  has  a 
qiedal  meaning,  for  many  forma  of  pointed  inatmments,  audi 
aaabodhia.  a  wooden  needle  used  in  tapestry-making,  a  apit  for 
roasting  neat,  and  a  tool,  also  oiled  a  "  rimer,"  uKd  with  a 
wrench  ft?  enlarging  or  smoothing  holes  (sec  Tool).     From  the 

"tap"  a  cask.  A  particular  use  in  architecture  is  that  of 
"  br(tach.q^e,"  a  term  employed  to  dcsignau  a  particular  form 
ol  spire,  found  only  in  EnglaDd,  which  lakes  its  name  Iron)  the 
stone  roof  of  the  hiwei  portion.  The  atone  t{ure  being  octagonal 
■nd  tbe  lower  aqnare  00  plan,  there  remained  four  angles  lo  be 
covered  ovtc.  Hds  was  done  with  a  stone  rool  of  slight  pitch, 
compared  with  that  of  thaapirc,  and  it  is  the  intersection  ol  this 
rool  with  tbe  octagonal  facei  of  the  apire  which  forms  the 

BKOAMIDB,  aometimes  termed  Bioadeheet,  a  Kn^e  sheet 
of  paper  containing  ptintcd  matter  on  one  udeonly.  The  broad- 
ade  seems  to  have  been  employed  from  the  very  beginning  ol 
ponling  tor  royal  prodamaltons,  papal  indulgences  and  simitar 
docunenu.  England  atvears  to  have  been  iis  duel  home, 
where  it  wis-uaed  cUefly  lor  ballads,  particulariy  in  ihe  rSth 
cenlury,bulBlMaaamean5orpoIilical agitation  and  lor  petsonal 
statements  of  all  Undi,  espedally  toe  the  diaseminatioa  ol  the 
dying  ipeeche*  and  conleaaioiis  of  oindnals.  It  is  prominent  in 
the  history  of  Utcrature  because,  particularly  during  the  later 
part  of  the  iTth  etanuy,  levcnl  ioportost  poems,  by  Dtyden, 


Butler  and  olheil,  ociginiity  appoied  printed  00  the  "  bnad- 
tide  "  ol  a  sheet.  The  term  Is  also  used  of  the  simultaneous 
discharge  of  the  gnna  on  one  side  of  a  thip  of  war. 

BBOADITAins,  a  watering^acc  in  Ihe  Isle  of  Tlianet 
pariiamentary  division  of  Kent,  EngUod,  3  m.  S.E.  of  Margate, 
on  the  South-Eastem  &  Chnlhatio  railway.  Pop.  of  urban 
district,  Broaditaira  and  St  Fcter'i  (1901}  A466.  From  1837  to 
i8ji  Broaditaira  was  a  favourite  lutomer  resort  of  Chailra 
Dickens,  who,  in  a  <kctcb  caUed  "  Our  English  Waicring-I^ace," 
described  it  at  a  place  "  left  high  and  dry  by  the  tide  ol  yean." 
This  seaside  village,  with  its  "scmidrcular  sweep  of  houses," 

viuters,far«b 
mnitioned  by  IHckens,  m 

lihiaries,   a    bathing  cstj  ,.   .    ._^. 

Dickens'  residence  was  called  Fort  House,  but  it  became  known 
aa  Bleak  Moue,  through  assodaiion  with  bia  novd  of  tbal  name, 
tbough'ihis  waa  written  aftei  his  last  visit  to  Broadslain  in 
iSji.  Bioadstaiit  baa  a  small  pier  for  Bsbing-boals,  first  buiii 
in  the  reign  of  Henry  VUL  An  archway  leading  down  lo  iha 
shore  bean  an  ioacriplion  showing  that  it  was  erected  by  Ceorgn 
Culmer  in  1540,  and  not  for  ofi  is  the  site  of  a  chapel  of  the 
Virgin,  to  which  ships  were  accnstooied  to  lower  their  tiq>-saila 
ai  they  passed.  St  Feter's  parish,  lying  on  the  landward  aide  of 
Broadstain,  and  induded  in  the  urbui  district,  has  a  church 
dating  from  Iho  nth  to  the  end  tj  ihe  i6lh  century.  Kingtgate, 
on  the  North  Foreland,  north  of  Broodataits  on  the  coaat, 
changed  its  nam*  from  St  Banholonww'a  Gate  in  boitour  of 
Charles  11 's  landing  here  with  the  duke  of  York  in  16S3  on  hit 
way  from  London  lo  Dover.  Stonehoute,  dose  by,  now  a 
preparatory  school  for  boys,  was  tbe  lesidence  of  Aichbithop 
Tail,  wheat  wile  established  the  oridiaDage  bete. 

■ROU.  PAUL  (1814-1KB0),  French  sutgeon  and  authio- 
polc^t,  was  bora  at  Sainlc-Foy  la  Giande,  Cirondc,  on  the 
iSth  of  June  1S14.  lis  early  developed  a  taste  i«  higho- 
mathematics,  but  drcumstanot  decided  him  in  adi^ting 
medidnc  as  his  profession.  Beginning  his  studies  at  Paris  ia 
iS^i,  he  made  rapid  progress,  becoming  bouae^urgson  in  i&h, 
assistant  inaloniicai  lecturer  in  1S41S,  and  three  yeart  later 
professor  of  surgical  anatomy.  He  bad  already  gained  a  reputa- 
tion by  his  pathological  tetetrrlies.  In  iSss  he  was  named 
fellow  of  the  Faculty  of  Medidne,  and  in  iSii?  became  membs 
of  the  Academy  of  Medicine  and  pnfessot  of  surreal  pathology 
to  tbe  Faculty.  During  the  yean  occupied  in  winning  his  way 
to  tbe  head  of  his  profession  he  hod  published  treatises  of  mudi 
value  on  cancer,  aneurism  and  other  subjects.  It  was  in  iMi 
that  he  announced  his  discovery  of  Ihe  teat 
in  the  left  side  ol  the  frontal  region  of  tbe  hr 
the  convolution  Uf  Broca.  But  famous  as  he  waa  as  a  tutgeon, 
hit  name  is  aisodated  most  closely  with  the  modern  tcbaei 
of  anthropology.  Establishing  the  Anlhropokigical  Sodety  of 
Paris  in  18J9,  ol  which  he  was  sccictaiy  lill  his  death,  he  wit 
practically  Ihe  inventor  of  ihc  modern  sdence  of  craniology. 
He  rendered  distinguished  service  in  the  Fronca-Cerman  War, 

of  the  public  hoipitala.  He  founded  La  Rttui  d' Atllutfiilotii 
in  il]i,  and  it  was  in  Its  pagcf  that  Ihe  larger  portion  of  his 
writings  a[^)eatcd.  In  his  last  yean  Broca  turned  from  his 
labours  in  Ihc  region  of  craniology  10  Ihe  eiclusive  study  ol  the 
brain,  in  which  his  greatest  triumphs  were  achieved  (see 
Atkasu).  He  was  d«oralcd  with  ihe  l.cgion  of  Konoui 
in  1S6S,  and  was  honorary  fdiow  of  Ihe  leading  ana- 
lemical,  biological  and  anthropological  tociciies  of  ihe  world. 
He  died  on  the  «th  of  July  iSSo.  A  statue  of  him  by  Choppin 
was  erected  in  1M7  in  front  of  the  Faculty  of  Medicine  in  Parji. 
BROCADE,  Ihe  name  usually  given  10  a  chut  of  richly  decora- 
tive shntile-woven  labrici,  often  made  in  coloured  lilks  and 
with  or  without  gold  and  aUver  ibrcada.  Ornamental  fcatuna 
'  '  1  and  wrought  at  addilkini  to  ih* 
iflening  ii,  though  more  frequently 
e  tne  cSecl  of  low  idiel.  These  addilioni 
appearance  oa  Ihc  hack  ol  the  bIuH.  wboc 


liculale  speech 


th»  vdt  n  floukc  tbeidi  of  the  bnaded  w  broiclinl  puti 

buig  Ib  Inae  gniupi  or  in  cEppcd  •my. 
The  Lttia  mill  ttxaa  ■  related  tquiDy  to  tbe  lUlUo 


n  In  ltd  (ad  oUvt  v«b  bI 
'-nd  ■round'  _  Atonf  tba  top 


?,iS 


Imaifr,  the  Spviiili  tri 

and  impliet  a  fonn  of  ititcliinf  or  broacluBA  w  that  tortile 
fabrici  waves  with  u  apptuince  of  ititcUBiorbrtiachuicluiv* 
eonicqiifiitly  come  (o  be  leraied  "  brac*de&"    A  Spaniih  docu- 


Pm.  i. — hit  ofa  SicDt»SBncenic  t»ode  wnta  In  lb*  »t 

CBiIury.    I6|  ia.  wide. 

oeBt  dated  1375  diuiniuubcs  between  lHdra^i'0ri'or(nf* 

ii  nia  and  brataii  i'tr  1  f  orfml,  1  diflcicDce  which  b  rewlily 

peiGcivBd,  vpoa  comptrins  [«  '"■'*"'^  dotJu  ot  gold,  lAdian 


ADE  6:1 

kincohe,  wltb  Ljroa*  lilki  tbU  ue  (rvclUt  wbk  Ihtcadt  ol 
■old,  (ilk  or  other  material.  Notwithtiasding  ihU,  Duoy  Indian 
Uncoba  and  dainty  §old  and  coloured  AiLk-weavLngt  Q^  Persian 
wwkaiuihip,  boll)  without  floatins  thread*,  are  often  called 

brocade*,  although  in  neither  _- . 

»  the  omamentaiton  really  f 
UkU  or  bmcaded.  Con-  f 
lemporary  in  uie  with  Ibe  rj 
Spaiuih  bracats  it  the  WMd  ' 
■    cede.    In  addiiiaa  to  tte-    ' 

ti  the  French  now  u>e  the    * 

rd    bntko    in    conneaan    i 

h  certain  tilk  ituEi  which    \ 

Kver  are  not  brocade)  in    ; 

li.    A   wardrobe   account  ' 

Kini  Edwud  IV.  (r^So) 

\    an    entty    of    "aalyn  i 

ihed  with  lold" — a  de-  ' 
•ciipiion  that  fairly  aiiplics  f 
b  an  enriched  utio  ai 

But  Bme  three  cen-  ■ 
earlier  than  the  date  of 
ipcdmen,  decontlvc  > 
were  partly  iracUi  f 
jOW  threadi  hf  oriental  I 
wcaveia,  especially  thoae  of  "' 

Persia,    Syria    and    parti  of      f.^.  ^-Ke«  rf   wufl    wovni 

■oulhcro  Europe  and  nonhera  „  brocided  nib    lid    lilfc  and 

Africa  under  the  dominatioa  (old  thicad,  wiib  u  etivil  Ima- 

of  the  Saiaceii*,  to  whom  the  "«  endomw  alicnuieTv,  pain  «( 

^dieriet-a,  »  to  .peak^  !3H2i:±l."M-*Sl5 

btooduK    nay    be    traced,  kal^hand  (nit  device.    PnbaUy 

Of    luch    i)    the    nth    or  cf  Rbeiiiab-ByuDtine  maoulactura 

irth  century  Siculo-Saiacenic  I°Cbci3thori3Ibcaturv.9iD.lon(. 

qiedmea  ia  £g.    i,  in  which  the  heads  only  of  the  pairs 

of  animali  and  birds  an  broched  with  pitd  thread.    Another 

•oit  of  brocaded  material  ia  indicated  in  ig.  1,  taken  from  a 

part  of  a  sumptuous  Siculo-Siruenic  weavinf  produced  in 

colouied  aitks  and  gold  threadi  al  the  famous  Hotel  dei  Tirai 

in   Palermo    lor   an   official    robe   of    Ueniy    IV. 

(rtfi5'ti97]  as  emperor  of  the  Holy  Ronian  Empire, 

and  stUl  preserved  In  the  catbednl  ot  Ke^nsbuij. 

Fig.  J  it  a  furtber  variety  of  textile  that  would  be 

dused  ajlTKaf.    This  is  of  the  1  ilh  or  ijib  century 

manufacture,  possibly  by  German  or  Rheniih-Byiaa- 

tine  weavers,  or  even  1^  Spanish  weaveii,  many  of 

whom   at   Almeria^  Malai^    Cienada   and  Seville 

rivalled  those  at  Palenno.    In  the  14th  century  the 

making  of  salina  lieavily  Imcadcd  with  gold  thread* 

waa  auodated  oonvlcuoutly  with  such  Italian  towns 

I    «*Ijicca,Ccao«,VenioeandFkirence.    Fig,4isfrDm 

'    ■  piece  of  I4tb-cen(uiy  dark-blue  satin  broached 

f    in  ntief  witb  gold  thread  in  a  design  the  like  of 

irtiicb    appean  in     the    backgiouiHi    o(    Orcagna'i 

.     "  CoiooitioD   of  Ibe  Vligin,"  now  in  the  National 

\    Galleiy,  London.    During  the  ryih  century  Genoa, 

noience    and    Lyona    vied    with    each    other    in 

making  brocades  in  which   the  enrichments  were 

a*  Iieqnently  of  coloured  silks  aa  of  gold  Inler- 

mind  with  dlken  ttucads.    Fig.  {  is  from  a  piece  of 

ciinuoo  dk  damask  flatly  brocaded,  witb  floweii, 

Kioll  loRni,    fruit    and    birds    In    gold.     This    b 

probalily  of  Florentine  workmanaUp.    Kaihet  mora 

closely   allied   to   modern   brocades   it    the   Lyons 

qtednen  given  In  fig.  6,  In  which  the  brocading  ia 

i  done  not  only  with  silver  but  abo  with  coloured 

■ilka.    Eaily  in  the  iSth  century  Spitaifelda   waa 

Ibosy  as  a  competitor  with  Lyon*  In  manufacturing  many 
•oiti  el  brocade^  qnclSed  In  a  BollcdJon  ot  design*  ptc- 
•ennd   la   tlM   utioniJ   ait   HbftTy  of  11m   Victctia  aod. 


BROCCHI 


Fra.4.— PlKcofblnnlmbmdcdwithsatdlhntda.  .Tbeui 

lava  and  cticviBg  kcru.  TIm  Urd  i^p«  in  rEmoixly  nbtnt  t 
if  not  dflivtd  (mm,  tb«  Chineie  myitical  "  fon^ hoang."  Non 
ItsLu  Mvint  of  tlie  I4tli  centuty;  about  11  ^Aquuc 


ulla,  VaiMiu  brocide,  ud  India  figuml  broorie." 
In  Chiiu  ueini  to  be  of  comidenble  antiquity,  am 
in  Iiii  valuable  handbook  od  Chineu  art  dta  a  i 


Fic.  3- — Pi«c  o(  erinuoB  nlk  damaik  bn>ad«l  Id  «ld  It 
with  vymmctTirmllr  arrangK]  flowen,  tcralli,  birdi.  Ac  It 
CFIncatiii*).    L*M  iTthcentuiy;  about  1  (t.  fiin.  lonf. 


yar  A.O.  >jl,  to  tbt  itfglln;  etnpiai  of  Ja|ian;  and  lufeflo 

of  brocade  pat Irnu  arc  ncordol  aa  bcmg  in  Hie  during  the  Sung 
dynaity  (96o-ii7g).  Tbc  fini  edition  al  an  illuitrated  work 
upon  lillage  and  weaving  vu  publiihed  in  China  in  1110,  nsd 
conlaini  an  ettfraving  of  ■  loom  conitnided  lo  weave  Bowcied- 

and  Haatchow  and  elsenhere.  On  the  other  bind,  although 
tfaty  ate  dcKribed  luuallx  as  bnxades,  certain  ipecinieni  of 
impetial  Chineie  robei  junptuoui  in  omamenl,  sheen  of  coloured 
tiiks  and  the  glisten  of  golden  threads,  are  woven  in  the  tapeatry- 
wdvinji  manner  and  without  any  flosting  threads.  It  sHtu 
ifei  lluil  Fenians  and  Syiiani  derived  the  an  of 


F^c.  6. — Piece  ol  pinli  lilk  bmoded  in  bIvct  and  white  and 
colouied  lillo.  Ficnch  middle  iSihceniurv;  about  15  In.  aquare. 
weaving  brocadea  from  the  Chinese,  and  as  hai  been  indicated, 
passed  ii  on  to  Sinccna  ts  well  as  Euiopeana.        (A.  S.  C.) 

BHOCCHI.  OIOVAHHt  BATTISTA  (1771-iSiS),  Italian  minet- 
'  geologiii,  was  bom  at  Basiano  on  the  iSth  of  Fcbroaiy 


y  of  Fisa, 


sappoiated 


leealagy  and  botany, 
of  botany  in  the  new  Lyctunl  of  Brea 
espediUy  devoted  hinuelf  to  gnlogjol  iBearches  in  the  adficenl 
"itricls.  The  fruili  of  tbese  liibaun  appeared  in  diSenoC 
iblications,  panicularly  in  hii  TraUalQ  minaaliipct  t  ckaua 
ttt  ninai  ii  Ian  dd  diparlimtnin  id  ildta  (iSoS)— tiealiie 
I  the  iron  mines  of  Mella.  These  raesrcbes  procured  Mm  the 
office  of  inspector  of  mines  in  the  nccntly  atnblishcd  Ungdom 
of  Italy,  and  enabled  him  to  extend  his  investifntions  over  pat 
put  of  the  country.  In  iSir  he  produced  ■  valuable  caay 
utillcd  Utmaria  runaiiiepca  lalla  Valli  di  Futn  in  Tititt;  but 
Important  work  is  the  CatuMinlifia  fetiili  latapHBuna 
*  i  (oie^du  nfli  A^tttxini,  I  ltd  nule  adiaatiU 
Milan,  1S14),  nraiainiDg  accunte  details  of  ibe 
le  Apennioe  range,  (od  an  account  of  Ibe  fouili 
Tertiary  amu  compumJ  with  eiisting  tptdt*. 
These  lubjecis  were  fuitha  illustnled  by  hia  geognosttc  nup, 
and  his  Calaliia  rapauU  di  wu  ratallit  di  not,  HtfMt  cm 
erdi0t  ftacrafia,  ftr  ttnirt  alia  leatmaia  rUf'  Ilalia  (MQan, 
iSi;).  His  work  Ddla  lUle  fiiiar  H  nute  di  Rema  (iSio), 
wFib  in  accompanying  map.  is  Kkewise  notewortby.  In  it  be 
<x>rrtcled  the  emneous  views  of  Breislak,  who  conceived  that 
Rome  occupEea  the  lite  of  1  volcano,  to  which  be  ascribed  the 
ilctolc  miieiiala  that  cover  ibc  seven  hllb.  BrocchI  pointed 
derived  eithnftonUoat  Albino, 


H  DMeiials  «i 


BROCHANT  DE  VILLIERS— BROCKEN 


623 


■n  extinct  mkano,  11  hl  bom  (bt  dty,  at  from  Hoot  Qminl, 
Mill  [iTliwi  to  t^  Dorth.  Seven!  ptpen  by  bin,  on  mintn- 
lo^ci]  (ubjecu.spparctl  la  the  Biblieuca  llaliatu  txoia  iSi6to 
lEij.  In  the  ^tt«  yeii  Btoccbi  uJJcd  loc  Egypt,  in  aider  10 
njiott  the  gcolog]'  al  tint  cmuitcy  and  npon  sc  ile  mlnenl 
RMnrca.  ETcry  fuUity  mi  (ttmted  by  Mebemet  AU,  oha  Id 
iSij  appointed  lum  one  of  i  comiDinlon  to  eutnine  tlie  district 
of  Senniiui  bat  BtoccU,  uufortuaately  lot  KieDC«,  (ell  *  victim 
to  tbe  cUmite,  ind  died  it  Khutum  on  ttae  istb  of  S^tembet 
1S16. 

BIOCHUT  DB  VmJXBa;  UDBi  nut  PIUN(0I9  KABIB 
(i7T*-iS40),  Fnacb  mioenlogiit  and  [[eolasiit,  *u  boni  at 
ViUi«i*,iuuHuitci,ontheethaf Auguat  1173.  AftaMudyuii 
M  lbs  Ecd«  Folylechnique,  he  waa  in  ITM  the  iist  pupa 
■dnlttM  to  tbe  £e«b  da  Uine*.  In  iSo*  be  wii  ip^Huitcd 
pfafe««MofgeolocF«ndmlBfT»logyiatbe£coledgMim».»hicb 
ud  bsHt  taaftm^  (naifened  to  Feiay  in  Sava/,'  and  be 
letuned  «itb  tbe  acbool  to  Fadi  in  1S15.  Later  do  be  became 
Iitpcclor  lentnl  of  miaei  4Dd  a  oenbet  of  tbe  Academy  of 
Sckoco.  ReiiivcMicitedtbetnluilioiiMnUoitheTarantiise. 
wiote  OB  tbe  positton  ol  (lie  fralle  rodu  oI-Mont  Blue,  and 
on  tbe  lead  mizicnli  of  Dcrbyshin  and  Cuinberiand.  K«  was 
charged  with  ibe  npeiiDlendcna  of  tbe  constniclion  ol  the 
SeolotJol  map  of  Fnnce,  ucderlikeii  by  hit  pupUi  Dufifnoy 
Knd  Elie  de  Beaumont,  fie  dkd  in  Paiii  on  tbe  16th  ol  May 
1S40.  Uii  pnblicatlOni  include  TraiU  ^imadaiit  di  mn^iiUtU 
(1  vols.,  iBoi-iSoi;  inded.,  1808},  and  TreiUaMil  AcrufaJ- 
l(f»^i(  (Pari^  iSiS). 

'  BROCBAHTITI,  a  oiincial  qxdet  cosalitini  of  ■  buic  coppu 
Bilphate  Cu^OHJiSOi,  ciystalliiinE  in  tbe  onboAombic  lystem. 
The  ciyatali  ate  uiually  (mall  and  an  priimttic  or  tcicular  In 
hibil;  they  have  >  perfect  deavaie  panllel  to  the  lace  lettered 
-  ■-  -'■c  idfoining  Ginie.    Tbey  in  trans- 


parent 


lustre,  and  an  of  an  enenild-freea  to 
Uackiih- green  cnloui.  Specific  gravity 
3-907;  hardnesi  3^-*.  Tbe  ninenl  wai 
fint  found  awodated  with  malachite  and 
native  copper  in  tbe  cvpper  mines  dI  the 
Unls,  and  waa  named  by  A.  Uvy  in  1S14 
after  A.  J.  H.  BnchaDt  de  ViUiera.  Several 
varieties^  diSerIng  somewhat  in  cryslailine 
form,  have  been  distinguished,  some  of 
them  having  DiigiDally  been  docribed  as 
dislinct  ipedea,  but  afterwards  proved 
to  be  eatntially  Identical  wiih  brocban- 
I  kSnigine  from  the  Ural),  biongniartine  from 
Mexico,  kiiiuvigite  from  Iceland,  and  waningioniie  from 
ConnlL  Of  other  localities,  mention  may  be  nude  ol  Rough- 
ten  Gill,  Caldbcck  FeUi,  Cumberland,  whete  uniU  brilliant 
pystala  etc  aaiodaled  with  malachite  and  chiyiocoUa  in  a 
quartzoK  rock;  Rizbinya  in  the  Bihar  Mountains,  Ilungaiy; 
Alacama  in  Chile,  with  aucamitc,   which  closely  reteoblei 


jicaluai 


n  Ut*l 


copper  or 


1  the  Clifton  and  Moienci  ditti 
pmvei  brochantile  to  be  of  eilremcly  common  occurrence 
taonly  intergrown  with  malachite  vhich  effectually  maiki  its 
presence:  it  i>  not  unlikely  that  Ibe  malachile  oC  other 
kicalitiei  Hill  on  examiiation  be  found  to  be  intergrown  with 

Mention  may  be  here  made  ol  another  orthorhombic  basic 

capper  sulphate  not  unlike  brocbamite  in  general  characters, 
but  diSning  from  it  in  coolaining  water  of  crywalli 


i  the  C 


■btcb  baa  the  composition  CuSOr3Cu(OH),4-HtO. 

BBOCX,  SIB  ISAAC  (1769-1S11),  British  soldier  and  ad- 
miuistntor,  was  bom  at  St  Feier  Fort,  Guernsey,  on  the  6tb 
ol  October  il6g.  joining  the  army  at  the  age  of  filleen  as  an 
ensign  ol  (he  8th  regiinent,  be  became  a  fieutenant-colonel  in 
1747,  after  lea  than  thirteen  yean'  service.  He  commanded 
the  49th  regiinent  in  the  eapeditioa  10  North  HoUaod  in  17(19, 


was  wouikded  at  tbe  battle  of  Egmont-op-Zec,  and  nbeeqaently 

served  00  board  the  British  fleet  at  the  battle  ol  Copenhagen. 
From  rtoi  tn  1805  be  waa  with  his  regiment  in  Canada,  returning 
thither  In  iSoA  in  view  of  the  imminence  of  war  betnen  Great 
Britain  and  tbe  UaJled  Sutea.  From  Septembci  1806  (ill 
August  iSio  he  was  ia  charge  of  Ibe  garrison  at  Quebec;  m  the 
litter  yeir  he  assumed  (be  command  ol  Ibe  troope  in  Upper 
Canada,  and  soon  afterwards  took  over  the  civil  administnlion 
of  that  province  as  proviuonsl  lieuienant-govemot.  On  (he 
outbreak  of  the  waiof  rSri  Brock  liad  to  defend  Upper  Canada 
againtt  invasion  by  (he  United  States.  In  the  face  ol  many 
diKcultits  and  not  a  little  diioSecliDn,  he  organised  (he  miliiia 
of  (be  pcovioce,  drove  back  the  invadera,  and  on  Ibe  16th  ol 
August  1811,  with  (bout  730  men  and  tea  Indietis  commandDl 
by  their  cbief  Tecuruseb,  compelled  the  American  force  ol 
>Sw  men  undei  General  William  Hull  [1713-181$)  to  surrender 
at  Drttoit,  an  achievement  which  gained  him  a  kniEhlhood  of 
the  Bath  and  the  popular  title  of  "  the  hero  of  Upper  Canada." 
From  Detroit  be  hurried  to  the  Niagara  frontier,  but  00  the  ijtb 
of  October  in  tbe  same  year  was  killed  at  the  battle  of  Qucenstou 
Heights.  The  House  of  Commons  voted  a  public  monument  to 
his  memory,  which  was  erected  in  Saint  Paul's  cathedral, 
London.  On  the  rjlb  of  OclDbcr  1S14,  the  (wtlf(b  anniversary 
of  his  death,  his  remains  were  removed  from  tbe  bastions  of 
Fort  George,  where  (hey  bad  been  originally  interred,  and  placed 
Heights,  erected  by  the 


s  the  r 


iiBjo, 


Hia  Lift  and  Cetrtipcndtna  by  hia 
Tupper  (ind  edirinn.  UhuIdis.  1S47),  ■ 
Uveiare  by  D.  R.Read  [Toronlo,  1S94),  ■ 


)  hia  nephew.,  FerdiDand  Brock 
1S94S,  and  by  Ijdy  Etleai  rTonintO 

BBOCK,  TBOUU  (1847-  ),  English  sculptor,  was  (be 
chief  pupil  al  Foley,  and  later  became  influenced  by  tbe  new 
romanric  movement.  His  group  "  Tbe  Momeni  of  Peri]  "  was 
foUowed  by  "  The  Genius  oi  Poetry."  "  Eve,"  and  other  Ideal 
works  that  mark  his  development.  His  busts,  ancb  as  those 
of  Lord  Leigbtoo  and  Queen  Victoria;  his  statues,  such  as 
"  Sir  Rjchard  Owen  "  and  "Dr  Philpott,  bishop  of  Woitea(er  "; 
his  sepulchral  monumen[s,  such  aa  that  to  Und  Leighton  in 
St  Paul's  cathedral,  a  work  of  singular  signi6ciDCe,  refinement 
and  beauty;  and  his  memorial  statues  of  Queen  Victoria,  at 
power  as  a  poitrsiiii 


iclnl 


n,and 


dignified  and  decoratlvein  arrangement.  The  colossal  equestrian 
Biaiuc  of  "  Edward  tbe  Black  Prince  "  was  set  up  in  the  City 
Square  in  Leetb  in  rgoi,  the  year  in  which  the  sculptor  was 
awarded  the  conunisaion  to  execute  the  vast  Imperial  Memorial 
(o  Queen  Vicicria  in  Irom  ol  Buckingham  Palace.  Brock  was 
elected  an  associale  ol  Ibe  Royal  Academy  In  iSSj  and  full 
member  in  1I91 , 

BROCXEH,  a  mountain  ol  Germany,  in  Prussian  Saiony,  the 
highest  point  (373J  ft.)  of  the  Han.  It  is  a  huge,  bare,  granite- 
strewn,  dome-ibiped  mass  and,  owing  to  its  being  the  greatest 
elevation  in  north  Germany,  commands  magniBccnt  vicHs  in  all 
direcliona.  From  rl  Magdeburg  and  the  Elbe,  the  toweu  ol 
Leipiig  and  the  Thuringian  foresl  are  disiinctly  visible  in  dear 
weather.  Access  to  (he  summit  is  adained  by  a  mountain 
railway  (ii  m.)  ftom  Dieianucn-Hohoe,  a  station  on  ihe  normal 
gauge  line  Wernigerode-Mordhauien.  and  by  two  carriage  roads 
from  (be  Bodeial  and  llienburg  respectively.  In  the  folk- 
lore ol  north  Gcrniany  the  Brocken  holds  an  important  place. 
and  10  it  ding  many  legends.  Long  after  Chrisiiaaily  had 
penetrated  to  these  regions,  (he  Brocken  remained  a  place  ol 
heathen  worship.     Annually,  on  Walpurgis  night  (isl  of  May), 

priests  of  the  Christian  church,  led  to  the  belief  that  the  devH 
and  wilchei  here  held  their  orgies.  Even  to  thisitay,  this  super- 
stition possesses  the  minds  of  many  country  people  around,  who 
beliove  (be  maiulaiD  to  be  hauBtid  «■  (bis  njglM.    la  lkecu>-' 


624 


BROCKEN,  SPECTRE  OF  THE— BROCKTON 


h  B  uprcwnltd  by  th>  fun 
ratal. 
See  Jaeeb*.  Dit  Brsctili  f  ■ 


BBOCKEM.  SFBCTRB  OP  THE  [k  DHhed  from  luvinf  b«n 

(Int  obKTved  in  17K0  on  the  Brocken),  in  cnomouily  masnificd 
Shadow  of  in  obsctver  cut  upon  1  bonk  of  doud  when  the  3ud 
ii  law  in  high  mauntiin  ngioni,  leprodudng  evciy  moljon  of 
the  observer  in  the  foim  of  1  giginiic  but  miity  image  of  hinuelf. 
BROCKS.  BABTHOLD  HEIHSICH  (1680-1747),  Cennan 
poet,  wni  bom  *I  Himbuij  on  the  imd  of  Seplember  iGSo. 
He  itudled  JuHiptudencx  «t  HiUe,  and  after  eitenuve  Iraveli 
In  Italy,  Pialice  Uld  Holland,  Milled  in  hii  native  town  in  1704. 
In  1710  he  was  appointed  a  member  of  the  Hambuii  lenaie, 
and  entrusted  iriUi  several  important  office*.  Six  year*  (fnim 
I?J5  lo  1741)  he  spent  as^Kfniaiin  (magiitraic)  at  JtiuebUttel, 
He  died  in  Hainburg  on  the  i6tb  of  Januuy  174;.  Brocket' 
poetic  works  were  published  in  a  leriet  of  nine  volunus  under 
the  fantastic  title  hiucha  Kcrtnflfn  in  CM  (1711-1748)1 
be  also  IRnstated  Marini's  La  Siratf  drtH  iantuitH  (1715}, 
Pope's  £iiav  sn  Uati  (174a)  did  Thomson's  Siaim  <i74i)- 
His  poetry  his  small  btriosic  value,  but  it  is  symptonullc  of 
the  change  which  came  ovet  Germati  litenlute  at  the  beginning 
of  the  iSth  centuty.  He  was  one  of  the  Gist  German  poeta  to 
substitute  lor  the  bombastic  Imitations  of  Mirini,  to  which  he 
himsell  hid  begun  by  contnbutine.  a  clear  md  simple  diction. 
He  Ris  also  a  pioneer  in  direc tuig  the  attention  of  his  countrymen 
to  the  new  poetry  of  niture  which  originated  in  England.  His 
-*'  *  '      dcrudeaathey   ''  "  ' 


tlilude  towards  m 
Kenomena  which 


religious  interpret 


n  poetry  and  prepared 


lutobic^Tipliy  wainublishnl  by  J.  M.  Ljppenberj  In  tllc 
u  VirmifirHamiiiriatiiKlniliU.ilpo.  167  H.  (1847), 

flrandl,  B.  H.  BrxttA'IJi).  and  D.  ^  Stmun,  h.giit, 

■W  H.  S.  Ka*«Lru  (CcmmrHUi  Stknjltn,  iU).  A  short  selection 
of  kis  poetry  will  be  found  In  vol  39  (IS83)  of  KDrscbDei'i  Dtmltdie 
HetietaltiUratiu. 

BHOCKHAni.  FRIBDRICH  ASMOLD  (iT7»-t«)3l,  Cftmin 
pubUiher,  va*  bom  at  Donnund,  on  the  4lhaf  May  1771.  He 
was  edncated  at  Uk  gymniilim  of  hit  native  pliee,  and  [renn 
1788  M  1793  lemtf  IB  appcentlcahip  b  a  mercantile  bouse 
■t  DBMddorf.  He  tben  devoted  two  yaa  at  Leipzig  to  the 
ttody  of  modem  hnguigcs  and  Huntun,  after  which  he  act 
q»  at  Dortmund  an  empiniiuB  (or  English  goods.  In  i«ei  he 
tnuufemd  this  business  to  Amheim,  and  in  the  following  year 
M  Amawrdam.  In  1S05,  having  given  up  his  Gnt  Une  o(  ttnde, 
be  begu  butinesi  ai  a  publisher.  Two  Joiunats  projected  by 
Urn  vers  »t  allowed  by  the  government  to  Survive  for  any 
kngth  «(  thne,  and  in  iSio  the  complicationa  In  the  affain  of 
Holland  biduotd  him  to  return  homewards.  In  iSii  he  settled 
at  AUenburg.  About  three  yeara  previously  he  had  purchased 
tbe  copyright  of  the  Ktrnvcrtations-Lexikon,  started  in  1796,  and 
in  iBto-iSii  he  completed  the  iirst  edition  of  ihii  celebrated 
work  (i4lb  ed.  1901-4).  A  second  edition  under  hit  own  edllor- 
ihip  was  begun  in  1811,  and  was  received  *rith  univetsal  (ivour. 
His  busineis  extended  rapidly,  and  In  iSiS  BrocMuns  removed 
lo  Leipiig,  where  he  esUfaUshcd  a  large  piinting-housc.  Among 
Ibt  more  extensive  of  his  many  literary  andertakings  were  the 
tritkal  periodicalt— JfirMU,  the  IMeroHuha  KuncrmlinitbliiU 
(aflerwaids  the  Bailer  /Rr  Ukrariickt  Unlalvdimt).  and  the 
/lilfimtii,  and  some  luge  historical  and  bibliogn|diical 
wwkt,  such  as  Raumer's  Gtld-idilt  ier  Hektmlatiftti,  and 
Eben's  ABprntitia  taHiapapiiicia  Ltiikn.  T.  A.  Brockhan* 
died  at  Leipiig  on  the  loth  of  Augul  iSij.  The  business  was 
carried  on  by  his  sons,  Friediich  Brockliaui  (i9ea-i8is)  who 
mired  in  iSjo.  and  Heiniich  Brockhaut  (1S04-1874),  under 
whom  it  was  considenbly  eitended.  The  tatter  especially 
rendered  g>«it  services  lo  literature  ami  science,  which  the 
mlversiiy  ol  Jciu  reeogniied  by  making  hi: 
doctor  of  philoaofriiy.  In  the 
BigtUiWs  waimnnber  ol  the  Si 


tcntattve  for  l«(piig,  wai  made  honotaiy  dllicB  of  thai  dtjr 
in  1871, and  died  thereon  the  ijth  ol  November  1874. 

See  H.  E.  Biwkhaiia,  FriiAritk  A.  Brorltaii,  «i(  Littn  wai 
WirktK  natll  Briltnt  tad  a%ien  Aufteitlmiiiiim  (l  voll..  Lnozig. 
1871-1881);  mlto  by  the  same  aulbor.  Dm  /inw  F.  A.  Brecaau$ 
M  da  Brpinitmg  bii  bum  ImmdtrtidktiiH  JtMdmm  (]8o9-i9a5, 
Leipiig.  1903). 


I,  Heuuhm  BaocKBam  (igi 


Another  ol  Frledilch's  an 
1S77).  German  Orientalist,  vi 
of  January  1S06.  While  bli  two  bratben  carried  on  the  business 
he  devoted  hinuelT  to  an  academic  carter.  Hb  was  appomied 
cilraordinary  professor  in  Jena  in  i3]8,  and  In  1S41  received 

I  call  b)  a  iliaUar  o^iadiy  to  Ldpdg,  where  In  1848  he  wai 
madeordmaiy  prafosotof  andent  Semitic  Us  died  al  Leipzig 
on  the  ith  ol  January  1S77.  Brockhaus  was  an  Otioiiil  scholar 
in  the  old  sense  of  the  woid,  devoting  his  atCentkm,  not  to  one 
Unguage  only,  but  to  acquiring  a  familiarity  with  the  priiuJpal 
language*  and  Ulentun  of  Ihe  EasL  He  studied  HAmr, 
AnUc  and  Persian,  ind  wis  able  to  lecture  on  Santtiit,  altei^ 
wards  his  spedllty,  Pfli,  2end  and  even  on  Chinese.  HI*  most 
Important  woil  was  the  vUlia  friKcifi  ol  the  Kallia-ieHi-slltBrt, 
"  The  Ocean  of  the  Slteams  ol  Story,"  the  large  coUectioo  «( 
Sinskilt  stories  made  by  Soma  Deva  in  the  iitb  cenlury.  By 
this  publication  he  gave  the  first  impetus  to  ■  really  sdenliSc 
study  ol  the  origin  and  spreading  of  popular  tales,  and  enabled 
Prof,  Benfey  and  others  10  trace  the  great  bulk  ol  Eastern  and 
'Western  stories  10  an  Indian,  and  more  especially  to  a  Budd- 
histic source.  Among  Pml.  Btockhaus'i  other  pubhcatlDna 
were  his  edition  of  the  curious  philoKi^cal  play  ProMku' 
Kkaniniajt,  "  The  Riae  ol  the  Moon  ol  Intell^ee,"  hit 
critical  edition  ol  the  "  Songs  ol  Kifii,"  and  his  pubUcalioa  in 
Latin  letters  of  the  text  ol  the  "Zend-AveilL" 

BR0CEL8SBT,  RICBARD  (1711-1797).  English  physdan, 
was  bom  at  Minehead,  Somersetshire,  on  the  nth  of  August 
1711.  He  was  educiied  at  Balliiore,  in  Ireland,  when  Edmund 
Burke  was  one  of  his  Kboolfellowt,  studied  medicine  at  Edin- 
bur^,  and  finally  graduated  at  Leiden  in  1745.  Appointed 
physkiin  to  the  army  b>  1 758.  he  served  in  Germany  during 
part  ol  the  Seven  Years'  War.  and  on  his  rctum  settled  down  lo 
pnciise  in  London.  In  1764  he  pubUshed  fcawniiical  ami 
Itedkal  OAjtrvofwu,  which  contained  suggcsiions  lor  impmviag 
the  hygiene  of  army  boqiitals.  In  his  latter  years  he  withdrew 
altogether  into  private  life.  The  circle  of  hi*  friend*  included 
some  of  the  most  distinguished  literary  own  of  the  age.  He  wa* 
waimly  attached  to  Dr  Johnson,  10  whom  about  1784  he  offered 
in  innuiiy  of  {loo  for  life,  and  whom  be  attended  on  his  dcith- 
bed,  while  in  178S  he  presented  Burke,  of  whom  he  was  id 
intimate  friend,  with  /looo.  and  oOcred  to  repeat  Ihe  gift 
"  every  year  until  your  merit  Is  rewarded  as  it  ought  lo  be  at 
court."  He  died  on  the  iilh  ol  December  1797,  leaving  hi* 
house  and  pail  of  his  fortune  to  his  grand-nephew,  Dr  Thoma* 
Young. 

BROCKTOH,  a  city  of  Plymouth  county,  Masachusetls, 
U.S.A.,  about  10  m.  S.  of  Boston,  and  containing  an  area  ol 

II  sq.  m.  ol  mlling  surface.  Pop.  (1870)  8007;  ( 1880} ij, 608; 
(1800)  17.11)4;  (1900)  40.06J,  ol  whom  1)484  were  foreign-bom. 
Including  1667  Irish,  1199  English  Canadians  and  197)  Swedes; 
(rgro,  ftnsus)  56,878.  It  is  served  by  the  New  York,  New 
Haven  &  Hinlord  railway.  Brockton  has  a  public  library,  wlih 
J4,ooo  volumes,  in  T908.  By  popular  vote,  beginning  in  1886 
(except  in  1S9S),  the  liquor  traffic  was  prohibited  annually. 
The  deaih-rate,  ij'iB  in  1907,  is  very  low  for  a  manufacturing 
city  ol  its  site.  Brockton  is  the  Indtntrial  centre  of  a  Isrge 
population  surroundmg  R  (East  and  West  Bridgcwaler,  North 
Easton,  Avon,  Randolph,  Holbrook  and  Whitman],  and  is  an 
important  manufacturing  place.  Both  in  1900  snd  in  1905  It 
tanked  first  among  the  dries  of  the  United  States  in  the  manu- 
Faetute  ol  boots  and  shoes.  The  dty'i  total  lactory  product  in 
1900  wai  valued  at  ti4,855j6i,  and  in  looj  at  (37.790,981,  an 
increase  during  Ihe  five  yean  ol  js  %.  The  boot  and  shoe  pro- 
duct Id  190s  was  valued  at  Ijo,o;j,oi4  (9-4%  of  the  vahie.ol 
^  total  boot  and  shoe  prodnci  of  the  United  Stale*),  the  boot 


BROCKVILLE— BRODIE 


625 


ud  tkiM  cut  Hack  •Iti.jMiOTTiUul  the  boot  mJ  that  finding! 

■t  ti,<35,ui — Ibc  time  combined  rcpmiitini  S(iJS%al  Ibc 

dly'*  lot*]  nunulattuied  pnduct.    In  igutl  thm  wcr  j5 

iboe  l*cuiia,  includins  the  Vf.  L.  Douclu,  the  Raktso,  the 

Walkover,  the  Eaton,  tbe  Xdtb  and  the  Packard  olablishmen  ti, 

and,  io  i«ai,  u,(ioi>,eao  (ia  1007  about  i7.eoo. 

«*re  produced  ia  the  city.    Among  the  other  products  ait  [asU, 

blacking,  paper  and  Mwden  pecking  botes,  oaili 

and  iboe  Gctiagi  and  tool).    The  aticiied  valuation  o[  the  dty 

rote  from  Kfiji^ty  in  1881 10  lj7.+o*.3J»  in  1907-    "      ' 

ai  Lhc  towuiiip  of  North  Biidgenralcr.  Iti . 
adopted  in  iSr4,anditwaichaiteieda3acityin  igSi.  Brockton 
wai  tbe  Gnt  city  in  MauachuictB  to  aboliih  all  grade  uouingi 
(itofi)  wiitiin  iu  llmita. 

BROCKVILLE,  a  town  and  port  of  entry  of  Ontario,  Canada, 
and  capital  of  Ltcdi  county,  named  after  General  Sir  luac 
Brock,  (iiuiated  110  at.  S.  W.  of  Montreal,  on  the  left  bank  of 
the  St  l^arence,  and  on  the  Grand  Trunk,  and  BtockviUc  & 
Weitporl  nilnayj.  Abnnchtioeainnectiitviih  the  Canadian 
Pacific.  It  hai  iteamer  communiution  ivith  the  Si  La,wnnce 
and  Lake  Oalario  ports,  and  li  a  summer  reioiE.  The  principal 
■nanufactuica  are  hardware,  fumacei,  agricultural  implementi, 
caniages  and  chemicals.  It  Is  the  centre  o(  one  of  the  duel 
daily  diiiricta  ol  Canada,  and  ihipa  large  quantitici  of  cheese 
tad  butlu.    Pop.  (iSSi)  7600;  (iQoi)  8440. 

BKOD,  a  to«n  of  Croatia-SLavoftia,  in  the  county  ol  Poiegt, 
oa  the  left  bank  of  the  river  Save,  i>4  m.  by  rait  S.  E.  by  £.  of 
Agiam.  Pop.  C1900)  7^19.  The  principal  Bouian  railway  here 
crones  the  river,  to  meet  thi  Hungarian  lyttem.  Bred  baa  thus 
a  coDSiderahle  transit  tntde,  especially  in  ccreali,  wioe,  spirits, 
prunes  and  wood.  It  is  sometimes  called  Slavonisch-Brod.  .10 
distinguish  it  from  Bosna-firod,  or  Bosniich-Brod,  across  the 
river.  The  town  owes  its  name  to  a  ford  (Servian  iriid)  ol  the 
Save,  and  dales  at  least  from  the  ijih  century.    Brod  wai  lie- 

iad  Austria;  and  it  was  here  that  the  Austrian  tnny  mustered, 
in  t&7Q,  for  the  occupation  o[  Boania. 

BBODEBIP,  WILLIAM  JOHH  (i;S«-t35Q),  English  naturalist, 
was  bom  in  Bristol  on  the  list  of  November  i7&g.  Alter 
graduating  at  Oiford  he  was  called  (0  tbe  bar  in  1S17,  and  for 
some  yean  was  engaged  in  bw-rcporling.  In  181a  he  was 
appointed  a  metropotitan  police  magistrate,  and  filled  that  office 
until  i3jlS,  lirst  at  the  Thames  police  court  and  U»n  at  West- 
minster. His  icisure  was  devoted  to  natural  histoiy,  and  hia 
wiitinp  did  much  to  further  the  study  of  aoology  in  England. 
The  lOdogical  articles  in  the  Penny  Cydopaedia  were  written 
by  him,  and  a  series  o(  articles  contributed  to  Fraia'i  UatiaiHt 
were  reprinted  in  1S4S  as  Zoolaeiuit  Saralioai,  and  were 
followed  in  1851  by  ^aier  from  lit  Ifalt-biKk  0/  a  Nalumliil. 
He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  2oo[ogical  Society  of  London, 
and  a  [arge  collection  ol  shells  which  he  formed  was  ultimately 
bought  by  the  British  Museum.  He  died  in  London  on  tbe 
97th  ol  February  1859. 

BSOOHBAD.  JOHH  ROMBTN  (1B14-187J),  AnMrican  his- 
toifeal  scholar,  was  bom  in  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania,  on  the 
ind  of  January  1B14,  the  son  ol  Jacob  Brodhead  (1781-18^5), 
a  prominent  clergyman  of  the  Dutch  Reformed  Church.  He 
graduated  at  Rutgers  College  in  1831,  and  in  iSjj  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  in  New  York  City.  After  iSjj,  however,  he  devoted 
himself  principally  to  the  study  of  American  colonial  history, 
and  in  order  to  have  access  to  the  records  of  the  eariy  Dutch 
settlements  in  America  he  obtained  in  1839  an  appoinimenl  u 
■tlachf  of  the  American  legation  at  the  Hague.  His  iaveoiga- 
tions  here  soon  proved  that  the  Dutch  archives  were  rich  in 
nialerial  on  tbe  early  history  ol  New  Yoik,  and  ted  the  stale 
legiilature  to  appropriate  funds  for  the  lyilematic  gathering 
bom  various  European  archives  of  InniciipU  of  documents 
relating  to  New  York.  Brodhead  wai  appointed  (1S41)  by 
Covcraor  William  H.  Seward  to  undertake  the  work,  and 
within  Kvcral  years  gathered  Irom  England,  France  and  HoUaiul 
■cme  eighty  manusoipl  vohimci  of  Uinicrlptiont,  largely  of 


'  documenU  which  hod  not  Utbctlo  been  iMed  by  bFt"ffint. 
That  transcripliona  were  subsequcnlty  edited  by  Edmud 
O'CaUaghan  (vds.  i..ii.,  ind.)  and  by  Berthold  Femow  (vols. 
iii,-iv.,  iod.),  and  published  by  the  sute  under  the  title  i^B- 
mtnH  rtiaHoi  It  Uu  Culimittl  HUlery  tj  Nat  Ytrk  (15  vola., 
i8jj-ia8j).  From  i&id  to  ti^g,  while  George  Bancroft  was 
minister  to  Great  Britain,  BrodhevJ  hdd  under  him  the  post  oi 
secnlaiy  ol  legation.  In  l8u~iSS7  he  was  naval  officer  ol  the 
port  of  New  York.  He  pubtishcd  several  addressei  and  a 
x.)ia\Mi\y  HUltry  ej  IMt  Slalt  ej  Nfw  Keri  (1  vols.,  iSu-iS;i), 
generally  considered  the  best  for  the  brief  period  covered  (1(09- 
1690}.    HediedinNewYarkCityontheethafMayig7j. 

BRODia  SIR  BBHJAMIH  COLUNS,  1st  Bart.  (1783-1861), 
English  physiologist  and  surgeon,  was  bom  in  i7gj  at  Winter- 
slow,  Wiltsbiie.  Ue  rccdved  his  early  education  from  his 
father;  (hen  choosing  medicine  as  his  profession  he  went  to 
London  in  iSoi,  and  sttendod  tbe  lectures  ol  John  Abemethy. 
Two  yean  later  he  became  a  pupil  of  Sir  Everird  Home  at  St 
George's  hospital,  and  in  iSoS  was  appointed  asaistant  surgeon 
at  (hat  uutllulton,  on  the  staX  of  which  he  Krved  lor  over  thirty 
yean.  Is  181a  he  was  elected  a  fellow  of  the  Royal  Society,  to 
which  in  tbe  nejt  four  or  £ve  ycaii  bo  contributed  several 
papers  describing  original  mvcstigalioDS  in  physiology.  At  thit 
period  also  he  rapidly  obtained  a  large  aibd  lucrative  practice, 

ing  numerous  papers  (0  the  Medical  and  ChiniigicBl  Society, 
and  to  the  medical  journals.  Probably  his  most  important  woiji 
is  that  entitled  PalialasKol  and  Sartkal  Olatnalumi  «  lit 
Diiaua  cj  lii  Jaiali,  in  which  be  attempts  to  trace  thebcginzunga 
of  disease  in  the  diSeient  tissues  that  form  a  joint,  and  to  give 

disease.  This  voluoe  led  to  the  adoption  by  surgeons  of  measurei 

joints,  with  consequent  reduction  In  the  number  of  amputations 
and  the  saving  of  many  limbs  and  Uvea.  He  alto  wrote  on 
diseases  of  the  urinary  organs,  and  on  local  nervous  affections 
ol  a  surgical  character.  In  iSj4  he  published  anonymously 
a  volume  of  PiytiolofKai  InquiiUi;  to  a  second  volume  which 
appeared  in  1S61  his  name  was  attached.  He  lecdvcd  many 
honoursduring  his  carter.  He  attended  George  IV.,  was  sergeant- 
surgeon  to  William  IV.  and  Queen  Victoria,  and  waa  made  a 
bannet  in  1834.  He  became  a  corresponding  member  of  tbe 
French  Institute  in  iS44.D.C.L.olOilord  in  iSsj,  and  preskknt 
of  the  Soyat  Society  in  tSsS,  and  he  was  the  first  president  of 
the  general  medics]  council-  He  died  at  Broome  Pork,  Surrey, 
on  the  list  of  October  1861.  Hit  collected  works,  with  auto- 
biography, were  published  in  i36s  under  the  cdilorsUip  ol 
Charles  Hawkins. 

His  ddest  ton.  Sir  Bmiamin  Collins  Brodie,  ind  Bart,  (1817' 
1880),  was  appointed  professor  of  chemistry  at  Oilord  in  i8fi5, 
and  is  chiefly  known  for  his  investigations  on  the  allatro^ 
states  ol  carbon  and  for  his  discovery  of  graphitic  acid. 

BRODIlt  PBIBB  BELLUaEB  (1815-1897),  English  geobgist, 
son  ol  P.  B.  Bradie,  banister,  and  nephew  of  Sir  Benjamin 
C.  Brodie,  was  bom  in  London  in  iSij.  While  stilt  residing 
with  his  lather  at  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields,  he  gained  some  knowledge 

museum  of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons,  at  a  time  when  W. 
Gift  was  curator.  Through  the  infiucnce  of  Clif t  he  was  elected 
a  fellow  of  (he  Geological  Society  early  in  1834.  Proceeding 
afterwards  to  Emmanud  College,  Cambridge,  he  came  under 
the  spelt  ol  Sedgwick,  and  bencelorlh  devoted  all  his  leisure 
time  to  geology.  Entering  the  church  In  i3j8,  he  was  curate 
at  Wylye  m  Wiltshire,  and  for  a  short  time  at  Steeple  Cbydoa 
in  Buckinghamshire,  becoming  later  rector  of  Down  Hathcrley 
in  Gloucestershire,  and  finally  (i8js)  vicar  of  RowingtoD  in 
Warwickshire,  and  rural  dean.  Records  of  geolo^cal  ohteiva. 
tions  in  all  thoc  districts  were  published  by  him.  At  Camhridgs 
he  obtained  fossil  shells  from  the  Pleistocene  deposit  at  Barnwell ; 
in  the  Vale  of  Wardour  be  discovered  in  Pucbeck  Beds  the 
Isopod  named  by  Milae-Edwacds  ArelacMUCM  Bndi 
" deieribed  ,  the ,  out 


""ii??i°fi'>t^  ■ 


636 


BRODY— BROGLTE 


Fsrtliiid  Bed>:  utd  b  tlw  Vik  of  Ckmmter  the  Lb*  and 
OaGla  dilnwd  ha  itUntion.  Fosul  iniecls.  b««*vtT.  fomed 
the  (abjict  oF  hii  ipedal  sludio  {HhUny  nt  iIk  Futiil  Itactis 
afUu  Stciiiaty  Recks  of  EntUmd,  iS4s),  and  many  of  hiipub- 
lilhed  pipen  nlile  lo  them.  He  wu  in  nctive  nmnlKr  of  the 
COttawold  Niturallits'  Qab  and  o(  the  Wanrickihice  Natuial 
Hiitery  and  Archaeotogicil  Sodety,  and  in  1854  he  wai  chief 
foimdeT  of  Ibe  WsnricksluR  Natunlbti'  and  Aichacoloiisu' 
Field  Oub.  In  1BE7  the  Muidiiion  medal  ym  awanM  to  him 
by  the  CnlocEcal  Society  of  London.  He  dkd  at  Rowinftos, 
on  the  lit  of  Nonmber  1S97. 

See  Memoir  by  H.  B.  Woodmrd  In  CaUptal  JTafuuu,  iSjr, 
P.4SI  (iriih  ponnit), 

BHmr,  a  town  of  Auitria,  In  Gilicia,  61  m.  E.  at  tembdj 
byniL  Pop,  (1500)  17060,  o(  which  about  Iwo-thirdiare  Jews. 
It  a  utuated  near  the  Roaslan  frontier,  and  haa  been  one  of  the 
moit  impoilaDt  commerdil  centm  in  Cilida,  especially  for 
Hm  trade  vith  Russia.  Bnt  dnce  1S79,  when  its  charter  as  a 
free  commetdal  dly  was  withdrawn,  its  trade  has  also  greatly 
"■     BQhed.   Brady  


Mthen 


[Of  a  free 


iiy  in  : 


I,   C'64!r 


I,  JAM  VAH  [J. 

1701).  Duldl  cbltkal  achohr  and  poet. 

of  I^ovember  164^  at  Amsterdam.  Having  Lost  his  fatFier  when 

very  young,  he  was  placed  with  an  apothecary,  with  wiiom  he 
lived  several  yeara.  Not  liking  this  employment,  he  entered  the 
anny,  and  rn  1674  was  sertt  with  his  re^menC  to  America,  in  tfie 
fleet  under  Admiral  de  Ruytcr,  bat  returned  to  Holland  the 
tame  year.  In  1678  he  was  sent  to  the  garrison  at  Utrecht, 
where  he  contmcled  a  friendship  with  the  celebrated  Graevins; 
here  he  had  the  millortune  lo  be  so  deeply  imi^catcd  in  a  duel 
that,  according  to  the  laws  of  Holland,  his  life  was  forfeiled. 
Graevius,  however,  wrote  Immediately  to  Nichc^as  Heuuius, 
who  obtained  hit  pardorL  Not  long  afterwards  ho  became  a 
captain  of  one  of  Uk  companies  then  at  Amsterdam.  After  the 
peace  of  Ryitricfc,  1697,  his  company  was  disbanded,  and  he 
retired  on  a  pension  to  a  country  house  near  Amsterdam  and 
pumicd  his  fla**'"*^  and  literary  itudlcs  at  leisure.  His  Dutch 
poems,  b  which  hs  followed  the  modd  of  Pieter  Hooft,  were 
fini  published  In  r677;  a  hter  edition,  with  a  biography  by 
D.  van  Hooptnten,  appeared  b  I7i>,  the  last  edition,  188], 
was  edited  by  R.  A.  KoUewij'n.  His  ctassical  reputation  tan 
on  his  edition)  of  Piopertins  {r70i)  and  "nbultus  (rro?).  His 
Latin  poems(Con»i™)  appeared  in  r684;  a  later edilion(P«ifM/fl) 
by  D.  van  Hoogstiatca  appeared  In  r7ii.  The  SOitt  LtUm 
UataBiimHiuni  EfilUiat  Sdalai,  rBSg  and  iSqj)  were  edited 
bvJ.A.Worp,whoalso  wrote  his  biography,  1B91.  Broekhuiita 
died  on  the  ijth  of  December  1707. 

BBOaain,  VAUEIIAR  CHRISTOFZR  (igji-  ),  Nor- 
wegian geologist,  was  bom  in  Chrislianlaon  the  lothof  Novembct 
iSji,  and  educated  in  that  dly.  In  r876  he  was  appointed 
curalor  of  the  geological  museum  in  his  natin  dly,  and 
assistant  on  the  Ceolo^e»l  Survey.  He  was  professor  of 
minerilogy  and  geology  from  1881  to  rS^J  In  the  university  of 
Stockholm,  and  Irom  rS^e  in  Uie  nnlversily  ol  Chrislianla.  He 
also  became  rector  and  pieadcnt  of  the  senate  of  the  royal  uni- 
versity of  Christlania-  1^  observations  on  the  igruous  rocks  of 
louth  1^™!  compared  with  those  of  Chrisiiinii  afford  much 
bifotmatloD  on  the  rtlationj  of  tbe  granitic  and  basic  roeka. 
The  subject  of  the  dillerenliation  ol  tock-typri  in  the  proceu 
of  toUdiScation  as  plutonic  or  volcanic  rocks  Irom  a  particular 
magma  received  much  attention  bom  him.  He  dealt  (bo  with 
the  Palaeoioic  rocks  of  Norway,  and  with  the  late  gtadal  and 

K-gladal  chtngo  ol  levd  in  the  Chiistlania  regiorL  The 
iiary  degree  of  Ph.D.  traa  conferred  upon  him  by  the  uni- 
ver^ly  of  Heidelberg  and  that  of  LL.D,  by  the  university  of 
Glasgow.  The  Murchlion  medal  of  the  Geological  Society  of 
London  was  awarded  to  him  lo  iggi, 

BROaUB.  DB,  the  name  of  1  noble  French  family  which, 
Origlnalty  PiedmonteK,  emigrated  (0  France  In  the  year  1643. 
The  head  of  the  family,  FuHCtnsMaul  (tSi  1-1^56),  then  took 
Ike  tHIe  of  coDte  de  Brctfie.   He  had  already  distlncuiibed 


Umxlf  as  a  loWer,  and  Aed,  W4  BeateDtnt-taMflli'M  dNiitfg 

'alenaa  on  the  ind  ol  July  r«56.    Hb  son,  Vicroa  UaDncC, 

m  DC  BiocUK  (1647-1717),  eerved  under  Condi.  IWcruMi 

other  great  commanders  of  the  age  of  Louit  XIV.,  becoming 

nmrkkal  ill  camf  In  1676.  lieateiuat-geaeral  la  ttSS,  utd  Gaally 

marshal  of  France  In  1 714- 

!  eldest  son  of  Victor  Marie,  PiAMCOU  UaBtt,  tterwanls 
IE  Bkkjue  (1671-1745).  entered  the  army  at  an  early  age, 
and  had  a  varied  career  of  active  service  befoic  he  was  made^ 
at  the  age  of  twenty-three,  Gentenanl-coload  of  the  king's 
regiment  of  cavalry.  He  served  continuously  m  the  War  of  the 
Spanish  Suceessioa  and  was  present  at  Mali^qucL  He  was  madg 
lieutenant-general  In  1710,  and  served  with  Vlllars  in  the  last 
tign  of  the  war  and  at  the  battle  of  Denain.  During  the 
peace  he  continued  In  military  emi^yment.  and  in  r7ig  he  wa* 
ide  director-general  of  cavalry  and  dragoons.  He  was  also 
■ployed   in  diplomatic  '  .         .       ■ 


The  w. 


and  In  th 


following  ye 
In  the  campaign  of  1734  he  was  one  of  the  chlel 
on  the  French  side,  and  he  fought  the  hattlei 
d  Guastalta-  A  famous  episode  was  his  narrow 
TO  when  his  quarters  on  the  Secchia  were  raided  bj 
the  night  of  the  14  th  of  September  17  J4.  la  r  735 
L  war  of  positions  with  credit,  bat  he  was  MOD 
replaced  by  Marshal  de  Noajllea.  He  was  govettxor-feneral  of 
ASsace  when  Frederick  IheGreatpaidasecret  visit  to  Strushurg 
|s  de  Broglie  wai  appointed  to  comnuind  the 
Germany,  but  such  powers  as  he  had  ponnsed 
1,  and  he  had  always  been  tlie  "  man  of  unal 
d  cautious,  hut  lacking  in  elasticity  and  dating. 
Thoonly  success  obtained  was  in  the  action  of  Sahay  (isth  Hay 
r74i),  for  which  he  was  made  a  duke.  He  returned  to  Fnact  ta 
1743,  and  died  two  years  [atef. 

His  son,  VtCTOa  Fmh(ois,  Dtjc  m  Baocui  (1711-1804), 
served  with  his  father  at  Parma  aad  GuastalZa,  and  la  tTH 
obtained  a  colonelcy.  In  the  Cetmaa  War  he  look  part  in  tha 
storming  of  Prague  in  1741,  and  wa:^  made  a  hrigadiei.  In  1744 
and  1745  he  saw  further  service  on  the  Rhine,  and  in  1756  ho 
was  made  nur&AiiI  it  amp.  He  subsequently  served  with 
Marshal  Saie  in  the  low  countries,  and  wis  preienl  at  Roucoui, 
Val  and  Maastricht.  At  the  end  of  the  war  he  was  made  a 
lieulenant-genenL  During  the  Seven  Vein'  Wir  he  aemd 
successively  under  d'Estr*«,  Soublseand  Contades,  being 
present  at  all  the  battles  from  Haslenbeck  OBwardt  His  ifclory 
aver  Prince  Ferdinand  it  Bergen  C'JSfl)  >ron  him  the  tlnk  of 
marshal  of  France  from  his  own  sovereign  and  that  of  prince  of 
the  empire  from  the  emperor  Francis  I.  In  1760  he  won  ail 
action  at  Corbach,  but  was  defeated  at  Vdlinghansen  in  176T: 
After  the  war  he  fell  into  disgrace  and  was  not  recalled  to  active 
employment  until  r778,  when  he  was  given  command  of  tbe 
troops  designed  to  operate  against  England.  He  played  a 
prominent  part  in  tbe  Revolution,  which  he  opposed  vrith  deter- 
mination. After  his  emigration,  de  BrogUc  commanded  the 
"  army  of  the  princes  "  for  a  short  time  (1791).  He  died  at 
MUnster  in  iga(. 

Another  son  of  the  first  duke,  CaaiLES  FiAHfODi,  COKR  tiK 
BaocLte  {t7!^i78i),  »erved  for  some  years  in  the  aimy,  and 
afterwards  became  one  of  the  fnremost  dipbmatisti  in  tbe 
service  of  Louis  XV.  He  is  chiefly  remembered  in  conneiioa 
with  the  Siari  in  Hal,  the  private,  as  disttacl  from  tbe  oAkial, 
diplotnitic  service  of  Louis,  of  which  he  was  tbe  ablest  and  moM 
important  member. 

The  son  of  Victor  7nn{ois,  VKTOt  CuDHS,  Pmica  DB 
BaooUE  (I7S7-I7M),  served  In  the  army,  attaining  the  rankol 
markhal  dt  iim^.    He  adopted  revolutionary  opinions,  served 

the  Jacobin  Chib,  and  sat  in  the  Constituent  Assembly,  constantly 
voting  on  the  liberal  side.  He  served  as  chief  of  the  stall  to  the 
Republican  army  on  the  Rhine;  but  In  tho  Terror  be  wu 
denouiHxd,  arrested  and  etecated  at  Parfa  on  tbe  17th  of  Jun 
179*.    His  dying  *'  ' 


"^'^ffiTJ^e" 


6^7 


MtUd  to  tk  pAdpICi  o(  IW  KciMhititn,  bnnni  ojnt  ud 
UQgntafuL 

AonuE  Chaiui  LioKcx  Vicroa,  doc  dc  Bhnuji  (178$- 
iSt^.  tutcHSUi  ud  (KptooMtiw,  ton  •(  tbe  lut-iuMd,  w» 
barn  it  Pirii  on  tbc  iSlh  ef  Mottrabct  trts-  Hi)  moths  luid 
iliued  her  butbtMi'i  inpritociBcnt,  biM  mumed  to  «k*|m 
to  SwiticrUnd,  wbnc  dw  naniMd  till  the  tall  oi  RsbapkiKv 
Sbe  DOW  ictuiMd  to  Piii>  with  bra  dmdita  ud  Uvsd  ibeic 
quietly  until  iii)A,*heD>lKin«rkdi  H.  d'AcimoB,  gnodnD 
oILouiiXV.'iBiidttefofwar.  Under  tbe  cut  olhliiup-luher 
youDi  de  BrDfHe  tecdved  >  c>ref«I  and  libenl  educatioo  lad 
nude  hii  enUie  into  the  ariitociatlc  ind  liteniy  ndtty  d  Pub 
under  ibe  EmpiTc.  In  iSog,  be  was  appointed  a  Diember  at  the 
conBcil  of  ilale.  Ovn  which  Napcfeon  pmlikd  b  panoni  and 
WHl  sent  by  Iho  empcnir  oa  diplomatic  maaloiBy  aa  attacW, 
to  varioitt  countriea.  Though  he  had  never  been  in  lympalhy 
with  tbe  prindple*  of  the  Empire,  de  Bioflle  we*  not  cue  of  iboac 
who  leioiod  at  it*  downfalL  In  common  wiih  all  men  of  ei- 
pcricDCc  aod  leue  he  lealiied  the  danier  (0  Franco  of  the  riic 
to  power  of  the  foroea  of  violent  reaction.  With  Decaaea  and 
Rjcbclicu  he  law  that  tbc  only  hope  [or  a  calm  f  otura  lay  in  "  the 
Tccondlialion  of  the  Rolealion  with  ibe  RevolutioB."  By 
the  influBicc  of  hi>  uncle.  Prince  AnMtede  Broflie,  hi)  ri^t  to 
*  peerage  had  been  recognised;  aod  to  hb  own  great  luiptiK 
be  received,  in  June  1S14,  a  summoiB  from  Louii  XVUt.  to  the 
ChiDiber  of  Feeis.  There,  after  the  Hundred  Days,  he  distiD- 
guiibed  hlnnclf  by  his  courageous  defence  of  Msiihat  Ney,  for 
'   "le  pee™,  both  jpoke  and  voted. 

;ing  the 


After  Ibis  defia 
that  his  impend 


.  of  opp 


ig  mauiage  gnve  him  an  ucus 
csunlry.  un  ine  ijth  of  February  1816.  he  was  marrutl  at 
Leghorn  to  the  dau^ttr  of  Uadame  de  Statl.  He  relumed  lo 
Faris  at  the  end  of  the  year,  but  look  no  part  in  poUUcs  until  the 
clccliont  of  September  1B17  broke  the  power  of  the  "  ultia- 
foyalisls "  and  substituted  for  the  Cbambri  iattamaUe  a 
Moderate  ouctnbly.  De  Bnelle's  polilical  attitude  during 
the  years  Ihat  (allowed  is  best  summed  ap  in  hit  own  words: 
"  From  iSi)  taiSljaUlheenortsofmenDlsenscandchamcter 
•ere  directed  to  reconciling  tbe  Restoration  and  the  RerolDlion. 
the  old  rfgime  and  the  new  France.  From  iSii  to  1817  all 
their  efforts  irere  diieclcd  (0  resisting  Ibe  grewing  power  of  (be 
counter-revolution.  From  iS>7  to  iSjoall  their eflorls  aimed  at 
moderating  and  rcgulaiing  the  leiclion  in  a  ojntnuy  sense." 
During  the  last  critical  yean  ol  Chlttei  X.'s  reign,  de  Bnglie 
idtnlified  himself  with  the  dMIriiwirti,  among  whom  Royet- 
ColUrd  and  Guiiot  were  tbe  most  promioenl.  The  July  revulu- 
lion  pbccd  him  in  a  diSicult  position;  he  knew  nothing  of 
tbe  initiguea  whicb  placed  Louis  Philippe  on  the  throne;  but, 
the  tcvoluiioa  once  iccDoiplithEd.  be  wu  ready  to  uphold  the 
fail  tatmfli  with  chaiacteristic  loyally,  and  on  the  glh  of 
August  took  office  in  Ibe  new  goveiament  as  miniiteT  of  public 
wonbip  and  education.  A)  he  had  foreseen,  the  ministry 
was  thorl-livcd,  and  on  the  lod  of  November  be  was  onee  more 
out  of  DlTitc.  Duriug  the  critical  time  that  followed  be  COD- 
litienily  supported  the  pciDCtplea  wbkh  triumphed  with  tbe  fail 
oi  Lafiiiic  and  Ihe  icceasion  lo  power  of  Caslmir  PfiicT  hi  March 
iSji.  Alter  Ihe  death  of  the  latter  and  the  insurrection  of  June 
iSji,  de  Broglie  took  office  once  more  u  miniiti:!  lor  forelEn 
affairs  [October  nth).  Uii  Unure  of  tbe  foreign  office  was 
coincident  with  a  very  critical  period  in  international  relations. 
But  for  Ibe  sympathy  of  Great  Britain  under  Polmerstsa.  tbe 
July  monarchy  would  have  been  completely  isolated  in  Europe; 
«nd  this  sympathy  the  icgressivt  policy  of  France  in  Belgium 
and  on  Ibe  Mediterranean  coast  of  Alttca  had  been  in  danger 
of  alienating.  Tbe  Belgian  crisis  had  been  Killed,  so  lar  as  tbe 
l>i«  power*  were  conceriKd,  bdore  de  BrogUe  took  office;  but 
tbe  concerted  military  and  naval  action  for  the  coerdon  el  the 
Dutch,  which  led  to  (be  Fienck  occupation  of  Aatwop,  *■> 
carried  out  under  his  auspices.  The  good  undenlandinx  of  which 
this  was  tbe  symbol  charscteriicd  also  the  relations  ol  de  Bmglie 
•od  Palmenlon  daring  the  crisis  ol  Ihe  first  wu  of  Mebcmel  Ali 
(jj.)  wilh  lb*  Foile,  ukI  Id  the  aOain  of  Ibe  Spaniih  poansula 


.  in  the  treaty  •! 
alliaDce  between  Crtil  Britain,  Fnaca,  Spun  and  Porti^, 
•fined  at  Loadon  on  the  imd  of  April  1134.^  De  Brafiie  had 
Rtiad  Irem  office  ia  tbe  Hatch  pfccedlng,  and  did  not  letan 
topowa  till  Much  ol  the  foUowtag  ytnr,  when  he  becaeat  head 
«f  tbecahfaet.  Is  iljO,  the  lowmiMstliairint  been  defeated 
ona  pfopouJ  to  Mduce  ibe  fin*  pei  tcntj,  he  once  mote  tcti|ned< 
•ad  never  Rtntncd  to  oSdal  lile.  Ha  bad  leaiained  in  power 
lone  enonita  (0  prove  what  hooeaty  ol  piupoie,  aiperteace  of 


found  Fniuz  fsolaind  aad  Euitipa  lull  of  the  nunoun  of  war; 
ha  left  her  aCnng  is  the  EofliBh  alliance  and  the  raptct 
of  Ubeial  Europe,  aad  Eureiie  freed  from  Ihe  restless  ai^nebcn- 
sions  which  were  to  be  atirrtd  into  Lfe  a^in  by  the  attitude  af  ' 
Thien  la  tbe  EaMen  Qnestioo  nod  ol  Guiiot  ia  tbe  abiiaf  ihe 
"  Spanish  maniage*."  From  iti6  to  t&tS  de  Breglic  held 
almoit  coaqdetdy  aloof  from  paUlia,  to  which  hi*  scholoriy 
lempettuent  little  IndiDMl  him,  a  di^iKlinaiion  ■Uengtbeatd 
by  the  death  of  hit  wile  «  (ho  iind  ol  S^Hembcr  iSj).  Hi* 
friendah^  la  Gataot,  bonevei.  Induced  hiin  to  acoept  a  tem- 
puaty  iiilMliih  hi  1S45,  and  in  1847  to  go  u  Ficnch  ainbaMadar 
to  Leadoa.  Iha  levolutioB  oi  iS*!  wiaa  peal  blow  to  him,  loc 
he  realieed  that  it  neul  tb*  inal  iidn  ol  Ibe  Ubeial  monatchjp— 
in  his  view  (ha  political  ayitcm  bdt  Hdted  to  Franca.  Ho  laok 
his  seal,  bowever,  In  tbc  repoblicaa  National  AaiemUy  and  In 
Ibe  Conveniionol  i84t,aDd,  aaanNmbaol  tbe  kcUod  known 
as  the  "  Buii^ves,"  did  his  besi  to  stem  the  tide  of  sodaliam 
and  10  avert  the  reaction  in  favour  of  autocracy  which  he  foresaw. 
He  shared  wilb  his  colleague*  Ibe  iodignily  of  the  oaf  fUtl 
of  the  md  of  December  i8;i,  and  remained  for  the  renurtnder 
of  his  life  one  of  the  billernl  eneDiies  of  Ihe  Imperial  r«gime, 
though  he  vros  heard  to  remark,  with  that  caustic  wit  for  which 
he  wot  famous,  that  Ihe  empire  wa*  "  the  gDvemment  which 
Ihe  poorer  closse*  ia  France  desired  and  the  rich  deserved." 
The  Ixtt  twenty  yean  of  his  life  were  devoted  chiefly  to  philo- 
sophical  and  literary  pursuit*.  Having  beoi  brought  up  by  his 
step-father  la  Ihe  sceptical  opinloia  ol  the  tinte,  he  gradOiiDy 
arrived  at  a  sincere  belief  in  tiK  Cbriitiaa  tdigioo..  "  I  ihall  die," 
said  he,  "a  penitent  Christian  and  an  inpeniteat  Libei^" 
His  lilciary  works,  though  few  of  tbtm  have  been  pufiUAed, 
were  rewarded  In  1S56  tqr  a  teat  in  tbe  French  Academy,  and 
he  was  also  a  member  ol  loother  branch  of  Ihe  French  Inultuta, 
Ihe  Acideiny  ol  Moral  and  Poliikal  Sdeoce.  In  the  lahonn  ol 
those  learned  bodie*  be  took  an  active  and  amlduoti*  put. 
He  died  on  the  sjlh  of  January  1870. 

Beiidn  hh  .ScimiVi.  in  4  vols.  CP"ris.  rWj'itM),  the  due  de 
works,  of  which  only  some  nave  been  published. 
llloned  iiriU  It  iiltonn  (j  vula.,  Puia,  1U3); 
impil  IParii.  ie79);  Vni i<ir U  f*<>tn,imnit  ii 
u  rraacf  ^rans,  jodi).  Thiilastwasconfiicaied  before  publicslion 
by  the  imperial  government  See  Cuinit,  i»  Due  J«fir*rfi"  (Paris, 
1870).  and  Uhivuti  (Paris.  i8jS-i867)i  and  tbe  h&noita  of 
Thurcnu-Daiigla  aiKl  Duvergier  de  Hauraaoe. 

JicouEJ  Vtcioa  At^rar,  WK  DE  Bnocm  (iSii-itot),  bb 
eldest  son,  was  bom  at  Paris  on  tbe  13th  of  June  iSti.  Alls' 
a  brief  diplomatic  career  at  Madrid  and  Rome,  tbe  revolution 
of  1B48  caused  him  to  withdraw  Irom  public  life  aod  devote 
kimsell  to  literature.  Be  had  already  publiabed  a  tiandation 
of  Ihe  religious  lytlem  of  Leibnita(iS4ft),  He  now  at  once  made 
his  mark  by  his  contributions  to  Ihe  Kenu  du  itia  Monia 
and  tbe  Orleaniat  and  derliral  organ  Lt  Currdftnianl,  wUck 
were  afterwards  collected  nnder  tbe  titlea  of  Snida  marala 
tl  immira  (iSu)  and  QiKSIJnw  it  rditi"  1  ^tubuw  (lUo). 
These  were  lupplemented  In  1W9  by  a  volume  of  JTontfu  lfiid<T 
dt  lUUntm  tl  de  mar^t.  Hia  Vl^itt  tt  ftmplrt  rmetm  an 
fV'tiMe(i85a-it66)  brought  him  tbeMcecaslonloLacordaiie's 
seat  in  the  Academy  in  1861.  In  187a  be  lueceeded  hb  latbei 
in  the  dukedom,  having  previously  been  known  aa  the  prince 
■   ~     ■■ tadectcdioUieNatiaaa) 


Brogiie  left  nun 
U  lari  £!£■ 


628 


BROGUE— BROKE 


Auonbly  lor  the  defaitnenl  of  the  Bun,  ud  &  fnr  ityt  later 
<oD  Ibe  i«th  of  Februuy)  wu  ippoinled  unbaaidoi  Ed  LodcIod; 
bat  iD  Much  1B71.  in  comequence  of  criticunu  upon  Ihi  oegotii- 
Ijon*  cDaceming  the  comncrdsl  treitit$  between  England  and 
Fnnce,  be  resigned  fas  post  and  took  hit  teat  in  llie  National 
AMtnUy,  where  he  bcoine  the  lewliDiipiiit  of  the  monarchical 
(ampaigD  apinit  Thien.  On  the  RptactmcDt  of  the  tatter  by 
Uuriul  HacMihon,  the  dnc  de  Bro^  becune  piaident  of 
the  council  and  minhler  lor  totdfi  aSiia  (May  iSjj),  but  In 
the  itcoDitniclion  oi  the  minluty  on  the  i6lh  of  Novembn,  after 
the  ptnlDg  of  the  leptennate,  tnnsfemdhlmielf  tolhe  minituy 
«t  the  interior.  His  tenure  of  office  nt  Biathwl  by  an  enterne 
coiHCrvntisDi,  which  routed  the  bitter  tuttfrd  ol  Itw  Reputilicini, 
while  he  olfeiuled  the  Legitimist  party  by  ha  friendly  rrlalions 
with  (he  Bonapartiiti,  and  the  BompartiitB  by  in  alletnpt 
to  effect  a  compromise  between  the  rival  cloimuts  to  the 
monarchy.  The  tesult  was  the  fall  of  the  cabinet  on  the  16th  of 
UayiS7t.  Thte*ytarsliter(onthei6thof  May  i877)he  waa 
entrusted  with  the  foimatton  ol  a  new  cabinet,  with  the  object 
of  appealing  lo  the  country  and  Kcaring  a  new  chunber  more 
favounblc  10  the  reactionaries  than  its  prcdeccoor  had  been. 
The  result,  however,  wai  a  decisive  Repulilican  majority.  The 
4luc  de  Broglie  w«t  defeated  in  his  own  district,  and  resigned 
office  on  the  lOth  of  November.  Not  being  iKlecled  In  1M5, 
be  abandoned  ptdilfcs  and  reverted  to  his  historical  work, 
putdishing  a  series  of  hlstorlcaJ  atudica  and  biograpldes  written 
in  a  most  pteasing  style,  and  especially  valuable  for  thefr 
eitensive  dttcunoitalion.     He  died  in  Paris  on  the  i^ih  of 

is  father  (ltB6,  ftc.].  the  Mfmaira 
:  Lcom  of  the  Duchen  Albenine 
j>  Sunt  du  rei,  Ccrttspmidarta 

■••lit  tAttnim  I1S9II:  La  Pail 

I'sflU     olfriftMIU     (l89S)i     La 

i  Berlin  (iS^e):  Vnluiri  oniif  cl 

m-.SainlAiitliriiiu.taaiiuciby 

f  "Tli«Saiiiu"{iS99). 

BBOanl.  (1)  A  rough  shoe  of  law  leather  (from  Ibe  Gael. 

in>t,  a  ahoe]  worn  lo  the  wilder  parts  ol  Ireland  and  (he  Scottish 

Highlands.     ())  A    dialectical    accent    or    pronunciation    (of 

unccTtain  origin),  cq)edally  used  of  the  Irish  accent  in  speaking 

English. 

BUHAH,  AttGttSTtNB  SDSAHNB  (igo7-ieS7l,  FVenth 
ictreu,  was  bom  in  Para  on  the  ssnd  of  January  1807.  She 
entered  tbe  Conservatoire  at  the  age  of  eleven,  and  took  the 
second  priEe  for  comedy  in  iBio,  and  the  first  in  igii.  She 
served  her  appRDtJcetUp  in  the  provinces,  making  her  first 
Paris  appearance  at  the  Odten  in  i8ji  as  Dorine  in  TcrtiiJFt. 
Her  success  there  and  ebewheie  brought  her  a  summons  to  the 
Comtdie  Francalse,  where  the  made  ber  dAid  on  tbe  15th  of 
February  iSj(,  as  Madelon  In  Lis  Prhlt*iet  ridic^es,  and 
Suiannc  In  Le  Uariatt  de  Fitart.  She  retired  in  1841,  and  died 
on  the  i6lh  of  August  1887. 

Her  elder  daughter,  JoaEPHDiE  Ff  uort  AnousnHE  Bioban 
(i!i4-i8g3l,  was  admitted  to  the  Conscrvatdre  when  very 
young,  twkc  taking  the  second  ptiie  lor  comedy.  The  soubre  tte 
part,  eotrusted  for  more  than  1 50  years  at  tbe  ComMie  Francaise 
to  a  succesaton  ol  artists  of  Ihe  first  rank,  was  at  the  moment 
without  a  representative,  and  MdUe  Augustine  Brohan  made 
iMi  mm  there  on  the  loth  of  May  1S41,  at  Dorine  in  Tarlnjt, 
»niUaoiBRaaiairtui^4iilmes.  She  was  immediately  admitted 
ftmsicmiilre,  and  at  Ihe  end  of  eighteen  months  unanimously 
elected  acillaire.  She  soon  became  a  great  favourite,  not  only 
in  the  playi  of  MoU^  and  de  Regnard,  but  also  in  thote  of 
Haiivaux.  On  ber  retirement  from  the  stage  in  1S66,  tbe  made 
an  unhappy  marriafc  with  Edmond  David  de  Cheest  (d.  iSSj), 
aecretaiy  to  the  Bdgiaa  legation  In  Paiii. 

SuMsne  firohan's  second  daughter,  Emm  Miheleine 
BuoRAM  (tBj]'r«oo),  also  look  fint  priie  lor  comedy  at  Ibe 
Contervaioirt  (1850)-  She  was  engaged  at  once  by  tbe  Com(die 
Frao(abe,  hul  instead  of  making  her  lUM  la  tome  fity  ol  the 


rlfertoin  of  the  theatre,  the  ntuagrawM  put «  tor  her  beneSt 
a  new  comedy  by  Scribe  and  Legouvf ,  La  Cmtei  it  Ib  peine  da 
Naetire,  In  which  the  created  the  part  of  Marguerite  on  the  isl 
of  Septemliei  iSsol  Her  lilentt  aiid  beauty  made  her  a  lucceas 
from  (he  tax.  and  in  lets  than  two  yean  from  her  dAiU  she  was 
elected  sxUUiti.  In  1S5]  she  married  Mario  Lchard,  from 
whom  the  was  toon  tcpariied,  and  in  1858  she  returned  to  the 
Comfdie  Fran;aite  in  leading  parts,  until  ber  relhemeni  In  1886. 
Her  nime  it  utocikted  with  1  great  number  of  playi,  baides 
tboteintbecUutical  rifrrttiirt.-eDttMy UklatiiitliFimftmnilif, 
Par  drnii  de  lenfi'lit.  La  Dai  Vewm,  and  Le  Linn  imnrtai,  in 
which,  as  tbe  "  marquise  de  Maup«t,"  ahe  had  one  of  her  greatest 

BBOKB,  or  BaoOKt,  ARTHUR  (d.  156]),  English  antbor, 
wrote  Ihe  £nt  English  vcrtton  of  the  itory  of  Romeo  and  Juliet. 
TIh  Tratitall  HisUirji  tj  Romtia  and  Jalitil  (1561)  ■  a  rhymed 
account  rd  the  story,  taken,  not  directly  from  Bandello^t  coQec- 
tioo  of  novels  (rjM),  but  from  the  French  translation  (HulMrei 
tragi^ua)  of  Pierre  Boaistuaa  or  Bf^tcaa,  lurnaned  Launay, 
and  Francois  d*  Bclleforest.  Broke  addi  tome  detafl  10  Ibe 
story  as  told  by  Boisteiu.  As  the  poem  contains  many  scenes 
which  are  not  Itnown  to  cut  elsewhere,  but  which  were  adt^ed 
by  Shakespeare  in  Sima  and  /ulicf,  there  Is  no  [tasonible 
douljt  tlut  it  may  be  regarded  at  Che  main  source  of  the  play. 
Broke  perished  by  shipwreck  In  is6],Dnhli  way  from  Newhascn 
the  En^Irii  troops  fighting  on  Ihe  Huguenot  side  in 


poem  and  ol  WLlCiam  Paynter's  pioie  liaiuLillDn  fn>m  Ibr  Palaa  of 
>ba»n.  edited  by  Mr  P.  A.  Daniel  for  the  New  Shakespe'ie  Soc^ 
(1875)- 

BROK^  aiR  PHILIP  BOVSS  VERB,  BaUT.  (177S-1S41). 
Britith  ttar-admhal,  was  born  at  Broke  Hall,  near  Ipiwich,  on 
the  9th  of  September  I77fi,  a  member  of  an  old  Suflolk  family. 
Entering  ibe  navy  in  June  1793,  he  saw  active  service  in  the 
Mediterranean  from  1703  to  iTflS,  and  was  with  tbe  Biilisb 
Sect  at  the  battle  o<  Cape  Si  Vincent,  i7«7.  In  179B  be  was 
present  at  the  defeat  and  capture  oi  the  French  squadron  ofl 
the  north  coast  of  Ireland,  From  1799  lo  iSoi  he  lemd  with 
the  North  Sea  fleet,  and  in  the  latter  year  was  made  captain. 
Unemployed  for  (he  neit  lour  years,  he  commanded  In  iSoj 
a  fri^te  In  Ibe  English  ar^d  Irish  Channels.  In  1S06  he  was 
appointed  to  the  command  of  thi  "  Shannon."  ]8-gun  frigate, 
remaining  afioal,  principally  in  the  Bay  of  Biscay,  liU  i8ti. 
The  "  Shannon  "  was  then  ordered  to  Halifax,  Nova  Scotia. 
For  a  year  after  the  declaration  of  war  between  Great  Britain 
and  the  United  States  in  rSii,  Ihe  frigate  saw  no  imporiant 
service,  though  she  captured  several  prises.  Broke  utiliied 
this  period  ol  comporative  inactivity  to  train  his  mm  thoroughly. 
He  paid  particular  atiention  10  pianery,  and  the  "  Shannon  " 
ere  long  gained  a  unique  reputation  for  ciccllcnce  of  shooting. 
Brake's  opportunity  came  In  iSij.  In  May  ol  that  year  the 
"  Shannon  "  was  cruising  oB  Bos  ton,  watching  the"  Chesapeake," 
an  American  frigate  of  the  same  nominal  force  hul  hravtei 
armament.  On  the  iti  of  June  Broke,  finding  his  water  supply 
getting  low,  wrote  to  Lawrence,  the  commander  ol  the  "  Chesa- 
peake," asking  for  a  meeting  between  the  two  ships,  staling  (he 


ship  riwuld  take  part  in  Ibe  engagement.  Bd 
could  be  delivered,  however,  tbe  "  Chesapeake." 
ran  out  of  Boston  harbour,  crowds  of  plea) 


t  British 
nder  lull  sail, 


"Don't  cheer,"  be  cf 


I.  Broke  br 


_  all  do  your  duty."  As  ibe  "Chesa- 
peake" rounded  to  on  the  "Shannon's"  weather  quarler, 
at  a  stance  of  about  fifty  yards,  Ihe  British  frigate  received 
ber  with  a  broadside.  A  hundred  of  the  "  Chesapeake's  "  crew 
wen  struck  dorm  at  dikc,  Lawrence  himself  being  rnotlally 
wounded.  'A  second  broadside,  equally  wdl-»imed,  incresied 
the  conlmion,  and,  her  tiller-ropej  being  shut  away,  the  American 
fri^Ie  drifted  foul  of  the  "  Shannon."  Broke  sprang  on  hoard 
with  aoae  sixty  ol  hb  men  following  hhn.  After  ■  brief  strug^ 


IteMtMiMa.  Wlltfafi(MaiitfnM«alllHi(^aflbg 
totAot,tU"Cli«Mii««fc«"Wn>dt>CTait.>BtBwt»hLWirlt 
wHMrio«lr«iMBdsil.  Fv  kn  MrnM  k(  wu  manM  *rlU 
sl)uiiaMcy,uidMliMqdutlri>UBHliiK.CB.  Hit(i|iklt 
optinud  ihB  psUk  bBdr.  uul  kk  popular  titk  of  "  Bnv* 
Brake  "  (ivM  iha  lUadud  by  wkkh  bii  acttn  wa  Jadied. 
IttUBxi^i&cuce.lMnreva',  liadotpcr.  Bnriw'i victgcy mi 
duaBOtwaMcklocsvnfCMlofinttMncbl.  "Tko'ThiliiKi*.'" 
Hid  Adninl  Jurica  do  La  Cnmln.  "  opUmd  Ifea  '  CWi*- 
peak* 'on  the  tit  of  June  ttiy,  but  m  tha  141k  of  SqUoriwr 
i»q6,  nhen  he  look  coiaiMnd  cl  ka  tiyte,  Cytaia  Broke  kad 
biiuik  M  pnpua  tke  ^onai*  IcnaiaatioD  M  Iki*  bloody  aSaii." 
Bnke'i  wound  ioiapatiuicd  him  inHo  (unhn  Hrvka,  and  lor 
the  net  ol  ki»  Ble  cioaed  kim  Krioui  luSciinc.  Uc  died  i> 
Loadm  OD  the  isd  or  Jiiuiacy  1S41. 

IBOKXH  HOI,  a  lavcr'miiiliic  bn 
New  South  Wajia.  AiuDalii,  9>5  iB-  direcUy  W.byH.al  SydwT. 
aid  cannected  iritk  Adddda  by  iiiL  Fop,  (tooil  ai>S'^ 
One  of  the  aeigkbourinf  miaci,  Iht  Pnpdelaty,  k  the  ricbetl 
in  iha  woridi  gold  ii  anociated  witb  the  lilvei;  larie  quaatitia 
of  lead,  good  ceppet  todtt,  ijnc  ud  tin  arc  iko  found.  The 
problos  of  the  ptdCl table  Ireatment  of  the  sulphide  ore*  has  beca 
practically  solved  here.  la  additioa  firokaa  Hill  it  ihe  ccnlie 
of  ooe  of  the  largest  poAloral  district  in  Aualzalia.  Tha  town 
it  the  Kit  of  the  Romin  Catholic  biibop  of  Wilcauda, 

BBOKER  (accoidina  to  the  JfrN  £a(Jul  Ditliemary.  f™Bi  LaL 
hfoeta,  »pit,  ipike,  brtuartt  to  "  broach  " — another  Eng,  lonn 
of  the  same  word ;  hence  0.  Fr.  tcmdrt  i  trttMi,  to  ntail.  t.t. 
wine,  [nm  the  tap,  and  thus  Ihe  general  laae  of  dealing;  Me 
alao  (or  a  dlKHisiiin  of  the  ecymo^oc  aad  early  histoiy  ol  ibe 
use  of  the  word,  J.  R.  Dn  Paaios,  Laia  of  Slixkbnkai,  chap,  i., 
New  York,  i«oj).  In  the  primary  acme  of  the  word,  a  biiiket 
im  a  mercantjle  agent,  of  Ihe  clan  known  aa  gepcnl  agenia, 
whoac  office  It  to  brioH  totether  iateadii«  buyoa  and  aeUen 
Ud  make  a  contnct  between  them,  for  a  nmuuention  called 
brakeragD  01  cammistion;  e.f.  cottoa  broken,  wwd  broken 
or  produce  broken.  Origioally  the  ooly  coDtracIs  negotiated 
by  broken  were  for  the  aale  or  purchue  of  (vmmodilia;  but 
the  word  in  ill  protnt  uia  induds  other  dauei  o(  mercantile 
agents,  uicb  as  atockbroken,  insuiancc-broken,  ship-broken  or 
b^-broken.  Pawnbroken  arv  not  broken  in  any  proper  acme 
ti  Ike  word;  they  deal  ai  pTiocipali  and  do  oat  act  u  (tenls. 
In  dacDiaing  Ihe  chief  questions  of  modem  legal  inloett  In 
mnseiion  with  broken,  we  shall  deal  with  Ihcm,  Sntly,  in  the 
original  sense  of  a^ema  for  the  purdiasc  and  sale  of  goods. 

KOaUm  bttwctm  Braiti  and  Friinital.~A  bnka  bat  not, 


10  bring  into  privily  of  contract  bi>  prindpa]  and  the 

third  party.  When  the  coDHact  it  made,  ordinarily  he  dropa 
oat  altogether.  Broken  very  frequently  act  as  facton  also, 
but.  when  they  do  to,  ihetr  rf^tt  and  duties  as  faclon  must  be 
dfstinguiilwd  from  their  righu  and  duties  as  broken.  It  b  a 
bnko't  duty  to  carry  out  his  principal's  instructions  with 
diligokc^  skill  and  perfect  good  faith.  He  must  sec  that  the 
termi  of  tha  baipin  accord  wilh  hb  prfaidpal'i  orden  frDin  a 
commerdtl  polDt  ot  view,  e.(.  aito  quality,  quantity  and  price; 
he  must  ensure  that  the  contractof  sale  eficclcdby  hun  be  legally 
enforceable  by  hit  pdndpal  against  the  third  patty;  and  be 
nut  not  accept  any  cmnmiaion  fitm  the  tUrd  party,  or  put 
himsdf  in  any  poatllon  in  which  his  own  interest  may  become 
eppoied  to  hit  prindpif  1.  As  soon  at  he  has  made  the  conliact 
wtiich  be  wu  employed,  to  make,  in  most  Rapecli  his  duty  to, 

quently  the  law  of  broken  relata  prindpally  to  the  foimatiai 
of  contncti  by  them. 

The  mOGl  important  fonnality  In  En^lsh  law,  la  making 
jTmtT.iT.  loi  theiala  of  aeak,  with  which  a  broker  mutt  comply, 
in  order  to  make  Ike  contncl  legally  enforceable  by  hit  prindpa] 
against  the  third  party,  It  conliitied  in  lection  4  of  the  Sale  of 
Goods  Act  1B9],  which  (In  lubttance  re-enacting  section  1 7  of  the 
Statute  ol  Fiuidt)  provldet  at  followi.'— "  A  contnct  for  the 


BROKEN  HILL— BROKER 

nk  c(  any  1*0^  cf  the  nht  of 

not  be  enf  oiceable  by  action  nnle 
ai  th*  tDMl*  aa  I 


.    mdaonqraardB  thaU 
I  the  hnyn  shall  accept  part 


part  payment,  o^ 
■W  ricurf  *>  alt  faMy  J*  *•  <*arfsi(  «r  *it  <«nil  in  I 


the  agent  ol  both  buyct 
aellcT.  When  the  Statntc  of  Fiaudiwaa  pasted  in  tkldgn 
of  Charlai  IL,  It  became  the  pnclica  for  Ihe  broker,  acting  (oi 
both  parties,  to  inaert  in  a  formal  book,  kept  lor  the  porpoat,  a 
BKmonBdum  of  each  omtnct  (Acted  by  Um,  and  to  sign  roeb 
■oamonndnm  on  behalf  of  both  partiet,  in  order  that  Ihcia 
aught  be  a  writtm  memocandum  of  the  contract  of  aale,  signed 
bythaagEnlolthcpaitlcaaanquiredhyibetUtuU.  He  would 
then  tend  10  tbt  boyer  a  copy  of  thii  memorandum,  caUcd  the 
"  boaght  note,"  and  to  theielltt  a  "  toU  not*,"  which  wouMnm 


"  I  lave  this  day  bought  for  you  from  A  B[or_"  my  orindgtl  T 
"  I  havi  this  day  sold  for  yoa  to  A  B  [or  "  my  vindoal  *']..,,,, 


eailis-  part  of  Ihe  tgth  ceotory  coBaiderabla 
uiscussion  u  ine  courts  aa  to  whether  the  enOy  in  a  broker'a 
book,  or  tlv  bought  *nd>oldnoles(sioglyar  together),  coottituled 
the  ttalutory  memnnnrium;  and  judidal  opinion  was  not 
unanimoui  on  the  point.  But  at  the  present  day  broken  ait  no 
longer  ragulatcd  by  statatc,  other  ia  Londoa  or  elsewhere,  and 


kecpK 


lebook 


kept  by  lb*  broker  for  another  purpoae,  ev 
probably  not  be  regarded  as  a  menwranduin  signed  by  the  agait 
of  the  parties  in  that  behalf,  ihe  old  discussion  it  now  of  little 
practical  interest. 

Under  modem  omditioiu  of  huslncit  the  written  mematandum 
of  the  contract  of  tale  effected  by  the  hmka  is  usually  10  be 
found  In  a  "  contract  note  "j  but  the  question  whether,  in  Ihe 
particular  drcumslances  of  each  case,  the  contract  note  affords  a 
sufficient  memorandum  inwriting,  depends  upon  a  varielyof  con- 
siderations— bf .  whether  the  innsactioix  is  effected  tbrough  one 
or  thtough  (wo  broken;  wbelhet  the  contnct  nota  are  rtndcied 
by  one  broker  only,  or  by  bolh^  and,  If  the  taller,  whether  ei- 
j-hBTiyhfl  belweea  the  broken,  or  rendered  by  each  broker  to  bit 
own  dient^  for  under  pieseal  pnctice  any  one  of  iboe  methodi 
may  ablain,  according  to  the  itade  in  which  the  transaction  It 
effected,  and  Ihe  nature  of  the  particular  tiansiction. 

Where  one  and  the  same  broker  is  employed  by  both  seDnand 
buyer,  bought  and  sold  notes  rendered  in  the  old  forai  provide  the 
necessary  memorandum  of  the  contract.  Whoe  two  f^roken  are 
employed,  one  by  Ihe  seller  and  one  by  the  buyer,  sometimes  one 
drops  out  as  soon  at  the  terms  arc  negotit  ted,  and  Ihe  other  nukea 
out,  signs  and  tends  (0  the  parties  Ihe  bought  and  told  notes. 
The  latter  then  becoisei  the  tgent  of  bath  partia  for  Ihe  purpose 
of  signing  the  statutory  memorandum,  and  the  position  is  the 
same  as  if  one  broker  only  had  been  employed.  On  the  other 
hand.  If  one  broker  docs  not  drop  out  of  the  transaction,  each 
broker  remains  to  the  end  the  agent  of  hii  own  prindpat  only, 
and  neither  becomes  the  agent  of  the  other  party  lor  the  purpose 
of  ligning  the  memorandum.  In  tuch  a  caje  it  is  Itu  usual 
pnctice  for  the  buyn't  broker  to  tend  to  Ihe  leller'i  broker  a 
note  of  the  contract.—"  I,  sctlog  on  account  of  A.  B.  lor,  "  of 
my  principal,"!,  have  this  day  bought/™*  you,  acting  onaccount 
ol  C.  D.  lor, "  of  your  principal  "J,"— and  to  receive  a  eotropond- 
ingiBtefromthtsellet'sbroker.  Thus  each  of  the  patties  recelvei 
ttamgh  hit  own  agentamemonndum  signed  by  the  other  pariy^ 
agent.  These  CDUinct  rules  are  nioall]'  known  at.  and  serve  the 
purpose  of, "  bought  "  and  "  sold  "  notes.  In  alt  ihe  above  three 
caiea  Ihe  bniker's  duly  of  compliance  wilh  all  formalities  neces- 
sary to  make  theconliact  of  tale  legally  enfonxablels  performed, 


63  a 


BROMELIACFAE^BROMINE 


Hrtdia  (wled  i6ji);  Cmrl  Bttfa  (ultd  i«3');  Cifr  Wilt; 
The  DamMsfUe  h  Ou  Nn,  Ordmary.  Fiir  /fm  Ftayti  (i6sg) 
iDCludciJ  Tkl  EKcliik  Uoet,  or  TUi  Utct  Uarriap;  Til  Lnc- 
Suk  Cmrl,  tr  Tit  Ambilieus  Pililiiia;  Cncmt  Garden  Waded; 
Tkt  Hi-  Audtmy,  tr  Tit  Kern  Euiantt;  and  Tlit  QHetn  and 
Cmcubiiu.  7Ac^iiii>i>tfri  t3CI«Ii6j8,pr.  i&io)i  TitStaratui 
Caricm  (acted  i6js,  pr.  1640);  A  Jmhtt  Crm,  er  Ike  Ucrry 
Btu""  U'lfJ  >6*i,  pi-  '6s'.  revised  in  ijji  11  an  "open  "), 
and  ThtQactnti  Eiikaaiifjyr.  i6s7(,  were  published  fcparaldy. 
He  colEaboraled  nilh  Tboinai  Hcywood  in  Tkc  laic  Lanioiiire 
Wiliit!  (pr.  i6j4!. 
Sm  a.  W.  W»rd.  mjtory  0}  EmfM  Dmmal 


1  187J. 


WbtIii  ef  Riiittd  Bm 


BROMELIACEAS,  in  bolany,  1  lutuial  older  o(  Monocoly- 

Irdons.  tonflDrd  lo  iropkiil  and  lub-mpkal  America,  ti 
includn  ihc  pine-apple  (fig.  1)  and  the  M-callcd  Spanisb  moss 
(Ag.  I),  a  Rwilcsi  plant,  which  hangs  in  long  gny  licbeit'llke 
[eslconi  [rom  ihe  branchet  ol  Ireci,  a  native  o(  Mcilco  and  Ihc 
•out hem  United  Slates^  the  water  required  lor  [ood  a  absorbed 


»1Iy  kaht  wilb  a 
a  stem  Maring  a  rasttlt  ol  leaves  and  a  spike  or 
piDicle  of  Oowen-  Tbey  are  eminently  dry-coiinl;y  plants 
<>erophytn)i  the  natiow  leaves  are  protected  Ilom  loss  of 
mter  by  a  thick  cuticle,  and  have  a  mll-devcbped  iheath 
wbich  cmbncei  the  item  and  lorras,  with  the  iheaihs  or  the  other 
leaves  of  the  raseiie ,  a  basin  in  which  water  collecii,  witb  Irag- 
menliofnuiingleaveiand  Ihc  like.  Peculiar  hairs  an  developed 
DD  the  inner  surface  of  the  (heath  by  which  the  water  and  di>- 
solvcd  substancet  are  absorbed,  thus  helping  to  [ecd  Ibc  plant. 
The  leal-nurgini  an  olten  spiny,  and  the  leaf-spines  of  Fuja 
tiOtjtiii  an  used  by  the  natives  as  fish-hooks.  Sevenl  species 
are  grown  as  hot-houie  plants  for  the  bright  colour  of  their 
flowers  or  Bower-bracU.  t.t-  specie*  ol  TUIanisia,  BiiSbirtia, 


BROMIHB  (symbol  Br,  atcanic  weight  j^^).  ■  dc^a] 
iment  ol  tlic  bakigen  group,  wbicb  takes  iu  ume  from  ita 
ngent  unpleasant  smell  (^fiqvi,  a  iteocfa}.  It  was  fint 
ilaied  by  A.  J.  Bakrd  in  1S16  (ram  Ibe  talti  Id  the  watcn  of 
E  tlediierraDcan.  He  e*iabliibed  iis  ekmentary  chancui, 
d  bis  re*»rchH  were  aoplited  by  X.  J,  L6idg  (1803-1800} 
Dat  Bremtiniuimitkemitiitu  VtrkalUtuitUiii)).  Bromine 
a  not  occur  in  natun  in  the  uncombintd  cotiditioii,  but  is 
combinalkm  wilb  vaiious  metals  is  very  widely  but  tparingly 


le  plan 


Ls  chief 


depoiiLi  at  Stauturt  in  Fruuian  Saiony,  in  which 
nugncsium  bromide  ii  found  usocialed  with  varioui  dikitidei, 
and  the  hrinei  of  Michigan,  Ohio,  renmylvanii  and  Weat 
\'irginia,U.SA-;  small  quantities  are  obtained  from  the  mxbct 
liquon  of  Cbilc  ultpelre  and  kelp.    In  combination  with  lilver 

ifeitrfatllift. — Tlie  chief  ccDIrti  of  the  Immine   industry  ai 


the  magnet  um  bromide  c 
ornfib^hi-- - 


nsnubc- 


s, Ihe  c 


ttills.    A  regubi 
a  devendiiH  tti 

bromide  Is  uteil  ior 
pcrioflie  process  dcj 
diiAiik  (pymliAfiel. 


thaltinc  with  potaniun,  sodium  or  lernub  bromide  and  Hibafnueoi 
mliitiUalion.    Commereiat  bromine  !•  nnly  pure,  the  chief  in- 

Ktiiiea  present  in  it  being  ehloriiie,  h^-drobromic  acid,  and  brafno> 
ni(M.Hcmiano,^*iufiii.I8u.aj.p.iii).  E. Ccssncr (SfrirtK. 
1B76, 9,  p.  IJi>7)  Rmovei  ehlomie  by  repeated  shaking  with  waltr, 
fallowed  by  dutiHation  ove(  sulphuric  acid  1  hydrobiomie  acid  is 
removed  by  djuillaiion  with  pure  manganese  dioxide,  or  mcmirle 
oxide,  and  the  pradvci  dried  over  sutphurlc  add.  J.  S.  Siai.  in  bis 
itoiehiumelric  reMaiches.  prepored  chcmica" 


inAslilled. 

CkantUri. — n  rami 
of  fine  red  eolUii.  >h 
boiliBiu'C.    Accor 

ahon  .t&J  lUA-  .mM 


ly  pore  beoaninc 
w  bromate  whic 


l^uriescid.  The dbiiOaiensfunhn purified 
,  hJIIc  of  lime,  pneipitaiiad  viih  water,  and  fonhcT 
ildum  beomide  tad  barium  oxide,  and  was  finally 


>bile  liquic 


ipprars  almoit  black  in  (hick  layers-     I 

acid,  Mil  at  yiby  cl.  and  when  drinj 
■.  ball  at  SB'Bj^  C  (<indet  ■  prewire  of 
7u-fl  Bim-j.  lonnini  a  oecp  red  vapour,  which  ei,etts  an  irriiatinB 
aoddinctly  poiionousactiononthercspiraiOTy  onAns-  It  lolidiAct 
at  -91*  C.  (Qiiinckc)  loa  dark  brown  lolid.  lis  •prcitc  invliy  is 
j-iBSjS  fD.lotcm  beat  of  fusion  i6.|tls  c.loricm.  tileni  hni  oi 
vanortEstion  45-6  caloties.  ipedlic  heal  0-1071.  The  specific  hell 
of  bromine  vapour,  at  cnoflam  nreiaure,  iio-ojvu  and  at  coiuinl 
volume  li  e-a4isi  (K.  Sireckcrr  Bnmine  Is  soluble  in  water,  to 
the  eiicnt  o(  J'Sift  gianmcs  of  bromine  per  100  na  mines  of  nliMioil 
at  Ij*  C..  the  solubility  being  ilighlly  incicased  by  Ihe  ORScnce  ol 
potawum  bromide.  The  salaiioii  It  of  an  orange-red  cofour.  ami  is 
quite  permanent  in  the  dark,  but  00  eipOKire  to  NBhi.  gnduallr 
becomes coknn-len. owing lodnompoiiliwi  into  hydrubrumie  acid 

■  nd  oxygen-  By  cooling  the  aqueous  solution.  hyBcinlb-red  orra- 
hednolaciyitallinehydraif  of  eomposiiian  Dt-4HtO  or  BirSHjO 
are  obtained  IBakhdi  Rooteboom.  Znii.  fukyi-  Ckrm.,  i«8g.  i. 
p-  449)-    Bromioe  li  readily  hIuUc  in  chloroform,  alcohol  and  eih«- 

llidKniical  piwicnics  an  in  general  intcrmcdialE  bnweeaihoH 
of  chkirineand  iadinr:  Ibus  it  requim  Ibe  presence  of  a  catalytic 

■  gem.  or  a  lairly  high  lempefarure.  to  brinu  about  its  union  wiih 
hydrogen.  It  does  nol  coml^ne  directly  with  oxygen,  nitrogen  dc 
carbon.  \Mth  Ibe  other  etenwoti  it  unites  to  form  bromides,  often 
with  vxploiive  violence;  phoHihonn  detonates  in  liquid  bromina 
and  InDamei  in  the  vapour;  iron  is  ocntionany  used  to  abwirb 

10  be  healed  to  no*  C.    The  chicl  ine  of  brDmine  in  nnalytieal 


BROMLEY,  SIR 

Tki  Be  a<  bnaiK  li  t  be  •HnOiDii  oC  loU  (t# J  n*  HpoMd  br 
R.  WeiiKr  (Dwffar'i  /nnwl.  lit,  p.  Hj)  >M  MbcnL  but  UI  eon 
bu  iMUkHJ  'at  jenenl  tpiHlalbiL    Braaiiie  b  ued  uteiiidvcly 

Xde  ti«»n»py  ■>  ■  iiAititnbic  and  oddlilii  agent  ud  iln 
pnoandM  ol  idditiBii  coapDudi.  BikHmu  i*  wUch  ft 
liquid  lonii,  in  nwir,  in  mlHIIaa,  aad  i«  tb*  ocma 
led  "  bromin  omBs,''  lun  been  UudiBd.    Sunli(hl 


by  tbttiS^' 


iTtAE^DC  DT  feceriBani 

DdiKU  en  dilhiaii  fj-  Scknuia.  JtiiiiintiJhJtF 
1.  loi).    So«  nclibn,  which  en  only  mwiibk 

— ■  * = —  -—  cnmod  out  bjr  minf  poipt^ ' 


;  end  bmnuu.  wllh  the  nnnHint  of  ulphuric  edd 
caknUlRl  acRinliiK  U  the  niiatlnl  INnBr+NnBrO,-f-6H;SO. - 
BNeHSO.+SlW'^r.    (GermenPMeni.iMu.)    TVdilinitila 


ler,  cbbrwrn,  ec 


hydrochloric  acid,  orban  hieulpbide  uid  nur,  end.  lew  commaDlr, 
ekohol,  potowuin  bromide  end  hydrDbnnnic  erid;  Ehe  ewB  of 
btwnine  beinf  nrnand  by  hnlinf.by  •"Iphu'wu  ecid  or  by  ibekiaC 
wilh  neicuiy.  Tilt  choica  li  mlveDI  l>  linpaiui>>  l~  •!-  —i—^ni 
al  llw  Reclioa  end  liie  oetiiie  o(  tbe  pnduct  m 
to  the  eolveet  need,  thui  A.  Beeyerend  ."  ■"' 
bromlnatlRE  orthoacetaraido-mcetophenone 

eceiic  edd,  the  bromine  piee  iua  the  bei , 

cUonfonD  or  nulphBilc  edd  ec  by  ue  ef  bianiiie  ¥uoi9r  It  feae 
into  the  lide  chein  M  well.  The  utioa  e(  bnmiM  le  eeiBn&we 
■ccelentcd  by  the  nie  of  canpeDcide  whicb  heheve  catalytieilly, 
the  more  importnnl  of  tbeie  eufaetencee  bdnf  iodinei  ln».  feme 
chloride,  twmc  bnmide,  e)ainl|ilun  bronkieeBd  phoeptBniai  For 
oiidiiie^  purpoece  bnunliB  it  fenerelly  employed  la  equeotte  ead  In 
allieUBe  bJuumi.  oae  of  ill  ouet  bapofUBt  applicatfeii  heiof  by 
Emu  Fiidiei  (BericUe,  1B89.  ai.  p.  361]  in  hit  loeaicbet  sb  the 
BUfere.  Tbeatomic  wei£}.I&r  bromine  has  Ixen  determined  by  J' S. 
Sim  aod  C  htarienac  from  the  inaMt  of  potaaeiiuB  bmnlde.  end 
ridiwtaeaide.  C  P. Bextet  l&A. oHn.  Cton.  igoC, 50, p. 389) 
deienaiaed  the  catioe  Ao:  AoBr.  aad  AcCi:  Af  Br. 

HjifAnmic  AodL-^Ua  acU,  HBr,  the  ody  eanpooDd  o( 
hydroren  aod  linnDipei  b  Id  meny  leepecte  unilar  to  hydrochkiric 
add.  Eat  la  nther  ieaa  euble.  It  Mey  be  ptepeied  by  puebif 
bydioacii  pe  aad  ImmLia  vapour  tbnufh  a  tulie  coMeinias  ■ 
heated  pietiBiia  ndiaL  Itaanot  bapiepand  witfaany  degnaof 
parity  by  the  actxnt  of  conccntntcd  i^ilphuric  add  on  tfnxnidee, 
eince  fccondery  nactioni  take  placo,  Icadirw  to  llw  liben^n  of 
fiee  bronlfle  and  ionnatlOB  of  tnlphur  dioddfc  Tbe  aniel  metliod 
CBpleyed  for  tha  Hepantio*  at  the  aaa  eooiate  ta  diOMiai  braarioa 
on  to  a  mixtm  of  aoMephoue  pboepheeaa  and  wntcr,  when  n  violent 
(eiOiM  taice  place  and  tbe  gaB  ^  lasidly  Ubantcd.  tt  od  ba 
obtarDed  aliOi  aStliDii|h  la  a  aomewhat  impura  condltton.  by  tba 

aeratta-mit.wUleaaaqtiMnleidutioBaaybtebainadbyaeartaa 
tidphtaeiud  hydiwea  lW«h  bnmiic  «•«.  Alenadir  SooU 
(/ennof  ff  aim.  Sat-  190D,  n.  9,  &4>)  piepeiea  pun  hydrobromie 
Kid  by  csverinf  bronnne,  wiiieb  a  oaaaiMd  in  a  lerte  Baeli.  with  a 
layer  of  water,  and  Miloi  ealphnr  iCoxide  tato  the  water  above 
•be  •ntbce  of  tbe  bnnin*,  until  the  vhele  ia  of  a  (Bte  ydlowcDlgn'j 
'  '  \z  tolution  ii  then  diititled  in  a  dow  csenac  of  air  and 
'  ^>v  dietiUation  over  liaiiDm  broodda.  At  onUnery 
* ■  |ae  wMct  tume. 


ptiriiod  f 


d  to  a  liquid,  wbidi  beUa  at -C4>9t:.  (under  a  peeeen*  of 
B.).  and.  by  el9l  luflher  cooQbe.  ^vee  soloarieee  crywab 
lit  at  -ity  C.  Il  ii  readily  eoTnlilc  in  water,  tonniiw  the 
add.  vhkli  when  latBrated  at  o*  C  haaa  ipecnc  fnviCy  of 
nien  boiled,  the  Mwoui  add  loiea  dtber  add  or  wMtr  udUI 
■  itf  sootnot  baSnc  piAt  k  obcalBed,  tonabdM  4t  %  of 
andboiUnf  at  la6*C.nadcfatHie|ibciiepn«n;  iboiikl 
BR.  Iwtief,  van.  the  etnocth  of  tbe  ealntion  boihns  ef  a 
tenpemtuie  vanee  a]a&  HydrobnMnic  add  ie  one  of  the 
-  "^e,  bdat  tmtied  ta  a  very  latie  gmnt  — -  '-  ™-- 

bt'only  a  ennll  nnouat  aver  a  iMe  ranee  of  Uniloa. 
flnauto.-Hydnbn»>c   add —• ■    — ' 


aea  be  obtdned  alio  bv  tbe  direct  uidon  • 
I  a  ciaie,  tbe  mmallle  bnHnldee  an  aottdi 


I  am  aottde  at  ORfinaiy  t 


which  luee  mdi^  and  voktiUae  ea  htatlBs.    The  m^ority  an 
loluble  [b  water,  the  diief  eseptiona  beint  lUvee  bnnlde,  Bemnnt 
hnwiU*  nallufiniubTDmide  and  lead  brdiBlde;  the  bet  b.  bowvrcr, 
T.    They  are  deeompoecd  by  ehkiiiBe,  with 

n  vid  fonaatieB  ti  aetalie  ehlorldea:  eao- 

■ed  Hlphiiiic  acid  ■!•>  Jwowjeeaetheai.  with  tbnaadoB  of  a 

JBc  bromiJte  an  neally  Egoidib  whicB  an  readily 

, S  by  the  ndS^aefcSdoTta*  wetv  ta  their  aqneeui 

egtaUnH,  when  bmninB  la  Kbented;  ar  by  wenmni  with  e«a- 
centiued  aiuphurie  add  and  ■wiy"—  dindde,  the  mme  result 
bda(  obtained.  Silver  nitiate  in  UK  pmence  of  nitric  edd  livo 
with  bremldee  a  pale  vHlow  pndpilatv  of  (ilver  bnniifc,  AcBr, 
_..  .  . ._.,y  ^^^,  f^  nauDoaie.    For  tMr  qunntitativo 


T.— BROMLEY 

tiioa  they  acB  ndritand  In 
Bitnco,  and  tbe  dver  bna 


of  lavn 
weiEhed. 

tfa  odde*  of  bmninclilVeBi  yet  been  belated,  but  three  DTv.acidi 
■rekaawn,  namely  hypobn]aodiadd.HB(0.bR>mii>ii  acid,  HBrfk 
•adbramicedd.HBrOh  HypdnoaoaKidlaatiuiKdbyriialiint 
tcfetliei  brnmine  watir  and  pfKipitaled  mercuric  Slide,  lonowed  1m 
diflinatuu  of  Ihe  dilute  lolutioa  n  Kflie  at  luw  tempemtuie  (about 
40*C.|.  ttiiaveiy  uBHahlecompound,  bnakiiwup.anheatini.lDIa 
Mmioeaad  oayiea.    The  aqucois  adutkn  it  1q;ht  yellow  inoolonr, 

aad  puMijiie  Rnmi  bifochim  piDpcnica.    Braam  udd  -  ' ' 

by  adding  bffwniiie  to  a  mtuntcd  loliition  of  ailw  nitre 
RjchanIi,/.5K.aiin./>^,i9a«,i},p.4).    Bronie ac:id ii 

bytheadditiunofthealcideledamovntofnli 

drliiied  wilh  «aur)  to  the  barium  eelli  bytb „„.,_„ 

the  diver  alt,  In  the  pnrencn  of  water,  M^fOi+3fir,+)HiO- 
5A(Bi -l-eH  BrOh  or  by paaaini  chlorine  thiw«h  a  ioluticm  1^  bnmina 
in  water.  The  add  iaonly  known  in  the  form  of  iteaqueoui  nlution; 
thii  a,  however,  very  unstable.  deODnpoeinf  OB  bdag  bented  (a 
loo'  C  lau  Wats,  oayieu  nrKl  bronine.  By  Rdndnf  a|enta  inch, 
lot  rumple,  ai  lolpliumtad  bj  Jiuieu  and  Balpbucifiuide,  It  it 
ranidly  oHvencd  infa  hydinlmaiic  adiL  HydrDtaeoijc  aod  d^ 
enmpuaa  it  accardini  to  llieeqiiilioD  HBiOi-fUtBr-SlW+SBr. 
Ill  Mlit  aie  knowB  ai  bcematet,  and  an  aa  a  ■eDBal  rate  diBeuh^ 
eeluMe  in  water,  ami  dcesmpoHd  by  beat,  wlui  evahitian  of  oviCB. 

XMUrWinu.— The  atlw  of  bcooiae  an  iriddy  iwd  In  pboto- 
m^.  eepedtlly  broodde  of  diver.  For  aatieepfie  nupD*>  it  ha* 
been  pnpared  aa  "  bronurai  loIidiSalDm,"  which  eoadtlt  of 
ktteilpihr  or  alnilbr  enheUBce  Impntnated  with  about  75%  ef  ita 
nifhlofbn^ne.  IaBediclaeltIila(|dy*nployedlntheforaief 
bramklat  ef  potaatium,  •odium  aod  nauHBinin,  aa  wcO  at  in  com, 
bioalkw  with  alkaleidi  and  ether  eiibiUacee. 


™iS7^ 


cMuSe  (CDmnmi  •tlt)'iB 

bnenlde  cd  poliudiin — or 

ti  paadMy  asnewhat  eeCer  itil  thoivh 
action-^  need  na  a  byuiatib  aa  the 


any  b*  enadnued  vriibont  ill  diect  for  looi  perioda  la  fraie  caica 
cf  epflepq- (rnn' ■wO-  Of  tlH  ihna  bniddia  ia  cDDmDB  Hie  the 
pBtaidum  Hit  i>  the  ukM  rapid  aad  canaia  In  ba  aetien,  bat  may 


m  nil— of  which  the 


wbich  the  ben  b  Inert— nay  be  eniplayed.    la 
when  a  eadetiveb  nqdnd  beta  niBinlaBi  ieabo 


itryciuune  pdeoninc^  nymphoaania  and  epennalnnfaeai.  Hy^io- 
bromicacld  la  often  ised  to  idien  or  preveal  Ihe  headnrhi  and 
diifirw  in  the  ean  ^t  may  follow  the  edmldlatralioa  of  qainina 
andaTialicylic  add  ee  Blicybtee. 

IKOMUT.  aiH  TBOIUI  (iS3o-i5«7),  En^iih  lord  diaa- 
edkir,  wat  bom  tu  StaSonbhin  In  isjo^  He  was  educated  at 
Oxford  UniVBidty  aod  faBcd  to  the  W  at  ihe  Middle  Temple. 
Tlmn^  family  ™*— "^  aa  vdl  as  the  paboriaffe  of  Sir  Nicbolaa 
Baam,  the  lord  keeper,  he  quidJy  made  progma  in  his  profession. 
Ib  1566  he  waa  appointed  lecmder  of  London,  and  in  r56g  be 
became  aolidtoT-gBiexaL  He  aat  in  partlaiDenE  eucceaalvely  for 
Biidpuith,  WitanaadGuildfoid.  On  the  death  ol  SirNicbola* 
Bacon  in  1579  be  was  appoiitted  lord  chancellor.  As  an  equity 
Jodfe  be  ihowed  great  and  profound  knowledge,  and  his  Judg- 
ment in  Sfadky'a  case  (f  .e.)  is  al&ndmiTk  in  the  hiitory  of  English 
rol  pzDpoty  law.  He  piesded  over  the  commission  which  tiled 
Haiy,  queen  of  Scots,  In  i  jSt,  but  (he  itnin  of  the  trial,  coupled 
iridi  the  laq^Dmibllity  which  her  execution  involved  vipoa  bin, 
proved  IBS  much  (or  hb  ttiBiglh,  and  he  died  on  tbe  irib  ot 
ibnti  isRt.  Be  was  buried  in  Westminster  Abbn. 
^ce  Foea,  Iribu  ^  lU  jHlga;    Campbell.  Lim  if  On  Ur* 


BRfHOiBr.  a  ■nnldpal  borough  In  tbe  Sevenoaki  parlia- 
DMBtaiydivbtaaalXeniiEBtfaad,  is}  m.  S.E.  by  S.of  London 
by  tbe  Sontb  SaMam  ft  ChaAam  nllway.  Pop.  ()<>oi)  17,354. 
It  Hb  OB  blgk  poniid  north  of  tbe  email  tiver  Rivoubaunw, 


63* 


BROMLITE— BRONCHITIS 


el  u  cUb  ilnictim.  Tin  muwr  bdanicd 
uttw  [Qgnof  Ethelbcit,  In  llie  gardcrB  i>  i  dulybat 
known  «3  St  Blaizi'i  Well,  ubich  <ku  ia  high  npute  before  ihe 
REfamiliaa.  The  chunk  of  St  Fflti  uid  St  Fiul,  Bainly 
Perpendiculir,  retuni  n  Ntuinvi  font  and  other  nnuim  of  ui 
ocJicr  building.  Hen  ll  the  gnvatone  of  the  nife  of  Dr 
johnsgn.  Bromley  College,  founded  by  Bishop  Wancr  in  it66 
ttn  '*  twenty  poor  widows  of  Loyal  and  orthodox  clergymen," 
fau  been  much  enlarged,  and  forty  widows  are  in  receipt  U 
MppoTt.  Sbeppard  College  (1(40)  'a  an  affiliated  (oundation 
lor  unmarried  daughters  of  these  widows.  In  the  vicinity  ol 
Bromley,  Bickley  is  a  similar  residential  township,  Hayes 
Common  b  a  lavontite  place  of  eicuision,  lod  it  Holwood  Hill 
Dear  KestonarenmiinsofalsigeencatnpmenilmowOKjCsraar's 
Camp'  Bromley  wu  incorpoiated  in  1^3,  and  U  governed 
by  n  mayor,  &  aldermen  and  jH  councQIoit.     Arts,  4703  acres. 


L  crystallizes 


It  conjitts  of  an  isomorpbous  rniMun;  ol  calcium  and  barium 
caibaDatM  in  various  pniponioni.  [Ca,  Ba)  COi,.an(I  thus 
diffeis  chemically  from  barylocalcite  {f.f.} 
wliitJi  is  a  double  salt  of  these  carbonates 
in  equal  molecular  proportions.  Beinn 
tsomorphous  with  aragonili 
in  Ihe  orthorhombii;  sysli 
crystals  are  not  known.    The  cryatals 


lom 


riably  0     . 
of  doubly  lei 


ed  paeudo-bejugonal 
loiBODUSlr  nriated 


rehy.1 

But  uic,  as  rcproentcd  in  Ihe  idiolniog  figure. 

The  eiaminalioD  in  polariied  light  of  ■ 

tianivene  teclion  shows  Ihal  eaiJi  compound 

T  ciyilal  ii  built  up  of  tii  diSeienlly  orientated 

individuals  arranged  in  twelve   segments. 

The  ciysUli  are  tratulucent  and  white,  sometimes  with  a  ihade 

ol  pink.    £p,  gr.  yjo6\  hardness  4-4I-    Tlie  mineral  haa  been 

-0  localities,  both  o(  whfch  are  in  the  north  o( 


NorthuD 


t   Ihe   Fall 


r  Heil 


letland.  il  is  associated  with 
tr  Atolon  in  Cumberiand,  ic  occurs  in  veins  with  ;■*"*■ 
The  apcdes  wu  named  bromlile  by  T.  Thomson  In  1837,  and 
abtODite  by  A.  Breithiuptin  iS4i.bothof  which  names,  derived 
ti«n  Ihe  kcaLily,  have  been  in  common  use.  (L.  J.  S.) 

BEOMPTOH,  a  western  district  of  London;  England,  in  the 
(ouih-eul  of  the  melropoliian  borough  ol  Kensington.  Bromp- 
ton  Road,  leading  seu<h-we>t  from  Knightsbridge.  is  ceminued 
as  Old  Bromplon  Road  and  liichinond  Road,  to  join  Lillic  Road, 
■t  which  point  are  Ihe  District  and  West  London  railway  slatiooa 
of  West  BromplOD.  The  Oratory  of  St  Philip  Keri,  commonly 
called  Bivmplon  Oratory,  close  by  the  Victoria  and  Albert 
Museum.  Ihe  Bromptoo  consumption  hospital  and  the  West 
London  01  Brompton  cemetery  ore  included  in  this  district, 
which  b  mainly  occupied  by  rcsdcnccs  ol  the  belter  class. 
(Set  KlKSINCiaN.] 

BROMSOBOVB,  a  mariicl  town  in  the  Eastern  pailiamenlary 
division  of  Worcetlenhire,  England,  i>  m.  N.N.E,  of  WonMier, 
with  a  station  t  m.  from  the  town  on  the  Brislol-Binnlnghara 
line  ol  the  Midland  railway.  Pop,  of  urban  district  (1901) 
8418.  It  lies  In  a  pleasant  nudnlning  diatiict  near  the  foot  of 
the  Lickey  Hills,  to  aunnount  which  the  railway  towards 
Birmingham  here  ascends  lor  3  m.  one  of  the  steepest  gradients 
in  EngUnd  over  such  a  dislance.  There  lemain  several  pictur- 
nqne  half-timbered  hoiues.  dating  Jrom  1571  and  later.  The 
church  ol  St  John  is  a  £ae  building.  PerpendtcuUr  and  earUer 
in  dale,  pktunaqndy  placed  on  an  devation  above  the  tDWD, 
with  a  kifty  towci  and  spite.  Then  arc  a  well-koown  giammar- 
*d»ol.  loundcd  by  Edward  VI.,  with  imlvei^iy  acb^nhipa; 
a  coUete  sdMol,  a  liunry  institute,  and  a  school  ol  ait.  Birmiog- 
-    ■    '     ''le  parish.    Cloth 


I  Ihe  neighbourlHud.  and  near  the  town  ate  carriage  wofka 
elonging  10  the  Midland  railway. 
BBOHCHIECTASIS     tGr.    PtArxia,    bronchial    tubes,    and 
urasii.  aiension},   dilatation   ol    Ihe   bronchi,  a  conditioB 


leave  alter  tbcm 
by  Ihe  primary  I 
tncheil  and  I 


le  pressure  ol 


ieally.are 


growth.  &c.  It  used  to  be  considered  a  disease 
of  middle  age,  bul  of  lale  yean  Dr  Wallet  Can  has  shewn  that 
the  condillon  ii  a  laiily  common  one  among  debthtaied  chndreD 
afier  measles,  whooping  cough.  &c.  The  dilatation  is  commonly 
cylindrical,  mote  rarely  saccular,  and  il  is  the  medium  and 
smaller  sited  lubet  that  are  generally  affected,  cicept  where  the 
cause  ia  mechanial.  The  affection  is  usually  of  one  lung  only. 
Emphysema  is  a  very  common  accompiniraeol.  Thou^  al 
first  liie  symptoms  somewhat  resemble  those  ol  bionchiLis. 
later  they  are  quite  distinctive.  Cough  is  very  markedly  par- 
oiysmal  in  character,  and  though  severe  Is  intennitlent,  the 
patient  being  entirely  free  lor  many  hours  al  Ihe  lime.  The 
effect  ol  posture  is  very  marked.  II  the  patient  lie  on  the 
affected  aide,  he  may  be  free  Iroof  cough  the  whole  alght,  bul 
if  he  turn  to  the  sound  side,  or  if  be  rises  and  bends  focwan^ 
he  brings  up  large  quantities  ol  bmnchlal  secretion.  The 
expectoration  is  characterized  by  its  abundaiKe  and  munei 
of  expulsion.  Where  Ihe  dOaUlion  ii  of  Ihe  aacculai  variety, 
it  may  come  up  in  iucb  quantities  and  with  ao  much  Boddennew 
as  tn  gush  Irom  the  mouih,  Il  i>  very  commonly  foetid,  as  It  is 
retained  and  decomposed  in  liln.  Dyspnoea  and  haemopiyiii 
occasionally  occur,  but  are  by  no  means  the  rule.  U  pyrexia 
is  present,  it  is  a  serious  symptom,  as  it  is  a  sign  of  septic  absorp- 
tion In  the  bronchi,  aodmay  be  the  lorerunnei  o!  gangrene. 
If  gangrene  docs  set  in.  it  will  be  accompanied  by  severe  allacki 
of  shivering  and  iweaiing.  Wliere  the  disease  has  lasted  kmg, 
clubbing  ol  fingers  and  («e*  It  very  common.  The  diagnosis 
illy  fairly  easily  niade, 


bet  we 


ly  be  a  matter  of  extreme  di&culiy  to  distinguish 
is  condition  and  a  lubkrculous  cavity  in  Ihe  hug 
1  be  done  directly  to  cure  t  hit  diieate,  but  the  patient's 
an  be  gieaily  alleviated.  Crcotole  vapour  baths 
itly  latisfactory.  A  mechanica)  trealncDI  much 
1  of  the  Oennan  idiytJdaDa  it  ibat  oi 


BBOHCHmS,  the  name  ^ven  to  Inflammaiion  of  Ihe  mucous 
membrane  ol  Ihe  btonchial  tubes  (tee  RxanaAToav  Sysma: 
Palkelafy).  Two  main  varieija  art  described,  specific  and  iwn- 
ipedfic  broBchltit.  The  bronchiiis  wfilch  occurs  in  infectloot  01 
specific  disarden,  ts  diphtheria,  Influenza,  measles,  pneumonia, 
&c.,  due  to  the  microorganisms  observed  In  these  diseases,  is 
known  as  specific;  whercu  that  which  retulit  from  eiteniioB 
Irum  above,  or  Irom  chemical  or  mechanical  irritation,  it  known 

the  chemical  divisions  of  oiuit  and  diromc  bronchitis. 

Acttti  bromJiUij,  like  other  inflammatory  affections  of  the 
chest,  generally  arises  as  the  result  of  exposure  to  cold,  particularty 
if  accompanied  with  damp,  or  of  sudden  change  fmm  a  heated  to 
a  cool  atmosphere.  The  sympiomsvaiyaccscding  to  the  severity 
of  the  attack,  and  more  etpedally  according  to  the  eitoit  to  whii^ 
Ihe  Infiammatory  action  spreads  in  the  bronchial  tubes>  Tht 
disease  usually  manifests  itself  at  first  in  the  form  of  a  catarrh, 
or  common  cold;  but  the  accompanying  feverithnest  and  general 
constitutional  disliubance  prodaira  the  attack  lo  be  someihinj 
more  severe,  and  lymptont  donting  the  onan  ol  bronchhii  toon 
present  themselves.  A  ihon,  painlul,  dry  cou^.  accompanied 
with  rapid  and  wheezing  tespiiBtian,  a  feeling  ol  rawnest  and  pain 
in  the  throat  and  bebind  the  breast  boae,  and  ol  nipHtaan  or 
ti^tneis  throughout  Ihe  cbeM,  mark  the  early  tlages  al  the 
disease.  In  some  cases,  from  the  first,  lymptoms  ol  Ibe  lom 
of  asthma  (g.s.)  known  at  llie  hnmciUic  are  superadded,  ss4 
greaOyag  -     .     -  -     -.       -    -  - 


BRONCHITIS 


Hs 


Af tti  a  leiribTi  eipcctaattoa  bctfntto  < 
M  fint  Kanty  aad  ftidd  a  froclq',  tat  mchi  bwoaJni  tDftioDi 
aad  of  ponknt  cbmctcr.  Id  itMn],  4f ur  (k*  cqtccWntioB 
hu  ban  tmbltolwd  tbc  nunc  ucfoil  and  ptdnfol  fyinptDiu 
abate;  and  whtia  the  esuglt  may  penist  lor  ■  knlUi  of  tine, 
oftan  sztcodini  u  ttaiccM  tourinek*,  ia  the  mijgtity  of  iuuncc* 
amvalacaia  adnBCts,  and  tbe  paticat  1*  altimiuly  MtowJ 
to  health,  altbangb  there  ii  not  uafiequencly  left  a  tendency 

n  the  itechoKope  it  aj^itd  to  l)i«  cbctl  of  a 
peTHon  BuocnDi  Inta  luch  an  attack  as  that  now  described, 
then  an  heard  in  the  ouikr  itagEi  loonDg  oi  tomtit  aoooda, 
mizeil  up  with  othcia  el  wheenng  oc  fine  ohiitliiig  quality, 

and  th^  are  ocaiiiMiaUjr  lo  abundaBt  and  diMioct,  aa  to  (onviy 
tbeir  vibntiima  to  the  haod  q>plied  to  tbc  cheat,  aa  mS : 
MdibletoabyHaBdBatr        "  "  "     '     " 

these  Bounda  batoma  to  _  .  . 

or  itka.  Bod  theM  Umk  4rf  at 
1^^^^l^^^~'  by  a  rttannca  to  the  pi 
pacta.  OBaaftheSntdactaafiallaiimiBtknupooth 


accmnidatea  la  the  tubca  tiU  fHfflMgrd  by  coo^lnf.  Tte  i^ 
iIHnd  air,  aa  it  pans  tbougb  tUi  fiidd,  caiHta  the  nwlit  riba 
aboTB  ditribed.  In  aioat  *""■■"*  botb  molM  aad  diy  KiaBdi 
are  beaid  abnadantiy  in  the  lame  caK,  linoe  dUIerent  poitiaiii 
of  the  bronchial  tabcaanaSacttdUdifletanttlmaistbecasne 
of  tbe  diaeaae. 

Sudi  ate  briefly  the  main  diaiacterittia  presented  by  an 
ordlnaiy  attack  of  acote  brondntii  nmnin^  a  favonratJe  coarae. 
Tbe  case  ii,  however,  very  different  when  the  inflannutioD 
aprcada  into,  or  when  it  primaiily  afiects,  the  minute  nLmlfica- 


to  the  air-celli  ol  Ibe  ]nagt,  givinK  tiie  to  that  foim  of  the 
diaeata  known  as  cafiUary  b-mtiiii  or  brauia-ftituiMiima  (lee 
HzsnaATDRf  Svsiui:  Falielacj;  and  PKiinfoiiu).  When 
.  tUa  lakei  place  all  the  lymptoms  ilitady  detailed  bronu 
greatly  lateBsfied,  and  the  patient't  life  ii  i^sced  Id  ' 

in  ol  the  blood.  The 
B  cough  become*  in< 
ii,tbereapiiatianeitiemelyiapidandiabatBvl,tbeDOMtiIi 
dOatiag  with  each  effort,  and  evidcBoe  of  iiiqiaidin(  satocatiaa 
appeal*.  The  auiiace  ol  the  body  is  pale  or  doi^,  the  Bp*  an 
Uvid,  whBe  breathini  become*  iaaeaBn^y  difficult,  and  la 

poitureiiDpcadbk.  Unhsaipecctyi^efiiebUincdbyiMangful 
effort*  to  deal  the  dust  by  aMt^dng  and  tqwctontiani  tbe 
patient's  atitngth  tfva  way,  lonaieleBce  and  deUrtnra  *et  In 
and  death  enauea.  AH  this  may  be  hiou^  aboot  in  (be 
of  a  (cw  days,  and  inch  catea.  paiticnlaily . 


of  tbe dtaeaaesoltkaaa period*.    Thisi 

by  tbe  wen-RCoeaiied  tact  that  all  acuu  nBeaaea  leu  wiu  greai 
■cvcrity  OQ  the  leeUe  bames  afike  of  iniants  and  ayed  pei^le^  but 
■WR  particularly  by  the  tendency  which  broochiii*  undoiditBdly 


of  eatly  attmtion  to  the  lUlhtcn  evMence  ot  bnmddtia  aiMng 
the  very  yomif  or  the  ac*d  can  scarcely  be  ovenated. 

BtmiUdB  is  alas  apt  to  be  very  levert  «4ien  It  occurs  ki 
penons  who  are  addicted  to  ialenpcnace.  Again,  in  thoea  who 
inffer  from  any  disease  aStctioi  dbectly  or  iodinctly  tha  re- 
•pbatory  Innctioos,  luch  a*  aniaaiiption  or  heart  disease,  the 
lupeevoitlon  of  aa'  aitadc  of  ante  branditls  is  an  alanalag 
corapUcaliea,  tncnaslng,  a*  it  Deces*aiity  does,  tbe  embaiaai- 
ment  «t'  bnatbiDi^  TIk  saate  teantfc  is  appUcabI*  to  tboaa 
Buaetone  instance*  of  it*  occurreacc  in  children  *ha  are  or  bat* 
been  suffering  from  such  dlsea*a  a*  have  alwaya  aBoiiated 
with  them  aeertaia  degree  of  tuoachlal  irntatiao,  such  as  meialaa 
aad  wbO(^n|r«Higb. 

One  other  lOarce  of  danger  of  a  special  character  lo  bionchitis 
remains  to  be  mestioDed,  via.  coUapaeof  the  hing.  OecasioBally 
a  blanch  of  a  broochial  lube  beoomea  plugged  up  with  sevetioo, 
so  that  tbe  srea  of  ihe  lung  to  wliich  this  branch  coDdocts  cessei 
to  be  Inflated  on  inspinlion.  The  small  <)oantity  of  air  imprisoned 
In  Bh  portioD  of  hmg  gimdually  escapes,  but  bo  fresh  air  entei*. 

snilclaijisil  iiillsiieraaiiiHimiiiii  iddiillil siil Increased 

diScul^  <rf  bieathing  k  ths  result,  aad  where  a  large  portiati  of 
laqg  ■  affected  by  Aa  pluggbg  up  of  a  large  bronchus,  a  fatsl 
rault  may  rapidly  (oUow,  the  danftr  bdng  spedally  great  la 
th*  laae  il  children.  Fortunately,  tbe  ^slructiia  may  *a«e- 
times  be  nmo*ed  by  vigorons  coughing,  and  relief  la  then 


or  in  bed,  toe  a  ft*  days,  sad  Ibe  ns 
waim  dfluent  drlakL    Ad  "  ' 

to  allay  lever  end  pnaote  petspliatian  are  highly  x    __ 

in  tbe  earlhr  stags.  Later,  wllb  Ihe  view  of  aoodiingUiepBliiol 
Ihe  ooogh,  and  favotaing  espeelontian,  ndxture*  ol  tola,  vlUi 
the  edditioB  of  some  ofiate.  «iKh  as  the  ordinary  paregoric*, 
may  be  advanlageomly  eapliqwL  Hk  we  ol  ophun,  bowevtr, 
la  any  bum  ihonld  not  be  rcaorled  to  io  the  car*  of  yoaug 
children  without  medical  advice,  dace  ill  octioB  on  them  i>  mudi 
mora  potent  and  ko  under  coUfol  tfaan  it  i*  in  adril*.    Not  a 


From  the  oatset  of  the  attack  Ihe  empkiyinenlof  fomentation*, 
oe  espeoally  a  tuipeBtiDe  stDpe,  gives  great  rcUd,  aad  occasico- 
ally  in  the  non.^iecific  form  this  treatment.  "fmHrH  wilb  a 
good  dose  of  calomel  and  aalta,  may  render  tbe  aitadi  abortlae^ 
Some  rehel  is  ilwars  obtained  by  '"»■■'■ 'i"^,  and  theoretically, 
an  acute  specific  bronchitis  should  be  luccenfoUy  mated  by 
Inhalation  of  antiseptic  and  soolhing  remedia.  In  practice, 
however,  it  Is  found  that  the  itrength  canaot  be  safficieully 
■trong  lo  destroy  the  bacuriaiDChebTORChialtilbe*.  However, 
much  relief  is  obtained  fnun  tbe  use  of  steam  alomiseis  fiUed 
irith  an  aqueous  ululion  of  CDmpouDd  tincture  of  benzoin,  neo- 
lole  or  guaiacoL  A  still  aore  pncticsUe  means  of  intiodocing 
Tolatile  antiseptic  oils  b  the  globe  nebnliier,  which  Ihrowa 
oleaginDns  scdutions  in  Uie  form  of  a  fine  fog,  tliit  can  be  deeply 
uihaled.  Uentliol,  eucalyplol  and  nhite  pine  extract  are  some 
of  the  Temedica  that  may  be  tried  dissolved  In  benauaol,  to 
which  co«ne  or  opium  may  be  added  ii  the  cough  is  troublesome. 

When  the  bronchitis  Is  of  the  capillary  form,  the  great  objefl 
il  to  maintain  the  patient's  strength,  and  to  cndavour  to  secute 
the  expulsion  of  the  moriud.  secretioD  from  tbe  fine  bronchi. 
In  additon  to  the  remedies  ilrudy  alluded  to.  stimulacls  are 
called  for  from  the  fint;  and  tbould  the  cough  be  ineSecUial 
in  relieving  the  bnncbial  tubes,  tbe  adnunistrntion  of  an  emetic 
dose  of  snl(4Hte  of  due  may  produce  a  good  eSect. 

During  the  whole  course  ol  any  atladi  ol  bronchitis  attenliou 
mnst  be  paid  to  the  due  nourishrHiit  of  the  patient;  and  during 
th*  iubeK)Mni  mnvaleaceitce,  which,  particulariy  in  elderly 
is  apt  to  be  alow,  tonka  and  itimBlaBts  any  have  to  be 


636 


BRONCHOTOMY— BRONGNIART,  ADOLPHE 


Ckmic  InwMlf  B>y  uiK  1*  Ac  nnit  at  npoUd  I 
of  Uk  aciita  fiiiiii,  or  it  may  tsiM  altsfletlwr  iad 
It  occun  mOR  iRqueatly  utoof  pcDon  whuKed  u  lite  uun 
wiuiDgthcyDimdilllMuahiwiteiicMaqitframit.  Tbenml 
hutaiy  of  thk  f  ann  of  bnHKhitli  b  that  of  1  oonch  RconiDS 
dodiis.  Ilw  coldn  HUODi  of  ths  jxu,  lad  in  iM  a^ier  itaccl, 
deputing  tatirely  in  nunmeti  fo  tbit  it  it  (nqnaitly  aUed 
"  niiiUX  ooogL"  In  muqr  pemm  nibject  to  it,  lunrevci, 
•tlacki  an  apt  to  be  eXdted  at  any  tioM  by  voy  iligbt  ooiei, 
tuch  la  chanica  in  the  matberi  and  in  advanced  cub  of  the 
diicaac  the  ooucb  it  uldom  allogetber  abaent  Ilw  lymploiBB 
and  auacnltatoiy  vgnl  of  dnoDic  bcanctaitia  are  on  Uie  whole 
ttmilai  10  thow  perUiniog  to  tlie  acute  {am,  except  tbat  the 
Mifile  dittrabance  and  pain  aie  mudi  km  nuAed.  The  coogb 
ii  uiually  awre  troubleame  in  the  raoniing  than  dunng  the  day, 
llkeR  ii  UMially  free  and  Dopioui  eipectoiation,  and  ornwonitly 
Ihit  it  to  abundant  u  to  coDililute  what  ii  tenned  trosctarrJbca. 

Chronic  bXHicEiilis  leadi  to  alterttiom  oi  ttnictme  in  tho 


aflwd  him  Higdeatud  tadEtJea.  he  wchatmi  Ml  f^ 

(eaagnliip  toe  the  office  of  Daaiah  amfr  at  the  papal  iwt  fn 
181S,  and  loDk  up  hii  abode  at  Kane.  In  iSm  and  iSii  ha 
Tfaited  Sid^  *1^4  tlv  Tm^kh  J^^  to  coUett  ejWItim^l  pin'^Tnlt 
for  hii  (Rat  tnwk.  In  1I16  ha  aent  to  London,  chiefly  irith  a 
iriow  of  altHiying  the  Eltta  maiUca  and  otha  nmaina  of  an tiqnj tj 
"  a  Biitkh  If taeum,  i>d  became  acquaiiiUd  with  the  pnm- 
-"*"'^""^  g"!'-"''  FtMnilift-iSji  he  redded  in 
Faito,  to  aiqxrinuad  the  pnDliatke  of  ha  IVoi^,  and  then 


thiitoned  or  em  ulcented,  while  orfwlonally  permanent 
dilatation  of  Iba  bronchi  late*  place,  often  accoopanied  with 
ptofow  foetid  expectntation.  In  long-atanding  caiea  of  dmnic 
bcondkitii  the  nntiilion  of  the  lun^  hemmrt  impaired,  and 
dilautioa  of  the  aii-tnbea  (imftyuma)  and  other  ronplicalioni 
naalt,  (Iving  rite  to  iDoteor  lev  oonttant  bnatUeacDeaa. 

Chroolc  bronchitit  may  ariie  tecoodaiily  to  aome  otheraitoent. 
TUa  it  eqwdaliy  the  cate  in  Bricht'i  dbeaae  of  the  Udoeyi 
and  In  heart  diMue,  of  both  o(  which  nmladje*  it  often  prove* 
a  eerkna  camidicalioii,  alM  in  f>nt  and  VphOia.  Ilw  infineoce 
oi  occnpatlon  ii  aeea  In  the  frequency  in  wUcb  perwni  toDowing 

•Mm  that  the  Inhalation  of  vtjtlibk  doat  it  very  llaUe  to 
produce  faiDndiilit  thioufh  the  initatloa  piodnoed  by  the  dnat 
panidetand  the  ffowth  of  otiaoiHna  carried  ia  with  the  dnit 
Cooaeqncutly,  millea  and  crain^hovelien  aie  etpecially  liable 
to  it,  while  atat  in  otdei  same  wcaven  and  workert  in  cotton 
factoiica. 

TbetiealmeiLt  to  be  adoptedin  chionicbroDchitit  dependi  upon 
the  Kverity  of  the  cue,  the  aft  of  llie  patient  and  the  pRtence 
or  abicnce  cf  oomidicitioni.    Attention  to  Ihe  genenl  health  la 

Bid  tonic*  with  ei^Jiver  idl  wiU  be  found  U^ily  advantageoua. 
Hw  use  of  a  reqoratot  in  very  cold  or  damp  weather  i^a  valuable 
meaai  of  pnlcclion.    In  thoac  aggravUed  foimi  of  chronic 

bnnchilit,  wbaa  the  tUcbteit  eipcauic '■■    --  "— ' 

fnah  ittadn.  It  may  become  ueceBa^, 
permit,  toa^trin    ""' '"  "  ^ — 

BRONCHOmiT  (Gr.  AttTXVi  wind-pipe,  and  rtiirar,  to 
eati,  a  medical  term  toed  to  deacribe  a  niriical  indiion  into 
the  thnal;  now  lar|dy  aupeneded  by  the  tennt  laiynsotomy, 
tiiyioMny  and 
the  place  of  ind 

BROKCA  uaually  mccnectly  apdt  BkOKCSO  (a  Spinith  word 
tMninj  Toogh.  mdc),  an  unbroliea  or  untamed  hone,  opedally 
in  the  United  States,  a  mattang;  the  wold 
by  WMT  of  MencQ. 

BBOMDVISD,  PETER  OLUt-  (1780-1&41),  Daniih  arduco- 
lagitt  and  ttavdler,  wai  born  at  Fruering  in  Jutland  on  the  17th 
ol  November  irSa  After  ttudying  at  tlw  univernly  of  Copen- 
hagEahevItitedPaiiiinigoewitlihb&iendCeorgKoea.  After 
Rmaining  there  two  yean,  they  went  (ogethei  to  Italy.  Both 
were  lealmuly  attached  to  the  ttody  of  aotiqniliei;  and 
(eablity  of  taitea  and  punoitt  induced  them,  in  ilio,  to  . 
an  eqwditton  to  Creccs,  when  they  esctvated  the  teropha  of 
Zcnt  in  Aegina  and  of  Apollo  at  BaNae  '     -      -       ••■  - 


_    ,         c,  aa  a  nwird  lor  hia  laboara,  he  wat 
appointed  pnfeiBor  of  Gnek  in  the  univenity.     Hi 
to  amn^  and  prepare  for  pidilicatioik  the  vast 


In  1841  he  became  ndor  cf  the  uiiiienily;  but  a  fall  froa 
hia  hocte  cauted  hia  doth  en  Ihe  a6(h  of  June.  Hia  principal 
work  waa  the  Tntili  iMif  Arduultpcal  Xatanha  n>  Grtaea 
(in  German  and  French,  1816-1830},  oi  iriiich  only  two  niiTiiiai  a 
were  poblided,  dealing  with  tlw  iiland  ^  Cioa  ami  Ibe  netopta 
of  the  PaithenoB. 

lUMHURT,  ADOLnB  THiWOIIB  (tgai-iB76),  tnuA 
botanitt,  aonof  tlwsedogiat  AlaaadtaBrDiigniait,waabomln 
Parlaon  the  itth  of  January  1801.  Hetoonihowcdanindina- 
tlon  towatda  tlw  tindy  of  aatmal  tdesco,  devoting  Unncif  at 
fiiat  nton  partioda^  to  geology,  and  later  to  boliuy,  Ihna 
equipiriiig  Umaelf  lot  what  waa  10  be  the  main  ocoqiatkm  of  hia 
life— the  inrealigation  of  foaafl  planta.    In  iSifi  Iw  gradoated 


pnfctMir,  a  potitiaa  which  he  continued  to  hold  nntd  hia  de*A 
In  I^iB  OS  the  iSth  of  February  rS76. 

Brongniart  waa  an  indefatigable  iDvcatigalor  and  a  prolific 
writer,  BO  that  be  left  behind  him,  a*  the  fmlc  of  his  labouia, 
a  large  number  of  boohs  and  memtuia.  Aa  euly  119  rSii  he 
pnUiihed  a  paper  on  the  dasai&cation  and  distribution  of  icasl 
plants  (ifto.  Jfu.  Bin.  Hal.  viii.).  Thii  wu  f^Uowid  by 
tevcral  papers  chicfiy  bearisg  iqion  the  relation  between  extinct 
and  eiitting  forma — a  line  ol  rttcatch  which  culminited  in  the 
publication  of  the  fiiiMr<det«((ttawi/«)ila,«rfuch<bas earned 
for  hin  the  title  of  "  lather  ol  pdaeobotany."  lUs  great  work 
wsa  heralded  by  ■  amaH  but  moat  important  "  rrodrouit ' 
(CDatiibutedtotheCraRiiK<:MMHoiroJ'0ul.ffal..iaaK,t.lviL) 
laUch  btou^l  otda  Into  chaoa  by  a  daanfication  in  which  the 


along  with  thdr  nearot  Uvini  ._ . 

of  bH  aobieqnent  progtem  in  thia  directiocb  It  ia  of  eapeoal 
botaniCBl  interest,  because,  in  aoordanae  with  Robcfl  Bnwnk. 
diacaverles,  the  Cycadene  and  Coniferae  WCR  placed  is  the  new 
group  fkaiintiimti  gyaouapirma.  In  this  book  attention  waa 
alio  directed  to  the  succesaicm  of  f  otmi  in  the  vaiimt  gecdogical 
peilodt,  wllh  Ibe  in^ottant  letdl  <itatad  in  modem  tami} 
that  In  tbe  ?alaeoioIc  period  Ibe  Ptcridophyta  are  found  M 
pfcdamtDate;  In  the  Meaoaole,  the  Gymnoqiermt;  in  Iha 
f.i»Mini>  t^  Angjetperma,  a  mult  tubsequentty  vaan  fvUfy 
stated  In  hm  "Tabkns  det  gtorca  de  vfgitaui  feadlca" 
(D'OtlJgny,  Did.  Uiui.  ffHiil.  Nal,,  1849).  Bnt  the  gnat 
BiMn  itieU  was  not  destined  to  be  more  than  a  csIobbI 
fragment ;  the  publication  cf  iucceasivc  parts  proceeded  regularly 
from  i8s8  to  iS^7,  when  the  hnt  voTune  wat  completed,  btvl 
after  that  only  three  parts  of  the  second  volume  sppeued. 
Brangmart,  do  doubt,  wu  overwbclnwd  with  the  continually 
incteaiing  magnitude  of  the  task  tbat  he  had  undeitakoL 
Apart  from  Ut  more  compttheniive  wotkt,  his  most  Important 

_.. '--'cil  oautribulioni  an  perhaps  his  obiervatiwii  on 

of  Sipttaria  {Ardi.  Utis,  HiiL  Nal.  I..  iSjq)  and 
i  {slmott  the  last  he  omlcrtDok)  on  fo$sil  seeds,  of 
iriddi  a  fuD  account  was  published  poathumoualy  in  1S80.  Hk 
UtiTftywaalg' no meana confined  to  pabwobotany,  butcitended 
lota  aO  braiKhea  of  botany,  note  puticularly  anatomy  and 
phanerogamic  taxonomy.  Among  hit  achievements  in  these 
diivctioaa  (be  moat  notable  is  the  memoir  "  Sur  la  gtnbation 
et  le  dtveloppcmenl  de  I'embryon  des  Phanfo^anua "  (.fiiN. 
StLHaL^.atji.    TUsiarcmariiahkiDlbatitcoatainatk 


BRONGNIART,  ALE3CANDRE— BRONTfi 

It  wcouot  «f  inr  itlm  <t  tht  dtnlopaMM  ol  tfaa  ptUm; 


cuSimitioi  of  C.  B.  Amid'i  (iS>3)  (liMowy  oi  tbc  poltaMobc, 
the  coobmitkia  of  R.  Bimni'*  vien  ••  U  (hi  itnnm  «<  the 
onlgipK^Ucd  «nda  (irilh  the  iDtradMtioa  cf  )he  ton  "uc 
ODbcyvwuin  ");  »<l  In  tl>u  1*  •li'nn  how  ncany  Bnuifniut 
mUc^Wd  Anki'i  iiibMqQHit  (184A]  diKonqr  of  ibe  ntiuea 
of  tbt  pcEcu-tiib*  into  the  aiaoKfit,  Intiliiring  the  fenik 
odl  vUch  llwa  dcvdopi  ioto  the  «mb^re>  Of  Ut  MwtonuCTl 
«qiki,th<MColllHCialeMvilman  praiably  th(  "Kcchacka 
Hir  U  ilniciun  et  ki  lonctioM  da  IcniUa  "  (ilm.  5(1.  NaL 
ni.,  i£3a).  and  tin  "  NouvtUa  Recherclui  ns  I'fivlibnw  " 
(jfiH.^a./'al.L,  1S34),  ia*itkh,KiKn$Qlitt  iaVatUutobta- 
vaiioiB.  Ihc  diKDvtry  at  Uh  cntid*  ii  Aoonkd,  ancl,  buttn, 
the  "  BcchcicbB  >ui  I'oiiuuutioB  da  ti|a  da  Cyadta  " 
lAnM.  Set,  f/ak  ivi.,  iSig),  liviaa  the  naulu  U  (ha  bit 
iBTBticatian  ol  Ihe  lutonii'  of  tboie  pbnu.  Hk  lyitmutk 
vork  u  repmented  by  1  luge  number  of  papen  ind  monafnphi, 
mtby  o(  irtiich  leUie  U  the  flan  at  New  Cekdtnia,  uid  by  hii 
&iumiraliaa  dti  |«w«>  df  flanUs  aiUirltt  tm  MmtM  d'Hiil«irt 
JVaOrWbdi  f onlt  (iSu).  *bU>  ii  u  iBteiadns  ludnuck  is  tha 
hiiloIT  ol  diwIfiMlJM  in  that  II  rotma  tha  ■laitinrpoiBt  Dl  the 
Qiuai,  r"^'!-"*  luccoBvely  by  A.  Bmia,  A.  W.  Eidikr  and 
A.  fio^,  which  h  DOW  adopud  in  Cerauny  In  addition  10 
hi>  adotific  and  prafoMiial  laboun,  finoicnlart  held  vuioui 
inportant  official  poila  in  conneiian  with  the  dcpaitnunt  of 
education,  and  Inlereiled  himscU  gmtly  is  agricultunl  and 
bonicultunlmallen.  WilhJ,  V.  AudoulnaodJ  B.A.Dusiaa, 
hii  futwt  brotbcn^n-law^  he  catablisbed  the  AimaUi  da 
Stitnai  HalunOa  in  1B14;  be  abo  lounded  the  Sodill 
Batanlqua  de  Fnoce  in  1854.  and  ho*  Iu  fint  president. 

For  aauMaol  hb  lUeaod  work  «  full.  A  b  5k.  CM.  A  f>vn. 
1876.  tul  La  Stlat,  iSjAi  the  Bmlltlui  it  ia  Sx.  But  it  Frain 
lof  1878,  vol.  nili.,  coBUitJ  a  lis  oTliia  worlci  and  the  DnuiniB 

BRtnORAIir,  AUZAMDIIB  (1770-1847),  French  nun«- 
alogisl  and  gedoilit,  son  of  the  eminent  aichilccl  who  dBigned 
the  Botme  and  o^r  public  building  of  Paris,  was  bom  in  thai 
dty  on  the  jth  of  February  177a.  At  an  early  age  he  ittidicd 
chemittry,  under  Lavoi'iier,  and  after  pauing  thiough  the 
Ccolc  da  Mina  he  took  honours  at  the  Ecole  dc  MCderinei 
■ubHqMnt^  he  jdned  the  army  ol  the  Pyrenees  as  ^o'ltuiirn; 
but  haitoi  committed  some  slight  polilici!  offenn,  he  was 
thrown  Into  prison  and  detained  there  for  some  time.  Soon 
after  ha  rdeaie  he  was  appiuatcd  professor  of  natural  hiiloiy 
In  the  ColUge  da  Qualre  Nations.  IniSoohewu  made  director 
ol  the  Sivra  porcelain  factory,  a  pott  which  he  retained  to  hii 
death,  and  in  which  be  achieved  bis  greatest  work.  Id  his  hands 
Stvra  became  the  lading  porcelain  factory  in  Europe,  and  the 
iHcattha  of  an  able  band  of  assistanla  enabled  him  to  lay 
the  fonndations  of  ceramic  chemistry.  In  addition  to  his  work 
at  Shrea,  quite  enough  to  engross  the  entire  energy  of  any 
ordinary  man,  he  cnntinued  bis  more  purely  HientiGc  work. 
He  luceeeded  HaBy  as  professor  of  miomlogy  in  the  Museum 
of  Natural  History:  but  he  did  not  conEne  himself  to  mineralogy, 
for  it  is  to  him  that  we  owe  the  division  of  Reptiles  into  the 
four  ttdcn  of  Saurians.  Batrachlaiu,  Cbefonians  and  Ophidlant. 
IimH  at  weO  aa  living  animals  engaged  hit  attention,  and  la  hii 
Hudiaof  the  strata  around  PadibewuinatniiBaCalinestab' 
Eshing  the  Tertiary  formaiiona.  In  1S16  be  was  ekctedtolhe 
Acadunyi  and  In  the  loUowing  yeai  be  niilid  the  Alps  ol 
S«it«fland  and  Italy,  and  afterwaidi  Sweden  and  Norway. 
The  toudt  of  hit  obiervatkHU  wai  published  from  thne  to  time 
bi  tbt  Janal  ici  Uiiui  and  other  identlBc  journals.  Wide 
at  waa  the  range  of  hit  intentti  his  mat  famous  work  wat 
ucoaplbhed  at  Slvna,  and  hit  most  enduting  monument  k 
Ua  dutic  TraiU  its  orb  <froailfwi  (1S44).  He  died  In  Paris 
«a  (he  Tib  of  October  1847. 

Kb  other  priiKipal  worka  an>-77'r«tf 


•WilfniMnH  ill  > 
ibtTtitniuum 


637 

U  mu^mt  it  U  mtk  itHmm  it  It  Imtt  (PUIt.  itm,  aal  da 
TraMitlvUiirtmifma(tSUi.  Broonlart  was  also  the  cowlj  nor 
of  Cuvier  in  the  idioinble  fixii  inr^  (fgrrsajtw  maJrabirioiiM 
ia  twwhm  it  Parii  (Park.  i8ii}r  erigjn^  oabEihed  In  AiZ 
Uta.  Hilt.  HtL  (Park,  id.  i«oa). 

■Mm.  BmniCB  •«»&  Cigtiv-iSti),  CenBU  gtoIogM, 
WM  bon  Ol  Iha  ]td  of  Uudtiloa  at  Zi^elhaBMn  Mtr  IMdel- 
ban.    Stodnin^  at  the  imlvcnltjF  U  Heldtttwt  bs  Mok  hk 
in  tbefaodtyof  nedldne  to  tin,  and  im  tha 


work  in  vutona  paita  of  GenMBy,  Italy  ai 
in  commancoaent  hi  iSjd  to  1861  be  anitted  In  editing  the 
JtMmk  J»  MiavaUiS*,  Itc,  oeatbmed  aa  Stmt  JcMact. 
Hii  prindpal  wbA,  I^kua  CetgaMsn  (i  mis.,  Stuit^it, 
1BM-1S3S;  nd  ad.  with  F.  KOoer,  3  vols.,  ilsr-iSsi),  tat 
been  R0ided  aaoneof  the  iBandaiioiiaof  Ccnnan  Htatigia^AIal 
geology.  His  ffaii41w*«iMrCMciUQta(dvJVa/v,ol  which  tha 
fInt  part  waa  ioued  in  1841,  gave  a  fenaial  account  of  tht 
phyiical  his  tsty  of  the  earth,  wblia  the  ncond  pan  deall  with  tli* 
hle-Utloty,  vecia  bdng  legacdcd  at  dimct  actt  o(  cnatina. 
The  third  part  included  Ua  famani  /mdec  fafarwsiirfegtoti,  nod 


Meyar  and  H.  R.  GBppot.    Thu  tt 

of  inatlmaUe  valM  to  all  pakni „ .^ ^ 

work  DD  recent  and  loaU  aaol(«y,  Di*  KlcMni  >Md  OrAiiwgia 
ill  Tkitr-Stida,  waa  n—innicail  by  Bimn.  He  wrote  tha 
volnma  dealing  with  Amocphaiea,  Acttaaaoa,  and  Makcoaoa, 
published  iSjit-iWi;  the  wnifc  waa  oootinuad  by  other  natural- 
ist*. IniS6i  BronnwaaawankdlbeWaUaHonmcdalbytha 
Geological  Society  ol  Londot.  He  died  at  Heiddbeii  on  tbt 
jth  of  July  lUi. 

BROHURT  VOX  KHILUHOORF,  FAOl  (it]»-tSoT|, 
Frusaian  gcnoal,  was  bon  at  Daniig  in  1B31.  He  entered  the 
FiBslan  Guards  in  it4^  and  wu  appointed  to  the  general 
staff  in  lUi  a*  a  captain;  alter  iliree  yean  ol  itafi  service  he 
returned  to  regimental  duty,  but  wai  aoon  reappomted  10  the 
■taC,  awl  lectured  at  the  wai  academy,  henirning  matoi  b 
iSiSs  and  lieut.<Dlond  fai  1S69,  Duiug  the  war  of  iS7ohewat 
chief  of  a  aectioQ  on  the  Cteat  Gcneitl  SuS.  and  cradocled  the 
pidimtDary  negotiatian  for  tbe  attncodei  of  the  Ficnch  at 
Sedu.  Aftei  the  war  Btonsart  was  made  B  colond  and  cUd 
of  staff  of  the  Guard  army  cmpa,  becominc  major-general  ia 
1S71S  and  lieut-gencial  (with  a  dlvisioD  ooaimand)  hi  1S81,  Twn 
yean  later  he  became  war  minister,  and  during  bit  lenun  of  the 
poat  (iSSj-iSSo)  many  important  irfoms  wen  carried  out  in 
the  Prussian  army,  In  partictUar  the  introduction  of  the  magaafaw 
rIBe.  He  was  appointed  in  iStg  to  command  the  I,  army  coipt 
at  Etalgsberg.  He  died  on  the  13rd  of  June  1891  at  hit 
atate  near  Bcauntbeig.  Bronsart's  military  writings  Include 
two  works  of  great  importance — Bin  RHiMHiii  on/  iii  tnifiuiln 
RatkUicki  (ind  ed.,  Berlin,  i8;o),  a  pamphlet  wHllea  hi  reply 
to  Caotam  May's  TtKlkal  ROraiptcl  e{  iS66\  and  Da  SuhM 
iu  CiJivatiiabet  (ist  ed.,  Berlin,  1B7A;  3rd  ed.  revised  by 
General  Meckel,  1843;  new  ed.  by  the  tulbor't  son.  Major 
Bmnsart  von  Scbellendort,  Berlin,  1904,  a  compiehensive 
treatise  on  the  duties  of  the  general  >u&.  The  third  edition  cd 
this  wotk  wBA  KKB  after  ita  publication  translated  Into  Fnjiiah 
and  itsued  officially  to  the  Biitoh  army  as  Til  Dutia  tj  (tt 
Cnwral  SI*S'  Major  Bronsart't  ne*  ^lion  at  1904  was  re- 
issued m  English  by  the  Geoeial  StaS,  under  the  same  title, 

BRoirC,  cHARurm  (rais-isss),  miLT  (iSiS-iSas), 

and  AKKB  {1810-1840).  Ea^iah  nov^tt,  were  thne  of  the  tli 
children  of  Patrick  Bronti,  a  detgyman  of  Ae  Chunhof  Enffaiid, 


Patrick  Bnmil  wat  bom  at  Emidale,  Co.  Down,  Iidaad,  on  tht 
ijth  of  March  t777.  His  pattnta  were  of  the  pcauol  dasa, 
their  otiginiJ  Dioe  al  Branty  apparently  having  been  changed 
by  their  son  on  his  entry  at  St  John's  College,  Cambridge,  hi 
1801.  In  the  intervening  yean  he  had  been  auccestivdy  a 
'   "  nativn country.    FromCanbndgt 


638 


licbcaiinscanta,fintat  Wetb«nEddhiEMa,bii8a6,  Ihn 

lar  1  few  mantlu  11  WelHnstoD,  Salop,  in  iSoi).  At  lie  end  at 
laoQ  it  acupled  b  curacy  al  Ocwsbuiy,  Yorkshire.  loUowing 
up  thii  by  one  it  HarUhMd-cum-Cliflon  in  Ihe  umc  CDUDIy. 
At  HarUlKad  Patrick  BtoaK  minicd  in  iSia  Uatia  Bnnwll, 
■  GmiabwcwiaD.  and  there  two  children  were  bom  10  hiEQ^ 
UmA  (iSi3-iS>s)  and  Eliiabeth  (1814-iSij}  Thence  Facnck 
BraUC  nmovEd  to  Thornton,  lome  3  m-  fiom  Bndtord.  and 
bere  Ui  wItC  tave  t»rth  to  lour  chiidnD,  Chatlottc,  Paliick 
Bcuwdl  (iei;-i84£].  Emily  Jane,  and  Adik,  ihne  of  vhom 

In  April  i370,  three  moDtls  after  tbe  Urth  of  Aime  BnuiIB, 
her  [aiha  accepted  the  Living  of  Kiwonli,  a  viUiKC  near  Kci^iley 
In  yoiluhirt,  which  will  always  be  anociated  with  the  TonsiDtic 
atory  of  the  BrontCs.  In  September  of  the  following  year  hia 
wife  died.    HariaBrontC  liva  for  ut  In  her  daughler'a  Uography 


I  the  luthni  of  a  ttccntly  pubLihed 
titled  Til  AttuHUtii  tf  Pmrfy  in 
i  a  >eotentit>u>neii  much  affected  il 


only  ai  the  writer  of  certain  lettcn  to  her  "  dear  1 

u  ahe  calli  her  lover,  am' 

Sditifa  Cencenu,  (uU 
tte  time. 

Upon  the  death  ol  Mn  BrontC  het  husband  ini^led  his  altler- 
In-law,  EUabeth  Bnnwell,  to  leave  Fenunw  aod-U  Uke  up 
htt  RsMeiKa  with  his  family  at  Haworth.  Ulia  Bnnwdl 
accepted  the  trust  and  would  seem  to  faavo  witched  over  her 
nei^ew  and  five  nieces  with  coioctentlaus  cair.  The  two 
■IdeM  of  those  nieces  wen  lut  hmg  in  following  their  mother. 
Itvla  and  Eliiabctb.  Chariolle  and  EnUy,  were  all  wnt  to  the 
Clergy  Daughien'  idiDol  a(  Cowin  Bridge  in  1814,  and  Maria 
tnd  QiaabeUi  returned  home  in  the  loUowing  y^ax  to  die.  How 
Eat  the  bad  food  and  drastic  discipline  were  nsponslhle  cannot 
be  icCBralely  dcmotucnwd.  Charlotte  gibbeted  the  school 
long  yean  afterwirda  in  Jam  Eytt,  under  the  thin  disguise  of 
"  Lowood,"  and  the  prindpal.  tlw  Rev.  William  Carui  Wilson 
(in>~i'l9}-  !>**  1x^  univenally  accepted  at  the  CDuntcTwrt 
itf  Mr  Naomi  BncUehont  la  the  aame  novel.    But  congenital 

happily  Charlotte  arid  Emily  euaped,  both  relurning  In  iIi; 
to  a  ptvloBgnl  home  life  at  Haworth.  Here  the  taut  surviving 
dul^ea  amiaed  IbemBclves  in  intervals  ol  study  under  their 
Bimt'a  gBidance with  pncodoui  litenry  aqinitians.  The  msny 
tiny  booklela  upon  which  they  laboured  in  the  tucteeding  yean 
haTe  bent  hapfnly  preaervnL  We  &nd  stories,  verses  and  essays, 
all  Id  the  minuttat  handwritiBg,  none  giving  any  indication  of 
the  gtBina  wUch  in  the  case  of  two  ol  the  four  children  was  to 
add  to  the  Indispiilahly  permannt  in  liieiature. 

At  ilneen  yon  of  agc~4ii  ig3t~Charloite  BioetC  becamt 
■  popQ  at  Ih*  school  of  Vim  Harglrcl  Wooler  (r79>-iW;)  at 
Kot  Head,  Dewsbury.  She  left  In  the  folfawini  year  to  aaalst 
In  the  educadon  of  the  younger  aistera,  bringlog  with  her  much 
additional  profidency  In  drawrng,  French  and  cowpoeition^ 
ahe  took  with  her  also  the  devoted  friendship  of  two  out  of  bet 
ten  fellow-pupils— Mary  Taylor  (iSiT-iSoj)  and  Ellen  Nnuey 
(rgr7-i8o;).  With  Miss  Taylor  and  Miss  Nuwey  she  corre- 
sponded for  the  reiniiader  of  her  lite,  and  Eier  lettcn  to  the 
laller  tnake  up  no  small  part  of  what  hu  been  revealed  to  ut  of 
bet  life  ttoty.  Her  neit  three  yeara  at  Haworth  were  varied 
by  occaaloual  visita  to  one  or  other  of  these  friends.  In  1S35 
■be  returned  to  Miss  Wooler's  school  at  Roe  Head  as  1  governess, 
her  sister  Emily  aoompanylng  her  as  a  pupD.  but  retuinlng 
only  three  moalhs,  and  Anne  then  taking  her  plice.  Ihe  year 
following  the  achod  was  removed  to  Dewsbury.  In  rSjS 
Chariotte  went  back  to  Haworth  and  soon  af terwaids  received 
her  first  oHer  of  msttiage— from  a  clergyman,  Henry  Nussey, 
the  biolher  of  het  friend  EDen.  This  was  followed  a  little  later 
by  ■  second  offer  from  a  curate  named  Bryce.  She  refused  both 
and  tooka  aituation  as  nursery  governess,  first  with  the  Sidgwicka 
of  SloBcpppc,  Yorkihire,  and  later  with  the  Whllo  at  Rawdon 
In  the  lanie  county.  A  few  monlhi  of  this,  however,  filled  her 
With  an  anbilioD  toiry  and  secure  greater  hidependence  at  the 
poaemoc  of  1  tchool  ol  her  own,  and  she  planned  to  acquire 
nwe  ptofidencT '"  "  ' —•■  —  .■- --   - 


limluty  Map.  Ika  atnt  ad*iBcad  aaiBa  MUBay,  ud  aimwi 
panied  by  ia  alAtr  Emily  ibe  becasM  ia  Febniuy  iBtt  a  pupa 
atthePenUonnalHiger,Bna*els.  Hare  both  gldt  worfcad  hard, 
and  won  the  goodwUl  and  indeed  admiration  of  the  prindpal 
teacher,  U.  Rtger,  whoM  wile  was  at  the  bead  of  the  ectabDtb- 
DenL  Bui  the  two  glrlt  were  hastily  ciUed  back-lo  EnglikKl 
before  the  year  had  expired  by  the  announcement  ol  the  cdtkal 
illness  of  theiiaunL  Miia  BranwcU  died  on  the  iQth  of  October 
i£4].  She  bequeathed  sufficient  money  lo  her  nlecs  to  enable 
Ibem  to  reconsider  their  plan  of  life.  Instead  of  a  scbool  at 
Bridlington  <i4uch  had  been  talked  of,  Ihey  could  tiow  leiaain 
with  theii  lather,  utilise  thnr  aunt's  room  as  a  claoraoin,  ind 
uke  pupils.  But  Charlotte  was  not  yet  satisfied  with  what  Ibe 
lew  months  on  Belgian  toil  had  done  (or  her,  and  delermined 
to  accept  M.  HJger's  oflet  that  she  should  return  to  Brundt 
as  a  govemeti.  Hence  the  year  ifl4j  wat  passed  by  her  at  tbe 
PeniionnH  Htger  in  that  capacity,  and  in  this  petiad  aba 
undoubtedly  widened  her  intellectual  sphere  by  reading  the 
many  books  in  French  Utentnre  that  her  friend  K,  H(ger  lent 
her.  But  life  took  on  a  very  lonibre  shade  In  the  lonely  envina- 
ment  in  which  tbe  found  bendl.  She  became  ao  depreoed  that 
on  one  occasion  she  took  refuge  in  the  oonfodonal  predaely  at 
did  her  heroine  Lucy  Soowe  In  ViUtiit.  In  1B44  the  retnnud 
to  her  lither't  bgute  at  Haworth,  and  the  three  sister*  btfan 
immcdli  tely  to  discuss  the  pta^bihtici  of  converting  tba  vIcwagB 
into  a  school.  Prospeelutes  wen  iimd,  btu  no  popQi  wo* 
lorlhcaming. 

Matten  wer«  eompUcaled  by  the  fact  that  Ibe  enl^  hmlba, 
Patrick  BnnweB,  had  about  this  time  bteorae  a  confiimcil 
drunkard.  Btinwell  hud  been  th*  Idol  of  hit  amt  and  of  hk 
sisters.  Educated  undfrr  his  father's  care,  be  had  early  shown 
artistic  leanings,  and  the  slender  resources  ol  tbe  family  had  been 


lined  to 


)vide  hir 


Academy  .    ^ 

and  then  reiunied 
time  at  Leeds,  bu 


Lib  the  rnev  of  entering  at  the  Royal 

lUs  was  in  183J.    Branwell,  it  would 

lonth  ol  eitavagaoce  in  London 


.    Hisar 


lumed  that  m 
e  became  luior  10  the  tin  of  a  Ur 
Pojilethwaite  at  Barrow-iB-Funuas.  Ten  moniht  later  he  wat 
a  booking-clerk  at  Sowetby  Bridge  sUtion  on  the  Leeds  ft 
Manchester  taQway,  and  later  at  Luddendcn  FooL  Tien  be 
became  tutor  in  tbe  family  of  a  dergymtn  named  Robinson  at 
Thorp  Green,  where  his  tister  Anne  was  governess.    Finally  he 

by  hit  eiceues,  and  to  Iriltcr  bis  life  sway  in  painful  sot'lihnew. 
He  died  in  September  1 848,  haviug  achieved  nothing  reputable, 
and  having  disappointed  aU  the  hopes  that  had  been  centred  in 
him.  "  My  poor  father  naturally  thought  more  of  his  Miy  son 
than  of  bis  (laughters,"  is  one  of  Charlalte'l  dreary  comments 
on  the  tragedy.  In  early  yean  he  had  himself  written  both 
prose  and  verw;  and  a  lootlsh  slory  Invented  long  afterwards 
alUibuted  lo  him  some  shite  in  his  sisters'  novels,  particularly 
in  Emily  BroniCs  ICUjkeriiit  Hp'fAu.  But  Charlotte  distinctly 
tells  us  that  her  brother  never  knew  that  his  sisters  had  published 
a  tine.  He  was  loo  much  under  the  effects  of  drink,  too  besotted 
and  muddled  in  that  last  year  or  two  of  life,  lo  have  any  ahare 
in  Ihcii  inielliciua]  enthusiasms. 

The  literary  life  had,  however,  opened  bravely  for  the  Ihtte 
girls  during  those  years.  In  1S46  a  volume  of  verse  appeared 
from  tbe  shop  of  Aylott  !i  Jones  of  Paternoster  Row; "  Ponu, 
by  Currer,  Ellis  and  Acton  BcU,"  was  on  the  title-page.  These 
names  disguised  the  identity  of  Charlolte,  Emily  and  Anne 
Bronte.  The  venture  cost  the  siiteta  about  £50  in  all,  but 
only  two  copies  were  told.  There  weie  nineteen  poems  by 
Charlotte,  twenty-one  by  Emily,  and  the  tame  number  by  Anne. 
A  consensus  of  crilidua  has  accepted  the  fact  that  Emily's 
vcne  atone  revealed  true  poetic  genius.  This  was  unrecognised 
(hen  excerpt  by  her  sister  Charlotte^    It  is  obviaui  now  10  all. 

The  faflute  of  the  poems  did  net  deter  the  authon  from 
further  effort.  They  had  each  a  novel  ID  dispose  of.  Chariotte 
Brontt'l  was  called  Tkl  ilnsUt.  which  before  it  waa  tent  off  10 
London  wat  leUlM  Tkt  frtftaw.    Bmfly^  aMiy  waa  tMitM 


BRONTE— BRONZE 


639 


«8g3).r 


Wmka^m  BtltUi,  and  Abm^  Afi  Cwy.  Al  (bnt  itvia 
tt»»Uhd  (ran  pubbhir  to  publltha.  At  tut  T»i  rri/eutr 
t«adiedth*GtnotSmRh.Elda»Co.,ofC(ir>lial.  Tlic-'ndei" 
ior  tlHit  torn,  R.  Smith  WaUuu  {iSoe~iSTs).  m  impRMed,  u 
wctc  bIm)  ha  cnphiyRi.  Ourkiilc  Bronte  ncovcd  in  AHfiot 
)S47  ■  letlo'  JDlanniDg  her  that  vhlUvtr  the  mHlu  ol  Tti 
Prcjaiar—toi  k  wu  tainted  tlnl  ft  k.ckta  "  vuM  iDtenl  " 
— it  was  too  nhort  for  the  three-volume  lonii  then  connled 
impcntive.  The  imthor  wn  further  (old  ihat  1  longer  novel 
would  be  (ladlr  couldei^.  She  repGcd  In  the  ume  toopih 
with  Udi  longer  novel,  >nd  Jau  Eyri  ippcaied  in  October  lUl, 
to  be  wlklly  (cclilned  on  every  haoi,  althoagh  enthmiaiin 

tr  i&tS,  «iH  Rigbr,  ilumnb  Lady  EaiUaka  (ito9- 
~  md  il  in  the  QuarUrij. 
le  (he  noveb  of  Eoifly  and  Anne  had  been  accepted 
Ijy  T.  C  Newby.  They  wet*  publiibed  togettaei  in  thite  volumes 
Id  DeccDiber  1847.  two  months  later  than  Jam  Byrt.  allhough 
tlie  prcof  iheeu  hid  been  paned  by  the  aolbora  beton 
^ter"!  novel  had  been  lent  to  the  publiibera.  The  dilau 
at  Mr  Newby  waa  followed  up  by  cooiidRable  energy  «I 
nw  the  poaalbility  of  the  noveb  tqr  EHia  and  Acton  BcU  uiiing 
oa  the  wa-n  ol  Currer  BcD'i  popularity,  and  he  wouM  tttm  very 
quickly  to  have  accepted  another  nuincripl  by  Aane  BroniE, 
for  rAcr»mlg/l»'>U/(aHiiain*pobliihedbyNewbyinthrec 
voloiBes  in  June  ie4S.  Il  naa  Newby'i  clever  eSoita  lopenuade 
the  public  that  tte  booki  he  publi^d  were  by  the  author  tl 
Jant  Eyn  that  led  Charlotte  and  Annt  (o  visit  London  tlnl 
iummer  aad  interviev  Charhtte'i  pubtitben  in  Comhill  vith 
a  view  to  eHabliihiiii  their  wpanle  ideniiiy.  Soaa  aftei  their 
aetum  home  Brauwell  died  (the  14th  of  Sepuniber  184S),  and 
leu  than  three  moDths  later  Emily  died  alw  >t  Hawonh  (the  loth 
December  1848).  ThtnAnDebecanieiUaDdon  tbe  14th  of  Hay 
184(1  Charlotte  accompaiiied  her  to  Scarborou^  in  the  hope 
that  the  sea  air  would  revive  bei.  Anne  died  there  on  the 
aSth  of  May.  and  wu  buried  in  Scarborough  diurchyard.  Thus 
In  eiactly  df^t  month*  Chariolte  Bronte  hat  all  th«  tbite 
companlona  of  her  youth,  and  returned  to  lustain  her  faiber,  fait 
becoming  blind,  in  (he  now  deKdalB  home  at  Haworth. 

In  the  interval  betweia  the  death  ol  Btanwell  and  of  Emily, 
CharloUe  had  been  engaged  upon  a  new  novel — Skirtty.  Two- 
tliirib  were  written,  but  the  story  was  (hen  laid  (tide  *bHe  its 
astliBT  wu  nnnlng  her  liUer  Asne.  She  completed  the  booh 
■fter  Anne's  death,  and  il  was  puUilhed  in  Ortobsr  1849.  The 
MlowIng'Winter  ihe  viaUi  London  a>  the  goeat  of  her  publobcr. 
Mr  George  Knith,  and  was  btmduced  lo  Thackeray,  to  whom 
(lie  hvl  dedicated  Jan  Eyrr.  The  following  year  the  repealed 
the  viiit,  lat  [or  her  portrait  to  George  Richniond.  arid  wat 
CDnaiderahly  lionbed  by  a  hoit  of  admirers.  In  August  i8jo 
■he  vWted  the  English  lahca  ai  the  guest  of  Sir  James  Kay- 
Shuttleworth.  and  met  Mrs  Castell,  Miu  Marlincau.  Matthew 
Arnold  and  otbcr  Inteteiting  men  and  women.  DunKg  this 
period  lier  publBhers  ssuduously  lent  her  books.  Bod  her  crlli- 
cisini  of  then  contained  In  many  ktten  to  Mr  George  Snith 
and  Ml  Smith  WQliami  make  very  intereiliog  rcadiog.  Id  i8st 
■he  received  a  third  oBer  of  marriage,  this  lime  Irom  Mr  James 
Taylor,  who  was  in  tbe  employment  of  her  puUisbcn,  A  viiil 
to  Mfaa  Marlinean  b(  Amblnide  and  also  lo  London  10  the  Crcal 
Eihibilion  made  up  (he  evcnli  ol  (hit  yev.  .  On  her  way  home 
■he  vliited  Manchester  and  ipent  two  days  vrlih  Mrs  Catkctl. 
During  Ihe  year  itsi  she  worked  hard  with  a  new  novel,  VilliUt. 
which  was  published  In  January  of  iSjj.  In  September  of  that 
year  the  received  a  visit  from  Mis  Cuhell  at  Haworth;  in  May 
185a  she  returned  il.  remaining  three  days  at  Manchester,  and 
pluning  with  her  Iwatess  Ihe  delails  of  her  marrtaff.  tor  at  this 
time  afa*  had  igomised  to  unite  henejf  with  her  falhrr'a  curate, 
Arthur  BeU  NicbDlls  (l8i7'i9o6).  who  had  long  been  a  per- 
tlnadona  suitoe  for  her  hand  bol  had  been  discouraged  by  Mr 
Brontt.  Tbe  marriage  look  place  in  Hawor(h  church  on  the 
ifAh  al  June  1854,  the  ceremony  being  performed  by  the  ttcv 
SutcliHe  Sowdcn,  MiM  Wootet  and  Misi  Kosiey  acting 
BOKS.    The  wedded  put  vent    '  '    ' 


Ktnnui  10  Bawnth.  whin  thay  Made  tWk  hone  wMi  Hr 
BnBtl,  Mr  tticball*  hning  pkdged  bipuell  lo  cooliwie  io  h> 
pedtioD  as  cnals  (a  hia  iathir-iBJaw.  Aflct  lew  than  *  year 
tt  DURied  life,  however,  Chaikiu  NlcboUt  died  of  an  Dlaeia 
isddental  to  chtMbitth.  on  the  jiM  of  March  iSjj.  She  wm 
buried  in  Haworth  church  by  the  tide  of  her  mother,  Branw^ 
and  Kmiiy.  The  father  folkiwcd  in  iSei,  nod  IbcD  bet  husband 
returned  lo  Ireland,  when  ha  nmained  some  yean  tllerwuih, 
dying  in  igo6. 

The  bare  ledtal  of  Ihe  Bionll  story  can  give  no  idea  ol  its 
undying  interest,  Ita  exceeding  pstboa.  Tbeir  life  as  told  by 
their  biogntphet  Hn  Gaakeil  rs  tt  intetetling  as  any  nowL 
Tlieir  achievement,  however,  wtii  stand  OD  its  own  merits.  Anna 
Bronte's  two  novels,  it  is  true,  though  conttaBtly  lepriated, 
survive  pcindpally  thtou^  the  eaceeding  vitality  of  the  Biontl 
IradilioEL  Aaa  hymn  writer  she  still  haa  a  place  in  moat  rellgiout 
conmunllica.  Emily  is  great  alike  as  a  twvelisl  and  as  a  poet. 
Her  "  Old  Suie  "  and  "  Laat  Liaca  "  are  probably  the  bneat 
of  poetry  that  any  woman  tiat  given  (o  EnglBh 
ler  novel  WiMiriitt  HtitUt  ttuidt  akiae  ta  a 
f  intensity  owing  nothing  to  tradition,  nothing  to 
f  earlier  writers.  It  waa  a  thing  apart,  pas- 
tionate,  unlorgetlaUe,  haunting  In  its  grimncia,  ita  gny 
melanchaly.  Among  wonten  writen  Emily  BiontV  haa  a  sure 
and  certain  plac*  for  all  time.  At  a  poet  or  Btkcr  of  vent 
ChaHotte  Bronte  is  undistinguisked,  but  there  are  jiitini  i  at 
pure  poetry  ol  great  magnificence  in  her  four  novels,  and  par- 
Ikulariy  in  KaUfUr.  The  novels  yaw  Eyn  and  ViBetU  will 
always  command  attention  whatever  the  future  lA  Eatfisk 
hction.  by  virtue  cA  their  intensity,  their  Independence,  Iheir 
rough  intiividuality. 

The  LUi  tf,0>cHtlu  BmO,  by  Mrs  Caihell.  wae  fint  puhUibed 
in  1^57.  Owing  to  the  many  controvrnul  auestiona  it  umiicd.  as 
-  •>-'■■>— —ia  Uwood  in  JoM  Cyr(  with  Cowan  Bridge  school,  ai 


letters  written  by  Mia  Bmn 


.    ■nulili  ha* 

.,  — ,  ^....-.J  publfsherij 
rsrhed  a  great  number  ol 


, Geoi^  Smith,     Tht 

material  supplied  to  siiwileainn  Mrs  Gaskdl'i  IMt  Wat 
In  OsiJMtt  finwi:  a  S^upA,  by  T.  Wcmyst  Reid 
rhii  book  latpircd  Mr  A.  C.  Swlnbome  la  inB  Kparately 

-m  Charlotte  and  Enlly  Bronte,  under  the  title  tt 

ilU  BnmH  (itTT).    A  further  collcetian  ef  kitaa 

, Bnnte  was  (ouainad  in  OarltUi  BmM  nt  tm 

OnU.  by  Oenienl  Shorter  (1S96J,  and  inlemlinf  details  can  ba 

_.i 1  ( ,h,  i^,  ^  iiuuiM,  Etna,  b"  '^ ■=—  »■— " 

nMif.  *-- -•  ■     

-^— _--JmJ*« 

Miss  A.  Maiy  rRolHWn  (MaduK  DuckuiOnote's'iepinle 
biocraphy  of  Emily  Bionte  in  tMj.  and  ao  easy  In  her  CraaA 
EiitmntinBt-UaiuU.  Tii  BmUir  UU  and  LHIm.  by  Ocnent 
Shorter  (i«D}),  coniaini  tlw  whole  of  C  BrOBie'i  letters  in  chrono- 
logical order  (C.  K.  S.) 
BaOTR,  a  town  of  the  province  of  Catania,  Sicily,  on  (he 
reslem  slopes  of  Mt.  Etna.  14  m.  N.N.W.  of  Catania  direct, 
nd  J4  m.  by  rail  Pop^  (iQoi)  »,366.  It  was  founded  by 
he  emperor  Charles  V.  The  town,  with  an  eitemivc  estate 
rhich  originally  belonged  to  the  monastery  of  Maniaciunt 
(Manlace),  was  granted,  as  a  dukedom,  to  Nelson  by  Ferdinand 
IV.  of  Naples  In  ngg. 
BBOKZ,  THE.  formerly  a  distr!c(  comprising  several  (owna  In 
'eitchestcr  county.  New  York.  U.S.A.,  now  (since  iSgg)  the 
nonhemmost  of  the  Eve  boroughs  of  New  Vork  City  (j.v.J. 
rvcral  settlements  in  Ihe  Broni  were  made  by  (be  English 
id  Ihe  Dutch  between  11(40  and  16^ 

BROIfZX,  an  alloy  formed  wholly  or  chleBy  of  copper  and 

n  in  variable  proportions.    The  word  hss  been  etymoiagicilly 

connected  whh  the  tame  root  ss  appears  In  "  brown,"  but 

X.  P.  E.  Bcrthelot  (La  Chimit »  axyn  tf)  it  is 

derived  fmm  mi  Bnmdxiiamm  (cf.  Ftiny,  NtU 

Il  il.  f  4s, "  specula  optima  apud  mafeies  fiteranl 

Muino  ct  acre  niilB  ").    A  Creek  US.  of  abom 

nth  (CPli^  io  tbe  lib^  of  ^  H{r^^  y^n^fytaiw 


64-0 

da  hat  fpmj^mt,  aod  (tm  tta  a 
H  I  lb  «<  toppci  «itk  t  ot.  si  Un.   T.   . 
•ddlBi  tin  la  capper  k  DMm  IVdjk  thu  co 


BRONZE  AGB 

■  ol  the 


bronit  M  (idHBdal  k  (ofiBid  «ith  i6  puu  of  eoppw  to  I  of  tin, 
•nd  >  budcr  ■iui-bHmI.  bc&  m  mi  uied  lor  brea»  ordnuuc, 
grim  the  praportlM  of  Hn  b  dtrnt  doubled,  lie  Utd  Utmt 
of  Cohmd  Fruu  UchMini  <iaii-it8i)  onritled  ol  coppci 
■Doyed  wltli  ■%  of  tin,  the  teudty  ud  hudus  bdog  in- 
CTBued  by  eald-rallk>|.  Bronie  nuitaining  about  i  pull  of 
Copixr  to  I  of  tin  1>  bird,  l»ittb  ud  ■ODomu,  ind  am  be 
tEmpcnd  to  lake  1  fine  edge.  £(JIhikI*<  v«ia  couidcnbly  in 
CDmptniiian,  from  iboDl  3  to  s  pirt*  nl  copper  to  i  of  tin.  In 
tpiailum  natal  there  ire  I  to  >)  puu  of  copper  to  i  of  tin. 
Stiluity  lininie  nuiy  eoBtiin  trooi  So  to  «o%<rf  copper,  the 
idldiw  beiag  tin,  or  tfai  with  dnc  ind  lead  in  vuioui  prepottiooi. 
The  btoue  naed  (or  the  Brttiih  isd  French  cqjpn  coiuge 
CMditiof  gs^copper,4%tiiaiMii%iinc.  Muy  copper-tin 
■Bon  emDlored  for  tu^bmy-beuinjo  cootiin  ■  unalt  pro- 
"  AnlT-friction 


portioB  et  BBC,  vbich  livei  iooew 
Detail,"  alio  uml  in  bearing),  ai 
the  amount  ol  copper  ii  unali  and 


'  copper-tin  aUoyi  i 


itlnony  in  idditioD. 

_ Babbilt'i  roetil,"  tnvenled  by 

line  Batibitt  (i7«9-iSti)i  itoctglniUy  coDliated  of  14  pans  of 
(in.  S  psrti  of  antimony  ud  4  puu  of  copper,  but  In  liter 
COmpositloni  for  tbeune  puipooo  the  proportion  of  tin  ii  often 
coniidembly  higher.  Bionic  li  inpiDved  in  quality  and  ttrength 
wbcn  fluied  with  pbaphoiui.  Alloys  prepared  bi  thii  way,  and 
known  as  flmfier  brnae,  nay  contain  only  about  i  %  of 
phofpborus  In  the  bgot, reduced  10  a  oiere  trace  after  casting, 
but  their  vilue  is  nevenhelcu  enhanced  for  puip«es  in  which 
a  hard  iliong  metal  Is  required.  a>  lor  pump  plungers,  valves, 
the  buiha  o(  bearingi,  Sc.    Bronze  agsin  [s  inipnived  by  the 


nblei 


:h  there  b  little  or  no  li 
t  copper  with  ahuninjum 


In  raechanical  enEinecring.    Alloyi 

though  often  nearly  or  completely  dciiiiuic  ui  uu,  aic  anuira  as 

tesbtance  they  oSer  to  cotroalon.  By  the  addition  of  ■  •mill 
quantity  of  silicon  the  tensle  strenE^b  of  copper  ii  nocb  In- 
creaied;  a  sample  of  such  litiuii  ircaic,  used  for  telegraph  wirei, 
Ml  ani^aii  wai  found  to  consist  of  94-94  %  ol  cq^>er,  003  % 
Ol  tin,  ud  tncei  of  iron  and  silicon, 

lb  bmnie  (Cr.  zoXih,  Lit.  aa)  ofcliaicil    antiquity 
Coniisted  chlcSy  of  copper,  alloyed  with  one  or  more  of  the 


e,  timie 


iccording  to 


I  the  analysU  of  coins  it  appears 
le  Giteki  idliertd  to  an  alloy  of 


The  Komani  also  used  lead  as  an  alloy  in  their  bronie  cans. 
but  gradually  reduced  the  cjuanlily.  and  under  Caligula.  Nero. 
Ve^mlau  and  Domitlan,  coined  pure  copper  coins;  iftenvirdi 
(bey  reverted  to  the  mixture  of  lead.  So  far  the  words  xaJuii 
And  dfs  may  be  translated  u  bronie.  Originally,  no  doubt, 
XaXtAi  was  the  name  for  pure  copper.  It  is  so  employed  by 
Homer,  who  calls  It  IfiuOfiit  (red),  atfui^  (^tterlo^.  ^oirrh 
bbining),  terms  wbkh  ajqily  only  to  copper.  But  instead  of 
lit  followiDg  from  this  that  the  process  of  alloying  copper  with 
other  metals  was  not  practi^d  In  the  time  of  the  poet,  or  was 
unhnown  to  him,  the  contrary  would  teem  to  be  the  case  from 
the  pamge  (/liod  iviii.  4]j)  where  he  describes  HcphHllus 

the  shield  of  Achilles,  so  that  it  is  not  always  possible  10  know 
whether  when  he  uses  the  word  xoXa^  he  means  copfxr  puRor 
alloyed-  Still  more  difBcuIt  is  it  to  make  this  dtstinction  when 
we  read  of  the  mylUcal  Dactyls  of  Ida  in  Crete  or  the  Tdcbines 
ac  Cychipei  being  acquilnted  with  the  smelting  of  xaXtii,  It  b 
oot,  bowcTCr,  Kkdy  that  later  OuA  wiiten,  who  kite*  bronii 


Ih  It*  me  MBii,  tod  oJkd  it  x<d>ait^  oooU  bna  mflofad 
lbs  word  irithoMt  qniliSealloB  for  obitcti  which  they  bad  scca 
imleMtbeybadBiBantitlobettkeBiibfaMb  WbeBPnaaataa 
Oil.  17. «)  qicaks  of  a  lUtBc,  ootof  ^  «UeM  Cgutci  behtdMca 


readily  ilnce  then 

For  t  lie  UK  of  hnnis  la  an,  soe  UlTUrWOU. 

BROHZI  AQK.  (ha  n, 
alage  In  human  culture,  li 

Ages,  when  mapoos,  tKeBrib  a 
general  rule,  made  of  biooic.  The  le 
logical  value,  but  nurka  a  period  of  dvUiiaagii  tbimiib  which 


pngttM  overlapped.  Ftom  the  timilari^  ol  . . 
weapom  and  fapleaienu  of  the  period  found  throngbout  Eoropc 
a  relatively  lyaeliiwteui  anmneooement  hii  been  Inferred  foe 
the  BroDu  Age  Id  Europe,  filed  by  maat  lutboif  ties  It  bctweea 
looo  n.c  to  1800  ■.&  But  it  most  bate  been  eaiUer  in  soma 
countries,  and  n  certainly  known  to  have  been  liter  in  others; 
while  the  Mencana  and  Peruviuu  not  still  in  tlielr  bronie  ag* 
in  recmt  tines.  Not  a  lew  kRhieologiiti  have  denied  that 
there  ever  was  a  dbtioct  Brann  Age.  Tbey  have  found  their 
chief  arguDKDt  in  the  (act  that  weapon  of  tbcM  igei  have  bceo 
found  side  by  side  in  prehistoric  burial^placea.  Bat  when  it 
is  admitted  that  the  ages  must  have  overlapped,  it  h  fairfy  easy 
to  undertnnd  the  mixed  "  finds."  The  beginning,  the  prenleoce 
and  duration  (f  the  Bronie  Age  hi  each  country  wimld  have 
been  ordered  by  the  accessibility  id  the  metals  which  loim  th« 
alloy.  Thus  in  Mme  lands  bnmte  may  have  continued  to  be  a 
(utotance  of  extreme  value  until  the  Iron  Age  wai  teached, 
and  in  tumuli  In  whkh  more  than  one  body  wa*  Interred,  aa  was 
frequently  the  case.  It  wmdd  only  be  with  the  remain!  of  Iht 
richer  tenants  of  the  tomb  that  the  more  valuable  obiecta  woold 
be  placed.  There  is,  moreover,  much  rcuon  to  believe  that 
sepulchral  mounds  were  opened  from  age  to  age  and  fresh  Inter- 
ments made,  and  In  such  a  ^aclice  would  be  found  a  iim|de 
eiplanatlon  of  the  mixing  of  ImF^emenU.  Another  curious  lad 
hiA  been  s^sed  on  by  those  who  nigue  against  the  oistence  of 
a  Bronie  Age.  Among  all  the  "  finds  "  eaamlned  In  Eunpe 
there  is  a  most  remarkable  absence  of  copper  implements.  The 
sources  of  tin  In  Europe  are  pmctically  restricted  to  CoenwaB 
and  Saxony.  Haw  then  nre  we  to  explain  on  the  one  hand  the 
apparent  stride  made  by  primitive  nun  when  from  a  Stone  Age 
dvlllistion  he  paued  to  a  comparatively  advanced  metaUur^al 
skill?  On  the  other,  how  account  for  a  comparatively  lyn- 
cbrenoua  commencement  of  bronie  dvillation  when  one  at 
least  of  the  metals  needed  for  the  alloy  would  have  been  nalurally 
difficult  of  access,  if  not  unknown  to  many  races?  The  answer 
Is  that  there  can  be  but  little  doubt  that  the  knowledge  of 
bronie  came  to  the  races  of  Eur^w  from  outside.  Either  1^  the 
Phoenicians  or  by  the  Greeks  metallurgy  wis  tiught  to  men  who 
no  sooner  recognised  the  nature  ind  malleabk  ptopertiei  of 
cc9per  than  they  learnt  that  by  applicalioB  of  heit  a  subatinc* 
could  be  nunnfactu  red  wi  lb  Un  far  better  suited  to  ihejrpuipotcs. 
(!apper  would  thus  hive  been  but  seldom  used  muUayed;  and 
the  relatively  synchronous  Ippcaiaiuz  of  bronie  in  Europe,  aru] 
■■■'■■■'  -We 


of  metals  was  doe  to  infonnatioB  brought  to  Stone-Age  maa 
in  Europe  by  races  which  were  already  skilful  aielallurgisti. 

The  Bronie  Age  in  Europe  is  diaracleriied  by  amponi, 
nteniils  and  implements.  ditiliKt  in  design  and  siae  from  thoie 
hi  »e  in  the  jBeceding  or  succeeding  stage  of  mi 
Moreover — and  this  hii  been  employed  as  1 
{avoor  of  the  foedfii  oiigin  of  the  kiiowled|a  of 


BRONZING— BROOCH 


6+1 


ttt*tu  in  eat  put  of  Eofivc  an  UcBiicml  Id  paUun  ud  lin 
Vilb  tboH  raund  in  inDlhn  part.  Tlie  usptemciili  ol  (La 
Broue  Age  iocludc  iword^  awlf,  kuivo,  goufa,  humnarit 
dagfcn  uid  amiw-hcuU-  A  mairlublc  conBnoation  ol  ibc 
Ibeoiy  ibai  the  Bronis  Agt  cuJiun  »«« Iram  the  Eul  u  la  be 
iouDd  in  ihe  pilicioioi  ibe  aroii,  Khicb  an  disiincily  onenlil; 
while  the  handin  of  iwordi  and  diggen  an  lo  nairow  and  short 
u  lo  make  il  tmlikely  ibat  ihey  mould  be  made  lor  uk  by  the 
Urge-huded  racei  of  Europe.  The  Broue  Age  ii  al»  char- 
actriizcd  by  the  fact  that  cremation  was  the  mode  ol  dispoaat 
of  the  dead,  n'hereas  ia  the  Slon«  Age  budal  was  the  rule. 
Btrrowi  and  lepulchral  moundi  itriclly  of  the  Bronia  Age  are 
tmaller  and  leu  impaifng  than  those  of  tfae  Stofie  Age.  Besides 
varied  and  bcaulilul  weapons,  frequently  exhibiting  high 
vorkmanship,  amulets,  eoconcti,  diadems  of  solid  gold,  and 


ue  (oBiKi  'a 


a  the  bairon.  Tboe  Ulier  appear  to  have  been 
oicd  at  tribal  or  family  ctmtitritt.  In  Denmark  u  nany  at 
MvtDiy  depoilli  of  btimt  bono  hiv«  been  laiiDd  io  a  single 
moundi  indicating  its  dm  through  a  long  succetiion  ei  yean. 
The  omaraentacion  of  the  period  is  as  a  rule  eonfined  to  ipirals, 
boues  and  concentric  circle*.  Hhal  it  nrnarkable  la  that  the 
in-ords  not  only  ihon  the  design  of  the  cross  to  the  shape  of  the 

of  the  SvBstika,  thai  ancient  Aryan  tymbol  which  vat  probably 
the  first  lo  be  nude  with  a  definiir  intention  and  a  consecutive 
meaning.  The  pO(l«y  is  >U  "  hand-made,"  and  Ibe  bulk  of 
the  objecti  eicavattd  *n  cinnaty  urns,  usually  found  foil  ol 
burot  booes.  The«  vary  from  u  to  |8  in.  in  htlgbt.  Their 
dtcaraUoo  it  confined  10  a  bind  round  the  upper  pari  of  the  pot, 
>r  often  only  a  projecting  flange  Lipped  round  the  whole 


A  few  hav 


andlet,  fon 


do!  pi 


bt  of  day 


Tbel 


of  dots,  I 


nst  the  mout  day;  the  patteitii  in  all  cua 
I  the  pot  before  it  was  haideBed  by  fiie. 
IV.  &c,    Alao  Lord  Avabuiy,  PrMUerii  Tinu 
-  Bnmii  /mpJnuaU  tj  CrHI  BniaiM 


(1900);  IS  J.  Ev"fc  ,1 

BROHZlHGi  ■  piocest  by  which  >  btoiu»4ikB  nufac*  li 
imparled  to  objeclt  of  metal,  platlei,  wood,  &c    On  ouuli  a 


An  aniiqi 


>laur  it : 


appear! 


Ibe  clean  bright  mttal  with  a  tolutloa  of  lal- 
ind  Eak  of  ■Dtnl  in  vinegar,  and  tobbtnc  the  luifaca 
dry,  the  operation  being  rtpeatcdai  cAca  as  Dea$tary.  Another 
totulidl  lor  the  same  ptupote  i>  madi  wiili  Bl-tmnoniac,  cream 
of  tartar,  conmon  salt  and  tilver  nitnle.  With  a  solution  ol 
ptatii^  chloride  tlmoit  any  colour  can  be  produced  on  copper, 
iron,  brtsi  or  new  bronae,  acootding  (0  the  dilution  and  the 
number  of  apptlcaiioni.  Articles  of  plaster  and  wood  may  be 
bronzed  by  coaling  them  with  siae  and  then  covering  them  njtb 
a  bninze  powder,  such  a*  Dutch  metal,  beaten  into  fin*  haves 
and  powdered.  The  bronzing  of  gun-barrels  may  be  eficcted  by 
the  use  of  a  strong  solution  of  antimony  trichloride^ 

BBOHZIMO,  IL,  the  name  given  lo  Akceio  Allou  (ijoi- 
IJT>),  Ike  Florentine  painter.  He  became  the  favmitile  pupil 
of  J,  da  PoDlotmo.  He  painted  the  portralti  ol  some  oi  the 
mott  famous  men  of  hit  day,  suck  as  Dante,  Petrudi  and 
Boccaedo.  Moat  of  his  best  works  are  in  Florence,  but  eumplct 
are  in  the  National  GillFiy,  London,  and  elsewhere. 

BROHZITB,  a  member  of  the  pyrDieoe  group  of  mlntrats, 
belonging  with  enttaiiie  and  hypersihene  to  tbe  onborbatnbic 
lerici  of  the  group.     Rather  than  a  distinct' species,  It  Is  really 

iloa  baa  acquind  a  bronae-Iike  nib-Duf  allic  lustre  on  the  cleavage 
lorfaces.  EnsUtite  is  magnesium  melaiilicale,  MgSiO,,  with 
the  magnoia  partly  trplaced  by  small  amountt  (up  to  about 
i%}  ol  fcnous  oiide;  in  Ibe  bioniite  variety,  (Mg,Fe)SiOi.  the 
leRinu  oaida  lanfti  from  about  5  lo  14%,  and  wilb  ttill  moi* 


iion  there  it  a  fiUMgc  to  kypentbes*.    Tbe  [eiiileiiouj  varieties 

are  liable  to  a  partitulai  kind  olallclalion,  known  as"  tchilleiiia- 
tioD,"  which  results  in  the  leparaiion  of  the  iron  as  very  fine 
films  of  oaide  and  hydroiidcs  along  the  deavag«  cracks  o(  the 
mineral-  The  cleavage  suriacs  therefore  exhibit  a  metallic 
ihecn  or  "  Khillei,"  which  Is  even  more  pronounced  in  hyper- 
tlbene  than  In  hnruile.  The  colour  of  bionilie  it  green, or 
brown;  lit  specific  gtiviiy  is  about  j'l-jj,  varying  with  the 
amount  of  iron  present.  Like  cnstatite,  broniiie  b  a  constituent 
of  many  basic  igneoua  rockt,  such  as  notiies,  gabbros,  and 
especially  peridoiiiei,  and  of  tbe  setpcniinct  whub  have  been 


^fmi 


tbeoi 


It  ah 


r  leu  distinct  fibrous 


mt  and  polished,  usually  in 
J  objeclt,  but  its  use  foe  this  ( 
of  hypersihene.     It  often  has  1 


pronounced 
's-eye.     Masses 

tu&cienily  large  for  cuiUog  are  found  in  the  norite  ol  the 
Kupfcrberg  in  the  FicbtelgcUtge,  and  intheietpcDtineolKraubat 
near  Lcoben  in  Slyria.  In  Ihit  conneiion  mention  may  be 
made  ol  an  altered  form  of  enslatite  or  bronalte  knnifn  at  iailila 

enstatlto  has  been  altered  by  hydration  and  the  product  has 
ai^roiimaldy  tbe  composilioD  of  sezpentine.  In  colour  bastilo 
is  bnxm  or  green  with  the  same  meialUc  then  ai  bronilte. 
Tbe  typical  fcxality  is  Baiu  in  the  lUdauthtl,  Hari,  where 
patches  ol  pale  grcyiib-greea  battite  ate  embedded  in  a  darker- 
coloured  terpentine.  This  rock  when  oil  and  poBsbed  make* 
an  eliective  dccoraliva  iMne,  although  little  used  fat  thai 
purpose.  (L.  J,  S.) 

BROOCH,  or  BioacH  (from  tbe  Fr.  trixie,  originally  an  awl 
or  bodkin;  a  q>it  is  sometiinet  called  a  broach,  and  hence  tbe 
pbitte  "  to  broach  a  barrel  ";  see  Bkoiei),  a  term  now  used 
10  denote  a  dasp  or  lattener  lor  (be  dress,  provided  with  a  pin, 
having  a  binge  or  tpricg  at  one  end,  and  a  catch  or  loop  at  tbe 

Broocbci  of  the  lafety-pln  type  (jSiulai)  were  eitensivtiy 
uted  In  antiquity,  but  only  wlijijn  definite  limiti  of  lime  and 
place.  They  teem  to  have  been  unknown  to  the  Egyptians, 
and  lo  the  oriental  nationa  untouched  by  Greek  Influence.  In 
lands  adjacent  to  Greece,  they  do  not  occur  In  Crete  or  at  Uit- 
taiUk.  The  place  of  origin  cannot  aa  yet  be  eiaclly  determined, 
but  It  would  teem  lo  have  been  in  central  Eun^,  towards  the 
doteoftheBrante  Age,tamewhat before  loooB.c  Theearliett 
form  it  Utile  more  than  a  pin,  bent  round  lor  security,  with  the 
paint  caufht  agaiiitC  ibc  head.  One  tuch  actual  pis  has  been 
found.  In  itt  neil  Amplest  lotm.  very  similar  to  that  of  the 
modem  tafety-pin  (in  which  the  coiled  firing  fonct  tfae  point 
igalnutbecMd)),itoccunin  the  lower  city  of  Mycenae,  and  In 
latedepoaiu  of  the  Mycenaean  Age.  tuch  as  at  Enkonti  in  Cypma. 
It  occurj  also  (though  rarely)  In  Ibe  "  lemmara  "  deposit*  of 
the  Pa  valley,  in  tbe  Switt 
lako-dwellinp  of  the  later 
Bronae  Age,  in  central  Italy, 
in  Hungary  and  la  Bosnia  j 
(fig.  1).'  i 

tnan  tba  comparatively  F,(;.,_EarlytypefraiiiP«K4iera. 
umple  initial  form,  the  Abida 

developed  in  different  Imcs  of  dscent,  into  different  shapes,  vaqr- 
ing  acconling  to  llie  atructural  feature  which  was  emphasiaed. 

eatitioely  comidtx,  but  the  main  lines  of  development  were 


In  Ihe  ^der  Iron  Age  or  "  Halbtatt  petiod. "  the  bow  and  It* 
\  are  thickened  and  modified  in  variout  diiectiont, 
ive  greater  rigidity,  and  praminenca  or  surface*  for 
.  The  chief  types  ban  been  conveniently  claated  by 
uilrations  of  Ihii  ankle  are  from  Dr  Koben  Ferrer's 
f  permiaatoQ  of  W.  Speraarm,  fierlift  and  Seutlgat^  ' 


6+a 


BROOCH 


UoMcOui  to  iMtfUla  pmpi,  leedHbf  w  tb«  dMiutnUlc 


ca^^; 


tklori 


m.  1 


ii  only  slightly  lorned 
in  elongated,  in  order 
f. long  pin  (*ig.j). 
plan  ii  flaittncd  out  ti 


■n(ddedloilMboi>[Gg.  4)- 

IV.  Tlie  bow  ii  convoluted  (1 
tfalB  [tprmnttd  by  knabi];  I 
iroupll.  (fig,  i).  For  fiinhtr 
Aili^ulliiscf  Early  1,0,    '      " 


t  the  canvolutioM  are  ion 
B  cilch-plile  drvdopi  u  : 
:Btnplci  of  the  [out  typn,  f 


•bould  be  midi 


r  .pcci.1  V 


le  Gbulu  ol  ihe  geoinr 


of  ihe  vertful  psnion  of  the  catch- 
pble  (fig,  «. 

The  eiiRipIt  ihown  In  Gf.  T  b 
■a  omaic  devtlopainit  of  type  II. 


retewd  upvnrdi,  it   Gnt  ilightlj 
(fig.  t),    and   then    to   >    marked 
extent,  turning  back  tovards 
bow. 

L   br-nacbinf   cbangs   la   tht 

dcjjgn    vai    at    the    fame    timt 

'    breught  about    by   a    topic   Im. 

pcoveraent  in  piiodple,  apparently 

Inttoduccd  within  the  area  of  i'-- 

I,  La    Ttee    culture.    Initead    of 

ring-^h>t   if,  at  t 

, -.     tide  only  of  tbt  b 

6bulii,*,_'-Boiii';  fibula!  as  eoniinoiily  in  iht  modem  safei 
^^n4<B0    01      Boat     pin-the  brooch   h«»i       " 


Fic.  j.-t™  tl.  ^th  ^1^ 


The  tpring  v 
--d  theti-  -■-- 


coileil  o 


ler  beiorc  Halting  in  a  tliaighi  line  to  (arm  the  pla.    Oacc 
lied,  the  faUitcral  ipring  became  almoM  unlverul,  and  111 
a  to  divide  the  whole  mau  of  andcat  fibulae 
falo  an  older  and  a  younger  group. 

With  the  progrcu  ol  the  La  Tfaic  period  (joo-l  B.C.)  the 
leflcction  of  the  catch-plate  tenninal  became  yet  more  marked, 
until  it  became  practically  merged  in  the  bovi  <llg.  g).  Uian- 
tlbiit,  the  bilalual  apring  dcHTibed  above  ttat  developing  into 
~wo  maAed  projectioni  oo  each  tide  of 
he  aiis.    In  oideT  to  give  the  double  ipilng 


n  had  been  provided  the  pin  vaa  n 


oted  bow.  EWDiber,  ai  in  a  moiien]  brooch  of  a  Boo- 

it(ety.piB  type,  and  was  no  longer  actuated 
br  il»  0"J  ^-rii* 

Tbc  T-^htPxl  ot  "cnu-bow"  fibula  wai  thus  devdopcd.- 
Ihuing  the  Ent  cratuilet  ol  Che  Empiic  It  attained  great  die 
Mdlmpoitwi(c[G^ia.T]).  The  form  ■•  cDnnnientlr  dated U 
ill  higtant  development  by  iti  occuneoce  on  Iha  ivory  diptych 
ol  Sliiicho  at  Mouaa  (c.  jLS.  400). 

In  the  toD^  ol  lbs  Fnakiih  and  kindred  Tauionic  tiibea 
bNwvnilbo  jib  ud  pth  (cMiuiM  itk«  amlwi «(  Um  T  bMomo 


a  yet  mon  dtb«nte1]' deeanted  lentctrde,  o(Ub  turmmded  br 
radial  knobs  asd  a  chaied  uirface.  The  bate  ol  the  ihaft  'a 
flattened  out.  and  is  no  less  omalc  (fig.  ij).  At  the  beginning 
of  this  period  the  fibula  ol  King  Childeric  (aji.  481)  hat  a 
lingularly  compliciled  pin-laitening. 
So  far  we  have  traced  the  hiiUvy  ol  the  aafety'piD  form  of 


brooch.  Concurrently  with  It.. other  li 
devtlcqxd  in  which  ihe  lalety-pin  principle  is  either  absent  or 
eSectually  diiguised.  One  lucb  form  is  that  ol  the  circulai 
medallion  brooch.  It  ii  found  in  Etruscan  deposits  of  a  fully 
developed  style,  and  b  csmmonly  repreunied  in  Greek  and 
Koman  sculptures  as  1  stud  to  fuien  the  cloak  on  the  thouider- 


Fic  7.— Cold  fibula  fram  Naj^cL 
la  the  Koman  provinca  the  circular  breaches  are  very  numeraui, 
and  ace  Ireqvently  decorated  with  inlaid  itone,  piite  or  enamel. 
Another  kind  of  brooch,  alto  kaon-n  from  early  times,  Is  in  Iha 
foimotininiinaL  Jn  the  early  types  the  animal  is  a  decorative 
appendage,  but  in  later  exampls  it  f  onm  the  body  of  the  brooch, 
to  which  a  pin  liko  the  modem  braoch.pin  is  attached  under- 
neath. Both  of  these  shapes,  na: 
the  medallion  and  the  animal  form, 
found  in  Franklsh  cemeteries,  together    I 

shaped  brooch  described  above.  Such  -/>a-  *.— Eariy 
brooches  were  made  in  gold,  tilver  or  IrISa?ornara^ 
broaie,  adomed  with  precfoin  tlonci, 

filigree  work,  or  enamel;  hut  whatever  the  richness  ot  th* 
mataiial,  the  pin  was  nearly  always  of  iron. 
The  Scandinavian  or  oorthem  group  of  f-ihaped  bjoochci 

..  1.  .1.^.  — I.,  t .  indiitinguiihable  from  those  of  the 

e  went  on  they  became  more  massive, 
devices  (perhaps  brought 


Itefleatd 


e  In  ihdr  cariy  fonni 
■rated  with 


Flo.  9,  e-rf.— Fibula  of 


t  La  T(ne  period,  ihaw 


j««agi?-*- 


BROOKE,  P.— BROOKE,  LORD 


'43 


«ac  eiqniiit*  mtki  of  in,  Ingciilciisly  lod  lutctully 
(inicled.    Ttwjr  in  often  ol  (old,  nJlh  a  centnt  bnu,  eiquisltcly 
dtcorotcd,  ihc  Oil  pan  oI  (he  broach  being  i  mouic  ol  tur- 
U  on  gold  foil,  moiker  of  p«ari,  &c.  UTiDged 


ftometilc  paltena,  ind  the  gaM  vorlc  enriched  vltli  Slisree 
deconitd  nth  dngonnqne  engnvfng). 

The  ScuKliniviln  hroochee  ol  the  Vihint  period '(:iJ>.  800- 
lejo)  tien  ovil  end  coiivu,  lomenlut  in  Ihe  form  of  ■  lonoiK. 
in  thelcortlen  form  they  occur  [n  the  lonn  ol  1  tng-Uke  inimiL, 
fttell  developed  from  the  prevloui  Teulonic  T-dupcd  type. 
n'ilh  Ihe  Entroduclion  of  the  Intricate  lyitem  of  onumeni 
deicribed  iboie,  the  frog-like  inimil  [s  gnduany  lupcneded 
by  purely  decorative  lines.  The  tonvei  boitls  ere  ihcD  norked 
tjitr  irith  1  perforated  upper  shell  of  chued  notk  over  >n  under 
■hell  of  impure  bronie,  gill  on  the  convei  side.  These  outer 
cues  are  »  III)  decorated  wlih  opca  croRn-like  onumcnl  and 
maulvc  piojetllng  boises.    The  geographical  dliitibuiloa  ol 

Nonhmen.  They  occur 
fo  nonbem  Scotland, 
I    England,  Ireland,  Ice- 
land.  Normoody  aiMl 

The  Celllc  group  li 
chancteiiied  by  the 
peninnulir  form  ol  the 
),  ring  of  the  brooch  and 
Ihe  great  er  Irngth  of  the 
pm.  The  peoaanular  liog,  Inserted  through  a  hole  at  the  head  of 
ibe  long  pin,  csuld  be  partially  turned  nhcs  the  pin  had  been 
thmU  through  the  material  in  such  a  nay  that  the  brooch  became 
in  tS^i  1  buckle.  Thne  brooches  are  usually  ol  bronze  or  silver, 
chased  in  engraved  niib  intricate  designs  of  interlaced  or 
dragonetque  vork  In  the  Uyle  of  the  illuminated  CeKic  manu- 
laipu  of  the  Tth,  Sih  and  Qlh  centoiies.  The  Hunleision 
brooch,  which  iras  found  11  Hawking  CnJg  !d  Ayrshire,  is  a 
•ren-kno"Ti  eiamjiJe  of  this  style.  Silver  brooches  of  immense 
■Ite,  tome  having  pins  ij  in.  in  length,  and  ihe  pcnannular  ring 
of  ih*  brooch  terminating  in  large  knobs  resembling  ihislle  beads, 
an  occaaonally  found  in  \iking  hoards  of  this  period,  consisting 
of  btiUioD,  brooches  and  Cu£c  and  Anglo-Saion  coins  buried 
pn  Scottish  son.  In 
medieval     times     the 


It.— Cold  Fibula.    4lh  ce 


BROOKS,    PHAXCES    (1794-iTSg),    English    novelist    and   ' 

Of  her  novels,  some  ol  vhich  en^yed  considerable  pgpulaiity 
In  their  day,  the  mon  important  vcie  Tit  Hillary  nf  IMy  /vlia 
UaxiniOi  (1763),  Emily  ilanlacac  {1769)  and  Tie  Eieurtiim 
(1J77).  Her  dramatic  pieces  and  tranitations  from  the  French 
are  noir  forgotten.    She  died  in  January  1789. 

BHOOKE,  FULKE  GREVILLB.  tST  BakoiT  dsti-ie^g); 
English  poet,  only  ion  of  Sir  Fulke  GreviUe,  vas  bom  at  Bean- 
champ  Coun,  Warnickshire.  Hen-assent  in  iifi4,on  thesame 
day  as  his  lile-long  Iiiend,  Philip  Sidney,  to  Sbieiisbury  school 
He  matriculated  at  Jesui  College,  Cambridge,  in  i;68.  Sii 
Henry  Sidney,  president  of  Wales,  gave  him  in  1576  1  poft 
connected  n-iih  the  court  of  the  Marches,  but  he  resigned  it  hi 
'571  to  go  to  conn  Kiib  Philip  Sidney.  Young  Crevifle  beonia 
a  great  favourite  niih  Queen  Eliiabeth,  vho  treated  him  Kith 

for  leaving  tbe  country  tgaltisl  her  wishes.  Philip  Sidney,  Sic 
Edward  Dyer  and  Greville  were  members  ol  the  "Areopagus," 
the  literary  clique  which,  under  the  leadership  of  Cabrid 
Harvey,  supported  the  introduction  of  classical  metres  into 
English  verse.  Sidney  and  GmiUe  arranged  to  sail  with  Sit 
Francis  Drake  in  1585  in  his  expedition  Bgamst  the  Spanish 
West  Indies,  but  Elizabeth  peremptorily  forbade  Drake  to  tike 
them  with  him,  and  also  refused  Cre^nlle's  rnfuest  [0  be  alhm-ed 

who  took  pan  in  the  campaign,  was  killed  on  the  T7th  ol  October 
IsM,  and  Gieville  shared  «ilh  Dyer  the  legacy  of  his  books, 
while  in  hit  Li/t  </  llu  Utrcvnal  Sir  Philip  Sidnty  he  raised 
an  enduriof  monumeDt  to  his  friend's  memory.  Abont  ijgi 
Greville  served  for  a  ihon  time  in  Normandy  under  Henry  at 
Navarre.  This  was  Eiis  last  experience  of  war.  In  IJS3  he 
became  secretary  to  the  piincfpalily  of  Wales,  and  he  represented 


In  iJoS  he  was  made  t 


at!yy( 


cr  of  the  r 
I  of  the  le 


n  of  Jan 


1  I.    In  i< 


pany,  although  in  1615  he  advocated  the 
parliament.  In  1618  he  became  commisuone 
and  in  1611  be  was  raised  to  the  peerage  with 
Brooke,  a  title  which  had  belonged  to  the  fam 
:r,  Eliiabetb  Wllloughby.  Herecel 
the  grant  of  Warwick  Caille,  in  tbe  restoiati. 
said  to  have  spent  £10,000.  He  died  on  the  3 
consequence  of  a  wound  inflicted  by  a 

St  Iklary's  church,  Warwick,  ant 
ibed  the  epitaph  he  had  composed  h 


GreviU  Serva 

t  to  Queene  Elizabeth  O. 

nctUcr  to  King  Janw 

A  rhyming 

elegy  on  Brooke,  public 

cd  in  Huth's  ixediltt 

Uania.  brings  charges  ol 

^'inst  him™ 

ut  of  his  generous  treat 

s  only  works  published 

uting  his  lite 

f  which  is  the  elegy  00 

Idney  nhich 

appeared  in  The  Fhacni 

Nut  dsoj),  and  the 

rro(rfyq/i/H 

lapha.    A  volume  ol  his 

ratks  appeared  in  1633, 

nothet  of  R 

Riljnl  fn  167a,  and  his 

ography  of  Sidney  in 

id  ituilafha.  The  t 
rvelopment  of  the  piece  fully  bean  out  tbe  gloom  ol  tbe 
rologue,  la  which  the  ghost  ol  a  former  king  of  Ormua  reveals 
ie  magnitude  of  the  curse  about  to  descend  on  the  doomed 
imily.  Tbe  theme  of  Uailafha  It  borrowed  from  Madeleine 
E  Scudjry's  Ibrahim  mi  nilaslrt  Baisa,  and  turns  on  the  am- 
illon  ol  the  lultana  Rossa.  The  choruses  of  these  ptey)  an 
illy  philosophical  dissenations,  and  Ihe  conneaion  with  the 
•a  of  thedtiima  is  often  very  slight.  In  Muilapha,  loiinstance, 
w  third  chorus  Is  a  dialogue  between  Hme  and  Eternity, 
hile  the  fifth  consists  of  an  invective  against  the  eviJi  of  super- 
ition.  followed  by  a  chorus  of  prists  that  docs  nollung  to  dispd 


644- 


BROOKE,  H.— BROOKE,  SIR  J. 


the  [fflpreuion  o[  tceplIduD  cenUiocd  ia  the  Cut  ptR.  He 
Iclli  IB  himidE  tliat  the  tngedis  weic  cot  iDtended  lot  the 
lUge.  Cbulet  Lamb  uyi  Uicy  should  nthei  be  called  political 
tieitiMS.  Of  Bnnke  l^b  ays,  "  He  ia  aiae  part)  Machiavel 
and  Tadtus,  foe  one  oE  Sophodei  and  Seneca.  .  . .  Whether 
we  boll  into  hii  plays  oi  bii  moit  pasifonate  love-poems,  we 
Ehall  fisd  all  frozea  and  made  rigid  with  iolcllect."  He  goes  on 
ta  speak  of  the  obscurity  of  ei^RBJon  that  luns  Ihroogh  all 
Btooke'i  poeliy,  an  obscittily  which  is,  however,  due  more  to 
the  intensity  and  subtlety  o[  the  tbou^t  than  to  any.  lack  of 
mere  verbal  luddily. 

<It  t>  by  hii  biography  of  Sidney  tbat'Fiilke  Gmille  Ii  best 
known.  The  full  title  eiptetto  the  scope  d  the  work.  Itrum: 
Tin  Lift  «/  Ike  JteTuamai  Sr.  Phiiip  Sidney.  With  tki  frw 
lalatsi  ef  En^'id  at  il  thai  staed  in  rdatiM  to  i>U  Fttraia 
PriKcai  AM  jxulUiilarly  far  luppraswt  (*e  frmr  ef  Sfain 
Staled  by  Himt  His  frindpall  Acliaiu,  Cntudl,  Dilicaa,  anJ 
Dasli.  Togilhtr  mlk  a  sktrl  aaouiU  tj  Ike  Utnintl  and  Policiei 
used  by  Queen  Eiiabelk  in  hr  Catenmeni.  He  includes  some 
autobiographical  mailer  in  what  amount*  to  a  treatise  oa 
goveinmenl.  He  had  intended  to  wtite  a  history  of  England 
tuder  the  Tudon,  but  Robert  C<dl  relused-him  access  to  the 
necessary  state  papets. 

Brcoke  left  no  tons,  and  his  barony  pasted  to  hii  couuB, 
Bobett  Creville  (c.  160S-1643),  who  thus  became  ind  Lord 
Biooke.  This  nobleman  was  imprisoned  by  Charles  I.  at  York 
In  lAjg  for  refusing  to  take  the  oath  to  Ggbt  (or  the  idag,  and 
soon  became  an  active  member  of  the  parliamentary  party; 
taking  part  m  the  Cvil  Wai  he  defeated  the  Royalists  in  a 
skirmish  at  Kinelan  is  August  1641.  He  was  soon  ^ven  a 
command  in  the  midland  counties,  and  having  Kiud  Lichfield 
he  was  killed  there  on  the  md  of  March  1643.  Brooke,  who  is 
Culogiied  as  a  friend  of  toleration  by  Milton,  wrote  oa  pbilo- 
tophica].  thcolof^al  and  cuircnl  political  topics.  Id  174&  his 
descendant,  francis  Creville,  the  Eth  bacon  {iri9-I773)<  w" 
Created  eat]  of  Warwick,  a  title  still  in  his  family. 

Dr  A.  D.  Cmiarl  edited  the  complete  worlit  of  FuIIk  Creville  for 

the  Fuller  Worlliiei  LibiBry  in  1B70,  anc'  --■ "  -■-  -in, 

publi<hediaiheEliaM^.'<Z,itrarY(i89j),  ve 

^itSm.  A  Tretlie  ™H^^  Leafi^nt''.  me 

ttilleimr.ATnolieefH'orrei.Ctiliai  on 

of  lyrics  ia  various  [arms,  a  letter  loan"  [  let 

to  Crcvill  Vamey  io  Fiance,  and  a  then  :  alf 

oIFrai  ■ 

S'ar" 

S.  Smith  inlb*""Tudoi „ 

wasRprinud  inM.F.  Crow's"  Qiiabet  ha 
See  also  an  esay  in  Mn.  C  C  Stopes's  i 
CenlempanrUt  (1907). 

BRODKB,  BEHRT  (c.  i70]-t  7Sj).  Itisb  author,  ion  of  Willi 
Brooke,  rector  of  KlUinkeie,  Co.  Cavan,  was  born  at  Ranla< 
In  the  same  county,  about  1703.  His  mother  n-as  a  daughter 
of  Simon  Digby,  trishop  of  Elpbin.  Dr  Thomas  Ehcii ' 
one  of  his  schoolmasters,  and  he  was  cnlctfd  at  Tiinity  CDllege, 
Dublin,  in  171Q1  in  1714  be  was  sent  to  London  to  study  law. 
Be  muried  his  cousin  and  watd,  Catbfiine  M  cares,  before  she 
was  fourteen.  Ket uining  10  London  he  published  a  philosophical 
poeminsiibookitntiiledUjiitTria/BMiifyCi?);).  Hcatlachcd 
himself  to  the  party  of  the  prince  ot  Wales,  and  took  a  small 
house  at  Twickenham  near  to  Alexander  Pope.  In  1738  he 
translated  (he  £isl  and  second  books  of  Tasso's  Ceiusdemne 
libcrala,  and  in  the  neit  year  he  produced  a  tragedy,  Cuslo^as 
Vaia.  Ike  Delherer  oj  Kl  Counlry.    This  play  kid  been  rehearsed 

formance  was, forbidden.  The  reason  ol  this  prohibition  was  a 
supposed  portrait  of  Sir  Robert  Walpole  in  the  part  of  TroUio. 
In  any  case  the  spirit  of  fervent  patriotism  which  pervaded  the 
play  was  probably  disliked  by  the  government.  The  piece  was 
printed  and  sold  largely,  being  afterwards  put  on  the  Irish 
stage  under  the  title  of  The  Falriol.  This  affj 
satirical  pamphlet  from  Samuel  Johnson,  entitled  "  A  Complete 
Vindication  of  the  Licensers  of  the  Stage  from  the  nulicioui 


scandalous  Aspersions  of  Mr  Brooke  "  (iTW).  Ks  wife  (eued 
that  bis  conneifoD  wiib  the  opposition  was  Imprudent,  ami 
induced  him  to  return  to  Inland.  He  interested  himself  in 
Irish  history  and  literature,  but  a  projected  collectian  of  Itiih 
lories  and  a  history  of  Ireland  from  the  earliest  times  were 
bandoned  In  consequence  of  disputes  about  the  ownership  of 
the  suterials.  During  the  Jacobite  rebellion  of  174s  Brook* 
Issued  hit  Farmer'i  Sii  LeUeri  h  IIh  FritviaMi  c/  iTtlani 
[oollecled  1 74^ )  the  form  of  which  was  suggested  by.  Sail t's 
Drapier'i  LtOiri.  For  this  service  he  received  from  the  govern. 
-  the  post  of  barrack-mastel  at  MuUingat,  wbkh  he  held 
s  death.    He  wrote  other  pampbleta  on  the  Ptoleilant 

tional  utility.  About  1760  he  entered  Into  negotiations 
ending  Roman  Catholics,  and  in  1761  he  wrote  a  pamphlet 
advocating  alleviation  of  the  penal  laws  against  Ihein.  He  is 
said  to  have  been  the  £ist  editor  of  the  Fieman'e  Jmrtul, 
established  at  Dublin  In  1 763.  Meanwhile  he  had  been  obliged 
to  mortgage  his  property  in  Cavan,  and  had  removed  to  Co. 
Kildaie.  Subsequent^  a  bequest  Icom  Colonel  Robert  Brooke 
enabled  him  to  purchase  an  estati  near  his  old  home,  and  be 
spent  large  sums  in  attempting  to  reclaim  the  wascc-land.  Hi* 
best-known  work  is  the  novel  entitled  Tie  FeU  qf  Qtiaiit^;  or 
Ihe  Hiilery  of  Henry  Earl  if  iiirelani,  the  fijst  pan  of  which 
was  published  in  i7£j:  and  the  fifth  and  Last  in  1770.  The 
characters  oi  this  book,  wbich  relates  the  education  of  an  Ideal 
nobleman  by  an  ideal  merchant-piince,  art  gifted  with  a  "  pas- 
sionate and  tearful  seOEibdity,"  and  reSect  the  real  humour  and 
tenderness  of  the  writer.  Brooke's  religious  and  philanthropic 
temper  recommended  the  book  to  John  Wesley,  who  edited 
(ij&o]  an  abridged  edition,  and  to  Charies  Kingsley,  who  pub- 
lished It  with  a  eulogistic  notice  in  iSjg.  Brooke  had  a  large 
family,  but  only  tv.o  children  survived  him.  His  nife's  destb 
seriously  aSecied  him,  and  he  died  at  Dublin  in  a  stale  of  mental 
infirmity  on  the  lolh  of  October  tjSj. 
Kit  daughter,  Charlotte  Brooke,  published  Tke  poiUcaS  Kteii  if 

n a — 1.:_ ""iwanble  10  supply  very  little  bionaphical 

for  BmoVe't  bl08ipl.y'a.t  C.  H  w'ilBn. 

. ^  - .  . ..,,  and  a  bioeraphical  prefaee  by  E.  A.  Baker 

prefiud  to  ■  new  edition  (1006)  of  Tie  Awl  t!  Quality.    Brooke's 

.»!.»  ...^L..  T..i..j^  '—ttai  liaaedies.  only  some  of  which  were 

1  .wrote;  laei  Oa  CiatI  QiuOir  (174*).  an 

■^'  ConstaBila'  or'the°Man  of  CiM^ale" 

... George  Ogle  i  CamUttury  Talei  mtdmieedt 

I  CrentlUe;  er  iKe  HiMryi/llie  Hmmih  Heart  (177}).  a  novd: 
tome  labfn  coairibuied  10  Edward  Moore's  F^et  fir  (te 
.((  5rr  (1744). 

186G],  English  soldier,  Uavetitt 
at  Coombe  Ciove  near  Bath, 
on  the  jgth  of  Apiil  iBoj.  Ilii  father,  a  member  of  the  civU 
service  of  the  East  India  Company,  had  long  lived  in  Bengal 
His  mother  was  a  woman  of  superior  mind,  and  to  her  care  he 
owed  his  careful  early  training.  He  received  the  ordinary  school 
education,  entered  the  service  of  the  East  India  Company,  aud 

Burmese  War  he  was  despatched  with  his  regiment  to  I  he  valley 

eneagcmenl  near  Rungpore.was  compelled  to  ret  urn  home  (igi6}. 
Alter  his  recovery  he  travelled  on  the  continent  before  goin^ 
to  India,  and  circumstances  led  him  soon  after  to  leave  the  service 
ol  the  company.  In  iSjohemadc  a  voyage  to  China,  and  during 
his  passage  among  the  islands  ol  the  Indian  Archipelago,  si 


erial.    plher  source 

i1ShiiIe"«-.. 

actually  tta|ed.^  He  alio 

?ti°p(iidoi'Bl 


pulati 


eauiy.  magnlficei 


ecu  pied  by 


3n  a  system  ol  piracy  on  a  vast  scale  and  with 
ity,  he  conceived  the  great  design  of  rescuing  them 
t  and  bringing  them  within  the  pale  of  dviliEation. 
lit  purpose  was  confirmed  by  observations  made  during  a  second 

elf  in  earnest  to  making  the  necessary  preparations.  Having 
uccecdcd  on  the  death  of  his  father  to  a  large  proptily,  he  bought 
ind  equipped  a  yacht,  the  "  Royllist.*'  of  140  ions  buiden,  and 
or  three  ytan  tested  it*  capacities,  and  Uained  his  ciew  of 


BROOKE,  STOPFORD— BROOK  FARM 


e+j 


.  At  length,  on  the 
riuma  en  bli  grat 
oiu  delay],  he  Ibund 


l*«itT  mm.  cHtftj'  b>  the  Uedhemn 
■jih  dI  Oclabcc  iSjS.  >»  u>l«l  'mx  I 

Mlvtatur«.    Oa  mchJnc  Borneo,  After 

the  laj*  Hudi  Hiuim,  uncle  of  ihe  iciinint  wiun,  mgagca  in 
■ai  in  the  pravincr  of  Sarawik  with  Mveml  dI  the  Dyai  iriba. 
■ho  had  nvolltd  agalnil  Ihc  sulum.  Ur  a&:in£  hb  aid  la  the 
nja;  and  wiih  hit  crew,  and  »ine  Javonae  who  huj  joitiRl 
Ihcm.betnokpan  in  a  tniilewiih  the  iiauigmii,  and  ihry  itcn 
dttealcd.  For  hii  icrvicB  the  litlf  of  njt  of  Sanwili  mi 
conFcmd on  him  by  Mudaltasim,  the  fotmcrnjabFini  deprived 
In  his  Civoui,  li  W3I,  however,  wmr  lime  before  ihc  tultan 
couM  be  induced  lo  tonfirm  hs  lille  (Seplember  1S41).  I>uring 
Ihc  BHI  five  yean  Raja  Bimkc  wu  cngagrd  in  ntabli^'ng  his 
pover.  in  making  I'uit  letaimi  in  adninist  cation,  pieparing 

■  code  of  lam  and  introducing  jiut  and  bumane  modn  of 
dealing  with  the  degraded  lub  jei:ls  of  hit  tulc.  Bui  Ihs  was  not 
all.     He  baked  fomaid  lo  the  devDlapmcnl  of  commcrR  as  the 

alllicted  the  aichipclago;  and  bi  ocdcr  to  make  this  possiUe, 
Ihe  way  mutt  fint  be  cleared  by  the  tuppmsion.  or  a  considerable 
diminution,  of  the  prevailing  piracy,  which  was  not  only  a  curse 
to  the  savage  tribes  engaged  in  it,  but  a  standing  danger  lo 
Enropein  and  American  tisiten  In  those  teas.  Varioit  expcdi- 
llontwertthcreforeorganitedind  sent  out  agajnn  Ihe  maraudcra, 
Dyaks  and  Malays,  and  sometimes  even  Arata.  Captain  (oricr- 
•ards  Admiral  Sir  Harry)  Keppel,  andotbci  commuiden  of 
British  ships  of  war,  lecnvod  permiision  10  ciH)peT*tc  Hith 
Ra}a  Srooke  in  these  eipedltioiB.  Ilic  piratea  iwre  MUekal 
in  thefr  strongholds,  they  fou^t  desperately,  and  the  ilaughwr 
■as  immense.  Negntiaiion  with  the  chicia  bad  been  tried,  and 
tried  In  viin.  The  capital  of  the  svlOn  of  Borneo  waa  bom- 
baided  and  stormed,  and  the  nltan  wiih  his  army  muted. 
He  was,  howe*rr,  toon  after  restored  to  hit  dominion.  So  lac^e 
was  the  number  of  nalives,  pirates  and  othen,  (lain  in  these 
eiqieditiont,  that  the  "  head-money  "  awarded  by  Ihe  British 
IDvemment  lo  those  who  had  taken  pail  in  Ihem  amounted  to 
no  ten  than  £»,eoo.  In  October  iBaj  Rafi  Brooke  retomed 
to  England,  where  be  wu  well  reni'^  by  the  tpvernme ni ; 
■nd  the  CDipoialion  of  London  conferred  on  him  the  freedom 
of  the  city.  The  Island  of  Laboan,wilh  it»  dependencies, having 
been  acquired  by  purchase  from  the  sultan  of  Borneo,  was  erraed 
into  a  British  colony,  and  Raja  Brooke  wa>  appointed  govemar 
and  commander-in-chief.  He  was  abo  named  «>iiiul-|enetal 
it  Borneo.  These  appointments  had  been  made  bcfoic  his 
arrival  in  England.  The  univenily  of  Oaford  conferred  on  him 
Ihe  honorary  degreeofD£.L..and  in. 848  he  wa»  created  K.C.B. 
Ke  soon  alter  returned  to  Sarawak,  and  waa  carried  thither  by 

■  British  man-of-war.  In  the  ramnier  of  rg49  he  led  an  ewpedi- 
llon  against  Ihe  Sei^bu  and  Sakuran  Dyaks,  who  still  perwted 
In  their  iriratieal  prinices  and  lefoied  to  aubmit  to  BntJth 
■nthorily.  Their  defeat  and  wholesale  sloogbtec  waa  «  matUr 
of  coune.  At  the  time  of  thii  engagement  Sir  Jamo  Brooke 
■a*  lying  ill  with  dysentery.  He  vailed  twice  the  capitnl  sf  the 
(ulian  of  Sala,  and  nnclnded  a  treaty  with  him,  which  had  .for 
one  of  fta  objects  Ihe  eipublon  of  the  ■ea.gypsiiB  and  ollvr 
tribes  from  his  dominions.  In  itjr  grave  chaigB  with  rtapect 
lo  Ihe  opentims  hi  Borneo  were  bron^t  a|^aat  Sir  Jamas 
Brooke  in  Ihe  House  oi  Commons  by  Joseph  Hume  and  Mbcr 
nemben.  especially  aa  lo  the  "had-money"  receiHd.  To 
meet  these  accusations,  and  to  vindicale  his  procecAn^,  he 
came  to  England,  The  evidence  adduced  was  so  conlBcIisg 
that  the  matter  *u  at  length  itfened  to  a  royal  comndtaion.  to 
alt  at  Singapore.  As  the  result  of  iU  invnligallon  the  charges 
were  declared  10  be  "  not  proven,"  Sir  James,  however,  was 
■Don  after  deprived  of  the  goventonhip  of  Labuan,  and  the 
bead-money  was  abdnhcd.  In  1S6;  hii  house  In  Sarawak  waa 
attacked  and  burnt  by  Chinese  pmites.  and  he  had  to  fly  from 
die  capital.  Kuching.  WithasmalllorcehedtiarkediheChhirK. 
recovered  the  town,  made  a  grtal  sbngtrter  of  them,  and  drove 
•way  the  ntt.  In  the  lollowing  year  he  oime  10  England,  and 
leinained  there  for  three  years.     During  this  time  he  wai  aiiacfced 


'  in  Devonahln  was  bought  and  pieiented  lo  him.  He  made  two 
more  visit*  lo  Sarawak,  and  on  each  occasion  bad  a  nbellton  M 
suppress.  He  ipent  his  last  day*  on  his  estate  at  BiuRlor  in 
Devonshhe,  and  died  there,  on  the  iilh  of  Jdm  tS63,  being 
succeeded  as  raja  of  Sarawak  by  Ida  nephew.  Sir  James  Brooke 
was  a  man  of  Ihe  hi^tesl  personal  charader,  and  be  dbi^yed 
rare  cnnnge  both  in  hit  conflicts  in  the  East  and  under  the 
charges  advanced  against  him  in  England. 

HiiPiTtgCrZJOertfiejgtoiSsjIwerepiibllihedlnllM,  PortioiiB 
of  hii  AivwaJweR  edited  by  Captains  Muaday  and  Kepiid.     (Sea 

XROOXE,    (TOPrORD    AnSURUI    (igji-         ),  Englhh 

divlneand  man  of  letters,  bom  at  Letierkenny,  Donegal,  Ireland, 
in  1831,  was  educated  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin.  He  was 
ordained  tu  the  Cbardi  of  EngUnd  In  iSj?,  and  held  varhHn 
chaises  hi  London.  From  iH]  10  it65  he  was  chaplain  10  Ihe 
empress  Frederick  in  BerHn,  and  hi  ig7i  he  beome  chaplain 
in  ordinary  to  QiKtn  Victoria.  Bot  b  1S80  he  aecedcd  (miB  th« 
Churdi,  bdng  no  longer  able  to  accipl  Its  Icaduig  dogmas,  and 
nfliciiited  is  ■  Unitarian  minister  for  aome  years  at  Bedford 
chapel.  Bloonubury.  Bedford  chapel  was  pulled  doisn  about 
1844,  and  from  that  time  he  had  no  church  of  his  own,  but  hit 
clo^enceand  powerful  religious  personatrTy  continued  to  Diak« 
themselves  fell  among  a  wide  cnxrie.    A  man  of  independent 

and  a  'fine  critic  of  both.  He  publshed  in  i8«5  his  Life  «J 
LeUtri  4  F.  W.  Rsherttm  (of  Brighton),  and  in  1876  wmle  aa 
admirable  primer  of  £>i;ruj|  £itmuiire(ncwand  nvised  ed.,  1900), 
lollDwed  in  iSqi  by  TVW  Hillary  irf  Etrly  Enflall  Uttnlmt 
(7  vols',  iSoi)  down  to  the  accession  ol  Alfred,  aitd  EntKik 
IMtralurt  frtm  Ihe  Beffuiin;!  It  Ou  Ntrman  CtKfutH  (l8«8). 
His  other  works  include  various  vohimes  of  termaDs;  Awiw 
(r888);  Cow  Cmufr  (1S90);  Tkalaey  la  Oie  £H(tul  Porta— 
Ctirfer,  CnUfidt'.  WnrdntmUi,  Bunt  (i«7<);  Tmaynm,  kit 
Art  ami  RA-lim  U  Uedcn  Lift  (1894);  Tit  Pttry  (/  Ritat 
Bnmnnt  <'oaj);  Ow  TrH  Plays  »/  SkalitiftaH  (ii>aj);  and 
r*r  Lift  Stipntilitc  tio46). 

BROOK  FAHB.  Ihe  name  applied  to  a  tract  of  land  in  Vttt 
Roibury.  Maisachutetit,  on  which  in  igii-1847  a  connniDiitlC 
eiperiment  wat  uroucreafully  fried.  Ihe  experiment  wag 
one  of  the  practical  manifcslatlons  of  the  ^rit  of  '*  Trans- 
ccndenlilitm,"  In  New  England,  though  many  of  the  more 
prominent  transcrndentalists  took  no  diiecl  part  in  It.  Ihe 
project  was  originated  by  George  Ripley,  who  abo  virtually 
directed  h  throughout.     In  his  words  it  was  hilended  "  10' 

labour  than  now  exists;  to  combine  Ihe  thmker  and  the  worker, 
OS  Car  a*  povlble.  in  the  same  individnl;.  (o  guaiaulce  the 
highest  mental  freedom  by  providing  all  with  bbovr  adapted  19 
their  tastes  and  talents,  and  securing  lo  Ihem  the  liulla  of  Iheir 
industry;  to  do  away  with  the  necetiity  ol  menial  aervicea  by 
opening  the  benefilsof  edtiCation  and  the  profits  of  labour  to 
all;  and  thus  to  prepare  4  society  of  liberal,  inlelligenl  and 
cnltlvaied  pemns  whose  leialions  whh  each  other  would  permit 
a  more  simple  and  wholesome  life  than  can  be  led  amidsl  Che 
pressure  of  our  competitive  institutions."    In  short,  iCa  aim  wu 


reduc 


igioa 


id  by  the  simplicity  of  its  social  machinery  saving 
He  nuumum  ol  time  foe  mental  and  apiriiual  educalJon  and 
evdopment.  Al  a  lime  when  Ralph  Waldo  EmeiBOD  could 
•iHe  to  Thomas  Cirlyle.  "  We  are  all  (  littk  wOd  ben  with 
umberless  prajecti  of  sodsl  reform;  not  a  leading  man  but 
as  a  draft  of  a  luw  community  hi  ho  waistcoat  pockel," — 
lie  Brook  Farm  project  certainly  did  ml  appear  as  {mpouible 
scheme  aj  many  others  thai  were  fn  the  air.  At  aU  eventa  11 
nlisted  Ihe  co^iperation  of  men  whosesobsequenl  carters  show 
liem  lo  have  been  something  more  Than  visjofiariet.  Thi 
ssociaiion  bought  1  trad  of  land  about  10  m.  Inm  Boaion,  and 
1  Ihe  summer  of  1S41  began  its  enterprfae  with  about  twenly 
lembeis.  In  September  the  "  Brook  Farm  InstHoIe  of  Agii- 
ulluie  and  Edncatjon  "  waa  feimlly  organtied,  the  memben 


64.6 

•igningllK  Al 


BROOKITE—BROOKHNE ' 


tii:l«»f  Auodalion  acid  (ominK  u  uninuifponlal 
)aiiit-[lcx:l[  (onipany.  The  (uin  was  assiduously,  if  not  very 
siultiiUy,  cullivalcd,  »od  olhcf  [nduilrics  were  esublished— 
most  of  Ilic  meoibcra  paying  by  libour  far  Ihcir  boBrd— buL 
warly  alJ  ol  the  income,  and  somclimcs  all  oi  it,  was  derived 
from  ibt  KcJwol,  which  deservedly  look  high  rank  and  jiltnclcd 
many  pupils.  Amonglbesc  were  (itcludeuGearife  William  Cunis 
and  his  bnlher  James  Bunill  Curtis.  Taibn  baac  Thomu 
Hecket  (i8i«-iSSK),  General  Francii  C  Bariow  USu-'igt). 
wfao  as  allomcy-gencral  ot  New  Vorli  In  1S71-1S7]  took  a 
leadingpirtin  the  ptosetuiionotlhe  "Twwd  Ring."  For  three 
years  the  undeiiiking  went  on  qiikily  and  simply,  (ubject  to 
Few  outward  iioubles  other  than  financial,  the  number  of 
associates  incmsing  to  sevcaiy  or  ei^iy.  It  wa  during  ihit 
period  thai  Nathaniel  Hawthorne  had  his  shon  experience  of 
Bmok  Farm,  of  which  so  many  suggeslions  appear  in  the  BtWa^ 
dale  R(imaiu4,  Ihough  hii  preface  to  later  editions  eBeclually 
dispDKd  of  the  idea — which  gave  him  greal  pain — that  he  had 

give  any  actual  descripdon  ol  the  coJoii] 


a  Fr=ncii  R 


deitaking,  and 
01  undiari  table 


doclrinta.  n 


ol  nasOR  inapaiiy-pan,"uDeng 
near  friends.  In  1844  the  grougng  need  oi  a  more 
iconnoiialion,  and  theinflucncc  vhieh  F.  M.  C.  Fourier's 
1  modified  by  Albert  Brisbane  [i8oo-iS«a),  had 
gainea  in  ine  minds  of  Ripley  and  many  of  his  associates,  aun- 
bined  10  dunge  the  whole  plan  of  the  community.  It  was 
transformed,  with  the  strong  approval  of  all  its  chief  mcmbcn 
and  tba  consent  of  the  rest,  into  a  Fourierist  "phajanx"in  1S45. 

of  pmspeiity,  a  biillianl  new  undertakjiig  in  the  pubUcaiion  of 
a  weekly  jouraaf,  tb(  HarHitt".  in  which  Ripley,  Chailet  A. 
Oaaa,  Frandi  G.  Shaw  and  John  S.  Dwighl  were  the  chief 
vrilen.  and  to  which  Jtinei  RusscU  Uwell,  J.  C.  Whittier, 
George  WilUam  Cutti),  Parke  Godwin,  T.  W.  Higginun,  Horace 
Gitcley  and  many  more  now  and  then  contributed.  But  the 
individuality  of  the  old  Brook  Farm  was  gone.  The  association 
was  not  rescued  even  from  £nanciaf  troubles  by  tlK  change. 
Wilhincreasingdifficully  it  kept  on  tiU  the  spring  of  1S46.  when 
4  fire  which  destroyed  its  nearly  completed  "  phalansier?  " 
brought  losses  which  caused,  or  certainly  gave  the  final  ostensible 
reason  for,  its  dissolution.  The  experiment  was  abandoned  in 
the  autumn  of   1B4T.     Besides  Riptcy  and   Hawthorne,  tbe 

John  S.  Dwighl,  Minot  Pratt  (c.  iSoj-iSjg),  the  head  fanner, 
wbo.LkeGeotgeraitridgeBtadfotdtiSoB'iava),  lilt  in  1845, and 
Warren  Burton  (iSio-ia66|  a  preacher  and,  later,  a  writer  on 
educational  subjecli.  Indjrully  connected  with  theeiperiment, 
also,  as  visitors  for  longer  or  abortcr  periods  hut  never  as  regular 
members,  werr  Emerson,  Amos  Bronson  Alcolt,  Orestes  A. 
Btswnsoa,  Theodore  Parker  and  William  Ifcniy  Channing, 
Harfam  Fuller  and  Eliubeth  Palmer  Peabody.  The  estate 
itself,  after  paaaing  Lhrough  vaiinui  hands,  came  in  1830  into  tbe 
possession  of  tbe  "  Assocjalion  of  the  Evangelical  Lutheran 
Church  for  Work*  of  Mercy,"  which  established  here  an  orphaa- 
age.  kBownasthe"  Manin  Luther  Orphan  Home." 
^be  bnt  aeoouot  of  Brook  Farm  is  Uodsiy  Swili'i  Breik  Farm. 
ru  MlMirrl.  5tW0M  and  VitiUat  (New  York,  1000).  Siul  Farii: 
H.II»Wto«JPmMaJMi«o,VHB<««.n,iS94),isbyDrl.T.Codman, 
one  olihe  pupils  in  the  Khool.  B«ilw  Mnrrii  HUkjuil'i  Hillary  cj 
Sttutiim  n  lit  Umud  Suuti  (New  York,  1903).  (E.  1-  B.) 

BROOKITE,  one  of  the  three  modifications  In  which  titanium 
diodde  (TiOJ  occurs  in  nature;  tbe  other  minerals  with  the 
same  chtmictl  composition,  but  with  diSerent  physcal  and 
crystallogr^hic  characters,  being  nitile  (f.t.)  and  analase  (^.i.). 
The  two  taller  are  tetragonal  in  ciyslalliaation,  whilst  brookiteis 
otthoihombic  Thename  was  given  by  A.  Uvy  in  1815  in  honour 
oftheEnglishmiDeralogist  H.J.Brooke  (i77r-i8j7).  Twotypci 
ol  brookjto  crystals  may  be  distinguished.  The  commoner 
type  ot  ciystais  are  Ihin  and  tabular,  and  often  tcnninaled  by 
Biuneroui  tnall  and  biilluuit  face*  (fig.  i);  the  facet  ol  Ibe 


orthof]jnacoid(d)andof  thepriinti(iii,f)are^ 
These  crystals  are  of  a  rich  reddish-brown  eolor'  and  are  often 
translucent.  Cryalab  of  llie  second  type  hM,vt  the  a[^Kanncc 
of  six-sided  bipytamids  <fifl.  e)  owing  to  the  erpial  rlevelopmemt 
of  the  prism  M  hiof  and  the  pyramid  e  ft  if],  these  crystals  are 

The  lustre  of  brookile  is  melaBic-adamBnline.  There  is  no 
distinct  cleavage  (nitile  and  anause  have  cleavages),  hardnev 
i\~t;  sp.  gr.  4'0.    The  opiictl  dianeten  an  inleretting:  (be 


optic  aiea  far  red  and  for  blue  light  tie  in  planet  at  right  angh* 
to  each  olher,  whUst  for  yellow-green  light  1^  cryMali  arc 
uniaiiaL  The  acute  bisactrii  of  the  optic  ones  is  perpendicular 
to  the  onhopinacaid  m  f«  all  colours,  so  thai  ihis  pltFoamenon 
of  the  crossing  of  the  optic  axial  planes  may  be  readily  ohseivtd 
in  the  thin  tabular  crystals  of  the  hist-mcniiontd  type. 


,     The 


only  a: 

id  attached  to  the  walla  of  caviiie*  in  dcona- 
■cki  and  crystalUoe  tchisis,  it  is  also  found  u 
annul e Isolated  crystals  in  many  sedimentary  rocks.  The  best- 
koown  kialiiy  ts  Fioiwlen  near  Trtmndoc  in  North  Wale*. 
where  crygtalt  of  the  thin  tabular  haUil  occur  with  crystalliied 
quarti.  albile  and  analase  on  the  walls  of  crevice*  in  diabase^ 
Similar  cryitah  of  rdiiively  itnie  site  are  found  attached  to 
gneiM  at  several  plates  in  Ibe  Swiss  and  Tirolese  Alps.  Tliicker 
crystals  of  priimalK,  rather  than  tabular,  habit  and  ol  ■  rich 
red  c^our  combined  wiih  conuderable  transparency  and  brill' 
iancy  arc  found  m  the  goldwashiogsof  the  Sanarka  river  in  tbe 
southern  Urak.  The  aikaaine  variety  occuri  with  rutUe  in 
the  elacolue.syeniie  vl  Magnet  Csv-e  in  Hot  .Spring  couiHy, 
ryuals  of  bnwkilr  have  hern  detected  with 


■e  and  runk  ui  ih 


re  ol  Clevi 


Crystals  of  brookrte,  as  w 
been  prepared  artifirijlly  by  the  intenirtion  of  ste^m  and 

driixide  which  results  dcpenrbng  on  the  temperature  at  which  Iho 
reaction  takes  place    Brookileisliabtetubcconiealicredlarutite: 

are  wM  unrommon  at  Magnet  Cove.  Arkansas.  (L.  J.  S.) 

BROOKUMB.  known  botanittlly  as  Vmmifil  Bnni*iiga 
(naiuial  order  Scrophulariacear).  a  tuctulent  herb  growing  on 
margini  ol  brooks  and  diichci  in  the  Briilth  Isles,  and  a  ntlive 
of  Europe,  north  Africa  and  north  and  westero  Asia.  It  hat 
smooth  spreading  biaiKhes,  blunt  oblong  leaves  and  mail 
hoghi  blue  or  pink  Sowen. 

BRQOKUNB.  a  township  of  Norfolk  county,  Massachusetts. 
U.S.A.,  about  1  ni.  S.W.  of  Boston,  lying  immediately  S.  ol  the 
Back  Bay  disliict.  E^.  (iSgo)  ii,roj;  (i«oa}  1 9.4 js,  of  whom 
6^6  were  fordgn-bom;  lioro.  census)  37,799.  The  area 
of  the  township  in  1006  was  6-75  sq.  m.  It  is  served  by  the 
Boston  &  Albany  railway,  and  it  connci-ted  with  Boston  by  an 
electric  line.     BrocUine  is  the  wealthiest  of  the  le^dential 


imcs.  Will 
I  Re 
is  just  beycAd  tl 


Clyde  Park  are 
dub-bouse  of  the  Bouon  Country  Club.  Br 
been  regarded  a*  a  modd  dty  suburb.    It  ii 


«+7 


he  MetrepoHUB  Park 
SyUHD.  Hie  Brit  Kldemenc  wns  pnbably  made  ahotn  i65S» 
ind  ilvuulM  Muddy  Rircr  until  1 705,  vfaen  tins  cmlcd 
1  toviufaip  under  IfatiuiiTKafBnMkline.  Up  to  itqjIi  betongtd 
to  SuRolk  county,  of  i^ch  BMton  1;  ■  pan,  and  (ina  * 
tlmt  It  haa  belonged  to  Ntrfblk  covmly:  but  Boiton  hu  in  its 
ptnnh  alDKBl  nrnninded  it.  and  becau»  of  jls  great  wealth 
thei*  baa  been  a  [one  atniGKle  for  and  agaiinl  lis  merEsr  in 
BiMon.  FnilerickLawOtD»led,tt>eraD»uilaiidtapcgiinlener. 
had  hk  honw  in  Brooktine,  when  time  an  vartom  euaplei  ol 


^i)W)' 


W.  Dwhr.  jtriKor)  i>l 


•639-19, 


BROOXLTtf.  bnnerir  *  tHj  of  Nnr  Yoit  aUlt,  U.S.A., 
but  rinCB  iSqS  a  bonugh  of  New  York  City  (f.a.),  litoiled  at 
the  S.W.  txlimity  of  Long  Iiland.  II  b  canlrrmlnoiu  with 
Kinga  county,  and  i>  bounded  N.  by  ihe  borough  of  Queena, 
tloni  irhich  ft  ii  in  part  lepamled  by  Newtown  Creek;  E.  by 
the  borongb  crC  tjueena  and  Jamaica  Bay;  S.  by  the  Allanlic 
Ocean;  W.  by  Craveaead  Bay,  Ihe  fTarrows,  Upper  New  York 
Bay  and  East  river,  which  separate  I1  from  Slalcn  Island, 
Jersey  CJly  aud  ibe  borough  of  Manhattan. 


I'op 


(1B60)  279,1=.;  (1870)  419.9"!  C'SSo)  J«.4<] 
Kiiga  county)  8j8,547;  (1900)  1,166,581:  (1905,  state  census) 
>,3SS.6Se;  (1910)  1,634-JSi.  In  1900  only  110,501.  or 
26-6%,  were  native-bom  of  native  while  panmti;  J5i.697 
were  loieigD-boni,  1SJ67  were  negroes,  and  1106  were  Chinese. 
Out  oLjji.jis  males  of  voting  age  (ii  ycimnd  over),  15,415 
wereilliKmie  (unable  to  write],  and  of  ilieK  14,159  were  forcign- 

Braoklyn  is  connected  with  Manhattan  by  three  bridges  across 
the  Eaat  river— tbe  bwcsl,  known  as  ibe  Bronklya.  opened  in 
]S3;l;  another,  known  as  the  Williainibiiri  or  East  River 
bridge,  opened  m  1903;  and  a  third,  the  Maohattan,  was 
C^Kned  in  1909.  And  a  tunnel  directly  acjosa  from  Ihe  south 
temiinus  of  Manhattan  was  completed  in  1907.  Ferries  ply  at 
trequcnt  inieivals  between  Bunwrous  pnals  on  its  west  water- 
front and  poinia  in  Manhattan;  ibere  is  also  ferry  conncicion 
with  Jeisey  Oty,  Brooklyn  is  served  dimtly  hy  the  Umg 
bland  railway;  by  about  fifty  regular  coast-wise  and  lians- 
Allanlk  iteamthip  linn;  and  by  dcvaled  or  lutface  or  lines 
on  a  Urge  numberof  iiastrceu.  Subway  lines,  begua in  1904, 
connect  Brooklyn  with  Che  subway  tyueaiolUunhatUn. 
.  5;i/eu  and  BtiUinp,— Tbe  surface  of  Brooklyn  in  the  west 
•ecLiott.  from  Ihe  lowec  counc  of  Ihe  Eaat  river  to  Cravescad 
Bay,  varies  in  (Icvaiion  Iron  ■  lew  inches  10  nearly  rooll.  above 
aea-level,  tbe  highest  points  being  in  Prospect  I'ark;  but  Bleep 
street  gindes  even  in  llus  section  are  rare,  and  cbewheic  the 
curface  is  either  only  tligfatly  undulating  or.  as  in  the  cast  and 
aouth.  Oat.  Most  of  Ibe  unicts  are  friini  60  to  100  ft.  indc. 
The  principal  businos  thntoughlaic  IsFulton  Street,  which  begins 

Hall  Park,  and  ihmce  acmsi  the  noilh  ccniml  secLi«  ol  the 
beieugh.  la  tbe  Cily  Hall  Park  aie  the  old  city  hall  [now  the 
borough  hall},  the  ball  i.f  ceouda.  and  the  oouniy  court -house. 
Two  blocks  lo  Ihe  north  (on  Washington  Slrccl)  is  the  post- 
office,  a  fine  granite  RoDianeique  building.  The  manulacturinf; 
and  shipping  districts  are  mostly  along  the  west  water-front. 
Here,  on  Wallabout  Bay  at  the  bend  of  the  East  river  to  (Ik 
westward,  ia  ihe  New  York  navy  yard,  the  pfincipaL  navy  yard 
of  the  United  Stales,  csLablirJied  in  iSfii,  and  commonly  but  in- 
conecilycallcd  Ihe  Brooklyn  navy  yard,  lioccupiesaltagciher 
■boul  144  acres,  contains  a  trophy  park,  parade  grounds,  the 
United  Stain.  N;.val  Lyceum  Wounded  .Sjjl,  ulEi 


J07  fl.  long),  fa 
ol  Brooklyn's  s 


ivciys64,46s4nd 


!s  and  machiiK  shops.     A  naval  hoqutal 


biddings  of  Ihb  mukel  ire  Dolch  fn  style  and  have  ■  quaint' 
clock  lower.  A  little  lo  the  north  ol  the  navy  yanJ  are  ieomense 
relineries of  sugar.  Absnt  im.  to  Ihe  south,  opposite  GannmaT^ 
Island,  is  the  Atlantic  Bafiu  of  4s  acies,  with  a  wharfage  ol  about 
3  m.  and  brick  and  gnaite  warriwuses  used  largely  fax  tba 
storage  of  grain.  A  lillle  laithcr  south,  on  Gowanua  Bay,  b 
another  basin,  the  Erie,  of  161  acres,  protected  by  a  bmkwiler  ' 
I  m.  Inlength,  occupied  by  pfert,  wardwoscs,  lumber  dcpottand 
some  of  tbe  taigest  dry  docks  in  the  United  States;  it  also  pro- 
vides protection  during  winler  to  hundreds  of  canal  boata.  In 
this  vicinity,  loo,  are  several  yards  f«  building  yachts,  lasncho 
and  other  boats.  At  the  lower  end  of  tbe  west  water-front,  fadng 
the  Namrws,  am  a  United  States  resetvatloii  and  the  harbour 
defcocesof  Fort  HamiitorL 

For  a  considerable  portion  of  Its  inhnblunts  BmAIyn  fa  oidy 
a  place  of  nsidence,  Iheirbusinesainterestsbehigni  the  borough 
ol  Manhoiuni  hence  Brooklyn  hai  been  called  tbe  "dty  of 
homes"  and  (he  "doitniloiy  ol  New  York."  Reaidenlial 
districts  wiih  social  lines  more  or  has  distinctly  drawn  art 
numtmus.  The  oldest  is  Ihat  on  Brooklyn  (or  CiJumbia) 
Heights,  west  of  Cily  Hall  Park,  rising  abmptly  from  the  river  lo 


Ix'ight  of 


o  ft.. 


harbour.  Hera  are  hotels,  large  aparlmeiit-houses, 
many  private  residences  and  a  number  of  clubs,  indufling 
Ihe  Brooklyn,  the  Crescent,  ihe  Hamilton,  the  Jefleraon  and 
Ihe  Cermania.  On  Park  Slope,  immediately  irat  of  FnBpect 
Park,  and  Si  Mark's  Avenue,  in  another  part  ol  the  borough, 
ate  also  altracIivB  residential  districls.  The  south  shore  of  the 
borough  haa  various  summer  pleasure  rivirts,  of  which  Coney 
Island  is  the  most  popular. 

Farh  and  Cfmrlrriti. — One  of  Ihe  most  attractive  fatum 
of  Brooklyn  is  Prospect  Park,  occupying  about  516  acrm  of 
high  ground  in  Ihe  west  central  part  of  the  borough,  on  a  tjle 
nuule  mrmorahlc  by  the  bactle  of  Long  Island.  Its  large  variety 
of  trees  and  shrubs,  including  oak,  hickory,  ehn,  maple,  tjiestnut, 
birch,  ash,  cedar,  pine,  tarch  and  sumach,  its  flower  ^vdens, 
a  paEra  house,  ponds,  a  bke  of  61  acres  for  bulirtg,  sknting  and 
curling,  a  parade  ground  of  40  acres  for  other  alhletie  ^Kirls, 
among  Ita 


jbjecl! 


auly.     Ft. 


n  the  I 


this  park.  Ocean  Parkway,  a  fine  iioukvatd,  aio  fl 
planted  with  sii  rows  ol  trees,  eilends  5)  m.  soul! 
Park  (i;  acrcsl,  on  Brighton  Beach.  Coney  Island, 
same  entrance  Fort  Himiluin  Parkway  alcndS4l  m 
to  Fort  Hemiiion,  and  10  Dyker  BcKh  Park  I144  acres)  whicli 
face  the  [owrt  end  of  the  Narrows;  and  from  Fort  Himilum, 
Shot!  Road  and  Bay  Ridge  Pnrkwny  eilcnd  north  4)  ra.  to  B*y 
Ridge  Park  overlooking  Upper  New  Yoil  Bay.  Frton  the 
noiiheni  enliance  to  Prosiicct  Park,  Eastern  Parkway,  aiwthet 
fine  boulevard,  aoo  fl.  hnde,  eatcndscasl  i)  m.  to  a  point  from 
which  Rockaway  Parkway  runs  j  m.  souih.east  to  Caiuiraie 
Beach  Park  (40  acres),  on  Jamaica  Bay;  and  eiluulana  oi 
Eastern  Parkway  run  north-east  thtvo^  HighUod  Puk  (s$ 
acres),  to  Brooklyn  Forest  Park  (sjs  acres,  on  Ihe  bordel  of  llu 
borongb  of  Queens),  iboumling  in  beauiilul  trees  attd  delight- 
ful  view^  Half  a  mlie  east  of  the  borough  hall  is  Woahinglon 
or  Fort  Greene  Park  (jo  acres),  laid  out  on  the  tile  of  earth- 
woilis  (known  as  Fort  Civeic)  cDnttnicied  duting  tbe  War  ol 
Independence,  and  commanding  good  viewi. 

Greenwood  cemetery,  one  of  the  raoel  beautiful  ceiDCteries 
iu  the  United  Sulcs, )  m.  cut  ol  prospect  Park,  occtvicB  about 
4ja  acres.  Among  Ihe  principal  monumenla  are  those  creeled 
ID  Roger  Williuns,  S.F.B.  Mone,  Elias  Howe,  Dc  Witt  Clinion 
(colossal  bronie  statue  by  Henry  Kirke  Brown),  Heiuy  Ward 
Bcceher,  Peter  Cooper,  Horace  Greeley,  Henry  Bergh.  Henry 
George  and  Jaaiea  Genlan  Bennett.  At  the  main  enlnnee  ii  a 
beautiful  gateiMy  (ol  elaborately  wrought  brawn  stone),  14)  ft. 
Hide  and  having  a  rcntral  tower  100  ft.  ia  hcighl.  Akmg  ihe 
norih-easi  border  of  Ibe  borough  are  Cypress  Hills  cEmetEty 
(400  actesl,  adjoining  Brooklyn  Forest  Park,  and  Ihe  (cmateiy 
oftbeEver|reeiis(abonl]7saatt},adioiningHiBhlaBdParkaDd 
partly  in  Ibe  borough  ol  Queeu. 


6^S 


BROOKLYN 


In  tbe  pim  it  tbe  nonliera  ntraocc  la  Pmpect  Park  ia  a 

■oldkra'  and  sailora'  mcmoiial  aiFh  (go  fi.  in  widOi  and  71  ft. 
in  taci^l),  tdonied  wilh  high-Tcliefi  «[  Lincola  and  GtudI  on 
bocictHck  (by  O'DoDovanand  Eikins)  and  xilh  ihnc  large  bron« 
CrouiB  (by  Frtdtritk  MacMonnia).  Imnwdialdy  wiihin  ihc 
park  Ifaen  isa  italue  (alto  by  MacMonnia)  of  J.S.T.Sinnahao 
(iScS-iSqi),  who  did  more  ihan  any  other  man  Tor  the  dcvclop- 
ment  ol  Bmoklya's  lystcm  o[  pirki  and  bgulcvardi.  On  the 
ilopet^Lookaut  Hill  (lis  Cl.)  within  the  psrk  iiashBttiiMtnl 
ia  i&gs  to  the  memory  of  tha  Maryland  tuJdien  who  valiantJy 
defended  t^  rear  of  the  American  umy  at  IhE  battle  of  Long 
bland.  A  brame  sUtoe  of  Abraham  Lincotn  o^-erkioki  the 
lake.  In  Fort  Greene  Park  il  a  monument  to  the  mcnwry  ol 
the  loldins  who  died  in  ihc  British  prison  ships  during  the  War 
of  IndependatDc,  many  cd  them  havinji  been  buried  in  a  vault 
below.  F«dngtbebc>rau^haiIiiaiUtucinbronEe(by  J.  Q.  A. 
Ward)  of  Henry  Ward  Bccchcr,  mounled  on  a  granite  pedestal 
wilh  a  fifure  11  one  side  [o  commemorate  Beecbti's  sympathy  lor 
the  slave.  A  fine  Lronu  ilalueol  Aleaandcr  Hamilton  (by  W.  O. 
Partridge,  b.  iSAi)X>»ll" the cnlranceol  the  Hamillon Club  in 
Clinton  Street  and  one  of  U.  S.  Giant  (also  by  Partridge)  stands 
at  the  estnnce  of  tlK  Union  League  Club  in  Bedford  Avenue. 

£tfUBJiini.— The  Brooklyn  Institute  ol  Arts  and  Sciences 
enihraca  Iwenty-sii  departments,  d  which  those  of  music, 
philology  and  the  fine  arts  have  each  more  than  looo  members; 
lit  lota]  membership  of  all  departments  in  iqo6  was  5S1M. 

which  is  aeparated  from  Proqxct  Park  on  the  northeast  by 
FUtbiah  Avenue.  It  contains,  besides  painting  and  sIMuary. 
qwcial  coUections  lor  service  in  nearly  all  of  the  departments: 
unong  it*  purdy  art  coUeclionj  the  most  notable  is  that  ol 
J.  J.  J.  Tluol's  water-ccJour  drawings,  to  illustrate  the  life  ol 
Christ-  Since  iSqo  the  Institute  has  received  appropriations 
from  the  dty,  but  it  b  maintained  chiefly  by  private  contribu- 
tiona.  I  til  the  outgrowth  of  the  Apprentices' Library  Association, 
Ioundedinigi4,o(whichGeneralLaIaycttclaid  the  corner-stone 
on  the  4th  ol  July  of  that  year.  In  18&S  Franklin  W.  Hooper 
(b.  iBji),  wbe  did  much  to  increase  the  eSdency  of  the  work 
ol  the  Institute,  became  director.  Pntl  Institute,  founded  in 
1SS7  by-Charlei  Pratt  (iBjo-iSoO,  and  the  lesidtuiry  kgatee  of 
his  wife,  who  died  in  iqd;,  is  one  of  the  most  successful  manual 
and  industrial  training  schools  in  the  cotmtryt  and  its  kinder- 
pirlen  normal  Is  one  of  the  beat  known  In  the  United  Stales. 
The  Fslytcchniclnsti  tote,  opened  in  l8;i,  Is  ■  high-grade  school 
ti  science  and  liberal  Aru.  It  has  two  general  departments, 
the  college  of  ant  and  meinoering  and  the  preparatory  school. 
whkh  arc  oonducied  independent  ly  ol  one  another.  In  connexion 
with  (he  college  there  is  provision  for  graduate  study  and  (or 
ni^  courses,  and  there  are  tescheis'  courses  to  which  women 
are  admitted.  The  Packer  Collegiate  Institute,  opened  as  Ihc 
sDccciaor  of  the  Brooklyn  Fcmsle  Academy,  in  1S54.  and 
dowed  by  Mra  Harriet  L.  Packer,  an  institution  lor  won 
bat  primary,  prefwratory,  academic  and  collegiate  departments. 
AdelpU  College,  opened  in  i&)6,  >s  for  both  teies  and 
spedal  attention  to  Dormcd  training:  it  it  the  outgrowth  of 
AdelpU  Academy,  founded  In  |g6g.  now  the  preparatory  depart- 
ment.  St  Fmru:is'  CoUege.  opened  in  iSsl.  and  St  John') 
College,  opened  in  1870,  arc  institutions  maintained  by  Roman 
Catholics.  Here,  too,  are  the  law  school  ol  St  Lawrma 
University,  the  Long  Island  Hospital  Medical  College,  with  i 
training  achool  lor  nurses,  the  Brooklyn  College  of  Pharmacy 
and  several  schools  of  music  Brooklyn's  public  schools  ra  ' 
especially  hif^:  among  them  there  is  a  commercial  high  ich 
arid  >  manual  training  high  school.  Among  the  hirger  librai 
of  the  borough  are  the  Brooklyn  public  library,  those  of  1 
Long  Island  Historical  Sodely,  on  Brooklyn  Heights,  of  Pratt 
Institute,  and  ol  Ihr  King's  County  Mrdicsl  Society,  tnif 
good  law  library.     The  Bnotlyn  £)ai/y  EatJi.Bhichoccupies 

of  strong  Influcner  in  (he  community.  It  was  establishrd 
1S41  as  a  Democratic  organ,  and  Walt  Whitman  waa  its  edi 
lor  about  a  year  during  its  early  history. 


Bio^ya  taoiD  provided  «4th  cbirfuUe  Itntttatkoi.  u>d 

IS  long  been  known  as  the  "  city  ol  churches."  probaUy  from 

c  lamoui  clergymen  lAo  have  lived  there.     Among  them 

ire  Keniy  Ward  Beechei,  pastor  of  PlynMuih  church  (CoB- 

grcgalionall  Irarn  1841  to  iSB;;    Lyman  Abbott,  pasior  of  tbe 

same  church  from  iKS?  ■<>  i^.  Thomas  De  Witt  TsImaKc, 

paator  ol  Ihc  Biooklyn  Tabemade  {Ffcabyteiiu)  from  iS6« 

I  iKo4:  Richard  Salter  Storrt  ( 1811-1000),  pastor  of  the  church 

thi-  Pilgrims  (Congregitional)  from  1846  to  ig«o;and  Tbcodare 

L.  Cuylcr  {1811-1009),  puu»a(  the  Ltifayette  AveDiM  Pictby- 


ilanH/iuImn 


.—The   borough  o(    Brooklyn 


<l  the  n  . 

Uniied  Slates,  most  of  the  factories  bang  located  along  or  nemr 

:  East  river  north  ol  the  Brooklyn  bridge.    The  total  value  of 

'  Dianufoctuled  products  in  iDgo  wns  tl70,S>l.;H  and  is 

B,  (j4i,i  17.114,  an  increase  during  the  dozde  of  s6-j%. 

Ego;  the  total  value  of  the  borough's  manufactiued  prodtict 

idcr  the  iartory  system)  was  *j73jSi,c3o,  or  is%  of  the 

ilmsnufacturedproiluctDfthestaleDlNewYork.  Brooklyn^ 

larj^t  m^knufacturing  industry  a  the  refining  of  sugar,  about 

one-half  ol  the  sugar  cotuumcd  in  the  United  States  bcint 

here:  in  iqao  the  product  of  the  supr  and  mol^Mca 

rMaUEhments  was  valued  at  (77,041,001-     Brooklyn  is 

important  (ilacc  lor  the  milling  oi  ci>fiee  and  qiiccs  {the 

oclud  WW  valui-d  at  tij,i34.ooi),  the  building  ef  small 

and  the  oun'Jlacture  ol  foundry  and  machine  shop 

products,  malt  liiguois  bamis,  shoes,  chemicals,  paints,  cordage, 

iwine,  and  hosiery  ami  other  knitted  goods-    Of  its  larac  00m- 

nncrcc.  grain  is  the  chii-l  commodity:  il  is  cttinaied  Ihst  about 

four-filihs  of  that  ciporti-d  from  the  port   of  New  York  b 

shipped  from  hrir.  and  the  borough's  grain  elevators  have  an 

estimated  storage  capacity  ol  about  10,000.000  bushcis. 

The  water-supply  system  b  owned  and  operated  by  the 
borough;  the  water  it  derived  from  stttams  flowing  southward 
in  the  sparsdy  settled  area  east  of  the  borough,  and  aba  from 
driven  wells  in  the  same  region:  it  is  pumped  by  ten  engioea  at 
Ridgewood  taaraervoir  hnvingacapadly  olabout  300.000,000 
gallons,  while  a  pcnoi  it  is  re-pumped  to  a  high  service  RServcar 
near  the  north  enirann  to  Pmqicct  Park  Cor  tha  service  of  the 
most  dcvatcd  pact  oi  the  bomii^  Beddei  thb  syttetn  some 
towns  in  the  toutb  tcctioa  recently  sttnexetl  have  tbcir  own 


/JiiIsry.-~Thc  fint  letlleinent  ailhln  Ihc  prewM  fanib  of 
Brooklyn  was  made  in  iA}6,when  some  Dutch  fatnersiook  np 

their  rcsiilcncralongiheshateolCowimus  Bay.  About  tbesuae 
time  oiber  Dutch  IsTmets  fnundol  Flatlands  (at  bsl  oiled 
AfnervlaoTt},  on  Jimalo  Bay.  and  a  lew  Walloons  fovtdsd 
Wstlnbout.  where  the  navy  yard  now  is.  In  1641  a  ferry  ms 
ettalilbhnl  across  Esst  river  from  the  present  fool  of  Fultoa 
Street,  and  a  tettlemcnt  grew  np  here  which  sras  known  as 
The  Ferry,  The  next  year  Lady  Deborah  Moody  wilh  some 
followers  fnm  New  England  founded  Gnvcscnd  near  the 
southern  eitremity  of  the  boiongh.  Finally.  In  the  year  1045, 
ascitlcmcni  was  eslablishcd  n»r  the  sltcof  the  present  borough 
'  Brruckelen  (alsospcBcd  Breucklyn.  Bi 


1,  BrurUyn,  I 


wklyn. 


the  iHih  century,  when  its  orthogrsphy  became 
fined  as  Brooklyn,  The  name,  Breuckden,  mcsning  mar^  land, 
seems  to  have  been  tugin.-si«l  by  the  resemblance  of  the  situation 
of  the  srtikment  to  thai  of  Bmckelen.  Holland.  Of  the  other 
towns  which  were  latersnited  ID  torn  theboiough.NewUtndit 
was  settled  about  lAjo.  Flaibush  (al  hm  called  Medwoud, 
Midwoul  or  Midwood)  giwut  1651.  Bushwick  and  Williamibuig 
in  iMo.  All  of  the  settlements  were  (or  a  long  time  chteHy 
agrfnilural  communities-  Flalbu^wnslorafewyeanfmmedi- 
alely  preceding  1675  the  largest;  but  Brooklyn  was  the  hrtl 
(1646)  to  have  a  lownihip  organization,  and  within  a  few  years 
Walliboul ,  r*wanus.  Tile  Ferry,  and  Bedford— »  new  tettlemenl 
to  the  soulh-east  e(  Wallabout,  established  in  1661 — were  hi- 
duded  within  its  lurfvtiction.  In  T654  the  munfdpal  privitrga 
of  Bmklynas  wen  u  of  two  of  the  other  lowtu  were  enlarged. 


BROOKS— BROOM 


649 


In  tUs  th*  [■■an  aoMpgr  rf  r.ti»  TO  iicynl»d  by  Oa  fint 
nloDU  k^i^MR,  DafaitteWuolliidqieBikBCBttedikf 
cvoit  «u  tb>  butta  of  Looi  Uud,  l««hi  od  ilw  iith  of 
AnVMI  '77^  In  •■■*>  *kn  1^  popalMiBtt  of  the  town  of 
"  "^  ~i  VM  about  4Saa>  U^  Bmtt  populoBi  n^ou  ni  hi- 
)l  ■§  I  vilUse;  tod  Id  iSj4.  *bai  iti  popidatioa  luul 
d  W  ajjioi  tba  vhalt  town  mi  Inooqranlad  n  > 

-     ■      xlloijMBi.    loiSij 

■»  111  iSsi, 

a  the  iM  <^  Jumuy  iSfB.  th*  at/  of 
BraoUyabKanaboiougbofNewYoriiaty. 

~M  &  M    OmiKfcr.  A  nuttrj  •!  Br-Mjn  aW  JTiHH  aMUy 

^  HonnI  (Hi ),  HM*n  •}  On  C»J  ^ 

■  ■■  "  »m,  B'My,.  [>.  L  r. 
u  trfcw  Yort,  I»«). 
BIHU?  (1816-1814), 
EDilkh  oovoUk,  pUywdgbi  ud  Joiuiuliit,  «u  bom  on  tin 
iglL  of  April  1S16.  He  wu  iheimisf  ■  London  aicUlcM,  and 
n*  attided  in  iSjt  to  ■  mfacilar  lor  five  yean.  He  becanw 
pMitiuatuuiy  i^nrtci  foe  Out  Mmint  CiriMrIt,  and  In  itu 


QnoUya.  iIm).  H  W  B.  Honrd 
i^lViM  JBnSEhTi.  iSu),  iDd  K  i 
Fovciri  Bitunc  Tmiijllu  UMU  i 


tbo  tubject  of  laboiu  and  tbt  poor  in  KWibcn  RiiBla,  Egypt 
•ud  Syria;  the  rtmlt  of  hli  mquliis  apparins  fint  bi  the  form 
et  litteia  to  tbe  edilor,  and  aftcnnrda  In  a  Hpante  mlusie, 
wdertbotitkaC  rA<Xuiutu^Ui&iiljt(i8;«).  He  wnte. 
mnntimea  alone,  (ometuiua  in  conjunction  with  otben,  diiht 
diamatk  pieot*  of  the  builiHina  kind,  amoiif  which  may  be 
vmtioaed  Auyllimt  {or  a  Ciauf  (184S),  TM  Daaftar  tf  (*< 
Slari  (iSjo).  Bnuha  wai  for  many  ynn  on  tha  MaS  ol  tbe 
lUmitralai  laHitii Nem.caatiibuliDt  thaWMkly  artlde rathe 
poUtlis  of  tie  day,  and  the  two  icriei  (BtkM  "  Nothing  ta  tt 
Ptpen"  ud  "  By  the  Way."  In  iSsi  he  jobod  the  etaJi  ■ 
Paiui,  and  oMeinittby  aowni  Ui  Duncnxu  coDnibutiou  wa 
the  nailj  aatirical  Munmrii*  of  tha  pniUanientai^  debate 
(Otitlad  "  The  Eneaca  of  PaiUamanL"  Ula  long  aervitt  1 
MwqHpar  leportei  gave  him  apadal  aptitude  (or  tUt  playful 
imdy.  In  1870,  on  the  death  of  Uatk  Lenoa,  "da 
SUdcy."  ai  hia  Menda  mad  to  call  Urn,  vaa  chnen  id  s 
M  the  editorial  diait.    Hbtot  novel,  ^t^Cmn.vupul 

Cmi  (tail)  awl  Smitr  tr  LaUr  <i868).    Brooka  waa  a  giat 

btter-mJIcr,  delibtnlely  cnllivating  the  piactica  aa  an .    ~ 

IniMttag  the  ityle  in  vogue  belt 

ippieiaed  private  ktten.     He 

«a)  brilliant  aa  ao  eplgiammallit,  wai  a  gieat 

Boot  gmU  cornpanioD.     He  waa  in  hli  elenwnt  with  a  group 

ol  ddldien,  reading  to  them,  iharing  Ibeii  fun  and  ahnya 

mnembcring  tin  birthdays.    He  ditd  in  Ijmtiea.  on  tlie  13rd 

«1  Febnuu?  iltja,  and  na  bnrkd  ncni  hb  trieadi  L< 

nackemy,  in  Knual  Cieea  cemeteiy. 

Sk  G.  S.  Layard,  A  Gnat  '  ^bkI  "  2Mfr.'  Srii« 
ijUfri  md  Diana  iij  ^lirlty  Bnaki  (1907.) 

■nXIXl,  PHIUIPl  (iSji-iBpj),  Amerlon  dersyman  and 
inthoT,  waa  bom  in  Boaton,  Mao.,  on  the  13th  ol  Dccembei 
iBjS-  Thiougb  hii  father,  William  day  Brooks,  be  *>«  de- 
■ceDdcd  from  tbe  Rev.  John  Cotton;  thnnih  bt>  mother, 
igazj  Ann  PhUUpa,  a  woman  o(  ran  force  of  chancter  ud 
nU^iiua  tatthihonaagicat-gnndainiof  tbe  foandeTotPUnipe 
Aodemy.  Andover,  Uaia.  0(  the  ail  aoni,  foui— Pbilliia, 
Pkedeik,  Aitbnr  and  John  Cotton— euteicd  tbe  alnituy  of  Ibe 
noteitut  Eflicepal  Chwch.  FUlUpa  Brooki  picputd  for 
mlh^B  at  tha  Booton  Latin  idnol  and  graduated  at  Harvard 
taiSsf.    AT  ■■ 


tha  Baatnn  I^tin  ickool,  he  began  In  1S56  to  atody  ht  tha 
Biitiy  ol  the  Pnlotant  Epiioopal  Chnich  In  tha  thcoktiial 
ninaiy  at  Alenndria,  Virginia.  In  1854  he  gradoatod,  waa 
dained  deacoa  by  Biabop  VflHiam  Undo  of  VIrglBia,  and 
came  rector  of  the  dmrch  of  the  Advent,  FhOadelpUa.  la 
60  he  waa  ordained  pricO,  and  In  i8tt>  became  rector  of  the 
church  ni  the  Holy  Ttinily,  Pluladdphla,  where  he  remained 
•even  yean,  gaining  an  iitcnaaing  name  aa  preacher  and 
patriot.  &idowed  by  inheritance  wilha  rich  rdi^oua  character, 
evangelical  tiaditiaiu,  ethical  temper  and  stmig  intellect,  be 
developed,  by  wide  rvading  to  andcnt  and  modem  lltemtuie,  a 
pcnonality  and  attitude  of  mind  which  appealed  to  the  chaiacte^ 
Iitlc  thought  ud  life  of  the  period.  With  Tennyion,  Coleodge, 
Fitdcrlc  D.  Haorice  and  F.  W.  Robeitva  be  waa  In  itroog 
aympathy.  During  the  Qvi]  War  be  upheld  with  power  the 
cauM  ol  Ihe  Nonh  and  the  negro,  ud  bb  teniDti  aa  the  death 
of  Piesident  Lincoln  was  an  eloquent  eipienkn  of  tbe  diaracler 
h  men.  In  iSfig  he  became  rector  of  Trituty  diurch, 
L  In  1877  the  prcaent  church  wai  finhhed,  the  architect 
.  hia  friend  H.  H.  Richardson.  Hen  FhiUipa  Brooka 
preached  Sunday  after  Sunday  to  great  congrcgationa,  until  ha 
canxaated  biihop  of  Uaiuchuactti  in  iSgi.  In  iB8t  he 
laed  an  electioa  aa  aMiitant  biibop  of  Pemuylvania.  He 
for  many  yean  an  ovoneer  and  pnachei  of  Harvard 
Univenlty,  U*  inSneace  npon  the  rtUgtoitt  life  of  tbe  univeraity 
being  deep  and  wide.  In  18S1  lie  declined  an  int^tation  to  be 
tlie  nle  pnncher  to  the  imivcrsty  ud  i^ofeaior  of  Chriatian 
ethio.  On  tlie  30th  of  April  iSgi  he  was  dected  uxth  bishop 
of  Mauachuaetts,  and  on  Ihe  i4ih  of  October  was  consecnied 
to  that  oSke  in  Trinity  churdi,  Boston.  After  a  brief  but  great 
eptacopate  of  fifteen  mmitlis.  be  died,  unnurricd,  on  the  33rd  of 
January  rSfj.  PhiUipi  Brooke  wu  a  toll,  weU-propoitioned 
man  of  fine  physique,  his  height  bang  sis  feet  four  lodHa.  In 
character  he  was  pure,  simple,  endowed  with  excrilcnt  Judgment 
and  a  keen  sense  of  humour,  and  quick  to  respond  to  any  call 
for  sympathy.  When  kindled  by  his  subject  It  seemed  to  take 
poiaesrion  ol  Um  and  pour  luelf  out  with  overwhebaing  ipeei 
of  utterance,  with  heat  and  power.  His  qrmpathy  with  men  of 
olherwaytand  thought,  ud  with  the  truth  fo  other  ccdetiaatial 
ayitemt  gained  for  him  the  confidence  and  affection  of  men  of 
varied  habiia  of  mind  and  leUgJom  iraditioDa,  and  «a*  tbus  a 
great  factor  in  gaining  inoeaaliig  nippert  [or  the  Episcopal 
Church.  As  years  went  by  his  influence  as  a  rfiigious  leader 
became  unique.  The  degree  of  S.T.D.  had  beoi  conferred  upon 
him  by  Ihe  nnivenilles  of  Harvard  <iS;7l.  and  of  D^mtna 
(iSg;),  and  tbe  degree  of  D.D.  by  tbe  linlvenily  of  Oiford, 
England  {iSSsJ.  In  1877  he  published  a  courv  of  tectuie*  upon 
preaching,  which  he  had  delivered  at  the  theologicaJ  school  of 
Yale  Univenily,  and  whkh  are  u  expresson  of  his  own  ex- 
perknn.  In  1870  appeared  the  Bohlen  Lectures  on  "The 
Infioence  o(  Jona."  In  1S78  he  pobtishcd  his  first  volume  of 
sennona,  and  from  time  to  time  iiaucd  otbei  volumes,  including 
5eni»iil  FreaclKd  in  Eh^M  Clmrdui  (1883). 

la  1901,  at  New  York,  waa  published.  In  two  volninea.  nHSitt 
Brtela.  f4>  mi  IaUbi.  by  the  Rev,  A.  V.  C.  Alkn,  □.  D.,  iin>. 
ftaior  ol  ecclesissrical  hiit^,  £piaco[Bi  TheokwicaJ  kIhoI.  Ckm- 
bridge,  Mug.,  who  in  1907  published  ml  Nev^aik.  in  a  •'^'t'* 
^^^^WDCj^      if>    nx    ,uia     nviation        tevisioi.      '^^^j", 

BROOKn,  a  London  dub  b  SI  Jamea's  Street.  It  waa 
founded  in  1764  by  the  dukea  of  Rotburgbe  and  Portland. 
Tbe  bulMiug  had  been  pTe%4ou>ly  opened  as  a  gamiog-hnuie  by 
William  Macall  (Almack),  and  afterwards  by  Brooks,  a  wine 
merchant  and  money-leader,  wboae  name  it  retained. 

■BOOM,  known  botanicaUy  as  Cyfimi,  or  Santkammmt^ 
lafavu,  a  member  of  the  natural  order  Leguraluosae,  a  shrub 
found  «i  heaths  ud  commons  in  the  British  Islia,  and  also  Id 
Euiopa  (eicept  tha  north)  and  temperate  Ada.  The  leaves  are 
smalL  and  the  fmcthm  of  arbon-aaslmilatiog  is  shared  by  Ihe 
The  bright  ydkiw  Bowen  scatter  their  pollen  by  an 
liaBismi  thn  wd^  oif  a  bee  aHghiing  on  tlw 
the  keet  to  ^itit  and  the  pollen  to  b(    ' ~~ 


BROOME— BROSELEY 


9--' 


*■     "rolU. 


JMoiuc 
Hilry 
tlyW 

'  7.  l^um 


In  the  MUthem  lull  of  En^od.  Hk  Uont  uguUi  ■tcmi  bar 
levff  icducBl  lo  imall  laia,  •bich  lubtead  fliiunrd  Inf-lUu 
biuuilia  (cUdada)  vith  ■  tbsip  tpci.  The  imnU  vhitiih 
floKii  ire  bome  on  Ibe  fice  ai  tb*  cUdodes,  ukd  ue  aucceedcd 
by  a  bright  red  berry. 
UOOKB.  WILLIAM  <ieS9-i74:).  EngUib  *cbotu  utd  poet, 


be  wu  b*ptin«l  on  the  ]rd  (ri  Hey  1689.  He  wu  educated  Bt 
Eton,  «h«e  he  beame  dptiin  of  the  Khool,  ud  at  St  Jolu'i 
Cdll^e,  Cimbridge.  He  calkborsied  with  John  OkU  uid 
WiUiusOidiMnrtliia*  traiuUtioii(i;i9}i>f  the/ttdrffnmtbe 
Fccsch  mnien  of  MwUme  Diaa,  ud  he  cootribuiKl  io  the 
ttmeyeuioiatveatitaLiiiM'jMualLiiiy,    Htwuintnidi 


1  DD  hli  tnniluioD  o[  the 


IluJ.    Pope  uked  Bi 

at  EuUithiw,  the  11th-century  uinsuior  of  N 

ficDome  executed  to  Pope'i  eotire  uliifaclJ 

piyineot.     He  wu  rectoi  ol  Stunton,  HotSdH, 

vms  funber  ueured  by  his  muriege  iu  171A  with  a  rich  vi* 

Mn  Hlubcth  Cluke.     When  Pope  uodertook  the  trtiuli 

ol  the  Oiysny,  be  engaged  Elijah  Feoloo  and  BiooiM 


K  had  gained  for  him  M  coUege 
uuune  of  "  the  pocL,"  and  be  adapted  hli  etyle  very 
LO  Popc'a.     Ue  tnuialcd  the  and,  tib,  Sib,  iilh,  lalfa, 


i6th,  i8th  and  tjrd  booki,  aad  pnctkdlr  F*mMid  aO  tbc  aoMt. 
He  wu  a  vala,  talkathia  Ban,  amd  dM  not  fail  to  make  kDOWB 
of  which  Pope  had  givei 


[tba  notei]  or  in  any  pan  «( Ibe  tn 
lation,  namely  Ihe  6th,  nth  and  i(Uh  booka,  it  b  but  fiat  t« 
atthbuteit  to  (he  judgment  and  ore  of  Ur  Pope,  bfiAcBefauiil 
every  >he«  vu  comcted."  For  the  Odyuej  Pcfie  leedjeil 
£4500,  of  which  Broome,  who  had  piuvidcd  a  third  i>f  tbe  text 
and  the  Dotei,  received  £570^  HehBdbfl|Kdl0BaciireiaiiiatroD 
hit  coDseiioa  with  Pope,  and  when  be  foond  that  Pope  bad  do 
intention  of  peaiiing  Un  ha  complitBed  bittoly  ti  bdDg  rado- 
piid.  Pope  thwigbt  tluc  Bnome'a  gamlity  bad  caMBd  Uw 
reports  which  were  being  dreulaied  to  bia  dindvantace,  asd  ui>. 
geacrouily  made  tatirical  aUuiiani  to  him  In  the  Diauiad'  and 
the  BalkBi.  After  iheK  iniuiu  Broome'c  patience  give  way,  and 
there  i^a  gap  in  hia  correspondence  with  Pope,  but  in  1730  tbo 
intercourse  was  renewed  on  liicndly  lerais.  In  171S  the  degree 
of  LL.D.  was  conteitcd  on  him  by  Ibe  uni\FfRliy  of  Cambridge, 
and  he  was  preaenled  ID  ihe  rectory  of  Pt]tham,Narf<U,  and  iul>- 
■equFBIly  by  Charlti,  lit  Earl  CamwiUis,  who  had  been  his  friend 
at  Cimbridge,  to  two  livings,  OaUer  Magna  in  Eaaei,  and  Ey« 
in  SuBolk.    He  died  at  Balh  on  the  i6lh  ol  Novembct  1745. 

UtttBU.  and  of  Ptemi  e>  Sacfl 

[1717)-    fiia  paeni  arc  included  in  Johnson'*  and  otlm 
of  the  Britlah  pocta    His  connexion  with  Pope  is  ea- 
lively  discuHcd  in  Efwin  and  Courthope's  edition  of  Pope's 
I]  (vtii.  pp.  jo-iM}.  where  the  eomspoodence  between  Ibc  two 


ilheyd. 


Tbew 


a!l. 


•tout  stem  bean  bcownlah  tolea,  and  eods  in  a  apihe  of  yellow, 
reddish-brown  or  pnrpUih  Bowers,  with  a  gairing  two-lipped 
oxoUa.  Several  qwdes  occur  in  Ihe  Brfliih  Itlci;  the  largest, 
OriAaHckt  major.  Is  parutic  on  roots  of  alirubby  leguminoas 
plants,  aqd  liasa  stout  stem  1  to  s  ft.  IdglL 

BKOira,  HOBrR  (1S39-1907),  Cetmia  histoiiia,  m  bom 
at  Trague  on  the  Ttb  oil  April  1S19,  wai  educated  at  Pngv*  and 
Vienna,  and  became  a  Journalist  Later  ht  devoted  hiiawir  tb 
historical  study,  and  he  died  on  the  lalh  of  July  1007  at  Venice, 
where  he  had  resided  for  over  thirty  yean.  To  the  •eriei 
GacUcUe  itr  lanftisdun  Slaalen  Brosch  contributed  EnfUwi 
1S09-1SS0  (A  vola,  Gotha.  iW4~iSm)>  a  continuation  of  tba 
work  of  J.  M.  Lappeoberg  and  R.  PauU,  and  Da-  Kinlnntutt 
(Gotha,  tSSo-ini).  He  gave  futtbci  proof  of  his  Intenai  in 
Eoglisb  hittoiy  by  writing  Itffi  Miniflrak  mi  dit  Wtip  mad 
Tatiti  mJbv  ZHI  {FrwlUar^  iSSj),  and  OHwr  Ovi*mO  *»f  dit 
tMnloHJiekt  Smlaliim  (Pranklon,  i»86].  Ha  alio  wmtc /icJiM 
II.  mmd  dii  Oflndawf  dtt  Kbtkimiiuli  (Gotha,  t>7S),  irtille  on* 
of  his  lad  piccca  ol  work  waa  to  (onuftaite  a  duptcr  on  "  The 
height  of  the  Ottoman  powor"  la  toI.  liL  ol  the  Ctmtridp 
Modtm  Hillary. 

SeeA.W.WudlatbeEa|NitH{MrfEa[K«lH>,vcl-Bn.(t»07l. 

BHOSRLKT,  a  market  town  in  the  miuudpal  borough  ol 
Wenlock  (f.i.)  and  the  Wellington  (Mid)  parliamentary  division 
of  Shropshire,  England,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Severn.  It 
has  a  aUtion  (Itonbridge  snd  BiOMley)  on  the  Great  Weitera 
railway,  ijS  so.  N.W.  from  London.    There  ii  trade  in  coal,  but 

'  i.  146,  "  worthy  Setile  Banks  and  Bioooie."  A  footnote  (174J) 
expUlned  away  the  alluaion  by  makine  it  apply  to  Richard  Brone, 
rhe  disciple  0/  Ben  Jonson.    Also  iii.  j]i,  oJ  which  Ihe  origin 


lalba  AukMbe  watd) 


.tOO^IC 


BROSSES-^ROTHERS  OF  COMMMJ  LIFE 


IX BEUka,  in.  W., in'lutB  am 
auMm,  mttUB  di  Uict-tyyi).  --- 

lekakr,  «M  hn  Bt  Diiai  urt  KBdM  !■» 
Mcimv-  IkabaaolhbBfad.binMncMiiDinnhlkm- 
Ion  and  akaot,  ud,  >IUr  ■  vWl  to  Italy  to  ■}]«  in  canpuy 
aiih  im  ftfrnd  Jsa  BaptWa  d«  Ucomc  di  SiMc-FkltTs,  ke 
p^bbcd  Ui  lAMi  i»  lUM  Mwt  A  fa  f0(  1 
iBmaiUt  (Dijcn,  ino),  Ih*  ba  mafc  1900  tbt  rut 
oduam.    It  mi  rfartng  thb  InUu  tam  tku  ht  _ 

(■moui  kltcn  on  Italy,  which  ttmIiwiI  m  MS.  till  in«  iftn 
kb  dtath.    Ib  1760  kB  pubUAad  a  dfeunuia*,  Ob  sniUf  ^ci 


^  Joha  PifAotm  and  twxatdlnii  fsographen.  HcaJwcsntti' 
b<U«d  to  tbt  Bmcydotmi  Uw  artidd  "  Langnca,"  "  Umlfa  ~ 
"  £l]rBnki(ls."  Ib  17^  appand  Ui  ««rk  an  tba  oiflB 
kngoafe.  Tnm  A  U  fnMtm  urtcMitw  ds  JMfwi.  t 
■trita  of  vtdch  an  rMegnUcd  by  E.  B.  T]rIaT  bi  IVtaiMW 
CatMn.  D«  Bmn*  had  bMB  occiqriMl,  during  a  gnat  pan  of 
hk  life,  00  a  nualatkm  ol  SaBon,  and  In  aiuvipUiig  u  Hipply 
O*  Iqm  «hapien  fa  thai  odcbmicd  UumIh.    At  lana  fa 

HIT  tepobibbMl  L'ffliMMA-  — - —  -~-^  '-  • "•-- 

-    Mwhkkii 

^loitanbyJianBBpIiMeDwcandeLaUaBa.  Tlnalllaaiy 
oecupadooa  did  not  prtvaM  the  aulnr  fRm  dhAaniin  vltk 
■bOhy  lA  sBdal  duUo  a*  Ont  praUoM  «f  tte  paliiaBKBt  ttf 
baisindy.  nor  bom  canjdng  od  a  onMUtt  and  WMal*t  Bom- 
QuodrDce  wltli  the  moat  dkfingidilied  Htaary  dancten  ol  hi* 
liow.  Id  I7s8  be  ninetded  tbc  m*H|iili  d«  CamMnt  in  the 
Afidfnue  dct  BcDes-ktttn;  but  nben  ta  1770  be  pRiHit«l 
himitll  at  Ibe  French  Andemr,  bb  candldatnre  «as  rejeetiJ 
ooiag  to  Vi^tilre't  oppcndtlOB  on  penonil  potmds.  Bcahki 
the  "rorli  ulready  mnitioiwd,  he  wrote  aeveml  ntnnolra  and 
dlisertitioTis  I0  the  coUectiorH  of  the  Academy  of  lucn'pllons, 
add  In  those  of  the  A<adeny  of  DIjoii,  and  he  left  briiirid  him 
■even]  MSS.,  wMch  vert  unfortunitety  lal  during  the  Revolu- 
tion. tCs  letlere  on  Italy  werr.  however,  lomd  In  MS.  )■  the 
confiscated  Ubrai7  by  hia  BOn,  the  MifrtfoibeeTReDCdeBEeiHa, 
end  were  fint  pnUisbed  in  1799.  hi  Ibe  uneritkal  edition  of 
Antoizie  Serieyi.  under  the  tFUt  of  LtUra  Mjlurj^i  d  (riN^wi. 
A  freih  edition,  ffeed  from  erron  and  Inler^aliofla,  by  'R. 
Colomb.with  the  tide  L'llaluilye  leu! am,  wu issued  In  i8;6; 
and  two  subsei^ent  Teprinffl  appeared,  one  edited  by  Pnriet- 
Maluss,  under  the  title  Lrtra  JimBitra  (TSfB).  the  other.a 
re-impression  o(  Cofomb's  e«tlon,  under  that  of  U  PrbUtml 
ie  B,o>,„  en  luili,  USsS). 

I(?4t :  •!«  Cnninai-Ciiniol. "  La  QiMreOe  de  Voliain*!  du  pitAtaBt 
i»  Oralis"  in  ib»  JiMdw  flaw  ifwdn  <f ehrMiy  13,  ia»> 

BRffrRBH.  a  maJe  peiwinin  his  felaflon  (o  the  other  ehildren 
of  the  same  fiilher  and  notber.  "  Brother "  repreaena  fa 
Eneliah  the  Teutonic  braneb  of  a  word  conrawo  to  the  Indo- 
European  lasgusses,  cf  Ger.  Smder,  Dstdi  hveder.  Ban.  and 
Swed.  hndtr,  &c.  In  Celtic  lanffilaECs,  Gaelk  and  Iriih  have 
tnUusit,  and  WelA  himt;  in  Greek  the  word  b  M'^f-  in 
tat  Jteltr,  from  wMdi  come  (he  Romanit  fomi»,  Fr  Jrtre,  ItaL 
fitic&a;  the  Span,  ^y.  Port  frti,  like  tbt  lud.  ^uJe,  fra,  are 
onlj'  taed  o(  "  friats."  TTie  Span,  lurmant  and  the  Port.  irmSt^ 
the  regolaj  words  for  brother,  are  from  Lot.  temianv.  bom  of 
the  amt  father  and  mother.  Hie  Sanskrit 
and  the  ttlihniile  Indo-Eotoptan  root  fa  genei 
Mar,  10  bear  (cT.  M.-M.  Ger.  ban,  Scot,  bairti 
"-■    ■  -  "burden").    "Bfother" 


651 


biMbeB,"  tluniftai 


oUpa,  iL(.  -blODd- 
mulnal  bloed^astlnc 
.  KBBeinii&  Chtli- 
naailr,  tbranfh  the  idaa  of  the  uniwtal  fathetbood  of  Ood, 
naealvaa  all  men  aa  bnthen;  but  in  a  namnaec  HnM  "  th* 
bretbren  "  an  the  maa^iaaol  the  Cbwch,  or,  in  a  nantiwcr  atfll, 

"*  "  '     *  "' "  wliiiB  the Chaidi.    Thia 

[altmal  aodetie*,  (.f.  the 

then  "bybllia- 

Brotbcr  "  toalio  shI  ^mboHaily,  ai  Implyine  equality, 


BROnilU,  BIGHASO  (tjST-'^'*).  Brithh  tcttfoBa  bnalk^ 
n»  bom  Id  NnrfooadhBd  Ml  Chrittmai  day ,  1 7  ]  t ,  and  adorn td 
at  WooMch.    He  aHaa'    '  .       .      ^        . 

andJtadMy.    laiiSjWI  .      

aabaU'pa^.    Ht  Umnlted  oi  the  co  _.  _. ,,. 

la  ijU,  and  agab  west  to  aea.    Bui  lia  Icit  that'll 
BtUni  and  Chtfatianity  wen  bKODpatiUa  aod  abaD> 
i|a(n>ti'((7S«).    Funbcricinpleaaato  tbt  oath  (eqalRd 
on  Iberaedpiof  Mt  haU-paynducedbiaiMHtiDaapaci^ialy 
'     (iTVi).  and  be  divided  hb  tlaw  beloeen  the  ^aa  air 
■  wotkboBW,  what  he  developed  the  Idea  thar  he  had  a 
■loD,  and  anou  to  the  kmg  and  the  paitt>> 
In  1 7M  he  dedand  hfauell  tbe  vouk  ol  ■ 
(phew  at  the  Afadghty,  and  priDce  d  Itk 


biM|U  beloie  paihaBCBt  by  hia  aidmt  diac^,  NallanM 

HalM.  the  aalesialiit,  a  ntmbcc  of  the  Hoist  of  CtmBom, 

a>dhe«aa>^0VedUapiIinueawliimfabliDtton.    Roe  ha 

I  a  VBilely  of  pMfktie  paopbkta,  wMcii  labied  Ua  nUB7 

■m,  amon^  tbem  WiDiam  Sbsp,  ibe  engiavcr,  who 

nidi  doBted  him  lor  Joanna  Saotbeott.    Biolbefa,  how. 

Imd  anDonnced  that  on  the  14th  ofNovnber  179s  ha  wai 

Wbe''TenlBd"aapfincesftbeIIebiewsau]rukro(  tbeworid; 

Ind  wheB  thk  date  paaid  wfthout  any  nicfc  niniloutim, 

mthadaaa  he  W  uooaed  taptdly  darindled,  deapltt  tba 

let  aoiM  of  hia  aariler  politick  pndictiooi  (e.(.  tb*  vioIcM 

death  of  LmAXVL)  had  beeafoUiUcd.    He  died  b  London  on 

the  tflli  of  JaBoaiy  1I14,  hi  the  bout  of  John  ftilaysoB,  irtw 

'  td  MKOred  bii-Wleaae,  and  who  aftemnb  pcatand  the  govoM 

tent  i>Mi  an  enarmeiucUln  (or  Brothel^  maiBttnaoc*.    TW 

ipponen  of  the  Anglo-Itiadltt  theory  claim  Um  aa  ih*  bM 

BBOTHB«a  OP  COmON  Un,  a  religlona  coranranity 
•mtrly  eiiafing  In  tbt  Caihelic  ChurA.  Tawaida  the  aid 
I  hit  canec  GtAard  CioM  (ta-l  retired  to  Ua native  tawn  of 
imalfcr,  hi  Iba  pnnincit  of  Ovelyaad  and  liw  diooeat  of 
Uti*^  aad  ptbend  wound  bim  a  number  of  tliaaa  who  had 
'■  converted  "  by  bia  preadiing  or  wished  to  plaa;  tbem- 
nndcf  hix  ipiktual  guidance.  With  the  assistance  of 
Fkwantlai  Radawyn,  who  miieed  lor  the  puipoae  a  canonry  ■] 


Hshlng  a  house  wherein  devout  _  .  , 

lonutic.  vows.    Ibe  fint  auch  community  »u 

Devtnta  in  the  bouse  ol  Fbrnntina  himaiU 

:jSc4,  and  Tbonm  t  Kianpa.  who  Hvcd  ta  ft  fnnn  ijgt 


g.  balle 


of  the  I 


ibly  imluted  the  manns  d  the  Apoatolic  life,' 

:  heart  and  iviiut  in  Cod,  bisugbl  tvify  man  what 

itD  the  conuBon  ttock.  and  ttcaviog  simple  [rwd 

and  dolhint  avoided  tding  thou^t  for  the  morrow.  -  01  Qieir 

win  they  devoted  tbesraelvea  to  Ood,  and  all  bdMed  tbeo^ 

nnt  is  MrdMr.  lielnsbiobeyingtlieirttcwroiUsTfctr.  . . .  They  laboured  care- 

iny  taken  to  be  I  fidly  bi  on>yInf[  books,  btinc  butaat  coatinuaOy  IB  laatd  Mndy 

diild,  and  such  I  and  devout  meditation.     lathe  loaniliig having satdMattai.tbfy 

has  often  been  t  Went  to  the  churdi  <foi  Haas).  .  .  .  Some  who  *et«  WieMa  Mri 

leamed  in  Oie  diefaie  law  preaobed  eafsaatly  JB 


652 


BROUGH— BROUGHAM,  LORD 


Olbcr  hauHmaf  tfa>  Brathtnof  CmomoD  Ufe,  otlwTwfie  oDed 
the  "  Uodcm  Dcvotian,"  weic  ia  n^  wcixmIob  tmbKthri  ia 
tiw  chid  dlki  of  Ike  Low  COuntria  and  nonli  ud  ccntnl 
Goniuir,  w  tbtl  ilien  woe  in  ill  upwdi  ol  fortjr  hoiaa  ol 
■m;  «hOe  tlmae  of  wnnea  doubJed  lint  figun,  tlir  6nl  havinc 
bceti  founded  by  Grooi  liiiw*^if  ai  DevcDier. 

Tiegntmd-idci  «u  to  rtpmluce  Uielife  of  the  Gnl  OuulUiu 
u  dncribed  in  AcU  iv.  Tba  DKisben  took  no  von  ud  tiar 
tnc  to  ieive  whea  ihcy  cboM;  but  lo  JoDf  u  they  rEmiiJud 
they  Kie  bomd  to  otaem  chutity,  to  pnctiM  penonal 
pcncrty,  piittiii(  nil  Ihdl  tnoney  ud  urnjnf*  into  Ihc  ammwa 
fuDd,  to  obey  tbc  rnlea  of  the  home  and  the  ttumnasda  of  the 
nclofr  and  to  oordae  thanaelvei  in  adf-doua],  humility  and 
pkty.  Tbe  raetor  mi  duacn  by  ihe  community  and  «aa  not 
MCOMdly  ■  piiNt,  ihougb  in  each  hmiae  Ihac  wav  a  icw 
pkaci  *ad  data.  Tba  majoiily,  howcfer,  wen  bo-mcD, 
•(  all  kbuk  and  detnm- -niJto,  artiaast,  icbolan,  ttutemi, 
labouiflng  moL  Tlw  ckrici  preadwd  aad  inunicled  the  people, 
woikifif  chiefly  amont  tite  poor;  they  ebo  devoted  themeelvea 
to  tlM  aq>yinf  of  nanoMT^la,  in  ordei  thereby  to  earn  HNDetUni 
for  the  coauKa  Iiud:  and  (ome  of  [hem  tau^  In  the  echoda. 
01  the  laymeD,  Iba  educated  copiBl  Banuciipti,  the  olhen 
veeked  at  varioua  handioalta  oi  at  agriculture.  After  iha 
idi^otn  )cn4cei  of  the  mominc  the  Brothcn  acattend  for  the 
day*>  «rk»  the  ardaam  frnnft  to  the  irorkabopB  in  the  diy, — 
igr  tlM  idea  «ai  to  live  and  imk  in  the  irecld,  aiid  not  lepaiated 
Inm  it,  like  the  monki.  nefr  nie  «u  that  they  bad  to  cam 
their  fivtUhood,  and  nuit  not  bcf.  Tlili  featore  acemed  a  le- 
lectioD  om  the  BKDdlcant  etden,  lad  the  idea  o(  a  eommanUy 
Ufe  vitboot  vo«i  (Dd  DM  in  Itolation  (na  everyday  Hie,  wa* 
looked  upon  a*  wmetUns  new  and  itnofe,  and  eves  a  bnriBg 
»IBni>i»e  lo  the  Be^uidi  and  other  aectt,  at  that  time  ciuaini 
tionble  to  both  Chucch  and  atate.  And  to  oppodtioo  aioN  lo 
the  Modem  Devotion,  and  (he  conlroveny  waa  cairied  to  the 
Ileal  faculty  at  Cotoine  UnivuHiy.  which  javs  a  judgment 
urou^  in  their  favour.  The  quulion,  for  ail  that,  mi  not 
finally  aetUed  nntil  the  councO  of  Coulaoce  (1414),  vhen  their 
cause  wii  Irinnqdvully  defended  by  Picne  d'Aiily  and  Genon. 
For  I  ceotniy  after  tUi  the  Modem  Devotion  Souiiihed  eiceed- 
iBfly,  and  ill  Inguwur  on  the  revival  of  nligioo  in  the  Nelhct ' 
lauda  and  nonh  Gemaby  in  the  ijth  cenLoiy  wai  wide  and 
deep,     b  haa  been  the  faihim  to  treat  Cidoi  and  Itie  Brolheia 


Sdidi^  in  the  Fiotcatant  StakmcyliltfUi*,  ii  inrely  risht  in 
pconounciaf  thii  view  qoite  uahiitMical— except  oti  the  thcoiy 
IhM  all  fnleifer  ipiiilail  icUfigo  I*  Pretstant:  he  ibon  that 
-'  ~*^i  SafenBtioB  haidly  any  of  the  Bntheia  embncad 
'  a  ^ngle  commimity  (oiog  over  aa  a  body 
B  ue  Daw  Roiioii.  During  the  •aamd  half  of  the  1Mb  Ecntniy 
Ihe  imtitola  gcadoaBy  declined,  and  by  the  middle  at  the 


IkSm- 


DtttiflB  and  Onndi  of  Uixaa  St  * 

I  by  J.  P.  Anhur.  the  iorniet  under  ike 

.  tfllf  Nut  DtKUm,  looj):  Buich,  Chmidt  tf  Wimlti- 
id.  Cmbe.  1M7].  Much  hat  been  vntteo  on  the  nibieti  In 
and  Gvmwi;  in  BuUdi,  S.  KetHewdt,  Tttmtt  i  Kimpa 
-    -■        '-  £9((iUa)(butB*aARfauriBthePRlaeit 

~  a_<hoftft  •fcuch,  ¥.  R.  Cmlte,  Tktmat 


icl^TDuaachl 


(iKt)-    An  enetleat  article  in  HcRoa-HaiicIi.  Jbst- 
-  [jid  ed). "  BrOder  dn  lenfaimnien  Lebeu." 
mwliia  withjcfenaa  ts  aR  the  liieiuiini 

BrMbartoESBDOB  Lib  ia  ite  1 
enulr  the  Ha 

■■■I'Simarpmtu!""'  "  "'(e'c.^V 
I  (it7»-itos),  Btltiih  paintci,  wia  bom 
a,  Roei  ihirt;  He  waa  educated  at  Aberdeen,  and. 
rtUtt  qiptantlced  for  over  ali  yean  aa  lithofiapher  to  Menn 
Gihb  &  Co.,  attended  the  ni|bl  daaiea  at  the  local  art  scbooL 
He  tbea  onMrcd  the  Royal  Scottiah  Academy,  and  in  the  fint 
year  look  tb*  Sttmrt  ^le  for  bipat  paintinc  the  Chalmen 
fakU«C  buMiy,  and  the  Miftainr-Walteii  medal  for  corn- 


el Mr  W.  D.  K<m  bat  drew  1 

Academy  with  hia  "  FantaUe  eo  FoUe,"  n 
Gallery  o(  Bhiiib  Art  (Talo  Gallery).    Two  ol  Ua  pi 
"  Twiit  Sun  and  M~™  "  and  "  fhiMhiWHl  of  8t  A 
the  Venice  m 


from  inJDiki  tecdviid  in  a  lailw^p  daaHer  ia  rgos,  Ui  eai|y 
destb  bdnf  a  DouUe  loia  la  firiikh  ar 

JOHM  (iSi4-iSBo).  fii 

the  gth  ol  May  tSf4,  and  wi 


SUot  theatn  is  Tarn  ud  Jtrrj,  In  iriddi  ho 
'     iBji  he  was  a  D»mbcr  ol  ""<— 
hit  firit  play,  a  ' 


remained  with  ""<""  Veilrii  at  loni  at  the  and  Chatica 
Mathewi  retained  Covent  Garden,  and  Itf  cdUboeated  with 
Dion  Bondcault  in  writiaf  ttmim  Aumaaa,  Daarii  bdni  One 
ol  hi)  beM  paiti.  In  tSao  he  manacad  the  Lyoeoa  tlualr^  fee 
wUch  be  wrote  aeveiai  llfht  burkaqoait  bat  to  itf  be  ouned 
•he  UaKed  Suto,  whtie  he  bacana  •  mmtm  «l  W.  E. 


Biooikam't  Lyceum,  which,  like  hd  neil  q 
of  the  Bowery  theatn,  wat  aot  finaadaOy  a  niciaa.  na  waa 
later  eoukected  with  WaUack>B  and  DalyV  theatrei,  and  wnw 
playi  lor  bMh.  In  tSte  he  ittufnail  to  '-"hI™;,  whei*  ha 
adapted  or  wnHe  tevctal  playa,  Inehidinc  Tlu  DaUt  UtUa 
lor  Pechter.  After  the  Qvil  War  ha  ntutncd  to  Nnr  Yorit. 
Brougham'*  theatre  wat  opened  in  1)64  with  hit  comedy  ttuir 


lonunate,  and  he  look  to  playing  wi 
Hit  latl  appeaiance  waa  in  lOjv  aa  CReiliy,  the  detective  In 
Boudcaull't  SAiaud,  and  be  died  In  New  Yivfc  oB  the  7th  of 
June  tSBo.  Broujban  waa  the  author  ol  nearly  leo  pl^i.  moat 
of  them  now  fcsgottoi.  He  wat  the  founder  ol  the  Lotua  Club 
in  New  York,  and  for  a  time  iu  pniident.  He  alto  edited  ilKre 
in  1851  a  comic  paper  called  Tlu.lAMtn,  and  puhliibed  two 
coUectioni  ol  miKdlaneout  writinm  A  BnU  tf  ClUpt  aid 
TJh  Aiuly  PafBi.  Bmugbam  iataJd  to  bavc  been  thaoiigiaal 
of  Hairy  Lorrequer  in  Charlct  Lever'*  DOnL  He  waa  twice 
■urrjed,  b  iSjS  to  Emma  Williama  (d.  iS6s),  and  in  1844  la 
Mb  Annette  Uawley  (d.  iSto),  both  actreaao. 

BRODOHAll,  a  four-whedcd  doaed  cariitfe,  leating  two  a 
Boie  penona,  and  drawn  by  a  ain^e  bone  or  pail,  or  pnpelkd 
by  atotor.  The  raodets  "  bnughun  "  hat  developed  uid  taken 
iu  nane  from  Hm  "  odd  Uitle  kind  of  garden-chair  "  doKxlbed 
by  TIkODBi  Moore,  which  the  £nt  Lmd  Bioughun  bad  nude 
by  a  coachmalcer  to  his  own  desi^ 

■HODOHAK  am  VAOX.  BBKBT  PffTBR  BBOUOHUL 
IBT  BaiOM  (1178-1868).  lord  chancellor  of  ""ff-TV*.  vai  bon 
atEdinburtbonlhaigihofSeplenberiTTS.  Ha  wat  the  eMcil 
■on  of  Heniy  Btonaham  and  Eitinora,  da^hter  of  tb*  Rev. 
Jamet  Syme.  In  hiiltter  yean  be  wat  wont  to  trace  hit  pttemal 
dcicant  lo  Udnaidn*  de  Broham,  in  the  reign  ol  Hrary  IL, 
but  DO  real  conneiioo  ha*  been  eilablitbid  between  the  ancfent 
lord!  of  Brougham  culle,  wboM  inheritance  passed  by  nunfage 
from  the  Vlpontt  iaio  the  famOy  of  the  De  Clificmb,  and  the 
fiiougharaiof  Saia  Hall,  fionwhom  Ihe  chanceUor  was  really 
descended.  Entering  ihi  high  tchoal  of  Edinbaigh  when 
barely  levcn,  he  left,  having  risen  t*  be  head  of  the  tclioel. 
in  1741.  He  entered  the  uaivenity  ol  Edhiburgh  in  I7«i,  end 
devoted  lumscU  chiefly  to  the  itudy  of  natunl  idence  and 
mathema ties.  ooDtiibu ting  in  i7gj  a  paper  to  the  Royal  Sodely 
new  phcnomcfiOD  of  light  and  colour^  which  was  printed 
r         ..■__.  .1  .L_.  i_j..     .  potijm*  waa 

.UlBkMific 


hi  the 


«rlaijeB.aidto 


f^^t 


BROUGHAM,  LORD 


6S3 


tepuuUon  *u  n  [u  oubliifatd  tli«t  he  m*  elected  F.RS. 

Bui  in  tpite  oC  ha  Uite  fm  mslbeinitkal  (UUDinc.  Broughiu'i 
mind  wa*  aot  an  iccumti  sc  euci  one;  ud  bli  punuit  of 
phjriiu]  icience  wu  nihct  K.  bvaurila  leccntwa  Ibin  >  lolid 
kdvanta^  lo  hiai. 

Foi  two  yean  of  hit  univenity  canet  be  had  attended  leclures 
in  civil  law,  and  having  adopted  Ian  as  ■  profesiDR  he  i>a» 
admitted  lo  the  (acuity  i^  advocates  in  ttaa.  It  doi«  not  appeat 
that  be  ever  held  a  bncl  in  ihe  couit  ol  icssion,  but  be  went  a 
circuit  or  tvo,  n  here  he  defended  or  prosecuted  a  (en  prisoner 
and  played  a  ieries  of  trklu  on  ibc  presiding  jud£e,  Lotd  Esk- 
gnve.  vhicb  almost  drove  that  learned  pcnon  to  dislracb'oa. 
The  Scottish  bac.  however,  u  he  soon  pciceived,  oliercd  no  held 
uilGdeDlly  ample  loc  Ms  tikntt  and  his  ambition.  He  resolved 
to  go  to  London,  Hhere  he  hid  already  appcaTod  ai  junior 
counul  in  a  Scottish  appeal  to  the  House  i^  Lords.  In  1803 
be  entered  at  Lincoln's  Inn,  and  In  1808  he  was  colled  lo  the 
English  bar.  In  the  meantime  he  had  turned  lo  liteialuTe 
IS  a  means  ol  subsistence.  When  in  iBei  the  Ediaiurfli  RetieK 
vas  founded  by  llic  young  and  aspiring  lights  ol  the  northern 
metropolis.  Brougham  »as  the  most  nady,  the  most  veraitile 
and  the  roost  lailriud  ol  all  its  contributor.  To  the  fint  luenty 
numbers  he  contributed  cighljr  irlidcs,  wandering  thiougb  every 
imagLnable  subject. — science,  politics,  colonial  policy,  literalufc, 
poetiy,  suigciy.  maLhcmaiics  and  the  fine  aits.  The  prodifiDui 
mcce»s  of  the  Rcitiew,  and  the  power  he  was  known  to  wield  in  it, 
made  him  a  man  of  nurk  Iiom  his  flnt  arrival  in  London.  He 
obtained  the  friendship  of  Lord  Grey  and  the  leading  Whig 
politicians.  Hit  wit  and  gaiety  made  him  an  ornament  ol 
locioty,  and  he  KKighl  loeiundhI>literniy  and  political  reputa- 
tion by  the  publication  of  an  elaboiate  work  on  the  colonial 
policy  of  the  empire.  In  1S06,  Fox  being  then  in  office,  ht  wis 
■ppaintcd  (ecrcuty  to  a  mission  ol  Lord  Roulyn  and  Lord 
St  Vwcoit  to  the  (ouit  ol  Lisbon,  with  a  view  to  counteract  the 
anticipated  French  invasion  ol  Portugal.  The  mission  luted 
two  or  three  months;  Brougham  came  home  out  of  humour 
and  out  ol  pocket;  and  meaatioM  Ui<  (kalh  of  Foi  put  an  end 
to  the  hopes  of  the  Wbifp. 

Brougham  was  disappoinled  by  the  abrupt  fall  of  the  ministry, 
and  piqued  that  his  Whig  friends  had  tuit  provided  him  with 
a  scat  in  parliament-  Kevertbclcss,  he  eterted  bis  pen  with 
prodigtoua  activity  during  the  election  of  i9oc];  and  Lord 
Holland  dccUrcd  that  he  had  filled  the  bookiell«s'  shops  with 
artidei  and  pamphlets.  The  lesult  ara«  imall.  No  seat  was 
placid  at  bis  disposal,  and  he  was  Coo  poor  to  (onlest  a  borough. 
He  was  fortunate  at  this  lime  to  ally  himself  with  the  movement 
lor  the  abolition  of  the  ilave-trade,  and  he  remained  through 
life  lut  only  lailhtui,  but  pa^ionately  attached  '     '' 


abiUto 


n  the  Hon 


...  lor  of  England,  to  take  a  port  i 

final  measure  of  negro  emandpation  thnughout  the  (doni 

Previous  to  his  eatering  on  pnciics  at  the  English  bar, 
Brotigbain  had  acquired  some  knowledge  of  international  law, 
and  tome  eiperlcnce  of  the  prize  couiti.    This  circunistancD 
probably  led  to  his  being  retained  as  counsel  for  the  Uvetpocd 
mctchapts  who  lind  petitioned  both  Houses  of  Parliament  agai    ~ 
the  Oldcrt  in  Council.    Brougham  conducted  the  Icngthci 
inquiry  which  took  place  at  the  boiof  the  House,  and  he  d^plaj 
on  thisoccaslona  maitery  over  the  principles  ol  pi^itiul  econai 
■ndintemationil  law  which  at  that  time  was  rare.    Nevtrtheli 
he  was  unsucceuful,  and  it  was  not  until  iSii,  when  he  1 
himseif  in  psiLiiment,  that  be  ttsumed  his  attack  on  the  Oid 
in  Council,  and  ultimately  conquered.    It  was  considered 
eipcdieni  uul  impossible  that  a  man  »  ^fted.  and  u  popular 
■s  BiDughiin  had  now  become,  diould  remain  out  of  patlia 
and  by  the  iirGuence  iri  Lotd  Holland  the  duke  of  Bedlor 
induced  10  return  Um  to  the  House  of  Common*  for  Ihe  boiDugh 
of  CaRielfard.    He  took  his  seat  eaiiy  hi  iSio,  having  mide 
vow  that  he  would  not  ap«i  his  mouth  for  1  month.    The  vo' 
•nit  kept,  but  kept  for  that  month  only.    He  ipoke  in  March 
in  coiulcmnalion  of  the  OKiducl  ol  Loid  Chatham  at  WalcbcKB, 


stotUW 


candidote  foe  the  leadcnhip  «t  the  LOxnl  patty,' 
ccble  hands  at  Cootie  Potuonby.  However.  Ih« 
Toiie*  codtiaHd  in  power.  PtrliameDt  wu  diuotNiL  Canel- 
fard  pojMd  into  other  hands.  Brangham  WM  Induced  to  stand 
for  Liverpool,  with  Thomas  Cieevey  against  Canning  and- 
General  Gtacoyae.  The  Liberals  were  defeated' by  a  laigi 
majority,  and  what  made  the  iting  of  defeat  more  keen  wai- 
tbat  Creinray  tetaintd  his  Sid  seat  foe  Thelfotd,  while  Brougham 
as  left  out  in  the  cold. 

Mo  remained  out  of  pailiamenl  during  the  four  eventful  yean 
am  lEti  to  1S16,  which  witneoed  the  termination  ol  Ihe  wu, 
ul  he  did  i»t  conceal  his  resentinent  against  the  Whigs,  But 
I  the  yean  he  qitni  out  of  parliiment  occurrences  look  place 
hich  gave  ample  employment  to  hb  bustling  acliirity,  and  led 

hadbcsn  introduced  in  iSoqIo  Ihe  piincniof  Wales  (afterwirds 
Queen  Caroline).  But  it  was  not  till  iSii  that  the  princeu 
consulted  him  on  her  private  aHalre,  after  the  rupture  between 
the  prince  regent  and  the  Whigs  had  become  more  decided. 
From  that  time,  Brougbom,  in  conjunction  with  Samnd  Whlt- 
brend,  became  ooe  of  the  princess's  chief  advisers;  be  was 
life,  not  ao  much  from  any  great  liking  or 
reqiccl  for  herself,  as  from  an  indignant  aeiiie  of  the  wron^  and 
insults  inflicted  upon  ber  by  her  hntband.  Brougham  strongly 
oppoacd  her  d^iaituie  from  EtwIaBd  in  1S14,  a*  wcU  as  her 
Mm  In  ilmonthsaccHsionU  George  IV. 
In  iSt«  he  had  again  been  mtaned  to  parKamenl  for  Winchel- 
«,  a  borough  of  the  carl  of  Dartington,  and  he  instantly  resumed 
commandingpaslIionlD  the  Hotne of  Commons.  Hesutcftdcd 
.  defeating  the  contlnuince  of  Ibe  incDBte-tu;  be  distinguished 
imsclf  as  an  advocate  for  tlie  education  of  the  people;  and  on  the 
death  of  Romllly  he  took  up  with  ardour  the  gieat  work  of  the 
of  the  law.  Nothing  elasperatod  the  Tory  party  more 
l»  select  committee  which  sat,  with  Brougham  In  the- 
,  n  1816  and  the  Ihite  following  yBat^  to  investigate  tha 
state  of  education  of  the  pool  in  the  metropolis.  But  he  wasu 
far  as  ever  Iram  ohtalidng  the  leadership  of  the  parly  to  which 
ht  as[Hred.  Indeed,  as  was  pothted  out  by  Lord  Lansdawne  in 
ifli].  Ihe  opposition  had  no  recogniied  effident  leaden;  thdr  war^ 
fare  was  carried  on  in  separate  courses,  indulging  their  own  tastea 
and  tempen.  without  comUned  action.  Nor  was  Brougham' 
much  more  succenful  at  Ihe  bar.  The  death  ol  Gonrge  HI. 
suddenly  changed  this  state  of  things.  Queen  Caroline  at  once, 
in  April  iBk,  appointed  Brougham  her  atioiHy-genetsI,  and 
Denman  her  ■oUdtor.^neial;  and  they  immediately  took  their 
lanh  in  mart  accMdingty;  this  was  indeed  the  sole  act  of  toyat 
autboi^  OD  the  pait  of  Ih*  nnhapliy  queen.  In  July  Qoecn 
Catoline  cama  liom  St  Omer  to  Ei^iind;  minlstera  sent  dowa' 


bag  been  coUeciing  againii  ber;  and  a  bill  wu  brought  Into  tha 
House  of  Lords  for  ttie  depostlon  of  the  qneen,  and  the  diacdn- 
tJoD  of  the  king's  mairiage.  The  dcf«ce  of  the  queen  «a« 
conducted  by  firoogham,  imitrd  by  Denman,  Liishlngton  and 
WiUe,  with  equal  courage  and  ability.  His  conduct  ol  the 
defence  was  most  able,  and  be  wcund  un  t." 
speech  ol  eatjaordinaTy  p< 


The  penxaljan  vu 


mbyhi 

At  momeDti  of  great  eidtemeni  such  dedanutlion  may  be  of 
value,  and  in  iBio  it  was  both  heaid  and  read  with  enthusiasm. 
But  to  the  ealoer  judgment  of  later  generationt  this  cdebratod 
onuion  aeeiu  turgid  atul  ovenliained.  Such  immenie  popular 
qrmpathy  piev^Ied  on  the  queen's  behalf,  that  the  ministfy  did 
not  proceed  with  the  bill  in  the  Comman,  and  the  result  wu  ■ 
virtual  liiumph  for  the  queen. 

Thii  victory  over  the  court  and  tlie  mlnlitry  raised  Henr/ 
BtOBgham  at  once  to  the  pinnacle  of  fame.  He  shared  lh« 
triumph  of  the  queen.  His  portrait  was  In  every  shop  window. 
A  piece  of  plate  nu  presented  to  him,  paid  for  by  a  penny 
subscription  of  peasants  and  mechanics.  He  refused  to  accept 
a  turn  of  £4000  which  the  qnocn  imtM  pUcad  al  Ui  dllpaWll 


6s4 


BROUGHAM,  LORD 

oi  Cfnasd,  while  his  nliry 


he  loiA.  DO  aott  tbu  tlM  mul 
u  Ilci  Mujaly'i  i.ttDni«y-g«ienl  remijud  u 
vu  diftchtrjcd  by  llu  licuury  altET  her  ddh, 
niomeDt  his  fortuoc  wu  made  at  Ibe  blr.  Ui«  pracuce  on  uh 
Boithcm  circuit  quintupled.  One  o(  bit  fiiHt  >p«chci  wu  i 
deicnie  ol  ■  Durhun  uewlpuper  which  lud  itucJud  the  clcr^ 
lor  relusins  to  aJJow  the  bells  of  chuKhei  to  be  tolled  on  thi 
queen's  dcathi  and  by  the  Admission  ni  Lord  Czmpbcll,  s  riva 
■dvocale  and  an  unfriendly -critic,  he  rase  suddenly  to  a  positioc 
■aneumplcd  In  the  profcsien-  The  nfranness  ol  GeorffcIV.  and 
of  Lord  Eldon  tvfuud  him  the  silk  gown  to  which  his  posltior 
■t  ihe  hw  CBtilled  him,  and  ior  ume  yean  be  led  the  dnsii 
u  an  Dui«  butiitet.  to  Ihe  great  toss  of  Ihe  muoc  membcn  o 
the  circuit,  who  could  only  be  employed  against  him.    Hii 


befon 


iti7«* 


I  year, 


Ititv 


entloned  that  !a  iBss  ^t  £"'  *<»I>  wen 
tahtn,  uadct  the  aulpicei  ol  Brougham,  lor  the  estabUshmcnt 
ol  *  utuvettily  in  Loadon,  absolutely  free  fiom  all  religious  « 
sectarian  discioctioi^  In  1817  he  contributed  to  Eound  the 
"  Society  Foe  the  Diffusion  of  Useful  KnoxHedge  ""-an  aaocu- 
tion  which  gaveanimmeiuc  impulse  to  sound  popular  literature. 
Its  firtl  publicalioii  was  an  essay  oa  the  "  Pleasures  and  Advant- 
ages ol  Science  "  written  by  himseU.  In  the  following  year 
(igi8)  he  delivered  his  great  speech  on  law  reform,  which  lasted 
sis  hourt,  in  ■  thin  and  eihautlol  House, — a  marvellous  eflort, 
embracing  every  part  of  the  ndsling  system  ol  judicalure. 

The  death  of  Canning,  the  failure  of  Lord  Cixjerich,  and  the 
accession  ol  the  duke  ol  Wdltngton  to  power,  again  changed  the 
aspect  of  aSain.  The  progress  of  the  movement  for  parlia- 
nenUry  reform  had  numbered  the  days  of  Ihe  Tory  govcmmcnt. 
At  (he  general  election  of  iSjo  the  county  of  Vo 
d  Brougham  to  the  new  lluuu  of  Cc 


repiesen  tative.    The  pa 


jr  leave  t 


Clin  Nov 


lend  the 


□not  the  people; 

but  before  the  deb:itec»me 

was  defeated  m 

another  qunllon;  Ihe  dn 

Earl  Grey  was  a 

MDmanded  by  William  IV.  t 

Amongst  Ihe  dilEcnl  tics  of  the  new  premier  and  the  Whig  patty 
were  the  poslion  and  attitude  of  Brougham.  He  was  not  the 
leader  of  any  patty,  and  had  no  personal  following  in  the  House  of 
Commons.  Moreover,  he  himself  had  repeatedly  declared  that 
nothing  would  induce  him  to  exchange  his  posilion  as  an  jnde« 
pendent  inenibcr  of  parliameni  lor  any  ofBce,  however  great 
On  Ihe  day  following  the  resignaltofl  of  the  Tory  govcnunent, 
he  nluctantly  consented  toposipancforane  week  his  moiion  on 
parliamentary  reform.  The  atlomey-Beneralship  wu  pftered  to 
him  and  indignanlly  rcluscd.  He  himself  allmu  that  hedesinad 
to  be  master  ol  (he  rolK  which  would  have  Idt  him  free  usii  in 
the  House  of  Commons.  But  this  was  poaitively  inlerdlcted  by 
the  king,  and  objected  to  by  Lord  Althorp,  who  declared  that  be 
could  not  undertake  to  lead  the  House  with  so  Insuhonlinale  a 
follower  behind  him.  But  as  it  was  Impossible  to  leave  BtoDgham 
out  of  the  minisliy.  it  was  determined  lo  offer  him  the  chsncdlor- 
(hip.  Brougham  himKll  hesilatcd,  or  affected  lo  beiiiaie,  but 
finally  yielded  to  the  repreienlalions  of  LonJ  Grey  and  Lord 
Allhotp.  On  the  jindol  Noveinba'the  great  seal  was  delivered 
lo  him  by  the  king,  and  be  was  raised  to  the  peerage  as  Baron 
Brougham  and  Vaiu.  Hisduoceiloiship  lasted  eiaclly  lour  yean. 

Lord  Brougharn  took  a  uiosl  active  and  prominent  part  in  all 

passing  of  Ihe  Rcfotra  Bill  was  due  in  a  great  mcasnre  lo  the 
Ttgour  with  which  he  delmdnt  it.  But  success  developed  ttliti 
which  had  hitherto  been  kepi  in  the  background.  His  nuiner 
became  dictatoriil  and  he  eihibitcd  a  restless  ecccnirteity,  Mid  a 
IHsion  Sat  interfering  with  every  department  of  slslt,  which 
alarmed  the  kbig.  By  bis  insatiable  activily  be  had  OHiUfved 
to  moDopoliie  the  tuthoriiy  and  popularity  ol  Ihe  goveminenl, 
and  notwithstanding  the  tnnnenie  majority  by  which  it  was 
■ipported  In  the  rtformed  parliament,  t  emit 


icrtions  Ihe  cabinet  wu  icconMnieta)  under  Lord  ibShaan*, 

nd  he  appeiied  10  think  thai  his  own  inSnence  in  it  wnold  be 
ureaied.  But  the  irriubilily  of  hit  temper  and  tbeegotitni  ol 
is  character  made  It  laipostlble  for  his  colleagues  to  work  with 
im,and  the  extreme  menial  eicllement  undcrwhich  he  labourol 
tlhistimeculminaledduringa  journey  to  Scotland  ina  behaviour 

0  extravagant,  that  it  gave  the  final  ilrtAe  to  the  confidence  of 
he  king.  At  Lancaster  he  joined  the  bar-mess,  and  spent  Ibe 
ight  in  an  orgy,  in  a  country  house  he  lost  the  great  leal,  *ad 
3und  it  again  In  a  game  of  blind man's-bufi.    At  Edinburgh, 

1  spile  of  the  coldness  which  had  sprung  up  between  himself  arkl 
he  Ciey  family,  he  was  present  at  a  banquet  given  to  the  late 
Rmiet,  and  deHvcred  a  harangue  on  his  own  services  and  hii 
lUfaUc  virtue.  All  Ihii  time  he  coniinued  10  contspond  with  Ib« 
ing  in  a  stnin  which  cnaled  ihe  uimoil  Iniution  and  unue- 
lenl  It  Windsor. 

Shortly  alter  Ihe  meeting  ol  parliament  in  November  the  kinj 
.iimlEsed  his  miniiicrs.  The  chancellor,  who  had  dined  at 
lolland  House,  called  on  Lord  Melbourne  on  hit  way  home,  and 
umcd  Ihe  intelligence.  Melbourne  made  him  promise  that  he 
loutd  keep  II  a  tecret  until  the  morrow,  but  the  moment  Iw 

litted  Ihe  ex-premier  he  sent  a  paragraph  to  Tkt  Timi 


theof 


It  all." 


rhich  was  lotatly  unloiindcd,  wai  thelast  act 
Di  nis  omciu  lue.  Tbe  Feel  minisliy,  pnmslniely  and  ndily 
summoned  to  power,  was  of  no  long  duration,  and  Brou^m 
naturallytookanactivepartinoverthrowingit.  Lord Melboorae 
was  called  upon  In  April  iSjj  to  reconstruct  the  Whig  govemmeot 
with  his  former  colleagues.  Bui,  formidable  as  he  might  be  as  an 
opponent,  Ihe  Whigs  Had  learned  by  experience  that  Brougham 
wu  even  man  dangerous  lo  them  as  an  ally,  and  with  one  acconl 
they  resolved  thai  he  should  not  hold  tbe  great  teal  or  any  other 
office.  The  great  seal  was  put  in  commbsion,  lo  divert  fota  (ioM 
his  resentment,  and  leave  him.  If  he  chose,  to  enlcnain  bopa  of 
recovering  it.  These  hopes,  however,  were  soon  ditaipaled; 
and  although  the  late  chancellor  assumed  an  independent  positioQ 
in  the  House  of  Lordi,  and  even  affected  to  protect  the  govern- 
out  with  uncontrolled  vehemence.  Throughout  the  session  of 
iSjs  liui  activity  was  undiminithed.  Bills  for  every  Inaginable 
purpose  were  thrown  by  him  or  Ihe  table  ol  the  House,  and  it 
stands  recorded  In  Hansard  that  he  made  no  lets  than  »l  re- 
ported speeches  in  parliament  in  that  year.  But  la  tbe  course  of 
the  vacation  a  heavier  blow  was  struck:  Lord  Cottenhara  was 
made  lord  chancellor.  Braughan's  daring  and  atngant  tfint 
sank  for  a  time  under  the  shock,  and  during  the  year  iSjA  hfc 
never  spoke  in  pariismenl.  AuMng  (he  numerous  eipe^Eents 
resorted  10  in  onjer  to  keep  Us  aams  befon  lb*  public,  was  a 
falM  report  of  hit  death  by  a  ciniige  uddcnt.  acnt  np  [ran 
Watnuriind  in  lijij.  He  wat  accuaed,  with  great  ptobaUlily, 
of  being  himielf  the  author  of  the  report,  Sudi  credei^ce  did  ft 
obtain  thai  all  the  newspapen  of  October  la,  excepting  Tkt 
ri'jvfr,  had  obituary  notices.  However.for  more  than  thirty  years 
after  his  t^ll  he  continued  lo  take  an  active  part  in  the  juiGcia] 
business  of  the  House  of  Lords,  and  In  its  debaies;  but  It  would 
have  been  belter  for  hit  Rputation  if  he  had  died  earlier.  His 
reappearance  In  patiiament  on  the  aoceaion  of  QneeB  ^nctoii* 
was  marked  by  sneers  ai  the  court,  and  violeat  attacki  ta  (b* 
Whip  lor  their  loyal  and  entkutlastk  stttduNBt  to  thrir  yotat 
sovereign:  and  upon  Ihe  outbrmk  of  tbo  Intuntctton  fa)  CsnwU. 
and  the  miscarriage  of  Lord  Cuihao'i  adMioo,  he  ovenAdmeil 
his  rormer  colleagun,  and  cspedill)'  Lord  Glendg,  witk  ■  tofrent 
ol  invective  and  sarcasm,  equl  In  pcrimoforaloiy  to  the  greatest 
of  his  eailier  spoedies.  Indeed,  wlthoat  avowedly  rdinqulihlns 
his  poUtical  principles,  Breu^ism  estranged  hlmirif  From  the 
whole  puty  by  which  those  princjplei  were  defended;  and  hb 
tbe  years  foUewInc  hb  loss  of  offit* 
1  very  lufavouiBble  KghL  He  con- 
',  to  render  Judicial  services  In  the  privy  coancil, 
of  Lords,  the  privy  couadl,  eqieclally  *AeB 
iriflg  appeals  from  the  colonies,  India,  and  (hiOHins  maiitine 
~    •rifauul:  In  vut  uaa  ol 


revealed  hb  character  in  1 


BROUGHTON,  H.— BROUGHTON,  LORD 


655 


)  by  qiMftioni  «f  loicisa  4ad  htnnutndd  kv, 
luitcd  hn  diKunive  ttniui.     He  but  icmodcUHl  tha  ja  "  '  ' 
coamitlee  in  lijj,  wd  ititiU  icBHluiuMdf  ibaBoituic 
bis  cnatiou- 

Id  the  yeit  1S60  ■  Kcmd  piunt  wu  coaftml  npon  hi 
Quicn  Victotia,  *iih  1  Rvenion  <d  bit  pecnce  Id  hii  yon 
brother.  Williun  Bmuibam  (d.  iM&l.  TIk  pnunUa  o 
patent  ililed  Ibit  this  unuival  Durk  o(  fcoaow  wu  mil 
upon  bim  by  the  cravn  u  u  adunvMfment  of  the  _ 
■crvkc*  be  hid  Rodered,  more  evedilly  in  pnmotinf  the 
nbtditkm  of  slnvery,  nod  tbc  emandpfttion  tS  tha  negro  nee. 
The  pcenie  «» thw  pctpeluted  in  ■  jnnlor  bruicta  of  the  funOy , 
Lord  Bnurbun  hinoeJf  bdns  without  *n  heir.  He  bed  murled 
fai  iSii  Hn  Spalding  (d.  1M5),  dwi^Ier  of  Itenu*  Edea,  and 
but  two  diuiilitcrs,  the  nrrhnor  of  whom  died  In  1839. 
Bioughim'i  lut  days  were  p«Med  at  Canma,  (n  the  Miuth  o( 
France.  An  icddcnt  having  attracted  hii  attention  to  tlw  fpM 
about  the  y«t  iSjB,  when  It  was  Utile  more  than  a  fishing  vDlage 
on  a  pictures4u<  coast,  he  bought  there  a  tract  ol  land  and  boElt 
on  iL  His  choke  and  kii  ciample  made  it  the  saaatacfaini  at 
Europe.  He  died  thcRon  the  fthof  May  t86S,  in  the  ninetieth 
jmr  of  hit  ttge. 

The  verdict  ot  the  time  bu  proved  that  there  was  mtbhig  o( 
~  lilde  of  origiiialily  in  the  prodigious  efforts  ol 
a.  Be  EUed  the  office  ol  cbanceUor  during 
umes  burning  arjib  etdtcmait.  and  he  himsdl  embodied  and 
eipmsed  ibc  fervour  of  tbe  times.  He  affected  at  first  to  licit 
the  business  of  the  court  of  chancery  as  a  light  atfair,  though  in 
truth  he  had  to  work  hard  to  master  the  prindplet  of  equity,  ol 
which  be  had  no  ecptrience.  HiinunneTin  court  was  desullory 
■nd  diclaloiisl.  Sometimes  he  would  cnoch  in  his  chair,  nnHled 
in  his  •rig  and  nbcs,  like  a  man  asleep^  at  other  Umca  be  would 
burn  into  raikss  activity,  writing  lettcn.  waritfag  problcnn. 
interrupting  counsel.  But  upon  tha  lAole  Biou^am  was  a  Jnst 
and  able  judge,  though  few  of  his  dedslons  are  dted  a*  landmarks 
of  the  bw. 

Ai  a  patliomentaTy  ligirre  Broughan'i  peraonality  eidted 
tor  many  years  an  immense  amount  of 'public  interest,  now 
•onuwhii  hard  lo  comprehend.  Hii  boundless  command  ol 
language,  hit  sninul  spirits  and  social  powers,  his  audacity  and 
veil-stored  memory  enabled  him  to  dominate  the  liiuatiDn, 
His  striking  and  almost  gntleugue  personal  appcorance,  added 
to  the  cHect  ol  his  voice  and  manna — 1  tail  disjointed  tnme, 
with  strong  bony  limbs  and  hands,  that  seemed  to  Intnprct  the 
pon-er  of  his  address;  strange  angular  motions  of  the  arms; 
the  incessant  jrrk.  ol  his  h^rsh  but  cipresKjve  features;  the 

indignation,  now  subdued  to  a  whimper — all  conlrihuted  to  gi^ 
him  the  migical  influence  such  as  is  eidted  hy  a  great  acior. 
But  his  eccentricity  rou  at  limcq  to  the  verge  of  Insanity;  and 
with  all  hh  powers  he  ticked  the  moral  elevation  which  Inq>iRt 
confidence  and  wins  respect. 

The  activity  of  Lord  Bnwgham's  pen  wi*  only  second  to  the 
volubility  of  his  tongue.  He  carriBl  on  a  vast  and  incesmnt 
correspondence  ol  incredible  eilenL  For  thirty  yean  he  con- 
liibuled  largely  to  the  EJiniurfi  Kaitw,  and  he  mntinued 
to  write  in  that  journal  even  after  he  held  the  great  seaL  The 
best  ol  hii  mitingi,  entitled  "  Sketches  d(  the  Statamen  of  the 
time  of  George  UL",  first  appeared  (n  the  Sfita.  Tlieje  were 
followed  hy  the  "  Lives  ol  Men  of  Leiteis  and  Sdeoce,  "  of  the 
lame  period.  Lsler  in  life  he  edited  Filey's  jfefirat  Thcoliitj: 
and  he  pubHahed  a  work  on  political  philosophy,  betides  in- 
Dumeiable  pamphlelt  and  tettem  lo  public  men  on  the  events  of 
the  day.  He  published  an  incorrect  tnntlatioo  of  Demosthenes' 
Dt  Conna.  A  novel  entitkd  Albert  Z,ni<J  was  attributed  to  him. 
A  fragment  of  the  HiMr^  of  Entlmi  atda  Ua  Hquu  ojUaasUr 
employed  hit  retirement.  In  iSjg  waa  published  an  edition  of 
kit  tpeecbca  in  four  volumes,  elaboratdy  corrected  by  himscll. 
The  last  of  his  works  was  his  poathumout  AulMeptflty.  Am- 
bitious as  he  waa  of  literary  faina,  and  jcilotis  of  the  lueceu 
ol  other  authors,  be  has  failed  to  obtain  any  lasting  pbce  fn 
Englirii  litoaluK.    Hit  styla  waa  alawnly,  tovalrtd  aad  in- 


cMnct;  and  his  tooipsalioa  boie  maikt  ol  hasta  and  ixrden- 
■ess.  and  nowhere  thowi  any  genuine  originality  of  tboughL 
Tbc  coUgcted  cdiEloo  of  his  worki  and  speeches  carefully  revilKl 
by  bisndl  (Edinburgh.  1857  and  iRr>)  ■•  the  b«t.  Hit  rfnlv 
Msgn^  ia  at  Bonn  value  from  the  origltial  letteia  with  which 
It  it  jntetipantd.  But  Lord  Biaugham'a  memsiy  was  so  mvdi 
impatnd  wbeo  be  heps  to  wriie  Ma  lecoUections  that  do 
can  be  placad  on  Us-aialcmealt,  and  the  work  abonndi 
nd  (or  truth  at  any  time 

be  played  a  prominent  part  wen  found  oa 
InvcitigatioB  tobean'--- '-' 
The  hast  modem  * 

ChaiaUin,  is  spiteful,  ai 

critic;  the  Rev.  W.  Hunt's  judicious  and  careful  bioimphy  in  ih 
D.fl.B.  b  samewhat  hcbrng  in  cotour;  Henrv  Reeve's  article  In  lb. 
9tb  ed.  of  the  £ny.  BrU.,  which  b  rrcqueillv  drawn  upon  above. 
now  reqnim  a  gosd  many  ogcndloat  la  potnta  e(  fad  aad  pet- 
Hiectlve,  but  givtt  a  briUiaat  picture  by  an  upitciative  critic,  mudi 
''behind  the  scenes."  See  (bo  references  la  the  Crmillt  Kiaitin 
and  CVinry  ftl/wi;  S.  Wjlpole,  Hillary  tf  E«((aird  (l»90);  I.  A. 
Roeback.  /TiKgrv  (f  (fa  ifhif  Uinislry  (1651):  Lcrd  Hotbnd, 
Utmnn^tlu  WlutP*ny{itM):llriiafiamt<i*kiiEattjrriaiii 
iftori  «  Jima  Lttk,  l;9B-iSii9  tj  vofi.,  Loadaa.  ijol,  privauly 

BR0Oa&Talr,I!nCB(isa9-i6ii1.  English  tcbotat  and  di  viae, 

was  bom  at  Owlbury,  Bishop's  Gasilc,  Shropahire,  in  1544. 

1  by  Bernard  Gilpin  at  Houghton-le-Spring  aiKl 

'  ""t  John's  and  then  ol 


•owiM  of  Brmghan  b  J.  B.  AtbyV  fn  Ms 
•  (ifOt)!  Lord  CanphiB-s,  bi  £w  if  tin 
I,  and  by  aiTuofrieBdly  thowh  wsU-infonmd 
Hunt's  judicious  and  cartful  Koiiaphy  in  the 


e,  whtie  he  became  fe 


re  he  laid  the  k 


holanl up  (or  which  he  was  af terwardt  so  dii .  _ 

From  Cambridge  he  went  to  London,  where  his  eloquence  gain^ 
him  many  and  poKcrful  friends.  In  1  sS8  be  published  his  first 
work,  "a  little  book  of  great  pains,"  entitled  A  Cmunlaf 
Scriplurt.  This  work,  dealing  with  biblical  chnmology  and 
leitual  criticUm,  was  attacked  at  both  uiuvertltia,  and  the 
author  was  obliged  to  defend  it  in  a  series  of  lectures.  Id  1589 
be  went  to  Germany,  where  he  frequently  engaged  in  discussions 
both  with  Romanists  and  with  the  learned  Jews  whom  he  met  at 
Frankfort  and  elsewhere.  In  1J91  be  returned  lo  England,  but 
his  Puritan  Icaningt  incurred  tbc  hostility  of  Whitgilt.  Accord- 
ingly in  ijqi  he  once  more  went  abroad,  and  cultivated  the 
acquaintance  of  the  principal  scholars  ol  Eui^ie,  including 
Stalifieri  and  Rabbi  Eliu  Sucb  wu  the  esteem  in  which  be  was 
held,  even  by  his  opponenli,  thai  he  might  have  had  a  cardinal's 
h;it  if  he  had  been  willing  to  change  his  faith-  In  ISK  Ix  pub- 
lished his  "  Explication  "  ol  the  article  "  He  descended  into 
hell,"in  which  be  mainUined  thai  Hades  means  simply  the  abode 
of  departed  spirits,  not  the  place  ol  tornient.  On  the  acossion 
of  James  he  returned  to  England;  but  not  being  engaged  to 
co-operate  in  tha  now  translailon  of  the  Bible  (though  he  had  (or 
some  years  pbnned  a  similar  xrork),  he  retired  lo  Middleburg  in 
Holland,  where  he  preached  to  the  English  congregation.  In 
ifit  1  be  returned  to  EngUnd,  Bhere  he  died  on  the  4th  at  Auguit 

Some  of  hii  work)  wen  caneeled  and  published  h  a  large  folia 
volume  !n  166»,  with  a  slelch  of  hii  life  by  John  Liglitlool.  bal 
many  of  his  theological  MSS.  lemain  itill  uncdiled  in  the  British 

BRODOIITOII,  MHR  CAH  HOBHOHS^  Saion  (i;!6-iS&<}), 
English  writer  and  politician,  was  the  eldest  ton  of  Sir  Benjamin 
Hobhouse,  Bart.,  by  his  wife  Charlotte,  daughter  of  Samuel  Cam 
of  Chantry  Honse,  Bradford,  Wiltshire.  Bom  at  Bristol  on 
the  i;th  of  June  i;M.  he  was  educated  at  Westminiler  school 
and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  where  he  gra>dunfed  in  1B08. 
He  todi  the  Hulscan  prlie  in  1E0S  for  his  Eimy  an  Iki  Origm  ni 
imeiUm  af  SaenJUit.  At  Cambridge  he  founded  the  "  Whig 
Club,"  and  the  "  Amicable  Society,"  and  became  very  intimate 
with  Byron,  who  accomiMnied  him  on  a  tour  in  Spain,  Greece 
and  Turkey  in  iSog.  Hobhouse  was  present  at  the  battle  of 
Dresden  in  August  1813,  and,  following  the  allied  army  int« 
France,  saw  Uuii  XVIII.  enter  PaiHa  in  May  1S14.  He  wa* 
again  hi  Paris  after  the  return  of  Napoleon  from  Elba,  and 
thawed  his  dislike  of  (be  Bourbons  and  his  sympttlq'  wilb 


656 


BROUGHTY  FERRY— BR.OUWER 


>y  wiiiing  ill  1S16  ■  piisphicl  mlilkd  TMt  saistana 
1^  MM  UUtri  vrilltH  h  '»  EngliilmaH  midcni  in  Parii  durUg 
lil  la$l  rtipi  ef  Ikt  trnpoor  Napclam.  Ttli  (iiued  umc  oEcace 
in  Engluid  and  laoic  in  Fmnce,  and  the  Fcench  uansliiion  wu 
Kizcd  by  the  govenunmt  SDd  both  liasslalar  lad  pTinlei  were 
impriioned.  A  furthet  period  of  Irnvd  mlh  Byron  followed, 
uid  at  this  Uine  HobhouH  wrote  lome  ootea  to  the  fourth  canto 
of  Ckiidi  HarM.  This  omto  wu  ifteiwards  dedicated  to  him, 
and  a  revised  edilioo  of  a  part  of  his  notes  entitled  HulorUai 
iUuUialiBnl  s]  Iht  ftnrlli  canU  oj  "  CkiUe  HarM  "  cmlainini 
iiisaUilint  H  lAtmuu  0}  Rami  and  an  aay  on  Ilalian  lUaaturc, 
wai  published  hi  ISiS.  In  Fehruaiy  1814  HobhouH  wai  the 
Radical  andidate  at  a  by-election  lor  the  icpreientation  of  the 
dty  of  Weiliniiuter,  but  he  failed  to  leoire  election.  He  had 
already  gained  Mme  popularity  by  writing  in  favour  of  refoira, 
and  in  iSio  he  iuucd  A  deJcKi  of  Ike  PafU  in  iiply  It  Lord 
Eritinti  "  Tva  Dtfttua  ef  Da  Wkiii,"  followed  by  A  trifiint 
mislait  is  Tkenai,  Lari  EitHite's  ncntl  prtfatt.  The  House  of 
Commons  dcdared  this  latter  pimphlet  a  breach  of  privilege^ 
ill  autboi  wu  arrested  an  the  i4tb  of  December  1819,  and  in 
apitc  ct  an  appeal  (o  the  cuuit  of  king's  bench  he  rcmtined  in 
cuitody  nutil  the  end  of  the  foUawhig  February.  But  this 
proceeding  otdy  inoeaied  hli  popularity,  and  at  the  general 
election  of  t3ao  lie  was  returned  for  Westminster.  HobhouH 
shared  Gyren's  enthuvasm  lor  the  liberation  of  Greece;  after 
■he  poet's  death  in  1S34  he  proved  his  will,  and  superintended 
the  arrangements  for  fus  funeral-  In  parliament  be  proved  a 
'o  the  party  of  reform;  and  having  succeeded 


lis  fall 


liSji.w. 


appomt 


lislry  of  Earl  Grey  In  February  i8]j, 
a  privy  coundllor.  He  effected  tome  reforms 
during  his  tenure  of  this  oSce,  but,  um 


indw. 


le  chief 


yfor 


d  In  Marr 


'83J- 


He  had  only  held  this  post  for  a  few  weeks  whei , 
of  his  refusaJ  to  Vote  with  the  government  ag:L!n$t  the  abolition 
of  the  house  and  window  tai,  he  resigned  both  his  olTice  and  his 
seat  in  parliament.  At  the  subsequent  election  he  was  defeated, 
but  joined  the  cabinet  as  first  commissioner  of  woods  and  forests 
when  Lord  Melbourne  took  office  in  July  1834,  and  about  the 
same  time  was  returned  at  a  by-election  as  one  of  the  members 
lor  Nottingham.  In  Melbourne's  government  of  i8js  he  was 
president  of  the  board  of  control,  in  which  position  he  strongly 
mpported  the  Indian  policy  of  Lord  Auckland;  he  relumed  to  the 
.  same  office  in  July  1846  as  a  member  of  Lord  John  Russell's 
cabinet;  and  In  February  iSjr  he  went  to  the  House  of  Lords 
OS  Saron  Broughton  of  Broughton  GyfTord.  Re  left  oEce  when 
Russell  resigned  in  February  iSs  J,  and  took  lillle  part  in  political 
bfe,  being  mainly  occuined  In  litcruTy  pursuits  and  in  correspond' 
ence.    He  died  In  London  on  the  jrd  of  June  iS6g. 

He  had  married  in  July  18:8  Lady  Julia  Tomllnjon  Hay, 
daughiet  of  George,  jth  marquess  of  Twccddale,  by  whom  he 
had  ihiM  daughters,  but  being  without  heir  male  the  barony 
lapsed  on  his  death,  the  barenticy  passing  to  his  nephew, 
Charles  Parry  Hobhouse.  Lord  Broughton  was  a  partner  in 
Whitbread'i  brewery,  a  fellow  of  the  Royal  Society,  nnd  one  of 
the  founders  of  the  Royal  Geographical  Society.  He  was 
responsible  for  the  passing  of  the  Vestry  Act  of  i8ji,  and  is  said 
to  have  &r«t  used  the  phnie  "  his  najoty'i  opposition."  He 
was  a  good  claulcal  scholar,  and  although  not  eloquent,  an  able 
debater.  In  addilioa  to  the  works  already  enumerated  ho  wrote 
A  jluriuy  liiouik  Albania  and  alkir  frrtiva  rf  Tvity  in 
Eumpt  and  Alia  la  Ctmlanlina^  diuim  Iktytait  1S09  and  iSio 
(London,  1811),  revised  edition  (London,  i8ss);  and  IMIy: 
Rinarii  wait  in  Scteret  Viiiti  fram  lii  Viar  1S16  It  iSs4 
[London,  i8sg}.  A  collection  of  hit  diaries,  correspondence 
and  memoranda  is  in  the  Stltisfa  Museum. 

See  T.  Moore.  Life  ef  herd  Byian  (London,  1817-18^0);  GinriUi 
Mrmcirl  (London.  )SM:  Diaanary  of  Nclia-^  Biatnplif,  vot 
nvli.  (London,  tBgO:  Tkt  Timti.  June  4.  18*9:  Spencer  Wai  pole, 
Hiilery  ef  En^ad  (London,  I«9o).  BiouEhlon  also  wrote  RmJStr 
Hamtja  Leng  Lift.pnalca  uivatily  in  lUj,  andin  im  published 
with  additions  in  )  vol*,  edited  by  hie  daughter.  Lady  Dorcbelter, 
with  a  preface  by  the  tarl  of  Raaebery. 


■BOlFQEmr  RRRY,  a  municipal  and  poUce  borA  K«po« 
and  watering-place  ol  Forlarshire,  Scotland,  on  the  Firth  of  Tay, 
4  m.  E.  ol  Dundee  by  the  North  British  railway.  IN>p.  [19111) 
10,484.  The  name  is  a  corruption  of  Brugh  or  Burgh  Tay,  in 
allusion  to  the  fortress  sUnding  on  the  rock  that  juts  into  the 
Firth.  It  b  believed  that  a  stronghold  has  occupied  thia  tite 
since  Fictish  timet.  The  later  castle,  built  In  r4Q8,  fell  into  the 
hands  of  the  En«Ush  In  1547  and  was  held  by  them  for  thne 
years.  Gradually  growing  mora  or  less  ruinous  it  was  acquired 
by  government  in  igjs.  repaired,  stren^hened  and  converted 
into  a  Tay  defence,  mounting  several  heavy  guns.  Owing  to  its 
healthy  and  convenient  situation,  Broughty  Ferry  has  become 
a  favourite  residence  of  Dundee  merchants.  Fishery  and  shipping 
are  carried  on  to  a  limited  eitent  Before  the  erection  ol  the 
Tay  Bridge  the  town  was  the  icene  of  nrach  traffic,  as  the  rafl  way 
ferry  from  Tayport  waa  then  the  customary  access  to  Dnndee 
from  the  louOi.  Monifieth  (pop.  1134},  tl  m.  ru>rtb-east  oi 
Broughty  Ferry,  with  a  station  on  the  North  British  railway,  is 
noted  for  its  g^(  links.  About  1  m.  north  rises  the  conical  hill 
of  Laws  (400  It.  high),  on  the  top  of  which  are  the  reieains  ol  k 
vitrified  fort,  jcrs  ft.  long  by  198  ft.  in  breadth. 

BRODSSAIS,  FRANCOIS  JOSEPH  VICTOR  (tT7»-i8j8), 
French  pbysiciin.  was  bom  at  St  Malo  on  the  ijih  of  December 
177>.    From  his  Ealher,  who  was  also  a  physician,  he  reoived 

at  th«  college  of  Dinaa.  At  the  age  of  seventeen  he  entered  odc 
of  the  newty.formed  lepnblican  regiments,  but  ill-health  con^ 
pelledhim  to  withdrawafter  two  years.  Heresumed  Ids  medical 
studies,  and  then  obtained  an  appoiulment  ns  surgeon  in  the  navj. 
In  I  jw  be  proceeded  to  Paris,  where  in  180J  he  graduated  ss  M,D. 
In  iSos  he  again  joined  the  army  in  a  prolessional  capacity,  and 
served  in  Germany  and  Holland.  Returning  to  Paris  In  1808 
ho  published  his  Hiilaire  da  pilct<aaiia  an  infiamKuHimt 
ekrcnigiui;  then  left  again  for  active  service  In  Spain.  In  tgr4 
he  returned  to  Paris,  and  was  appointed  assistant-professor  to 
the  military  hospital  of  the  Val-do-Grace,  where  he  first  pro- 
mulgated his  peculiar  ilaciTincs  on  the  relation  between  "  life  " 
and  "  stimulus,"  and  on  tlie  physiobgical  interdependenee  and 
sympathies  of  the  various  organs.  His  leclnrcs  were  attended 
by  great  numbers  of  sludenta,  who  received  with  the  utmost 
eothuuasm  the  new  theories  which  he  propounded-  In  1816  be 
published  his  EnaiiuMdtladaiJrintnibHialtcinlniUmtnlailapUe, 
which  drew  down  upon  its  author  the  hatred  ol  the  whole  medical 
(acuity  ol  Parts;  but  by  degrees  his  doctrines  triumphed,  and 
in  iSjr  be  wns  appoinled  professor  of  general  pathology  In  Iho 
aeideray  of  medicine-  In  iSiS  he  published  a  work  Dt  rirriia. 
tian  tt  dt  la  felit,  and  towards  the  end  of  his  life  he  attracted 
large  audiences  fay  his  lectures  on  phrenology.  He  di^  at 
Vitry-sur-Sclne  on  the  17th  ol  November  igjS. 

BRODSSOKn'.  PIEBRB  KARIB  AUOUSTB  (i;«r-lSo7), 
French  naturalist. was  bom  at  Montpellier  on  the  iSth  Of  February 
17&1,  and  was  educated  lor  the  medical  profession.  Visiting 
England,  he  was  admitted  in  1872  an  honorary  member  of  the 
Royal  Society,  and  in  the  same  year  published  at  London  the 
first  part  of  hit  work  on  fishes,  Ichlijolatiia  Decat  I,  material 
lor  which  was  toromunicalcd  to  him  by  Sir  Joseph  Baaka.  On 
his  return  to  Paris  ho  was  appointed  perpetual  sccrerary  to  the 
Society  of  Agriculture,  and  in  1189  became  a  ntember  of  the 
National  AsscmUy.  Under  the  conventian  he  had  to  leave 
Paris,  and  alter  some  dangers  "he  made  his  way  to  Madrid.    The 

and  afterwards  from  Lisbon,  bat  at  last  he  found  a  Tcluge  In 
Morocco  as  physician  to  an  embas^  aent'oot  by  the  United 
States.  Later  he  obtained  permission  from  the  Dircctoiy  to 
return  to  France,  and  in  1 80  j  was  appointed  profssor  oi  botany 
at  Montpellier,  where  he  died  on  the  1 7  th  of  January  1S07. 
BROUWEH,  or  BaauwEK,  ADXIAK  (1608-1640),  Dutch 
'-'--  *--       --  Haarlem,  of  very  humble  parous,  who 


isHals.    : 


bound  him  apprentice  to  the  pi 

an  admirable  eye  lor  colour,  and  much  spirit  in  daiga;  and 

these  gif  u  his  inaater  appears  to  have  turned  to  his  own  profit, 

whik  his  pupUwu  hall  atuvod.    Ai  the  mult  ol  Ih' 


BROWN,  C  R— BROWN,  FORD  MADOX 


657 


muBMM,  BMnirat  «M  fieqamilit  Imni^  tnts  Imr  eaafmiy 
ud  diM^M  Kom,  wUch  he  deUDoited  ntlh  fiHt  wiril  ud 
iMA  caloniinc  ia  hii  plctnR*.  Tie  ufaniuwte  WtiM  died  hi 
•  hB|iiUl  It  Ab  twdp  U  the  etriy  1^  of  thittjKvi^  conjeqiimUjr 
hk  mria  uc  taw  ud  tuely  met  vllh.  lie  lu|i*t  coUKtloa 
of  hit  toMlnpiece*  j>  In  the  FiMkothek  et  UtniclL 

■ROWM.    GHABUS    BBOCKMK    (iTTi-iS»),    ABericuO 

■ovdiK,  *w  iMtn  of  Quoker  poitnli  Id  Fhiltddplii»i  on  the 

17th  of  Juniaiy  1771.    Of  ddicMo  contltutioa  ind  ntiriog 

k^iili,  he  orijr  devoted  hisiMif  la  Madyj  hi*  prfiuipel  uamt' 

It  «M  the  bmntiam  of  ideal  mrcUtectiini  deeiiu,  dxrittd 


Utopian  pnjecu  tor  pedon 

period  of  n  lerici  of  DMicli  diitlngiiithod 

qwniilent  evolUioD  oi  ibc  plot.    The 

taldlectuti  phuei  ia  mitttd  by  ■  juvaiiie  roBence  eatitled 

Ca/ut,  not  puhUeked  until  aftet  the  auWi  dath,  iriilch 


thonni^il]'  the  jnuw  Ameiioui  mi  Isepiwl  bjr  Codwin  tnd 
Ua[7  WaUitaaecnll,  «beae  principi]  initiiigi  bed  rocentl]' 
mode  thdc  ^peanace.  From  the  kttei  be  derived  the  ide* 
of  Ui  next  work.  Tkt  Didtfiu  tf  Alaiiii  (1797), "  mthiniiiUc 
bat  iiieipeilenced  taay  ob  tlw  quallaD  ol  mmui'i  liglo*  wid 
libenie*.  Fraa  Oodwln  be  Itained  hit  Uae  Uyle,  caDdeued 
to  •  fault,  bu  too  laonJc  lot  eloquence  or  moduUlioD,  cod  the 
Ut  «C  developing  a  plot  froB  a  liiifle  paycbolatical  piDblem  or 
myitaiiinia  dnaimHaiies.  The  noveli  which  he  now  rapidly 
pndnced  oSei  the  ikmngot  aSnily  to  CaUi  WiUiami,  and  if 
infeiioc  to  that  remariuUe  work  in  lublleiy  d  maul  analyiii. 
gnatly  luipaaa  k  in  affluence  of  iDveniion  and  inteuity  ol 
poetical  ledinc-  All  an  wild  aad  weiid  in  cnncrptiDii,  with 
hlcidBatB  bocdennfl  on  the  pfctematural,  yet  the  limit  of  pow- 
bility  it  nevn  tnntcnved.  In  Wittandj  er  Uu  Tramilumaliam 
(■Tt^i  the  fiiB  and  moat  (trildng.  a  leeniingly  inexplicable 
DQ'iteryianBalTedintaacaaeoIventiilHiuiuii,  Arikwr  iltnyn; 
n  Jfasotri  ^tit  Yur  ijgj  (i7gS'iSco),  i>  lunukable  for  the 
deKoptioBofllieqiidenuc  of  yellow  lever  in  Pbilidelphia.  Ediar 
Bualty  <Philidel[Jua,  iSoi).  a  romance  rich  in  load  cdouiiag, 
li  rnuifcnbta  for  the  eGrctlve  use  made  of  uanambujiua,  and 
anticipate*  Coopet'i  introduciign  ol  the  American  Indian  into 
Gciica>.  Ormtnd  (i;m)  ii  les*  powsful,  but  ceotaina  one 
character,  Conatanlia  Dudley,  which  cicited  the  eotfaisiaitic 
admiiatiou  of  SbcUey.  Two  lubeeqaent  noveli.  Clan  Hmari 
(lSar)aiul/iiiuT'JW(tSa4},ile*]ili|  with  ordinary  Ule,  proved 
failure*,  and  Brown  betook  bimielf  to  compiling  a  leneral 
lyttem  of  geography,  editing  a  periodical,  and  an  aanual  n^ter, 
and  writing  poUtkal  pamphleta.  He  died  of  canautnplioa  on 
the  jjnd  of  Fcbruaiy  iSio.    He  a  depicted  by  bis  l^ographer 

foimility,  doe  perhap*  to  hia  (^laka  eduutlion,  tbe  lUlemeut 
i*  bocM  out  by  hii  comapoDdenca. 
The  TiSe  of  Oiarki  firoclulen  Brown  wae  written  by  hi>  rricnd 

in  i  nia.  «■  piridiibod  ■>  Pfca-i.JpiA  |b  ,sn  .ja  a  "  life." 
and  Inalimind  and  noi*  tfUnntv  edition  '-""-^ 
JXdSrr-iJs; 

Ji  of  April  lis 

Brown,  a  teliied  poncr  in  the  navy;  hit  ntotber,  Caroline 
Madoj:,  of  an  old  Kcatiak  family.  Hii  patonal  graodlaLber 
wa>  Dr  John  Biswn,  who  cslahliihed  the  Brunonian  Theory  of 
Medicine.  Ford  Madox  Brown  waa  the  only  child  of  bit  parenu, 
nve  for  a  daughter  who  died  young.  In  childhood  he  wai 
■hilted  about  a  good  deal  between  France  and  England;  and 
having  abown  from  the  age  ol  ail  or  tcven  a  turn  for  drawing 
he  WBI  taken,  when  fourteen  yeait  old,  and  with  mtatn  acqnire- 
■Bcnli  in  tbe  way  of  general  uUtion,  to  Brugei.  and  placed  under 
the  imlruction  of  Gregoriui,  a  pupil  of  David.  Hii  principal 
initrnctor,  however,  from  about  i8j7,  wu  Baron  Wappcra,  of 
Antwerp,  then  regarded  u  a  gnat  light  of  the  Belgian  ichool. 
Flora  him  the  youtb  learned  the  itchitique  not  only  of  oil  painting 
but  of  viiiom  olher  branchea  of  art.    At  a  very  early  age  Brown 


allaiMd  a  remlikaUe  depe*  of  (one  in  dnwinc  and  pafaitiaft 
1*  attewed  ty  *a  eMMit<it.poftt«it  ol  ha  father,  domatiBafi 
■M  e««fdlnt  fifteen.  Hi*  lirtt  cOBpoailioB,  tomida  1S3A, 
repreaealed  ■  bUnd  beggai  and  Ui  cUhl-,  hs  fint  odifbilMl 
«arfc,  Itj7,  «M  "  Job  on  the  Kb**Kp  ";  the  fint  aihibited 
'  In  iradOB  (at  llw  Royal  Acadenn,  iBao),  "  Tbt  Giaoor'* 
"  '  B  Bynm'a  poon.  Both  hi*  paient*  died  belDn 
1S4D,  iMvins  U  the  yoiag  palnt«  ■  nodente  conpeunce, 
wUcfa  Mcn  via  naleriaU^  ndoeed.  In  it^a  BiowD  coiBFdelH 
a  luga  pictto*,  "  "O*  etecutian  of  Maiy,  queen  of  Snu," 
itnof  1b  dnmtic  aSect  and  in  hindllng,  with  nthet  lonbr* 
ooloui;  troB  thii  time  forth  be  muu  ha  nguded  a*  ■  profident 
arllit,  indepcBdeU  in  Ui  point  cd  view  iiid  atiCBUoiH  in  cMcu- 
tion.  Ha  contributed  to  the  cutoon  enapetitlon,  tS44  ind 
tS45,  (or  tbe  HoOMi  of  PaiButentr— "  Adia  and  Eva  ifter  the 
Fill,"  "Hke  Body  ol  Hamld  btDu^  to  WiOlaai  the  Conqvem," 
■nd"The!;ririti>fJ(Bttce."  Thew  kithlj  wmeritible  qmow* 
piMod  not  whelljr  tmohanvtd,  but  Bot  oas  of  them  obtiised  b 
pcin.  Th*  yean  1S40  to  iSe)  wen  puned  in  Fari^  toadon 
■Bd  Romei  lowiidi  the  mlddla  of  1S46  Brown  aeltlcd  penaan- 
ently  in  London.  In  1S41  he  bad  nanicd  hi*  oouibi  £lii*belb 
BnnDley,  who  died  of  noBiDpcioa  In  il«a,  leaTing  a  dinghtcri 
LuEy,  who  fai  1B74  hecama  the  wife  of  Willkm  M.  RoMcttt.  Not 
hmgaflarbeincldtawidewer,  Brown  took  a  aecand  wife,  Emma 
Hill,  who  GgORi  Id  miny  of  hii  pictuiCL  She  had  two  chUdna 
who  ficw  up:  Calherina,  who  married  Di  Fnuui  HuefTer,  Iha 
rauaical  acbolar  and  critic,  and  CUver,  who  died  in  1874  in  hi* 
twentieth  year.  All  Ihm  children  ihowed  csniidaatde  aUUtr 
in  paintioc  and  Oliver  in  mnaooe  ai  welL  The  tocood  Mq 
Brown  died  in  1 890, 

The  meet  marked  diKinctioo  of  Btawn  **  an  nrtlit  may  h« 
defined  a*  vigonui  jnveotioa  of  hiitodc  or  dnmatic  itxat^ 
-    •-'    ^eati«|udfaiadiTidualityinthepenoiugc% 


uaiUar,  tlie  ptcalit^  and  tlie  h 

to  (obaerve  the  geseral  intent.  _ 

ialion  with  artiUi  of  the  io<Blled  "  pie-Rapbaelits " 
'  (which  besu  laie  in  rS48).  and  e«iedally  with 
uante  idbriel  Roeactti.  who  received  florae  Irainini  in  hii 
studio  in  the  ipring  of  ■^■<  y*»r  h*-h*ih*^  Y*C"''^^T"f'fl"tt 

la  a  diiBCt  cixipaatoc  in  it  Hii  daim  to  tie  legiided  a*  a 
ptecunoi  or  initlatoi  h  not  Mtong;  thoogh  It  ta  me  thil  even 

before  1S4 1  he  had  pondered  the  thwy  (not  then  much  In  vofve) 
that  a  iHcture  ought  to  pnaenC  the  varitahle  bgbt  and  iKida 
proper  to  lome  one  moBKDt  in  the  day,  and  hii "  Manfred  «ilbi 

Jungftau"  I1841}  eaempllfiea  tUi  prfnciT^  to  khk  eitent; 
it  reoppcui  Id  hii  very  large  picture  of  "  Chancer  a1  (he  Court 
of  Edward  HI."  (now  io  the  public  gallery  of  Sydney,  Australia), 
which,  although  projected  in  1^4;.  wu  not  btoiigbt  to  com- 
pletion until  iSsr.  Ai  to  becoming  a  direct  co-operatot  In  the 
pn-Raphidite  movement,  he  did  not  join  the  "  Brolherbood," 
though  it  would  hive  been  open  to  him  Io  do  »;  but  for  some 
yean  his  works  eihihtted  a  milked  influence  derived  from  the 
moTtDKnt,  not  on  the  whole  to  their  dear  advantage.  The 
principal  pictures  of  tbii  clais  are;  "  Tbe  Pretty  Baa-tamhi  "; 
"Work"  (a  street  Kene  at  Hampetead);  and  "  TIk  Lait  of 
England  "  (an  emigration  subject,  one  of  his  most  excellent 
achievements);  dating  between  rSsi  and  i86j.  "  Christ 
Wuhuig  Peter's  Feet "  (now  In  the  National  OaHery  of  Britlih 
Art)  coma  within  the  same  range  of  data,  and  is  a  misteriy 
work;  here  the  prt^Raphaelite  Influence  ii  tesa  murifciL 
Altogether  it  may  be  averred  that  tbe  conception  Ind  introduc 
tion  of  the  pie-Raphaclite  scheme,  such  ai  It  appeared  to  the 
puUic  eye  in  1849  and  1850,  belong  to  MiDali,  Holman  Bunt 
and  Rosiclti,  talhn  than  to  Btown. 

Other  leading  pfetutei  by  Brown  are  the  following: — "Cor- 
delia St  the  Bedside  of  Lear  ";  "  Shakespeare  ";  "  Jacob  and 
Joseph's  Coat";  "Elijah  and  the  Widow's  Son";  "Coiddia'i 
FoRion";  "The  Enlorabnient ";  "Romeo  ind  Juliet" 
balcony);   "I>on  Juan  lud   Haidee"j 


'  Cromwell    on    bii  Fann    ; 


.Fratectw   of  (U 


aw^.Fratectw   « 


65S 


BROWN,  F.— BROWN,  G. 


Vivdali'': — covcrivs  (bo  period  Inm  iSio  lo  1B7T-  "  Sardii 
■pttiB  ind  Mjrriii."  besun  within  the  iu«  period,  wu  Bniibn] 
Itler.  He  producfd,  moteover,  1  gnu  numbei  of  etttlleni 
ctrtoom  far  iiAincd  eLak.  beinf  up  to  1S74  1  nernber  of  ibt 
Erm  at  dmntive  ail,  Morrn.  Minhall.  Fiidkaer  ind  Co.  H< 
ihoeietuled, 


1  187S  he 


undenook  lor  (he  li 


'n  haU  of  Midi 
1  In 


td  by  wi 


'hich  entaUed 
■live  lergt  wiJI 
ol  the  Cambici- 


pilotiagi,  MHneof  IhtiD  doiH  In  ■  modified  foi 
Pkity  procen,  mnd  olben  in  oiI>  00  canvu  i. . 
■atlice.  They  preienli  compendium  of  the  hiiloiy  of  V  dchnter 
and  <ti  diiiricl,  (ram  the  huUdin(  of  the  Romui  ttm\,  iit  Man- 
[unium  to  the  ciperlmcnul  wock  nt  Dillon  In  elibotaiini  the 
■tomlc  tbcDiy.  Thit  is  in  eilitmely  fine  lerln.  Ihoufh  with 
(onx  diviniiy  ol  Individutl  m«ili  in  the  paintingi,  and  ii 
eetlainly  the  chiel  nprcMnUIive,  in  the  United  Kingdom,  of 
any  luch  lorro  of  anolir  effgn— K  we  leave  out  ol  toudc  the 
•rorkt  (by  various  painten)  in  the  House*  Df  Parliimenl. 

Madoi  Bniwn  wu  never  a  popular  or  highly  remunerated 
(rlist.     Up  to  Dear  middle  age  he  went  through  trying  itniu 

bat  he  wai  nel  Killy  well  alt  at  any  lime.  In  youth  he  fallowed 
the  usual  course  as  an  c<hibiiing  painter,  but  aJier  lome 
morliecaiiani  and  heart-buroingi  he  did  little  in  thb  way  after 
Ii5t,  He  held,  bowtver,  in  iMj,  an  cihibilion  ol  hh  own  then 
1  paintings  and  deugns. 


leclun 


rt  fni 


It;  and  this  led  ti 
he  died  in  London  on  the 
ol  upright,  independent-. 
aBcctioia,  a  steady  and 


From  1S68  he  iuBered 
I  apopleiy,  Inm  which 
r.as]-     Hewiiaman 


r-tacrificing  friend;  but  he  took 
olfCRce  rather  readily,  ana  viewed  various  persons  and  insiitu- 
lioni  with  a  degrM  of  uispicion  which  may  be  prorwunccd 

of  his  ait,  and,  being  a  good  and  varied  talker,  had  often  sonw- 
tlang  apposite  and  lug^tive  to  uy  about  them.  On  more  than 
one  DCCaaion  he  exerted  hinwlf  vecy  zealously  lor  the  benefit  of 
the  worUng  classes.  In  politio  he  was  a  contbttnl  Democrat, 
and  on  religious  questions  an  Agnostic. 

The  life  of  this  artlvt  haa  been  mil  writfeD  by  hii  grandson, 
Ford  H-  HucAer,  In  a  hudsomely  illkiitraicd  volume  entjlled  fotd 
Jfofca  firm  (LondoD,  I»l6).  Thn  volume  conuiiH  lome  uiracii 
Inni  Brown's  diary,  extending  in  the  whole  from  1847  to  JA65.  and 
other  leaglhier  ealcicti  appear  in  iwo  books  edited  by  ""'-  -  " 

KafliaMi  Diana  ad  LKUri  (i«wl.  See  ^lo  (he  / 
Art.  (ft.,  by  Harry  Quilnr  (IBU).  and  a  pamphlet, 
firm  (1901].  by  Helen  Ro«eil^  [AngclD.applicible  i 
o(hi>  works  eihibi ltd  in  the  Whltcchapcl  Art  CiDery. 
BBOWX,  FRAHCI*  (iS4«-  ).  Ameiicin  Sen 
'    Hanovei,  New  Hampshire,  on  the  >6th 


>oi  & 


el  Cilmi 


rn  (1813-iMs),  p 


of  Hamiltc 

Francis  Brown  (1784-1810),  whose  removal  from  the  presidency 
of  Dirtmoulb  College  and  later  reilDration  were  incidenUl  la 
the  famous  "  Dartmouth  College  case-"  The  younger  Francis 
(ladualed  from  Dartmouth  b  1870  and  liom  the  Union  Theo- 
logical Seminary  in  1877,  and  then  studied  in  Beriin.  In  iS7« 
Ik  became  instiucloi  in  bibliuJ  philology  al  the  Union  Theo- 
logical SemuULiyi  in  18S1  as  associate  piolosor  of  the  same 
•abject,  and  in  iS^o  piolesior  of  Hebrew  ajid  cognite  Unguagn.' 
Dr  Btown's  pubUahed  norka  have  won  him  honorary  degitea 
Iron  the  univertities  of  Glasgow  and  Oilord.  at  well  at  from 
Dutmouth  and  Yale;  they  are.  with  the  exception  of  Tii 
CtriMiaH  PeiMi  «/  V^ic  (1901;  with  Profs.  A.  C  McGlBert  and 
G.  W.  Knoi),  almost  purely  linffiistic  and  leiical,  and  include 
Aajritlity.  itiUnnKi  Ahm,  hi  Old  TaUmnt  SiwSy  (1885), 
aod  the  important  itviaion  it  Goenioa,  undertaken  with  S.  R. 
Driver  and  C.  A-  Brigp,  A  Btbrrw  ami  Enfliii  Ltzken  if  Uu 
OU  Talamal  {.Sei-ijos). 

Mb  1908  he  martdrd  Oiarlei  Culhbert  Hall  (itji-iVoS)  aa 
pmldeat  el  (he  leniiiiary- 


BWnn,  KB  «B0«Ot  (t7«a-il65),  Sittbk  tMu.  t 
and  educated  In  Elgin,  Scotland.  He  obtained  a  cod 
in  the  4 jrd  (now  »t  Bo-Oifprdshire)  Light  Inlanityin  il 


1809  ih 


wounded  at  Talavera;  he  was  (hen  promoted  captain  a 
attended  the  SiaflCalIegeatCreatMa(lowuBtU(tateini8i>)  be 
relumed  to  the  Peniuula  as  a  captain  in  the  85th.  With  tbia 
legiment  be  served  under  Uajar-Ceneral  Lord  Ayimet  at  ibe 
Nlvelle  and  Nlve,  hfi  conduct  winning  for  him  the  nnk  of  raajar. 
The  g^lh  was  nen  employed  under  CenenI  Robert  Rosa  t> 


tin 

in  the  Medite 

d  at  Copenhigen. 

0,. 

The  4jrd  was  0 

neol 

he 

eirlieu  arrival*  in 

Penlnular  War 

and  Brown  waa 

atVimeira.aDd 

IheCoru 

na  retreat.     Later 

ui  Ll^t  Division 

■d.  and  with  Ciau- 

nse 

iatalltheaclioni«(r8 

0- 

8>i,  being  severely 

.  and  Bio' 


of Bladensburg,wasproniDiedtoilieut--coloBelcy-  . 
twenty-Gve.  with  1  brilliant  war  lecoid. he itceivedanappoiumcnl 
at  the  Hone  Guards,  and  itmalued  in  London  for  over  twenty- 
five  years  in  vaiioiB  stiS  potitioBi-  He  was  made  a  celoDel  and 
K.H.  in  iSji.  and  by  1851  hid  arrived  at  tie  rank  of  lieut.- 
geneial  and  the  dignity  of  K.C.B.  At  this  time  he  was  adjutaDi- 
general,  but  on  the  appointment  of  Lord  Hardinge  to  the  poat 
of  camminder-in-cUef.  Brown  lelt  the  Hwie  Guank.  to  iSja. 
on  the  dapatch  of  a  British  force  to  Ibe  East,  Sir  CWoigc  Brown 
was  appointed  to  command  the  LitfU  DivUoD.     Thlt  he  Ic'  ~ 

and,  1' 


St  discipline  to  a  degree  whkb 
himself  beloved  by  his  metL 
ler  him-     At  Inkennan  he  was 


ciitiCBDi.  he  mad 
Al  Alma  he  had  a  horw  shot  ui 
wounded  whilst  leading  the  French  Zouaves  into  action.  Id 
the  (ollawlng  year,  when  an  eipedilion  against  Keitch  and  the 
RuHlin  communicatians  was  decided  upon.  Brown  went  in 
command  of  the  British  contingent.  He  was  invalided  home 
on  the  day  of  Lord  Riglan's  death.  Fran  Marcb  iSto  to 
March  i86j  he  wis  commander. in-chief  in  Ireland.  At  Ibe 
tine  ol  hb  death  in  ig6j  he  wat  genera]  and  G.C.B.,  colond 
of  the  jind  Regimen!  and  coIoneMn-chiel  ol  (he  RiBe  Brigade. 

BSOWH.  OBOROB  (iSiS-t88o],  Canadian  loumahsl  ani 
italesman,  wat  bom  in  Edinbur^  on  the  sgth  of  November 
iBiS.  and  was  educated  in  his  native  cily.  With  his  lather, 
Peter  Brown  (d.  i8«j).  he  emigrated  to  New  York  in  i8]8;  and 
in  184J  they  removed  to  Toronto,  and  began  the  publicatioB 
ol  Tit  BmHT,  a  pdiiim-ieligiDua  paper  in  tuppon  of  the  newly 
formed  Free  Church  of  Scotland.  In  1844  he  began,  independ- 
ently of  his  lather,  (he  issue  ol  the  Toronlo  CIttt.  This  paper, 
at  first  weekly,  became  in  i8sj  a  daily,  and  through  the  ability 

inHuence  over  (he  pi^itical  otnnion  of  Onurio-  In  igji  be 
entered  the  Canadian  parliament  as  member  for  Kent  counly. 
Though  giving  at  Srst  a  modified  support  to  the  Reform  goveni- 
menl,  be  sooo  broke  with  it  and  became  leader  ol  Ibe  Radical 
or  "  Clear  Grit  "  party.    His  attacks  upon  the  Romaii  Catholic 

French  Canadian  section  made  him  very  unpopular  In  Lower 
Canada,  but  in  Upper  Canada  bis  power  was  great-  Ltrgriy 
owing  to  hij  attacks,  the  Oergy  Ractvei  were  aetuUrfaed  in  1S14. 
He  championed  the  complFle  laiclration  of  the  schools  in  Ontario, 
but  unsuccessfully,  the  Raman  Catholic  church  maintaining 
itt  right  to  separate  schools.  He  alio  fought  hr  Ihc  repte- 
MBtatioo  by  populatkm  of  tbe  two  prorincea  In  parliameal, 
the  Act  of  Union  (1841)  hivlag  granted  an  equal  number  at 
lepKseBtalivt)  to  each.  This  principb  of  "  Rep.  by  Pop." 
was  conceded  by  tbe  British  Norlb  America  Act  (1867I.  In 
1858  Brown  becatne  premier  o(  "The  Short  Admlnbtralion," 
which  was  defeated  arid  compelled  to  leiigD  after  an  e:dilence  of 

He  was  one  of  the  earliest  advocates  of  a  federatun  of  tbe 
British  colonics  in  Noilh  America,  and  in  1864,  to  accomplisk 
this  end,  entered  into  a  coalition  with  bis  bitter  persona]  and 
poUtical  oppoDctit,  Ur  (aftorwardi  Sit)  Jotm  A.  Micdoiald. 


^dbvGoogle 


BROWN,  H.  K«— BROWN,  J. 


'59 


pTT"'-h-f  !■"""■  Ti  tht  Nenk-WcM  Tetiilnki  wtn  poichucd 

Cuvdiin  leiuu,  umI  id  1374  wii  tppi^tti  by  the  InpciitJ 
IBvtnuiuut  joint  plen^atcMiuy  with  Sir  Edinid  TturnloD 
10  n^otiatc  ■  lecififodt)'  ttaty  bctiMcn  Cuutd*  ind  the  United 
Stale*.  The  mytitlloM  were  incceaful,  but  the  dnfl  maty 
m  the  United  Sl«tc*  Seiutte.     Sood  tltetmida 


A  Uu  CMi  ud  to  •  nodd  Una  at  Bow  Fidt 
Bnaitaid.    On  (te  islh  of  Uuch  iSSo  be  vh  ihot  by  ■  dit- 
chait*d  CM^Ioyt,  lad  died  on  the  9th  of  Uiy. 

R^  cutdotu-,  enlhuilMm  ud  0|>ca  tdennce  tl  Ibe  apbiiat 
of  ethen  made  him  numy  mm  friend*  indnuDy  Berce  neniiea. 
Ha  KU  at  hb  beM  in  hit  gencnna  pcoietti  *t*iiu(  lU  privikget, 
MKial,  polilted  end  RUgloua,  asd  in  the  eelf-iicrifanf  patnol- 
i«  wUch  emUed  him  to  fling  aiide  hii  penoniJ  jK^udicei, 


Se*  l-  C.  Pent.  f—Wlw  PtriFaii  GoBtrt  (TViwwa,  itoo}.  The 
afteial  LUi,  bv  cbc  Hod.  AlmiKWr  MKkcuie.  addidedlr  laniun. 
A  ILTc  by  John  Lcwit  ii  included  in  the  Uoktn  at  Camoda  mna 
CToronto).  (W-  U  G.) 

BROWH,  HENRY  RIBKB  {tSi4'tSS6),  Amencan  iculplor, 
«■*  boin  Ib  Leyden.  MaiaachiBttli,  on  the  i^Lb  d  Febiuiiy 
1A14.  He  began  to  painl  ponraita  while  quite  *  boy.  tludied 
p-ip''"i  in  BoMon  nntki  CbeKet  Haidiin.  leanied  a  little  about 
■odelUng,  and  In  iSjt-iSm  apent  hia  aunuMn  woikiag  u  a 
laihnail  cngineet  to  cam  enragh  to  cuble  him  to  itudy  [uilbet. 
Ue  qwnt  foni  yean  Itit^-ti^Si  in  Italy;  but  nluraing  to 
New  York  be  remained  diulnctivcly  Aiaeriran.  and  waa  never 
it— •'-"*■'.  w  wcK  io  BMsy  of  the  early  AmolcaB  aculptoia, 
by  Italian  {Dflutace.  Hcdted^tha  lotliof  July  1SS6  acNew- 
bioA  New  York.  Hit  eqncattian  Matnca  arc  cxcdkst,  notably 
that  of  GcBctil  WinMd  Scou  (1874)  in  WuUnglon,  D.C., 
and  one  a(  George  Waehington  (.agi)  m  Union  Square,  New 
York  Clly.  wUth  waa  the  Kcond  aqoealdan  itatde  mode  la 
the  United  Statea,  loUowbig  by  Ihia  yean  that  at  Audraw 
J*dtMDlnWaahiB(taBbyCla[kUilk(i8i)-iSB]).  Brawnwaa 
one  oflhc  filM  in  AaieriCB  to  cait  Ui  own  bRnoea.  Aaaong  hli 
other  wtnka  an:  Ahiaham  Liacofai  (Unioa  Square,  New  Yeck 
Qly)!  NathaBad  Gnenc,  CooifB  Clinlan,  Phil^  Seamy,  and 
Richard  Stockton  [all  in  the  Nathnal  Stotaaiy  Ball.  Capllal, 
~-  •■  1,  D.C.);  De  WitI  Clinton  *kI  "Hw  Angel  of  du 
."  both  b  Greenwood  ceoMtery,  New  Yoifc  City; 

(h.  iSjj), 


at  Gettyibu^  and  "  Jnathuan  "  in  the 

BROWN.  JAOOi  (i77S'iaiS),  American  loldier,  wai  han  of 
Quaher  aiKatry,  In  Backs  oannty,  Fennaylvuila,  on  the  qth 
ii  Hay  1775.  Trim  1796  to  1798  he  waa  engaged  hi  anrveying 
pobik  landa  fo  OUo;  In  n^  he  aettkd  in  New  Voik  aiy,  and 
dujbig  the  period  (lyQg-i&xi)  wiea  wu  with  Fianc*  aeemed 
faaniineat  he  acted  aa  military  iccRtaiy  to  Atgnndsr  Hamilton, 
t]ieniaq>eetcr-genenl<if tbgUnHedStalaanBy.  SBb*e(|ocntly 
lie  purchaied  a  large  tract  of  land  hi  Jeficraon  counly,  NewYoA, 
where  he  fnuDded  the  town  of  BrawnviUe.  Then  he  aerved  aa 
county  )ndfe,  and  attained  the  nak  (iSio)  d  biigBdi*r«eDeral 
In  the  state  raHitla.  On  the  onlbieak  ol  the  kcohI  war  with 
Gi«atBiitata{iSti)hew«*placedinconnnandofthaNew  York 
aula  frontlet  from  Qjwego  to  Lake  SI  Fiancii  {near  Conwall, 
Ontario)  and  repdled  the  BritidiBtlacki  on  Ogdenaburg  (October 
4,  TBii)  and  Sackeii'i  Harbor  (Uiy  19,  iSij).    In  July  iBij 


Jknaaiy  tSi4  he  waa  promoUd  m^io^f(B<nl  and  mBO»ti»i 
Geoeial  Jamet  Wilkinsm  in  command  of  the  lotcta  at  Nia^n. 
Early  in  the  summer  of  1814  be  undertook  oB*nii«  opeiatioa^ 
and  hii  fortes  occupied  Fort  Erie,  and,  on  the  jtb  of  July,  at 
Chippawa,  Ontario,  deleattd  the  British  under  Genenl  Fhincaa 
Riall(c.  i>69-i3si|.  Oo  the  ijlhof  July,  with  GcaenlWinficId 
SeotI,  be  fot«bi  1  hoUy  tonteiied.  but  mdeciiive,  ba.tile  with  the 
British  undei  General  Gordon  Dnunmond  ( 1 7  7 1 -1 S  54)  ftt  Luody'S 
Lane,  where  be  wai  twice  wounded.  Aftet  the  war  he  nmained 
In  the  army,  of  which  he  wai  the  commandhig  genenl  from 
Match  igii  until  his  death  at  WashiBglnn,P.C.,oa[jiea4thnl 
FebtiMty  iStS. 

■ROWH,  JOHN  (171S-1766),  British  divine  and  auih«,  wai 
bora  at  Rothbuiy,  N<mhumbcilaad,  on  the  sth  of  Novembei 
1715.  Hii  lathei,  a  docendaDt  of  the  BioHnsof  CoaJston,  oeii 
Haddington,  beciioe  vicat  of  Wigtou  la  that  yeai.  Young 
Brown  was  educated  at  St  Jobo'i  College,  Caiobiidge;  and 
alter  graduating  at  the  bead  of  the  litt  of  wranglers  in  i;3], 
he  took  holy  orders,  and  wu  a^'ii'ited  rain  or  canon  and  lectoitr 
at  Carlisle.  In  it4S  he  distinguished  himsell  in  the  defence  of 
Cariisle  as  a  volunteer,  and  in  1747  was  appointed  chaplain  to 

His  poem,  entitled  "Honour"  (1743).  waa  lollowed  by  the 
"  Essay  on  Satira."  This  galacd  for  him  the  {tkndship  d 
William  Wubuiton,  who  introduced  him  to  Bal^  Alkn,  of 
Priot  Park,  near  Bath.  In  iiji  Brown  dedicated  to  AUea  his 
£jisy  n  At  Ckaiialeriuia  el  Lord  Shajltsliury,  ccotaining  an. 
able  ddence  of  the  ulitttstian  phlkaophy,  prtised  later  by  John 
Stuail  Mill  (ICHiwiufcr  XfWciD,  vol.  uix.  p.  477).  Iai7j6ha 
wu  promoted  by  litE  eail  of  Ilaidwicke  to  the  living  of  Gnat; 
Horkeilcy  In  Esset,  and  in  the  following  year  he  look  the  dcgnO' 
of  D.D,  at  Cambridge.  He  was  the  author  of  two  [isja,  Baf 
baraisa  (1754]  and  AlielUant  {i7;6):  Guiidc  played  in  both, 
and  the  Ust  was  a  suaxas.  The  moat  popular  of  bis  woika  was 
XhcEilimaUaJUiilieinMrioiid  Frimifltif/OK  rtmui  (1  vols., 
'IS7->7SS),  a  bitter  satiic  which  pleased  ■  public  depnased  by 
the  ill-Buccesi  In  tha  conduct  of  tbe  wst,  and  leady  to  wdcsme 
an  sitack  on  luuiy  and  kindred  evils.  Other  works  an  the 
Adiiliimal  Diidtpu  of  lit  Dull  tcMsoi  Periiiti  and  Conw  .  .  . 
(1760),  in  vindleatiiHi  ol  Chatham's  poUcy;  and  the  DiuerUHem 
tmlkiBiti,  VtdtK  ami  Patm,  In.,  if  PtOry  t»d  Muiic  (ij&i). 
Ha  waacuiaBllad  in  connexion  with  a  scheme  of  education  which 
Cathaihw  IL  of  Rumia  doired  to  iniioducc  into  her  domlBloDS. 
A  mtnotandnm  on  the  subject  by  Dr  Biown  led  to  an  oSei  on 
her  part  to  CBlertabi  Um  at  St  Petcreburg  as  heradviier  on  tha 

loi  Uk  JDonwy,  when  ha  was  persoadtd  (o  ttliaqoish  the  dolgn 
OB  accoBBt  of  hb  gout.  Ue  had  been  subject  to  fits  of  BMlan> 
choly,  and,  fnflaeuced  perhaps  by  diMRiointment ,  he  committed 
soidda  on  the  93111  of  Septraiber  17M. 

TkrrE  is  ■  dnulnd  accaunl  nI  Jobn  Brown  by  Andrew  Kiopii  in 
Sufnt^id  BrilaiTiia  (i;Sd).  Bnruining  the  leitof  Ihg  nciotunioru 
forbii  journey  In  Rjssia.  and  of  s  long  letter  in  which  he  outlitiea 

T.  Itavia,  Mtmatn^  .  ,  ,  DnriiGarridi  (i  780),  ckap.  jdx. 

BROWH,  JOHN  (iTir-ijS?),  Scottish  divine,  was  bom  at 
Carpow,  b  Peitbahuc  He  was  ahnost  entirely  aelf-educatei^ 
having  acquired  a  knowledge  lA  Latin,  Greek  and  Htbrc* 
while  tmpkiyad  as  a  she^Krd.  Bis  early  career  was  vaije^ 
and  he  was  m  aucccnoD  a  packman,  a  soldier  in  the  Edinburgh 
ganison  in  t;4s,  and  a  schoal-master.  He  was,  from  1750  till 
his  ileath,  miniilet  of  the  Burgbei  branch  at  the  Secession  church 
(ice  UiOTED  PiESByTEiiAN  Chuiu:h)  In  Hsddmgton.  Fnns 
i7SibowsspR)feasor  of  divinity  for  his  dcBcnnliiatlon,  and  was 
mainly  rcsponuble  lot  the  traioing  of  ita  minfstiy.  Ha  pdBed 
a  just  repmsIIoB  for  leaning  and  piety.  The  beat  of  bit  many 
worki  are  Us  SdJ^Inltrpraint  BOJt  and  Diitumary  ef  llu  Biilt, 
wcrits  thai  were  long  very  popular.  The  former  was  Iranslsted 
Into  Welsh.  He  also  wrote  an  EstlicM**  of  Ikt  WtHmiiulw 
Cm/arson,  and  a  number  of  biogtapbical  and  bislorlcal  sketdiCft 

BBOWV,  JOHH  (t71S-i7>B),  ScDtlista  fdiysician,  waa  bom 
ini7ssalLint]awsoiaiFmlon,Bawickahiie.  After attcodiag 
the  panah  sdwol  at  Cuna,  bo  want  to  £1 


66o 

tb«  d<M(]r  chMM  (t  the  nrirmlty,  nqiptrtlni  Umtdf 
piinu  IiMtlOB.     In  i;s9  he  mobi  to  bin  dkcsullnued 
ItBdlogtetl  ■tmUn,  ad  (o  hivg  b^on  the  itudr  of  mgdld 
H(  non  aitnctad  (be  aoticc  of  William  CuUeu.  who  agtfei  him 
M  piinu  tmtor  to  hl>  tumly,  and  truted  him  in  ■mie  Rqicct* 
tt  an  aadiunl  piotaaar.    In  time,  honvei,  hs  qoanelkd  with 
Ctilkn,  a*  iillb  the  iMDieiion  ef  the  univuiity  In  gesenl,  and 
ffOD  liiaDt  I77i  U>  poblic  leetum  coBlainMl  vifORXU  atlacL 
on  all  piHedlng  lyilani  ot  medidns  and  CuUen'i  in  paillculai 
In  178a  he  puUidied  hit  EUwmla  Utiitinat,  t>poundin(  hi* 
•m, «  H  it  ma  then  taUed  the  BiunoBlan,  tbeery  of  nedidiie, 
«hidi  for  a  time  had  a  freat  vogue.    In  17M  he  ttx  out  for 
London  ta  the  vain  Yof*  of  bellcrini  U*  [anuBB,  ind  died 
Iken  of  apoplny  OD  tlw  17th  of  October  )7gt. 

An  eiEtioa  of  hit  nrta,  wilh  notk*  ol  bii  lile  by  hit  bb,  WIHiaDi 
Colka  Bran,  appeand  in  1M4. 

BROVK,  JOHN  [i7«4-iR5S),  Scottlali  dIvJM,  irandun  of  the 
latt-named,  vat  bora  at  Whltbnm,  Linlich^owifaire,  on  tbe 
Iilh  of  July  17I4.  Re  itndieit  at  Gla^ow  nnivcnlty,  and 
afterwardi  at  the  dlvinily  hall  of  tbe  "  Bn^hei  "  bianch  of  the 
"  Seccoiim "  chuich  at  Selkirk,  under  Ibe  celebnied  George 
LaWML  In  i8o4  he  wai  ordained  mlnliler  of  the  Burgbct 
COasRsatlon  at  BIggar,  Lanarkihlre,  where  he  labooied  loi 
■iiMen  ycai*.  While  there  he  bad  an  inlemliog  contTOveny 
ollh  Robert  Owen  the  aodallM,  Traroleired  in  iSii  to  the 
da>ie  o(  Rom  StrMt  churcb,  Edinborgh,  he  at  odce  took  ■  hi^ 
tank  aa  a  preacher.  In  1819  he  lucceeded  Jamea  Hall  at 
BToifhton  Place  church,  Edinburgh.  In  1835  be  waa  a^^ninted 
One  of  the  pnfeaion  fa  the  Iheologial  ball  of  the  SeceaaiPn 
chudi,  B>d,  great  ai  waa  Ua  ability  ai  a  pnacher  and  paMor, 
It  waa  pnbably  in  thii  apfatte  tbt  ha  Rndend  Ua  moal  valuable 
aervice.  Be  had  b«ea  the  bit  in  Scotland  lo  uia  in  the  pnljit 
tka  oetetkal  method  of  eipodtioik  of  Scripton,  aad  a*  ■  pro- 
ta«or  he  iihMnled  tbe  netbod  and  oxtaaded  lu  tut.  To  Un 
cUely  b  doe  theabandonaenl  of  the  pibidpl*  oF  interpiMatlea 
■ccoidlnf  to  Ibe  "  anahify  of  faith,"  which  practically  lub- 
oidfautfd  (he  Blbk  to  the  cncd.  Biown'i  eiegeiii  waa  marked 
by  lUC  critical  aagadty,  ^  exact  and  extenalve  Kholanh^, 
unrwervfnf  boaeity,  and  a  dear,  logical  iiyle;  and  bli  ezpoiitory 
'     '  '  He  had  a  conadeiable 

kd  he  waa  throngliQnt  life 
of  anti'(tate.<hunh  or 
a  oa  Tk,  Law  •>!  Cl-rul 
niHcMHi  <MI  aJaJtota,  tfd^  fc  Ikt  fymtM  of  Iriimu. 
aOai  brtk  by  a  local  (rievaiKe  baa  mUch  be  had  penoDally 
•aScKd,  wen  alterwaida  pobUihed  with  etesilve  additkna 
ud  Botti,  aod  are  MiD  nsanled  ai  an  adnliable  itataneni  nid 
ddesot  ot  the  volnntaiy  pibcMo.  Ti*  part  be  took  in  the 
diKoarioB  00  the  AtoDcnenI,  wUcb  asltatod  tO  (he  Scottiih 
draicba,  led  to  ■  formal  clia^  of  heiciy  a^init  him  by  thoae 
who  bdd  the  doctrine  of  a  limited  atonement.  In  1S45,  after 
a  protracted  trial,  he  waa  acquitted  hy  the  vynoA-  Trom  that 
time  he  enjoyed  the  thorough  confidence  ot  bis  denominallon 
(after  1847  merged  In  "  the  United  Pnsbylerian  church  "), 
Of  which  in  ha  later  yeara  he  waa  geaeraJly  regarded  ai  the 
leading  repreaentatin.  He  died  on  the  ijth  of  October  rSjS. 
tlia  <£ief  wuifca  were:  Eafttittry  IHiamrtti  m  Fiiil  Fclir 
(tWi;  ExpttiHaa  ij  At  Diiiairsa  ami  5iyi<i|i  a/  am  Lai 
(1850);  Ssftniiim  tf  ear  LmTt  ImUrcaiary  Pteytr  (1850); 
Tke  EameOen  ^  Lift  (iSji);  Eipariiarj  DiKtwna  m 
Cufatfaaa  (1S5]];  and  ^aalyfiaii  £i><dlHM  1^  111  Z^tKti  to  Ubi 
Ktmani  (iBst). 

See  Mtmtir  af  Jtim  Bttma.  DJ).,  by  J(Aa  Caltsa  (1I60). 

Bxmni.  JOHH  (i8oo~i8!g),  American  abolitlcmlat,  kadcr 
of  the  famouB  attack  upon  Harper'a  Peny,  In  1859,  waa  bom  on 
the  gih  of  May  1800,  at  Torrln^ton,  CoimKticut.  He  h  said  to 
have  been  dcKeitded  from  FeterBnnm,  who  went  to  America  In 
the  If  •nbBV,  and  he  waa  the  gnndaan  of  Captahl  John  Brown, 
who  laTcd  bi  the  War  of  IndepoideBce.  He  wai  taken  by  bii 
laibB,  Owen  Biown,  to  Hiidaon,  OUa,  in  iSo;.  At  the  age  ol 
■Iglitow  ba  began  10  pnpare  hltnaelf  for  tbe  Congregational 


BROWN,  JOHN 


.  In  fh«  liMtng 

In  iheep-raWnt,  andin  Iha  wool  trade,  b«l  tDCI  with 
iiitie  mcce»  and  in  iSii,  at  Akno,  Ohio,  beeaiiB  b«Anvt. 
In  1819,  afta  having  lived  in  OUo,  Faunytvania,  aad  Uana- 

j. I . .,.™,   j,y    ,,. .. 


I  waa  bdnf  ihna  In  naall  tiBct^ 
!gro  aettlen.  Lotf  bahNe  Oat 
d  tar  the  taUltMlon  cf  davciy, 


farming  on  part  ef  tbe  land 
by  iu  owner  Gcnit  Smith, 
he  had  conceived  a  atrong 
and  bad  detertnincd  to  d> 
detttuclicn.  la  iBsaGveofUaaoaa 
the  violent  conflict  waa  hfthmfng  biMam  tha  "  fnoMte 
and  the  pto^tlavery  icttkn,  aad  b  tb  '  '  ^  - 
leaving  tbe  ml  of  hlf  lanlly  at  North  F" 
mu  Oaawatomle  aad  hunedli 
GluK  In  the  border  vtrfara.  ', 
well  known  !a  oannaxiDn  with  the  ao^talM  "  Potuwuomic 
Duaucre,"  the  killing  m  cold  Uood,  on  the  ijth  of  Hay  iSja, 
by  men  under  hlaffidBs,  of  five  pr»alaveiy  aetlien  It  totaUatioa 
for  the  murder  a  abort  time  pmiaiiriy  of  fiva  *'  freoaiate  " 
•eltlera  He  abo  on  tlie  md  of  June,  at  tha  bead  of  abonl 
thirty  men,  captond  Captain  H.  C  Fmtt  and  twoity-two  pn»- 
ilavery  men  at  Blail  Jack,  and  oa  tha  jolb  of  Augaat  iSsft, 
with  a  mull  body  of  npporteca,  vifDRNuly  tialalwl  aa  atta^ 
of  a  luperlor  pro^lavtcy  foM*  npoa  OMwalaaiia.  Bioam  thaa 
visitH  the  Eaateni  iialci  fOr  Iba  piii|Maa  of  raiiin|  noDay  to 
be  laed  in  tbe  Kanua  ittugglo  and  ol  aiotnlns  the  people 
a^inii  slavery.  After  ipendkl  a  ihoit  tluc  in  Kaaaei,  in 
1S5S-1S54  he  proceeded  10  cany  oat  a  long^herlihed  ichene 
>tlng  tbe  escape  of  fagkhn  davea  by  « 
)iVlrginiaai-    "  '  ■■■-■■■ 


tht  People  of  the  U^ted  Slate*." 
maaikp4n.chiel,  and  fioa  aaKoa  thb  fraup  a  leciotaiy  of  Mat*, 
a  lecretary  of  war,  a  secretary  of  the  treawr)',  aad  memhen  of 
Cengntawerodioacn.  I«ter,  with  lady  twenty-two  auaaqipHaA 

and  with  fnnde  oontribEted  (In  ignonnnol  Bcown'aplaa*}  bjr  Ida 
Intimala  awidaieB,  TheodoR  Faiko',  Ceacge  L.  Steana,  T.  W. 
HigguBan,  and  F.  B.  SBnbani,aMaf  Boaua,  a])dGcrrItSBllh,ol 
Fetetban,  New  VaA,  he  lanuied  m  afaan  near  Harper**  Faery, 

pnUmlnary  10  the  canyiug  out  of  lha  aain  part  of  his  [rian. 
On  ths  bI^  of  tht  iMta  of  Octobar  i8»,  wilh  ody  etthtem  BieB, 
five  of  i4om  wtfc  Mgnet,  he  made  th*  attack,  eaaOy  naptnlng 

to  be  need  n  hotacta.   On  the  ibUowins  monlis  Braaa  aad 

Ui  lolkmen  were  vipnmab' itUckod,  aad  on  the  tStb— «amall 

lortaof  Unlled  Statn  martee*  unda  C^oad  Roben  S.  Lea 

having  arrived — were   overpowered.    Brown   bdng  * 

woonded  after  be  had  mrrmdHed.    Ot    '     ' 

sAo  bad  partidpatcd  In  the  r^,  tfs  w 

taken  priunen,  and  five  '«    -  ■ 

killed  and  nine  wounded. 

town,  Vi[ginia(aow  West  Virginia),  0ud  on  tbe  19th  of  October; 

on  tho  iith  his  trial  bepn;  on  the  jrit  ho  was  oacvicted  of 
iitataR  and  adviitac  with  davca  and  other 
In  the  fiat  degree  "1  and  on  tbe  and  of 


were  Ukewiw  hanged  *aon  piterwards.  Brown  was  bnijcd  ai 
North  Elba,  Now  York,  lb*  attack  upon  Haiper'a  Ferry 
created  wideepnad  adtBnent,  partlcnlarty  in  the  Sonlbera 
Uates;  and  among  the  aboUtkmiita  fn  the  North  Brown  waa 
looked  npaUH  a  maityr  to  thdr  cause.  Shortly  af let  hii  dath 
a  fanona  popokr  song  became  widely  cmrent  in  tlia  Noath, 

Slha  BnwB*!  body  llee  a-nnaldertai  hi  tho  gt***, 
ut  his  soul  goes  1— wkj^j  aa. 
hfennly  nli^ous  hi  M*  nslun.  Brawn  ponesMd  aanrthhn 
of  the  ^oony  fanalidaia  of  hi*  Pnitaa  anconon.    Tin  atcret 


BROWN,  J.— BROWN,  S.  M. 


«6i 


■I  thai  ihit  policy  aided  veiy  Ultk  la  iuUbi 
Kuui  a  ficc  •Ute.  ud  ihit  Ibe  utack  on  Htqwf^  Ftny, 
while  cmting  miub  ftelmz  U  the  raoBcnt,  bad  veiy  liule 
cf«n  oq  Ibe  DibMqMiit  coune  ol  cveata.  It  ii  uf;  to  aMBBie 
thit  wHiDB  uKl  dva  war  mwU  haK  Mtovcd  tha  elKtioo 
of  Linesln  il  tbanhadbMn  noneb  rwdinlv  Virvnii. 

BiowB  «u  t«ka  Durittd  ami  ma  the  tather  oi  tnstjr 
cUldna,  t<ibt  of  wbua  ditd  in  taity  chadbood.  Hi>  a«u 
aided  bin  in  aH  hli  undcttaUBr,  tm  oi  tbem  bdof  Uled  at 
Haipcr^  Feny;  «wl  Owen  Brawn,  wbo  dM  in  1889,  wis  loos 
the  mly  •urvivoc  of  the  uUck. 

5n  ih(  Ufe  mm)  by  CX  G.  VHUn),  mad  F.  B.  Eubom'i  lib 
aitf  J>U(rl  If  ,/s*il  ArOH  {BoKon.  ISSJ} ;  R.  J .  H  Louci'l /«*■  »«» 
<i«l  Hii  ir.r>  (New  Vork.  1894];  Jam  RRtaith'i  ^uNic  Lift  cj 
C^pUiH  Jt^a  Bmn  (Boiloii.  iHo);  Von  Tlols'i  nuy.  Jsta 
Bnm»  (Bouon.  rUf);  and  J.  F.  Rhodei.  Hiitarj  cf  (W  tMuaf 
Slam  If*  Hu  Ctmfrtmif  t/  i»so  (New  Yocfc.  1I90-1906). 

■BOWK,  JOHN  (iSio-iSSi),  Scalliih  phyiidu  aBd  aMtor, 
laa  ol  Joho  Brown  (1784-1858},  wm  bora  at  Binv,  ScoUaad,- 
oa  tbe  »nd  of  September  iSia  He  induaied  ai  bU).  at  the 
■mivenily  ol  iEdiobuigh  in  i)jj,  and  piacUted  u  ■  physciu 
Id  tbM  dtr,  Hii  nputatJBP,  bowenr,  b  bued  on  the  tm 
•nhuais  of  ewaya,  Harat  Satmitat  (m.  "Inm  howi") 
(iSsS,  1S61),  yflbt  Lmk  and  Ikrr  FspBt  (liSi),  Rat  and  Hit 
Ftiniii  (i8»),  and  MairrU  Fltm^f!  a  Skmk  (1863).  The 
firUtoluineolffdruJiitMriaMdeah  cbielyirith  the  eqoipfkat 
aoddutlcavf  ■^qnician,  Ibe  Mcond  wkb  nbjtcu  ovlaidc  bb 


piibibb  DotUnt  "mdcB  be  hai  Mmctbing  to  iiy,  nnd  baa  done 
hii  belt  to  lay  il  arighL"  ActJng  on  thii  principle,  he  puUiihed 
littlibiaiKU.aiidos]yaIuraiibJectiagitlotbeiev*re*tciiticiBin. 

Ha  HSeied  during  the  latter  yeaia  of  bit  Sie  from  ptonounced 
Mluka  d  BttaQcboIr,  ud  died  on  Ite  It  tb  ol  Mqf  i8». 

Soe  aW  E.  T.  H-Laiu.  Dr  /et-  BrH«  ni  tti  .KAr  /kIsIIs 
Ulb  ed.,  iSoo};  and  IMUn  a/  Dr  Jakn  Brrmt.iOiui  bv  bi*  »n 
and  D.  W.  FomN,  wiib  biccnpby  by  E.  T.  M'Uia  (1907), 

BROWH,  IIB  JOHN  11816-1896),  Esgliib  irauiu  plate 
OBDUbcturci.  wu  bora  at  Sheffield  on  tbe  6tb  ol  Diceiobei 
181S,  Che  Kui  of  a  iliter.  He  wu  appreaUced  when  fouiLccn 
yean  old  to  a  Sheffield  Gun  who  manuCactucd  Slea  and  table 
cillery.  Impmued  witb  Brown'i  ability,  tbe  unioi  paitsei 
offered  bim  Ibe  coaUol  of  Ihe  biuineu  (Eul  HonoD  and  Co.) 
and  advanced  tome  of  the  neceiun'  capital.  Biows  mvenled 
In  ig4Slbecoiucaltteel3piingbueeifa[nilwiy  wagons,  and  is 
1S60,  after  seeing  the  Fiecchihip  "La  Cloiie"  annoiued  wiib 
hammered  plate,  be  dcitrmincd  lo  attempt  the  production  of 
aimoui  for  tbe  Biitiib  navy  by  a  rolling  pnxss.  Tbe  eipeiiment 
was  successful,  and  led  to  admiralty  orders  for  armour  plate 
tufficient  to  protect  about  tliree-quarlers  of  tbe  navy.  In  iBs6 
Brown  bad  ataf^ed  Ihe  Atlas  Works  in  Sheffield,  which  soon 
produced,  beside  armour  platca  and  railway  buEea,  ordnance 
forting>,iloeliails,rail«ay  carriaseaites  and  tins.  Tbe  works 
covered  ihiRy  acres  and  eo^Ioyed  eventually  man  than  four 
tbouiand  workmeiu  Betides  luwlyins  iron  to  Ihe  Sbc&eb] 
steel  trade.  Brown  blmseli  niccesifully  developed  the  Bessemer 
process.  In  1864,  after  hit  business  had  been  converted  into  n 
limited  company,  he  ratircd.  He  died  at  Bromley,  Kent,  on  tbe 
ilib  of  December  iiq6.  Anxini  Ihe  bonoun  ccaleticd  upon 
bim  waa  a  kni^ihood  in  1S67,  the  office  ol  mayor  of  Sheffield 
iniS6iaIldiE6j,and  that  of  Master  Cutler  ul  iaisandi8&6. 

BBOWM,  JOUH  QEOHGB  (1831-  ),  American  painter, 
was  bom  in  Durham,  England,  on  the  nth  of  November  1S31. 
He  studied  at  Newcastle^in-Tyne,  in  tbe  Edinburgh  Acadcioy, 
and  after  removing  to  New  York  City  in  iSjj,  at  the  schools  of 
the  National  Academy  of  Dtaign,  of  which  be  ilterwards  became 
■  member.  In  iSAA  he  became  one  of  ibe  cbarur  members  of 
tbe  Watei-Coloiu  Society,  of  which  be  was  prendut  from  188] 


to  1904.  Ha  itatfdir  coolaad  Umidl  to  i^nHntatfona  ol 
atitat  ddM  life,  hootblacka,  uewiboya,  fee  1  Us  "  Fasihi« 
Show"  (Paris,  Saloo,  1877)  and  "Street  B<^  at  Hay"  (Paris 
Exhibition,  1900)  are  go*^  euBples  of  hto  popular  t^ent. 

IKOWl,  BOamr  (177^-1858),  British  botaaiit,  waa  bon 
on  iIm  list  of  Dacember  171]  at  Hootioe.  and  waa  educated 
al  the  grammar  school  of  bii  native  town,  irtiere  be  had  aa 
coBlempoiariei  Joseph  Uumt  and  James  HilL  In  17S7  he 
enlered  Harfacbal  Odltgn,  Abeidsen,  hot  two  yem  aftenrarda 
removed  to  Edinhuiih  Urdvanlty,  where  bis  taste  lor  botany 
altnctod  the  attanUoo  al  Jeh*  Walker  (tTsi-iSoj),  then  pro- 
feanr  of  natural  Uttory  tat  thaonivsaity.  In  1791  beobtaiKd 
a  comatbiloa  in  Ihe  FodUihitc  refboeat  ot  f encible  Infantry 
as  "cmlgn  and  awlitsnt  hhsmhi,''  and  served  In  tbe  north  ol 
Irdand.  In  1798  be  made  tba  sequetntaate  of  Sir  JoKpta 
Banks,  by  whom  In  iSoi  be  was  oOeied  tbe  peat  of  naturalist 
to  tbe  expedition  Gued  nut  under  C^Msin  Metlbew  FUndan 
for  the  survey  of  the  then  almost  nidwnm  coasts  of  Australia. 
Ferdinand  Baacr.  afterwards  familiaiiy  assodaled  with  Brown 
in  bis  botajolcal  disooveries,  was  diati«btiaao;  William  Weslall 


ofwUchwi  _  .       ,    ,,  _     _ 

Socitty.  In  thii  position,  thoii^  oni 
ot  no  (KM  emoJamcDt,  he  had  abundant  oi^ortunitiea  tt 
punniif  bii  stadies;  but  it  was  not  ualll  iBio  that  he  psb- 
Isbed  the  finl  vohune  of  bis  (teat  work,  in  Latin,  Ibe  iV«(r«Hit 
j^lvM  ffmi  SeUdHftH  «  iaslu  Vea  Dmsm*.  which  did  much 
to  further  the  fencral  adoption  of  A.  L.  da  jusateu's  natural 

reoDgnlsed,  and  It  gave  its  author  an  bttnatioiial  i*p«tatbQ 
among  botaniiU.  It  is  rare  in  its  ori^nal  editkn,  tbe  antbot 
having  soMiresied  H,  hurt  at  tbe  EiitiJiiit^  Salia  havbig 
fallen  foul  of  its  Laiinity'  With  the  exception  of  a  supplement 
published  b  iBjo,  no  moie  of  the  work  appeared.  la  iSia 
Brown  bocame  libruian  to  Sir  Jeseph  Banks,  who  on  Us  desCh 
heuaeandenjo)^aent«f  hiib'bruy 

were  tranafened  to  tbe  British  Museum,  with 


Brown  then  became  keepct  of  this  new  botanical  department, 
an  office  wUik  be  b^  until  his  death.  Soon  after  Banki'a 
deccosa  he  reajgaed  Ihe  Uhrarianship  of  Ihe  t. !«,».■  r^  Sodety, 
and  from  iSn  to  1S5]  hi  semd  as  its  president.  He  received 
manyboDoun.  Elected  a  feUav  of  the  Royal  Society  in  1811,  he 
received  ill  Cofdey  medal  in  i8j9,  for  bis  "diwovedea  on  tbe 
inbjectof  vegrtnble  impiepiation,"  and  in  i8]j  be  was  elected 
one  of  the  five  tore^  associates  of  tbe  Institute  of  France. 
AmoBg  hii  other  diitinctiooa  waa  membcisbip  of  the  order 
"pourlBM^r]te"of  Fnisala.  Inihe  AradiWuCosMru  JVaJiiratf 
Cantsgrwa  hi  sat  under  the  cognomai  of  Ray.  He  died  on  tbe 
lolh  ot  June  iSjS,  In  the  bouse  fn  Sobo  Square,  LandoD,  be- 
queathed to  him  by  Sir  Josepb  Banks.  HIa  works,  whidi 
euibnce  not  only  systematic  botany,  but  also  plant  anatomy 
and  physiology,  are  dJalinguiihed  by  their  tbofoughness  and 

detail  and  of  hioad  ^nnrallaation.    The  «DnIinual  movsnents 

rSi;,  and  hence  are  known 
"Brownian  mi 


«bed  SlesDdiniiBoBe  by  Neea 
he  titleot  VtrmitcliU  MaaJKAc  J 


keepersWp  rf  the  Boluical  IX, — , - 

Bfitiih  UuioiB,  J.  J.  Beimet.  Us  complete  wiithigs,  the  i^ndpMHU 
alone  eicepted.  In  Iheie  JfuuHoMMU  Ifokf  (a  vols.,  with  atlaa 
of  plates)  the  kiilixy  of  hit  ditcovuiet  can  he  best  foOowed. 

BROWN.  8AMUBL  MORISON  (i8>7-t856),  Scottish  cbenutt, 
poet  and  esmyisl,  born  at  Haddingtrai  en  the  ijrd  of  February 
>ei7,  waa  the  fMutb  loo  ot  Simaal  Bmrn.  tlw  fouder  of 


662 

itincntfnc  Ubnrici,  Hid  (rudsod  of  Joha  Brawn.  lulher  of  ihc 
Sdj-lnlnprrlint  BiUt-  Id  iSji  he  enUred  tbi  univcrsty  o(  Edio- 
buish.  whFTC,  ifur  (tudyiug  in  Berlin  mk)  St  Pttintiurs,  he 
gnduated  u  M.D.  in  iSjq.  AbouC  1B40  'k'  casfngiiged  in  ci- 
perimejfU  by  which  he  sought  to  prove  that  '*  urbon  in  ccrtun 

ind  hli  failure  lo  slabliih  this  ptopotitioD  hid  much  lo  do  with 
hit  nint  oE  succnt  u  >  Candidate  For  the  chair  of  chemistry 
■t  Edinbur^  In  184].  He  held  the  doctiise  thai  the  chemical 
elemenls  are  cempoundi  of  equal  and  sJnulai  atoms,  atjd  mlshl 
therefore  poi^'bly  be  alt  derived  Iram  one  generic  atom-  In 
iSjD  he  published  a  tragedy,  Caiileo  Ccliiti,  and  two  voIijeqh 
oC  his  Liaiiia  so  Ikt  Altmit  TMary  and  Eiuyi  Scintific  and 
lilwarx  appeared  in  iSs8,  with  a  preface  by  hia  hiniDun  Drjohn 
Brown,  the  author  ol  HorMSiiAnirilu.  He  died  at  Edinburgh 
CD  the  loth  of  September  iSjfi. 

BHOWK,  THOMAS  (iidj-i;o4),  English  ndrist,  of  "  Eacetiom 
memory  *'  as  Addison  designates  him,  was  the  son  of  a  tarmer 
alShifnal,  in  Shropshiie.  and  was  bom  in  iMj.  He  was  entered 
In  tfi/S  at  Christ  Church,  OiTord,  where  he  is  said  to  have  eicAped 
expulsion  by  the  famous  lines  beginping.  "  f  do  not  love  thee. 
Dr  Fell."  He  wis  for  three  years  tchoolmutcr  at  Kingiton-on- 
Thamefl.  and  afterwajtii  settled  in  LotidoTi.  Under  the  pseu- 
donym  of  Ihidly  Tomkuisoa  he  wrote  a  satire  on  Drydcn,  Tki 
Rrasmu  oj  iir  Bays  ckanfmf  Au  Rdifion:  ccniUtred  iw  * 
Diaiogiu  bttwttn  Crita,  Euitnita  and  Ur  Bays,  with  two 
other  parts  having  s^iarate  titks  (l68S"i6go,  rcpublisfacd  wii.h 
additions  in  li^i).  He  was  tbe  author  of  a  gieat  variety  of 
poems,  letter*,  dialogues  and  lampeotu,  full  of  humoni  and 
erudition,  but  coarse  and  scurrilous,  lib  writings  have  a  certain 
value  for  tbe  knovkdge  they  display  of  tow  life  in  London. 
He  died  an  the  16th  of  Jane  i;a4,  and  waa  buried  in  the  doisia 
of  Westminster  Abbey. 

His  colktted  works  were  publiikRl  in  \jm-tja^  Tbe  Kcnad 
volume  csnuini  a  collaninn  of  UlUri  Jram  llr  Dnid  u  llu  Lmnt, 
K>nx  d(  which  are  translated  Irofli  the  French.  Hit  Comical  Kemana 
dffviitJeEii^itk{ij7i,theRamanComiiuOt5carraaj  wasreprinted 


BROWN,  T.— BROWN,  T.  E; 


BROn.  THOIIU  (i;;S-ig»>),  S 
bom  at  KIrknubnch,  Kirhcudbrigh  . 
parish  dergyman.  He  was  a  boy  of  n  refined  oat 
reader  and  an  eager  student.  Educated  at  several  schools  in 
London,  he  went  to  Edinburgh  Unlvenity  in  ini,  where  be 
attended  Dugild  Stewart's  tnoral  phi]oio)>hy  class.  His  attend- 
ance was  demltory,  and  he  doa  not  ippeu  to  have  completed 
his  arts  coune.  After  stndytng  law  for  «  licne  he  to^  up 
mediclMi  his  graduation  theiis  Dt  Stmiu  was  weQ  received. 
But  his  great  stRngth  lay  in  meUphysical  analysis,  as  was  shown 
In  his  answer  to  the  objections  railed  against  the  appointment 
of  Sir  John  Leslielo  the  matbematicBl  pmfcaaorship  (1805), 
Leslie,  a  Follower  of  Hume,  was  attacked  by  the  clerical  parly 
a*  a  sceptic  and  an  in6del,  and  Bn>wn  took  tbe  opportunity  to 
dgfend  Hume's  docttine  of  causality  u  tn  no  way  Inimiod  to 
idi^On.  His  defence,  at  first  only  (  pamphlet,  became  in  Ks 
third  editlOD  a  lenglby  treaiite  entitled  Fn^iry  inio  lit  Rrlatieit 
tfCanaaiti  EffM,  andii  a  GneipednHn  of  Brown's  analyiial 
frculty.  Ib  1S06  be  became  a  medical  practitioner  in  partner- 
(hip  i^th  Jsme*  Gregory,  but,  though  succesdul  in  his  pmfasion. 
pteferred  Uleiature  and  pbiloaophy.  Alta  twice  failing  In  the 
attempt  to  gain  a  ptefeiionhip  in  tbe  unlvenity,  he  was  invited, 
during  an  UIdos  o(  DugaJd  Stewart  b  the  session  of  iftoS-i8oq, 
to  act  as  liis  substitute,  and  during  the  loUowing  uasion  be 
undertookagreatpartof  Stewart's  work.  Tlu  sttidenis  received 
bim  with  enthusiasm,  due  partly  to  his  splendid  rhetoric  and 
partly  to  the  novdiy  and  ingenuity  of  hi*  ' 
WIS  appointed  as  colleague  to  Stewsri.  a  position  which  be  held 
tor  the  rest  of  hii  life.  He  mote  bis  lectures  at  high 
and  drveled  much  tine  lo  the  editing  and  publicatit 

his  life.  He  was  also  engaged  in  preparing  an  abstract  0!  his 
lectures  as  a  handbook  for  his  diss.  His  health,  never  strong. 
gave  way  under  the  strain  of  his  work.  He  was  advised  to  take 
a  wyafe  to  LoiMka.  when  be  died  on  Ae  ind  of  April  iHta 


intended  the  publical 
//awKt  Wind,  and  his  Uclvts  « llu  PUImHy  if  litHaman 
Mind  was  published  by  his  ncoessora,  John  Stewart  and  tbe 
Mitroy.  The  latter  was  received  with  gnat  enlhusiaaa 
England  (where  it  readied  Its  191b  edfiion)  and  in 


philoiophy  occupies  an  fai 

the  earlier  Scottish  lehool  and  the  later  «oalyii<al  or  uwciaiioiul 

psychology.    To  the  bttcc  Brown  really  belonged,  but  be  had 

proervcd  certain  doctrines  oF  the  older  schoel  wbldi  were  out 

of  harmony  with  his  fundamental  view.     He  still  milned  a 

quantum  ol  Inluilive  beliefs,  and  tUdnotaf^Mar  to  see  that 

ery  existence  of  these  ciHild  not  be  explained  by  his  theory 

cntil  action.     This  intermediate  or  watvering  poilliaa 

mis  for  the  comparative  neglcei  into  which  his  works  have 

fallen.    They  did  much  to  excite  thinking,  and  advanced 

'  problems  by  more  than  one  step,  but  they  did  not  Furru^ 

ereni  tyslem,  and  tbe  doctrines  which  were  then  new  haw 

been  worked  out  with  gieaier  conristency  and  deamesa. 

)wn  wrote  a  critrcism  of  Darsin's  Zonemia  (ito*!.  and 

ne  oF  the  first  contributen  to  the  Eilmhirti  KrWflr,  ia  ibe 

d  number  of  which  he  published  a  criticism  of  the  Kantian 

philosophy,  based  entirely  on  Villers's  French  account  of  it. 

' "  '       ' '    poems,  which  are  nwdelled  on  Pope  and  Aktuide 

commonplace,    may  be  mentioned;   Faraditt   tf 

Cfinrua  (tSu);  Wa,<i(rir  In  ffmniT  (rgrs);  Warjltni  (iSifi); 

fle«r   ./  Sprint   (■»'7l;    'tf"    ('Sr8)r   Emily    (tBi^;  ■ 

coUecied  edition  In  4  vols,  sniored  in  t8>o. 

aliiclBn  of  Brown's  philoMjAy.weSt-W.Mawllton'a 


(iSjt>'i847),    Biilisb    poet, 

scholar  and  divine,  was  berni  on  the  jth  ot  May  iSjo,  at  Douglas, 
Isle  of  Man.  His  father,  the  Rev.  Robett  Blown,  held  the 
living  of  St  Matthew's — a  homely  chutcb  in  a  poor  districi 
'"  Lher  came  of  Scottish  parentage,  though  bom  ia  the 
Thomas,  tbe  siith  of  ten  children,  was  but  two  years 
old  when  the  (amlly  removed  to  Kirk  Braddan  vicarage,  a  shut 
distance  from  Douilis,  where  his  father  (a  »cho!ar  of  no  nniver- 
lity,  but  so  faslicfious  sbont  composTlfon  ihit  he  would  have 
some  sentences  of  an  English  classic  read  to  him  before  answering 
an  invitation)  took  share  witl  the  parish  school  master  in  tutorinf 
the  clever  boy  imtif.  at  the  age  of  fifteen,  he  was  entered  at 
King  WnKam's  Coiiege.  Here  his  abilities  scpon  decbred  them-- 
selves,  and  hence  he  pmceedcd  to  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  where 
his  position  [as  a  servilorl  cost  him  much  humiliation,  whidi 
be  remembered  to  the  end  of  Ms  life.  He  won  a  donUe  Gnt, 
however,  and  was  elected  a  fellow  of  Orid  in  April  1854,  Dean 
Calsford  having  refused  to  promote  him  to  a  senior  studentship 
of  his  awa  college,  on  the  ground  that  no  servitor  had  ever  befOie 
attained  to  that  honour.  Although  at  that  time  an  Oriel  feUonr. 
ship  confened  a  deserved  distinction.  Brown  never  took  kindly 
to  the  life,  hut,  after  a  few  terms  of  private  pufMls,  retnnted  to 
tbe  Isle  of  Msn  as  vtce-prinnpal  of  hi     "     '     '     *"   "     " 


to  priest 


nfor 


yean.  In  iS;)  be  marTfcd  his  cousin,  hfiss  Siowefl,  daughlte 
of  Dr  SloweV  of  Ramsey,  and  soon  iFierwards  left  tbe  island 
once  more  to  bet«me headmaster  of  theCrypischool.  Gioucester 
— a  posrion  w*ich  in  no  long  time  he  found  intolerable.  Frotn 
Gloucester  he  was  summoned  by  the  Rev,  John  Perciaal  (after- 
wards Ushop  of  HerefcRd),  who  had  recenrly  been  appc^ted  to 
the  struggling  young  fonndation  of  Clifton  CoDcge,  which  he 
soon  raised  to  be  oik  of  the  great  pubHe  schools.  Prrciva] 
wanted  a  master  For  tbe  modem  side,  and  made  an  appointrtient 
to  meet  Brown  at  Odord;  "  and  there,"  he  writes,  "  as  cbanc* 
woiiM  bun  it,  I  oat  Vat  ataodios  at  Iht  coratr  at  St  Knty^ 


BROWNj  SIR  W.— BROWNE,  H.  K. 


663 


Entnr,  Id  a  Kmcwhit  Jobnfontaii  ittltiHle, 
handA  deep  in  hU  pockets  to  keep  Umxlf  itiU,  ukd  lookins 
dcddecUy  votcknic.  We  veiy  loon  ame  to  tcnna,  ud  Ik''' 
there  under  promUe  to  come  to  CUfton  u  1B7  nUagae 
bcgmnii]^  0!  llie  foUowing  lemi."  At  CUfton  Bro'wii  remained 
bom  Scplembcr  iStj  to  July  1891,  vben  be  Kttred — U 
great  legiel  at  boys  uid  mmlers  alike,  i4io  bid  toug  lioce  < 
to  regard  "  T.E.B.'s  "  gcniin,  (ad  eren  bis  oxentriciliei, 
K  peculiar  pride — to  ipnd  the  rest  of  bla  diy>  u|wo  the  idand 
he  had  worshlpptd  from  childbnod  and  often  oriebiated  tai  im\ 
His  poem  "  Betiy  Lee "  appeared  in  IfatMilliin'i  ifatnii 
(April  and  May  iB;]],  and  irai  published  separaulir  in  tbenn 
year.  It  wm  included  in  Fn'c'i'lt  ram  {18S1),  wWch  rexbc 
a  Kcoiid  edition  in  iStg.  Thii  vfJune  included  at  leait  three 
other  notable  poemi— "  Tommy  Big-e>«."  "  Chiiltraai  Kom," 
and  "  Captain  Tom  and  Captain  Hugh."  It  wai  followed  bf 
The  Daitar  aad  1^^  Patmi  t,iiS?).  Tie  Mia  Wild,  and  elkir 
Patwa  (18J9),  ind  OH  JeWt  ani  aha  Fetmi — a  vohmie  mainly 
lyrical  (iS«j).  Sica  hU  death  all  these  and  a  few  additional 
lyiicB  iiid  Incmeat*  have  bem  published  in  one  volume  by 
Me9ulMacBii!lan  under  the  tllk  of  TitCelUelid  PtemjifT.  E. 
BrBm  (1900}.  Elii  finiiHar  lelten  (edited  m  two  nlBinci  \>r 
an  old  friend,  Mr  S.  T.  Irwin.  la  1900}  bear  wHaaaa  to  the  mt 
he  orried  back  10  hii  naUvt  coaBtrr>  ■'■'■"-i;*'  Ui  tbou^t* 
oficD  reverted  to  CUton.  In  October  rSt;  bi  ntnraed  ta  the 
ichool  on  a  Tint.  Hewaithe 
■ad  on  Friday  evening.  19th  C 
boy«  of  the  bouse.  He  had  qMfan  for 
DSttal  vi'tadty,  when  hi)  vole "" 

portanl  poems  are  oairatlve.  and  wrMtea  in  the  Ham  dialed, 
with  a  Irec  use  of  paioe),  and  aomcilDiei  with  daring  rtiegularicy 
of  rhythm.  A  nned  tendemeis  ii  their  m«t  chanoeriilic 
aote;  but  the  emotioB,  while  alinoif  equally  exploalve  hi  mirth 
and  bi  tears,  lemaina  an  edutaied  enntiDn.  diieipUned  by  a 
■chalar't  laae  of  language.  They  bmibe  tb»  fnvour  of  in 
Jsland  patriotism  {hunoKiuily  awaie  of  its  linu'ti)  and  of  a  simple 
natuiat  piety.  In  hit  hnics  be  is  happiest  when  yoking  one  or 
the  other  ol  thru  eiwnions  to  serve  a  pfaihitopby  of  life,  often 
audaciouj.  but  always  genial.  (A.  T.  Q-C.) 

BBOWH,  »R  WlLUUf,  Bait.  (nU-'t6,).  British  merchant 
and  banker,  foonder  of  the  banking-boiBo  of  Brown,  Shipley 
ft  Co.,  was  bom  at  Billyioena,  Irdsnd,  on  the  joth  of  May  1 784, 
the  son  of'an  Irish  IJnen-meiThanL  At  the  age  of  sixteen  be 
accompanied  bis  father  and  btotben  to  Battiiaore,  Maryland, 
U.S.A.,  whither  It  had  been  dedded  to  transfer  the  family 
business,  hut  in  1800  left  America  loi  Lfverpool.  Henheeslatt' 
Ijsbed  a  branch  of  the  firm,  which  had  now  begun  to  deal  largely 
in  raw  cotton  as  well  as  iinen  and  soon  af tcrwvds  developed  info 
one  of  general  merchants  and  finaify  bankers.  Brown  became 
one  of  the  leaders  in  Livicrpoo!  commerce,  and  in  iSji  toiA  a 
principal  shaie  in  the  reform  of  tlie  lyitem  of  dock-manageownt 
then  in  vogue  at  IbaT  port.  The  great  linandal  crisis  of  lijj 
seriously  thieatened  the  niln  of  the  lirm,  but  on  Brown's  ocgeDt 
representations  as  to  the  multiplicity  of  interests  Involved  tbe 
Bank  of  England  agreed  to  advance  him  i  1 ,000  *oo  to  dde  matters 
over.  Actually  Brown  only  found  it  necessary  to  tppty  lot 
fi.doo.ooo,  whicb  he  repaid  within  mi  monfta.  His  business, 
both  mercantile  snd  banking,  cotrtlnned  to  hcrease,  and  In  1S44 
he  was  in  possession  ol  a  sixth  of  the  trade  between  Grtn  Britain 
and  the  United  States.  "  There  is  hardly,"  dedated  Richard 
Cobden  at  this  period,  "  a  wind  that  blows,  or  a  tide  that  flows 
in  the  Mersey,  thai  does  not  bringastripfreightedwilh  cotton  or 
some  other  costly  commodity  for  Mr  Bmwn's  house."  In  1856 
the  friction  between  the  British  and  Ametian  govemmenls  due 
to  the  enlistment  by  British  consids  of  recruits  (or  the  Crimean 
War  was  largely  allayed  by  the  action  of  Brown,  who  in  an 
Interview  with  Lord  Wmerston.  then  prime-minister,  explained 
tbe  objections  taken  in  Amcrici.  FVom  t8j«  to  i8;q  he  wai 
Liberal  M.P.  for  South  Lancashire.  In  ig»o  he  presented  liver- 
pool  wtih  a  public  Kbnry  and  museum,  and  in  iB6j  was  made  1 
taienet.  R«  ified  at  livcrpool  in  1BS4. 


■■0*1,  VIU.ua  L4ninKI  (trjS-lSjo),  Scottbh  dl*In«i 
was  bom  on  the  I A  of  Januaiy  11  jj  at  Uticcht,  wbeie  hit  bthat 
wat  miolMcr  ti  the  EngHih  cbmch.  1^  fatha,  having  been 
appointed  piofeiMr  o(  ecdcaiaadcil  bittoiy  at  St  Andiewi, 
tetnneil  to  Scoilasd  la  17S7,  and  bia  son  went  to  the  gnmrnai 
school  of  that  aty^  and  then  to  the  university.  After  pa^^pg 
thiou^  the  divinity  dasaei,  ha  want  in  177410  tbe  unlversily  ol 
Utracht,  where  hi  studied  theology  and  dvil  law,  laijyjhe  was 
•ppotatcd  to  the  Kiglish  chuichin  Utncht,  sad  ahoat  i;88  to  tha 
[mftaaotahip  of  moral  [Aikaaphjr  and  ectteriaiUcal  histray  in  the 


.     .. ___  .  _ Frentb  Revciiitloa 

Anally  dttne  Brown  la  Jaanaiy  1745  to  LacdoB.  ii4ien  ha  wu 
conUaUy  wdcoacd.  In  1745  tba  magiitiatta  of  Abndecn  ap- 
pointed Um  to  the  chair  of  dhdnlqr,  and  mmo  after  he  was  mada 
pfindpalolMarbdalCoUite.  IntheytaTigoahawunppciDted 

roya),  aad  ol  the  oidK  of  tba  mitla.  Hediad  ontba  nth  «< 
Iby  1830.  His  iBiiM  wldely-kBown  vorki  «vn  an  £anj  tK 
lit  ffaovol  ffwUly  tf  Ittn  <iT«J>.  which  gained  the  T^M 
Sodety**  prise;  a  treatise  0%  On  ExHtoict  <•/  tin  Saprtm4 
Cnaltr  (iStfi),  to  whlA  waa  awarded  the  SrH  Bnmet  prize  of 
tiiSO-.taA  A  Crmperallm  Vita  t}  ClriaimUy.  tni  o/ ikmtiur 
Ferm  tf  FtHtifi  mlh  rtgarJ  ti  Unit  Itml  TaOauj  (1  vola.. 


816). 

■Komw 


a  name  gjnn  b>  tha  British  amy  to  the  It 


fs  aniUad  generally  to  the  weapon  of  the  ittb  and  early 
centoriH,  and  beame  obsolete  on  the  intrgduction  «l  Ih* 
rifle.  The  Gnt  part  of  the  name  detivM  from  the  colour  of  tts 
wooden  stock,  (or  the  Bame  it  fovod  much  eadier  than  the  intn- 
dnction  of  "  biownbig  "  tbe  barrel  of  musketi;  "Beai  "  nay  ba 
dthera  hamorous  feauDlne  equivalent  of  the"  brown-hiU,"  the 
'd  weapon  of  the  British  Inlaniry,  or  a  cotiuptioa  of  lbs 
boss,"  i.e.  ben,  b<  "  blunderbnas." 

BROVm.  BDVARD  BAROLD  (iBit-iSgi),  English  Ulbopk 

as  bom  at  Aylesbury  and  educated  at  Eton  and  Cunbridga. 

e  WIS  ordained  in  i8]d,  and  two  yiais  blcr  was  elected  senior 

.  jtoT  of  Emmanuel  CoU^  Cambridge.    From  iSg]  to  rS49  bl 

was  vice-trriadpal  ol  St  I^vfd's  College,  Lampeter,  and  in  1854 

ippointedNoiTisJanprohatetofdivmitrBtCambridge.  Hii 

known  book  Is  tha  £i^biMm  ^  Iki  Tkirly-tiint  Artulet 

I.,  Cambridge,  1850;  vol.  iL,  LmdoB,  iSu).  which  remained 

uny  years  a  itandard  work  on  the  subject.    In  lE&t  he  was 

consecrated  bisbop  of  Ely,  and  proceeded  to  teoiguiie  hia 

diocese.    He  mabilalBed  that  the  deposiUon  of  Bishop  Colemo 

endangered  the  indepeadcaca  ol  bUopa.    Nevertheless,  he  was 

opposed  to  CeleiDo'*  crltkfsm  of  the  Bible,  and  replied  to  it  in 

rhi  PtnlaUMk  dod  Va  EltkiMt  PtOmi  <iS6j),  mitten  from  a 

conservative  standpoint.   IniSt^hewasaneolthcconsecnljng 

prelates  when  Temple  bc<ame  Uihop  of  Enter,  and  endeavoured 

3  remove  the  prejudice  against  his  appointment  by  showing  that 

'emple  was  not  responsible  lor  tbe  views  ol  other  wrilera  in  the 

.  imDasE»ayi<iBdXn>(*>(rE4o).   He  wis  bishop  of  Wincbeslei 

from  187}  till  iBqe,  when  ill'faesltb  compelled  bbn  to  resign. 

BBOWICE.   HABL6t  KniOHT  ([Sij-iSSi),  English  artist, 

mous  IS  "  Phis,"  the  Ulusmtor  of  the  best-known  books 

by  Charin  Dickens,  Charles  Levei  and  Harrison  Ainswoith  in 


original  ed 


.   His  I 


. ..,   jrdinaiy  kind.    Aa  an  inteipicter  and  illustrator  ol 

Dickens's  characlets,  "  Phii,"  as  be  always  signed  bis  drawings, 
was  in  some  respects  the  equal  of  his  rivals  Cruiksbank  and 
Leech,  while,  !n  his  own  way ,  he  excelled  them  both.  Of  Hugue- 
n  Lambeth  on  the  nth  of  June  iSij. 
His  father  died  early  and  left  the  family  badly  oS.  Browiw 
u  apprenticed  to  Finden,  the  eminent  engraver  on  steel, 
whose  studio  he  obtained  his  only  artistic  education.  To 
igraving,  however,  he  was  entirely  uniui ted,  and  having  in  183J 
cured  an  important  prize  Imoi  the  Society  of  Arts' lor  a  drawing 
"  John  Gilpin,"  be  abandoned  engraving  in  the  following  year 
id  look  to  other  artistic  wnk.  with  the  ulliraatc  <*|Kt  o* 
''"""'-e  a  p^nttt.    In  tha  spring  of  iSj6  ha  nM  Chatica 


BROWNE,  SIR  THOMAS 


b  venr  dsubtful,  uul  lalx  an  kie  and 

A  hiidiB  MbmiiiioB  pRfttnd  tk  my 

ManmlH  ijse,  to  Ibe  mnUnUpiil  St  OUwe'i  ffunui  idwol, 

SaiitlnBrk,«liichlMhBUIarma«tlMnt<nycui.    Itariniput 


leplied  to  Birvh  ud  GiMsmiod;  oatttlik  icpln,  colilkd 
A  lUtntft  «/  tvtaim  tddmatkal  jbvhu  4mi  Ikar  riMniw 
MwrUnf  AW  iMrfK  IS' ^<VItt■f  •>/ Oi  Mnl  ^<M  (isBt-isU). 
Imu  ntently  been  Rcovered,  ud  ifacd*  >  fiood  d  li^  upon  tk* 
dndopiMnt  of  Bnnrae^  iMet  vim  (fta  Bom^,  pp.  4S-6),  (or 
thli  whole  period). 

Before  Ihc  Mth  of  Jane  i)l«  hli  mntenAlp  gi  St  OUve'a 
■CRm  ID  lawtemluled,  and  ■flo'  bdn|  raOoc  ol  UiUe 
Cuterton  (ia  tlK  fUt  of  lia  ddeil  bnlier)  foi  ■  uosLli  or  ivo, 
kt  finaUy,  [n  Septemtn  lyii,  noeeptMl  epiKopal  ardbation 
*Dd  ihe  rectory  of  AchrndKUD-'Umpe  WUervUli,  in  Morthnov- 
toDshira.  Thoe  tm  mlnblcnd  loi  Ia«7>tm  yen,  *ilh  one 
lenphy  intern],  itiT-ifiiA,  whkh  li  only  paitly  uconnled  loi 
(lea  Buince,  pp.  tS-|i)-  Then  k  icuon  b>  believt  UiUbs 
nevR  entlRly  aboadoned  bb  miy  idul,  hut  btlerly  thoa^ 
it  poalble  U  malntidn  ■  apliilBnl  (eUowthip  vteliin  tbe  tiunc- 
vork  oI  tt«  buUbhed  Cboicb.  Tim  doriof  yna  ol  Ut  lift 
vem  to  han  been  doodcd,  dne  pvily  lo  KpuatioB  UMOf  kk 
own  flock,  and  partly  lo  (rawiog  iniubilily  in  tnaadf,  a  hwely 
and  diaapjialnled  man.  Wtacn  DKr  ei^^  yean  «ld  be  bad  a 
dispute  with  ibe  parah  contable  about  a  nti,  Uowi  mte  atrack, 
and  before  ■  nutjatnte  be  bchavnl  lo  iMbbarBly  tbat  ba  vaa 
KM  to  N'orthamplon  pal,  when  be  died  is  October  ifiu.  U* 
wai  buried  in  St  Cilea^  churdyud,  NortbuaptM.    laipileaf 


brttdonhimbyenenialaindlllonatoaKiMictodefyer  ivHK, 
Robert  Browne  rcnalm  a  pioneer  ta  wrinliatlftl  Ibeov  io 
England,  the  (bit  forrmlatar  si  an  ideal  wUdi  MbaMtoeuly 
became  known  ai  CoDgieptionalkm  (t.*J.  He  lediMOvercd 
(stBin  forgotten  aipecit  of  primiiivB  dnncb  life,  and  did  not 
■brink  from  auSering  loi  tbe  aako  ol  what  be  bold  to  be  tbe 
ttvlh.  In  addition  to  tbe  worka  above-nentioncd,  Btowm 
wntt  levsil  coomireiiia]  and  apoloeetic  trcatacs,  ol  which 
•oma  remaiaed  In  US.  until  quite  iccenily,  and  inae  ace  Uiii 


*Ml  aiUtrial   1 


(itai-i9oe). 

BROWaS,  HB  TROHU  (i605't63i),  EntfiUi  antboi  ud 
phyiidan,  waa  bora  in  London,  on  tbe  igtb  of  October  itej. 
He  wu  admitted  a*  a  Kbolar  of  Wincbeaur  iCbod  in  1616,  ud 
miriculated  «t  Broadgala  Hall  (Pembmks  CoUeff},  Oxford, 
In  i<ij,  *b«e  he  graduated  B.A.  In  January  litt.  He  took 
tbe  fuitber  degrei  ol  H.A.  in  1639,  itadied  medictoe,  ud 
pranbed  lor  acma  lime  In  Oilotdibire.  Between  iSjo  and 
idjj  he  lelt  En^nd,  tnveiled  in  Ireland,  Fiun  and  luly, 
and  on  hb  way  borne  fecdrcd  tbe  degRaol  bLD.attbt  univenity 
of  Leiden.  He  Rtaiwd  to  Londoa  in  lia,  and,  alter  a  abort 
n^dence  at  Sh^iden  EbU,  near  HalKai,  aettled  in  [xacIkB  at 
Norwich h>  1637.  HeiaRiedlai64iI>on>tbyMUebain.  Tbdr 
ddtM  un,  Edward,  became  preddent  of  tbe  Royal  College  of 
Phyiidasi,  and  glimpMa  ol  Ibaw  happy  family  life  are  obtainable 
In  the  fragmentary  concapoodeni*  coatalned  in  Sboen  Wilkin^ 
edition.  In  ii)4iaoopyirfhbJU<(i>ifi<id,whidibedeBCTibea 
at "  a  ptinte  cnrcba  dtaccted  Is  myielE,"  waa  pitaled  from  on: 
of  hb  HSS.  wttbont  hb  knowledge,  and  reviewed  fay  Sir  Keseln 
Digby  in  OtHncHtm  .  .  .  (1641).  Tbe  IntBcit  atuoed  by 
Ihfa  edilioB  compelled  Browne  lo  tW,  Coith  a  cmnct  vei^aa 
(itu)  olthe  vocl^  bi  which  letlem  between  Digby  and  Biowne 


ctmmmlfTtaimi  Ttntnltaii  cammmly  tnttrnmi  Trulii  (1646), 
and  Id  iCsS  HjiriaUtliU,  Urwf&riaU;  «,  a  ifiionne  if  U> 
mpidetnai  ma  lakiy  frnni  lo  ATarfia.  UiHlltT  tHlk  Hi 
Glriin  ^  Cyna,  tr  lit  fwEHKuU,  Imati,  or  mO-work  flai^a- 
Hku  if  Un  aKrltati,  arl^UiaHy,  aabn/ly,  and  aqotuaUy  <*». 
MKwd.  Wia  faadry  Aurnliimi  {i6sB).  tbeae  fooi  work* 
wtie  all  tbat  he  publbbed,  thou^  levcid  tract*,  notably  tba 
Oriitiam  Jfmb'  buended  ai  a  contiituatiBD  ol  JUirii  Uiiici, 
wei*  pnpaied  for  publintion.  and  appeared  poallnuiMUtly. 
In  1671  be  received  the  boumt  of  kni^ihood  fmn  Cbariea  IL 
on  hb  twit  to  Koewidi.  He  began  1  contspondeBDC  with  John 
Enlyn  In  i«j&  Very  few  ol  the  kllen  are  enant,  bal  the 
dlarbt  has  left  an  account  of  a  vblt  to  Bnnme  [Diary,  171b  of 
October  ifi7i),  Hedicdin  legiaahaKveDty^eveathbiniiday, 
and  wu  buifed  at  St  Peter^  Mancroft.  MoiwkL  Ba  vaSia 
wai  acddcnully  bniken  In  1S40,  and  hia  aknll  b  |itmrvtd  in 
the  muieiun  of  the  Norwich  betpital. 

Browne'a  vrltiBga  an  among  the  few  vedmeni  of  pmely 
literary  work  pKxhiced  dnrnig  1  period  of  great  political  eicttc- 
ueot  and  dbcotd.  He  rcBMbwl  to  aS  aweaiaBiE  placidly 
indWeitnt  totfagatng^gnlngananMndUm,  Hbfint  book 
appeared  In  the  year  al  the  onthctak  of  the  CvS  War;  Ptnii*^ 
dfifa  Efiitrnka  In  the  cdlkal  year  of  164^;  and  HjdriMtkia, 
the  re6ect>0Dt  oa  the  rintBcaa  of  huun  iik  bspbed  IqF  tbe 
umithing  of  aonie  funeral  una,  on  tbe  c*e  of  the  Reatoratioiu 
a*  hb  b  a  payibalogical  carvaky,  and  ita 


worka.    Hb  dta|day  of  « 
aulhodtla.  Ut  a 
elaborate  diction,  u«  co 

century,  but  firowneiL .., , ., 

nBBD«DlthepeenliBrGa*to(bbBbid.    ImtawdwUbtbeFktsBie 
DtfitidBi  which  langhl  hbn  to  look  on  thb  world  a*  only  Ibv 


of  eaperknea  aa  oaly  lend  iv  eonMBptHlen.    NotI>n(  b  to* 

being,  which  he  teem*  10  ragafd  ahnnat  f  mm  the  pallion  ef  as 
outaider.  Be  did  not  tpeadate  ayMcaatkaBy  on  tbe  problem* 
of  cibteniB,  bat  he  raedbntea  repeatedly  on  the  outward  and 
vbiUe  aigiw  ol  BataUty,  and  on  what  He*  heyoad  death.  Ot 
BiDwnc,  aa  of  the  ^eateat  wtiteB,  it  b  Inn  tlat  the  atyk  ia 
theaan.    Theformaf hbthBa^tbaapecaUarandnmatkablt 

of  the  quaintoeia  of  hb  (tyle,  BO  doubt,  dtpanda  OB  the  eKod** 
eBptojneM  ol  latbdnd  wudt,  many  ol  which  hnve  tailed  ta 
JuMlfy  tbeb  eibtence;  bM  the  pcttJiailtle*  of  hb  vocBbtkry 

The  JWigw  tf (did  wa*  a  .  .._  _.       _    . 

it  b  T'fli  Iwd  lo  Tf<nitrH'flf  iti  isntiadictiop*.  A  if*fw  tr 
Ution  awaared  at  Lridm  fa  1&44,  aiul  it  wn  widely  read  on 
tbe  conliMni,  beins  tmdated  taliteqoently  Into  I>ut(h,  Fieodi 
and  Qennan.  In  Faib  it  waa  baued  in  tba  belief  thai  Browna 
wa*  nally  a  Roman  Catholic,  but  in  Rome  the  authoritim  tbov^t 
otherwiK,  and  the  book  w«a  placed  on  tba /ud*)  Si^wiBbniir. 
It  b  tbe  confaaion  of  a  mind  keen  and  iceptical  bi  *ome  aspect*, 
and  cndolov  la  olben.  Biowno  piudiam  to  be  atBrimtly 
free  fnm  hsictical  opinkm,  but  avert*  the  right  to  be  guided 
hy  hb  (mm  naaon  in  eaaea  where  do  pfodae  guUance  b  given 
either  bf  Sorptuic  gc  by  Cbnrch  teaching.  "  I  lovo,"  be  >ay>i 
"  to  Icee  inyidf  in  a  i^rateiy,  to  punae  my  naton  to  on  <\ 
Altbsdol"  The  Fitaiaiixia  Efidimkm,  written  la  ■  nora 
direct  and  lin^  (t^  than  b  tanal  with  Bmwne,  b  a  wonder- 
ful  atonhoBor  of  out-ol-ibe-way  facta  and  tciaps  olcmdltbD, 

<Ed.]oka  TtSarv.arebdeacDaiil  Korwich.  171C.  The  diasificid 
"  loiter  to  a  Fncnd.  upon  tbe  oovna  of  llie  Dcalb  i^  kit  lallmf 
Frirnd  "  (writttnahont  iBJJ,  or.  l6M)liael»ciii«iierjll¥«Dppo«d 
be  a  pnHindiwy  tkttch  for  OfUlm  ifinlf,  bM  DT  W-  Jk 


CraiBhiU  thiakakwaavi 


BROWNE,  W.— BROWNHILLS 


667 


CardiatfCyrmit 

TV  wheti  muTcn 

■^  he  ilhuimi,  B  Calnidg* 

kbrna,  1-i-*— ~  ia  cutli  bdow,  qidanniEt  h  Uw  Bind  of 

ntn,  qnbiciiim  fa  tODM,  in  optic  Brvo.  hi  imti  ol  Irm, 

in  kkvn,  ia  «va>>lUn(l"    But  ilic  iriiale  dirnglli  of  hli  ■atoi 

•nd  the  wondcifid  dunn  of  hit  wylF  in  10  be  tmibl  in  Um 

Umitirial,  tbt  conchidias  dwpCf  dI  ^tach,  fw  rirhnfw  ol 

inapry  ind  nalwHf  ponp  el  dicUon,  aa  hudly  kc  p«nlkln1 

ia  the  Engtiili  Unamse.     For  urtUna  at  ill.nKnbHni  It  ve 

aol  tain  10  the  famt  puuin  ti  Jennjr  l^^oc  or  ol  UiimTi 


.     T)K&I 


T^lion.    arTlmr 

MMiflw,  mo  GMMIr  odiMd  by  Sfmsa  Wilkia  is  iBjj-iliA. 
AcBonfl  Bodini  Rfirioo  majr  ba  maalipiiad  Dr  W-  A  GiwdiiU'B 
ediliou  is  Ihc  "  Golden  Treaiuiv  "  tak»  of  the  KtHiit  Ualid, 
Ltiltr  IB  a  FriiKj  and  CTrijIia.  Vrm/i  (igSi),  irtlh  »n  admirable 
biWkiBrapKinil  now  on  tht  comptlcatrd  Hibitct  o(  ihc  numsroiu 
•dittov  (tf  Ik*  iU>tB  JA^id;  of  thi  HyiMsto^la  tad  tia  Cantn 
^  Cynt  (i«9«),  sHnphttd  by  Mr  E.  H,  kUnUh  ■  owpku 
ediiioa  for  ib*  EniJuh  Libnry,  ediud  br  Mi  Chula  5a>k  (1904, 
ftr.).  Gmwnc'i  inttniU  in  bird-Tare  i>  noHd  by  Evelyn,  atij  »inc 
A'dtci  and  Ullrn  n  Uk  JVgmraJ  /nuary  i^f  ffinMt  were  canceled 
Inm  bit  MSSi  in  llK  Sioaoa  CoUeclton.  awl  tdilad  by  Tboaai 


LUM  <ini-iC43},  Ei^h  paitoial  poe^ 
■■■  Don  mt  T^viiCock,  Devotulan,  in  ijqi,  of  a  biaachsl  the 
family  of  Broww  of  Betchvoiib  Caitle,  Sumy.  He  receivld 
Ua  eariy  edncatlon  at  Ibe  gnmtniT  kHuM  of  lili  nitive  torn, 
and  ii  Bid  to  have  proceeded  to  Oifonl  aboat  i6oj.  After  a 
•hort  RildeDce  at  Qlffotd's  Inn  lie  entered  tbo  toner  Temple  fa 
■  fin.  HiidegyanthedatboIBeniy,priwsofWa[eB,aDdtfai 
int  book  of  friAnon'o'i  PaiUrali  appeared  in  161};  ijie  Ske^ 
turd's  Pipt,  whkta  onulned  scan  edoguea  hj  Dtber  poeta,  IH 
■ei4.  The  Kcond  book  of  the  putenb  (ifiiA)  U  dtdlcated  to 
Wilfiwa  Hobert,  ail  of  FnBhickt,  wboae  uat  at  WmtoD  «u 
Btovtm'i  hove  for  (one  time.  1b  iAt4  be  ivtnned  to  Oxford 
ai  ttltor  to  Robert  Domcr,  iftenvarda'  earl  <rf  C^marv^ia, 
BMticaliUin^  M  Eieter  College  (n  Apdl  inl  lecdrlag  Us  ll.A. 
degree  Jn  Novnobcr  ol  tbe  tame  year.     Neady  all  firovne'i 

rlic  worlt  datca  from  hisear^  manhood,  before  htamatria^ 
iA)t  -with  Tfawihy,  daughter  of  Sir  llKiaiaa  Bwnhain  ol 
TTiiiiiliaw,  Enei.  Ia  tba  fDurlli  edogo*  of  Caoigo  Wilbcr't 
Sktpluri'i  ttarMnt,  wiiltoi  aa  taily  ai  t4i}-iAi4,  nUante 
(WUk«)  Mhi  Willy  (Bmnw)  irfiy  be  it  littnt,  and  tke  nply 

lavatinbta  to  hli  mnquB  taleot,  and  tha  leund  httt  •(  lib  Ut 
waufwnth: 


have  been  tholVUllim  Bioirac  vhoae  bofiii  ii  Kcsided  fn  the 
Tavfiwdi  r«^N«n  vmIr  tliallalO'Ot  the  ijlh  of  March  lAtj. 
'  Bioirae  uti  the  piqril  and  Mend  of  MIcfaiel  Dnyton,  wba 
awoelawa*'  my  Bic»»e  "  fat  Ihe  "  Ephth  to  Henry  Reymlda" 
•lith  tha  two  BcaotoDd  it  "nqr  deti  totnpanlaai  whom 
I  fRtlr  cboao,  Uy  basdn  fiiendi."  Bat  dfaacUjr  fndeblcd  aa 
Btooae  b  for  tba  lorai  ol  Ui  poMbi,  far  tha  iHiht  (tacy  and  ttia 
nUhar  imilnaai  alegoiT,  to  Sptnatr,  SUatf,  Drtytoa  and 
espedilly  to  FletchRT*  FaiU^  Sfa/tlnfen,  hk  poctiy  h  M 
nnaceoKraf  anitofduUBMdtla.  Hit  Arcadia  it  locaUaed  in 
HanUlwDaVoaalte.  Hawaiantlrfaigbihiip>ainof"'nyy'« 
Tofcetal  imaM  (to  vhom  I  owi  man  ■cnftu  than  fnm  my 
pipe  can  mr  ten}."  Ha  ksaw  load  hiilory  and  tndiiknu, 
«M  be  cdebniR  tha  |>Ilanl  laihni  win  "  by  Ibdr  powrr  wiidc 
theDtniafanihanUoAt^pniad.l^gBS."  (AA,  T'dif. bk.it,, 
■Mgg).    UIafaildattuthfaI.aSeetlSBateiiktoM*offciice«itdfT 


Daildonandtberalaranattead.  Acopyof  Brovne'apanonJa 
with  annotalkina  in  Uihoi'i  hairfwrillal  b  piaerved  in  the 
Huth  hbrary,  and  there  ai*  tnanf  pobtt*  of  h'keneM  between 
Lyddai  and  tbe  elefy  on  PhOaraU  (Tharaai  hUnwood)  in  the 
fouflh  odoctte  ol  tha  SMiftirti  N/t.  KeaU  wai  a  ■(Ddoit 
ol  finwaa^  and  Hcnkk^  laby  fanta^a  are  tbon^t  to  owe 
Bomethinc  to  tt*  third  boA  ol  tha  paalacak. 

TheirMtiabooliiafBrAniiJa'ffawrab  wm  n-isued  in  I6H. 
Tha  iMrd,  ihoofh  il  had  no  doubt  cimlitid  {a  Ike  authoc'a  llbdnM. 
xemanad  upuown  until  Bwdh  Eotlidd  dJiuvHTfl  a  copy  of  iI  io 
Ihc  in^riTv  of  Safitbury  cathedral,  bound  up  *irh  tbe  1613  and  J&16 
erfilioiii  of  Ihe  ItrH  and  annnd  booka.  Thb  MS.  n>  t^ed  for  the 
Percy  Soeiety  by  T.  C.  Croker  In  itst.  A  coOectcd  edition  cl 
Bkwb^i  workcwsa  pidiUihed  in  irn  by  Joha  Daviei.  ll  ■■  Mt 
koowB  irheiher  Tt*  Iiuur  TtmiU  ilatttu  on  Ihe  uory  gf  Ulysn 

and  Cfrce,  which  wa.n-rillen  lor  perfomu nee  on  the —1-" 

16TJ,  wai  ever  aetially  lepiBwiited.    A  lerinof  eo 

aame  epiallea,  atepea  and  oirilsphi.  with ' 

poema,  coaiplet*  iha  OR  oi  bowae^  ' 

cnlleciBl  ^pm  varisua  lourca,  the  moat  inponaat  beuaLaudoa 
MS.  777  [Bnliih  Mumim),  and  Ihcy  were  printed  lof  the  But  lii 
bv  Sft  S.  E.  Btyctpi  ui  iBic.  Evdlcnt  modem  comrdRe  edilion 
of  Browne  aad  Mr  W.  C.  iWht'a  (lR«S-iau)  lor  the  Rsabunbe 
libnry.  and  a  inotg  compact  o«  (1894)  by  lur  Cordoo  CeedwiiL 
with  an  intiodiKtion  UMr  A.  H.  Bu£n.  lot  the '■  Maie'tUbraiv.' 
ForinclaborjlE  analyui  of  Browned  oblbatlaru  10  earlier  pailoial 
writert  «  F.  W.  Moorman.  "  WilUam  Browne"  (Qgilln  n<^  Fir- 
«t»(n  w  Sfnuh-  mi  CiJlwrgnMitm  dp  (krmtmiidm  VlUtr 
StruAnrg.  Itel.  A  uanKitinaof  MarioklloydaGoBberviDe'a 
fnlianin.by  Wdliam  Bidwbc  (1^7).  any  be  a  pouhDmoia  work 

BROWNE,  VILLIAH  OEORGB  (i]6S-iSii),  Engliih  Invcller, 
wat  bom  at  Great  Towei  UiU,  Lendim,  on  Uie  ijtholjuly  176S. 
At  levenlcen  he  uu  lent  to  OHd  CoU^i,  OifonL  Havmg  had 
a  moderate  compcti:nce  left  him  by  hii  father,  an  quitting  the 
university  he  applied  lunudf  entirely  to  lileraty  purauita,  Bui 
the  fame  of  Jajnca  Bruce'a  travcli,  and  of  the  fint  diacovehca 
made  by  the  African  AuodalJAi,  detenaincd  him  Io  become 
El  ejploret  of  Central  Africa.    He  went  £rat  to  Egypl^  arriving 

the  oaiii  ol  Siwa  or  Jupiter  Ajnman,  Biul  employed  Ihe  remainder 
of  Ihe  year  In  atudying  Arabic  and  In  ***T^*n'*^fl  the  ruina  of 
indent  EgypL  In  the  qiriag  ol  ijpj  he  vuited  Sinai,  and  in 
May  3*1  out  for  Darlur,  joiniDg  ihe  great  caravan  which  every 
year  went  by  the  desert  route  from  Egypt  to  that  country. 
This  waa  his  most  important  journey,  in  which  he  acquired  a 
great  variety  of  origiaal  infomution.  He  was  lordbly  datained 
by  the  lulian  ol  Saifur  and  endured  much  hardship,  bong  unable 
la  effect  his  purpose  of  relunuag  by  Abystink.  He  was,  bowevci, 
allowed  to  return  to  Egypt  wiih  the  caravan  in  1796^  after 
this  he  spent  a  year  in  Syria,  aiul  did  not  arrive  in  London  till 
September  1798.  In  1709  he  published  his  ThkIi  in  Ajiica, 
Eiypl  and  Syriajrom  liu  year  i/pi  (g  ijgS.  The  work  wsa  full 
ot  valuable  information;  but,  from  the  abniptneis  and  dryn^ 
of  the  stylai  It  never  became  popular-    In  i3od  Browne  a^ia 

parts  of  Alia  hiinoi  ogd  Sidly.  In  iSii  ho  once  more  set  out 
for  the  East,  propoaing  Io  penetiala  to  Ssmarkand  and  lurvejr 
tha  moel  hilcnsting  rqioDB  <d  ccnlnl  Asia.  He  ipcnt  (ha 
■rinler  In  Smyrna,  and  In  the  spring  of  i8ij  travelled  through 
Asia  MintH'  and  Anuenlai  made  a  short  stay  at  Eraomm,  and 
arrived  on  the  ist  of  June  at  Tabiji,  About  the  end  ol  tba 
■uiamerol  1S13  beleftTabtiiferTchtnn,  ititondlnglopncted 
theoce  into  Taitaiy,  but  waa  sborlly  aflerwnrds  mnidcred. 
Some  booea,  bcUevod  to  be  his,  were  afterwards  fovndaod 
inlerred  niu  the  grave  ol  Jean  do  Ihcvenot,  the  Friniih  liaveUoL 
Robert  Walpole  pubMakcd.  in  Ihe  iicand  vohlmt  of  h!>  U^tln 
l^adtit  If  EnralHam  auj  .f  lialii   Turtiy  (iSao),  from  oapcis.lelt 

to  Amioc:h  and  CyproB-,  also  grmarii  wriUm  of  Xtnubniineplt 
(i»<o). 

SROVimaU,  an  nrtaa  iktitet  \a  the  UchBtM  parfla- 
nenlary  division  of  Staffontshlrc.  En^and.  6  ra.  W,  ol  LkhfieM, 
on  branch  lines  ol  Ihe-London  &  North-Weston  and  Hidhnd 
nilwayi,  and  near  the  Esirnslon  Canal.  Pop.  (iBgt)  tt.SiOi 
(1901)  I],i5>i    Tlieca  era  Mtendve  co  '     ' 


BROWNING,  E.  B. 


cluldhoad 


fonning  put  o[  Ilw  Cuuuck  ChBC  dcpo^    Tbe  tewtt  He*  on 

the  Ramia  Walling  SUwl.  and  renuiis  of  orUnraiki  tn  Men 
It  Kuvei  Cullc,  on  Ibc  SURI.  ud  11  CuUe  Oli  FoK,  i  ra. 
SX.  Cyex  Hsy,  the  pubb  ol  vrhkli  puUy  covet*  Bnwnliilli, 
B  B  Urge  sdjoiiiing  viUagci  there  ire  ibo  Greet  Wyrley  and 
Narton-UDder-Csiuwck  oi  Nortoi)  Cue*  to  the  M.W.  end  N., 
Willi  cdlkria,  uul  >i.  Chiuth  Bri<ise  are  brick,  tile,  and  edge-tocJ 
vorks.     Wyrley  Ciovt  it  ■  pictuieique  naniioa  o!  the  ijlli 

BBOWNIHO,  EUZABrrH  BARRnT  (1806-1861),  Engliih 
poel,  wile  of  the  poel  Robert  Btowning,  was  bora  prolmbly  at 
Coihoe  Hall,  Diirhaoi,  (or  this  was  the  home  of  bet  (atha  aod 
mother  for  tome  luce  after  their  mairiage  in  iSoj.  Her  hap- 
ttunat  tff^tet  givea  the  date  ol  her  Uitb  u  Ibc  6th  of  March 
1806,  and  that  oF  her  chnftening  u  the  lolh  of  Febmary  i8og. 
The  long  misunderstanding  ai  to  bet  age,  whereby  1^  wai 
supposed  to  have  been  bora  thice  ytsn  later,  was  shued  by  bei 
contemporaiiea  and  even  for  a  lime  by  her  husband.  She  was 
the  dau^ter  and  eldest  child  of  Edward  Barrett  Moullon,  who 
added  tbe  mniame  of  Barrett  on  the  death  of  his  malenvil 
tnndfather,  whose  estatei  in  Jamaica  be  inherited.  Hii  wife 
was  Mary  Cnhun-Clarke,  daughter  of  ].  CrBham-Cbrke  of 
Fenhadj Hell, Nrwoulle-on-TyBe.  ShediedwhenT  *" 
daughiei  was  twenty-two  years  tild.  Eliabelh 
was  passed  in  the  cauntty.  chiefly  at  Hope  End,  a  : 
by  her  father  in  the  beautiful  country  b  tieht  of  the  Malvern 
Hills.  "  They  leem  to  me,"  she  wnrtf,  "  my  native  hills;  for 
though  I  waa  bora  in  the  county  of  Durham,  1  was  an  infant 
when  I  went  6nt  hito  their  neighbourhood,  and  lived  there 
unlH  I  had  pimed  twenty  by  several  yean."  Her  country 
poemi.  SBch  at  "  The  Lost  Bower,"  "  Hector  in  the  Garden," 
and  "  Tbe  Desert«l  Garden,"  refer  to  the  woods  and  B«den» 
of  Hope  End,  EHtabelh  Barrett  was  much  the  companion  of 
her  fatfaet,  wbo  plctsed  bimself  with  printing  fifty  copio  of 
what  the  calli  her  "  gicat  epfff  of  eleven  or  twelve  yean  old,  in 
four  hooks  "—Tlit  BalOe  cf  Marallvm  (sent  to  tbe  printer  in 
iSig).  She  awnt  this  to  have  been  "  a  curious  production  tor 
a  chDd,"  but  rCkfUimt  For  it  anything  mort  than  "  an  imitatrve 
faculty."  T>K  love  of  Pope's  Homer,  ihe  adds,  led  ber  lo  the 
■tudy  of  Greek,  and  of  Latin  as  a  help  to  Greek, "  and  the  inBuencc 
of  all  these  tendcnciea  fs  maniftsl  so  long  afterwards  as  in  my 
£iisy  im  Uitid  [Etsay  en  Uind  ami  Mka  Petms,  iS)61,  ■  didactic 
poem  written  when  I  was  seventeen  or  eighteen,  and  long 
repented  of."  She  was  a  keen  student,  and  it  is  told  of  ber  that 
when  ber  health  failed  she  had  her  Greek  books  bound  so  as  to 
took  like  novels,  for  fesr  ber  doctor  should  forbid  her  continuous 
study.  At  this  lime  began  her  Fiicndship  with  the  blind  scholar 
Hu^  Sluut  Boyd,  with  whom  the  read  Creek  authors,  and 
(specially  the  Greek  Chnilian  Fathers  and  Poets.  To  him  she 
addressed  hiter  three  of  her  soniieta,  and  he  was  one  of  her 
chief  friends  until  hn  death  in  1848.  In  r8j4  Mr  Barrett  told 
fait  hoVBC  of  Hope  End,  and  brought  bit  Iniilly  to  Sidmouth, 
Devon,  for  some  three  years.  There  Eliialicth  made  a  Iruila- 
tion  of  Ibe  I^emelheui  Bnnd  of  Aeschytm,  pnUiilied  with 
some  original  poems  (iSjj).  After  that  time  Loodon  becanM 
the  home  ol  Ibe  fiarrells  until  tbe  ehOdno  muikd  ind  Ibe 
father  died.  The  lempoiary  dwdLng  was  u  M  Gloucester 
Place.  PorUnan  Sqiisn,  and  is  1838  Ibe  leuc  ns  uken  ol  Ibe 
■final  house,  so  Wimpolc  Street 

It  Is  in  Ihe  middle  of  Ihe  year  1836  that  Eliiabcth  Burett's 
active  literary  life  began.  She  then  made  the  acqtainunce  oi 
S.  H.  Horne,  aflerwards  famous  for  a  time  as  the  author  of 
Orim.  but  perhntB  best  Rmembcrtd  ea  her  comspoDdent 
ilaien  u  R.  H.  Hwra,  1  vols,  tin),  "d  this  acquaintance  led 
lo  the  appearance  of  rather  frequent  poems  by  Miss  Barrett  in 
Ihc  A'cs  ifoflU/y  Uataint.  edited  by  Bulwer  (Lord  Lytlon], 
&Dd  In  other  magaainet  or  annuals.  But  the  publicalioD  of 
r*i5er(piWiwanJ((to /'i>i«u<t£j8)«asagTaTcratep.'  "  Uy 
fRSenI  allempl,"  she  wriLet  in  ibli  year, "  ■  actually,  and  will 
i*  eDnaidcred  by  others,  more  a  Ulal  ol  strength  than  dlber  ol 
"  There  was  at  list  data  a  lull  is  the  pro- 
t  books  ol  pa(ti7,    Wodtwwtb  had 


their  best.    Mas  Bairelt'a  wluma  was  well  nvkwwl,  hot  not 

afterwards  ismuiis  h  contaiatd  three,  "  Cowpei'i  Gme,** 
"  Uy  Dove*,"  and  "  Tie  Sea-Usw,"  the  tat  iBvasioned  utd 
Ibe  other  Iwo  very  quiel,  which  1  Sna  tiMe  not  itnfc  faigli 
among  all  ber  works.  Tti  OiurMy  JEhm*  (St^Xemher  iS«o). 
in  an  article  on  "  Moden  Englith  Poeteae^"  ollidsea  Tti 
StrafUm  with  Prtrndlitia,  and  Iicatc  Ihl  toBiia  with  i^iect, 
hut  does  not  lilt  Ihe  author  out  of  the  qnta  imoqual  eampaaf 
of  Uis  Norton,  "  V,"  and  other  contempoiary  women.  In  tls 
previous  year  £lixabeth  had  made  tbe  meiiiuiabic  ■^'■^"*»"^" 
of  Wordsworth.  "  No,"  she  wrius,  - 1  wai  not  >t  all  dHtt- 
pointed  in  Wordsworth,  although  pethaia  I  sboold  not  bve 
singled  him  fnm  the  midtliude  as  a  great  man.    Tbete  it  a 

neekncss  than  biilUancy;  and  in  his  alow,  evoi  artacnlatiiM 
there  is  rather  the  solemnity  and  calmnca  cd  tmtk  itself  tlinft 
the  animation  and  energy  ol  those  who  seek  for  it  ,  .  .  He  sn» 
very  kind,  and  sate  near  me  and  talked  to  me  as  long  as  he  w^ 
in  the  room,  and  recited  a  tranilatioii  by  Gary  <d  a  soonct  el 
Dante's— snd  altogelher  it  was  a  dream."  Wilh  Lando,  St  Ibe 
same  date,  a  meeting  took  place  that  bad  long  results.  Al  t)yt 
time,  loo,  began  another  of  E3itsbelb'(  valaed  biendsUps— Ikat 
with  Mbs  Mltfoid,  author  of  Onr  Vatafi  and  othei  works  les 
well  remembered.  Mr  John  Kf  nyon  also  became  al  about  tUa 
lime  a  dear  and  inlimste  frieod.  He  was  a  distant  cousin  of  tha 
Barretts,  bad  poblisbcd  some  veise.  and  waa  aWBiu  and  itaaoaa 
friend  to  men  of  leiuis.  From  the  date  of  the  birth  cd  their 
child  (i&4q)  be  gave  the  Biowningi  a  hundred  poundi  a  )«ar, 
and  when  he  died  in  1856  he  bequeathed  to  them  ekvcBlboiaand 
pounds.  To  him  a  great  number  of  Eliiabeth'i  letteti  u« 
addrewed.  and  to  him  in  bla  years  was  ilwwa  Iflfl  dedbalKt. 
Elizabeth  Baireu  hepB  also  in  London  an  ■cquainUDC*  with 
Harriet  Martinean. 

Full  ol  the  inicKst  ol  friendship  and  littntuie,  tbe  raidcnCB 
in  London  was  Bafavmiable  ID  Eliubeth^  bedlb.  Is  txAr 
girlhood  she  had  aspina]  afleclion,and  bet  hugs  becsBC  delicate. 
Sbe  broke  a  bloDd-vesKl  m  Ibe  beginniaf  of  the  Bamlti'  life 
In  town,  and  wua  tlmcaftii  an  invalid — by  no  neans  cntinlr 
(ortfined  lo  b«  mom,  bat  often  Imprisoned  then,  and  gtamXtf 
«  recluae,  mtil  bei  aairUai.  Her  stale  was  so  thicatening  that. 
in  igjSit*a>Iowidne«ss*iyIoieBiDvebettoTocqiiar,irtieie 
aheweu  tbiec7sut,ncg*nwanied  by  her  brothci  Edwaid,  Ihc 
dearest  of  her  eight  Intbvi,  Ihe  oiUy  one,  ahe  said  many  yean 
latti,  whocverconpnbcadedher.andfDratiBcbvbetlalhice 
andsislers.  During  this  lime  of  pliysIealsuStrinf  she  naderwtat 
the  greatest  grici  ol  her  life  by  lb*  dtowniog  of  bei  beloiied 
brother,  wh*  with  two  friends  went  sailing  Id  a  NwU  beat  and 
waa  lost  in  BabbacaabB  Bay.  Sumotni  of  tbe  fo^ndtrin< 
reached  the  uahappy  sister,  «b>  nas  samed  of  Ubt  woot  afui 
Ibiee  day*,  when  Ihe  bodies  woe  InwL  Hit  sMidcat  ai 
Edward  Buntl's  mceliaff  with  his  death  thnni^  Iki  lesiduca 
■t  Tocquj,  and  Ibc  d^m>  accident  of  bei  havlnt  patted  fioB 
hin  on  th*  day  of  hit  death,  ta  sbe  said, "  with  pMlU  watdt," 
innesaed  bet  anguah  af  hsait  to  honor.  A  lev  da]M  befote 
she  had  writlcn,  "  Then  tie  so  raany  nanies  ckae  arouad  me 
thai  Cod's  bdt«  laens  pnycd  Mme,  doMadMid  to  me,  by  UH 
manifested  love."  Wbco  the  blow  tKOe,  its  beavy  w^^  and 
clcteness  10  bet  beatt  eonrioccd  ber,  ibe  *m*i  ibimiA  aa 
awful  ciperieRDeolsv(ering,<fdiviBe  action.  But  many  yeen 
Ulet  tbe  memioo  ef  bei  biotbcr^  death  aat-iuoleiable  to  her. 
Al  Ibe  ttoe  sbe  oaly  did  not  die.  £k  had  to  lemafai  lor  aeariy 
■  year  day  and  nilhl  wilbin  bearingol  the  ata,af.«hkb  tbe 
souad  teened  to  her  the  bmmd  of  a  dying  man. 

lien  is  hen  an-  isMrval  of  sUcncc  in  the  cetteapoBdenra 
which  bssied  bir  tecladed  lift  at  all  aan:  htt  «llb  am 
impulse  of  stll-promiiDa  sbe  went  lo  wnrk  sa  soon  as  ber 
strength  luSoed,  One  of  bet  tasks  ma  a  part  taken  bi  tbe 
Cktaur  Uadmatri  (1841).  *  *otk  sugpsted  by  Weidswoith. 
to  which  be,  Leigh  Hani.  Home  and  othti*  OMtribwed.  In 
■Sti  tba  RUuned  U  .    ..     .    ^  .  .     . 


'.SX^ft)*?!? 


BROWNING,  E.  R 


669 


loQaoiMC  yMi  A*  matMiAaa  Monrioof  utids  aa  tlw 
Graek  Chrutiao  poels  sod  on.  the  EnglUh  poeU,  wiiiien  for 
tba  XfAflunBuauki  iJw  cdjtonfaip  of  Idr  C.  W.  DUlc.  Id  woiIl 
■be  found  noielDteratuidcvcaiomedelighL:  "  Onceloiahnl 
not  to  live,  but  ike  Ucully  of  lifs  lecms  to  iuve  sprung  up  in 
oiB  agva  fR>m  under  the  oviluDg  foot  ol  heavy  gatL  Be  it 
all  u  Cod  Willi." 

It  ia  ia  1&43  that  n  mlice  the  same  oI  Robert  BrownlBs 
Inlwrletten:  *'}liilonH  (lie  poet  end  Ur  firowviog  the  poet 
were  Dot  behind  in  ofiprobatioa,"  she  nays  ui  regard  tohervorfc 
on  thrB  pocU..  "  Mi  Browning  i>  uld  to  be  leamed  ht  Cteek, 
a^>e4iiLlIy  the  diamatlsts."  In  thia  yeiT  also  she  dedars  her 
lave  for  Tennyauu  ToKsnyooEEiewrila,"  I  ought  to  be  thank- 
ing you  lor  your  gitax  kiadnCiS  nbout  thi*  divine  TcnDison," 
In  1841,  moreovti,  the  hwl  ilie  pleasure  of  ■  letter  from  Woidi- 
worth,  wbo  bad  tHi«  ukal  KoEyon  for  permiiaion  to  vist  her. 
The  visit  was  not  peiBiiiUd  on  account  ol  Ki»  Bamtl'i  ill- 
litaltli.  NowUaydouHDtberlilsunfiiufJiediMLinluigoltheiiat 
poet  mming  upon  Hdvcllyu;  she  wrote  her  sonnet  on  the  portiail, 
and  Haydon  Bent  it  to  Rydal  Mount  Wofdiworth'i  com- 
menduioci  is  raUier  locJ.  In  Auguit  iB^j  "  The  Cry  of  the 
Childioi "  appeared  in  Biackwod'i  Mattaiiu,  and  dutio^  the 
year  ahe  woa  assodated  with  her  friend  Hone  in  a  critical  work, 
TAe  t/o!  Sfiril  oj  Oi  Agi,  rather  by  advice  than  by  direct 
contribution.  IJer  two  voluinca.  of  poema  C1S44)  a^qicared, 
lii  yean  after  bee  fonnu  book,  undci  the  tilie  ol  Patmi,  ty 
Sitobuh  Bantu  BarnU.  The  wumHt  pities  that  ^aled  the 
new  poeou  were  H.  F.  Chorlcy'a  io  Ibe  Atkaiatum,  John 
Foratei'a  in  the  Examiner,  and  Ituse  conveyed  in  Bliutitetd, 
the  DuiltK  Ritita,  tha  JVfv  Quarlaty  and  the  Aaai.  Letten 
came  fion  Carb'le  uk!  olheis.  Both  he  and  Mlsa  UaiUncau 
ulecled  aa  tbdr  fsvouiite  poetn  "  Lady  Gerakllne's  Court- 
■hip."  a  violent  piece  of  work.  In  Ibe  begizining  of  the  following 
jtai  cune  the  letter  [nun  a  ttrasgec  thai  vu  to  be  lo 
moDKntous  to  both.  "  I  had  a  letter  from  Browning  tbe  poet 
last  night,"  she  writes  lo  her  old  friend  Mrs  Uartin,  "  which 

the  king  of  the  mystics."  She  is  flallcied,  though  not  to 
"  ecstajiGS,"  at  about  the  ama  time  by  a  letter  from  E.  A.  Foe, 
and  by  the  dedication  to  her,  as  "  the  noblest  of  her  ki,"  ol 
bis  own  work.  "  What  is  to  be  saii,  I  wonder,  wlien  a  man 
calls  yon  tbe  '  noblest  of  your  sci '  ?  '  Sir,  you  aie  the  most 
discerning  of  youra.'  "  America  wu  at  least  as  quick  as  En^nd 
to  appreciate  ber  poetry^  arnong  other  mesuges  thence  came 
inthespringlcttetsfiomLoveUaDdlniiiiMnSigaamey.  "She 
nyi  that  the  loimd  of  my  poetry  i>  itining  the  '  deep  green 
loRstt  oi  the  New  World ';  which  sounds  pfeaaantly,  doe*  ii 
not?"  It  Is  in  tba  same  year  that  tbe  latteis  first  qieak  ol  tbe 
hope  of  ■  ioureey  to  Italy.  Tlie  winten  in  London,  with  tbe 
irdfng  to  tbe  medical  practice  of  tfiat 
B  loveihig  Eliobeth's  strength  of 
.  She  longnd  for  the  change  of  light, 
..aage,  and  the  kmging  became  a  hope, 
■ntn  her  father^  problbitka  put  an  end  to  ii.  and  doomed  her, 
»  she  and  otben  thon^t,  to  deuli,  iidthout  any  perceptible 

MeanwUht  the  friendship  with  Bnnniing  had  become  tbe 
cUrf  tfaiog  in  fJinihfth  Surttt'i  Sfe.  11«  oniespondeuce, 
ona  began,  had  not  Bagged.  In  the  early  tumaiei  they 
met.  'Oat  allasion  lo  Ms  poetry  tn  "  Lady  Geraldine'a  Cootl- 
lUp  "  had  doubtkat  pot  an  edge  to  bis  already  keen  wish  to 
know  her.  He  became  b«  frccjneiit  victor  and  kept  ber 
nmi  tragnnt  iritb  Ibwen.  Ho  nercr  lag^,  irtietber  In 
&IeDdritip  or  la  km. .  We  have  the  nrcnge  piivDegc,  aincs 
the  pDbBcttloa  el  tba  letten  between  tbe  tim,  til  following 
(he'wbele  OMiae  of  tUs  noble  lov»«tary  from  begiimliig  to  aid, 
■nd'day  by  day.  Bnw^ug  wae  ili  yearn  younger  than  tba 
woman  be  ao  pwrinnitriy  admited,  and  he  at  tttt  beUend  her 
to  be  ccofiDcd  tv  eeme  boptktt  physical  iBfarf  to  her  sola. 
Bm  o(  his  mm  wUi  end  moludoo  be  Dever  doubted.  Mcr 
besKMloD,  tn  ber' Mpud  for  Ui  Ubettjr  and  atnngtb,  to  burden 
tta  Willi  an  aHinc  wile,  iba-bM  redotdsd  In  tha  Semnits  aitet- 


wanb  pnMAed  ndw  a  di^t  dhftiie  •*  5Mm<A  >*w  tin 
Pori»t*en.  She  lefuaed  him  cnta  "  with  alt  her  will,  but  mach 
againat  her  heart,"  and  yMded  at  bat  for  bis  laka  bUwc  thni 
her  own.  Her  btbet's  will  was  that  his  chUdien  iLoiiUl  not 
OMoy,  and,  kfaul  and  aflBctigaate  Islhec  though  he  sas,  U^ 
proUhttimi  look  a  violent  form  and  struck  tenor  bio  the  hauti 
ol  the  tbiee  4lutifHl  aad  aeuilive  girb.  Bobeit  Bmwidag'a 
addresses  wen^  therelon,  kqM  secnt,  Ibe  feai  of  iocdci  o(  anger 
which  tbe  mcM  fttgile  of  the  three  couM  Dot  Ikc;,  Btawupv 
waa  icloctMit  to  ptadlae  the  dcoptua;  Elisabeth  aloM  kneai 
how  impossible  it  was  to  avoid  it.  When  she  wu  persnadini 
to  many,  it  was  she  who  Imiited,  hi  mental  and  phyijcal  terraT, 
upon  a  secret  wedding.  Thrau^kout  the  aommer  ol  1S46  her 
health  improved,  and  on  tlK  nth  of  September  the  two  poeti 
were  married  m  St  Maty  lebone  parish  church.  BammJog  vUled 
it  on  his  subKxiiisit  Jounteys  to  Eagtand  to  ^«s  thanks  for  what 
had  talien  place  at  its  altar.  Elisibeth'i  two  iktaa  Iwd  been 
permitted  to  know  of  the  ensigemenC,  but  not  of  th  wedding; 
10  that  their  fatherV  anger  tni^t  not  fall  00  them  too  heavily. 
For  a  week  hfia  Browning  luuined  hi  herlatlier'i  hooe.  Ob 
tha  T9th  of  September  she  hift  it,  taking  her  maid  and  her  little 
dog,  joLied  her  husband,  and  trosied  to  the  CorttJBBnt.  Sia 
never  enteral  that  home  again,  nor  did  ha  btbt*  enr  foi^ve 
her.  Her  letters,  written  with  teats  to  entreat  Ui  paidon,  woe 
never  answered.  Tbey  were  all  rnhnquoitly  tetumed  to  btc 
unopened.  Among  them  wis  one  she  bad  wiflten.  In  the  pmapect 
at  danger,  before  the  birth  of  ber  child.  With  her  sisteia  hm 
rebtlons  wcm,  as  before,  most  aflectioaate.  Her  hntboi,  OOB 
at  least  of  whom  disapproved  of  her  acliDB,  bdd  for'  a  time 
aloof.  AH  oiheis  woe  taken  entirdy  by  surprise.  UrsJanKson, 
who  had  been  raie  of  the  few  intimate  visfiois  to  Miis  Barrett^ 
room,  had  offered  to  take  ber  to  Italy  that  year,  bat  met  Isr 
instead  on  her  way  thither  with  a  Dewly.marTied  busband; 
Tbe  poets' journey  waa  fuH  of  delight.  WhereibBCOoU  not  walk, 
up  long  slajrcafles  or  across  the  waters  of  tbe  stream  at  Vandnsev 
Browning  (wried  her..  In  October  they  Kaihed  Fin,  amt 
then  they  wintered,  Mrs  Jameson  keeping  them  aaapADj  M 
a  time  Icit  ignorance  of  practical  things  aboold  bring  theni,  ID 
ihdr  poverty,  to  tnuUe.  She  soon  found  that  tluy  were  botii 
admirable  ecooomlsti;  not  that  they  gave  time  and  tbi»^t  Id 
husbandry,  but  tbnc  ihcy  knew  bow  to  enjoy  life  witbont  bmulea. 
So  they  remaiiKd  to  the  end,  fmgal  end  centeni  ^th  Httle.  ^ 

For  climate  and  cheapness  they  settled  ilt  Italy,  jWn^fftg 
Florence  in  the  spring  of  1847,  and  remaining  then,  with  the 
interruptiiBis  of  a  chsii^  to  piaces  in  Italy  nil  as  Siena  and 
Root,  and  to  Paris  and  F.nglsjid,  unia  Uis  Bi 
It  was  at  Pisa  that  Robert  Browning  first  saw 
lit  ftriutntie,  poems  whidi  his  wife  had  writi 
had  no  thought  of  pubbshing.  Be,  bowers, 
cliem  to  the  wuiid.  "  I  dated  not,"  he  said,  "  j 
(he  finest  sonnets  wrtllCn  in  s  ' 
Tbe  judgment,  which  the  e 
rendeis  obviouijy  absurd,  may  bo  pi 
sent  to  Miss  Mitford  and  publfahed 

E.B.B.,  in  1847.    Is  iSjo  thi^  k>«  indoded,  ni 

title,  ina  new  issue  ol  poems.  During  the  FiBaantumnwi>eaied 
in  BladwaaTi  JfafaB'ae  seven  poemsby  Ha  BrowninxiriUii  she 
had  sent  Kna  tuna  before,  and  tbe  pnblicatiDo  of  whidh  at  that 
moment  dhturbed  her  aa  likdy  Id  hurt  her  father  by  an  aiqarent 
leleiencs  to  ber  own  story.  At  Paa  also  aha  wrote  and  sent  to 
Amsiks  a  poem,  "  The  Runaway  Slave  at  Pilgiim  fofnt," 
wUch  vaa  publb&ed  b  Beaton,  in  Tin  Liiirtf  BM,  fn  1S4S, 
and  separately  In  England  bi  1849.  In  Oie  stanmer  of  1B4T  dM 
Browidngs  left  their  tempomiy  dwdUng  In  Floiencn  and  toot 
the  ^Mrtmoit  fat  Cssa  CoUl,  near  tbe  Fiuf  hbo,  wbU  was 
tbenoefortb  th^  dikf  bome,  E«)y  b  theat  mUsnca  b^aik 
that  eidMd  tatenst  b  ItsUaa  aSalis  wbiA  made  so  gmat  * 
paitof  klisBrawidDg's*matianBllil&   llenoranltae^oBd* 


670 


BROWNING,  O.— BROWNING,  R. 


js*  OBlirchilil,  tluir  beloved  ion  Robert  WMmuuin 
BarietL  After  thii  event  Mn  Browning  reiumed  her  lileraty 
actfrido,  pr^iuing  k  new  blue,  vilh  ume  additions,  of  her 
POODU  (1S50).  A  poem  on  the  death  of  1  friend's  chiki  ap^ 
pcared  in  the  Allunaeam  (iSm),  and  there  the  new  vdums  were 
'  1  CudCKidt  H-iiKlmifollovecl  in  iSji.  Vitiiing 
at  year,  the  Bromingi  saw  much  of  tlie  Procu ra, 
\f  of  Ftoniice  Nigbtingxie,  Kingtiey,  Ruiliin, 
Rogen.  Patmon  and  Tamyion,  and  abo  of  Ciriyle,  wlih  whom 
Iter  went  to  Fam,  when  they  nw  George  Sand,  and  where 
tbey  pMMd  the  December  dayi  of  the  caaf  d'UoL  Mra 
Browning  bappoied  to  take  a  political  fancy  to  Napoleon  111,, 
whom  the  would  probably  have  denounced  if  a  tiLhe  of  his 
tyramuB  Itad  occotml  in  Italy,  and  tlie  laniy  became  more 
cmoiJona]  in  after  yean. 

A  new  edition  of  Mn  Bnwning'i  potmi  ma  called  fot  in  18 53, 
and  at  about  (his  thne,  bi  Florence,  ihe  began  to  work  on  A  urma 
Lrifli.  She  ma  JliU  writing  tliii  poem  when  the  Brownings  were 
again  in  England,  in  1855^  Tennyson  (here  read  to  them  his 
Bcwly-wiitten  Uaui.  Alter  another  iaurval  in  Porii  they  were 
in  London  again — Mra  Browning  for  the  lost  line.  She  was 
with  her  dear  cousin  Kenyon  duiing  the  Last  months  of  his  life. 
In  October  tSjti  the  Brownings  returned  lo  their  Florenline 
borne,  Mn  BronTung  leaving  her  completed  Awa  Ltitk  lor 
publirBinii.  Tbe  book,  hod  on  immedta(£  succev;  a  aecond 
edition  was  Te<iQired  in  a  fortnight,  a  third  a  few  montha  later. 
In  the  fourth  edition  (iSjol  KvemI  corjeclioni  were  made.  The 
review  in  BlaikaBcJ  was  written  by  W.  £.  Aytoun,  that  in  the 
HirA  BriiUk  by  Cowniry  Patmore. 

'  In  I»i7  Un  Browning  addnsicd  a  petltioti,  in  the  form 
«f  a  letlET,  to  the  emperor  Napoleon  ttegging  bib  to  remit  the 
vntence  of  exQe  upon  Victor  Hugo.  We  do  not  hear  of  any 
r^y.  In  1857  Mrs  Browtiing'a  fatlier  died,  uniecondled. 
Benrietta  Barrett  had  married,  like  ber  sister,  and  like  ber  wo* 
unfoiglven.  In  r8s8occurredBm)ihervisittoPir[s,andaBother 
to  Bonie,  where  Uawthome  and  bis  family  were  among  the 
BfOWnlngi^  friends.  In  1859  come  the  Italian  war  fn  which 
Uri  Bmwnlng'a  hasty  sympathies  were  hotly  engaged.  Her 
■dmlmtion  of  Italy's  champion.  Napoleon  III.,  knew  do  boundi, 
and  did  not  give  my  when,  by  Ihe  peace  of  ViUatianci,  Venice 
and  Rene  wen  kft  luvuinexcd  to  the  kingdom  of  luly,  and  the 
French  frontitn  were  "  rectified  "  by  the  withdrawal  from  that 
kingdom  of  Savoy  and  Nict  That  peace,  however,  was  a  biller 
divppointmeul,  and  ber  fragile  health  BuHcred.  At  Siena  and 
Florence  llua  year  the  Brovmtngi  were  very  kind  to  Landor,  old, 
sdiury,utdlil.  Mn  Browning's  poem,"  AToleof  ViUaflaaoi," 
wu  pnUidied  In  the  Alkaaaam  in  Septaaber,  and  aftetwardi 
h^^edJnFHiaitg<DnCmiKii(i86a).  Then  followed  UDther 
kmg  viiit  to  Roue,  and  there  Mra  Bnwabigptvvtd  [oc  the  pieaa 
Ihn,  be  kit  fdmne.    The  little  book  wai  Indfcd  with  oous 

A  Cwaftr  a  NaUen  bdng  mEstnkoi  for  a  denimcia- 
asit  was  aimed  at  Amelia  and  ha  slavery. 
ngit  others,  committed  Ihia  enoi.  The 
Saliriay  Rnitm  was  hard  on  the  vdtme,  so  wai  BlatiiBati; 
UmAttaintiDaatlfiwsttmaiMc.  Is  July  iStiowu  published 
"  A  Uniical  Inalnmeut "  In  the  ynag  CtnUill  Jf  afosine,  edited 
brtfaiMrtlwt'lftitulW.H.'Tlwckeny.  The  last  bkiw  (he  had 
to  endue  WM  the  dcMk  of  bn  tilts  Henrietta,  fai^the  some  vear. 
Oathejotbof  June  iS6i  Elizabeth 


kmtsnewiJdnBiyiriialekikMdedgeofhei.  Alwsyimiliii^, 
kappilr,  ud  with  k  face  Uk<  a  giil'i,  and  in  » lew  mmule*  ■!« 
a  uqr  ami,  ber  hiad  m  nF  duck.  .'.-.  Tlicn  wu 


BctnuriedBichBdbBaiaapcanclrhaiipj.  Something  baa  bc«n 
aid  of  tlw  dlBeiaica  between  hoband  and  wife  in  regard  to 
in  whick  Hra  Browning  had  IntcKit  and  faith. 


andhapplnes.  Of  ber  husband^  1««  Ciw  htf  <&«  «n>U  at  th« 
time  of  her  tnarriage,  "  Me  prelened  .  .  .  of  Iree  and  delibenle 
cbolce,  to  be  ■llawed  10  ail  only  ad  hour  a  day  by  my  eide,  to  tin 
fulfilment  of  the  brightat  dream  which  ahould  oclade  ne  la 
any  poaaible  world."  "  I  am  Mill  doubtful  whether  afl  the 
:m*.  ItbjaMaaifdietuBiaieagate 
'dock  f.il"  "  I  take  it  for  pure  magic,  tliii  lit*  of  nriiK. 
■o happy bdore."  'ImiMtqrMyoa 
[Mra  JamcKml  who  saw  the  begbtnlng  wjlh  oi,  that  tUa  end  «f 
Efteen  moatha  is  Just  fifteen  tbne*  better  and  biigbtar;  the 
mystical '  moon '  growing  larger  and  larger  till  tcaiedr  toom  i* 
left  (oranystarsataU:  the  ody  difference*  wUcb  have  lonched 
me  being  the  aon  and  more  happlnoa."  Browning  buried  hii 
wife  in  Florence,  under  a  tomb  dedgned  by  thrir  Irlsid  Fitderick 
Leigbton.  On  the  wall  of  Casa  Cuidi  b  pteced  tlw  inscription: 
"  Qui  icrlucenwitEliubetU  Barrett  Browning,  die  bicuored 
donna  concilia  va  uienia  di  dot  to  e  ipirito  dl  poeta,  c  face  del  mo 
verso  aureo  annello  fra  ItaUae  InghUietn.  Pone  qneata  tspida 
Firenie  grata  iBlSr."  In  1866  Roben  BiowDiiig  pttblUied  a 
volume  of  selcclloni  fntn  his  wife'i  works. 

The  place  of  EQcabelh  Barrett  Browning  in  EngBih  dteratuK 
Ls  high.  If  not  upon  the  snnuniLs.  She  bad  an  original  geuna,  a 
fervent  heart,  stid  an  intcOect  that  was.  If  not  great,  eacesifin^ 
active  She  iddam  has  compotun  or  itpcae,  bat  ft  i>  dm  Une 
that  her  poetry  Is  purely  emotionii.  It  is  full  of  abuDdant, 
and  even  over-abundant,  thon^ia  It  is  inteDectually  rtstlesa. 
The  impaisioned  peace  of  the  greatest  poetry,  and  as  Wwda- 
worth's,  in  t»t  hers.  Nordid  sheapparentlysed  to  attain  thma 
heights.  Her  Greek  training  taught  her  little  of  the  economy 
that  auch  a  poetic  education  is  held  to  impose;  she  "  dadted," 
not  by  raaon  of  remlnine  weaknCH,  but  as  it  aren  to  pi«*«  be* 
poiaeisian  of  masculiiK  itrength.  Her  gentler  wnk,  at  to  tha 
^naeii  fram  Oe  Parhiiitat,  ia  beyond  praiae.  There  f*  So  bcr 
pocticpenonalltya^ory  of  righteouaneis,  of  i]rirlluaB^,andaf 
ardour  that  maku  ber  nam*  a  splcDdid  one  fu  the  Urtoiy  at  aa 
incorapanble  Iheratuia. 

Sh  the  UUn  ^  SlitatM  BantU  Brfumkt  oiAtBii  ^  R.  H. 
Btnt. mU  CMmMi  m  CiiiUiMaentriu,cditad  by  S.  R.  Tom- 
ibeod  Mayer  (1  vols.,  1B77)'.  Tin  fitlial  Wtrkl  a/ BaaiiA  BarrtU 
Bnwtlntjnm  iSt6  te  1S44,  edited  with  memoic  by  J.  H.  Ingi — 
'■"■^i   EliiiibM^BiuTtaitatMlMt  (Emioeat  V' '-^ 


i.n.  iQgnm,  leH;:  Kearu^iaainsea,  j 
y  Anne  Ritchie  {l*H)i  Tti  IMm  ^ Ei _ 

fdited  with  biographical  eddillons  by  Frederick  C  Kenyon  (i  vole., 
1«9;);  ri*  ItlUn  a  ItabtH  BrowniWr  oni  Elaabrtk  BnntK  BarrrU 
tl  vol!..  1899] :  Ca  Vii  d  r  mmn  t  iiiaitA  Bnmmii^.  by  Udlki. 
CennoiDC- Marie  McHciB  ifaru,  1906)  (A.  Ua.) 

BROWKUO.  OBGAn  (iSjT-        ).  EafiOi  writer.  «a*  b«B  in 
London  aa  the  iTth  ef  Janoaqr  iSjT,  Ihe  aon  of 


Klng'a  CoIliKe,  Cambtidge,  of  which  he  became  ftUow  and  ttttor, 
graduating  fourth  in  theclaaticaltilpea«fi86o>  Hcwaaiocfilteca 
yean  a  maaler  at  Eton  CoOege,  -—■— '-g  tnUeaat  in  1876  at 
Cambridge,  where  be  became  uiiviniirlectiuw  to  hiita^.    Ha 


political  hi 
movement  lor'ibe  Ir 
Dante  studenta  by  hli  Daitii;  Uft  «d  Wtrii  (1891),  and  lo  tha 
BiDdy  of  Italian  history  he  ha*  contiibalid  Ctdflu  mut  CkAd- 
Una  (1903).  Hla  worka  on  modem  UUsry  indude  En^a*A  e*d 
iVafe^  ia  ijoj  (1887),  ifiitery  ^  fijvEMd  Ca  vcJa.  igQB).  IFon 
rf  Ikt  SiiHltuiA  Catmy  (iSw),  BaUrt^  Ewtft  ttu-iUl 
(iqot).  Hafditn,  lUfrM  PlnH  (i»al). 

BROWnHO,  BOBIBT  (i3i3-iS8»},  English  poet,  waa  bom 
at  Cambelwdl,  London,  on  the  7ll>  <<  Uay  1811.  Ha  waa  tba 
too  of  Robert  Brownfog  (i78r-rS£6),  who  toi  fifty  yean  wu 
(tnployed  In  the  Bonk  of  gh^Ln.!     Earlier  Biowninti  had  been 

the  statement  that  the  family  waa  partly  of  Jewish  ori^ 
The  poct'a  mother  was  a  daughtcc  of  William  Wiedemann,  a 
German  who  hod  aeitled  in  Dundee  and  nunied  a  Scottish  wife. 
His  parents  had  one  other  child,  a  daughter,  Sarianoa,  bom  in 
1S14..  Tb«y  lived qoieily in Canib««dL''neddtf|BqnmiiS 


BROWNING,  ROBERT 


67. 


bi^  a  nOctaDt  Idooow  ud 
He  had  •tioog  litem)'  and  uiiitlc  tuts.  He  *u  la  udeni 
book  mUecuu,  lod  to  good  «  dnu^Uaun  that  puonil 
uUkOfity  alone  bad  pnvented  bim  tram  adoptins  aji  aitlatic 
cancr.  He  had,  Uka  lua  ion,  a  sinpilar  facully  for  vmifyipft 
and  li^wd  the  boji'i  caily  Icaaau  by  twitting  the  Latin  gnmntar 
into  gi»naM|iii  tbrmc*.  He  Und,  ai  hii  father  had  daiie,  to  be 
84,  inlbttDbnkca  health.  lhe>«BngEtRfibcttinhaitHl,*loDg 
viih  Mbia  ehuacuriwica,  much  of  hi>  fatbci'i  vigaac  til  con- 
Mitutioo,  Fram  the  iBotbci,  iriw  had  ddkua  baaith,  be  ftOb- 
tbtr  dedicd  hii  eiceirive  ntrmoi  iiTit>biUt]r ;  lad  Inm  ho, 
loo,  CUM  Uf  pawiim  for  naric  TIk  funiljr  nai  nsiud  b)r  tha 
■tiDB^at  nntiialBflectiiB,  and  tlMpaicat*en«d,if  aajnUnf,  on 
tbe  lida  of  bididaeace.  BmniBS  ma  ami  to  a  fcbool  i>  the 
iMishboiuhood,  bat  kit  it  when  [onrtMn.  ami  had  little  other 
tfartiing  He  had  a  Fieach  tntoi  for  tbe  next  Vm  yean,  and  in 
kit  eighlecBth  jttx  he  attended  lune  Creek  kctma  at  the 
It  Kliool  he  never  mm  a  pri«i,  tbon^ 
aToid  than  to  win  Driaea.    Ho  wai  more 


n  act  phya.paitl)' written  brUmadL    He 
■  befon  bt  amid  write,  and  irim  twelve 


an  Mpedal  favourite;  and  beddea  the  RBibethan  dnnatiala 
andatandanlEntflihboolu,  behad  read  aUlhe  wotki  of  Voltain. 
"~~  ■■  -   -        Kr  Id  poetiy,  bn  alxNit  Uie  i^  of  [our- 

■r  with  Shelly  aad  Rett*.  FarShelley 
'  d  an  entboialic  admliatlca  which 
tn  hk  later  Me. 
V  dde  of  Bmwnbig^  chancier  was  as  iRt 
.  and  a  acU-wUlad  tad,  conidoiu  of  a  grow- 
«  ability,  foond  Usudf  cramped  In  Camberwdl  drdes.  Be 
RjccUdlheardinaiycarMn  HededbiedilMafferofadeTkaUp 
in  Ibt  Bank  of  btgland;  and  Mi  lader,  who  had  found  the 
aocopailon  uncoagnii*),  not  oidy  approved  the  nfuial  but 
Mtdially  accepted  tbeMm's  d«MDBto  take  poetry  forhispni' 
Icaiion.  For  jcxkI  or  evil,  Browning  had  been  left  veiy  much  to 
his  own  guidance,  and  [I  his  intdlecnul  ti^dng  suaered  in  Kane 
diiectioni,  the  liberty  permitled  the  devek^ment  o!  Ut  nuuled 
originaJlty.  The  parental  yoke,  however,  was  too  light  10  pro- 
voke rebellion.  Browning's  mental  growth  kd  to  no  violent 
breach  with  the  creeds  of  hb  childhood.  His  parents  became 
Dissenters  In  middle  life,  but  often  attended  Anglifan  services; 
and  Browning,  thoogh  he  abandoned  the  dogmas,  conlinued  to 
>yiApa(hl»vri[h  the  s[rirlt  of  their  creed.  He  never  took  a  keen 
Inuresl  in  the  politics  of  the  day,  but  cordially  accepted  the 
geaeral  poaitlon  of  eonlemporary  LIberalijm.  His  worship  of 
ShtDey  did  not  mean  an  scnptinre  of  his  mnater^  hoatlle 
attitude  towards  Chrislianftr,  still  Ins  did  he  revolt  agaitul  the 
moral  disdplfne  under  whidi  he  had  '  ■      ->    - 


^Hlen 


,  and  n 


.lely  ton 


obed,  * 


mother.  He  lived  with  his  parents  anlil  his  tnarriage.  Hft 
molher  lived  till  1819,  and  his  father  till  iSM,  and  his  aBHiionatc 
relations  to  both  remained  unaltered.  Browning's  lint  published 
poem,  PanlliK,  appeared  anonymously  in  1833.  He  slways 
regarded  it  as  crude,  and  destmyed  all  the  copies  of  this  edition 
that  came  within  his  reach.  It  was  only  lo  avoid  unanthoriECd 
reprints  that  he  consented  with  relnclance  to  republishing  ft  ie 
the  collected  works  of  186S.  The  hidiailon  of  genius  was  reeog- 
«iied  by  W.  ].  Foi,  who  hailHl  it  m  tho  UmMy  gefnilory  ai 


markAis  the  advent  at  •  line  post.  Pasftaa  oat^ia  aa 
thuiiaslic  HvocatiM  cS  Shelley,  whoae  iDfloescs  iqwn  ila  1 
andcoBCeptioniistnin^Badced.  It  is  Cha  only  one  of  B« 
ing'i  worka  whid  (am  he  regarded  ai  imitative.  In  the  »i 
'   iSjj  bo  went  to  St  Petcnbuif  on  a  visit  to  tht  S 


_-  pemnality«iafDlynvesledinUiBeua«^dci> 

aUe|xwai,i>Srwelni>(iS35)aad5(tAU*<it40l.  Wllhi>a<iJibw. 

» .»...  . —   _  gjonp.    In  aa  enay  (prefixed  lo  the 

ol  i85t},  Biownlog  deaoibei  SbtUt^ 


of  tbe  imivtue  to  IMty."    Ihe  pi 


, wUch  ahoold  fit  him  for  hia  task.    Hie  bcio  ot 

Patau*  ii  faia  norlttd  state  of  nind  whldi  mdanjBra  bn  fiddily 
lUidity.     fjMgfaiaand^afJdleaiaaUdfesiBtbepaydiology 


ki^.  He  GnaBy  givaa  ip  poMiy  fo'  pactical  politka,  and  gets 
into  porpleiiliBS  only  to  he  nhred  by  U*  death.  AaliiMiniiU 
in  lonia  Indefialla  d^te*  rdkct  Brming'a  own  fedinv,  but  in 
tha  laliT  poemabe  adopta  Uscbaractadt  tic  loatfKid  of  speaking  Id 
a  qtu«i.dranatic  Dood.  Th^  arc,  aa  ha  gava  utlBB,  "  poai^ 
BOtdnnw."  TbelnterotlsnotiB  tbatttctnalarait^bnlia 
tbt "  devdopouot  of  a  Hnl ";  but  thsy  art  ob 
msn'a  noli,  not  direct  re 

based  upon  a  (tody  of  th „ ,. . .,_ 

a  hbtorical  though  a  vary  faukfalta  pcmn.  llu  bacfcVHUHt 
o(  hiuory  It  Intentionally,  vagua  fai  both  caaet.  There  la  nu 
rmarfcaMe  dUercna  between  them.    Tike  Pttncdtn,  thou^ 


ill  of  noble  pasoges,  b  cstainly  diffuie.    Brawidng  baud  that 
f  in  ••       


articulately  comUned.    To  the  ordinary  ra 


'bother 


but  the  "  obieuriiy  "  never  af  t«wardi  readied  the  j^h  of 
SorirOe.  It  Is  due  to  the  vagueness  with  wUch  tbe  tl«y  It 
rather  hinted  than  told,  aa  wdl  as  to  the  subtlety  and  intricacy 
ot  tbe  psychological  eiposilioni.  Hie  sabtlety  and  vigour  tf 
the  thouf^t  are  indeed  surprising,  and  nuy  justify  the  frequent 
comparisons  to  Sbakcspeare;  and  it  abounds  In  descripliw 
passages  of  genrfoe  poetry. 

Still,  Bmwning  seems  to  have  been  mided  by  a  fallacy.  U 
wu  quite  le^timate  to  subordinate  tbe  extonsl  inddeots  to 
the  psycbi^aglfal  development  hi  which  he  was  leaUy  loterated,  . 
but  to  secure  the  subordination  by  making  tbe  iuddents  hardy 
jnicUi^ble  wts  iwt  a  kigical  consequence.  We  should  not 
undcisland  Hamlel's  psydiological  pecaliaiitiea  the  better  if 
we  had  10  Infer  his  family  troubles  fromiDdicecthlint.  Brown- 
ing gave  more  time  to  Strdtllc  thin  to  any  other  woch,  and 
perhaps  had  become  so  faroDlar  with  the  story  which  be  ptofctsed 
to  tell  that  he  failed  lo  make  allowince  for  Us  readers'  difflr 
cultlcs.  In  any  case  It  was  not  surprising  that  the  ordiBSiy 
Ttadcrshoutdbepouledandrfpellcd,  uidthe  general  recognitiDD 
of  his  genius  Irmg  delayed,  by  his  reputation  lor  obsoirity-  It 
night,  howcTcf,  be  eipectedthat  hewouldmakeamoie  sacms- 
ful  ippeal  to  the  public  by  purely'dramatic  work.  In  which  he 
would  have  to  limit  his  psychological  speculation  and  Co  jAm/oc 
his  characters  in  plain  situations.  Paiacdnu  and  Srielio  show 
so  great  a  power  of  nading  character  and  appreciating  suhtlcr 
Bprhigs  of  conduct  that  Its  atithoi  dearly  had  ana,  at  least,  of 
the  easeuiial  qiulikatkaa  of 


671 


BROWNINO,  ROBERT 


Bftec  SMrft*  appond  Brawnlat  bad  tried  Ua  bud  Ib  [hir 
dtaccttoB.    Ha  waa  cncoanied  by  ontwud  dtcnnntanrw  ai 

.    JohoFcnUerliadbaBigRatljr 

^_. ,  m&g^  love  ot  tlks  thaatte  had 

lal'uaaiatiodiicUa&loUacKadybthaoinlct  of  iSjs-tSjt; 
■ud  Huieadr,  who  had  been  alM  improaed  by  Ptittdna, 
(iked  biia  fM  a  [l^.  Breniiiii  canaented  and  viote  Strejpii, 
^HA  waa  produced  at  Coveal  Gudai  in  Hajr  iSjt,  Macwdy 
UUnfthe  prindpal  pan.  lateidniiutveniCiaf  Vidaroni 
Kimt  Cliaita,  puhliihed  ia  lUr,  Tkt  tlitm  if  Hi  Drtaa  and 
ABMf»ai'Sailcit»(f>BAlaii*3>,Ci>l*mUiBinU«yUa4*), 
laria  aad  j|  AMiTj  rrofi^  (bolli  in  1S46),  and  Uh  Infmeataiy 
/•  a  Cokdir  (><5l1-  Sngwi  nucMdol  iaiily,  thon^  the 
MtOkn  oi  Vasdeuhoff,  «ho  took  tha  pan  ol  Fym,  itopped 
Jiaiia  afur  de  ffihpolormaiiee.  Hie  SdMMAk'&Mcim, 
■radoeed  by  Macnady  la  maaacai  cf  Dnuy  Laua  on  the  1 1  th  o( 
Feh«aiyil4i.ledtoa»i '     ' 


and  had  fntlfied  Ut  aplla  b}  an  faadaqoata  praenlatka  of 
Iha  play.  '  Be  leDnBttnlad  bidlpiautly  and  tbe  bienddiip  wu 
bdua  off  fbrjMi*.  Sitntningma  dtsfuMedbyUieipeneBce 
4d  Iha  asDoyancta  of  piactlcal  ptay-millnt  Chnii^  be  vai  not 
alMgWhrr  tiaoiuraicd.    ne  play   had   appateiUly  nch  ■ 


atadlar  DodaM  leaoK  Ma  attained  by  CWmih't 
dqced  at  Covcnt  Gaiden  on  the  ijth  ol  April  its).  Biondng, 
Uka  other  cmineBt  willaa  of  the  day,  faOad  to  achieva  tha  feat 
•(  atmctinf  the  Bdtkh  pabGc  by  dtamaa  <f  hi^  Utcnuy  alBtt, 
■■d  BBi  mat  op  tha  attempt.  It  ha*  been  aidd  by  Eoan>etent 
a  ot  tha  pl^  could  be  fitted  !«  the  lUige  by 
.    Tilt  Bit  anOm  'SaOdiiM  hia  ■  very 


ia  taMagea  of  k^h  poetic  power.  like  iJv  pocnu,  they 
<rilh  ■iiuatloiia  InvoMiii  ■  mnl  pnbstion  of  the  chanc 
■nddlaniagieitbiKtlitcthkalpiotaiciiBiriikhalwaya  inleitated 
ilOB.  The  ^leediea  tend  to  boeome  riabetate  analyaemol  motive 
hy  tha  penou  anuxnied,  and  tiy  the  patience  of  an  avoage 
audience  For  whatna  reaion,  BnnrelBf,  thoa|h  be  had  given 
(ufBdcot  pnofi  <A  (ealtB,  bad  not  found  In  theu  wotfca  the 


1,  after  SInftri,  fonaed  the  pcateat  part  of  a 

aerieasf  pam^leti  called  &tfi  sod  FMWpaiulu,  eight  of  lAich 

.....    .---;„  ,g^    The  naote,  he  erplained,  wai 

"  alteraatka  of  poetry  and  thaui^" 
ed  tlie  faacifiJ  and  r  hiTituriitic  Pifft 
fatta.  Tha  aennth,  ilgriScantly  named  DramaUt  AnuKw 
and  £)r{B,  coBtateed  aeawsl  hit  moat  itifldns  ihatter  poema. 
In  i&H  ha  Dontdbnted  rii  poenH,  amotic  which  wen  "  The 
nj|ht  of  the  Dodeaa  "  and  "  The  Biihop  ofdeu  Ida  Tomb  at 
81  Pnnfa  Chinch,"  to  Hood'a  Uttmait,  in  ordra  to  bdp  Hood, 
then  In  Ui  hat  Uliuaa.  Thtae  poemi  take  the  ipedil  (onn  in 
which  Brawnlni  h  miivaUed.  He  wrote  veiy  few  lyrical  poerat 
af  tha  ocdteaiy  kind  pmpotini  to  (ivc  a  dinct  er^taaoB  oI 
Ha  ownpenonal  emotkoi.  But,  la  the  lyric  which  giva  the 
till  Hal  aoitiBent  of  amw  impitMive  dnuoatic  liLiuIioo,  he 
baa  luflr  been  ippnadKd.  Ineie  k  xandy  one  ol  the  pocmi 
pubUihcd  at  thb  lima  which  can  be  i«cd  without  fixing  iucif 
at  ooce  in  the  taaaary;,  ai  a  toKiUe  and  punient  preKniitJon 
at  a  cbaiatterietic  stood.  .  Thaii  vigoui  and  origiulity  failed 
to  oKeroeie  at  once  the  ptcaumptian  agilnit  tlie  author  of 
StHdh.  Yet  BiowDliig  waa  already  known  to  and  appreciated 
by  ntdi  Utcraly  celefaritln  at  the  day  a*  Talicniid,  Leigh  Hunt, 
Pncter,Uoncktonllilna,CadyleaadL>ndoc.  Hiilamebcgan 
to  ipread  amonf  (ympathttie  leaden.  The  BtiU  and  Feme- 
pamaln  attracted  tba  lidns  adiod  of  "  pre-Raphaciil«," 
aapedally  D,  G.  RoaKttI,  who  (Utaaed  the  lutbonhip  oC  Ibe 
aaonynMraa  PoafiM  and  made  a  tiaoacript  from  the  copy  la  the 
Bdtkk  Moaaom.  Bat  hb  aadieDCc  wat  itiU  aelect. 
T  Antbn  ncafBttloa  of  hii  gonia  waa  of  incompanbly  moie 
p-itimnl  hupoitance  and  vitaUy  afladod  bit  hialoiy.  In  1844 
MIm  Bairetl  (lee  Bnownxo,  Euaum  Baaun}  pobliahed 


with  a  itriUng  phnaa  about  BrowniBi'a  poena.    Kb  wwa 
nitonUy  gntified,  and  her  ipccul  fiJeod  and  coa^n.  Join 

paraonal  luteniew  after  a  little  diffidence,  and  a  hearty  w^ 


Imcatdeirotcdbva.    MiM  Barrett  waa  all  ye«n 

She  waa  tenderly  attached  to  u  autocntic  father  4to  obfe^ed 

ol  the  kvei*  (puhUihed.  in  itK"))  ehowi  not  only  tbetr  mottnl 
devotfoD,  but  the  cUvalnnu  ddiocy  with  wUdi  Browning 
behaved  In  a^moit  tryfag  ntimtion.  hll»  Bairctt  wu  ftadik- 
tlly  encomaged  to  diaobey  tha  nttoly  unnuonaUe  dnpotiim. 
They  madeadaiidcalinemaiTiage  on  the  iith  of  Septembs  1&16, 


for  BOma  thne,  though  alwayi  fragile  and  ino^iablB  of 

acdva  enrtim.    She  had  already  bcea  re "  ' ' 

■inter  in  Italy.    ~        ■     •    ■ 

and  hb  imptead  _  .       _ _  _  .    ...    _.  _.  .    

and  Fitt«  Foim,  in  Ttt  Ea^lmKi  ta  Hely  and  Ham» 
TieuiUafnm  Abraad.  For  the  next  Gfteoryeui  the  Bromt- 
inga  lived  maiidy  in  Italy,  making  their  headqurten  at  FlDreDce 
in  the  OaiB  GnidL  A  coiqile  of  winteii  were  pamed  in  Romc^ 
In  the  inmnier  of  1849  they  wnc  at  SSena,  whoe  Bnwning  was 
hdpful  to  Landor,  flien  in  Im  last  domcatlc  Iroubki.  Thcyaln 
viiitad  Fwgifwit  tsd  (wto*  tpent  loaw  moiuhi  in  Pane.  Thdj 
only  child,  Kobett  Wiedemann  Btowsbig,  waa  born  at  Hoicnce 
!n  1S49.  BitnmlnE't  Uterary  actJvJQr  dudng  hit  tsaniage  eeema 
to  hive  been  cowpintlvely  imall;  Ciriitmat  £m  and  Eailtr 
Day  appeared  in  tSso.  while  the  two  Tolunet  called  ifta  oW 
Ifimm  (ig55),caBtiiniDg  acnne  of  hsbetlwe^ihowed  tlmthia 
power  wai  itiil  growing.  Uia  poaition  Involved  lome  sacrifice 
and  impoied  limitationi  upon  ba  cseigiet.  lln  Browning^ 
health  required  a  aeduded  UGe;  and  firownin^  it  la  aaid,  iieta 
dfaied  001  dnriug  hia  manlage,  tbovgh  be  enjoyed  aodety  and 
made  many  and  very  warm  friendahipe.  AmoDg  tbtit  Ilonnce 
trienda  were  Haigatel  Fuller  QmU,  ba  Bhfden,  Chtilca  Lever 
and  otbett.  Tbt  lady  breach  td  complete  aympalhy  with  Ui 
wile  watdaetoUioOBliempt  for"  apiritnaliala  "and"  mcdiaoia," 
in  iriiom  the  f  tdly  believed.  Hia  poitiait  of  Danld  Dimgha 
Home  aa  "  Giodge  the  Uedhm  "  oily  wpeared  altti  bet  4^  Ih. 
Thi»  demeatiehappliieat,  however,  remained  eatentiallyunbniliai 
untU  *he  died  on  19th  June  )Wi.  The  whole  lave^lory  had 
revealed  the  lingular  iicliillty  ol  his  cbaitcler,  and,  though 
cnnhed  for  a  time  by  the  hk>w,  he  bore  it  manfully.  Browning 
detemdned  to  return  to  En^aiui  and  Buperinlend  hia  boy^ 
aducation  at  hoiae.  He  UxA  >  home  at  ig  Warwick  CieKent, 
Paddinglon,  and  became  gradually  acclimatized  in  London. 
He  Raumed  hb  w«k  and  pubMied  the  Drarxalii  Piriemai  in 
iSt4.  The  publicition  wu  well  enough  'eceived  to  mark  the 
(rowing  recognition  of  hii  genioa,  which  wu  cDnGrmed  by  Till 
Rinf  and  Iht  Book,  publiiheil  in  four  volumes  in  the  winter  «f 
rS6S-i86g.  In  1S6;  the  umvciaity  ol  Oifonl  gave  him  the 
degree  of  M^  "  by  diplanu."  and  Balliol  OJkge  elected  him 
u  an  honorary  ieUow.  In  iS«8  be  declined  a  virtual  ollcr  ol  tha 
rectonhip  of  St  Andrewi.  He  repeated  the  idusal  on  a  later 
occaalon  (rSS4)  from  a  dislike  to  the  delivery  ol  a  public  addiua. 
Ihe  riling  genuaiion  wu  now  beginning  to  buy  hii  bookaj 
and  he  ihared  the  homace  of  tboughtf  ul  readera  Kilh  Teimyaoi^ 
though  in  general  popniamy  be  cculd  rket  approach  hit  friendly 
rival.  Tkt  Rin[  aid  Mc  £iwi  hu  besi  generally  accepted  aa 
Bronning'i  muteipiece.  It  wu  baaed  on  a  copy  of  tbe  pricii 
■ffAdJoiGuidoFraiKeacbini^acaieditor/eredbyhim  at  Florence, 
Theaudadlyol  the  Kbemc  ii  lurpriaing.     To  Idl  theitolyof 

detail  with  the  minutenca  of  a  law  report,  could  have  oczuircd 
to  no  one  cUe.    Tbt  poem  11  ao  far  at  the  oppoaite  pole  from  Stf' 

dtlla.    VaguciiaaalcavliOBmcatiaittriatcdlqr  ipholopaphic 


BROWNING,  ROBERT 


673 


K^pili 


Ji^ttnfM— ,  ttwig]i  th>  p«Tdohigic>)  inurat  i>  damlntut  1b 
botli.  pKiticulai  phcua  imy  be  cnbbed,  but  nothins  an  be 
mon  ditdnct  and  vivid  ta  tlunighi  ud  cnuxptian.  I!  tome 
of  Ihoie  "  dramatic  moiialogna  "  of  which  tlit  book  is  formed 
laD  to  be  poetry  at  all.  tome  of  Ihem— tliaC  of  Fompilla  the 
victim,  her  dun^ioD  Capouacchi,  and  the  pope  who  ^vcs 
IndKmeiit — are  in  Browning'E  highat  mood,  and  are  u  un- 
t  from  the  ethical  u  from  the  poetiol  point  of  view. 
)ubt  Iti  some  nspects  ta  iduliitd  poitinit 
of  Un  Brawoing,  Other  pien*  may  be  accepted  u  a  backgiotiod 
ei  comntDbpIare  to  throw  the  heroic  into  the  atronger  relief. 
Tht  l^ni  ami  Ue  Sast  is  is  poverful  as  [U  method  ii  unique. 

Browiung  became  gentler  and  moro  urbane  aa  he  grew  older. 
His  growing  fame  made  him  welcome  In  all  cultivated  drdea, 
and  he  accepted  the  hainage  of  hli  wbniRD  wilb  dignity  and 
■unpliclty.  He  eietted  hinuelf  to  b«  agreeable  in  jnivate 
lodety,  tliough  hli  nervousneu  made  him  Invailab^  dedine 
ever  la  nuke  public  ipetchs.  He  wu  an  admitable  talker, 
and  took  ptjns  to  talk  hii  best.  A  strong  memory  sup[Jied  bim 
with  abundant  anecdotct;  and  thongh  occaiioDally  pugnactaus, 

due  b>  hii  cfauicteiliticRlucUiue  to  lay  ban  hb  deeper  feelings. 
Vnwa  due  occulca  offend,  Che  undertying  tendeniesa  of  his 
■ffectioni  wa*  abundantly  manifeiC.  No  one  could  ibow  mon 
delicate  •ynpatlor.  He  made  many  warm  personal  friendships 
fD  hb  bta  y<an,  apcdally  with  women,  to  whom  he  could 
Don  tagOf  confide  Us  laelingv.  In  the  early  yean  of  this 
period  ke  pdd  vjsiti  to  couatty  houses,  bot  afterwards  preferred 
10  letin  futbet  ttnm  the  Umdoa  atmosphere  Into  secluded 
K^a».  He  paued  loine  holidays  in  reatote  French  villages, 
FOmlc,  Lc  Ooaic  and  SI  Aubyn,  whicji  have  left  tracea  in  his 
poetry.  Cold  Hair  is  a  legend  of  Poinlc,  and  Bint  Rid 
Wa*  wriUcn  at  Le  Crobic  At  St  Aubya  he  had  the.tociety  of 
Jcacpli  Hilsand,  who  hadahown  his  warm  appredallonirf  BiovD- 
ing  'a  poetry  by  an  artida  in  tlie  JtmH  ia  Dm  MaHda,  idiicb 
In  tSji  had  led  to  a  pctioaal  fricndah^  lining  t31  Hflsand'i 
death  In  1886.  Brawning  lent  to  him  tbe  proof^beets  of  all  U> 
lata  worlj  lor  leviilon.  In  1877  Brcnralng  wu  M  La  Saislai 
en  tlM  Saltvi,  mm  Gown,  where  aa  old  friend,  Min  Egorton 
Smhli,  wa  Msyfa«.   Shodiedsui- 


iBorie.  The  duxi  ot  bet  (on  produced  tiw  ilncalat  poem 
cilkd  la  SaiHa,  in  wMcb  he  argues  the  prohlen  of  pctioaal 
brnMrtality  with  a  cather  indefinite  conclusion.  In  later  yean 
BMWning  returned  to  Italy,  and  passed  several  autumns  at 
Veiiet.  Be  never  vfaiCed  Jlotcnce  after  his  wife's  death  there. 
BfovuBg't  literary  activjty  continued  tiU  almon  the  end  of 
Ualife.  Be  wrote  cotntantly,  tbou|^  be  coBipnMd  moie  slowly. 
He  considaed  twenty-fin  ot  Ihiny  Ud(9  K>  be  >  good  day's 
woiIl  His  later  writings  coMttdeveiygicetvuiety  of  sabjects. 
and-wne  can  ia  meny  dilHent  fonn.  Tbey  dww  the  old 
'a  end  often  the  vU  geoini.    Brewning'B  marked 


poeOy  or  when  he  k  Tosilying  lo] 


k  TBsilying  logic;  and  «Aen  the  veeulalive 

nppa  hand,  ha  woA  suggests  the  doobt 

in  imigiBecy  dielogna  in  pnti  wndd  aot  baie  been  » 

'■  -     g,  jg  analyiing  at  length  when  he 

e  ^pe,  vfaBe  the 


-  ■>  (iST>}>  en  Mu 
for  Look  Napoleon.    Hh  attempt  to  ibow  how  a  queMiDnable 
ipdagiMB  to  himsdl  ROdli  the  *ay  powerM  "  Biibop 
ram,"  and  ''  Etedgt,  the  mediiim,''  ol  earlier  wmks,  bat 
apnliiandobKan.    F^MtflfaPor (iS;i)uanothn 
i  ipecolitioo  cantalniBg  ■  ddenca  ol  vcnatiliQr  in  love- 
ly ao  Imaginuy  Dm  Juan.    Its  occasiDaBUy  cynical 
\,  w]k>  tcaietly  made  due 


allowaBCe  tor  Iti  dramatic  denetCT.    Biewnfng^s  pnlmmd 

appRdalion  ot  higb  moral  qualities  b,  however,  alwayi  one 
main  source  of  Us  power.  In  later  years  he  became  cqiedally 
interested  b  stories  of  real  Ule,  which  show  charsclor  passing 
-thtou^  tome  sharp  ordeaL  The  Rid  CeUm  Ni^Elctf  Ca»i^ 
[187 j),  daciibing  a  strange  tragedy  which  bad  recently  takm 
place  In  France,  and  especially  Tkt  Imt  Alium  (187^,  fomded 
on  an  event  In  modem  En^ish  society,  are  poweifnl  appUcatiane 
at  the  method)  already  enmpliSed  in  Ti*  Riiti  and  tlH  Btah. 
The  Dramalic  Idyit  (1879  and  iSSo}  are  a  coOection  ot  direct 
narratives,  with  less  snalytictl  disquisition,  which  turptiaed  hli 
resdersbytbeirsustained  vigour-  In  the  last  vcdumei,  Joauri4 
(tS«3),  Fmiitak,  Faiaia  (1884),  Parltjmp  vUk  CvMos 
Pedf  It  {1887)  end  Untold*  CtB8Q].  the  old  power  is  still  apparenl 
hut  the  hand  b  beginning  to  fail,  Tbey  contain  discusiiraii  <t 
metapdiyiica]  problems,  tudi  as  the  oti^  of  evU,  whidi  ara 
bleresling  d  Indications  nf  hb  creed,  but  can  scarcely  be 
regarded  as  successful  eilher  poetically  oc  philoso]diically. 

Anetber  gnmp  of  poems  showed  Browning's  [nttmt  in  Oteek 
litvsnire.  £o'aiufi0b'r^ifDnfi(re(r87i)  Includes  a"  ttaoseript 
from  Eurlptdcs,"  a  tranUalion,  that  it,  of  part  ot  the  Alatu. 
AriitapJiaius'  Afolary  [187;)  induded  aaothcf  tmnslatloo  fiom 
the  Hcradii,  and  in  1877  he  pubUsbed  a  very  litenl  translatlati 
of  the  Afamttmnw.  li^ii  seems,  wu  meant  todlqinnri  tho 
docliioe  that  .Esciiylui  vu  a  model  of  Eieraiy  style.  Brown- 
ing shored  his  wife's  admlraclDn  for  £m^>ida.  and  takes  a  pbiase 
fiom  one  of  her  poems  as  a  motto  for  BalaiuliM'i  AdtnMin. 
In  the  ArUtufkaati'  Afoloty  this  leeds  chancterfstictDy  to  ■ 
long  eiposltlim  by  Aiistophaaes  of  hb  nnialitfactory  reasons 
for  ridlcuUng  Euripides.    It  recalls  the  apolo^  oi  "Blongiam" 

of  his  poelictl  theoiy.  Browning  wu  to  tuuqi  naden  a  nncli 
prophet  ta  poet.  Hkrellgiousp«itiontan)cate:qilieit]y,lbou(^ 
still  not  veiy  dearly,  sot  forth  In  Iks  CbiUmct  Ett  ead  BaMr 
Day  (tSja).  Uke  many  endnent  contempcnric*,  he  combfned 
a  disbelid  In  orthodoi  dogma  with  a  pnfound  convlcllan  ef  the 
impoitince  to  tbe  leUtfous  instincts  of  the  lymboli  incoipoiatad 
b  accepted  creeds.  -  Said  (1845).  A  Bilk  In  tb  Dturt  (1864},- 
and  £in3Br  poons.  show  bb  sttiMig  qmpathy  with  the  spirit 
ol  the  old  belief,  dnn^  hb  aigiunentsllve  worki  beve  a  man 
ottcisscqiticaltunL  It  was  sandy  posubte,  M  desirable,  to  bo 
otighul  on  such  topics.  Hb  admirBi  hold  thtt  be  tboira  an 
affinity  to  Gemun  mete^iyiiciint,  tkngh  he  had  never  read 
tbar  works  nor  made  any  eiprets  study  of  metaphysical  tpe*- 
tions.  Hb  distinctive  tendency  b  to  be  fooDd  talba  in  the 
doctrine  of  Me  and  conduct  wUch  both  suggsu  and  b  iUnnmted 
by  his  psychido^cal  analyses.  A  very  characteristic  thoo^ 
es^Aatic^ly  set  forth  in  the  EaM  Bat  E^a  (1S64]  and  the 
OnieMrHin'i  PunerBl  (i8js)  is  that  a  man's  value  is  to  be 
nuasiued,  not  by  the  work  done,  but  by  the  chirstter  whic^ 
baa  been  moulded.    J"     '" 


ambition  and  capable  ol  selt-eaaifice,  bceaue  founded  iqna 
pure  love  and  ^Fmpethy  foi  hnnsD  suffeiing.  Brswning'l 
limitations  an  characteibtic  ct  the  poetiy  of  attong  etUa) 
pnoccnpations.    Bb  strong  idNaynaiv,  Us  Qnqathy  with 

with  the  Shakeqiearian  mpadty  tor  tympathWng  with  tbe  meet 
veiled  types  of  cfaktactei;    lliongh  he  deab  wfth  ■  gnat  vuiHy 


of  the  boniUe.  CI  ,   . 

delible  poitraia.  Hw  abeence  c(  as  eiquirite  tense  lor  the  li  A 
word  k  compensated  by  the  singular  power  ot  striking  Ibe  Dioet 
brSliam  flaihet  out  of  obviously  wrong  words,  and  forcing  comic 
rhynee  to  cipiets  the  deepen  and  moU  soious  Ihoughls.. 
Ihoogh  he  professed  to  can  little  for  motive  as  apart  from 


vivid. 


in  irf  iliii  iljillisi  an  Ml- 


*7+ 


BROWN-SfiQUARD— BROWNSON 


iRu  became  fnunl  in  hii 
bier  yon.  (nd  ted  n*  perhap*  ■  litde  heighuiud  by  Ihc  »m- 
pbcency  ol  diKipla  able  to  poulnte  >  lUCfiOMd  miM  of 
sbfcurity.  The  Browning  Sodety,  founded  In  1881  by  Di  F.J. 
FiiinivaauulMHaE.H.  Uickey.vaia  pmducl  of  tUi  (ppncU- 
Iwu,  and  helped  u>  exUnid  ihn  itndy  of  the  poeitu.  Biowning 
afff^fd  tbe  bomign  in  a  limpli  and  friendly  iny,  ibough  he 
avoided  any  action  iriikh  wotdd  malte  bin  retpooiible  for  tlie 
pubUcttiom.  Ha  ncdvcd  vuioti*  bonoun:  LL.D.  degree  From 
Cambridge  in  iS;q,  the  D.C  J»  fran  Oifnrd  in  1S81.  and  LL.D. 
from  £dinbui^  In  iSS«.  He  became  foreign  conespondent 
lo  the  RojFal  Academy  in  1SS6.  Hi*  •on,  wbo  liad  icttled  u 
Veniu,  married  In  iStf,  end  BmnuDg  Duved  to  De  Vcre 
Gardens.  In  the  autumn  of  1S89  bewcntwithliiKiitec  to  viiit 
bit  ton,  and  stayed  on  the  viy  at  Aaolo,  which  he  had  hnt  Kcn 
in  iSjB,  when  it  lUKiIied  the  icaiciy  of  Pipfc  faua.  He  ma 
dianned  with  the  place,  and  propoied  to  bi^  a  piece  of  gnnind 
and  to  build  upon  it  a  houie  to  be  called  "  Pippa'i  Tower" — in 
meiooiy  of  hie  early  heroine.  While  hii  piopoul  wu  undet  om- 
Mteration  he  vent  to  hia  un  at  Venice  His  health  bad  been 
biealiing  lor  lome  line,  and  a  cold,  aggiamed  by  wealuMM  of 
the  heart,  brought  on  a  fatal  attadL  He  died  on  the  i>th 
iSB«.  He  vu  buried  bi  Wettninatei  Abbey 
LiKcmber.  It  wa>  MoeMcd  that  hit  wife'i  body 
e  tvmavcd  iron  Florence  to  be  plae^  beaide  himi 
'  iou  li^lly  decided  that  bn  gcava  ihould  not  be 


teriitla  an  to  ationA  atamped 


tenpomy  IboughL  He  ia  unique  and  ontiidc  of  all  KhooU. 
Hit  Myk  ■•  w  peculiar  that  he  i>  tbieuiot  of  all  poeu  to  parody 
and  theimat  dangerou  to  imital*.  In  vltc  of  Ui  euly  Shelley 
woiahip  he  ia  in  certain  leqiecti  awre  eloialy  lebttcd  to  Ward*. 
worth.  Both  of  tlMB  Muted  by  acoepling  the  poet'*  mii^on 
■a  qnai^inopbctiatl  or  ethlcaL  In  othir  nepecta  they  are  dil- 
neukally  coatnitid.    Wardiworth  etpoonded  hli  philoKipby 


ilobtoti 


phy.    J 


druutic  mrdiod  si  which  Wotdawotth  >aa  utterly  incapable. 

fnio  hn  bsoka.  Yet  there  i*  no  writer  wbote  booka  aeen  to 
leaden  la  be  clearer  revelaiton*  of  himtetf.  Nothing,  in  fact, 
'  tic  of  a  man  than  hii  jodgmenti  of  olher  men. 
re  keoi  and  imequivDcaL  The  revohitfoDary 
out,  and  Brownirig  haa  little  to  lay  dtber 


11  little  intereitid.  too,  in  the  histarial  oi 
life.  He  talui  hii  (ubjecU  fiom  a  gre 
d  placti — frora  andenl  Greece,  medievi 


Italy  I 


'Of  ecenea 


plctureaque  lurroundiiiga,  but  in  the  human  bdng  wbo  ia  to  be 
ImouI  in  bH  period).  Like  Baluc,  whom  he  alwayi  greatly 
admired,  ha  ia  interetted  in  the  etern^  tragedy  and  aUDcdy  of 
Hie.  Hi*  problem  ii  alwayi  10  ahow  what  an  the  really  noble 
llrm  rmlnrhi'hirrrl-nnliyt  *■■!"- In  irfT'f  (lilun  to  achieve 
tangible  naulta.  He  glvea,  id  far,  another  venioQ  oS  Word^- 
Wurth'e  doctrine  of  the  culiivaLion  of  the  "  moial  being."  The 
Mydvdogical  acutenm  and  the  lubile  analyiii  of  cbincter  are. 
indeed,  peculiar  lo  himself.  Like  C^rlyle,  with  whom  he  had 
***-f  iTi  pointa  of  affinity,  he  pnteila,  ihough  nthcr  by  impH- 
cation  than  direct  dmunciatlDo,  againit  the  nlUituian  or 
materidittlc  view  of  life,  and  fiiida  the  divin*  dement  in  the 
InitbictawhiEh  guideindinfanalaeTCfy  noblecbancter.  When 
he  ii  really  [mpHid  by  aympatlq'  for  raeh  eraoticai*  he  can  make 
til  most  gniteaque  fandei  and  bit  moat  far-fetched  atwlyiei 
lubiervient  to  poeliy  of  the  highest  order.  Il  can  hardly  be 
denied  that  hii  inlelledualingenulLy  often  teinpti  him  to  deviate 
from  his  true  function,  sod  that  his  obiervationi  are  not  to  be 
cacuKd  because  they  result  from  an  excess,  "*«"^^  of  a  do. 
fideacy,  ol   intellectual  acutencis.    But  the  vuiety  of   hi* 


W.  Robenwii 


— ... ,  Suiheiiaiid  Or?«  WnjKtiw 

of  Brttnmt  was  apomwd  bViihe  poer  hinisel' 
BrowBipf  Soci«y's^^«;  and  Mr  TTj.  Wte' 
SiWufrsBlry  if  On  IfnliMfi  <;/'  Rcitn  Bmnuf, 
LiUrarjAmidilatrilitNiiuucnIli  Cniwyl'^i)-' 

NfcoU  and  T.  I.  Wise:    Mr.  Edmund  G™e'>  _  . 

Piruufialigqo^lnDiioteswiipUtilbyBrocidaEhiinseU.  I 
hio^phical  and  i^iicil  lutnoRtiea  may  be  inealioaed; 
Nettkship.  Esmyi  {IMS!:  Aithur  Svmont.  An  Inurinctim 

Slwlf  Bf  irBnaii.l  (.886):    SlV'tl  Broole,  Tkl  PMry  ef 

Brirmiiir    (1901);     C.    K.    CbMItrton,    Browxini    (IjMJl    In    Ihe 
"  EegtiiE  Men  of  Lcttin  "  wmM.  (U  S.) 

BBOWH-^UABD,      CHASLEl     EDWARD     (riir-iSM). 
Brituh  phyiiologixt  and  Deurologist,  w      '  --.-■. 

Mauritiua.ontheSthaf April  1117.  Bit 
•nd  hl>  mother  a'FraichiHiraan,  but  be  liimsdf  alwaya  di 
10  be  loohed  upon  a*  a  Britiita  abject,  though  in  the  11  Mb  ma  ■ 
ol  hit  life  and  the  tatbiwaan  of  hii  divoritloB,  charaeteiinka 
of  hit  mother'i  nation  wen  plainly  viiiblb  After  gtadnatlng 
in  medicine  at  Paris  hi  1I4A  be  relumed  to  Hauriilin  with  the 
intention  of  practising  there,  but  in  1853  he  went  to  AraeriejL 
Subacquoitly  he  returned  to  Paris,  and  in  its9  he  migmted  10 
London,  ^^^^^^w*^  physician  to  the  nationaf  hoei^tal  foe  tbo 
patalyied  and  epileptic    llHrc  be  stayed  for  about  ive  yean. 


In  tM4  be  agiin  eneicd  the  Adintk,  and  va*  ^)poiiilad 
profeseor  of  phytMocy  and  nenn^patbelogy  at  HarvanL  IWa 
poBtion  he  reUnquished  in  ig67,  and  in  1S69  became  proftwnr  at 
the  ficole  de  HUecine  in  Paiia,  bui  in  it7j  heagtin  ntnraad  10 
America  and  be^n  10  pooiie  in  New  Voik.  FlaaDy,  be  went 
back  to  Paris  to  nocBcd  Oaude  Bonrd  ta  1878 11  piBfesw  of 
experimental  nedidnc  in  the  CoUige  de  France,  arvl  he  naained 
there  till  bli  death,  which  occmrai  on  the  ind  of  April  iIm 
at  Sceaui.  Brosn-ShLuard  was  a  keen  obsener  and  eqieri- 
mentahit-  HeaontribotedlaTsclytooor  knowledge  of  the  bkod 
and  animal  bent,  u  well  u  many  lactsol  the  highest  inparanca 
on  the  nervous  system.  He  wa*  the  finl  tdcnllit  to  wotk  eat 
the  physiology  oC  the  tpbai  oord,  demcoHrating  that  Iha 
decnmatlan  ol  the  sensory  fibre*  i*  b  the  cold  ItKlL  Bo  al» 
did  valuable  work  on  the  internal  seactlaa  of  ocvun,  the  laaU* 
of  i4iich  havi  been  applied  with  the  moat  satisfactury  ronlu 
in  the  tieattncnt  of  tnytoedema.  Unlonioiatcly  in  his  eilnme 
oldage,  be  advocated  the  hypodinnlefB|ictioaafaBuidpiq)uid 
from  the  lestide*  of  sbeem  M  1  focal  ~     '  -  -' — ■-     ' 


SlquanI  EUxir.     tBt  researchea,  ptifaHihed  in  abont  jon  aisqia 
and  papcn,  eqwdally  in  the  Arikma  dt  Pkyiiiliipe,  ^Mik  hr 
helped  lit  found  in  iS6S.co*eravciywtdBiBngBaiphyliolagi(nl 
and  pathological  nb)ecti. 
BBOWNSM,  OaBTBI  AOOinTni  (iSos-iXtQ,  Aurkan 

SMdibrtdge,  Vermont,  a  the  16th  of  Septraber  iSei.    HB*h« 
spent  soow  time  in  active  RUgioas,  refoiuatoijr  and  poUlkal 

IBaopcnxM  work  in  tb*  iuloiet  of 

Walpol*,NewHami  " 
removed  In  igj9  to 


He  wo  one  of  the  founden,  in  New  York,  of  th«  si 
W«kingman's  p«ny  in  iSiS,  and  oublishcd  ibe  BMlMQwrtoly 
JicHiw,  mainly  written  by  bimteU,  in  iSjS.  lUs  peiiadkal 
>■*  mmged  in  the  t;.j:  i)astaW>f  JifldM  •<  Naw  YoritiB  lUk 


BROWNSVILLE— BRUCE,  A.  B. 


675 


b  idVoB  be  Ent  hewH  ■  Pnbribeiuii  (1811);  wu  «  IM- 
mmllM  mmisler  from  i3iS  to  i8jr,  editing  lor  MBietiiDC 
tbe  diief  jounisl  ol  ttiii  churdi,  the  Catptl  Mtoatt ;  «**  >m 
indepnulcat  pcttcba-  at  Illuca,  N.V,,  in  iSji;  bKUK  1 
Xliitariaa  mnuster  In  183a.  ud  ia  1836  oipniitd  io  BeaMBtbe 
Sodcty  tor  ChriMisti  Unioii  *nd  Pnignu,  ol  whkk  be  «>*  tbc 
putor  lor  (nai  >nn.  In  1844  be  bcodie  >  KomM  Qukolk 
ud  w  RmaiQed.  tboiigb  the  qtMMfon  «i  Uw  orllBdoiy  of  bi> 
^tin^  wu  II  mu  time  aahndtted  by  the  vofm  to  Cudinil 
FnBxdia.  «bo  recnmDiended  Brownon,  Io  littk  paipoK,  U 
cxpRU  hi)  vtem  with  non  modentioii.  In  hii  philiaaiiliy 
Bmnma  n«i  a  taoce  01  Icb  indcpcodent  foUower  d<  ComlB 
for  a  ihoTt  tiine,  ind  of  Victor  Comio,  who,  in  hia  ProimtHj 
ftSmphiqutt.  pniicd  him ;  he  niy  be  uid  to  hive  Uugbt  > 
modified  iEluitioiutiiin.  Ii  hb  sehrtnei  For  Mcial  re Fonn  hewn 
11  fiat  t.  iludeot  ol  Robeit  Owen,  untH  his  taitt  views  led  him 
to  icccpt  Romaa  Cilholiciun.  Hia  Sni  quarterly  k«s  Inilewed, 
fai  i8<4,  hj  ^nimin'i  QunrUHy  Kniew  (finl  publiahed  in 
BcslDQ  nnd  ader  183;  [n  New  York),  In  idiich  he  expresid  hli 
Opinions  oa  nuny  thcmn  until  its  auspcn&ion  In  1&64,  and  alter 

pMblications  in  booit  fona,  the  chief  durbi(  hit  lifclime  w«v 
Ckarki  Biwnid,  or  lltt  Ii^iM  ComtrM  (1S4D,  nutebiDgiaphkif}, 
ia  whkh  he  ilrongly  favnued  tbe  Roman  Catholic  Chuth; 
and  The  Ameriam  RipatlU;  t/r  CoHtOiUiBii,  Ttniaciu  and 
i:in<iay  (1865),  in  which  he  bued  coverament  on  ethics,  decbring 
the  national  emtcace  to  be  a  notal  md  1 
not  deiiendmg  loc  validity  uj 
Btowmon  died  in  Detroit,  Michigao,  on 
AfKT  hit  death,  hli  *oa,  Henry,  F.  Browi 
blKd  hii  Tiiibui  jiotiiical,  nlijtioaa,  ph  ' 
litcnuv  wiiiipgi.  In  [■eniy  octavo  volji 


a  ihe«cniic  e 


aeijtnoi  April  1876, 
aoa.  ooDected  and  pub- 
loiDphicalt  Kiemihc  and 
at  (Dclroil.  Ii3j-ia«7}, 

,  cntitim  uirrary  and  Patilirai  Vim  (New 
n  aln  publLihed  a  blocrapliy  id  three  volume* 


raeJi-rierHig?!)- 
t  ol  Camemn 

itr^th,and 
t;  {i»oo)  630J. 

,  and  the 


prepaxed  by  hii  to 
VoA,  i«93^_'nwj 

ta7}"will^n. , 

t  Ufi  lif  Otmaria  A»tit«iin  Callilii 

raOWOTVILIA  a  dty 
connty,  Telai,  U.S.A.,  aiti 
■late,  on  the  Rio  Grande  n'ver  about  71  m.  above  i1 
opposiU  U^itamoias,  Mexico.  Pop.  (iBgo)  6134; 
htdbding  9463  loreigD'bom  and  r8  ncgioei^  ( 
It  ia  mved  by  lh«  St  Lonii,  Bnnmsville  A  Ui 
Kio  Grande  nilwi)™,  being  oonnccted  by  the  lonner  1Bia 
Uouiton  and  Cllvealon  and  by  the  latter  with  Point  Iiabel  oo 
the  Gulf  tout.  Ill  chief  importsncc  lies  in  Iti  being  the  con- 
nurdal  and  distributing  centra  for  a  lich  and  eitetilive  sgri- 
cultanl  region  in  iDuChcm  l^ins  ind  northern  Ueoco,  and  an 
important  market  for  rice,  sugar-cane,  fruit,  vegeublcs  end 
bTC-ilsck.  It  hai  a  United  States  cnstom  house,  the  CameiDn 
county  court  house,  a  Roman  Catholic  cathedral,  St  Joseph*! 
College  (Roiua  Catholic},  and  the  Incarnate  Word  Acadelny 
(Roman  CitboUc).  Before  the  Mciicnn  War  there  was  a  imiU 
Uexicaa  settleracnc  nn  the  site  ol  Brownsville.  In  Mstth  184^ 
Gdenl  Zichary  Taylor  erected  Fortificationl  here,  and  upon 
his  withdrawal  toPomtIlabcl,leflaimall  pnfson  inonsmand 
af  Major  Jacob  Blown.  The  fort  wai  aisiultcd  by  Genenl 
Arista  and  shiJIed  hv  batteries  from  the  Mexican  shcie,  and  at 
hit  on  the  roth  of  Miy  was  relieved  by  Cenenl  Taylor,  who  fn 
mdvaacing  to  itisid  bed  won  the  baiilci  of  Palo  Al  to  (Bth  of  May) 
and  Reaacs  de  k  Fibm  <qlh  of  Hay).  The  fort,  oiiginally 
nanedfnit  Taylor,  vutesuned  Fort  Brown,  by  order  of  Gennl 
Tayhx,  fn  moosotyol  Mljoi  Brawn,  who  was  notlally  wounded 
dorins  tbe  bombttdmeat.  In  i8sg  BrawDiviUe  wai  captDrcd 
by  a  band  of  HcElmi  [Bidets  under  Juan  NepomnceDO  Cortina. 
During  tbe  Civil  War,  untQ  ill  temporary  occupation  by  Federal 
torcea  in  1863,  and  ntoequcnt  efiective  Uoehade.  It  wai  an 
■ctivi  centre  of  operations  of  ConledeTSfe  Uoekade  runnen. 
At  PakDelle  Ranch,  neai  the  baitlcfield  of  Palo  Alto,  took  place 
(ijth  of  Hay  i8«s).  inon  than  a  month  after  Genenl  Lee'a 
tMBidct,th«lait«BgattBncat  hattcaFBdewliBd  Coaltderat^ 


traope  fa  the  CMI  War.  In  Bwnrrfl^  «a  tb*  bI^  of  ths 
ijth  of  At^oM  tqoA,  certain  penma  tmknomi  end  into  boaH* 
md  at  cillidit  oik  tha  nneti,  killnf  OB*  oan  and  Injofag  tw& 
Supfdan  pdnled  to  BcgiQ  iddien  of  Compuici  B,  C  ud  D  i]| 
tbe  islblnlisIiy.sutioDidat  Furl  Biswn,andMltapp)*nd 
that  the  culpriti  woe  bd^  AlaldBd  by  thdr  anmwlea  by  a 
"  cOHpbicy  of  dcoct,"  PnaMtU  Raoanell  iliiiaiin  il  th«  170 
men  of  the  throe  cnnpanka"  without  hosor."  Soihoi  CongnM 
andbi  the  prca  ■  bitter  Utick  mi  ^idt  oa  tbe  pnfdent  for 
hiiacthuL  lDi90Tlb*BdntaryfctemtiuiolFonBiinnwai 
traBlericd  to  the  Dqwrtncat  of  A(ikultUR.    &i  bbitfa  ifie^ 

the  iligibUi^  of  mamfani  of  tbcDeporc^Bemti  lecfe^allttnwnL 
BRDAT,  a  Iowa  of  tMtthem  Fmca^  to  the  dcparunal  e( 
Paa-de-Calaii,  OB  the  Lawc,  19  n.  N.N.W.  «(  Anw  by  roa& 
Pop.  (ipoi)  16,169.  The  UrWB  !•  eltuated  In  a  rich  coatmioint 
district.     Brewing  la  also  a  t*«i<^«j  iodustry. 

BaVfS,  the  name  of  an  old  Seoitiih  bmOy  of  Nennan  descent, 
lAkenfTomBciiisbctwtctiCbicboBisaad  Vallongo.  Varladoii* 
of  the  name  are  Bnoie,  Bnaox  ud  Brm.  The  Gnl  Robert 
do  Brus,  a  toUvwef  of  WiUian  the  Coaqoenr,  «a>  rewarded  by 
the  gift  of  BiBy  manon,  chiefly  to  YofbUte,  of  whkb  SkdtM 
was  the  principal.  Hia  bod,  the  Kcond  Robert,  received  fren 
Dand  L,  his  comrade  at  the  court  of  Hnry  t,  a  gDM  of  the 
lordship  of  Aimandale.  The  foDrtb  Robert  malrled  babel, 
natmal  deleter  of  WflUam  tlM  Uoo,  ■»**<  their  boo,  tlv  fifth 
Robert,  Bunied  babri,  aaco&d  dan|btB  of  David,  eail  U 


mcBbcr  of  tbe  bmBy  h  tba  dghtb  Robert,  "  tbe  Brvee,* 
iriw  became  kiag  of  Scotlaod  fa  1306.    (Sea  RoBm  n> 

BRUCE.     AUUCAMDER    RAUUQI    (1I31-1S99).    Seotlbh 
dlviiM,  waa  bom  at  Aberar^  lu 
iSji.    Hii  father  luSered  for  hla 
the  Disruption  to  1843,  and  rei 

sonwaseducsted,  showing  eaceptionalabUity  from  toe  BiwL.  nn 
early  religions  donhts,  awakened  especially  by  SlniBS^  l^t  4 
Jam,  made  him  Ihroughont  life  aympathetie  with  tbaae  «Agi 
undenroit  a  similar  slrcsa.  After  aervlng  ai  aalatant  first  at 
Ancrum,  then  at  Lochwinnoch,  hs  «u  called  to  Cudraal  fa 
DuinbaitomUratoi8]9,SHlleBnMgfaty FeRylniS6B.  Then 
he  pohlUmd  hli  fint  (onsldenUa  eiegeUcal  waA,  (be  Traimlai 
Bfitt  Tkthi.  In  1874  be  ddlverod  his  CuBshighain  Lccntea, 
afierwardi  pobliihed  a*  Tkt  HaaaialitK  ^  OHK,  and  fa  the 
loUoiwiBg  year  wo  appotetcd  to  the  diilr  of  Apokgetk*  aad 
New  Testament  eizgeris  at  ilic  Fne  Cbnrch  College,  dHgow; 
This  post  he  btid  for  twenty-tonr  yeaia.  Be  «w  sBB  d  th« 
first  Biitkh  New  T^tamoit  alBdenis  whose  woch  wai  ncelv«d 


■mkolCfariBi  van,  btbeld,  tba  ultimate  praetMid  the  best 
defcBtt  of  ClaistiaBlty;  ami  his  ttndency  wai  to  coDccttlriM 
attention  aomewhat  nanowly  on  the  historic  Jasoi.  Id  Tkt 
Kin^im  tf  Gtd  (iS8»},  which  fint  nxamtaied  atriova  bOMlla 
criticism  fa  hit  own  commmUoD,  he  acoonatad  lor  tome  of  tba 
dlScRncat  between  the  fint  and  third  avugiiisM  on  the  prind[da 
of  accomnodallan — maintaining  that  Luke  had  allend  both  tin 
lest  and  the  apiiil  of  hb  aonrteB  to  mit  tbe  needs  ol  Ihcae  tot 
whom  he  wrote.  Il  ma  held  tbat  thtae  admimlona  «trt  iM 
Eonsistcnl  with  tba  riswt  of  laipltatkiB  pnlesaed  by  the  Fret 
Church.  Wten  Iha  caie  waa  tiM,  tbe  Msemhly  hdd  that  lh« 
a  mbandentandini,  bat  that "  I9 


conmlttca  wfalcb  itautd  the  Fica  Church  hymn  booh,  n 
threw  mto  this  work  tbeaantanergy  and  atbiAclly  ol  mini 
wbieb  naihed  the  real  of  his  activltlet.  He  aU  on  the  Ttb  ol 
Augnt  1S9Q,  and  was  burled  at  Blonghly  Fcny.  Hh  cUd 
works,  besUe  tbe  above,  are :  TU  CiWrf  Sod  </  JtoaMsM 
(Lond.,  i»8i)i  r*<  PanMit  TtatUiit  tj  Ctrul  (Load.,  iSSi); 
r.  C.  ««r  wtd  Ui  rfaery  «f  U>  (MfiitV  (MMiMlly  aad4f  Mr 


6^8 


BRUCKMANN— BRUGES 


&Gwkiio*iL  iumeiiLconiisUcntirdy inihcamplccoUeclionof 
Qutcrifth.  He  Also  wiau  TenJamtn  Imtredwiiionit  in  Hu- 
fortdM  Doctiinae  it  Idtis,  ilterwudi  (otnplEted  lad  npubUsbed 
under  the  liUs  tA  Uiilma  Philaxupltkf  DaOnmu  it  IJtii 
(Augabuii,  I7i3)i  OU<im  Vindcliaam  (1731}!  Kunt  Fraiat 
■HI  dr  fkiiasafliiahra  BisUrii  (7  vols.,  Ulm,  ijii-ivjfi),  t, 
hulory  <^  phjl«apliy  in  queiUon  uid  answer,  cocituninc  maoy 
dctaila^  especially  in  ihc  department  ol  Litccary  bi^tory^  which 
b«  omittetl  in  hii  duel  woik;  /'infortiu  Soi/ltnm  nuifra 
difaiUlLltni  ii!tiu(riiui,  &c.  (Aujpsburg,  1741-1755)1  EirtnltmprI 
Jtr  dtalscim  Ciltirsimiiit  (AugibuEg,  1747-1749);  Imliluliemi 
nisloriai  Pkilliofiuai  (Leipag,  17(7  ud  1756;  3rd  ed.  with  • 
coQliniuiioD  by  F.  C.  B.  Bom  U74J-1S07]  oi  Lt^'g,  in  il^o}; 
ilUaUanta  Bistaiat  PkUtsophicat  IMirarun  Criliat  tlim 
tptisim  edila  (Augsbuis,  1)43);  £rile  Anftniiffiuidt  itt 
thilciopkiiiktn  CackidiU  {UliD,  ijji).  He  (up«iiniaidDd  an 
ediiion  of  Luthei's  (rauUtioa  al  Ihe  Old  and  New  TeaUmcBl, 
uiLh  a  camucDtary  ciIracLed  from  tlie  vrilingi  of  llie  En^Ush 
Ihcologiani  {Leipzig,  1753-1770,  completed  by  W.  A.  TcUei). 
He  died  at  Au^burg  in  1 770. 

■BOCKHAMH.  FBAHZ  EEXST  (1S97-17SJ},  CcnniQ  ouiut- 
llogiit,  was  bom  on  the  37th  of  ScpteBibet  1A97  at  Muicnihal 
Heal  HelmstUt.  Havinf  qualified  u  a  SMdicil  man  in  1711,  he 
pnctiied  at  Bniji9T<iclL  and  aftcrwarda  at  WoIfenhUttcL    His 


1  tj  Iha  TV  Dtum  (iSSj?),'  sUch  Amn  Ut  doncteoMic 
powcc  in  ounivc  eSeci.  Brudiav  withcd  thia  Ed  be  apfiaided 
to  the  thfcc  oomplcte  cHjvesMBEa  tt  hii  9U1  ^ymphoiiy,  iriiidi  hit 

:S96)  pievaiud  Ua  fnm  *■■■■"'■;     TUi  gth  lymphoiqr  it 


Lo  have  been  tlie  fint  1 


xnineialogy  and  botany.    He  appcan 

introduce  the  term  wiiiiia  to  rodu  that 

the  loe  of  a  fob;  whence  the  lenns  oolite  and  oolitiik    He  died 

at  WoUeobuilel  an  ihe  ml  of  Much  175J.    He  published 

Uaiiuiia  Dei  u>  Itcii  miloTimai  (Bnuitwicfc,  1717),  Hiaiaia 

ualiialii  curiaia  Sapidis  (1717),  uid  Tkaaunu  nMaraiuia 

Duuaai  Bnaaritii  C172S). 

BKUCKNBR,  AirTOH  (1S14-1846),  Anilrianmuiicil  compoier, 
ms  bom  on  the  4th  of  Seplimbec  1S14  at  Ansfeldcn  m  upper 
Austtia.  He  luccessfully  competed  lot  the  arganiitship  for 
1jn£  Cathedral  in  1^55.  In  1S67  he  succeeded  his  fonnei' matter 
erf  cQuntfrpoinl,  Sechter,  ai  organist  of  the  Hoflap^it  in  Vienna, 
and  also  became  professor  m  the  coascrvatorium.  In  1^75  he  vas 
appointed  io  a  lectureship  in  the  uuivccaity.  His  nuat  striking 
talent  wad  shown  ia  his  eitetnportiationi  on  the  organ.  Hia 
luccess  in  an  organ  competition  at  Nancy  in  i£6g  ted  to  his  plsy- 
ing  in  Paris  and  London  (sii  rccilaU  at  the  Albeit  Hill,  1871). 
His  pcnnanent  reputation,  however,  rests  on  his  compotttiona, 
especially  bis  nine  ayn^bonies.    In  these  gigantic  enotta  the 

harmony  and  orcJiestntiop^  and  if  sustained  senousneas  of  puj' 
pose  and  style  were  alt  that  was  neccsucy  to  give  coherea^e 

noifoitnilies  of  an  experienced  impransalere  and  the  impresuoi 
of  /-latcifnl  form  as  taught  in  schoola,  then  Bruckna  wouJ 
Certainly  have  txen  what  the  extreme  Waguccian  party  called 
bim,  the  symphonic  successor  o£  Beethoven,  or  the  Wagner  oC 
the  symphony.    But  their  lack  of  organization  and  proportion, 

•omewbst  sevcie  Uuk.  No  composer  has  ever  boen  mote 
llstcnt  (a  lofty  ideals,  though  few  who  have  ever  had  an  ideal 
haveshownlesaadroitnessin  their  meihodsof  embodying  it,  Tbt 
most  poctk  and  admired  feature  of  his  style  is  a  alow  growth  to  a 
gigantic  dimaa,  slow  enough  and  gigantic  enough  for  any  situa- 
tion in  Wagm^r's  Nibtlnnten  tetralogy.  Iihc  symphonies  ir 
which  these  dimaies  occur  arc  in  obviously  unskillul  classical 
(onn,  with  only  an  outwud  sppsarancB  of  freedom;  and  Uie 
Cleat  Pyramid  wouM  hardly  be  moie  out  of  plsee  in  an  Oiford 

lympboniia  with  their  "  »econd  jubjecu  "  and  tocapitulatii 
Noc  it  it  nkely  that  Bruckner  would  have  been  much  m 

Wagnerian  dramatic  environment,  for  even  in  his  fast  three 


.  iikeveiyp< 

In  key  <D  mi«>r),  epaiinc  (ngFMoiov 

tremolo  leading  lo  Inmendoua  miaan  tmtti),  mntniti  (tetuii  hi 

fist  movemoit)  and  choral  finale.    Th«  three  conqileCE  mm^ 

Dtawer(fintpeilarmiidinWamaiai903,uid^VBdiiM  maa 

Bruckner's  fame  llian  anythfng  lince  the  prodnctiot  la  iSS« 

of  his  7th  »yniphony(o(irhkhllie  slow  moven""" ' " —   " 

the  death  of  Wsgnet].    It  b  prabable  that  ih 
duced  by  this  9th  symphony  is  the  1' 

7th  symphony  from  standing  on  its  own  unmistakable  m 
It  does  Dot,  however,  seem  likely  that  Bruckner's  wnk  will  ha** 
much  in^uence  oti  inusieal  progress;  for  the  modem  chancier- 
istia  la  which  [Is  strength  lies  are  obviously  better  Ralizcd  ia 
othci  forms  which  have  often  been  bandied  succtssfuUy  by 
coDjpouis  greatly  Biuckno's  Inlerion  both  in  invention  and 
sincerity.  (D.  F.  T.) 

BBOOB  (Fletnlili  Bniiff,  1  name  ligoilying  the  bridge  or 
place  of  bridge^,  the  capital  ti  WcU  Flanden,  Bclgiim.    Pofk 

of  the  gieal  period  of  the  Fleiniih  coinninnts,  while  Its  medieval 
appeaixncB  is  better  ptaervcd,  as  a  idide,  than  In  the  case  of 
any  other  Belgfan  dty.  The  cattedia)  of  St  Sauveur  and  Uia 
diurth  of  Notre-Daine,  both  qiecimens  of  early  Pointed  Gotble, 
date  f  nam  the  ijih  and  T4ih  centuries.  Both  arefull  of  interest, 
but thecathedralwasmDchinjurKlbyfiivtnESj^  The  Interior, 
however,  is  finely  pic^rtloned  and  exhibits  [leauliful  nodem 
polydusnw  decorationi,  onmerous  tncturcs  and  InleiBtiBg 
mouuncntal  bnmsL  ThedmichofNotiB-Danceai^ainsBGti* 
De  Crtya  fHw  Adonlion  of  the  Ma^'],  Uididu^elo's  miibia 
gronp  of  the  Vir^  mmI  Qiild,  and  the  fine  monuMtila  witK 
gilded  RVperefB^esot  Charles  the  Boldand  hia  dtn^ter,  Maiy 
of  Burgimdy,  The  hospital  of  St  Jean,  wfaentbe  dck  have  becB 
cared  for  since  the  iith  century,  contains  the  duet  wotfc*  oC 
Uemiing,  including  the  iamous  rdiquaiy  of  S(  DrMtt.  Tto 
market-ball  was  built  in  is«i-i566oB  the  site  ot  an  oMcrbnOdiag; 
somepofiJont  of  which  were  utiliied  in  its  ncoesaBr.  Tht  bdlff 
which  rises  in  the  cmtre  of  the  Esfadc  dates  ffom  the  end  el  tfaa 
ijih  century;  ft  has  hmg  been  funoot  lot  Its  ddnt  af  bdls,  but 
the  dvic  fa  thera  have  eaioed  nwdein  sirs  to  be  substi  toted  he  Ibe 
old  hymn.  The  hAlel  de  ville,  the  ChapeBe  do  Safnt-Stog  and 
thedturchof  St  JacrpiesanallaibUeial.  lb  fiist  ts  CotUe 
and  was  begun  about  [376.  TheKOoadlaadapelottwoftanya, 
the  lower  dating  from  iigo,  while  the  iqiper  was  idnilt  in  tto 
ijth  cestuiy,  and  there  is  a  lidt  Flambajant  cntianoe  vftha 
stairway  (15J3).  St  Jacques' chnrchisatatmdstkDQf  the  ijlh 
cmtury,  but  has  extensive  addUfeasof  OBdoee  c4  the  istb  ind 
ijthcenturiea.  The  Palais  dejnsfce,  of  tie  iStbostniy.oi  ' 
lite  ol  the  House  of  the  Fi '  '       '       ""*     ■" 


fine  carved  chimn^-piece  (i  sj 
formed  part  of  the  resideatt  of  the  anmtaoinsndeis.    nenkn. 
tBtlqaaifao! 


patntings;  »nJ  of  Ihe  old  foitlfiiatlaBS  thret  galg  remain.    Tha 
Thb  dab)  Is  given  In  dove  (nev  ed.1.  but  the  style  of  the  wod: 


f.zea  by  Google 


BRDGSCH— BRUHL 


679 


pcnow  In  Ibe  toini,  ud  boRkuhuic  h  curiwl  on  1 

to  ibe  »bBiU.    CommcicU  utivity  bu  been  HdMoTbr  the 


.    .    IV  lUulj  gmwtk  of  the  popuktim  k 
•vldcBct  of  incmiBl  pniipeilty.    Id  iSBd  tke  papiilition  mi 
only  44i5DO|  bol  Jt  luil  vbi  in  1900  to  51,4s?  b™^  ^  i9°4 
W..SJ.T.S. 

BnifB  k  Hid  tci  km  boa  k  dtr  1b  the  jtb  cmtniy,  ud  the 
BDw  Fhnden  «u  ml^iiBlly  it^liEd  10  It  ud  not  to  tl>e 
dhtricL  BildvlB  il.,  toaat  ol  Flindcn,  >ho  mankd  Ehtnid, 
duster  of  AlfRd  tbe  Gnat.fimlottlfiedll.'ud  madellUi 
dltfioideace.  BdOittlwyinriiSaBiuicavutliencDfidKd 
opllal  «t  Fliwfen,  aad  the  Imndity  ef  pnditodiit  the  dcw 
annlB  vu  4l*>n  pctbiiiDed  on  the  rtrfll  in  MUJnil,  wbm 
(b*  nflwiy  nitjoii  it  to-diy.  After  iiSb  (be  pieDbtparitlan 
«it  uraawd  liy  <%ait,  bat  util  wccn  by  m  «u  lUpiN  " 
UwditiiigDpottbtZvyD,irtilch*uaoBitile(ebytbaycu  .,  . 
Braca  «B  the  eqiMl  to  wnHb  •»!  pom  of  ll>  nd^ibonr. 
Pnot  of  thk  (■  nqjpUed  by  Iba  vBirbge  (Mivitia  In  143a,  vfaen 
notp  Ih*  Good,  ihibc  ef  Bmrwdy,  wedded  babel  at  hitatal, 
■ndtMMkdthekmouiocderodbeGaldenFleeceoutotod  " 
■KDltatheiUpletodMiyOfBraiee.  Bnigamiitthel  _ 
ol  it*  pn^if^  to  tlw  14th  centuy,  wka  ft  mi  the  aottben 
ewinlCTpoit  of  Voice  isd  fti  Borae  nsnleted  the  ate  of  ci- 
ctanife  In  Eniope.  <D.  C  B.) 

MnWMH,  BBOmiCB  KABL  (iSif-iSm),  Gennu  EcrptO' 
lofiK.  me  the  eon  cf  ■  PtmAn  ovairy  offitcr.  tod  mt  boia  In 
tbebinsduatBeilin.aithBiStholFtbniuyiBiT.  Heeaily 
•  gieat  fndinatioD  to'  Efyptlu  Mndin,  In  wUcb, 

.  .._  „  _._.,.  . ■-    Kentlielyedf- 


MaitMte.  On  Ui  letnin  b(  ncehtd  an  wolotntnt 
BnHn  mnaiB.  In  i>6o  ho  ma  Mnt  to  Perria  <m  a  qs^ 
BiaiM  auder  Baton  MtoMiri!,  tiavelM  over  (he  coemtiy,  and 
■HtT  HtoMoli'*  daath  AscbtiiKl  tie  hmnlgai  of  awhiidor. 
lDit64hc«aiC0DniiatC*lio,la  1301  nsKawr  at  OOtttastB, 
■ad  to  iIto  dicector  of  iht  kIboI  of  Etrptnloty-  bonded  at 
Oiiro  by  the  UteA**.  Plan  Ihk  port  be  mti  onecieaKBlcHa^ 
dhmlwed  is  1S79  Iv  the  Ennpcan  ooaOolkn  of  the  [nblic 
■ovennca,  detemdHd  to  tcononte  at  all  bawd*;  and  Fitiich 
Indimti  ptnaled  hb  lucoodbifl  Ui  ftfcnd  Maricttc  at  tha 
Bulaq  MoKOni  to  1SS3.  He  atlawaTdi  ttMtd  pitodpalbr  is 
Ctmiany  until  Mi  death  on  ibe  «th  of  SepMinbM  iSm,  Imt 
fteqaently  viiitcd  Egypt,  took  part  in  BDOther  offidal  niiiloB  to 
Tmia.  and  oiganind  an  Efyptlan  eihlMt  at  Ibe  PhOadelphia 
EipealtJoo  to  tS;4.  He  had  been  niade  a  patha  fay  the  khedive 
to  1S81.  Re  paMidied  Kt  autobiDgraph)>  in  iSm,  ttmclucUnc 
iritb  a  mm  pantayrtc  npon  BHtiib  nilt  in  Eiypt.  Bnwch'i 
•eivlcc*  to  EcypMloO'  an  nnt  Itnportant,  particutuly  In  the 
dec^nocnt  ol  dcmotfc  and  the  maUngoIavagthleniglyphic- 
dnBOtk  diitloBaTy  (iWt-iWi). 

SmH.  BratK\llrimltiniMiiSmtiaWaildtTn;M]temn.Eljtrt, 
ttetipB-Lamtnaiitmdwnimi. 

raORL,  HmfRICHi  C«0(it  vol  (i7(D-i7£j).  Gennan  itatia- 
aiBnatlhecaartofSaxony,watbonioni)i«ljtli  ol  Augual  i^kl 
He  mi  the  tan  of  Jobann  MoHu  voo  Brflhl,  a  noble  1A0  held 


WeiMnldi.  The  father  ninlned  and  cmnpelledtD  part  vitb 
hs  bmlly  eatate,  which  puaed  tola  the  banda  oC  (he  pilaoe. 
The  nn  *ai  tiiM  placed  aa  page  with  the  dvoalei 


rt  of  tlw  elector  of  Saxony  aa  SMtrpagi  on  tba  1Mb  o( 

April  t7tq.  Re  tepidly  acqilicd  tho  bvour  of  (he  dcetoi 
Fiederick  Ausuitna,  tnmamed  the  Strang,  wtio  had  been  elected 
to  Iho  thrana  of  PolaiMl  to  1697-  BtflhI,  who  besan  a*  page  and 
cbamberUn,  waa  hisely  onpkyed  to  procntiai  money  hr 


died  fa  t;u,  and  be  aecoced  ■  bold  oa  tb  cDnfidesee  ef  the 
ekctanl  piiate,  Fndtnck  AufiBtiM,  who  waa  at  I>iadeo,  by 
layifit  haodi  on  the  papen  and  iewela  of  tix  late  nier  and 
bffafing  tbEnpmnfidy  tohittacceMor.  Duiint  the  whole  ol 
the  tbiity  >eaiB  of  the  laga  at  Fnderick  Anguttu*  H.  lu  wh 
the  real  to^fatr  of  Ui  uaita  and  the  piactkal  chief  of  the  Sana 
oamt.  Ha  had  for  a  tlna  to  pu  Q>  with  the  pnaeaoe  of  old 
■emnta  of  the  clectofal  honaa,  hot  after  itjS  be  wb*  to  effect 
aole  mtelMer.  The  title  of  piinic  niMtei  waa  mated  tut  hia 
to  1746,  but  be  «H  not  oidy  a  prima  minhter— be  filled  all  the 
oSecb.  Hh  titha  n>read<wu'  ateaial  Mnp  ol  peint,  and  ha  diew 
Ibo  combtoed  pay  of  the  placea  beridca  acctuing  huge  graali  ol 
hud.  Brflbl  rnnM  tbeKixe  be  held  wittily  nponible  Iw  the 
niBOoapoUcy  wUdi  dcatrcgtd  the  poailiDa  of  Saiony  in  Geimuy 
betMeu  I7J3  and  itOj;  for  (be  latafcen  ambition  whidi  led 
Fcedakk  AngnMia  IL  to  becnoe  a  candidate  for  the  thnoe  of 
PolaBd;  for  tbo  en^iptnenta  iolo  which  be  entered  in  Mder  to 
lecuie  [he  mpport  of  the  eupem  Clurlet  VI. ;  for  the  ihameleM 

Btiiu  Suueadon;  lot  tho  fati^ua  *hi^  entani^  Ibo 
ctanta  to  the  alhauct  afltoat  F^adoidc  the  Gnat,  which  led 
._  the  Scfta  Yean' War;  and  (or  tlu  waate  ud  wut  tf  foio- 
ri^  wUdi  left  the  coontij  ■ttady  trnprepand  to  teilu  the 
attack  of  the  king  of  Pnaaia.  He  was  aot  aoly  without  political 
"'  iy(>padty,biit  waa  to  ■anulout  Oat  be  could  not  keep 
Hit  toditaetkB  wat  leptatodiy  icwoMihle  for  tba 
PnuaiaV  dboDvcriet  ol  the  l^ant  bid  esuott  bim, 
nothing  could  iluAetbecciilidnwe  of  hhniiter.eJtldiinivived 
■i^lnto  Bcliemia.fatoirtifdi  h«  «aitiBppc4 
,  Ifaw  Of  the  butle  of  Keaeldoif,  aad  aU  tba 
mitnka  of  tlu  Seem  Yeaia'  War.  The  kvouzlte  abated  the 
confidotce  of  U*  natter  ^ameloly.  Not  cootest  with  Ibo 
A7«oo  talen  a  nouth  whidi  ha  drew  at  ttlaiy  for  hit  imniBer- 
"     ~       '  '  wlicn  an  toqnby  mt  held  to  tbe  neit 

DOie  than  five  miOisa  tales  of  public 
DODcy  fOt  hli  private  we.  He  left  tbe  work  of  ' 
ollicea  to  bo  dmia  bif  hit  lickayi,  «4u>m  he  did  no 
'~  piotntion  wtt  houndbn.  Twdve  taaon,  11  la  lau,  nn 
tonally  cnqdoTed  to  tnaUag  clothe*  for  him,  and  he  woce  a 
Kit  every  day.  IBa  libFtiy  of  70,000  vahuan  wat  one  of 
hiifDna  o(otten(atlon,and  to  waabit  gallery  of  idctuna.  He 
^  il  Octoba  )7A3,  liaving  nuvrred  hit  mailer 
only  loT  a  few  meka.  Ibe  nn  elector,  Fitdeikfc  Ouistiu, 
office  and  caiacd  aa  inquifyto  be  held  into 

and  we*  tequqtered  but  afterwaidi  leatoied 
ijjtt  he  tad  been  made  a  count  of  the 
Empiic  and  had  married  the  concteu  Fianriikt  vdb  Kolownt- 
Ktadowtka,  a  ravootfte  of  the  wile  of  FRdcrkk  Angintua. 
Vtna  toat  and  a  daughter  rnvfred  Ubl 

la youngeat  iDo,  Hana  Moiftt  TOO  BttibI  (d.  itii),  waabefor* 
RnohitiM  of  1781)  a  tokincl  In  the  Fiencb  asvice,  and 

Tmtiit  general  Injector  ol  lOttk  to  Bnndenbuig  and 

Pometanta.  By  bhwCeUargaretbeScbleierweber,  the  daughter 
ofaFrCDchcorporal,  bat  ROOWDcd  lor  her  beauty  and  totellectual 
gifta,  he  «M(be  tBthar  ef  Kari  Filediidi  Moriti  hul  voa  BtuU 
(tT7t-iS97),  dM  Mind  of  Goelbe,  wbo  aa  mtendaat^enenl  of 
the  Pntailan  loyal  thatna  waa  of  nme  inpoftaBce  In  tba 
hbtaeyofthadevdapBaitof  tbtdnmaia  Geinav-    la  1830 

Dinted  fnteDdaal-flewiB)  of  tba  n^  muteunt. 

H.  TOO  JnR),  Citr*  uit  aarailir  dd  CrqTia  *«  Br)UI 

17«o-t7UX 

alownotGennaay.totbe  PTiaamn  Rhtoe  pioviace, 
■  ai.S.W.  bom  CologDe  on  the  mato  railway  to  Coblena,  PopL 
(i«oo)  5000.  Ita  plataat  eitnatfoB  at  the  foot  of  eeie  ol  the 
ipon  of  the  E)M  laagt  and  the  beautifal  puundi  (Bimndiag 
th*  loyal  palace  reader  it  a  favouriu  leaoit  of  the  inhahitantt  ol 
Colofne.  The  palace,  to  Keaafatance  itj^e,  bnat  fa  ■7ag  by 
Clement  Anguatna,  dector  of  Cologne  (1700-1761),  waa  fion 
iteq  untfl  1811  to  the  rtMcatlon  of  the  FtcoA  ^mtal  Davgit, 
and  to  1841  waa  icttond  by  Kiaa  FMdidA  WOUaB  IV.  ol 


and  a  hall  of  tt 


68o 


BRUMAIRE— BRUNE 


ie«f  tke  Mcmd  montb  is  tfa«  «pab- 


tbe  NUIom)  ConcBtiiin  Ml  the  sth  «( 

n-  (>nj)>  oom^etsl  vlth  R^nl  to  DU. .    . 

d'Sgluitbe,  (^  ptoDidciud  in  lu  new  fonn  on  the  4th  of 

FVimain  in  tke  yeu  U.  (tko  Mtb  <t  Nomnbcc  i»j)-    '^^ 

KOntb  of  Bramiltt  b^u  cb  the  <lqr  which  cocnquiid^ 

McoidlBi  to  the  ya,  10  tha  tnd  «  to  tb  ijid  of  "  '  ' 

at  th>  old  fluiKUr,  lad  CDded  oa  tha  ao(h  or  iiM  of  No 

It  «**  divided  ioM  "  dccadei"  "' 


_.,^.  »tlh«ttbB«irfthBye».    Tkm 

b  Freftch  hiMoi7  wUch  look  pUce  dudng 

ttwf  d*«cl  4tf  the  iSth  Branuire  in  the  yeu  VIIL  (the  «lh  ol 

Nsnaiba'  1799),  ty  »4ieh  Gcaenl  ~ 


ovothic*  tlia 


~  On  the  RpubEan  emkiKfar,  m>  a  ViIUd, 
pablkaii,"  ia  La  JUn^niiM /rufeiH  (or  iaB4-iU5. 

ninUTB.  or  BbcHit,  1  tom  sf  Getmuijr,  In  ibe  (mpoiel 
loiilaiy  of  AlueC'LoTraiBe,  oa  the  Zon  end  the  Strwbuir 
ATrieoaR nOiny.  P<^55eo.  IthutRoauoOUbdicuulB 
Pnlutuil  diutch,  asd  occiqita  the  iltc  of  tlw  Romui  finm- 
BUgin.  It*  indnMiiet  compiiH  tuuina  and  wi>-BlUiDg>  aad  it 
huiome  tnde  in  nine  ud  lohecco  OBd  Imi». 

BBUMUOBH  (u  old  Idol  lotn  of  "  Bimdji^iui "%  • 
BMDO  fint  mlied  to  a  coontofdl  oaia  made  Id  the  city  of 
Blnninihui,  Wf'"^.  in  the  17th  txataij,  and  later  to  the 
pbled  and  IH'-""'  utlclci  made  then;  hmcs  cheap,  ahowy 
or  tawdty.  The  sane  m  particaluljr  niad  of  tlw  anppoiten 
tf  lb  Enliidoa  Bill  in  1A80,  vith  (he  mcaaliiE  of  "abam 
PntmlaaL"  Sindluly  the  Taty  opponoua  of  the  Bill  mtc 
nJcknaaMd  "  Antl-Bimiladiuna  "  ot "  BiranraafOB)." 

BmUVMBU.  flBOBSB  BRTIM  {iT7S-ia«o),  Englidt  mu  of 
fUUoD,  buwD  ai "  Bun  BKonau,"  «at  bum  ia  Lcndoa  on 
thejthaf  JoM  iTlS.  Eia  laths  «a>  private  leizelaiy  to  Lud 
North  from  1770  to  17B1,  and  ■ubceqaeDtl]'  hi^  thoiS  oi 
Babhho;  Ut  pandlitber  «i*  •  ahofikecpv  in  the  paiiih  ol 
St  Jamea,  who  aupplCTitoted  til  income  by  letting  lodginy  to  the 
arittecfacy.  Ftan  Uieaily  yemGeor(eBnmmeBp<idgieat 
attention  to  Ut  dren.  At  Eton,  vhm  he  «a*  *ent  to  adnol 
In  1790,  and  m*  entcmely  popuUi,  he  «a*  kaown  it  Buck 
Bninmiel.  and  at  Oxford,  ohen  be  aptnt  a  tnM  peiiod  aa  as 
tDidergndnale  ot  Oriel  Collcte,  hepicKrved  tUa  iepataligD,and 
added  to  It  tbt  of  a  ait  and  food  aloiy-tdler,  wUle  the  fact 
(hat  he  vaa  teomd  lot  the  NewdiffMe  priie  i*  evidence  of  U> 
lileraiy  capacity.  Before  he  vai  liiteen,  hmever,  he  kfl 
CMotd,  lor  London,  whoc  the  pimce  of  Wale*  (attenfuda 
Ceoij^  tV.),  to  -mbea  lie  had  been  pniaited  at  Eton,  and  nbo 


(a  the  prince'*  compiBy  that  ha  it  repotted 
Mi  on  Rglawnlal  ttMp.  In  1706,  havlnc  then  reached  the 
rank  of  fai-tfl"!  he  Ut  tlw  ■ecvke,  and  luit  year  aneceeded 
to  a  foitaie  of  about  £}Ojooa  Setttng  np  a  ba^tki  eatabilah- 
ment  In  Uiytilr,  be  twoune,  tbanka  (0  the  prince  of  Wtk*'* 
frienlihip  and  Uiowa  food  taata  in  dnaa,  the  lacognlaed  orN/er 
ttrpnJianiM  HI*  Bdal  tnccaa  una  inannt  and  cnoiplatc,  Ua 
repartem  were  the  talk  ot  the  town,  and,  if  net  accnaldy 
apeaUng  a  wit,  he  had  a  nnaifcaUa  talcat  for  iiiiaiiiilTiii  the 
amt  onfinary  dmimitancc*  la  an  amoinc  IlghL  Tkog^  be 
alwayi  ilii  mi  iI  well,  he  va*  no  mere  top — Lord  Byn»  i*  cnditcd 


.  "  FoiatlnMBiwnmell'* 

.'waamidteputed.  BnteveDtnaIlyianbUngaadeiti>va(uce 
•ihauated  hit  fortsne,  while  hi>  tonga*  proved  loo  ihaip  (w  hii 
loyal  patioa.  Ihey  quarrelled,  and  though  foi  a  time  Bruamell 
ointlnued  to  hold  hi*  place  in  lodety,  hii  popularity  bcsan  to 
dedine.  In  iSiftbefled  to  CalaiiloavDidhiicredilota  Here 
he  atrog^ed  on  for  fonrlecn  yean,  receiving  help  from  tizae  to 
Ibne  ftoa  Ua  frioub  in  England,  bnl  alvayi  hnpelmily  in  debt. 
In  iS.ie  the  bterat  of  Ihoe  friend*  •ccured  him  the  peat  of 


Britlah  coond  at  Cbs^  tftiAlcli  a  Bndffatv  nlary  wna  atladadt 
but  two  year*  later  the  office  waa^MUdtcd.    In  iSjj  Bmmatdli 

impri*OBed,  hut  hi*  bieBdi  eoce  mora  came  to  tbe  reKae. 
paid  hi*  debia  and  fnivided  Un  with  a  aoial  tncome.    Ba 


■u  alovenly  and  diiQr.  In  igj7,  after  two  attacii*  of  panlysilv 
ibelter  na  found  for  him  in  the  charitable  aaylunx  of  Boa 
SauTenr,  Caen,  when  he  died  on  tha  joth  of  Kaich  iK40. 

See  Capt^n  Williiei  Jeii^  Lifa  ^  Ttiaiiiw^  Q^ondoa.  ilM 
ceviad  eiidaa  iBSfi):  facf  M.  FJtwenM,  lift  ^ (k^flir. 
(Louden,  iWl) ;  B- Boulet  d*  UoBvd,  Asa  BmnHl  (tnaa.  igoQ. 
HABD   rUXCMS  FBIUm  (i7W-iSaj). 

jdadar,  wn  been  at  Sttambutg  on  ib»  jotb 

o(  Decembai  ijiq.  Be  wie  educated  at  Ibe  Jeaidt*'  Ctdlcge 
-  Pari*,  (kI  took  part  In  At  Seven  Yean'  War  ■•  i^taiy 
At  the  age  cf  thirty  be  ret  umad  to  hi*  natiTB  towa 


tdhgibk  and  (a(y  by  a  chaoae  ot  teat,  he  dii  not  imii^  to  make 
nccauaiy  alterations,  whethei  the  new  reading  were  nip- 
authoiity  ot  not.  Olhei  wetki  hy  him 
Bean  (i7]S),  acKral  play*  of  the  Gnck. 
i^oDaaiua  Kbodisa  (ijBo),  Ariati^huica,  with  aa 
•tin  trandation  (ii8<-i7SJ),  Ciwaw*  ^mM  Croct* 
(l}S4>>  Eopbodea  (17W),  witb  Lada  tianalatlon,  hi*  beat  worl^ 
ioa  wUch  he  reeeivnl  a  peuion  ol  looo  ftanca  f  lom  the  king. 
He  abo  puUidnd  edition*  ot  Virvl  (17^5).  FlanUu  (17BS)  and 
Tcnnce  <i7«t)-  At  the  euthieak  of  the  Fteocb  RerohitloB,  la 
*Uch  ha  to^  aa  active  part,  ht  wa*  impritaned  at  Boaocon, 
and  iMt  hia  panaioa,  being  tEduee4  to  mch  eitrtadlk*  that  ba 
waaohligidtoadtapottinnof  hUlibrary.  b  iloi  Us peniioa 
waa  Rttoad  to  him,  bat  too  lata  to  pnreDt  the  aal*  of  the 
rcaaindet  of  hia  books.    He  died  on  tha  iith  of  Jane  ilej. 

BBUmniim  (Gr.  I^viWur,  mod.  anmtait.aa  iavwtaat 
harbow  town  ai  Calahda  (in  tbe  ancient  aenie),  Ita^,  on  the 
E&£.  ceaat.  Hm  nana  i*  aald  to  mean  "atag's  bwi"  ia 
the  kleaaapha  dialaet,  Id  allurin  to  the  shape  of  the  harbour. 
Tiaditla*  vaiit*  ••  la  it*  taHOdtt*;  but  we  Sad  it  hostile  to 
Tanaum.andinlriBadlyidatiimiwitb'niaiiL  Witbafcrtile 
lanitoty  round  it,  it  bacaaK  the  moat  importaBt  dty  ol  the 
Memapiaai.  bat  it  wt  devekpad  by  the  Knmans,  into  whoae 
baaik  it  oi^  cank*  af Ici  the  coaquaat  of  the  ^ijipfipi  [a  366 
i£.    nqrfondedacolM^tbeteini45S.c,andtheViBAppia 

at  tUa  period.  Facuvin*  wa*  born  bete  about  ■»  a.c.  Alter 
tbe  Puolc  Wan  it  became  the  cbiet  point  of  embatkatiou  (or 
Gt«ac*aDdthe£a*t,viaDyiiachiumoTCo(cyra.  lulheSociil 
War  it  leaived  Roman  dtiiemhip,  and  wa*  nude  a  free  port 
by  SdU.  It  auflavd,  howevei,  (com  a  aiege  conducted  by 
Caeiar  in  49  ax.  (&0.  Cii.  L)  and  wi*  again  attacked  in  41 
aodaonx.  \%g3  died  here  in  rg  ba  on  In*  tetnm  from  Greece, 
l^aju  coniliucUd  the  Via  l^ajana,  a  more  direct  route  frota 

TH*rn*My  inacriptians,  have  beca  discovered  beie:  one  '^■""n 
fii  (L  in  bdght,  with  an  otnate  capital,  iLill  stand*,  and  near 
It  It  tha  base  o(  anothir,  tbe  column  ili^  having  been  removed 

ViaAppia. 

Sia  Ch.  Htben  In  Paulr-Wimom,  XiUncyebfUliIlt,  ilL  Cilm}. 
901  i  Nalau  ii^  Sum,  puin.    Alio  Busoiu.  (T.  Aaj 

BKUNB,  aniLLAmn  MABIB  AHIIE  (wGj-tSis),  manhal  of 
Fiance,  the  son  o(  sn  advocata,  waa  bom  «t  Brives-la-G*ilIaid« 
(CoRbe),  oa  tbe  ijtb  of  March  lySj.  Before  the  Revolution 
be  wnl  to  Pari*  to  study  law,  and  here  he  betama  a  political 


BRUNEAU— BRUNEI 


bt  1193  to  ■  raptrioi  coDUUBd  In  the  army  dlnct  Fiimd  dvil  lile, 
uiduigmenloIbrigidehcioolcpaniD  the  fighting  ol  the  ijth 
Vcnii^iniairc.  In  17^  he  fought  uDdcr  BtHiapartc  la  Italy,  and 
vu  promolcd  gnenl  of  division  for  good  service  in  the  field. 
Id  ]7oflheconim3Dded  the  French  army  which  occupied  Switacr- 
land,  and  id  the  foUowing  year  be  was  Id  command  of  the  French 
troofBinHoliand.  HJs  detencc  3f  Amsterdam  against  the  Aoglo' 
Russian  eipedition  under  the  duke  ol  York  was  completely 
succcsstut'.  the  invadns  fitn  defeated,  and  compelled,  after 
a  miserable  retreat,  In  R-embaik.  He  rendered  luither  good 
■ervice  in  Vendte  and  In  Italy,  and  was  made  a  marshal  by 
Napoleon  on  the  auumptioa  by  Uu:  latter  ol  the  imperial  title  In 
1S04.  Id  l5o}BtunehcIdactlal^lapdia^fo^lh  Germany,  Ijut  he 
•Kit  DDl  afttmardi  employed  duruig  the  Firtt  Empin.  Jt  ii 
uid  that  be  Has  accused  oC  vetuJity,  and  on  thai  accotml  dit- 
pacrd,  but  ol  thii  thcie  It  no  pmaf.  He  nas  Rcalkd  to  active 
tervict  during  the  Hundred  Days,  and  as  commander  oi  lit  army 
of  the  Var  he  defetided  the  south  of  Fmnce  against  the  ADStrlana. 
He  Tia  murdered'  hy  royalists  during  Ihc  White  Tenor  at 
Avignon  oa  the  md  of  August  1S15. 

See  Nttiit  biitorlaitt  irr  la  vit  betUigv  rl  mHilaln  in  maiidiai 
Brum  (P;iri),  iBiif,  ind  Vermeil  de  Coochanl,  L'Aiiatiina:  in 
marick^  Brwut  (I'ini.  1U7J. 

BRmreAU.  ALFRED  (18J7-  ),  French  musical  composer, 
WM  bora  In  Paris.  Hh  parents  weie  devoted  to  niDiic,  and  be 
WW  hrott^t  up  to  play  the  'cello,  being  educated  at  the  Parit 
Conservatoire.    He  played  hi  Pasdeloup's  orchestra,  and  soon 

early  age.  In  iSS4hisOmvr/irreAJ^f^pieirB3perfoEnied,folloHcd 
by  the  cboni  symphonies,  UJa  (1SE4),  La  Bdlc  an  Mi  iermani 
(1SS6)  and  FeiaUsitle.  But  be  Is  best  knon  as  a  dramatic 
campowr.  In  1 SS7  his  Cisl  opeia.  KIrim,  was  produced;  and  b 
iSpi  hit  succeiiful  opera  li  Rhr,  viib  a  libittio  founded  on 
ZoWt  story.  Another  subject  from  Zola  resulted  In  the  open 
VAiUqac  ia  mauiia  (iSpj),  and  libretU  by  Zola  hiioiell  were 
written  for  his  aext  opeiai  Uissldor  ( 1S97)  and  L'Ontatai  [1901). 
Among  Bruneau's  oibcr  works  may  be  menlioDed  his  jiigalm 
(1S96),'  and  hia  two  coUections  of  soDgi,  litis  di  Pnrut  and 
Ctmudm  idauiet.  HewosdecoistedwitbthetegionDfHDnciur 
fn  ifi^S-  Hii  musical  criticisms,  published  in  several  volume*, 
Are  remarkable  for  literary  quaHty  and  vigour. 

See  AnSur  Heivey's  volume  on  Braoeau  (19OJI. 

BHOHEt.  a  sUIe  silualed  In  the  north-west  of  Borneo.    It  hu 

tcTritqnally  InsigtuGcanc  It  formerly  bduded  the  whole  of 
Borthein  Bomco  and  southern  Palawan,  and  stretched  down  the 
■eit  coast  asCai  as  Sambos,  niiat  remans  of  this  once  ponciful 
Itlltanate  is  a  triangular-shaped  terdtory,  the  base  of  the  triangle 
beingnpresentedbyiki  a.  of  coaat-llne,  and  the  two  sides  by  the 
IroBtieri  of  Sarawak.  The  area  Is  calculated  to  be  about  1700 
■q.m.  Thisfrealreductionoftheeitentof  the  territory  has  been 
brought  about  by  the  cession  on  successive  occaslbus  of  strips 
of  terrilo:y  to  Sarawak  and  to  the  British  North  Borneo  Compaoy 
onconditionof  annual  payments  of  money.  In  jS^  the  state  was 
plaOd  under  British  protection.  On  the  md  of  Joouaiy  1906  a 
treaty  was  made  whneby  the  sultan  of  Bnmei  agi«d  to  hand  aver 
the  geoetal  adminislatka  of  his  staXe  to  &  British  resident. 
The  sultan  Mahontaied  Jomal-ul-alam,  bom  in  i&Sg,  succeeded 
his  father  in  May  1906.  He  Rxdves  an  allowance  of  11,000 
ddbcs  ■  year  from  state  funds,  and  his  two  prindpal  ministeia 
leccivfl  allowaocei  ol  6000  dollaia  a  ycaj  each.  The  interior 
pcopk  have  far  centuries  been  subject  to  petty  oppiaaiati,  and 
there  b  too  much  of  the  old  spirit  left  among  the  Malays  to  avoid 
aoinwDious  dupute  and  rebellion. 

The  bulk  of  tbe  inhabitants,  who  ccouist  cf  Malays,  £adaytns, 
Oitat  Bnkits  and  a  few  Muruts,  are  to  be  found  b  and  about  lh« 
apital— «Uo  called  Biunet^the  population  of  the  city  being 
estimated  at  about  15,000,  and  the  populatiiHi  of  the  whole 
t*nltorybeingaliouIis,oDo.  The  city  is  prettily  situated  on  the 
rive/t  with  a  background  o£  cleared  hills,  and  ia  the  distance 
bdfbti  clothed  with  magnificent  lortst.     The  dwel£D(-hoaMi  an 


bult  over  the  rivo-  on  ikoder  pile*  bbtajwd  traa  the  Wbonf 

paim  which  rtsiiis  tbo  actioa'  of  the  water  for  seveial  yean. 
Though  there  are  practically  no  eipoits  and  iopoits,  then 
is  a  certain  amount  of  ioknd  commeice,  the  Brunei  Malay 
usually  earning  a  living  by  iiBdiog  with  (he  interior  tribes  al 
Sarawak  and  British  North  Bomeo.  Some  of  them  an  skilled 
workers  of  brass,  and  the  Brunei  womeu  make  very  beautiful 
doth,  interwoven  and  embroidered  with  jfM  thread.  Saao  II 
worked  hi  the  Important  river-vailcys  of  the  Tutong  and  the 
BaUit,  but  only  a  small  quantity  ol  rice  is  cultivated. 

The  history  of  this  ancient  and  decaying  sultanate  Ii  of  sonr 
Interest  Brunei,  or,  as  it  is  called  by  the  nilivts  Bruai  or  Etaf- 
ul- Solan  (dty  of  peace},  possctiEs  a  historic  tablet  of  stone  upon 
which,  in  *.H.  nn  (1804),  was  engraved  m  Malay  ctatacten  the 
genealogy  of  the  sovercisDS  nbo  have  mkd  over  the  country. 
The  engraving  was  the  work  of  Datu  Imaum  Yakub,  the  hl^ 
priest  al  the  time,  who  received  the  genealoRy  from  the  lips  of 
Merhoum  Bongsu.  otherwise  Sultan  Muadia,  and  Sultan  Kemal- 
Udin,  who  ordered  this  record  of  their  forefathera  to  be  written. 
This  stone  tablet  now  stands  on  the  tomb  of  Sulian  Mabommed 
Jemal-uI-Abm  at  the  loot  of  Panggal  hill,  m  the  city  of  Brunei. 
The  Sclcsibh,  01  book  of  desani,  is  kept  in  the  palan  by  tte 
sultan.  The  other  hcirioasii,  which  are  also  kepi  m  the  sultan's 
palace,  and  which  descend  to  each  sultan  Iq  turn,  are  the  "  Nobob 
Nagaia  "  (two  royal  dniini)  from  Johore  and  Menang-Kabau, 
and  the  "  Cunta  Alamat  "  (bells),  llie  gift  of  Sultan  Bahkd  of 
Johoie  tx  Ualacci.  The  hist  sultan  of  Brunei  wis  Alak-bei- 
Tata,  who  wai  pmbably  of  Bisaya  stock,  and  goveined  the 
country  before  the  juttcduciion  of  Islam,  in  the  tjth  century. 
He  oisumed  the  name  of  MahomaKd  on  his  conversion  to  Islam, 
which  was  brought  about  during  a  visit  to  the  Malay  penuuula. 
Brunei,  at  this  time,  waia  dependency  of  Majapahit  (Java)-,  apd 
paid  a  yeariy  tribute  of  a  Jar  of  arcca  juice  obtained  fnmi  th* 
young  green  nuls  of  the  ateca  palm,  and  of  no  monetary  value. 
The  Hindu  kingdom  of  Mentajuhlt  was  destroyed  by  the  Mabom- 
medansin  1473,  and  Brunei  is  mentioned  in  the  history  of  Java  a* 
one  of  the  countries  eonqueied  by  Adaya  Mkgnt,  the  genenl  of 
Angka  Wijaya.  Saltan  Mahommed'i  only  child  wai  ■  daughter. 
Bis  brother  Akhmed  married  the  dioghUf  of  Otig  Qnim  Fing, 
a  Chinese  officer  said  to  have  been  KOt  by  hisempem  to  obUlna 
jewel  from  &IoudI  KinabalnlnNorth  Bonteo,atd  mllii  iiiiiiwiii 
oi  Sultan  Mahomiaed  in  the  soveteigiity  o(  Bninej.  He  ww 
succeeded  by  Sultan  Beikat,  an  Arab  sherif  of  high  rank,  from  the 
country  of  Tail  In  Arabia,  who  had  married  Sultan  Akhmed^ 
only  child.  SultonBerkatbuUt  a  mosque  and  enforced  Mahom- 
medanlaw,  and  wilh  the  assislaecc  of  the  Chinese  built  the  stout 
woU,  which  is  stiB  in  eaistencc  bctireen  the  islands  of  Kaya  Otang 
and  Chermin.  by  *in^ing  forty  funks  £Oed  with  n^  t^oes  th* 
mouth  of  the  Brunei  river. .  This  work  was  CDrnpletsd  before  tbe 
arrival  of  Pl^etla  In  1511.  In  the  Kiga.ol  Sultan  Bnlkeisb 
MageQan's  squadron  anchored  o9  the  mouth  of  Brunei  rim  In 
August  1511,  and  Plgafetta  milei  meatjottot  the  ipleatBd  coBtt 
and  the  imperial  ■— g-ni~~»  of  the  Borneo  capJtaL  Sullas 
Bulkelah  was  otherwise  known  u  Nekoda  Ragam;  he  was  tho 
greatest  wairior  of  Bniad  and  nads  miltlaiy  eq)e£tioiia  to 
Java,  Malacca,  Iauod  and  all  tho  ooaal*  ol  Bomeo.  Histomb^ 
which  ft  handtonKly  buDt  irf  atoD^  b  still  to  he  seen  in  Brand, 
and  is  constantly  vtdted  by  Malays,  win  lean  nwaey  and  niioua 
utidcsanthetonbaKdhilng*  tohis  menKKT.  Othen,  agafait 
come  and  take  away  anything  they  can  find,  which  thty  keep 
as  channa  and  DeeuDtoea.  The  Spaaiaids  captond  Brunei  to 
isio,  the  reigning  sultan  and  his  cooit  letklnc  to  Soai  in  the 
Sano  district  The  Invadcn  wen  ooavelled  to  ovacnate  tW 
plane,  however,  In  coaseqBenc*  of  tbe  heavy  h)SM>  th^  instaincd 
inthennmeroiuattcmptimadeEocitsncoveiy.  lite soldea ago 
end,  and  then  ii  little  mora 
Disputed  n 


character,  earned  a atewlydecfiw in  piaiwtity.  TheEutlndta 
Company  started  a  lactMy  In  the  town  in  the  iSth  ccntmy, 
but  commerce  had  ahcady  decayed  md  tha  establishmeBt  waa 


't^Bo^rr" 


682 


BRUNEL,  I.  K.— BRUNEL,  SIR  M.  I. 


»  moM  Ok  ptnta  ind  >  market  Tor  tlie  tUve  trade  During 
llw  locdcs  AdmJnl  (LheD  CapUtn]  Kfppcl  mid  olhcr  oUnn 
•(  Ihe  Bifdih  navy  >iipprFK«d  piracy  in  tht  ndgbbourbaod 
Suvrak  mi  handed  over  to  Raja  Brooke,  and,  alter  Ihcaplure 
■Dd  tcmponty  occupalloD  of  &nmd  by  Sir  llHKnaA  Cochrane^ 
Lthitail  wa»  f«dcd  to  the  Briti^empin.  From  tJii3  island  it  was 
pouiblfl  to  eiFTcise  a  certain  control  over  the  towmpc^iLe,  And 
*  cotuut  was  stationed  there  to  vatch  aHaiis.  Nowadiyi  the 
politicaJ  consequence  of  Brunei  largely  arises  from  the  exist- 
ence tlieie  of  valuable  aeama  of  cul»  leased  U>  thn  Sarawak 
(ovenuuaiL  (C  H.) 

,  ■RDHn.    tMMBAKD    KDKIDOM    (iSofr-iBsn).    English 

on  the  trtb  ai  April  i3ci6.  He  dispbyed  in  childliood  linpilai 
powert  of  moiliil  okulalion.  gmt  ikill  and  npidily  as  k 
dnu^tSBiin,  and  a  true  feeling  tor  ait.  At  the  age  of  fourteen 
be  wu  MUt  to  ParJs,  to  study  at  the  College  Henri  Quatre.  In 
iSij  be  entned  his  Father's  office  ai  assislant-eosineer.  {ust  at 
the  dne  when  the  project  of  the  'niamn  Tunnel  was  beginning 
to  lake  ahape;  and  during  the  later  portion  of  the  tine,  from 
t8l5,  when  the  mA  wu  begun,  iiH  iSiS,  when  it  nu  stopped 
bjr  an  inuption  of  the  river,  he  was  both  nomhul  and  actual 
re^dent  engineer.  In  November  iSig  he  sent  in  designs  and 
plana  for  the  projected  smpenshni  bridge  over  the  Avon  at 
CliftoD.  but  in  consequence  of  objections  raised  by  Thomaa 
Telford,  the  referee  of  the  bridge  (ommiltee,  his  plans  were 
rejected.  But  a  new  doign  which  he  setit  in  on  a  second  com- 
petillon  in  fSji  was  accepted,  ajid  he  was  appt^ted  engineer. 
The  wotka  were  begun  hi  iBj6,  but  owing  to  lack  of  funds  were 
DM  completti)  until  1864,  after  Brunei's  death;  his  design, 
bovevet,  wu  dosely  adhered  to,  and  the  chains  employed  came 
fawn  the  old  Hungerford  suspension  bridge  (London),  which  he 
had  buUt  in  1S41-184S,  but  which  <m  displaced  in  186s  by  the 
Charing  Cross  rulway  bridge. 

In  Mardl  1833  Brunei,  at  the  age  of  twenty-feven,  w»i  ap- 
ninted  engineer  of  the  newly-projected  Great  Wutetn  railway. 

conlUet  vltli  obstructive  landowners  and  short-^hted  critics; 
but  h>  (bowed  biinsell  equal  to  the  occasion,  not  only  as  a 
iwofiatooal  man,  but  u  a  persuasive  negotiator.  Among  the 
«agiBBting  triumph!  on  that  railway  are  the  Hanwell  viaduct, 
Iha  Uaidanhead  bridge  and  the  Box  tunnel,  at  the  time  the 
ImgeM  111  the  world.  The  famous  "  battle  of  the  gauges  "  took 
Hm  ibe  from  Us  IntroductiDn  of  the  brotd  (7  ft.)  gauge  on  that 
Hne.  In  1S46  he  resigned  his  office  as  engineer  of  the  Great 
WcMcm  rdlway.  In  1844  he  had  recommended  the  adoption 
Of  the  ltBKiS[iheTic  system  on  the  South  Devon  railway,  but 
after  *  ycat'i  trial  the  system  wu  abandoned.  The  last  and 
tnatal  of  Bnad't  lulwiy  works  waa  the  Royal  Albert  bridge 
«M»  tla  river  Tamar  at  Saltash.  lliis  work,  sanctioned  by 
puflimmt  In  1845,  was  constructed  between  185]  and  iSjg. 

In  additlim  to  the  arduous  labours  of  rmiimy  ejigineeHng 
Brunei  took  ■  leading  part  in  the  systematic  development  of 
ocean  iteam  navlgatini.  As  early  as  October  1835  he  had  sug- 
■Htad  to  tiw  direclois  of  the  Cnat  Weatem  railway,  that  they 
should  "  make  It  longer,  and  have  a  steamboat  to  go  from 
Btittd  to  New  York,  and  call  it  the  '  Great  Watetn.'  "  llie 
pvjcct  was  takes  up.  and  the  "  Great  Western  "  steamship 
ma  designed  by  Brund,  and  built  at  Briitfll  under  his  snper- 
tateailence.  It  was  much  longer  than  any  ateuner  of  the  day, 
■Bd  woi  the  fint  ateamahip  built  to  make  regular  voyages  acrosa 
the  Atlutlc  Whila  the  vessel  was  building  s  controveny 
mi  nlied  about  the  pncttcabOlty  of  Bnmel's  adicme,  Di  D. 
LudBer  UMrting  dogtsatlctlly  that  the  vi^igB  coold  not  be 
tndi,  *ad  backing  bis  utertlon  with  ax  amy  o(  figures.  HIa 
«Ibw  wb(  widely  accepted,  but  the  work  went  on,  and  the  voyage 
«■■  Bccompliahed  In  iSJS.  Bnmel  at  once  tmdertook  a  still 
higa  desl^  in  the  "  Great  Britain,"  nhich  waa  the  fint  large 
bsu  steamship,  the  largest  ship  aSoat  at  that  time,  and  the  first 
bite  ihip  In  wfaicb  the  screw-propeller  wte  used.  She  made  ' 
hot  firat  voyage  ttom  Liverpool  to  New  YoA  In  August  and  i 
Septwber  1845;  bat  in  the  tollowin(  year  wu  ctntewly  run.  I 


opon  the  rock: 

gat  off  and  was  employed  m  the  Ausintban  trade  Brunei  sooa 
after  began  to  meditate  a  still  vaster  project,  the  construclioo 
of  a  vessel  large  enough  to  cany  all  liie  coal  required  tor  a  Ions 
voyage  out,  and  If  coal  could  not  be  hw)  at  the  out  port,  thea 
to  cany  enough  also  for  the  return  voyage.  It  leemed  to  him, 
farther,  that  a  great  incicase  of  size  would  ^ve  many  adviDtages 
for  navigiition.  Dunng  his  connexion  as  engineer  with  the 
■    itnhan  MaQ  Company  he  worked  out  into  a  practical  shape 


of  a 


I    iSj]    U)  K 


was  laid  before  the  diiecton  of  the  Eastern  Steam  Navigatton 
Company.  It  was  adopted,  the  projector  being  appointed 
engineer,  and  after  much  time  occulted  about  contracts  and 
specifications  the  work  iias  begun  in  December  iSjj.  Immenaa 
difficulties  hi  the  progress  of  constniciIoD  caused  delays  Imm 
time  to  time.  The  operation  of  launching  wu  several  times 
attempted  in  vain;  but  at  length  the  gigantic  vessel,  the  "  Great 
Eastern,"  wu  got  afloat  on  the  jist  ol  January  igsB.  Much 
lenained  to  be  done  to  complete  the  ship;  and  her  engineer, 
ovenrorked  and  worn  out  with  worry,  hmke  down  and  did  soC 
sec  her  begin  her  Gnt  voyage  on  the  7lh  of  September  tfijg. 
On  the  5th  he  was  brought  home  from  the  ahJp  suffering  fmin 
a  paralytic  stroke,  and  on  the  icth  he  died  at  his  house  in 
Westminster. 

In  addition  to  the  great  works  already  described,  Brund 
wu  employed  m  the  construction  ol  many  docks  and  piers,  as  at 
Monkweirmooth,  Bristol,  Plymouth,  Briton  Ferry,  Brentford 
and  MiUotd  Haven.  He  was  a  zealous  proffloler  of  the  Great 
Eihihitlon  of  igji,  and  was  a  member  of  the  committee  oa  th* 
section  of  machineiy  and  of  the  building  committee.  He  paid 
much  attention  to  the  Improvement  of  large  guns,  and  designed 
a  fioatlng  gun-carriage  for  the  at  tack  on  Kconstadt  In  the  KussLui 
War  (1854);  he  also  designed  and  superintended  the  construc- 
tion of  tlie  hospital  buildings  at  ErenkenI  on  the  Dardanellea 
[lassl.  He  wu  elected  a  fellow  of  the  Royal  Society  in  1830, 
and  in  1858  declined  tlic  presidency  of  the  Institution  of  Civil 
Engineers  through  ill-hcallli.  He  rendved  the  degree  of  D.CX. 
from  Oitoid  in  1857.  In  his  work  he  was  singulatly  free  from 
professianal  jealousy,  and  wu  always  ready  to  commend  and 
help  others,  though,  himself'  a  man  of  remarkable  Industry  and 
energy,  he  demanded  a  high  standard  of  faithful  service  from 
his  sabordmatcs. 

SeeTlHUfiil  IX.BnuJ,  CX  (i  B7o).br  his  loa.  laambwd  Brund. 

BRUHEL,  IIB  IIAHC  ISAKBABD  (1769-1849),  British  in- 
ventor and  engineer,  was  bom  at  Hacqueville  In  Normandy  on 
the  >5th  of  April  1769.  His  father,  a  small  tendomei  and 
farmer,  intended  him  lor  tlie  church,  but  his  taste  for  mathc. 
matics  and  mechanics  inclined  him  to  another  career,  and  ha 
obtained  a  nominatian  for  the  navy,  in  which  he  served  for  sli 
yeiLii.  When  his  ship  was  paid  off  In  1793  and  he  returned  to 
France,  he  found  the  Revohitlon  at  its  height,  and  owing  to  hji 
pronounced  royalist  opinions  he  wu  obliged  to  leave  the  country. 
Reaching  New  York  In  September  179]  he  begin  to  practise 
u  an'architcct  and  civil  engineer.  His  firat  cmploymeM  ,wu 
In  !anil4urveylng  and  canol-cnglneering.  Later  he  submlitea 
a  hl^y  ornamental  design  for  the  National  Capital  at  Waih- 
ington,  which,  however,  wu  not  accepted,  and  was  engaged  to 
design  and  aupeiiniend  the  construction  of  the  Bowery  tfaiatrc. 
New  York,  burnt  down  in  igii.  He  fitted  novel  and  Ingenious 
machkcry  In  the  arsenal  and  cinnon  factory  which  he  was 
commissioned  to  erect  hi  New  YoHi.  and  he  wu  asked  to  supplr 
phins  lor  the  defences  of  the  Narrows  between  Ae  tipper  and 
lower  hays  of  that  port  Early  In  ijw  he  s«Ued  lot  En^and 
In  order  to  submit  to  the  British  government  his  plan^  for  the 
mtfhanlol  production  of  ships'  bbcks,  in  substitution  for  the 
manual  processes  then  employed.  After  the  usual  dlfficnlliei 
and  delays  his  pn^ueils  were  adopted,  largely  through  tha 
recomraendatian  of  Sir  Samuel  Bentham,  and  about  iSoj  tba 
erection  of  hli  machines  was  begun  at  Pottstnoulh  doiA^ud. 
They  were  constructed  by  Henry  MaudsUy,  and  formed  one  of 
tbe  mlieit  emnpb)  of  ft  complete  ranfe  of  muhine  looli,  cKk 


BRUNELLESCHI— BRUNETIERE 


683 


the  qodity  of  th>  pradnct  uacb  imprawed  bm  Iks  com  mi 
(natty  diari^hed,  utd  (ke  nvlig  (Btcttd  in  dn  Bnt  jfmT  la 
irhicfl  [he  aucUiKi  «cn  jn  tuB  WMfc  wn  admtted  M  f  >4>ooo, 
af«hkkeboaltw»-thkd>wM«inrdedMBnnwL  Alinktater 
he  «u  occupied  bi  devklns  topfevcd  swcUnet  ka  n«in(  and 
beadtef  limber,  and  hi  ilii  and  iSii  be  «u  emplajred  b^  the 
■v-nak  at  WooMch  aad  Oiat^m, 
Br  dockTanl  a  complete  Tcorcaniiatjoii 
01  urn  *y*iea  lor  BaMUng  Ifaaba.  About  iStt  he  dcvbed 
BwcUneiy  for  nokteg  haau  ridch  wm  adopted  far  tho  potpeaei 
«(  the  trmy,  but  ahaadtaed  a  few  yean  laler  whau,  awtng  to 

'' -   '    IT,  the  demand  becanwIaaaBdtbetupply  of 

■per.    At  the  aime  tlm  '    * 
It  <rf  ileiBDav^tion  01 
_     ,    Id  iBm  be  R 
o  uy  •icam-tlp  lot  tarn 

n  node  M  hb  om  eqMlBe,  for  a  tev  B 
«  Beoliibiiic  10  the  com  the  Mta^nlty  i»- 
voiced  its  pnmilee  on  the  fnniDd  that  the  Mtn^t  m*  "too 
cUmeikal  to  be  wriovly  cntntolBed''  Aaother  ndn  cnter- 
pibe  on  which  he  wasted  nmcti  time  lad  moBey  wi«  ■■  Uioipt 
lo  OK  Hquefied  gaea  u  a  eoiiRc  of  motive  power  Uii  co<Md 
n  triuttw  wM  patmted  in  iSiO.  and  amoog  hit 
I  were  DUeUne)  loT  whuHni  cotton-thread  into 
belb,  for  eopytag  dnwhig),  for  maUng  fmill  wooden  boice  (oeh 
>a  an  need  by  druggbti.  and  ftir  the  BinabctDn  of  Baih, 
together  wnb  pmceBes  of  pceputng  tinfofl  far  decotattn  pur- 
poKt  and  fanprombeBti  b  ilereotype  platei  for  printing. 

In  iBn,  peitly  ti  the  lesull  of  the  danun  done  by  be  In 
tSMtor  -  ■  -     -  - 

genfni,  be  got  into  finucfai  dlBculltei  and 
pifMD  for  debt,  ody  regaining  hfa  bccdon  Ihrongh  a  grant  of 
£]eoo  whtch  U>  frtendt  obtained  tor  bin  from  the  government. 
Subsequently  Ui  attention  was  mihty'  deroted  n  pn^ecu  of 
dvil  englDeeilnft  the  aott  noteworthy  being  llie  Tha^Mi  Tymnet. 
In  iSio  be  had  prepand  plant  of  lilil|.i  ■  tor  erection  in  Rooen 
and  St  Pctenburg  and  in  the  sland  oil  Bourbon.  In  iSij  he 
designed  iwteg-bridget,  and  In  tBiC  Boatfaig  Itndbig-Maga,  Tor 
tbr  port  of  Liverpool  A  lompany,  which  was  lUKiorttd  by  ihe 
duke  of  Wellington,  was  formed  in  i8>4  to  cany  oat  bisicbeme 
lot  boHrig  a  (uime]  under  the  Tbamn  between  Wa^rtg  and 
RothnUtbe.  The  work  wis  begun  at  the  begfaning  of  iBij, 
tile  excavalSoB  bebig  Bicomplisliied  by  the  njd  of  a  "ihield," 
wUch  be  bad  patented  fn  1818.  Mtay  difEcnltle)  were  en- 
tnonlered.  The  river  broke  through  the  roof  of  tbe  tnnnel  In 
iSi;,  and  altera  ■econdimplioa  in  iSiS  work  wu diKontinned 
for  lick  of  funds.  Seven  yean  Uler  it  ■■>  resumed  wHh  tbe  aid 
'  «f  money  advanced  by  the  govemDml.  and  after  (hiee  more 
ImiiitiDni  tbe  Iimntl  wis  completed  and  opened  in  1S43,  Aided 
by  hit  wn.  Brunei  displayed  eilriordinaiy  nkiU  and  roeuice 
fn  tbe  various  emergencica  with  which  be  had  to  deal,  but  the 
nniiely  broke  down  Idi  healifa  He  recownd  sufficiently  Fnm 
one  paralytic  stroke  to  attend  theopeniiigcereBiooy,  bni  hewa« 
able  (0  undertake Uttlr  mere  prolestional  work.  A  second  (trokc 
followed  in  tgf  ;.  and  fnur  yon  liter  he  died  In  London  on  the 
silh  of  December  iSto.  He  received  (be  order  o(  the  Legion 
of  Honour  In  iSi«  and  wis  knitted  In  iSti 

See  Kkhaid  Beiriiirfi,  Ifimmn  tf  S"  Utn  hamtard  Swd 

SRinRLUICHI  (or  Bniniui.ura)  FlUPKf  (ij;o-i44n, 
ItaBan  architect,  the  rrnver  m  Iraly  of  the  Ronao  or  Quiic 
■tyle,  was  bom  at  Florenee  in  ijT«.  fin  btber,  a  nonry.  bad- 
deathied  him  for  Us  own  profeulon.  but  observing  the  boy's 
Inleut  for  ail  aortt  of  mechanisni,  ^icod  him  in  the  gOd  of 
goM^mith^.  Ffllppo  qoictly  became  1  ikilled  workman,  and 
perfccud  Idnn^  In  the  kmwiedM  of  tndpiure.  penpe<;1Ivc 
aadgcumetiy  He  designed  some  portions  ol  houses  rn  Horence, 
nnd  In  r^oi  be  was  one  of  tbe  rompetitors  lor  tbe  driign  of  the 
Itrtes  ol  the  biptiilery  irf  Sin  Ciowinnl  He  wu  nntncceaiful. 
Oo^  to  wotfc  obtained  piiuic,  intf  Iw  so 


lo  mtrt  the  olda  da^eal  style,  lAicb  had  died  onl  in  Ita^. 
Uoccaver,  he  wai  one  ^  the  fast  to  apply  the  sdentite  lows  of 
petspaetlvclohiswark.  In  1407  he  (emiMd  lo  Honnc^  jnM 
at  tbe  tine  when  it  wu  nidnd  to  attempt  the  tsovlctloD  nl 
Ihe  cathednl  chnrA  ol  Santa  Mada  del  Hoie.  Bniaellachl'a 
plaB  for  eHeittng  lUi  by  a  cupob'wnKappiDved,  hot  It  «i 

till  1419,  and  after  taanmeiahti  -" ' 

bttHy  ennuued  to  him.  At  6 
coUsagne  GUhettl,  of  whom  ha  l 
Mve  to  K*  the  conqdetdOQ  of  Us  gi 

tbt  nmmit  WH  put  up  not  nllost        

inamctioDa  and  plaa  left  by  Uibl    Tkt  gtcu  cupola,  os 
llw  tifnqfa  of  aitlkilectiue,  oaeed    ' 
that  o(  St  nter"!  at  Kem^  and  hai  a  I 


based  the  Tuscan  pdnoca  of  the  iitha , 

ftB  Lorenn  and  Spiiito  Santo,  and  the  il 
Capdla  del  Pa^  Tbe  beaatlfol  carved  cmd&i  in  tbe  chiail 
ol  Santa  Uaija  Novella  in  Hoieace  !b  ako  llic  woiii  ol  Brnud- 
iuniii.  He  died  fai  Henhice  m  the  ifiih  of  April  1446,  and  was 
bnifad  in  tlie  athcdtal  diuich  of  hk  niEiva  dty. 

See  MuFlIl,  VOa  H  BmtOadi  (Flomce.  iSil)i  Cuani.  I* 
atlxlt  di  Sa*la  Utria  id  fivt  (Flonue.  ISS7)i  von  Fabifciy. 
fUifpf  BmuUticki  (Stuttgart.  iS»a|. 

BHUnr.  naam  CHAIUI  (iTSa-rM?),  Fnncb  biblio- 
gniAer,  wai  bon  in  Puis  on  ibe  md  ol  November  itSo.  He 
via  the  son  of  a  booksdler,  and  in'  iSoi  he  pdnlod  a  sup^e- 
ment  to  the  DkOenmaln  mUetftU^mi  it  Uma  rara  (179^  of 
DudosaBdCaUsan.  In  itio  then  appeared  the  &at  e^tion 
of  Us  ilamuldm  lOrain  a  dt  ramttmt  da  Mm  (3  nh.). 


(iBm). 

liWttt  (iSsi),  and  an  editfm 
of  tbe  Freacb  poemi  ol  J.  O.  AUoncd'AMi,  dating  bom  Iha 
beginning  ol  the  lAlh  onlury  (1B36). 

Sre  alv  b  notice  by  Lc  l^onr  de  Lincy.  preliired  to  the  calalogDe 
(iSM)  of  hii  own  valuable  libnn'.  A  sepplemeut  to  tbe  ith  ediaia 
(1S60-186J)  of  the  Jfoaiu'  iteliinin  snipabUdied  (I*i»-iWoJ  by 
p.  DHchanipOuid  C.  Brunet, 

BRDItniftRB,  FBBDIMKD  (iS^^^goSi,  Freoib  olttc  and 
man  ofkltefS,*asboniitTonkinon  tbe  iQthof July  1849.  After 
attending  a  school  at  Uaneiliti,  be  Mudied  In  Fufa  at  the  Lycfc 
Louis-le-Gian±  Dtsiiing  to  foUowtlie  profession  of  ttacliing,  he 
enteird  Ibr  esamHiation  at  tlie  £cole  Nonnile  Siqtiiicuic,  hot 
Isiled,  lid  the  outbnuk  of  wir  in  1870  debarred  him  ftom  a 
second  atleinpt.  He  turned  to  privite  tuition  and  to  b'tenry 
criticistn.  After  the  pubUatlon  of  succeuiul  artids  in  the 
Femt  Bitot,  he  becnine  coaDtclcd  with  the  Xnrnc  ii$  Dm* 
Utnitt.  Crst  u  contributor,  then  is  secniaty  ind  mb-editot, 
■tid  finally,  b  189],  as  priudpil  editor.  la  tBS6  be  wu  ap- 
pointed pratessor  of  Frendi  language  and  litetsiure  ai  the  Ecole 
NortiHle,  a  lingular  bonouT  for  one  who  had  not  pissed  through 
ue  icidemic  mill,  ud  laler  he  presided  with  dktinctioa  oi-er 
various  an^rtnai  at  the  Sorbonne  and  eUcwhen.  He  wu 
drconited  with  the  Legion  of  Honour  in  iSSr.  and  liecaiae  a 
member  of  the  Acidemy  hi  1893.  The  published  works  of  Mk 
Bmneli^re  coniisl  brgely  of  leprintcd  papoi  and  lecturca. 
They  include  all  scriei  of  £fiidu  crilifuf  (iSga-iBggl  on  T>tnA 
history  and  Uceriture:  Lt  Ranan  nalanaiU  (tSSj),  Huttiit  tf 
LiUlralx-e,  three  series  {i«84-tgj«),giii«i«iu  d«  iriMfw  {1888; 
second  seiiet,  iBgo)  The  Gnt  volume  of  L'Siliilieti  di  itartt 
iani  rkittairt  dc  la  lUUralurt,  lectuics  in  which  a  formal  iriissi- 
lication.  founded  on  the  Darwinian  theory,  is  apph'ed  to  tbe 
'phenomena  of  literature,  appealed  in  iSgo:  and  his  later  worfca 
Inctode  a  series  of  studies  fi  vols.,  >So«l  on  the  evolution  of 
Fmcb  lyrical  poMiy  during  the  i«tb  ceatmy,  a  Ustoiy  ol 


684 


BRUNHILD— BRONN 


d  Ditaan  ocorftaifiiu  (1901},  Ductart  it 
ligoo,  1905),  L'AtHm  neialt  dit  driuiatianit  (iQO«),  Sv  la 
rtwtiiri  i4  la  trfyana  (1905)-    U.  BmisiKce  ifu  u  orthodoi 

retctioouT.  He  pnmiiml  two  prime  qiuMcationi  o[  ■  gist 
oltic,  VMt  cnuiitlDn  uid  imfiinchuig  amnge.    He  wu  never 

trip  in  the  wide  fidd  of  ttody  over  whiii  it  lugiid.   Hie  matt 

lutRdof  tbaimml,  md  »  cantempt  tw  the  Irivitl^  nobody  ma 
man  meidlca  tominb  those  *ho  (ficcted  cBete  ukd  deciident 
Uutaiy  form*,  or  tnitntahmj  ■  vidooi  Mandud  of  ut    Oa  the 


7  pedintir  ilieDMHi  the  lynp^tbies  ol  mujr 
who  ncosuBd  tiM  remubible  qiulilie>  of  hie  mind.  Tie 
•niUatuni  of  unjvenil  prindpk*  to  emr  qutstion  ol  letlen 
k  ■  check  to  diletlinte  hibiu  of  tluaght,  but  it  11  ipt  to  detnia 
the  aitic  ia  ■  lomewhit  umnrud  dusty  puh.    ld3tuiKtiite'* 

thonnighiy  uund  and  vbokKung.    H*  died  (n  tiie  gth  ol 

December  1906. 

Hii  Uaniul  iij  lb  HttUry  of  Frnul  IMtntturt  n>  Iraiulsted  Into 
Engliih  in  iBo3  by  R.  DcikIkC.  AimnE  critics  o(  Bninctiiic  kc 
I,  LcsuTtn.  ha  CnUmtmiia  (Iter,  sc.),  ud  J.  Swgent,  La 


ErandiCl 


IRDHHILD  (MJLGer.  SrfluUb 
die  oejne  of  a  mythical  heroine  of  1 
«f  the  Nibclungi.  Hie  nunc  me 
umoui "  (fiom  a  K.  Gcr.  inmit,  bnava.  M.  H.  Ger.  bniHin, 
irBnji,  brUaiUr  m  cuinss  or  coat  oE  null,  O.  £ng.  bymie^  and 
O,  H.  Gei.  kiiija,  iUla,  nt),  and  in  the  None  venioiis  of  the 
Mibdung  myth,  nhich  prstivet  mon  ol  the  primitive  trsditionl 
than  the  ItitdKHitnliid,  Brunhild  is  a  vallcyrie,  the  daughlci  of 
OiSin,  by  whom,  u  A  punishment  for  having  against  hie  ordcn 
hdped  a  inirioi  to  victory,  the  has  been  cast  under  a  spell  ol 
Otep  on  Hindarfjell,  a  lonely  rock  nimmlt.  until  the  destizied 
hen  ihiU  penetnle  llie  wall  of  hie  by  which  afae  is  surrounded, 
■Dd  wake  hec.  This  u  a  viiiuit  of  the  widespread  mylh  which 
■oriiva  in  the  popular  iiiry-iioiy  of  "the  slerpiiig  beamy." 
Ilie  fngnufty  of  Hme  Geroian  s<JioTan  hai  made  of  BnmhiLd 
t  peisoiuEicaiioa  of  the  day.  held  prisoner  upon  the  htH.tops  lill 
In  the  motning  the  sun-god  comes  to  her  rescue,  thtD  triumphing 
with  him  awhile,  only  to  pass  once  more  aadct  the  apcU  of  the 
powos  of  mist  and  darknos.  She  is  thus  by  some  rommcntators 
ooatrasted  with  "  the  masked  warrior  woman  "  KriemhUd 
<(,>.),  a  pcTaoniEcation  of  the  porni  ol  night  and  death.  But 
whatever  be  the  dim  origiiul  of  the  cbanclir  of  Brunhild— 
■s  to  which  authorities  are  by  no  loeaiu  agreed — even  in  the 
northern  versions  its  mythical  interest  is  quite  lubardinaie  to 
Its  puidy  human  interest.  In  the  Valniniaiata  ihe  b  the 
bermneof  a  tragedy  of  passion  and  wounded  pride,  it  is  she  who 
compasiei  the  death  of  Sigurd,  who  has  broVen  his  troth  plighted 
to  her,  and  then  inunolatea  henelf  on  hit  funend  pyie  in  oidet 
that  in  the  muld  of  the  dead  he  may  be  wholly  hers,  la  the . 
SiMimtoiiti,  on  the  othet  hand,  site  plays  a  companiively 
colooricn  rAle.  She  itill  poiseascs  superhuman  aitributts: 
like  Atatanta,  she  can  only  be  won  by  the  man  who  is  able  to 
OKiDome  ber  in  trials  of  speed  and  stienglh;  but,  Instead  of  a 
Talkyrit  sleeping  on  a  iondy  rock,  she  b,  when  Sigfrid  goes  to 
woo  her  on  bdialf  of  GuBther.  queen  of  tilant  (tscolant),  living 
in  ■  castle  called  the  laenstein.  In  the  tragedy  of  the  death  of 
Slffiid  bet  part  is  camplctdy  oveithadowed  by  that  oi  "  the 
pirn  Uagea,"  and  from  Ihe  moment  that  the  murder  is  decided 
•D  •!»  iioft  almwl  coDipletely  out  ol  the  story.  The  poet  of  the 
Xibdiutiiiliti  evidently  knew  noihiog  of  the  tale  of  bei  sell- 
Inmolatian,  for,  though  he  has  nothing  definite  to  say  about 
her  iltet  Sigfiid's  death,  he  keeps  her  alive  ia  a  sort  of  dipiiSed 
In  thelait  SooB  lucf  ai  10  «1  the  po«a  BmnUhl 


Meta.  She  now  abjuied  Aiianiui  and  wa*  CBBHninad  to  ttas 
oithodoi  faith,  and  the  union  wu  triebnted  at  Uett,  oa  wbkk 
occaaon  Fortuntus,  an  ItaUia  poet,  wba  ww  thea  U  Iha 
Fnnkishcaurt,coDpotedtbecpltlukmliun.  CMptrif ,  heother 
ol  Sigebcrt,  and  king  of  the  weK  PtuUA  ktagdw,  fealoa*  sf 
tbe  lemiwn  which  thft  mannws  bioucbt  to  Ui  dda  biMher, 
haitened  to  aA  the  hand  ol  Ctliwuitha,  luler  of  Bnmhilda; 
hilt  It  thrlniriiiTlfainllili  iniiTiim  rimlitieMl,  In  mawlimul 
hit  wile.  Slg^ert  wai  aubiua  (o  avanp  U*  ■iatcT'in-lnw, 
but  oD  the  lnlcn«ntio&  of  Gtmtmn,  ha  acBiited  the  "inrrrin- 
lioii  oflend  by  Cbilpcilc,  namely  the  tjtia  ol  fiankana,  Calun 
and  limogea,  with  BiaiB  ud  Kgnn; 

Thia  tnaly  dM  not  pNTcnt  war  won  affla  braakiag  out 
between  Sisdmt  and  Cfai^ieiic.  So  Iom  as  hM  kusbaod  liveil, 
Brunhilda  played  asecondaiypatt,  but  having  been  made  captiw 
by  Chilpeiic  after  her  husband's  aausiinatiaB  (S7S) , she  Rt 


ordinary  adventnies,  by 


Rouen,  after  a  soiet  of  extra- 
f  a  maniBga  with  Merovecb,  the 
lis  time  00,  she  look  the  laul, 

de^Miale  tliug^  against  tbt 
nobles,  who  wished  to  aovcfn  in  the  name  of  her  na  OuMebeR 

BedciefugeiaBnigundy.  Altet  the  death  of  CUMdwrt  II  (»7) 
she  aspired  to  gonrn  Anitnala  and  Buiiundy  in  the  name  ol 
hcrgiandsonsllieudcbertandTheudenchIL  She  waa  eipellcd 
(mm  Austrasia,  and 'then  MlrTed  up  Tlienderith  II  against  Us 
bmther,  wb^m  he  defeated  at  Toul  and  Tolbiac,  and  pal  to  death. 
Hieuderich  IL  died  shortly  after  tfus  victory.  sjhJ  Brunhilda 
caused  one  of  her  great.grBndcluldTen  to  be  pFoduued  king 
The  nobles  of  Austiasia  and  Burgundy,  however,  notf  summraic4 
(3otaiR  U.,  son  of  Fredegond,  and  kmg  of  Ncutir^,  to  help  them 
against  tbe  queen.  Brunhilda  was  given  up  to  him,  and  died 
a  utrible  lEaitli.  being  dragged  at  the  heels  of  a  wild  horse  (fiij). 

Brunhilda  scenis  to  have  bad  political  Ideas,  and  to  have 
wished  to  attain  to  the  royal  power.  She  was  a  proiectn 
of  Ihe  ChunJi,  and  Pope  Gregory  I.  (590-604)  addressed  > 
series  of  letters  to  her,  in  whi^  he  showered  praises  upon  bar. 
She  iook  it  upon  heiseU,  however,  to  supervise  the  biih(qiiia 
and  monasteries,  and  came  into  coaSirt  with  Cohimban  (CoKm- 
bAnus),  abbot  of  Lnieuil  As  Brunhilda  was  a  great  queen, 
tradition  ascribes  to  her  the  ootlstruclion  of  maay  old  castles, 
and  a  number  of  old  Ronun  toads  aie  also  known  by  the  name 
ol  ChaHiilil  d€  Bimulta*!. 

Aotnoamas.— Gre  lofv  of 
■■   ■    ~  '«i^  bI  f 


Pi:; 


BRinn,LBOIIABDO(i}6o-i444),ItaliaitsckoUr.Bnth«ofthc 
flaiery  «/  Florence,  was  born  ai  Arcaao.  and  is  generally  knowa 
as  LcMmnlo  Arctino  He  was  aecretaiy  to  tbe  papal  chancery 
under  Innocent  VII  and  John  XXll  iFmui  1417  10  hii  death 
in  1444  lie  was  chancellor  to  the  rq>ubbc  of  Floresice  He  was 
buried  at  the  eipensc  ol  thp  state  in  Su  Croce,  where  his  taarelled 
sucue  is  still  to  be  seen.  He  was  the  firti  to  free  the  latUay  of 
Florence  from  its  fabulous  elements,  but  hu  book,  though  not 
unintelligent,  only  repays  very  h^nens  stndy.  Tte  only 
Latin  edition  is  Huitn^um  FloreniuMrmm  bbn  au  .  .  .  eumpti 
in  tucem  tiU.  tlnd  it  ap  Sou  Bnmmt  (ArgenLor.  161a.  (d.). 
A  tnnslition  Into  Tuscan  was  published  by  Doaata  Acoajuoji  in 
147a  at  Venict,  was  republished  at  Fl«eace  in  1493,  and  sgain, 

BrDhH  (Ciedi  Brml,  the  caiHtal  ol  the  Auuiian  muxnviate 
and  crowolaad  of  Moravia,  E9  m   N   ol  Vienna  by  raiL    F<^ 


BrlUin  is  siluated  (or  tbe  moU  part  between 
fluencc  af  the  Sthwaiaawft  and  Ibe,  ZwitUwn,  wd 


ja%areCacchL 


BRUNNER— BRUNO 


:b  hu  ioDg  been 


.    OaoH 
u  tka  Spidbcis  (94J  ftO, 

ved  u  •  privm,  fmiuMiB  Idt  Urn  conaemm  wiin  ^iivio  remco, 
*bo  wu  aaLBud  within  ill  irttb  bum  1811  to  iSjs.  Tlie 
lutifiotieTB  of  the  dU  torn  hive  ncrtr  beta  cnliRl]'  mpDved. 
tfwiag  plue  to  handHiM  fanttu  u>d  wcll-biult  IIRCII,  which 
patithiaianBiuiiiktiaavithiuadjsialiiBiuburbi.  The  old  town, 

...     ^ BtivttruMll,  with  BUiowwdciMkcd  bat  weU- 

■     ■  ptaOedty. 


Hm  SMhats,  irinch  dtto  liom  isii,  bu  t,  bit  Cotbic  poitiil, 
and  csDtaiiu  wvcbI  iBtaadng  utiquitio.  Tilt  ecdcsiaitiail 
bsildingi  cocopite  the  othcdnl  of  Si  Petii,  litualed  as  (he 
lava-  hill;  tba  Gut  Gothic  dnmfa  of  St  Jacob,  hnill  in  the  ijlt 
centurr,  with  tti  inm  tower  added  in  1S45,  'and  a  Rinorkable 
c^kctJOB  of  rariy  piinli;  the  dnnth  o(  the  AngiHtbian  frian, 
diitiBf  liom  tha  14th  centnqr;  and  thkt  of  the  Minortta,  whh 
iM  [ntcoea,  ils  holy  itair  and  In  Lo»ett«  hom.    AnoDgst 


■I  high  edimttoiwl  tstabUahmewti, 

~  »  thBolotfial  Kmiiary, 
ta  o(  the  tonner  nninniiy  ot  BrBin.  It 
D  Catbidlc  bidBp  and  of  a  Proteilant 
I.  -Ubkh  h  lonietiniB  itykd  "the  AuaUu 
Hanchaiter,"  ii  oae  of  the  nmt'  indotial  towm  of  Aualn 
■Dd  the  ehfcf  ml  o(  the  cloth  mdaWry  hi  the  whole  tmpite. 
Other  Inponant  biandKf  of  hduMiy  an:  the  laaalacwic 
of  vatioiB  woollen,  cotton  and  dk  gooda,  leather,  the  nadilnety 
nqnfaed  In  tlw  teilile  Cactoria,  breiriac.  diMlllinc  and  milKBg, 
and  the  pRxhtctios  of  nigar,  «I,  glove*  and  haidwai«.  It  it 
■bo  as  hnportant  niiway  Jonctiao  and  eairiet  on  a  vety  active 
tnde. 

Brllnn  pnbably  chta  from  the  gth  centnry.  In  the  nth 
cntuiy  it  wBi  bcatowod  by  Duke  Wratiilai  H.  on  hii  hui  Otto. 
A  plan  o(  gnat  •itength,  It  held  oat  luccaafally  againt  iteBea 
— in  141S  by  the  HuvIIcs,  in  1467  b^  King  Gcorte  of  Bcjwnia, 
Ib  164s  by  Iht  Swedish  genent  Tonteiuon,  and  in  i;4>  by  the 
Pmuiuu.  In  iSo;  It  w>a  die  hcadqaarten  of  Napokon  belore 
Ite  battle  ol  Auiteillti. 

S«  Taulenberger,  Dit  OmtiJ,  itr  iMJalmtliMI  Br*ni 
(Brtkaa.  itU-Itt;,  J  ivIm.!. 

BROinrBB.  BBHBT  (1(40-  ),  Ceman  hiitoiiaa,  wai 
ilW«)iiBDppctAtattiaoatheinidofjDi»iS«o.  Mtei 
-  -  -  ■  «nltie*  o(  Vleona,  CMiogen  and  Berlhi, 
tt  the  univctsily  ot  Lemberf  in  iS6d,  and 
■Id  umihr  poHtkHn  at  Prague.  Stnsbiirg 
and'  Berlin.  FnJtD  iS7»  Branner  devoted  hinuelf  especially 
to  itodyliig  the  otly  lawi  and  inttliutloni  of  tlie  Fianki  and 
Idndred  people!  of  WHtera  Eoitipe,  and  on  tlwK  lubjctla  hii 
R3e*idie»  have  been  of  supreme  value.  He  also  bcame  a 
IcadiDcanlhoritroonwdeniGenDanlaw.  Hobetameamember 
ofthe  Berlin  AcademyotSdencfS  In  1884,  and  in  tS3«,  afltr  the 
fleath  of  G.  Wafta,  luidertook  tbenpervtsioa  ot  the  I<(U  icctlon 
of  the  UmumcMt  GSmmniiae  Uslarica.  Ris  chief  worki  arc: 
DU  SuMdaait  if  Sdhrmrtcridili  (Beriia,  iSv>]-,  Zmm  ud 
ImjuaOiimaniitb  itr  konUmtbchrm  Zt»  (VieDii*,  1866);  Dot 
M((m»rMMi>{nl(  A^otfuyiftai,  wM  ihum  Eamn  flier  iii 
aUtriH  MTMCiBtbotot  CnOama  (li^ulg,  iE««);  2*r  RKhtt- 
tacUdUt  itr  rAwlidln  umi  gtrmairitdim  Urtuitit  (Berlin, 
itgo];  Dtalidk  StdUigudnMi  (MpOg,  iffij-igin);  ifitUs 
mi  Spmmla  (Berlin,  i88j):  Dii  langselimlHutpii  itr  Km- 
wtnttruai  AtMfniv  (Berltn,  iSSs):  Dai  CtricklaiutHii  md 
iit  JHnkiidH  Ktxiiiarlninii  [Bertin,  iSjj);  FtncktHtfH  lar 
GtlMcUt  ita  ictbckm  ami  framUnldtrti  Sttlm  (SlUU^Tt. 
iS^hCnmittgt  itr  inlsckm  RrdaiiadilMt  (LerpEfg,  ifor). 
•SBthmOV.  FRAHZ  PRIBDBIGR  KRKIT  (iSiT-iSgi), 
Cerman  aitnHioiner,  was  bom  In  Betlfn  on  the  18th  of  November 
iSii.  Between  the  >|e>  of  e^t  and  righleen  be  attended  the 
Friedridi-Wlbelm  gymnaihnn.  In  tgjo  he  entered  the  ttniver- 
dly  of  Bertin.  where  he  imdled  mathcDiittca,  astionomy  and 
tdiyva,  as  wd|  as  cbembiry.  idiiloKipliy  and  philology.  After 
traduating  aa    Fb.D.   In  184.1,  he  took  an  active  part  ta 


of  J.  F.  Enck. 


68s 

woifc  at  the  Bertbiokemtoiy,  imdei  Ite  dinction 


wcU-kno' 


IT  planet*  to  the  A»»Knmitlu  Ntdt- 
In  1841  he  waa  appohited  dinceor  of  the  Biik  obaep- 
ear  DQeaeldoif,  and  in  the  loUowing  ycai  publidMd  tbs 

n  Jtfinuin  nr  is  eaeittt  eU^fi|W  df  £■  Kiu,  lot  wbicfa 
be  leoeivtd  the  gold  medal  ol  the  Amsterdam  Academy.  In 
rSji  be  BOCCMded  J.  C.  Galle  at  Sat  anrtant  at  the  ^eriin 
obKcvatory,  and  accepted  In  1894  the  post  of  director  of  the 
new  sbscrvaCDry  at  Ann  Arbor,  Ukhign,  VSA.  Here  1» 
poblished,  iSj8~iB69,  a  jraimal  entitled  Allrtmnituat  Nttiat, 
while  his  labka  of  llic  minor  planets  Flou,  Victoria  and  Iria 
w«c  acveially  issued  in  1857,  1854  and  iSAq.  In  itUo  lie  went, 
as  associate  director  of  the  abacTvatory,  to  Albany,  H,  ¥.;  but 
relunwd  in  1B61  to  Michigan,  aod  threw  bimscli  with  vigour 
into  the  woik  ot  atudying  the  aatmnonical  and  physical  coo- 
slanls  of  Ute  obtervnlory  and  its  instnmcnti.  In  1863  he 
rtsgoed  its  dircclion  aad  relumed  to  Ceiraany;  then,  on  the 
death  oi  Sir  W.  R.  Hamilton  m  libi.  he  accepted  the  peat  of 
Andrews  pnlciior  of  aitmwmy  b  the  nniveiiily  of  Dublin 
and  astionooer-ioyal  of  Itebuid.  His  flist  wtdertakbig  at  the 
Dublin  obMrvatoiy  wai  the  etectioD  ol  an  equatniiiil  leleieope 
to  carry  the  fine  object-glaia  pmcnted  to  the  ODhrciiily  by 
Sir  Jama  Sonth;  and  on  fta  compleiun  he  began  an  import- 
of  inneirlm  on  atellai  p"""---     The  & 


inehide  dhcuahm  of  tlie  dhtaiwn  of  the  atan  ■  Lyra*,  r 
DiMoal*,  Gioonbtidge  183a,  85  Fegui,  and  Bradky  ]c 

H.i»,  j7.    In  1873  theotoena .. 


extended  pnvaouaa  of  wwk  with  It,  but  in 
Collawing  year,  hi  coMCttnence  of  (ailing  bealtb  and  eyeaight, 
h*  lesigBed  the  pott  and  retired  to  Bank  b  18S0  be  leniaved 
a  Vevay,  anlin  rS84  to  Heidelberg,  where  be  died  OB  tbe  loth 
>f  Augiat  i8$i.  The  pennaoence  of  hw  Kpntattoo  wasaecnied 
>y  the  merita  of  hii  Uiitutk  itr  tpUriuttm  Ailmumit,  whidi 
eerc  at  oooe  and  widdy  appiedateii  In  iI6b  fart  i  wia 
nuidated  taito  EngUib  by  Robert  Uain,  the  HadcliSe  obteiva' 
it  Oifonl;  BrOmww  bimtelf  published  an  English  miioa  in 
itiy,  it  readied  in  the  originBl  a  sth  editKo  in  1881,  and  waa 
ifao  tranthted  bito  French.  RDstian,  Italian  aod  Spaniah. 

5k  JfAM*;  Mil>iHAiiy.A4lr.5KiUrili<->}OiJ.  CFOntKloifi'i 
iict.  Lit,  Hndwlrltrbiuli,  Bd.  iii.i  Naiiat,  idiv.  44;^ 

BEnXO.  SAIKT,  founder  of  the  Carthusians,  was  bom  in 
I^ologne  about  lojo;  he  waa  educated  there  and  afterwards  at 
^eimi  and  Touix,  where  be  studied  under  Beitngit.  He  waa 
irdained  at  Cologne,  and  thence,  in  1057,  be  was  recalled  to 
%e{int  to  become  sdwimtkui^  or  head  of  the  cathedral  school, 
ind  overseer  of  the  ichoob  of  the  diocese.  Re  waa  made  also 
anon  and  dioceaan  chanrellor.  t^^ving  protested  against  the 
misdoings  of  a  new  archbishop,  he  was  deprived  of  all  hii  offices 
and  had  Id  0y  ioi  ufely  (1076).  On  the  deposition  of  the  arch- 
bishop in  1080,  Bruno  waa  presented  by  the  ecclesiastical 
authorltia  to  the  pope  for  the  see,  but  Philip  I.  ol  Fiance 
succosfully  opptwed  the  appointment.  After  thii  Bmno  left 
Rcimi  and  retired,  with  tii  compaaioQi,  to  a  desert  unong 
the  mountains  near  Grenoble,  aod  there  founded  the  Carthusian 
order  (1084).  After  tl>  yean  Uiban  tL  called  him  to  Rome 
and  o9ered  him  the  atthbitbopric  of  Reg^o;  but  he  refused  it, 
aod  withdrew  10  a  desert  in  Calabria,  where  he  eatabliihed  two 
ollKt  mODaiterles,  and  died  in  iioi.  Be  wrote  Coramentiilea 
on  the  Fsaltus  and  the  inline  Epistles,  to  be  found  in  U.ignci 
PaU.  Lat.  clii.  and  diii. ;  aome  -woib  by  namesakes  have  been 

Hii  Lile  will  be  (burd  in  the  Boltindiili'  Alia  SancUrtm  («h  <£ 
Oeiobet).  The  be«  «udy  on  St  Bnino't  lift  and  worlu  it  HetmtnB 
Labliel.  Dtr  Slilla  itt  tarsMaSB-O'ina,  1899  (vol.  v.  No.  I  of 
-'  Kirehei^CKhiditlicbe  StiKUex."  MQoDeT).  (E.  C.  B.) 

BVnilO,  or  BanH  (9is-«6s),  archbishop  of  Ctdogne,  third  ton 
of  the  German  king,  Henry  I,,  the  Fowler,  by  hit  recond  wife 
educated  for  the  churth  at  Vttecbt,  whaio  be 


686 


BRUNO,  GIORDANO 


AUnsaibd  Unndf  by  Ut  itodloiu  teaL  In  94D  hii  brotber, 
KiBg  Olio,  ahcmrds  the  emperor  Otto  the  Crt&t,  ippointed 
Mn  chincelloT,  ind  WHoe  yon  Ulcr  urcb-chapLun,  ud under  his 
kadinhip  tbe  chancery  wu  retonned  and  bccarnc  ■  uatDing 
imuid  lor  tapiUe  adminliuaian.  He  rendered  valuable  astiit- 
ance  10  bit  bnlbrr  Otto  ia  hia  cfiona  to  auppreia  the  ribngB 
which  marJicd  the  earlier  part  of  hia  reign,  aervicea  which  were 
rewarded  in  953  when  Bnuo  vaa  made  archbi^op  of  Cobjtne, 
and  about  Ihe  aame  time  duke  of  Lorraine^  Bruno  !i  chiefly 
leDowned  u  a  scholar  and  a  patron  of  kamingr  He  canaorled 
eagrrly  with  Jeanbed  foreignera.  tried  10  lecuiv  a  better  educAtiou 
for  Ifie  dergy,  and  was  mainly  inatrumaUl  In  tnaliilic  hii 
blather's  court  a  centie  of  intellectual  life.  He  built  many 
chimhei,  and,  aided  by  the  tendency  of  the  time,  sought  to 
purify  monastic  life.  He  died  at  Kdns  on  the  i  iih  of  October 
96;.  and  wtt  buried  In  Ihe  chuch  of  St  Pantaleon  at  Colognt 

See  Ruotcer.  "Vita  Brunonit  anhicpiicepi Colonieiilis."  in  ihc 
ifniMnU&riflaaue  AhMfkii,  .ScriffHU.  Band  iv.  (HuiaviT  and 
BaKa.i»t6'i»9>i:£.Kmr.D4BrmiuI.AKliiipuaptCtlenuati 
(Bcrtin,  1U7J:  J.  P-  I^er.  MiMntili-KritHckl  BtHritl  •" 
JaficjtKku  Bnaa  I.  (Cffaene.  IBnli  K.  Maniii,  Btima  ur 
CtuikUt  Brmui  I.  nn  Kdk  Ueaa.  iM). 

BBUHD,  QIOBDAHO  (1:.  iS4B-t6oe),  Italian  phikwpher  of 
Ihf  Rcnainancc,  sa*  bom  ncu  Nola  in  the  village  of  Cicala. 
Utile  is  known  d  hia  life.  He  wai  christened  FiUppo,  and  took 
the  nanifl  Giordano  only  oa  entering  a  lelipoua  order.  Jn  his 
fifteenth  year  he  entered  the  order  of  the  Dominican)  •!  Naplei. 
and  is  said  to  have  composed  a  ticatisc  on  the  aik  of  Noah- 
Why  he  lubmilted  to  a  discipline  palfiably  unsuitni  to  hit  fieiy 
■pint  R  cannol  IcIL  In  cDnsequcaee  of  his  views  on  iransub- 
■UntJatlon  and  the  immaniLiic  (onccptiaH  be  was  accused  of 
inpbty,  and  after  enduring  persecution  for  some  yean,  he  fled 
from  Kome  about  1576,  and  wandered  through  various.citiea, 
reacWng  Ceitevsln  1  jje.  The  homeof  Calvinism  wiino  resiing- 
^Me  tee  him  (T.  Dufour,  Cinriano  Bnna  d  Cntti,  Geneva, 
iS&t),  and  he  Invelled  on  through  Lyons,  Toulouse  and  Mcot- 
ptilier,aninlcatPariain1jSi  Everywhere  he  bent  hiscnergies 
lo  the  ttxpOBltMm  of  the  new  thoughla  which  were  beginning  to 
«S«ct  a  levolulioa  intbc  thinking  world.  Hehaddniok  deeply 
•(  Ihe  %iM%  a(  the  Renaissann.  the  determination  10  see  for 
Uniajl  the  noble  uaivcne.  unclouded  by  the  mists  of  aulbori- 
taljve  philuophy  and  church  tradition.  The  discoveries  of 
Copernicus  were  eagerly  accepted  by  him^  and  he  u»ed  them  as  the 

down  fron  Ariuoile,  for  whom,  indeed,  he  fud  a  perfect  hatred. 
Like  Bacon  and  Telcsio  he  preferred  the  older  Greek  philofiophcTS, 
wbo  bad  looked  at  nature  for  themselves,  and  whose  spcculaLions 
had  more  of  reaJity  in  them.  He  had  read  widely  and  deeply, 
and  in  his  own  writings  we  come  across  toany  eipie^sions 
familiar  lo  us  in  earlier  syiURia.  Yet  hiipbiloHphy  is  no  eclecti- 
cism. He  owed  something  la  Lucretius,  something  to  the  Stoic 
natute-pantheisni,  Hmething  to  Anaxagotas,  to  Heraclitus,  to 
the  Pylhagortana,  and  to  tM  Neopbtonijts,  who  were  partially 


of  Cnsa,  who  y 


1  of  Nice 


I  indeed  a  speculative  Copemj 
lyctem  Has  a  distinct  unity  and  orighialily;  it  bnalhcs  thraugh- 
oot  Ihe  fiery  ^irit  of  Bruno  himself. 

Binno  hod  been  well  received  at  TouIouKi  when:  he  bad 
lectured  an  astrnoomy;  even  better  fortune  awaiied  him  at 
Paris,  especially  at  the  hands  of  Henry  III.  He  was  oSend  a 
dulr  of  philosophy,  pmvided  he  would  receive  tbcMass.  Heat 
Oncerefused,  but  was  permitted  to  deliver  lectures.  These  seem 
to  have  been  altogether  devoted  toeipositionsof  a  certain  kifpcat 
sytlem  which  Bruno  had  uken  Dp  with  great  eagerness,  Ihe  An 
tlniia  of  Kalmon  Lull.  With  the  enception  of  a  satiric  comedy. 
It  Canddaje,  all  the  works  of  this  period  on  devoted  to  this  logic 
~De  Umbrit  Idearum,  A  ri  Urxiaiat.  Dt  c^mtcnJieia  ardiilalva 
a  (tmplaiunle  ertii  Lidlii.  and  CojJhi  Cirtoitii.  To  many  it  has 
aeemcd  a  curious  freak  of  Bruno's  thai  he  should  fuve  so  eagerly 
adopted  a  view  of  thought  like  that  of  Lull,  but  in  reality  it 
la  in  strict  accordance  with  the  principles  of  his  philosophy. 
Uke  the  Arabian  logicians,  and  some  of  the  scholastics,  wbo 
bald  thai  .ld«B*  ecslcd  in  m  thisclolil  forin--aiili  in,  ta  ribM 


and  ^V  ru— be  laid  down  (he  piiadph  that  die  nclKtypal 
ideaa  uisted  metapbyakally  in  Ihe  ulihsats  lulty  or  intdli- 
gence,  pbytically  hi  the  world  ef   ihioga,  and   lotfcalty    i 


unity  tnight  be  lepreacnted  inUOiipbty  and  eady.  ll  provided 
also  a  tuhtiituie  lor  either  the  Ariatotdua  or  the  Raadst  lofic, 
which  was  an  addilioosi  element  in  its  bvour. 

Und«  the  pcotecllon  of  the  French  ambuaador,  Ui^l  ds 
Caitehiau,  ainir  At  Uauvitsijre,  Bruno  paiaed  over  in  isSj  In 
EngLand,  when  he'  reaided  far  about  two  yean.  He  waa  dia- 
gusied  with  the  boitality  of  Englisb  maimers,  which  be  paiati 
in  no  Baiieting  nloiita,  and  he  fonnd  pedantry  aad  ■tfeisliliea 
at  rampant  in  Oatordaa  in  GcKVa-  Indeed,  tbentlilleaiaUdOB 
the  sUtulc  a  pnBviuon  that "  HasteraoBd  Bachdon  wha  dM  DM 

fallow  Aristotle  lailbfuUywt 

every  poial  of  divertauE,  oi 
the  logjf  of    ■  _  ■■ 

rulogin  ol  Eliiabeih.  He  It  f^enUy  uid  to  have  formed  tl 
lotuainiance  of  Sir  PbiUp  Sidney,  Fulke  GreviUe  awl  otbei 
eminent  Englishnoi,  but  there  has  been  nnch  COMtoveviy  aa  to 
Ihe  tacts  ol  hia  life  in  London-  It  saans  probable  that  be  lived 
in  the  Fmtch  embasay  in  some  IccretariaE  or  ttnorial  r««'*"r"- 
Hc  may  tsiKeivably  have  met  Bacon,  but  it  is  qoitc  inciedibti 
that  he  met  Shokeiiieare  in  Ihe  printing  shop  of  Thonaa  Von- 
irollier-  In  Oifofd  he  wi*  allowtd  to  hokl  a  diipotation  wiili 
some  learned  docton  on  the  rival  ineril*  of  the  Copenucan  and 
so-called  Aristotelian  tyttema  of  the  univene,  and,  a«Drdtng  to 
his  own  report,  had  an  easy  victory.  Hie  best  ai  his  iroritt  were 
written  in  the  freedom  of  English  social  lite-  The  Ceta  it  It 
Cauri.  or  Ash  Wcdoeiday  convenitloo,  devoted  loan  eipastiaa 
of  the  Copemican  theory,  was  printed  In  [  584.  In  the  ttme  ycaf 
imnutd  hit  two  gical  metaphyiiial  ••nAa,  Dt  la  CoMH.i'na- 
liH".  ft  Um,  and  Dt  f '  /af  oto,  Umittnf,  t  ifiKdi;  in  Ihe  you 
follewing  the  &vinfiiivrjaodCtMed(IC«aik^(|ai«.  In  1584 
also  appeared  the  strange  dialogue,  J^acciadrfla  BcMta  Tiiti^ailt 
(Etfulsiim  tf  lit  Trimmfliiil  BtoM),  an  aUegory : 
of  mool  philosophy,  but  giving  the essoice  of  Bmn 
The  gods  ore  icprcseoted  at  les^vinf  to  banlih  from  the  heanu 
the  consiellaiiont,  which  served  to  remiiid  Ibem  of  Iheii  evil 
deeda.  In  their  places  are  put  the  moral  virtaea.  Thefintol 
the  three  dialoguei  contains  the  substance  of  the  allegory,  whicl^ 


in  aattul ton  heathen  n^thology,  is 


phUotophical  point  of  view  the  fnt  part  of  the  second  dialogue 
is  the  most  imponanC  Among  the  moral  virtues  which  lake  Ihe 
plaoe  of  the  beotu  aic  Truth,  Piudea<«,  Wiidom,  Law  and 
Universal  Judgment,  and  in  the  eaplonalioD  of  what  these  mean 
Bruno  unfolds  lbs  inner  esence  uf  his  system.  Truth  Is  Ihe 
unity  and  subatancc  which  undeilies  all  things;  Prudau^e  or 
Providence  it  (he  regulating  power  of  truth,  aiul  comprebendt 
both  liberty  and  oecoaity;  Wudom  ii  providence  llsell  in  ita 
luperscDsible  aspect— in  maa''  it  reason  which  gmips  the  tiulli 
of  things;  Law  resnlts  froto  wisdom,  for  no  good  Uw  it  irrational, 
and  its  sole  end  and  aim  is  the  good  cf  manki^id;  Univertal 
Judgmott  It  the  principle  whereby  men  an  judged  acc<irding  to 
their  deeds,  and  not  according  to  their  bt^icf  in  this  or  that 
catechism.  Mingled  with  his  allegorical  philosophy  are  tiie  nKOt 
vchementttliicks  upon  the  established  rcligioii.  Thenionksan 
tligmaliied  at  pedanU  who  would  destroy  the  ioy  of  life  on  earth, 
whs  on  (vaticiout,  dissolute  lod  the  biecden  of  etenul  dit- 
sensions  and  squabbler.  The  mysLcries  of  faith  arc  tc^tScd  at- 
Thc  Jewish  iHtntls  are  put  on  a  levd  with  the  Greek  myths,  aod 
miradesoR  laughed  at  as  magical  thcka.  Through  all  this  runt 
the  train  of  thought  resulting  naturally  from  BruDo'slundamenlal 
principlea,  and  familiar  In  modem  pliilosophy  as 
denial  of  particular  providence,  the  doctrine  of  ti 
prayer,  the  idcnlilication  in  a  sense  oiUbctly  andae 
the  pcciLliac  dc^tion  oi  good  and  «viL 


.oogle 


BRUNO  OF  QUERFURT,  ST— BRUNSWICK,  DUKE  OF      687 


IB  1585-1586  be  returned  *l 


i  Oaulm 
nupbylh 


0  Pirij,  where  hit 


bin  wu  soon  driven  from  hj! 
Mirbiuj  and  WktenberE,  the  heidquarl 
There  h  ■  tradition  thit  here  or  in  Engia 
Protnuni  [alth;  nothing  in  hij  writings 
luppoM  so.  Seven!  worts,  chiefly  [oglcal, 
SUy  at  Wiltenberg  (Dt  LampaJc  fnmfti'iia 
4iul  De  Pngtasu  ti  Lampadt  lerultria  b, 
I  s88  he  ireni  [0  Prague,  then  to  Hdmalidt 
FmnkfoTlT  and  published  three  important  meuphyarr 
Tri^ici  Uiximc  tl  Ummra,  Dt  Umadi    " 


SEjill 


ro  a  Inn 


rrotifihi 


He  I 


m  ZDrich,  whence  he  accepted 


to  Venice  boo  a  yotmg  pi 


t6oo  he  wu  eicomDiuniCHted,  and  on  the  J71h  was  hum 
tbeitdke. 

For  more  thin  two  cenluriei  Bnino  received  icarcely  the 
Mniideniion  he  deMmd.  On  the  gth  of  June  iS8g,  however, 
as  a  TestJt  of  *  ttrong  popular  movement.  ■  statue  to  him 
wia  unvclted  in  Rome  in  the  Cintpo  dei  Fiori,  the  place  of  hit 


a,  u  In  all  great  thialters.  philosophy  It 


it  must  a>ntaJD  ia  itaelf  Ibe  univerw.  which  develops  ffooi 
muit  be  al  once  all  and  one.    Thii  unity  is  Cod,  the  unlvcn 

which  n  in  thingi  and  yet  la  diuinci  fmoi  them  ■•  the  uniui 
diHJDCC  fmoi  tha  particular.  He  ia  (ha  eScianl  and  final  ca 
■II,  the  becinninf,  middle,  and  end,  clerqal  and  inAnit«.  I 
actioa  the  world  ■■  prDduced,  and  his  aclioo  it  the  taw  nf  hk  t 
hii  nicesdty  is  uua  limlom.  He  is  Uving.  active  iDielliRtni 
trriDdple  of  oMioii  and  cnatioa,  (Hlitint  himaell  ia  the  inf 
various  (onnt  <1  acliyit/ thai  constitute  individsal  Ihinea.  ' 
InAnitily  actual  then  la  Dacaaary  the  poasitite:  Ihal  which 
mines  uivolvrs  lomewbat  in  which  its  dcierminaElODs  can 


iumia.    Tlie  unity  which  suudsn  iucli  into  the  midliplialy  of  things 

■aid-wiy  betwen  the  diinae  iotellitena  and  tl>e  wwM  of  citernal 

bilhast  function  11  (be  contemidaUon  of  the  divine  unity.  diKoverable 
Doder  the  manifold  of  objrcts. 

Such  is  ■  briel  lummaty  al  the  ftrinciisl  pisitlans  of  Bmuo's 
obiloaophy.  I  taeenwqidtcdaar  that  in  the  earlier  warits.particulaTly 
the.  two  tia"—  -■--' •■ •■-■ ' >■ 


dialnpjes,  he  a] 
Srit  is  simply  ar 


intelKgent.    There 


vclopment  InHpah 


*"po.' 

the  Uiar  and  final  form  of  ids  doclrir 

■s  the  naliaaiion  of  ibe  divine  mim. 

Bruno's  wrilinn  hid  been  much  nwJected  when  lacoM  (BoubIi 
them  into  notice  in  his  Srfi/cClcrJiiLilircf^'assiuiiRdcd..  1870 
Since  then  many  have  held  that  DescaneSt  Spinota  and  l^ibnii 
wen  indebted  to  him  Car  their  main  (irinciples.  SolarasDcsraTtc 
ts  cooccrnad,  it  is  highly  inpnihable  thai  he  had  teen  any  of  Bruno' 
worka.  Scbetling,  however,  called  one  of  his  works  afierhim.  Bruin 
DrBUOGa*rHY.— The  chief  edition  of  the  Latin  worW  i-  "^i 
■■■  B  by  F.  Fioiwillno,  F.  Toe 


published  at  the  public  espense  by  F.  rmiHilino,  F.  Tocco  a 
VilelU  (Naples,  |879-|B«|),  which  superseded  (hat  of  A.  F.  C 

Klotlgart,  183^  inconpleic).    The  Italian  workt  were  collori 
A.  Wagner  (Leipiig.  Ifijo].  and  a  new  edition  was  oubllshcd  h\ 
Lagardc  (CBIiTngen,  1BS8- 
G.  Gentile  (1907  fDll.).  i 


Wun 

tnnria' 
by  J.' 

lateV  of  the  preface  I     . 
WDrki)r£rekr Fvml.  L.  Williar 

The  chief  Eiuliih  work  on  Gk«lac 
!  {LowKin,  190j>.  cowaining 
See  also  C.  (UinhDlmcii.  J 
o  Berti,  Ciordano  Brunt  da 


BTunnbofar.  Citrtau  Bt 
M.   Ca    ■■         - 

E^'»iv«„ 
Ciariiuie  Bniu 


tfellniuclkiaiu   (Ldpdi.   IMa>! 

Carrie,  PkOaiBphUdH  IfeJfawKAaang  iir  MmalieuSk 
...  ...  ,._.  _.     ,gj^].  y  J   Q,„ft^  Cierda-u,  flra.i.  ■■} 

nn.  1S4;);  Miss  I.  Frith.  L-h  sf  derdaiu 

n.  iM;j;  C.  E.  Phmiptre,  Lifitnd  Wtrltiil 

itH):  Chr.  Kgwart,  in  Xlnis  Sctri/ln, 


(i8te.H 


Eng.  Irani.  Agnet  Fry,  190s);  Ijndibect,  flrune , 

ncmn  WtOaavhiuiaii  (rBgo)r  Owen,  m  Saflia  tl  As  lutin 
KimaUiaitct  (London.  IBsjh  C.  H.  von  Stein,  C.  Ainw  (190O}; 
R.  AdansoB,  Dmhtumi  tj  tladtn  PUIiurfky  (Edinhurih  aiicl 
Undon,  tyoj);  C.  Louis,  C.  Bnme.  uim  1l^«ujkiirii>g  lad 
l«6(«w./oii«n  (1900J ;  O.  Juliuibetger,  C.  Bnaa  tad  dit  Cctn^. 
wo«  {is«uj ;  J,  Reiner,  C.  Brunt  md  itmt  WManiclunat  Ow). 
The  most  imponaot  cniical  worka  an  perhaps  Ihesc  ol  Felice Taoea, 
Lr  Oprrr  Laiimi  dt  Qiardtn  Bnmt  (Florence.  IU9),  Lt  Ottn  Imdin 
■'■ '"-—'-«  Briuu  (NaplB,  Itel),  U  FirnH  fit  Homti  diOa  lUti.  dd 
lome.  iSga).    See  abo  H.  HWding.  HliUrf  aUsdtm 


I    (London.    TfOb);   I 


10(19. 


(R.A 


L  L.   Kuhlenbecl.   (19c 
■The  Sfaaic,  by  Morehead,  nol  as 

(dated  1711,  but  probably  priniet 

o(_the  preface  10  St  r  /SjSniw  (1.  Tolar 


una  it  ifiat  of  J.  Lewis 

;»r'(PrJi^i84'.-i847T; 
a  (md  ed.,  ]t>S9t!  H. 


BKims)  or  QmSFUBT.  SAINT  (c.     tfii- 

1009),  CerBBD  missionary  biihop  and  martyr,  belonged  to  the 
'amily  of  the  lords  el  Querfurt  in  Saiony.  tie  was  educated 
It  ih«  fannui  cathedral  achool  al  Magdeburg,  and  at  the  age  of 
:»eniy  waa  attached  la  the  clerical  hoosehold  of  the  empercr 
SiioIII.  In  99S  he  anompanicd  the  emperor  to  Rone,  and 
here  gave  up  hit  pott  and  entered  the  manaiieiy  of  SS.  AIoIdb 
ind  Bonifaclui  on  the  Aveniine,  uUng  "  in  religion  "  the  mraa 
rf  Bonilieha.  When  the  ncwi  reached  Rome  of  the  maityr- 
Jom  of  Adalbert,  bishop  of  Prague  (997),  Bruno  detennined 
a  take  his  place,  and  in  1004,  after  being  cansecnted  by  the 
wpe  as  archbishap  o(  the  eastern  heathen,  he  let  out  for  Cer- 
nany  to  seek  aid  of  (he  emperor  Henry  II.  The  emperor,  how- 
ever, being  at  war  with  BolnUus  at  Poland,  oppoMd  hit  enlei^ 
irise.  and  he  went  first  10  (he  court  ol  S[  ^ephen  of  Hungary, 
ind,  finding  but  >ligh(  encouragtmenl  then,  to  that  of  the 
grand  ptinet  Vladimir  al  Kiev.  He  made  no  eflon  to  win  over 
Vladimir  to  the  Roman  obedience,  hut  devolA]  himtelf  to  (he 
pagan  Pechenegt  who  Inhabited  the  countty 
jid  (he  Danube.  In  this  he  was  to  fuMtcceit- 
ful  that  they  made  peace  with  the  gtand  prince  and  were  toe 
inally  Christiana.  In  tDc8  Bnmo  went  to  the  coult 
of  Bolcshius,  and,  after  ■  vain  effort  10  peiauade  the  empcret 
Gennau  and  Pdea,  determined  at  M 
haiards  (a  proceed  with  hit  mistlon  10  the  Ptuasiant.  With 
mpanions  he  tel  out;  bul  on  (be  borden  of  (he 
Russian  (Llihuanlan)  country  he  and  all  his  company  were 
Hssacted  by  the  heathens  (February  14,  inog). 
During  hit  slay  in  Hungary  (1004)  Bnnw  wiole  ■  lite  of  St 
Adalbert,  the  heat  of  the  three  eitant  biographies  of  the  taint 
Pcna,  JfoH.  Cttm.  HUt.  Scripicra.  Iv.  pp.  577,  so»-6.i), 
:iibed  by  A,  Podhast  { Biblielhait  Itiit.  nod.  tn.)  a*  "  in 
the  highest  degree  attractive  both  in  manner  and  matter." 

by  Dlnmar.  bishop  of  Merteburg 

. .  ._ _  _. J  Samdarmm  (June  igl   v[    1    nn 

its-lif.    See  lunh«  U.  Chevalier.  Riptrlitin  dii  tnra 
BuhBiilietnipliu  (Patis,  1904),  i.t  "  Bruuan  de  (Jueifi 

IROHSBOTTBI,  k  seaport  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
Prussian  province  of  Schleswig-Holstein,  on  (he  N.  bank  of  the 
Elbe,  6a  m.  N.W.  from  Hamburg.  Pop.  (190;)  ijoa.  Bruu- 
hUItcl  it  the  west  terminus  ol  the  Kaiaer  Wilbdm  Canal,  which 
s  closnd  there  1^  double  bcki.  Here  also  are  an  inner  harbour, 
1640  It.  long  and  6j6  ft.  wide,  ■  coaUng  station,  and  *  unaJI 
harbour  for  (he  tiigi  and  otber  veuds  bdongjog  (0  tbe  canal 

FBRMNAIID,   Di;iE  or 

im  on  (he  9(h  of  October 
I7J5  ai  woiienDtittci.  He  RCeived  an  unusually  wide  and 
(Inrongh  education,  and  travelled  in  his  youth  in  HoUaikd. 
France  and  vaiioni  part*  of  Cermany.  Hit  fint  military  tt- 
periencc  was  in  the  North  German  campaign  of  17S7.  under  the 
duke  nf  Cumberiand.  At  thebatlleol  HaS[cnbeck  he  wongrtat 
lenomi  by  a  galUnl  chu^e  at  the  head  of  an  inlandy  bdpdc; 


(976-iaio).    This,  with  an 
publtthed  in  the  Bollandis 


Ilh  addilii 


BRUNSWICK 


uid  upon  llie  ckpltnUtioa  of  Kkatn  Zcvm  lie  wu  euiiy  per- 

iusdcd  by  Wt  uncle  Fetdinind  ol  Brunswick,  who  succetdcd 
CumberUnil,  to  GOntiage  ia  Lhe  wu  u  m  gcncn]  officer.  The 
upMu  ol  iht  hertiliuiy  prince,  u  lie  wu  ciUed,  toon  giiaed 
faim  further  reputation,  uid  he  become  on  acknowledged  mEster 
ol  IrrcEular  waifirc.  In  pillbcd  battles,  and  [n  puticuliir  at 
Mindenand  Wuburg,  hepcDved  himsell  an  eiccUcnt  subordinate, 
AlUx  the  doM  of  [he  Seven  Yean'  War,  the  prince  visited 
Eni^aiMl  with  his  bride,  the  daughter  ol  Fnderick,  prince  of 
Walo,  ud  in  17M  he  went  to  Funcc,  being  received  both  by 
hit  aJliea  and  his  late,  eoemiei  with  every  token  of  respect.  In 
Puis  be  made  the  acquainunce  al  ManDonld;  in  Switierland, 
whitber  be  amtinued  his  tour,  that  o[  VoliAJie;  and  in  Rome, 
where  be  remained  lor  a  long  time,  he  eipiored  the  antiquities  ol 

Naples  he  returned  to  Paris,  and  thcBCE,  with  hi*  wife,  to  Biunt- 
vick.  His  lervices  to  the  dukedom  during  the  next  lew  yean 
were  ol  the  grestat  value;  with  the  uijttuice  ol  the  nlniiter 
FdoDce  von  Rotenkreui  he  mcued  the  Mate  Iiom  the  bank- 
icpLcy  inio  which  (he  war  had  brought  It.  Hn  popularity  was 
unbounded,  arid  when  he  aticceoded  fail  father,  Duiic  Karl  1.,  in 
1 7  Bo,  he  soon  became  kiwwD  as  a  model  to  aoveieigu.  He  was 
perhaps  the  beat  representative  of  the  benevdent  despot  of 
the  iSth  centur> — wise,  eoBomical.  prudent  and  kindly.  His 
habitual  caution,  if  it  induced  him  on  some  occaakms  to  leave 
lefonni  uncompleted,  at  any  rate  saved  hin  liom  tbe  taiJures 
which  marred  theeSocts  of  90  many  liberal  pdncuol  bit  time. 
lie  itmve  to  keep  hit  duchy  from  ill  foreign  cntanglementa.  At 
the  tame  time  he  eoolinucd  to  render  ijnpDCIanl  senrieea  to  the 
king  of  Prussia,  lor  Mham  he  had  fought  in  the  Seven  Yean' 
War;  he  waa  a  Prusalan  fidd  marshal,  and  was  at  pains  to 
make  the  regimeiit  nf  which  he  waa  cobinel  a  model  one,  and  he 
wot  frequently  ennged  in  dipk>matic  aiul  other  state  affairs. 
He  resembled  hit  ondc  Frederick  the  Groat  in  many  ways, 
but  he  lacked  the  supreme  resolution  of  the  kmg,  and  in  civil 
at  IB  militaiy  tflairi  wu  prone  to  ucessivt  caution.  At  an 
enlhuaitatic  adherent  of  the  Cennanic  and  anll-Ausuiao  policy 
of  PniiaU  be  joined  the  Pinltaiuyid,  in  which,  ns  he  now  had 
the  tt^niCatioa  of  being  the  best  scJdier  of  hii  time,  be  wai  the 
deuined  comniacder-in-chiel  of  the  federal  army. 

Between  ijGj  and  1787  hii  only  military  service  bad  been  tn 
the  brief  War  of  the  Bavarian  Successioni  to  ibe  Utter  year, 
howevei,  Dm  duke,  u  a  Prusaan  Geld  maiihal,  led  the  army 
ttUeh  iDVwIed  IMUuid.  His  success  was  rapid,  completo  and 
ofaaost  bloodteu,  and  ia  the  eyes  ol  contemporaiies  the  cam- 
ftifa  vpeored  at  tn  tnjiqile  of  perfect  geoeralihip.  Five 
yean  later  Brvnawick  wot  appmnted  In  the  command  of  the 
oUtd  Auuilan  and  Gcrtnaa  army  assembled  te  invade  France 
and  antii  the  Revolution,    In  tbii  task  he  knew  that  he  must 

acknonledgeil  lyn^thy  with  Freocb  hopei  oi  reform,  that 
when  he  gave  an  Bylum  in  his  duchy  to  the  "  comle  dc  Lilla  " 
(Louis  XVIU,)  the  revolutionary  govcrnitent  made  no  protest. 
Indeed,  earKer  in  this  year  (ijga)  he  had  been  oflered  supreme 
command  of  the  French  army,  'As  the  king  of  Prussia  took  the 
£eld  with  Brunswick's  army,  the  duke  felt  bound  as  a  soldier  to 
ueat  his  withes  u  actual  orders,  (For  the  events  of  the  Vabny 
campaign  too  Fiench  RivOLOTiOMjiiy  Waib,)  The  leiult 
of  Bnniiwjck'i  cautious  advance  on  Paris  wu  the  eonnonade 
of  Valmy  foUowtd  by  tbc  retreat  ol  the  allies.  The  loUowing 
campaign  of  1793  showed  bim  perhaps  at  Ids  beat  as  a  careful 
and  eiact  general;  even  the  heiy  Ilodte,  with  the  "  natira 
In  arms"  behind  him,  failed  to  make  any  bnpiesalon  on  the 
veteran  leader  of  the  allin.  But  dlHicutltes  and  diugnementt 
at  headifuarlen  msltipBed.  and  when  Bninlwick  found  himself 

the  king,  be  laid  doivn  his  command  and  returned  to  govern 
Ut  duchy.  He  did  not,  however,  withdraw  entirety  from 
Pnvdan  service,  and  in  1803  he  carried  out  a  successful  and 
dtplomaLic  tniinon  to  Rutsa.  In  iSoA,  al  thn  personal  request 
of  Qneen  Loalse  of  Prussia,  he  cnnscnled  to  command  tbc 
PiUBun  army,  but  hne  again  the  preacnce  of  the  king  •(  Prussia 


and  the  conflicting  viewt  ot  Mmeram  tdviieit  ot  Li^  nok 
proved  fataL  At  the  battle  of  Anerstadt  the  old  duke  spas 
mortally  wouuled.  Carried  for  nearly  a  month  £n  the  midst  of 
the  raulnd  Pruoiao  army  be  died  at  lut  on  the  loth  of  Maveni~ 
ber  1806  at  Otlemen  oeai  Hambuij. 

Hit  ton  Old  luccaior,  FmniicB  WhbIlk  (i7liTr8t5>, 
who  wai  one  of  the  bitterest  apponenti  ol  Napoleonic  dDmiaatioD 
in  Genaooy,  toidi  port  in  Che  war  of  iSog  at  the  head  of  a  coipa 
of  paititaati  Bed  to  EngUnd  after  Uh  battle  of  Wa^am.  aid 
returned  to  Bniatwick  in  1813,  where  be  nitod  bob  troopa. 
He  was  killed  at  the  battle  of  Qootn  Biai  an  tlie  ifith  of  Jane 


See  Lord  ntD 
ijoi);  memoir  L 
ilaji;  .rd.  lor 


lurice.  Ovla  W.  F.,  Mi4  ttBrnmsmidi  aeakn. 

AUttrntiHt  dtmluht  Biettapkic,  vol,  1L  fLeipng, 

3,   lor  an  IntereatinE  sketch  cC  hit  miUtaty  cheraelcT: 

H.  la  Cmnmi  H  a  Kte^Mint— £a  FraAn  Imwuimm 

jPsri*  li.o.J. 

the  cstmly,4eK  of  Glynn  county, 
Ceorgfa,  U.S.A.,  anda  port  ol  entry,  on  St  Kmon  Sound,  about 
itm,  from  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  and  about  100  m.  S.  ol  Savannah. 
Pop.  (iSgo)  S4S0,  (tooo)  0081,  of  whom  J1S4  were  of  DEgia 
descent;  (lora  U.S.  Deatu}  id,iSj.  It  It  one  of  these^nnaof 
Geoigit,  the  FedcrtJ  govemaienl  havrng  dredatil  a  daiiaA  la 
Lhe  inacr  harbour  ti  fL  deep  at  dkoh  low  water  and  a  channel 
acroga  the  outer  bar  ig-3  fL  deep  at  mean  h>w  wxter — (here  is  a 
rise  of  7,1  it.  at  high  tide.  St  Simon  Island  and  Jekyl  Island 
[a  winter  resort  of  wealthy  men),  lying  between  the  ocean  and 
the  mainland,  protect  the  harbour.  The  dty  is  served  by  the 
Southern,  the  AtkaU,  Birminglttm  k  Atlantic,  and  the  Allnolic 
Coast  Line  nHwayi;  it  it  obo  connected  by  liacs  of  iletmboKis 
with  various  ports  along  the  cout,  including  New  York  and 
Boston.  Brunswick's  grouth  hu  been  retarded  by  the  successful 
rivalry  ol  other  ciuet.  tiotably  Savuuth;  but  il  haa  ■  consida- 
able  etpoit  trade,  principally  in  lumber,  ooB-tiea  and  aaval 
stores— ill  eiporti  were  valued  at  It3,3 87,83!  io  ipoS— and 
various  manuloctoiiei,  including  planing  mills,  cooperage  wo^ 
and  oyster  caanericL  It  wu  settled  aboDt .1  111,  tsA  nceived  a 
city  I  barter  In  1S51S, 

BHUHSWICK  (Ger,  BramucjItKff),  n  toverefgn  deeiiy  et 
northern  Genminy,  and  a  constituent  state  ot  the  German 
empire,  comprising  Ihite  larger  and  til  tmaller  pntion  of 
territory.  The  principal  or  aortbeni  purl,  cmitoinlng  the  (owta 
ol  Brunswick,  WoIfenbUttcl  and  Hcliastedl,  Is  situated  between 
tbc  Prussian  provinces  ol  Hanover  and  Soiony  to  the  ■outh.cut 
of  tbc  lormer.  The  wcslera  part,  csntaiiiliig  Holnniaden  and 
Candcrshdm,'atendl  eastward  from  theilverWeser  to  Codai. 
The  BtiTikenburg,  or  outem  portion,  lies  to  the  soath-cMtof  lhe 
two  former,  between  Prussia,  the  duchy  of  Anhalt  and  the 

the  Tnssian  prwtnCB  ot  Hamver  and  Saiony,  an  the  districts 
Thcdinghausen,  Hanburg  and  KalvOrdc,  and  the  thm  demesnes 
of  BodenbuTg,  Olsburg  and  Ostharingen.    A  portion  of  the  Han 

Prussia  (HanovCT)  and  known  u  the  Communion  Hart.    Ia 

1S74  apattilton  wu  effected,  but  the  mines  are  still  wwked  ia 

to  Prussia  and  the  teaisining  three^evenl 
The  northern  portion  of  the  duchy  has 
by  hill  and  pbm.  it  Is  mostly  anble  and  hat  Miile  foieit.  The 
other  two  principd  portions  are  intenectcd  by  the  Ban  rnoDn- 
ttint.  and  itt  spurt  and  the  higher  partitre  covered  with  lorctta 
of  fa,  oak  and  beech.  The  gttsteil  elevaQou  aie  (he  Wtumberg 
(JI30  It ),  and  the  Achiennannsh6he  (jioo  It.),  lying  aoalb  «l 
the  Brofitn.  Brunswick  belongs  altnott  entiirtly  to  Ibe  boiln 
ol  theilvccWcier.intOHbich  the  Okec,  the  Ante  and  the  Ldne, 
having  their  touicet  in  the  Haii,  dlicfaaige  their  vnceit.  The 
climate  11  mild  in  the  north,  but  in  the  hlUy  country  n«  and  eoM 
in  winter,  and  in  autumn  and  spring  dsmp.  The  area  of  ibe 
duchy  is  1414  sq.  m.,  and  of  this  total  luUy  one-b^  it  srsble 
land,  10%  meadow  and  pasture,  and  33*^^  under  forest.  Tlie 
population  In  \rfi%  was  481,6;;,  The  teliglen  is,  in  the  main, 
that  ol  the  Lutheran  Evingcllcal  church;  but  there  it  a  laixe 
Roman  Catholic  commu 


■a  Brunswick. 


>A,oo^s 


BRUNSWICK 


the  wit  aT  a*  UAopite  at  HMIb  Gcnuny.  The  Jewt  hive 
tevciiJ  lynagDgBs,  wilh  ■  nbbinate  In  Bnuuwkk.  Hie  binh- 
nte  h  ii-3,  ud  the  dnth-nU  ii'fi  pn  thouund  inhabituBti. 
lo  the  runl  dktricti,  brtad  Loir  Geimui  b  ipeken;  but  tb« 
liDgtnge  of  the  upper  end  educalcd  rtiTi  [■  dbtingoished  by 
iti  puritr  of  ityje  ind  pronnndatioB. 

Tbe  Und  dcroted  to  sErkulIuR  la  cxalleatlr  finned,  ind 
cnuli,  beet  (for  nigir),  potatoes  «id  gudcn  produce  of  ill 
kindi,  pirtlculiily  fniit,  obuin  the  bett  nurket  pdcd.  Hie 
puture  lind  nan  ottle  *nd  ibeep  of  fint-ntt  quality,  and 
gmt  ittentlon  a  paid  to  the  bceedlnj  of  bones,  in  vhldi  tbe 
famous  Mud  tann  it  Kanbntg  bai  of  late  yean  been  cniiDenlly 
conspfcuom.  Tmibereullfng.inlheforestsoftbeHan.empkiyj 
■  large  number  ol  hind).  But  sgriculiure,  which,  until  reeently, 
fonoed  the  chief  wealth  of  ihe  duehy,  hu  now  given  way  to  Ibe 
mming  indistiy,  both  In  poinl  of  the  numbcn  of  Inhibltaati 
employed  lod  to  the  genenl  pmpctity  diitribated  by 
dilef  s«t  of  the  mining  indmlry  is  the.  Halt,  and  iti  de»- 
•nnuillyinneaiesineitentandimpartince.  Co*I(bltt 
iton,  lead,  copper,  suTpbur,  ilum,  tmible,  ibbaMei,  lima  and 
Mtt  in  produced  !n  Iirgc  quintilies,  and  the  tqr-prodwli  of 
>ome  of  these,  particularly  chemiclb  and  uphilt,  comtltBle 
a  great  lounx  of  revenue.  The  manufacture)  embnce  mgir 
(from  beet),  spinning,  tobacco,  paper,  toip  middnes,  glin, 
china,  beer  ind  lavsages.  The  last  ire  iamoui  thnn^wut 
Ceraiany.  The  prtncipd  articles  of  erport  ire  thnad,  dyes, 
crmcnt.  chicotT.  beer,  timber,  preserves,  diemkals  and  nvugea- 
TTic  rariwayj,  (ormeriy  belonging  to  dw  stale,  were,  is  1870, 
leased  10  privile  compinies  ind  m  itS)  purchued  by  Prus^, 
and  have  a  length  of  about  310  m.  The  raids,  of  wUcb  one 
quaiier  are  In  Ibe  hands  of  the  state,  an  eicellentty  kept,  and 
vie  with  those  of  any  EnropeaD  eonotry. 

The  consittution  is  that  o!  a  limited  monarchy,  and  datti 
fTOtn  a  revision  of  the  fundamental  law  on  tbe  iilh  of  October 
fS]>.  The  thione  b  hereditary  In  the  bouaa  of  Bmntwlck- 
LOneburg,  according  to  the  law  of  priniogenitnre,  and  in  the 
male  tine  ol  lunesiian,  but  tbe  ri^tful  heir,  Emest,  duke  dI 
Cumberland,  wu  not  allowed  to  take  poiaeauDn.  TbepirKament 
of  tbe  duchy  (Laiiii-  or  SISnittiTiammlinii)  fa  m  inemUy  of 
estates  forming  one  house  of  4Sdcputia,  of  whom  ^areelnied 
by  municipal  and  rural  comraunltles,  while  the  remainder  repre- 
»entlheEvangellcalthurth,  the  large  landed  propil«oi8,mino- 
factums  and  the  praTBsions,  The  home,  however,  hai  Ultle 
power  in  initiating  legialition,  but  It  cin  refuse  tuition,  im- 
peach minitten  ind  receive  petitions.  Tbe  exccneve  hmcilons 
of  the  idminhtntion  ind  gonmment  reside  In  the  ministry 
(SaalimlHiiUritm)  consisting  of  three  napandhle  ministera, 
■niiled  by  1  council  of  tbe  htdders  of  tbe  otbei  chief  offices  oI 
■Ute.  The  puNie  debt  amounts  to  ibout  ii  millions  sleriing. 
and  the  civD  list  to  about  £s«,ooo  a  year,  mosUJ  deriwd  from 
the  tevennei  ol  tbe  atnte  domiins.  By  ritme  d  a  conventiOB 
with  Prussia,  of  March  iSSS.  the  Brunswick  cantinEcnt  to  the 
impetiit  forces  forms  a  part  oi  Ihe  Fnis^n  inny  and  it  attached 
to  the  X.  army  corps.  The  convention  on  bt  letdnded  only 
after  a  two  yean'  notice. 

Biiltrj. — The  landa  wbidi  conprlie  the  modecn  dudiy  of 
BriDHirick  belonged  in  the  lolh  ctotury  lo  the  family  of  tbe 
Brunos,  whence  the  name  Bttlniwick  is  derived,  of  Ihe  counts  of 
Kordhelm,  and  the  counts  of  Supi^InbuTg.  Inherited  during 
the  nth  century  by  Henry  the  Proud,  duke  of  Saiony  and 
Bavatta.indamemberof  the  family  of  Well,  they  subsequently 
farmed  pirt  of  Ibe  eitenuve  Suon  duchy  ruled  by  bk  son, 
Heniy  the  Lion. 

When  Henry  wai  (tlaced  under  the  impetlal  hu  ti>d  his  duchy 
dismembered  In  ii3i,  he  was  allowed  to  retain  his  bereditaty 
poaaeMions,  which  con^ted  of  a  large  part  of  Brunswick  and 
LOneborg,  Hie  bnlkof  these  lands  came  subsequently  to  Henry 'a 
grandson.  Otto,  and  In  1335  tbe  emperoe  Frederick  11.,  anxiona 
to  be  reconciled  with  the  Wdfa,  recognised  Otto's  title  and 
created  him  duk*  of  Bnuitwick  and  LOnebaig.  Otto  added 
several  countjea  aad  the  town  of  Hai 
and  when  he  dkd  in  yij. 


John.  In  DOrthewpHncetdtvidedtheduchy,  Albert  becoming 
duke  of  Brunswick,  and  John  duke  of  LUneburg.  Tbe  dukes  of 
LQneburg  increased  the  area  ol'lhcir  duchy,  and  when  Ihe  lamHy 
died  out  in  ijAg  1  slubborn  conleit  took  place  for  its  poeieieion. 
Claimed  by  Magnus  II.,  dule  ol  Brtinswirk-WolIcnbUItel,  this 
prince  was  forced  by  Ibe  emperor  Chsrlet  !V.  10  abandon  hij 
pretensioni,  but  In  1388  his  sons  succeeded  in  Incorponilng 
LOneburg  with  Brunswick-WoIIenbllltel.  In  iiS;  Ihe  duchy 
of  Brunswick  had  been  divided  between  Duke  Alben's  three 
sons,  whoK  relalions  with  each  other  were  far  (ram  hiimonious,' 
and  Ihe  linn  of  WoltenbUltel,  GOIlingen  and  Ciubenhagin  ' 
had  been  estibliabed.  Tbe  Wolienbdllel  brandi  died  out  in 
1  Ml,  but  was  relbunded  Hi  1345  by  Magnus  I.,  a  younger  member 
of  Ihe  GDttingen  family;  the  eldn  G«tinges  branch  died  out 
in  1463,  and  the  Grubenhagen  branch  in  1396,  Magnus  L, 
duke  of  Bninswlck-WolfenlMlitei  from  1343  la  1369,  wu  the 
anceaior  of  tbe  later  dukes  of  Brunswick.  Hia  giandsont, 
Fredetiek,  Bernard  and  Henry,  secured  Ltbieburg  bi  ijgS,  but 
in  141S  Bernard,  tbe  only  survivor  of  Ihe  three,  was  lorced  to 
make  1  division  of  the  duchy,  by  which  he  received  LOneburg, 
while  hia  oe^diews,  William  and  Henry,  obtajned  Brunswick, 
which  in  1439  they  divided  into  Cilenbetg  and  Wollenbattel. 
Id  1473,  however,  William,  who  bid  iddcd  GKtingea  to  hi* 
possessions  in  14^3,  united  these  lands;  but  they  were  IffUn 
divided  from  1493  to  15S4.  In  1384  Brunswick  wia  united 
by  Duke  Julius,  and  in  is-A  Grubcohagen  wu  added  to  It. 
Duke  Frederick  Ulrich ,  however,  was  obliged  to  cede  this  tenltoiy 
to  LUneburg  in  i6i7,indwbenbediedln  1634  hit  lainity  becaiDC 
ertinct,  and  Brurawick  was  divided  between  tbe  two  branCho 
ol  tbe  LQneburg  (amOy. 

The  duchy  oi  Lancburg,  lounded  by  Bernard  in  14  iK,  remained 
undivided  until  ijw,  whMi  Duke  Henry  abdicated  and  bit  three 
sons  divided  the  ducby.  Two  of  ihe  branches  founded  al  this 
thne  toon  died  out;  and  In  1560,  after  the  death  of  EmesI  I., 
the  represenlatlveof  the  third  branch,  bis  two  soni  agreed  upon 
a  partition  which  is  of  considerable  importlDCB  in  the  history 
oi  Brunswick,  since  it  catehlished  the  lines  of  Diaaenbcrg  and 
oi  LQneburg-Celle,  and  these  two  Aimiliet  divided  tbe  duchy  of 
Bruiiswlck-Wolienbaitel  in  1633.  The  duko  ot  Lttnebutg-Celle 
sobsequenlly  took  the  nam*  of  Hanover,  and  were  tbe  anceslon 
oi  Ihe  later  kingi  of  Hanover  {^.a.).  After  Ibe  acquisition  ol  l6jj 
tbe  fimDy  of  Etannenbetg  took  the  title  ol  BrunswictWolfea- 
btlttcl.  tnd  ruled  in  the  direct  h'nc  until  1733.  It  wu  then 
ioilDiird  by  the  tamily  of  Ernnswick-Bevem,  which  had  ipHt  oit 
from  tbe  parent  thie  in  t«6  and  ruled  unlit  iS«4- 

Brunswick  has  not  fJayed  a  very  important  part  in  Gertnan 
polllla.  Many  counties  were  added  to  Us  area,  bat  it  wit 
^reakened  by  constant  div^ons  oi  territory,  and  during  the 
period  of  the  Relormation  some  of  the  pcince*  took  one  ude 
and  some  tbe  other.  Tbe  treaty  of  Wctt|dialia  in  i&4g  made 
little  difference  to  Its  prestige,  but  its  lubaequenl  poution  waa 
greaily  aflecicd  by  Ihe  growih  of  Prussia.  During  the  Seven 
Yean'  War  Brunswick  supported  Frederick  tbe  Gitat,  and  in 
return  was  severely  ravaged  hv  the  Fitndi.  Duke  Chiilei  I., 
wbo  arrumulated '1  large  amount  of  debt,  uu^t  to  discharge 
his  liabililiea  by  sending  his  soldiers  as  mercenaiiei  to  assist 
En^and  during  the  American  War  oi  Indeperkdcnce.  Ihc  auc- 
ceeding  duke,  Charles  William  Ferdinand,  biou^t  order  into 
the  finances,  led  the  Prussian  troops  against  Mapoleon,  and 
died  in  iSc«  from  wounds  received  at  Ihe  battle  ol  Auentadt. 
Uapoleoa  then  declared  the  ducal  lamily  deposed  and  included 
Bruntwlckinlbe  kingdom  of  Westphalia.  In  1S13  it  wu  restored 
to  Duke  Frederick  William,  who  wu  kiUed  in  1815  at  tbe  batUe 
oiQualreBru.  Hia  son.  Charles  IL,  while  1  minor,  wu  under 
the  regency  oi  George,  lilerwards  the  En^iih  king  George  IV., 
■bo  ruled  the  duchy  through  EmesI,  Count  Mflntler-LedenbDtg 
(1766-1839),  aasiited  by  Justus  von  Sdunidl-Phiseldeck  (1769- 
1S31).  AnewconstituIiaD«BlgnotediniSlo,butaft«Cbir1ei 
came  oi  ige  in  iSij  1  period  of  disorder  ensued.  Tbe  duke, 
wbo  was  very  unpopulir  with  his  subjects,  quarrelled  with  ha 
relitlves,  and  in  1830  ■  revolutloa  dravt  him  bam  the  aHimiy. 
The  govenunent  waa  sndcTtakan  by  hb  bn^tr  Wflliu*,  and  Id 


690 


BRUNSWICK 


i8]i  Chule* 
«ppoint«t  u 

ooltKlion  of  diamonds,  died  childlos  At  Ccwv*  in  August  tSji. 
Williim'i  long  reign  witiusstd  Bwiry  ciccilent  and  necouiy 
rdonni.  A  oev  coniiiiutioa  wu  granted  in  iSji,  mi  in  1S44 
Bniniwick  joined  tlie  Pnmiin  ZoUveiwi.  Tiiil  by  juiy  and 
frccdon  o[  Uu  preu  were  eitablished,  many  rdigloiil  dbabititiei 
were  removed,  and  meuiucs  were  taken  Mward*  ihc  Ifeedom 

Biuuwick  look  vety  Uitle  part  In  the  ww  between  Pnmla 
'  and  Austria  bi  1866,  but  her  Irtxjpa  Fought  For  Pruuia  during 
the  Franco-German  Wii  of  1S70-71.  The  duchy  joined  the 
GenDanCanfederationin  181;,  the  North  German  Confedention 
in  1SS6,  and  became  a  aute  oS  the  Germaa  empiit  i»  1S71. 

In  1S66  the  quBiion  of  ibe  succisiion  lo  Biunswick  becamo 
■cute.  Duke  William  wu  unmamed.  and  accotding  la  thceiiit- 
lug  convention)  it  would  put  lo  George,  king  ot  Hanover,  who 
bad  juat  been  deprived  of  hia  kingdom  by  the  king  of  Ptuaeit. 
In  1879,  however,  the  duke  and  the  eslatea,  with  the  active 
auppon  ol  Prutsia,  concluded  an  amngement  for  a  temporary 
couucH  of  regency  la  take  over  the  government  on  William'i 
death.  Manover,  If  in  thii  event  the  rightful  heir  waa  unable 
to  take  poiwsaion  of  the  duchy,  the  coundl  wa*  empowered  to 
ippoinl  a  Rgent.  William  died  on  the  igth  of  Ociobei  1884, 
■nd  George's  aon,  Ernest,  duke  of  Cumberland,  claimed  Biuu- 
wickandpaomiaed  to  respect  the  German  constitution.  Thisclaim 
wu  disrepu^ed  by  Ibe  coundl  of  regency,  and  the  Bundearat 
deducd  that  tbe  acemlon  of  the  duke  of  Cumberland  would  be 
bimlnl  to  the  peace  andKcurity  of  the  empire  on  account  of  his 
attitude  lowudi  Fiuuia.  In  the  foflawing  year  the  counxil 
cboae  Albert,  pitnce  of  Prussia,  as  regent,  a  step  which  brought 
Bnuuirick  iiiU  more  under  the  Influence  of  her  powerful  neigh- 
boui.  Albert  <^ed  in  September  1906,  and  alter  aomo  futile 
uegoliatioaa  with  the  duke  of  Cumberland,  the  Brunswick  diet 
chose  Duke  John  Albert  of  Ueckleuburg-Schwerin  (b.  iSjj)  m 
legeu  in  Hay  irjoi. 

See  O.  von  Kdnemainl.  CudUu  Bnnuckebi  lai  Hanimn 
(Coiha,  1881-1891):  W.  Hiveiuim,  CaeUOU  iir  Ijuiit  Sraui- 
IbhMil  Ksd  UrKturf  jCfittingeii.  lSsj-lgS7j;    H.  Sudeodorf.  Vr 

laaiiabiidiiiirCiKitiUtitrHinStet      "  

■   -    -   Lamb   (K" -—   ■ 

m  H,  <Hil 


iff  Hn  Brduniciwii  imj  Liaiburi 
9-tBas);  H.  Guihe,  Dii  Uni^ 


BraitHMekwtir  wd  Ha» 

nuen    Ttn    (Wolfenl _._, 

firuuHKr  UKi  flrautKjhuctf  164S-1JI4  (Ldpiig.  ISB4}. 

BSDHSVICX,  a  city  o(  Germany,  capital  of  the  duchy  of  that 
nane,  altuited  in  a  fertile  and  undolating  country,  on  the  Okei, 
37  m.  S.E.  from  Hanover  toi  Jj  N.W.  from  Magdeburg,  on  the 
Data  Ime  i£  ndway  froni  Berlin.  Pop.  (1900]  118,116;  (190;) ' 
136,413,  of  which  number  about  9000  were  Roman  Catholici  and 
1000  Jews.  Brunswick  is  an  interesting  place  and  letains  much 
of  its  medievBl  chancier.  The  (orlificadons  which  fonoerly 
environed  it  were  dismantled  in  1797.  and  have  given  place  to  a 
tegular  drcle  of  gardens  and  promenades,  which  rank  among  the 
finest  in  Germany,  Within  them  Ilea  the  old  town,  with  some- 
what narrow  and  cnoked  streets,  teniukible  (or  its  numerous 
ancient  houses,  with  high  gables  and  quaintly  carved  eiterion. 
In  pictumqiieneis  it  vies  with  LUbeck  and  Lilnebuig  among 
North  German  towns.  Among  ita  churches,  the  calhcdra],  St 
Blasius,  or  fiurgkirche,  a  Romaneaque  structure  bc^un  by  Henry 
the  Lion  about  1173  and  Pushed  in  1194,  b  of  interest.  The 
Cancel  is  decorated  with  uth-ccnlury  frescoea  by  Jobannea 
Gallicos,  and  cenlauu  the  tombs  of  the  foundei  and  his  consort, 
with  beautiful  e£gie>  In  rdicf,  and  also  that  ol  the  emperor  Otto 
IV.  InlhevaultbcneathnsttheremiiinsoftheGuelphsoftbe 
Brunswick  ]htfCsInccr&8i).  Remarkable  among  other  churches 
are  the  Magnikirche  (cx>nsecrated  in  1031^  the  present  edifice 
being  built  between  the  tjth  and  ijth  centuries  and  restored  in 
1S77);  the  Martinikirche,  with  Romanesque  towera,  origirutlly 
a  Romanesque  basilica  (iiSo-1190),  enlarged  in  the  ijth  cen- 
tury m  early  Gothic  by  the  addition  ol  vaulted  aisles  and  a 
choir  (1490-1500),  and  remarkable  further  (or  the  splendid  late 
CotUe  AaMTikapfllo  (14J4)  and  ihna  nacuifictnt  portali;  the 


KatharlnenUrdw,  wltb  ■  fine  l«w«r,  bcfan  by  BMuy  tke  UoD  ta 
1 1 71,  added  to  in  isjtand  finishid  (choir}  in  15001  tbe  BiOdar* 
kirche  ( Ij6i-i4si,  restored  iSb^-iito),  (oiBBly  tbi  church  of  a 
Fnndscan  house,  the  refectory  of  which  (t4lli}  ia  nMr  used  for 
military  sloreti  the  Andieaakiitfae  (iMOt  ijdo-i4>o)<  putly 
itional,  parity  late  Colhic,  with  a  tower  31S  ft.  high;  and 
>/S-I4M)i  now  lued  lot  ohibitiona  uu) 


In  aeculac  bnDdiiw,  both  incieiil  and  modem,  Brunswick  ia 
alto  rich.  The  moat  noiiceible  of  Iheae  ii  the  town  ball  (i4llinBd 
If  th  centuries),  a  gen  of  Gothic  archiiectura.  In  fioiu  ^  it  is  ■ 
beautilid  Gothic  leaden  fountain  of  the  early  ijth  century. 
Clooe  by  the  cathednl  is  the  Dankwarderode,  a  tw(^4torey«d 
Romaneaqua  buHding,  erected  in  16^4  on  the  aite  of  the  ancient 
citadel  of  the  aame  name  which  waa  destroyed  by  £re  in  1873; 
the  doth  merchanla'  ball  (Gewandhaus)  of  the  ijth  century,  irith 
a  richly  cenamaUed  facade  in  Ranaisaancc  style,  now  occupied  bj 
tbe  chamber  of  conunetce;  the  rcalaied  Hunebontelsche  Haua 
with  its  curious  and  beautSul  oak  carving  o(  the  ifilh  century. 
The  ducal  palace  ia  a  ine  laodem  atructuic,  erected  since  iS6j, 
when  moat  of  the  paerious  buildiikg,  which  dated  only  from  1831, 
waa  deatroyed  by  fire.  IhefamonQuadrigaof  Rietschel,  wtud) 
periibedatlbesametime.haabeenRplaccdbyacopy  by  Ceors 
Howaldt  (1801-1883).    lletheatielieiooanadaaiquaKclaK 

10  the  south  is  the  handsome  railway  atatioii.  Among  other 
numerous  buildings  ol  modem  erection  may  be  nentioned  the 
new  town  hall  (1895-1900)  and  the  ministry  of  finance,  both  in 
early  Gothic  style.   The  scientific  and  art  collections  of  Brunswick 

arc  also  a  municipal  miiirnm.  a  mnaaom  of  natuol  hisUisy,  a 
miacnlogicai  coUectioa,  a  botanical  gudcn  and  two  librai^ 
The  educational  and  chaiitabla  laMftuEIaDS  of  Bnumdck  arc 
many.  Of  tha  former  may  be  mcntjoiwd  Ihe  CoUegium  Caio- 
linum,  founded  in  174s,  tbe  technical  high  school,  twogymnuia 
and  an  aademy  of  forestry.  Among  the  latter  aie  a  deaf  aiiil 
dumb  institution,  a  blind  asylum,  an  orphanage  and  vanmu 
hOBpilala  and  Infirmaria.  A  moaiunent,  fa  IL  hi^  to  Duka 
Frederick  William,  who  was  alain  at  (Juatie  Braa,  girea  its  naiae 
tolheMon         -.--.-. 

(.776-'8. 


es  ol  Fiani  Abt,  tbe  compose 
er  K.  F.  Gauss. 

£4>ecia]lyin 


ol  Leasing  and  of  tbe  « 

The  induitties  of  tbe  town  « 
ponant.  are  the  manulaclun  of  machinery, 
pianos,  preserves,  chenucals.  beer  and  si 
Is  also  a  leading  centre  ol  the  book  trade.    The  coounun 
between  the  Inner  town  and  the  uteoNve  suburbs  an 
by  an  eiccllennervice  of  electric  tramways. 

Brunswick  is  said  to  have  been  founded  about  S61  by  BnuM, 
son  of  Duke  Ludolfof  Saxony,  from  whom  it  was  named  Biun^ 
wick  (from  the  Old  Uigh  German  ICiii,  bimleO.  Afterwaids 
(oEtified  and  improved  by  Henry  the  Lion,  it  became  one  o(  tha 
mostimporiant  cities  of  northern  Germany.  For  along  time  ita 
csnstitutionwas  rather  peculiar,  as  it  contiited  o(  five  sqiarale 
lownlets,  each  »ith  its  own  walls  and  gate),  its  own  council  and 
Ralbaus — a  condition  tiacca  of  which  are  siill  evident.  In  the 
i]th  century  ii  ranked  among  the  fiiil  cities  of  the  Hansettic 
League  After  this  era,  however,  it  dedined  in  prosperity,  bt 
consequence  of  the  divisions  ol  territory  among  the  brandies  of  the 
reigning  house,  the  jealousy  of  the  neighbouring  tti  tea,  the  Thirty 
Yean'  War.  nnd  more  recently  the  French  occupation,  under 
which  it  was  assigned  to  the  kingdom  of  Westphalia.  During 
the  time  of  the  RclormatioD  the  sympathies  of  tbe  dtiieni  weia 
with  the  new  teacbing,  and  Ihe  city  was  a  member  ol  the  League 
of  Schmilkalden.  In  iSjoitwu  Iheaceneol  a  violent  revolu' 
lion,  which  led  lo  the  removal  of  tbe  itigning  dukt.  Ia  (B34  it 
attained  municipal  Mlf-gDvemmcDl. 

See  F,  Kaon.  Bnmdmrit  and  Cintnt  (ItSM:  ^k.  Xara 
CuiUrtu  ^  SUM  anrnilnrif  (iMlli  and  H.  OOnc,  Cnkilkt 


rSMlAi 


BRUNSWICK— BRUSH,  G.  DE  F. 


^1 


W.ofBuh.andnii'N.N.E.ofPanlud.  Pop-ol  the  towuhip 
fifoo)  tBoC;  (r^io)  Mit;  of  ibt  vill*Bt  (if«o}  511s  (1704 
foKifD-bon);  (igi^  1341.  Bnuuwkk  it  tnvid  byUuHilae 
CeslnJ  nilw(}>,  and  by  lbs  Lemalan,  Bfomriek  k  Balh,  ud 
the  Poitbiul  A  BiuniiTjcJi  clccuk  nilaaja.  Cfpoiiu  Bna*- 
wick  unl  cDnBccicd  wiib  it  by  >  biidfc  k  the  towBiUp  «f 
Tojthun  (pop.  Id  191a,  2016).  ne  viUMa  of  Bnmmkk  Be* 
ooly  63  IL  kbove  Ki-level,  ihu(  wllhin  lUhec  nuiow  b«iUMk  b]r 
liiUa  or  bhiffi,  Irkii  whkli  good  vicm  Buty  b«  obuinHl  of  Uw 
hluid-doitcd  Bca  uid  dHply-iiulnued  caui  to  the  emitli  ud 
'of  tbe  Whilg  Mnmuiiu  to  tb<  nit    Tha  rivet  fiUi  bi 


II  fU,  Inn 


lutDiia;  the  fint  cottmi-ntU  in  kLiine  wu  bidlE  hen  iboDt 
ittoi).  The  lettlement  of  the  ute  ol  BniiBwkk  wu  bc(uti  by 
fjthennoi  in  nSig  ud  the  [Jact  wu  uillnl  Peiqucot;  la  1T17 
BnuuwidL  va*  coiutiiutHl  a  towiuliip  imdei  it*  pRnt  nun* 
hytheMas&achuKtug«ienLaoiirt.>iulini73gllicto«iiihtp  mi 
nguliriy  iDcccponled,     The  village  mi  iocotponlcd  in  iSjfi. 

Bmnswiclt  ii  bat  known  u  the  teat  of  Bowdoin  Qdltge,  t. 
■inin  inslilolion  of  high  educational  tank.  There  an  eleven 
buildinga  on  a  campua  of  abovt  40  urea,  j  m-  Irov  tbe  river- 
bank  at  the  end  of  the  prfodpal  village  thonughfeifc  The 
chapel  [King  Chapel,  named  in  hoDsur  of  WiUiam  King,  the  fint 
gDvrmorol  Uune),  built  ol  undreucd  gzanite,  11  of  Romaneaque 
Uylc,  and  hu  twin  towcnand  ipirs  tiiins  to  a  bog ht  of  110  ll.; 
tbe  inicriot  walli  ue  betviiluUy  dcwiatcd  with  ImCMt  *ad 
Dural  paintings.  The  Walker  Art  Biuldias  (built  aa  ■  aeoMrial 
to  Theo^lu)  W.  Walker)  i*  of  Italian  ReniiMiMe  Kyle,  hii 
nonl  decontioni  by  John  la  Faige.  Eliha  Veddei,  AbboU 
H.  Thayer  and  Xcnyon  Cox»  and  Dni^na  a  good  collection  ol 
paialingi  and  other  worki  of  art.  Among  tbe  paintings  many 
of  which  were  given  by  the  younger  Jamei  Bowdoin,  are  examplei 
of  van  Dyck,  Titian.  PouHin  .and  Kcmbrandt.  Tbe  libnly 
building  La  of  CoLhic  ityle,  and  in  1908  contained  £8,000  vciumei 
(including  the  private  Lljiary  ol  the  younger  Jomea  Bowdoin). 
Among  the  other  buildingi  are  an  astronomical  obacrvatory,  a 
Bcience  biuidijig,  a  memorial  hall,  a  gymnoihim  and  (hm 
donnitoriei.  The  building  of  the  MedicatSdwalolUaiwUSM), 
which  h  >  department  of  the  oolkge,  ii  on  tbe  imie  euapBi. 
BowdcHA  will  incorporated  by  the  geneiaJ         -    ■  -  -         < 


]{ Jama  Bow 


The  college  has  been  maintained  aa  >  BOD-iectaiion 
inilitulion  largely  by  Congcegaliona]iil>,.and  k  governed  by  a 
board  of  tnuteei  and  a  biMid  ol  ovenecn.  Among  the  dis- 
linguiahcd  alumni  have  been  Nalhanid  Hawtbone,  Franklin 
Pierce,  Henry  W.  LoogfcUov,  John  P.  Hale,  William  P. 
Feisendea,  Melville  W.  Fuller,  and  Thomaa  B.  Reed. 

BRUmnCK-BSVERH,  ADODST  WILHBLIf,  Duu  or 
(171S-17S1),  Piuuian  widier,  ton  of  Enut  FeidtDand,  duke  of 
BmiLmkk-Beveni,  vaaboniat  Btinuwick  in  1715,  and  entered 
the  PrunioB  army  In  1731,  becoming  colonel  ol  an  Infantiy 
ngimentln  T739.  He  won  great  disLinclion  al  Hohenlriedtbeig 
aaa  major-feneral,  and  wai  promoted  lieutenant-general  in  1750. 
He  was  one  of  the  most  eiperienced  and  exact  Hldien  ia  the 
army  of  Frederick  tho  GreaL  He  commanded  a  wing  in  the 
battle  of  lobcoili  in  ij^i,  and  defeated  the  Auslriani under 
Marshal  Kcmigiegg  in  a  well-fought  battle  at  Reichenbeil  on 
the  list  ol  AprU-i7j7.  He  took  port  In  the  baltla  of  Prague 
and  KoUn  and  the  retreat  la  Cdili  li.  and  tubiequenily  coianiaiidcd 
(he  Prusiiani  left  behind  by  Frederick  in  the  autumn  of  17S7 
when  he  marched  ofaiiut  tbe  Frciu}i.  BevEtn  cenducled  a 
defensive  umpsigo  againil  overwhelming  numben  with  great 
akill,  but  he  Mxm  bal  the  valuable  usistancc  of  General  Winter- 
fcld,  who  W31  killed  in  a  ibirmiih  al  Moyit  und  be  was  eventually 
brought  to  battle  and  luflcred  a  heavy  dcfut  al  Breslau  on  tbe 
land  of  November.  He  fell  into  the  hatidi  of  the  Austriini  cm 
the  following  morning,  and  remained  priiOMT  for  a  yeai.  He 
«u  made  goncial  ol  inlanliy  in  i7SihaadaD  theiilhol  Aofuit 


drfeit  at  Reiebcobacfa  00  an  AtutiiaD 
W  relieve  Schwcidnits.    Bevon  tnind,  alter 
lii*  govtraiaent  of  Stettin,  when 
ini7Si. 

RON.  lURT  (177S-1I1S),  Scottish  noveltit,  wu  bora 
lit  ol  Navonber  1778  in  the  iilaad  ol  Varra,  Orkney. 
11  the  diuchtct  ol  Obtain  Thoraai  Balfour  of  Elwick. 
aga  ol  twenty  she  ttanied  Alexander  Brunlon,  mkiiter 


(18.9). 

•  IBDU,  or  Bmipb*  (ase.  Pme),  tk  caiital  of  the  Bnua 
(riimlaiiimliHii)  vilayet  oJ  Aita  Umor,  which  incliida  pacta  << 
ancknt  Uytia,  BhlgiBla,  Mid  Phiygia,  and  cxicads  in  a  loulli- 
aaateriy  diiBOioa  fnai  Madaaia,  on  tlic  Sea  ol  Honnon,  id 
AfamJUiB-HiMai  •■  the  Smyna-Konii  ailway.  I1i«  vilayet 
jaooBsltlkBtaoatimpeetanlinAiiBtlc  Turkey,  ikugteatmiDaaJ 

and  vahiaUe  indoMrics.  It  eiporta  cereals,  silk,  coiloo.  opium, 
tobacco,ot>v*«il,nwendiaum,  boiacite,&c.  Thelsmid^Angom 
and  Eiklshehi-Konla  rallwayi  pou  through  the  province 
I^pnlalioB  of  th*  provfBH^  1,600,000  (Uoakma,  [,180,000; 
Christiaiia,  }i|,aoaj  Jews,  3000). 

The  dtf  smtdUB  aloiig  the  lows  dopes  of  tlu  UyiiBB 
Ofympui  Of  K<ddih  Dagh.  ocoipyint  a  poottion  abiTra  (ba 
valley  ol  the  NUufcc  (tMryuia)  not  unlike  Uatof  Cieat  Uahnn 
above  tbe  nit  ol  the  Severn.  ItiidiildadbyTavlaatiatothrta 
quartan,  and  in  Iha  oentia,  on  a  bold  letrace  ol  rock,  stood  tha 
ancient  Auto.  Tbe  modeni  town  hu  dean  itracts  and  good 
roads  nada  by  Ahmed  Wtlyk  Pasha  wlien  Vali,  and  it  cotalaina 
BKHqns  and  tomb*  ol  gnat  Usiodc  and  aichittctunl  intertat; 
the  mon  irapoitaat  ata  ibate  ol  tiie  tultant  Murad  I.,  Bayetid 
(Bajatcl)  L,  MahomaMd  L,  and  Uurad  U.,  I40J-I4SI>  and  the 
tHu  Jami'.  The  BOaqBea  show  ttiocs  of  Byantine,  Peoian  and 
Arab  iaduenca  in  thciT  plan,  trchittctUM  and  decorative  details. 
The  dicidti  chaith  of  St  Elias,  in  whtdi  tbe  6ni  two  sultans, 
Ounan  and  Oikbtn,  vtia  boiled,  wu  destroyed  by  fire  and 
onhqaaka,  and  tebnilt  by  Ahmed  Vefyk  Psiba.  Thcie  an  m 
tha  town  an  Anciican  niHiao  and  KbDol,Bad  a  British  oipbanagb 
Silk-spinnincbaniBipeiiaat  industry,  tbe  txpon  ol  silk  in  igoi 
being  vafawd  at  £6»|ood.  There  are  also  aunufactoriea  of  aitk 
stufla,  loweh,  butnOt,  carpets,  fell  ptaycr-caiptis  enbnideini 
ia  iHk  and  t^  The  lut  iraa  and  sulphur  ^njogi  near  Bruia, 
vaiyltit  in  tempeeature  from  iit'  to  17&*  F.,areBtiUmuchused. 
The  town  ii  connected  with  its  port,  Mudania,  by  a  railway  and 
a  rosd.  Then  is  a  British  vics^onioL  Pop.  ts,odo  (Moalema, 
40,000;  Cbiiilians,  33,0001  Jews,  loeo). 

Pniia,  founded,  it  it  ioid,  at  tka  nggeation  al  Hantnba^  wu 
lor  a  long  lime  the  seal  of  the  Bith^iitn  Unga.  It  csolinued  10 
floiulsh  uda  the  Roniaa  and  ByzaaiioB  tmptnn  liU  the  loih 
century,  wlien  il  wu  captured  and  deatroyed  by  Sail^iddania 
of  Alcf^B.  Realored  by  lite  Byianllaca,  il  wu  again  taken  in 
1J17  by  tbe  Ottomans  after  a  siege  ol  loi  years,  and  coatinited' 
to  be  Iheircapital  till  Murod  L  removed  lr>  Adtiinople.  In  1401 
it  wu  pillaged  by  tbe  Talan;  in  14IJ  it  rewted  an  attack  of 
the  Kanmanlans;  in  1511  it  fell  into  tbe  power  of  Ala  ed-Dini 
and  In  1607  it  wu  burnt  by  tbe  rebdliona  KalendereglL  In  1883 
It  wu  occupied  by  the  Eioplitni  under  Ibrahim  Pasha,  and 
from  1  Ss  I' iSji  afforded  an  aiylnm  to  Abd-el-Kader. 

Sec  L.  de  Labside.  Vejti  *•  TAmU  Jtfuewa  (Fvit.  iBiN:  C. 

Exier,  Alii  UiMiM  (Parih  IftN). 
BRUSH.    OBOHOB    DI    FDBEET    (iSjj-        ),    Ancricaa 

(inter,  wai  born  at  Shelbyrilk,  Tenaesaec,  on  the  iSth  o| 
September  iRjj.  He  was  a  pupil  ol  J.  L.  GMme  at  Paris,  and 
became  a  member  ol  tbe  National  Academy  ol  Design,  Ktv 
From  igajanwifdi,  he  atuacted  much  attention  by  his 
paintingi  ol  North  Ameiicaa  Indians,  bis  "  Mooee  Html." 
"  Atlec  King  "  and  "  Mourning  her  Biave  "  achieving  great 
popularity  and  ihowiag  thastamainflucnfeof  Cfahaa.    Hkss 


69s 


BRUSH— BRUSSELS 


L  dI  the  Dncfa,  FlemHh  u 


<,  iriikh,  like  tie  En^ish  mud,  u 


UDSH  (iKiffl  Ft.  if 
batH  <bc  uadergromli  of  t,  wood  uul  the  bulninwnt;  if  ihc 
«onl  in  both  that  nvuunga  ii  ultinuldy  the  mat,  tiwa  the 
crl^  i>  from  «  bundle  of  bmhwood  used  as  a  bniih  or  bnjom, 
but  thit »  hiitonolly  doubtful,  and  olhcn  onucct  it  with  the 
Cs^  BcrjU,  biiatle),  mn  imlrunKDt  for  icmoving  dust  or  dirt 
from  lurfacn  01  for  applying  paint,  whitewash,  kQ-.  compocd 
of  a  (lift  or  tufta  of  some  £bn>ua  or  flexible  material  Kcund  to 
■  nlid  batii  01  ilock.  Bniiba  made  of  the  twigs  of  treei  Uke 
the  birch  and  provided  with  long  handles  are  of  ten  cBlkd  iMvoms, 
■ad  the  ume  teem  is  applied  to  some  biusbn  used  in  the  houie- 
hold  for  nmovinc  dust  <e.f .  cuTpel-btanDi,  whlik-biooni)  but 
not  to  IboM  toed  tot  applying  paint.  Araons  the  suMma 
juleriala  empkiytd  for  Ihe  manufaciun  of  linuheB  of  varkot 
Undi  an  tettben,  plg'i  biiitlo,  the  hair  of  certain  aBlmaii, 
whaleba&t,  rabbu,  ^t-cuw,  bioaiD-cani  (ai  tt^ttj  of  aoTghuni } 

Brtuhts  ue  oi  two  fundi,  ibnple  and  rwnpnand.    Uie  fonnec 

coDsiat  of  but  one  tuft,  as  hair  pcndb  and  paitrtcn*  toola.  The 
lauei  have  more  than  one  tuft.  Blushes  with  tlie  tofu  placed 
•ide  by  aide  on  flit  boards,  aa  ptaalenrs'  bnubca,  arc  oiled  stock' 
bnuhe^  The  single  tuft  bmshct,  or  ptDdl*  fot  artists,  an 
made  of  the  hair  of  the  camel,  badacr,  goal  and  other  animals 
fac  Ilu  smaller  kind,  atul  pig'a  brlHlei  lor  the  Itriei.  The  hain 
fot  pencils  are  caiduUr  arranged  la  aa  10  form  a  point  In  the 
CDiire,  and,  when  tied  together,  are  passed  into  the  wide  end  of 
tbn  quUl  «  metal  tuba  and  dram  mit  at  the  othei  end  to  the 
extent  required.  The  small  aids  of  the  quUls,  having  been  prt- 
Tiously  moisteDed,  contract  as  they  dry  and  bind  the  hair.  A 
(imilar  eSecI  Is  prodnoed  with  metal  tubes  by  compression. 
Compound  blushes  are — fint,  set  or  pan-work;  teomd,  drawn- 
wort.  Of  the  former,  ko  enample  Is  iha  common  house-broom, 
into  the  stock  of  which  holes  ire  drilled  of  the  tlie  wanted.  The 
Beccusry  guaniity  ol  brittlea,  hair,  or  fibre  to  fill  each  hole  being 
collected  together,  the  thick  ends  are  dipped  Into  molten  cement 
driefiy  composed  of  pitch,  bound  round  with  thread,  dipped 
■lain,  ud  then  set  Into  a  hole  of  the  stock  with  a  pecnhar  Iwist- 
bg  motkO.  In  drawn-brushes,  of  which  Ihoae  for  shoea,  teeth, 
ttiiU  «imI  dotha  are  eiamples,  the  holes  are  more  neatly  bored, 
and  luiv*  (malter  ones  at  the  top  commuaiailing  with  the  back 
«l  tbc  btvth,  through  which  a-bight  or  loop  of  wire  paaaes  from 
the  bM^  of  the  stock.  Kali  the  number  of  hain  of  fibres  needed 
fn  the  tnfts  to  fill  the  boles  are  passed  into  ttie  bight  of  tlie  win, 
lAkh  is  then  polled  smartly  so  ai  to  double  the  hairs  and  foice 
then  fnto  the  loop-h*^  as  far  as  possible.  With  all  brumes, 
WkM  the  holes  have  been  properly  6lled,  the  ends  of  tlie  Gbrls 
otUsid*  an  cut  with  shears,  diher  to  an  even  length  or  audi 
fMn  a*  may  be  desired.  The  backs  an  then  Covered  with 
Tfmrtr  or  other  material  to  (oactal  (bo  win  and  other  cnJdlties 
ol  the  work.  In  trepanned  brushes  the  biistki  are  Insetted  in 
hoha  that  do  not  pass  right  through  the  stock,  and  an  sectited 
by  llinads  or  vires  running  in  drawholea  which  are  drilled 
throng  the  slock  at  right  an^ei  to  them.  The  ends  of  these 
itrawholes  are  plugged  so  aa  to  be  as  incoispicuoUB  as  possible, 
and  the  method  avoids  the  necessity  of  a  veneer  on  the  back. 
Tie  Woodbury  machine,  olie  of  the  earliest  mectiamcal  devices 
for  the  manuficiure  of  brushc!,  which  was  invented  in  America 
ilMOt  t87o,  produced  brushes  ol  this  kind.  One  of  the  most 
inportanl  purposes  to  which  brushes  have  been  applied  is  that 
«lBwe<ping  chimneys,  and  so  far  hack  as  ttSq  John  Ella  patented 
an  arrangement  of  brushes  tor  thii  purpose.  Itevobring  brvshes 
for  sweeping  rooms  wen  patented  in  iS)  r,  and  the  Brst  patent 
In  which  they  wen  applied  to  hair-dressing  appears  In  iBBi. 
Ifuy  imtntions  for  sweeping  and  cleaning  roads  by  means  of 
nrvMBg  bnsbM  mmI  ather  coDtrivaBces  have  been  intiodticed, 


Brushes  with  tufla  formed  of  ateel  win  an  tned  fot  deanhig 
tubes  and  flues  of  steam  boikti,  for  the  poipose  of  remowiiig; 
the  scale  formed  t>y  the  products  of  oombutiion.  Sted-wirc 
brushes  an  abo  UKd  for  deaolBg  scale  from  the  InteTiar  nrfsces 
of  a  boDer,  and  loi  temoving  tlie  sand  txoa  the  turfitee  of  a 
casthif.  OccaahHiaUy  aufh  brushes  an  revolved  (n  a  macfaine, 
for  mon  convenient  use  on  the  article  to  be  deanrd  or  polislsed. 
Snyet*B  patent  elaatle  dutdi  or  coupling,  used  for  such  pnrpcHe* 
aa  coupling  np  or  discormedlng  a  steam-engine  from  a  line  of 
shafting  or  dynamo,  oofuisti  essentially  of  two  disks,  the  ad  jacmt 
faces  of  which  Bze  provided,  one  with  a  ring  of  brushes  made  of 
flat  ated  win,  the  other  with  a  nnmber  of  finely  serrated  teeth. 
One  of  the  <fiiks  is  movable  longitudinally  on  its  shaft,  and  with 
the  bnisbes  dear  ol  the  semtiona  the  dutch  Is  tree.  On  biins- 
hig  lbs  dbks  together,  which  may  be  done  with  Hie  entf  ne  run- 
B^  at  qMMl,  (he  daMldty  of  the  bnah  pennlli  the  motion  to 
be  impaned  gndtuUy  and  without  tiwck  to  the  Handing  pert, 
until  both  rotate  Uid  an  locked  together.  Titeae  chitdits  ue 
very  powerful,  and  are  Ofwble  of  tnnaraitting  as  mndi  as  jooo 
borac-powti. 

In  dynamo-eleetifc  msddneiy  the  device  nsed  to  oondnct 


There  an  usually  tvo  brushes  10  each  dynamo  or  motor,  arkd 
they  are  ^^ced  diametrically  <ippostte,  lightfy  touddng  the 
commutator  of  the  nrmanire.  It  is  important  that  then  should 
be  good  metallic  contact  between  the  brushes  and  the  com- 
mutator, and  at  the  same  time  the  frictional  resistance  reaulting 
from  the  contact  must  be  a  minimum.  To  effect  tlus  result 
brushes  an  vaiiously  made.  A  kind  of  brurii  frequently  used 
consisCs  of  a  number  of  Dapper  wires  hid  side  by  side  and  soldered 
together  at  one  end,  where  the  brush  Is  fidd.  Biuslies  an  also 
made  of  strips  of  spongy  copper  cut  like  a  comb,  which  give  > 
number  of  bearing  points  on  the  commutator.  Very  good  lesulu 
are  obtained  from  brushes  made  of  copper  gaucc  wound  closely 
until  it  takes  the  eiteiiot  form  of  a  rectangular  block,  which  is 
held  radially  in  a  spring  holder,  and  bears  at  the  end  en  the 
commutator.  In  place  of  the  game  block.  "  brusbei "  it  bard 
carbon  blocks  an  frequently  used  (see  Dyuawo), 

BBUSSna  (Fr.  Brnxclla.  Flem.  Brund).  the  capit*]  of  the 
kingdom  of  Belgium,  and  of  the  province  of  Brabant,  ilitialcd 
in  jo"  ji'  N,,  4°  ri*  E.,  about  70  m.  from  tlte  sea  at  Ostead. 
It  occupies  the  plain  or  valley  of  the  Senrie,  and  the  sides  and 
crest  of  the  hill  tying  to  the  east  and  south-east  of  that  valley. 
It  la  now  eitending  over  the  hills  west  of  the  valley,  and  to  the 
north  is  the  town  or  commnne  of  Laekcn,  which  Is 
part  of  the  dty. 

Brusseb  sulTered  aevenly  In  1O05  fnm 
■     "       ■  ViHeroi,  who  fired  into  the  town  with  red-hot 


ihot.     Sill 


1  churches  and  4c 


ihous 


the  historic  bmldlngs  on  the  Grand  Flaiu  wen  seriously  injnred, 
the  houses  of  the  Nine  Nations  on  the  eastern  side  being  com. 
pktely  destroyed.  In  r  731  the  famous  palaCe  of  the  Netherlands 
was  destroyed  by  £n,  and  Ihe  only  remains  of  this  edifice  are 
some  ruined  arches  and  walls  in  a  remote  corner  of  the  grounds 
of  the  king's  palace.  The  Forte  de  Hal  Is  the  only  one  of  the 
el^t  gates  In  the  old  wall  left  standing.  It  dates  from  ijB  t ,  and 
is  well  worth  more  careful  eiamination  Ihaa  it  recdves.  In  the 
latter  half  of  the  iSlb  century  it  served  u  a  kind  of  baslille  for 
pi^tlcal  prisoners,  and  is  now  used  as  a  mdseum  in  which  a 
rather  nondescript  coDecllon  of  articles,  some  from  Mexico, 
has  been  allowc]  to  accumulate  With  legard  ta  tbc  fine 
boulevards  of  the  Upper  Town,  it  may  be  mentioned  that  about 
]  765  they  were  planted  with  the  double  row  ol  lime  trees  whidi 
still  constitnte  their  chief  otnamrat  by  Prince  Diaries  of  lop- 
raine  while  governing  the  Netherlands  for  his  jisicr-in-law,  the 
empress  Maria  Theresa.  The  rejidtnce  ol  this  prince  was  the 
palace  of  Wllltam  the  Slent,  before  he  declared  against  Spiin, 
and  it  is  now  used  partly  for  the  roya!  library,  which  contains 
the  famous  Htrairic  de  Baurtopu,  and  partly  for  the  museom 


BRUSSELS 


693 


at  ncdon  pictBte*.    Tin  <kiy  eOa  "  hoiel "  «  paUcc  in 

Briisieli  u  that  of  the  duke  d'AimbeiS'  In  l^x  lAth  ccnlury 
lia  wu  Ibe  [oidence  el  Counl  Egraoai,  but  very  Litle  of  the 
buildinc  si  hii  iiy  nmaiu.  Id  the  ucie  iinct,  the  nie  do 
Peliu  Carmn,  viu  the  lUld  Culonbourg  in  which  the  lamoiu 
OAth  oE  the  beggan  was  taken.  It  hai  lung  been  deniDlJahed 
knd  the  new  buncki  al  the  Groudurr  refuncnt  have  been 

The  only  other  buitdinp  o[  immrtincc  dating  from  medieval 
times  nn  the  ihtn  churcha  gl  Ste  Cudule  (often  cmnnnuly 
oiled  the  olhedial),  Nalte-Dlme  dts  Vicleim  or  Chunh  et 
the  Sibkin.  and  Notn- Dune  de  U  ChalwUi^.  or  limply  ti  ChxpcUe, 
and  the  bMel  de  vilt*  and  the  MaiMn  du  Rd  on  the  Grand  Place. 
Tbc  cburch  o(  Ste  Gudnle.  abo  dedicated  to  Si  Michael,  is  built 
on  the  side  ol  the  hill  oiiglnally  called  St  Michncl'i  IlIoudi.  and 
itaw  covered  by  the  fashionable  quarters  vhich  are  included 
under  the  comprehensive  dcscTiplion  of  the  Upper  Towzl  It 
was  begun  about  the  year  1270,  and  is  considered  one  of  the 
finest  ipecinicns  left  of  pointed  Gothic.     It  it  &ud  to  have  been 

»en  added  in  the  141b  or  isib  ccnlury.  Some  ol  the  slainid 
^ass  is  very  Hch,  dalini  Innn  Ihc  ijlh  to  the  15th  ccnlury. 
In  many  ol  the  windows  there  are  figures  of  leading  nwmbcts 
td  Ibe  house!  of  Burgundy  and  Habihurg.  The  curious  oak 
pulpit  reproenlfng  Adam  and  Eve  eipcUcd  from  the  Garden 
of  Eden  came  OTiginally  from  the  Jesuit  church  at  Louvain,  and 
is  considemi  the  masterpiece  of  VerbnisgcrL  The  church  of  the 
Sahlon  is  said  to  have  been  founded  in  1304  by  the  gild  of 
Crossbowmen  to  celebrale  the  bailie  of  WoccinEcn.  In  a  rido 
chapel  is  a  fine  mmumenl  to  the  princely  Limily  of  Thum  and 
Talis,  which  had  Ihe  monoply  nf  the  postal  service  in  the  old 
onpire.    I.a  Ch:ipeile  is  still  older,  dating  nominally  from  i/ia, 


er.    There  are  some  h 

te  de  Cny  who  died  in  1614.    The  tt 


c  Ira 


cutcd 


nuBI  onulc  buildmgl  nol  merrly 
.    Of  these  the  hAtel  de  ville,  whiel 


The  Cnmd  rbc«  b  by  its  associations  one  ( 
ing  public  vquaret  In  Europe.  Onltsfbgswic 
feuds  between  rival  gilds;  Egmont  and  Hot 
gallint  men  n^ose  nimts  have  been  lorgoi 


recent  limes  Dumoorioi  ptoclaimtd  the  French  Republic  whci 
the  dukes  of  Bnbani  and  Burgundy  were  wont  to  hold  thei 
joBMa.     Apart  fion 
two  of  the  finest  at 
capital  but  in  Belpi 

the  larger  of  the  two,  occupies  ine  greater  pan  oi  uic  soum  muc 
ol  the  square.  Its  facade  has  the  disadvantage  of  having  had 
one  half  begun  about  half  a  ccnlury  before  the  olher.  The  oMer, 
which  is  the  richer  In  design,  lonns  the  left  side  of  the  building 
and  dates  fram  1410,  while  the  light,  less  rich  and  shorter,  wu 
begun  in  144J.  The  GtK  lower,  jOo  It.  m  height,  is  crovmcd  by 
the  golden  copper  figure  of  St  Michael,  ifi  ft.  in  height,  erected 
hen  as  early  M  14:4.  This  tower  Ucs  behind  (he  catrcmily  of 
the  left  wing  of  the  building.  Opposite  the  lown.hall  is  the 
nnalltr  but  eiiremely  ornate  Maiiondu  Rol,  This  was  never  a 
loyal  residence  as  the  name  would  seem  to  imply,  but  ill  dticrlp- 
Umi  appears  to  have  been  derived  from  the  fact  that  it  was 
Udtally  in  this  building  (hat  the  royal  addim  wit  read  10  the 
>uies.genenL  As  this  building  was  almoat  detiroyed  iy 
Vmnol'i  bombardment  It  possciKS  no  claim  to  aniiquily,  mdeed 
the  existing  building  wu  only  completed  In  li;;.  Egmont  and 
Horn  were  lentf  need  In  the  Micl  do  viUa,  and  jHSied  their  last 
Blgh  I  in  the  hfalam  du  Rol. 

Among  the  principal  buHdingi  erected  In  the  city  during  the 
■SIh  ctntmy  are  Ihe  king's  palace  and  the  house  of  piriiament 
Oe  Palais  da  la  Nation,  which  face  the  south  and  iwrth  sides  of 
the  park  tespccliveiy.  The  palaca  occupies  pari  ol  the  site 
covered  by  the  old  palace  butni  down  in  ijji,  and  it  wit  built 
In  thetdgnoftbetmprest  Maria  Theresa.  It  orient  lly  consisted 
of  two  detached  buildings,  but  in  iSaA-iSi/  King  WilUan  L 


ol  the  Netherlands  caused  them  to  be  ctmnected.    The  priaca 

contains  two  fine  rooms  used  lor  court  ceremonies,  and  a  ooo- 
sidciable  number  id  pictures.  In  1004  a  bill  wit  passed  In  the 
chambers  lor  Ihc  tnlaigement  and  embellishment  ol  the  palace. 
The  adjacent  huildingt,  via.  ihc  department  of  the  civil  list, 
formerly  the  residence  ol  the  marquis  d'Assche,  and  Ihe  HAtd 
dc  Bellcvue.  held  under  a  hind  of  perpetual  lease  granted  by  the 

facade  was  constructed  which  occupies  the  omire- length  of  ths 

to  prevent  the  urulue  contraction  of  the  Place  by  Ibe  necessary 
bringing  forward  of  the  palace,  and  Ihe  piu  which  phyed  ■ 
certain  part  in  the  Itvolulion  of  1830  when  the  Dutch  dclended 
the  park  for  a  few  days  against  the  Belgians  were  filled  up. 
The  rabisde  b  Nation  was  constructed  between  1779  and  ij8j, 
alto  during  the  Austrian  period.  It  was  Intended  for  the  slates- 
general  and  government  olfices.  During  Ihe  French  occupation 
Ihe  law  count  sal  there,  and  from  1817  to  iSjO  it  wu  iisigned 
for  the  sittings  of  (he  stales-general.  It  is  now  divided  betwecs 
thetenalcandlhechambcrof  repieienlalivcs.     In  lajjthcpart 

structcd.  The  buildinga  Banking  the  chambers  and  nearer  Ihg 
park  are  govcnunent  oHica  srilh  restdcnccs  lor  Ibe  ministers 
attached. 

The  improvcRunli  effected  In  Brutsett  during  the  iQth  century 
were  enormous,  and  completely  Irantfotmed  the  city.  The 
removal  of  the  old  wall  was  foUowed  by  the  creation  of  Iho 
quartier  Lipoid,  and  at  a  later  period  ol  Ihe  quartSer  LouJa 
in  Ihe  Upper  Towiu  In  Ihe  lower,  under  Ihe  energetic  direction 
of  two  buigomasleis,  De  Brouckcre  and  Anspach,  not  less 
sweeping  ehsnges  were  elTcctcd,  The  Scnnc  was  bricked  hi, 
and  the  fine  boulevards  du  Mord,  Antpach,  Kahiaut  and  Midi 
look  the  place  ol  tlums.  The  Bourse  and  Ihe  pott^lTice  arc  two 
fine  modem  buildings  in  Ihii  quaner  ol  Ihe  city.  The  Column 
of  Ihc  Congrcit— I.e.  of  Ihe  Belgian  representatives  who  founded 
the  kingdom  ol  Belgium — surmounted  by  a  statue  ol  King 
LeopoM  I.,  was  erected  In  iSjg.and  in  i86fi  the  foundalion-ttoBa 
was  laid  of  Ihc  Palais  dc  justice,  which  was  not  finished  till  iSSj. 
at  a  cast  of  sixty  million  liancl.  This  edihce,  the  dcugn  ol  Ihg 
architect  Pocbcrl,  is  in  Ihc  style  ol  Karnali  and  Nineveh,  but 
surmounted  with  a  dome,  and  jmpreswa  by  iti  grandiose  pio- 
pociions  (ice  AacHtTECTUsa,  Plate  XI.  fig,  111).  It  Is  weU 
placed  on  Ihe  brow  of  the  hill  at  the  touihem  eiiremity  ol  the 
rue  de  la  R#genc«  (Ihe  prolongation  ol  Ihe  rue  Royale),  and  can 
be  seen  from  great  distances.  In  ihe  rue  de  la  Rigence  are  the 
new  picture  gallery,  a  fine  building  with  an  ciccodinrfy  good 
collection  of  picture*.  Ihe  palace  ol  Ihc  counl  ol  Fbndeis.  and 
Ihe  garden  of  Ihe  Petit  Sablon,  which  cnnlaint  9 tallies  of  Egmont 
and  Horn,  and  a  large  number  of  staluciiet  reprtienllng  tbc 
variout  gilds  and  handicrafiA.  Immediately  above  Ibis  ganfen 
1>  the  Pabii  d'Arenberg.  I^rhapa  the  memorial  that  allracu 
the  grcalcsl  amount  ol  public  iniercBl  In  Bniiscls  Is  Ihat  to  the 
Belgians  who  were  killed  during  tho  fighting  with  the  Dutch  ia 
September  iSjo.  Thb  hat  been  erected  in  a  liltle  iquaR  called 
thcriicedctMariyra,notfarfromtKeMaiuiaielheatre.  Oattlde 
Btusaclt  at  Evcre  is  the  chiel  cemetery,  wiih  fine  monumcnli 
to  Ihc  Briliih  officers  killed  at  WatcriiM  (removed  Irom  the 
church  in  that  village),  to  the  FreiKh  toldicts  who  died  on 
Belgian  ftoilin  1870-71,  and  another  lo  the  Pruiaiant. 

Many  at  were  the  changes  In  Brussels  during  the  r(>th  century, 
iboie  in  piogreu  at  iis  cloie  and  at  the  beginning  of  Ihe  loth 
have  effected  a  marked  alteration  in  Ihe  town.  These  have  beeu 
rendered  pouibic  only  by  Ihe  excellent  system  of  electric  lram> 
ways  which  have  brought  dlitricu  lormeity  cUtscd  as  pun 
rountiy  within  reach  of  tho  dt  liens.  TVconitruclion  of  the  fine 
Avenue  de  Louise  (l)  m.  long)  from  the  Boulevard  de  Walertoa 
to  the  Bois  dc  la  Ctmbre  wot  the  first  ol  thete  eSeits  to  bring 
Ibe  remote  tuburbi  within  easy  reach,  at  the  tame  time  furnish- 
ing an  approach  to  the  "  bolt "  ot  Biutscls  thai  might  In  tome 
degree  be  compared  with  ihe  Champs  Clysfes  in  Parit.  AiHther 
avenue  of  later  conitiuctioii  (e)  ai.  in  lengih}  conuecu  Ihe  park 
ol  the  "■  ...  -  -  . 


I'^V-T'lf)?^ 


694 


niblevilluuidc 
■DniU  pTointcd  in  rgoS  on  ih 
below  Ihc  Place  Koyilc  indurkc 
■nd  sleep  nrecl  caiJcd  iht "  Monuf 
la  a  Mont  dn  AtU.    A'liulc  lawci 
anlveniiy  (which  sccupiti  (he  ho 
Canvelle  o[  Ih*  i6(h  century)  a  ( 

cUileralian  ol  Ibc  inMniUirr  und  o- 
which  were  id  be  found  between  ; 
Bumbei,  connecling  Ihc  nn^ei  ind 
<n  the  wnt  and  norih-vni  oi  Ihc  Se 


Kinhempirlsllhe  Bi 


slope  of  Lhe  hill  imnvdiaEcly 
he  rnnova]  d(  the  cAd  tonuouj 
igntdela  Cour  "togivupinn 


rowdrd  couiU  iDd  ilkyi 
the  Riiin  ilRcli,  lew  in 
lower  lownt    llic  ridge 

croi  bonbankd  ihecity. 
le  iHwili,  on  Andciledit, 
U  royal  chtiuu 


Brusieli 

•I  ihis  n'dge,  and  more  paiiiciduly 
town  Umiu,  wu  conlempliled  in  igotL 

Tha  etunplclion  o(  Lhc  h^rboiir-wotks,  malun^  BnuKh  a  na^ 
port  by  giving  icA'goiiifl  veucli  access  ihelvio,  wu  Uken  in 
hand  in  li^j.  The  compklcd  wort  pinvids  foi  a  waterway 
for  ilcimcr^  drawing  n  IL.  by  Lhe  Willibrock  Clnll  into  Ibe 
Buppdand  ihcScbddl.  TbeHareilciBKnplyingdirett  FiDm 
Bnmch  to  LorhJoit,  ami  371  veAds  of  a  total  tonnage  of  76.000 
(RKinl  and  kti  the  part  in  iqoj,  Tbc  Willibmh  Canal  wai 
■udc  in  the  itih'ccnlury,  and  WiUlini  I.  of  the  Neiherlandi 
it  entitled  10  the  ciedil  of  having  bnl  (houghl  oi  converting 
it  into  a  ship  csiul  Irom  Btimria  id  the  Scbrldt.  Nothing  w» 
diHH.howtvcT.inhlslimclDcirrvoirl  Ihcscheinc.  The  dinlanct 
front  BnisKit  to  the  Ruppcl  ■  only  10  in.,  and  this  Bniuels 
k  «nly  about  »  n.  larlLcr  irom  the  xi  than  Antwerp, 

In  addition  to  the  advantages  it  enjoys  Iron  being  the  seat 
•I  lhe  court  and  tbccovemmcnl,  BruiieUis  the  centre  ol  many 
prospcroul  industiicL  The  nunufanuret  of  lace,  carpets  and 
turtaini.  furniture  and  carriages  may  be  ponicularly  mentioned. 
bulil  i)  chiefly  as  a  place  ol  iBidcncc  lor  Ihc  well  -  to-do  thai  the 
city  haa  iocreased  in  slie  and  populaiion.  SUiodI*  of  all  kinds 
\t  lhe  £arie  Militairc  youths  ar«  trained  nomin- 


ally lor  the  ar 


[D  there  who  ini 


This  school  used  to 


the  profnsi 

pan  oi  Ihc  oU  abbey  of  lhc  CamDrc.tiiua ltd  in  a  Hollow  nartni 
boh  and  the  aveniw  Logise,  but  owing  to  iu  iitEaniUiy  pntilini 
it  haa  been  rcnMvcd  to  a  now  building  near  the  CinquanlenMrc 
There  is  a  univeniij',  to  which  admiuion  is  caty  and  when 
the  fees  ore'itioderaLe,  and  the  Conaervatoire  provides  aa  voot 
nuaical  leaching  aa  can  bt  found 
cnioyed  every  day  in  tbc  yeoi  CLlher 
During  the  winter  and  iprinc  the  opera  conlinno  without  a 
break  at  the  Thtttn  de  b  Uonnaic,  which,  nuy  be  caljct)  the 
aalienal  Ihettn.  Corcerit  arc  hckl  ImiBently,  aa  the  Belgians 
■K  ft  muinl  people.  01  late  yean  sport  hai  taken  a  promiiuni 
pan  in  Belgian  ble.  There  ara  athlelic  inatitiilions,and  looibail 
iitluiteopovtdarganie.  Horse-raU'lg  bas  also  come  into  vogue, 
■nd  Boiulart,  in  the  boif,  and  Graencsdad,  farther  oB  in  Ibe 
Wmh  da  S»i|iiict,  arc  iaahionible  placet  of  teunion  (or  society. 
.  The  towia  ol  Biuaifls.  ha*  ■  icpcnie  admjnistiation,  which  li 
directed  by  ■  burgwnuui  ind  theriSi  at  lhe  head  of  k  town 
cotmil,  vbow  hcadqitaiMa  an  in  tbt  beta!  do  vUle.  Id  (he 
BruHcte  ag^oiMmlion  *f<  nine  uibmbi  at  c&nuDuncs.  each 
«eli-tav(rliiii|*lilli  bucioMaUer.andabeiifblocalcdiD  a  Mtjaon 
Csnunniialo.  Hmw  -wbaiba  (begfDWig  on  the  north  uil 
fidlDwiBg  the  dKiimhitnce  eaitvnrd)  aro  Schacrbceli,  St 
Joue-ten-Noodc;  Elmbttfc.  laellet,  St  Cillci;  Ounliein.  Andec 
kcht,  Uolnnbeeh  and:KMhelbarg.  Laakte,  which  it  really  a 
tenth  tvburb.  Is  cUsslfked  at  a  (own.  In  1S56  the  population 
ii  Brusteb alone  wat  i]i.S]B,»idby  lita'n  had  only  incrcsied 
to  i6ijig&..  In  189D  the  dpint  were  i;6,i]S;  in  i«ao,  iHj,686; 
aird'in  Decrmbcr  ID04,  i94.i«&'  Tbc  great  incnate  has  been 
In  th*  luburto  amcunting  lo  acariy  floK  in  iweniy-hve  yean. 
t/k.  iSSti  Iba  pgyvtulff  of  the  Icp  CHbufbn  iaclitdinc  U«fc«n 


was>4B,ar4i  Tn  f904lheMt<ilwti4]GH;j,thua^vtes(orlte 
whole  ei  BnuMb  a  gnnd  tout  oi  63a,A44. 

Iluioty. — The  nane  Bmud  sccma  to  have  been  deilwd  fnmi 
Brockicle.  (ha  viSafa  on  tha  maiah  or  brook,  and  probably  it 
was  the  inoal  used  poiD(  for  ciDsaing  the  Scnne  on  Lhctnain 
Ronun  and  Frank  rood  between  Toucoti  and  Colognes  The  . 
Sennc,  a  amall  tributary  ol  lhe  Scheldt,  ikwt  through  (he  lowear 
(own,  but  since  i86S  it  has  been  covered  In.  and  mat  ol  ibe 

lhc  course  ol  the  Utile  river.  The  BUteBnickicle  is  mentiorMd 
by  (he  ehnjniclcn  in  lhe  S(h  century,  and  ia  ihc  loih  lhe  church 
of  Sic  Gudule  it  laid  to  have  been  endowed  by  the  emperor 
Otto  I.  In  Ih*  ml  two  eenturiei  BnuKk  giew  in  siie  and 
importance,  and  its  trade  gilds  were  iormfd  on  lioet  almilu 
to  thoaooi  Ghent.  In  1311  Duke  John  II.  of  Brabant  gianied 
the  cltiiens  their  charter,  diiiinguithcd  from  otbcn  as  that  of 
Oirlenbclg.  In  13$^  Duke  Wencctlu  confirmed  I  hit  charter  aitd 
alu  the  Golden  Bull  ol  the  emperor  Charles  IV.  of  1344  by  hit 
ianiBia  "Joyau  Entty"  intoLcuvain,  ihecapiuloi  ibe  duchy. 


modification  in 
Bizbant  n 


L  ol  the  South  Nelhcrla 


itnted  il 


ol  Joseph  IL     . 


cd  Inuci  till  the 
1 13S7  Wencslai 

tcled  round  Brusiels.  and  this  wus  piaclically 
intact  until  after  the  B<l)pan  levnluiion  in  iSja-iSii.  Il  took 
twelve,  or,  according  to  oiher^  twenly'lwo  ycatt  to  build.  la 
1383  Lhedukaof  Biabant  transferred  their  capilal  fromLouvain 
to  Br«sscls.allhaughforsonie  time  they  did  not  tniit  ihemsdvci 
out  of  the  strong  castle  which  they  had  erected  at  Vilvorde, 
haU-way  between  the  two  turbulent  (itict.  During  this  period 
lhe  poDuLiiiun  of  Brusscit  ii  supposed  10  have  been  so.ooo.  or 
one-fillhal  ihaiof  Ghcnl.  Ini4ielhegildiaf  Britssds  obtained 
a  furlhcr  charter  recogniiing  their  satm  as  the  Nine  Nations, 
a  division  slUl  cxisLing.     Having  jiicd  their  seal  of  gavtntDieiit 

plate  ol  residence  on  lhe  Caudenberg  hill,  Mhich  is  practitiHy 
the  (itc  of  the  Tlace  Royalc  and  the  king's  palace  to-day.  Thii 
ducal  rcwdcocc,  enlarged  and  embellished  by  its  subsequent 
occupanis,  became  cvtnluaUy  the  famous  palace  ol  the  Nether- 
lands which  wiinraacd  lhc  oMicaiionoI  Cbarlei  V.  in  ijss.  and 
was  destroyed  by  fiic  in  ijji.  In  uja  died  Fhilip,  last  dahc 
of  Brabant  as  a  separate  ruler,  and  the  duchy  wai  mefged  in  iba 
poascuionii  of  the  duke  el  Burgundy. 

Id  (he  i;ih  century  Bru»ls  was  described  (Comic  4e  Sigur, 
((UDiiiig  iIk  mcmoin  ol  U.  dc  ta  Serre)  as  "  one  oi  the  RntM. 
largest  and  bal«ilu:itcd  cities  not  only  ol  Brabani  bui  of  the 

an  aipcci  so  singularly  pii:tuies(;ue  with  Ibclr  aleping  and 
tortuous  streets,  the  fine  holds  ol  dstkened  iMne  Kulpiered 
in  the  Spanish  lashion,  and  lhe  magnificeau  oi  the  Place  «l 
the  hotel  de  ville  were  buried  behind  an  ciceinie  of  wtU* 
pieiccd  by  eight  lofty  gales  flanked  with  one  hundred  a>4 
tweniy-scven  ruund  lowers  at.  alnnl  equal  disiaacc  fron 
eacholhcilikelhcballtof  acTOWB.  Ala  distance  ol  ktsihan'a 
mik  waa  the  ioresl  of  SoignlH  wiih  great  giunben  ol  slap, 
ted  and  roe  deer,  that  were  hunccd  on  honeback  even  u&dcr 
the  ramparts  of  lhc  lown.  On  tbc  presenade  oi  lhe  court  then 
circuiatcd  in  a  long  hie  coselesaly  during  fashifmable  hnoTl 
6ve  or  sis  hundred  carriage^  the  servants  In  shovry  liveries 
Id  tha  numerous  churches  the  mutic  was  mawned,  the  archduke 
Leg|wld  being  pttiionately  given  to  the  an,  maintaining  at  ha 
own  cost  forty  or  Gity  muaidaAS,  the  besl  of  Italy  and  Germany. 
Undeictw  windowtof  the  palace  Urclched  lhe  same  park  Ihal 
we  admire  to-day,  open  all  the  year  lo  privileged  persons  and 
twice  •  year  to  (he  publjc,  a  park  filled  with  tres  of  tare  essenca 
ud  the  mat  dclicloiu  ftowera  to  arlisu'cally  disposed,  and  M 
refreshing  to  ihoeyo,  that  M.  de  la  Scne  dsclated  that  il  he  had 
leen  there  an  api^e  tree  he  would  assuredly  have  taken  it  loi 
an  earthly  Paradise."  (D.  C.  B.) 

BRUT,  BiuiE,  or;  Bainia  tiie  Tkoiah,  a  li^ndiry  British 
diameter,  who,  accor^ng  to  Qcodiey  ol  Uoninpath  anl  atfaer% 


BRDT6— BJlUTTn 


695 


mi  the  epMtynou  tmo  at  Brlii^    Be  ma  lepitcd 

grandson  of  Aerwii,  and  The  le^nd  was  that  ha  vn  bvnisbBd 
[nun  lUly  and  made  hit  nay  to  BrilaEn,  when  he  foandcd  Vtw 
TYoy  (London).  The  name  n  an  obvioiB  confusion  hvlwcen 
Biyl  (a  BiHon)  and  the  dancal  name  Bmlos. 

FortiierDminec1ilfRi<[ii«o(ibeiiibjixtteeWjiCE:aDdBARBOint. 

BKVTi,  SIHOH  WILUAM  CABRIEL  (1710-iSjt),  Amnlcan 
ptelatc,  fint  Roman  Calhobc  bishop  ol  the  diocne  of  Vmccnon, 
Indiana,  U.S.A..  nas  bom  at  Rennn,  France,  on  the  iMh  of 
Ilaich  mt,  his  father,  Simon  Cibriel  Cuillaume  Bniif  1 
Remut  (1719-1786),  being  supeHntcndent  of  the  crown  lands 
Brittany.  Ht  was  educaled  for  the  medical  profession,  hi 
entered  ihe  Sulpician  Srminary  of  Paris  in  November  1B03,  w. 
cd  priest  in  iSoS,  refused  the  post  of  chaplain  to  Napoleo 


r  of  theology  in 


ttoS-iSio,  and  in  August  iSio  settled  in  BalLimorc,  Msiytend, 
whither  his  long  general  interest  in  miwions,  and  particularly  his 
acquainUnce  with  Bishop  Fligel  of  Kentucky,  tud  drawn  hJm. 
Aflet  teaching  (or  two  years  (iSio-iSii]  in  Baltimore,  he  was 
lent  10  Mount  St  Mary's  College,  Emmitsburg,  Maryland,  where 
he  remained  until  i8t;,  acting  both  as  teacher  ai  ' 
He  nM  visited  France  In  the  interest  of  American  e 
on  his  return  in  November  181  s.  became  president 
College,  Baltimore.  In  tSi3  he  resumed  his  bbour 
burg,  and  fntm  this  time  until  iRj*  he  heldan  almost 
place  tn  the  American  church,  being  constantly  consulted  by 
clergy  throughout  the  country,  beides  leclutint,  leaching, 
"■  ■       ■      'ir  his  partdi.    The  lee  of  Vincen'nei  was 

Brutf,  nominaled  its  first  bishop  and 
-  -io  France  tor  f        "  '    ' ' 


preaching  and  a 
treated  in  igj*;  ! 


with  »hi. 


I  he  built  his  cathedral  ar 
:  ot  thcol 


isefut 


In oneof  his  academies,  a!  well 
jtoties  are  told  of  the  high  respect  in  which  he  was  hdd  by 
neighbouting  Indians,  who  called  lum  "  thief  of  the  BUcl  robe 
and  "  man  of  the  true  prayer."    He  died  in  Vincennes,  India 
on  the  iSth  of  June  1839,     His  gftal  influence  on  Ihc  eni 
church,  his  irondcrful  success  in  planning,  financing,  and  carrying 
out  necessary  ecclesiastical  reforms,  and  the  constTuctive  and 
executive  ability  he  displayed  in  his  diocese,  make  him  orie  of  the 
(oremosl  Catholic  emigrants  to  the  United  States.    He  wrolt 
Britf  Neks  on  his  experiences  in  France  in  1793,  Id  which  hi 
describes  stale  petsecution  of  Catholic  priests. 

See  Jamei  Roosevelt  Baytey.  Th  Umain  efOit  HI.  A*.  Siiun 
WmiuM  Gafiil  Brtlt.  Firil  Siilmt  tf  Kikhiki  (New  York.  lB6l)i 

Bniltii  and  BKltU  in  Latin  inscriptions,  and  Sfitmei  on  Greek 
coins  and  by  Greek  authors,  occupied  the  south-western  peninsula 
of  Italy  in  hislaricil  ttmes,  the  ifer  BnUim  (wrongly  called 
Bmnium}  corresponding  ilmoat  eiaclty  to  the  modem  (Calabria. 
It  was  separated  from  Lurania  on  the  north  by  a  line  drawn 
from  thcmouthoF  the  rfver  Uus  on  the  west  to  b  point  ■  little 
aoulh  of  the  river  Cralhit  on  the  east.  To  part  or  the  whole  of  this 
pf  ninsola  the  name  llaNa  was  first  applied.  In  alliance  with  the 
Lncaniana  the  Brutii!  made  war  on  the  Greek  colonies  of  Iha 

come  by  the  Greeks  who  were  aided  by  Alexander  of  Epinis  and 
Agathocles  of  Syracuse,  Ihcyrcasscrtcd  their  mastery  of  Ihc  town 
from  atwut  the  beginniog  of  the  3rd  cenlury  B.C.,  and  Iicid  it 
until  it  became  a  tdllti  cok«y  a(  the  end  of  the  luoo  century 
(see  Corp.  Irnrr.  Lai,  x,  p.  7,  and  the  references  then  given). 
At  this  time  Ihcy  wen:  speaking  Oscan  as  well  as  Cnck,  and  two 
of  ihnc  Oscan  inscriptions  In  Cneek  alphabet  still  testify  to  the 
language  spoken  la  the  town  in  the  jrd  century  BX.  We  know, 
however,  that  the  Bnitliant,  though  at  this  date  speaking  the 
tame  language  (Oscan)  as  Ihc  Samnite  tribe  of  the  Lucani,  were 
Dot  nclualty  akin  10  them.  Tlie  name  Bnillii  was  used  by  the 
Lacaniatis  to  mean  "runaway  slaves,"  but  it  is  considerably 
more  likely  that  this  significarion  was  attached  to  the  tribal 
name  of  the  Bruiiii  from  the  historical  fact  that  they  had  been 
npiUcd  by  the  Samnite  invaden  (cf .  Ibc  uk  of 


Zdfci  to  mean  "  poUcemen  "  at  Alhens.  and  tl 
the  German,  French  and  English  word  "slave 
"  Slav ''),  than  that  the  tribe  when  Uving  in  terntoiy  it  couk) 
call  its  own  should  have  adapted  an  oppeobrious  name  (aluo 
from  the  language  ol  hostile  neighbour*  (see  Slrabo  vi,  1,  4; 
Diod.  Sic.  ivi.  15).  Mommsen  pcinted  out  (Unltrilal.  DialcUt, 
p.  97)  the  evidence  of  tradition  (espedally  Ad^to Je,  Pal.  4  \i]  10} 
showing  that  the  customs  of  the  Brullii  had  a  certaio  affinity 
with  those  of  the  pro-Hellenic  inhabitants  of  Green,  and  it  has 
been  argued  (Ridgirway  afufCJsnviay,  Ilal.  Dialab,^.  16)  that  a 
tradilioa  (preserved  in  Stcphanus  ol  BycuiUura.  i.e.  Xioi} 
made  it  probable  that  they  were  called  IltXiirTei.  This  evidcnci 
points  to  the  ranjeclnre  thai  they  were  part  of  wh>l  is  now 
generally  called  the  Meditemincan  ran  (see,  e.j.  G.  Sergi,  The 
Ucdilmantaa  Ran,  Eng.  trans.,  iflOi;  W.  Z.  Ripley,  Sacri  ^ 
Earept,p.  iiS).  Many  Indo-European  clcmcDls  appear  in  th«> 
plan-names  («.;.  Sila-Laiin  nf«,  Greek  EXif;  Ttmaa,  cf. 
Cr.  ri^ow  or  Sanskrit  fjnioi,  darkness,  shadow),  and  none  that 
suggest  a  non-Indo-European  origin,  A  fricri  conildeiatiBni 
anggcit  that  they  ouyhave  been  akin  Io  the  Siccli,  but  of  this  at 

iS  we  have  seen,  the  Bruitii  were  at  the  height  of  tli^  power 
ing  the  jrd  century  I.e.  Their  chief  towns  were  Coueuii 
senza),  Petclia  (near  SltongeJi),  and  Clampetit  (Amaniea). 
To  this  period  (about  ihelimeoi  the  Roman  Waragainst  I^rrhui) 
'gned  the  series  ot  Ihcii  coins,  and  they  appear  to  have 
:  right  of  coinage  even  af  ler  their  £nal  subjugation  by 
the  Romans  (sec  B.  V.  ifciad,  Hu/wij  N^morHPi,  p.  77).  Tha 
Influence  of  Hellenism  over  them  is  shown  by  bods  in  Ihe  tombs 
ind  the  fact  ihai  ihey  spoke  the  Greek  language  as  well  as  iheir 
iwn  {bilinine  in  Enniut).  The  mountainous  counuy,  iU-suited 
or  agricultural  purposes,  was  wcU  adapted  for  ttiese  hardy 
larrioiSiwhose  tiaining  was  Spartan  in  its  simplicily  and  seventy. 
The  firutlii  first  caiac  into  collision  with  the  Roman  during 
he  war  with  Fyrrhus,  to  whom  they  sent  auoliarics;  alter  hia 
lefcal,  they  submitted,  and  were  deprived  of  hall  their  territory 
n  theSiL  forest,  which  was  declared  stale  property.  In  the  war 
with  Hannibal,  they  were  among  the  first  10  declare  ia  his  favour 
after  Ihc  batllc of  Cannae,  and  it  wasinUieir  country  that  Hanni- 
bal held  fiis  ground  during  the  last  stage  ol  the  war  (at  Castrum 
Hannibalis  on  Ihe  guU  ol  Scyladum).  [R.  S.  C.) 

The  Brullii  cntitcly  lost  Ibeir  freedom  at  the  end  of  the  Uaord- 
ilic  wari  io  i^  colonies  of  Roman  ciiiaeas  were  founded  M 
Tcmpsa  and  Cmlon.  anda  c^ony  with  Latin  rights  at  Hipponun 
called  hencclorwaid  Vibo  Valenlia.  In  iji  the  consul  P. 
Popillius  built  Ihe  great  inland  road  from  Capua  through  Vibo 
tia  to  Xbe^um,  while  the  date  of  the  conslrucrioii  of 
I  west  coast  toads  ii  uncerLiin.  Neither  in  the  Social 
the  rising  of  Spaitacus,  who  held  out  a  long  time  ia 
lheSila[7iB.c),dalheBrutliiplayspartasa  people.  Vibo  was 
'  baseol  Octavian  in  [he  cooflict  with  Scitus  Fompeiui 
U'-lt  11.C.)- 
The  must  tmportcnt  product  of  the  district  was  Ihe  wood  from 
le  forests  ot  Ihe  Sila,  and  the  pitch  produced  fnm  it.  The  Sill 
also  contained  minerals,  which  were  worked  out  in  very  early 
times.  The  coast  plains  were  in  parts  very  fertile,  especial^ 
the  (now  malarious)  lower  valley  of  the  Ciathii.  Under  the 
vever,  the  whole  district  remained  backward  and 
.able  for  the  absence  of  important  towns,  as  the 
scarcity  of  ancient  inscriptions,  both  Greek  and  Larin,  shows: 
the  Sila  was  state  domain,  and  most  of  llic  rest  in  the  hands 
of  laisc  proprietors.  Augustus  joiud  it  with  Lucania  (ftsm 
which  il  was  divided  by  Ihe  nvcn  Lius  and  Ciatlus)  Io  fonn- 
Uic  third  rcgioo  ol  Italy.  In  Ihc  lod  and  jtd  centuries,  for 
Ive  aod  juridical  purposes,  it  was  soraetiines  (with 
Lucania]  jdned  to  Apulia  and  Calabria.  Dioclclian  placed 
Lucania  and  Brittii  (as  the  name  was  then  spell)  under  a  ctr- 
:  rcudcnce  was  at  Rhegjun.  The  boundaries  of  Ihe 
d  Augustan  region  had  by  that  time  become  some-; 
what  altered,  Mctaponlum  belouging  to  Calabria,  and  Salemun 
itory  of  the  Picentini  Io  the  third  region  inslead  of 
the  inl  (Campania).    From  tbe  Uh  ccnluty,  alter  the  lall  ol 


696 


BRUTUS— BROX 


the  0itKi(01hic  power,  ind  the  ctublithmtiit  of  thit  of  Byuli- 
tium  in  it«  place  in  loulh  Ilaly.  ttw  nime  CaUbria  wai  applied 
to  Iht  nvhole  ol  the  loulb  Ilalian  pouessiam  of  the  Eulem 
empire,  and  the  name  of  ih^  Brittii  entirelr  diiappeanMli  and 
after  ihe  eailem  peniniuia  (the  andeat  Calal>Ka)  had  been 
taken  by  the  Lombards  about  ab.  i6S,  ihc  wettern  retained 
the  aame,  and  hu  tept  it  till  the  ptcsetit  day.  (T.  Ai.) 

)6j:  Dim.  HiUe.  kx.  tj  4.  is;  Pliny, 


"f.'L.'U 


Ronu 


I.  Lucius  Jvhiqs  Bancs,  one  of  the  finl  two  conaola, 
509  B,c.  AcCDfding  to  Ihe  legends,  his  mother  was  the  lister  of 
Tsrquiniui  Supcrbus,  the  last  of  the  Roman  kings,  and  his  fdhcr 
and  hb  elder  brother  had  been  put  (o  death  by  the  leitpiiTig 
lamiiy  in  order  to  get  pouession  of  his  wealth.  Junius,  Ihe 
younger,  owed  his  safety  to  hi>  Rputed  dullness  of  intellect 
(whence  his  surname),  which  character,  however,  he  had  only 
assumed  lor  pnidenlial  reuoos  (Dion.  Halic  [v.  67,  77).    The 

case  his  dullness  did  not  prevent  his  appinntment  as  master  of 
the  horse.  When  Lurretia,  wife  of  Collalinus,  was  outraged  by 
ShIus  Tarqulniui  (the  incident  vhich  inspired  Shakespeare's 
Stilt  0/  Lucria),  Brutus,  together  with  her  husband  and  father, 
look  a  leading  part  in  eipelUng  the  Tatquinii  fnnn  Kome.  Ue 
indCoUatinus  were  therefore  elected  consuls — ortathct  pnclois, 
*hichwastheori»n»l  title  (Livyi.  59).  In  a  conspiracy  formed 
for  Ihe  restoration  of  the  dynasty,  the  two  sunsoFBtutus  were 
deeply  implicated,  and  were  eiecuted  by  sentence  of  their  father, 
and  in  his  sight  (Uvy  ii.  j).  The  Etruscanaof  VeU  Ind  Tarquinii 
making  an  allempt  to  restore  Taiquinius,  a  battle  took  place 
between  them  and  Ihe  Romans,  in  which  Junius  Brutus  engaged 
Aruns,  son  of  the  deposed  king,  in  single  combat  on  horseback, 
and  each  felt  by  the  other's  hand  (Livy  ii.  6;  Dion.  Halic  v.  14). 
The  Roman  matrons  mourned  a  year  for  him,  as  "the  avenger 
of  woman's  honour,"  and  a  statue  was  erected  to  him  on  ihi 
Capilol.  The  conspiracy  of  his  sons  is  the  subject  of  a  tragedy 
by  Voltsiie. 

The  patrician  branch  of  the  family  appears  to  haTe  become 
eitinct  with  L.  Junius  Brutus;  the  chief  rcprcienUlives  of  the 

II.  Deceuvs  JuKit;s  BKtirtJS, consul  ijS,  sumamcd  Galtaecus 
(roro  his  victory  over  the  Gallaed  (ij6)  in  the  north-west  of 
Spain  (Plutarch,  Tib.  Craakia,  Ji).     He  was  a  highly  educated 

(Llvy,  E^il.  a;  ^pian,  Hisf.  71-73;  VclL  Pal.  it  5i  Cicero, 
Bnam.  t»). 

HI.  Makccs  Jtnnos  Samtis.  a  jurist  of  high  authority,  was 
Con^dtred  as  one  of  the  lounden  of  Roman  civil  bw  (Cicero, 
D,Orolefi.n.ij,si). 

IV.  His  son,  of  the  tame  naine,  made  a  great  reputation  at 
'the  bar,  and  from  the  vehemcnte  and  hillenicn  of  his  speeches 
became  known  as  ■' the  Accuser  "  (Cicero,  DtQfidli,  li.  ij). 

V.  Dicimis  Jtnnus  Brutus  (Albinus).  bom  about  S4  B.C., 
fitsi  served  under  Caesarin  Caul,  andaftetwardscommanded  his 
fleet.  Caesar,  who  esteemed  him  veiy  highly,  made  him  his 
master  of  ihe  horse  and  governor  of  Gaul,  and,  in  case  of 
IJctavian's  death,  nominated  him  as  one  of  his  hein.  Neverthe- 
less he  juoed  in  the  conspiracy  against  his  patron,  and,  like  his 
lelalive  Marcus  Junius  Brutus  (kc  below),  was  one  of  his  as- 
(uiiiu.    He  aftervardt  rctiiled  the  Kltenpcof  AnUwy  10  obtain 


absohite  [lOwer;  and  after  headbag  the  lepubUcui  annin  agaiutt 

him  lor  some  time  with  suocesa,  was  deserted  by  his  soldien  in 
Gaul,  betrayed  by  one  of  the  native  chiefs,  and  put  to  death  by 
order  of  Antony  Ui),  while  attempting  to  escape  to  BitiLusajid 

(5e«  Appian.  B£.  iiL  97;  Dio  Cassius  alvi.  jj;  Caesu,  BJS. 
iii.fi,£.C.Lj6,4S.) 

VI.  Mucus  Jutuus  BauTUE  ISj,  according  to  some,  79  ot 
7S-4]  B.C.),  son  of  a  father  of  Ihe  same  name  and  of  Servifia, 
half-sister  of  Cato  o(  Utica,  is  the  mott  funous  of  the  name, 
and  is  the  real  hero  of  Shakespctte's  JhUhi  Cacsor,  His  father 
had  been  treacherously  put  to  death  by  order  of  Pompey  during 
the  civil  vrats.  At  that  timeyoungMartuswasoidyd^t  years 
old,  and  was  educated  with  great  can  by  his  malbci  and  uncles. 
Heal  first  practised  as  an  advocate.  In  spite  of  his  father's  fate. 
he  supported  the  cause  of  Pompey  against  Caesar,  but  was 
pardoned  by  the  Ultei  alter  the  victory  of  Pharsalus,  and  subse- 
tjuenlly  appointed  by  him  to  the  govemmenl  of  Cisalpine  Gaul 
(46).  His  jtJSticG  and  moderation  won  him  great  honour  fn>B 
the  provincials  under  his  rule.  In  44  he  was  dly  praetor,  and 
Caesar  promised  him  the  govcmorship  of  Macedonia  at  the 
eitiHTalionof  histcrmof  ofhce.  Influenced  probably  by  his  friend 
Gaius  Cassius,  he  afterwards  joined  in  the  conspiracy  against  the 

lie  maintained  the  cause  of  the  republic  by  seising  and  holding 
against  Antony's  forees  the  provinrv  ol  Macedonia,  where  he  *ai 
joined  by  Cas^us.  But  at  Phitippi  (41]  they  were  defeated  by 
Antony  and  Octavian,  and,  rather  than  be  taken  prisoner,  he 
fell  on  his  sword.  His  wife  Porcii,  daughter  of  Cato  <A  Utica, 
afterwards  committed  suicide,  it  is  said,  by  swallowing  red-hot 
coals  (Dio  Cassius  iIviL  10-49:  Plutarch,  Bniiat;  Appian, 
B.C.  iv.;  VelL  Paicrculus  ii.  71). 

Brutus  has  an  earnest  student  through  all  his  active  life,  and 
is  said  to  have  been  trorking  on  an  abridgment  of  Pausuiiat 
the  night  before  Pharsalus.    He  was  generally  friendly  with 

his  dialogue 


Ubetwe 


them,  and  Cicero  freiiucntly  speaks  of  his  coldness  and  lack  of 
cnthusij.sm.  It  is  diflicult  to  understand  his  great  influence  over 
the  Romans  [he  was  only  foily-three  when  he  died) ;  probably 
they  admired  him  for  his  respectability,  Ihe  old-fashioned 
paoilai.  He  was  slow  in  decision,  amazingly .ot>slinate,  tacking 
ID  sympathy  save  towards  his  womenkind — who  unduly  in- 
fluenced him — and  in  tiis  hnancial  dealings  with  the  provincials 
both  eitortianalc  and  cruel  (Cie.  ai  All.  vi.  1.  7).  Shake^xare's 
portrait  of  him  is  lor  too  fUllerinj.  It  has  been  held  that  he 
was  really  an  illegitimate  son  ol  Julius  Caesar.  If  so  we  may 
find  an  explanation  of  his  joining  the  cdnspliatoTs  by  the  fact 
that  in  4;  Caesar  had  appointed  Octavian  as  his  heir.  He  mole 
several  philosophical  treaases(.fel'irI>i(e,^O^iti,d(PdIie<i(u) 
and  some  poctiy,  but  nothing  has  survived.  On  Ihe  other  hand, 
we  possess  part  of  his  correspondence  with  Cicero  (two  bot^s  oat 
of  an  original  nine),  the  authenticity  ol  which,  thou^  ftHmerly 
disputed,  b  now  regirdcd  as  Crmiy  established,  with  the  possible 
enccption  of  two  of  tb«  lettera.  The  letters  of  Brutos  siittea 
in  Greek  arc  i>robiUy  Ihe  composition  of  some  rhetorician. 

See  E.  T.  Bynvm,  &a  Lehn  Jti  U.  J.  BnUus  (Halle  a/S..  ItoB): 
Tyrrell  and  Puner'seditiM  of  Cicero-i  UOm  (nfs.  bi  lada  vot.  i.r, 
"luniin  Bnitus,"  eMxciany  intreductioiis  to  vok.  iii  and  v.); 
C.  Bmssier,  Cian  anikii  Fnadi  (Ei^.  Irans.  IB9U:  ].  L.  Stnchaa- 


.(En(-lraM.IB9S):J-l-S 
iBihontiet  under  Cjusia ; 


Davklion,  Ciaro  (iB94);Dtber  auihonlies  antler  Caasan ;  ClcvaOk 
BRUx,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  Austria,  tS  m.  N.N.W.  dI 
Prague  by  rail.  Pop.  (1900}  >i,lis.  It  is  dominated  by  the 
Schlossberg  (t]07  ft.),  on  which  is  situated  the  ndns  ot  an  oM 
castle,  demolished  in  ifisi,  and  poasesseB  a  very  Interesting 
chnreh.  In  lalc-Gothic  style,  buitt  in  i;t7.  Brtli  is  liluated  in 
the  centre  of  a  repon  very  rich  in  lignite  deposits  and  has, 
besidd,  important  sugar,  iron  and  hardware,  tiistillin^  breaing 
and  milling  industries.  To  the  south  of  Brtli  are  the  villaget 
of  Piilbia,  Scidlitt  and  Scldschuti  with  well-known  saliaa 
springs.  Br^s  is  mcntianed  in  documents  of  the  early  nth 
ccntuty.    It  fell  to  the  crown  under  FfemysLL  ot  Wenceilau  IL 


aad  «w  Bade  a  tqnl  dqr  br  OlUtu  n.  in  (be  ijth  centnoF. 
In  t4ii  the  HuBJUt  woe  dehaud  htic  by  King  SJctunund 
uid  theSaniiii.aiHliBuiAbaktcdlhetowDuivuii.  In  14J6 
Geotfe  oi  FodOnd  aptured  the  Um  aad  culle,  iriucb  bad 
for  aaiiie  tinw  been  occnpM  by  the  Suon  princo. 
BRT,  THBODORDI  jDiul  DB  (if)S-is9B},  Gen 
■Bd  publiiber.  wis  born  at  Li^  in  t  jiS.  In  the  eutiet  yean 
f>f  h^  catHt  he  wdrknl  It  Sinubiu];.  Later  he  otablidwd 
engnving  and  publiihlng  buiiiwn  at  Fiaiiklort-iin-Uain,  a 
alio  viiited  London  in  oi  before  isSt-  Hat  be  baue 
acquainted  irith  the  geogra^dur  Richud  Hakluyt,  with  wboa 
aiaatance  he  colleclnl  nuteriaU  for  a  iacly  Ulmtntcd  coUcctiii 
o(  vojragei  and  Inveli,  CiVtcliami  frnpiaotiamnm  n  Iniiai 
Oriailaltm  il  ludum  OccUaitaltm  (ij  pan»,  1500-1634).'  Amon^ 
other  worki  he  engraved  a  tet  of  11  pUica  iiluiltaiEnc  tbe  Pit>- 
OHion  of  the  KDights  of  the  Carter  in  1576.  and  a  act  of  M 
pbtes  aiustratinf  the  Pnxnaian  at  the  Otoeqnfea  of  Sa  Philip 
Sidney;  platei  for  T.  Hiriot'i  Britfi  ai^  Tnt  Rtftrl  a}  Ha 
HIV  ftHud  Land  tf  fjrf/iria  (Frankfort,  159;)!  the  platei  [or 
the  fint  four  volumca  of  J.  J.  BoioaTd^  Kcmaiiat  UtUi  Ttpf 
fafhia  tt  AtOi^ilala  (isgr-ijoS),  and  a  icrici  of  portiaita 
entitled  rana  Yinmm  Illtubimm  UiVt-'Wil.  Do  Bry  died 
at  FianlcfortDn  the  i7lholUtrch  1S9S.  He  had  been  aiuttd 
by  hia  eldest  ion  Johiuinta  Tlieadaria  de  Bry  (is6i-i6>j),  who 
after  hla  tather'i  death  catried  on  the  Cilltaiana  aod  the 
niuitntfcm  of  Boiisud'i  work,  and  also  added  to  the  layia. 
His  brother  Johanna  biael  de  Biy  (d.  1611)  coUaboialed 

BRTAM,  WILLUM  JEmciHOS  (iBeo-  ),  Anxrian 
politial  leader,  ion  of  SOas  Lillird  Bryan,  a  native  of  Culpepa 
eonnty.  %^i)rinii,  who  mii  a  lawyer  and  from  iMa  to  iSg;  a 
■tale  drcDit  judge,  was  bom  at  Sa\an,  Marion  county,  DliDoii, 
oa  the  iQth  of  Maich  iSte.  He  giadiiai«I  from  Ulinoii  Colleie 
M  valedictorian  fai  iStI,  and  from  the  Union  College  of  Law, 
OiicagD,  in  1883;  daring  hit  course  he  studied  in  the  lav  oflice 
of  Lyman  TrumbuH.  He  pfnctited  law  at  Jiduonvillc  from 
iSSl  (o  1SS7,  when  be  nmoved  to  Lincoln,  Nebnis):a.  Thete 
he  soon  became  conspicoous  both  a*  a  lawyer  and  as  a  potilidan, 
attracting  particular  attention  by  his  speeches  during  the 
presidential  campaign  of  18SS  oD  behalf  of  the  candidato  of 
the  Dtmociatie  i»rty.  Fmm  idji  10  1895  he  lepieKnlod  the 
First  Congrcssionil  District  o[  Nebiaska,  noimally  Republican, 
in  the  national  House  of  Kcpicsentaiivei,  and  received  the 
nnusual  honour  ol  being  pbccd  on  the  Icoportaat  Committee 
on  Ways  and  Means  during  his'fiist  tens.  He  was  a  hard  aod 
conscienlioas  worker  and  bei:arne  widely  known  for  his  ability 
in  debate.  Twoof  bis  speeches  in  particular  al1rac1edattenli«i, 
one  against  the  policy  ol  protection  (i«th  ol  Match  iSfli).  and 
the  other  against  the  lepol  of  the  lihei  punibsse  clause  of  the 
Shentian  Ai!t(i6thaf  August  iB«]).  In  the  latter  he  advocated 
the  unlimited  coinage  of  silver,  inopective  of  international 
•gieement,  at  a  tatio  of  16  to  i,  a  policy  with  which  his  name 
was  afterwards  most  prominently  usodaltd.  In  a  campaign 
latgely  restricted  to  the  question  of  free-«ilvei  coinage  ho  was 
defeated  for  re-election  in  l8|M>  and  subiequently  was  also 
defeated  as  the  Democratic  candidate  tor  the  United  States 
Senate.  As  editor  of  the  Omalia  WorU-Hirdd  he  then  cbam- 
plooed  the  oue  of  bimelallbni  Id  the  pma  as  vigonmsly  is  b« 
had  in  CongrBs  and  on  the  platform,  his  aiticka  htiat  widely 
<luoled  and  dbcussed. 

The  DecBoeiatic  patty  wai  even  moic  radiafly  divided  on 
the  question  of  monetary  polity  than  the  RepuUion;  and 
President  Cleveland,  by  securing  the  repeal  of  the  sihrtr  pnnJute 
dause  tai  the  Sbeiman  Act  by  Republican  ntes,  had  alienated 
a  gnat  niajority  of  bis  party.  In  the  Denwctatic  nathmai 
conveniionat  Oiicsgo  is  iSjfi.  during  a  long  and  heated  debate 
urith  regard  to  the  party  platieim,  Bryan,  in  advacaling  Ihe 
"  plank  "  declaring  lor  the  free  ccJnage  of  silver,  of  wbidi  he  wm 
die  author,  delivered  s  celebrated  qieech  canlalnipg  the  paiwge, 
"  You  shall  not  press  dowa  upon  the  brow  of  labout  thu  crown 
of  thomsi  you  shall  nnt  crucify  mankind  upon  a  cron  of  gold." 
^UiiT^ii  made  hiffl  the  idol  of  Ihe  "  lilvci "  majoiily  of  the 


BRY— BRYANT,  J. 


the  presidency  on  the  tollowni  day.   Subaequenily  he  mdved 
■he  nominal  inm  of  Ihe  Peopled  and  National  Siher  tsrtiei. 


an  unpiecedentid  nuinba.    In  the  election,  hoircnt,  he  was 

defeiud  by  William  McKlnley,  the  Re|inb)kin  candidate, 

recdviof  ijt  clccloial  vole*  (0  171..  Bat  tho^^  defeated,  ht 

lemained  the  Icadei  of  hs  party.    Between  it««  and  igeo, 

except  during  the  Spaajsh-Ametican  War  sdiea  he  wa*  cobnd 

ol  thejrd  Ncbiaaka  Volnntccia,  thoogh  he  saw  no  active  ■ervke, 

he  devoted  hii  line  to  the  blenst  of  bis  paity.    His  ability, 

iloceriiy  of  chaiactet,  and  wide  lafoimalioD,  and  his  atiitudt 

towards  the  new  iwues  aiiiint  from  the  war,  in  which  he  took 

Iht  aide  opposed  to  "  impciiaUim,"  incnucd  his  lolknilng, 

Although  be  had  adviwd  the  nlification  of  the  Peace  Treaty, 

he  oppucd  Ihe  permanent  acquisition  of  the  Hiilippine  Islands. 

900  he  was  nominated  far  Ihe  presidency  by  the  Democntic, 

er  RcpubUcan,  and  Populist  party  coDvcntionaibuL  although 

iperialqm  "  was  declared  to  be  the  paramouat  issue,  he  had 

Insisled  that  the  "  plalforms  "  should  contain  eiplicit  advocacy 

'  fi«.coinage.  and  Uiis  dccliralion,  combined  with  the  popu- 

ity  of  Fieudcot  McKinley.  the  Republican  candidate  for 

ricction,   again  turned   the   loiks   against   him.    In    the' 

November  dec  lion  after  a  canvass  that  al  most  equalled  in  activity 

that  of  j6f)6  he  was  again  defeated,  receiving  only  155  ciecton^ 

After  the  ifioe  electioD  be  estabUdicd  and  edited  al  Lincoln 
a  weritly  political  Journal,  TIk  Cmmtmer,  which  attained  a  wide 
circulation.  In  1904  althongh  mt  acth^ely  a  candidate  tor  Ihe 
Democratic  nomination  <which  eventually  went  10  Judge 
r),  he  was  to  the  very  last  considered  a  possible  nominEci 
t  sticnuDuiIy  oppoied  in  the  convention  the  repudiation 
e  conwrvathre  element  el  the  iiand  ukin  m  the  two 
>us  campaigns.  The  dedtive  defeat  of  Parkei  by  President 
Rnosevell  did  much  to  bring  back  the  Democrats  to  &Ic  Bryan'* 
banner.  In  iv>i~iv6  he  made  a  trip  round  the  world,  and 
in  London  was  cordially  received  as  a  great  American  oiator. 
He  was  again  nominated  tor  the  presidency  by  Ihe  Demo, 
antic  party  in  i«oa.  The  ftee^ilver  theory  was  now  dead, 
ind  while  Iha  main  iiueatioo  was  thai  of  the  attitude  to  be 
laken  towards  the  TtuiU  it  was  much  confused  by  persona! 
issues,  Mr  Roosevelt  himself  intervening  strongly  in  favour  of 
the  Republi(an  nonuBce,  Ui  Taft,  After  a  heated  contest  Ut 
Bryan  again  tulleted  a  decinve  defeat,  I^csideat  Tail  securing 
ri  electoral  votes  to  Mr  Bryan'i  t6i. 

BE7A1RK,  a  town  ol  Russia,  in  the  government  of  Orel, 
I  m.  by  ran  WJ4,W.ol  the  city  of  that  name,  in  a'  15*  N.  and 
_  ,°  10'  E.  on  the  river  Desna.  Il  is  mentioned  in  1146,  being 
then  ai»  known  as  Debryantk-  Il  alictwatds  formed  a  scpaiate 
principality,  which  came  to  an  end  la  ijsiS  wilh  the  dalh  i^ 
-\t  prince.  After  Ihe  Mongol  invasion  of  1141,  Bryansk  fell 
Lto  the  power  of  the  Lithuanians;  and  finally  became  incor- 
orated  with  the  Russian  emjnre  in  the  beginning  of  the  I71h 
rntury.  Bryansk  was  taken  by  the  followers  of  the  £iEt  false 
Icmctrhu,  but  it  successfully  resisted  the  attacks  of  the  second 
npostot  of  that  nsme.  Under  the  empress  Anne  a  dock  waa 
instructed  for  the  building  of  ships,  but  it  was  dosed  in  1739, 
1  1783  an  arsenal  was  established  for  the  founding  of  tannon. 
The  (ntbednl  was  built  in  1^16,  and  restored  in  the  end  of  the 
:7Ih  century.  There  are  two  high  schoolsi  and  the  industrial 
eslablishmenu  include  iron,  lope,  brick  and  tallow.boUing 
wocka,  saw-tnillt  and  Sour.mills,  tcbacco-factorics  and  a  bitwuy. 
Some  distance  north  of  the  town  are  ihe  Malisov  iron-woiks,  will 
fsclories  and  lope-walks,  employing  20,000  men.  A 
considcrabLe  trade  is  carried  on,  especially  in  wood,  tsr,  hemp, 
pitdi.  bemp4ced4il  aad  cattle.  In  1867  Ihc  population  num. 
beird  ij^Si,  and  in  1S97  sj.sio. 
BBTAITT,  JACOB  (i;i]-tSa4],  Dngltth'  antiquarian  and 
riler  on  mythological  subjects,  was  bora  at  Plymouth.  Wa 
bther  h>d  a  place  in  the  cusloma  then,  but  was  afierwudi 
stationed  at  Chatham.   The  mo  »a*  faat  aent  to  a  Khoqi  acH 


faatut 


00^  I  e 


69a 


BRYANT,  W.  a 


a»  >B  WM  'raaevei  to  Eton.  Ib  i7jA  he  ni 
eHciea  to  a  scholanh^i  at  Klng^  CoUe^,  Cambrid^,  niicrc  he 
took  bii  dcsrcaol  B.A.  (1740)  and  M.A.  (1744),  lubgcqucntly 
bdsg  elected  a  fcUov.  He  rctomcd  10  Elon  at  private  tutor 
(o  the  duke  ol  Maribotougfa,  then  tnuqucn  ol  BUndCaid;  and 
in  170  be  Kaimpinicd  the  duke,  then  muUc-gcncnl  of 
fltdnuice  ukI  oimEiandn-in-chid  of  the  loiCM  in  German;, 
10  the  continent  u  private  (ecreiiry.  He  *u  levanled  by  a 
lucrative  appoinliBent  la  the  ocdnoDCC  dcptitmcnl,  wtiicb 
lUowed  him  snple  Icisuic  to  Indulge  hi*  literacy  tuta.  He 
twiceieliBsI  the  mutenbip  ol  Oic  ChuiFthotoe.  Bcyintditd 
on  the  lath  of  Novmbcr  1&14  at  Cifi^nhuD  j»ar  Wind»r. 
He  left  bit  Ebtuy  to  Kiigt'i  Calks',  having,  bonevH,  prcvlouily 
made  lonie  valuable  prcaenu  Iroca  It  to  the  king  and  the  duke 
of  HailboroUEh.  He  bu)ueathcd  £1000  to  the  Society  loc  the 
Pmpagation  of  tbc  Coipd,  and  £iooo  lu  the  nie  of  the  xuper- 
•anuated  cnllegen  of  Eton, 
nil  pHndpil  worb  aieT  Otsnvnllmi  tni  tn^frfa  ttlali 


.,  u  HiiWy  lij5j)[  A   Knr  Syttem,  or  1 

1776],  ohich  li  Fan 
IktAfama-  


^g^ 


Tradllimi  if  fatU,  end  u  rilia  TrUk  la  in  ori'riuJ  Puril;i  ('774- 
— «  -i.:it.  >.  '^intauic  and  now  nhoDy  valmJoii  ViadHaiwm  if 
bI  ([775)1  which  otHaincd  the  ntppoit  of  (be  gfrat 
■unuimiini  cciinel;  Am  Adirtu  u  Dt  Prinlln  iM  kii  DMrim 
^PUbaapkk^HBiailJlilto'l-.ViiididaintamJt.aVniii  * 
V  Uu  Ta&mmy  if  JvtAv  umamiHt  Jaiu  CMH  (I7«a)  t  Ot 
Sni  at  Ol  riaa  ^  Tlumai  Xmky,  ■'■  mSicJt  Ot  Aulialit 
MsH  Pitml  U  URrtalNal  (17*1)!  Trealia  ic^ini  ttf  Atalmlk..,  ., 
Oh  Scriplvti,  and  llu  Truli  tjllu  Oiriuiam  Krliia*  tiigi) ;  Oatm- 
Utni  wfn  llu  Plaima  iafiiM  nftm  «k  SUf^'ix'  tiTM):  Oama- 
•hw  «  •  rmliit.miM  CKKFi^fira  <^  eMn  -iTn-y.  tyUr 
it  Omalkr  (ijBs):  A  Diaalaliim  enarniai  llu  War  irf  JV«, 
(III  tit  EiptiMoi  i{  llu  Cicnans,  u  Jturitet  iy  Bemtr.  uitk  lit 
tinr  ^  iknn'iit  Hal  no  mrf  tip/^illm  vat  ntr  mi/tulm.  sn^  Ikal 
••  ih1  cil)  t  ekrytia  iziiui  fiT^)!  Tlu  SatimaU  ^  rkiU 
Jidaaa  aKtmint  lb  Ux*  or  If  W  eJCiii  0  797/ 

BRTAHT,  WIUIAM  CDLLBK  (17O4-1B7S}.  Anerfcui  poet 
and  journalist,  wai  born  at  Cvmmington,  a  fanning  village  In 
the  IIimpshiR  hilli  ol  ireitcm  UanLchiBCtU,  on  the  jid  of 
Novembn  1794.  He  wu  the  Bccond  son  oi  Pets-  Bryant,  a 
physician  and  lurgcon  of  no  meftn  acbtdanhip,  refined  In  all  hb 
lasts,  and  a  public -spirited  citizen.  Peter  Bryant  ivaa  the  great- 
grandson  of  Stephen  Diyint,  an  En^ish  Purit 


The  pi 


onbia'oiiri 
throughoui 


Sanh  SncU,  vas  a  descendant  of  "  Mayfiowei  "  pilgrims.  He 
•tajbom  in  the  log  farmliome  built  by  his  father  two  yc»H  before, 
It  the  edge  of  the  pioneer  icllfement  anwng  thoK  boundless 
'  deep  stamp  of  whose  beauty  and  majesty  be  carried 

mind  and  reprinted  upon  the  emotioni  of  others 
a  long  UCe  spent  tnabily  amid  the  acifvlttci  of  fajs 
tountryi  growing  metropolis.  By  patenlage,  by  rdigfoui  and 
politieal  tilth,  and  by  hardness  of  Eortiniei  the  earliest  of  inpaitant 
Ametian  poets  va»  appointed  to  a  life  (y^^cnlof  the  first  century 
Of  Arnerican  national  esi9tenf%,and  of  the  strongest  single  racial 
dement  by  wtuch  that  nation's  social  order  has  been  raouldd 
and  pramatcd.  Rated  by  the  amount  of  time  i^ven  to  school 
books  and  college  dusei,  Br>'ant'B  early  edncntion  -was  limited. 
After  the  village  school  be  received  s  year  of  ejtceptinnnll)'  good 
training  in  Latin  under  his  rr>othcr's  bir>theT,  the  Rev.  Dr 
Ihomas  SneD,  of  BrookBeld,  loDowcd  by  a  year  of  Greek  under 
the  Rev.  Moses  Hallock,  of  FIdnEeld.ud  at  siiteen  entered. the 
■jpbomore  diss  ol  WiUiams  CoUege.  Here  he  was  an  apt  and 
diligent  student  through  two  sessions,  and  then,  owing  to  the 
itial  toes!  of  his  father's  raeans,  he  withdrew  without  graduaiiog, 
■«nd  studied  eksslcs  and  mathematici  lor  a  year,  in  the  vnhi  hope 
that  hii  father  might  yet  be  sble  to  send  Mm  to  Yale  College. 
But  the  length  of  his  school  and  codcge  days  would  be  a  very 
niileading  measure  ol  his  training.  He  was  endowed  by  nature 
vrithmany  of  those  trails  whichft  is  often  only  the  final  triumph  , 
of  books  and  institutional  regimen  to  establish  in  character,  and  ' 
A  double  impulse  toward  scholarship  and  dtizen^p  showed  its ! 
ruling  In  Suence  with  a  precodiy  and  an  ardour  which  gave  ereiy  ' 
day  of  systematic  schooling  many  times  its  ordinary  vulue.  It 
fa  his  own  word  that,  two  months  after  beginning  with  the  Oteek 
.alphabet,   he  had  read   the  Net  Testament   tbroDgb.   .On 


ahandoDhig  UilWp*  ta  (ate  Tab,  ttapaat  «nid  M  ud  pnt. 
■ucd,  under  private  guidaiiOB  at  Wsrthiii(tn>  aod  U  Btldgenl^ 
the  study  of  law.  At  twcaqf-ooe  b*  ins  idndtud  to  Iha  bai; 
cfKiKd.  an  oKce  in  Hala&ekl,  fttmrndf  vilhdicw  from  therc^ 
and  at  Great  BaninfUa  Mttled  leiidBe  yean  in  tho  ftttomey't 
calling,  with  ta  avetiiMk  lot  it  vUck  ha  DCiiCr  loit.  Bis  first 
bookol  vone,  Tim  Emiati»,  tr  Shtcta  af  Urn  Timti;  A  Saiin 
iym  KosiU^'filirMm.hulbecnpcintedatBaMDiiiniBoB. 

At theagtot  twenty.^  Biyutnanied,  at  Great  Barrdnetoi^ 
Miss  Fnmcei  Falrchltd,  with  idwBi  he  cn)DyBf  ■  haiqiy  unioa 
until  bet  death  BOtriy  half  a  ccntiiry  later.  In  the  year  of  Im_ 
maniage  he  nflotd  the  bacavsDiiait  ol  hii  fatbcT'i  dcal&T 
In  iBi;  he  ventured  to  lay  asitte  the  f>ncUcsoihiw,aiidKiixiv<d 
to  New  Vork  City  la  aaannie  a  litcniy  editorship.  Hiac  far 
some  Dumtha  his  fortnnv  wen  prccariDu^  until  in  the  neit 
year  he  became  one  of  the  edilon  o(  the  &ciii«g  Pal, .  In  tbc 
tliird  year  fidlowing,  rSiv,  be  cuib  into  Dtidiviilcd  ediiorial 
control,  and  became  idBchktf  owner.  KcoijDyedhisaccuiiatioB, 
lulAlling  Its  duties  with  an  uaAagging  devotion  to  evoy  wsnhjr 
public  interest  till  he  died  bi  itiji,  in  tbo  montb  o(  Ut  dnk^ 


bis  warn  bunaa  lyinpalbtci,  U  yet  iWanJfm».t  theta 
to  an  cMent  that  made  Um  alnji,  evot  In  hia  Jonmllitic 
capacity  and  In  Ibe  Hienuoui  pmoirf  daily  ddiatc^aeoinicilli^ 
rather  Ihio  a  leader.  It  was  after  Iho  masmer  ot  the  poet,  the 
BCCTj  that  he  w:u  a  patriot,  stan(£ng  lor  principles  much  mor^ 
than  for  measures,  and,  vilh  on  exquisite  Gorrcctnesi  vrhick 
:ry  phase  of  bis  being,  nevia  prevaHiBg  by  the 
of  himself  to  inftnon  in  forcaigbt,  ina^t  or 
rcOitude.  Hit  vigorout  and  Uatdy  miod  found  voice  in  one  erf 
the  most  adminblo  modclsoC Joumalislic  style  knoim  In  Aneiica. 
He  wBi  founder  oi  k  dlMina  sdnol  oi  AmoicaB  ioMnudisiii, 
chuMtcriced  by  an  equal  fidditjr  and  teaipaaBO^  meiljr  and 
dignity.  Though  Ufaa*  a  poet  tbatbomortenpliaticallybclonsa 
to  history,  his  venc  was  the  eirproasieB  of  only  the  gentler  motlMM 
of  his  mind;  and  it  fatbm  hifluoice,  it  not  hntic,  whsi  behind 
it  is  socn  a  life  intrepid,  npii^it,  ^ad,  and  ever  patent  for  the 
nobler  chcdcc  in  all  the  largest  aHairs  of  his  tint  His  resviwn 
as  a  poet  aateilalcd  the  appcaianc*  of  his  fine  volume  by  sonw 
four  or  five  ycarL  "  Amcdcan  pootry,"  sayi  BJchud  Heu^ 
Stoddard,  "  may  ba  said  ta  bain  oomtnenced  In  iSr7  with  .  .  . 
(Biyant'a) '  ThaaoKiptia*  and 'ImciiptioB  for  the  entrance  ota 
wood.'  "  "  Thanaloptit,'*  wUck  leradcd  a  voice  at  once  aa 
now  and  aa  dd  aa  the  wQdnnna  rat  «<  which  It  leveibented, 
had  been  written  at  CuraBihigtan  in  the  poet's  ei^leenth  yntr, 
and  WIS  printed  Id  1S17  In  the  ffiMk  Amoicta  Kttitm;  the 
"Inscription  "  waswritten  In  hia  nineteenth,  and  in  hia  twenty- 
firtt,  while  a  ttudent  ol  law  at  grldgwiter,  be  bad  rmirpnint 
hia  tines  "  To  a  Watec-^owl,"  whcaee:(qnlAebeautr>nd  OBlied 
faith  his  own  pen  rarely,  if  evei.  snrpBMed.  The  poel'a  gift  for 
language  made  him  a  Ireqnest  tnulatar,  and  anuog  hii  worka. 
of  this  sort  his  rendering  of  Homa  is  the  Btoat  noted  and  most 
valuable.  But  the  muse  ol  Bryant,  at  her  very  beat,  ii  alwaya 
brief^poken  and  an  fnterprctei  initially  of  hioosmqilrit.  Much 
of  the  charm  ol  his  poems  lira  in  the  equal  pwityoE  their  artistic 
and  thdr  nwi^l  benty.  On  the  ethlial  side  they  are  more  thaa 
pure,  they  arc— it  nay  be  said  without  derogalioD— Puritan. 
He  never  commercta  with  onlovetintss  for  any  lovclitusa  that 
may  be  plucked  out  of  it,  and  rarely  or  nevo  diicovcis  metal 
beiuty  under  any  loft  ol  mask.  As  fna  ftm 
from  indelicacy,  hie  hlghot  and  hia  daqiat  a 
dominated  by  a  perfect  sellwettiatat  Ibat  tbev 
■toop)  to  tronsporta.  There  iiac 
in  the  whole  body  of  his  poetiod  wi  , 
exaggeration.  He  facca  life  with  an  invlndble  cautaga,  aa 
inextinguishable  hope  and  lieaveuward  tiuM,  and  tbe  digaity 
of  a  benevolent  will  ^uili  no  cooiptikioa  can  biok  cc  bend. 
The  billows  of  his  loid  an  not  wavca,  but  hilla  vldch  tcnpati 
ntfHe  but  caA  never  heave.  Even  when  ha  aataya  ia  aieak  for 
spirits  unlike  his  own — ijuuaeleii  oi  hhtaiy  or  n 


■,n.'^'^" 


BRYAXIS— BRYENNIUS 


699 


(hem  tn  At  boods,  Vwwtct  tnnrfent,  of  U17  wrannu 
pssiioB.  For  meniitttiit  he  has  ■  taWTMU  niilD,  Inr  tdc 
ia]'il  one;  but  tbe  neuest  he  ever  aunea  to  nditk  i>  la  lB>daiBt<r 
ihyme,  "  Robert  ol  Linrabi,"  «nd  the  neaiot  to  a  vail  i&  thoM 
ciquiutc  Dotn  of  grief  for  the  Ion  o(  Ut  yeuni  ^Mer,  "The 
Dath  of  tbe  Flovn,"  whkh  only  dnw  the  ttM  lo  fill  h  irilh 
the  tight  of  ■  perfect  re«l(nitiaa.  Ai  1  Mcr  at  lirge  aiMl  noble 
conlcinpliUen,  in  iiIkik  jrictum  ol  earth  and  iky  tbe  preaencB 
and  cars  ol  the  Divine  mind,  and  every  tender  and  beanfifd 
Klatioc  ot  sun  to  bis  CrolOT  and  to  hit  feDov,  an  ndodlousljr 
cdebrated,  hii  rank  b  ataoDg  the  maitet  poeti  ol  America,  ol 
irhoia  be  is  hiatoriolly  the  Ergt 

Bryiac  publiibcd  voluma  ot  Ftimi  la  iBit  (CambiidEel  and 
tSji  {Hen  yorii),  and  naay  otber  eotleeihHU  wen  imBt  ua/-  *^- 
■  tt  imat  tie  PtfUcal  WBrkHNtw  YaA. 

-•  verw  wen! "  Tie  Foimrwg  ■' ..d  oUier 

il  WhiU-FtoUd  Dltr  bhI  Ollin  Pnrwu  

,  Phhs  (New  York.  1S64);  uid  blank-vene 
w  Hiad  If  Htma  (Baton.  1S70)  and  of  rkc 
rr  (Bnion.  IS;i).    Hii  J'miiIu/  Weiii  and  hii 

, lilnp  (New  Voik,  1BS3  and  1U4)  nre  edited ' 

Fukc  Godwin,  who  aln  wmtcl  fl»|nifty</ IFHUiaH  CUIa  0r« 
vilk  Eilraiu  Slant  Au  traalt  Ctmtbimitiui  (New  Yorii.  tIS 
Set  bIb  J.  Cnni  WUun,  Sryaml  and  Si  AHiidi  (New  York.  iSBL,, 
fchn  Bi«Iow.  WiOiam  (Mini  Brytmt  {Baatoii.Ii9a!.  in  tha  "AraerlcaD 
UtnoTLettcn-Kiin;  W.  A.  Bradley,  AtbuI;  U  Iha  " Eogliih 
Ucn  of  Letlcn '-  ■eric  (190$);  E.  C  ttcdnun,  PeM  rf  Amtrica 


Amoof  hia  VDUinca  of  vcne 
(KewVorfc,  i«*j1;  TU  » 
York.  tS44);  nirfr  P«a 


dmtltU 


■RTAZB,  01 


ind   bibUoETflphicil   tnlrodiKt 


IK  o(  the  four  great  sculpton  wlio  woibd  on  tin 
a,  about  3SO  ^-C-  His  work  on  that 
monument  annat  be  Kfaraled  Irom  tliat  of  his  companbns. 
but  a  baiiihia  been  discovered  it  Athtw  bcariiiE  his  lignature, 
and  adoniedirithGgurrs  of  horteman  in  relief.  Heissaid  to  have 
made  a  great  statue  of  Senpis  for  Sinope.  but  as  lo  this  thera 
are  grave  hislodc  difficulties.  He  aba  made  a  great  gtalue  of 
Apollo,  set  up  at  Daphne  near  Aniloch  (see  £.  A.  Cardoer, 
Eandbtti  «/  Cretk  Scuifltat,  ii.  37*)' 

BRVCi:  JAKES  (iSiS-  ],  British  luiist,  hiitoiisn  and 
poliilcian,  aim  ol  James  Brycc  (LL.D.  of  Clisgow,  who  hid  a 
tchoQ]  in  Belfast  for  RURy  ytnis),  was  bom  at  Bclfait, 
Ireland,  on  the  roth  e(  Klay  iSjS.  After  gdng  through  (be 
high  tdwol  and  university  councs  at  Glasgow,  he  went  to 
~  inily  College,  Oaford,  ind  in  tSGi  wu  elected  a  fellow  of 


Otiel.     He  w> 


10  Oifotd  u 


of  dvil  law  (1871  ... 
been  made  u  early  as  tSfii  by  his  //cJy  Roman  Empire.  He 
was  an  ardent  Libcml  in  polilics,  and  in  iSSo  he  was  elected 
to  parliament  for  the  Tower  Hamlets  diviiton  of  London;  in 
1SS5  he  VIS  returned  for  South  Aberdeen,  where  he  was  re- 
elected on  suEiecding  occasions.  His  intellectual  disUutlioa 
and  political  industry  made  him  a  valuable  member  of  the 
Libeial  party.  In  1B86  he  was  nude  under  sceretaiy  for  foreign 
aflnin;  in  1892  he  joined  the  cabinet  as  clianceUor  of  the  duchy 
of  Lancaster;  in  1S94  he  was  president  of  the  Board  of  Trade, 

cducaLion;  and  in  Sir  Henry  Campbeil-Banneiman's  cabinet 
(i«a5)  be  was  made  chief  iccrclaty  for  Ireland;  but  in  February 
1007  he  waa  appointed  British  ambassador  at  Washington, 
and  took  leave  of  party  politics,  1^  lost  political  act  being  a 
speech  outlining  what  was  then  the  govemmeot  sdxnie  lor 
university  reform  In  Dublin— a  scheme  which  was  promptly 
discarded  by  his  successor  Mr  BirrelL  As  a  man  of  telten 
Mr  Brycc  was  already  well  known  In  America.  His  great  work 
7JI<!HM»Jf9HC»ii>»ii«rsn:»(igHS;reviscd  edition,  i«io)wi>lhe 
Grsi  In  which  the  institutions  of  Ihe  United  States  had  been 
UkOTOUghiy  discussed  from  the  point  of  view  of  a  historian  and 


a  classic    His 


Sludia  in  HiiUrj  aiuf  Juriipradaut  (19B1)  and  iSttdiu  w 
CtBitnforary  Bioptphj  (1903)  were  republications  of  eisayi, 
and  in  1897,  after  a  visit  to  South  Aldca,  he  published  a  volume 
of  Imfirtaiau  of  that  couDIiy,  which  had  coniidenble  weight 
in  Liberal  circles  when  the  Boer  War  was'  being  diKUtsed. 


UcwwUb  kb  acwkiil«  baoMir«ftam  bataBaad  ioRifa  ndvo. 
■itka  ndttpUed,  awl  be  becane  ■  leUow  o<  tha  Royal  Society 
Ib  tS9«.    In  cuHa  liTe  Ike  «a*  a  aotaUe  moBBlaiD-dimbn, 

aacending  Monnt  Ararat  bi  1876,  and  poUishing  a  voloma 
on  Tnaaeauauia  mi  Ararat  In  1877;  in  iSgg-igoi  hf  wai 
president  id  the  Alpine  dub. 

BRVIWB,  tm  UMBn  EOEaTOa  (i767-tgj7),  Engtiib 
geocaloglit  and  miscelluwous  writer,  was  bom  00  Ihe  joih 
oC  November  17A1.  Be  studied  at  (jaeens' CoUege,  Cambridge, 
and  «as  enltred  at  tlie  Hiddie  Temple  in  178),  bring  called  t« 
the  bar  in  (787.  In  1789  he  ponaded  Ml  elder  bnthcr  Ibat 
Ihdr  family  were  the  hdn  la  the  barony  of  Chaados,  being 
descended  from  a  younger  bnndi  ot  the  Brydges  who  Grat  held 
the  title,  lie  case  ma  tried  and  lost,  bnt  Brydgea  never  gaTt 
np  Ids  claim,  and  nsed  to  sign  UidaeH  Pa  ktem  Urrae  B.C.  of  3. 
[■'.(. BaionChandoiolSuddey).  HetV'«diledCa1liai^i>wa|a, 
fnseniu  a  atateDenl  about  Us  sappoaed  right.  In  1B14  bewat 
madeabaT0iieI,aiMllni8iSbele[t  EB^aad.  Hedled  at  Geneva 
on  Ibe  8th  of  September  iaj7.  Sr  Efertao  was  a  most  pridiSa 
aotboi;  be  h  said  to  have  written  looo  soenet*  in  one  year. 
His  nnmerou)  works  incfode  Potnn  t'78));  Caum  IMtrarta 
(igoj-iSog);  Tkt  BriHik  BMinpTiplUT  (4  vob,,  lSl»-tSl4>, 
Mth  J.  Hailcwood;  Sallhaa  (1  vols..  1814-1816),  wnlaiolng 
accounts  of  old  books;  and  AalMspapiy,  Tima,  O^ftund 
CtnUmpvaria  0/  Sir  S.  S.  BryJga  (iB]4>-  In  1813  Brydges 
began  to  supply  materia  to  a  private  printing  preu  esIabNahed 
at  Lee  Priory.  Efnt,  by  acomporftorandaprcssman,  who  weia 
to  receive  any  profits  which  might  arise  from  the  sale  of  the  works 
published.    In  this  way  Brydgei  published  varkm  Eliabcthaa 


services  be  had  already  rmdeied  to  the  stady  of  "'■"'"■'iii 
literature  by  his  bibllognphical  works. 

For  a  fun  list  ol  bis  worlcs  see  W.  T.  LOwndes.  BOIiirnttii'l 
IfaiHj  (cd.  H.  G.  Bohn,  I857-1H4)- 

BBTEHHniS,  mCVHOBm  (ioes-ii]7),  Bynntine  foUiet 
■latesman  and  historian,  wsi  boni  at  Orestias  (AdrlaDaple)i 
His  father,  of  the  same  name,  had  remlled  against  the  feeUa 
Michael  VTL,  but  had  been  defeated  and  deprived  o(  MscyealghL 
The  son,  who  was  dlsUngnished  for  his  learning,  personal  beauty 

id  engaging  qusli ties,  gained  Ihe  favotuol  Alnlnsl.  (Conneniis) 

id  the  hand  of  his  dsu^ter  Anni,  with  the  title*  tf  Ciesat 
■     ■      •       of  the  m 


[then  ranking  tUrd]  and  Psnlnpeisebasti 
dignities  Introduced  by  Alexius),    Bryenn 


■nhdiy  d 


ills  of  Constaatfnople  against  the  attacks  of  Gadfrey 
(1097);  conducted  the  peace  negotiations  betweei 
Bohenund,  prince  of  Antioch  (1108);  and  played 
an  important  part  In  the  defeat  of  Malik-Shah,  the  Sel juk  lultan 
ot  Iconium  (1116}.    After  the  doith  of  Aknua,  he  refused  to 
into  the  conspiracy  aet  on  foot  by  hli  mother-in-law  and 
1  depose  John,  Ihe  son  of  Atenus,  and  raise  himself  to  tha 
■,    Hii  wife  attributed  hu  lelujal  lo  cowardice,  but  H 
from  Mrtiin  passages  in  his  own  work  that  he  really  re- 
garded it  as  a  Clime  to  revolt  against  the  rightful  heir;  the  only 
proach  that  can  be  brought  against  him  Is  that  he  did  not  nip 
c  tonspiiacy  in  the  bud.     He  was  on  very  friendly  trims  with 
le  new  cmpciot  John,  whom  he  accompanied  on  Us  Syrian 
m  paign  ( 1 13  7 ) ,  but  was  forced  byillnesstorelorntoByeaniiuin, 
here  he  died  in  the  same  year.  At  the  suggestion  of  bis  mother* 
-law  he  wrolca  history  (oiled  by  himTXii  'Iffn^in,  materials 
r  a  history)  of  the  period  from  lojj  to  io8t,  fwm  the  victoij 
Isaac  1.  (Comncnos)  over  Michael  VI.  to  the  dethronement 
Nicephcrus  Botaneiates  by  Aleiius.     The  work  has  been 
scribed  as  rather  a  family  chronicle  than  a  hiitoty,  the  object 
of  which  was  the  gloriflcalion  of  the  house  of  Comncnos.     Part 

^ed  Irom  older  contemporaries  (such  as  hia 
lather  and  father-in-law)  Brycnnius  made  use  d  the  works 
of  Michael  Psellus,  John  Scyiitia  and  Michael  Attallota.  Al 
■  ■    ^  rd,  hia  views  arc  biased  by  personal  considers 

imacy  with  the  toyal  family,  which  at  Ihe  same 
,  aHorded  him  unusual  facilities  for_  oblaining 
Dutlciial.    His  DMidel  tns  Ticnaphon,  whom  he  has  imitated  with 


700 


BRYNMAWR— BRYOPHYTA 


•  Ulcnbk  imiiiiw  «f  •amMt;  li*  «*«'''««  inna  ut  aomin 
He  of  lEDaDe  aod  RwUphor^  mud  ha  ityle  B  condie  ud  ilmfde. 

Edilio  plbtctvt,  P.  Pbhoih.  lUii  in  Bona  Corpia  Scrijlar<im 
BiiL  Byt^  hf  B/Mciiitki  (itjG).  wUh  du  Cinci'i  nliaUi  com- 
tunUfy:  UuiWi  PainUpa  Crana,  tun.;  are  alMt  I-  Sweip 
BytaaiBatlmHiillriliB ia lo.  mud ii.  JaUuniitTti (iSSdJ.u^C 
IbimbKbcr,  Cuikiiiu  ^  bytamliniulm  LitUMt  (1897).  Tba 
MiBUM  of  hii  mrk  la  R.  NicDU,  Crlictaiit  UntiOmrKaUdiu, 
iL  p.  76  (iSia}.  >>  uo  lufjivounble. 

BRTnun,  ■  muket  Iowa  of  Sncknackihuc,  Walet, 
I4I  IB.  SJE.  o(  Brecknock  Uld  t J6  m.  fRBD  Loadon  by  nlL  Pop. 
«f  nibu  diiukt  (1901)  6I3}.  It  is  oa  the  London  &  Notih- 
W«>tBii  utd  Rhymaqr  Joint  iaU»*y  conocclicg  RhynuKy 
•nd  Al»it>TO»y>  bebif  >ho  rjuoction  lor  >  bnnch  line  to 
pDnljpaal  via  Blneaivon,  imd  tbo  tenniDux  ol  Lbe  Great  Watern 
line  Eram  Nenpoct  via  Nantythx  Tbe  lovn  owci  iu  oiigia  to 
the  devdqMBcnl  duiiaf  the  6nt  h^  of  the  igtb  untuiy  ol  iroo- 
mcki  at  the  upper  end*  of  the  valJeyi  that  amvuge  in  its 
Bdthbouihmd.  iti  liie  being  pievioiitlx  known  u  Wiun  HdygEn 
(Willow-me  Comn»n}.  The  Nintyglo  iron  works  aHord  occupa- 
tion In  Ucge  numben  of  the  iohabilimtsof  Biycmtiwr.  Both 
CO*]  and  iron  ore  were  fonneily  worked,  but  the  cool  is  cihausted 
and  the  ore  uniuiiable  for  modern  proccues.  Biynmawr  wat 
[onned  into  an  eccloiailical  psiish  in  1B7S  out  ol  poitioni  ol 
the  dvil  peiiihes  of  Uanclly  ud  Llin«aiiock.  In  i^  this  wai 
ionncd  into  an  urban  dblrict,  which  ns  enlarged  in  igoo  by 
the  addition  ol  a  poition  ol  the  parish  of  Abciysiruth  in  Mon- 
mouthikirt,  the  vbolc  being  at  the  same  time  consolidated  into 
advflpaiiib. 

BHTM  MAWX  GOLLEOB,  an  imtilution  ol  advanced  leaniing 
.In  women,  at  fiiyn  Mawr,  Pennsylvania,  U.S-A.,  i  ra.  W.  of 
PbiladeLphia.  The  lile  occupiea  5)  acra  and  overlooks  a  broad 
expanse  ol  rolling  country.  The  buih^ngi  are  of  grey  stone  in 
the  Jacobean  Cotbic  style,  and  consist  of  an  administration  and 
Icclun  b>U.  a  wience  hall,  a  library  containing  in  i»o3  about 
LOiIly  ioc  special  study,  a  gymnasium,  >  boipilal 


and  sii  halls  ol  residence.    The  re 


[sloro 


culalio 


„  ,  Is  are  required  to  choose  their  studies  according 

to  tbe  "  group  ayitem,"  which  petmitt  them  to  specialize  in  two 
or  more  subjects;  and  instruclioo  is  given  largely  by  means  of 
bcluRi.  The  college  is  opta  10  "  hearers  "  who  are  not  required 
to  matriculate,  to  undergraduate  matricUlalcd  aludenta  who* 
are  not  studying  lor  a  degree,  to  undergraduate  malrictdaled 
■tudentx  who  are  candidates  lor  the  degree  of  B.A^,  and  to 
fiaduatf  itudenta  who  are  candidatea  lor  the  degree  ol  UA. 
or  Ph.D.  The  government  rests  in  a  board  ol  thirteen  trustees 
and  Biteen  directors,  all  the  trustees  being  toeinbcis  of  the 
board  ot  director!.  The  president  of  Ibe  coltcge  ii  a  Iruslee  and 
director.  71k  institution  was  loucdcd  by  Dr  Joseph  W.  Taylor 
(i«io-i£So),  a  member  of  the  Society  of  Orthodoi  Friends,  and 
be  provided  llut  tbe  tnultes  abo  should  be  members,  but 
Otherwise  Bryn  Mawr  College  Is  non-sectarian.  It  was  incor- 
porated la  iSflo,  and  was  opened  lor  instruction  in  1SS5.  In 
igo8  it  had  419  slndcnts. 

UTOPBYTA,  the  bolanicil  nunc  of  the  second  great  sub- 
divirioB  cf  the  vegetable  kingdom,  which  includes  the  mosses 
and  Hverworta.  They  are  all  plants  of  small,  often  minute, 
alio,  and,  aa  the  absence  ol  popular  names  indicates,  the  different 
kind*  are  not  commonly  recogniied.  Even  the  (h'stinclion 
between  liverworts  and  mosses  is  not  dearly  made,  not  only  the 
formei  but  other  small  plants  of  higher  groups  being  popularly 
called  mcates.  A  little  careful  observslion  soon  shows,  however, 
that  the  Bryopbytei  form  a  well-defined  dais,  including  several 
iubordinate  group*.  TTiough  their  study  necessarily  involve* 
oinule  obscrvilion  they  possess  many  features  of  interest.  Tbe 
adaptations  they  chow  to  theti  conditions  nl  life  are  often  very 
perfect  and  present  interesting  analogies  with  the  adaptive 
chaiaclers  ol  the  higher  plants.  They  are  of  great  scientific 
Inteiatt  notSinly  as  representing  a  iptdtl  type  of  tile-history 
and  organixation,  but  becauie  in  several  of  the  subordinate 
group*  •eries  ol  lornu  can  be  traced,  which  enable  the  geneiU 
OouiM  at  their  evolution  lo  be  inferred  even  in  tbe  practical 
•bWKc  of  loaiil  rcmaial  ol  any  anliiiuity. 


BK  very  isMnly  ONIibMed  mm  ike  caitk 
■ingle  oounliy,  nich  a*  Britain,  afiord  ™— p**! 
ofalltheduelnaiunlgroup*.  Son>etine*,a>iatheca*e*dthlhe 
bog-moBKn  and  some  arctic  moMca,  they  m^  cover  coaddenfak 
tract*.  A*  a  rule,  however,  they  ocean'  a  •ubonUnate  plac* 
In  (he  vegetation,  and  tbe  different  ktDdiiei)aInK>  be  canhinr 
locJced  lor.  Covering;  as  they  often  do,  what  would  oltecwiie 
be  bare  ground,  they  are  ol  value  in  '"'T'if^  to  retain  BudMore 
in  the  soil  and  la  preparing  the  way  lor  it*  cnlanlBtion  by  hlgWr 
planta.  Alihou^  many  forma  aro  capable  of  withttaadiag 
perioda  of  drcaigbt  they  sucued  beat  in  leUtiTcly  moist  dimatea 
and  localities.  Thii  i*  ibown  both  by  their  uAcqual  atmiidance 
in  diSercnc  localitic*  of  one  couoliy  and  in  thdr  Karciiy  in 
certain  geographical  regiooaa*  coajaied  with  their  luxuiuncs 


incs  and  general  orpniialloa  ^how  gRM 
and  many  llvervon*  [fig*.  ■,  II)  the  pUU 
log  smatl  HavcL  In  a  number  el  fivecwoRa 
r  Eand,  it  pnienti  no  diKinc  ' 


subtcratum  on  which  it  gnwa. 
leafy  eboot.  Is  termed  a  oiallmi. 
plants  being  attached  10  the  ■ 
root-hun  of  higher  ptantL 
The  reproductive  organs  bcwnc  by  the  thalli 


^  usually  dofdy  applied  tn  the 
Thii.  in  conlradxtinclion  to  the- 


iridium  nin.  3, 15)  has  a  lonser  or 
lO  lonml  or  a  sjngle  layer  of  Bi  i  ce] 


.—  „ -a  them.    Each 

:.  s,  D)  of  a  nwre  or  kis  ipiiany  twiiied.  dutr^haped 

ei  thnufh  the  wats-.    The  w(lkii«aHi«  (fig,  I)  haa 


ecfia  wiihin  the  neek  of  the  archegcudum.  When  the  ardi^ciiiiuai 
opens  by  the  aepantloa  of  Ihi  ecUs  u  the  dp,  the  dianfafiiacd 
eanal-cells  cnpa,  leaviaf  a  nanow  tubulBr  |iaiia|i  icading  dowa 
10  the  ovum.  Eai&aMlicridium  or  aidiegonluu  ar&ca  fma  a  ainglt 
GcU,  and  while  thB  naturv  slruclun  is  nmUar  in  the  two  groupa* 
lite  devdopcnent  preicnta  dillcrcncts  In  Everworti  and  ***— 
Without  entering  into  detuli  It  nay  be  mentioned  that  in  Ih* 
mosacs  it  ceoceeds  both  in  the  anhevoahiiD  and  antboidtuB  by  tha 
•dneatatioa  of  an  afical  cell,  while  Ihh  ia  mm  Ihc  ca>  In  the  Aw 
wofta.  FcrtiLiiatiou  b  ejected  by  the  passage  of  a 
■Itneted  probably  by  mcaoB  oTa  chemlc^nimu'....  _ 
paiiage  o(  the  ardicionial  ncdi  and  its  fusiaB  with  tha  m 


nal  r^ndauisa.  iavolvaalha  u 


BRYOPHVTA 


itiGsd  imm  ■DMhcr  and  vsy 

uocJicd  Bo  the  Knul  phot  IP 
:  bona  4a  it.     It  coiutfl  of  ■ 


nutMroBS  nooluctlve  odk,  the 
IctlbaaomucHKntlaatJiiKtA^- . 

Inll'*  (Ga.  u,  B>  win  ahow  tW  icid^ 


ibipiinaiil>(kd*ithiMrikcdbgrditaia>d .     . 

ajuiiidl:  ■  ccntnl  oJiub  o(  Mcrile  tiwic  (th>  colui^l^a 
Imtnit  !fl  it^  nfwile,  whkh  optam  by  tbv  nrnaral  of  a  Sd  or  opo^ 
— ouf  111*  ipaRa.    By  Ite  opnlaf 
V,  ani  udtr  ■ajcaofc  omntiaaa 

u  lun  formed,  and  Ihtteal 


mtkiiu  nhjbit  a 

,_„ y  of  aH  BryopbylM.     'I'he 

nnietDpbjrie  it  devdopcd  tnn  Ar  ipoR  and  bean  the  kxiuI  otnrB ; 
ibK  ipuiutMilina  iadevriiiped  fnn  Ibt  fertiliied  egg  and  prodiicta 
ipm.  Aniapo(taiitC|rtol4icaldiSci«mb(tinBitbttwottacn- 
nasi  cvB  ooly  °e  iMBlianrflwe.  By  Uw  BBiaa  of  the  aucld  el 
l)ie  (penutoaoid  and  ovom  Is  (enHiiaiioo  the  numbiT  of  drnxno- 
■emn  in  the  malllis  DDden  b  dBobled.  and  [bi>  double  mimber 
li  naaiat^ned  thraucbdt  aO  Aa  cdtifiviilBaa  of  the  •poiwoaiDBi. 
Oa  the  dwifciiMciit  ol  the  ipowa.  which  t»b«a  plaee  bytheaivjio* 
of  each  qn^DBtbo^fdl  into  four,  the  atimbcr  ol  chromoiomea 
becoaa  on  bUf  of  what  it  haa  ben  in  all  the  nuclei  of  Ibe  tporo- 
ymjum.    TMl  redutej   ni     '       "         ---.-. 

■ponptayte  iluteik.    The  lelalliM 


a]  geinraUm-    Tbua  in  ^tUia  ti 


of  the  BEVOphyia.  The  ^ajoetophyle  k  alvayi  the  iddei^rridenriy 
Hriiwlndniaualupoa  which  the ipDre4ieariac(cnenifaa  iaOmo^ 
«t  itabfedipeBdat.  tn  aB  pluB  b^ha  lluu  the  Bryuvhyta  tbt 
•peraciliyu  beenniB  aa  indenEadenilv  noted  ohuit  and  i>  iho 
mupicuMi  sage  In  the  1!fe-luB<iry.  Thin  in  the  fsn  ibe  tOial 
MiKnticm  ia  iTk  tmall  prothaUui  developed  from  the  Bpore,  ^n* 

nirnO.  Ooiber-— '-— ' '—-• '---' 


b  Miy'iadinted  ia  the  lower  p^ata  [T^hiphyui}.  ~ 

•    Ibt  Biyopbyla  uc  divided  into  tha  HepMicaa  Oi»mnali) 


lie  Mod  lb»  llnte  innitia— the  Spba(- 
uika,  AadRualea  and  Biyaki.     Sion  (hoe  Mck*  of  igrmi 
"  -  -■ ■-   ,,  It  ii  difficult  la  aproi 


PJOs  tft^ryOa  (£■.  >)  can  be  tonnd  at  uy  Mnoa  povliv 
tiil«igepatdittoiitbadainpaiiaa<woodi|bMifc»,ire.  Thebcaad 
Bat  thtllBB  la  gtccD  and  may  be  a  ample  of  indiea  tens.  It  ia 
apaifn^  bnmdwd,  tbe  bnoddng  bdos  appaieotly  dieboUi- 
Mnn;  the  pswfag  pdu  ti  ritnatcd  in  a  denwiM  at  Iha 
auterioi  and  of  cadi  btaadi.  Tte  wiiig4iki  laiBal  ponkoa 
of  the  thillBt  gndnalb'  Oin  oat  froa  tlw  midrib;  fiaa  tha 
projectiiig  lower  (oiface     -  -■■  .... 


;  aper.  The  plant  ia  compoacd 
of  very  tiailai'  Lviog  celli,  the  anm  egpeibcial  ODca  OHilaiD- 
ing  Dumeioui  ddoccfihyll  graiu,  while  alaich  is  uond  in  the 
Inuraal  cidli  of  ihe  midrib.  7^  cdl>  conuiD  a  number  of  oil- 
bodiea  the  taaction  of  which  ia  iiaperfectly  undentaod.  The 
growth  of  the  tbaltiu  ptBcccda  bjr  the  R^nlar  aepaentatiaa  of  a 
sBgle  apical ceQ.  Theaenal 
borne  on  Ihe 
apper   niitacc,    and    both 


.^„„      __[i.  1.— PiUJn  ipiftyUa.     Croup 
1^^  c^  planta  beanng  mature  aporogooiaT 
an  fwtber  protected  Iv 

tb*  growth  of  Ibe  Under  margin  ol  the  dcpnaslon  to  btm 
a  teale-lifce  bnolDCie  (In).  Fcnilifatioo  takca  phue  about  June, 
and  tha  iporagoDhim  b  fuUy  developed  by  (Ik  winter.  The 
embryo  demlopBd  from  the  fertilized  ovum  coinistB  at  fint 
of  a  numbor  of  tien  of  cells.  Ita  Urminai  tier  ^vs  iik  to  the 
capsule,  the  £nt  iKvisiou  in  the  four  celli  oi  the  tier  maiking 
oS  the  wall  of  the  capsule  from  Ibe  cells  datined  to  produce  the 
tpotea.  In  Bg.  4,  C,  wU<^  mpTEienD  a  longitudiiul  section  el 
a  young  embryo  of  Ftiiia,  thne  arcbespotial  cdls  are  *!■■'<■*< 
The  lioi  below  give  tise  to  the  seta  sad  foot  The  milute 
tponfonluni  (Sf.  j.  B)  cooslit*  ol  the  foot  embedded  In  ibe 
dMUt  ol  the  Ibalhii,  the  teta,  which  remain*  ibart  until  juat 
belora  the  ihedding  of  the  ipores,  and  the  apberical  c^aule. 
It  rtmalm  for  long  endosed  within  the  calyptia  farmed  by  the 
further  devek^xnent  ol  (be  aicfiegonltl  wall  and  nmnauilted 
by  the  neck  of  the  arcbegonium.  The  calyptra  ia  ultimately 
burst  throu^r  and  in  early  spring  the  acta  elongntea  rapidly, 
lalstog  Ihe  daik-a4aur«I  capsule  (Sg.  i).  In  the  young  con- 
dition the  wall  of  the  capnle,  which  cmvsts  of  two  kycra  of 
cells,  encloses  a  mas  of  rimBar  cdls  developed  irona  the  archo- 
sporinm.  Some  o(  these  become  apore-mother^ella  and  give 
lite  by  cell  divfdon  to  four  tpores,  while  otbeis  remain  undivided 
and  become  tbe  elalen.    The  lalleiare  dangated  qilndle-shapci] 


"™  TT'  "iT'.flV'frilf^ 


702 


BRYOPHYTA 


The  cdb  of  tlie  apnik  nil  ban  tecomplMe.  bran,  thidtowd 
lingi  on  their  mill,  ud  Ihc  apiukc  opsn  by  iplitlisi  ioto  lou 
nSvtt,  Hhtcb  bend  iny  Icom  one  unDlticr,  lUowinc  the  knu 
iporo  10  be  readily  dijpcised  by  tbe  wind,  uiutcd  by  the  bygia- 
Kopic  movcmenlii  of  the  eliten  On  filling  upon  dcmp  toil 
the  ftpons  Gennini-tc,  growioE  into  *  thftJItu,  whkh  padiully 
■tUins  iufull  uuuidbeanKiuil  orguB. 

Whilc.lhe  girneni  coune  o(  tbe  liie-hiuoTy  of  >U  Uvcmrti  re- 
temblet  ihai  ol  Pdla.  lie  three  gnat  gToupi  into  wbkb  they  ire 
divided  diflcr  from  one  ingthei  in  the  chunncn  of  both  genen- 
lioiu  Eich  group  eihibili  » tctia  leading  (rom  more  simple  to 
awre  highly  oiBaniwdloms,  and  the  diHrrenliation  h»j  proceeded 
on  diilinct  mid  to  «mt  eitcnt  divcrsenl  Imti  in  Ilie  three  gmupi. 
The  Marchintida  are  i  leriei  of  Uialloid  lonm,  m  which  the 
•tnaure  of  the  Iballui  is  ipedaKied  to  enable  them  to  live  in 
more  eiposed  ulualiom.  The  loweil  membera  ol  the  leiies 
(Riccia)  pcoKsi  tbe  limpliat  ^porogonia  knovn.  consiitinc  of  ■ 
vallofone  layer  of  cells  endoaingtbcapoRa-  In  the  hi^erlonna 
t  itnile  foot  and  mu  iapreseni.and  itciilc  cella  or  elalen  occui 
•rilh  the  fporei.  The  lover  membeia  of  tlie  Jungcnnuuualet  are 
(Iw  thalloid,  but  tbe  ihalliis  never  h»  the  complialed  urocture 
'theMatchanlialo.andpnigiesailinthedireclion 


at  the  dilleicnliitioi] 


>(  the  plant  ini 


art  aSonJed  by  the 

'    knRT  group  of  the 

Anacrogyooui  Juo- 


Fic.  4.  —  Semi-dUgraniinjtic    6giiiei  o(  Iron  Merile  Cell)  OH 

5^.^^nou.tii^eamhad.d!'(Al^Kfcidiz-  Anthoeerotalea  ue 

GoHciaudLdlgeb.}  a  imal]  and   very 

A.  Kiedt.  D.  Anlluartt  lanii  dbtjnct   group,  is 

B,  Marditniit    fctj-  £.  Ctfluiait     bicmi-  vhich  the  gamelo- 


le  three 


'bile  the  qtoro- 
KtMei  ■  uerile  columella  and  ii  capable  at 
led  growth  and  ipoR  productioi 
t  ol  Ih 


mpre 


c  briefly  referred  (0  here     In 
„    .  .       _   .       _  inher  of  liverworts  are  ahown  in 

longilodind  Kclion,  and  the  arcbeaporial  cells  from  wbich  tbe 
iporet  and  elaten  *iil  aiiae  are  ihaded  In  Ritcia  (tg.  t.  A)  the 
wbole  nau  of  cells  derived  from  the  ovum  lomt  a  gjiherioil 
capaule,  tbe  only  sterile  tissue  being  the  single  layer  of  peripheral 
celtf  forming  (he  wilL  In  other  Mardiantialcs  (fig.  4,  B)  [he 
kirer  half  of  the  emblyo  lepanteil  by  the  hru  (mnivene  will 
(1,  i)  forms  the  steiile  fool  and  acta,  while  in  the  upper  half  (ia) 
the  percent  layer  forms  the  wall  of  the  opiuk.  enclosing  tbe 
arcbciporial  cells  from  which  spores  arui  eUten  arise.  In  the 
JuDcemunnialcs  (fig.  4.  C,  E,  F)  the  embryo  ii-lormed  of  a 
mnibet  of  lien  ol  cells,  and  tbe  archcqiorium  is  defined  by  the 
first  divisions  parallel  to  the  surface  in  the  cells  ol  one  or  more  of 
the  upper  tiers;  •  nnnjbet  of  tiers  go  to  iorai  the  seta  and  loot, 
while  the  lowest  segment  (a)  utnally  farm*  1  small  appendage  of 
the  latter  la  tbe  Anthocerotakt  {fig.  4,  D)  tb*  lowest  tien 
iorm  the  loot,  and  the  terminal  tier  the  capaide.  The  first 
peridinal  divisions  in  the  cells  of  the  terminal  tier  separati 


t*by  tben 


la(cuf>.     The 
in  the  outer  layer  ol 


I,  and  thai  otBids  overtbt  n 

t  ol  the  Uverwoits  doe*  the  spar 
ipical  cell,  as  is  the  rule  in 


ml  groups,  so 


iol  tbe  Hf^tioc  auy  be 

looked  at  here  in  rdaiion  to  me  conoiinni  under  whkfa  the  plants 
live  The  oigaDitaiion  ol  tbe  gametophyle  tiaads  in  the  dosett 
rdatioo  to  the  factors  of  li^t  aod  moisiait  in  tbe  eovirannait- 
Wilh  hardly  an  exoptioa  tbe  liverwotu  are  donlvential,  and 
usually  one  side  is  turned  tolhesubslratiunand  theotherexpoied 
to  the  light  In  thalloid  loims  » thicnti  marginal  enpansion  or  a 
definite  wing  increasiag  the  surface  eipoaed  to  the  light.cas  be 
distinguished  from  a  thicker  midrib  aerrfng  for  itangc  and 
conduction.  The  leaves  and  stem  of  the  Idiue  lorms  efleit  the 
same  divisioD  ol  labour  in  another  way  He  relation  of  tbe  plant 
toitswilcrsupply  varies  within  Lbegroup.  In  tbe  Mstcbtntialea 
tbe  chief  tepjily  is  obtained  from  tbe  soil  by  the  ihiiojds,  and  tu 
loss  in  transpiration  is  regulated  and  contioUed.  In  nual  livei^ 
woiti,  on  the  other  hand,  water  is  absorbed  directly  by  the  whole 
general  surface,  and  tbe  rbixoids  are  of  subordinate  importance. 
Many  forms  only  ncceed  in  a  constantly  humid  atmoipbeK, 
while  others  snsIalB  drying  for  a  period,  though  iheit  powers  o( 
assimHation  and  growth  are  suspended  in  tbe  dry  state.  Tbe 
cell-walla  ue  capable  of  imbibing  water  rapidly,  and  their  thick- 
ness stands  in  relation  to  this  nther  than  to  the  prevention  o(  lost 
ol  water  from  the  plant  The  large  surface  presented  by  the 
leafy  forms  facilitates  Ihe  retention  and  ahauptlon  of  water. 
The  importance  of  prolonging  th(  moistened  conditioo  aa  Ioo( 
la  poaibk  b  futtber  shown  by  special  adaptations  l«  tcliin 
water  either  between  the  appnssed  lobes  of  tbe  leaves  or  ia 
qiedal  pitchtr-like  lacs.  In  thaOoid  forms  fimbriate  or  lobed 
margins  or  outgrowths  from  tbe  surface  lead  to  the  sum  resulL 
Satnelioei  adaptations  to  protect  the  I^ant  during  seasons  ol 
drought,  sncb  as  the  rolling  Bp  of  the  IhiUus  in  many  leroiAytic 
Matdiantlales,  can  be  lecogniud,  but  more  olten  a  prolonged  dry 

WnaDcaB  tubeii,  whkh  peniit  when  the  rest  of  tbe  plant  is 
killed  by  draught,  isanfaitncstingadaplitioatothbend,  and  is 
found  in  all  three  groups  (i.f  in  qiedes  of  Riuia.  Ftutmtnau 
and  Antluarti).  Ha  eiamplei  of  total  iapropbyiim  or  of 
paiadtism  are  known,  but  two  inteiesting  cases  of  a  lymbiaaii 
with  other  orginisna  whidi  is  prabably  a  mu  tually  bcncBtial  one, 
tbMigfa  the  nature  ol  tb(  tAysJologicat  rdatiea  bMiReo  the 
on^nisiBi  Is  not  dearly  eftablitbed,  may  be  neotioiRd.  Tuofl 
hyphae  occur  in  the  rhisoids  and  In  Ihe  cells  «f  the  lower  rufaa 
of  the  Iballns  ol  macy  Uver«oiU.iuin  the  cndgUnphic  nqaiibiik 
ol  higher  plant*.  CoJonlei  ol  NtitK  are  cooituitly  found  in  the 
Aotboceiotaceae  and  in  Blaiia.  In  tbe  latter  they  ue  pntccted 
by  ^ledal  ciHican  acalo,  while  In  tbe  AntboctiotMae  they 
occupy  some  of  the  mucOage  slit*  between  tbe  cdb  of  the  lowar 


laiisenind 


the  qnnsiiainm  have  Is  their  object  the  ng 
distribution  ol  the  votes,  and  cmly  eiceplioMlly.  aa  ii 
Antbocerotaceae.  are  cnaceraed  with  indcpeDdent 
In  mosi  forms  tbe  capsule  is  raised  above  tbe  general  nuiw  at 
the  time  of  opening,  usually  by  the  rapid  growth  ol  the  seta,  but 
In  the  Harchantiaceae  by  tbe  QHrt^nia  being  raised  00  a  speda] 
archegomcfihore.  Hie  cUlers  serve  ss  lines  of  conduction  of 
plastic  mateiial  to  the  developing  ipores,  and  later  usually  assist 
in  their  disperaal.  The  iporea,  with  lew  exceptions,  are  unicellular 
when  shed,  and  may  develop  at  once  or  alter  a  resting  period. 
In  tbeir  germlnaiioii  a  short  filament  of  a  few  celb  is  uaoslly 
devebped.  and  the  apical  cell  of  ihe  plant  i)  otablisbed  in  * 
lerminal  ctdL  In  other  ci 
fomiML     With  eneer  too 


ptaM,  rilch  ■mj' be  toavucd  wftl  Ik  pntancma  of  moao,  fa 
ol  short  dimtwn. 

IIm  pown  at  vescultve  propisitlao  ii  widely  ^nad.     When 
■ilificttUy  divided  uuU  fragmsiUof  ibc  guDetofifayte  ve  fDoEid 
individuals^    Aput  (nini  the 


BRYOPHYTA 


re  [oimd  io 


ln^K 


a  the  a 


Hjpefficui  cells,  after  becomiac 
(Evidiog,  ocape  aa  bi-cellubil  (emmae.  UiuAlly  Lbe  gemmae 
arise  by  Uie  aulgniwth  of  supeifidal  alb,  and  boome  Irc  by 
bmkiDg  amy  Inm  tbdr  stslk.  When  leparalcd  Uiey  may  be 
amglfl  cclla  «r  consist  of  two  or  nmoeiDua  ccUl  In  Blatia  and 
UartkaKlia  the  gemmae  are  famed  within  lubulaioi  cui^baped 
lECeptsdc*,  oat  of  wbicfa  Ibey  an  (trcsl  by  the  anUing  ol 
mnolate  seoeted  by  special  bain. 

liarOttidiata.—'ne  ptanta  ol  tbia  nODp  uc  moat  abiraibnl  In 
Winn  naay  kcaliliu.  and  grow  Iv  the  nwii  part  aeacaiar  ncla 
-''--'-  '-Loosed  ulualinnt.  Nine  icnera  are  lepreKnted  in  Britain, 
is  found  on  cnosed  locth  but  the  «liir  tntraa  are  leas 
xeropbytje!  llankmUa,  tthwarpia  and  Luntlaria 
«ly  by  the  (CmniK  fanned  in  the  ipedaljteainka^iipa  on 
» and  occur  commoaly  jp  gnta^maa^    The  large  tnaUus 

1.1 ^  [gj  watenlde,  wkDe  DiiawrlKni 

amp  and  diadjr  ritiaations.    Among 
[Taw  OA  aaii,  JtiaiMarpta  and  Rwaa 

wiicr.    The  doniventnl  tlullui  u 

phui  thrsu^ioul  the  gmup,  and 


HriCingly  x 
tpreadlargeL 
the  thalhn.  I 


lower  regkw  composid  of  oils  cMtauting  lit 


wer  region  usua 
id  eonaisa  of  ft 


■  chloioph^U  and  a 


nsK  «  less  <ieariy  ov 
IS  alti,  BDme  of  which 


liaglc  lavs  of  cells.  ajM]  their 


(onncd.    The*! 

il  appendices  oTlen  lou 

itly  ihcy  sund  in  iwa  raws,  but 


t^ceU-cavily.    Th.  i 


idmKi 

-•Uke  ihickeninsi  of  the  wah  prsjccting 

'Is.  which  are  pwuliar  lo  the  group, 
nphigutria  to  the  midrib,  beneath 
I.    i^roughthb 


-caviiy.    The  iwrhiH 
converve  under  shchet  it  the  i 
which  ihey  form  a  wiek-lite  Mrai 
■--  capitlarity  »  well  as  in  the  »m  .^...k^ 
.iTii... : _i . i,,e  theiivir 

superhclat  cells  Rowing 


—Uantatitia  ptljmttpha.    (After  Sachs.] 
Hallut  (J)  l»ring  surfacT   (o)';  l>,  seal 

■Dthcndiophiiis  rhLuxIi. 

C.  Lon|[iludiiulieGtionara 


.,..tll,,„, 

rounded  by  one  or  i 


;«3icd    D.  Twi 


nhws  perfonn  the  work 


Uiually  Che  inrFim 


m  the  BKhegor^DphoKS  of  other 


IS  by  thegrMM  of  tha 

d  so  as  to  ckac  the  pore,    la  Damertiert 
It,  thair  formation  being  only  indicated 

in  the  nwrphologidllT 

imbB  hyer.    The  ecattend  posilian  d 


they  are  ETouped  on  sperial  antheridlofifcaRS  which  in  _. 
are  itslknl,  dlitshaped  branch-^stems  (%.  5).  The  ie 
ancberidia  aie  sunk  in  dcpreatkios  from  which  the  spem 
aio  in  Kinie  cases  leedbiy  ejected.  The  archegonisl  groups  in 
Cortinia  are  sunk  in  a  depfesiion  ol  the  upper  surface,  while  la 
TdrrjfsfHa  they  are  displaced  to  the  tower  side  of  the  anterior  end 
of  a  ocanch.  In  all  the  other  forma  they  sic  bms  on  ipeciat  archfr 
go^epbofea  vUdi  have  the  form  ol  a  dish-shaped  head  borne  on  a 

surface  of  the  thaflps  (1^  Rlgi 

archegoniaan. 

conlinuatioii  of  the  branch,  a  ^ngls  groove  protecting  a  iriand  of 
PCE-iUselda  la  found  on  the  vemnl  face  of  the  stalk  (iiftnlu). 
U  the  hVHt  forms  U.^  Midmatial  the  aichetaniophnic  cone- 
sponds  ID  the  repeatedly  Jwandied  continuation  a!  the  thallus.  and 
tne  aichegoafa  arim  in  relation  to  the  growiiu:  pdnu  which  »tt 
diqilaeed  to  the  lower  sotfsce  of  the  disk.  In  Ihts  case  two  gioavei 
ait  found  in  the  slalk.  The  acehegonla  an  protected  by  being  lunk 
in  depcesdoos  of  the  dish  or  by  a  special  two^lipped  Involucre. 


■  (M.  RifHchanw},  ot  the  apex  of 
its  fomatni.    When  the  disk,  arc 


'  an  odditioiial  invi 
roTES  in*  pemuiih,  | 

,i«g- 1.  A  ^  n*  1 

nil  of  the  ipherleal  c, 

calyptra,  by  the  decay  of  wl 


^.^ , -jt  become  elateis.  but 

in-walled  and  simply  concribute  to  the  nuiriiiDO  cri  the 
•pons,  in  all  other  lorma  dateis  wllh  splnlly  thickened  walls  art 
found.  The  seta  Is  short,  the  tapsale  bebig  usually  railed  upon  the 
nrchegDakkphef*.  Dchiscenee  talGta  place  cather  by  the  ■nvr 
penloo  of  the  capsule  splitting  into  short  teeth  nr  faflidg  away  ai  a 
wholeorinfragnentsaaasaftofapercHlnm.  TheueresongcnMiw- 
tion  fern  a  short  germ-tnbb  in  Che  terminal  cell  oTsrtdch  ue  apiral 
cell  is  eatabUihcd.  hut  the  dinetion  of  growth  of  the  young  IhallBB 
is  usually  not  in  the  saaie  stral^  hne  sa  (he  gnm-tutie.  The 
Marchantiaka  are  divided  Into  a  nimiber  of  grawia  which  lairesent 
dininct  Gnes  of  advance  from  forms  like  lbe  RIcciaceae,  bnt  Ihc 
del^ls  of  their  dssslficBtlon  cannot  be  entered  upon  hem.  Tba 
gtneial  nntun  of  the  prognndoa  addbimd  by  Ibc  group  aa  a  wholi 
win,  however,  be  evident  from  cbe  abow  accoant. 

' -'  -— This  large  seiics  of  liverworts,  which  prom* 

...orgaidiallan  of  these — ' ■'—  ■-■»-■''-' 

aups  aceordlng  to  whel ' 
the  gnwth  oT  the  bn 


great  variety ' 
Lpei.    The  tatter' 


>  kalv  pi       "^ 


whether  I 

(•"diaracteristic'of'thr 
■      so,  iaw)  . 

■rchcgoida  »  . —  ._ 
al  surface  of  thethatli 

™he  ends  of  tCc  1 


'Is; 


loM-nalk 


inches.    The  antbccidi* 

^  capsule  opens  by  splitting  Into.  Fi 
Br  A  MKTvgyiiae.— 'The  gnat  nngi 
ill  illoMnled  by  the  nins  pisn 


BRYOPHYTA 


§M%,  k  In  Buy  mpma  i 
TIk  imaU  lUliaWn  tin  u 
. ,jj^,.  ....__._ 


■.eKhorohkh 

^DUA.  WUK  of  tilt  WKIH 

<]f  thia  ptuil  Duy  be  ooo^ated  by  a  divUioq  of  labour  bttwqn 
lODt'UlK,  ttnu-lake  uid  uinnibtuif  bmicbti  oT  rbc  iFuIIul  Tbc 
■enaJ  (Himnftm  borne  on  ihort  bt«l  bnnchti,  whjle  Lq  the  n!lit«l 
f«iu  JUMfprii,  which  occiin  on  iDcIn  ind  tm  tninka,  ihc  inuU 
■miaJ  biuchs  wring  rnn  the  lover  nrficc  ot  thv  midrib  oT  ifae 

■terib  gnwp  of  ollt  projcrtini  into  the  upp«  OKi  of  the  capaule. 

wi^  fonned  oE  one  layer  of  reUa,  uid  are  oE  iolemt  owijit  to  the 
|HM  in  II  ol  fl  epeciai  WHIer-ronductioe  ttnnd  in  the  midrib,  Tbu 
COAliMI  of  ciongAled  li^£ed  cell*  wilJi  pitted  watlh  Blmia  pmiila, 
trbkb  occiin  cobiDonly  by  ditehe*  and  itreami.  iflordl  e  tranutinn 
to  the  Mioae  typeL  1(1  thiltui  (Eff.  7)  Iub  thin  mtr^nal 
Smiled  fTowib,  wh ■  ■  ■    -■■    j-i-'— . 


ihiltui  (Eff.  7)  lUB  thin  mtr^nal  iohei 


ucro^nouj    fDliiii    llthough    Ute 

The  erect  bnncbr*  bear  thiee  ron  o[  teavei.  and  Hirii»  Troni  a 
cnepint  niii  (ma  wbidi  Rnt-Ulv  brincbea  dalilule  of  rhijpidi 

Jmrnftrmtmrnimaam  Acrtatut.—Jit  platu  conwu  of  lenTy  abiiDia. 
tke  oc^fai  a(  which  an  be  undenuod  in  (he  Ii(b(  of  the  ^ioH  fotmi 
Qeecribed  absre.  The  tnat  majoricy  ol  eniliiif  liverWiita  belong 
•D  Ihiajmip,  the  lenenl  pbn  01  amunjctiwi  ol  which  ii  thmughcHK 
nry  naiilnr.  In  Brimin  thirty-m'ne  lewn  vi(h  numeroui  neciee 
■le  loond.  With  tew  uceptioni  the  Mem  povi  by  menna  ol  • 
pynnidal  apical  all  cutting  off  Ihne  niwi  ol  Hinientn.  Each 
■finl  nvH  ri>e  to  a  leaf,  but  lunalty  the  leavia  ol  the  veatnl 
IDir  (aaphicaitria)  are  unaller  and  differently  ifaaped  fnmi  Ihoae 
ol  the  two  btenl  nm;  in  a  number  ol  EEnen  Ihey  me  oaatuig 
(lloteltet.  Somctimti  the  lenvea  retain  (beir  tniwene  iOHrlion 
«a  Ae  man,  and  the  tm  loba  at  which  they  conaiit  are  developed 

Slially.  Man  olten  they  conK  to  be  obliquclr  imellBl.  ihe  arKerioc 
!■  ol  each  lal  iyisf  under  or  over  the  edge  a\  the  leaf  io  front. 
The  (WO  loba  are  Maa  unequally  developed.  In  Siapa^ia  (be 
upper  lobe  ii  Ihe  unaUei,  while  in  Kaiula,  PoitUa  and  the  LcjnnKOi 
Chi*  i>  the  cue  with  tbe  lows  lobe.  The  loldlng  ol  ane  lobe  a«ainal 

panphyllil  fonn  a  looae  nrfl  argund  (he  item  IrrickmJfiiJ. 
ihe  leave*.  The  braDchn  ari»  U'bw  and  by  the 


Hierfaiaauli 
fnmthebaiei 

aide  ol  the  ba> 

Tbe  antheridii 


Iron  the  (urmundiii;  •eiineiiti.   T 
fnop  IK  frequently  "~ii*H  in  lu 


Fic.  &— CMlHcyMar  ^yoMku.  The  plant  bean  thm  matim 
■pemiDiiia  which  abnw  the  dooulioB  of  the  lela.  One  ti  the 
•pofOfonia  hae  opened.  B,  The  perianlfa  "  with  the  Bvall  Kc> 
c^ul  Isvee  bSow  it.    (After  CoebeL) 

downward!  lO  aa  to  form  a  hoDow  (ubular  nc  encloainf  the  apAfr 
aonijm;  in  other  case*  thii  maraupial  lac  ii  fonned  by  the  hve  a£ 
the  ■poroAomuDi  boring  into  the  thickened  end  ol  the  stem.  The 
•ac  unulJy  penetratea  lalo  the  loil  and  bean  rhLnda  on  in  outer 
aurface.      Ktitiia,  Caiypot/tia  and  Saagtyna  are  Biid^  fornu^ 


tta  «oii|a[ce  rapidly,  and  t 

a  the  juhul<^d4e,  which  in  other  n 
roup,  the  Beta  is  abort  and  tlK  elaten 


ed  in  thu  way.  T 
jp(6p.8,9[  / 
ol  the  upaule  ip 


SS  I 


of  living  f4aim»  it  it  a 


doaely 


appli^  to  tbe  ■ 
Other  cam  of 

apparently  (halli 
the   Dthrr  hand 


Rattening  of  the  alem  ol 

ahwt  {FimptiUs,  Znafii 

Tbe  AcTDgyivjLja  Jungi 


laner  or  nnillcr  lufta  of  •  gre 
A  nikKtTotaJtt, — Tl^  email  ar 


—Ccplaliitia        UcmpiJala. 

y.  itSl  eocteaed  in  tiia  cal- 
~       !  MtaT 


BRYOPHYTA 


funynwctslnaniwUHrlpciftfcmaiiiaiictlH  BryophviA.    Thnc 
toKtn  v(  AnlJivtfai  occur  in  Biiuin,  ennviiw  on  th«  tump  ml  of 


itl'o^lK 


<]  by  mudlw  > 

^ ,_..,  -,^dcpRHiontKt1 

face.  MvciUec  U  alio  ofl«n  tt 
(helhallin.  CDlanir.nf  «.il« 
IDwnKitK^ililHl 


u  Thcu 


Tpliooai  in  beijiii  fgrmed  endogtooiuW, 

npcrficai  bytr  of  cclU  tmindinE  rhe 

aMMFi<}i4»R  nnrly  matuR.  OccatioB- 

■>"'lei]  JXHllonl   uf    ihc    lluDu>      TI.- 
a  oTlbe  archtgoiUa  haHEy 


icltte 


t. 


ffonmm  i»  pi 
derived  InH 
■tound  (he 


ittan'ofllic  1^1!^ 

ircand  JcvdapoKin  they  aarae 

.. j^j^  tlioiigh  diflct. 


«ll.  of  which  Slow  out 
i;  which'coptiniica  lo  trow  for  momhi  by 


capable  of  aaaimiUlion.  In  Ihc  nnlie  of  tlv  coifiulc  ia  a  MTand  . 
funow  clonoalcd  teLLi  forming  the  oJudkIU.  and  bclwcea  Ih 

ihapcd  arche^ponuiiit  the  Dnsin  of  whicb  hu  aifcady  bcvn  dcicriEx 
(fig.  4.  D).  The  capuilcspniahyipHlUng  into  two  valvct from  li 
apcK  dowriwanU,  and  Ibc  maluTT  Hfvva  vicape  whflc  othcn  4' 
dFVFloping  in  Auccnaiad  below.     In  Drm^nam,  vhich  grovaaai 


&De[hi»»d&  Thelai 
are  dunpoud  of  rowi 
loves  iTi  jimplc,  ini 


[  ctongBled  ce 
iclure  of  Ih 


rhiiaidiafliveniran: 
artbmnchcd.    Th 


«tcm  Ibough 

thkk-wilkd.  and  there  ij  a  cential  (trand  of  nnmw  cellj  forming 
■  water-mnducting  tiuuc.  The  icn;i!I  iirand  of  elongated  cclU 
Id  the  tnidiib  o(  the  leaf  runs  down  into  the  slun,  ijut  ii  not 
ustlall/  connected  wkh  Ibe  central  atrajuL  The  seiuaZ  organi 
Are  developed  in  groups  at  the  apices^  the  antheridial  group 
Dsually  terminatmg  the  main  axis  while  the  archegonJa  are  borne 
on  a  UtFral  branch.  The  broMin  Ijnt  ol  the  bair-li^e  paraphyaet 
Tnixed  Hilb  nntheiidia  (lig,  is)  makes  the  male  hnnch  con- 
ipicooua,  vbik  the  archegonia  have  to  be  carefully  lodied  for 
enclosed  by  the  iurrounding  leaves  (lig.  i6,  BJ.  Thelporogonium 
developed  fiom  the  fertiliied  ovum  growj  by  means  ol  a  two- 
tided  apical  cell  (Gg.  iti  A),  and  a  al  lint  of  tinfonii  thicknesa. 
After  a  timt  the  upper  region  increue*  In  diaaeter  and  lonns 


the  capnk,  while  the  lower  portion  torini  the  long  tei 
foot  whkh  is  embedded  m  the  end  of  Ibe  stem.     Wilh  i 

the  larger  Bpper  pari  lenii  inaled 
by  the  neck  being  carried  up 
on  the  capsule  as  the  calyptn, 
wbile  the  baaal  portion  remains 
u  a  lubulai  shcnih  round  the 
lower  end  of  the  >e<a  (cf.  tigs. 
l6,C,andfig.  ii,A,  B).  The  ■ 
leu  wide  


ileiflb 


nal     I 


aa  the  apophytia.  The  peri- 
pheral celb  bI  Ibe  teta  an 
ibick-wallcd.  and  it  has  a 
centni  itrand  of  elongated 
conducting  ccUi.  In  the  epi- 
dermis of  the  ^»phyiis  func- 

ot  the  higher  plants,  an  pre 

chlorophyll  are  pmeni  hi 
the  iiqKrficial   layen  of 
apophyib    and    capsule, 
■poraBDniam  k  capable  of  Indi 
pendent  iMlinQation.  Tliecor 


bat     understood 

(fig.  II.  C).    The  central  region 

phy^i  and  the  opetcolum  is 

forms  the  columella  (()■    Im- 

medially  around  th«  is  the  ^  ^    „  ,[    ,  ih("S:;;u,,, 

layer  of  edit  Irom  which  the 

cMloped  ((),  and  the  layen  of  cetb  on  either 

ween  the  wall  of  the  capsule,  which  is  coiiqned 
jfaevaral  layers  of  crlla.and  the  spore-sac  U  a  wide  inletceltulir 
ipac*  1*1  bridged  across  by  tnbeculie  ODnsislIng  ol  rows  of 
rhlorophyll-conlainirg  celb.  At  the  junction  ol  the  operculum 
;d)  with  the  letl  of  the  capsule  is  a  circle  of  cdb  formli^  lb* 


Ion  of 


>ide  of  this  fori 


(After  CoebcL) 
eith    bnrwn    aalb     froi 
ahich    the    filaments     i~ 

:hlorophyU-i»nIaimng  cells 


v/tts'  first  nii»id. 


B.  Part  of  a  developed 
nema.  t,  CitepinB  Al 
annulos  (a),  by  help  ol  which  the  operculum  is  detached  »t 
maturity  u  a  Imall  lid.  lis  removal  does  not,  however,  leave 
the  mouih  of  Ihe  capiale  wide  open,  for  around  the  margin  are 
two  riiTles  of  pointed  leeth  forming  the  peristome.  These  are 
the  lUckeoed  ceU-walb  of  a  definite  layer  of  ccUt  Ifi,  Vid  appear 


7o6 


BRYOPHVTA 


at  (qianlc  laihowhit  le  Ihc  bmkiiic  don  bS  ihn  iinUHckencd 
cdE-waUi.  The  numcroiH  tpons  obich  have  bnm  devdopni  in 
ibe  ipoie  »c  can  ihiu  only  escape  fiam  the  prndulaiB  apnile 
Uinmgh  Dimiu  sllli  between  ihc  leeib,  ind  Ihcse  itc  cloird  in 
damp  air.  The  iiiiki--J[ular  »poiT«  wlkn  (uppJieU  iHilh  muiiture 
geiminale  (fig.  ii)  and  givt  liM  to  (he  Kiiui  fenenHiqn.  A 
fiUmcnloiu  proloaenu  is  fint  developed,  some  of  Ihc  bfancha 
of  vhicb  an  eipoKd  [a  Ibe  light  ami  contain  abtmiUiu 
dvlonphyll,  while  elhcn  penetrate  the  lubstraluni  u  bravu  or 
colautlns  rhiwkl*.  The  imKi-plaDls  aiise  Itoni  siaele  ptojol- 
ing  cells,  and  nunurous  pdants  max  spring  Imo  Uie  piotimeiBa 
dck-elopcd  IroD]  a  tingle  ipoie. 

The  majoniy  of  the  nxwes  belons  la  Ihe  Bine  grai  gtoup 
u  Funaia.  the  Bryiles.  The  Dihci  tvo  subdivsioiB  ot  the 
Musd  areeaeh  reprrseiUed  by  a  single gcnut.  In  Ibe  Andrcaeolei 
tlie  columelb  docs  not  flLtend  to  the  iq>pcT  cod  ol  the  capsule. 
aDdlbclaltFiapensbyanumberorialeralsUls.  The  Spbagnales 
aUahavea  donie-shaped  qfore-sat  continued  over  ihc  columelLa, 
and,  though  their  opsule  opens  by  an  apficutum.  thry  didn 
ftidely  f  mm  other  didsks  in  Ihc  devcUtpmcnl  of  the  tpoiogoniiun 
u  well  ai  in  the  characters  ol  the  sciual  generation.  The  three 
gnHips  arc  described  separately  bdow,  but  some  more  gencial 
features  of  the  mosses  may  be  consfdeied  bctc. 

On  the  vhole  mosses  gia*  !n  drier  tiluation  than  Ibe  Uvh^ 
korts,  and  Ihe  anaagcmeats  they  present  for  Ibc  crauiuclioii 
«f  water  in  llie  plant  are  atso  more  comidete  and  suggcsl  in  some 
cases  comparisons  with  Ihc  higher  plants.  In  spite  o(  Ihia. 
however,  ihcy  arc  in  feai  piit  dependent  on  Ijic  absoipiioD  ol 
water  through  the  geocral  surface  of  the  shoot,  and  Ihe  power  ol 
npjd  inihibilion  p**— *t*^^  by  ihcir  celt-walls,  the  cnrdcd 
posilioa  of  the  small  leaves  an  the  stem,  and  special  atbptations 
lor  the  Rtcnlion  o(  water  on  the  surface,  have  the  tame  signifi- 
cance as  in  ibe  lotiose  livtrworta.  The  diSenmt  tpprxoact  of 
q  in  diy  weather  and  after  a  shower  illuslrates 
A  the  water  supply.  The  pratoDeroa  is  always  a 
iiage  in  the  life-hislery.  Not  only  docs  ■  nnu- 
piini  never  arise  directly  from  the  ipere,  but  in  all  cawt  of 
vegetative  KprodvcliOD,  apart  from  the  tepaiaiion  ol  branchet 
by  decay  li  oldei  region*  of  the  liant,  a  protoncma  is  found. 
Usually  the  protoncma  is  fitamenloui  and  ccasea  to  be  evident 
aftet  the  [danta  have  developed.  Bui  In  some  small  mosaes 
(e,f.  Efiauiam)  ii  plays  the  ctucf  part  in  aoitnilaiion  and  lives 
«■  from  year  to  yeu.  In  SfKafyium,  A  ndriaa  and  wme  gnera 
■f  the  Bryales  the  pratoncma  or  tome  of  its  branches  have  the 
form  of  Oat  plala  oi  masses  af  cells.     The  lomudon  of  the 


liraiUrii 


ises.     The  bnt  three  walls  in  thii  cell  Inlenect 
:  aiulber,  and  define  the  thm-lided  pyramidal  apical  cell 

and  ■  few  olbec  moraei  the  apical  ccD  is  two-sided.  The  leaves 
fortnedby  the  successive  segments  gradually  attain  Ihcir  Dormal 
liM  and  strvclure.  Each  segment  of  the  initial  cell  gives  rise  lo 
1  leal  and  a  portfon  of  the  ttem;  the  branches  ai&e  from  the 
lower  portion  of  a  tcgment  and  stand  immediately  below  a  leaf. 
The  leaves  may  form  three  vertical  rows,  bul  usually  their 

apea,  becariics  more  complicated.  Tltcir  growth  proceeds  by 
means  of  a  twcntidcd  apical  cell,  and  the  midrib  docs  not  bect>mc 
more  than  one  cell  thick  uniU  later.  In  addition  to  the  leaves 
the  stem  often  bean  hair-]i^  ttrucluia  of  dlSercnt  kinds,  tome 
of  which  correspond  to  modified  branchra  of  piotonem^  TIk 
branched  filamentous  rhiioida  which  spring  from  the  lower 
region  of  the  stem  also  correspond  to  protoncma]  branches. 
tit  structure  of  both  stem  and  leaf  readies  a  high  grade  ot 
organlation  in  some  mosses.  Not  only  are  thick-walled  scleren- 
diymatous  ceDs  developed  la  give  rigidity  la  the  pcripheiy  ol  Ihe 
stem  and  Ihe  midrib  of  the  leaf,  hul  in  many  cases  a  special 
vatcc-conduciiDC  tissue,  consisting  of  elongated,  cells,  ihc 

tlrand  in  the  stem,  la  the  forms  in  which  it  is  most  hi| 
devdoptd  (Polytrichaceae)  this  tissue,  which  Is  compar 
with  Ibe  lylea  ol  higher  plani*.  it  tumunded  by  a  uu> 


The  condticting 

id  ia  the  Tolylrichaccae  and  vme  otbef  mu 

ty  with  ii.    The  indrpcadral  origin  ol 


jponj[*ytc  ol  the  hijsher  planu. 

5f>hitiiiiiir,  are  borne  at  ihc  spices  of  the  mabi  shoat  or  ol 

branches.  Tlicir  general  similarilj  lo  the  mature  antheiidia 
and  archcgonia  of  liverworts  and  Ihc  main  difTercncc  in  thrar 
devdopmeni  have  been  irfccied  to.  The  uuheridia  open  b)> 
I  cell  orgroupa  of  cefk  wflb  mudlagiDoiB  coaLcntL 
The  details  of  construction  of  the  sporoeopium  are  referrrd  to 

and  all  the  0:1b  derived  from  Ihc  arcbcsporftun  produce  Mpor^ 
no  elaten  being  formed.  In  a  few  cases  the  ganinalioB  of  1^ 
spore  commences  within  the  eapsule.  The  devclopnicu  of  Ihc 
sporogonium  proceeds  in  aH  cau^  (caoepi  in  SpkagnMm)  br 
means  of  an  apical  cell  culling  oQ  two  rtrvn  of  segments.  T1]« 
firsi  peridinal  division  in  ihc  region  forming  the  cnfoule  scpanlta 
an  inner  gnnip  of  cells  (the  endoihecimn)  form  Ihe  pcripboal 
layer  Camphichecium}.  In  Sfiktiitmrn,  as  in  Anlhotatit^  the 
archc^uHum  is  derived  from  the  amphithcdum;  in  aU  ocbo' 
mosses  it  is  the  uuleiuwst  layer  of  the  endotheciuoL 

Ve^tativc  propagation  is  widely  spread  in  the  moasc^  and, 
as  mentioned  abovc>  a  proloEu:m:i  is  always  fonned  in  the 
devclopmail  of  Ihe  itew  fJanL  Tlie  lorja]  gmwtfa  oC  the  plants 
characteristic  of  many  moscs  is  a  result  of  the  formaiiob  of 
numerous  plants  on  the  origiiul  protoncma  and  on  dcvclopmrn  II 
from  the  ihiujids.  Besides  this,  gcmm^ie  may  be  formed  on  the 
protoncma,  on  the  Ica^-cs  or  at  the  apex,  and  VRne  moascs  have 
spccialiacd  shoots  for  their  belter  protcctioB  or  dittr^Eion. 
Tlius  in  Gmrfm  the  stalked,  multicellular  gemmae  are  bomc 
at  the  ends  of  ihooll  surrounded  by  a  tosclte  of  largcT  [eaves. 
and  In  Xu^emniiiAiaHrf^i^^ioisth^  are  raised  on  an  chm^ted 
IcaHc^  region  of  the  shooL  in  other  ^^les  detached  leaves  or 
shoots  may  give  rise  to  new  plants,  and  when  a  raoes  is  artiBdaJly 
divided  almost  any  Fragment  may  serve  for  rcproduclioii. 

Even  in  those  rare  cases  in  which  Ibcunial  gcneraUou  can  ba 
developed  without  the  inlcrvenlion  of  tpoic  productioii  (na 
the  tisauca  of  the  sporogonium,  a  protoncma  is  fortned  from  rut 
pieces  of  the  tela  or  in  some  cases  from  inuct  tpsncDaia 
still  Bltucbed  Ki  ihe  plant.  This  pl^menan  of  afapmr  was 
fint  diwovercd  in  mosses,  but  it  now  abo  known  in  a  ima^ 
of  ferns  (tec  PrEamiwaYu}. 

SptarmmlB^Tbe  iiiiglc  fem  Sl*itpim  ncnplet  a  vei^  XuBbcx 

arc  familiar  as  the  bag-moqea.  are  n  ivuiki-  that  minute  lUuetiiral 
characfen  have  lo  be  relied  on  in  dseir  kdcnlificaiioa.     The  plants 

•rim  fiUtiB  imaaial]  lakes  or  poiili,  may  attain  a  knith  of  Hune  leet. 

:h  tiat  played  a  laise  pan  ia  Ihc  fomatkia  el  peat.    Tkc 

~  ifted  In  teauicfBIc  aad  ardie  cKmaisa.  bnt  ia  **-^ 

tlhlEbkvcb.    TbeproioBe«afarn>saBat.lol 

ittaiJKdtothesiiilbyihiaaids.and  the  |d^  - 


Their  irowlh 


^ a^adtbe^^     In  tic 

fiiwloraaed.    Ibslawitkn 


BRYOPHTTA 

bra  tla  tsat ,  nUk  lp  the  wpcr  put  ^  iiK  iSTWas  nnk  off  tie 


F  ■rdKiporiun.  ckrivvd r— 

'  'ium  t^en  Marly  matun  E>tints  Ihe 
e  opens  evploeivTiy  In  dry  vcaihrr, 


Fto,  li-Sptatnimatiailit 

iASutSct,impH.)  _^  ^^  ^    ^^    ^^  ^^  ^ 

A.  LoTniliidiiu!  intionof  »p«  UjJ^  "SS^ia^im'^a 

al  M  bud  banns  prcnrnHiii  aver  the  ■uminit  of  (he 
(or),  cnclswd  by  ihe  lir|e  mcJlaandaii  alr-inaniiwii 
Invei  <>):  ik.  maV  pen-  t^^  „  ^^  doe.  iwt  open  1 
cbaeflillnveL  Dpervulun   but   by   fuur  a 

B.  Loncivudinal  wctlon   oF   the  lo<«iLudJuL  iliti,  which  di 

paei>dSiDdiun(^i):  calyp-  In  one  noiic  ipecici  Ihe 
Ira;   or.  neck  of   ■nrbeKon-  occur  onjy  Rt  the  upper  p; 


ThJi. 

,. 'S'^ 

*nd  a  p«HbL;f  partially 


ru  it  ia«t-<'*<4  "liUe  ibeamall  planti 

I -■■---—-- ;  J  K?: 

Stidi.  and  the  pLiini  ut  even  mm  ni — ■■   — — ■ 

chlorophyU.  lo  iliai  they  are  dependent 

leal  protecting  the  tnihcndlum.  The  Eemale  cjant  ■•  rather  more 
hiEhly  organixed,  conliBting  of  a  ebort  Item  Dfuinff  a  Tew  leaves 
around  the  groupoFarcbegoiua.  ThesfuroeoaiufnisDiUrgeiuesnd 
highly  ofipniKd*  Ebough  it  ptetenta  peculiar  Jc«ium  in  the  pert- 
itomc-  SiabaKmia  hai  been  regarded  by  Corbel  u  rrpceseDiLag 
'  ■""  -'■I'h  other  moHej  have  paxed.  and  hai  been  described  by 
lilesc  type  of  mosi.   tn£14tmnwia1ai>*emay  pnb' 


bhn  u  Ihe  Wmjriesc  type  of  mosi.  tn  £14tmnwi  ali 
aNy  nganl  the  Kblion  of  the  small  pUalt  to  the 
primitive  oob  On  the  other  haitd,  in  Ihe  case  o 
Hhkhji •--  ■ '  '■----  -■— -  ■-  '— -  -' 

ly  (ievekwd  pnHoneN  pnvidcd  wi 
-..-asis  found  in  CnirEKl.  /Jiptxuininand 
Aew  p~-..ii—ii—  in  the  spofuguaiun  as 


tlK  high  organic- 


ri^h^^Tirnb^ 
.  Stkulaanm)  as 


the  feeble  available  light  on  the 

ird  the  peislsteiit  protonema  hcAring  smalt 
Kfilion.  and  look  upon  th«c  brgcr 


dilTercnitiled  iniemal  stnieluR.  In  others  [he  lorm  oT  the  pliM 
bcoomet  mon  complei  by  eopkws  branching  and  the  diffcRnlialioB 
oF  ahooti  of  dilfcreat  oimn.  In  these  cases  the  aboot  svsleni  la 
oTun  man  or  kia  donivnilral,  and  the  seiual  orgaaa  aie  boni*  oa 
ahort  lateral  braacbes  ((.(.  TknUium  lamitiuimm).  The  Pelylii- 
chaceae,  on  the  otlw  hand.  ihiMr  a  necblintion  la  atructure  raiho' 
than  ia  lorm.  The  high  organiialiofl  nf  their  conducting  (ysccia 
haa  been  reiemd  [Dabwe,  hut  ihoagh  many  apscicB  m  able  to  eat 
in  niatively  dry  situalions,  the  planl*  arv  still  dependent  on  the 
abmrption  cl  uster  by  the  general  wifact.  The  parallel  laiwUae 
el  airimibiing  cells  wbidi  gnw  From  Ihe  upper  surface  of  Ihe  leaf 

Japtiva  features  in  the  leaves  the  occunence  of  papillae 

a<i  thtccU-walblo  rclaia  watee.  and  the  while  hair- 

which  assist  in  protecting  the  young  parts  at  iheapH 

.  — .,  ..-.ophyiic  mosacsp  may  be  mentiopcrL     The  kaves  of 

I  paraltla^plaliDato  Ihll  found  inMiliinass.   Ttey  are  several 

'  '  ■  'urn,  Ihe  sporoganium  la 

nally  on  the  k£|  Cf  wet  heldr'  Tlw 

,      and  the  plaals  are  weH  developed. 

PInriiimm.    The  tparogoniuni  has  a  small  Foot 
eta.  anddilTenin  thedFvclopoKnt  and  ^rocture 


emplywaicr-storage  cells,  the  walls 

With  the  possible  chcefMiDn  dF 

throughout  (he  Bryal 


'/iipknMM 


7o8 


BRZOZOWSKI 


•pom.  SlonumreprMrnton  I 
Ucuu  iImm  lunal  tliai  in  nun) 
athtta'      ■  ■-'-- 

The  la 
Did  Miu> 

gbvioudy 


»  ■  vnull  opcTculuBiJ 

n.  anlthat  paably 

The  (ornicr  Hibdiviwo  of  the  Brrala  into  Miud  CIciitocarpi 
Did  Miud  Stisocacpi  Kcording  ia  ibe  abKDCc  or  pracncc  <<  an 
oponuluB  ii  Ihiu  cklrly  ■RifidaL  The  une  holdi  even  more 
'  udy  lor  Ihe  ciwipint  oi  ihe  Mc(oc»]»i'>  ■■'nin  inla  Ihoee  ia 
■nicn  ibe  ardHonnl  (iDup  leraiinaus  ■  nuin  uv  Ucrscaiiii) 
uht  (hose  ia  wbidi  it  ia  boriie  on  a  nioiv  fir  Leva  developed  latml 
branch  {pleutoonii).  Modem  dj»ficaiioni  oC  ihe  Btyilet  dcpciid 
auialy  on  the  coauniaioa  ol  the  pcnuoiBE. 

It  renutM  lo  be  con&Idertd  ro  what  enent  the  aevcnJ  nattiraj 
froupt  of  plulscLuvd  iDgtlherin  the  Bryophyla  cui  bcpUfcd 
IP  a  phylatEoetic  irLatHKi  10  one  another.  PracticaUy  no  help 
it  avoided  by  palieobotany,  a»d  only  the  comparison  olexiiting 
forms  can  be  depended  on.  The  indications  of  probable  linn  ol 
evoluiioD  an  cleaiest  Id  the  Hepailcae.     The  Mirchaoliilci 


^  the  mid- 
in  obvioudy  natural  crolulionai 


probably  Uue  of  the  Jungermaiiniala.  although  in  neither  cas 
~*ie  partial  lines  ol  proEreiaioD  within  the  main  gnupa  b 


:e  dat. 


with  ll 


cr  Marthani 


.  enable 


IB  to  form  an  idea  ol  the  divergenc 
a  common  aoctalry.  The  Antboccrotalea,  on  Ihe  otbei  hand, 
stand  in  an  Irelited  position,  and  recent  Rseaiches  have  letved 
to  cmphl^ze  this  rather  than  to  conGnn  Ihe  lelaiianihlp  with 
the  JunEFrrnannialCTS  »uggeftled  by  Lcilgeb.  The  indicatigni  of 
aterialprDgretsiohaTenolnciearinlhcmosKS,  but  theiTiajority 
of  the  lormi  may  be  regarded  as  lonnlng  a  great  phylogi-nctlc 
froupin  Ihecvolutlonol  which  Iheelaborationof  the  moss-plant 
huproceedcdunliltheproIoiMmaappFaiiasa  mere  preliminary 
Mage  (D  the  formation  ol  the  filanti.  Parallel  with  the  evolu- 
tion of  the  pmtlophyle  In  form  and  structure,  a  progression 
can  be  traced  in  the  ipotogonium.  although  the  simplest 
qiorogonia  available  lor  study  may  owe  much  of  their  simplicity 
(e  reduction.  The  Andreaeales  may  perhaps  be  looked  on  as  a 
divngent  primitive  blanch  of  Ibr  umt  Uock.    On  the  other 


tales  among  Ihe  hvenmns,  they 
relaiioufaip  ol  which  to  the  mai 
Between  the  Hepalicae,  Anthocenatalcs,  Sphagnales  and  Musci. 

open  question  whether  the  Bryophyta  art  a  monophyletjc  or 
polypbyletic  group. 

The  qneilion  ol  Ihe  lelaUootlnp  of  the  Brysjihyla  on  the  one 
hand  to  the  Thallophyta 


■lender 


grounds  without  much 
hope  of  deciuve  evidence, 

nay    regard    the   Bryo- 

an  al^l  ancestry,  with-  . 

Ihe  nature  of  the  an- 
cestral forms  or  the  geo- 
logical period  at  which 
they  arose  Reael  Te- 
«carchcs  on  those  Algae 
each  as  CaltoikatU  which 
appeared  to  afford  a  close 

of  generations  with 


«ucii 


have  I 


Ihe  body  re 


n  thai 
uliing  Iiom 


phytcs    appears    t 
most  naturally  eip 


at  hat  been  advanced  hy  

Bcrwer.    On     the    other  gonial 

hand     there     are     not  iKck 

nsluni—   :.    .i-   n —  ""*■'' 
phyles 


'[AftcrCccbiZ) 
A.  Longitiidiiul   Kction  tl  the   very 

"'*'""■  .of  tbcdevflopfnen 

ium  (/)  enelowd  ia 


oflhear 


inium  whieli 


XT^ 


„in  at  least  possible.  Witb 
regard  to  the  relationdup  ol  the  Bryopbyta  and  PteiidophyU 
ibe  article  on  the  btler  group  should  be  consulted.  It  will 
be  suDtcienl  to  say  in  conclusion  that  while  Ibe  ahrmaling 
generations  In  Ihe  two  groups  are  strictly  compailble,  no 
evidence  of  actual  rebtionahip  is  yet  forthcoming. 

For  further  infonnation  mniolt:  Campbell.  V«iw  vU  Fena 
(London.  1906);  Englcr  and  IVantI,  Dil  lulurfiiiheii  Pt^nw 
jaiiliti.  Teil  i.  Abt,  3  (l*ipn|.  Itoj-TiW?):  Corbel,  Ot^npBHV 
<4  Plali  (Oilonl.  loos).    Vull  reieicRvi  lo  the  [Iterature  of  ibe 

will  be  J^iiT  Pearaon,  Tin  lltpaliiar  1^  IIk  Brililllllltz  fLonrioo, 
1401);  Diwin  and  Jamnon,  tlu  Sttinfl  HatMcak  ^  BrMiik 
Uaiin  ILondon,  189b};  ilraithwaite,  Briliik  Ueu  Fltn  ILondoo. 
lM?-i905).  tW.  Ii.  L.) 

BRZOZOWSXL  THADDEtra  td-  iS»},  mnetetntli  general  ti 
Ibe  Jesuits,  was  appointed  in  succesion  to  Qabtiel  Giuber  on 
the  jnd  of  September  iSoj.  lo  iBoi  RuJ  Vll,  bad  given  ibe 
Jesuits  liberty  to  reconaiitute  themselves  in  tKirlh  Russia  (sec 
J  E£t7m:/f  iiftfry).  and  in  tAi  a  Bmsowski  secured  the  rccognitioB 
of  the  Je»uii  collie  of  Polotsk  a*  a  unlvenity,  though  be  c«ld 
I  penaiision  logo  to  Spain  to  agitate  lor  tbciecognitioa 


BUBASTIS^BUCCANEERS 


i,udoii  tha  s 


0  BnoumLi 

unongalben  full  aulhfiiity  lo  reoive  time  wbo  doircd  U  eater 
the  sodel]'.  The  Ruuian  gavcminent.  homvcc.  uoo  benn  to 
be  ihiraed  *t  tbc  growth  o(  the  JF 

DetxcibR  iSij  published  an  edict      ,        _  

Pclenbum.  Bnoiowiki,  having  vsmly  EcqinlB]  lo  be  aUowed 
lo  iclin  to  Some,  dJed  oa  the  jth  irf  Febniuy  iSml  lie  is 
interstlDg  mtinly  Iism  the  bet  Uut  he  wu  fcneni  of  the 
Society  tt  the  time  of  it&  tstoretiwi  throughout  Europe. 

BITBASTIS.  the  Ccuciifd  nime  of  the  Egyptiia  foddeu 
Uhasti,  meaning  "ihe  ol  {the  lilyl  But"  (KtW),  k  city 
better  knovn  by  it)  later  name,  P-ubaMi,  "  place  of  Ubaiti  "; 
ihuj  the  goddcu  derived  heriuiM  L'buti  [nwi  her  city  (Bwt], 
■nd  in  tutu  the  city  derived  iti  nime  P-ubutl  from  Ihu  o(  the 
(oddcsi;  the  Creeks,  confdung  the  nunc  of  the  city  vith  tbM  ol 
the  goddcu,  called  the  Utter  Bubutlt,  and  the  fumcr  &lsD 
Bubuiii  (later  Bubaitosl.  Bubauii,  capital  ol  the  i«th  nouie 
of  Lower  Egypt,  is  now  repretented  by  a  great  mound  at  luim 
called  Tell  Basta,  near  Zagaiig,  including  the  lite  of  a  largR 
temple  (deicTLbcd  by  Herodotus)  atrevn  with  blocks  of  granite. 
The  monumenli  discovered  there,  aJttuHgh  only  tboac  in  hard 
sLone  have  survived,  an  more  important  than  at  any  other  tile 
Id  the  Delta  eictpt  Taois  and  cover  a  wider  range,  canmcDdnK 
with  Khuf u  (Cheops)  and  continuing  lo  the  thirtieth  dynasty. 

Ubastiwasoncol  many  icline  goddesses,  figured  with  the  head 
of  a  lioness,  la  the  great  development  ol  rcveicDce  for  sacred 
animals  which  look  place  after  the  Now  Kingdom,  the  dotnetilc 
cat  was  c^Kcialiy  the  animal  of  Bubastis,  although  it  had  also 
to  serve  lor  all  the  other  feline  goddesses  owiog  ru  doubt  to  the 
scarcity  and  intractability  of  its  congenera.  Her  hieratic  and 
siost  general  form  was  still  Ibncss-heodcd,  but  a  popular  lorm, 
ewcdally  in  bionze,  was  a  cat-headed  women,  often  holding  in 
her  right  hand  a  Lion  aegis,  ij.  a  broad  semicircular  pectoral 
•urmguntedby  the  head  of  a  lioness,  and  on  the  left  arm  a  basket. 
The  cat  cemetery  on  the  west  side  of  the  town  consisted  ol 
sumbcn  of  laige  brick  chambers,  crammed  with  burnt  and 
decayed  tnumnuis,  many  of  which  had  been  enckncd  in  <»l-<haped 
cues  of  wood  and  bronze.  Herodotus  describes  the  lestival  of 
Bubostis,  which  was  attended  by  thousands  from  all  parts  of 
Egypt  and  "»*  a  very  riolous  aftair;  11  has  its  modem  equivalent 
In  the  Motlem  festival  of  thesluikh  Said  el  Badawl  at  Tanta. 
The  table!  ol  Canopui  shows  that  there  were  two  leHivala  of 
Bubastis.  the  great  and  the  lesser:  perhaps  the  ktier  festival 
was  held  at  Memphis,  where  the  quarter  called  Ankhto  contained 

from  the  Ibird  dynasty  onwards,  but  a  great  stimuhis  was  ^ven 
to  her  worship  by  the  twenty-second  (Bubastilc)  dynasty  and 
fenetaily  by  the  increased  importance  ol  Lower  Egypt  in  later 

playful,  in  contrast  10  Sokhmi  and  other  feline  goddesses.  The 
Creeks  equated  Ubastl  with  their  Artemis,  coolusing  her  with 
the  leonine  Tofne,  sister  of  ShOou  <Apollo).  The  Egyptians 
themselves  delighted  in  itlentilying  together  goddesses  of  the 
■         ■■  ■    I   Ubostj  was  almost 


n  Ion 


from  Tall 


.    The  ni 


Iphlhlmls  (Nfr-lm),  pronounced  Eft 
■nd.  in  the  absence  of  other  iid 

See  K.  Selbe  in  Pauly-Winowa't  Rt^niyiUpiiii:  E. 

fl.taifij.and  FiaMllimtir-    '-  ' -■  -  --  " 

Crenfell  and  Hunt,  Hiiek  Pi 


All-good," 


»//.; 


•UCItElAMAMOA,  a  city  «l  Colonbia,  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Santandb,  about  iSj  m.  N.N.C  of  Bogotl.  Pop. 
(cBlimate.  igoi)  i;,ooo.  It  ii  lituated  on  the  Lebrija  river, 
J24B  It.  above  sca-levil.  ia  a  mouolalnou*  country  rich  in 
gold,  silver  and  iron  mliKs,  and  havjsf  supeiter  coRec-pn- 
ducing  landa  fn  (he  valleys  and  m  the  lower  slopes  The 
Is  kiid  out  with  wide,  itnight  stneti,  la  well  built,  and 
many  public  buildings  of  a  substantial  chancier. 

BUCCAHEBBS.  the  name  given  to  piratical  advcntunr 
difltitnl  naiionaliiies  united  in  Ihcit  opposition  ID  SpatD. 


maintained  thoMelve*  cUeBy  fa  the  Cuibban  Sea  daring  tbe 

The  island  of  Santo  Domingo  «aa  one  of  scvnal  in  tbe  Wc*t 
Indies  which  btd  early  to  tbe  16th  century  been  dnoit  depopu- 
lated by  the  oppRsaiva  coloaial  policy  of  SfKia.    Along  its  ooasl 

then  were  Kveral  isdatcd  e"'"' — "*  ' 

Spaniards,  •ho  « 

produce  (rf  the  soil  by  liie  monopnllfs  ii  , 

couDliy.  Accordingly  Englista,  Dutch  and  Fnncb  nadt  ««te 
wdcomed  and  their  cucDca  read" 
of  its  ibfiner  inhatHtanta,  had  be 
of  wild^ltle;  audit  became  the  habit  of  amuggfera  to  provisun 
Sanlo  Domingo.  The  natives  still  left  wet*  itiUed  in  pn- 
aerving  flc^  at  thA  little  esfabliahmgita  called  tmcm.  The 
adveittumi  learned  "  bouaumiBg "  from  the  natlvM;  and 
gradually  Hiquniola  became  the  aanie  of  ao  ortemivB  and  illidt 
'  itcherttade.  Spanish  mmopcJio  SDed  the  seamoi  who  sailed 
e  Caribbean  with  a  natural  bate  efemythfa^  Spanish.  The 
pleosuTB  of  a  larlng  lile,  enlivened  by  ocouional  ihirmishea  with 
otganlied  and  led  by  Spanisb  ciflidal^  gaintd  upon  then. 
Out  of  swh  conditions  arose  the  bnccnoeet,  alternately  sailor  and 
hunter,  cvbi  ooaaionally  a  pfautter — roving,  bold,  unKiupalaus, 
ollcs  lavage,  with  an  inlense  detestation  «f  Spain.  At  the 
Spaniards  would  not  mognlie  the  right  of  other  race*  to  maka 
set  tiements,  or  even  to  trade  in  the  West  Indka.  the  gOTeinmenU 
ol  Franco.  England  and  Holland  would  donotbingtoconlrol  tbdr 
subiects  who  invaded  the  islaads.  Tliey  left  them  free  to  make 
settlements  at  their  awn  inL  Each  nattoo  contributed  a  band  of 
colonists,  wbo  selected  the  island  of  St  Xitts  or  St  Christopher, 
in  the  Wot  Indiea,  ■bete  the  settlers  of  both  nation*  were 
simultaneously  planted,  lit  EnglishandFmich  wen,  however, 
not  very  friendly;  and  in  iCig,  after  tbe  triitement  of  tevnal  of 
the  fonncr  to  on  adjoining  islaad,  the  temalning  colonkti  wore 
surprised  and  partly  dispersed  by  the  atrival  of  a  ^KUiish  Beet  of 
Ibirty-nius  uiL  But  on  the  depatture  of  the  Seel  the  tcattcred 
bands  relumed,  and  enoniragemeot  waa  givea  to  tbdr  country- 
moat  profitable  emph^Uoit,  openthma  «Bo  catoukd,  and  a 
Btoiebouse  secure  from  tha  attada  of  Ibe  SpBAiaids  waa  nqtiicd. 
Thesmallialandof  Tortugafnoidi-wcstif  Hiqiuiiofa)  wasseiied 
for  this  purpose  in  ifijo,  convened  intoa  marline  Iiit  tha  goods 
ol  the  rivals,  and  made  tbdr  headqnaito*,  Santo  Domingo 
[tiell  atiU  continuing  theii  hunting  gioand.  A  purely  Englidi 
settlement  directed  by  a  coaipafiy  in  london  WM  made  at  Old 
ProvidciHX,  an  Island  in  tha  Caribbean  Sea,  now  bctonging  to 
Colombia.  It  began  a  little  bdim  iGjo,  and  was  suppmsed  by 
the  Spaniardi  in  xS^t. 

Spain  was  unable  to  take  iminediale  acliai.  Eight  yean  later, 
however,  watching  thar  opportunily  wben  many  bucconeen 
were  absent  in  the  larger  isliuid,  the  Spaniards  attacked  IVxtnga, 
and  massacred  eveiy  sFtilci  they  coidd  Miie.  But  the  others 
tctutned;  and  Ihe  buccaneers,  now  in  open  hostility  to  the 
Spanish  arms,  began  to  receive  recruits  ftoia  cvrry  Eurapean 
trading  nation,  and  for  three-quarters  of  a  century  became  the 
scourge  of  the  Spanish- American  trade  and  doodniona. 

France,  throughoutall  this,  had  not  been  Idle.  She  had  named 
the  gwemot  ol  Si  Kitta  '■  Govcmor-Ceneral  for  the  French  Wot 
Indb  Island),"  and  In  1641  he  took  possession  of  Tortuga. 
etpdled  all  English  from  the  Island,  and  attcci^tcd  the  aame 
with  kn  success  in  Santo  Domingo.  England  was  absorhcti  En 
the  Civil  War,  and  the  buecaneen  had  to  maintain  thenuHvea 
a*  beat  Ih^  could,— now  mainly  on  the  sea. 

Ia  ifeS4  the  Spaidanls  regained  Tortuga  from  the  French,  into 
wtuse  hands  it  again,  however,  fell  after  aii  yeara.  Bnt  this 
slate  of  altoln  «a*  too  insecure  even  ibr  these  rovers,  aikd  th*y 
would  ^leedily  have  siiccumhed  had  not  a  refuge  been  found  for 
them  by  the  lortunate  conquest  ol  Jamaica  in  16$;  tvrtlieaavy 
of  the  En^h  Commonwealth.  These  oonqueus  were  not  made 
without  the  aid  ol  the  buccanceia  thenuelvo.  The  taking  and 
re-taking  of  Tortuga  by  the  French  was  always  with  the  anlu- 


Ibi  English  ni 


y  had  the  u 


eisduei 


LB  favour.    The 


710 


fauignificil 


liMauwen,  ia  ttt,  ooiiitnted : 
ployiimt  agiiiut  Iht  pomt  o[  Spain  by 
condiinn  of  dnrini  the  plundui  uid  tbey  were  noUd  lor  ihcir 
daiinf,  Ihcir  cnicUr  *nd  Ibeir  eiinordiiiuy  ilull  in  leunuutup. 
Their  luMory  now  dividn  lucll  mlo  three  epodu.  The  Gnl  ol 
Ihisc  titendi  fnin  the  period  of  llteii  riie  lo  the  apture  al 
PuuRU  by  Hor^Q  in  1671,  during  whkh  tuac  they  were 
hutipcnd  neitKet  by  gaveminent  aid  nor^  Lill  near  tta  ckae,  by 
(overament  nstricLion.  The  second,  Irora  [671  lo  the  line  of 
their  grealeat  power,  1685,  vhen  the  icmeof  iheir  opentioni  vu 
no  Jonger  merely  the  Caribbean,  but  prindpatLy  the  whok  nng? 
n[  ihe  Pacific  ItoRi  Califcnui  to  Chile.  The  third  and  lail  period 
tilend)  froA  thai  year  onwardi;  it  wu  t  lime  of  disunion  and 
diiinicxration,  when  the  independence  and  rude  honour  of  the 
fntviou)  periods  had  degenerated  into  unmiliguied  vice  and 
bnitility- 

It  ii  chieSy  during  the  fint  period  thai  thoK  leaden  llotiiHhed 
*lK»e  ramc*  and  doingi  have  been  •Bodited  with  all  that  wu 
ntllv  inBucniial  in  the  nploila  of  the  boccancn — >ho  moat 
King  Mnnifield  and  Morgan.  Tlie  Boating  conmerct 
d  by  the  middle  ol  the  i7lh  century  borane  utterly 
t.  But  Spui^  Ktllemenli  nmained;  and  hi  1(154 
at  eipediiion  on  land  made  by  the  buccaneen,  though 
attended  by  considerable  difficulties,  wsa  complttnl  by  the 
capture  and  sack  of  New  Segovia,  on  the  milnliBd  of  America. 
The  Gull  ol  Venezuela,  with  it)  townsof  Miracaibo and  Gibialiar, 
Were  attacked  and  plubriemi  under  the  command  of  a  Frenchman 
named  L^OUomla,  wha  performed,  it  h  uid,  the  ofhce  of  execu- 
tioner upon  the  whole  crew  of  a  Spanish  vessel  manned  wrlh 
ninety  aeaoen.  Such  successes  removed  the  buccaneers  further 
and  further  from  the  pale  of  civilised  society,  fed  iheii  revenge, 
and  implied  them  with  an  avarice  almost  equal  to  that  of  the 
original  selllen  from  Spain.  Mans6eldindecd,ini6ti4,conceived 
the  idea  ol  a  permanent  setltemenl  upon  a  small  island  of  the 
Bahamas,  named  New  Frovidence,  and  Heniy  Morgan,  a  Welah. 
man.  intrepid  and  unscrupuloiia,  joined  hinu  But  the  untimely 
death  of  Mansfidd  nipped  in  the  hud  the  only  TutLonal  scheme  of 
nujemeni  wliich  seems  al  any  lime  to  have  animated  this  wild 
eoumunity;  and  Morpn,  now  elected  commander,  awept  ihe 
whole  Caribbean,  and  from  his  headquartera  in  Jamaica  led 
triuoiphani  expeditions  to  Cuba  and  the  mainland.  He  was 
leader  of  the  expeditton  whenin  Pono  Bello,  one  al  the,  beti- 
fortiSed  ports  in  the  West  Indict,  was  surprised  and  plundered. 
This  was  too  much  lor  even  the  advene  European  powen; 
and  in  1670  a  treaty  was  concluded  between  England  and  Spain, 
proclaiming  peace  and  friendship  among  the  subjects  of  the  two 

--■ —  ■-  ■■-  •'— ■  '■'--"   '—" ncing  hoMiliticsoI 

'    sin  the 


BUCCANEERS 

ready  for  em. 


s  in  Ihe  New 


New  World  as  her  own  property  (a  remarkable  concession  on  the 
pan  of  Spain),  and  consented,  on  behalf  of  her  subjecls.  to  Eorbcar 
tradingwithany  Spanish  port  without  licence  obtained. 
The  treaty  was  very  ill  observed  in  Jamaica,  where  Ihe 

with  the  "privateers,"  which  was  the  ofhcial  title  ol  the  buc- 
caneers. He  had  already  granted  commissions  to  Morgan  and 
other*  tor  a  great  attach  on  the  Isthmus  of  Panama,  the  route  by 
which  Ihe  buflion  ot  the  South  American  mines  vraa  carried  to 
poito  Bello,  10  be  shipped  10  Spun.  The  buccaneen  to  tile 
munber  of  koo  began  by  seizing  Chagres.  and  then  marched  to 
Panama  in  1671.  Alter  a  difhcull  journey  on  loot  and  in  canoes, 
they  found  themselves  nearing  the  shores  of  the  South  Sea  and  in 
view  of  the  city.  On  the  morning  of  the  tenth  day  they  com- 
aienced  an  engagement  wliich  ended  in  the  mut  of  the  defenders 
of  the  town.  It  was  taken,  and,  accidentally  or  not,  it  was  burnt. 
The  sack  of  Panama  was  acoimpanied  by  great  barbarities. 
The  Spaniards  had,  howwet,  rtmrved  the  tntart  beibre  the  dty 
VIS  taken.  When  the  booty  was  divided,  Motgan  <>  acnaed  of 
biving  delranded  hi*  tolbwen.  It  is  eettain  ihat  the  share  per 
man  was  iinalt,  and  that  many  of  the  buccaneen  died  of  ttarva- 
liott  whik  trying  to  return  to  Jamaica.  Uodylerd  wu  recalled, 
Ud  in  1671  Morgan  was  called  home  and  impttsoned  in  the  Tower. 
In  i<t74  tw  wu  alkiw*!  to  come  back  10  the  idand  aa  lieutenaDI- 


goveraor  with  Lard  Vattghan.    He  had  become  to  tiiqmpalar 

after  Ihe  eipedilion  of  1671  Ihat  he  was  folhnmj  In  the  stieeU 
and  threatened  by  the  relations  ol  those  who  had  perbhed. 
During  his  later  years  he  wi 


rhig.prospetily 


mhin. 


ii«7iloiagsisIh 

wer  of  the  buecarwera.  The  expedition  against  Panams 
been  without  iu  influence.  Notwithstanding  their  many 
ft  In  Ihe  Caribbean  and  on  land,  including  s  aetniui 
r  of  Porto  Bello,  Ihcir  thoughts  ran  frequently  on  the 
rjtiwdilion  across  Ihe  Bthmus,  and  they  pictured  ihc 
lar  wider  and  more  lucrative  held  lor  the  di^il^ 


SoulhSi 
of  their ' 

In  1680  a  body  ol  marauden  ov 
provisioned,  bndcd  on  Ihe  shore 
the  country;  and  the  cruelly  and  mismanagement  dlsptayeil 
in  the  policy  of  tlie  ^niards  towards  the  Indians  were  now 
revenged  by  Ihe  assistance  vddch  the  natives  eagerly  mtdered 
ID  the  adventurers.  Tliey  acted  aa  guide*  during  a  dilBcult 
journey  of  nine  days,  kept  the  invadets  well  suj^ied  with  food, 
provided  them  with  canoes,  and  only  left  them  afler  the  taking 
of  the  fort  of  Santa  Maria,  when  Ihe  buccaneen  *eie  fairly 
embarked  on  a  broad  and  sale  river  which  emptied  itself  into 
the  South  Sea.  With  John  Colon  as  aunmander  they  entered 
the  Bay  ot  Panama,  where  nimour  had  been  before  them,  and 
where  Ihe  Spaniaifti  had  hastily  prepared  a  small  fleet  la  meet 
Ihem.  But  the  valout  of  the  buccaneers  won  for  them  another 
victory;  within  a  week  (hey  took  possession  of  four  Spanisk 
■hips,  and  now  succfsie*  flowed  upon  them.  The  Pacific,  hitherto 
free  liom  their  bilrusion.  showed  many  sail  of  merchant  vessel^ 
while  on  land  opposition  south  of  the  Bay  ot  Paiuma  was  ol 
little  avail,  siiKe  lew  were  acquainted  with  the  use  ot  hre-arran. 
Coion  and  seventy  men  returned  as  they  had  gone,  but  theotheo, 

on  islands  and  mainland,  and  remained  lor  long  ravaging  the 
coui  of  Peru.     Never  short  ot  silvet  and  gold,  but  often  hi  waiU 

little  longer;  then,  evading  ibe  mk  of  rcetuosing  the  kthimii^ 
IheyboldlyclearedCapeHom.andaiTivedlnthelndies.  Agun, 
in  i68j,  numben  ol  them  under  John  Cook  departed  for  the 
South  Sea  by  way  of  Cspe  Horn.  OnCook'sdeathhlstuccusot, 
Edward  Davis,  uiuloubledly  the  greatest  and  most  prudent 
commander  who  ever  led  Ihe  Forces  of  Ihe  boccanters  at  le*.  nwi 
with  a  ccruin  Capuin  Swan  Ireim  England,  and  the  two  captain* 
began  a  cruise  which  wis  di*a*Uout  to  Iht  Spanish  trade  In  the 
PaclAc. 

In  1U5  Ihey  neie  joined  in  Ihe  Bay  oC  Panama  by  laige 
numben  ol  buccaneen  who  hid  crossed  the  Isthmus  under 
Townley  and  olben.  Thl*  increased  body  ol  men  required  wi 
enlarged  measure  of  adventure,  and  this  In  a  few  months  wa> 
(uppTied  by  the  vketny  of  Peru.  Thai  officer,  seeing  the  trade 
of  the  colony  cut  off.  supplies  slopped,  lowits  burned  arul  raidei). 


plished.     In  this  same  year  a  Spani 
but  did  not  engage,  ten  buccanee 
in  the  Bay  ot  Panama.      . 
At  this  period  the  power  ol  the  I 


isilya. 
h  fleet  ol  fourteen  sail 


those  who  composed  ft  was  a 
growing  discord.     Nor  was  the  dream  ol  equalit)*  ever  realized 

capture  ol  wealthy  cities  was  indeed  dlvUod  etiually.  Bnt  in 
the  gamblbg  and  debauchery  which  foUowed,  nothing  ms  mon 
common  than  that  one-half  ol  ihe  conqueiDts  should  find'them- 
selve*  on  the  momiw  in  most  pressing  Want;  and  while  ihoac 
who  had  retained  or  taicreased  their  share  woold  wiUngly  han 
gone  home,  the  othen  damoured  lor  renewed  attacks.  The 
sepontion  ol  the  English  and  French  buccaneen,  who  togethct 
presented  a  united  front  to  the  Spanish  Beet  in  16S5,  mark*  (he 
beghuiing  ol  tht  third  and  laii  epoch  in  theirj^tocy- 
Tbo  bcilliani  expMi*  begun  by  the  aaek  ol  Leon  and  Reaklo 


BUCCARI— BUCCINA 


711 


by  Iht  Enflnb  under  Davit  h«w,  ivtn  In  (heir  viririy  and 
djuintfi  I  lAitienHi  which  deprives  ihem  ol  inuiesli  and  the 
MHulcrful  confnlencif  u  noin  Ken  to  be  Iiiling  gradually  id 
piens.  The  lUU  oI  Devii  11  icm  xu  od  one  occuion  divUyed 
in  I  Kvin  <lay>'  cniMemcnt  with  Iho  lu^  ^iiai)!)  vend*,  lad 
the  inlrmt  «iKlsuiei]ly  ceBUa  U  him.  Townley  uKl  Sw«o 
tad,  hewevec  by  thii  lime  kll  hiB,  Mod  *lla  nuiiinf  tognber 
lor  umc  lirM,  Ihfy.  100,  paned.  In  168S  Dvrit  deucd  Cue 
Horn  and  anivtd  in  the  Wett  India,  while  Swin't  ihip,  Oie 
"Cyinei."  was  ibtndoned  u  unecawonhy,  ■iier  niling  u 
lir  »  M(dat>K*r.  Towoley  hid  hinlly  joined  the  French 
buccuieen  mnaiaing  in  Ihe  Soulb  Sea  en  he  died,  ud  the 
FRnchmen  with  iheir  companioiii  crmml  New  Spain  to  (he 
tVeil  Indiei.  And  ihitf  the  Pacific,  nvagcd  »  long  by  ihi* 
powerful  and  myMeiioia  band  of  coruirt,  wai  11  kncth  al  peace. 
The  V/cti  Indie*  had  by  ihia  lime  beoHoe  hoi  enough  even 
f«  Ihe  banded  piraiei.  They  bung  dogfcdly  along  the  oouls 
e(  Jamaica  and  Sinlo  Domingo,  but  their  day  w«»  nearly  over. 
Only  once  again— it  ihc  siege  of  Carthigena — did  ihey  appear 
great;  but  even  then  the  npedliion  was  not  ol  Iheii  miking. 
and  Ihey  wen  mere  umilkric*  of  Ihe  French  regular  (orcn. 
ACler  ibe  ireachny  o[  the  French  commander  0!  Ihis  npedliion 
B  ipirjt  oI  unity  and  de^wlriDg  eneigy  teemed  tea«iteocd  In 
tbcm:  bul  thli  coukl  net  avert  and  icarcely  delayed  the  mpidly 
■pprotchiag  euinclion  oi  the  comoiunity. 

The  French  and  Engtiih  buccaneers  could  Dot  but  taie  lida 
in  the  war  mhich  hid  arisen  between  their  respective  eauntriea 
in  tSSg.  Thua  wai  broken  tlie  bcmd  of  unily  which  had  for 
Ihiec-qiuriea  U  a  century  kqit  the  subjects  of  Ihe  two  nations 
lofether  In  ichemea  ol  aggnuicm  upon  1  connon  loe.  In  the 
(hort  peace  o(  1607-1700  England  and  France  wen  niing  all 
iMr  influence,  both  in  tbe  OU  Wotld  and  in  the  Ne«,  lo  In- 
pniiate  tbenaelvet  Into  the  favour  of  the  king  of  Spain.  With 
ttc  lesumpilon  of  boatilitiea  in  1700  and  tha  rise  of  ^lain 
cooiequcni  upon  Ibe  aoctuion  of  ihe  French  claimant  to  tbe 
throne  tbe  career  of  tbe  buccaneers  was  effectually  doied. 
But  the  fiU  oi  Ihe  buccaneers  Is  no  more  accoDDtcd  ior  fully 

ialanden  ol  Santo  Domingo.  There  wu  (bat  in  the  very  nitatc 
of  Ihe  coniniBiuiy  whkh,  from  i(*  biith,  marked  it  ss  liable  to 
ipeedy  deelina. 

Tlw  principlea  which  bound  Ihe  buroneen  togetlwr  were, 
&u  the  dcrire  (oc  adventure  and  gaio.  and,  in  the  fecond  place, 
hatred  oT  Ihe  Spaniard.  The  £rat  wia  haridly  a  *uScieU  bond 
of  union,  among  men  ol  difleienl  naCJoniUiiet,  when  booty 
could  be  had  neariy  always  by  piivale  Tenlure  under  the  colour* 
of  the  irpaislc  European  powers.  Of  greater  validity  wi>  their 
■econd  and  great  piindple  of  uiuOi,  nsmely,  that  ihey  wiried 
tioi  with  one  another,  nor  vritbeveiyone,  but  with  a  aingle  and  a 
common  foev  For  while  the  buccineei  forces  Inchjded  Engliih, 
FiVDch  and  Dutch  BJlors,  and  were  comptemented  occuiODaUy 
by  band*  of  native  Indiana,  there  are  few  inotmces  daring  the 
lime  of  their  ptospeiiiy  and  growth  at  their  falling  upon  one 
another,  and  treating  Iheh  feUow*  with  Ihe  lavaiery  which 
Ibey  iHihed  in  displaying  against  the  subjects  of  Spain.  Hie 
engenciea,  moreover,  of  Iheit  peiikHa  career  rcidily  waited 
their  suddenly  acquired  gains. 

Settled  labour,  the  warrant  ol  ml  wealth,  wu  unacceptable 
to  IboM  who  lived  by  prowoiingiti  iMccurily.  Regular  trade— 
(JiOBgh  rendered  allnclive  by  snogging — and  pearl  gathering 
and  similar  Dpentioni  which  were  tpiced  with  ri^,  were  open  in 
vain  ID  Ihem,  and  in  ibe  absence  of  any  domestic  life,  a  hind-io- 
mouth  tyatem  of  lupply  and  dimuid  tmted  ou(  gradually  iht 


mode  ol  sc(tled  eiislence. 


In  everything  (be  policy  of  tbe  buccal 

to  tbe  Old  ol  Ibesr  carter,  wu  one  of  pure  dcstniciion,  aod  was, 

therefore,  nhimalely  suiddal. 

Their  great  itrqwrtance  in  history  Net  in  the  lici  thai  they 
•pened  the  eye*  of  the  world,  and  qiedaUy  of  the  naiioia  from 
•fioni  iheae  bnccineen  had  Qirung,  to  the  whcde  system  al 
Spaniah-Americin  govemmeni  and  commerce— tbe  former  in 
its  rollenotis,  and  Ik  latter  in  it*  posaibilitic*  in  SIfaet  hand*. 


From  ihb,  then,  along  utilh  other  canae),  dating  ptjnarily  Iron 
ihc  helplessness  and  presumption  of  Spain,  Ibcre  arose  (be  We« 
Indian  posacisiona  oi  Holland.  England  and  France. 
Awar1ipubIikhFdatAnKterdaminlAT8,efHilled  Di  AmrrtttiHtkl 

E~  of  a  bueeaneer  named  Enuemelin.  was 

opeanlanciaget,recrivingaddiiion>at  tha 


Burney's  Huto 
Tbertki*!'*/ 


17B1'  Dampier'a  Vmceii'Ceo.'W.  fbombuiy'i  Ifmunlki  i^'Tlii 
i/oia.  »c.  (itssi:  Lkinel  Wafer's  Vi^a  aaj  Dticripiin  e!  IW 

'-^ '  '  .gtfiia  (i««) :  and  tbe  Humih  di  nUr  Eipag^uiU.  »i.. 

M  iacrip^  tMnlii  it  b   JVwH^fi  Frann  of  Pire 

!f  iC" BiaamiJi  if  SimW^  "(London?  iSiu! 

lcJ>ii^ri,CaI«iiiI^et  {London,  iMoctirq,), 
i.un[#,„>  ,quui  evidence  for  tbe  hisloey  of  Ibe  buccaneers  In  the 
West  indie*.  {D.  H.) 

BUfXAHI  (Serbo-Craalian  Saiai),  a  royal  free  town  at 
Croat  la -Siivonia,  Hungary;  situated  In  tbe  county  ol  Modiui- 
Fiume,  7  m-  S.E.  of  Fiume,  on  a  small  boy  of  the  Adriatic  Sea. 
Pop.  (1900)  1870.  The  Hungarian  state  railway  from  Zikiny  and 
Agnm  terminates  i)  m.  from  Bucrari.  The  harbour,  though 
somelimes  dangerous  to  approach,  ailord*  good  anchorage  to 
small  vessels.  Owing  lo  competilion  from  Fiume,  Buccari  lost 
the  greater  pan  of  lis  irade  during  ihe  191b  century.  Tlie  staple 
industry  Is  boatbuilding,  and  there  ii  la  active  coasting  trade 
in  fish,  wine,  wood  and  coal.  The  tonny-iiihery  it  of  some 
imponance.  In  the  neighbourhood  ol  ttie  town  It  the  old  castle 
ol  Buctarica,  and  fiitLer  south  tha  flouiishing  little  port  ol 
Potto  R*  or  Kraljevica. 

BDCCIHA  [more  correctly  BSclna,  Gr,  patAw,,,  connected  with 
twrs,  cheek,  and  Gr.  Plfu,).  a  brass  wind  instnunent  eitensivcty 
used  in  the  ancient  Roman  army.  Tbe  Roman  instrunMnC 
consisted  ot  a  biaas  tube  meaauilng  some  ii  to  11  ft.  in  length, 
of  narrow  cylindrical  Ixire,  and  fdsyed  by  means  ol  a  cup-shaped 
mouthpiece.  The  Ii ' 
bent  round  upon 
from  the  monthpfec*  to 
the  beD  in  Ibe  ihape  of 
btoad  C  and  Is  strength* 
ened  by  means  of  a  bar 

the  perfomer  grasps 
'hile  playing,  in  order 
>  steady  the  i     ' 


Three  Roman  bucdi 
found  among 
of  Pompeii  and 
now  deposited  in 
museum  it  Naples. 
C.  Mabillon, of  Brussels' 
has  made  a  facsimile  ol 

it  is  la  G  and  has  (Imosl 


Naples. 


OS   the    French    bora    and    the 
Irumpel.    The  buccina,  Ihe  comu  (sec  Hom),  and  the  tuba 

iTimp  to  soond  the  lour  night  watches  (hence  known  as 
iuitiiu  frima,  ttcanile,  iTi.),  to  summon  Ihem  by  means  of  tbe 
ifiecjal  signal  known  as  claaitum,  and  to  give  oiden.'  Frontinut 
reliles'  that  1  RoDun  general,  who  had  been  surrounded  by 
tbe  enemy.  cKaped  during  the  night  by  means  of  the  stratagem 
if  leaving  behind  him  a  iuainaUr  (Irumpctei),  who  sounded 
jjo,  and  niustntion. 


'  Sn  Ciiaktut  itttripi^  (Cbcnt.  lUo).  p 
>ol.  ii.  (1896).  p.  JO. 

■Uyir  vii.  jj,  «vi.  tjr  Prop.  v.  4.  «!;  Tie.  -»■■.  iv.  jo; 
rc«i<is.&nigi(>ter<.ii.  1-  "'  -■>-'--•-  -i  —  .rf-  .  - 

'Stral 


1.U.S:  Pelyb.  vi  jBs.  dv,  3.  7. 


7>2 

Ihe  ttildiet  ihrOnghoii 
idcmiiy;  the  lubi,  he 


BUCCLEUCH,  DUKES  OF— BUCENTAUR 

ihi  nigtu.'    Vejtiiui  givttbrW  dnrrip- 


during  the  ijlh  »nil 

tbth 

lalioni   o[   Vegcliul. 

pgb- 

liihed    11    Ulm    in 

and  Bt  Augiburf  in 

ck.tly   dcmonii 

"Budnidaiiudicl 

odtr[Huan""C'ih.b 

is   ihe   Inimpcl  or 

c.  i.-Buiinr,  ijili  n 
mMS.  R.  ioE.lv.  B 

n  Ihe  puuge  [chai 


of  Ibe  buccini  ir 
IS  dr  Pmpti  (Piri 


>')  dc  Mtung  (Pirii, 
i)  Ihiu:  ■'  Trompe  at 
1   Tcflcchill  tn  li   irei 


ia  are  diuinluilhable.     Other  ilhiuni- 
■y  be  Kcn  in  Prancoii  Muoii'  Lti 
I,  1814-1838).  pt.  iv.  pi.  nlviii.  lig.  I, 
wiky-t  £ia(  rimiltic  Villa  u  JVflwij 
(Bonn,  186s),  pi.  lii.  (nvtaaics).  where  iht  bwciniior  i>  inorn- 
panied  on  the  hydnulin.     The  military  buccina  dcKribed  ii 
a  mgdi  more  advanced  iiulrumenl  than  iu  prMoiype  the 
tuaiaa  mniiua,  a  piimilive  irumpel  in  ihe  ihape  of  1  conical 
ibell,  often  having  s  spiral  twist,  which  in  poetry  19  often  called 
iBtiika.    The  buecina  marina  is  trequenily  depicted  in  the  hands 
ol  Triloni  (Macrobius  i.  S).  or  of  uibn.  »  toi  iniunce 
lerra-cotla  lamp  shown  by  G.  P.  Bellori  {iwcnu*  Kfari 
itputinlo  iiBHUet,   171 
iii.  II)'    The' highly  ii 


V lubes  was  gradually  li 
/and  although  the  bucc 


0. JL— Bysine,  uthccmuiy.  :„  „ 
-„fiS.R.io£lVurit.Frfu..)  '^fl 
c  ago,  it  lost  (of  ever  the  chara 
which  it  poueued  ii 


I  For  another  inilance  see  CaeHr,  Comm.  BM.  Ca.  u.  a 

'  litm,  ii.  7.  •  litm,  iii.  ». 

■A  rrprini  edited  l>y  tJlyiM  Robert  h»  been  publiriied  by  ihi 
Soc.  de>  Ancicni  Team  Francais  (Pirit.  i8«7). 

•Set  Conr.d  Cithotiu..  Cir  lUi^I  dff  TraiflfUkt.  J  voli  o 
leal  aod  I  IKirifelHiaDriuliatnivuret  tBerlin.  1S96.  Ae.J,  Bd.  i.  pi.  I 
buecina  and  tubae;  pi.  viC  burcin^pt.  lovTbucd^  ord  <». 

(Pari!!I'iS7>rirS?"^  <atZ  ajolvL.  «,'»« li.  pi.  biri.,  loi^  ul 


of  the  lanK  lypc,  but  probably  tlraight  iiMt  of  kladrtd 
name,  wai  widoly  known  and  used  in  the  EiK.  in  Penia. 
Arabia  and  among  the  Scmiik  ricci.  Alter  a  tapae  of  yean 
during  which  recorda  are  almost  wanling,  the  buecina  mppeared 
all  over  Ean^  ai  the  buiinc,  buidne,  putin,  buMun.  pusnn, 
posaun.  busna  (Slav),  lit.;  whether  it  was  a  Roman  lurvival  or  a 
re-introduction  through  the  Uoon  of  Spain  in  the  Wen  and  the 
Byiamine  empire  in  the  East,  we  have  no  records  to  show.  An 
iith-cintury  mvnl  painting  reprexnling  the  Last  Judgment 
in  the  cathedral  olS,  Angelo  in  Formis  (near  Capua),  show*  ihe 
angels  blowing  the  last  trump  on  busines,' 

There  are  two  distinct  form)  al  ihe  busine  which  may  be  (need 
during  the  middle  agei:— (ij  a  long  itraight  lube  (fig.  j)  con- 
siiting  o(  J  10  s  jointi  of  narrow  cylindrical  bore,  the  liil  joint 
alone  being  conical  and  ending  in  a  pommel-shaped  bell,  prectely 
at  in  the  curved  bucrina  (fig.  i);  (i)  a  long  straight  cylindrical 
lube  of  somewhat  wider  bore  than  the  buiinc,  ending  in  *  *ide 
bell  curving  out  abruptly  from  the  cylindrical  lube  llt|.  j). 

The  history  of  the  development  of  ihe  irunpel.  the  tickbui  and 
Ihe  irombone  fnxn  iht  bucciiu  will  be  found  more  fully  treaiRl 
under  ihoee  hefldinn:  for  ihe  pan  played  by  the  bvccina  in  the 
e.olutioaof.heF,i'ftchhotn«Ho«ii.'^  {K.  S.) 

BUCGLBUCH,  DDKES  OF.  The  subslamial  origin  of  the 
ducal  house  o(  the  Scottt  of  Bocclcuch  dates  back  to  the  large 
grams  of  lands  in  Scotland  10  Sir  Watirr  Scott  of  Kirkurd  and 
Buccleuch,  a  border  chief,  by  James  ll„  in  consequence  of  ihe 
(all  of  Ihe  Sih  eari  of  Douglat  (i4S>):  but  the  family  traced 
their  descent  back  101  Sir  Richard  le  Scoll  (iiav-iigj).  The 
estate  oF  fiuccleuch  it  in  Selkirkshire.  Sir  Waller  Stott  of 
Braniholm  and  Buccleuch  (d.  is5>)  distinguished  himself  al 
the  battle  ol  Pinkie  (1547),  and  furnished  maieiial  lor  hit  bier 
namesake's  famous  poem.  Tit  Lay  of  Ikr  Lnii  Uitiiirrl,  and  hit. 
grm-grandion  Sir  Walter  (is6s-i(itT)  was  created  Lord 


oF  Bum 


!uch  ii 


second  eari't  daughtee  Ai 

ol  Monmouih  (i-v.),  who  w 
and  her  grandson  Francis  became  ind  du 
Heniy  (i74(*i8i])  bRiRie  jrd  duke,  an 
also,  on  the  deatbof  WUiiam  Douglai,  4lh 


dom  [ollowcd  In  1 
Si-i,j.),  who  succeec 
itrird  in  iM]  the  lamo 
creatcdistdukeofBw 
e  ind  duke.  The  tatl 
in  iSio  su 
ukeoffjueei 

trandfalher.' 


The 


yfi"' 


ally  and  bi 


incit  Scott  (1806-1884),  ■ 

.Iter  Momagv  Douglat  Scott  lb.  iSji),  lucceeded  in  turn  aa 
I.  5ih  and  Aih  dukes  ol  Buccleuch  and  tth,  7ih,  and  Sth 
'  et  of  Qucensberry.    The  jih  duke  wat  lord  privy  teal  1841- 


urgh.     He  ■ 


he  Sociel 


ncll  1846. 
irbour  al 
c  Hrghlai 


I. P.  for  Midlothian, 
au^ler  of   Ihe   tu 

"s«;SirW.  Frawr,  n 
BUCBNTAUB  (Ital. 
I  Venire,  on  which,  . 
Iiey  put  into  the  Adr 

Lai.  biainii  d'  trt,  "  goldi 
9  inanlaurKi  on  the  ana 


etplanuion  of  the 

however,  fandful; 
mytbiriogy,  and  ll 


fl  and  Agricultural 

niiquanetandoi  the  British  Association. 
ie  House  of  Commons  as  Conservative 
i8;j-i8bg  and  1874-1880;  hii  wife,  k 
luka  of   Abetcom.   held    Ihe  office   of 


The  n: 


bwiMlurt  is  derived  Iron 
"  latiniud  in  the  middle 
a  supposed  Cc.  tfgiiiirri 


figurehead  of  the  b 


BUCEPHALUS— BUCH 


n*  nam*  baeoiOir  kcsu,  kdccd.  to  hiva  bcsi  given  to  my 
(leat  uid  ismpluoia  Venetian  gillcy.  Du  Caoge  (Cluii.,  i.i. 
"  BucaBtamui  ")  qnolti  Irom  (he  chionlcle  of  the  doge  Andrea 
Dindob  (d.  iJSJ)-  "«■  mmrti^iMo  e*  »fciwi  Bucmiiiii™, 
MMtv  fiH  Knit  ufiK  orf  5,  Ciemtntvm,  ^tw  jam  fer^eiurai 
uipdUar  tt  toUnBrior  BucrHiavrui  cvm  contUiaHU,  Ac.    The 


priadliM* 


Btl'9,  • 


iutiayti  by  llw  Fnacb  in  1798  [01  Ibe  uke  a(  in  gcilda 
dcomtiau.    Remain  of  il  are  pnierved  at  Venice  in  tb 
1I«M0  Qvico  Comr  and  in  the  Anentl;  in  Ibe  l«tui  tbere  i 
alio  a  fine  modd  of  it. 
The  "  Man 

n>  a  ceicmoay  lyabolBing  (he 
The  cenmmir,  eaUUiibed  about 
A.D.  1000  10  csmmemorate  the  doge  Oneolo  II.'i  oonqueM 
of  Dalmitla,  WIS  oiigiaallyane  of  luppGatnn  and  pUcatiuu, 
AaecoBai  day  hdng  dwaen  «■  that  on  which  the  doge  had  Kt 
flnt  on  hit  eipedition.  The  lenn  it  look  wai  t  lalemB  pioc«»oa 
la  boat!,  haded  by  the  doge's  moala  luta,  aftetirarda  the 


(fron 


abytl 


Apraye 


!d  tlKt "  [01  us  ud  ill «)»  uil  theteon  the 
ealni  mi  quiet,"  wheieiipoD  the  doge  and  the  o 
•olemnly  aliened  with  holy  water,  the  reit  of  which ' 
into  (be  xa  whik  the  pneni  chanted  "  Purge 
■nd  1  iball  be  cltan."  To  this  andent  ceremon 
chawcter  was  given  by  Pope  Aierander  111.  in  1177.  in  return 
fcr  the  iBiiea  rendered  by  Venice  in  the  itiuggk  >CHimt  the 
emperDc  Ftedeiicfc  I.  The  pi^w  drew  a  ring  f  mm  hit  finger  and, 
giirfng  it  to  the  dsge,  bade  him  cast  sudi  1  one  into  the  sea  eadi 
year  00  taeeadoo  day,  and  so  wed  the  sea.  Hencelorth  the 
ceremonial,  inetead  oi  plaaloiy  ud  equatary,  became  oupiiij. 
Eiciy  yw  tlw  doge  dropped  a  cooiecnled  ring  into  Ihe  sea, 
and  witb  tba  woida  Dttfmar '"■ ■  ■■■ > 


dublyc 


xH.  ] 


BrawD,  Koicr,  London,  ttoj,  pp.  69, 
BDCIPBAUn   (Cr.  AMn«a)«r).   the    favourite    Tbndtn 
K  d  Aknader  the  Great,  which  died  in  316  n.c,  either  of 
'  'u  tbc  battle  aa  the  Hydaspea,  or  of  oU  age. 

.      .  I   the  dty  of    Bucephala 

<BotA(ptaIa),theilteo(vUchiaahncat  certainly  lobe  identified 
Vlth  %  nwund  en  the  bonk  of  the  river  i^ipodte  the  DDdem 

I  Set  eeiMclany  Anfan  t.  n;  otiiet  stories  in  FlutarEh,  Attn.  6; 
Cwtiut  vL  I.  Foe  the  idenlifiention  <i  Bucephala,  ViocenI  A. 
Smth.  Early  ma.  al  India  (aiuled.,  I90S],  pp.  63.  66oote. 

BDCIR  (01  Btniu) ,  MAHIM  ( 1  sg  i-i  j  j  i ) ,  German  Proteatant 
refomer,  wu  bom  in  i4gt  at  ScUellstadt  in  Alsace.  In  ijo6 
ba  entered  the  Dominican  order,  and  was  sent  (o  study  at 
Hddeibctg.  There  he  bocuM  scqualoled  with  the  works  of 
Eraamua  and  Luther,  and  wu  present  al  a  diiputillon  of  the 
latter  with  some  ol  the  Romanist  docton.  He  became  a  convert 
to  the  nfoimed  opinloni,  sbudoned  his  order  by  papal  dispoisa. 
tion  in  1511,  and  soon  afterwanii  married  a  nun.  In  ijis  he 
was  pastor  al  Laodsluhl  In  Ihe  palatinate,  and  travelled  hither 
aiid  thither  pnptgatlng  the  reformed  doctrine.  After  his  a^ 
conununicatioa  in  1593  he  made  his  headquarters  at  5  tiassburg, 
where  ha  succaedwl  Matthew  ZelL  Henry  VIII.  oI  England 
■iked  Us  advlca  in  conDedon  with  the  divorce  from  Cxibcrioe 
of  Aragao.  On  tbc  qnesdon  of  the  saciameni  of  (he  Lord's 
Supper,  Bucer'a  oplolona  were  decidedly  Zwin^ian,  but  he  was 

and  conatantly  endeavoured,  especially  after  Zwin^'a  death, 
to  (branlate  a  ■utcment  of  belief  that  would  unite  Latheian. 
■outh  German  and  Swisa  reformcri.  Hence  Che  charge  of 
ambignity  and  obscurity  which  has  beoi  laid  against  him.  In 
IJ4S  be  waa  sent  for  to  Aupburg  to  sign  the  agreement,  caJl&l 
the  iHlirim,  between  the  Catholics  and  Protestanls.  His  tloul 
oppoaitioa  to  this  project  exposed  him  to  many  diflicultica,  and 
u  waa  glad  to  accept  Cranmer'a  invitaUon  to  mske  his  home 
In  B^j4^  On  his  trrival  la  1549  he  was  appointed  re^ui 
proleaaor  ot  divinity  al  Cambridse.  Edwsrd  VI.  and  the 
piDlactor  Somerset  showed  him  much  favour  and  be  waa 


7«3 

if  the  Book  of  Common  Prayer.    Bttt 


suited  as  to  the  n 

uoivenity  church,  with  great  slate.  In  1557,  by  M 
aJsioners,  his  body  wu  dog  up  and  buml,  and 
demolished^  it  was  subsequently  reconstructed  tr 
Eliaaheih.    fiucer  Is  said  10  have  written  ninely-u 


lowa  as  the  rmai  AnrliiaHiu  (BaKJ.  1377)  conUiiu  thw 

England.    SeeJ.W.Saum.CiiHlsaikfBiilKr (Stnitbun. 

18C0}:  A.  Erichioa.  Itarlim  Biitur  (iSvO:  and  the  arikln  In  the 
Dia.  Nal.  Bitt.  [by  A.  W.  Ward],  and  in  HcnoE-Hauck's  K—t- 
ncyUttUli  (by  Paul  Gttmbergl. 

BUCH.  CHHVrUR  [BOPOLD  VON,  Basoh  (1774-18:3), 
German  gedogisi  and  geographer,  a  memlKr  ol  an  andenl  and 
noble  Pmarian  faaHy,  was  born  at  Stolpe  In  Pometanla  on  the 
i6th  of  April  1774.  In  17PD-179]  be  snidied  at  the  minin| 
school  of  Freiberg  voder  Werner,  one  of  bis  ftlkiw.ttudtnta 
there  being  Alexander  von  Humboldt.  He  af  teiwatdi  (omplcted 
his  educaCkHi  at  the  universities  of  Halle  and  Gaitingeo.  Hia 
Vttncktiiitrmiiunbitisckit  Bt3clirtiiaHetimLailiici(Bttiba, 
1797)  was  tanataled  into  Prmch  [Paris,  iSo;},  and  into  Englisb 
as  HKow^  of  a  Jf  ixeniJggfcd)  ihfcri^uii  >/ loadui  (Edmbiugh, 
1810);  hi  alio  published  In  iSoi  EKIwwrf  tiiur  fujnuliicjfli 
Badrtiiimt  ta»  StkUiitn  (GttpuititclH  Batadanntm  auf 
RaimiiiTdDtMMaiidimdIlalloi,B*adL).  Kewaaatthis 
time  a  ceahnu  npboldec  of  the  Nqnvnlan  theory  of  his  iDustiiom 
master.  In  1(97  be  met  Bombddt  at  Saldiutg,  and  with  kim 
eipkired  the  geological  formations  of  Slyria,  and  Ihe  adinning 
AllM.  In  the  spring  ol  Ihe  folkraing  year,  ion  Bnch  erlended 
his  eicunlans  inio  Ilaly,  where  his  failh  In  the  Nefitunlon  Iheory 
was  shaken.  In  his  piwkMiB  woifci  be  had  advocated  the 
aqueous  origin  of  basaltic  and  other  formationa.  In  17W  he 
paid  Us  first  viail  to  V<au*Ius,  and  tgiiti  in  iSoj  be  ictutsKl  to 
study  mt  volcano,  accompanied  by  UamboMt  and  Gay  Lostac 
They  had  the  good  (ottuis  (o  ailncai  a  tans  (table  eruption, 
which  supplied  von  Btidi  with  data  for  refnting  avny  enoneooi 
ideas  then  enlertaiucd  itta(ding  vokanoei.  In  1801  be  bad 
eipkjred  the  extinct  volcanoes  of  Auveigne.  The  aqiecl  of  the 
Puy  de  DAms,  with  its  cone  of  tracky  le  and  lis  strata  of  basaltic 
lava,  iikduced  Um  to  abandon  as  untenable  the  docltinea  of 
Werner  on  (he  formation  of  these  locks-  The  scientific  results 
of  his  Investigations  he  embodied  in  bis  Csngndiluiii  Bubaii- 
lantm  anf  finM)  diirih  DtnluMland  and  Ilalim  (Berlin,  iSoi- 
iSog).  From  the  south  of  Europe  von  Buch  rqaired  to  tiie 
norA,  and  q>enl  two  years  among  the  Scandinavian  islands, 
making  many  important  observations  on  the  geography  of 
plants,  on  cliinatology  aiui  on  geology.  He  ahowed  thai  many 
of  the  enatlc  blocks  aa  the  North  German  {rialn  must  have 
come  from  Scandinavia.  He  abo  estabhahed  Ibe  iact  that  the 
whole  of  Sweden  is  shiwly  but  ^ondouotisly  rising  above  Ibe 
level  of  the  tea  from  Fredetikshald  to  Abo.  Ibcdetailiof  these 
disDoverits  are  given  in  his  Ran  inrik  Ntnntta  aod  Lafplami 
(Beriin,  iSio).  IniSijhevBiledtbeCniatyliUndiinctoipany 
withCbi!stianSmiih,theNorwe^anbotanist.  His obtervatioiw 
here  Cnnvinced  him  that  these  and  other  islands  of  the  Atlantic 
owed  their  edstaice  to  volcanic  action  of  the  not!  intenie  kind, 
and  that  the  gtoups  of  islands  In  the  South  Sea  are  Ihe  remains 
of  a  pre.eiisting  continenL  The  physical  descriptfon  of  the 
Canary  Islands  was  published  at  Berlin  In  iSis,  and  this  vaA 
alone  is  regarded  as  an  enduring  monument  of  his  laboun. 
After  leaving  the  Canaries  von  Buch  proceeded  (0  Ihe  Hebrides 
and  Ihe  coasts  of  Scotland  and  Ireland.  Paluonlohigy  also 
claimed  hb  attention,  and  be  described  In  lAit  and  later  yeats 
a  number  ol  Cephalopods,  firachir^xKls  and  Cysiidea,  and 
pomlcdoul  Ibeir  stratigrapkita]  importance.  Inaddltim  to  the 
worka  already  mentioned  von  Buch  published  in  L831  the 
magnificent   Gade[kai  ISaf  cf  Cpmany  Ua  sheets,  Berlin). 

till  his  jSth  year.    Ei^t  m 


able  cvouiullr  u  rUk  u>d  dMotc  binadl  lo  ibe  (oUcctlM 
uidediiiDg^ScntliitalalU^    Hit  jIanM  ««IM(  Mtf  5««i 


714  BUCHAN,  EARLS  OF— BUCHANAN,  GEORGE 

tkc  mannUin*  ol  Auvoxh;  uid  on  rclnniing  home  ha  lad  > 
pipei  on  the  Junimc  (otmidon  bdore  the  Aadem)'  of  Berlin. 
He  died  st  Bnlifl  on  the  4th  ol  Much  iSsj.  Von  Buch  had 
inheriled  ^m  hit  Collier  &  Fortune  more  tlum  auQidcnt  for  hu 
Tuti.  He  wu  nevB  married,  and  m  unembanmwid  by 
lamily  lie*.  Hi»  «cur»ions  were  alwayi  taken  CD  (ool,  with 
a  itaU  in  hit  hand,  and  the  Large  pockcta  of  hit  ovntoat  filled 
vith  paper*  and  geolo^cal  initrunicnis.  Uodei  tfaii  luiie,  the 
posKr-t^  woutd  not  eaaiiy  have  recogniEed  the  man  whom 
Humboldl  pronounced  Ihc  erealcst  eeologi)!  of  hii  lime. 
A  compleu  ediiion  al  hi>  woka  «>  puhhilinl  at  Berlin  (rUT- 

BUCBAH,  UBU  or.  "Oe  oridom  ol  Uar  and  Buchan  wu 
eue  ol  the  Kvcn  oriKinsI  Scotlith  eaildoms;  later,  Buchan  vaa 
■epanted  from  Har,  and  among  the  caijy  tula  ol  Buchan  were 
Alexander  Conyn  (d.  iitgl,  John  Camyn  (d.  c.  ijij),  both 
ooDMablc)  of  Scotland,  aDd  Henry  Beaumont  (d.  1340],  who 
had  BitiTkd  a  Cemyn.    John  CDm]'n'i  wile,  laabel,  waa  the 

Scone  in  ijo6,  and  waa  literwaidi  Impriuned  at  Berwick;  not, 
however,  in  a  cage  hunf  on  the  wall  <^  ibe  cattle.  About  13S1 
Sit  Akiandcr  Stewan  (d.  t.  1404),  the  "  woU  oi  Badenoch,"  > 
Km  of  King  Robnt  II.,  became  out  ol  Buchan,  and  the  StcwarU 
appear  lo  have  hdd  the  earldom  lor  about  a  century  atid  a  half, 
although  not  ut  a  direct  line  Irotn  Sit  AteiatidcT.'  Among  the 
■DDit  cclebtaUd  o(  the  Stewart  esrli  were  the  Scottith  [egcnl, 
Robert,  duke  of  Albany,  and  bit  ion  John,  wha  wu  made 
eonitable  ol  Fiuce  and  wU  killed  at  the  battle  of  Vemeuji  in 
1414.  In  1611  the  earldom  cacae  to  Jamet  Enkin*  (d.  1640),  a 
aon  of  John  Enkise,  md  (or  7th)  tail  of  Mar,  whose  wife  Uary 
Imd  inherited  it  from  her  btbu,  Jamci  Douglat  (d.  i6aij,  and 
&i>m  that  tboe  it  hai  been  retained  t>y  the  £rtlunes. 
I  Fetbapi  the  moit  celebrated  ol  the  later  earli  of  Buchan  was 
the  Koentrie  David  Stewart  Eiikine.  I  ith  earl  (i  74»-i8j«).  a  ion 
ol  Henry  David,  10th  cut  <d.  i;^?),  and  brother  ol  Henry 
EnUne  ((.k),  uui  of  Thomaa,  Lord  £nkioe  (g.t.).  Hia  pet- 
tinadly  wn  imlrumeiitil  Is  eflecting  a  change  in  the  method  ol 
decting  ScMtUi  lepttMBtative  peen,  and  in  17^0  he  lucceedod 
fai  looDding  the  Scottith  Society  oi  Antiquario.  Among  hit 
sgncipoDdentt  wu  Hoita  Walpolc,  and  be  wrote  an  £iiay 
aiHlm  Um  tj  PltbJkr  if  SdUmmml  Uu  Pta  Tkmsim  (1791), 
■Dd  olhcc  mitinga.  He  died  at  hit  reiidence  at  Dryburgh  in 
April  it>9,  leaving  na  legitimate  children,  and  wu  followed  u 
iitbead  by  UiB^ibew  Heuy  David  diSj-iSj?),  the  anceitor 
oi  the  pracM  peer.  The  nth  eail'i  natural  ion,  Sir  David 
biUoc  (i77>-i8}7),  who  inherited  hit  lather't  unentailed 


a  (t7j»-i7fli),  founder  ol  a  Scottith  re- 
ligloiu  KCt  koawn  u  the  BnchaiUtci,  wi*  the  daughter  ol  John 
Simpaon,  pniptktor  ol  ta  Inii  near  BaoS.  Having  quanelled 
widi  hei  hmband,  Robert  Biidun,  a  poller  of  Crcenodi.  >he 
•Mlled  with  hnr  cfaDdien  in  Clugow,  wbeto  the  wu  deeply 
ImproMd  br  >  Mnum  preached  by  Hn^  WUte,  tnioitter  of 
the  RcHd  dnudi  at  IrviiM.  She  penoaded  White  and  olhert 
that  the  WM  ( laint  with  a  tpecitl  mitsloii,  that  io  fact  the  wu 
the  womaD,  aod  White  the  man-child,  dcuiibcd  in  Sevelation 
iriL .  Whit*  waa  tondemtd  by  the  pcabytay,  and  the  ten, 
which  tillimttcJy  inmihend  lorty^ii  adhennti,  mt  etpelled 
by  thg  magiitnlc*  in  17S4  and  letlled  in  ■  latm,  con^ting 
ol  one  looiD  and  a  lolt,  known  a*  Now  Campla  in  Dumlrieuhije. 
Un  BiKhan  dtintcd  pr(q>bellc  faupiralun  and  pntended  to 
confer  the  Holy  Gboit  upm  ba  followat  bf  breathing  opoti 
them;  they  believtd  that  the  mlDennlum  wu  aai,  and  that  tliey 
woidd  HI  die,  but  b«  traniltted.  It  iVPtMn  Ibit  they  had 
comnmnity  ot  wivci  and  lived  on  Knda  provided  by  the  richer 
unnben.  Robert  Burnt,  the  poet.  In  a  letta  dated  Augutt 
17S4,  descrlbs  the  lect  u  Idle  and  bnnaraL  In  178J  White 
and  Mn  Buchan  puUitbed  a  Dnimr  Dialt^arfi  bat  the  tect 
broke  DP  on  the  death  of  iti  lounder  in  iplu  ol  White'i  atlerapti 
'  In  Aufinl  100ft,  during  eome  excavalioiu  de  Dunfceld.  renuint 
were  Found  which  art  iLippoied  to  be  thoie  of  Aleundcr  Stewan. 


Aaolher  coUcclian  made  by  hli 
by  iat  Pocy  Society,  imder  the  title  SuUtih  TrttUiaut  Kviu 
^AiKitiitBaUtii(it^%).    TyounpuUiatudvoluaietolBuchaa'a 
hallad  cellection  an  in  the  Biltiib  Huwon.    He  died  on  tht 
tqth  ol  September  1854. 

laCHAHUI.  CLADIHIU  (t766-iliil,  Engbh  divioa,  waa 
bom  at  f-~hiH'"|i  Beat  Claifaw,  aiKl  edncatad  al  the  noivo- 
Biiie*  of  Glaigow  and  Cambiidia.  He  waa  oidaiBid  in  179s, 
and  after  holding  a  thtplaincy  hi  India  at  Baiiackpur  (1797- 

the  collie  ti  Fsit  WiliaaL  In  thia  cvadty  ha  did  nuch  ts 
advaooe  Chrkrtlaniqr  aad  Batlvi  edocalloa  in  India,  fqtecially 
by  organiaiag  aynoautic  — ~^-i~  of  the  Scripture*.  Aa 
account  ol  hii  tramli  in  the  (ooth  and  west  Of  India,  whid  added 


Orii<ianftiwraiftiii4«ia(Cambtidte.i<ii)-  Alia  hit  Tctara 
U  England  in  180I;  he  (till  took  a>  active  part  in  malteu  coa- 
MCtad  with  India,  and  by  Ui  hook  antitled  Culnial  £«icriiirtkal 
RttiMltJhiwI  (I^wdon,  1B13),  ha  aatbtid  in  aeltling  the  CDOlra- 
veny  of  iSij,  wUch  ended  In  the  otaUlihmait  ol  the  Indian 
epltcopate. 

BUCHAMAN,  BUaSB  (isoA-iiSi).  Scotlnh  humaniit,  waa 
bom  In  February  ijoA.  Bit  fatha,  a  yonn^  ion  o<  an  old 
fuidly,  wu  the  peu^c  of  the  bum  ol  Mm*,  in  the  paroh 
of  Killeam,  StirlinpUre,  but  he  died  at  an  early  ft,  leaving 
hi*  widow  and  dnUrcn  in  poverty.  IQt  mother,  AgM  Heriot, 
*u  of  the  family  of  tlm  Hailata  ol  Ttabtmn,  HaddiagUiiithif^ 
of  which  George  Hmiot,  (onndtt  of  Ueriol't  Imapltal,  wu  aba 
a  member.  Bu^anan  It  said  to  have  attended  Kil^rn  ifh^, 
but  not  mndi  it  known  of  hit  eaily  education.  In  ijio  Iw  wai 
lent  by  hitunds.  Jams  Heriot,  to  tJM  univenity  oJ  Puit,  where, 
u  he  (elU  ua  in  an  ButobiDgrHpbiot  tketch,  he  devoted  hiimell 
to  the  willing  of  vencs  "  partly  by  hliiag,  partly  by  cooipultiaa 
(that  being  then  the  one  tuk  ptetoilwd  to  youth)."  In  ijit 
till  imcte  died,  and  Buchatian  being  thut  unable  to  continiia 
lonieT  in  Parii,  Rtumcd  to  Scotland.  After  lecotoing  Nom 
a  levcre  Utneat,  hi  Joined  tlic  Fnach  auritiariei  who  had  Ikcb 
brought  over  Iqr  J<rim  Stewart,  duke  ol  Albany,  and  took  part 
io  an  nnmctcmlul  inroad  Into  Kii^nd  (lee  the  acoooBt  in  Ida 
niiL^SalUnii.'  Inlhelbllowiiigyearbeenteradthaunivenity 
of  St  Andiewir  where  he  gradual^  B.A.  in  151],  He  had  gone 
there  chiefly  lot  the  purpoie  of  attending  the  cdehiated  John 
Major't  leciura  on  logic;  and  when  that  teacher  removed  to 
Parii,  Buchuun  lollowcd  him  in  ijili.  In  iji}  he  paduated 
B.A.,  andio  ijiS  U.A.  at  Farii.  Neit  year  be  wu  appointed 
regent,  or  profemr,  in  the  college  of  Sainte-Barbe.  and  taught 
there  lor  upwatdi  of  thtee  yean.  In  1J39  he  wu  elected  Pro- 
curator of  the  "  German  Nation "  in  the  univerdty  of  Pari*, 
and  wu  reelected  four  lime*  in  four  lacceBiva  mgiitha.  He 
letlgned  hit  tcgenlthlp  In  isji,  and  in  rj]]  becnme  mtor  to 
GEIbett  Kennedy,  jtd  earl  ol  Caidlla,  with  whom  he  itturaed 
to  Scotland  about  tb*  beginning  of  15J7. 

At  tbii  period  Buchanan  wu  content  la  asiume  the  nine 
attitude  toward*  tike  Church  of  Rome  that  Erumnt  malntaiiwd. 
He  did  not  Tcpudiala  it*  doctrine*,  but  contldered  himielf  free 
to  critldie  it*  pnctlca.  Hough  he  Hitened  with  interoi  to  the 
argununti  ol  the  Reformen,  be  did  iwt  ]oia  their  ranki  before 
■  SSI-  Hi*  fiiM  production  in  Sootkad,  wbea  be  wu  in  Lord 
CaatOii'i  houtehold  in  t)w  weit  country,  wu  the  poem  Jflaafma, 
a  utiiital  attack  upon  the  Francitcan  frian  and  meaasHc  lite 
genetally.  TUt  awault  on  the  iwinkt  wu  not  dliptetaing  to 
JamM  v.,  wlto  engaged  Buchanan  u  tutor  to  one  of  hit  naluni 


BUCHANAN,  GEORGE 


7>S 


Modi.   Nor 

IU«  then  vu  ■  bluet  ptuBonko  of  the  JMthtmm,  ukl 
BnchmiB  unonf  othen  wu  unMcd.  He  mintiMl  lo  (Sect 
hh  ncipe  and  vitli  coukki^de  dificuhy  oukIc  ha  my  (o 
Landon  aod  tlwiKa  to  Pub.  la  Fuii,  bovnct,  ba  lovnd  hit 
cBcny,  Cudhul  David  Beaton,  wbovu  there  aiu  tmbumdw, 
uid  on  the  InvllMion  of  Andrf  de  ConWa,  pnoedad  to  Bor- 
dettu.  Goorfn  wu  then  princ^Ml  oi  the  newtjr  fouded  mllege 
al  Gvicnne  M  Botdeaai.  ud  by  Ui  cnnjon*  BudaMin  ■«■ 
mpolnled  pnlHttti  ol  L^tln.  Suint  Ui  loldean  hoa  wwenl 
ot  hk  bM  nfoAi,  the  tnulaliceB  •!  Jf edM  and  .ilkciMi,  ud  lU 
two  dnaw, /ifMa  (liw  VhMi)  nudflofliiU*  (i^  CoJMairia), 


nt'lD  the  ccjieie  ol  Cndind  le  UoiH. 
vere  the  renowned  liIiintiB  and  Tunebiu. 

In  I S4;  Bucfaeun  jnned  Ihe  bind  ol  Fnneb  and  Partafune 
humaoiilt  who  had  b«n  Invited  bjr  Audit  de  Goavta  la  Icdiue 
in  the  Pmncoeee  Dniveml)'  of  Cnimbta.  The  Fiench  malhe- 
malidtn  ^e  Viael,  and  llie  Faitiicatie  hatariati,  Jeranimo 
de  Ourio,  were  among  hb  coUeasua;  Convta,  called  by 
HonlaigM  It  fita  ptui  prixitat  it  Fraaa,  ma  mtor  ol  tlie 
imfvenity,  which  had  reached  the  aammit  of  jta  pnvnlly 
under  the  patronaie  of  King  John  III.  But  the  rectonhip  bad 
been  coveted  by  Diogo  de  Gouvfa,  Dnde  of  AndiC  and  loimeily 
head  of  Siinte-Biibe.  It  1*  pnbabte  that  befbn  Audit'a  death 
at  the  end  of  1547  D<ogo  bad  wged  Ihe  Inqnlrition  to  attack 
Ubi  and  ba  ataS;  up  to  1906.  when  the  tacmA  oi  the  likl  were 
Gnt  published  in  lull,  Buchanan**  Uogapfaen  fenenUy  atltl- 
bated  ihe  attack  to  (he  inSuence  of  (^idinal  Beaton,  the  Fnn- 
dscana^  or  the  Jesuits,  aad  the  whole  history  of  fiucfaanan'i 
tesldence  in  Portugal  was  latmndy  ohacnre. 

A  roinmlulDn  of  inquiry  ni  appdnted  hi  Octoba  1540  and 
repotted  hi  June  ij;o.  fiuchauaa  and  two  Fartugueie.  Diogo 
de  Teive  and  Joia  di  Cosia  (who  had  tucceeded  10  Ihe  rector- 
tUp),  were  (onnilted  for  trial.  Teive  and  Coila  wire  found 
guilty  of  variDui  oHences  against  publk  order,  and  the  evidence 
Aows  that  there  «a»  ample  reason  lot  a  judicial  inquiry. 
Bucharun  was  accused  of  Lulhenm  and  Jndaisiic  practices. 
Re  defended  hlmieU  with  conspicuoui  ibiliiy,  courage  and 
frankness,  admiitinE  <hii  aonie  of  the  charges  were  true.  About 
June  ijsi  he  was  sentenced  lo  abjure  his  enoia.  and  to  be  im- 
prisoned tn  the  monastery  o(  Slo  Bento  In  Lld>on.  Here  he 
was  coiapelled  lo  Itstea  to  edifying  dbcouises  from  the  monlu, 
whom  he  found  "  not  unkind  but  ignoranl."  In  hii  leisure  ha 
began  to  translate  the  Fsalnis  into  Lulin  vcrte.  After  seven 
Donlhs  he  wis  released,  on  condition  thai  he  rcoiuned  in  Utbon ; 
and  on  the  28  th  ol  February  1551  this  resttictioo  was  annulled. 
Buchanan  al  once  sailed  for  Englind,  but  soon  made  his  way 
10  Paris,  where  in  ijjj  he  was  appointed  regent  in  the  coQtge 
ol  Bonnmrt.  fie  renuined  in  that  post  lor  two  years,  and  then 
accepted  the  office  of  tutor  to  Ihe  son  ol  the  Marshal  de  Biiasac 
It  wu  almost  cetlainly  during  this  last  stay  in  Finnce,  where 
ProtestanlisB)  was  being  lepccssed  srilh  great  jeverily  by 
Francia  I.,  that  Buchanan  ranged  himself  on  the  side  of  the 
CUvinislr. 

In  ijto  or  TjAi  lie  retuned  to  ScotluMi,  uid  in  ApOl  ijAi 


uaUed  ai  tuMt  to  (ha  youf  quacm  Uuy,  irfn  wit 

read  livy  with  liim  daily,  Buchanan  now  openly 
Joined  the  Piotcalant,  or  Reformed  Church,  and  in  15H  was 
appointed  by  the  eail  ol  Iduiray  principal  ol  St  Leonard's 
CoDcie,  St  Aikdrewi.  Twsyean  belMi  he  had  received  from  the 
qaeen  the  rahuble  gift  of  the  luvcnnia  of  CroMtaguJ  Abbey. 
Ha  wu  Ibni  tn  good  drnunstances,  and  Us  tame  was  steadily 
huicating.  So  great,  indeed,  was  his  reputation  for  I'-fim;;  ud 
adniniitntti*o  capadly  that,  though  a  Uyman,  he  was  mada 
moderator  of  the  geninl  aiaembly  in  IS67.  He  hid  sat  hi  the 
aaembUes  from  1563. 

Bathaian  accompanied  (he  regent  Murray  into  England, 
and  Ui  ZMMfi  (publiihed  in  1^71}  was  produced  to  (he  com- 
niinlanen  M  Westmlulei.  In  1370,  alter  the  asaaasiuadon  of 
Huiiay,  he  wai  appoin(cd  one  of  the  picccptorg  of  ihe  young 
king,  and  it  was  ihniugh  his  tuition  that  James  VI.  acquired  hit 
fhwlT^hip  While  disdiarging  the  functions  of  toyal  (u(or 
h*  abo  hdd  other  important  office*.  Be  wu  for  a  short  time 
director  of  chancery,  and  then  became  lord  privy  seal,  a  post 
wlilch  entitled  him  to  a  scat  in  the  parliament.  He  appean  to 
have  continued  in  tliis  office  for  some  years,  at  least  till  1579* 
Hs  died  on  the  iSlh  of  September  1581. 

His  laat  years  had  been  occupied  with  two  ol  his  moal  im- 
portant worka.  The  fint  was  the  treatise  Dt  Jurt  Rtfl  e>«d 
Siotfii,  published  in  1579-  In  this  famous  wo^  composed  in 
the  form  of  a  dialogue,  and  evidently  intended  to  instil  sound 
political  prindpLes  into  the  mind  of  his  puj^,  Buchanan  byi 
down  Ihe  doctrine  that  the  lource  of  all  p^tica]  power  b  (he 
people,  that  the  king  b  bound  by  thoae  conditions  under  which 
the  supreme  power  was  £rst  committed  to  his  hands,  and  that  ft 
b  lawful  to  resbt,  even  to  punish,  tyrants,  the  importance  of 
the  woik  is  proved  by  the  persistent  tRDits  of  the  l^isUture  to 
nqiprcst  it  during  the  century  lollowiag  its  publication.  It 
was  CDDdemned  by  act  of  parUamentin  1584,  and  again  in  iS64i 
and  in  16G3  it  was  burned  by  the  university  of  (^ifotd.  The 
second  o(  bis  larger  works  b  the  hitlory  of  Scotland,  Jirrun 
Sctliartam  Siiicnt,  completed  shortly  befon  hb  death  (1579), 
and  published  in  1581.  It  is  of  great  vilus  for  Ihe  period  person- 
ally known  lo  the  author,  which  occupies  the  greater  portion  ftf 
the  bool.  The  earlier  part  b  based,  to  a  considerabte  extent, 
on  the  legendary  hutory  of  Boece.  Buchanan's  purpose  was  to 
"  puTBT  "  the  national  huloiy  "  of  sum  In^s  lyb  and  ScctCb 
vanite  "  {LeiJtr  lo  Randelpfiy,  but  he  exaggerated  bb  freedom 
from  partisarkship  and  uuconscjously  criticized  hb  work  when 
he  said  that  It  would  "  coatent  few  uul  displease  many," 

Buchanan  a  one  of  Scotland's  greatest  scholars.  For  mastery 
over  the  Latin  laugusge  he  baa  seldom  been  surpassed  by  any 
modern  writer.  Tlis  siyb  Is  Dot  rigidly  modelled  upon  that  M 
any  cbssiol  author,  but  has  ■  certain  freshness  and  elasticity 
of  its  own.  He  wrote  Latin  as  if  it  had  been  hb  mother  tongue 
But  in  addition  to  Ihis  perfect  command  aver  the  language, 
Buchanan  had  a  rich  vein  of  poetical  feeling,  and  much  oHpnality 
of  thought.  His  translations  of  the  Psalms  and  of  the  Greek 
plays  are  more  than  mere  versions;  the  smaller  satirical  poemi 
abound  in  wit  and  in  ha[^y  phrase;  hb  two  tragedies.  Baptistta 
and  Jtplaka,  have  enjoyed  from  (he  hrs(  an  undiminished 
European  reputation  for  icidemic  eicellcnce.  In  addition  to  the 
works  already  named,  Buchanan  wrote  in  prose  CAanaelun,  a 
sarin  m  the  veroicular  against  HoitUnd  of  Lethinglon,  first 
priuled  in  1711:  a  Latin  Iranslalion  of  LItuae's  Grammar 
[Paris,  1533):  LiMlui  it  Prmtdia  (Edinburgh.  it4o];  and 
Vila  all  ipse  icripla  tkimio  anlc  auwitm  (1608),  edited  by 
K.  Sibbald  (1701).  Hb  other  poems  are  Frolrii  Fraltnimi, 
BUciat,  Silsat,  two  seta  of  verses  entitled  HodttasjOaiau 
Liber  and  lamban  Liberi  three  books  of  Epipammaia;  a  book 
of  misceUaneaut  verse;  Dt  Sfkacrt  (in  five  books),  suggested 
by  Ihe  poem  of  Joanne*  de  Sacrobosco,  and  intended  aa  a  defence 
of  tb*  Pudeinalc  theoiy  a^inst  (he  new  Copenucao  view. 


>  editions  of   Suchaiw 


BtukaitaKi  Sati,  Ptrlarum  lai  itali  faeiU  printifiii,  Opir 
in  twn  vofaL  lol..  edited  by  Ruddiauo  jEdiabii^.  F 
17>S):  9)  aditad  by  BiiraMa.410,  IJiS-    The  Varnatular 


;ss 


7i6 

cfHHiiilif  <(  tbc  CUmttlim  (lu.).  ■  tnct  sn  tb* 

AncbHi  Univerritr.  -iM  Atmtnilimn  It  On  Tnw  unu,  ■w 

iMun,  tnn  ediud  for  (h<  Scotiith  Ttu  Sodely  by  P.  Hl__ 

Bnmo.    Tht  priadpal  IwicnphieiiR:— Divid  Irving,  UtmaumJ 

(JW£tA«Wtrn(>ii[ii!fC»v>DiKiaiUB(Edinliiiiih,iSi>]>>MllSlT)! 

P.  Hunt  Brawn.  CwH  Sw*a».  Bimamu  tmi  JEAnw  lEdm- 

builblBu),  C^W  &tHM  Mtf  Ul  JlMf    " 

Rc^TD.  Mwmillu.  Cn>f(  ~    ' 


BUCHANAN,  JAMES 


iiHiirrjfniiw,  idiMd  bv  D.  ATMDlir  , ^„. 

IE  InsilUloB  of  clB  BofAtn.eathled  nmnriistf-CsKnnuiii 
Bii<(i643),bubenisttrlbiitcdtaMgioa:  in Htbonfaip U 
id  la  tb>  (»■«»■  OlMMrCMlaiar*  ShiAii.    Tb(  nonli  of 

DuuBiu-i  ir-  _-..-...-= c^.^.  ,.   1   r- 

HcDrlqimwi 
M  OfZiiim  .-^ 

rJMtttrnf  tMf 

/■irdtsij&i  (LMxn,  1906). 


oIVbiuI. 


BDCHiMM,  3ima  (iigt-iSfit),  fifteenth  pn^dmt  ot  the 

Onilcd  Slilei,  wia  bom  oeir  Folti,  Fnntlin  county,  P»nnsyl- 
TOnii,  DO  Ihe  ijrd  of  April  IJ91.  Both  pircnli  wtre  of  Seodish- 
Iriih  Prabyterian  dtscIBt.  H»  gtsduited  «I  DicUnson  CoLtse, 
Culiitc,FeniBy1vani>,laieoQ,>tudi«lU<rstL>ncasta(ni8o9- 
i8i>,  and  vai  udmitlnl  to  tlw  bu  in  iSll.  He  Krved  in  tbc 
lower  house  of  the  >l«Ie  lepskture  In  1814-1816,  and^  a  repre- 
KDtativc  in  Congreu  from  1S21  to  i8]i.  As  ctudnxan  of  the 
judiciary  comnuttn  be  conducted  tbe  impeichnieDt  ti<i1  (iSja) 
of  Judge  Jime*  H.  Peck,  led  an  umutcauful  movemcnl  to 
increue  the  number  of  Supreme  Court  judpi  and  to  relieve  tlttai 
of  their  circuit  dutfea,  and  succeeded  in  defeating  an  attempt 
to  repeal  the  Iwenty-Ulb  lectioa  of  the  Judiriary  Act  of  1789, 
wbich  gave  the  Supreme  Court  appeltaie  JurBdictlon  by  vrit 
of  error  to  the  state  courts  In  aae»  where  Eederal  liws  and  Irealiet 
■re  in  qucslion.  After  tbe  dissolution  of  the  Federalist  party,  of 
wbicb  he  bad  been  a  mcDber,  he  supported  tlie  JicLson-V«n 
Buien  faclion,  and  soon  came  to  he  definitely  associated  vilh  tbe 
Democrats.  He  represented  the  United  Stales  at  tbe  court  of 
St  Petersburg  In  183J-1833,  and  there  negotiated  an  important 
commercial  treaty.  He  was  a  Democratic  member  ot  the  United 
Suies  Senate  from  December  1S34  until  March  184s,  ardently 
luppoitiqg  President  Jackson,  and  was  secretary  of  slate  lo  the 
cabinet  of  Pitddeni  Polk  from  184s  to  1849— a  period  miAed 
by  the  anneiation  ot  Tenu,  the  Meidcan  War,  and  negoIblioB 
with  Gnat  Britain  relative  lo  the  Oregon  question.  After  lour 
years  of  retirement  spent  in  the  practice  ot  his  profession,  be  was 
appointed  by  President  Pierre  minister  lo  Great  Britain  in  iBjj. 

Up  10  this  time  Buchanan's  attitude  on  the  slavery  question 
bsd  been  thut  held  hy  the  conservative  element  among  Northern 
Democrats.  He  felt  that  the  institution  was  morally  wrong, 
but  held  that  Congress  could  not  Interfere  with  It  in  the  states 
in  which  it  existed,  and  ought  not  to  hinder  tbe  natural  tenderny 
toward  lerrlloiiil  expansion  through  a  tear  thai  the  evil  would 
•pread.  He  voted  tor  the  MU  to  eicJude  anti-slavery  literature 
from  the  mails,  approved  of  tbe  anneialion  of  Tcms,  the  war 
with  Mexico,  and  the  Compromise  ot  1850,  and  disapproved  of 
the  Wilmot  Proviso.  Fortunately  for  his  career  he  was  abroad 
during  the  Kmnsas-Nebraslia  debates,  and  hence  did  not  share 
fn  the  unpopulanty  which  ■ttnched  to  Stephen  A.  Douglas  as 
tbe  anihor  of  the  hill,  and  to  President  Pierce  as  tbe  eieniilvo 
who  was  called  upon  to  enforce  it.  At  tbe  same  time,  by  joining 
with  J.  Y.  Mason  and  Kcne  Sooil  in  issutng  the  Oslerd  Mani- 
festo in  i8S4,  be  retained  the  eood-will  of  the  South.'    Aecotd- 

■Thii  "  manifesto,"  «hich  wit  bitterly  aiucked  in  the  North, 
was  agreed  upon  (October  18,  i8u)  by  ihe  three  lainiuen  altM 
several  meetinKi  u  ObkI  and  at  A>i-I>-Chapelle(  trniued  in 
puisdanie  of  inftirucliona  to  tliem  from  Prcnident  Pkiee  to  com. 
pare  opinioiii,  and  10  vioptmcasurcs  for  perfect  concert  of  action 
In  aid  el  the  neioiiitioni  at  Madrid  "  on  the  nbicct  of  reninlioni 
->psin  by  the  United  Stata  lor  aDind  injure  10 
awilhCubb  InihanaBlliMSttelhraeatinistera 
culiarity  of  itt^eogriphkAl  poailion, 

le  as  any  of  its  pretext  nwbcn  "i 


il  that  ".  w*  sboiild  h*  re 


to  our  duty,  lit  ui 


Iren  Znghnl  la  ctja  ha  wM  nonlBMcd  hr 

wu  elected,  racdvini  174  (loctonl  mia  to  114  far  John  C 
Fttaont,  RepUbUcu,  ud  ■  lu  Uillaid  Fdknan,  AmaiaB  or 
"  KB«W-HMlill«." 
Hb  lish  monl  chuacicr,  (hi  hndtb  of  Ht  kpl  knai>^d«i^ 


TUi  cbiB|>  of  poUcr 
<tf  tiaiidity  ntba  *^*  itf  a  dc^ie  10 
.  .  dngtbcfncaroftbcSoatkaaDtBO- 
cracy.  Diidtrtb*lnAitBcaolHo*tBCabb«lG«iifi>,MCfctair 
ol  the  dcumy,  and  Jacob  Tbeaqaoa  ol  m^bitfii,  MoeUiy 
ofihe  bitnior,  the  praildnt  mt  comtocad  UM  H  «H  (be  only 
way  lo  avoid  dvl  vac    FcdMal  patioaan  «ai  fndjr  naed  lo 

Bill,  and  to  piavoit  Daa^a%  ileHloB  to  tbe  Snmte  In  iBsft. 
Some  of  tbcM  fad*  mn  bca«^  out  in  tba  tannai  Cowdc 
Innntlvtloo  andacMdJqr  a  coanrtlMo  of  tbe  Hooae  of  Re- 

•an  lo  joabt  the  con- 
ic U,  (Kept  m  the  bsBs 

the  South  Caniino  k^slatutc  lost  after 
the  election  of  Uncotn  lot  ■  (tnte  c< 

the  adrhability  of  le  _  

qoeatlon  of  Buchanan's  ■dminlBUatioa.  Tbe  pail  ol  Ui  annul 
mnaap  ot  the  4lh  of  Decenbet  i860  deaHng  wUb  it  is  baaed 
upon  a  lepcrt  pcepaied  by  Altoney-CeMnl  Jenniah  S.  Blade 
of  Pennsylvania.  He  arcncd  that  a  Mate  bad  no  letti  li^  to 
secede,  bm  denied  that  the  (edeta)  fOTemnegt  had  any  pom 
forcibly  to  prevent  il.  Ai  the  nme  tine  11  ww  thi  daty  of  the 
pRsidcnt  to  call  out  the  annir  and  navy  of  the  United  Slaica 
to  protect  federal  pt^ieny  or  lo  cDfocce  federal  b«*.  Soon 
alter  Ihe  seceHlen  movement  began  the  Soulheni  inemben  of 
the  cabinet  resigned,  and  tbe  pKsldent  p*di»lly  came  undcc 
Ihe  influence  of  Black,  Stajitoa,  Dii,  and  other  Nanbtrn  leaden. 
He  roTninaed,  however,  to  work  for  a  peaceful  seltlcmtst, 
nrpporting  the  Crittenden  Cuuipiuube  and  the  work  ol  tbe 
Peace  Congnaa.  He  diuppeovcd  of  Uajor  Andeison's  rcmOTai 
of  his  tnops  from  Fort  Moultrie  10  Fort  Sumter  in  December 
1860;  hot  there  is  pcohaUJ)  no  bail*  for  the  chargi  madt  tgr 
Southerm  wriien  tint  the  removal  Itself  waa  in  violation  ol  a 
pJed^  given  by  Ihe  president  to  preserve  ihe  datu  fw  in 
CharlesUm  harbour  until  the  anival  of  tbe  Soath  Carolina 
commissianBi  in  Wathinglon.  Equally  unfouodcd  is  Ihe 
aiacrtion  fint  made  by  Tburlow  Weed  In  Ibe  London  Oiiens 
(qth  dI  Fctvuary  1861)  thai  tbe  pieaidcnl  wu  pcaveotcd  from 
wderlng  Andcnsn  back  lo  Foif  Mouiuie  only  by  tbe  ibteat  of 
four  memtien  of  tbe  cabinet  to  rfslgn. 

of  our  gallant  fr>refather>,  and  commir  base  treason  anliul  oiir 
poicerity.  should  we  permit  Cirba  Id  be  Africaiuted  aod  bCEOmc  a 

race,  ar^i  suBcr  the  flan>e«  to  extend  to  our  own  neigkborinf  iHchtv 
seriotuiy  lo  endanger  or  actually  destroy  the  fau*  fabric  c/  our 
Union''  and  recommended  that  "the  United  States  oufht,  it 
rhateCubaasiOHiasliosBiblc."    To  Sgain,  thcp 


I,  lopuichai 
■  ■kef  II 


it  ttartlinsdacUiailDaoiiheniaiiifcMawutbii  if  Sjaui  shoukl 
jie  to  sell  "  after  we  have  offered  a  piire  for  Cubs  far  beyond 
ptesent  value."  xai  if  Cuba,  in  the  posmiian  of  5i«in,  ihHild 


be  juii&ed  ia  •rrtatlaf  it  Iran  Spsia  If  we  ban  the  pi 


BUCHANAN,  R.  W._BUCHAREST 


OBtkac^ndoad  Uitcnnaf  affiCB(Uueh4,  iSAi}  Bt 


■bcK  ht  died  so  the  I  >t  of  Ji 

of  mnidenble  ibilitjr.    He  Bcver . 


186a.    Hfa 

tlu  Un  that  he  mi  > 
botntjr.  at  Iho  hiiduM  potiiMim,  aod 


1h  juieiFaid  Rhodn  in  thi  Urn  tn  viduina  of  hii  flufsrv  1/ fb 
I9n-I9ll7).  Joho  Bumt  MoareWedlmlT^H'tirjta^/am. 
JiBctoimi.  (Biiiviniw  U)  Spaiditt,  Suit  Pafrt,  ami  Frinit  Ofn- 
ttmina  VhihMfMM,  ifoS-igu). 

BDCEANU,  Mnnt  WlLUAMl  (1S41-1901),  Bildih  post, 
DDvdlM  and  dnuuCU,  wn  of  Robcit  Buchinu  (iSi]-iU6), 
nMllilii  lectiirerud  jounulkl,  ni  bom  at  CarEnnU,  Suflanl- 
Mn,  an  tb  iSIh  ol  AugniC  1B41.  Uk  lather,  a  lulin  ot  Ayr, 
after  living  for  unic  yaa  in  Manchster,  lanoved  to  Gltieow, 
whoi  Buchanan  ml  cdocalcd,  it  the  high  idwol  and  the  univer- 
■it7,  ouolUifdlaw^tudentsbeliwllM  poet  David  Giay-  Hi* 
tmty  an  Gnp,  oiiftaiHjr  aotribuled  to  the  CgnuUO  Itapami, 
tdb  the  itoiy  id  Ibeir  dooe  fiiendihip.  and  ol  Iheii  jaancy  to 
Loodon  In  iHo  in  Much  of  tame.  After  ■  period  of  ilngBk 
and  dboHiotiitniHH  Buchanan  publiihed  UmiiTlima  in  iS«]. 
Tbli  "  tentative  "  volnne  <ns  (oUo*ed  by  /if>ft  tni  LtiOidi 
tf/iwn*«ni(iM5),  LtKdiin  Patm  (i«6«),  and  Narit  CoaU  tai 
Ma  Patmi  (lUS),  irherelo  he  diipUynl  a  faculty  for  poetic 
nuntive,  and  >  qmipatheilc  Inaislit  Into  the  humhln  condition* 
of  life.  On  Ibe-wb^,  Buchanan  la  at  hii  bed  in  theie  nuialfve 
poem,  though  be  ewyed  a  non  ambitknu  flight  hi  Tit  £o«l 
^  Orm:  A  Pidmdt  la  Uk  Bfic,  ■  itndy  fai  i^MiciBi,  which 
appeared  In  187a.  He  *ai  a  licqueni  conlribulor  to  periodinl 
Utentuie,  and  obtained  notorliv  by  aa  artide  wUcb,  ODder  the 
iMnJrfiMiHOtThMniiMaillaiul,  be  contributed  to  the  CewtMi- 
^ory  Rnkm  tor  October  1871,  entitled  "  The  FWdy  Schoid 
of  Poetry."  TMiirtlde  waa  expanded  Isto  ■  pampUel  (iSri), 
but  he  aubseqnently  withdrew  fmn  the  aitidiint  it  contained, 
and  it  ii  chiefly  remembered  hy  the  lefdiia  it  evoked  fnini  D.  G. 
HosKtU  In  a  letter  to  the  AOeiwaim  (i6th  December  1871), 
entitled  "The  Stealthy  School  of  Critidini."  and  Iron  Mr 
Swinbune  is  Utidti  Ou  UkrtKipt  (1877).  Boduoan  faiimelt 
alterwaida  regretted  the  vloleiia  of  bi>  attack,  ud  the  "  old 
enemy"  to  lAom  Gti  and  Ot  If  an  ii  dedicated  wat  RooetiL 
In  1R7G  appealed  Tk*  SJkuIm  ef  Ot  SvBUl.  the  fiat  and  o«  of 

the  beat  ot  a  hmg  Kriei  of  novela.    Bucba ■—  *'— 

antboi  of  many  nKeevful  playi,  an»ng  which 
Lady  Oan,  produced  hi  iMj;  SafUa  (iSM), 
TnmJtna;  A  Maifi  SiaJamliiv);  and  r^Cicrf«aii(iS94). 
Be  aba  wrote,  m  cofiabontion  with  HiirlMt  Jay,  the  inelodnmi 
Ainu  imleiiieii.  In  1896  be  becaine, »  far  ai  lome  of  tm  work 
waa  ooncemed,  hie  own  pubtiibd.  In  the  autumn  of  igoo  he 
bad  a  panlytk  icinirr,  from  which  he  never  lecavrml.  He 
died  at  Stnatham  on  the  lotb  of  June  1901. 

Bnchaidn'i  poerai  were  collected  into  three 


1 1884; a 


l.(»i 


ii)oi).  Antcoig  hii  poemi  should  alio  be  mentfoned: 
Dram  of  Klngi"  (1S71);  "6*  Abe  iwl  hii  Sercn  Wivei,' 
a  Uvdy  tale  of  Salt  Lake  Oty,  pobliriMd  anonynxnoly  in  1871 
and  "Bahta  the  Beautiful"  (1877);  "  The  Oty  of  Dnam  ' 
(laSt);  "  The  Ontcait:  1  lUiyBW  for  the  Tine  "  (iSoil 
"T1wWawlBfngJr>"(i89j).  HiaaaiUer 
4  Ot  5>W,  and  <M  Md  f*e  itaa  (1R81), 
fanlty  lead,  an  diitfaignWied  hy  a  ceAda  l- 
e(  treatment  which  ii  lut  ao  notieeabh 
amcng  irtdch  may  he  mentioned  Tk  ilortyritm  sf  MaiMtu 
(iSSi);  FaxglHi  ifour  (1(85);  Efit  BtUutrnflaH  (ia«4)| 
and  FatloT-  AnUany  (1898).  OatU  Gray  and  m/xr  £oari, 
M^y  01.  Petlry  (1868):  Uamt  Spirit  <i8ji):  A  Pitfi 
Staid  Beat  (1881),  in  whitl  the  IntireMing  aiay  on  Gay 
a  (■887), 


valnable  Ii  Tkt  Land  a/  Lent  (i  mil.,  i87t),  a  vMd  recotil  of 
yailting  eipeiienoci  OB  the  w(M  coait  of  Scotland. 
S^alao  HanieR  Jay,  IMsf  Bwlowi;  mmAaamm'^UiL^ 

BUCHARBlr  (janrmci),  abo  written  Bactrert,  Bukarest, 
Bnkhanit,  Bukoreit  ud  Buklwrest,  the  capital  of  Rumania, 
and  cUel  town  of  the  department  of  Ilfov.  Alihaugh  Bmkarit 
ii  the  ooBventionat  Cogliih  qxlling,  the  forma  BucatrH  and 


St  the  CO 


,    TTie 


populatkin  h  1900  waa  181,071,  iDchiding  4].974  Jewi,  and 
Siflii  aUtni,  nuMly  AuUn-Hungariu  •ubjecti.  Wth  Iia 
outlying  parts,  Buchanit  coven  more  than  w  >q.  m.  It  liea 
in  a  hoUow,  navened  fmn  nolth-weat  to  •aut]|^«ait  hy  the 
rinr  Dimbovltia  IMmtaiila  or  Dimtcaila),  and  I*  bnili  mainly 
en  the  Idt  bank.  A  range  of  low  hiUi  aSdidi  ihelleT  on  the  weM 
and  Bsutb-wett;  bnl  on  eveiy  other  aide  tlien  are  drained, 
'    —  miheallhy,  n      '  ' ' 


ill  gardena,  and  the  turret*  and  metal-plated  or  gOdtd  cupolai 
of  ft*  many  chutthci  give  Bncbaiot  a  certain  [dintueiquenen. 
In  a  few  ot  the  older  ^Mticti.  too,  wtiere  land  Ii  ieaat  valuable, 
then  are  antique  one^itonyed  honaea,  nuioDided  by  poplan  and 
acadaa;  w4iile  the  glpaiei  and  Ramans,  wearing  their  btlghtly 
colDuied  native  coaturaei,  the  Ruitian  coachmoi,  or  alelgh- 
drfvers.  of  the  banished  Upovan  *ect,  and  tbe  pedlan,  with 
their  doleful  street  olea,  rmder  Bucbareat  unlike  any  weatera 
capitaL  NctcrthdcB,  the  city  la  modem.  IfntS  about  t86o, 
indeed,  the  dimly  lit  lane*  wen  paved  with  rough  stone  blocks, 
imbedcM  te  tbe  day  aoO.  whkh  oflm  aubsfded,  n  as  to  leave 
the  smface  nnriHliting  like  a  lea.  Dialna  were  ttie,  epideadts 
commmi.  Owing  to  the  frequency  ol  eartbquahea,  many  houKi 
wet«  boilt  of  wood,  awl  hi  1S47  fully  a  quarts  of  tte  dty 
wai  laid  naate  hy  fin.  The  pl^pie  vUted  Buchsnal  tn  1718, 
1738.  t795i  when  an  jn^hryiu.  dnuoyed  1  uumbtr  ol  old 
boadtags,  and  in  1813,  when  70,000  of  the  Inhabitanli  died  in 
ill  wecka.  Fran  tbe  ncmatoa  of  Prince  Cbaria,  in  186C,  • 
gradual  reform  began.    The  rim  wai  endcsed  between  itonc 


wood.  Ibe  older  hsuK*  an  of  biii^  ovmiald  with 
white  or  tinted  plaatcr,  and  onamenled  with  figuna  m  foliage 
in  terra-cotta;  hut  owing  to  tho  gnat  diangca  ot  temperature 
in  Rumania,  tbe  plastir  aoon  cnnki  and  peek  08,  gMpg  ■ 

Byianlhie  done,  are  prindpally  on  the  quays  and  lNCile*ard% 
and  are  noitnicted  of  stone. 

Bucharest  is  often  called  "  Ibe  Paris  o(  tbe  East,"  partly  fnm 
a  siqipoaed  social  resemblance,  partly  from  the  number  of  iti 
'boidevankandaimuee.  Thiee  main  tborou^i&res,  tbe  Plevna, 
Lipaonl,  and  Vaarad.  skirt  the  left  bank  of  the  river;  the 
Elisabeth  Bodenid,  and  the  Calca  Viclotiel,  01  "  Avmue  ol 
Victoty,"  wlilch  (smraemDnto  the  Rmnatiiaa  sueceM  at 
Piema,  In  1877,  radiate  east  and  iwnh,  reipecilvcdy,  from  tbe 
meet  a  broad  road  iriiicb  si 


~  qoarlsn.  Contlnaon*  srith  the 
tb*  north,  I*  the  Klrileir  Paifc,  tnvaaed  by 
th*.  Chatiate,  a  bvoorite  drive,  leading  to  tbe  pretty  BIneaaa 
race-eoone,  wbne  apiing  and  autumn  mecUngi  ate  beU.  Th* 
Cianxgin  or  Cismigia  Pa^  lAicb  haa  a  dicumferoica  of  abont 
I  m..  is  laid  out  between  the  Hevna  nad  and  tha  Gate 
Victoriel;  and  there  ate  botanical  and  aoological  gardens. 

The  OctlKxIoi  Gieak  diardiei  an  gDMnlly  Hnall,  with  very 
narrow  windows,  and  arc  built  ot  brick  bi  a  modified  Bysantine 
style.  Tbey  are  anally  somounted  by  two  or  three  towels, 
hoi  tlw  hells  aic  bung  in  a  Und  of  wooden  porcb,  rrsfaihUng  a 


7i8 


BUCHELER— BUCHER 


T1 

Ik  cmtkcdnl,  or 

I" 

imiUolRumu 

jaaffidui>,iWl>uUtb<I 

656 

>i.d  166s, 

It 

by  a 

LdckHiur, 

th  iOur  miiu  a 

by 

[KL     TIm! 

idmg 


a  hifh 


ic  aiU»dia1  oveiJoolu  nil  £udiBR3t, 
■  vim  of  tlw  Cupathigu.  Other  iDlcnsUnH  chuiclK*  *R  S[ 
Siiiidion  Iha  New  (1768).  ibe  loftiol  and  moit  buutilul  tJ  tit; 
Ifae  Dflumu  Balua  (1751),  tiotewortby  for  its  rich  carved  work 
witfaoutf  uhI  fnnaxi  within;  ud  tjit  andcnt  Bixri^  Bucur, 
Mid,  in  local  tndilioiu,  todoive  its  nune  fntm  Bucur,  ■  ihapberd 
wilom  kiind  aitkat  the  (ounderot  BurJuurst.    Tbs  nail  founder 

Uiudu  to  the  fnqttSM  «bUte«iu>n  of  Slavonic:  iuciipiiou  by 
tbe  Crack  cktjy.  Hw  Praustantn,  Aimoiuu  u)d  Lipovtai 
worsh^  in  tlKii  own  chorchci,  and  the  Jewi  have  levecal 
tyDMpjgafM.    Bpchant  ii  alio  the  leat  oF  a  ftoiDui  Catholic 

DCailr  jTiBOO  la  iSn,  jnicao  taly  Ihiee  ehmthea.  '"■^■"<i-i; 
the  catbedral  of  St  Joieph. 

It  educMioittl  oeDtiA    Bnidet  the  onliiiaiy 


•cbooli.  It  poewwei  (cbooli  ol' 

lutituM,  and  tiainin|  ooUcgci,      .      „ ... 

niismia:  while  the  aaintiiqr,  {ousdcd  Is  iU«,  hai  facukis 
oi  tfaeotofy,  phikeophy,  lileratun,  law,  adencc,  mcdidDe  end 
phumicy.  Studeot*  pey  bo  leci  eucpt  for  boud.  The  nalkmal 
Ubnuy,  containinc  Ruoy  pradou*  Oriental  demmcnts,  and  the 
neeting-haU  of  the  Runuiao  lenale,  ue  both  iUEluded  in  the 
univeni^  building  which,  with  the  AtlusuAun  (used  for 
liteniy  confcroica  and  for  mmic),  and  the  cenual  fftW 
iduol,  art  regaided  u  the  beat  eiample  of  modem  Kumanian 
■rchitectuie.  Otbei  libnria  are  those  of  the  Niton  aeminary, 
of  the  Chatle*  DDlveinty  Ftnmdation  IPundaliiHiea  imitatilara 
CartI),  wUdt  endows  leaeuch,  nod  rewaida  Utenry  or  adcntiSc 
mnit;  the  eentnl  Ubniy,  and  the  libmy  of  tlie  Acadeuy, 


Aowni  pUknthnpic  inatitutiom  may  be  menlloiKd  the 
Bianrovaa,  Uatemitate,  PUIanlnipia  and  Fantdiaua  hospilah; 
tbe  Maicutu  hmalic  aaylora;  aod  the  Pcinceu  Elena  Rtugc 
lAtaid  Elena  DoamKa),  founded  by  Prineeaa  Elena  Couia  in 
tA6i,  to  provide  for  130  orj^ian  g^a.  The  iiunmer  home  ol 
thiee  girii  ii  a  ooovcnt  in  the  Tiansyivanian  Alpa.  Hotel!  aod 
IBtamnlaaRnusieRHU,  Then  are  two  theatru,  the  Na;JDBal 
and  the  Lyric,  which  is  mainly  patnaiud  by  foreign  players; 
bat  ninor  ptaoes  ol  amusement  abound;  as  also  do  dnhs — 
potitkal,  sadal  and  qwr^ag.  Sodally,  indeed,  the  pngiess 
of  Budunst  i>  renaikaUe,  ita  politick,  tilnuy  and  sdenti£c 
dtcb*  being  m  a  level  with  those  of  noM  Eunpean  capitals. 

Buchaicat  is  the  winter  resldoice  of  the  n>yal  family,  the 
BHeting-place  of  paHiament,  and  the  scat  of  an  appeal  court 
(Cwtsa  6e  ApO),  of  the  upreme  court  {CurUa  it  Casatit), 
of  the  minislnes,  the  national  bank,  the  bank  ol  Rumania,  many 
kflser  credit  cstabliilunents,  and  a  chamber  of  commerce.  Tlie 
railway  lines  which  meet  oa  the  weaterEi  limit  of  the  dty  ^vc 
II  parts,  aod  the  telephone  ayitem,  besides  bdng 
mnrnkalea  with  Bnlli,  Galati,  Jaisy  and 
a  very  large  transit  inde  in  petroleum, 
pnduee;  above  all,  ia  wheat  and  maiae. 
Ita  Industries  include  petmleum-iefining,  ertoction  of  vegetable 

faetUK  of  machinery,  wire,  naili,  loetal-wate,  cement,  aoap, 
candles,  paste,  itarch,  paper,  caidboard,  peart  buttons,  teilila. 
kather  goods,  lopes,  ghicoae,  aimy  loppUea,  preserved  meat  and 
vegetables,  and  confectionery.  An  important  fur  la  held  for 
■even  days  In  each  year.  The  mercantile  community  la  largely 
composed  of  Austrians,  Frenchmen,  Germans,  Greeks  and  Swiss, 
who  form  eidusive  adooics.  Bucharest  is  the  headquirtera  of 
the  II.  anay  cnrps.  and  a  fortresi  of  tho  bit  rank.  The 
lortificationa  woe  constiuclid  in  iSSj-iSpfi  OB  a  pioject  drafted 
by  tho  Betglaii  engiaeer,  Genetal  Biialmonl,  ia  iSSj.    The  mean 


diataoo*  «t  the  fatta  fNB  Uw  dtp  la  4 

the  deltao»  (whiit  aie  twhnlcally  ol  l 

bodying  the  QPitaB  of  BnalnunO  la  about  4B  m.,  thiapf 
being  dafeadad  by  ]6  ar  ~ 


AiiclanM  has  been  ouch  di^MMd.  Oneaeoaanld 
an  Albanian  word  Bnhr,  tieaidng  joy,  In  mtmeo  <t  a  vicMiy 
won  by  Prince  Ulicea  of  Waladiia  (c.  i^j-i4ro)  over  the  Tuifca. 
For  this  reason  Buchant  is  often  called  "  The  CHy  tt  Jof." 

bees  aKitbcd  to  the  £nt  Walacfalan  princo,  the  half-mythical 

Radu  Negtu  (<.  iigo-tji4).    Uore  modem  hlitoiiana  dcdan 

that  It  waa  oritfnat^  a  loctieM,  ended  an  the  illc  ci  tha  Dbcd- 

Booua  noranna,  to  eooimand  tba  apfmadiaa  to  TligovUita^ 

lormoly  the  capital  ol  WalacUa.    It  aoaa  became  lltt  aBuB 

Raidenca  of  the  cooit.    Ia  i]9)  It  waabtuicd  by  ths  TUika; 

but,  alter  its  natontiaii.  cootfnned  to  grav  hi  riM  aad  paoapctity,' 

until,  in  i6og,  Piinca  Cooslantiw  BnnlnvaB  cboae  it  far  Ua 

capital    During  the  iSth  ceotniy  tba  pi 

waa  fie<)nenlly  di^nilad  by  the  TuAa,  Ai 

In  rSitltgaveltaBamatD  Iha  treaty  by  which  & 

third-ol  Moldavia  wen  ceded  to  Ruaaia.    b  tho  wi 

was  occupied  by  the  Runlaai,  who  made 

Walachia  in  the  foUoirieg  yMi.     An 

Bibeacuin  1S48  bnught  both  Tuikfih  and  RutdanintarfiRac^ 

and  the  city  waa  agah  held  by  RmaiaB  tnwpa  in  its]~i8M. 

On  their  departun  an  Austrian  garriiDii  took  poaMialon  nkd 

lenuined  till  March  ig57.    In  rgjS  tha  inlwaaliiBal  coogceaa 

~       "    kprindpalideawaaheldto 

d  Waladdaand  MoldavU 


Prince  Caaa,  the  bit  foler  tX  tbe  mited  pravlnota,  waa  driwca 
from  Us  thrane  by  an  buuneclioa  la  BndanM  b  iWt.  tv* 
tha  lubaeqncnt  hisbiuy  of  the  dly  see  RoiUMlAi  ffiiMry. 

BOCBBtm,  PRAKZ  (rg]r-i«a»),  Gemaa  classical  adiBlar, 
was  bom  in  Rhfinbeig  an  the  jrd  ol  Jane  iSji,  and  adu- 

(tSsS),  Cieifiaiald  (iSM),  and  Boui  {rSio),  aa 
iobil-edltar  of  the  JUiMKta  Muunm  /» 
aa  a  teacher  and  aa  a  commentator  ha  was  cxtramely  mcaerfuL 
Among  hia  cdltioni  axe:  FtOKlad  dt  ofwif  arMi  Sami  ('^■■r"^. 
il;B}:  Pmitiliim  Vtatra  (Upalg,  rSsa];  Ptinmi  taSrmam 
nfijnaa  (Berlin,,  1861;  jrd  ed,  lUl);  Bjmimt  Ctmit 
Hemtriau  daiaig.  1U9);  Q.  Cianab  nUfaiat  (iW^; 
Hinmdat  aiteioaiM  (Bonn,  1S91).  Be  wrote  aho  &ksMd  dtf 
Mefiitokii  DMhulitm  (iM«}i  Cor  StdtimGtHra  (Ftanfclott, 
iMs,  with  Stdmann);  and  npervised  the  tUtd  edition  (iSu) 
o(  O.  Jahn's  Ptrtdi,  /nnsatu,  Salfian  latma*. 

BVCHn.  iOIRAR  (iSiT-iSga),  Canaan  publicnt,  was  bora 
OB  the  >5th  of  Oclobec  1S17  at  Neu  Stettin,  In  PoaKania.  Ui 
father  being  saMer  at  a  gynmaahun.  After  stDdying  at  (he 
nnivenily  of  Berlin  he  adopted  the  legal  pnfeaaiu.  Ekclcda 
member  of  the  National  Awembly  In  BetUn  in  1S4S.  ha  waa  an 
leader  of  tha  ertnie  denocntle  par^.  With  otfaera  at 
in  rgjo  bioo^t  to  trial  for  having  taken 
_  ..  jovement  for  lefuul  to  pay  taaa;  he  waa 
condenmol  10  fifteen  nnnths'  Imprisonment  in  a  forttcsa,  bat  left 
the  country  before  the  (entenoe  was  executed.  For  tan  years  he 
lived  In  cille,  chlaflj  In  LoBdao;  he  acted  aa  apedal  conc- 


of  EogUrii  IHe;  and  ha  piddished  a  work,  nir  rBrfuawMannnu 
■ie  er  W,  a  eritidnB  ol  pariiamcntaty  govarnment,  which  ibow* 
a  marked  change  in  Ui  poUlical  opinions.  In  i860  he  returned 
to  Gennany,  tai  became  intimate  with  LamaBe,  wbo  mads  him 
hia  literary  cseentor.  In  1S44  be  was  oSned  by  Bismarck,  and 
accepted,  a  hi^  position  in  Ike  Prussian  Ibieign  office.  The 
reasons  that  led  him  to  a  step  which  Invdvtd  so  complete  a 
break  with  lua  earlier  fdoids  and  ai      '    ~ 


iccretaiy,  and  wi 


It  deariy 
it  death  he  acted  a*  Bismaidt^ 
o  ^~b^  ^1^  tl|^gnatetf 


BUCHBZ— BUCHON 


719 


u  he  wfco  diw  op  Uif  tc: 


Biimuck  KL  tiia  final  iHfi>tu>tir»a  tol  tk(  tmly  ol  Fnnkiort, 
UulwuoaeoithaKCnuiMKallMcaiigraaof  Bcdia;  ieilao 
■Hkled  Biuiutk  in  tha  conpiaitidD  gf  hi*  mciiioiii.  Bacha, 
nbo  mi  >  muk  of  gnat  aUlitr.  hid  0 
iriiich  wu  cqMdalljr  dlnctad  agataM  Um 
the  Libcnli;  In  iSSi  he  pabliihcd  ■  pu.  , 

kU  completely  with  BihiiucIi'*  ' 

policy,  ud  pnbibljr  hid  noch  1 

be  did  Biuch  10  caconn(e  mti-Biltiih  fceliiii  In  Ceiminy. 

died  It  GlioD,  Ok  SwltittIiad,oa  the  iiih  ol  Oclobet  t8«i. 

~     "      r.Eim  jftr.-  [miliar  BadHrt  LOa  **i 

:  SuKb.  Biimmt:  ami  Saatt  PaA 
)■  ti-  W.  Ht) 

BDCBBE.    PHILIPPB    JOBSPB    WOUUgnS    (1796-1861). 
Kmch  lalhoi  and  poliUdu,  wu  bom  on  the  jiM  of  Much  i;o6 
V  MUalagneJa-Pelile,  now  in  Bdgniia.iben  in  the  French  deijut- 


ncat  of  the 


He  Gi 


d  hiigi 


hrii,  and  sftennRli  ipplied  hinueil  lo  ihe  Uody 
IQBDcs  and  medians  IniBtiheoKiperatcdiiritbSii&t'Ainiad 
Baaard  and  othcn  in  lonnding  a  leciet  uaociitiai,  nodilled  on 
(hat  of  tha  Italian  Cubonail,  with  Ok  object  of  or|Mitiiie  > 
fcnaial  anned  riling  againit  the  tovenuaenl.  The  Ofpalmion 
qinad  tipidijr  and  *iddy,  and  ditpiayed  iMell  ta  iqmted 
attempta  at  nvolution.  In  one  of  thkae  itteiqMi,  the  aailr  at 
BcUoit,  Buchex  mi  gnvdy  comptomiNd,  altlMMch  the  Jny 
which  tried  him  did  not  £id  the      "  ~  ■    -  ■ 

after  he  publiihed   with  Uliiie  Trtlit  •  Pntit 

fiypiai.    Ahout  the  lanie  time  he  became  a  nonber  of  the 

Sajot-SimoniaB  Socdety,  pmidcd 


on/B^.  tbe  Fntudtm.   He  left  it  in ' 

the  itranfe  icUgiaua  idea*  developed  Iq' it* 

Eof  uliB,  and  began  to  elahmale  lAi  t  be  I 

IWnuled  a  periodical  called  X'fmfltii.  In'iSjj  hopnUhibed  1 
In^aivctin  i  ia  jcfnui  it  fkitlm,  which  wh  mzfnd  witn 
comidenUe  bvonr  (md  ed.,  im|noved  and  enlarged,  1  voU., 
1S4]}.     NMwithatinding  ill  pnjiiity,  thli  ii  an  Inlcmting 


■e  period!  iMo  1  theontkal 

and  pmctieal  age— ii  merdy  ingmiotis  {see  PHnt'i  Pkihiefkj 
t/  Hiilffry"^*"P'.i-  '*^'S'}-  Buchemnt  edited,  along  with 
H.  Roiu-Lavetgne  (iSoj-ii;*),  the  HUltin  porltmtnlain  ii 
la  Kfeiwtitn  Jranfaiu  (iSjj-iSjS;  40  voli.),     Thii  vut  and 

eariypcriodiol  tike  finlFiBuh  Revolution.  Then  ii  1  review 
of  it  by  Cir^  HlftctOaam),  the  Ibit  two  paru  of  whoM  own 
UMoiy  of  tho  French  Kcvohition  u*  nuinly  drawn  from  It.  The 


.  B>of  Rabapietn*ndlbeJacotfai.andInlhebd)d  thit 
the  FieBth  Rewlatlon  wii  la  attempt  to  RsUte  Chrtttianily. 
In  the  fiuaJ  d'H  IrtiU  ttrnfM  it  fUlrtepUt  »u  f^m  dr  tw 
da  CattgJin'iiiH  («da  prep^  (1S3V-1B40)  Buchei  ntdcavoORd  to 
oo-onUnate  In  a  tingle  lyxttm  the  p^ttcal,  n»nl,  religioui  and 
nalonl  phenonwna  of  exiitence.  Denying  the  poubHity  ol 
hmau  hka*,  he  tMertcd  that  nwnlity  coma  by  revelation,  and 
I*  thctefoM  not  only  certain,  bat  the  only  real  certainty. 

It  wu  pully  owing  to  the  repulatkn  which  he  had  acqidied 
by  thaw  pubUeitlon*,  but  itBl  mon  owtng  to  hii  conneiloii 
with  tho ff ottona)  venfrnpa,  ind  wfib  the  Mcrel  iDdeties  hoilile 
to  the  governnient  of  Lot^  PhlHppe,  thil  he  waj  nbed,  by 
tb»  Revolntlon  of  iS^S,  to  the  pnHdency  of  the  ConMiluml 


AtMtnbly.    He  qieedity  ibowed  tbil  he  wai  not  pomeiwd  Of 

the  quiliilei  nndod  fai  a  litiuiian  to  difficult  and  In  day*  to 
tempeituoiB.  Heretainedtbepo^IioiianlyforaveryihantiDW. 
Afici  the  diwolnllon  o[  the  usembly  he  was  not  R-elected, 
TbrowB  back  into  private  life,  he  muined  hii  studies,  and  added 
■eveiBl  work*  to  IhoM  which  have  been  ilieady  mentigned.  A 
TniU  it  pctitiim  (publiihed  iSi6),  which  may  be  coniideml  ai 
the  completion  of  hit  Ttmiit  4t  tkitmpkit,  was  the  noit  Im- 
poitant  of  the  productioiii  oi  the  laM  period  ol  hii  life.  Hii 
bnchum  an  very  numeious  and  on  a  great  variety  of  lubjccti, 
medio],  hlilorical.  poliilol,  phllMOphical,  dc.  He  died  on  (he 
I  >Ih  ol  Anguit  1M5.  He  found  a  diadple  of  conildenble  abiBiy 
in  M.  A.  Olt,  who  advocated  and  apidiod  hii  prjodpleiin  varioiu 


lor.SSj. 


'■  P,  B,  J.  Baches."  !a  Jnnwi  Sa 


SDCBBOl^  a  town  of  Gemuy,  h  Ihe  kingdom  of  Saxony, 
i/aolLabovetheiet,onlheSchmB,  iB  m.  S.  by  E.  of  Chenmiu 
bytaiL  1^.(1905)0107.  It  hai  a  Gothic  Evangelical  chunh 
and  monnments  of  Fnderlck  the  Wise  of  Saxony,  and  Biimarck. 
Then  ii  a  echoed  for  inilniction  hi  tace-making,  an  industiy 
dathii  from  ijS;,  which  still  foms  the  chief  employment  of  the 
Inhabitants. 

Bttf»llta.  FBIEDRICH  KUtl  CHRIBnAM  LtmWTfl  (1814- 
iSggt,  Gennan  philosophei  and  physiciBii,  wai  bom  at  Dins- 
■tadt.  HettndiedaiGiesen,  Slrassbuis.WanburgandVieonB. 
In  1853  he  became  Icctnrer  in  nedidne  at  the  imlvenity  of 
TBUf^en,  when  he  pubUibed  Us  gnat  work  Krafl  «>d  Sla^ 
(itsi).  In  this  work,  tbc  product,  accoiding  to  Lange,  of  1 
fimlkal  tnlhuiiaim  for  humanity,  be  sought  to  demonstrate 
the  hMlntiuetibilily  ol  matter  and  force,  and  the  finalily  of 
pfayrical  font.  The  extreme  maleiialiim  of  thli  work  cidttd 
io  mnch  otqNuitfon  that  he  wa*  compelled  to  give  op  his  poM 
.  ..  ■  to  Daimstadt,  where  he  practlted  11 

lUted  ngulariy  to  patbcAigical-  and 
He  continued  hii  plulosophic&l  woHl 
iBdefe&ccdmitciialiim,  and  publiihed /fiUiir  imi{  Ccuf  (iBj 7), 
Am  NtMr  wid  WiatHsckaft  (vol.  i.,  iMi;  voL  ii.,  1884), 
Frtmit  Md  Btfaia  ma  itm  tWlH"  I^tit  dtr  CcfnMrf 
(1890),  DanaKismui  and  Sxialittaa  (iS^),  7h  Dimk  itt 
ICaJlnlcit  (1800I.  Hedfedat  DinnMadton  the  iKofMay  1899. 
In  estimating  BOdmcr'i  philosophy  it  mutt  be  tonembered 
that  be  was  primarily  a  phyiiologiBt,  not  a  metaphysiclan- 
UatlET  ind  force  (ot  cBngy)  an  infinltei  Ihe  conservation  ol 
force  IcJIowi  Irora  the  impetishability  of  matter,  the  ultimate 
basis  of  aB  sdence.  BDcbner  ti  oat  always  dear  In  his  theory 
of  the  nlalion  between  matter  and  lone.  At  one  time  he  ntusd 
to  explain  It.  bat  generally  Ik  aaumes  that  all  natural  and 
qdritual  forces  are  indwdfing  in  matter.  "  Jost  as  a  steam- 
engme,"  be  says  hi  JCro/l  and  Staff  {^l\  ed.,  p.  ijo),  "  produces 
motion,  (o  the  intricate  organic  complex  ol  fotce-bearing  sub- 
■tance  in  an  animal  organiun  produces  a  total  sum  of  ceitiiil 
eflects,  which,  when  bound  together  In  a  unity,  an  called  by 
m  mind.  khiI,  tbonght."  Etn  he  poslidalcs  force  and  mind 
a*  enunatfog  iTom  original  maltet — a  jnalerialistic  monism. 
But  in  Dtbn  parts  of  bii  woiki  he  suggnts  that  mind  and  matter 
an  two  dIScnnt  aspects  of  that  which  Is  the  basis  oF  all  thinp— 
1  moniun  which  ri  not  necessarily  materialistic,  and  which.  In 
the  absence  of  further  eiplanition.  conslilulci  a  confession  of 
faQun.  BQchner  was  much  lest  concerned  to  establish  a  scien- 
tific metaphysic  than  to  protest  against  the  romantic  idciliim 
of  bis  predecessors  and  the  theological  Intetpnlalloni  ol  the 

pnrpoie,  no  will,  no  laws  ImpcBed  by  extraneous  aniberity.  IB 
supernatural  ethical  sanction. 

Dtr  UaUToliimia  (Leiptlg.  lBs«);  Jam 
■  --    imtfDrBr'—'-' 


ACntiatm 


}r  BMiur'i  SrUtm, 


BUCHOV,  JUX  ALBXAHIIRB  (ifgi-'ig^Q),  French  scholar, 
was  bom  on  tbc  iitt  ol  May  1791  at  Menelou.Salon  (Cher), 
and  died  on  the  iglh  of  August  1849.  An  ardent  Liberal,  he  took 
an  active  part  in  party  struggles  under  the  Kwontion.  wbile 


yao 


BUCHU— BUCKETSHOP 


Ihrowinc  lumietf  ^th  cqiul  v^fonr  icta  the  great  work  of  hls- 
Tf^Tif^l  iTcnxration  which  wi>  foinc  D&  At  that  period.  Dmiof 
iSii  •nd  tbc  luccecdisi  yean  he  ItaveUtd  about  Eumpe  on  the 
■eaicb  f  Of  male  dali  Eor  his  CoUolun  dii  dtroniifua  natiaKoUsfratt- 
(OUH  ICfUa  tn  laniua  i»dtai,t  du  Xlll-  au  XVI-  siicU  (47 
vob.,  iS]4--iSig).  ASia  the  tevolutioD  ol  iSjo  he  rounded  the 
FMfUm  lilOrairt,  in  which  be  publiihed  a  Ckmx  d'enrapi 
myslinaa  (1S43).  a  Cttu  i<(  nnnuKKfl  fimitifi  ii  Vi^ia 
ibtlMntu  (iSj;),  a  Clunx  dtt  kislerient  pta  (1S37),  a  coUection 
of  Ckrimiiui  tHiaititra  rcbUHa  oun  nptdiiimi  frainaiia 
paidani  U  XIII'  tiitU  (iS4o}i  and,  most  impocUnt  ol  all,  1 
Ckeiz  dt  damapas  d  wtmaira  mr  i'Haoirc  di  Fraaa  (lSj&- 
1841J-  Hii  tnvcU  io  HUtheiii  liiiy  and  in  the  Eatt  had  pot 
him  upon  the  tract  ol  the  medieval  French  ietUenwnlt  in  thote 
ngioni,  and  to  thii  iubjed  be  devoted  icveni  imponani  woriu: 

frUMfoiie  d4UH  tei  prninas  dtrntmbriu  da  Vampire  grtc  (1S40) ; 
IfiHatiUs  Tiiherdui  kUiariqiuj  sur  la  ptucifaitSi  Jian^asa  dt 
UotU  tl  ici  inula  barannia  (a  voli.,  1S43-1S44);  Bitlain  da 
conquHa  eJ  da  ntabiiiitmenl  da  Fnmfait  ianr  la  Halt  da 
raniiaauGTiaomia  KiZ/abvilwi'ii  (iS4G,UBGniahed}.  None 
oC  the  Qumenua  pubUcalioni  which  we  owe  to  Bucbon  can  be 
.  deictibed  at  thoiou^y  icbolarly;  but  they  haw  been  ot  ERal 
■eirice  to  hiiloiy,  and  Iboae  coocctniig  the  Eait  have  in  optdal 
the  value  oi  onjinal  Rsearch. 

BOCHn.  01  Bux*  I.XAVE),  the  pniduce  of  aevera]  ihtuhby 
planti  bcloDgiDg  to  the  genui  Baroama  (nat.  oid«  Rutaceac), 
Dativn  ol  the  Cape  ol  Good  Hope.  The  principal  ipedei, 
B-  crtMoiaia^  haa  leavea  of  a  anioolb  leatlacTy  teature,  obldnc- 
ovate  in  ahape,  from  an  iuch  to  an  Inch  and  a  half  in  length, 
with  lenulate  or  crenulalc  margiDa,  on  which  aa  well  aa  on  the 
under  side  are  conspicuoua  oil-^nds.  The  other  qtedcs  wluch 
yield  buchu  are  B.  ufraiifolia.  having  lineal-lanceolate  ibarpjy 
semiUte  teavet,  and  B.  kjijiiw,  the  lavei  of  xlnch  Bic  cunoate- 
obovatE,  with  denticuUts  inirgioB.  They  an  all,  as  found  in 
coniDKice,  ol  a  pale  yeltow-green  colour;  they  emit  a  peculiar 
aromatic  odour,  and  have  a  slightly  astringent  hitter  taste, 
fiuchu  IcavcE  contain  a  volatile  oil,  which  ti  of  a  dark  yellow 
colour,  and  dcpcsiu  a  farm  of  camphor  on  eiponue  to  air,  1 
liquid  hydiD-caibon  being  the  solvent  of  the  camphor  within 
the  oil-glands,  lliere  Is  also  present  a  minute  quutity  of  a 
bit ts principle.  Thcleavesofacloselyalliedplani,  SsfiinrHM 
urtjliiliim,  are  employed  as  a  substitute  or  adi^leiant  for  buchu. 
As  thcte  peateai  no  glands  they  ateasotlhlosauhaiitute.  The 
British  Fhaimaci^ioeia  contains  an  inluaion  and  tincture  o[ 
buchu.  The  former  may  be  given  in  doses  of  an  ounce  and  the 
latterindosesofadrachtn.  The  drug  has  the  properties  common 
to  all  aubilancea  that  contain  a  volatile  oiL  The  inluaion  con- 
tains very  little  of  the  oil  and  is  of  very  slight  value.  Until 
the  advent  of  the  modem  synthetic  producit  buchu  wu  valued 
in  diseases  of  Ibe  urinary  tract,  but  its  uie  is  now  practically 


IDCK,  CARL  DABLWa  (i«6fr- 
KBa  bom  on  the  ind  ol  October  i3M,  i 

Kduated  at  Yale  in  ittt,  wu  »  g 
w  years,  and  stuiUed  at  the  Ami 
Studies  in  Athens  (iSSr-lSSsj)  and  i 


},  AmeticaD  philologiil, 
I  Bucksport,  Maine.  He 
iduate  aludeot  there  lor 
ricin  School  of  Oauicd 
Leipzig  (iBSg-iSgi}.   In 


parative  philology  in  the  Univenity  ol  Chicago;  but  it  is  in  the 
narrower  field  of  the  Italic  dialccia  that  his  imponant  work  lies, 
includmg  Da  VrKoJiwu  da  aiiukni  SpraOt  (.lig'),  ^1" 
Otcan-Vmbtan  Ver^sSyilm  [iS9j),aild  Grammar  ij  Ouan  and 
Vmbriau  (1QC14),  a*  well  as  an  ticdlent  ^<cii  of  the  ItaUc 
tanguageain  Jgjbum'i  t^Hiseriiij  Cyclg^iwfis.  He  coUsbonled 
with  W.  C.  Hale  (f.t.)  in  the  prepaialioa  ol  A  latii  Grammar 
(igojj.  Of  his  contribuiioiu  tg  reviews  on  idionologicjJ  lo^a, 
perhaps  Iha  moat  important  ia  bis  diacusaioa  ' 
Uw." 

BUCK,  DODIBT  (1819-1009),  American  1 
•M  bvn  im  Haitlotd,  Connecliait,  mi  the  10th  o(  March  iSjq, 
the  wn<^  a  merchant  who  gave  him  evaryo^ortunity  for  culti- 
vating his  musical  talents;  and  lot  four  ycui  (iSsS-iUi)  be 


itudicd  at  Lcjpalg,  Dretden  nd  Paris.  On  itiunung  to  Ameiin 
he  held  the  position  of  otsaoiit  at  Hartford,  Chicago  (iS6q),  and 
BoatoB  (iSji).  In  1875  he  went  to  New  York  to  asaist  Theodore 
ThoDusascDoductoroftheorchestralctnicetTi,  and  From  187710 
190J  was  organist  at  Holy  Trinity  church.  Meanwhile  he  had 
become  well  known  aa  a  composer  of  church  muse,  a  number  of 
canUtas  ICilimtiit.  rS76;  CiUai  Letaa,  iHo;  U^  (f  AiU, 
iMj,  &c),  a  grand  opera,  Strafu.  a  comic  opera.  Dtsera  (iSSo], 
>  symj^ioiiiF  overttue,  Uarmiam,  a  symphony  in  E  flat,  and  othei 
otdxatial  and  vocal  irotka.     He  dl^  an  the  6th  of  Octotier  1909. 

BaCK.  (1)  (From  the  O.  Eng.  tue,  a  he-goat,  and  baaa,  ■ 
male  deet),  the  male  of  aeveral  animals,  of  goats,  bam  and 
rabUtfl,  aiul  particularly  of  the  fallow-deer.  During  the  18th 
ATLiury  the  word  waa  used  of  a  spirited,  reckleaa  young  man  of 
fashion,  and  later,  widt  particular  reference  to  eatravagance  in 
dress,  of  a  dandy,  (r)  (From  a  root  common  to  Tentonic  and 
Komance  languages,  cf.  the  Get.  Bauck,  Fr.  hile,  and  II1I,  ttuata), 
the  bleachuig  of  clothes  in  lye,  also  the  lye  itself,  and  the  dolhel 

be  bleached,  so  1 "  bnck-baaket "  iKans*  basket  of  clothes 
ready  foe  the  wash.  (3)  Either  fnuu  an  obtoleta  word  ineaniii| 
"  boc^,"  ot  boa  the  aeiae  of  boimchig  or  juopfng,  derived  Iron  ' 
(1),  a  word  now  only  (omd  In  canpoimd  wards,  as  "  burk- 
board,"  a  light  four-whteled  vehicle,  the  priinltlve  form  of  which 
has  one  or  more  ietU  on  a  iptingy  board,  jofaifng  the  [raiil  and 
rear  axles  and  tervfag  both  «i  qirliw  uid  body;  a  "  buck- 
wagon  "  (Dutch,  M-Mgen]  ita  Snith  A&icancait  with  a  fiaoe 
projecting  Dvei  the  whe^  nsed  for  the  tnnipist  of  heavy  kitda. 
(4)  (Either  Itsm"  bnck"ihBgoat,ortnmaoDiuDooTeotuik 
root,  to  bend,  as  teen  in  the  Cer.  hKtrm  and  £■«.  "  bvw  ").  a 
verb  meaning  "  to  leap  ";  seen  especUlty  In  the  Donpound 
"  buck-jumper,"  a  hone  which  leaps  dear  off  the  ground,  with 
feet  tu^ed  together  and  arched  back,  *t^*"^"te  with  fore-feet 
rigid  aitd  head  down  and  drawn  inMnrdl. 

BDCK-BEiUI,  or  Boa-BuK  iMtnyamlia  k^ttiala.  a  memba 
of  the  C;entian  lamily},  a  bog-plant  with  a  creqiiBg  aicm, 
alternately  anaiged  large  kavei  each  with  three  IcaHeU,  and 
qtikeaof  white  or  pink  Bowers.  Tike  slout  steni  is  bitter  and  hat 
tonic  aivl  febrifuge  pnpcities.    The  plant  a  widdy  dittribuled 


of  Gennany,  capstaJ  of  the  prinapality 
of  Scbanmborg-L^pe,  pleasantly  sitoaled  at  the  foot  of  the 
Uatrdbctg  on  the  river  Ane^  6  m.  from  Minden,  on  the  main 
iDway  Iron  Cologne  Io  Bedin.     Fop.  Mod.     It  has  a  palace 


Ihe  first  bouses  of  BQckeburg  began  to  pther  rouid  the  ca 
about  136s;  and  it  was  not  till  the  I7lh  century  (hat  the  to 
was  surrounded  with  walls,  which  have  given  place  to  a  rii^ 
The  poet  J.  G.  von  Herder  waa  ca 


•  .776. 


BUCIUBIDOK  JOBN  (c.  1J61-1631},  Engliih  divine,  was  a 
son  ol  William  Buckeridge,  and  was  educated  at  the  Heithant 
Taylors  school  and  at  St  John's  College,  Oxford.  He  became  a 
f eUow  o(  Ui  cotlege,  and  acted  as  tutor  to  William  Laud,  wboaa 
opinions  were  pedups  shaped  by  him.  Leaving  Oifoid,  Buckc- 
ridge  held  several  Uvings.  and  was  highly  esteemed  by  King 
James  L,  whose  chaplain  he  became.  In  tfioj  he  waa  eiccteai 
preudcnt  ol  St  Jobn'a  College,  a  position  whidi  he  vacated  OD 
being  made  bish^  of  Rocbeatci  io  1611.  He  was  tranafenvd 
to  the  bishopric  of  Ely  in  161S,  and  died  on  the  ajrd  of  May  ifiji. 
The  bishop  won  some  fame  aa  a  theologian  and  a  controveraiaiisL 
Among  his  intimate  friends  was  Bishop  Lancelot  Andrcwta, 
whose  "  Ninety-one  Sermons  "  wen  publisbcd  by  l^ud  and 
Buckeridge  in  1639. 

BUCKKnaOP,  a  slang  Gnaitda]  Icnn  tor  Ilv  office  or  bariDca 
ol  an  inferior  daia  of  itockbroker,  who  la  not  a  ineBbcT  «l  •> 


BUCKHOLDT— BUCKINGHAM,  EARLS,  &c 


It  membera  of  the  recogniml  to™! 


■n  itockbroken 

eichan(E.  Tbi  origin  of  the  wotd  19  Americu,  Anordinc  to 
the  New  £e{/jfA  Diditaary  it  is  sui^hhoI  to  hive  Hisen  in 
Chicago.  The  Board  of  Trade  tbcie  foitade  dealing  in 
"  optiooa  "  in  grain  of  tess  than  5000  buahda.  An  "  Open  Boud 
oC  IVade  "  or  imauthoilud  exchange  iru  opened,  for  the  purpose 
of  saaR  gamblen,  in  i  nei^bouring  street  belo*  (be  rooms  of 
Ihc  Board  of  TVnde.  The  Ud  used  by  members  of  the  Board  ol 
T^ade  would  be  sent  domi  to  bring  np  from  the  open  Board 
what  WIS  known  as  1  "  bucketful "  of  Che  mailer  ipeculators, 
when  buslnns  was  ^ck. 

BtrCKHOUlT  [properly  BEvixisr,  or  BocxeuioOhI,  JOKUni 
(t.  iseft-rjjs),  Dutch  Anabaptist  iinatic,  better  known  as 
JoBH  or  Leioeh,  from  his  pUce  of  birth,  was  the  iUegitimate 
•on  of  Bockdi  burgomaster  of  SoeverJiagen,  ^ho  aflerwards 
married  hb  mother.  He  was  bom  about  1500,  apprenticed 
to  a  tailor,  became  infected  with  the  opinious  <A  Thomas  MOnier, 
travelled  <n  punuit  of  his  trade  (being  tout  yeats  in  London), 
married  a  widow,  becamtf  bankrupt,  and  in  September  IJiJ 
Joined  the  Analaplist  movement  under  Johwn  Mstthysi 
(Mitlhyszocin),  baker  of  Haariem.  He  h«d  Utile  (ducaiioB,  but 
lome  literary  locuiiy,  and  had  written  play*.  On  the  ijib  o( 
14  he  appeared  in  MQniier  as  an  apoitle  of  Matthyu. 


)d-^in| 


confidence  of  Bernard  KnipperdolUncki  a  tevolutionaTy  doth 
merchant,  who  gave  him  hia  daughter  in  monlage.  The  MUnater 
Anabapiiiu  look  up  aims  on  the  qth  of  Pebnoiy  ijm  (m 
AHtBAnisrs).  On  the  death  of  MUthys*  <i;34),  Buckholdt 
■ncceeded  him  as  prophet,  added  bit  widow  to  the  nuabcr  of 
his  wivcg,  and  organiied  a  new  conslftuiloa  for  MSbsUt,  with 
twelve  ddcrs  (auetested  by  lbs  Riba  ol  farad)  and  other  offictn 
of  a  theoouy,  bul  aoon  ntpoieded  theu,  raaUng  hbnteU  kins 
of  the  new  Zkm.  Hia  aibitnuy  mla  vaa  malked  by  pomp  and 
■everity.  MH&sta'  «u  retaken  (Jime  i;,  ijj;)  by  its 
luhop,  FranivonWaldeck.  Buckholdt.  aftei  n  '  " 
wks  criielly  emeuMd  00  the  mi  of  JaBBtiy  sjjd;  tm  Huy, 
ind  those  of  Ui  campas!onx..iren  hmg  in  cagB  10  the  lowei 
of  the  Lanbenl  church.  His  portrait  Is  in  Crtwwilin  ia  Httfti 
Ultmi  (Leiden,  T607;  an  English  adiliBn  is  aptieilded  U 
Ahoander  Ro«^  Pani^iia,  mded.,  iass);abBtlcrcaiBpko( 
tbe  lame  is  gives  by  Aitad. 


Sec  Areod,,*  l(flii«w  C< 


(mis  ibi  VaJirioJufa  ( I  Si 


_— lrfI(lS46)lij..ui.|fiM,■ 
Van  dtr  Aa.  Bwr'upliluli  WMrdnbaik  in  Ndtrlaiiiai  (iSm)  ;  E. 
BeHottBai.  Rue  ami  FoUo/IihcXiiaiiifMili  (1903;.        (A.  Go.'] 

BOCKn  a  fisUng  town  and  police  bnr^  ofBanSihin^ 
StflluT-',  on  the  Hotay  Krth,  at  [he  nuBth  ti  Bnckii  bom, 
■bout  IT  m.  W,  of  Banff,  with  *  sution  an  tk>  Orsat  North  irf 
Scothmd  railway.  Pop.  (1B91)  5««9;  (iQoi)  £549-  Its  pubBe 
btriUing*  hidada  «  haH  and  Uttruy  inuitnta  with  hbcary  and 
RcrMtioD  TOoBB.  It  Utncti  (ma  of  ihe  largaat  Smttfah  Beetl 
bi  the  berrfaig  aeoMRi,  and  I*  dao  tha  eMd  aaat  ti  Unetishiig in 
Scotland.  The  hubour.  with  an  outer  and  an  inner  bun,  annn 
U  an*  of  4  acsa  and  hu  haU  a  mile  of  quya^B.  BMsdet  the 
faberica,  then  are  coglneeiing  wotk*,  dinflkdet,  and 'Aoik*  fN 
UMiMUBC«(npci,nibnida(l.  Tlw  bom,  wfakfc  diridea  the 
town  hda  Natbtr  BuAia  «nd  Eaatent  BacUe,  itaei  neu  thn 
miafCbihm>diD,aho«t5D.tathBaaiUh^ntt.  Bert^Bidon, 
il  m.  MM  of  BvcUc,  i>  «  thiiTin«  fiafaing  viUsaa^  and  Rsthna, 
«DD>e  I  m.  ojt,  Ua  In  a  tardla  dntiict,  when  then  an  aeveial 
btereatinB   Du^  caima   and  other  lelia  <A  the  muHo 


Hie  origin  of  the  eaildom  of  Buckiniham  (1 
fiom  that  ol  Badtin^iamBfaiiv,  f.*.)  ia  obac 
llr J.  K.  Round  (bi  G.  E.  Ci  Pamfa,  i.r.)  thtnlt  foOA  chuw 
evidence  lor  its  aistence  under  WUliaia  RufOi;  but  the  main 
etidenca  for  nckoning  Walter  Giflnd,  lord  ol  Longnrdk  ta 
Normudy,  who  held  faity.«i^  lotdahipa  in  tbe  conn^,  at 
the  first  eart,  is  that  of  Odericns  Vitalis,  who  twice  dombct 
Walter  aa  "  Comes  Bucchingehameiieii,"  once  in  109!,  and 
apin  at  hk  death  In  1101.  After  the  death  of  Walter  CiSaid, 


ind  earl  In  1 1G4,  the  title  wu  assumed  by  Richard  de  Clare,  aail 
of  Pembroke  ("  Etningbow"),  irt  right  of  bis  wife,  Rohais, 
lister  of  Walter  Giflard  I.;  and  It  died  with  him  in  li;6.  In 
1377  Thomas  ot  "  Woodatock "  (dnke  of  Glouceater}  wae 
eres^  cul  of  Buddugharli  at  tbe  oironation  of  Richard  II. 
(tSth  of  July),  and  tbe  title  of  GlDUCester  having  after  hit  death 
been  givm  to  Tlionua  )e  Despenser,  his  son  Humphrey  bore  that 
of  carl  of  Buckingham  only.  On  Humphrey'B  death,  his  aiBtar 
Arma  fje^sme  counteat  of  Buclun^iam  in  htf  own  right.  She 
mauled  Edmund  StaHord,  earl  of  Stafford,  and  on  her  death 
(T43S)  the  title  of  Bucitingham  paased  to  her  Km  Humphrey 

Staflord,  ear'     '"'"'■      '  

Bnckin^m, 


of  StaAori 


cated  di 
laitied  in  the  Stafford  family  until 


if  Edwa 


!.  3rd  di 


1  ii»  <se« 


:t,  in  iGiS 


BocEiNciuH,  Hekiv  EiArrou),  md  duke  of), 

la  1617  King  JstMS  I.  created  George  ViOieii  a 
marqaHt,  and  in  i6ij  duke  of  Buekln^iam  (to  ~ 
GEOica  VnxiEafl,  ist  dukeol}.  The  muiTiicisate  and  dukedom 
bacerae  extinct  with  tlK  death  ol  tha  ind  (Villicn)  dnke  (f.r.) 
iA  1687;  but  tha  earldom  was  dalntad,  iradar  the  special 
remainder  in  tha  patent  of  ifii?,  by  a  coDateial  Inus  of  doubtful 
tegltlniacy  dalming  descent  from  John  ViUieri,  ist  ViacoBnl 
Paibeck.  Tbe  title  wu  nat.actaalty  botne  afta  the  death  at 
John  Vilieia,  stybng  UnaeU  estl  «f  Bocklngfaam.  in  1711.  Tha 
dalmwia  enlDgulalisd  by  the  death  of  Gco«E  VOlicra,  a  deigy 
man,  in  177^ 
.  Ia  1703  John  Sheffield.  manimM  of  Nbmauby,  was  created 

below).    Ha  waa  succeeded  by  his  ion  Edmund  who  died  in 
OcKdMT  173;  when  the  fitloi  became  eillnct'. 

ThafiilBioi  iii-m— ■m»J*A»«JliHi-Vinj)i...  in  the  Grenvilla 
famay  (to  tin  bddeis  t£  «UA  the  remainder  of  thia  artido 
aniGei)  waa  dctived.  not  fKm  the  ooonty.  but  from  the  town  ol 
It  srigiilatad  in  1784,  when  ihe  >nd  Earl  Tet^ 


and  Chandos for  bia aon iniBii. 

-  GsoUt  Ndobut  Tnmi  Canmui:,  iit  maniueti  ol  Buck* 
intfiaai  (i75j--lSi3>,  ■M.the'Ncond  am  o(  GeMge  Cteaville, 
sod  wi«  bqm  « the  17th  of  June  1713.  Educated  at  Eton  and 
.Oivt  Church,  Oxford,  fas  waa  appi^tded  a  tdkr  of  the  ex* 
(hqotr  in  rfti.  and  tcnyaai*  later  waa  letuiBCd  to  periiamcnt 
M  fue  <i  the  Bciiditta  for  BudJnghaiiBldre^  In  the  House  of 
Q>nuD0»  he  waa  a  ihatp  critic  of  the  Antoican  poU^  of  Lord 
North.    In  SaptwahiT  1770  he  (ucoedad  hia  tnde  a*  ind  Eed 

ihirei  and  in  July  of  the  same  year  beanie  a  ueBbet  of  tlw 
pdvy  coukcS  and  lord-lieutenant  ol  Ireland  in  tha  abimy  of 
the  *ad  gl  Shelbvmek  On  his  advice  tbe  Renmadation  Act  ol 
I}3J'  mi  posed,  which  auppIemanUd  tbe  k^ilative  indepaad* 
cnce  tfntitA  to  tidand  in  r7Sa.  By  royal  wariant  he  created 
tbe  order  of  St  Fatii^  hi  February  .1783,  with  biauckf  aa  tba 
Gntlnnd  mater.  TemJe  left  InUnd  m  178J.  and  again  turned 
Ua  atttotioil  to  Engli^  politics.  He  enjoyed  the  omlidenoc  of 
Oeorge  UL,  and  having  c^poaed  Fox'a  East  India  Bill,  he  was 
'  by  theking  tosay  that"  whoeravc' 


BiU  w 


d  by 


..."a  mcaaage  which  ensmed  the  ddeal 

bilL  He  waa  appointed  a  aecretaiy  of  state  when  the  youngci 
Fitt  formed  Jus  ministry  in  December  17£3.  but  resigned  two 
days  later.  Jn  Dcccmba  17S4.  he  waa  oeated  maiqucss  of 
Buckingham  "  in  the  county  of  Bntkin^m."  In  November 
(787  be  was  appointed  loid-Ueuceoant  of  Ireland  ondei  Pitt,  but 
hit  sacnnd  tenure  of  thia  office  was  baldly  as  successful  as  Ihe  Erst 
Be  was  dcDounced  by  Giaitan  for  eitnvagauce;  waa  censured 

the  regency;  and  be  could  only  maintain  his  position  by  resort- 
big  to  bribery  on  a  large  Kale.  Having  become  very  unpc^ndar 
beiedgnedUaolBce  In  September  1784,  and  aub>e<)uently  took 
vny  Utile  part  in  poUUca,  although  he  spoke  in  favont  of  the 
unioD  with  Ireland.    He  died  at  his  residence,  Stowe  P 


SUCKINGHAM,  i«T  DUKE  OF 


ID  the  tith  ol  Fcbnuwy  iSiji  ■'■d  w»  Wild  <i 

Wotlon.    In  ins  be  hul  married  Muy  Etiabelb  (d.  iSii), 
dau^tet  of  Robert,  Eul  Nufent 

Hii  Filler  »n,  Rhsau)  Gaenvilu,  lit  duke  of  Bucktnglum 
uid  ClundiH  U776-iiiQ),  vuone  of  themembenoi  pu-lianteoC 
ioj  Buckiiighaouhiie  from  ijg?  to  i8ij,  uid,  ae  Eaif  Temple, 
took  u  Active  port  in  poUtio.  Id  Febnury  iSij  be  Hjoxeded 
hie  laiiieT  as  meiquera  of  Buckingham,  and  having  married  the 
onJy  duld  of  tbc  jrd  duke  of  Cbaadoa,  be  waa  cicatad  duke  of 
Buckingbam  and  Chaodoa  ia  iSja,  He  died  in  1S39.  Owing 
to  finaodai  cmbamssmcnti,  the  dokc  lived  out  of  England  for 

U  Tlu  Praalt  Diary  tj  RuhaM,  Dukt  tj  Batbii^iam  and 
Clumin. 

Ht  waa  succeeded  by  hb  only  chQd,  Rusakd  Crenvhix, 
isd  duke  of  Buckingham  and  Chaodoa  (170T-1SA1}.  Educated 
M  Eton  and  Oriel  CoUe^e,  Oiiord,  be  *u  luwirn  aa  EaiI  Temple 
uid  tahsequentiy 


.  lapomiUe  f  0 
1831.    He  male 
1S41,  andpaidyi 
la^TB  *aa  known 
ettales  heavily 
in  1839,  and  bis  own  ECnefDua  and  loauiitnia  taatcs  brought 


In  1847  hia  residences  .^1 


xiby  h 


oediton,  and  the  duke  left  England.  Hii  penonal  property 
and  many  of  bis  landed  estates  were  aold,  and  returning  Co 
England  be  devoted  himself  U>  HlentDn.  He  died  in  London, 
on  Ihe  iQlh  of  July  1861.  His  wife,  whom  he  married  in  iSig, 
waaUaiy  (d.  1S61),  dau^tet  of  John,  isc  marquess  of  fireadal- 

ham's  dilef  publicatioTU  are,  Mewwirs  of  tlu  Court  and  Cabineii 
tf  Ca-ge  III.  (London,  iSsj-iSss);  Utmciri  of  Ike  Ccart  tJ 
BKiland,  i8ii-iS»  (London,  1856):  Memeiri  ef  At  CnrI  of 
Ghtp  IV.  O-ondon.  iBjg);  and  Uomuiri  of  Ai  Court  and 
Cabinait}fWiUiamIV.andVicloriiilXfoaion,tV,i). 

RiCBAU)  GiEHViLLi,  3rd  duke  of  Buckingham  and  Chandos 
{1893-18^)1  the  only  son  of  the  2nd  duke,  was  educated  at  £bm 
and  Christ  Church,  Oilord,  and,  aa  maiquess  of  Chandoa. 
represenTed  the  bomugh  of  Bnckin^iam  ia  parliament  fiom 
184^  to  1S57.  He  was  chairman  of  the  London  &  North- Western 
railway  Crom  iS;3  lo  1861.  After  succeeding  to  the  dnkedom 
he  became  lord  president  tA  the  coundt,  and  subsequently 
■ecTtlary  for  the  colonies  in  the  Conservative  government  of 
18O6-1868,  From  1875  to  1880  he  was  governor  of  Madras,  and 
In  1886  waa  chosen  chairman  lA  committees  in  the  House  of 
Lords.  He  waa  twice  married  and  left  three  daughter*.  As  be 
left  no  son  the  dukedom  became  eitlnrt  on  his  death;  but  the 
Scottish  barony  of  Kinloss  (to  which  be  established  his  title  [b 
1868)  passed  to  his  eldest  dau^ter,  Mary,  the  wife  of  Captain 
L.  F.  H.  C.  Morgan;  the  earldom  of  l>mple  lo  his  ne)^«w, 
William  Stephen  Gore-Langton;  and  the  viscounty  of  Cobhain 
to  hit  kinsman,  Charles  George,  ;th  Baion  Lyttelton.  Hia 
widow  msrricd  the  tsIEarlEgtrtotiof  Tattonin  18114. 

BUCKIHQHAH.  BEORQB  VIUJERS,  rst  Dtnror'  (1591- 
iSjS),  English  jtataman,  bora  Iti  Augmt  ts9J,'  wis  a  younger 
son  of  Sir  Geotge  ViUiets  of  Brookiby.  Hi»  inothef,  Mary, 
daughter  of  Anthony  Benumont  o(  Glenfidd,  LHtealetshiro, 
Who  was  left  a  widow  early,  educated  hfoi  tor  a  courtier's  life, 
•ending  him  to  France  with  Sir  John  Eliot;  and  the  lad,  bejng 
""by  nature  contemplative."  took  Undly  lo  the  tiainhig.  Me 
conld  dance  wdl,  fence  ircll,  and  talk  a  little  Frendi,  when  In 
August  1S14  he  WIS  brought  before  the  king's  notice,  In  the  hope 
that  he  would  take  a  fancy  to  him. 

The  moment  was  favourable.  Since  Satdbury's  death  James 
had  taken  the  business  of  government  tipon  hbnsell.    But  he 


•The  El 


probably  a  ndipriDi 


wanted  sotBC  one  i4io  would  chat  with  hhn,  and  aoniM  Uin,  mad 

wouM  also  EU  the  office  of  privais  secretary,  and  aave  him  from 
the  tiDubl*  of  laying  no  to  impoiluaate  suitors.  It  would  be  aa 
addiuanaltauifacuonif  becould  urain  the  ytnilfa  whom  he  misht 
select  ID  those  ana  of  ittieimauhip  of  which  be  beUeved  hinuett 
10  be  a  perfect  maNs  Hu  first  choice  bad  ooi  proved  a  bapf^ 
one.  Robert  Can,  who  bad  lauly  become  earl  of  Somenet. 
had  had  his  head  UimoJ  by  bis  devatiDo.  He  had  grown  peeviati 
toward  lus  master,  and  bad  placed  buDseJi  at  tbc  head  of  tiut 
parly  which  wai  workug  lor  a  dote  alhaocc  with  Spain. 

The  appearance  of  Vilhen,  beaming  with  animal  ^liiiU  and 
good  homour,  was  thenfore  welcmaed  by  all  who  had  an  inltrest 
m  opposing  the  designs  of  Spain,  and  ha  was  aj^ninUd  cup- 
bearer the  same  year  For  some  htlle  tine  iliU  Somenet'c 
pre-eminence  was  maintained.  But  on  the  13rd  of  Apdl  1615, 
Vdliers,  in  iplu  of  Soneiut,  was  ptonoted  to  be  gentleman 
of  the  bedcbaiaba,  and  waa  kaighled  on  the  tfth;  the  charge 
of  muidsing  Ovetbury,  brou^i  againm  Somenet  in  ScfiUmba, 
completed  bis  downfall,  and  Villiert  at  once  steeled  into  the 
[dace  which  he  had  vacated.  On  the  3rd  of  January  ib\b  hi 
became  maatet  of  (be  bane,  on  the  >4th  bf  April  be  reodved  the 
Older  of  the  Garter,  lod  on  Ibe  >itbaf  August  KSiC  was  otalcd 
ViKonDl  VDIicn  and  Baron  Waddon,  recxivtng  a  grant  of  laud 
valued  at  £80,000,  while  on  ihe  jth  of  Januaiy  >6i7  be  wai 
made  earl,  and  oath*  iit  ofjanuaiyrtiemarqueai  of  Bucking- 
ham.   With  the  eicciMion  of  the  earl  of  Fembiake  ha  waa  lL« 

Those  wbo  e^Hted  him  to  give  bis  nqiporl  to  the  anli- 
Spanish  party  wen  at  first  doomed  to  diiappnininiBH.  Aa  yat 
he  was  no  politician,  and  he  ""^"t'H  himseU  with  carrying  om 
bis  matter*!  oidera,  whatever  they  were.  In  bit  peesonal  n^ 
lations  he  waa  kindly  and  jovial  lowaida  all  who  did  not  thwart 
his  wishes.  But  Jamea  had  taught  him  to  Mmtite  that  the 
patronage  ot  England  waa  in  hia  handi,  and  he  look  good  can 
ibat  no  man  abould  rccdve  pionutioB  of  any  kind  who  did  not 
in  one  way  or  another  pay  court  to  him.  Aa  far  ai  Can  be  aa- 
cenahwd,  he  cared  leaa  ft*  money  than  for  tbs  giati&catton  «l 
his  vantty  Bnt  be  had  not  merdy  himself  to  oontider.  His 
numerous  kinsfidk  were  to  be  ewlchad  by  mairiage,  if  In  as  otho 
way.  and  Bacon,  the  .groat  philmophiT  and  statesman,  was  all 
but  thrust  fiom  office  beause  he  bad  opposed  a  maniaga 
luggetied  for  one  of  Buckingham's  broiben,  irtule  Craa5eld, 
the  first  hnander  of  the  day,  was  kept  from  the  treasury  till 
he  wguld  foruke  the  woman  whom  he  laved,  to.many  a  pennileia 
cousin  of  the  favourite.    On  the  iflth  of  Januaiy  lAio  Jamea 

energeac  youth  would  impart  somrtWng  of  Us  own  ire  V>  tbnas 
who  wen  entrusted  with  the  ovenighl  of  that  Seet  which  had 
been  abnosi  ruined  by  the  peculation  and  '"frrirlm'ii  of  the 
officials.  Something  cri  thia,  no  doubt,  was  realised  vndcr 
Buckingham's  eye.  Bnt  he  biisseU  never  pteteadtd  to  Iht 
virtues  of  an  arlrainirtrator,  and  he  was  too  ready  to  fill  a^ 
appofntmeniB  with  men  who  flattered  him,  and  too  rehictanl 
to  dismisB  then,  if  they  tened  tbeir  cbnnliy  ill,  to  cflcct  any 
pennanent  change  for  Uie  better. 

It  was  abom  thii  time  that  be  first  took  an  Indapcadent  part 
tnpoUtics.  AIlEnglandvaatalUBiof thamvahitiaDiaBohainia 
in  the  year  beton,  md  men's  Sympathy  with  the  canlocutd 
Protestants  was  Incnssed  when  it  waa  known  that  James's 
ion-in4aw  had  acctfited  the  crown  cf  Bohemia,  and  that  in  the 
summer  ti  lAso  a  Spanish  farce  was  pnpaiing  to  invade  the 
Falailnate.  Buckingham  at  first  bad  thrown  himself  uito  (hs 
populat  movement.  Bcfetv  the  summer  ot  t6io  was  at  aid. 
incensed  by  infuiiis  infilcted  on  English  sailors  by  the  Dntdi 
in  the  East  Indieii  baliad  iwrnig  round,  and  waa  in  dost  agree- 
ment wtth  Gmidomar,  the  Spanish  imbaiaadot.  Ha  had  no* 
manjed  Lady  Katherine  Uannss,  the  daughter  of  the  cad  li 
Rudand,  who  was  at  heart  a  Roman  Cathidic,  thon^  ahe  oat- 
waidly  anfomted  to  the  English  Church,  and  this  alUance  oMj 
have  bad  somethlngtodo  with  the  change. 

"  -■  ■--ham's  nistakes  were  owing  mainly  to  Us  kviiy.  If 
bttskly  fasm  oaa  cwnp  to  the  otbat,  an  ieHisrtint 


BUCKINGHAM,  irr  DUKE  OF 


«A«»ti  nti^  nnuDr  detect  •onw  perwul  dwUv*  m  the 

botlom.  But  it  ii  hmUy  probable  thiL  he  wu  hinueU  camdous 
of  utytldiif  ofthewit.  WIwii  be  wu  In  nnUty  ictini  vuder  tbc 
iafluepct  ol  vuiity  or  ftaaba  it  wu  euy  fm  tun  U  penuadu' 
hbnelf  tlut  be  wu  doini  bii  duty  to  bSa 

The  pirtiunent  wUdi  met  Id  i6>i,  tnf  . 
no  bdp  wu  to  be  «eat  to  the  Ptktlinte.  broke 
outoy  tgainit  the  lyitem  of  noni^wlia,  Inm  which  Bock* 
Inghim'i  brothen  and  dependtati  bad  dnwa  >  pnifit,  which 
wu  beiimd  to  bt  gretler-duB  it  mOr  wu.  At  Gnt  he  pleidcd 
Bui  he  wu  pcnuadcd  by  Bisbiq)  WnlUmi 
wiser  course  to  put  >i<tw«*>U  ^t  the  head  of  t±e 
■  confeicncc  of  the  Commoos  with  the  Lordi 
ftckoowled^ed  th&t  hii  two  brothom  hid  been  imptlcmted,  but 
dedired  thM  hii  fklher  luul  begottoi  t  tUid  who  wouid  tid 
In  puiBihlng  them.  In  the  impetdunent  ol  Bkod  wUch  toon 
(oliswed,  BuckSn^um,  who  owed  much  to  hit  wIk  counsels. 
ptve  him  that  uduuKe  wtaldi  wu  poarible  without  imperOlins 
bfs  own  podtion  utd  <"*■"""  Be  M  Gnt  demuided  the 
imnaUate  dimlutioD  of  fuXtntalt,  but  afterwudi,  when  the 
ay  roM  kinder  against  the  chuKtUot,  Joined  In  the  attack,  ouiking 
however  kidm  attempt  to  mitigate  the  aeverity  of  the  chaixcs 
agatnit  him  dtnfaig  tha  hearing  of  hii  caae  before  the  Rouse  ol 
Lords.  NctwithitandiBg,  he  look  advantage  ol  Bacon's  need 
oi  iitiitanTT  ^^^  ~""gf^  hhn  tii»  jm— «f;m  >J  Vfrt  Howb. 

In  tha  winlei  of  ifiii,  and  tha  mcoeding  year.  Buckinghun 
«u  cnlirBly  in  Gondomir'i  hawli;  and  It  wu  only  with  some 
difficulty  that  In  Hay  1611  Laud  uguad  him  out  of  a  resolutKin 
lo  declan  bhnielf  a  Roaum  Cithiiik.  In  December  1611  be 
Mtirdy  supported  the  diualutfcm  of  parliBment,  ind  there  can 
be  Uule  dcwbl  that  when  the  Spani&h  unbusador  left  England 
g  May,  ha  had  come  10  in  undcntinding  wiih 
'  '  pilnca  of  Wilu  should  visit  Midixl  the 
oslon  the  Spmish  court  hoped  to  elTect 

onun  Cilholit  Church  before  givinj  hun 

the  hand  ot  the  bfantaldaiii.  Ihey  set  out  on  their  idvcniuroui 
Opeditton  on  tha  17th  ol  February  ifisj,  inlving  it  Uadrid, 
after  pf^^g  thno^  Padi  on  the  7th  of  March,  Each  party 
had  been  the  dupe  d  the  other.  Chula  and  Buckingham  wen 
nngnine  in  hoping  for  the  reatitution  0!  the  Palatinate  u>  Jamea'i 
^n^n-laWj  u  a  mairiago  ^E  10  Chulea^  while  the  Spaniards 
counted  on  the  conversion  of  Charles  to  Roman  Catholldsm  and 
Other  extreme  oincessions  (see  Cbaslei  t.).  The  political 
diflerenoa  were  soon  accentuated  by  personal  di^nilei  between 
Buckingham  and  Olivarca  and  tbe  grandees,  arul  when  the  two 
young  men  sailed  together  from  Suitander  in  September,  it  was 
nth  the  final  resolution  to  break  entirely  with  Spain. 

Jamca  tad  gmlified  his  favourite  in  bis  absence  by  raising 
him  to  a  dulcedcan.  But  the  iplesdour  which  now  gathered 
round  Boddi^him  was  owing  to  another  source  tluui  James's 
tavoor.  He  Iwkd  put  himself  at  the  head  of  the  popular  movement 
agauiat  Spain,  and  when  Jama,  acknowledging  sorely  ag^nst 
bb  will  that  the  Palatinate  could  only  be  recovered  by  force, 
■unuBWwd  the  parliament  which  met  in  February  1614,  Buck- 
incbam,  wiihthehelpofthcbeir  amjsnnt,  took  up  an  independent 
polidcal  poBtion.  Jamea  wu  half  diiven,  ball  penuaded  to 
dedau  all  negotialions  with  Spain  at  an  end.  For  tbe 
moment  Buckingham  wu  the  moit  p^Hilar  man  in  England, 

It  wu  easier  to  overthrow  one  policy  than  to  construct  snolher. 
The  Commons  would  have  been  content  with  sending  some 
asiistaucc  to  (lie  Dutch,  and  with  entering  upon  a  privateering 
war  with  Spain.  Janies,*'hoieobjectwutoregainthePsli.IiQate. 
believed  tids  couldmly  beaccomplBhed  by  1  continental  alliance. 
In  which  France  look  pan.  Assoonupatliamentwuprorogued, 
negotiationa  were  opened  for  a  marriage  between  Charles  and 
the*isUiolLoui)XlU.,HenrieTti  Maria.  BuiadifGculiyarose. 
Jana  and  Chaile*  had  engaged  to  the  Commons  that  there 
iboukl  be  no  ooncefBons  to  tbe  English  Roman  Catholio,  and 
Louis  would  not  bear  of  the  cnarrisge  unless  very  targe  conce*. 
akui  Wert  made.  Buckingham,  Impatient  lo  begin  tbe  war  u 
loon  u  possible,  persuaded  Charles,  and  the  two  logethet 
persuaded  Jamea  to  throw  over  the  prom' 


and  to  arapt  Uie  FVotch  tc 


tt  ma  no  kB(tt  p«a 

a  for  tbe  war  till  tha  m 

had  been  cmupletedr  when  rcmonstiancea 
be  useless. 

of  En^and,  had  thus  to  commence  war  wiihoot  meoey.  He 
prepared  ta  throw  11,000  Engli«hmen,  tmder  a  German 
adventurer,  Count  Mamldd,  through  France  Into  tbe  Palatinate. 
Tbe  French  nuiated  that  he  should  match  through  Holland. 
It  mattered  little  wMch  way  be  took.  Without  provisions, 
and  without  money  to  buy  them,  the  wretched  troops  sickened 

Buckingham  had  many  other  schemea  In  hb  teeming  brain. 
He  had  leered  to  lend  aid  to  Christian  IV,,  king  of  Denmark, 
who  wu  propoalng  to  make  war  in  Germany,  and  had  also  a 
plan  (or  sending  an  English  Aeel  to  attack  Cmoa,  the  ally  of 
Spain,  and  a  plan  lor  sending  an  Entfish  fleet  to  ittiil  Spain 
ttseU 

Before  tbew  schema  confd  be  ^rried  Into  operation  James 
died  on  tbe  17th  of  March  1655.  The  new  king  and  Bockingham 
were  11  one  in  their  aims  and  objects.  Both  were  aniioui  to 
distinguish  themselvea  by  the  chastisement  of  Spain,  and  the 
recovery  of  the  Palatinate.  Both  were  young  and  ineiperieaced. 
Bni  Cluules,  obstinate  when  ha  miod  wu  made  up,  wu  sluggish 
in  action  and  without  fertility  in  ldeu,andbehid1ongsufamiiied 
his  mind  to  the  versatile  and  hriHiani  favourite,  who  wu  never 
ut  a  losa  wiial  to  do  neit,  and  who  unroDed  before  his  eye* 
visions  of  endlen  possibilltiea  la  the  future.  Buckingham  wu 
sent  over  to  Paris  to  urge  upon  tbe  French  court  the  importance 
of  converting  its  alliana  into  active  cooperation. 

There  wu  a  difficulty  m  tbe  way.  The  Hognenota  of  La 
RocheUe  were  in  rebeltfon,  and  James  had  promised  the  aid  of 
English  ships  to  luppress  that  rebelbon.  Buckingham,  who 
seems  at  first  to  have  consented  to  the  tcbenie,  was  aniioui 
to  mediate  peace  between  the  king  of  Fiance  and  his  subjects, 
and  to  save  Cbaila  bom  compromising  htniidf  with  his  parili- 
meal  by  the  appeannce  of  EngH^  ships  in  an  attack  upon 
Protestants.  When  he  letumed  hi*  main  demands  were  refused. 
but  hopes  were  ^ven  him  that  peace  would  be  made  with  tha 
Huguenots.  On  his  way  through  France  he  had  tbe  Insolence 
to  make  love  10  the  queen  of  France. 

Soon  after  his  return  parliament  wu  opened.  It  would  have 
been  hard  for  Charles  to  pass  through  the  session  with  credit. 
Under  Buckingham's  guidance  he  had  entered  into  engagement* 
involving  an  enormous  expenditure,  and  these  engagements 
involved  a  war  on  the  continent,  which  bad  never  been  papular 
in  the  House  of  Commons.  The  CommODi.  too,  suspected  the 
marriage  treaty  contained  engagements  of  which  they  dis- 
approved. They  asked  tot  the  full  execution  of  the  laws  agabut 
the  Roman  Catholics,  and  voted  but  little  money  In  return, 
Before  they  reaasemblcd  at  Oxford  on  the  ist  of  August,  the 
English  ihlps  had  found  their  way  Into  the  hands  of  the  French, 
to  be  used  against  La  RocheUe,  The  Commons  met  In  an  ill- 
humour.  TheyhadtH>coufidencc<nBuckingham,andtbey  asked 
thai  persons  whom  they  could  trust  should  be  admitted  to  the 
king's  council  before  they  would  vole  a  penny.  Charles  stood 
by  his  minister,  and  on  the  nth  of  August  he  dissolved  his  first 

Buckingham  and  his  muter  set  themKlvei  to  wotl  lo  conquer 
public  opinion.  On  the  one  hind,  they  threw  over  their  engage- 
ments to  France  on  behalf  of  tbe  English  Roman  Catbolio, 
On  the  other  hand  (hey  sent  oui  a  laige  fleet  to  attack  Cid^, 
and  to  selie  the  Spanish  treasure-ships.  Buckingham  went  to 
the  Hague  lo  raise  in  immediate  supply  by  pawning  the  crown 
Jewels,  to  place  England  at  the  bead  of  a  greil  Protestant 
lUiance.  and  to  enter  into  fresh  obligations  to  furnish  money  to 
the  king  of  Denmark.  H  all  ended  in  failute.  The  fleet  returned 
from  Cadit,  having  effected  notliing.  The  crown  jewels  ptoduced 
but  a  small  sum.  and  the  money  for  the  king  of  Denmark  could 
only  bo  raised  by  an  appeal  to  parlianienL  In  the  meanwhile 
tbe  king  of  Fiance  was  deeply  oSended  by  the  treatmer 


7»+ 


BUCKINGHAM,  2kd  DUKE  OF 


nc  Budunghun  wk 


the  Romui  Cilholia.  aod  by  the  mIzur  oI  FkdcIi  vesielt  on 
the  irouod  that  Ihcy  wtit  encaged  in  canying  gaadi  For 

When  Charisma  iccorut  parliament  m^C  oq  the  6lh  of  February 
1636,  It  waa  not  long  before,  uoder  EUot'i  guidance,  it  aiked 
for  BucluDghani'a  punishment.  He  vaa  impeached  before  the 
Home  of  Lords  on  a  long  string  of  charges.  Many  of  these 
charges  were  eiaggeratcd,  and  some  were  imlnie.  His  real 
crime  was  his  cotaplele  [ailoreas  the  leadei  of  the  administration. 
But  as  long  as  Charles  refused  to  listen  to  the  complaints  of  his 
ministei's  incompetency,  the  only  way  in  which  the  Commons 
could  reach  him  was  by  bringing  cnminal  charses against  hjm. 
Charies  dissolved  his  second  parliament  as  he  had  dissolved 
his  fint.    Subsequently  the  Slai  Chamber  declared  the  duke 

elected  chancellor  of  Cambridge  University. 

ToGnd  money  waa  the  great  diOiculty.     Recourse  was  had  to 

pay  it.  Disaitcra  bad  occurred  to  Charles's  allies  in  Germany. 
The  fleet  sent  out  under  Lord  Willoughby  (eail  of  Undsey) 
agiiinst  tfie  Spaniards  returned  home  shattered  by  a  storm,  and 
a  French  war  Has  impending  in  oddilion  to  the  Spanish  one. 
The  French  were  roused  to  reprisals  by  Charles's  persistence  in 
seizing  Frmoh  vessels.  Unwilling  to  leave  La  Rochelle  open  to 
the  entrance  of  an  English  fleet,  Richelieu  laid  siege  to  that 
Mrnaghold  of  the  French  Iluguenols.  On  the  2;thoi  June  1617 
Budunghim  uiled  from  Portsmouth  al  the  head  of  a  numerous 
Seet,  and  a  conidenible  land  lorce,  Id  relieve  the  besieged  city. 
Hii  £itt  enterprise  was  the  siege  of  the  fort  of  Si  Miriin'i, 
00  the  Isle  of  Rt.  The  ground  was  hard,  and  the  siege  operaiioni 
were  canverted  into  a  bloclude.  On  the  37ih  of  September 
(he  defenden  of  the  fort  announced  their  readiness  to  surrendec 
the  neit  moraing.  In  the  night  a  fresh  gale  brought  over  ft 
flotilla  of  French  provtsion  boats,  which  dashed  through  the 
English  blockaditig  squadron.  The  fort  was  provisioned  for 
two  month)  mote.  Buckingham  resolved  to  struggle  on,  and 
Bent  for  reinforcements  from  England.  Charles  would  gladly 
have  answered  to  his  call.  But  England  had  long  since  ceaacd 
to  care  for  the  war.  There  was  no  money  in  the  eichcquer,  no 
CDthuaiosm  ia  the  nation  to  supply  the  want.  Before  the  rein- 
forcements could  arrive  the  French  had  thrown  a  superior  for« 
upon  Ihc  island,  and  Buckingham  was  driven  td  ielre«t  on  the 
igth  of  October  with  heavy  loss,  only  jijSq  tioapi  out  oi  Dearly 
Jooo  returning  lo  England. 

of  olheri,  was  the  cause  ol  his  failure.  He  had  new  plans  lor 
carrying  on  tlie  war.  But  the  parliiment  which  met  on  (he 
17th  of  March,  ifiig  was  resolved  to  eiact  from  the  king  an 

■etition  ol 
member  of  the  flouse  of  fiords.  He 
possible  to  resist  the  demand  of  the  Commons,  that  the  king 
ahould  abandon  his  claim  to  jrapriaon  without  showing  cause. 
When  the  £nt  unsatisfactory  answer  to  the  pelition  was  made 
by  the  king  on  the  snd  ol  June,  the  Commons  suspeclcd,  probably 
with  uulh,  that  it  had  been  dictated  by  Buckingham.    Tlicy 

>t  named  the  duke  as  the  caucc  of  all  the  misfortunes  that 


"The  d 


of  B 


of  all  « 


„  vances."  Though 
on  the  7lh  of  June  the  king  granted  a  salislaclocy  answer  to 
Ibe  petition,  the  Commons  proceeded  wilh  their  remonstrance, 
and  on  the  nth  demanded  (hat  he  might  no  longer  continue  in 

Once  more  Charies  refused  to  surrender  Buckingham,  and  a 
few  days  later  he  prorogued  psrliamenl  in  anger.  The  popular 
feeling  was  greatly  eiciied.  lampoons  circulated  freely  from 
hand  lo  hand,  and  Dr  Lambe,  a  quack  doctor,  who  dabbled  in 
utndogy,  and  was  believed  to  exercise  influence  over  Bucking- 
ham, wa>  murdered  in  the  streets  of  London.    Rude  doggerel 


lisa   uukoUDced    that    tha  duke  ahould  ilun  lb*  doctot^ 

With  the  clouds  gathering  round  him,  Buckingham  went 
down  10  Portsmauth  lo  take  the  command  <^  one  final  eipedition 
for  the  relief  of  La  RMhelle.  For  the  Gnt  lime  even  he  wai 
beginning  tc  acknowledge  that  he  had  undertaken  a  task  beyond 
his  powers.  There  was  a  force  of  inertia  lo  the  ofhcials  which 
resisted  his  efloru  id  spur  them  on  to  an  cnteiprise  which  they 
believed  to  be  doomed  to  failure.  He  entered  gladly  into  a 
scheme  of  pacihcalion  proposed  by  the  Venetian  ambaasador. 
Bui  before  he  could  know  whether  there  was  to  be  peace  or  wai, 
the  knife  of  an  assassin  put  an  end  to  hii  career.  John  Feltoa, 
who  had  served  ai  S.i,  had  been  disappointed  ol  promotion,  and 
had  tu>t  been  paid  that  which  was  due  to  him  for  his  lervica, 
read  the  decIaratioD  of  Ihc  Commons  that  Buckingham  was  a 
public  enemy,  and  eagerly  caught  at  the  excuse  for  levengiiig 
his  private  wrongs  under  cover  of  Ihoae  of  his  coimtry.  Waiting, 
on  iIk  morning  of  the  ijrdof  August,besidetliedoorof  (he  mom 
in  which  Buckingham  was  breaifasiing,  he  stabbed  him  to  the 

Buclungham  married  Lady  Ratherine  Mannen,  daughter  ol 
Ftanas,  bih  earl  of  Rutland,  by  whom  he  left  ihrec  sons  and  one 
daughter,  ofwhom  George,  (he second  WD  (i6iS-i6a7),tuc«^etled 
to  (be  dukedom. 

r«P»y.byS.R. 
Ci  ton  ll64a).,n> 

pr  tducR  Kiitrt 

ei  I.  by  the  anc 

wi  ianutm  <rf  tlw 

ia  ^^  Villirn, 

t"  if^M  (London. 

(1  4  BkHicI^. 

l»i  S.  R.  Cardioet 

"  infkam,  cd.  by 

^  iHory  (CaiddCB 

So  14  fportialt  ol 

Bi  rin  the  Briiiih 

M  leifei.    Seealso 

P.  of  BwHifkM 

("  '..:  P.  C  ?J 

BUCRINQIIAV,  OBORQE  TILUBB8,  lun  DfU  or<  (i«i»- 

1&S7),  English  stslcsman,  son  of  the  ist  duke,  was  bom  on  the 
joih  of  January  161S.  He  was  brought  up,  together  with  his 
younger  brother  Francis,  by  King  Charles  L  with  his  own 
children,  and  was  educated  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge, 
where  he  obtained  the  degree  of  M.A,  in  1641.  He  fought  fot 
the  king  in  the  CivH  War,  and  t[»l[  part  in  the  attack  on  Lichfietd 
Close  In  April  1643.  Subsequently,  under  the  care  of  the  earl 
of  Northumberland,  the  two  brothers  travelled  abroad  and  lived 
at  Florence  and  Rome.  When  Ihe  Second  Civil  War  broke  out 
they  joined  the  eiil  of  Holland  in  Surrey,  in  July  i6fl8.  Lord 
Francis  was  killed  near  Kingston,  and  Buckingham  and  IIoHzBd 
were  surprised  at  St  Ncots  on  the  loth,  the  duke  succeeding  in 

the  rebellion,  his  bnds,  which  had  been  restored  to  him  in  1&47 
on  account  of  his  youth,  were  now  again  confiscated,  a  conadw- 
able  portion  passing  into  the  possession  of  Fairfaa;  and  he 
refused  to  compound,  Charles  11.  conferred  on  him  the  Garter 
on  the  19th  of  September  1649,  and  admitted  him  (0  the  privy 
council  on  the  6<h  of  April  1650.  In  opposition  to  Hyde  he 
supported  Ihe  alliance  with  the  Scottish  preshylerians.  accoD- 
pinied  Charles  (0  Scotland  in  June,  and  allied  himself  with 
Argyll,  dissuading  Charles  from  joiniiig  the  royalisl  ^ot  of 
October  1650,  and  being  suspected  of  betiaying  the  plan  to  tha 
eonvenaniiag  leaders.  In  May  he  had  been  appointed  general 
of  the  eastern  association  in  England,  and  wis  conmissioDn] 
10  raise  forces  abroad;  and  in  the  following  year  he  wis  chosen 
to  lead  Ihe  projected  movement  in  Lancashire  and  la  commaDd 
the  Scottish  royalists.  He  was  present  with  Charies  at  Ihe  halllc 
of  Worcester  on  the  3rd  of  September  tfisi,  and  escaped  ufdjr 
■  i.e.  in  Ihe  VDIiers  line;  lec  above. 


BUCKINGHAM,  am  DUKE  OF 


kloBC  M  RotterduB  In  October.    Ht>  ii 


«<<>tl.ti 


u  cfaurch, » 


*nUd  him  from  tin  est  si  CliKtIa's 
is  infliKDcr;  while  hii  olnDgcmcnC 
from  the  royal  funUy  wu  completed  by  hu  nudfldoua  courtship 
ol  ibe  kisg^i  nils,  the  widowed  princes  ot  Onnge,  and  by  i 
money  dispute  with  Charies.  In  1657  be  returned  to  Engtand, 
■ndon  theijth  of  September  mirricd  Muy,  daughter  of  I^rd 
Fiirfu,  who  hid  fillen  in  love  with  him  aJthough  the  banns  of 
her  intended  mairiagc  with  the  eait  ol  Chesterfieid  lud  been 
twice  called  in  chuich.  Buckingham  was  loon  suspected  of 
organizing  a  presbyteriaa  plot  against  the  govemmcn;,  and  in 
spite  of  Fairfax's  interest  with  Cromwell  an  order  was  issued  for 
faisarttst  on  the  gih  of  October.  He  was  confinedai  York  House 
about  April  i6jS,  and  hinng  broken  bounds  wai  leatnsted 
OS  the  iBIh  ol  August  and  imprisoued  in  the  Tower,  when  he 
remained  till  the  i^td  of  February  lA^,  being  then  liberated 
on  his  promise  not  to  abet  the  enemies  o(  the  government,  and 
on  Fairfax's  security  of  £90.000,  He  joined  the  latter  in  his 
march  a^inst  Lambert  in  January  1660,  and  afterwards  claimed 
to  have  pined  Fairfax  to  the  cause  of  the  Restoration. 

Ob  the  king"!  return  Buckjngham,  who  met  tdm  at  his  landing 
at  Done,  was  at  first  Tecdvid  oJdty;  but  be  was  soon  again 
in  favour,  was  appointed  a  gentleman  of  the  bedchamber,  carried 
the  Mb  at  the  coronation  on  the  33rd  ot  April  ifi£t.  and  was 
made  tard4leuUnant  of  the  West  Riding  of  Yorksbire  on  the 
1  ttt  of  September.  The  same  year  be  accompanieit  the  princess 
HeoflMln  10  Paris  on  her  marriage  wilh  the  duke  ot  Orleans,  but 
made  hrre  to  ber  Umsrll  with  such  Imprudence  that  he  was 
(ecaQed.  On  the  >8th  of  April  iMi  he  was  admitted  to  the 
privy  council.  His  confiscated  estates  amounting  to  £16,000  a 
ytsr  were  natored  tobim,  and  he  was  teputed  the  king's  richest 
snbjecl.  He  took  part  In  the  luppreklon  of  the  projetted 
insurrection  in  VorkshiK  in  iMj,  went  to  sea  in  the  £nt 
Dutch  war  ui  1M5,  and  was  emi^oyed  in  taking  mcasurei 
10  nabt  the  Dutch  or  French  invasion  in  June  1M6. 

He  was,  however,  debarred  from  high  office  by  Oarendon's 
influence,  Accordin^y  Buckingham's  bilrigics  wen  now 
directed  to  effect  the  chancellor's  ruin.  He  organieed  partlei 
in  both  houses  of  p&iliamcnt  in  auppoit  of  the  bill  of  1666 
pcohibillng  the  hnpi»t  of  Irish  aide,  partly  to  oppose  Clarendon 
(ad  pattly  to  thwart  the  duke  of  oimoade.  Having  asserted 
during  tbe  debates  that  "  whoever  was  agiinst  the  bill  had 
dther  an  Irish  interest  or  an  Irish  undeTstanding,**  he  was 
challenged  by  Lord  Ossory.  Buckingham  avoided  Iheencounter, 
and  Oisoiy  was  sent  to  the  Tower.  A  abort  time  aiterwaids. 
between  the  two  houses  on  the  iQCh  of 
lo  blows  with  the  marquess  of  Dorrhaler, 
pulling  otl  the  lattei's  periwig,  while  Dorcbesler  at  the  dose  of 
the  scuffle  "  hid  much  of  tbe  duke's  hair  In  his  hand."'  Accord- 
ing to  Qarendon  no  tnisdemeanour  to  fiagranl  had  ever  before 
offended  tbe  dignity  of  tbe  House  of  Lords.  Ibe  offending 
peers  were  both  sent  to  the  Tower,  but  were  ideased  tSta 
qiolo^xing;  and  BucJclngbam  vented  his  spite  by  raising  a 
claim  lo  tbe  title  ol  Lord  Roos  held  by  Dorcliater'i  Mm-<n-taw. 
Hit  opposition  lo  tbe  goveminent  had  forfeited  the  king^ 
favour,  and  he  was  now  accused  of  treasonable  intrigues,  and 
ol  having  cait  the  king's  horoscope.  -Hit  ureal  wai  ordend 
«  the  151b  of  February  1667,  and  be  wai  diiuniwed  from  aD  Ids 
offices.  He  avoided  capture  till  tbe  17th  ot  June,  vben  be  gave 
ItfmseU  np  and  wai  hnprisoDcd  in  the  Tower.  He  was  rdsued, 
bowever,  by  July  17th,  waa  leatored  to  favour  and  to  hiiappoial- 
neoti  on  liie  r  ;th  of  September,  and  look  an  active  put  In  the 
pnaeculion  of  CkiendoB.  On  Iht  litttr'i  fall  ba  bacatat  the 
chief  minister,  though  holding  ao  hl|^  office  eacept  that  of 
master  oi  the  borse,  bought  from  ihcdukeof  Albemarle  in  iMg. 
In  ifi7r  he  was  elected  chancellor  of  Cambridge,  and  in  i£;a 
hi^  steward  of  Odord  university.  Ue  favoured  religious 
toleration,  and  earned  tbe  praiie  (4  Kichaid  Bailee;  he  sapported 
a  •chemc  of  comprebension  in  iK>8.  and  advised  the  declaratkni 
in  167].  He  upheld  tbe  ori^nal  jutisdictioB  of  the 
>  Clarendon.  Lifi  and  CtuHiutiilim,  979. 


Ijird*  fn  Skinner'i  ease.  Vilh  tl 
tenure  of  office  was  chiefly  marked  by  scandals  and  inttJEun. 
His  Illicit  conntdon  with  the  cnontcis  of  Shrewsbury  led  to  a 
doei  with  her  husband  at  Bam  Elmi  on  the  16th  of  Jamaty 
r66t.  In  which  Shrewsbury  waa  latally  wounded.  The  tale  that 
the  couBUas,  disguistd  at  a  pagt,  vltnased  tbo  encounter, 
appears  to  have  no  fotrndatloB;  but  Btuklngham,  by  installing 
the  "widow  ot  Ut  own  otatfam"  In  hit  own  and  his  wife's 
house,  outraged  even  tbe  lui  opinion  of  that  day.  Hewaslbought 
to  have  originated  the  project  ol  obtaining  the  divorce  of  tbe 
chjUlett  queen.  He  intrigued  agilnsl  Janes,  agalut  Sir 
Williaa  Coventry — (oe  of  tbe  ablest  atatcsmen  of  the  tine, 
wboae  fall  ha  procured  by  provoking  him  to  send  blm  ■  challenge 
— and  agaliBt  tbe  grtat  duka  of  l>monde,  wbo  was  disnitted 
In  rMiv  Ue  wa  even  tospecled  td  having  initigBted  nomas 
Bhiod's  attempt  (o  kidnap  and  murder  Onnonda,  and  waa 
diarged  with  the  crime  in  tbe  king's  pnance  by  f)cmoDde'l  ti». 
Lord  Oiiocy,  who  tbreatoicd  to  shoot  ham  dead  in  the  event 
of  his  fatho^  nMCtlng  with  a  violent  end.  Ariingtoo,  BOM  to 
Buckingham  himself  the  matt  powerful  meo^iet  of  Oie  cabal 
and  a  favottrita  of  the  king,  waa  a  rivd  Itn  cuy  to  omrooBei 
and  he  derived  considerable  InSneBce  fnan  tbe  control  ol  lordgB 

an  adherent  ot  tbe  French  alliance,  wblla  Arlington  condodid 
through  Sir  Waiiam  Temple  in  1668  tbe  Triple  Alliance.  But 
on  tbe  cnmplelo  tdu-faa  and  sumnder  made  by  Cbarlea  to 
France  In  1^70,  Arlington  as  a  Roman  Catholic  was  entrusted 
with  tbe  fint  treaty  of  Dover  of  the  10th  ol  May— which  besides 
providing  for  tbe  united  attack  on  Holland,  indnded  Charlca'a 
undertaking  to  proclaim  himiclf  a  Romanist  and  to  reintroduce 
the  Reman  Catholic  iaith  Into  En^and,— While  Buckingham 
waa  ant  to  France  to  cany  on  the  iham  ntsotiations  wblcii  led 
to  the  public  treaties  sf  tbejiitol  DeCEmbtr  ifiToand  the  and 
of  February  11I71.  He  was  moch  |daaaed  with  hlinceptlon  by 
Louis  XIV.,  dfclared  that  he  bad  "  mora  boBoon  done  him  thin 
ever  woe  given  to  any  rabject,"  avl  wu  pnsented  wltb  a 
pension  of  10,000  livrca  a  ycu  foe  Lady  Shrewsbury.  In  June 
1671  be  accompanied  Artiixton  to  tbe  Hagne  to  Inptte  lenu 
on  the  prince  of  Otange,  and  wltb  AiUngton  aitanged  the  new 
treaty  with  Louis.  AftB  all  tUt  activity  be  mScted  a  keea 
disappointment  In  being  patted  ovci  fof  the  commaad  of  die 
English  farces  in  favour  of  Schombeis.  lie  bow  knew  of  tbe 
secret  treaty  of  Dover,  ud  towards  tbe  end  of  it73  hb  jcaloufy 
ol  Ailingtan  became  opai  bottfliV-  He  thieMencd  to  Impead 
him,  and  endtavonied  wltb  tbe  belp  of  Lcnii  to  itii  np  a  factioB 
against  him  in  r**"— *"'  Tb^  however,  was  tmsnccets- 
f  ul,  tod  la  January  ttM  an  attack  waa  made  upon  Buckingham 
UomU  BBdtaBMMily  in  both  baotea.  In  tbe  Lonb  tba 
tnataea  ti  te  y«BB)  eari  ^  Sbrcwtbuty  complained  that 
Bucfcin^Hun  coatiBUed  pubSdy  hit  iittimaq'  with  the  countess, 
and  that  a  ton  -k  thein  had  baiti  buried  in  Wettininster  Abbey 
H  sail  ol  Cov^Uy;  and  Bockln^iam,  after 


10.000  not  to  cohabit  together  a^n.  In 
as  attacked  at  the  promoter  of  the  French 
,ol  "  popery  "  and  arbitrary  government.  He  defended 
chiefly  by  endeavouring  to  thro*  the  blame  upon 
IB;  but  an  address  waa  voted  petitioniog  the  king  to 
bim  from  bb  coundls,  prrsence  and  from  cmEdoyment 
~  Kbo  had  only  been  waiting  for  s 

,. ,,  10  waa  enraged  at  Buckingham's 

rantnUed  with  alacrity.  Buckingham  retired  into  private  Hie, 
rcfMned  hftwayt,  attended  church  with  hit  wife,  began  to  pay 
bla  debts,  became  a  "  patriot."  and  wu  claimed  by  the  oounlry 
ot  oppoiition  party  as  one  at  their  leaden.  In  the  spring  of 
1^75  be  was  conspicaous  for  bis  opposition  to  tbe  Ttstoatb  and 
foe  his  abuse  ot  tba  blsb^ia.  and  on  the  t6th  lA  November  ha 
introduced  a  InU  for  the  relief  ol  the  nonoonformitlt.  On  tht 
ijlh  of  February  1677  he  wu  one  of  the  four  lords  wbo  en- 
deavoured tocmbarraigthe  government  by  raising  the  qoestioa 
whether  tbe  paiiiiment,  not  having  amembled  acondtag  t^  ''^ 
ad  of  Edward  m.  ODca  in  the  yaai,  bad  not  been  diltol' 


7J6 


BUCKDJGHAM,  2ND  DUKE  OF 


-_.  -  e  TDOtion  wu  rciccUd  Had  the  four 
lordi  wnc  ordered  la  ipolopie.  On  thcii  Riiuing.  tli'y  wen 
KDL  to  [he  Towcf,  BucUoghara  in  puliculu  euupenting  the 
House  by  ridiniling  iU  censure.  Ha  nu  leleued  in  July,  ud 
immcdiitely  entered  into  inuigua  viUi  Buillon,  the  French 
embassador,  *ith  Ihft  object  of  hindering  the  gnal  of  supplies 

of  Louis  XIV.  foi  tlie  cnuse  of  the  opposition.  He  took  an 
active  part  in  the  prosecution  of  those  implicated  in  tbe  lul^MWd 
Popish  Plot,  and  accused  the  lord  chief  ji   "'      ""    ' 


inhisoi 


toffavi 


if  his  condiKi 


Kived.    He  promoted 

''"  LTcd  himself 

iieeman  of 


CathiAcs.     In  consequence 

for  his  apprehension,  but  it 

Ibc  return  of  Whig  candidaM 

the  champion  of  the  diventi 

Ihi  dly  d(  London.     He,  hovever,  leparated  nunscu  mm  lae 

WUfs  on  tbe  eidiuion  question,  probably  on  account  ol  his 

dislike  of  Monmouth  and  Shaftobury,  was  absent  from  tbe 

great  debate  in  the  Lords  on  the  15th  of  November  1680,  and 

va*  restored  to  the  king's  favour  in  1M4. 

He  took  no  part  in  public  life  after  Jamea't  accession,  but 
nlumed  to  bis  manor  of  Helmileyin  Yoikshitc,  the  cause  of  his 
Hithdisnal  being  probably  eihaustcd  health  and  eihaiated 
finances.  In  16S5  he  published  a  pamphlet,  entitled  A  ikort 
Diicoursc  on  Ikt  RiasmailciKis  i>/  Maii'i  JbiDini  a  Rdiput  {it- 
printed  in  Semers  Tracli  {1813,  ii.  13),  in  which  after  discozing 
the  main  lubjed  he  returned  to  his  favourite  tojdc,  religious 
toleration.  The  tract  prcFVoked  some  RJoindefs  and  was  de- 
fended, amongst  others,  by  William  Perm,  and  by  the  author 
bimKtl  in  Tkt  Datt  ^  Buciiniliam'i  Lata  It  llu  unhuitfi 
aulllBr  nf  a  itiirlannKrli>lhiDiiliii,/B,ickiiilam's  Fa  fir  U6&i). 
In  hopes  of  coavrning  him  to  Roman  Catholidsm  James  lenl 
himapriest,  but  Buckingham  turned  his  arguments  into  ridicDlc 
He  died  on  the  ibth  of  April  16S7,  from  a  chill  caught  while 
hunting,  in  the  house  of  a  tenant  at  Kirkby  Moq^side  in  York- 
shire, eiprasing  great  repentance  and  fteling  himself  "despised 
by  my  country  ud  I  (ear  forsaken  by  my  God."  ■  Tbe  misemble 
piclureafh[ienddmwDbyFope,however,is  greatly  exaggerated. 
He  was  huHed  on  the  7th  ol  June  1687  in  Henry  VII. 's  chapel 
in  Westminster  Abbey,  in  greater  slate,  it  was  said,  than  the 
late  king,  and  with  greater  splendour.  With  his  death  the 
family  founded  by  the  eitraordlnaiy  rise  to  power  and  influence 
ol  the  fine  duke  ended.  As  he  left  ru  legitimate  children  the 
title  became  eitmct.  and  his  great  estate  had  been  completely 
dissipated;  ol  the  eiu>imous  mansion  constructed  by  him  at 
CUvcden  in  Buckinghamshire  not  a  atone  remalna. 

The  oatcntaiioui  licence  and  tbe  unscrupulous  oinduct  of  the 
Alcibiadea  of  the  i;lh  century  have  been  deservedly  censured. 
But  even  his  critic*  agree  that  he  was  good-humouied.  good- 
natured,  generous,  an  unsurpassed  mimic  and  the  leader  of 
fashion;  and  with  his  good  looks,  in  spite  of  hii  moral  faults 
and  even  crimes,  be  was  irresistible  to  his  contemporaries. 
Many  uamplcf  of  his  amusing  wit  have  survived.  His  pont^it 
has  been  dnwn  by  Burtwt,  Count  Hamilton  In  the  Utmtirei 
de  CroniiwiiJ,  Dryden,  Pope  in  the  Efialt  le  letd  Btdaaii,  and 
Sir  Walter  &coIt  in  PaaS  e/  tkt  Puk.  He  Is  described  by 
Rclesby  as  "  the  first  gentleman  of  person  and  wit  I  think  I 
ever  saw,"  and  Burnet  bears  tbe  same  testimony.  Dean  Lockier, 
after  alluding  to  his  unrivalled  skill  in  riding,  rfanritig  and 
fencing,  adds,  "  When  be  came  into  the  preuace-chamber  it 
was  impossible  for  you  not  to  follow  htm  with  your  ey«  as  be 
went  along,  be  moved  so  gracefully."  Radag  and  hunting  wen 
his  favourite  sports,  and  his  name  long  survived  In  tbe  hunting 
lonp  of  Yorkshire,  lie  was  the  p&tian  ol  Cowley,  Sprat, 
Uatlhew  CMord  and  Wycherley.  He  dabbled  in  chemistry, 
and  for  some  yean,  aceotiling  to  lumet,  "  he  tbou^I  be  was 
*«iy  near  the  finding  of  the  philosopbet' 
glass  worki  at  Lunbeth  tbe  preduciion*  ol  wbid)  wett  praised 
by  Evelyn;  and  be  spent  much  tvarx, 
1  bulding 
ler  Iht  cb 
'QnBiltrtj  Xninr,  January  IttCiP. 


celebrated  lines  in  .t»i*l«B»iJ.1(KI«fM(towUdiBiiilIn8b«B 
np6tiiaPattuai  Sifufitianalau  Petm  .  .  .  by  9  Ptrttn  a] 
Himtur,  iWi}:— 

"  A  man  so  various,  thai  he  seemed  to  bt 


H^^' 


:hviniu,  fiddler,  natesman  ■« 
yd  by  fool*,  whom  siill  he  fou 
"  '  jest,  Iwt  (hey  had  bis  e> 


Buckingham,  however,  cannot  with  any  truth  be  called  the 
eiHtome  of  mankiDd."  On  the  contnry,  tbe  distinguishing 
matures  of  his  life  Mt  its  incompleteness,  aimlcsancss,  imper- 
xlion,  insignificance,  neglect  ol  talent*  and  waste  ol  oppor- 
tunities.    "  He  saw  and  approved  the  best,"  says  Brian  Ftlrlai, 


It  did  too  often  diln 
re  Justly  judged  by  hi 


1  u^i." 


but  his  last  recorded  words  on  tl 
piodlgul  have  I  been  of  that  m 
Timcl  "  express  with  exact  tni 
duioctcr  and  career,  of  which  h 


undoubted  but  undeveloped  poetical  gif  ts,  a  collection  of  whkb, 
containing  ho>evu  many  pieces  not  from  his  pen,  waa  fint 
published  by  Torn  Biown  in  17041  while  a  lew  extract*  froai 
a  commonplace  book  of  BuckJngbun  ol  some  interest  are  givtB 
in  an  article  in  tbe  Qiarltrly  Rcaev  of  January  1S98.  He  was 
the  author  of  Tit  Sdiiarsal.  an  amusing  and  clever  satire  oa 
the  hei^c  drama  and  espedally  on  Dryden  (first  petformed  on 
the  ;th  of  December  1^71,  at  the  Theatre  Royal,  and  fint  pub- 
lished In  167^),  a  deservedly  popular  play  which  was  Imitated 
by  Fielding  in  Tarn  Thumb  Uu  Great,  and  by  Sheridan  in  the 
CiUk.  Buckingham  also  published  two  aibpted  playa,  Thi 
duuHtl,  altered  from  Fletcher's  play  of  the  same  name  (1681) 
and  Tkt  Saloralian  ar  Riikl  vili  laJu  plact,  from  Beaumont  and 
Flctcbcr'a  PiilaUcr  (publ.  1714);  and  also  Thi  BtllU  a]  Stif 
maor  and  Tit  UilUnnl  CmfU  (pubL  1704).  Tbe  latcal  editioa 
of  his  works  is  that  by  T.  Evans  {a  vols.  Bvo,  1J)S).  ADothcr 
work  is  named  by  Wood  A  DtmmUiatiat  s/  Ms  DtUy,  of  which 


BDCKUIOHAM,  HEHRT  STAFTORD,  sm  DcKi  OT>  (1454- 
1483),  was  the  son  of  Humphrey  Stafford,  killed  at  tlw  fint 
battle  of  3t  Albans  In  1455,  and  grandson  of  Humphrey  the 
isl  duke  (ct.  1444),  killed  at  Northampton  hi  1460,  both  fi|^ting 
for  Lancaster.  The  ist  duke,  who  bote  the  title  ol  earl  ol 
Buckingham  In  right  of  Us  nether,  was  the  son  of  Ednuod, 
5th  earl  ol  Staflord,  and  o\  Anne,  daughter  of  Thomai,  duk* 

•  From  hii  Common  plaee  Book  [Qmaltily  Ka.  vol.  iBl.  p.  Bj), 

'u.  in  the  Stafford  fine:  ace^Ave. 


BUCBINQHAMi.  J.  &— BUCKINGHAM  «f  NORMANBY        727 


vt  CloHcota,  ymmgot  Km  of  Edwud  m.:  Hmr/i  mothn 
wu  Maigmt,  daughter  of  Edmund  Buurort.  ind  duke  ol 
Somcncl,  gruid»a  of  John  of  Gaunt.  Thui  be  csme  en  bolfa 
lides  of  the  blood  niyil,  and  thii,  coupled  with  the  vaitneu 
of  hit  inherilance,  made  the  ytnaig  duke'i  future  of  unportmce 
to  Edward  tV.'  He  wai  recoguiisd  a)  duke  in  146s,  and  next 
year  waa  mairicd  Id  Catherine  Woodviile,  the  quecn'i  tiUer. 
On  reaching  manhood  he  was  made  a  knight  of  the  Garter  in 
(474,  and  in  1478  waa  high  iteward  at  the  tria]  of  Ccor^,  duke 
,of Clarence.  .HehadnototherwiaeELiedanypoaitionof imporl- 
juice,  but  his  fidelity  might  lecm  to  have  been  lecurcd  by  ba 
marriage.  However,  after  Edward'i  death,  Buckingham  waa 
one' of  the  first  persona  worked  upon  by  Richard,  duke  oJ  Glou- 
caier.^  Itwaa  through  his  help  that  Richard  obtained  poucasion 
of  the  young  king,  and  be  waa  at  once  rewardtxl  with  the  oEhcci 
.of  juticUr  and  chamberlain  of  North  and  South  Walca,  and 
ronstablD  of  ill  tlu  loyal  coiilci  in  the  principality  and  Wdth 
parches.  In  the  proceedings  which  led  to  liw  depnitkia  of 
Edwiiil  V.  he  took  a  prominent  part,  and  on  the  ulh  of  June 
14SJ  he  urged  the  dtiienK  at  the  Guildhall  to  lake  Richard  ai 
king,  in  a  speech  of  much  eloquence,  "  for  he  wu  ncilhet 
vnJeaned  and  of  nature  marvellously  well  spoken  "  (More). 
Al  Richard's  coronation  h<  served  as  chambcrbin.  and  imitiodi- 
■lely  afterwards  was  made  constable  of  Engbrul  and  confirmed 
in  lus  powen  in  Wales.  Richard  might  ncU  hnve  believed  that 
the  duke's  aupjurt  waa  secured.'  fUit  early  in  August  Bucking 
bam  withdrew  from  the  court  td  Brecon.  He  may  have  thought 
that  he  deserved  anevcngrcatertcwjrd, or  possibly  had  dreams 
of  cstabli^ng  bis  own  ckaimt  to  Ihc  crovrn.  At  all  events,  at 
Brecon  he  fell  somewhat  easily  undcrihe  influence  of  his  prisoner, 
JohD  Uortan  [ft.},  who  iiuluccd  him  to  give  his  jiqipsrt  to  his 
oouun  Hciuy  Tudor,  earl  of  Richmoad.  A  widespread  plot 
was  toon  formed,  but  Richard  had  early  warning,  and  on  the 
ijtli  of  October,  issued  »  predamaiion  against  Buckingham. 
BucUngham,  as  arranged,  prepared  to  enter  Eneland  with  * 
large  force  of  Welshmen.  His  advance  was  sujppcd  by  an 
extraordinary  flood  on  the  Severn,  his  army  melted  away  without 
striking  a  Uow,  and  he  himself  took  refuge  with  a  follower, 
Kalfih  Bannister,  at  Lacon  Hall,  near  Wem.  The  man  betrayed 
himfDTaUrgereward,andon  the  ist  of  November,  Buckingham 
wai  brought  to  the  king  at  Salisbury.  Richard  refused  to  sec 
him,  and  after  a  summary  trial  had  him  executed  neat  day 
(md  el  November  148J),  thongh  it  was  a  Sunday. 

Buckingham'a  eldest  Kn,  Edward  [147S-1511},  eventually 
succeeded  him  as  3 id  duke,  (he  attaiuler  being  removed  in  14SS: 
the  second  son,  Henry,  was  aftemords  earl  ol  Wiltshire.  The 
3rd  duke  played  an  important  part  as  lord  high  consliblc  at 
the  (ficning  of  the  reign  of  Henry  VIll.,  and  is  introduced  into 
Shakespeare's  play  ol  that  king,  but  he  fell  through  his  oppotilioii 
10  Wolsey.  and  in  1511  was  condemned  for  treason  and  executed 
(ijih  of  Ktay):  the  title  vim  then  loifeiled  with  his  attainder. 
hi*  only  SOI  Henry  (ijoi-isSj).  »ho  in hii  fniher't  lifetime  •■ai 
styled  earl  of  SuSord,  being,  however,  given  back  his  estates  in 
ijij,  and  in  1547  restored  inbhiod  by  pailiamcnt  with  the  title 
of  Baian  Stallard,  which  became  extinct  in  this  line  with  Roger, 
jth  Bamn  in  tb4a.  In  that  year  the  barony  of  StaSord  nu 
granted  to  William  Hwvatd  (ibt4-t6Sol.  who  after  two  months 
Wat  created  Viscount  Stafford;  he  was  beheaded  in  tABo.  and 
hiason  wtscnuiedearlolSiallordin  i6£3.  a  title  which  became 
extinct  in  1761;  but  in  iSi;  ihcdcscenL  loihc  barony  of  i&4owas 
esiablishcd,  to  Iheuiislactionof  the  House  ol  Lords,  in  ihepcraoD 
of  Sir  C.  W.  Jcmingham,  in  whose  family  it  then  continued. 

The  ehitf  ari^nal  authorities  for  the  life  ol  Ihcind  duke  el  Ddck- 
Ingham  are  thi^  CtViaualitt  1^  lltr  Cnylaid  Ckrumidt:  SirThomai 
Mire's  RUia-i  III.:    arKi  Fabyani  D'owi  '        ■  ' 

auihoHlics  cori«Mll  J.  Cairdner'.  KiiAar 


BUCKIN6HAM,  JAMES  SILK  (ilB»-iS5s],  English  author 

and  traveller,  was  bom  near  Falmouth  on  the  ijih  of  August 
1786,  the  son  of  «  farmer.  His  youth  waa  spent  at  sea.  After 
years  of  wandering  he  established  in  iSiS  ihe  Caliulla  Jtiaavl. 
Thl*  venture  at  first  provqd  highly  succeuful,  but  in  iSij  the 


■ "    "Vc-iI'k!'/ 


papa's  outqwkan  crllriisnii  of  the  East  India  Company  led 
to  Ihe  expulsion  of  Buckingham  from  India  and  to  the  suppre»- 
tion  of  the  paper  by  John  Adam,  the  acting  govetnor.generaL 
tlis  case  was  brought  before  parliament,  and  a  pension  ol  £»» 
a  year  was  subsequently  awarded  him  by  the  &isl  India  Com- 
pany as  compensation.  Buckingham  continued  his  ioumah'stic 
ventures  on  hia  return  to  England,  and  started  the  Oritnlal 
HiiaUU^n)  and  the  AiluKanm  [rgig)  which  was  not  a  succos 
in  his  fiands-  In  parliament,  where  he  sat  as  member  lor  She!- 
held  from  i8ji-iiij7,  he  was  a  iliong  advocate  of  social  reformi 
He  was  ■  most  voluminous  writer.  He  hid  travelled  mudi  in 
Europe,  America  and  Ihe  East,  and  wrote  a  gnat  number  of 
'ful  books  of  travel.    In  1851  the  value  of  thcsa  and  ol  hia 


y  work  w 


d  by  if 


leathii 


London, 
t  on  hit 
ompkt^ 

1S6J), 


|oih  of  June  iSjs,  Bucki 

and  published  (1855). 

His  youn^^t  son,  Leicester  Silk  Buckingham  {1S15. 
achieved  no  httle  popularity  as  a  playwright,  several  01  nil 
free  adaptations  of  French  comedies  being  produced  in  London 
between  186a  and  1867. 

BUCKINGHAll.  a  market  town  and  municipal  borough  and 
the  county  town  of  Buckinghamshire,  England,  in  the  Bucking' 
ham  patUamcniary  division,  61  m,  N.W.  of  London  by  a  bran^ 
of  the  London  *  Norih-WMicro  railway.  Pop.  (1901)  jisj. 
It  lies  in  an  open  valley  on  the  npper  part  ol  the  liver  Ouse, 
which  encircles,  thejnain  portion  af  the  town  on  three  side). 
The  church  of  St  I>cier  and  St  Paul,  which  was  extensively, 
restored  by  Sir  Gilbert  Scott,  «  native  of  this  neighbouihood, 
is  of  the  lath  ceniury,  and  stands  on  the  site  of  the  old  caslle; 
the  town  hall  dales  froB  the  cbse  of  the  pievious  ccntvry;  and 
the  grammar  school  was  lounded  by  Edward  VI.,  in  pan  occupy, 
ing  buildings  of  earlier  dale,  which  retain  PeTpcmficular  and 
Decorated  i\-irdows.  and  a  Norman  door.  A  chantry,  founded 
in  116S  by  Matthew  Slratlon,  archdeacon  ol  BuckiDgham, 
previously  occupied  the  sitei  the  Narman  work  may  be  1 
remnant  oltbechapelofagildol  Ihe  Holy  Trinity..  The  manor 
house  is  of  the  early  pan  of  the  tilh  century,  and  other  old 
houscsicmam.  Thcadjaccnt manliDnofBtowe,approachedfraio 
tfie  town  by  a  magriificent  avenue  of  elms,  and  surrounded  by 
gardens  very  beaulilully  laid  out.  was  the  seat  of  Ihe  dukes  ^ 
Buckingham  until  the  extinction  of  Ihe  title  in  iS8q.  Bucking- 
ham is  served  by  a  bianch  of  the  Grand  Junction  Canal,  and  ha* 
agriculiural  Imde,  minufactuies  of  condensed  milk  and  txiiSiaii 
manure,  mslting^  and  aDur-mills;  while  an  old  industry  survives 
10  a  modified  citeni  in  the  manufacture  of  pdlow'lace.  The 
borough  is  under  a  mayor.  4  aldermen  and  11  councBlon. 
Area,  jooi  aero. 

Buckingham  (Bachin[e>iani,  Bukyngham)  wM  an  impoilanl 
Btrorighok]  in  prc-Cooqunr  times,  end  in  9Lft  Edward  the  Elder 

foris  on  eifhcr  side  of  the  waier.     Ai  the  time  of  the  f>oinnday 
survey  there  were  iwcmy-Mii  bjrjcMes  in  Buckingham,  which. 

Alihoiigh  il  appears  a>  a  borouih  thin  arly,  Ihe  town  recnved  no 
chnricr  uniil  135*.  when  Queen  Mary  cicaled  it  a  free  borough 
corporate  with  a  bailiff,  twelve  principal  hurgesaea  and  a  sieward, 
aoJ  defined  ihe  boundaries  aicitending  in  width  from  Dudley  bridge 
bridge  and  in  lengih  from  Chackmoie  bridge  to 


^tending  in  width 

._  ,.^ in  kmiifi  from  C 

Padbury  MiU  briite.    A  chaner  from  Chsrics 
sliorlly  abnndoncdin  favour  of  Ihe 


1835.     la 


hich  held  fcR 


ipal  Corporations 

uniildnH^Tdby  ibeRepTcflentaliDnof  IhePeopieAct  of  iBa7af  one 
member,  and  by  the  lted>>tribu<»n  of  Seats  Act  of  lUj  of  (he  oiken 
Early  raemions  occur  ol  maifceii  and  faiii,  and  from  isiJ.  when 
Henry  VlIl.Eraillcd  to  Sir  Henry  Mamiy  ihe  borouBh  oTBuckirg. 
ham  with  s  Sanrrday  market  and  two  annua!  lain,  grants  ol  fain 
by  variovSKrwieiRns  were  numeroDJ.  BuckinBham  was  formerly  an 
ImtBTtant  agiioillunl  Crmrc.  and  Edward  111.  And  here  one  ol 
Ihe  siaples  lor  wool,  but  alter  the  tcmoviil  of  the*  to  Calaii  the  trade 
sudeied  .uch  decay  that  in  an  aci  of  y  Hcmr  Vril.  Buckingham  b 

BUCKIHQHAH  AMD  NORKAHBY,  JOHN  SHEFnELD.  i^ 

Dum  0»  (l648-l)Jl).  English  ilatcsman  and  poet,  was  bor 


738    BUCKINGHAMSHIRE,  EARLS  OF— BUCKINGHAMSHIRE 


Uw  7U1  of  AprO  164S.  He  wu  the  ion  of  Edmund,  ind  tul  of 
Mulgnvt,  widauaeeded  to  (hit  title  on  lnsf*ltK['<  death  in  1658. 
At  th>  igc  of  eighteen  he  joined  the  Beet,  to  mve  in  the  finl 
Dutch  war;  on  the  renenl  o(  boitilitia  in  ifi;]  he  wu  pKsent 
it  the  bsttie  of  Southwold  Bay,  and  in  the  neit  year  teceived  the 
commaul  of  a  ahip.  He  was  also  made  a  cobnd  of  infantry,  and 
Kived  for  Kme  tizne  under  TurenM.  In  i6Sa  he  val  put  in 
chttge  of  an  eipcdition  Knl  lo  telieve  the  lonn  dI  Tanker.  It 
wu  said  that  he  wai  provided  vith  a  lotlen  ahip  in  the  hope  that 
be  would  not  return,  but  the  reason  ol  this  abortive  plot,  if  plot 
there  was,  la  not  eiaictly  ascertained.  At  court  he  took  the  aide 
of  the  duke  of  York,  and  helped  to  bring  about  Honinouth'i 
di^Etace-  In  i63i  he  was  dlstnissed  from  the  court,  apparently 
(or  putting  himself  forward  ai  a  suitor  for  the  princess  Anne,  but 
on  the  accession  of  King  James  he  received  a  seat  in  the  privy 
cound!.  and  was  made  lord  chamberlain.  Ucsupported  James  ia 
hia  most  nnpopulat  meniures,  and  stayed  with  him  in  London 
during  the  lime  of  hit  Sight.  He  also  pntccwd  the  Spanish 
ambmsadofftomthedangeiouaingBroftlwtnob.  Heacquiesced, 
bowever,  in  the  Revolution,  and  in  ]6q<  was  nuule  marquAi  of 
Notmanby.  In  tbqb  he  refuied  in  company  with  othet  Tory 
pecn  to  sign  an  agreement  to  suppoit  William  aa  Iheir  "  ri^tfij 
and  lawful  king"  against  Jacoliite  attempts,  and  was  conse- 
quently dismissed  from  the  privy  council.  On  the  accesaiDn  ot 
Anne,  with  wEiom  he  was  a  per&onaj  favourite,  he  became  lord 
privy  se^  and  loid-lieu tenant  of  the  North  Riding  of  Yorbshiie, 
and  in  r703  duke  ol  Duckingbam  and  Normsjihy.  During  the 
predominance  ol  the  WUgs  between  1705  and  1 710,  Buckingham 
was  deprived  of  his  O0ice  uloid  privy  leaJ,  but  in  1710  he  waa 
made  lord  siewanl,  and  tn  1711  lotd  president  of  the  councQ. 
After  the  doth  ol  Anne  be  held  tto  slate  appointment  He  died 
on  the  14th  of  FebruBiy  1711  at  bis  honsc  in  St  James's  Park, 
which  stood  on  the  lite  ol  the  presenl  Buckingham  Palace. 
Buckini^am  was  succeeded  by  his  Bon,  Edmund  (1716-1735)  on 
whose  death  the  titles  became  extinct. 

Buckingham,  ttho  is  bet  Icrkiwwn  by  his  inherited  litks  as  Lord 
Mulgmve,  was  the  author  ol  ■'  An  Account  of  the  Rcvohilion  " 
and  some  ol  her  essays,  and  of  numerous  poems,  among  Ihcm  the 
£iiay  m  Patlry  and  the  £i»y  m  Seiirt.  It  is  probable  that  the 
£iiay on  5a'(rc.  which  attacked  many  notable  persons, "  saunter- 
ing Charles  "  amongst  others,  was  drculited  ui  MS.  It  was  often 
attributed  at  the  time  to  Dryden,  who  accordingly  suffered  a 
thrashing  at  the  hands  of  Rocheiter's  biavoes  for  the  reSccIions 
U  contair^  upon  the  earl.  Mulgrave  was  a  patron  of  Dryden, 
who  may  possibly  have  revised  it,  but  was  certainly  not 
responsiUe,  althotigh  it  ia  commonly  printed  with  hia  works. 
Mulgrave  adapted  Shakespeare's  Jallia  Caaar,  breaking  it  up 
into  two  pisyi,  JuHni  Caesar  uii  Uatiui  Eruiui,  He  introduced 
choruses  between  the  acts,  two  of  these  being  written  by  Pope, 
and  an  incongruous  love  sccoe  between  Brutus  and  Portia.  He 
wu  a  constant  friend  and  patron  ol  Pope,  who  upressed  a 
Battering  opinion  o!  his  £iiay  n  Petlry.  This,  allhou^ 
amoothlycnouEh  written,  deals  chiefly  withcommonpliMS. 

aod  was  brought  before  the  bar  ol  the  Hous:  of  Lords  for  breach  ti 
privilege  accordingly.  An  aoihoriccd  edition  uorlcr  the  supcr- 
IniendcDce  of  Pope  appeared  in  17^3,  but  the  authorities  cut  out  the 
-  Account  of  the  RevtJulion  "  and"  The  Feast  ol  the  Cods  "  on 
account  of  their  altefrdjaoobito  tendencies.  These  were  primed  at 
the  Hague  in  1717.    Pope  disingenuously  repudiated  any  knowledge 

ol  tbt  conlenta.    Olbcr  edilmiia  reappeared  —  —-    — ' 

i7jo  and  17s].    His  Pormi  were  included  in 

BUCKIRaHAIfSHtRB,EARUOP.  Thefinteari  of  Bucking- 
hamshire (lo  be  distinguished  Itom  the  earls  of  Buckingham,  ;.>.) 
was  John  Hobart  (c.  1694-1756),  a  dacendsnl  ol  Sit  Heniy 
Hobail  (d.  1615).  atlomcy-gcneral  and  chief  iuslica  of  the 
common  pleat  under  James  L.  whowaamadea  baronet  in  1611, 
and  wbowaathe  gteat-graiulsan  of  Sr  Jlmea  Hobarl  (d.  ijo/), 
ttioraty -general  to  Henry  VIL  TbeHobanahadbccnsctlledin 
Norfolk  and  Suflotk  lot  many  years,  when  in  t7>8  John  Hobart, 
whowatalon  of  Sir  Henry  Hobarl,  Ihejlh  baronet  (d.i6o«).was 
cmted  Baran  Hobart  of  Blickling.  In  1740  Hobart  became  lord- 
Uenlenantof  NorfolkaBdlni746<uIol  Be 


IS  of  Suffolk,  being  the  ntetfoa 
nd  o!  September  17;$,  and  was 
lest  son  John  (1713-1751),  who 
lorwich  and  coraptndler  of  the 


sister,  Henrfetta  Howard,  cot 
of  George  n.  He  died  on  th 
succeeded  as  ind  eari  >  by  hii 

royal  bousebotd  before  his  ac 
1766  he  was  ambassador  to  Russia,  and  from  1776  to  1780  lord- 
lieutenant  ol  Ireland,  but  he  was  hardly  equal  to  the  exceptional 
difliculliea  viib  which  he  had  to  deal  in  the  latter  poution.  He 
died  without  sons  at  Blickling  Halt,  Norfirik,  on  the  3rd  of  Augist 
'T)i,  *hen  his  half-brother  George  (c.  r73o-iSo4),  became  jrd 
eari.  Blickling  Hall  and  his  NorfoUt  esUtes,  however,  pasted  to 
bis  daughter,  Henrietta  Ci7e]-rSos),  the  wife  of  Willian  Ken, 
afterwards  6th  marquess  of  Lothian. 

Robot  Hobart,  4th  eari  of  Buckinghamshire  (1760-1816],  the 
eldest  son  oltlie  3rd  earl,  was  bom  on  Ihebthof  Msy  1760.  H« 
was  a  soldier,  and  then  a  member  of  both  the  English  and  the 
Irish  Houses  o!  Commons;  from  1789  to  1753  he  MJ  chief  aecre- 

In  11Q],  being  known  by  the  courtesy  title  ol  Lord  Hobart,  be 
was  sent  to  Madras  as  governor,  but  in  17}*,  after  aerkusdilTei- 
encea  between  himself  and  the  gi>vcnior.general  of  India.  % 
John  Shore,  afterwards  Lord  Teignmouth,  he  was  mailed- 
Reluming  to  British  polirics,  Hobart  was  called  up  to  the  House 
of  Lords  Id  1798  Ituccceding  to  the  earldom  of  Buckinghamshire 
in  tiot);  he  favoured  the  union  between  England  and  Irdand; 
from  March  1801  to  May  tSoa  he  was  aeeteisry  lor  war  and  the 
colonies  (his  lamlly  name  being  takim  tor  Hobart  Town  ia 
Tasmania),  and  in  iSoj  he  beame  chancellor  of  the  dochy  a( 
LanoutertindaPitL  Fotashorc  rirne  he  was  jirini  poatmaiter- 
geneial,  and  from  1811  until  his  death  on  the  4th  of  February 
I8i6hc  was  president  of  the  Board  otOmtrol.  a  post  lor  wUcfa 
his  Indian  experience  had  Sited  him. 

The  4th  eari  left  no  sona,  and  his  titles  passed  to  Ida  nej^kew, 
George  Robert  Hoban  (1789-1 B40).  a  son  of  GeoigeVere  Hobart 
(i76t-t3oiJ.  lieutenant-governor  of  Grenada.  In  lS>4  the  5tb 
eari  inherited  the  Buckinghamshire  estates  of  the  Hampden 
family  and  took  the  name  of  Hampden,  his  ancestor.  Sir  Joho 
Hobart,  3rd  baronet,  havingmarriod  Mary  Hampden  abonl  iCjs. 
Od  his  death  in  February  r84q  his  brother,  Augustus  Edward 
Hobart  (1793-1884),  who  took  the  name  of  Hobarl-Hampden  i« 
1(78,  became  6th  earl.  Histwosdns,  Vere  Henry,  Lord  Hobart 
(1818-187;!,  governor  of  Madras  from  1871,  and  Frederick  JiAa 
Hobart  (1811-1875),  predeceased  him,  and  whcnthe6ih  eari  died 
he  was  succeeded  by  his  grandson,  Sidney  Carr  Hoban-Hampden 
(b.  i860],  who  became  7th  eari  of  Buckinghamshire,  and  who 
added  to  his  name  that  of  Mereer-Henderson.  Anolber  of  the 
6ih  eari'a  sons  was  Augustus  Charies  Hobart-Hampdcn,  generally 
known  as  Hobart  Pasha  (f.t.). 

Sit  Lord  KobaR's  Ciu^H  naif  VilciUiiiienir  ITrdnigi.  edited  wHtb 
biography  by  Lady  Hobart  I  iE8s). 

BnCfgRGKAMSHIRE  (abbtin>!ated  Sviti)  a  south  midUrtd 
county  ol  Englind,  bounded  N.  by  Northamptonshire,  E.  by 
Bedlonlshitc,  Hertfoidshiie  and  Middlesex,  S.  lor  a  abort  dis- 
tance by  Surrey,  and  by  Berkshire,  and  W.  by  Oxfordshire.  lu 
area  ia  743- 1  sq.  m.  The  county  is  divided  between  tbe  basins  U 
the  rivers  Ouse  and  Thames.  The  first  in  Its  uppermost  courK 
forms  part  of  the  north-western  boundary,  passes  the  towns  ot 
Buckingham,  Stony  Stratford,  Wolvcnon,  Newport  Pagnell  and 
CNney,  and  before  quitting  the  county  forms  a  short  stretch  of  the 
north-eastern  boundary.  The  principal  tributary  it  receivea 
within  the  county  is  the  OuleL  The  Thames  forms  the  entire 
touihcin  boundary;  and  of  its  tributaries  Buckinghamshire 
indudcs  the  upper  part  of  the  Thames.  To  the  north-west  oi 
Buckingham,  and  both  east  and  west  of  the  Ooiel.  the  land  liaea 
in  gentle  undulations  to'a  height  ol  nearly  joe  l!.,  and  north  of 
the  Thames  valley  a  few  nearly  isolated  hills  stand  boldly,  such 
■s  Brill  Hill  and  Uutvefl  Hill,  each  over  600  It.,  hut  the  hiUiest 

>  Ut>i;1  1784.  when  Ccorfe  Crenville.  Earl  Temple,  was  created 


BCCKIKGHAMSHnUE 


put  of  the  coDiUy  k  tin  loiitli,  vhkli  is  oocvpied  by  put  of  tbe 

ChUteni  lyitem,  the  general  dimlion  ol  which  is  Iram  loutli- 
*est  to  nocih-eau.  llie  cml-line  of  tboe  hlili  ctohcs  the 
county  It  Its  nanoweit  point,  atODg  «  Uoe,  above  tfa*  towns  of 
Fcina'a  RisboroiiEh  and  Wendover,  not  eiceeding  II  m.  in 
length.  This  line  divides  the  county  into  two  parts  o(  quite 
dtSFient  physical  chancier;  ioc  to  the  Kxilh  almost  the  whole 
land  Is  hilly  (the  longer  slope  oi  the  Chiltem  syilem  lying  in  this 
diiKtlon),  well  wooded,  and  pleasantly  diveni&cd  with  nanow 
vain.  The  chiet  of  these  are  watered  by  the  Wye,  Misbonme 
and  Chni  tlreama.  TTie  beech  tne  Is  predoniinanl  ic  thi  woods, 
In  so  much  that  William  Camden,  writing  c.  15S;,  supposed  the 


oulha 


itfon 


Burnham  Beeches 
height  of  neatly  !)oa  fi.  within  the  cou: 
Cfofop  — The  nortlicm  hall  of  the  con 


younger  strata  to  tbe  south;  1li>  «c 
souIh.<a>terly.  A  few  pitcha  of  l^p 
northern  boundary  near  Grafton  P" 
'    '     '     valley  of  (lie  Ouie  pear 


about  fboRiton  as  a  thin  bedofcby  1 
•I  the  baae.  Next  above  k  Ihe  Coi 
(KxasiooaUy  bard  limestones  and  lb! 

Tingwick,  Bucldngbani.  BeIehamp^ 
quarried  at  Wolvenon  andelicwlu 


TIk  Chlllerni  itach  a 

re  covered  by  Tertiary  bMs. 
succeeded  continiuuily  bv 
■al  dip  of  all  the  roclis  ii 
r  Lias  Chy  apj«f  near  the 


fouls  are  abundant.    The  Hartwe 


^^aieal 

.  reshwalH  Purbcck  beds  lie  bctow  the  Ponlandand  Lower  Ci.-_ 
aand  beds;  they  cap  the  ridge  between  Oving  and  Whitchurch. 
''■ '''nfl  sands  nave  been  worked  from  tbe  Losier  Creensand  at 


villages.  The  Chalk  rim  abruptly  licm  tbe  low  lying  aigillacmus 
plain  10  form  the  Chilicrn  Kills.  The  fonn  of  Ihe  whole  oTlhe  hilly 
district  round  Cbnham,  Hifh  Wycoinlie  and  the  Challonti  h 
determined  bv  the  Chalk.  Reading  beds,  noltledelavssnd  mnds. 
repose  upon  liie  Chilk  at  Wobum.  %ariiha>n.  Fulmer  and  Llenham. 
and  ibcse  are  in  tpm  covered  by  Ihe  London  Clay,  whiEh  iseipiised 
on  tbe  dom  abonl  Stoke  Comnon  nnd  I  ver.     Bet  w«n  ItieTpniiiy- 

deposits  of  plateau  gravnl  cover  moil  of  the  bi^h  ground  In  the 
obscured  by  facial  clay  1 -and  gravnls. 

Induttrici.—tht  agricultural  lapaiitiea  ol  Ihe  soil  naiy  gnally 
indifleient  localities.  On  the  lower  lands,  especially  in  the  Vale 
ol  Aylesbury,  about  the  headwaters  of  the  Thame,  ii  jjeiHoDcly 
fertile:  while  on  Ihe  hilb  il  is  usually  poor  and  ihin.  The  pn- 
portiOn  of  cultivated  land  i<  high,  hebig  about  S3  %of  the  whole. 
Of  this  ■  large  and  growing  portion  a  In  permanent  paslnte; 
CBttte  and  sheep  being  rcaied  in  great  numbers  (or  the  London 
mailleM,  In  which  also  ate  sent  t^uanlilies  of  ducks,  for  which 
the  disirici  round  Aylesbury  is  fanious.  Wheat  and  oals  are  the 
principal  grain  ctcips,  though  both  decrease  In  importance. 
Turnips  and  swedes  lot  the  cattl«  (re  Ihe  chief  gieen  cropa; 
and  daily-farming  is  laigtiy  piiicitied.  Tittn  Is  do  general 
nuDUfacluiing  industry,  but  ■  considenble  atnounl  o(  hice- 
tnaking  and  stiaw-ptailing  is  carried  on  locally;  and  at  High 
Wycombe  and  in  its  nnghbourhood  there  is  a  thrivlnl  trade  in 
various  articles  of  tumcjy,  such  as  chain  and  bowls,  from  beech 
and  other  hard  woods.    The  inlroduction  of  lace-making  in  Ibb 


m  also  to  Catharine  0 
itsideBce  (c  1S31)  al  Anpihitl.  Down  to  ' 
iQtb  ccatDcy  a  general  holiday  celebrated  b: 
t5th  of  November  was  known  as  "  CalUm'a  Day." 

CtmmimUatlam, — Tbe  main  line  of  tbe  London  ft  North- 
western railway  asuet  the  north-east  part  ol  the  county. 
Bletchky  is  an  important  joDctlon  on  this  sywcm,  bniuhes 
diverging  east  10  Fenny  Siniford.  Bedford  and  Cambridge,  and 
west  lo  Oiioid  and  Banbury,  Buckingham  being  served  by  tbe 
western  branch.  There  b  aLio  a  branch  frots  Cheddlngton  lo 
Aylesbury.  Tbe  Ueliopoliian-Creai  Central  joint  line  servca 
Amersham,  Cheshun  (by  a  bnnrdi),  and  Aylesbury,  joining  Ibe 
North-Westen  Oilotd  branch  at  Vetney  JunctioD;  tbs  Uae  is 
used  by  the  Cxst  Cential  railway,  the  main  line  of  which  om- 
thiues  north-westsratd  from  Quainion  Road.  A  light  railway 
eonnecia  Ihls  sUllon  with  Ibi  laige.vilhge  of  Btfll  IS  the  lonlh- 
wett.  liie  Great  Central  and  tbe  Creal  Western  companis 
jcnntly  own  a  Ihie  paismg  thtongh  Beacoosfield,  Hl|h  Wycombe, 
and  Prince's  Risborough,  which  it  eoDDCCted  narthwuil  with 
the  Great  Cenlnl  ryitera,  Befora  the  opening  of  thb  line  in 
igo6  the  Gieal  Western  branch  from  Maidenhead  to  Qifnd 
was  the  only  line  serving  Hi^  Wycombe  and  Prince^  Kis- 
borough,  from  which  Ihere  aie  branches  to  Watlingtoa  and 
Ayleilnjiy.  The  tnain  line  of  this  company  ciossea  the  ealteme 
sooth  of  the  county  by  Slou^  and  Tapkiw.  The  Grand  JunctioD 
.  Cand,  nacMng  tbe  valley  of  the  Ouse  by  way  of  the  Ouiei  valley 
from  the  soath,  baa  branches  to  Aylesbury  and  to  Bucfclngbtm. 
Except  the  Thames  none  of  (he  riven  in  Ihe  connly  is  con- 
tiniKHBly  navlgtble. 

PtftdoKM  and  AdminislmliBH.—'nie  area  of  the  andent 
county  is  475,(>Si  acres,  with  a  populatkw  fai  1S91  of  iSj.sSt, 
and  in  1901  of  igf  ,;lt4-  TIk  area  of  Ibc  adminlKratlve  county 
is4WJ!i8acns.  The  county  contains  eight  hundreds,  of  which 
three,  namely  Stoke,  Baniham  and  Deaboiongh,  form  tbe 
'  ChOtem  Handreds  "  (;.?,).  The  bundled  of  Aylesbury  retaios 
In  ancient  designation  of  the  "  three  Imndieds  of  Aylesbnry." 
Tbe  municipSLt  borooghs  arc  Buckinghiun,  tbe  county  town 
(pop.  3151).  and  Wycombe,  olficially  Chrt^ing  Wycombe,  aho 
ChippingotHighWycomhe(iJ,S4')-  TheolherurtiandBlricta 
are  Aylesbniy  (0143),  Beacoitsfield  (is?a),  Choham  (114S). 
Elon  I3301),  Fenny  Stratford  (47«).  Linjlade,  on  tbe  Omd 
opposite  to  Leighlon  Buusrd  in  Bedlbrdsfaire  (1157),  Maiiow 
{4SiS).  Newport  Pognell  (4018),  Slon^  (ii45j)-  Among  the 
fc«er  market  town*  may  be  mentioned  Amersham  (»«74). 
Ivingfaoc  (ScS),  Olrtcy  (16S4),  Prince's  Risboraugh  (iigq), Stony 
StralEoTd  (1353),  Wendover  (jooo)  and  WintiDW  (1703).  At 
Woh'erton  (;3:3)  are  tbe  carriage  woifa  of  the  London  &  Nortfi- 
Western  nilway.  Several  ol  Ihe  village)  on  and  near  tbe  banks 
ol  Ihe  Thames  have  become  centres  of  leiidence,  such  as  Taplow, 
Cookham  end  Bourne  End,  Bumbam  and  Woahum.  Bncking- 
hamihiii  is  in  the  midland  circuit,  and  aula*  are  held  at  Ayirs- 
bury.  It  has  one  court  o(  quarter  se$sloD*,  and  b  dhrided  into 
thuteen  petty  sessional  divisions,  Tbe  boHD^  o[  Buckini- 
ham  and  Wycombe  have  separate  ODmraaaions  «f  tbe  peace. 
Tbe  administrative  county  coniaiis  13a  dvil  pnoba.  Buck- 
inghamshire is  almost  entirely  withm  tbe  dnccse  of  Oxford, 
and  915  ecctesiaxtlCBl  parshei  ate  situated  wholly  or  bi  paH 
within  it.  Thov  are  three  patliamenlary  divisiiKBt  Northent 
or  Buckingham,  Mid  or  Aylesbury,  and  Southern  or  Wycombe, 
each  reluming  one  member;  and  ihe  county  contains  a  small 
port  of  the  parliameatary  borou^  ol  Windsor  (chiefly  in  Berk- 
shire), Tbe  most  Double  intlitution  withm  the  coonty  is  Eton 
College,  the  famous  pvblic  school  founded  by  Henry  VL 

HiHeTT.—Tbe  district  which  was  to  becooie  Bnckinghunsbbe 
was  retched  by  tbe  Weil  Saxons  in  371 ,  as  by  a  iciie*(^  victoric* 
they  pushed  their  way  north  along  the  Thatna  valley.  With 
tbe  grouping  of  the  selllenwnts  into  kingdom*  and  the  cod- 
Boltditbn  of  Mercia  under  Offa,  Bucfcinghenuhiie  was  btctuded 
in  Mercia  until,  with  the  subinission  of  that  kingdom  to  the 
Northmen,  it  became  ptrtol  the  Danebw.  In  the  loth  century 
Buckinghamshire  sufhied  frequently  from  the  ravages  of  the 
Otoo,  and  numerous  banows  and  ea 


730 


BCCKINGHAMSHIRE 


of  itiogtfa  t|iiiis(  the  inndcn.    ThcH  relici  m  apctMy 

■bundiut  in  lie  vile  ol  Aylabuty.  problbl]'  it  thit  lime  one  of 
the  ticbnl  and  bcjl  pntetUd  □!  the  Suon  Kltleaeou.  The 
CUIiEiD  diitricl,  on  the  olhet  hand,  »  uid  id  have  been  u 
impuubJe  foiett  uJoted  by  honla  (A  robben  and  wild  bculi. 
in  the  reign  e(  Edvml  the  ConfenoT,  I.«i[itan,  nth  abbot  gf 
St  Albans,  cut  dowQ  lacge  met)  o[  wood  in  thii  diitrict  and 
graated  the  aausa  of  Hanuloul  (Hens)  to  ■  valiant  knight  and 
MO  lellow-aoldkn  on  omditiwi  that  they  ihould  check  the 
depndatioDi  of  Ih«  robben.  The  same  reason  led  at  an  eariy 
period  to  the  appointiMnt  ol  a  steward  ol  the  Chillem  Hundnite, 
and  this  office  bang  continued  long  af  lef  the  necessity  For  it  had 
ceased  to  cxitti  gmdually  became  the  sinecure  St  [i  to-day. 
The  district  was  not  finally,  disfonstcd  until  the  [dg&  of 

At  the  tiste  of  Ibe  Horraan  Invasic 
probably  indiHled  io  the  catfdom  of  Leofwine, 
and  the  support  ivhich  it  lent  him  at  the  bsttJc  of  Hasting  was 
pnaished  by  sweeping  conhscations  after -the  ConquesL  The 
pToriBUty  of  Bodiingbamahire  to  London  caused  it  to  be  Involved 
In  moit  of  the  great  national  events  of  the  ensuing  centuries, 
Duiigg  the  war  between  King  John  and  hi*  buiuu  Willum 
Mauduii  hdd  Hanslapc  Castle  against  the  king,  unlQ  In  iiifi  it 
was  captured  Bad  demoliibed  by  Falkade  BrCnulC  The  oounty 
was  viu  ted  seveiely  by  the  Black  Death,  and  WInikiw  «u  one  of 
many  districts  which  were  almost  entirely  depoputated.  Id  the 
civil  wgt  Bucktnghirashire  was  vac  of  the  Brtt  counties  to  join 
in  an  ■ssociatton  (of  mutual  deten<e  on  the  aide  of  the  pailla- 
ment,  whith  had  important  g»iti«os  at  AyiMbuty,  Brill  »nd 
elsewhere.  Newport  Pagnell  wu  for  a  shon  lime  garrisoned  by 
the  royalist  troopt,  and  in  1644  the  king  fixed  his  headquarters 
at  Buckingham. 

The  shire  of  Backingham  on'j^nslHl  with  Ike  dtvition  of 
Herds  in  the  reign  of  Edward  ibe  Elder,  and  waa  probably 
fomtcd  by  the  aggregation  of  pre-existing  hundreds  round  the 
county  town,  a  fact  irtiich  explains  the  curious  iiregularitics 
oi  the  boundiuy  line^  The  eighteen  hundreds  of  the  Domesday 
Kirvey  have  oow  been  reduced  to  eight,  of  which  the  three 
Chilltni  bundrrds.  Desborough,  Bumham  and  Stoke,  ate  un- 
altered in  extent  a  welt  as  Id  name.  The  remainder  have  been 
lonned  each  by  the  union  of  three  of  the  ancient  hundreds,  and 
Aylesbury  is  still  dnignaled"  the  three  hundreds  of  Ayleabuiy." 
All,  except  Newport  and  Buckingham,  retain  the  names  of 
Domesday  hundreds,  and  the  shiie  has  altered  little  on  its  outer 
line*  since  the  survey.  Until  the  time  of  Queen  Elisabeth 
Bucklnghanishinaitd  BedlDrdshirehidacnnimonsbcria.  Tbe 
shbe  conit  of  tbe  former  county  was  held  at  Aylesbury. 

The  ecdesiastical  history  of  Buckinghamshire  is  not  easy  to 
trace,  as  there  is  no  local  chtonictcr,  but  the  earliesi  churches 
were  probably  subfcct  to  the  West  Saion  tee  of  Dorchester, 
snd  when  after  the  Conquest  the  bishop's  stool  was  transferred 
to  Ijncoln  no  change  ol  jurisdiction  ensued.  After  the  diuolu- 
lion  of  the  monasteries  it  was  proposed,  to  locni  a  new  diocese 
10  include  Bedfordshire  and  Bucklnghanuhire,  but  the  project 
was  abandoned,  and  both  lemiined  in  the  Lincoln  diocese  until 
iSj7.  when  the  biter  w*s  translerred  to  Oilord.  The  arch- 
deaconry was  probably  founded  towards  the  dote  of  the  itch 
century  by  Bishop  Riny.and  the  lubdiviaion  into  cutal  deaneries 
followed  shortly  sfter.  A  dean  ol  Tbotnbraough  is  mentioned 
In  tbe  1 9th  century,  and  In  the  taiition  oi  Nicholas  IV.  eight 
deaneries  are  given,  comprising  iM  paiishe*.  In  iSsi  the 
deaneries  were  reconstructed  and  made  eighteen  in  number. 

On  the  ledistribuiion  ol  estates  alter  tbe  Coatiaest  only  two 

tha  chid  landownen  at  this  date  wen  Waller  GiAard,  Graf  tarl 
Buckingham,  and  (Mo,  bishop  of  Biyeu)^    Few  of  the  great 

■  sslote*,  however,  remained  wHh  the  same 

y  length  of  time.  Many  became  annesed  by 
■Dtnls,  while  others  reverted  to  tbe  crewn  nnd 
ra  diqiosed  of  by  various  grants.  Ths  family  ol  Hampden 
n«  daioi  to  have  held  the  estate  from  irtiich  the  name  Is 
fvtd  In  an  unbroken  line  from  Saxon  titnca. 


Backisghaiuhire  hai  atwny*  nnkad  ■*  at   _ 

than  a  manufacturing  county,  and  has  long  been  famed  for  iia 
com  and  cattle.  Fuller  mentkna  the  vale  of  Aylesbury  as  pnt- 
dudng  the  biggest  bodied  sheep  in  En^nd,  and  "  Buckinxham- 
shirc  bread  and  b«ef  "  is  an  old  fwovcib.  Lace-maUnc  fint 
inmduccd  into  this  county  by  the  Fleming  refugees  fiom  the 
AIn  posecutka,  became  a  very '  profitable  Industry.  T1>q 
monoiKilia  of  Janwa  L  considenbly  Injuied  this  tiade,  and  in 
i6>3  n  petilkiii  wu  addresMd  10  the  Ugh  sberifl  of  Buckiogbau- 
shire  itpceseatiDg  the  disltcM  of  Ibe  people  owing  to  the  decay 
of  booc  lace-making.  NewpoH  Fagoell  and  OIney  were  cipeci- 
aUy  [nmou*  Ibi  their  kce,  and  tbe  puiih  ol  Uuisbiie  li  said  to 
have  made  an  annual  profit  of  jC^ooo  U  £0600  from  lace  manu- 
facture. Tbe  sttaw-plalt  Industry  was  introduced  in  Ibe  teiKn 
of  Ceotge  L.  and  lonietly  gave  CBipbiyment  to  a  large  number 
t^  the  population. 

The  county  wu  Erst  rcpreiented  In  parliament  by  tno  members 
in  1100.  The  representation  foctuicd  as  the  towns  acquired 
reptesentaljve  rights,  until  in  i6oi  the  county  with  its  boroughs 
made  a  total  retsm  of  fourteen  members.  By  the  Reform 
Act  of  iSji  this  Wis  reduced  to  eleven,  and  by  the  Redis- 
tribution of  Seats  Act  of  iSSj  tbe  boroughs  were  deprived  of 
lepiesentatioii  and  the  county  tctuned  three  mcmbera  for  thcc« 
divisions. 

Aniiipiaia. — Buckinghamshire  contains  do  ercleslastical 
biuldings  of  the  Erst  nnli.  Monastic  remains  are  scanty,  but 
two  former  abbeys  m^y  be  noted.  At  Ucdmenham,  on  the 
Thames  above  Uarlow,  there  are  fragments,  incorporated  into 
a  residence,  of  a  Cisterdan  abbey  founded  in  tioi;  which 
became  notorious  in  the  middle  of  tfie  ifith  c«ntufy  u  tbe 
mceting.place  of  a  convivial  club  called  (be  "  Fiaaciscans " 
after  its  lounder,  Sir  Francis  Daahwood,  afterwarda  Lord  le 
Despencer  (i7oa-i  781),  and  aba  known  BS  the  "  Hell^nn  Qub," 
of  which  John  Wilkes,  Bubb  Dodlnglon  and  other  pi^tical 

wnutroj  (do  what  you  wiU).  inscribed  on  a  doorway  at  the  abbey, 
was  borrowed  from  l^beliis*  dcscn'fition  of  [he  abbey  of  Thelerna 
In  Caiimtlua.  The  remain?  of  the  Auffustinian  Nollcy  Abbey 
(116]),  incorporated  with  a  farm-house,  deserve  mention  rather 

architectural  value.  Turning  to  churches,  there  is  workmanship 
considered  to  be  ol  ple-Norman  dale  in  Wing  church.  In  the 
neighbourhood  of  Lcighlon  Buzzard,  inclutilng  a  polygonal  spsc 
and  crypL  Stcwkley  church,  in  the  same  locality,  shows  tbe 
finest  Norman  work  In  tbe  county;  tbe  building  is  almost  wholly 
of  the  later  part  of  this  period,  and  the  ornamentation  b  very 
rich.  The  Early  English  work  of  Chetwode  and  Haddenhaia 
churches,  bothin  the  westof  the  county,isiioteworthy;  especi- 
ally In  the  fint,  which,  as  it  stands,  is  the  eutem  pan  of  a 
prioiy  church  of  Augusllnlans  Ct>44)-  Cood  specimens  of  tb« 
Decorated  style  are  not  wanting,  though  none  is  of  ^xcial  note; 
bat  tbe  county  contains  three  fine  examples  of  PerpeiulicalaT 
aivfaileclure  In  Eton  College  chapel  and  the  churehes  of  Maids 
Moreton  ID  the  north,  and  RiUcsdcn  to  the  south,  of  Buckingham. 
Andent  domestic  architecture  is  chiefly  confined  to  s  few  country 
houses,  of  which  Chequers  Court,  dating  frem  the  close  ol  the 


rbthce 


point  but  from  its  beautiful  situation  high  among  the  ChUteni 
HiUa  between  Prince's  Rlsboreugh  and  Wendover,  and  from 
a  remarkable  coUection  of  tellcs  ^  OUvs-  Cromwdl.  prcsned 
here  as  a  consequeDce  ^  the  marriage,  in  1664,  of  J^  Kussell, 
a  grandson  of  the  Protector,  into  the  family  to  i^ich  the  bouse 

tbeabdonged.    The  manor-housB  of  Hampden,  at '^-  '^"' 

•ul  of  .Ptiace^  Rishonngh,  wu  fdc  many  genemti 
of  the  family  of  that  name,  and  I*  stiH  In  the  p 
descendant*  of  John  Hampden,  who  leU  at  the  battle  of  Chalgrove 
in  1643,  and  i>  buried  in  Hampden  church,  fine  counly  seats 
an  nnmerou*— thai  may  he  meatioaed  Slowe  (Bockln^um), 
formcily  the  *eat  of  the  dnke*  of  Buckingham;  Cliveden  and 
Hedioc,  two  among  the  many  beautifully  situated  raansioo*  by 
the  bank  of  Ibe  Tbsmes;  and  Clsydon  House  in  tbe  west  ol 
the  county.   Among  tbe  ChUura  UiU^  abn,  there  are  aevcial 


BUCKLAND,  F.  T.— BOCKLAND,  W.  731 

at  WatBhrtcr,  *Bd  w*s  MOB  *(t«  JDductal  to  th«  liviosof  blip. 


.  i  WilltT 

9urke,  that  oi  HufbendHX  nev  WyoHnbe  with 
d  BacsniAetd,  whoM  {■llier'i  laidtnci 
of  OIney  >nd  Siolu  Pogi)  with  the  poeti 
\1  ChilloBl  St  Cilei  ■  cotugc 
m  which  Milton  completed  ParaJbt  Lm  wul  began 
'naimi.  In  earlier  lite  be  had  lived  and  marked  at 
II  the  Thamti  bckiw  Windur. 


(LoDdon,   1S31-194/).    OthB 
and  AntiqfiUa  •{  ill  Tm.  ' 

(London,  175s):    D.  and  S. 

Gibb).   BlKVi<!t'<"l  (Ayrnbuiv,  187B-IN1 

ioiH  (AylHbaiy.  itIM):  and  BKiiaitam  VuceUny  (Ayksbuiy, 

iSqi):  C-  S.  Rdkdf,  BiuJufkiB  Jkrdid  (Londen.  iSgi);  P  I). 

Dilchfield.    Urmoriall   s]  Oid    BiuUiiiamikin    (Unlgn,    Igoi): 

Vilferul  ClHIy  HiiUrj,^  BimliinEliaiiiihire." 

BUCKL&XD,  ?RANCH  TREVELYMI  {r8i6-i3Sa],  En^iih 
aookisist,  »n  d(  Dean  Wiliiaoi  Buckland  the  gudogiit,  was  boia 
at  Oifocd  on  the  17th  of  December  tSi6.  He  was  educated  at 
Winchester  and  Oiridt  Church,  taking  his  dcgiee  in  i&tS,  •ad 
Ihea  adopted  Ihc  medical  pmlessian.  ttudying  at  St  CeoiiK'i 
luMpital,  London,  whete  he  became  houte^uTGeoa  ia  1S51. 
The  punnitoEanaionylcd  him  iDagdoddcatoCaui-ol-the-wiy 
roeuch  in  zoology,  and  in  iSs6  be  bccuK  a  tegular  •niler  on 
batural  history  tor  the  newly  esublished  FicU.  particulaily  on 
the  lubject  el  Ash.  In  1S66  he  tiartcd  Ltud  aiJ  Waitr  on  timibr 
lines.  In  1W7  be  wu  appainicd  gsvemment  luptcior  ol 
fisheries,  and  in  the  cour»  at  his  warkliavencdcnntUinlly  about 

paid  to  the  icientilk  side  ol  pascicullure.  Among  hi)  publlolloni, 
besides  atliclet  and  official  reports,  were  Fiik  HtUliint  (i£6j), 
CuriosUia  t/NiUiiral  Hiilcry  (4  vols.,  iSs7~i8?i).  Lfllmii  if  a 
FithtnMn  (1875},  Halarit  Hitltry  »/  Brtash  FUba  (iS8i}> 
He  died  on  Ibe  iglh  ol  December  iSBa 

See  £tff  by  C.  C  Bompu  (iMj). 

BOCKLAHD.  WILUAH  (i7a4-i8si).  En^ish  divhM  and 
geologist,  eldest  tea  of  the  Rev.  Cbailes  Buckland,  rector  oi 
Templeton  and  T^usbam,  la  Devon, 

■    iilhofMaidii7t«.    Hoi ■"  - 

.  'ivatoD,aiidatWiBcbe*t<  . 
of  Corpua  Chtlitl  Cdlete,  Oxbrd,  beoamtot  B.  A.  Id  1804.  In 
<<og  he  *■>  declcd  a  fellow  ol  Us  ooUese,  and 
holy  orders.  Froa  caiiy  boyhood  he  had  ~ 
taste  for  Datmrnl  science,  whic' 
by  the  lectures  of  Di  John  Kid 
and  bis  attention  wai  especially 
of  gootog]'.  He  also  attended  the  lectnnt 
Pegga  (t)lSs-i8>i)  on  anatomy.  He  now  devoted  hinuelf 
systemadcally  to  an  examination  of  tba  geological  slracture  oi 
Great  Britain,  making  eicimions,  and  inveatlgBling  the  order 
of  ■uperpaellian  of  the.  stiatn  and  the  characters  oi  the  organic 
remains  which  they  contained.  In  1613,  on  the  reslgnillon  of 
Di  Kidd,  be  was  appointed  reader  in  mineralogy  in  Ollord,  and 
the  inlcreit  eidted  by  hii  lectures  was  to  gieit  that  In  tgig  a 
readership  in  geology  was  founded  and  especisUy  endowed  by 
the  treasury,  Dr  Buckland  being  the  first  hoMet  oi  ihe  new 
appohitmenL  In  1818  Dr  Buckland  wu  elected  a  fellow  o(  the 
Royal  Society,  and  In  1S14  and  again  in  1840  he  was  chosen 
president  oF  the  Geologicit  Sodely  o(  Loridon.  In  1815  he  was 
presented  by  his  college  to  Che  living  of  Stoke  Charity,  near 
Whitchurch,  Hants,  and  in  Ibe  same  year  he  was  appointed 
by  Lord  Liverpool  lo  a  canonry  ol  the  cathedra) of  Christ  Chun*, 
Oxford,  when  the  degree  of  D.D  was  tenlerred  upon  him.  In 
181  J,  alio,  he  married  Mary,  the  etdeit  dsughler  ol  Mr  BeDlanun 
Morlind  of  Sbeepslead  Roose,  near  Abingdon,  Berks,  by  whose 
■hililiesand  excellent  judgment  he  wu  maleriaUy  assllted  In  his 
liletary  labours.  In  iSji  be  presided  over  the  second  meeting 
ef  the  British  Assodailon,  which  was  then  held  at  Oiford.  In 
■>«S  be  wasappoiuted  by  Sir  Robert  Peel  to  the  vacant  deuery 


LI  Oifon 


.  ■    I"  I»4» 
......  in  the  British  Muaeumi  and  in  1848 

he  was  awarded  the  WolUslon  medal  by  the  Ceolo^cal  Society 
ol  London.  In  1849  his  bealib  began  lo  give  way  under  the 
incieaiins  piessun  of  his  auliiluious  duties ;  and  the  latti 
years  of  his  life  wen  oveiabadowed  by  ■  serious  illiuai,  wl^ch 
oorapelled  him  lo  live  in  retiiement.  H*  died  on  the  >4lh  ol 
August  iSjfi,  and  waa  buried  ia  a  qiot  whick  he  had  himself 
diaen  in  Islip  chutchyanl 

Buckland  was  a  man  maoy^ided  in  his  ahilitlea,  lod  ol  ■ 
sbtgnbHy  wide  ruge  of  attainments.  Apart  Imn  his  published 
works  and  memoirs  in  conneiion  with  the  special  d^rtmcM 
ol  geology,  and  to  addition  to  tbe  woik  entailed  upon  him  by 
the  posititMis  which  be  it  different  times  held  in  the  Cbuich  of 
Fjiriand,  be  oilercd  with  great  enthnstasm  into  many  practical 
qacUiODa  connected  snth  agricultural  and  sanitary  science,  and 
voiiooa  Bodal  and  even  medical  probtoua.  As  a  ^f■ch^r  ha 
ponened  powers  ol  the  highest  aider;  and  the  university  ot 
Oilord  is  enriched  by  the  large  and  vahiable  ^vite  coDectkms, 
illusliaiive  of  gcobgy  and  minetalogy,  whidi  be  amassed  hi  the 
couiae  ol  ha  active  life.  It  iSghneveriiiponUspublishadBciafr- 
tific  works  thai  Dr  Buckland's  greu  lepuUtloD  k  mainly  based. 
His  fint  gieat  work  was  tbe  well-kiram  iUtpnae  DOutiiiai,  t 
OttrrHiitmi  «■  (kt  Or/naic  RnmUa  emlBiMd  ns  (au.jtinra^ 
ani  ifiianei  pacti  euaiini  lit  AtUm  if  a  Ufhinal  Odafi, 
published  in  iSij  (md  ed.  1814}.  Id  which  he  nppkmeBled  his 
former  obecrvations  on  ihe  retnaimot  eatlnct  animals  dbosvered 
ID  tbe  cavern  of  Kirkdalein  Yotlishire.  and  azpanHMhia  view* 
as  to  the  bearing  oi  these  and  similar  Oseson  Die  fiiblical  account 
ol  the  Deluge.  Thirteen  years  alter  the  pubUation  ol  the 
Rtti^iai,  Dr  Buckland  was  called  upon,  in  accordance  with  tlw 
will  of  the  eail  of  Bildgewaier,  lo  write  one  ol  the  series  of  works 
known  as  tbe  BriJtraeiir  Trcclita,  The  design  of  these 
treatises  was  10  eihibii  the  "  power,  wisdom,  and  goodness  of 
Cod,  as  manilrslcd  in  the  Creation,"  and  none  of  them  was  of 
greater  vain,  as  evinced  by  its  vitality,  than  that  on  "  Ge<riogy 
and  Mlnerulogy."  OrigiiuUy  published  In  1S36.  It  baa  gone 
throng  three  editions,  and  though  not  a  "  manna] "  of  geo- 
logy silence,  it  uil)  poasesus  Idgh  value  as  a  storduuse  of 
gedogieal  and  palaeontologlcal  Facts  bearing  upon  tbe  patlicular 
aigunttni  which  ll  was  designed  to  lEusiiate.  The  thiivl  edition, 
lined  ia  |S;>,  waa  edited  by  his  ion  f^ands  T.  BixUand,  and 
is  accompaiued  by  a  memoir  oi  the  author  and  a  list  of  his 


Of  Dr  BucUind's 


original  c. 


Iribntlont  t 


the 


at  Geology  ami  Palaeontology,  Ihe  foOowlng  may  be 
mentioned >-( I )  "On  tbe  Structure  of  the  Alps  and  adjoining 
parts  of  the  Continent,  and  their  relation  to  the  Secondary  and 
Transition  Rocks  of  England"  (Annali  ef  PkU.,  iSii);  (1) 
"Account  ol  an  AsRmblige  of  Fossa  Teeth  and  Bones  of 
Elephant,  Rhinacer«,  Hippopotamus,  ftc.,  discovered  in  a  cave 
at  Kifkdate  in  Yorkshlir  in  the  year  iS>i  "  (Plal.  Tratu.);  (j> 
"  On  the  Quaiti  Rock  ol  Ihe  Lickey  Hill  in  Worcestershire  " 
(Trinu.  Gal.  Sk.);  (4)  "  On  tbe  Megatosaurus  or  Crest  Fossil 
Liiaid  of  Stoneslield  "  itiU.);  (s)  ~  On  the  C^cideoideae,  a 
Family  ol  Plants  found  in  the  Oolile  Quarries  of  the  Isle  of 
Ponland  "  (/Mit.) ;  (A)  "  On  the  Discovery  al  a  New  Spedes 
ol  Pterodactyle  in  Ihe  Lias  of  Lyme  Regis  "  (IbU);  (7)  "  On 
tbe  DiscoveiT  of  CcHiralites  or  Fossil  Faeces  in  the  lias  oi  Lyme 
Regis,  and  in  other  Formations  "  (IMd.);  (8)  "  On  the  Evidences 
oF  Cladere  in  Scotland  and  the  North  1^  England  "  (Aw.  Ctd. 
Sac.  Lend.)-,  {0)  "  On  the  South- Western  Coal  District  of  Eng- 
land "  (joint  paper  with  the  Rev.  W.  D.  Conybcsre,  Tram.  CeM. 
Soc.  Liitd.);  [jo>  "On  the  Geology  of  tbe  neighbourhood  of 
Weymouth,  and  the  i^tcent  parts  ol  the  Coast  of  Dorset " 
(Joint  paper  with  Sir  H.  Oe  la  Beijic,  rnmi.  Gal.  Sue.  iMrf.). 

With  regard  to  the  Glacial  theory  propounded  by  Agissil, 
tio  one  welcoTued  it  with  greater  ardoui  than  Buckland,  and  he 
seahnsly  sought  to  trace  out  evidences  of  former  glaciation  in 
Britain.  A  record  of  the  Interesting  diseusuon  which  took  place 
at  the  Geological  Society's  meeting  in  Lond 


BUCKLE— BUCKNIR 


■ltd  tim  TcadiBg  of  >  papa  trf  Bndlud,  mi  printed  Im  (be 
UUIaad  NtUmlitt,  Octoker  tSSj. 

BaCKLK  HBHRY  TBOMAa  (igii-iS6>),  Entfiih  hntoriu, 
■Bthot  of  the  Hijitry  s/  CmlBolwii,  the  ton  ol  Thonu  Heniy 
Buckk,  *  wealUiy  loodon  nwicliuit,  wu  bom  •!  Lee,  in  Kent, 
on  the  J4tli  of  November  iSii.  Owing  to  hii  delicMe  heelth 
be  mi  only  *  voy  ihon  time  mt  ichool,  ud  never  at  college, 
but  the  love  of  reading  having  been  txAy  kunkened  in  him,  he 
wu  lUoved  ample  mom  of  gntifyiag  it.  He  gained  his  Gnt 
dittioctioni  not  io  titnature  but  ia  chcn,  being  reputed,  before 
he  was  twenty,  one  ol  the  Gist  piayera  in  the  world.  After  his 
father's  death  in  January  1840  he  ipent  teOK  lime  with  his 
mother  on  the  continent  (18^1844).  He  bad  by  Uut  lime 
formed  the  rcsciution  to  d^t  all  bis  teuting  and  to  devote  alt 
his  energies  to  the  prcparatkin  of  some  great  hixorical  work,  and 
during  the  next  acveotecn  years  he  bestomd  ten  boun  each  day 
in  working  out  hb  purpcoe.  At  firsl  be  ranlemplated  s  bitiory 
of  tbe  middle  igcs,  but  by  r8si  he  had  decided  in  (avouc  of  1 
history  of  dviUialton.  Tbe  six  year*  which  foUowcd  were 
occupied  in  writing  and  lewiiting,  altering  and  revising  the  Etit 
volume,  wbich  appeared  in  June  1857.  It  at  once  made  ili 
author  a  Lmary  and  even  tockl  celebrity,— tbe  lion  of  a  London 
leiuon.  On  the  i^ih  of  Much  1858  he  delivered  at  the  Royal 
fnjtimtioo  1  public  lecture  [the  only  one  he  ever  gave)  on  the 
l^Mxa  0/  Weme*  n  iJie  Pnptu  ej  Ktundtdfc.  which  waa 
published  in  Fraur'i  Uaiaine  for  April  185^,  and  reprinted 
in  the  hnt  volume  of  the  UititilaMmt  aii4  PesUmmm  Wctii. 
On  the  in  of  April  rg^^  a  crushing  and  desolating  afiiction  fell 
upon  him  in  the  death  of  his  mother.  It  was  under  the  immedi- 
ate impnMion  of  bis  k«  that  he  concluded  a  review  he  was 
writing  of  J.  S.  MilPs  £uiiy  on  Liberty  with  an  argument  for 
Immortalityj  based  on  the  yfAming  of  the  affections  to  regain 
communion  with  tbe  beloved  dead, — on  tlie  impossibility  oE 
standing  up  and  living,  if  we  believed  the  separation  were  final 
Hie  argument  is  a  strange  one  to  have  been  used  by  a  man  who 
had  maintained  w  strongly  that  "  we  have  the  testimony  of  all 
histoiy  to  prove  the  citrcme  fallibility  of  consciausneK,"  The 
review  appeared  in  Frucr'i  ilaiOBiu,  May  iSjg,  and  is  to  be 
found  also  in  the  UiiieUantimi  ami  PosOmama  Warii  (iS;>). 
The  second  volume  ol  his  history  was  published  in  May  1861. 
Soon  after  he  left  England  for  the  East,  in  order  to  recruit  liis 
spirits  and  restore  his  health.  From  the  end'of  October  1861 
to  (he  beginning  ol  March  1S69  was  spent  by  him  in  Egypt,  from 
which  he  went  over  the  desert  of  Sinai  and  <i  Edom  Io  Syria, 
reaching  Jerusalem  on  Ihe  19th  of  April  i86a.  Aflei  slaying 
there  eleven  days,  he  set  out  for  Europe  by  BeyTont,  but 
NaiareLh  he  was  attacked  by  tever;  *wt  be  dii  '  ~ 
on  the  34th  of  May  1861. 

Buckle's  fame,  which  must  ictt  wboUy  on  bit  HMvry  aj 
Citiliialiim  in  EniUad,  is  no  longer  whit  it  was  in  the  decade 
following  his  death.  His  Hiilery  ia  a  gigantic  oofinishe^ 
introduction,  ot  which  the  plan  was,  fitst  to  tute  tbe  geneiat 
principles  of  the  author's  method  and  the  general  lawa  which 
govern  the  coune  of  human  progretSi  uid  leCDodly,  to  ciemplily 
these  principles  and  laws  thrau^  tbe  histories  0' 
characterised  by  promlneiit  and  peculiar  fealures,'~Spain  and 

Scotland,  the  United  Stales  and  Germany.    Its 

(1)  Thai,  owing  partly  to  the  want  of  ability  ii 
pardy  to  the  nmpleiity  of  social  phenomena,  cilremcly  little 
bad  as  yet  been  done  towards  discovering  the  pric 
govern  the  character  and  destiny  ol  nsLions,  or,  in 
towards  ciiablisbing  a  science  of  hiatoryi  (i]  Th: 
thcok>gical  dogma  d  predestination  is  a  barren  hypotheaia 
beyond  the  province  of  knowledge,  and  tbe  melaphysiul  dogma 
of  free  will  resls  on  an  enooeoua  beifcf  in  the  iiiTillibility  ol 
oonaciousncas,  it  is  proved  by  science,  and  cspedally  by  lUtistics, 
thai  hiinuin  tctiotit  are  governed  1^  law*  as  fixed  and  legulai 
as  those  which  rule  in  Ihe  physical  world;  0)  That  climate,  soil, 
food,  and  Iba  aspects  of  naluie  are  the  prioiixy  cauie*  ol  iolel- 
kctual  piogies),— Ihe  first  Ibm  indirectly,  Ibmi^  determining 
the  accumulation  and  disttibution  of  wealth,  and  the  laat  by 
direcUy  ioAucDcinB  the  accBmulation  and  disUibniioo  of  tbought, 


dued  when  the  pheoaaeoa  of  tl 

and  terrible,  tbe  ukderaltading  bdng  emboldened  and  the 

imaginalioD  cutbed  wbcn  they  arc  null  and  Ceehle;  (4)  Thai 

the  great  division  between  European  and  non-Ennqiaaii  civiliia. 
'  n  turns  on  tbe  fad  that  in  Europe  man  is  stronger  tluD 
lore,  and  that  ebewhere  nature  is  itronga  than  nan,  the 
isequence  of  which  is  thai  in  Europe  alone  haa  man  mfadued 
lure  lohisiervice;  (s)Tbat  the  advance  of  European  civiliaa.' 

physical  laas,  and  a  continually  increasing  influence  of 

ntal  laws;  (6)  lliat  the  mental  law*  which  regnUIe  the 

igress  of  sodely  caoDOl  be  discovered  by  the  metaphysics] 

tbod,  that  is,  by  tbe  introspective  study  of  tbe  Individual 

nd,  but  only  by  such  a  comprehenalve  lurvey  of  facts  at  win 

ible  us  to  dinunate  distmbances,  that  is,  by  tbe  melliod  of 

:rages;  (7)  That  hOnun  piogwai  baa  been  doe,  not  to  moral 

:ndes,  wl^ch  an  stationary,  and  whidi  balance  one  aootha 

such  a  manna  that  l)ieit  influence  b  unfelt  over  any  faint 

period,  but  to  inleDectaal  BCtivity,  wbldi  bu  been  coBManlly 

'irying  and  advancing. — "  Tbe  action*  of  iadlvidoabaiegRat^ 

illecl^  by  their  nmnl  ietlingi  aDd  pawioBi;  but  tbeae  beint 

mtagonlslic  to  ths  pasaiods  and  fedings  of  other  fadivjdadi,  ai« 

ulanced  by  them,  •othatlbeireBect  is,  in  Ibt  great  avenge  of 

lumonaffdrs,  nowhtte  to  be  scan,  and  '" " "  ^' ' 

kind,  conaidcted  aa  a  whole,  an  left  to 

knowledge  of  wUcb  maukiad  is  po 

effort!  are  iufgnHicant  In  tbe  great  a 

that  great  men,  although  tbey  Oiit,  and  m 

look^l  upon  as  distuilniig  fofca,  arc  mcrdy  the  crcattim  ot  tb« 

age  to  which  they  bckjng;  (g)  lliat  religion,  Jiuratuia  and 

government  sre,  at  the  best,  tb*  praducta  and  not  Ibe  catat*  of 

[iviliiationi  (10)  That  the  ptogma  of  rivUlMlon  varies  directly 

I*  "  acepiiciun."  the  disposition  to  doUbt  and  to  investigate,  and 

inversely  as  "  credulity  "  or  "  Ibe  protective  ipirit,"  a  diHtesi- 

tion  to  maintain,  without  exaounatlon,  established  belieb  and 

Unfortunately  Buckle  either  coutd  not  define,  or  cared  not  to 
define,  the  general  conceptions  with  wtnch  he  worked,  sucb  aa 
those  denoted  by  the  term*  "  civilisation,"  "  history,"  "  sdence," 
"  law."  "  scepiidim,"  and  "  protective  ipirit";  tbe  oonsequense 
is  that  hi*  argument*  arc  often  (allacie*.    Moie(>ver,tlietoosenes* 

statistical  avenfe*  make  bim,  aaagieal  aulbority  bu  lemaiktd, 
Ibe  at/tut  UrtAU  of  moral  *tatl*l)ciBns.  Be  broogbt  a  vast 
atnoaat  of  inlotmation  from  tbe  most  miied  and  distant  aoanca 

perideied  or  burdened  him  in  bte  aignmentatioB,  bat  «mA{dea 
of  wdl^oondaded  hiUoiical  aigument  are  race  In  U*  pacts.  Ha 
wmetimts  altend  and  conlMcd  the  Iicta;  be  very  often  imduly 
^mpUfted  hb  pnUemi;  he  was  very  a|>t  when  be  had  pn>«ed 
a  favourite  cfBakia  true  to  infer  H  to  be  the  whole  tmlb.  Oa 
the  other  hand,  many  at  bb  idea*  have  pasaed  into  tbe  common, 
lileiaiy  itock,  and  have  been  moK  pceclady  ebbraated  by  later 
■octology  and  hbtoty;  ud  thoo^  hb  own  work  b 


in  provi^og  furlher  research  and  *pt 
See  his  £^<  by  A.  W.  Huth  (1880). 


BDCKXER,  glMOl  BOUVAR  (1813-  ),  Ameticsn  ecfditl 
and  political  leader,  was  bom  in  Hart  county,  Kentucky,  on  the 
lai  of  April  igi^  Be  paduslcd  at  West  Firint  in  1844.  and 
WIS  assiaiant  profenot  ol  gaogiapby.bbloiy  and  cthica  there  is 
|84S-<S46.  He  fought  in  teretal  batllci  ot  tbe  Mexican  War, 
received  (be  bnvet  of  first  lieutenant  ior  gallantly  at  ChunihiBCOb 
where  be  was  wounded,  and  later,  after  ths  itOTminji  of  Chipttf- 
tq>tc,  received  the  brevel  of  captain.  In  1848-1850  he  w»i 
assistant  jutruclot  of  infantry  taclica  at  Weat  Point.  During 
the  succeeding  five  yean  he  was  in  Ihe  nciuiling  service,  oa 
frontier  duty,  and  finally  in  Ihe  aubslsltncc  departmcnL  H« 
retigned  from  the  army  in  March  1B55.  During  ihe  futile 
atlcmpt  of  Govenwr  Beriah  Magoffin  to  mainlain  Kentucky 
in  a  pwiiion  of  ocutnlily,  li^  va*  ootamander  of  tb*  atal* 


BUCKRAM— BOCYRUS 


733 


(oird;  but  In  Scptcinlitr  iSii,  tfta  Uie  caliy  a[  Union  lbrc« 
iDlo  Ibc  itBtc,  he  openly  ciponscd  the  Cosleikrate  rniie  and 
wu  commisuoDcd  bngidiH-genenl,  tiler  beconiia)!  Umlenint- 
gCDcnL  He  wis  Ihiid  In  coninund  o(  Fort  Doneban  U  ibe  tiiu 
of  Cenml  Cranl'i  iiuck  (FEbraaty  iMi),  lad  It  rdl  U  hin. 
otter  the  escape  of  GcPtfvU  Floyd  and  IHHow^  to  ffarrendeT  the 
p»l  with  ill  large  jarrisoB  ud  valuable  luppHea.  Gcnetnl 
Buckner  waa  exchanged  in  Aug u&t  ol  the  lame  ycv,  and  lubse- 
qiienlly  lerved  under  General  Bragg  In  the  iovuioD  of  Kentucky 
ud  the  carnpatgn  oE  Chlckamauga-  He  wu  govenwr  ol  Ken- 
tnck/  in  18S7-1S01,  wu  ■  nenba  oE  the  Kentucky  onull- 
tutional  convention  of  iSgo,  and  In  (896  <ra>  Ibc  candidate  oF 
the  Nitionii  or  "  Cold  "  Democntt  (or  rke-pnMuit  oi  tfag 
United  Stitei, 

BUCKRAM  (■  word  canimoD,  in  vitiOua  early  forms,  tommy 
Europcin  linEuiges,  u  in  the  FY.  beugurrnt  or  Itat.  budurawu, 
the  derivation  of  which  it  imknowD),  In  ouly  UMgc  tb«  muoe 
dI  1  fine  linfn  or  eottoa  cloth,  but  noir  only  (A  a  owne  (ihric 
of  linen  or  cotton  atjffened  with  ^ne  or  other  iubitznrcA,  uud 
for  linings  of  clothes  and  In  bookbinding.  FabtaiTi  "  nen 
In  bufkmni "  (Shake^ieare,  Hnry  IV.,  pt  L  IL  4)  bu  becons 
■  proverUol  phrase  for  any  imsfinary  peisonL 

lUCIUTOKB,  JOHN  BUOWIK  (iSoi-iSyg),  EnfHih  actor 
■Dd  drsnutic  writer,  wu  bora  at  Hoiton  on  the  14th  of 
September  iSoi.  He  wu  articled  to  1  aohdtor,  but  soon  ex. 
changed  the  law  for  the  staEe-  After  Mine  yetn  u  a  provindaJ 
actor  he  nude  bii  Gnt  Lmdcw  sppeannce,  on  the  ]c«h  of 
January  1S13,  at  the  Surrey  theatre,  ai  Rimsy  la  the  Ptrlnui 
t{  Hipl.  Hig  tucou  led  to  his  engagment  In  1817  It  the 
AdelpU,  where  he  tinuined  aa  leading  low  ooDKdlu  nntU  iSj]. 
At  the  Haynurkel,whldibe(o<Bed(orsumiaeraeaaanainit]], 
ud  of  wliich  he  was  leasee  from  1^53  to  1S7S,  he  appeared  as 
Bobby  Trot  in  bis  own  Lulu  Ike  Labourer;  ud  here  ^were  pro- 
duced 1  number  of  Ua  plays  ud  farces,  EUeii  Wardiam,  Vruic 
Tern  ud  others.  Alter  his  return  from  1  visit  to  the  United 
States  In  1A40  be  p^yed  at  several  London  tbcAlrei,  UHng 
them  the  Lyceum,  where  he  wu  Box  at  the  firat  reprcHotalioa 
fif  Bex  and  Cox.  As  manager  of  the  Hayma^l  he  lUTToanded 
Uniself  with  u  adndnble  company,  including  Sotbein  ud  the 
Kendab.  He  produced  the  plays  of  Gilbert,  Flanchf,  Tbm 
l^yloT'  and  Robertson,  u  well  u  his  own.  and  In  mat  oi  these 
be  acted.  He  died  on  the  ]i>l  of  October  iSjg.  He  wu  (he 
anthoT  ol  ijo  phys,  some  o(  •Mtb  have  been  very  popular. 
His  daughter,  Lucy  Istbelli  Buckitcne  IiSjK-iSqj),  wu  u 
Mltta,  who  made  her  Gnt  London  appearance  at  the  Hiymarket 
theatre  as  Ada  Ingol  in  fkrii  GdffK*  In  1875. 

■nCKTHORH,  known  botanlcally  u  JUonmu  laOarAa 
(natural '  order  Rbamnaoae),  a  mudi-brudied  sbrab  reach- 
big  1  a  ft.  io  height,  with  a  blackish  bark,  spioooi  biucMcts, 
and  ovate,  ihariily.semted  leaves,  i  to  9  bi.  kxig,  amnged 
aeveral  together  at  the  ends  ol  the  shoots.  The  small  green 
Hovera  are  regular  and  have  the  parts  in  focts;  male  and  lemale 
flowers  are  home  on  different  plants.  Ibe  fruit  ii  succulent, 
blaek  and  0oboK,  ud  contains  lour  itoHs.  The  plant  is  a 
Mtive  of  Enghnd,  occurring  in  woods  and  thickets  chiefly  on 
the  clalk;  it  is  nK  in  Irehnd  and  not  wild  fn  Scotland.  It  is 
native  in  Europe,  north  Africa  and  north  Asia,  and  nalunliicil 
iti  some  parts  of  eastern  North  America.  The  fruit  has  strong 
purgative  propertica,  and  tbe  bark  yieMs  a  yellow  dye. 

An  aOicd  iptdes,  JUsaoiw  FraHfiiii,  is  ^0  common  in 
England,  and  ia  known  u  berry-bniing  a  hkcfc  alder.  It  is 
dialipguished  from  buckthorn  by  tbe  absence  of  spiny  bmncUcls. 
it!  Bon-senated  leaves,  a>d  btKiual  Bowm  wlA  paili  In  fives. 
The  fmita  an  poigatirc  and  yield  a  giMn  dye  wh*n  tmrlpt. 
Tbe  soft  poreus  wood,  called  black  dogmod,  h  nsad  for  guo- 
posrder.  Dyra  are  obtained  fmn  fruits  and  bwk  of  other 
•pedea  of  KMamnut.  aueb  u  X.  infaUtla,  t.  ilneurla  and  R. 
AnvJCa— the  two  latter  yielding  the  China  green  et  tMnmcrca; 
Several  varieties  of  R.  AlaUnna,  ■  Meditetraaeu  ^wdes,  an 
grown  In  shrubberies. 

Sea-backtN>m  is  Bipfapkat  Hammlin,  ■  wiDoiv-llra  ihrab, 
t  to  8  fl.  ia  bafght,  with  sianow  Itavci  rihniy  tai  the  UDdK< 


aide,  and  ^bose  oruge-y^Ow  fruiti  one-third  of  an  bidi  in' 
diameter.  It  occurs  on  aandy  leashoret  Irom  Voifc  to  Kent  and 
Sdssci,  but  ii  not  common. 

American  bnckthoms  an:  JUsnisa  puMana  or  Catata 
latraiB,  of  the  Padflc  coast,  produdng  cascan  ba^  and  S.- 
Canlimaaa,  the  aUer-hBCkthon.  Bamilla  lyriaiita  (ot  laiH- 
fiuwi)  is  popvluly  calkd  "  loiitbeni  backiboni." 

BUCKVUUT,  tbe  IruU  (Kt<iUcd  loeds)  irf  Ftvpynm  uem- 
Untam  (Datnnl  onier  Polygomcea*),  a  bttbaoeona  pUot,  itttiVe 
of  oeniial  Asia,  but  cullinled  fai  Eaiep*  ud  North  Ameka; 
also  exiensivdy  cnlljvaMd  Id  tbe  Hlokikya,  u  weO  u  in  alBtd 
spcdes  F.  talarlaim.  The  hnit  bu  a  diA  bnwB  ttmi^  tind 
enclosing  ths  kerne]  «  seed,  and  li  tbne-afakd  bi  fann,  wiith 
sharp  angles,  linular  in  shape  to  baedMnatt,  whtaea  the  name 
from  the  Ger.  BmlmiiKn,  beechiAcat.  Bndiwheat  a  gnxni  in 
Great  Britain  mly  to  Ripply  ibod  for  pheiMnta  and  to  feed 
pooltry,  wtakh  devour  the  Mala  with  «*idil]i.    Is  the  ooitbcm 


of  bvckwbest  Is  also  baked  into  <t 
dainty  uMog  Dntcta  chlMrca,  and  bi  the  RuNian  amy  buck- 
wheat groats  an  served  out  aa  part  of  the  aotdiera'  rations,  idUch 
Ibey  took  with  butter,  tallow  or  hemp^ecd  alL  Biukwheal  I* 
also  nsed  ufood  bi  the  United  Suies,  where  "  buckwheat  eake*  " 
are  a  national  dish;  and  by  the  Hindua  it  a  eaten  ob  "  hart  " 
or  fast  days,  being  one  of  the  phalaha*  or  kwful  iaoda  foe  sncb 
occasions.  When  it  la  used  aa  food  for  cattle  tfai  bard  aharp 
angular  ilnd  must  £nt  be  nmoved.  As  ompated  with  the 
principal  aieal  grains,  buckwheat  is  poor  in  nltmciaous  sob' 
stances  and  fat;  but  the  rapidity  and  ease  with  whidi  It  on 
be  grown  render  it  a  fit  tnp  for  very  poor,  badly  tilled  land. 
An  immenie  quantity  of  buckwheat  hcoey  is  collected  ui  Rniia, 
beea  showing  a  marked  prtfeteoce  for  the  Oowera  of  the  [iuL 
The  plant  is  also  used  as  a  green  fodder. 

In  tbe  United  State*  buckwheat  is  sown  at  the  eiKl  of  June 
or  beginning  of  July,  the  amoun      '        ' 
pecki  to  the  acre.    Tlie  crop  a 

blooming  till  f ro^  set  iik,  ao  that  at  . ^  ... 

to  occur  Just  before  this  period,  the  grain  Is  in  variom  stagt* 
of  rfpenssa.  It  Is  cut  by  band  OE  with  the  sdlnielivery  reaper, 
and  allowed  to  lie  Id  the  swath  lor  a  few  days  and  tlun  set  up  in 
shocks.  Tbe  stalks  are  not  tied  into  bundle*  u  in  the  case  of 
other  grain  cnp*,  the  tops  of  the  shocks  being  bound  round  and 
held  together  by  twitting  stems  round  them.  The  thnahiDg  is 
doee  on  the  Geld  b  most  oues. 

BnCOUCS  (from  tbe  Ot.  ^ouaXuiii,  "  pertsining  to  a  herds- 
mu  "),  a  term  occasionally  used  for  rural  or  putoral  poetry. 
The  eipresaian  hu  been  Inmt  bad;  in  English  to  the  beginninf 
of  the  I4tb  century,  being  used  to  detcribe  the  "  Eclogues  "  ol 
Virgil.  The  moat  cdebnled  o^eclion  of  bucolics  in  utiquity 
is  that  of  Theecritus,  of  which  about  thirty,  in  the  Doric  dialect, 
and  mainly  written  In  hexameter  verse,  have  been  preserved. 
TUa  vms  the  name,  u  is  beUevtd.  nrigiiiilly  given  by  Virgii  to 
his  pastoral  poems,  with  the  direct  object  ol  challenging  com- 
parison with  the  writings  of  Theocritus.  In  modem  times  the 
term  "  bucolics  "  bu  not  often  been  specilically  given  by  tbe 
poets  to  their  putoraU;  the  main  cicepllon  being  that  ot 
Ronsatd,  who  collected  his  edogue*  under  the  liile  of  "Lu 
Bucoliques."  In  general  praciicc  the  word  ii  almost  a  synonynt 
fbr  putoral  poetry,  but  has  inme  to  bear  a  slightly  more  agri. 
cvltiinl  than  ahepberd  tlgniflcalion,  so  that  the  "  Georipo  " 
of  VlrgO  hu  (town  to  item  almoat  more  "  bucolic  "  than  bit 
"  Edogoes."     (See  alio  PastOml.)  {E.  C.) 

BOCTBUa,  a  dcy  sod  the  taunty-ieat  of  Crawford  county, 
Ohiot  U.S.A.,  on  tba  Sandeaky  river. «]  m.  N.  of  CohiDibus. 
Pop.  (181)0)  S0J4;  (1900)  Gste  <7j6  foreign-born);  (1910)  Sm. 
It  is  served  by  the  Pennsylvania,  the  TViledo.WsUiDnding  Valley 
ft  Ohio  rfenuytvanla  system},  and  the  Ohio  Central  railways, 
and  by  interurbaa  electric  Encs.  Tie  (Mo  Central,  ol  sdtich 
Bacyma  (s  a  diviiloa  tetmiiial,  has  ahnpa  hen.  Tie  city  Ges  at 
•B  slevatkai  atabesitinoolLaliovB  —  lerrl.  and  h  nuTotin JeJ 


BUDAPEST 


oughs,  "igoni.  a 


«B.  (oppcT  ptodiKU 
a  ini  wlttnl  ID  1S17;  it  ku  liid  out 
u  m  town  in  1811,  »u  in«npwiitcd  u  i.  viUice  id  liys.  mnd 
bccimc  a  dty  in  iSSj.  Tlic  county-MK  wu  pomuicniJx 
■Hibliihcd  bm  io  1830. 

BDDAPBST,  Ihc  cipili]  and  lirgeit  toirn  oi  the  kiDgdom  of 
HuDsiiy.  md  the  Mcond  towa  d[  lIk  AuiUo-HuDgaiian  roon- 
uchy,  163  m.  S.E.  of  V(cnn»  by  r»il.  Budipoi  ii  siiiuud  on 
both  buks  oi  ibc  DlDubf.  uid  ii  ioinnd  o[  Iht  lorDwr  lowni 
o[  Bud*  (G«.  £¥«■)  logeilMr  with  0-Budi  (Gcr.  All-Ofn)  on 
Uic  right  buk.  tnd  ol  P*«  logelhit  with  Koblny*  (Gtr.  SUim- 
trudi)  on  the  left  bunk,  which  «n!  ill  incotpotiln)  inio  one 
municipality  in  1871.  It  lies  11 1  point  vheic  the  Danube  hsi 
deBnitely  uken  iU  southwird  coune.  iDd  JuJt  where  (he  out- 
lyiDg  ^un  of  Ac  oulei  lanuBcatlont  of  the  Alps,  namely,  the 
Bikony  MouoUlns.  meit  the  Canulhiin*.  Budapest  ii  siluitcd 
nciily  in  the  centre  ol  KuDguy.  ud  dominalei  by  ill  unle«ical 
poiitian  Ihe  appnndi  Insi  the  MCi  to  the  great  Hunfaiiu 
plain.  The  impoilng  liie  of  the  DiDube,  joo  to  6jo  ydi  braid, 
and  the  ihirp  conttut  of  the  two  binki,  place  Budapcit  imoni 
theDiaUGneiy>ituatcdoitbetiuS"lDwnio[Europe.  Od  Ihe 
one  aide  l>  ■  flat  lUdy  plain ,  in  iMch  11«  P«t.  modein  of  atpecl, 
refuliily  laid  out.  lod  pmcnting  1  long  Iionlage  of  hnndiDDie 
buildiag)  la  the  itva.  Od  the  other  the  ancient  town  of  Buda 
itngglei  capriciooily  over  a  uciei  a[  imall  and  aitep  hillt, 
comnianded  by  the  iortitB  and  the  Blocksbeig  (jjo  IL  high, 
jgo  ft.  above  the  Danube),  and  backed  beyond  by  (pun  of 
■nounlaini,  which  rise  in  Ihe  foini  of  tetraccs  one  above  Ihe  other. 
The  hilli  are  generally  devoid  oI  ioreili,  while  IhoK  neat  the 
lowna  were  formerly  rovend  »[ih  vineysrdi,  which  produced 
.>  good  red  wine;  Ihe  vlaeyards  have  been  ^DIOM  cosiplctdy 
destroyed  by  Ihe  phylloieia. 

Budtpeil  covin  »n  area  of  7S  aq.  a.,  aod  is  divided  into  ten 
Oiuniopal  districts,  namely  V&r  (Feitung),  Vi^vlros  (Waiaei- 
Madt),  6-Buda  tAli-Ofen),  all  on  the  ri^I  bank,  belonging  to 
Buda.  and  Belvlmn  (IniKr  City),  UpAlviiiol  (Leopoldstadl). 
Tertntm  CniereKensUdl).  Eras*beiviros  (EUsabeihsladi). 
J6aetviios  Ooiephsltdt),  Ferenovinn  (Frmisladl),  ami 
KOblnyo  (Sninbruch),  all  on  the  left  bank,  belonging  10  Test, 
Buda,  with  its  loyal  palate,  the  variou»  Duoislriei,  and  oiler 
tovemiMnl  oiBces.  is  the  official  centre,  while  Peii  is  ihe  cODi- 
meicid  and  industriil  part,  as  "ell  u  ihe  centre  oF  the  nalionai- 
lllic  and  inlelleclual  lilc  o!  Ihe  town.  The  two  banks  ol  iht 
Danube  are  united  by  lii  bridtpa.  including  i«i  6nt  suipcaiion 
bridgei',  the  finl  ol  them,  generally  known  as  the  Kelicn-flri;tke. 
(ODttnicted  by  the  bnthen  Xiemay  and  Adam  Clark  in  1841- 
ig(9,  ii  one  of  the  larjiest  in  Eunpe.  It  a  410  yds.  long,  jq  It. 
broad, 36 It  bi^  above  the  CHUiltvclol  the  waler.andilschaini 
ml  on  iwo  pillan  lAo  It-  high^  ita  ends  are  omamented  with 
lour  cdosul  stone  lionl.  A(  one  end  is  a  tunnel,  j8j  ydt.  long, 
eonaliiicled  by  Adam  Clark  in  i8j4,  which  pieicn  the  caakle  hill 
and  cooaecu  Ihe  quaiUr  known  u  the  Chriuincnitadi  with 
the  Danube.  Ttu  other  luspeulon  bridge  is  the  Schwuiplau 
bridge,  compleled  in  iqaj,  ;6  It.  bread,  with  aipanof  J17  yds. 
The  other  bridget  an  (he  Miigaret  bridge,  with  a  junction 
bridge  towards  the  Margaret  island,  the  Fraoi  JoKph  bridp, 
and  two  railwiy  bridgei. 

Ferhapa  the  moal  altiaclive  pari  ol  Budipert  ia  the  line  of 
broad  quayi  on  the  left  bank  ol  Uie  Danube,  which  eitend  lor 
adiiiance  of  >}  m.  from  the  Uugirec  bridge  to  the  cnilom-bovsc, 
and  are  lined  with  inpoting  buildingi.  The  most  impoilant 
of  lh*K  ii  Ihe  Fralu  jowpfa  Qui.  t  n.  long,  which  conialns 
Ike  bmM  faafaioDBble  (>l(*  and  IkmU.  and  >>  the  lavowitc 
Ttie  Innn  Warn  Is  nimuaded  by  the  Innere  Ring- 

-    •  drck  ol  vride  boulcvudi  m  the  aite  of  the  old  walL 

Wide  tt«e-ibaded  Hrcis,  lik«  the  KIrily  Ulcu.  ihe  Keirepol 
Ut,  and  the  UIUU  Ut,  alao  ten  the  l)n«a  ol  demarcation  between 
tite  diRiRnt  dbtrku.  The  Inner  ring  is  conneeted  by  the  Vlcii 
Karut  (Waltiner-R^  with  the  Ctosie  Ring-Gltaaae,  aaucccHion 


of  bodevudi,  demfbing  t  MPdeirde  begliudng  at 
bridge  and  ci>ding  at  the  Bortroa  PUit,  scar  the  aisiom-noui« 
C[uay,  through  about  the  middle  of  the  town.  One  ol  the 
moMbeaulilul  streets  in  Ihe  town  is  tlie  Ai^drluy  Ui.  i|m.  long, 
conDetiJng  Vlui  KOrat  wiih  VfaosUgei  (Siadiail-iduni.  the 
lavowite  public  park  ol  Budapest  It  is  >  bujy  ihoroughfare, 
lined  in  It*  bnt  hall  with  D>>giii6ttnt  dfw  building!,  and  io 
itaKDnd  bail,  where  it  attains  a  width  of  ijofl,.  with  handsome 
villas  standing  in  tbdr  own  gardens,  which  give  the  impreasioo 
rather  of  a  Faahiooable  tammcr  renrt  than  the  centre  ol  a  great 
city.  Budipeil  poiiesiei  numrnms  tquiret.  lenerally  orna- 
mented with  menumenu  of  pnHninent  Hungarians,  uauallj'  (he 
work  ol  Hungsiian  artiata. 

JHiUiiTri.— Though  ol  ancient  ori^n,  oeilher  Buda  nor  Pes^ 
has  much  loibawinlbt  way  ol  venerable  building  Theoldcsi 
church  is  the  Matthias  cburdi  in  Buda,  begun  by  King  Bela  IV. 
in  the  ijth  century,  completed  In  the  ijlh  century,  and  Rstored 
in  1800-1896.  It  wu  uicd  as  a  motque  during  the  Turkic 
occupiiion.  and  here  look  place  Ihe  coronation  ol  Fiani  Joaeph 
as  king  ol  Hungary  in  1S67.  The  garrison  diuich.  a  Gothic 
building  ol  [he  ■  jih  ccnluiy.  and  the  Relormed  church,  (iniihed 
in  18138.  are  the  other  ecdeuasUcal  buildings  in  Buda  (Qith 
mentioning.  The  oldest  diunfa  in  E^^t  b  the  paiiih  churdi 
litulled  in  Ihe  Esku-Tei  (Schwui-Plau)  In  the  innei  towni  ii 
was  buill  in  1500,  In  Ihe  Coihic  tiyle.  and  resiartd  in  igqo. 
The  most  magnificent  chuirh  ia  Pcsl  is  the  Lnpolduuli  Basilica, 
a  Romanetciue  building  with  a  dome  31  j  ft.  In  height,  begun  iq 
iS]i;  acit  conea  Ihe  Fnooudt  church,  abo  a  Romantsciue 
building,  erected  in  1S74.  Besides  wvcril  nwdera  churches, 
Budapest  poaaeuei  a  bnuiilul  synagogue,  in  the  Mooriih  style, 
ciecied  in  iMi,  and  another,  in  the  Moorish -Byianiine  style. 
built  in  1871,  while  in  iqdi  the  conuniction  oi  a  much  laisei 
synagagucwubegUD,  In  Buda.  near  the  Kiiieibid,andnoi[u 
Inm  Ihe  Matgarci  bridge,  it  a  small  ociagoiial  Tuikish  mosque, 
with  a  dome  >J  ft.  high,  bi^nealh  which  is  the  grive  ol  a  Turkish 
monk.  By  a  vedal  inicle  in  the  treaty  of  Karlowiti  ol  itgf 
the  empeiw  ol  Ausiiia  undcrtODk  to  preierve  this  manunwoi. 

Among  the  teculac  buildings  the  fiitt  place  ii  taken  by  the 
royal  palace  in  Buda,  which,  iDgethei  with  Ihe  old  loriieti, 
crowns  the  summit  ol  a  hill,  and  ioms  the  nucleus  of  ihe  town, 
The  pilace  ended  by  Maria  Theresa  in  1748-1771  was  panly 
bumcd  in  1844,  but  has  been  lesiored  and  lugcly  extended  linc^ 
iB04-  In  the  court  chipel  are  preserved  the  regalia  of  Hungary, 
nancly,  the  clown  of  St  Siephen,  the  sceptre,  orb,  swoid  aad 
the  coronalion  robvL  It  ii  surrounded  by  a  magniAcenl  garden, 
which  descends  in  steep  lerracca  to  Ihe  I>anube,  and  which  offen 
a  ^>lendid  view  ol  the  town  lying  on  the  opposite  bank.  New 
and  palatial  hultdlnp  ol  the  various  tnbiistries,  several  hi^  and 
middle  achooli.  a  few  big  hsapilals.  and  the  rclideaceB  ol  Mveial 
Hungvian  magnltei,  are  among  the  piindpal  edifica  in  tbi» 

Tlie  long  nn^  ol  lubilantial  buildings  Innting  the  lelt  bank 
il  Ihe  Danube  includes  th«  Houses  ol  Pariiament  {mt  AkiD- 
lEcTDU.  Plate  IX.  tg.  II il,  a  huge  limestone  edifice  io  the  lata 
Gothic  Hylc,  covering  an  amof  3I  aoea,  erected  in  iU3-i90>i 
the  Academy,  In  »*"*"—■"  style,  erected  in  il£i-iM4,  con- 
'  >g  a  bity  receptkni  rdsm,  a  bbrary,  a  historic  piclUR  galleiy  I 
botanic  collKilon;  the  Redoute  buildings,  a  laigeslructun 
niacd  Romaneique  and  Moorish  style,  eicclcd  loc  bills  and 
other  social  purycasi;  Ihe  cKleniive  cuitom-houie  ai  Ike  hnrei 
end  of  the  quiyi.  and  several  fine  boielt  and  insurance  offices. 
In  Ihe  beautiful  Aadrtiiy  Ut  are  the  opera-houac  (iS;s-ia&4). 
n  Ihe  Italian  Rcnaisunce  style;  the  academy  oi  musics  tlis  cJd 
ind  new  exhibition  buiMing;  the  national  diawlng  iduwl;  and 
he  musMm  of  Cne  ana  (iqoo-ifioj).  in  which  wsa  installed  in 
905  Ihe  national  galleiy.  lonned  by  Prince  Esleibiiy,  bought 
by  the  goveisBcnl  in  186;  ibr  £ijd,ooo.  and  lormerfy  boused  in 


im.    Attheendof  theslree 

memorau  the  thousandth  anidvemry  oi  the  loundalion  ol  the 
kiacdou  tl  Unnfaiy.    Oihei  buiUuiff  nasikibk  kg  their 


BUDAPEST 


73S 


liEt  ind*  IntcRit  ire:  the  nallml  iirainin  (iRj^iSmI:  (he 
U>wn-h»ll  (i869-i!js),  in  ih*  «ily  Rniiiuintr  ufTe;  (he  uni- 
versity, wiLh  A  baioque  facade  {rebuilt  tgoo),  and  Ihe  univenily 
tibnry  (opened  in  1B75),  ■  hindionie  RcnaiiHnce  building,  ihc 
palice  of  justice  (1B46),  ■  raignlficcnt  edifke  litmled  no!  far 
from  the  Houses  ■>f  Pailiament.  Tn  ill  neigKbourhood  alp}  are 
the  palatial  building!  of  (be  ininliiriet  ol  jnulce  and  of  agii- 
tullure.  There  ere  »l»o  ike  eichange  (1905);  the  Auiln*- 
Kungaifan  bank  [i^o*);  the  central  post  ind  telegraph  oBke; 
[he  art-iuduitriat  muMum  (iSgj-iS^T),  m  oriental  ityle,  with 
■ome  chinctcfjslically  Hungarign  omamentatioiit;  teveral 
handiome  Iheaira;  large  banuka;  technical  ind  tecaiid*r]> 
Khwli;  Iwo  gnat  ratlway  tcrmhii  and  «  central  inarkei  (1I9T) 
to  be  mcniHKied.  To  Ihe  HUih-eut  of  the  town  lla  the  vul 
lUughter-houK  (iSyo'iSTi),  ohkh,  with  Ihe  adjacent  ciiile- 
markei,  coven  nearly  jo  acmof  ground.  The  building  activity 
of  Budapeil  ^nce  iMj  has  been  eitiunliiary.  and  the  lovn  has 
undergone  a  thorough  transformation.  The  mooval  o[  thims 
and  the  regulation  ol  the  ddet  pans  of  the  town.  In  connnlon 
witb  Ihe  construction  of  the  Iwo  new  bridges  across  the  Danube 
and  of  the  railway  tennini,  went  hand-iB-hand  with  the  Mleta ion 
of  the  town,  new  quarlen  springing  up  on  both  banks  of  the 
Danube.  This  process  Isslill  going  on,  and  Bodapssthu  become 
ove  of  the  handsonieil  capitals  of  Europe. 

EdtumiBH. — Budapest  is  the  InteUeclual  capital  of  Hungary. 
At  the  he«d  of  its  educational  institutions  stands  the  nniversity, 
wUch  wvoltended  in  i^oo  by  4qSj  student* — only  about  rooo 
in  18SB — and  his  a  staS  of  nurly  xs  prolnaors  and  lecturers. 
It  ha)  been  CDmpletely  tninifonned  Into  a  national  Hungarian 
seat  of  learning  since  i86j,  and  great  eflort)  have  been  made  10 
keep  al  home  the  Hungarian  sludenU,  nho  before  then  fre- 
quented olher  univenilin  and  specially  that  of  Vienna.  It  is 

wioua  colkclions,  and  possesses  a  library  with  nearly  a  quarter 
ofa  million  volumes.  Theuniversiiyol  Budapest,  Ihe  only  one  in 
Ktmgaiy  proper,  was  established  ai  Tynuu  in  1635,  removed  to 
Budain  iTrz.md  Irtnsferrtd  to  Pntin  1783.  Nest  to  it  comes 
the  polytechnic,  aUendcd  by  1816  itudcnii  in  190a,  which  is 
also  thoroughly  equipped  for  a  Kienlilic  training.  Other  high 
icheols  are  a  veterinary  academy,  a  Roman  Catholic  seminary, 
a  Protestant  theological  college,  a  rabbinical  institute,  a  com- 
mercial academy,  lo  which  lus  been  added  in  1 B99  an  academy 

the  iraijiing  of  Hungarian  officers.  Budapest  posMsKft  an 
adequate  number  ol  elemenury  and.  secondary  schools,  as  welt 
as  a  great  number  of  special  and  technical  schools.  At  the 
head  ol  the  identiGc  sodeliei  slands  Ihe  academy  of  sciences, 
founded  in  1S15,  for  the  encouragement  of  Ihe  study  ol  Ihe 
Hungarian  language  and  the  various  sciences  eiccpl  theology 
Next  to  it  comes  Ifie  national  museum,  founded  in  1S07  through 
the  donations  of  Count  Stcphan  Sifch(nyi.  which  contains  ei. 
re  coHeclion)  of  antiquities,  natural  history  and  ethnology. 


e  Hun 


It  the  old. 
language.  Another  society  which  his  done  great  s 
eultivaiion  of  the  Hungarian  Language  Is  the  Kisfaludy  society, 
founded  tn  igj6.  It  began  by  distributing  pHies  foe  the  best 
lilcrary  producilons  of  Ihc  year,  then  It  itirted  ihe  colteclion  and 
publldiion  of  the  Hungarian  folklore,  and  lasily  undertook  Ihe 
tnnslatkin  into  the  Hungarian  language  of  the  masterpieces  ol 
foreign  literatures.  The  Inlluence  clerciscd  by  this  society  b 
very  greai,  and  it  has  aitrucied  within  its  drde  Ihc  best  writers 
of  Hungary.  Another  society  similar  in  arm  with  this  one  is  ihe 
Peiefi  society,  founded  in  igjj.    Amongst  Ihc  numeraus  icien- 

Bndapejt   communal   bufeau  of  slalistics,  which  under  the 
if  Dr  Joseph  de  Kertisy  has  pined  a  European 


reputsiit 

The  ai 


ic  life 


Budapest  is  fostered  by  the  academy  of 
had  Fran;  List!  at  in  director,  a  renitnaleirt 
tic  school,  and  a  Hhool  for  painting  and  for 


beslto  an  «peni  hnue,  e^t  Iheafre*,  of  «h!c&  two  uc  sub- 
■idlied  by  tlie  govemneni  and  one  by  the  municipilily.  The 
perfonnascaarealmoal  eidusively  in  Hungarian,  the  eicepliona 
being  the  occaiioiiil  appeamncc  of  French,  Italian  and  other 
foreign  artjsli.  Performances  in  Ceiman  are  under  a  pi^ar 
taboo,  and  they  are  never  given  ii  ~    ' 


is  by  far 


important  town  in  KungaiT,  ae 
latter,  it  la  second  to  Vienna  alone  in  the  Aiulro-Htmgarian 
mMarehy.  The  principal  industries  are  sleam  flout-milling, 
distilling,  and  the  manufacture  of  machinery,  railway  pjanl, 
carriages,  cutlery,  gold  and  silver  wares,  cheroicals,  bricks,  jule, 
and  the  usual  articles  pmduced  in  Urge  lowna  [or  home  con- 
sumption.  The  trade  of  Budapest  ii  mainly  la  corn,  flour,  cattle, 
hotsei,  pigs,  wines,  ipirtti.  wool.  wood,  hides,  and  in  the  articles 
manufielnredinlhetosn.  TheeSorisof  Uu  Hungarian govera- 
ment  10  alabUsh  a  peal  homt  huhutry,  and  Ihe  mcasurea  taken 
to  that  eRect,  havi  btncGled  Budapcu  lo  a  gnaler  degree  Ihaa 
any  other  Hungarian  (own,  and  the  progress  made  h  temarkiUe. 
The  incresK  hi  the  aumtwi  of  jolnl-stock  conpaniea,  and  Ihe 
capital  ihusinvesledln  Induitrial  nndenakbigs.  furnish  1  valuable 
indication.  In  1873  there  wete  18  such  companies  with  a  total 
capital  ol  f»,jJ4,900;  In  1890,  js  w'lh  a  capital  ol  £0^51,0001 
and  in  i8o«  no  fewer  than  m  with  ■  total  capital  of  £3i.37a,fiSS- 
Budapest  owes  its  great  commercial  importance  to  its  situation 
on  the  Danube,  on  which  the  greater  part  of  its  trade  is  carried. 
The  introduction  of  slcamboals  on  the  Danube  in  iBjo  wuone 
of  the  earliest  material  causes  of  Ihe  progress  of  Budapest,  and 
gnve  a  great  stimulus  to  its  com  Itade.  This  slill  conrinues  10 
operate,  having  been  promoted  by  the  Hour-milling  industry, 
which  was  revolutioniied  by  certain  local  inventions.  Budapesi 
is  actually  one  of  the  greatest  tnilling  centres  in  the  world,  pos- 
sessing  a  number  ol  magnificent  establishments.  Sited  with 
machinery  invented  and  manufactured  in  Ihe  city.  Budapesi  is. 
besides,  connected  with  all  Ihe  principal  places  in  Austria  and 
Hungary  by  a  well-developed  net  ol  railways,  which  all  radiate 
from  here. 

Peptlslitn. — Few  European  tosrni  grew  le  rapidly  is  Buda- 
pest genoraHy,  and  Pcsl  particularly,  i     -1    .     , 


.      >ahlyno 
;  1M7.     In  1 


}  the  joint  population  of  Buda  and  FesI  « 
joi  belonged  to  Buda,  and  SQ.Sjo  belonged 
to  Pesl.  being  the  Erst  lime  Ihil  Ihe  population  of  Pat  eioeeded 
Ihal  of  Buda.  By  1840,  however,  Buda  had  added  bul  14,000  to 
lis  population,  while  that  of  Pest  had  more  than  doubled  ^  and  of 
the  joint  population  of  170,6S;  In  iS6g,  fully  100,000  fell  to  Ihe 
share  of  Pest.  In  r8Bo  the  civil  population  of  Budapesi  was 
360.S51,  an  increase  since  1S69  of  ji  %;  and  in  iSgo  ft  wai 
49".w8.  aninereaseof  j6-s7%in  the  decade.  In  Ihe  matter  of 
the  increase  of  its  population  alone,  Budapest  has  only  been 
dighlly  surpassed  by  one  European  town,  namely,  Berlin.  Bolh 
capilats  muliiptied  their  population  by  nine  in  the  BrM  nine 
decades  of  the  century,  Accordhig  M  an  Intecesling  and  in- 
iiruclivc  comparison  of  Ihe  growth  of  twmly-ei^I  European 
cillet  made  by  Dr  Joseph  de  KSrSsy,  Berlin  in  iBgo  shoured  an 
increase,  as  compared  with  the  beginning  of  Ihe  century,  of  giS% 
and  Budapesi  of  B04  %.  Within  the  ume  period  Ihe  increase  of 
Paris  wasj4]%.  and  of  London  )40%.  In  1900  the  dvil  popu- 
lation ol  Budapest  was  718,476  inhabllanis,  showing  an  increase 
of44'8i%  in  the  decide.  To  this  must  be  added  a  garrison  of 
11.846  men,  rniklnga  toal  population  of  7JJ.311.  01  the  total 
population,  civil  and  military.  S78,4S8  were  Magyais,  104, ;» 
were  Germans,  15. 168  were  Slovaks,  and  ihe  remainder  was 
composed  of  Croaliani,  Servians.  Rumanians,  Russians.  Greeks, 
Aimcnians.  Gypsies,  ta.  Accoiding  lo  religion,  there  were 
44S.01J  Roman  Catholics,  5806  Greek  Catholics,  44"  Greek 
Onhodoi:  67.]ig  were  Protestants  of  the  Helvelic,  and  ]8.Sii 
were  Piolestsnta  ol  Ihe  Augsbuig  Confessjona^  168.9SS  were 
Jews,  and  Ihe  remainder  be'         ' 


igfeal 


is  the  ( 


73' 


BUDAPEST 


penau  in  Ibe  piiDw  of  titi,  Ihii  t«  du*  Uiiely  U  ibc  impmved 
wtui-wpply  and  bctUr  unJUry  coiulilknu  gcDcnlly,  induduif 
increued  bocpiul  iccsDiinadaiioo. 

Sfcial  FiBlwii.— BudipcM  u  Um  tai  ot  Uk  govBiuncBt. 
a(  Hungnry,  of  lbs  pailuuncBi,  and  ol  all  Ihc  highal  sffioal 
suthoritio — civil,  miliury,  judicial  and  financial  ll  ia  Lhe 
Dicclinc-placc,  alicmaltly  wilh  Vjutna,  ol  the  Auiuv-Hungaiian 
ddesilioDi,  and  it  wai  elecwd  to  an  equality  -with  Vienna  as 
k  royal  reaidence  in  iSgi.  It  b  the  Mc  of  a  Roman  Caiholic 
archbiahop.  The  town  is  idminbtend  by  an  elected  municipal 
council,  wbkh  comiais  of  400  iwmbtra.  Aa  Paris  is  sometime) 
taid  to  be  France,  as  may  Budapest  wilb  alnosi  gceatei  iiutti 
be  taid  (0  be  Hungaiy.  Its  mmpoiile  populalioa  is  a  faithful 
icfl«(ion  d[  ihc  beierogen«us  elemenli  in  the  doounioni  ol  ihe 
Hababutgi,  while  ihe  mdeaod  industry  olHuniuy  an  cenlial- 
iitd  at  Budapeu  in  a  »ay  thai  can  scaitcly  be  alinned  of  any 
other  Eunipan  capiuL  Id  virtue  ot  its  cultural  institutioDii 
it  is  alao  the  iniellectual  and  artistic  centre  of  Uusgary,  The 
movemeni  in  favour  of  Magyaiiiing  all  instiiulioni  hat  found  ita 
■tronfest  development  in  Budapest,  wbere'lbc  Cennan  narnn 
have  all  been  removed  from  the  buildings  and  alneti.  The 
wonderful  progreaaof  Budapest  Is  undoubtedly  due  ID  the  revival 
of  the  Hun^rian  national  spirit  in  the  lint  half  of  the  igth  c«n- 
luiy,  and  to  the  energetic  andayslcmftticiflorls  of  thegovetnmtn  t 
and  people  of  Hungary  aince  the  realmtion  of  the  conttitulion. 
So  [ar  aa  Hungary  was  concerned,  Budapest  in  1S67  at  once 
became  the  favoured  rival  of  Vienna,  vith  the  important  (ddi- 
tional  advantage  that  it  had  no  such  competitors  vithin  ill  own 
^^'htn  aa  Vienna  had  in  the  Austrian  provincial  capitals.  The 
political,  intelleclual,  and  social  life  of  Hungary  waa  cnlied 
in  BudapcAt.  aixd  had  largely  been  so  ahue  134S,  when  it  became 
the  Kat  of  the  legiaUlure,  aa  it  waa  thai  of  the  Auiuian  central 
adminiu ration  which  followed  (be  revolution.  The  Ideal  of  a 
pro^jerom,  brilliant  and  attractive  Magyar  capital,  which  would 
keep  tbt  wblet  and  the  Intellectual  Qower  of  the  counliy  al  home, 
uniUnf  Ihcm  in  the  service  of  the  Fatherland,  had  received  a 
powerful  impelua  from  Count  Slcphan  Sz£ch£nyi,  the  great 
er of  the  pre-Rtvolulioniry  period.    Hitwork, 


dby  pi 


o(  thigovtmmedi  and  the  nation.  Thusihe 
promotion  ol  ihc  inleroti  of  the  capital  and  the  ceniraliiaiion 
ol  the  public  and  comDierciil  liie  of  the  country  ha.ve  lormed 
an  int^ral  part  ol  the  JMlicy  of  the  state  aince  the  realoralion 
ol  the  conslilution.  BttdipeM  has  profiled  largely  by  the 
encDumgemenl  of  agriculture,  trade  and  industry,  by  the 
naiionaliaation  ol  the  rnilwaya,  by  the  development  ol  inland 
navigation,  and  also  by  thcrictfect  o(  similar  measure*  in  favour 
of  Vienna. 

From  that  time  to  the  present  day  Iht  record  of  the  Hungarian 
capital  has  been  one  ol  unintcrtupted  advance,  not  meicly  in 
eiicmals,  such  as  the  removal  ol  slums,  the  icconsiruction  lA 
Ihe  town,  the  development  of  communications,  industry  and 

In  the  mental,  moral  and  physical  elevation  ol  the  inhabitanla. 
betides  toother  important  gain  Irom  the  point  ol  view  ol  the 
Hungarian  ilatctman,  namely,  (he  progressive  increase  and 
improvement  ol  ttalitsof  the  Magyar  elemenl  ol  the  populalion. 
When  it  is  temcmbcted  that  Ihc  ideal  of  both  the  authorities 
and  the  people  is  (he  uliimile  monopoly  ol  Ihc  home  market 
by  Hungarian  industry  and  trade,  and  the  sltcncihcning  ol  the 
Uagytr  influence  by  ceniraliiaiion,  it  is  easy  to  undentand  the 
progrew  ol  Budapest. 

Foliiically,  this  ambit ioui  and  progressive  capita]  is  (be 
creation  of  the  Magyar  upper  classes.  Commercially  and  indu 
trially,  it  may  be  laid  to  be  the  work  of  the  Jews.  The  lour 
judgment  of  the  lormer  ted  them  to  welcome  and  apprecia 
the  oMiperatioD  ol  the  latter.  Indeed,  a  readiness  to  assimila 
lotcign  elements  is  cbanctciistic  ol  Magyar  patriotism,  whj< 
has,  particularly  within  the  last  gcoeration,  made  numeroi 
Converts  among  the  other  nationalities  of  Hungary,  and — for 


Iih, 


Lo  pass  that  there  is  11 


ienhiim  la  Budapest,  tltbm^rii  the  Hebrew  tloncnt'b 

ptoporiionaiely  much  larger  (>i  %  u  coropared  witb  0  %J 
ban  it  is  in  Vienna,  the  Mecca  ol  the  Jtw-bailer. 

Budapest  hai  long  been  celebrated  fee  iu  nuornl  tptingi 
ind  baiha,  tome  of  them  having  been  already  used  duiing  the 
toman  period.  They  rise  at  Ihe  foot  of  Ihe  Blocksberg,  and  arc 
powerful  chalybeaie  uid  tulphunoui  hot  springs,  with  a  tempera- 
ture ot  So°-iso°  Fahr.  The  principal  baths  are  (he  Brudtbad 
and  Ihe  Kaiierbad.  both  diiing  Irom  the  Turkiih  pciiodi  the 
Si  Lucasbidi  and  tlie  Raitienbad,  rebuilt  ia  iSAo,  one  ol  iIk 
most  magnificent  eslablithmentt  of  its  kind,  which  wai  connected 
ihrcMch  a  galiety  with  tbe  royal  palace  in  tlie  time  of  Matthias 
Corvin.  There  is  an  artetitn  w^  U  sulphuieoui  water  wilh  a 
temponiure  of  lu*  Faht.  la  Ihe  SudtwUdchen;  >ad  titaiba. 
yielding  tulphuieout  water  with  a  tempenlure  ol  no*  Fahi., 
which  is  used  lor  both  diinking  and  balhinc,  in  the  Matfinl 
island.  Tbe  mincial  qtrlnsi,  which  yield  bitter  alkaline  waten, 
are  tiluaied  ia  the  plain  sovih  of  the  Blocksberi,  and  arc  over 
40  in  number.  Tbe  pritKipil  an  the  Honyidi-jidM  spring,  <d 
which  about  1,000.000  boltltaare  eipottedannually,  llu  Arpad 
spring,  and  the  Apenta  vting. 

The  Itrgcsl  and  most  popular  of  the  parks  in  Budapest  ia 
Ihe  Vliosliget.  on  the  uotth-eait  side  ol  ilic  town.  It  tias  an 
ar«  ol  lU  acres,  and  contains  the  loological  garden.  On  aa 
island  in  Its  large  pond  are  situated  Ihe  agricultural  (igoi-i$04) 
and  the  ethnographical  muscuma.    It  was  in  thii  park  that  the 


f  1806  to. 


a  gioup  01  viuas  ana  Dain-oouses.  ine  name  01  Ihe  isLutd  i* 
derived  from  St  Margaret,  the  daughter  ol  King  Bela  fV.  (1  jtll 
ceUury),  who  built  here  a  ceavenl,  the  ruins  ol  which  aie  tuU 
in  eiistcnce.  To  tha  weM  of  Buda.  extendi  the  hill  [14&J  It) 
ol  Sv&b-Hegy  {JcJnvdAeflberf),  wilh  eate naive  view  and  nunemua 
villas,  it  is  ascended  by  a  rack-and-pinion  railway.  A  favourite 
spot  is  the  Zugliget  {AuwirUuJ),  a  wooded  dale  on  the  r^rlbem 
slope  ol  Ihe  hill.  To  Ihe  north  ol  6-Bkida,  about  4  m.  Irom  the 
Margaret  island,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Danube,  are  the  remaint 
of  Ihe  Roman  colony  ol  Aquincum.  They  include  the  founda- 
liont  ol  an  amphithcitit,  of  a  lem^de,  ol  an  aqucduci,  ol  bailu 
and  of  a  caitrum.  The  object*  found  beie  are  preiavcd  in  ■ 
small  mutcum.  To  the  nonh  ol  Peat  lies  the  historic  Riko* 
field,  where  the  Hungarian  dicta  were  held  in  the  open  air  Irom 
the  lolh  to  Ihe  itih  century;  and  ij  m.  to  the  aorth  Iks  Um 
royal  castle  of  CbdollO,  with  its  bcautilul  parL 

HuJsry.—The  history  of  Budapest  consists  ol  ihc  separate 
history  of  the  two  sisler  towns,  Buda  and  Fest.  The  Romatu 
founded,  in  the  ind  century  a.d.,  on  ihe  right  bask  of  iti« 
Danube,  on  ihe  site  of  the  actual  O.Buda,  a  colony,  on  the  plac* 
ola  lormer  Celtic  seiilement.  Thiicolony  was riimcd  Aquincum, 
a  translormation  from  the  foimer  Celtic  name  of  Ai-iai,  meaning 
"  rich  waters."  The  Roman  occupation  lasted  till  a-d,  J76,  and 
then  the  (dace  was  invaded  by  Huns,  Oittogoth*.  and  later  by 
Avars  and  Slavs.  When  the  Magyan  caoie  into  Ihe  country, 
at  the  end  of  iht  101b  century,  Ibey  preserved  the  names  of  Buda 
and  PeH,  which  they  found  lor  these  two  places.  The  origin  irf 
Pest  ptopM  is  obscure,  but  the  name,  qiparenlly  derived  irora 
the  old  Slavonic  pcBj.  a  stove  (Ukc  Olen,  the  German  nanw  ot 
Buda],  seems  10  point  to  an  early  Slavonic  setllcmeal.  Tha 
Romans  never  gained  a  foothold  on  this  side  of  the  river. 

When  it  hnt  a|^an  in  history  Fest  was  eucniially  a  Cennas 
settlement,  and  a  duonicler  of  the  ijih  cculuiy  describes  it  ai 

in  Ihe  iilh  century.  In  1141  Pest  was  destroyed  by  Ihe  Tatar*, 
after  whose  departure  in  1144  it  was  created  a  royal  fjte  city  by 
Bela  IV.,  and  repeopled  with  colonists  ol  various  naiionalliies. 
The  succeeding  period  teems  to  have  bccil  one  ol  considerable 
ptoipcrity,  though  Pest  was  completely  eclipsed  by  the  sister 
town  ol  Buda  with  iu  lorireta  and  ptiace.  This  lortteii  and 
palace  were  built  by  King  Bela  IV.  i 
round  which  the  town  of  Buda  *as  buill,  which  sc 


ich   SC^   MR 


BUDADN— BUDDHA 


7J7 


rU  InpcctaBcc,  md  b«a>mc  ia  ijKi  Ito  oiilul  el  Baniltty. 
ijiS  pBt  wu  Ukcn  and  pillaged  by  ilie  Turkc,uil  fmm  1541 
UitSfiBudawulheieitalaTuikulipuhi.  Pnt  in  tlic  mnn- 
time  CBtinty  k»l  iu  unpoEUnce,  and  oa  the  ikputure  of  (he 
Tuiki  w  Icfl  liUla  mote  ttun  a  hup  of 


J  o(  Ion 


of  Uw  highett  Umifarian 
official.  Huia  Theiru  md  JoKph  IL  did  uuidi  to  incRuc  iU 
importaiiiT,  but  ibe  rapid  gcovih  wbich  enabled  h  (xiiiq>kidy  to 
outstrip  Buda  belong  cntLrcly  to  tlK  igth  ccntory.  Angzul 
proof  ofiis  vitality  vu  given  ia  iSjSby  Ibc  qwcd  and  cue  wilb 
nrhicb  it  ttmvetti  from  a  diBasiroui  inuadatkm  tbai  dcttmyed 
JMO  hatua.  In  1S4S  P«t  bnaae  tbc  seal  of  iJw  Rvobiiitmaty 
diet,  but  in  tbcloUowing  yeai  t)te  iauuscntt  had  id  retire  bdore 
the  Auilriant  under  Windischgiiiu.  A  liiUe  lata' tbe  Aiutnant 
had  10  retire  In  Ihejr  turn,  leaving  a  garriua  in  the  forueu  0! 
Buda,  and.  while  the  Hungaiians  cnd«vourtd  to  capture  this 
poution.  GcDcni)  KcDiai  teialiated  by  bombardiog  Pal,  doing 
great  damage  u  the  town,  la  1871  both  towns  were  united  into 
one  nunLcipaiilyp  In  ift^  took  place  beie  the  miUenniuin 
ohibilion,  in  celebration  of  tbe  thausaadtb  annivenary  ol  the 
(oandalioD  oC  Ibc  lungdom  oC  Hungary. 

BiaiiDCiAriir'— The  oRiciaf  piibl>caiii>»  ol  tbe  Budapnt 
Communal  Bunau  of  Staibitcf  have  acquired  a  European  repute 
tor  their  completeneii.  and  tboif  fearltg  expo«ire  uf  stiortcominp 

alM  be  Biaik  lo  lepanie  Mirki  of  the  diiecier  of  ibut  inaiiutioii, 
Di  JoiBDh  de  KocDty,  known  io  Enilaod  Iv  hii  dimvery  of  the 
Uw  oToivitat  feniliiy.  publithed  by  the  Royal  Society,  and  by  )iii 
laboort  in  the  devetopmeol  of  eomparalr'e  latemalianal  etatibiic*. 
Hia5u>u>t«M  /uNraoluniifr  ^  rruiidti  aiUci  and  BulUliH  tnmil  it$ 
jbHiundHpvWneiUiIllvevaliBble  ceoiiBraaivedata.  Steal» 
Wt  OUcrwcUKk-ITefiniiike  llonordiit  iu  ICM  a*l  B-U  (Wen. 
18M-10U,  14  voIl);  volume  lii.,  published  in  iflfj.  ii  devoted  to 
Bndapcu.  (O.  Bt.) 

khand  division  o[  tbe  UmiedProvincei.  IIk  lown'is  near  the  Jelt 
bankol  the  river  Sot.  Pop.  (iQoi}  jg,oji.  Thcreare  luim  o(an 
Immense  fori  and  a  very  handsome  masque  of  imposing  size, 
aowned  with  a  dome,  and  built  In  iiij  in  great  pari  from  Ok 
BulcTialsoEaaincient  Hindu  temple,  liie  American  Methodiil 
mission  maintains  several  girls'  schools,  and  there  is  a  high  school 
for  boyi.  According  to  tradition  Buditun  was  founded  about 
a.D.goJ.andaa inscription, probablyof  the  [Jlh^ntury.givesa 
lotof  twelve  lUlhDi  kings  leigningat  Budaun  (called  Vodama- 
yuta).  The  firrt  authrnlic  historical  event  connected  with  it, 
however,  is  its  captuie  by  Kulb.ud-dln  ui  1196.  after  which  i[ 
became  a  very  important  post  on  the  nortliem  Iroatier  of  the 
Delhi  emiare.  In  the  lith  century  two  of  iUgovemors.  Shami- 
iul.din  Altamsh.  the  builder  of  the  great  mosque  tefcrred  to  above, 
and  his  un  Ruks-ud^din  Flnu,  attained  the  Imperial  throne. 
In  1571  the  town  was  burnt,  and  about  a  hundred  years  later, 
mider  Sbab  Jahan,  the  seat  of  tbe  governorship  was  transferred  to 
BareiUyi  after  which  the  impoitaBce  of  Budaua  declined.  It 
tiltimately  came  into  the  power  of  (he  Rohillas,  and  in  iSjS 
wu  made  Ibo  headquarien  ol  a  British  district.  In  iSj7  the 
people  of  Budaun  udcd  with  the  mutineers,  and  a  native 
government  was  set  up,  which  lasted  uatH  General  Penny's 
victory  at  Knkiala  (Ajail  1858)  led  to  the  restoration  ol  British 
authority. 

The  Disnici  of  Bdihun  has  an  area  of  1987  iq.  m.  Pop. 
(1901)  i,ois,7SJ-  Tbe  counliy  is  low,  level,  and  'a  generally 
fertile,  and  watered  by  the  Ganges,  the  Ramganga,  the  Sot  or 
Varwafadai,  and  the  Mahawa.  Budaua  district  was  ced 
the  British  govemment  in  i£oi  by  the  nawab  of  Oudh,  There 
are  several  indiso  factories.  The  district  is  cmsed  by  two  llnta 
of  tbe  Oudh  &  Rohtlkhand  n3*ay.  and  by  a  narrow-gauge 
Ime  from  Bajciily.    The  chiel  centie  of  trade  b  Bitsi. 

BDDDEUS.  JOHAKK  PRANZ  (1667-1710),  German  Lutheiai 

lather  was  pastor.  He  studied  with  great  distinciioaat  Cicifs 
waid  and  at  Wittenberg,  and  having  made  a  special  study  o 
languages,  theology  and  hiilory,  was  appointed  prolessor  d 
Greek  lod  Latin  at  Coburg  in  169],  professor  ol  aural  philosophy 


inib«unhciriiyafBBltetniiS9j,uidtat7a5PT«l(*MTbllhealocy 

..  .._-^    ji^^  j^  was  held  in  high  eslecm,  and  bi  171}  became 

inx  of  hk  faculty  and  mcnber  el  tbe  Con^tory.    HI> 

priibdpal  works  an;  Lapat-  oilgtrnHna  kisiffriuha  Ltxikon 

(Ldpsig,  iToq  B.);  Hitltria  SaletvulUa  VOirit  Tetameuli  (4 

nb.,  Halle,  ijog);  SIcwumib  PhOeufkiai  Prailkae,  ItHtmrntiO' 

rteenlicae  (1  vols.,  i6<>7}i  SJtOa  Jurit  SaHirat  il 

Ctnliini  (Halle,  1704)1  tHuMma  Saaa  (j  vob.,  Jena,  i;ii)i 

and   /iflfete  fi'iiUnu-ribafstua   ad    T'lka'tpaM  UniHTum, 

nHfafesfiu  IJMl  fatta  (1  vols.,  I7>7). 

BUDBKA.    According  to  the  Buddhist  theory  (lee  BunoatSil), 

'  Buddha  "apiieuiliom  lime  to  time  in  the  worMandpraachei 

B  IruB  doctrine.    After  n  certain  lapse  of  tfa»  Ikis  teadiing  fi 

rruptsd  and  lori,  aid  b  BOI  RSUUEd  tin  a  new  Buddha  appean. 

Eunpc,  Buddha  isuiedtodetignalathelBSthistaiical  Buddha, 

linso  family  name  was  Gotama.  ukd  who  was  the  um  ^  Sudd- 

hOdana,  one  of  the  diiefs  of  the  tribe  ol  the  Sgkiyaa,  one  of  the 

dans  then  still  eiistent  in  India. 

ictuitoiaed  to  find  the  leteiriaiy  and  tbe  mincakius 

gsiheiiag,tike  a  haKaround  tbeearlyhltfaryolreli^oai  leaden, 

ujuil  the  eobet  truth  nms  tha  risk  of  beog  altogether  nested 

Ibt  tbe  glittering  and  edif^ng  falsehood.    The  Buddha  has  not 

escaped  the  fate  which  haa  bebDea  flu  himdai  of  other  religions; 

and  aa  late  as  the  y«ar  igS4  PiafCsiar  Wilion  of  Oilord  read  a 

p4ier  befoT*  the  Royal  Aiiatk  Sodety  ol  London  in  which  he 

maintained  that  the  tUMWseil  life  of  Buddha  was  a  myth,  and 

"  Buddha  himseU  needy  an  imapoaiy  being."  No  one,  however, 

wmdd  Dov  noDOct  this  view;  and  it  is  admitted  that,  under  the 

which  have  been  handed  down  regarding 

basis  of  truth  already  sufficiently  clear  to  render 

pMelfale  aa  intelligent  history. 

Tba  circumstanccs  under  which  ibt  bivin  Buddha  was  ban 
were  somewhat  as  loUowj.'  In  riie  fich  cmtury  I.e.  the  Aryan 
tribes  had  long  been  settled  far  down  the  valley  of  the  Ganges. 
The  old  child-Uke  ioy  in  Uftrto  manifeit  in  the  VedU  had  iM 
away^  the  worship  of  nature  had  developed  or  degeneraled  Into 
the  worship  o(  new  and  less  pure  divinities^  and  the  Vedic  songi 
ihcmsdres,  whose  freedom  wis  Utile  oompalibi*  with  the  spirit 
of  the  age,  had  faded  into  an  obscurity  which  did  not  lessen  thdr 
VBhB  to  the  priests.  Hie  country  wal  politicaily  split  up  into 
little  pnitflpaliiifs,  nvKiof  tbem  governed  by  some  petty  de^nt, 
whose  iniereatx  were  not  often  the  same  as  (hose  of  the  com- 
munity. Therewerestill,  liDWeM:t.  nbouladuen  Imtepubllcs, 
most  of  them  with  aristocratic  government,  and  It  was  in  these 
that  reforrmni;  movements  rnet  with  most  a^^roval  and  support. 
A  convenient  belief  in  the  doctrine  <A  the  liansmigralion  of  souls 
satisfied  the  unfortunale  that  tbch-  woes  were  the  lutunl  result  o( 
their  own  deeds  in  a  lormcr  birth,  and,  though  unavoidable  now, 
might  be  escaped  m  a  future  state  of  ealslence  by  pteient  good 
conducTt.  While  ho(nng  for  a  better  fate  In  tbdr  neit  Unb.  the 
poor  turned  (or  succovr  and  advice  m  Ihiata  the  aid  of  astrology. 
witchcraft  and  animlvn-^  belief  In  which  seems  to  uruIctKe  all 

■  Hau  «  At  Dalt  ^  (te  BuMb.— The  now  generally  acenned 
date  of  tbe  Buddha  is  arrived  at  by  adcUng  togAhcr  two  numberi, 
one  being  the  date  of  tbe  ■ccewon  of  Aiolca  to  tbe  throne.  Iha 
second  bcine  the  length  of  tbe  interval  between  that  dale  and  that 
of  the  death  ol  the  Buddha.  The  first  figure,  that  of  the  date  ol 
Aaoka,  ia  arrived  at  bv  the  mention  in  oae  of  hi*  tdlcu  <t  cenala 
Circk  Ungk  as  then  Tivinf.  The  datea  of  Iheie  last  are  apprgil. 
marely  known;  and  arguing  fnm  Iheie  date*  the  date  of  Arcka'a 
icmtian  hai  been  liied  by  varkKii  echolan  (at  dates  varying  only 

tecand  Agute,  the  total  lowval  beliiieta  Ak^'s  accessioa  and  the 
Buddha's  death,  ia  fiven  la  the  Ceyloa  ChnnielcB  aa  aig  ynra. 
Adding  these  two  ti^ether.  the  date  of  the  Buddha's  ibath  voald  ba 
4Se  B  c,  and,  u  he  was  eighty  years  old  at  the  tine  of  bis  death, 
the  date  of  hb  birth  would  be  JW  B.C.  Tbe  dates  for  his  death  and 
Urth  accepted  ia  Buva,  Sian  and  CeylH  are  about  ball  a  rentuiy 
«t1ler,  lunely,  M3  and  Sa  B.C..  the  dHenooe  being  io  the  date  of 
Auka's  ncceHwn,  It  1^11  be  seen  thai  the  date*  as  adopted  ■■ 
Europe  an  approaiinate  oatv.  aed  liable  to  correction  il  belter  data 
are  oblahitNc.  The  details  of  this  chnmologlcal  aueBion  am 
'  '  "- 'Hr  Rhys  Darid^  .Ifnini  Cnu  nsd 
1877),  when  ihapretiBUi  dlmuietoni 

i,ze3bvGoe:)^Ie 


IbcuMdatlenith  ia  PreteHoj  ^hys^Dariil^_^ 

iR  lelttRd  to. 


73* 

uta  taimtlttta 
of  llMAoru|Dd(, 
{ends  betwtn  the  chldi  of  nrighbouimg  dun.  In  literUDR . 
■ge  of  pocu  h*d  long  tinoe  nude  wmy  for  m  igE  of  amuBoiutari 
And  KranuniifiajU)  who  tbouftbc  UUt  tbc  old  poem  most  lun 
been  IbewoikoIgDdi.  But  tbe  darken  period  vB HKceeded  by 
Ibe  dimief  a  Hlonnitiim;  mvtIUnf  logidua  wen  iriUint  lo 
nuintaJD  (bete  agaiatt  all  the  irMikti  wbilM  ben  and  (ben 
ucciics  itiDve  to  >ii»  ihenadva  kbuve  the  fodt,  uid  bennJti 
eacnntly  Mushi  for  Ktme  uUtfacinty  loluthin  of  Ibe  nrKeile* 
ollife.  TbaewenibewuJMnBhoiaUiepecfibchicayddyited 
lo  honour.  Tbough  the  nnki  «f  the  prieiibood  woe  tor  ever 
finnly  doMd  agtiiut  intniden,  a  man  ol  lajr  binh,  ■  Kthatiiya 
or  Vaiiya,  nrhBH  mind  revolted  agaimt  tbe  oitbodoi  creed,  aad 
nd  ambition,  mj^i  £Qd 


Tbe  Slkiy*  cl>n  >u  Ihca  n 
tm  or  thne  thautand  iqtun  a 

tome  dayi^  joume/  north  of  Eci 
'  lotheloveriicfiaaf the 


lied  in  ■ 


,    Tbdi 


d  OHUitry  pnbabLy 
I.  the  chief  loan  of 
■'N.bygj-.i'E., 
temiory  itretdied 
wK  nwuly  in  whal 


bnow  Nepal,  but  it  included  leirllory  now  on  Ibe  Brilijh  tide  of 
tbe  frontier.  It  a  in  thii  part  ol  the  Slkiya  country  that  the 
talteTetlliil  ducovcry  wai  Inide  at  the  monument  tbcy  erected  to 
Ihm  famou*  dansman.  Fnm  ihfir  wrU-w^lercd  lice-bcldi, 
the  main  loura  of  their  wealth,  they  oould  see  the  pani 
Himllayai  looming  up  againit  the  clear  blue  of  the  lodiln  ity. 
Their  Hipplies  si  valei  wen  drawn  from  tlie  livu  Rohiol,  the 
modem  Kohtna;  and  Ibough  the  use  of  ibe  rinr  wu  in  limeaol 
dtoufbt  Ibe  ctuM  of  diiiputei  bclweeo  tbe  Slkiyai  and  tbe 
'  i(  IColiyani,  the  two  dan)  were  then  at  peace;  and 
I  of  a  chieftain  of  Koli,  which  laionly  1 1  m.  eait  of 
wen  ilw  principal  wfv«  of  Suddhodana.  Both 
were  cnuaieaa,  and  gnal  wai  the  rejoicing  when,  in  about  the 
torty-fiflh  year  ol  her  age,  tbe  elder  siiter,  Uahl  Mlyl,  promiied 
her  husband  a  ion.  In  due  lime  die  started  witb  the  intention  ol 
being  coniiiied  at  her  pannd'  home,  but  the  party  halting  on  the 
way  under  the  shade  of  some  loftyaailn- trees,  lo  a  pleaunt  garden 
called  Lumbini  on  the  tiver-iide,  her  ion,  the  f  uluce  Buddha,  wu 
there  unexpectedly  bom.  Theeaacliitcof  this  garden  baa  been 
recently  rediscovered,  nurked  by  an  inscribed  piUar  put  up  by 
Aioka  {see  J.K.AJ..  1S9S}. 

He  waiin  after  years  more  generally  known  by  his  family  name 
o(  Gotam^.  but  hii  individual  ruune  was  Siddhattha.  When  he 
•at  nineteen  yean  old  be  wai  married  to  his  couiin  Yasodhait, 
daugh  tet  o[  a  Koliyan  chief ,  and  gave  himieU  up  to  >  life  of  luiuty . 
This  i)  the  votary  record  of  his  youth;  wt  bar  nothing  more 
till,  in  his  twenty-ninth  year,  it  is  related  that,  driving  to  bis 
pleasure-grounds  one  day.  be  wu  struck  by  the  si^t  of  a  man 
MMriy  broken  down  by  age.  aaanolheroccasioDbyihesighl  of  a 
man  tufleiing  from  a  loathtome  disease,  and  some  months  after 
by. the  boRibla  ligbt  of  a  decooipoting  corpse.  Each  time  his 
charioteer,  whose  name  was  Channa.  told  him  (hat  such  was  the 
late  of  all  living  beings.  Soon  after  he  saw  an  ascetic  waiting  in 
a  calm  and  dignified  manner,  and  asking  who  that  was,  was  told 
by  bis  charioteer  the  character  and  aims  of  the  Wanderers,  the 

veiling  teacbeis,  who  played  so  great  a  part  in  the  intellectual 


Ut  of  t 


in  their  1 


one  of  all  (AHiuliata^  L  145)  spesks  of  ideal  only,  not  of  actual 
visions.  It  is,  bojvever,  clear  from  what  foUows,  that  about  this 
lime  the  mind  of  the  young  Rljpul  must.  Irom  some  cause  or 
other,  have  been  deeply  stirred.  Many  an  earnest  heart  lull  of  dis- 
appointment or  enthusiasm  has  gone  through  a  similar  slrugtf  e, 
bas  learnt  lo  look  upon  all  earthly  gains  and  hope*  at  wone  Ihan 
»anity,  bas  envied  the  calm  life  of  tbe  doliier,  lioubled  by  none 
of  these  ihingi.  and  hat  longed  for  an  opporluaity  of  entire  mU- 

■SeeitportsfXer.v.fffldiu.CkriienwtllSeaiont.SepKnibH'is, 


Subjecdvtlr,  thon^  not  el4e>:tf<d<r.  tbcM  -Mim  m>r  b« 
tuppoaed  IB  have  appcand  lo  Cotcma.  After  seeing  the  bit  of 
them,  be  it  nJd,  in  tbelalti  uownts,  to  have  spent  the  aftenoon 
oundt  by  the  riverside;  aod  bartng  bathed,  ta 
chariot  in  order  lo  letutn  bome.  Jnsi  then  a 
ived  with  the  newt  that  hit  wife  YasodhaiS  bad 
givciilarthtoasoB.hBonlydiild.  "  This/' said  Gotama  qoletlj, 
"  la  a  new  and  strong  tie  I  shall  have  to  break."  But  the  people 
of  KapilanMu  were  greatly  delighted  at  the  tnnh  of  Ibe  yomg 
heir,  tbe  rlja's  only  grandson.  Gotama*s  return  became  an 
ovation;  musiciBni  preceded  and  IcUowed  his  chariot,  while 
■houll  of  joy  and  trium[A  fell  on  his  ear.  Among  these  sounds 
one  especially  attracted  bb  altention.  It  was  the  voice  of  a 
young  girl,  hit  cousin,  who  tang  a  slania,  saying,  "  Happy  the 
father,  happy  the  nwlher,  happy  tbe  wife  of  such  a  son  aod 
husband."  In  Ibe  word  "  hippy  "  lay  a  double  meaninc;  it 
meant  also  freed  from  tbe  chains  of  rebirth,  debvered.  loserf. 
Grateful  10  one  who,  at  such  a  time,  ttnilnded  him  of  his  highest 
hopes,  Coiama,  to  whom  such  ihingi  had  no  longer  any  vihie, 
lookoShiscaUaTof  pearls  and  sent  it  10  her.  She  ima^ned  that 
Ihit  wBt  tbe  beginning  of  a  courtship,  and  l>egan  to  bnild  da^^- 
ditanu  about  becmning  hit  principal  wife,  but  he  took  bo  [atthef 
notice  of  her  and  patKd  on.  That  evening  tbe  dincing-giilt 
came  to  go  through  the  Nilch  dances,  (ben  at  now  so  common  oit 
festive  occasions  in  many  pans  of  India;  but  be  paid  ihem  isd 
altention.  and  gradually  fell  Into  an  uneasy  tlumber.  At  mid- 
ni^t  he  awvke;  the  dandng^girls  were  lying  in  the  aote-tKiiti; 
an  overpowering  toathint  filled  his  soul.  He  arose  inttontly  willi 
amindlullymadeup — "  routed  into  activity,"  says  tbe  Sinhaleta 


where  Yatodharl 

hand  on  the  head  o[  Ihrii  child. 


utid,  and  bnding  it 
10  saddle  his  horse.     . 
Siddhattha  gently  opened  the  door  of  tbe , 
deeping,  Burroimdcd  by  floi 


wiiboi 


hoped  10  take  Ibe  babe 
in  lus  arms  lor  ine  last  iinie  oeiorc  ne  went,  but  now  he  stood  fat 
a  few  moments  irresolute  on  the  thrnboEd  looking  at  them.  At 
last  the  Icar  of  awakening  Yasodhul  prevailed;  be  tore  bimsdf 

had  become  clear,  as  soon  as  he  had  becooie  a  Buddha.— ij. 
Enlightened, — and  then  he  could  return  to  Ihcm  not  only  a& 
husband  and  father,  but  aa  teacher  and  saviour.  It  Is  taid  to 
have  been  broad  moontighl  on  the  full  moon  ol  Ihe  month  ut 
July,  when  Ibe  young  chief,  with  Channa  as  his  sole  companion, 
leaving  his  Father's  home,  bis  wealth  and  todsl  position,  his  wile 
tod  child  behind  him,  went  out  Into  Ihe  witdemtu  to  bectuns 

This  it  the  circumstance  which  hai'tfven  its  name  toa  Santtrit 
work,  the  Mahibhlnishkramana  SUira,  or  Saira  of  Ihe  Great 

Neit  is  related  an  event  in  which  we  may  again  see  a  sub- 
jective eiperience  pven  under  ihe  form  of  anobjectiveieoLly. 
Mira,  the  great  tempter,  appears  In  the  sky,  and  uiges  Cotama 
to  sliv,  pronuKng  him,  in  teven  days,  a  unlvcnal  kingdom  over 
the  four  gnat  continents  i[  be  will  but  give  up  hii  enterprise.* 
When  bis  words  fait  to  have  any  efect,  the  Icoipter  console* 
himself  by  tbe  confident  hope  that  he  will  sliU  ovficome  his 
enemy,  taying,  "  Sooner  or  later  some  lustful  or  malldous  or 
angry  thought  tnutt  arise  In  his  mind;  In  that  moment  I  tbaU 
be  hit  matter";  and  from  that  hour,  adds  the  legend.  "  as  a 
tbidow  always  followi  the  body,  so  he  too  from  thai  day  always 
followed  the  Blessed  One,  striving  10  throw  every  obslade  io 
his  way  towards  Ihe  Buddhihopd."  Gotstna  rides  a  long 
distance  that  night,  only  gtopplngai  the  banks  of  the  AnomC 
beyond  the  Rotiyan  territory.  There,  on  the  sandy  bank  ol 
tbe  river,  at  a  spot  where  later  piety  erected  a  dlgaha  (a,  solid 
dome-shaped  relic  shHnel.  he  cuts  oS  witb  his  sword  his  Ion| 
fiowinglocks,  and,  taking  off  bis  ornaments,  sends  them  and  tha 
bone  bidi  in  chirge  of  the  onwflllng  Chaona  to  KapQavaini. 
The  neit  seven  days  were  spent  itooe  In  a  grove  of  mango  treei 

■  The  various  Irxendi  of  Mlra  are  the  lubifCt  of  an  exhauBive 
criiica]  ahilysis  InVindlich'i  Uira  toul  AaUlfs  [U^lg.  1(95].. 


BUDDHA 


739 


BMTbr,  vbtocatbtRdon  anlb 

d  IfiCulK  ■«!  raidiKe  of  Bin 

powoAd  nkn  in  tht  vilky  ol  the 

itcdvcd  by  tbt  illi;  b«  tbaotb  uked  to  do  w,  he  would  not 

u  yet  UMmw  Ibe  levouilnlitia 

hbuelf  &Mta  ■  tmlmin  •ophmt  n 

to  uMtbr  DHned  Udnki,  bum  oboB  he 

pUIOMfAr  h*d  then  to  to   '      '— ■*    - 

to  the  Jnn^  of  Urnvdi, 

Viodhyt  nikfe  of  mountBim,  mnd  then 

by  fin  ftitbfUl  i&i^ilei,  be  gave  Urn* 

peuBce  lad  •eU-torture,  tilt  h^  tunc  u  i 


I  ucetic  ipRBd  is  il 


dfonkkv  "of  *  gnat  bell  hung  in  the  cuopy  of  the  ■kki.'' ' 
At  lut  one  day,  when  he  waa  walhiag  in  a  modi  enfeebled  alale, 
be  fall  en  •  (Uddcn  an  eitnnie  wtab—,  Uha  that  eauHd  by 
dire  itarvaUon,  and  unable  to  atand  any  loafer  be  tell  to  the 
ground.  Some  thnnght  ha  waa  dead,  bat  be  leeavewd,  and  fnmi 
that  time  took  icgalBi  food  and  gavt  op  hli  ttytn  penance, 
•a  modi  W  that  Ui  ffc  (fiuiphi  aoMi  SMMd  to  ia|wct  hitn, 
and  kavfag  Um  went  loBenara. 

TbcTC  now  emnnl  a  *M(ind  itraggle  fai  Couma'i  nind, 
docffted  with  an  Ibe  wealth  of  poctiy  and  Imagl  nation  of  whkh 
Ibe  Indian  aiind  ii  maater.  The  criiii  culminated  on  a  day, 
cadi  event  o(  wbidi  h  ncnnmded  la  tbe  Buddhlit  atcounti  wiih 
tbe  wildest  Icgeadi,  on  wUcb  tbe  *ci7  Iboughta  paaiini  Ihrmgh 
tbe  n^id  of  Boddba  q>pew  In  gocgeooi  doctiplioN  u  angeb  of 
daiknes  or  of  UgbL    TO  ni,  now  tanght  by  Ibe  eqxrlenui  of 


effect  ol  a  pUn  unvamiihed  tale,  tbete  tegendt  may  appear 

cblldi&h  DT  absurd,  Imt  tliey  have  a  deplh  of  irteaning  to  (hose 
who  stihre  to  nad  between  the  Kno  of  sa<^  nide  and  Inarticulate 
atlempti  to  describe  the indeiciibabk.  That  which  (ihc  previous 
and  subsequent  career  of  the  teacher  being  borne  in  mind) 
leems  to  be  possible  and  even  probable,  appears  to  be  somewhat 
as  follows. 

Disenchanted  and  dissatlified,  Gofuna  had  gEvtn  up  iD  that 
most  men  value,  to  seek  peace  ia  seduded  itndy  and  Kll-denial. 
Failing  to  attain  bis  object  by  teaming  (lie  wbdom  of  oihcis, 
and  living  the  simple  life  o(  a  student,  he  had  dnoiMl  himself 
to  that  Intense  medlTatlon  and  penance  wtilch  all  philosophers 
then  said  would  raise  men  alnve  the  gods,  Sllll  unsatis6ed, 
lon^ng  always  for  a  certainty  that  seemed  ever  just  beyond  his 
grasp,  he  had  added  vigil  (o  vigil,  and  penance  to  penance,  until 
at  last,  ohen  to  (be  wandetlng  view  of  others  he  had  beCDme 
more  than  a  saint,  his  bodily  strength  and  his  indorailible  resolu- 
tion and  faith  bad  together  suddenly  and  completely  broken 
down.  Then,  when  the  sympiilhy  of  others  would  have  been 
most  welcome,  he  found  his  flicnds  falfmg  away  from  him,  and 
his  disciples  leaving  him  for  other  Icachen.  Soon  slier,  if  not 
on  the  very  day  when  his  foUoivers  had  left  him.  he  wandered 

meal  from  the  hands  of  Sujltl,  the  daughter  of  a  neighbouring 
villager,  and  XI  himself  down  10  eal  it  under  the  shade  of  a  larf  e 
lice  (a  FicHl  rrlitiaxa),  to  be  known  from  thai  lime  as  the 
sacred  Bo  tree  or  Irteof  wisdom.  There  he  remained  ihreugh  the 
long  bours  of  that  day  debating  wiib  hjmsclf  what  ntlt  to  do. 
All  hisold  lemplntions  came  back  upon  him  with  renewed  force. 
For  years  he  had  looked  at  all  earthly  good  through  the  medium 
of  ■  philosc^y  which  taujhi  him  that  it,  without  eiception, 
conlunedwithiniuclflbesecdsofbitlemess.and  was  allogelhtt 
worthless  and  impermanent;  but  now  to  his  wavering  faith  lh< 
■weel  dellghia  of  home  and  love,  (he  eharmsol  wealth  and  power, 
began  to  show  Ibemsdvts  in  a  different  light,  and  glow  again  with 
attractlTt  eoloun.  He  doubted,  and  agoniied  in  his  doubt;  but 
ai  Ihc  sun  set,  llw  Rligioui  side  of  his  nature  had  won  the  victoty, 
and  seems  to  bav*  come  mt  even  purified  from  the  struggle. 
He  bad  attained  to  Nirvlna,  had  become  clear  in  his  mind, 
a  Buddha,  an  Enlightened  Chie.  From  that  night  he  not  only 
did  not  claim  any  merit  on  account  ol  hissdrmoniAcalion.  but 
took  evtfy  opportunity  el  declaring  that  from  ancta  penaacca 
>  Bigandet,  p.  49:  and  compart  jaiaia.  p.  67.  n»  n. 


Mathantafialaflwanld  be  derived.  Alt  tha  ai^  be  Is  saU 
to  have  Kmaincd  la  deep  meditation  under  the  Bo  tree;  and  the 
orthodox  BidcWsti  bclltve  tbi  lor  sevoi  timm  seven  ni^ta 
and  dayi  be  coalinucd  fasting  near  iIk  spot,  when  the  archangel 
Bralunl  came  and  mfaiitteied  to  him.  As  for  himself,  his  bean 
was  now  fixed.— U*  miod  wai  made  up, — but  ho  realixed  non 
than  he  had  evic  done  before  the  pomr  of  temptation,  and 
tba  diflnlty,  tbe  alDMM  JmpoasJbOlly,  of  underMaudiag  and 
holding  to  the  tnuh.  Foe  otbcn  subject  10  tbe  aane  tempu- 
lioDs,  but  wJtboui  that  ramcuneas  and  insist  which  he  fell 
himself  to  possess,  faith  Blight  be  quite  impoMlhlc,  and  It  would 
only  be  waste  of  time  and  trouble  to  try  to  show  to  llMm  "  tbe 
only  path  of  peace."  To  one  In  hb  pedtka  this  Ibougbt  would 
bo  ao  nry  naiural,  that  we  need  not  hesitate  to  accept  tbe 
fact  ol  its  occurrence  as  rriated  In  the  oldat  record*.  It  Is 
qidte  consistent  with  hts  whole  career  thai  It  was  love  and  plly 


X  five  disciples, 


leDeei- 


or  hymn  (translated  In  Fjaaya  Tnll,  i.  qo)  telfa  u  bow  the 
Buddha,  rapt  with  the  Idea  of  bis  great  mfaaon,  meets  an 
acquaintance,  one  Upaka,  a  wandering  sophist,  on  the  way. 
The  latter,  struck  with  bis  expression,  a^ks  him  whose  tvlii^ 
it  is  that  makes  him  10  ^d,  and  yel  so  calm.  The  reply  Is 
striking.  "  I  am  now  on  my  way,"  says  ihe  Buddha,  "  to  the 
dtyof  Benares,  to  beat  the'dnini  ol  Ihe  Ambrosia  (to  set  up  the 
light  ol  tbe  doctrine  of  Nirvlna)  in  Ihe  darkness  of  tbe  work)! " 
and  he  prodaims  himsdf  the  Buddha  who  ahine  knows,  and 
knows  no  teacher.  Vpakauys:  "You  profess  yourself,  then, 
friend,  to  be  an  Arahal  anda  conqueratP"  The  Buddha  says: 
"  Those  indeed  are  conquerors  who,  as  I  have  now,  have  con- 
quered the  tntoiications  (the  mi-ntal  inloiiciition  attshig  from 
Ignorance,  sensuality  or  craving  after  future  Hie).  Evil  db- 
piKitions  have  ceased  In  mc;  therefore  is  it  that  1  am  con- 
queror t "  His  acquaintance  rejoins:  "  In  that  case,  venerable 
Cotama,  your  way  lies  yonder  I"  and  he  himsell,  shaking  his 
head,  turns  in  the  opposite  direction. 

Nothing  daunted,  Ihc  new  prephcl  walked  on  to  Benares, 
and  in  the  coot  of  the  Evening  went  on  to  the  Den-foresi  tAiae 
tbe  Eve  ascetics  were  living.  Scting  him  comlBg,  Ihey  resolved 
not  to  Focogniie  as  a  superior  one  who  had  broken  his  vows;  to 
address  him  by  his  name,  and  not  as  "  master  ■"  or  "  teacher  "; 
only,  he  being  a  Kshairiya.  to  ofler  him  a  seat.  He  understands 
iheir  change  of  manner,  calmly  tells  Ihecn  not  10  mock  him  by 
colling  him  "the  venerable  Coiama";  that  be  bat  found  Ibe 
ambnnii  of  tnilh  and  can  lead  them  to  i(.  They  object,  natur- 
ally enough,  from  the  ascetic  point  ol  view,  that  he  had  failed 
before  while  he  was  keeping  his  body  under,  and  how  can  his 
mind  have  won  the  victory  now,  when  he  serves  and  yields  lo 
bis  body.  Buddha  replies  by  eiplaining  lo  thim  the  principle* 
ol  his  new  gcqiel,  in  tbe  form  ol  noble  iniths,  and  the  Noble 
Eightfold  Path  (see  BmiDKisii), 

It  is  nearly  certain  that  Buddha  had  a  romnianding  presence, 
andoneof  those  deep,  rich,  thrilling  voices  which  so  many  ol  the 
successful  leaders  ol  men  have  possessed.  We  know  his  deep 
earnestness,  and  hit  thorough  conviction  of  the  truth  of  bis  new 
BD^iel,  When  we  lurthcr  remember  the  relalJon  which  the  five 
students  mentioned  above  had  long  borne  to  him.  and  thai  they 
had  paned  through  a  limilar  cullun.  il  is  not  difhcull  to  under, 
■land  that  his  persuasions  were  successlul,  and  that  his  old 

The  laler  books  say  that  they  were  all  convened  at  once;  hut. 
accotding  to  the  most  andent  Fill  record— Ihough  Ihdr  old 
love  and  reverence  had  been  so  rekindled  when  Ihc  Buddha 
camenearihat  their  cold  resolutions  quite  broke  down,  and  they 
vied  wiib  etch,  oiber.in  such  acts  ol  personal  attention  aa  an 


in  in  entirely  his 
abdut  chrecacon, 


cd  fa  brhi^Dg  mj 


taiUin  didple  lovta  to  pijr  lo 

ibc  Baddbi  hid  fer  five  day*  ulked 

•cdy,  nnetlDMS  toseUur,  dul  dicjr  acttpted 

pluofMlnlioa.' 

llw  Buddltt  Ihm  remained  at  the  Dccr-toi 
tmtii  the  uuDbet  ei  his  pcnonal  lolkmn  wu 
and  that  ol  the  ouiiidf  bcbevcn  Hmmhal  g 

>L  night  out  o[  tai  ol  hi>  idatkoi, 
head,  put  an  the  yeUow  robe,  atid 
nal?  of  ha  former  f  ricnda  and  carapaDiDU 
IS  the  leacker,  bu  molher  aod  his  mJe  beine  the  Gnt  femala 
diidplci,aiMlhi>hUier  the  fiiVUy  devotee.  It  should  benoliced 
in  patsins  that  the  idea  of  a  piiesihood  niih  myitka]  pawen  a 
allogether  repugnant  to  Buddfiisn;  every  oite'i  udvaiion  a 
antiraiy  dependent  on  the  nodification  or  growth  oF  im  Kpmi 
inner  naluR,  RHilting  from  hii  own  exertioai.  The  lilt  ol  a 
(ccliue  i3  held  to  be  the  moat  conducive  to  that  state  o(  iweet 
terrnity  at  which  the  mere  ardent  disciples  aim,  but  tliai  of  a 
layman,  of  a  bcticving  hauuholder,  is  held  in  high  boUDuii 
and  a  believer  who  doa  not  at  yet  feel  hunsrJf  aUe  or  willing 
b>  cast  off  tht  ties  of  home  or  ol  businesi,  may  yet  '*  enter  the 
paths,"  and  by  a  lilt  ol  IHtitude  and  kindness  ensure  for  himself 
a  rebictli  undec  more  favouiablt  omdilioat  lot  his  growth  in 

Alter  the  miny  season  i^taina  called  together  those  ol  hit 
disciples  who  had  devoted  themselves  to  the  higher  life,  and 
•aid  to  Ihcm;  "  I  am  liee  frem  the  6.vt  hindrances  which,  like 
■n  immense  net,  bold  tnea  and  angeli  in  tbclr  power;  you  too 
(owing  to  my  teaching)  are  set  irce.  Go  ye  now,  brelhrcn,  and 
wander  for  the  eain  and  welfare  of  the  manv.  out  of  comnassioo 


b«i 


D  the  benefit  of  godsand  men.  Preach  the  (bxitruie, 

,d.  Proclaim  the  pure  and  peifui  life.  Let  no  two  go  to- 
r.  1  also  go,  brethren,  to  the  General's  village  in  the 
of  UruveU."'  Tliroughout  his  career,  Gotama  yearly 
Led  the  same  plan,  collecting  his  disdplcs  round  him  in  the 
season,  and  after  it  was  over  travefli  Kg  about  ai  an  itinerant 


by  some  of  hi*  mo^t  attadied  disciples. 
In  the  solitudes  of  Uruvdi  there  > 
brothers,  fire-worshippcn  and  hermit  phiTosophi 


gathered  round  them  a  number  ol  scholars,  and  enjoyed 
lidcnble  reputation  as  teachers.  Gotama  settled  among  them, 
and  silel  a  time  they  became  believers  in  his  system,— the  elder 
brolhci,  Kauapa.  laUng  hencelotth  a  principil  place  among 
hii  followers.  His  Erst  set  sermon  to  his  new  diuiples  is  oUed 
by  Bishop  Bigaodel  the  Sermon  on  the  Mount.  Its  subject  was 
ajungle-fire  which  broke  out  on  theopposite  hillside.  He  warned 
his  heaicTs  against  the  fires  of  eonnipiicence,  aoger,  ignorance, 
birth,  death,  decay  and  amlctyi  and  taVJng  each  of  the  sense* 
1n  order  he  compared  all  human  sensations  to  a  burning 
flame  which  seems  to  be  something  it  Is  not,  which  produces 
pleasure  and  pain,  but  passes  rapidly  away,  and  aids  only 
in  deslmcllon.' 

Accompanied  by  his  new  disciples,  the  Buddha  wiUied  on  to 
Rljagaha,  the  capital  of  King  Bimbistn,  who,  not  unmindful 
of  their  former  interview,  came  out  to  welcome  him.  Seeing 
Kassspa,  whoas  thechroniOeputsit,  was  as  well  kncrtm  to  them 
1*  the  banner  ol  the  city,  the  people  at  lint  douhlsl  who  was 
the  teacher  and  who  the  dtsc^e,  but  Kassapa  put  an  end  to 
Ibett  hesitation  by  stating  that  he  had  now  given  up  bis  belief 
In  the  eStcBcy  of  sactifices  either  great  or  small;  that  NiTvlna 
was  a  itate  of  rest  to  be  attained  only  by  a  change  of  heart; 
and  that  he  had  become  a  disci[Je  of  the  Buddha.  Gotama 
then  spoke  to  the  king  on  the  miseries  of  Ibc  world  which  arise 
from  passion,  aod  on  the  posiIMNty  of  release  by  loUowing  the 

■  rinsTo  TViic. !.  97-99:  cf.  .no**,  *aL  L  p.  B>,  Una  i  r.19. 

•  SHTUllh  L   lOJ. 

'Cf.  Big.  p.  go.  with  Hardy.  Jlf.fi.  p.  loi.  The  PlU  name  ■• 
Tht  i*«t  Ii  mnvo.  I  u-ionynno,  Iv.  19.    A  Hieral  tramlatfon 


wayofMlvuia.  TkiUa  iiL*<l(d  UmmdUattdplei  btcM 
their  sinpte  mid.day  meal  at  hi)  house  on  the  foUawing  moning; 
and  then  presented  the  Buddha  with  a  garden  called  Velovann 
or  Bamboo-grove,  af  terwarda  celebrated  as  the  place  iHmc  tlie 
Buddha  spent  many  rainy  seaaons,  and  preached  OEOf  a<  hia 
meat  cainplete  disoouises.  Tliece  he  uugfai  lor  Nne  time, 
attracting  lar^  nunben  ei  hearen,  among  whom  two,  Stt^>«ttm 
and  HoggalUna,  who  afterwards  b^une  conspicuous  leader* 
in  the  new  crusade,  then  i«ned  the  Sangha  or  Society,  na  the 
Buddha's  order  of  mendicants  was  called. 

Meanwhile  the  pro(4iei's  father.  SnddhMana,  rtio  had 
aniioutly  watched  his  son's  camr.  heard  dat  he  hid  (ivea 
1^1  his  asceiiciiDi,  and  had  appeared  as  a  Waadcra.aailineciat 
preacher  and  teacher.    He  sent  therefore  to  hin^  urging  him 


The  Buddha  ai 


1  he  might  se 

rdin^y  started  for  Rapilavastu,  and  stt^ipcd 


K  him  there,  but  the  lattd  woe 

■Bverence.    Itwasthecustam  to 

ir  disciples  ior  the  next  day's  meal. 


and  imcle*  and  others  came  to 
angry,  and  would  pay  him  nt 
invite  such  teachers  and  their 
but  they  all  left  with.  "  _ 
Gotama  set  out  at  the  usual  hoiir,  carrying  his  bowl  to  beg  lor 
a  meaL  As  be  enured  the  city,  he  hesitated  whelha  he  iluukl 
not  go  straight  to  his  father's  house,  but  detemined  to  adhere 
to  hb  custom.  It  soon  reached  hit  father's  cart  that  hit  son  wan 
walking  through  the  streets  begging.  Startled  at  such  newi 
he  rote  up,  selling  the  end  of  his  outer  robe,  tad  hastened  to 
the  place  where  (lOtama  wat,  eadaimiiig,  "  lUutttiout  Buddha, 
why  do  you  expose  ut  all  to  tuch  shame  ?  la  it  necessary  to  go 
from  door  to  door  begging  your  food?  Do  you  imagirK  that  I  am 
not  able  to  supply  the  want*  of  so  many  mendicants?  "  "  Uy 
noble  father,"  was  the  reply, "  this  is  the  cuitom  of  all  our  race.'' 
"Howso?"  said  his  fiiher.  "Are  you  not  descended  from 
an  illtistrioua  line  ?  no  single  person  of  our  race  has  ever  acted 
10  indecorously."  "  My  noble  lather,"  said  Gotama,  "  you  and 
your  family  may  daira  the  privileges  ot  Kihalriya  descent; 
my  descent  is  from  the  pnpheia  (Buddhas)  ot  old,  and  they 
havcalwaysactedso;  the  customs  of  (he  law  (Dharma)  arc  good 
both  lor  this  w(»ld  and  the  world  (hat  is  to  come.  But,  my  lather, 
when  1  man  hat  lound  a  treatuie,  it  is  his  duty  to  o&cr  the 
most  precious  of  the  jewels  to  his  father  first.  Do  not  delay, 
let  me  share  with  you  the  treasure  I  have  found." 
abashed,  took  his  son's  bowl  and  led  him  to  his  house. 

Eighteen  months  had  now  elapsed  since  (he  tuming-pi^t 
of  GoUma'i  careci — his  great  struggle  under  the  Bo  tree.  Thu* 
far  all  the  accounts  follow  chronolo^caf  aider.  From  this  time 
Ihcy  simply  narrate  disconnected  storia  about  the  Buddha, 
or  the  pcnens  with  whom  he  was  brought  into  contact. — the 

notoflen  in  Ihesame  order.  Il!»notasyflposB'ble,ei[Cqil  very 
partially,  to  arrange  chronologically  the  sruCcha  of  Uography 
to  be  gleaned  from  these  stories.  'They  are  mostly  udd  tothOT 
the  occasion  on  which  some  memorable  act  of  the  Buddha 
took  pbce,  or  some  memorihte  saying  was  uttered,  and  are  as 


as  they  ar 

impossible  within  the  limits 
number  of  (hem,  but  space  mi 
A  merdunt  from  SCnap: 
was  desirous  of  preaching  to 
asked  (witama's  peimbsion 


oi  (his  article  t 


ybefoui 


give  any  large 


having  joined  t 
his  relations,  and  is  sata  to  nave 
o  do  so.  "  The  people  of  SQna- 
parania,  ma  me  racncr,  "  are  eiceedingly  violent  If  they 
revile  yon  what  will  yon  do?"  "I  w31  nuke  no  reply."  nid  the 
mendicant.  "  And  if  they  strike  youT"  "  I  wOI  not  Miike  fa 
return,"  WIS  the  tei^y.  "And  if  they  try  to  kill  yau?""Deail> 
is  00  evil  hi  itMlf;  many  even  desire  it,  lo  escape  fnm  tbe 
vanities  of  life,  but  I  shall  take  no  steps  eilhti  to  hasten  or  to 
dday  the  thne  of  my  departure."  Theae  aatwei*  were  bcU 
latislactoiy,  akd  dw  nonk  started  «a  Us  ninion. 
At  iBOthet  timi  a  rich  laima-  Wd  i  hanni  hooe,  and  Ike 


I  lrion|1i  uxlMWUd  Mm  nyfoodi  yon  dimitd  So  Ibe  ume." 
"  1  loOf  O  bnhinin,"  uid  tfae  brggar,  "  plough  ind  ww;  and 
having  I^augbed  ind  »wn  1  nl."  "  Vou  proEcs  only  to  be  a 
totoer;  no  one  h«  your  ploughing,  whut  do  jou  mean?"  uid 
tbcbnhmin.  "Forniycullivaiion,"u]dtheb^ir,"tillbiilhe 
teed,  Hll^combat  it  Ihe  fetliliiing  rain,  the  weedi  I  destroy  arc 
Ok  cluojns  to  eiiiience,  witdom  ij  my  plouBh,  and  its  guidlng- 
(haft  ii  modesty:  peracverance  dram  my  plough,  and  I  guide  il 
with  the  ninorny  mind;  the  field  I  wotk  iiia  the  kiT,ind  the 
harvest  that  1  reap  is  the  never-dying  nectar  of  Nfrvina.  Those 
•bo  r«p  this  harvest  destroy  all  the  vcedt  of  sorrow." 

Od  anolher  occasion  be  is  said  to  Fiave  brouf[ht  back  to  her 
right  mind  a  youngmolber  whom  sorrov  had  for  a  time  deprived 
of  nason.  Her  name  was  Kisigolaml.  She  had  been  mamed 
early,  as  is  Ihe  custom  in  the  East,  and  had  a  child  nhcn  she  was 
still  a  girl.  When  the  beautiful  boy  could  run  alone  he  died. 
The  young  girl  in  her  tove  for  it  carried  the  di 
her  bosom,  and  went  from  bouse  to  house  of 
asking  them  togivehei  medicine  for  it.  But 
thinking  "  she  does  not  undenland,"  said  to  t 
1  myself  have  no  such  medicine  as  you  ask  tor. 
of  oi«  who  hat"  "  Oh,  tell  me  who  that  is? 
"The  Buddha  can  give  you  medicine:  go 
answer.  She  went  to  Cotama:  and  doing  bomage 
"  Lord  and  master,  do  yon  know  any  medicme  that 
for  my  chihl?"  "Yes,  1  know  of  some,"  said  tnc  leacncr. 
Now  it  was  the  custom  for  patients  or  tbeir  friends  to  provide  the 
iLerbs  which  the  doctors  required:  so  she  asked  what  herbs  he 


BUDDHA 


er  pitying  friends 
Buddhist  convert 
r,  "  My  good  girl, 

■  ■     "was  the 
bim  said. 


the  poor  girl  eagerly  promised 
be  added,  "  you  must  get  it 
huibaod,  or  patent  or  slave  I 
and  went  to  ask  for  it,  still 
T)ie  people  uid,  "  Here  is  m 
■iked, "  In  my  friend's  house 
patent  or  slave?"  They  ar 
you  say?  the  living  an  few,  I 


It  the  dead  are  many."    Then 


■'Wehai 

At  last,  I 

d>d,  her  mind  began  to  dear,  a 

kit  the  dead  body  of  her  child 

Buddha  paid  him  homage.     He  said 

■ntatard-aeed?"  "  My  lord,"    ' 

peofde  teU  me  thai  the  Uving 


rcptieri 


.  and  relumttg  to  Ihe 
her.  "  Have  you  the 
not;    the 


essential  part  of  his  system,  the 
impermanency  of  all  things,  lill  her  doubts  were  cleared  away. 
she  accepted  her  lot,  became  a  disdple,  and  entered  the  "  first 

Fnr  forly-fire  years  after  entering  on  his  mbsion  Gotama 
itincnted  in  the  valley  of  the  Ganges,  not  going  farther  than 
about  I  JO  n.  from  Benaics,  and  always  spending  the  rainy  monlhs 


n  the  ti 


ended  de 


,tanllyn< 


to  render  him  all  the  persoT 
could  suggest.^  Anolher  cousiD,Dcvadatta,  the  son  oft) 
Koli,  also  joined  the  society,  but  became  envious  of  the 
and  stirred  up  Aiatasailu(who,having  kilted  his  la  therBi 
had  become  king  of  Rsjagaha)  to  persecute  Gotama. 

come  the  wicked  devices  □[  ihii  apostate  cousin  and  his  pii 
prolectorisquitelegeodary;  but  Ihe  general  fi       '" 


Thei 


lotheiu 


I  of  his  subscquei 


gr^du^y  ificrcai 
Buddhism  ki  in. 


or  the  mendira 


succeeded  by  tolerably  dear  accounts  at  (he  tasi  few 

□ays  01  nis  life.*  On  a  journey  towards  Kusiniil,  a  town  about 
I  lo  m.  norLb-north.east  of  Benares,  and  about  So  m.  due  east  d 
Kipilavastu,  the  teacher,  being  then  eighty  years  of  age,  had 
rolcdforashorl  time  Ina  grove  at  TSwa,  presented  to  the  society 
by  a  goldsmith  of  that  place  named  Chunda.  Chunda  prepared 
lor  the  mendicants  a  mid-day  meal,  and  alter  the  meal  the  Buddha 
started  for  KusinSrg.     He  had  not  gone  far  when  he  was  obliged 

and  they  gave  him  water  lo  drink.  HaH-way  between  the  two 
towns  flows  the  river  Kukushtl.  There  GoLama  rested  again, 
and  baihrd  tor  the  last  time.  Feeling  that  he  was  dying,  and 
carelnl  Irst  Chunda  should  bereproachcdby  hlmsclloroihers,  he 
said  LO  Ananda, "  After  I  am  gone  tell  Chunda  that  he  will  receive 
in  a  future  birth  very  great  iewiid;for,  having  eaten  of  the  food 


}u  heard  this.     There . 


gifts  which  will  be  blest  above  ail  others,  namely,  S 
gift  before  I  attained  wisdom  under  Ihe  Bo  tree,  and  this  gift  of 
Chunda's  before  1  pass  away."  After  halting  Again  and  again 
Ihe  party  at  length  reached  the  river  Hiranyavatt,  close  by 
Kusinlra,  and  ibera  tor  the  last  time  the  teacher  rested.     Lying 


leSaltr 


ih  his  fi 


talked  long  and  earnestly  with  Ananda  about  his  burial,  and 
about  cettatn  rules  which  were  to  be  observed  by  Ihe  society 
alter  his  death.  Towards  the  end  of  this  convenation,  when  il 
was  evening,  Ananda  broke  down  and  went  aside  lo  weep,  but 
the  Buddha  missed  him,  and  sending  for  him  comloiled  him 
with  the  promise  of  Nirvana,  and  repeated  what  he  had  so  often 
said  before  about  Ihe  impqrmat  '    "   "  — ' 


Voukt 


dear.    This  body  of  ours  contains  within  itself  the  po« 

er  which 

renews  Its  strength  for  a  time,  but  also  the  causes  whi 

h  lead  to 

its  destruction.    Is  there  anything  put  together  which 

shall  not 

dissolve?    But  you,  loo,  shall  be  free  from  this  dclii 

ion,  ttis 

woridofscn5e,lhislawol  change.    Beloved,"  added  he 

speaking 

to  the  rest  ol  the  disciples,  "  Ananda  lor  long  years  hass 

rvedme 

wilhdevoledafleclion."  Andhcspoke tolhemalsome 

engthon 

the  kindness  oi  Ananda. 

tusinirt. 

ume  to  ask  some  questions  ol  the  Buddha,  but  Anand 

,  fearing 

that  this  might  lead  to  a  longer  discussion  than  the  sic 

could  bear,  would  not  admit  him,    Gotama  heard  the 

,ound  of 

their  t 


began  by  asking  whether  the  six  greai  leachen  knew 
ail  laws,  or  whether  there  were  some  thai  they  did  not  know,  or 
knew  only  partially.  "  This  is  not  the  lime,"  was  Ihe  answer, 
*'  for  such  discusuons.  To  iriK  wisdom  there  is  only  ont  way. 
the  path  that  is  laid  down  in  my  system.    Many  have  already 


s,  have 


and 


l  speak  to  you  of  things  I  ha 


Since 


wing  the  good  path,  have  found 
."  A  rule  had  been  made  that  no  follower  of  a  rival 
hould  be  admitted  to  the  society  without  four  months' 
n.  So  deeply  did  the  words  or  the  impressive  manner  of 
g  teacher  work  upon  Subhadra  that  he  asked  to  be  ad- 
t  once,  and  Gotama  granted  hjs  reqoest.  Then  turning 
sciples  he  said,  "  When  1  have  passed  away  and  am  no 
ith  you,  do  not  think  that  the  Buddha  hasleft  you,  and 
11  in  your  midst.  You  have  my  words,niye>planation3 
cep  things  of  truth,  the  Iiws  1  have  laid  down  for  the 
let  them  be  your  guide;  the  Buddha  has  not  left  yon." 
erwards  he  again  spoke  to  them,  urging  them  to  rever- 
!  another,  and  rebuked  one  of  the  disdples  who  spoke 

eit  of  (he  account  ol  this  last  Journey  il  the  Uaiipiiriiiii- 
the  01  ti^  (ed.  Rhyi  Davids  and  (jipenterl. 
L._  iv,!.:j..  BjMiiii  Snail. 


Una  SnUnit. , 

The  translaikn  h  in  Rhys  Da< 


BUDDHAGHOSA— BUDDHISM 


nitclyill  ihil  otound  to 


in.  Towaidft  the  mDTTung  he 
_  .  lalwul  the  Buddha,  thchn 

01  the  KKwLyi  if  u,  he  would  dear  them  up.  No  one  uuKertd. 
ind  Aiunda  upmied  h[s  lurpiuc  tbit  unongit  to  nuny  tune 
ihould  doubt,  and  all  be  Gimly  atucbed  to  the  law.  But  tbe 
Buddhk  laid  itteu  on  the  Gul  penevfiana  o[  tbe  uinli,  laying 
that  even  the  IcuL  among  tti«  discipiet  who  had  entered  the  bnt 
path  only,  Hill  hid  his  heart  Eixcd  on  the  way  to  pcrleclion,  and 
conslinllytliDvealLcr  the  ihree  higher  palhi.  "  No  doubt,"  be 
■aid.  "can  be  fnund  in  the  mind  of  a  true  disciple-"  After 
analfa(r  pause  be  said:  "  Behold  nom,  brclbien.  thit  it  Diy 
eiboriation  to  you.  Decay  is  inherent  ■□  all  componenl  things. 
WaiLoul.lhere[orc,yourciii9ntipalionMilh  diligence!"  These 
were  the  last  wards  Ihe  Buddha  spoke;  shonly  allerwa 
became  unconscious,  and  in  ihal  Hale  passed 


only,  three  el  (btm  Lon 

TrenekKr  and  Ch^ilme     .    . 

vol.  iiL  pp.  1 1S-II4:  9lu  lnA;iillan  NiU 

(Pjli  Teat  Socieiy,  iSSg-i^oof,  vol  ii.  | 

^IkiM       •■'■■■■  ■     '  ■■ 

TexiSoc. 


il  Plfi 


SlJcirIy,lW 


lUlbUll    (Pili 

_.nc  in  S"-^ 


L  in  ^.titfiii™  /^i*aj».  1.  ut  (il  r*e  fi-lJ""--'  olJ 
u  In  Sulla  JVrpow,  pp.  70.74  (UmJon.  1S9O).  pp.  TO-IOI  ; 
.Jill  in  Dlfta  yViMjs.  ed,   Rhn  Davids  and  Ciipcnicr 

Socicly.  1890-1891).  vol.  i.  p.  11  J.  Iianilated  by  Rh)1 

XividsinCiafDiiKiaf  ite  Siitfifti  (Oifocd.  IM«).  pp.  u;-'  ~     ''' 
hrii  hut  cfiiiMti  (be  floin^  lorih.  yean  of  itudy  and 


"      1>  in  UiaiDiiKi  of  ni  SMuai  itjiiocu.  lejNl.  pp.  u: 

."".'.."..,'. '~" ™"r__'"."._"'d'fi'i«T'^. 

convcns:  leu  in  Ua;jkimt.  aD  lof^iiher  al  ii.  qj;  pjn)  repcatod 
at  i,  iai-IJ3.  14(M49:  iL  in;  Vmjpe.  ed.  OUlcnbcrE  (London. 
i8;9-i«ti),  vol.  i.  ».  1.13.  (6)  Sati^  lent  tpiitii:  from  ihc 
CDavorulion  ol  thr  nvc  down  10  Ihe  eod  of  the  Gnl  year  or  Ihc 
teachiufi  tcu  in  Kimm,  i.  IJ-U.  translated  by  Otdcobcrf  in 
Vinya  Ton.  i.  n-'i'-  »\  >'«'i<»  KnfOmHu:  tt«  in  ViMya. 
t  «i;  tramluin  by  OVkmberf  in  V»nya  r«ft  (Oitoed,  1M1- 
ISSj),  vd.  1.  pp.  >a7->l(L  ISinifiInt  '  ' 
t«t  ia  l»tW  NiHj*  (the  UaUfnnOtii 

-^  -61.  tr«iulatedby  Rhys  Davidiin  Sy^d*. 

I.IJ6.    Buddhist  Sanskrit  Tens:  (1)  i/iUt 


w....... -,  * — .  ,-obabJy  iw]  century  a. o,  edited  by  Cowcll 

(OifonL  Itfi)!  tnntlated  by  COntl  (Oilord.  1894,  S.B.E.  vol. 
-K-\.  .^  citsant  poem:  Mope  just   before  (he  aiiainpcnr   Oi 


Slfiti  iLondon,  XK 

liji  if  Oit  Buddka:  t 

vifle  RixkhUI  (l.ond< 

toth  centuries  a.n.    tJJ  sinnaieteiepnoqcscoiKcicosna  tTansu(«j 

by  Spcnce  Hardy  fmn  Sinhalne  tciii  of  (he  iith  and  later  ceniuiiet, 

In  JtfiHH/  If  BiMhiiM  (London.  iBh,  >nd  edilioa).  pp.  I]»-1M. 

SI  Dutntcw:  r*!  ZjJ>v  Lrin^ii/t^iiifii'U  <]rdedi(ion.  London. 
So),  by  Ihe  RiEhl  Rev.  P.  Bigamki.  tranriited  from  a  Burmese 

only  comccutivc  biography  vc  have.)  <4)  Kambojian^  PUhama 
Stmhodkiait;  translated  into  French  1^  A.  Leclbe  in  Lifii  aalt 
da  Camhoin  (Farifc  1906).  (T-  W.  R.  D.) 

BUDDHAGHOSA.  ■  celebrated  Buddhist  wri(cr.  Re  was  ■ 
Brahmin  by  birlh  and  was  bom  scar  Ihe  gieai  Bodhi  tree  at 
Budh  Gayl  in  north  India  about  A.D.  J90,  his  father's  name 
being  KesI,  His  teicher,  Kcvata,  induced  him  to  go  In  Ceylon, 
where  the  cammcntatics  on  the  sciipluio  had  been  prescivcd  in 
the  Sinhalese  language,  with  the  object  nf  ti 
PUL  Hcwenl  accordingly  to  Anurtdhapun 
SanghtpUa,  and  asked  leave  of  the  fratemii 
Uk  commtniaijcs.  With  their  content  he 
lility  by  writing  the  woi 


iiudied  there  undti 
I  there  to  tnnsliK 


the  neighbourhood  of  the  Bodhi  tne  in 

cimr  to  Ceylon  he  had  already  written  1 

(Ihc  RiieoIKuiwIcdee).  andhadcammeDceaacammcDtary  OB 

the  principal  piycholagical  manual  coalaioed  ia  the  Pitakai, 

This  latter  work  he  alterwards  rewrote  in  Ceylon,  as  the  preaeni 

text  (now  published  by  the  Flli  Tut  Socicly}  abowa.     Oaa 

mentioned  a bovej  has  beencdited.andeat'acta  from  bis comibciit 

on  (be  Buddhist  canon  law.  This  last  work  has  been  discsvord 
in  a  nearly  comtemporaneous  Chinese  uuulatioa  (an  edition  in 
baiedona  comparison  with  that  tnnalation).     Tbca-c 


only  a 


U  potlMD  of  what 


His  industry  mual  have  been  piMUgtmB. 
iwalahavewriltenbookslhalwouldfillabaut  ta  octavo 
ol  about  400  pago  each;  and  there  are  other  wzitittga 
tohimuhjch  mayormaynoi  be  really  his  work.     Ii  is 


acceptable,  il 


mately  certain  will  aflord  a  standard  by  which  the  age  of  other 
wriiinp  can  be  tested.  Aitd  as  the  oiigiital  commentarin  i> 
Sinhalese  arc  now  lost  his  works  are  the  only  evidence  we  have  o( 
the  iradiiiotis  (hen  handed  doon  in  the  Buddhist  cwnmuniiy. 
The  main  tource  ol  oui  infofnuuou  about  Buddhaj^aB*  is  ibc 
UakiKMia,  written  in  Anurldhapuia  about  fifty  yean  aitei  be 


iB«)):5a«iia(ii/o  CiUiF-il,  edited  by  T.  W.  Rhys  Davidiand  J.  E. 
Caipenler.vol.  i.  (London, PlliTeil5ocicty.(M6l.    (T.W.R.d.) 
BDDDBISM,  tbe  religton  held  by  the  followers  ol  Ibe  Buddha 

ua  the  MBciil  icport  el  tbe  Buddha's  discoune,  in  which  he  a- 
poundt^  what  be  considered  the  main  features  of  his  system  to 
Ihe  five  men  be  Gitl  (tied  to  fin  over  to  his  new-found  faiib. 
There  ia  no  reason  to  doubt  ill  substaDliat  accuiacy.  not  as  to 
i-ordi,  but  as  10  purport.    In  any  case  it  ii  what  the  conpilen 


I  thcol 
regarded  as  the  tii 


IS  believnl  theii 
It  points 


aching.  Such  a 
summary  must  (KDCiicruun  any  mat  coiuaiww  be  made.  Iiii 
incorporated  into  twodivtstonsof  their  sacred  books,  first  asionf 

■ocieiy  or  order  he  founded  istmyma,  v.  411-  rrasya,  i.  10) 
The  gist  of  il,  OBUIling  a  few  itpctitiaiu,  li  11  Itrilova:^ — 

"  There  air  two  aims  which  be  who  hat  given  up  the  woHd  ouKht 
not  to  follow  after —  devotion,  on  the  one  hand,  to  those  thiofi  whoic 
aiirarrions  depend  upon  the  passions,  a  low  and  paean  ideal,  ht 
only  loT  the  worldly-minded,  ignoble,  unpn>h1able.  and  the  pisclict 
on  the  other  hand  at  aKeticiim.  which  ■>  painful,  iimible.  unprofit- 
able. Then  is  ■  Middle  Path  diKoviiTd  by  tbe  Tatbigata>— a 
path  whicb  apens  Ibe  eyes,  and  bestows  vndovandiis.  which  leads 
la  oeace,  to  inughl.  to  the  higher  wisdom,  to  Nir^na.    Verily! 

tins  SoUe  EtihtfaM  Path ;  that  is  to  say.  Right  Vicwi.  Ri^t 
~'  'iSpcech.RlghlConduet.RighiMadaelLivciauod. 

-.  _ ^hl  Mindfulness,  aid  Ki^tltapiure. 

Now  this  is  the  NaUe  Truth  as  to  suffering,     BirA  it  altesdcd 


Riihl  EOort. 
^Naw  Ihil 

Ei^  the  Ave 

individual!!  y) 
"Nowlhlib 


painrul.  d 


nSi 


of  clinfing  (thj 

iVihe'Ncible  truth  as  10  Ihe  ori 

-       ■■        '  at  causes  Ihe  rcnei 

deliiEhls.  and  leeka  nliifactAO  ik 


igfor 


>t  is  by  (he  A. 
.     Ik  i^>  not 


if  iha  Noble  Tnith  ai  to  tiK  pi 


"  Now  tUa  it  d 

Verily!    ItT  llw ,  .      .     . 

viviiaf  Hp,  the  Bcttini  nd  ol,  the 

hirboiirigE  no  louar  dI  tba  cnviu 

"  Ng»  ihii  is  tE*  NoMe  Truili  u 

•      *       Vtrily!    ■ 

'S,  Right  A 


RijhiVii 


II  my  thai  ludi  I 

li.  Noble  EigKiIoW 


and  mode  of' livelihood,  ftighi  EBon,  Rtihi  Klindli 
Rapture." 

A  ftvwotds  toUow  u  to  the  IhreeFdd  -way  in  which  1ha«p«lccr 
dainwd  10  have  gnsped  eidi  of  these  Four  Tmttu.  Tlut  Is  lU. 
Tliere  is  not  ■  void  abovl  Cod  or  the  nul,  nol  t,  word  about  the 
Buddha  or  Buddhism,  ft  seem  simple,  almost  jejune;  so  iliin 
and  weak  that  one  wonden  how  it  can  have  foimcd  the  foundailoa 
for  a  syslent  lo  mighty  in  its  hittoricsl  results.  But  the  simple 
Vords  in  piegnanl  with  meinhig,  Theiiimplicaiions  were  clear 
tnoush  to  the  hearen  to  whom  they  were  addressed.  Tbey  were 
not  intended,  however,  to  answer  the  questionings  of  a  loth- 
oinlury  Ennpean  quctlioncr,  and  are  liable  now  to  be  misunder- 
Mood.  FoTtunately  each  word,  each  clause,  each  idea  in  the 
discotuH  it  repeated,  commented  on,  enlarged  upon,  almcat 
tt  DOiuan,  is  the  ihUoi,  and  a  short  comment  in  the  lishl  of 
tboM  eiplanitions    may    bring   out    the    neaitinj  thai  was 


Tlia  piaing  ml 


y  or  pain  r 
d  tbeBnc 
"Justaall 


the  taste  of  salt,  just  so 
flavour  only,  the  flavour  of  emi 
■  biothcT  tuiit,  by  himiell,  know 
■bide,  btie  in  this  visible  world 
in  that  emancipatio 


ng  it  uid  (0  depend  on  an 

!lsnhcre  (Cinayo  L'.  ijg) 
ocean  has  one  taste  only, 
rine  and  dbclplinc  but  one 
tion  ";  and  again,  "  When 
realized,  and  continues  to 
Ipalion  of  mind, 
Arahauhip;  thit  is  a 


Ut  and  tweeter  still,  for  Ibe  sake  ol  whii 
brethren  lead  tlie  religious  life  under  me."'  The  emancipation  is 
Annd  in  a  habit  of  mind,  in  the  being  free  from  a  specified  sort 
ol  cnving  that  is  uld  to  be  the  origin  of  certain  specified  sorts  ol 
pain.  In  tome  Euroixaa  books  this  it  complelriy  spoiled  by 
being  itptetcnled  u  the  doctrine  that  eiistence  it  misery,  and 
that  deiir*  is  lo  be  suppressed.  Nothing  ol  the  kind  is  said  in  the 
text.  Tit  description  of  ludering  or  pain  is,  in  lact,  a  string  ol 
truisms,  quite  plaia  and  indisputable  until  the  last  clause.  That 
clause  dtclim  that  the  Upsd«na  SiatnHms,  the  five  groups  ol 
the  comtituent  parts  (rf  every  Individual,  invdve  pain.  I^it  into 
modeni  language  this  is  that  the  condillona  necessary  to  make  an 
bdividual  are  alio  the  condition)  that  necessarily  give  rise  to 
iorrov.  Nosoonei  has  an  individual  tiecome separate,  become  an 
indlvidnal,  than  disease  and  decay  begin  to  act  upon  it.  In- 
dividuality involves  limiuiion,  limilaiion  in  it»  turn  involves 
fgtwniice,  and  ignorance  is  thesourceof  sorrow.  Union  with  the 
tmpleaiant,  separation  from  the  pleasant,  unsatisfied  craving,  are 
<adi  a  lault  of  individuality.  This  is  a  deeper  generalisation 
than  that  which  says,  ■'  A  man  it  bom  to  trouble  at  the  iparkt  fly 

And  the  ptevlou*  hittory  of  religious  belief 


as  laid  or 


wlacl 


aexplan, 


evil,  Ihar 

poMimistic  Idea  that  u1  valion  could  nol  be'reached  on  eanh,  and 
iniut  tbeielote  be  sought  for  ina  rebirth  in  heaven,  in  the  Bralime- 
leta.  For  il  the  lact— the  fact  that  the  conditions  of  individu- 
diiy  an  the  conditions,  also,  of  pain — were  admitted,  then  the 
Indivjduallherewouidstillnoihavcescapcdfioni  sorrow.  II  the 
6ve  atcttici  to  whom  the  woids  were  addretsed  once  admitted 
this  implication,  lo^c  wnidd  drive  them  also  to  admit  aU  that 


The  thnelold  divisioa  <A  craving  at  the  en 
truth  mli^t  he  rendered  "  the  lust  of  the  flcsl 
and  the  love  of  this  present  world."  The  two . 
where  to  be  directed  against  two  seta  of  thj 
Etemalitti  and   the  Anc 


;  of  the  second 


ailo7  and  31 
n  Rhyt  Dandi'  l>ialggiiu  tf  lit 


HISM  7+3 

the  evciUtting.Iife.heK^>  end  Iha  t«-ut4it-and-drink.hir-to- 

diviiion  of  craving  would  have  appealed  to  the  Ave  hcircrs  as 

The  word  trintlited  "  noble  "  in  Nobit  Path,  Noble  Truth, 
is  tifiyc,  which  also  means  Aryan.'  Thz  negative,  un-Aryan,  it 
uicd  ol  each  ol  llie  two  low  limt.  Il  a  possible  thai  this  render- 
ing should  have  been  introduced  Into  the  lianilation;  but  the 
ethical  meaning,  though  sliU  attodaled  with  the  tribal  meaning, 
had  probably  already  become  predominant  in  the  language  of 

The  dcuils  ol  the  Path  include  levcnl  lerm  whote  meaning 
and  implicatioD  are  by  no  meant  apparent  at  first  tight,  Ri^t 
Views,  for  instance^  means  mainly  right  views  at  to  the  Four 
Truths  and  the  Three  Signs.  Of  the  latter,  one  is  ideniicit,  ot 
nearly  to,  with  the  Finl  Truth.  The  othcii  are  Impeimanence 
and  Non-soul  (the  absence  of  a  toulj—both  dechired  to  be 
"  signs  "  of  every  individual,  whether  god.  animal  or 


in  the  Impetmancnce  hi 


nlndiar 


thin  a  Buddhist  idea,  1 
with  it  alio  in  the  West.  There  it  no  Being,  there  Is  only  a 
Becoming.  The  slate  of  every  individual  is  unstable,  temporary, 
aure  to  past  away.  Even  In  the  lowest  class  of  things,  we  find, 
in  each  individual,  form  and  material  qualities.  In  the  higher 
cbises  there  is  a  continually  rising  seiics  ol  mental  qualities 
alio.  Ilislbeunionof  tbetelhal  makes  thetndividual.  Every 
petion,  or  thing,  or  god,  is  thcrtlore  a  putting  together,  a  com- 
pound;andineachiDdividuaI.n'ithouianyeiceptian,ihErelation 
of  tit  component  pant  it  ever  changing,  it  never  the  same  for  two 

individuality,  begun,  than  drtiolutlon,  disintegration,  also  begins. 
There  can  bt  no  individuality  without  a  pulu'ng  together:  there 
can  be  no  putting  together  without  •  becoming:  there  can  be 
no  becoming  without  a  becoming  diflerent:  and  there  can  be 
no  becoming  diHerent  without  a  dissolution,  a  passing  away, 
which  sooner  ai  liter  will  inevitably  be  complete. 

Herxclcitus.  who  was  a  gcncntion  or  two  bter  than  the 
Buddha,  had  very  similar  ideal;'  and  timibr  Ideat  arefound 
In  pott-Buddbisiic  Indian  worlu.'  But  in  ocither  case  are  they 
worked  out  in  the  same  uncompromising  way.  Both  in  Europe, 
and  In  all  Indian  thought  eiccpt  the  Buddhitt,  louh,  and  the 
godt  who  are  made  In  imitation  o(  aouls  are  considered  at 
nceptiona.  To  these  s[HriS  Is  atlributed  *  Being  without 
individuality  without  change,  a  beginning  wiih- 
To  hold  any  luch  view  would,  according  lo  the 
doctrine  of  the  Noble  (or  ^ryan)  Path,  be  erroneous,  and 
the  error  would  block  the  way  against  the  very  entrance  on 
the  Path. 

So  Important  it  thb  position  in  Buddhitm  that  it  Is  put  in  the 
fotefront  of  Buddhitt  eipotitions  ol  Buddhitm,  The  Buddha 
bimtelf  b  stated  in  the  books  to  have  devoted  lo  it  the  very 
lint  discourse  be  addressed  to  the  first  cmvens.'  Tlie  first  in 
Ibe  colkctioD  of  the  Diahiuis  0}  Colama  discusses,  and  com- 
pletely, categorically,  and  systematically  rejects,  all  Ihe  current 
Ihooriea  about  "  souls,'*  Later  books  follow  ihete  precedents. 
Thus  the  KalkS  Vmihm,  Ihc  latest  book  included  in  the  canon. 

It  placet  this  question  ol  "  soul  "  at  the  head  of  all  the  points  il 
deals  with,  and  devotes  to  it  an  amount  of  space  quite  over- 
shadowing all  the  rest."  So  also  in  the  earliest  Buddhist  book 
later  than  the  canon— ihe  very  Interesting  and  suggestive  series 
o(  conversations  between  the  Creek  king  Menandct  and  Ibe 
Buddhist  leacber  Nlgatena.  It  is  piecisely  ]hii  question  of  Ihe 
"  sou] "  that  the  unknown  author  takes  up  first,  describing  how 
N3gisena  convinces  Ihe  king  that  there  is  no  such  thing  as  the 

■  See  Ili-nuaH.  p-  44;  SantymOii.  iil  57. 
•  See  Ditka.  ii,  iS:  Ml.  y,  46,  ii.  So. 


■The 


:Uf.  ., 


••aOarbHtkam 


>;  Bkit  C 


anslaied 
ilhe  JJt.H-S-for  iS^a. 


5iiUa  ( Vinajia,  1,  Ii  -  SimyiiUa,  iU.  66 
Schooli  e/ Tbovghi,"  by  Rhya  DBvid^ 


BUDDHISM 


"  Bill "  in  the  erdiiuiry  i 


SM.  ■nd  bi  ntivn*  to  tbesDbject  a^D 

c  Right  AipintioDi,    It  ii  nil  dciim. 


i(  the 


right  d 


lolly  ispintioM.  la  ont  of  the  Di  _ 
Ibc  daiit  tot  cnuDCipatioD  f ram  Kiisuililjr,  updntioiii  lowinli 
Ibc  iiuiaaieDt  of  love  to  otben,  ibc  with  not  to  idiun  uiy  living 
Ihing,  the  dalle  ioi  the  eradicBtioD  of  wnmg  and  for  the  pro- 
nolionafrigbldispcHiLioiuinoiie'iown  hcan,ud  Bon,  TUi 
poilion  of  the  Path  is  indeed  quite  simple,  and  would  require  do 
commenUcy  were  it  not  for  ilw  silU  consianily  repealed  Uunder 
thai  BuddliiiiB  leacbn  the  uippreuion  of  all  deilre. 

Of  the  remaining  lUgei  of  the  Path  it  is  only  necoury  to 
ncDtion  two.  TbconeiiKighi  ERoit.  A  anutani  inicllcctuiil 
•lertDBi  it  required.  Thii  b  not  only  iiuiiied  npon  eliewhere 
in  counllen  pUMgei,  but  of  the  three  cardinal  liu  in  Buddhisni 
iriga,  dffia,  xuid)  the  lait  and  worst  is  iti^dity  orttalliien,  the 
Dlhen  being  sensuality  and  ill-will.  Right  Eff(»t  li  closely 
coniKCted  wiih  the  sevesih  ttage,  Right  MindfulneB.  Two  of 
the  dialogua  ate  devoted  to  this  lubject,  and  it  is  consianily 
referred  ID  elsewhere.'  The  disciple,  wfaaisoever  he-  does — 
vfaethcr  going  iaith  oi  coning  back,  standing  or  walking, 
speaking  Of  silent. 


r  of  the  ac 


sigmGcance,  and  above  all  that  behind  the , 
(goer,  seer,  ealer,  iptaker)  that  is  an  elenully  peitiitenl  unity. 
It  i)  Ihe  Buddhist  analogue  to  the  Christian  precept:  "  Whether 
therefore  ye  cat  or  diink,  oi  whaltoevci  ye  do,  do  all  to  the  glory 
o(  God." 

Under  the  head  of  Right  Conduct  the  two  most  Important 
points  are  Love  and  Joy.  Love  is  in  ¥ili  liittt,  and  the  Utlla 
£lUIa*  layt  (no  doubt  whh  reference  to  the  Right  Mindlulnesg  just 
described):  "  As  a  mother,  even  at  the  risk  of  bet  own  lilr, 
ptolKUheiaon,  her  only  son,  so  let  him  cnlllt 


nid.aUbc!i  . 
world— above,  below,  around— a  bi 
miied  with  the  sense  of  diflering  or  opposing  Inl 


lotntds  (be  whole 


heart  Is  the  bcil  In  I 

Often  elsewhere  last  such  suiea  are  described,  the  Brahma 
Vihlras  or  Sublime  Conditions.  They  are  Love,  Sorrow  at  the 
iotrowi  ol  otbcra,  Joy  in  the  joys  of  others,  and  Equanimity  as 
Kgards  one's  own  joyi  ind  sotrowa.'  Each  of  these  feelings 
wu  to  be  deUbcialely  pnciised,  beginning  with  a  single  object, 
and  gradually  increasing  till  the  whole  world  was  suSused  with 
the  feeling.  "  Our  mind  shall  not  waver.  No  evil  speech  will 
we  uttet.  Tender  and  compassionate  will  we  abide,  loving  in 
heart,  void  of  malice  within.  AndwewUlbeeversuffusingsuch 
>  one  with  Iho  rays  of  out  loving  thought.  And  with  that  feeling 
at  ■  basis  we  wil]  «ver  be  suHusing  the  whole  wide  worid  with 
thought  of  love  fii-reoching,  grown  great,  beyond  measure, 
vddof  anger  or  Ul-*ill."* 

The  relailvB  imporunce  o(  love,  as  compared  with  other 
habits,  li  thus  described.  "  AH  the  menns  that  can  be  uied  as 
bates  for  doing  right  are  not  worth  the  siiteenth  part  of  the 
emancipation  oI  the  bean  through  love.  That  taka  all  those  up 
Into  Iisell,ouUhIning  them  In  radiance  andgloty.  Just  aswhal- 
•oever  stars  there  be  tbelr  radiance  (tviils  net  the  sliitenth  p«rt 
of  the  radiance  of  the  moon.  That  taliet  all  those  up  into  itself, 
outshioing  them  in  radiance  and  glory— jus  t  tu  In  the  last  month 
ol  the  rains,  al  harvest  t)m^  the  lun,  mounting  up  on  high  into 
the  dear  and  cloudless  aky,  overwhelms  all  darkness  In  the  reali 

'  ^KiMl^Xi'ilf  Vilfii^.tl 
iIao-i«oi].  vot.  Lpp.*o,4i.flS-*7ivoLli.  pp.ai-ij,  & 

OrouMiM.  iiL  151,  cf.  SamykOa.  v.  I. 

■  Wria,  ii.  190-JiS,    WoiifcnM.  i.  ss  et  rq,    a.  Rh; 
Pfo/Dcwi  efllu  SwUla.  ■.  Si. 

•  No.  a  la  the  S*aa  Nipaia  (p 
Danilated  by  Fauiball  in  vol.  i.  oi 

•  Plpka'  ii  i86-l»7. 


ot  space,  and  shbitt  forlh  In  ndiance  and  glory — fust  as  to  (k 

-  ight,  when  the  dawn  is  breaking,  the  morning  star  shines  mat  is 

idiince  and  glory — jusi  10  all  Ihe  means  that  can  be  used  at 

helps  towardi  doing  right  avail  not  the  sjxteenth  put  of  the 

lancipation  of  the  heart  through  love-*'* 

The  above  is  the  potiLive  slde^  the  qualities  (diamm^  thMt 

vc  10  be  acquired.    The  negative  side,  the  qualllie*  that  luvc 

be  suppressed  by  the  cultivation  of  the  opponte  virtues,  ue  the 

m  Bonds  (Samyojaiai),  Ihe  Fou  UlodcatioDS  {iiatti  ud  Uk 

Five.  Hindrances  (JVlMMwrt- 

Thc  Ten  Bonds  are:  (1)  Delusion  about  (he  soul;  (>)  Doubt: 
(3)  Dependence  on  good  woiks]  (4)  Sensualilyi  (j)  Hatred,  ill- 
feeling;  {6)  Love  of  life  on  earth;  (;}  Dcsin  lor  lUe  in  heavea; 
(8)  Pride;  (g)  Self-righleoiBiieu;  (10)  Ignoiance.    Tfae  Finii 


fTom  (i)  Bodily  passions,  (i)  Becoming,  (3)  Ddnskn.  (4) 
Ignotance.  TheFiviHiiidr>nccaare(i)  Hankeringafiaworidlj 

(i)  Torpor  of  mind.  (4)  Fretfulnest  and  woiry,  {;)  Wavciing  d 
tnind.'  "  When  these  five  hindnnoi  have  been  cut  away  fn^ 
within  him,  he  looks  npon  bimself  as  freed  Irom  debt,  rid  nt 
disease,  out  of  jiil,  a  f  tec  man  and  secure.  And  gbdness  spring 
up  within  him  on  bis  realiiint  that,  ind  joy  arises  to  htm  thus 
gladdened,  and  so  rejoicing  all  his  frame  becomes  M  coe,  and 
being  thus  at  ease  he  is  filled  with  a  sense  of  peace,  and  in  that 
peace  his  heart  is  stayed,"  • 

To  have  realiiad  the  Truths,  and  tnvened  the  Path;  to  have 
brolien  the  Bonds,  put  an  end  to  the  Intoiicatjoni,  and  got  lid  of 
the  Hindrances,  is  to  have  attained  the  ide«l,  the  Fruit,  u  it  i» 
called,  of  Arahatship.  One  might  fill  columns  with  the  ptaisca, 
many  of  them  among  the  most  beautiful  passages  in  PUi  poeuy 
and  prose,  lavished  on  this  condjiion  ol  mind,  the  state  of  the 
man  made  perfect  according  (0  the  Buddhist  faith,  ftlany  are 
the  pot  names,  the  poetic  ^thet*  bestowed  upon  it — the  haibour 
of  refuge,  the  cool  cave,  the  Island  amidst  the  floods,  (he  place  ol 
bliss,  emancipation,  liberation,  safety,  the  suprcine,  the  trans- 
cendent, the  uncreated,  the  ttaoquli,  the  home  ot  peace,  the  calm, 
the  end  of  suRering,  the  medicine  lor  all  evil,  the  unshaken,  the 
ambrosia,  the  immaterial,  the  imperishable,  the  abidint.  the 
fitiher  shore,  the  unending,  the  bliss  d  eEort,  the  supreme  joy, 
the  inefiable,  the  detachment,  the  holy  dty,  and  tntmy  otfaeia. 
Peihsjis  the  most  frequent  in  the  Buiblhist  text  is  Arahatship, 
"  the  state  of  him  who  is  worthy  ";  and  the  one  eiclgsivdy 
used  in  Europe  is  Nirvlna,  the  "  dying  out  ";  (hat  is,  the  dying 
out  in  the  heart  of  the  f ell  jiie  ot  the  three  cardinal  sins— scoiu- 
ality,  ill-will  and  stupidity." 

'The  choice  ot  this  term  by  European  writers,  ■  didce  madt 
loogbeforeanyoi  the  Buddhist  canonical  (CMS  had  been  published 
or  translated,  has  had  a  most  unfortunate  mult.  These  writoi 
did  not  share,  could  not  be  expected  to  share,  the  enbetant 
optimism  of  the  early  Buddblsti.  Tbemselvts  giving  iqi  thb 
world  as  hopeless,  and  looking  for  sslvatioD  in  tha  ueit,  th^ 
naturally  tbmight  the  Buddhists  mint  do  llie  same,  and  in  the 
abicDcc  of  any  authentic  scriptures,  to  tonect  the  ""it-^'i  Ih^ 
Inleiprtted  Nitvlna.  In  terms  of  their  own  betid,  as  a  state  to  he 
reached  alter  death.  As  such  Ihey  supposed  the  "  dying  out " 
must  mean  the  dying  out  ot  >  "  aoul  ";  and  endless  were  the 
discussions  as  to  whether  this  meant  eternal  trance,  or  absolute 
annihilation,  of  the  "  sou!."  It  isnow  thirty  years  staec  the  nght 
interpretation ,  founded  on  the  ononlcal  texts,  has  been  given, 
but  outside  the  ranks  of  Piti  scholars  the  old  blunder  is  still  often 
repeated.  It  should  be  added  that  the  belief  in  salvation  in  thb 
world.  In  this  life,  ha*  appealed  so  strongly  to  Indian  sympttUes 
that  from  the  lioK  ol  the  rise  ol  Buddhism  down  to  the  picsal 
day  it  hss  been  adopted  lu  a  part  of  general  IndiaB  belief,  and 
yiKiMiKUi,  salvation  during  this  lite,  has  become  a  cnminonpUce 
in  the  religious  language  of  India. 

AdcfUd  £>«lriRci.— The  above  an  the  "■"''■'  doctrius  oi 


*  Hi-tunaka,  pp.  ib-ar. 

■  On  (lie  details  of  these  lee  Dl{*a, 

tviitin  pialttma^  tin  Ba^dlu.  i.  S: 


,  innslated  by  Rhr* 

KM.  Iv.  IJI,  3«l. 


BDDDHISn 


Us 


tbtorigiBilBBMUMn.  TbeyL. 
dMtiiMi-,  that  D  to  Hy,  lb*  dociriBH  thil  diiUnguiib  il  Imn 
lU  pKviMU  ICKUng  in  Indii.  Bat  Um  Boddhm,  whUt  nfccUtg 
UwuCiificauidllwritualiMiciiusi'D'''    *     '     '       ■     ■    -■ 


lUmu  of  the  fmie,  tl 
I,  ud  (he  paollidilk  1 


_  Tlila 

tStti  the  doth  of  the  body,  Into  otbat  bodic*,  dtber  of 
b«uu  or  godi — is  put  ol  the  uiJmbtic  deed  ao  whldy  found 
throughout  the  world  that  il  *u  pnbaUy  mdvetwL  In  Icdi* 
h  hid  ilnady,  before  the  rise  of  Buddhiim,  bMQ  nlied  luto  sn 
othialcanceptknibytheisoditeddoctiiDeafJCaniM.afcOKtliig 
lo  whkb  ■  man/i  ■ociBlpcoitloninllfe  and  hkphysIolidTaatagM, 
or  the  Rvene,  were  the  ksuII  of  hii  actionfl  In  a  prwEom  birth. 
Tbe  doctrine  thua  aSonfed  an  ei|daUlloD,  qnlle  complete  to 
those  «ho  believed  il,  ol  tbe  apparent  unnuliH  ind-vratiE>  tm 
tbc  disi ributhra  beie  ol  happtncssor  woe.  A  man,  forf totance,  la 
Mind.  TMi  la  owing  to  h^  hst  of  tbe  tf*  ^  ■  pievioQa  Urtb. 
But  be  baa  alao  unusual  power*  of  beuhw  TUt  li  becatoe  be 
loved,  in  a  previo'ia  birth,  to  Baton  to  tbe  pRacUng  ol  tbe  law. 
The  eti^iiialiontauld  always  be  entct.lorlt  wtatcaicdy  more 
than  a  repetition  of  the  point  to  be  ciqilainad.    It  Bla  (be  beta 


tt  Sta  in  a  sfAeie  bcyoud  the  tcKh  of 

It  was  became  it  tbus  pmniided  a  niocal  cava  that  It  wu 
ntained  ia  BnddUitii.  But  at  tboBodtOw  <Nd  not  actmrwledge 
■aoul,  tbe  Biik  of  coHneiioa  between  one  life  and  tbe  sen  bod  to 
be  found  aomewheie  else.  Tk  Buddha  fovnd  It  (at  Plaio  ab« 
bond  W  in  fl>e  Enflnenee  ewwiicd  upon  one  Ufe  !^  a  dcabc  fell 
in  Ibe  prerknit  life.  When  two  thblun  of  audi  eminence  (pro- 
bably the  two  grealealelhiallhlnken  of  *ntlqiitiy)h»«aTTlv*d 
Independently  at  Ibia  slrangefenduslMi.bave  agreed ' 
to  oavlngt,  feh  tn  this  Ufe,  to  grea^ 
a  power  over  the  future  Ufe,  we  ma;, 
demn  the  idea  at  Intrinsjcally  ebiurd,  and 
the  importanl  fact  that,  given  aimSatomd  .   . 

in  tbe  develi^Miwnt  of  rcHgioas  beBet,  men^  tboVghtSk  even  In 
spite  of  the  tnott  nnquolioiicd  Indhddaal  orig&iaUty,  lend 
Ihoogh  they  may  never  produce  exactly  (be  aame  <«sulta,  to  woik 
In  simllBt  wayi. 

In  IiMlla,  belbra  Buddfabm,  conflicting  and  mntndlnoTy 
irtewa  pfcvdled  at  to  th«  pridse  node  of  action  of  Karma;  and 
«(  find  thta  coafution  reflected  la  Buddhlil  (beory.  Tba  pro- 
vaitlog  viewi  are  tacked  on,  aa  it  were,  to  the  eiKnUal  rioctriuei 
«i  Boddhism,  wfthoot  being  tboron^y  anteillated  to  tbetn, 
or  kgktlly  ioootpoiated  wi(b  Ibeoi.  TBua  in  (be  itory  of  the 
good  byman  Otta,  ft  ia  an  aqrfntton  expresaed  on  tbe  death- 
bed;'in  tbe  ifialogue  on  (be  subject,  II  it  a  (hoo^t  dwritou 
during  Ete,*  fa  tbe  numerous  atorlea  in  tbe  Pila  and  riMMa 
Vaukia  it  it  vioaBy  tome  isolated  act,  In  tlw  dbcualons  in  Ibe 
Dktmma  Sanfani  it  it  tome  menial  di^KnilioB,  irtiidi  Is  the 
Karma  (dt^g  or  acthn)  to  tbe  one  Hfo  detennlnlBg  tbe  poritlon 
of  tbe  individud  in  tbe  nor  Tbeae  are  reaHy  cor^icdng  pro- 
posiliona.  Tbey  are  only  alike  In  the  fact  that  Id  eaelt  cue  a 
moni  cause  is  given  tar  the  poaitlon  in  ^bkh  the  indlvldnal  finds 
himaeH  now ;  and  the  moral  cause  It  Us  own  act. 

In  tbe  popidar  bdlef ,  followed  alto  ta  ibe  brahmin  theology, 
tbe  biidge  batweeu  ibi  two  Uvea  waa  a  mlBule  and  inbUe  entlly 
c^ed  tbe  Bos^  which  Ut  the  one  body  at  death,  throagb  a  bofe 
at  the  lop  of  the  head,  and  eateicd  hito  ibo  aew  boC^.    The 

new  body  happened  to  be  there,  ready,  -  '■'     -' '-         ■"-- 

aouldidootmakelhebody.    IntbeBi 

body  to  Ibe  odier.  .ItttthegraiiAif,  iheciavtRg.MillciJsthig 
at  Ibe  death  of  the  one  body  that  CBBset  the  new  set  of  ftoirfliM, 
tfeatit,  Ibe  new  body  wtlh  its  BKntaltendencieaaadeapacilic*, 
adae.    How  this  takes  jriacc  is  mwlien  explained. 

The  Indian  theory  of  iCwMa  baa  been  voiked  out  with  many 
■  Ptdafs.  6g  cl  acq.    Tin  Idea  is  thetc  alio  put  fotwaid 
■ealon  wUli  a  otliel  In  InrurniEiatlon, 
•  SamyMi^  iv.  ya.  •  UtiJUm*,  BL  n  M I 


poidta  of  gnat  beauty  and  ethical  vahe.  And  tbe  BuMUat 
adaptatjon  ol  II,  avoidlag  some  of  the  difficulties  conunon  to  it 
and  to  the  allied  EnicfjeaD  thcorio  oi  fate  and  predestination, 
tries  to  ciplafai  the  w^^  01  the  univeiw  in  its  action  on  the 
individiLal,  the  heavy  hand  ol  the  imioeaaurahle  past  we  cannot 
caiape,  the  cleat  coDoeiioa  between  all  fonnt  ol  life,  and  the 
mysterla  of  inherited  charactB-.  IncideDtaOy  It  held  out  the 
~ '  theae  who  brilevrd  in  it,  of  i  Dode  of  escape  tiom  the 
of  traumigmtkiD.  For  aa  the  Anbat  had  coDquered 
the  cravliigi  that  were  mppoKd  to  ptodua  the  new  body,  faia 
;tkMit  were  no  loogei  Kanu,  but  only  Kiriya,  that  led  to  no 
Urtb.* 

Aootbei  point  of  Buddhist  teaching  adopted  ham  previous 

■Uef  was  the  pnctica  of  coitatlc  medltatloK.    In  the  vtry 

tarliat  tfmei  of  tba  meat  icoiote  Mnimirai  we  tad  the  bcUet 

I  person,  rapt  (ram  all  tense  of  the  outside  world,  poiteaaid 

spirit,  aoqulred  from  (hat  slMe  a  degree  of  aaiictlty,  wat 

luppoKd  to  ban  adegrac  of  insight,  deniad  toonSuaty  mortals. 

'    '   "ifremtbetoBufiwiiylnthc  radot,  threughlbemyttk 

of  (he  Ufanitiadi,  and  the  hypnotic  tnnctt  of  tbe 

Yoga,  alHtd  balitfs  and  ptactkcs  had  never  lost  their 


and  othtr  of  tba  moat  ancient  Buddhist  reconls,*  that  the  bdiei 
was  hi  fun  fore*  wban  Buddhism  anaa,  and  that  tbe  prsclke  wsi 

ica  waa  admitted 
aa  a  part  of  the  ttalnlig  of  tha  BoddUst  BUksbu.  But  it  waa 
not  the  lugbttt  or  the  most  hnportaat  part,  and  nl^tbeoauiud 
altogether.  Tbe  alalea  of  Rapture  an  called  Con^lkuitol  Blisa, 
and  tbey  we  r^arded  aa  tisctol  tor  tbe  hdp  they  give  towards  Iha 
removal  oi  dwmental  obstacles  to  the  attainment  of  Arakaithip.* 
lituoit  puts  of  Arabictahlp  they  enter 
To  seek  for  Aiabalsblp  in  the  practice 
oi  the  ecstaay  alom  la  conahfersd  n  deadly  heresy.'  So  ihtae 
praetkea  an  both  ptaaaant  b  tbemsdvca,  aad  useful  as  one  of 
the  piean*  to  the  end  propoHd.  But  they  an  not  tbe  end,  and 
the  end  can  he  VeiclMd  without  them.  The  most  andcnt  form 
recorded  tn  tba  of  ten  ttcnrting  pan^aphs 
iranilated  hi  Rhys  Dnfdi'  DiaUt^ei  tf»e  IMdka  fj.  tA-9')- 
MO(V  modem,  and  much  men  elabonte,  lonns  are  given  In 
Ibe  VattKitatai  Uanaat'ef-liMan  MyiHctim  as  poOittd  tf 
BmUMsU,  edited  by  Rhya  DavIA  finm  a  unique  HS.  foe  the 
Plli  Text  Society  in  tSgO.  In  the  IntroducllMi  lo  this  last  work 
the  various  phases  ill  the  qntattoa  are  disnrtwd  at  length. 

BmMkiH  TtiiU.  Tkt  C<nvH>M(  Aull.— It  tt  necemary  to  re- 
meniber  that  tbe  BnddbSi  like  other  Indian  leachenof  hisperlod, 
taught  by  conversation  only.  A  faij^ily-educated  man  (according 
to  the  education  current  at  the  time),  speaking  constantiy  lo 
men  of  ^mllar  edocatlon,  be  f«nswed  tbe  Uurary  habit  ol  his 
day  by  embodying  his  doctrines  in  wl  plirases  (sUroi),  on  which 
be  enlugrd,  on  dlfFeml  occstknu,  In  different  ways.  Writing 
was  then  widely  known.  But  tbe  lack  of  anltable  writing 
mnIeTiab  nude  any  lengthy  bookl  Irapsadble.  Sud  sUraa 
were  therefore  tbe  recopiired  form  of  preserving  and  com* 
inuninitliig  opinion.  Tbty  were  catdi  words,  as  it  were,  inrtmeria 
lecJMfra,  which  could  easily  be  remembered,  and  would  recall 
the  IdTIm  eiposliians  that  had  been  based  upon  them.  Shortly 
after  the  Boddha'i  time  lbs  finbinia)  had  their  sDtns  bi 
Sanskrit,  already  a  dead  language.  He  pufpcsely  pot  hb  intn 
the  otdlnsry  conversalianil  idiom  of  the  day,  that  la  to  tajt, 
IntoFUL  When  tbe  Buddha  died  these  nqriftCS  wen  oidlected 
together  by  Mi  disdplel  Into  what  tbey  tall  the  Fonr  NOlyas, 
oe^'colkctions.''  TtwaeeannDt  have  reached  Ibdrtbllfom  till 
about  fifty  or  tbty  years  aflerwarda.  Other  saying  and  vosst, 
most  of  tbem  ssMbM,  not  lo  tbe  BiStta,  but  to  tbe  disdplea 
thcmselvts,  were-  ptit  Into  a  supplewentaiy  Wihgya.   We  know 

•  Tbe  Ukott  of  the  ladten  doGtrioe  ol  Kama  hM  yei  u  hi 


1,  Uamma,  L  IU-IC6 
ILltg. 


.■fcjfcJ^t; 


7+« 


BUDDHISM 


»  UnMOf 


a(  «ii|ht  addiUDai  nads  to  thk  tRUya  u  Ule  w 

AmIu,  jid  ctBtDfT  ■£■    And  die  developed  doct. . 

tn  arttiD  ponloat  of  it,  ibmi  that  tkoe  uc  later  thu  Uie  fou 
oUMik^u.  Fori  aoiention  or  two  (be  boobfO  put  lasetkcT 
wen  buided  down  br  nenniy,  tboB^  pntaUjr  wtHIcd 
Bemaniiila  nn  atao  uied.  And  tbejr  «ere  doubtln 
puled  bora  the  finl,  u  tbey  mie  btiag  ttu^t,  by  >  i 
coannent«iy.  About  one  hundied  yon  after  the  Buddhi'i 
doth  tbeR  wu  *  idiiiiii  in  the  comBnuiilr,  Eidi  ol  the  tm 
■choob  kept  in  unnfCRieot  of  the  anon  rtill  in  Plli,  or  name 
allied  dialeet.  Saukrit  mt  not  need  lor  •ny  fiuddhiit  nnlu 
tin  knf  adenraidi,  and  never  uwd  al  itl.  b  hr  u  i)  known, 
fcr  the  eanoidcal  Iwolu.  Eadi  o(  tbeN  two  idMila  taoke  up 
in  Ibe  foUowinf  onlntiei,  Inlo  oUmi.  Savcnl  of  then  had 
their  diSeiEDt  amnieaienli  o(  the  caiwDkal  booka,  diSerlnt 
•bo  in  minor  datiili.  Tbtae  booki  lemalned  the  only  authariliei 
for  iboDl  five  cectuilB,  bat  they  ill,  ciccpl  only  our  eilant 
nii  Niklyu,  bive  ban  lort  in  Indk.  Tbait  then  an  our 
autboritiei  for  the  culieit  period  ol  Buddhlan.  Now  what  an 
IbHebookar 

We  Iilk  Hceavufly  of  PlU  bob.  Tliey  an  not  bOdka  In  the 
•ndemKoe.  Tluy  m  nemaml icnlencci or venca Intended 
tobelcwtbybeart.  And  thai^olotyle  and  method  of  imngc- 
OWnt  ii  cntjiely  lubaidiDited  to  thEi  prinaiy-nMtiBly.  Eicb 
Mttn  (mi,  nOi)  it  very  ihart;  nnully  occi^yIn|  ooty  ■  page, 
«r  pciiupa  two,  ind  coatilning  a  lingle  prapo^tlon.  When 
■cvcnl  of  ihae,  ilmoA  ihnyi  thme  that  contain  pnpa  '' ' 
of  a  umilar  kind,  am  mllected  tofelher  in  tbe  tmoiMroik 
dialogue.  It  it  aBed  a  nHaiili.  The  uml  kafth  of  ■ 
■uttinta  ii  ihout  a  doKn  pagea;  only  a  fc«  of  tlicm  an  kmgEi, 
andicoUectunofaochiuttaiitaiDi^becalkdibDok.  Butit 
f>  u  i«  neitlicr  namlive  mr  eiiay.  It  It  it  Bnt  a  Miing  ol 
paMates.  drawn  np  in  nmilBr  ionn  to  aadit  tlie  memoiy,  and 
blmdid,  not  to  be  lead,  but  to  ha  leant  by  heart.  Tba  fint 
of  the  four  Niklyai  b  a  coltectioo  of  the  kmieit  of  tbcM  Mltanlii, 
and  It  k  called  accoidingly  the  Dtght  NiUye,  that  b  "  the 
CoUcctioii  ol  long  Onca  "  (id.  Suttantai).  Ihe  Mit  is  the 
M^jluma  NiUya,  the  "  Colkctlan  ^  the  Miltantu  of  Uedhim 
length '— medium,  thit  u.iibcing  ihartei  tha«  the  nltanli*  in 
tbe  Dtgha,  and  longer  than  the  oidinaiy  Httai  pnacnrd  in  the 
two  loUawtng  coDcclioa.  Between  tlnm  then  fint  two  oiQec- 
thml  eont^n  tti  dologue*,  h  wkkh  tbe  Bnddha,  or  In  a  few 
Caati  one  of  hit  leadiog  diicjpka,  fa  lepieaented  u  enviged  in  con- 
vemliDB  OB  aome  one  of  the  tell^oua,  or  philoiophk,  or  ethial 
polnls  In  that  lyKem  which  we  now  t>D  Buddhhm.  In  depth 
of  phaoaophk  imlght,  b  the  method  of  Socntic  queationlng 
often  adapted.  In  llu  eamcM  and  elevated  tone  of  tbe  wbole, 
fa  tbe  evidaca  ihey  aSord  of  tbe  most  cultured  thought  of  the 
day,  thtm  diakgueaconiiantly  icinind  tbe  reader  of  tbe  diiloguea 
of  Plato.  But  not  In  ilylc.  They  have  indeed  a  Mjrie  of  tbdi 
own;  alwayi  dignified,  and  occaatonaOy  tiling  Into  ekiqaence. 
Bnt  far  the  icauM  already  given.  It  fa  eitlrdy  dUkrent  lioin 
the  atyle  ol  WcMein  writing  which  arc  alway*  iplended  to  be 
■cad.  Uiitoiical  achotaii  will,  however,  icvcr  Ibii  coUeclkm 
ol  diiloguei  ai  one  of  the  moat  pricelcH  o(  the  tiauiuci  of 
antiqultyatillpfCMtvedtoua.  It  b  to  it,  above  all,  that  we  iball 
alwaya  ban  la  go  lot  our  knowledge  of  the  moat  andent 
BuddhiMi.  Of  the  iSd,  171  had  by  iqdt  been  edited  {or  the 
nU  Text  Society,  and  the  lemainder  wen  cither  la  the  picH  or 


Adbadvai 


•ttnOar  (lairificBthMn,  wMMel  tv  ta  auA  eipmaloM  aa  tte 
Seven  Deadly  Sim,  the  Tm  Comlndmenti,  the  Thirty-nine 
Aitkle^  the  Four  CanUad  Vlrtoei,  the  Seven  SanaMMa  and  a 
boitofotheit.  Th«etnuBb«ndliM|(ItbtnM)aregolivout<rf 
hihkm.  IV  aid  whiili  thqr  aSoid  to  BKaoiy  b  do  kmcf 
nqnind  in  an  afeb  which  hooka  of  icfeccncc  abound.  It  «u 
pncbely  aa  a  blip  to  tiemory  that  they  weic  loond  »  uietid  in 
the  early  Buddhiri  tiiwi,  wbca  Oe  booka  weie  all  kanu  by  bout, 
and  had  never  M  yet  bin  written.  And  in  the  Aaguiian  we 
find  let  ou  fei  Older  fint  ol  aS  the  nnka,  then  all  the  pai>^  then 
alltheliliia.andlooa.  It  b  tbe  longeM  book  bi  the  Bnddhin 
BiUe,  and  GH*  iS«D  pagia  Ivo.  The  wbok  of  the  Pali  tcai  ha 
been  puUiihcd  by  tbe  FUi  Teit  Society,  bM  only  porikmo  have 
been  tiaalated  talo  Eotfirik  The  nen,  and  bM,  of  Iheae  lour 
Golkclkmi  coalaina  again  tbe  oliole,  or  neaily  the  whole,  of  the 
Buddhifl  doctikie;  but  anangad  tbb  lime  in  oidcr  of  nibjecla. 
It  couiiti  ol  jj  SamyHOu  or  fnop%  In  each  of  these  iho 
nttat  on  the  mmc  lubject,  or  bi  one  or  two  cans  the  cuitaa 
addroKd  to  tbe  smc  loit  of  people,  an  grouped  together. 
The  whole  ol  It  bai  bccD  puMiibed  In  five  volnnu  by  the  PU| 
TeitSociely.  Onlya  lewllitnientihavebeen tmalited. 

idndi  dI  the  iliDrt  ullai  and  venca  in  thoc  two 
re  lound,  wont  tor  woid,  In  the  dialogue*.  And 
then  an  nurncroua  uvtancea  ol  the  introductory  itory  ataiiny 
how,  and  when,  and  to  whom  theaujlla  wai  enUBdaltil—  aaoK 

imtivc  fnnewodi  biwhich  iheiutti  isKi— recuniagalto.  I 

bveiyHigleHfveaitothcvayinwbichtheciilietBuddhiU  I 

.  jds weie gndually  buill  up.  Tbeiuttucime fint  embody- 
ing, in  tet  phraaea,  the  doctrine  that  had  to  be  handed  down* 
ThOH  epbodei,  found  in  two  or  three  diflcreni  placo,  aad 
aJwiyi  embodying  levcml  sutlai,  cune  next.  Then  icvenl  of 
m  together  to  form  a  lutlanta.  And  finally  the 
grouped  together  mto  the  two  Niklyaa,  and  the 
.  idci  lepantcly  bio  the  two  Olhen.  Parallel 
with  thb  evolution,  u  to  iiy,  of  tbe  luttu,  li>e  ilion  itatemcnti 
of doctiiDe,inpniM,nnthetiatmaitoItheveBe».   Thenwai  1 

gnat  love  (d  poetry  in  the  commusilin  in  whiii  Buddluun 
Foae-  VcTva  wen  helpful  to  the  memory.  And  they  wen 
adopted  Dot  only  lor  thia  leaion.  Hie  adherenta  ol  the  i»w  view 
of  life  found pbuBR  in  pulling  into  appiopiiata  vtne  the  fecUn^  | 

of  enthuiiasm  and  of  ecstasy  which  the  nrorming  doclrinei 
inspired.  When  particubrly  happy  in  literary  finiih.  01 
peculbrly  rich  in  rcUeiaui  Iceliog,  mch  vcrsei  wen  ml  Lost. 
Thaw  wen  handed  on,  Inm  mouth  to  mouth,  in  the  email 
companlM  of  the  brethren  or  listers.  The  oldest  venca  are  aU 
lyric*,  eaptCMhin  either  of  emolion,  or  of  Hine  deep  laying, 
■oma  piegnanl  IhoughL  Very  few  of  them  have  batn  prcseived 
en  Ihen  they  are  >o  difficult  to  underatand,  10 
ica,  that  th^  were  probably  acconpaBled  from 
It  oi  comment  in  pnae,  italing  when,  and  why, 
Iwy  wen  suppcacd  to  have  bocn  utloed.  As  a 
ha  (nmework  in  pr«e  b  actually  pnetvcd  in 
the  old  BuddhiU  literature.  It  Itonly  In  the  very  blcit  booki 
Inchided  In  tbe  canon  Ihit  the  naiialive  part  b  also  regubtly  in 
vei«e,«olhata«!u)lewBikconiisUoIiCDllectiano(ballad*.  Tbe 
laM  ttcp,  that  ol  combining  luch  balUds  into  one  Jong  epir  poem, 
waaaoltakentiUaflerthecanonwudcEcd.  The  whole  proceu, 
ftom  the  ilmpl*  ancolote  in  mixed  prose  and  verse.  tliei»<aUcd 
M^diM,  to  the  complete  ^c,  comci  out  with  itrikbg  clcanes 
InthahlslatyoftlieBuddhBt canon.  Itb(yplcal,OBeinayno(ica 
'~  ~  '  g,of  tteevohitiooof  Iheepicelscwben;  b  Inland,  (or 
n  Penia  and  in  Greece.  And  we  may  lalcly  dnw  the 
that  if  the  greil  lodiu  efnca,  the  ttahUiblnta  ind 
the  Rlralyana,  had  been  in  nislence  when  the  lotmiiioa  of  the  1 

Buddbbt  canen  begin,  the  course  ol  itadevelopment  would  have  ! 


A  dbadvantage  «{ tbe  artangenieiit  In  dialegnea,  mom  eqied- 
aiiy  ai  tbey  follow  one  another  accofding  10  length  and  not 
according  10  mbjcct,  b  that  ll  b  not  caiy  to  find  tbe  itatement 
•I  doctrine  on  any  particabi  p^l  which  b  inteKatiog  one  at  the 
aeoani.  It  ij  vety  Ubiy  JuM  thboon^deiaiioo  wbkhlod  u 
•fa*  coiapilation  ol  the  two  tolkxirlng  Niklyaa.  In  the  fint  of 
IheM,  called  the  Anfiillan  NiUya,  all  tboae  polnti  ol  Buddhist  Aa  wUl  eailly  he  undeiUood,  the  lame  leaioni  which  led  i» 
doctiiae  capable  of  eipteidon  In  dime*  ate  m«  oat  In  otdcr.  liltnry  activity  of  thb  kind,  in  the  earliest  period,  continued  to 
Thb  practically  Inclodei  meat  of  the  paydiology  and  ethki  of  I  bold  good  allerwiida.  A  number  of  such  tHorti,  alter  the 
Buddhltm.  For  it  b  a  dlitlngubhing  mark  of  tbe  diiloguo  I  Miklyu  bad  been  cloird,  were  included  in  a  lupplemcnUTy 
ei  that  the  lesatta  arrived  at  an  ananged  in  carefully  [  Niklyi  called  the-  KJiaiUattt  NikBja.  It  will  throw  veiy  uvtui 
'-  '  -  'Vc  an  bmOiar  e*M(h  ta  iht  WtM  wkh  '  light  upee  tlr  kilrllrTtml  level  ia  tbe  Buddbbt  SMaminity  juM 


BVDDHiail 


7*7 


«fUr  tt»  mfivt  period,  Mid  npon  Uumr  lOie  ta  tk«  v>B«r  al  lh« 
Cutn  in  tht  4tta  or  5di  BCBtmy  ■.&,  U  «•  brieSf  rapWn  »hM 
IluliicuitilathlicoIlcMioncaDlilB.  The  fait,  tie  KhMttt 
pAte.balitilatnciotaiilj'afewp^n.  Afur  ■  pnf  odon  ot 
Uih  la  tb*  BoddlB,  the  doctitiie  knd  the«cder,  tlnv  foOom  • 
pongnphMttlni  out  the  Ihfity-loiir  conNUoeat*  of  tlw  bomu 
bodjr— boan,  Uood,  aena  ud  lo  on — •truKly  bKOoinipia 
«ith«huIaUinn.  Par  that  li  duply  ■  tew  c(  the  BioHbctutlhd 
foaat  to  b«  bnad  Id  the  BuddUit  Kripnici.  Hwr  It  IM 
■ppinnt  mam,  eicepi  thtlr  e^iiitte  icnUcatlon,  «^  thew 
paitieular  pieoathonld  haw  been  here  btooght  together.  Itb 
BMtt  probible  thu  thb  tfaiy  vdnme  «u  ilapb'  >  tMt  of  fint 
tann  book  for  jntmig  nce^iTtci  «hen  (hey  jojaed  th*  ordct. 
iBuiyeiwtbatiioiwdtheineilovhidiitbinit  tt  pmenL 
The  tut  book  U  tho  Uemmapaia,  Here  ue  taousht  together 
Irom  tea  Co  tventy  ituuu  on  tub  ol  tvtnljr-di  ulected  point* 
of  Bnddhbt  Kll-tnJnbig  Or  ethk*.  Tlwie  u*  ■Uogtther  4>i 
venee,  ^Ihered  [rant  vuioo*  ohkr  (oaiec^  and  ttnoif  together 
wlibout  any  Other  Inleraal  cotmnlon  than  that  tbcy  idaie  man 
otlentothennenibject.  And  Iba  cotlectnr  hat  not  thon^t  tt 
necenuy  M  dwoee  Manai  written  b)  the  Muoe  iwcre,  or  fai  the 
nmennmbarotlhies.  We  bow  that  the  tarty  CbrMlatM  wno 
icctulomcd  10  ilnf  hynmi,  both  bi  their  baue*  and  on  the 
occuion  of  Ibelr  meollag  together.  TheM  hymn  an  Dow 
inetrievab^  kM.  Had  umo  one  made  a  collKtion  of  about 
twenty  iulaud  MaMai,  dmeni  fnm  these  hyaun.  on  each  of 
about  twenty  iub]ecl>~ancb  ai  Faltl^  Hope,  Loin,lli(  CMncrted 
Uaa,  Tbnei  of  Ttoubl^  Quiet  Dayi,  the  SavloiD,  the  lYec  of  Lite, 
tbi  Sweet  Name,  the  Dova,  the  Uig,  the  Land  ol  Peace,  the  Joy 
if ntpeakable— wcdioaldbiveaCbtiMiinDbammapada,  tad  very 
pncioiBtucha  collection  would  be.  ThtBr"""'"'" """ 


baa  been  edited  by  PioIbbot  Fauibell  (»d  ed,  l«oo),  and  hai 
bcenfiHlimiUytTainlated  Where  the  wenes  deal  with  tboKideas 
tbil  are  common  to  Cbriitiiai  and  Buddhkti,  the  vertfooa  are 
eariIy(PteUisible,«adlOBeottha  ttanni  qipcal  veqr  unmgly 
to  the  Watemaeniedieti^tna  beauty.  Wbnatbetiaaiuaro 
luB  of  the  lechnicii  termi  of  the  Boddhttt  ryiteia  o(  idtodtiira 
aad  idf-contrd,  it  I*  often  [mposdble,  wf ihout  eqmrioa*  that 
tpoil  lb*  poetry,  or  learned  aotea  tbat  dbtract  the  altenticw,  to 
(onvey  the  full  eeou  of  ibe  ralglmU.  In  all  tbeM  dblbKlively 
BuddUM  oeneathaexiUbig  trandalioDf  <of  which  ProlcBor  Mu 
MOUer'i  ia  the  beM  known,  and  Dr  Karl  Neominn'i  the  beat)  an 
JDadeqnate  and  lomctbnta  quite  cnoDSOul.  The  conne^oa  fai 
which  th^  were  ipoken  ii  often  apparent  in  tba  man  andent 
booka  fnm  which  theie  nnta  have  been  taken,  and  hai  been 
preuTved  in  ibm  commnitaiy  on  the  work  itMtf . 

Id  the  next  little  work  the  IramewoHi,  the  wholi  parapbemiU* 
of  ibe  BKieat  akhylna,  I)  lududcd  fai  the  work  itidi,  which  b 
ceiled  l/rfdH,  or  "  eaiatJc  atieianaa."  The  Buddha  i*  itpre- 
•cnted,  on  niloni  ocCuioni  during  hli  long  camr,  to  have  been 
•o  moch  moved  by  eome  event,  or  ipeecfa,  or  action,  thai  be  gave 
vent,  as  it  wen,  to  hit  pent-up  ledingi  in  a  ihait,  ecalalk  utter- 
ance, couched,  for  (he  mast  part.  In  one  or  two  lins  of  pocliy, 
Theu  ontbuntc,  very  tene  and  cnlgoullo,  Uv  charged  with 
tdiglotB  emotion,  and  turn  often  on  eome  lubile  pofni  of  Arahat- 
■hip,  that  ii,  of  the  Buddhiit  ideal  of  life.  The  original  ten  baa 
beea  pnbliibcd  by  the  Fill  l>n  Society.  Ihe  little  book,  a 
taitand  of  fifty  of  thoe  gems,  hai  been  tramlated  by  GenoaJ 
Strong.  The nei(  work ii  called  the 711  faUota.  Thiicootaim 
I  >e  ihoR  panages,  e«hol  them  leading  op  to  a  terte  de^taylng 
of  the  Buddha'*,  and  introdnctd,  in  each  caie,  witb  the  wonb 
Ai  nMiMi  JtataMM—"  thua  was  it  ipoken  by  the  Exalted  One." 
Hide  aneedotei  may  or  may  not  be  hiitorically  accurate.  It 
I*  quite  poashk  that  tlw  memory  of  the  eaily  diadplea,  K^ly 
trtbied  n  it  wn,  enibted  tivm  to  prtaetv*  a  luUtkntiilty  tne 
record  of  iomc  «f  (bat  ipeechee,  and  of  the  circomatancc*  In 
widch  they  wan  uttered.  Some  or  all  of  them  may  alio  have  been 
[nventad.   In  dther  cue  they  ate  enelleni  evidence  of  the  »rt 


»nt  hai*  turned.  Tbcw  eatatie  uttenncei  and  deep  layingi 
re  attifbmed  (o  the  Buddha  Umcir,  and  aceotapanied  1^  the 
neetnmewarfc.   Then  baa  bIw  been  prcteriMd  a  tsUection  of 


MawHaMTlb*d(ohbltadfi(lblo«ieM.  Oltheia  107  aia  brethren 
and  II  iblen,  in  the  order,  nepme  framework  ii  in  tUicaa* 

p.-.. .1-1  n-ly  1-  .t. .m^-^m—y  -MA  .U-  jl—  U,^. [Up, 

«f  the  anthga.  TOi  worit  la  caBed  (he  TJtoo  anf-ttlU. 

Amtber  latereltiiv  eellectlott  li  the  JdUto  book,  a  let  el 
'Kiiu  mppeaed  to  btve  been  olteiod  by  (he  Buddha  ta  aome  of 
hbpicvfoniUrths.  l^ewereioIiyijoofthefolfc-ahacoTTent 
Id  India  when  tbe  canon  wu  bdng  (armed,  the  only  tUng  Bndd- 
faU  about  ibem  betag  tbat  the  Boddha,  in  a  pnvioui  blttb,  ia 
fdoitified  in  ead  «aia  trith  tbe  boo  la  the  little  itoiy.  Here 
again  the  proaebprtierved  only  Id  the  eommentaiy.  Aadltlia 
avat  fortunate  townee  (hat  (hie— the  oldeat,  the  nunt  et>tftf^*i*i 
•Dd  the  moat  •atbeatk  ooUecden  <t  toUott  enaa^-hu  thna 
h«e«prc*erMd  Intact  W  Ibe  pRbeat  day.  Uiqrot  lluaeMorici 
aad  faUea  have  waadoed  10  Euope,  utd  are  toond  la  nwdlevat 

migmtioa  will  be  looad  la  (he  fatioducdoa  to  the  pnant  writer^ 
BHUUa  Bira  Sitria.  A  tramlailon  of  the  iriKria  hook  la  unr 
pubSibed,  nadir  the  editoiihip  of  Prafemof  Cowill,  at  the 
Cambridge  Univenily  Pnk.  Tbe  lait  oI  theae  peetlal  werb 
wUA  k  fi  aenaary  to  moiikin  li  the  SMa  Kitaa,  coetidBiBa 
Bfty-Av*  poem*,  all  eacept  the  lait  menly  ihott  iyifis,  many  id 
great  beauty.  AvetyandentcommcntaiyDn  thabidkofthaa 
poem*  hi*  been  bidiided  bi  (he  canon  ai  a  Kpaiate  woA.   The 


th*  Peered  B«li<|/Iti£aX.  The  ahon  woika  are  our  authority 
lortbephllaa^yaDde(biCBO<thaculieMBuddMiti.  Wehaie 
•b»acotnple(e(ta(*men{«Ithen9le*a(iheaTderlatbe  Viiuya, 
oAlwiiDSvevotameiibyFnfHiorOidenbetg.  Tbnevdomee 
of  traaUaHom  of  theM  rules,  by  him  and  by  tbe  proent  writer, 
have  iln  appeared  ia  tbe  S^md  Axlr  a/ Ui  EiX. 

There  have  alu  been  added  to  the  canonical  book*  eeven  works 
on  itUiMoDHM,  a  note  dibonte  and  more  claeriBed  eiporitioa 
tf  tbe  Dhamma  or  doctrine  niet  out  In  the  JViUyoi.  All  thee* 
wotka  ate  later.  Only  one  of  tbem  bai  been  (istBtiled,  (be  m> 
called  Dhamma  San^nL  The  intioductiOB  to  this  ttanilation, 
pahluhed  nader  the  title  of  BUOUt  Fiytktlac,  eontabtt  the 
fuUcit  Bccomit  that  has  yet  appeared  of  the  psydide(ical  con> 
ceptioua  en  wUch  BaddUit  e(hica  ai«  throu^unt  bated.  Tba 
Inunlator.  Hn  Cuollne  Rbyi  Davhb,  Bllmate*  the  date  of  Ifaii 
aaciiBt  manual  for  Buddhiil  itodenta  «*  the  4>b  cen(BTy  i.e. 

£alir  ICsrkr.— So  tu  the  canon,  ibaoet  aO  of  which  is  now 
■(ceulble  (o  neders  of  Plli.  But  a  good  deal  of  work  Ii  ttal 
required  before  Ibe  harveil  of  Uitorical  data  contained  tn  thoa 
teiti  shall  have  been  made  acceptable  to  itndenti  of  philoiaphy 
and  eociokigy.  TheM  works  of  Ibe  oldal  period,  the  two 
centuries  and  a  half,  between  tbe  Buddba'i  time  and  that  ol 
Aioka,  were  foUowed  by  ■  vDlumnuas  Iltcntnre  bi  the  following 
periodi — from  Asoka  to  ganiihka,  and  from  Kanithka  to 
Baddhaghiaa,— each  ol  about  three  oeotntics.  Many  of  these 
woila  aie  extant  hi  US.;  but  only  five  or  lix  of  the  nion  Im- 
portant have  10  III  been  published.  Of  thcK  tbe  most  intrmting 
b  the  Ullinda,  one  of  the  earliest  historical  novib  preserved  to  ni. 
It  b  mainly  idigloui  and  pbikaophlcat,  and  potpoits  to  give  the 
dlsnasien,  extending  over  leveml  days.  In  which  a  Buddhist 
elder  named  Nlgasena  iBctecdi  In  converting  Mltinda,  that  li 
Menindei,  the  famous  Greek  king  of  Bacti!a,  to  Bnddbinn. 
T^  PlU  text  has  been  edited  and  tbe  work  imndited  Into 
En^Iib.  More  iaiportint  Muorlcaily,  though  greatly  infeiioT  In 
style  snd  ability,  b  Ibe  Mihivutu  or  ^nffiMi  Stery.  In  Suakiit; 
The  Mory  b  Ibe  one  of  chief  ImpenaBoe  (o  (he  Buddhbti— tbe 
Mory,  namdy.  of  bow  the  BudAia  wen,  under  (he  Bo  Tree,  the 
victory  over  ignorance,  and  aKslned  (o  (he  SambodU.  "the  Ughu 
wisdon,"  of  Nlrrlna.  The  Mory  beglni  with  bb  ptevhni  Urthii 
in  which  aba  he'  was  accunrabting  the  Buddhi  quaUtiei,  And 
el  tbe  Hihlvastn  wi*  a  staa^id  work  el  a  pafticular  net,  or 
rather  •chool,  called  tbe  Hahl-un^kai.  R  Iwi  (bus  preserved 
for  Bs  the  theory  of  (he  Bsddha  •*  held  ont^de  (be  (oUowen  ol 
the  canon,  by  Ihcoe  wboK  vfewi  developed,  in  aFUr  centurieo, 
into  (he  HiUylna  or  modem  form  of  Buddhism  In  India.  Bui 
(his  book,  like  aB  tte  andent  books,  was  composed,  not  in  tb« 
anth,  in  Nepal,  but  te  tbe  valley  of  tbe  Ganges,  and  it  Is  partly 


7+« 


.   Tm  Mha  wciti,  tHe  laKu  Yinva 


■a  imae,  putfr  ioMRl 

aui  ihtBMJdttCarila, ,  . 

SuBkrit  paenu,  epics,  <n  lb*  mac  nibjact.  Of  llwM,  (be  ionnci 
may  be  w  old  u  ibi  ChliMiM  cm;  (be  IMler  beko^  lo  iba 
tad  cniluiy  ilta  Cbtbt.  Both  tt  tbcm  bin  been  ediud  ud 
tntnlt'*^  Tbc  ddcr  one  oaauin  ftiU  ■  good  dcml  of  pmac,  iho 
got  ol  ii  bong  oflcB  iciMatHi  in  the  venei.  Tbc  bla  ooe  ii 
tnlntij  in  me,  and  >luin  cdi  the  ■atbor's  mastciy  of  (be 
aitifidil  inlaiii  pRKody  and  poctki,  mtanding  (o  vUcba  poon, 
a  oubl-kivya,  eo^t,  aocardiiis  to  tbc  Ulo  wrileiB  on  Ibe  An 
tallica,  to  tic  cenpoanL 

Tbeia  tbite  woria  deal  ooljr  qmie  bneiy  and  inddenUH)' 
■idi  any  point  ol  Boddhim  mtade  of  Ibe  Buddha  lesend.  Of 
ficalB  impottaan  br  tbc  histtKy  of  Boddham  an  two  later 
worta.tbeffrtrti'aianMwand  theJiediUMnaefiirfartia,  Hie 
foraier,  in  FUi,i)iniBci  a  nuuberol  qtwatima  tbenef  Importance 
b>  the  Boddhiit  cOHnmiiity;  and  it  tdia  Ibootbout,  aadoea  Ibo 
HiiiDda,  on  tbc  canonieal  wotia,  iiriiid  it  qaoles  lugdf.  Tbt 
btiei,  in  Samkrii,  ia  tbc  cariictt  cipaaltiak  «c  have  ^  tbc  later 
Uablyfaaikctiinc.  Both  these  boaka  Biay  be  dated  b  tbt  ind 
or  jid  ocnlinT  of  Dor  era.  Ibe  lallti  baa  been  liaulattd  into 
Eoiltib.  We  havo  mm  abo  tbe  tut  of  the  Pi^m*  Ptnmiia,  a 
later  tnitiie  on  tbe  Mab^rina  ayitem,  *hich  In  tiaie  entiidy 
nplaced  in  India  tbe  origin]  doctiinct.  To  aboM.  tbe  nme  age 
bdon^  abo  tbe  DitjttaMna,  a  cotlectlao  of  legmda  about  tbe 
kading  diidplra  of  tbe  Bnddba,  and  iaqiotant  membet*  of  tbe 
Older,  tbiDugb  tbe  fubeeqoeal  thne  oenluriea.  Tbese  Iccnd* 
an,  bowever,  ofdiflaait  data,  and  in  spite  of  the  comperativdjr 
hte  poiod  at  whicb  it  was  put '  "  ' 
Kmyai 


Thewl 
TjMiia;  that  ii  to  uy, 
GaDgca.  Tbe  record  i 
nowobuinaluUandi 

;  able  lo  liux  Ibe  i 


at  compoaed  in  Ibe  nonb  at 
eJLber  njrtb  or  a  lev  milei  uuth  of  the 
al  present  iuU  of  gapa.    fii 


first  elgbl 

ii  Mil]  pubbsning  two  vuuma  a  year:  ana  ue  Kuaan  Acaucnqr 
bas  inaugunted  a  aeriea  to  contain  tbe  nKst  imponant  of  tbe 
Saniluil  worka  still  buried  in  MS.  WehaveaboBowaccesnble 
ia  FUi  fourteen  volumca  ot  the  tommentaries  of  tbe  gnat  stli- 
cenlury  acbobi*  in  loulb  India  and  CCyhiD,  racot  of  ibem  tbc 
■orb*  either  of  Boddbaghwa  of  Budh  Caya,  or  of  Dhamnuiptla 
c(lUndpun(theaac>eiituanie«tCoa)eevento).  TheuantuU 
ol  impoTlanl  histoiicB]  data  on  tbe  social,  as  weU  as  the  religious, 
tile  of  India,  daring  (be  periods  of  which  they  treaL 

iladtn  Raiatck. — The  iirilung  archaeological  discoveries  ol 
ftcenl  yean  have  both  coDfinned  and  added  to  our  knonledge 
■E  the  catlicM  period.  Pre-eoiiiicnl  among  these  iiibc  ducoveiy, 
by  Mr  Williira  Peppf,  on  the  Biidpur  esute.  adjoining  the 
boundary  between  Engllih  and  Ktpalne  territory,  of  the  siDpa. 
o[caim,eTectedl>y  ibeStliiyaclan  over  Ihdr  sluie  of  iheubs 
tiom  the  CrtmatioD  pyic  ol  the  Buddha.  About  ii  m.  to  the 
Dorlh-eaat  of  this  spot  has  been  found  an  iiacribcd  pilu,  put  up 
by  Aioka  aa  a  leoud  of  Ms  visit  lo  tbe  Lumbioi  Caideii,  as  the 
[jaea  vbeR  Ibe  future  Buddba  hid  beta  boia.  Althougb  moie 
Ibaa  tvo  centuries  later  than  Ibe  event  to  vhlcfa  it  refcii.  this 
intdiplion  is  good  evidence  of  the  site  of  Lhe  garden.  Then  had 
been  no  inieirupiion  of  the  tradition;  and  it  ia  probable  that  the 
pUce  wst  then  still  occupinl  liy  the  descendants  of  tbe  powcsson 
ia  the  Buddha's  time.  North-west  of  this  aootberAHika  pi)bT 
bas  been  discovered,  recstding  his  visit,  to  tbe  cairn  erected  by 
tbeSakyasavcrtbereniainsolKonlganiana,aneol  tbc  previous 
Buddhas  or  teachov  whoae  foUover  Getama  the  Buddba  hod 
daimcdtobc.  Tbesedbcoveikailefinilelydelennineihedistricl 
oc^pied  by  the  StUya  nvnhlic  la  the  Uh  and  jih  centurica  a.c. 
Tbe  boundaries,  of  oounc,  ata  bM  known;  but  the  clan  mmt 
bave4Dejd3<>ni.ormo(<ah>B|ll)cli7«erslopeaaltbf  Himalgyaa 
lad  jB  n.  or  non  southmrda  over  the  ptaioa.  Il  has  been 
abaodoiwd  iaagm  liatx  the  jrd  ceatuiy  Ka.,  or  perhaps  csriieT', 
to  that  the  raiwd  ihes,  nunwroua  through  tbe  nbsle  dtstrkl, 
bavc  remaiDcd  undbtuibed,  and  furthei  diacovoca  mi^  be 


antbaniia  bs*  modified  Our  fcoowbdge   an  ■• 

n  leant  that  tbe  diviaien  of  Boddbiam,  — ■gi""™f 
nf.  into  DonhRn  and  iwiiheni,  ia  mideadiiig.     He 
in  hb  rUi  MSS.,  which  a 


mcntiodcdabDvebeitteTBattiicniaesaatbero.  Tbay ell dain^ 
and  ri^ttly  daiok,  to  bdong,  to  fat  aa  tbeir  place  ol  origiii  ia 
ooocei^d,  ta  the  liajjbima  Desa,  the  middle  connliy.  It  ia 
nadesiable  to  baae  Ibe  aiain  di*bioa  <d  out  sul^cct  on  aa  ad- 
venlitioas  Qnaunataiia,  and  cipcrially  to  wbeb  (be  BOBeDdaran 
(it  b  not  found  ia  the  boots  ibemadvcs)  enla 
trac  iiac  of  diviiiaD.  The  nse  of  the  tema 
ithem  at  anilied,  OM  W  tbe  ciistiBC  MSS.,  bat 
_  .  ooka,  o(  to  the  Boddhita  they  teach,  not  only 
doca  BM  bel^  us.  it  b  the  teom  of  serious  BHSundeisuodinc. 
It  inevitably  leada  eanlca  writers  M  lake  loi  panted  (hat  ■« 
have,  hbioricaHy,  two  BuddUtms — one  maatifacemcd  ia  Cejfe^ 
tbe  other  in  NepaL    Now  Ibia  b  admittedly  WMog.    WhU  «• 


.ycaliiimany.  MltatbqBitccertaiDbthatllteBMtwa, 
And  the  moat  useful  distinclion  (a  enwhtsiK  b,  not  thn 
ambJguDua  and  mialeadiug  geofapbical  aoic — derived  &am  the 
places  when  the  modem  eopsB  tt  the  USS.  are  fonnd;  nor  even, 
Iboii^  that  would  be  beuet,  the  linguistic  ont — but  the  thnao- 
hcicalosic.  Tknae.lliBetate.altbtinaccuialeand'iniskBdiac 
terms  nottbcm  and  aoutbem  ought  no  kagcT  to  be  f  oUowcd  in 
scholariy  wotlis  on  Boddhlnn. 

t.  Our  ideas  hs  to  tbc  social  cooditiona  that  pnvailed,  during 
the  Baddha's  lifetime,  in  the  eastern  valley  of  the  Cangta  have 
been  modified.    Hw  Iieople  wen  divided  into  dans,  many  ol 


caacsaevctal  of  such  republics  hat  fanned  oaMnatioaa,  and  ia 


monarchita.  The  rigbl  Mtletical  analogy  b  no(  the  atate  oil 
Germany  b  tbemiddle  ago.  but  the  aula  al  Greece  In  the  time  <i 
Socrates.  ThcSUdyaaweRilillartpublic.  They  had  icpuhliea 
lor  (hcit  nrighbonn  on  tbe  east  and  sooth,  bat  on  the  «eitcra 
boundary  ma  lhe  kiog^oB  of  Keaab,  the  modttn  Ondb,  wbick 
Ihcy  ackuowledRed  aa  a  sutenin  pama.  Tbt  BudAa**  lather 
wainotaking.  Therci>ieteiijasinlbcdan.battbewasriTDeaB( 
at  moat  aomelhing  like  conaul  or  aicbon.  All  tbc  foar  nn)  kings 
wen  called  Hahl'itja.  Ai^  Sufdhodana,  the  teacher's  tilber, 
waa  Dot  even  tlja.  (^  ol  bis  CDaainS,  namsl  Bhaddiya,  b 
styled  a  rlja(  but  Suddhndana  b  apokoi  of,  like  other  dtitcna, 
ai  Suddhodana  the  SiUyan.  As  the  anctcnt  boirits  art  vciy 
patticubr  on  thb  question  af  lillct,  iMs  b  decisive. 

}.  Then:  was  no  caste— no  calie.  that  Is.  in  the  DMdm  sense 
of  Ibe  tern.  Wc  have  long  kmmn  that  the  coanubinu  waa  (be 
cause  ot  a  long  and  deter^nedetruggle  between  the  palndans 
and  theplebeianaio  Rome.  Evidence  haabeoi  yearly  acramulal- 
ing  on  (Ib  cibleiKe  of  restridiana  at  to  inlermarrisse,  and  ai  lo 
the  rfghi  of  eating  logether  (commensallly)  amimg  other  Aryan 
Mibei,  Greeks,  Cenaans,  Russians  and  aa  on.  Even  wiibDo(  lhe 
iact  ik  tbc  ctbteate  now  of  such  restrictions  among  the  sioiicm 
aucoeasota  of  Ibe  aadent  Aryans  In  Indb,  it  would  have  been 
ptoboble  that  they  also  were  addicted  to  aimilar  euaioas.  Ii  b 
certain  that  the  notion  of  tnch  usages  waa  famSiBr  enough  lo 
aone  at  tentl  of  lhe  tribes  thai  pindcd  the  Aryans  In  India. 
Rubs  of  ouioganiy  aPd^iogamy  i  privifcges,  riairiclcd  to  certain 
classes,  of  eating  together,  an  not  only  Indian  ot  Aryan,  but 
wothuiride  pbcDoncna.  Both  the  spirit,  and  to  a  brge  degree 
lhe  actual  dHailm  of  moden  Indian  caale^isagta  ate  identical 


ih  tlioc  ucfcnl,  ind  no  doabt  ualnnil,  c 

cm  tlut  «e  have  the  key  to  Ihc  otigin  ol 
Al  tny  momenl  in  the  hiitoc]'  of  a  nilion  su 
1  supcr£cial  abMtvct,  to  bt  fiinl  and  imnul^ 


BUDE 

.     UislQ 


e  sum  up  under  the  ct 


sicjy  dependent 
cems  .table 


complioled  dFI>i!i 


spcoilaliata.  And  even  the  old  ideal  of  Me,  the  lalvaUon  ol  tlw 
Anhit  lo  be  won  in  ilis  world  and  in  this  world  only,  by  self- 
ralLure  and  jelf-Bmlery,  is  foIgotleI^*q^  mentioned  only  lo  be 
condemned.  The  end  was  inewitable.  The  needol  a  lepante 
oiganialion  became  Ie»  and  less  appaitnt  The  wiole  lanlheoa 
of  iht  Vedic  gods,  with  the  ccnmoniesand  the  sacrifices  associated 
with  them,  passed  indeed  away.  But  iheaocieul  Buddhism,  the 
party  of  reform,  was  nverwhelmed  also  in  its  iail:  and  modetn 
Hinduism  aiose  on  Ihe  mint  of.bolh. 


groups  in  which  e 


[ity  of  Ihe  panicul 
iroup  Ih^t  In  Ind 


Ihe  institution 


e  fact  thai  the  particutai 

an  in  Europe.    Bui  publi 


ystem-lhegnc 


lie  few  H 


:halan  at 


;  JiUia.  7  volt.,  *d.  Fuubilll, 
Mdenberg,  1879-1881;  Dlmm- 
;  ZKpjidniddu.  ed,  Cowell  and 
i  voh.,  i»aa-i«9;:  BiMia 
fb.  td.  TceDCkner.  IHo. 
Rbya  Davidi  and -Oldeabeis, 


of  the  syslem. 

There  is  no 

Buddhism  the 


whether  lightly  or  wrongly,  to  the  same  iour< 
tots,  and  oihcrs  besides,  are  leal  factors.    But  t 
on  and  gtoiftb,  not  eipUnationi  of  th 


ix  Mailer,  and  SUIa  Nitala. 
..  UiliwJm.  by  Rhyi  Davidi, 
u,  by  Rhya  Davidi.  lUI; 
la:  BmUiiM  UaMytna  Tau. 
all  Ibe  above  in  l£e  "  Saered 
.  by  Rhyi  Davids,  under  the 


evidence  to  show  Ihat  at  the  time  of  llie  rii 

barrien  in  question,  between  the  peoples  dwelling  in  the  vi 
of  the  Ganges  and  their  conleniporai;es,CrcckotRoinin,dwe 
on  the  shoreaof  the  Mediterranean  Sea.  The  point  of  giea 
weight  in  the  establishment  of  the  subsequent  development, 
supremacy  in  India  of  the  priest!,  was  still  being  holly  dcbi 
All  Ihe  new  evidence  lends  to  show  that  the  struggle  was  b 
decided  rather  against  than  lor  the  Brahmins.  What  we  fin 
the  Buddha's  lime  is  caslc  in  the  making.  The  great  mass  ol 
people  were  dislinguished  quite  roughly  inlo  four  classes,  s< 
slnta,  of  which  the  boundary  lines  were  vague  and  unceil 
At  one  end  of  th*  Kale  were  certain  outlying  tribes  and  cei 
hereditary  crafts  of  a  dirty  or  despised  kind.    At  the  c~' 


»]  Ihe  superiority.    But  Brahmi 


Ih  (nol 


e  trying  to  oust  Ihe  nobles  from  l^e  highest  gi 
iney  only  succeeded,  long  allerwards,  when  the  powc 
Buddhism  bad   declined. 

4.  li  had  been  supposed  on  the  authority  of  tale  priestly 
teats,  where  boasts  of  persecution  ate  put  forth,  that  the  cause 
the  decline  ot  Buddhism  in  India  had  been  Brahmin  peisecutio 
The  now  accessible  older  authorities,  with  one  doubtful  eice 
lion,'  make  no  mention  of  persecution.  On  Ihe  other  band,  11 
compuisoD  we  are  now  able  lo  make  between  Ihe  canonical  books 
of  the  older  Buddhism  and  Ihe  later  tents  of  the  followln; 

continual  approiimation  of  the  Buddhist  views  to  those  ol  th 
other  philosophies  and  religions  of  India. 


tU  Bvdilia,  by  Rhya  DaiHds, 

■    by  Neumann.  3  vols.,  1899-1 

Rhys  I>avidt.  1900. 

llaaiulB,  UgoograplK,  &e.~ 

'    "Oth  thousand,  loot:  Buddla, 

muiadi.  by  OMenbcre.  slh  1 

ri«  CiuhiebU  in  /mfmi.  by 

jimund  Hardy.  iSoo;  Amtri 

lavidi,  i89«;  Jmmelim  it  .  ., 

.  B8fi;  Afara  biid  Bitaiini,  by  Win  _  _  _ 

Rhy.  Davids  190J.  (T.  W.  R.  £ 

BUDB  IBUTUEUS),  OTIILLAnME  (1467-1140),  French  scholar, 
vas  bom  at  Paris.  He.wcnt  10  the  uoiverslly  of  Orleans  10  study 
aw,  bnt  for  several  yeais,  being  possessed  of  ample  means,  he 
i^d  sn  idle  and  dissipated  Ulc.    When  about  twenty-four  yean 

apid  progress,  particularly  in  the  Latin  and  Greek  languages. 

nu J.  _...i  _-...j  L-_„  gitaiesi  repuution  was  his  De  Am 

He 


■  ~„.  ....  ,...».  ^.^mo  BuUias. 
loi;  SudiOia  PiyiMoa,  by  Mrs 

-BaHkiim.  by  Rhys  I>avidi,  iidio. 
lei'n  £<Vn.  iiiK  Uhre  utuI  kiu 

Kem.'  ISSii  DtT  AuUAiiniii.  by 

a*    Uamra.   BiMlnlm.   by    Rhyi 

iialait,  by  Senan,  1  voli.,  i88i- 

"-th,   169;     -■■■■■■      ■ 


mbyFrai 


,  who  was; 


uadedbj 


»fofthes 


olthewt 


xthe 


_ .nenl,thec- 

in  Ihe  jrd  lentuty  B.C.,  of  AsoCa, 
the  most  powerful  ruler  India  had  had,  only  hastened  ihe  decline. 
The  ldhe«oii  of  brge  numbers  of  nominal  converts,  more  especi- 
ally fiom  the  newly  iocoipotated  and  less  advanced  provinces, 
produced  weaknesi  rather  than  atteogth  in  the  movement  for 
reform.  The  day  of  compromise  had  come.  Every  relaiation  of 
the  old  thotoughgoing  position  was  welcomed  and  supported  by 
converts  only  half  converted.  And  so  the  margin  of  difference 
between  ihe  Buddhists  and  their  opponents  gradually  faded 
■Imail  entirely  away,  tlw  loul  theory,  step  by  step,  gained 
■gain  the  upper  hand.  The  popular  gods  and  the  popular  tuper- 
Milioiis  an  once  more  favoured  by  Buddhists  Iheouehres.  The 
philosophical  basis  of  the  eld  ethics  ii  oveisbadowed  by  new 
■See  /nnul  t}  lie  Pali  Ttit  Stdtlj,  iS»«,  pp,  87-91. 


■IPa.i;bmUs^i),<L 


been  advised  by  iht 


1(  wai  also  the  author  of  AmolaKima  in  XXIV.  libra 
Paitdictaniiti  (1508),  which,  by  the  appliolfon  of  philology  and 
Y,  had  a  great  influence  on  the  study  of  Roman  law,  and  of 

[raphical  noles,  which  contributed  greatly  to  the  study  of 


fterwards  the 

Collfge  de  France 

and  the 

blcau,  which  w 

to  Par. 

and  was 

BibUotheque  N 

ationalc. 

He  akc 

Induced 

rintingin 

France,  which  had 

S33-    H 

byLoua 

ambassador  to 

UoX, 

and  in 

iftl  ttqulUi  an 

was  se 

vetal  tiir 

es  pMt 

fe  died  in  Pari,  on  the   13rd  0 

August 

iponded  with  the  most 
igst  them  Erasmus,  who  cal^  him 
the  marvel  ot  France,  and  TTiomas  More.  He  wrote  with  equal 
k  and  Latin,  although  Us  Latin  is  fnCeiior  10  hii 
Gitek,  being  somewhat  harsh  and  full  of  Greek  oonattuctians. 
His  i«qutat  that  ha  should  be  buried  it  night,  and  his  widow'* 
open  profetson  of  Proteslsatisn  at  Geneva  (where  ihe  letiHd 
after  his  death),  caused  fiim  to  be  suspected  of  leanings  towardt 
Calviniun.  At  the  thneof  the  massacre  of  Si  Baitholomew,  the 
of  his  family  wen  obliged  to  Aee  from  Fiance.  Soma 
ge  in  Switierland,  where  they  worthily  uphekl  Iht 
of  their  hoBse ,  while  otheii  icUled  in  " 
BuddeoiBu 


■dbyGoO^Il 


750 


BUDE— BUDGET 


SmUSoy.VHeC. Bmitti iiuo):  RebitU. C. BmO. 
D'Hc 


s.  La  Mail 


itBmUi\^D^taMe.%KUsn, 


III  fi907). 

DB,  B  mall  seaport  ud  viterinf-^ibcc  In  the  LaimccstoD 
imcslaiy  division  of  Coniin11,Eii^i], on  tlienonhcoulat 
outh  of  Ihe  nvir  Bude.  Witb  the  miukel  town  oT  Siralton, 
iaUnd  [0  the  cut,  It  forms  tlie  utfaaa  district  of  Stntlon 
^wiIbapopiilitiaD(i!)iii)af  ijoS.    BudeisKived' 


liD 

branch  irf  ihe  London  &  South-Wesiem  iiilwiy.  lu  only 
ootAblc  buildiDg  is  the  Eaily  English  pajish  diurch  of  St  Midiael 
ind  AU  Angela.  The  cLimate  is  healthy  and  Ihe  coast  acenery  ia 
the  neighbourhood  hne,  especially  towards  the  south.  There  the 
giganLic  cliffs,  with  their  banded  strata,  have  been  broken  into 
fantastic  forms  by  the  waves.  Maoy  slups  have  been  wrecked 
OD  the  jaegcd  reefs  whkh  fringe  (heir  base  The  figuie-head  of 
one  of  tbeie,  the  "  BenccUon,"  kst  in  iSSi,  b  preserved  in  the 
diDtctiyud.  The  bubour,  sbcllcred  by  a  breaknlcr,'  will 
it  vessels  of  30a  tons  at  bi^  water;  and  the  river  has  been 


danuaed  to  form  a  ba^  for  the  ornal  whi< 


stoUun 


S«m«  fisldngii  catitedon:  but  thesc^e  trade  b  the 
uiti,  *hicb,  belns  hffhly  charged  with  carbonate  of  lime,  is  much 
naed  lot  maDurc.  There  are  g<df  links  neii  the  town.  7^ 
Cunenta  in  the  bay  make  bathing  dangerous. 

tODSBLL,  EDSTACB  (16S6-173T).  EngUih  man  ol  letter*, 
the  ion  of  Dr  Cilberl  Budgell,  was  bom  on  the  19th  of  Augusc 
i636  at  St  Thooss,  neu  Eieler.  He  matriculated  in  170J  at 
Trinity  College,  Oiford,  and  alletwardi  joined  the  Inner  TWnpte. 
LondcHi;  but  instead  of  studying  law  ho  devoted  his  whole 
altenrion  to  literature.  Addison,  who  was  first  cousin  to  [lis 
mother,  befriended  him,  and,  on  being  appointed  secretary  to 
Lord  Wharton,  iord-lieutenant  of  Ireland  in  171a,  took  Budgell 
with  him  asoneof  the  clerks  o<  hisoffice.  Budgell  took  part  with 
Siede  and  Addison  in  writing  the  Talitr.  He  was  also  a  con- 
ttihutor  to  the  Sttclalar  and  the  CiunfuM,— his  papers  being 
marked  withan  X  in  the  lormer,  and  withanaiterisk  in  the  latter. 
He  ^tvaa  subsequently  made  Under-Secretary  to  Addtson,  chief 
secretary  to  the  lords  justices  of  Ireland,  and  depuly^deik  of  the 
council,andbecameamembcrof  the  Irish  parliament.  In  1717, 
when  Addison  became  principal  secretary  of  state  in  England, 
be  procured  for  BudgcU  ibc  place  of  accountant  and  comptroller- 
general  of  the  revenue  in  Ireland,  But  the  neit  year,  the  duke 
of  Bolton  being  appointed  lord-lieu lenaut,  Budgell  wrote  a 
Umpoon  against  E.  Webster,  hii  secretary.  Tba  led  to  his  being 
nmovcd  from  his  post  of  aaountant-genenl,  upon  which  he 
letumed  to  En^nd,  and,  contruy  to  the  advir«  of  Addison, 
published  his  case  in  a  pamphlet.  In  the  year  171a  he  lost 
ixfBo  by  the  South  Sea  scheme,  and  afterwaidi  q>ent  £5000 
morcinunsuccessfulattempls  toget  intopariiament.  Hebegarj 
to  write  pamphlets  against  the  ministry,  and  published  nisny 
{Mpcrsin  theCra/imun.  In  i7j]  he  started  a  weekly  periodical 
called  the  Ba,  which  be  continued  for  more  than  a  hundred 
Bumben.  By  the  will  of  Matthew  'Hndal,  the  deist,  who  died  in 
I7U.  a  Ie9<7  of  >ooo  fuintas  was  left  to  Budgelli  but  (he 
bequest  (which  had,  it  was  alleged,  been  ins^led  in  the  will  by 
Budgell  hlmsclO  was  successfully  disputed  by  Tindal's  nephew 
and  nearest  heir,  Nicholas  Tmdal,  who  irandaled  and  wrote  a 
CtnUniaiiiMi  of  the  HUUry  ej  Enfant  of  Paul  de  Rapio-Tboyraa. 
Hence  Pope's  lines — 

"  Let  Budtell  diane  low  Cmb  Sinet  on  hi*  quHl, 
And  write  whateVr  ht!  pkinJ    eicept  his  wilL   ' , 
Budgell  ia  saM  to  have  soK  Ac  Koond  nhSBC  of  Tindal'*  CJMiIi- 


Oa  the  41b  of  Uay  I7J7,  af m  filliig  Us  pudeli 
tn«kabaMBtSDmenc(-Mtiri,aDdiiAile  ths.boat  was  puung 
Mdcrtlwbridia  threw hbnMU into  the iher..  Oahiadgiltwu 
famd  ■  lUp  of  paper  wttk  Om  wotda— "  What  Cato  did,  ud 


oITbeophciilDi.  HeDm«BiaiiUd,bMU(ttBiiimldMi(lilcr, 
Anne  Eustace,  «bo  became  an  actraa  at  Dnuy  Lane. 

S«  CMn^  Ltei  ^Of  PaeU ,  vol  *, 

BUDOBT  (originally  from  a  Gallie  wwd  meanuig  ia<^  latbt* 
lied  as  hifgo,  leather  wallet  or  bag,  tbcnee  In  O.  Ft.  iesgdte, 
from  which  the  Eng.  form  is  derived),  the  name  ^^ilied  to  an 
account  of  the  ways  and  means  by  which  the  income  and  ex- 
penditure for  a  definite  period  are  to  be  balanced,  geneiallj  bf 
a  hnance  minister  for  liis  state,  or  by  analogy  for  wniOf^  bodies.' 
The  lenn  first  came  into  use  in  England  about  1760.  In  the 
United  Kingdom  the  chancellor  of  the  exchequer,  ttstialty  la 
April,  lays  t>efore  the  House  of  Conunona  a  statement  of  the 
actual  results  of  revenue  and  expenditure  In  the  past  fioaiKC 
year  (now  ending  hfsrch  31),  showing  bow  Sti  bis  estimates  have 
been  realiied,  and  what  surplus  or  defidt  there  has  besi  in  the 
income  as  compared  with  the  eapcndititie^    This  It  aconnpuied 

of  what  the  produce  of  the  (evesne  may  be  In  the  year  Jiot 
entered  upon,  supposing  tfie  tint  and  duties  to  lemain  ns  th^ 
were  in  the  past  year,  and  *!•>  no  eatlmate  of  wbat  the  ex- 
penditure will  be  in  the  current  year.  If  the  «n*riHat*i<  revenue, 
after  allowing  for  normal  increase  of  the  principal  fourrca  of 
income,  be  less  than  the  estimated  expenditure,  this  ia  deoned 
a  case  for  the  Imposition  ol  some  new,  or  the  increase  o(  soiDe 
eiisting,  tu  or.taies.  On  the  otber  hand,  if  the  estimaied 
revenue  shows  a  large  stui>Ias  over  tbe  estimated  expenditure, 
there  is  room  for  remitting  or  reducing  tome  tax  or  taxes,  and 
the  extent  of  this  relief  is  generally  limited  to  the  amount  oi 
surplus  realised  in  the  previous  year.  The  chancetlof  of  the 
exdkcquer  has  to  lake  parliament  into  confidence  on  his  estimates, 

are  prepared  hy  the  various  departments  of  the  adminlttratioii. 
Tiiey^are  divided  into  two  parts,  the  consolidated  fund  tervicca 
and  the  supply  services,  the  fiisl  comprising  the  dvil  list,  debt 
charge,  pensions  and  coiurts  of  justice,  while  the  "mpply* 
includes  the  tenuioing  eipcudltnre  of  the  country,  as  the  amy, 
the  navy,  the  civil  service  and  revenue  departments,  the  post- 
office  and  telegraph  services.  The  consolidated  fund  aenjcea 
are  an  annual  charge,  £led  by  statute,  and  alterable  only  by 
statute,  but  the  supply  services  may  be  gone  through  In  detail, 
item  by  item,  by  the  House  of  Commons,  whicb  forma  itself 
In  to  a  committee  of  supply  for  the  purpose.  Tliese  items  can  be 
critidied,  and  reduced  (but  not  increased)  by  amendments 
proposed  by  private  members.  The  committee  of  ways  and 
means  (also  a  committee  of  the  wbde  House)  votes  the  supplies 
when  granted  and  originates  all  laiex.  The  resolutions  of  these 
commineet  are  reported  To  the  Bouse,  and  when  the  taxation 
and  expenditure  obtain- the  assent  of  parliament,  the  results 
as  thus  adjusted  become  the  final  budget  (stimate  for  the  year, 
and  are  passed  as  the  Finance  Act.    This  system  of  *niiin| 


i  adjust 


It  o[  the  F 


in  the  British  colonies,  but  in  British  India.  The  Indian  budget, 
giving  the  results  of  income  and  expenditure  in  the  yen  ending 
jiat  oF  December,  and  the  prospective  csllmales.  Is  laid  before 
the  imperial  parliament  In  the  coutse  of  the  ensuing  sessioa. 

The  budget,  though  modified  by  different  forms,  has  also  long 
been  practised  in  France,  the.  United  Stales,  and  other  const  it  u. 
tional  counlries,  and  has  in  some  cases  been  adopted  by  autocratic 
Powers.  Russia  began  the  publication  of  annual  budgets  ia 
tfE66^  Egypt  has  followed  the  example;  so  also  bas  Turkey, 
by  an  imperial  decree  ol  1815.  AH  countries  agree  hi  Uking  a 
yearly  period,  but  the  actual  date  of  commencement  vniies 
considerably.  TheCermanandDanishfinancialytar.likethalof 
the  United  Kingdom,  begins  on  the  tst  of  April;  in  France, 
Belgium  and  Austria,  it  begins  on  the  ist  of  January;  In  Italy, 
Spain,  the  United  Slates  and   Canada,  on  the  ist  Of  July. 


imon  word  lor  a  despatch 
pert  were  kept.  The  thancrilor  ol  the 
10  "  open  lua  bpagu  ".when  hi       *    " 


bAiOo^lc 


BUDItn— BUENAVENTURA 


75« 


FRTiiiBiIy  la  i8j>,  hmrnr,  tlu  Eogliili  fiMadiJ  yaar  nui  fnun 
the  ist^  janutrytotliejislot  Dccecabcr. 

It  auy  bt  mcRiiantd  ttut  DiincU  introduced  •  biuHget 
(en  vliidi  be  wu  defetted)  in  the  luiunn  of  iSjt;  uid  in 
tS6o,  oainc  to  lie  ntiScatkia  U  the  conuoeiciaJ  tmty  vith 
Fiuice,  the  budfet  wu  bitroduud  on  the  loth  of  Febmuy. 
Id  i8j9,  thrauEh  ■  change  of  idBkinistnitDn,  the  bud^t  vu  aol 
iDtt«daced  until  the  iBth  of  July,  while  in  iSSo  there  vcn  two 
bad^t,  one  introduced  in  Mircb  under  D  iaudi^a  adminiatimtwn, 
ud  the  other  in  June,  under  GLadilcnc^i  Bdminiitnliau 

Nulioul  budgeuus  to  be  discrinunated  (i)  as  budgetl  pasting 
under  pailiamentary  jciutiny  and  debate  ftom  year  to  year, 
■nd  (3)  budgets  emitted  on  executivr  authority.  In  nwat  coo- 
ititutional  couninea  the  proctdun  is  Bomcvbat  of  a  ineaa 
between  the  citremcs  of  the  United  Kingdam  and  the  Unittd 
Sutet.     In  the  United  Kingdom  the  budget  i>  placed  by  the 

lion  except  by  the  cabinet,  and  it  i>  sciutioiteil  by  the  Hoiin 
dlling  ai  a  committee;  in  the  matority  of  cnuniries,  however, 
the  budget  undeigoa  a  preliniinaty  eamtulioo  by  a  q>edallT 
■elected  committee,  whicli  bis  the  power  to  make  dntiic  changn 
in  the  propoiali  of  Ibe  oecutive.  In  the  United  States,  on  the 
Mhcr  hand,  the  budget  pitctically  emanaiei  from  CongKsa, 

lative  deptilmenu.  Tlie  estimates  prepared  by  the  varioui 
cncutivedepBitmcnUireiubiniltedtolhcHoiBeaC  Representa- 
tives by  the  lecrelary  of  the  treasury.  With  these  olimates 
tm  Kpuatc  committeei  deal.  The  committes  on  vayi  and 
means  deals  with  taxation,  and  the  committee  on  ■ppn^niatloni 
with  eipendilute.  The  latter  committee  is  divided  into  v*iioia 
lyb-committecs,  each  oi  which  brings  is  an  ai^rapilatioo  bill 
for  Ibe  departmeq  t  or  subject  with  which  it  is  charged. 

There  are  also,  in  all  the  gtealei  counttiet,  tool  and  manlclpal 
UutHns  and  Bipendituiesof  only  lets  account  than  the  natioaal. 
In  federal  governments  auch  H  the  United  Statet,-  the  Ooman 
cmiHie,  01  the  Argentine  rrpubbc,  the  budfeta  of  the  Kvenl 
itaiet  of  Ibe  federation  have  to  be  csniulled,  u  well  u  the 
federal  budgets,  for  a  know hrdge of  IhefiniiKes. 

. ,7 ,^  Bndtcl.  i™  liUoirt  rf  K*mla»itmt 

lalive  ttudy  of  the  budgets  of  difEerci^t 

BMia  ■«  amdlUnclll  (liSi):  Scndcl,  OStr  Budttlreckt  (iBqa)! 
BOHHI,  U  ContrlU  itl  WfUI  n  Fratct  H  i  rAnncrr  (iSvili 
BanatJc,  Fnitic  FiMMO  fud  ed..  isoj):  Eupw  E.  Agser,  fit 
endta  n  HmiriMn  CMiMMtwoMk]  (riew  York.  1907). 

BDSUn,  an  andent  nation  in  the  N.E.  ol  the  Scylhia  (q.v.) 
of  Hefodotu»(iv.  ai,  108, 109),  probably  on  the  middle  couiMof 
the  Volga  about  Samara.  They  are  described  as  light-eyed  and 
ted-hi|red,  and  lived  by  buaiiog  in  their  thick  lotsts.  They 
were  piobably  Finns  of  the  branch  now  represented  by  tbc 
Votiaks  and  Fermiaks,  forced  northwards  by  later  inuoigianls. 
In  theii  country  m-as  a  wooden  city  inhabited  by  a  distinct  race, 
the  Ccloni,  who  seem  to  have  ^uken  an  Indo-European  tongue. 
Later  writers  add  DoUiing  to  our  knowledge,  and  lie  chiefly 
nitereaied  In  the  tanadus,  an  animal  which  dwelt  in  the  woods 
of  the  Budim  and  Kerns  to  have  been  the  reindeer  (Aristotle  ap. 
ȣ]ta,Hiil.Anin.KV.i<i.  (E.  H.  M.) 

BDDWSS  (Cteeh  Btdfinia).  a  town  ol  BoImcIb,  AnMtk, 
to  n-  5.S.W,  ei  Prague  by  rail.  Pop.  (i»oo)  wfiiO-  I<  i> 
filiated  at  the  junction  of  Ibe  Malttch  with  the  Motdau,  which 
hoe  becDmes  navigable^  and  pcsaeuei  a  beautiful  iquani,  lined 
with  Sneanadedbuildiots,  the  ptlocQial  one  being  Ihelown-lial], 
bnilt  la  i7jo  in  ReniistaBC*  style.  Other  inlareatiag  buiUinga 
ue  Ibe  catbe^nl  with  iti  detached  lower,  dating  ftom  tjao, 
■nd  tbe  Maiien-Kinhe  with  fine  doistei*.  Budweis  baa  •  luge, 
varied  and  gntrinc  bKhntry,  which  annpiisea  Iha  maaulactun 
of  cbeucak,  matcba,  paper,  uadihMiy,  bricka  and  tUct,  oon 
and  ttw  nlUi,  boat-building,  bell-foonding  and  Uick-lead  pencili. 
It  ii  tbc  principal  cooimeidal  centre  of  South  Bohnnia,  beincan 
impoittBt  laflway  juKlion,  at  well  a*  a  river  port,  and  carrieaon 
a  laqe  trade  in  corn,  timber,  lifiiite,  nit,  indiBtrial  pnducuaitd 
beer,  the  latter  mostly  exported  10  America.  It  i*  the  Me  of  a 
bbbop  riDca  17SJ.  andialbtotntre  of  a  Ccnoan  «Ktav«  ia  Ciecb 


(l»S9).w 


r.\t"b. 


BdKBda.  Biittb*Cuchd«a«B(ItUMdll)'&)crariD|,aiMltha 
populatico  of  the  town  was  bi  igoS  io%  CiedL  Tie  railway 
(ron  Budwcii  to  Una,  laid  in  1S17  for  bot*e.<ars,  was  Ibe  £nt 
line  coutntcud  in  Aniliia.  AlittlotothBUorth,iB  Ihe  Uoldis 
vaQey,  itands  Ibe  bcautlfit  (aitla  of  FraueDbog,  bdonging  to 
Prince  Schwanenbeis.  It  lUnda  on  tbe  tit*  fotmerly  occupied 
by  a  ijth-centuiycasUe,  and  was  boat  Id  the  middle  of  Ihot9lta 
century,  after  Ibe  model  of  WlndNcCiMle.   . 

Tlie  old  town  «f  Bodweii  mi  faoaded  In  tbe  I jth  ceutury  by 
Budinj  Vllkovee,  lalket  of  ZivH  of  Falkenatdn.  In  1165 
Ottokar  U.  founded  the  new  town,  tAidi  wai  loaa  afterward 
created  aiayalcity.  Char  lea  IV.  andUatoC  WenffalinigtintaJ 
the  town  many  prlvBegci.  Althoo^  mainly  CatboUc,  Bodwefa 
declared  for  King  Gectg*  Podibiad,  an)  in  1468  vaa  taken  by 
the  cnaaden  under  Zdonko  tt  Stoibei^  From  thia  time  the 
town  naialiied  faithful  to  (he  toya)  eaine,  and  in  t^T  waa  gcanted 
by  the  emperor  Fertiaand  the  |ld*fl<|«  of  nnUng  at  the  diet 


BDBU.  DM  CARLO*  (iSeS-iM).  A 
lMninearUaiiella.<Aio,oiil]ie>i>dc^Harchi8iB.  UegradD- 
ated  at  WcM  Point  in  1A41,  and  ai  a  company  eSoer  of  hifaatry 
took  part  In  the  Semiwd*  Waref  ia4i-4i  and  the  Mexican  Wax, 
dutlBi  whkh  be  was  preKst  M  almoat  all  the  battleafoufht  by 
Genetab  Taylor  and  ScotI,  wuming  the  brewt  ol  captain  at 
Monterey,  and  that  <d  mcjocat  CoatKns.CfaBnibDscD,  whaielic 
wai  wounded.    Frmn  iSit  to  1861  ho  pcriormed  variont  ItaS 

of  the  Qtil  War U  waa  appointed  lieutenaut.«ieBd  on  the  I  ilh 
ol  Iday  1S61,  hripdler-genenl  ci  vohinlMfi  a  (ewdiyalatBT,  and 


tleeatanicatioikandtniBingof  the  Amy 
of  the  (Aio  (tubMqaeittlr  of  tha  Combccland),  whkk  to  the  taid 
of  Ita  career  retained  aitandardof  dtwlpltna and  effldmiyedy 
sBTpasaedbythat of thaAnuyoltbaPatoaaac,  lutbaa^mt 
of  lU)  BticU  foUoned  Ibe  letBJnf  CaaMeiaUi  mder  Sidney 
Johntlom  and  appcand  im  the  Aeld«f  SUek  (f.K)  at  tbcaud  of 
IheSntday'aGgidlns.  On  Uw  falnwiBg  day,  nidod  by  Bncll^ 
freihandnll-tninedtTmy,GnateBfdedallb(totabiaL  Bud 
lubHqnently  lerred  under  Halteck  in  tha  advance  en  Carinlli, 
and  in  tbe  aatamn  commanded  in  Uw  campaign  in  Kcatucky 
Bgafaist  Bragg.  After  a  period  of  mawBiviing  !n  which  BieU 
scarcely  h^  hb  own,  tU*  vdtualb'  ended  in  the  indedaivB  battle 
of  PmyviUe.  Tbe  alleged  tnnUana  of  lils  poisuit,  and  bis 
objection  to  a  plan  of  campal^  eadscd  by  iIh  Waahhucton 
autberitiei,  brought  afaant  BueU'a  removal  fron 
With  all  Ui  lifu  aa  an  orgaaimr  and  discii^nai 
haughty  bi  bia  dealings  with  tbe  dvfl  anthoritim,  and,  in  high 
command,  he  ihowed,  on  the  wbol^  imnecamaiy  taidinem  of 
movemeni  and  an  uiler  dioegard  for  the  nqoiiBDents  of  th* 
pditical  aitoatlon.  Moreover,  ai  Ucdtllan^  .friend,  holding 
similar  viewi,  advene  piditically  ta  tbe  adminittnlioa,  lie  nfleied 
byHcCklkn'sdi^acemenl.  n«compUinlimadeaiainitUm 
were  investigated  in  i86t-i{6],'  but  the  letult  of  tlie  Invcuiga- 
lion  was  not  published.  SubKqiWBlly  he  was  oacred  milituy 
cmph^mcot,  which  lie  decliaed.  He  tcaigned  bit  vohmlier 
commioion  In  Hay,  and  Kb  rcgubi  eoumbiion  in  June  iMa. 
tie  WW  ptaUenl  ^  Green  River  innvorfcs  <iMf-i(To),  and 
subaeqvtntly  encaged  in  variOBS  minbig  cnleipiites;  ha  served 
(igSS-iaat^aapeMiDnageotatUnkville.  He  died  near  Kodi- 
pert.  Kentudgr.on  the  191b  of  Nonmbet  1898. 

BmatAVnTUKA, «  PadSc  port  of  Colombia,  in  the  depait- 
nent  of  Cauct,  about  (lo-m.  W.&W.  of  Bogoti.  Pi^  about 
tno.  The  town  b  situated  on  a  small  iskad,  caDcd  Catcajal, 
at  the  head  of  a  broad  estuary  or  bay  pisjccting  mltod  from  Ibe 
Bay  of  CbocA  and  10  m.  from  ita  mouth.  lb  geographlial  psai- 
-tionisbt,  j''48'N.,lDng.T7*ii'W.  Tbeatuatyiidecpeniiaglt 
for  veiacb  of  u  ft.  draught  and  aDordi  an  cinUeni  harbour. 
Boenavtntma  J*  •  port  a{  ctU  lor  two  Uaeaof  tteamn  (Entfbb 


'WKNOS  AIRSS 


■ad  Gentun),  Bnd  k  the  Coloenlitui  linding-pUet  of  tbc  Wat 
Cout  able.  The  lown  li  nean  in  appearance,  and  hai  a  very 
unbeallby  diinate,  oppmsivdy  hot  and  honud.  It  it  the  pen 
for  the  upper  bssin  of  the  CaiKii,  an  elevated  and  tenUc  region. 
with  two  large  comnieidal  cenlrei,  Popiyta  and  CilL  In  1907 
k  railway  wu  ander  constniclioa  to  Ike  lutec,  and  an  eiHoiion 
to  Bogoll  wai  alio  projected. 

BUENOS  AIRES,  a  maritime  pnivfnce  of  Argentina,  South 
America,  bounded  N.  by  tiie  province  of  Santa  Ft  and  Entie 
ttios,  B.  by  the  laller,  the  La  t'lata  eatuary,  and  the  Atlantic. 
S.  by  tbe  Atlantic,  and  W.  by  the  lerritariei  (tibetnatSma)  Df 

Suts  Ft  Its  area  ii  ti7,Kii  >q.  n,,  rnaUng  it  the  4a[gest 
piovince  of  the  npublic  It  ii  abo  the  most  populous,  eren  «- ' 
dnding  (he  ftdEnl  district,  an  oSdal  estimate  ol  tgos  giving  It  > 
popuU>Iioar>f  i,i5i,Ma  Although  it  bu  a  irontagc  of  over  90am'. 
DD  the  La  Plata  and  the  AlUnllc,  the  piovince  hu  but  fev  good 
naiunl  porta,  the. beat  bring  Babia  BUnca,  wbere  the  Argentine 
tovtmmenl  baa  consuucied  a  naval  pon.  and  Eojenadji  {t» 
Plata),  where  eitenaive  artlbcdal  ba^iu  have  been  cooflltufted 
for  the  reception  ol  occan-gojng  ateamen.  '  San  Ntootaa  in  tbe 
cxtnae  north  has  a  fairly  good  river  port,  irtiile  at  Buenoa  ALre« 
■  ceatly  utilidal  port  hu  been  conatnicted. 

In  ita  genenl  aapect  the  pnivliice  tornu  a  part  of  the  great 
ticekai  plain  entending  tram  lb*  Atlantic  ind  La  Hats  ettuary 
wcalwurl  to  the  Andes.  A  (rtnge  <rf  amilU  tingled  wood  coven 
the  lowrivrr  banlu  anddelio  region  of  the  Parani  between  Sen 
Nimlis  and  Buenos  Aires;  tbencc  soBtfamatd  to  Bahia  BUnu 
tbc  seashore  is  low  and  sandy,  wkh  a  zojieol  lagoons  and  partialiy 
lufamerged  lands  imraedtalely  behind.  Tbe  aoutb.«afltera  arkl 
ecDtral  ports  of  the  prtivince  are  low'and  m^^hy,  and  that 
eflectivedrainagc  has  long  been  an  urgent  pAjblam.  Twaangea 
ol  bw  siountalni  extend  partly  across  tbe  soutbem  part  ol  the 
province — the  fint  Irom  Mar  de[  Plata,  on  the  coast,  in  a  nortb- 
«aat  direction,  known  al  diflereni  paints  as  tbe  Sierra  del  ViJcin 
(Sft5 ft),  Siens  de  Tindil  {1416  ft),  and  Sinra  B>ya,  and  the 
•tentd  and  iborter  range  neoier  Bahia  Bland,  taving  tbe 
MBW  gHkeal  direction,  known  nt  diflennt  points  U  the  Sietra 
FiUihuiDCO  and  Stem  de  U  VenUna  {Has  ft.}.  Tbe  coonliy  h 
ncIl  wateicd  with  auiDerous  likH  and  sinalf  rivers,  tbe  largest 
liver  being  the  Bio  Sabdn  del  Sud,  wbicta  rJKt  near  the  north' 
■otem  boundiiy  and  Sows  entirely  laaa  the  praviua  In  ■ 
itnth^asleily  dincijan  ulth  a  course  of  about  360  m.  The  Rio 
Colorado  crosses  the  oiirene  naibem  eitension  of  the  province, 
•  diatance  of  about  80  m.,  biA  ita  mouib  is  obstructed,  and  lu 
lower  course  is  subject  to  occasiooal  drvutraas  inundatiftru. 

Cattle-raising  nator^y  became  tb*  principal  industry  of  tbto 
legioD  3o<)n  after  its  setlleiDeBI  by  ibe  Spanliids,  and  ibeep- 
niiing  on  ■  profitable  ba^  was  devriiqied  about  the  middle  frf 
the  igth  century.  Toward  the  end  of  thai  umtury  tbe  exports 
dl  wonl,  llve-stodi  and  dressed  meats  reoebed  enormous  pro- 


Butter  and  Cheese- 
Ignble  prominence  in  Ibe  province 
■ince  iBgo.  uid  butter  bu  become  an  article  of  export.  Lillte 
■tlCBtinn  bad  been  given  tocertalaupto  1S75,  but  subsequently 
amgetic  cBort*  were  mde  to  iBcroic  the  production  of  whest, 
Indian  com.  Unseed,  barley,  a*ts  and  illalla,  so  that  by  tbc  end 
•f .  the  cmtury  the  eipotls  of  wheat  and  Bour  bad  reached  s 
canaidanble  value.  In  18^5  there  were  ],4ooMa  acres  under 
cultivation  in  Oic  prOTinee,  and  in  1900  tbe  area  devotol  to 
wbeat  nkiiie  aggregated  1,9(0,000  acre*.  Fruit-gnwlng  also 
biaBudegoodpngresa,  espcdinyontbeiabadsoftbc  Psrani 
ddu,  and  Argentine  pe»rt>e«,  peus,  stnwbenitn,  gtifita  and 
6g>  are  hi^y  appRdated. 
The  naviption  of  Ibe  Farant  is  nt  all  tlon  diBcolt,  ud  to 
brthslaigeroceaiy^ngateUMn.  Tbe gieiMr part 
le  of  tbe  BDitbem  and  wetwn  provloca,  tberelarc, 
thao^  the  port)  fttBuesot  Aba  ud.Eu«B*d>,Bl 


I  an  ImtDCnse  volume  of  business  h  concentrated.  All  Ac 
liunl  railways  of  the  republic  pass  [hniugh  the  pntvincc 
onvetge  at  ileic  potts,  and  from  them  a  number  of  Inrts- 
jc  steamship  lines  carry  away  the  products  of  its  fertBe 
■oil.  The  province  ia  also  Lliemiy  supplied  with  hrancb  rut 
ways.  Intbefarsouththenewportof  BahiaBlanca  has  becnme 
pTominent  in  tbe  export  of  wool  and  wbeaL 

Tbt  principal  dries  and  towns  of'  tbe  province  (apart  froD 
Bnenos  Aires  and  its  suburbs  of  Belgrano  and  Flares)  irv  its 
capital  La  Plata;  Babia  Blana.  San  Nicolas,  a  river  port  on 
the  Parani  i  JO  m.  by  rait  north-west  of  Buenos  Aires,  with  a 
population  (1901)  of  ij.ooo;.  Carapana  {pop.  ^19  in  1895). 
the  tanner  river  port  ol  Buenos  Aires  on  one  of  the  channels  ol 
the  Puani,  ji  a.  by  nB  nonh-west  of  that  dty,  and  the  site 
ol  the  fiiM  faeiory  in  Argentina  UtSj)  for  freedng  mutton  lor 
export;  tThivilcoy.-in  Important  interior  town,  with  a  population 
(1901)  of  15,000;  Perganino  (9540  In  1B9S),  a  notthem  Inland 
railway  ctnira;  Mar  del  Plata,  «  popnlar  snislde  resort  750  m. 
by  rail  south  of  Boeoos  Aires;  Aiul  (9194),  Tandfl  (joS8), 
Cbasa>mas(56«T),MercedH(9i69),andBarracasalSud  (10,185), 
once  the  centre  of  the  Jetted  heel  indsstrin. 

The  eerly  history  of  the  province  ol  Buenoa  Alrei  was  a  stragfle 
for  supremacy  over  tbe  other  provinces  for  a  period  of  two 
gehcrations.  Its  large  extent  of  territory  was  secured  through 
successive  additions  by  conquest  of  adjoining  Indian  territories 

Aires  beeame  a  province  of  tbe  Confederation  in  tSio,  and 
>dopiedscoB5tituiioniniSj<,  which  provides  for  its  administra- 
tion by  1  governor  and  legislature  ol  two  chambers,  both  dmsCB 
by  popular  vote.  An  unsiKreotuI  revolt  in  iSflo  against  the 
nalioral  govemmenl  led  la  the  fed^rflJizatlon  of  the  dty  of 
Buenos  Aires,  and  the  setedion  of  La  FTata  as  the  provincia] 
capital,  tbe  republic  uauraing  the  public  indebtedness  of  the 
provinces  at  that  time  as  an  indemnification.  Before  tbc  new 
capital  was  firushed,  however,  tbe  province  had  incurred  further 
liabilities  of  ten  millions  steriing,  and  has  since  then  been  greatly 
handicapped  in  its  devrlopnunt  in  consequence.      (A.  J.  L.) 

BUENOS  AIRES,  a  dty  and  port  of  Argentina,  and  capital  tH 
(he  republic,  in  34*  ]fl' 11' S.  lat.  and  58°  11' J3' W.  long.,  on  the 
west  sbareoflheLaPlataestnaiy,  about  IS  J  m.  above  its  mouth, 
and  117  m.'  W,  by  N,  from  Montevideo.  The  estuary  al  that 
pidnl  is  J4  m.  wide,  and  so  shallow  that  vessels  can  enter  the 
docks  only  through  arllAdal  chaunds  kept  open  by  constant 
dredpng.  Pleviously  to  tbe  construction  of  the  new  port,  ocean- 
going vessels  of  over  15  ft-  draught  were  compelled  to  anchor  in 
the  outer  loids  some  ti  m.  from  the  dty,  and  camraonication 
with  the  shore  was  effected  by  means  of  steam  tenders  ami  small 
boats,  connecting  with  long  landing  piers,  or  with  carts  driven 
out  from  the  beach.  The  city  is  huilt  upon  an  open  grassy  pUla 
extending  inland  from  the  banks  of  the  estuary,  and  north  from 
the  Riachucio  or  Matanzas  river  where  the  "Boca"  pott  ii 
located.  Its  average  elevation  is  about  6j  ft.  above  sea.lcvd. 
The  fefleral  district,  Rhlch  indudes  the  dly  and  its  suburbs  and 


risq.  n 


tion  of  the  new  port  and  reclamation  of  con^derable  areas  of  the 
shallow  wain  frontage,  tbc  area  of  the  dty  has  been  greatly 
eitended  below  the  line  of  the  original  estuary  bonks.  The 
streets  of  the  old  dty,  which  are  narrow  and  laid  out  to  endose 
rectangular  blocks  of  uniform  slK,  run  nearly  parole!  with  Ibe 
cardinal  poinu  ol  the  compass,  bul  Ihll  i^an  Is  not  doscty 
followed  in  the  new  additions  and  suburbs.  This  uniformity  in 
plan,  comtaned  with  the  level  ground  and  tbe  style  of  buildings 
hmt  erected,  gave  to  the  dty  an  extremely  monotonous  and  uo- 
[nlaeating  appearance,  but  with  its  growth  in  wealth  and  popula- 
tion, greater  divenity  -and  belter  tute  In  atddtccture  have 

Tbe  prevaDing  style  of  doRKBtlcarchiieeliire  is  that  introduced 
ham  Spain  and  used  throughout  all  Hk  Spat 
grouping  of  ono-s(orey  bundings  round  dh  or 
open  on  the  street  through  a  wide  doorway.    These  re 
havt  bnvily  barred  windnm  on  the  at  -  -  . 


BUENOS  AIRES' 


wealthy  loidgMR,  ind  the  intcodBCtion  ol  lonigB  oMoB 
■sd  fondgn  cdtute,  have  fnulully  nwdiliwl  tli>  Ujde  el  ■ 


■domed  with  mtnj.  cntly  iiul  attnctba  pablic  adifias  ud 

tha  pravailiBC  Kyk.  Tha  Avnida  Ahr  ii  paWiaalirly  wiud 
tar  Ihc  eicgiire  of  iu  pania  nsdaica,  and  the  nnr  A«nlda 
do  Hayo  lor  lu  dafdiiy  ol  dabonUly  (nnaineiitcd  public  and 
Inainesi  edifice*,  ^AUb  Uh  mbmbm  dhliirti  of  Bdgnao  and 
Flotes  an  djitagilriied  fv  tin  aEtMOivaia*  of  tbdr  cooMiy- 
faooM*  and  (udna.  A  pait  ol  tlia  popnlatioa  i>  inUly  ovcr- 
ciovded,  OH-fiftli  UvJng  in  tianatillni,  or  tenenKM^ooM*. 
AHMBg  llu  dty^  many  ffoMt,  V  aqoani.  twdva  an  eqwdillj 
1.  via.:    *5  da  Uayo  (fonat^  VicWrii)  oa 


75J 


Then  an  aliD  two  daboaldy  laid  oU  oIm 

Uw  Pano  de  Julia,  the  latter  <m  tfce  ilver  fnot  ud  putkily 

ahonbcd  by  the  new  port  voriu,  aad  the  pot  puk  at  McnM, 

oSdalb'  called  3  da  Febten^  lAlch  '™"*'—  840  aocs,  beaad- 

lully  laid  out  in  dnve*,'  footpathi,  lawn^  gudem  and  utificiil 

lakn.    InaU,  theftouandpailjof  BiKDca  Aitciconraiiana 

«f«6oaci». 

The  cathednl,  vUcb  it  cue  of  the  iaistat  in  Sauh  Ameilca, 
dating  from  i7ji,KsembJa  the  Uadeldne  of  Patli  in  doign,  and 
ita  ■^■— ■'■«'  portico  fadof  the  Ptea  15  de  Uiyo  hat  nielTc 
atatdy  Corinttnan  cduniit  nqiportini  an  dalxntdy  leuIptoRd 
pediment.  The  ardibitbop^  palaca  (Bntnoi  Alna  becaSH  an 
atchiqiiKcpal  tea  in  iSCd)  adiaini  tha  cathedraL  Tlwe  an 
about  tweatj-fin  Booaa  Catlmtic  cfamdie*  in  the  dly,  one  of 
It  papslai- of  vfaich  b  the  Mened  on  CaHe 
but  FntcMani  fhiirrhri  Fniliih.  ScMtiih 
L  Metboditt  and  Gennan  Lntheran. 


_    _  Bt  tgr  fifteen  wdlnvpointtd  hoqalali, 

havinc  an  agiractta  of  i6as  beda,  and  ticatiBg  lifioo  patitnli 
annually.  Of  '^o't  fi™  bdong  to  foragD  naticaidlliei.  Tbe 
city  hai  ni  caneUnci  taming  ijo  acre*. 

Anung  tha  man  notnmithy  puhbc  buildinp  an  the  Casa 
Roiada  (govtmment-houie),  faimg  the  Haaa  15  de  Hayo  and 
occupying  in  part  the  tile  of  tho  lot  bnili  by  Gany  In  iSto; 
the  new  Qngrai  ball  m  Calla  Callaa  and  Avenida  de  Hayo, 
Goilhed  in  1906  at  a  coil  of  about  £i.joa,ooo;  the  new  miuudpal 
hail  on  Avenida  de  Mayo;  the  biha  or  cichaBgo,  diitdbnling 


hiuLdJn^  Higher  education  ia 
of  Buenoa  AIri,  wiiii  iu  levet 
medicine,  and  3s£t  itudenta  (191)1),  fou) 


ilcd  by  tlu  ni 


nanuD,  ■  SMloilGa]  pidea 
1  fimd  of  svulc,  the  dnma 
K  and  *T*"\T*  to  dlvo 
iions  oj  a  widely  varied  chaiactcr,  fram  Italian  opoa  to  hort^ 
rtdag  and  fcMa.    They  have  nro  or  Ibno  taigv  pohlic  hatha, 

ForLiflDa,  ti  Ibe  itwlcnta  of  Buenoa  Airea  an  called,  an 
auuiIoBied  to  call  tbrir  dty  tha  "  Faiii  of  Ameiica,"  and  not 
■nthont  naion.  Buenoa  Aha  has  become  the  principal  nuno- 
lacluring  centre  ol  the  republic,  and  iu  iadutlrial  otabllahnientt 
are  oimbeied  by  thouaandt  uid  thdi  ofiital  by  bnndredi  td 
niilUoDt  ol  dollars. 

The  gronth  of  Buiooa  Airea  ilnce  aeCUed  eonditiont  have 
pRvailed,  and  tapecially  lince  iti  fedanliiatian,  baa  been  very 
raiiid,  ud  the  dty  bu  finally  outsti^iped  all  dni*  and  became 
the  latgeit  dly  of  South  AiKika.    At  the  Uiu  of  ita  fint 


•■ttantie  caMBtlB.ittg,  It  tad  apopaMloii  of  1^,767.  b 
iffiT.  wbea  thanhmbaof  Belgraaa  ami  FIccct  Hi  th  an  aggregata 
popidaiioaof  tl,ooowen(ne«d,Itapapidationiiltb)ut  tfaii 
"Tnnoit  wa*  eatimated  at  404,00a  In  tBfls  the  national 
oamn  pve  the  population  at  663,854,  and  in  t9a4  a  municipal 
cea*aifncnaeditt0  9yt,8«i.  AtthedoaeolifosthenatieMi 
natklk>laacc(atlBaladltatl,MI,655.  The  eMett  ol  bbtla 
oifv  dniki  it  imonally  large  (about  14  par  tbonand  In  190$). 
The  cfly  bta  abon  ca»filth  of  the  popdatioB  <€  tha  whole 
reiNblc  Tba  gnvnuMait  it  iMted  In  an  tRMdnA  wnM^ 
(wtyor)  MffAatd  br  the  Batktnl  encitin  with  the  approve 
of  the  aenate,  and  a  ttmai*  MMvaM  (fcgUadva  coondl) 
declad  by  the  paofle  and  coiapoaed  of  t*o  conncUhn  from 
— "parlriL    Tha  pallca  fcKs  ta       —  '     " 


Tin  wataraapply  It  drawn  from  tha  artnaiy  at  Bdgraim  and 
coodncted  3)  ra.  to  the  lUcelcta,  wbam  thne  great  aetthng 
baiini,  with  an  agpcffita  cipadly  of  1 1,000,000  gaDant,  and  ill 
■cnt  of  coverad  fflten,  an  looted.  It  fi  then  pumped  to  the 
"     "     ■  at  Calks  C6tifeba       ■  " 


m  in  1873-    Up  to  tS^j,  ^riian  the  water 
tt  fcifH»f<Mi  by  Fi^tfrh  engineeia  andam- 
Hi  and  the  taallary  itate  of  Iht 
"     icotildT-iSeS, 
doof  1871,  with 


imthwatd  beycmd  Qnffaaea.    The  total  coil  cf  the 
eiceeded  lii  mOBana  ateriing.    Bnenea  Aiiea  It 
with  a  good  WBter«i9p^,  and  Hi  aatdtai; 


^Je  tighrttij  friflnHfi  b 

dating  fiOBi  rSsfc  Previoutly  to  that  time  itieet  lii^iting  bad 
been  eacded  at  Gat  with  lampa  burning  mam'  gmie,  and 
thm  with  ttDow  andka.    Tha  ttnett  me  at  hot  paved  with 

..    nd  fitnlly  with  woi 

_.- in  the haodi  of  nioe  pdnlB  CO 

m.  of  tradt  dui  of  DecenAa  1903),  on  almoet  Gv»«eveotta>  af 
wbkh  dcctdc  traction  li  enjoyed.  Iha  city  ii  the  principal 
leasimia  and  port  for  neariy  all  the  tmnk  luhray  Gnea  of  tha 
repnhlic,  whicli  have  large  panengv  Matiom  at  the  Beiiro, 
Once  de  Setiembn^  and  Conititadte  plaaaa,  and  an  cimnectcd 
with  the.  ccBlnl  prodoce  market  and  tha  new  Idaden  port. 
The  great  central  scodocc  Btiket  at  Bamcit  al  Sud  IMicait 
Ctalrd  Jt  Aatai),  wboaa  landit  hniHiniii  railway  aiding^ 

paatoial  ud  agricnltural  pndBclt  of  the  coou^  on  a  laigB  acakv 
wUle  ao  mariuta  In  the  dty  meet  the  needa  of  local  eawunem. 
The  moit  lapoRant  featnn  of  the  port  of  Bnenoa  Aina  if  the 

fadhUca.  IinjtrovenadahadticcDb^onini873attlui"  Boca," 
at  the  port  <m  the  Rhthodo it caBed,  and  nearly  ft,yxi,ooQWaa 

In  length,  10  itep  watet  Thiaa  Impanamentt  wma  found  in- 
■nfEdcnt,  and  in  1887  work  wu  begim  oik  plana  encutid  by  Sii 
Jobo  Hawkthaw  fora  letlca  of  fbui  dodia  and  two  baaina  in  front 
of  the  dty,  occopylng  3  m.  of  redaimed  ihotoJinB,  and  connected 
with  dtqi  water  by  two  dndged  cbamwit.    The  north  ba^  li 

"'*'' dry  docki,  and  the  new  qnayi  an  equipped 

hydiaidlc  ciaoet,  and  iS  m  oC  lailiFaT 


754- 


BUFF— BUFFALO 


Up  to  igoS  VH  about  £S,ooo,sib  MaSn(  (iMOOo^eoo  |oU). 
In  StpUmba' of  that  yeu  it  m*  dKldHl  ^  ODB^m  to  bono* 
£5,000,000  for  itill  funher  «itaiuap>  which  woe  Immd  to  be 
nquited.  The  chumeblo  deep  vitctKquiKooiiMukldndsiB« 
iMcauw  of  ibc  great  qiontitr  of  lilt  il<t>o^ted  ^  Ifae  liver,  ud  (HI 
thto  ud  iSied  pmpoMS  u  eqiaiditBie  of  fslSo^oo  «u  voted  in 
190).  In  190T  IbcK  wne  19,178  Aippinf  cnlila  in  the  pan, 
with  tn  afpttiteaf  I3,]]5,7J7  taa%  thfl  mcnhuidin  nwrement 
bctaf  4^60,000  tom  bnpoiu  end  1,900,000  tom  id  produce 
apartt.  The  nvennes  lor  1907  wen  Sm5>.ooo  gold,  uul 
worting  expcDMt,  (1,113,000  iDld,  the  profit  ((1,119/100}  beiiiK 
eqwl  to  abOBt  S  %  oo  (lie  mot  ot  eaoitmctlon. 

llubry.— Three  Mlempti  woe  lude  U  eMiblidi  *  coloi? 
when  the  dty  of  Buenos  Aim  (tindi.  T^GiMwm&i  153]  by 
Don  Pedn  dc  Mendoa  with  *  lusB  and  wdteqalFped  expedilion 
from  Sjnio,  whidi,  through  minnauai^iBtnt  md  tho  hoatility  of 
the  Indiuu.roiilted  in  complete  bHue.  An  Bipedltico  tent  op 
the  liver  by  Meodota  founded  Anmcite,  and  tUtbcr  went  the 
colrobU  fnm  hli  "  Santa  Maria  de  Bboui  Ajpna  "  wlteu  that 
tcltlemait  wu  ^andoned.  Hk  woond  wm  ^  ij4i  by  a  put 
of  the  e^iedition  from  Spain  nndei  Cabeas  di  Vaca,  but  with 
ulitdenioxH.  The  third  wa*  In  1580 19- Don  Joan  de  Cany, 
goYBBor  of  Puicuay,  who  hid  alrady  oUbliihed  a  balt-way 
pgit  at  Santa  Ff  in  I  ]  7],  and  ban  tbia  attest  datea  the  fonnda- 
tioB  of  the  city.    The  need  of  a  port  neat  the  lea,  where  iiq>- 


toenly  fdt  by  the  StaJ^tk  colonirti  at  Anmcite,  and  Gaiay'i 
opcditian  down  the  FainnI  in  ijSo  had  that  ipedal  object  in 
view.  Gamy  boot  ■  fort  and  1^  out  a  town  in  the  prodibcd 
%anlihalyle  above  Hesdoa'a  abandoned  aettleipwit,  giving  It 
the  name  of  "  Ciudad  de  la  Santlaintt  TifnJdai^"  but  retaining 
Headon^  deasipltv*  nana  foi  the  port  fai  ippiedatlon  ot  the 
agreeable  and  invigontiDg  atsMqiherc  of  that  loiality,  fincnoa 
Airei  lenBined  ■  dependency  of  ArandSD  imtil  i6h>,  when  the 
ta  of  the  La  FtaU  rc^on  were  divided  faito 


Caiay^  "  dty  "  became  the  capitU  of  the  latla  and  alu  the  Mat 
of  a  new  Udiopric  .  Tlie  Iwiain«  population  and  trade  of  the 
La  Katn  aettlmentl  natwally  contiibotcd  10  the  importance 
and  piD^iaity  ol  Bnemo  Aires,  but  Spain  leaui  to  have  tahoi 
very  little  IntcicK  b  the  town  It  that  time.  Pen  stiD  danled 
Ihi  imagbation  with  hci  atOR*  of  gold  and  itiver,  and  the  idng 
and  Ua  coundllisa  and  merdunta  bad  no  thoo^t  for  the  little 
liadliig  station  on  tlie  La  Fbta,  for  whidi  one  imaD  ihipnent  of 
(opplimaachyeaTwaaatfintlluughtiBfficient.  Thepraimity 
<i  tha  Pottacuese  setOeownl*  of  Bmal  and  the  tmpntected  Mate 

MMnIasinedlo«in>ly  ('>■'' own  needs  hi  that  way.  Tbehcavy 
■eigalorage  taioo  goUand  >ilvei,  and  the  coalaot  tranqnrtatiaa 
by  way  of . ' ■ -'  — — — ■  — -■  ■ — 


w<n  made  to  promote  Uads  betwces  Sftla  and  her  eokmies. 

Ini77athe  Rio  de  la  nsta  provinces ._■  ^. ■_ 

royalty,  and  Bi 


totain  Golonlai  porta,  and  the  ialtir^  Bnnlian  oolniies  h 
f— *^— i^*  to  import  from  Buoue  Aim  eadi  year  eooo  fa    _ 
af  lAeat,  500  quintala  of  ferked  beef  and  500  ot  talknr.    Tlie 

Abfcm  ^wea  intnidoced  Into  Bnenea  Aires  hi  thli  way 

Umllad  to  800  a  year,  and  were  tlic  only  ■laves  of  that  chan 
«vir  tmntnd  axoqit  tome  tnaa  Bmai  dut  ijig,  vAan  pi 


labomcn.    Under  the  new  ngnktiau  9  ports  hi  Spain  aod  14 
port*  at  eotiy. 


a  year  afla  that  date.  <Far  tiie  later  hiiloiy  a<  the  dty  sea 
AnoumMA.)  (A.  J.  U) 

BUFF  (from  Fr.  h(fli,  a  hnSilo),  a  leather  oiipnilly  bmIc 
fioBi  the  akin  of  the  bnbls,  now  alao  from  the  ilchB  of  oUmt 

coat  or  jerkin,  a  leathern  aflttaiy  coat.  Hw  old  jrd  Foot 
leginwit  <d  the  line  in  the  BritiA  army  (now  Oe  Xatt  Kent 
Regiment),  and  the  old  7etli  Foot  (now  md  battalioB  Seafarth 
HljhlaHft#w),«w>f  lUHlh#"1liiflk"awil>ln*''  Pnes  ihjrt  B"**V  * 

K^cctivcly,  from  the  yellow  o  boff-ooloar  of  thdr  f"*"p'. 
The  term  ii  oooimoaly  used  now  of  the  colour  aions. 

BBFFAIA  a  city  and  port  td  entry,  and  tlM  county^int  id 
Erie  counqr,  Kew  Yorii,  U.S.A.,  tlw  second  dty  la  poputatioB  a 
the  itate,  and  the  ei^th  in  the  United  Ststea,  at  the  E.  cnrtnuty 
of  Lake  Erie,  and  at  the  opper  end  of  the  Niagara  ilvcc  dlitant 
by  rail  fiom  New  Yoik  O^  41]  m-,  from  Boston  499  m.,  ami 
fnm  CSucago  540  m. 

Tlu  ste  of  the  dty,  which  has  an  area  of  41  iq.  m.,  ft  a  bfoai^ 
imdiihtiTig  tract,  rising  gradually  boa  the  lake  to  an  dsvatsoB 
of  from  JO  to  80  ft.,  iti  altitude  avetagiBg  aomndiat  ieaa  dna 
600  ft.  above  sea-IcveL    The  Ugh  land  and  tonpcnta  Hlji^tTi 

Bnfiik)  one  of  the  moat  beidthy  dtlea  in'the  United  Stato, 
iu.  dath-nte  in  1900  being  14-S  per  tbonand,  and  in  1907 
15-58.  Ai  origmally  platted  I^r  Jooqih  EOioott,  the  plan  «l 
Bnfiaio  lODiewhat  resembled  that  of  Waibtngton,  but  tb  pl^ 
wasmnchalteiediodevBithennotadlicredto.  Buflaloto^lay 
baa  bioad  and  ^adoua  iticcta,  moat  of  iddd  are  Bned  by  treeiV 
and  many  acaall  parks  mdiqnuB.  Tlnmunle^parfc^itcsa 
Is  one  of  mmiDal  Inuty,  ronilrthig  of  a  chain  ot  patha  with  t, 
total  ana  of  atiout  toio  aoca.  endrding  the  dQr  and  '»"»■«*«—' 
by  bonlevarda  and  drivawaya.  The  larpest  is  Ddawin  hih, 
about  365  acita,  indudbig  a  lake  of  4(1  icna,  ta  the  north  {Bit 
of  the  dty;  the  north  pan  of  the  fuk  wia  mrlnanl  fn  the 
grounds  of  the  Psn-Amoiaa  Eqnjtlon  of  1901.  Adjolniug 
it  Is  the  FotEit  lam  cemeteiy,  in  which  are  monamaula  to 
President  hfiiiaid  FiihnoiB,  and  to  the  famooa  Senecn  diet  Kid 
Jacket  (1751-1830),  a  tiisid  of  the  lAites,  who  waa  Uthtnl 
iriwn  appraaclied  tqr  TEcmmeh  and  the  Pmphet,  and  wamod  the 
Americana  of  tlieir  danger;  by  1DS17  he  haa  been  comidcnd 
the  grcateat  orator  of  Ida  lace;  Aowng  the  othei  parka  an 
Caieaovia  Park,  HumboUt  Pad,  South  Park  on  the  Lake 
Shore,  and  "  The  Front "  on  a  bluff  ovcriookbg  tiio  aoorce  ol 
the  Niagara  river;  in  the  laat  is  Fort  Ports'  (named  In  hmwor 
of  Peter  B.  Porter},  when  the  Unlled  States  goverammt  main- 

FrtKeifal  AiiMuvu— Buffalo  b  iriddy  known  lor  the  beau^ 
of  ita  rcaidenlial  lectlana,  the  homei  being  for  the  noat  part  de- 
tached, set  wen  back  from  the  street,  and  •unonaded  by  attiactfva 
lawn&  Among  the  pdadpalhuildingsare  the  Fodsrslbidldii^^ 
erected  ata  coat  of  t3|Ooo,ooo;  the  dty  and  county  haH,  cnstiat 
(1,500,000,  with  a  dock  tower  145  ft.  high;  ths^coanvrntiDB 

Masonic  temple,  two  alala  trmourlea,  the  Prudentisl,  FiiUSlr 
l^nat.  White  and  Mutual  LUe  buDdlags,  ths  "Otk,  Stsr  ami 
^ea^  Park  tbeatm,  and  the  EUicstt  Sqimis  buUd^  one  sf 
tlM  laigmt  office  stmctnres  in  the  world;  and,  fa  Ddawnia  Ruk, 
the  Albr^  art  gaSeiy,  aiHl  the  Bn&lo  Histoiical  Sodaqr  bdd- 
iii&  iridch  was  oeiginilly  Ihs  Now  York  tule  buDdtaig  encted 
fn  the  Paa-Amatiesa  Espodllon  held  b  tfoi.  Among  th« 
aodal  dobs  the  BuOalo,  the  Dnivadty,  tlu  Patk,  the  Satnm 
and  the  Country  cMs,  and  amons  the  hotda  tltf  ImquotH 
UAyette,  Magara  and  Goicace,  m^  be  equdaUy  mmtianed. 
T^Be  arc  many  handscone  churtiies,  ludodlng  St  Joaephii 
(Soman  c:atholic}sndStPsul's(nou«taut£pbcDpsl)cathedralit 


EUFFAUD 


755 


■t^  taaty  (PlMttlut  Eplnopd),  tba  WMtMtaMr  Pnbjr^ ' 
''"'-'  cniieBiptlMt-atdtbanMtFRabjnariui 

>  tba  inul  btfi  ud  gimimr 

■cboiili,  thB  (:il7  luelf  <q>p«TU  k  dl7  tnhiii)  Mlwcl  te  tnotacn, 
»Di»^WmatBl|hlMh»gl»»aii>iii*ngiT<frM  Hete,tim,li 
a  iUU  hmubI  (chMl.  71m  toircnily  a<  BdUa  (m^nbtd  In 
t&is)  compriMt  Kteoli  (tfrncdUn*  <iSu),  hw  (1I87},  dmiBtiy 
(iBgi),  uul  i^ttrmuy  (iSU).  CraUm  CoDcEe  i*  >  Robbs 
CttJuUc  (Jauit)  iutitatloa  for  men  (oUUiihed  In  1870  md 
chutacdio  1W3),  liudiic  in  1901  &.adlaied9utDicBtuid  w 
■i-iltiwlir  (a  lisli  Khool)  dcpuUDOit,  and  ■  HbniT  ol  ■bonl 
iS,eoo  rolorae*.    Mutin  Lotlitt  Senduiy,  ntiUUied  in  1854, 


JMr  Aagiii  muA  St  Huy^  ■adenle*,  St  JoHt^'i  CaUtglitB 
I«stitata,iBdStlfiifuM^KbooIi6ribb>  naBublapoblk 
Hbiur,  fomdad  In  tSjr,  b  boDMd  in  >  fine  hddiiic  orKtcd  in 
1U7  (rtb»d  at  tifioefiotii,  ud  tuimtilm  alxnit  jao,DeD  booki 
andpampUet*.  Ocbta  inpawant  Ubi»rit«,  <rith  tba  apinorimatn 
Bondwr  «l  tbdt  booki,  an  thg  GnavsKir  (loondal  i>  iSsq), 
tor  iifiiiiim  (7f,oM>  vohnaei  and  Toeo  pampUeti);  Ilie  Jtdm 
C  Lonl,  k»«ed  in  Uk  Inlldiiwaf  the  Hbtoiial  Sodely  {ia,6») ; 
Am  law  («lh  }i^khl  diMilct)  <iT,mi>);  O*  dtfaoUc  fauitnte 
(11,000)7  and  tlM  tOtttxf  (d  the  BnSab  ffiitoilal  Sodctr 
(foondcd  186))  (10,600),  now  in  thi  handMBW  bBfUinB  Is  Dda- 
«an  nriL  lued  u  ^  New  Yoik  Mate  biddbis  dniiig  tiie  Aa- 
Aioarican  Bipsdlloa  of  iqoi.  llie  BoBilo  SocMy  of  Natonl 
Sdenew bai a  moKOBi  in  tba imblicl[bni7 l>iifldlng. 
;  PMk  7*iMMi)«s>~nM  boifritali  and  tba  (biltiAle  and 


(laahuhirt  br  Ike  Fadend  lonnmnt),  the  Geman,  tba 
HQineiVMhic,  the  WomeB'i,  Ihe  Oamui  Deauun  and  the 
Klvndde  Inqiltab,  and  the  BolUa  bMliital  of  tha  SiMen  of 


Ibeea.  Among  the  chaiitiUe  fautUutlm  ara  the  Hoaa  fnlba 
FriiMdiaa,  Ihe  BufUo,  St  Vlncent'i  and  St  Jeaeph"!  oirAia 
tijiatat,  St  Jolm'a  oiphaa  heme,  St  Haiy"!  a^hnii  for  wtdvm 
and  fmuidllngi,  and  tha  In^taida  home  for  erring  woneB. 
One  o£  the  moM  nolewonhy  tutituttoa  in  the  city  i*  tlu 
Cliuily  OipMtttfan  Sodety,  ^th  bcadqiurten  Is  Fitci 
bttltnte.  FomidHl  In  1877.  it  na  the  fint  in  the  Uniud 
StaMi,  and  its  ntaUeld  activitie*  have  not  oaij  caatribuled 
iBUch  to  tlie  amdtnatlon  of  locdal  amditjtaa  In  BbBiIo,  but 
have  catued  It  to  be  looked  to  as  a  nodd  iq>on  which  aimOsc 


The  fint  newspapa,  ths  Gaum  (a  wteUy),  wia  cctabliditd 
lDiSiiai]dbecametbeCtfnKn{at,adiOy,iniS]S.  Iliebft 
daily  vu  the  Conritr,  effabliilied  In  1831.  Tim  wen  In  1908 
dmn  daSy  papcn  publidied,  three  of  which  were  bi  OnnaD 

and  two  in  PoUih.  'Rie  weeUy  papciaiDchide  imn]  in  (knnan, 
three  in  pDliah,  and  one  in  Itillui. 

Cmttnmeal  mul  FefuloMn, — Buffalo  Ii  gOTcmed  trnder  aa 
imendtd  dty  charter  of  1896  by  which  the  Eovmuneni  I3  veated 
In  a  bicanmal  city  council,  and  a  tnayor  elected  for  a  term  of  four 
yearv.  The  mayor  Bppoijili  ibe  heads  of  the  ptindpa]  execativB 
departOMnli  (health,  dvQ  service,  parks,  police  and  Sie).  The 
dty  dcrk  Is  elected  by  tho  dty  coimdl.  The  munidpalily 
mainlHins  several  wen-equipped  public  baths,  and  own*  lu 
water-supply  system,  the  water  beuig  obtained  from  Lake  Erie. 
The  dty  ii  lighted  by  electridty  generated  by  the  water  power 
of  Niigiia  Falls,  and  by  mannlsctund  gas.  Gas,  obtained  by 
[4pe  Ibes  Ilea  the  Ohio-Tenniylvania  and  the  Canadian 
(Wflland)  nitonl  gas  fidds,  is  also  used  exteiutvdy  for  lighting 
and  lusting  purixnes. 

From  the  first  census  enumeialion  In  iSio  the  population  has 
■tesdiiy  and  rapidly  iocreated  from  about  3000  till  it  readied 
JSi,387iiihaUtants  in  igoo, and 413,71;  (ra^iDcnaae) in  ignx 


In  i«ad  Ihaa  ««•  tAT3S  Mthvtem  and  104,151  fntlffk- 
hon;  3JD,]S6  wan  wfails  «nd  onty  >8oi  eoloaied,  ol  whom 
169B  were  negnea.  Of  tht  natiTo-hon  whjlea,  Ii5,7ia  had 
eitlwc  oae  oc  tieth  parenia  totsgn-bomi  and  of  Ihe  total  populs- 
tioan.isfiwereofvnmliedamna&paiBiEagE.  Of  the  foidgn- 
bom  papulation  36,710  weto  Goman,  tha  other  large  elemcnta 
in  thdc  order  of  iaqiatunca  being  Fnliih,  Canadian,  Iriih,  tha 
Biiliih  (other  than  Irish).  VailcnB  icctiaia  of  the  poorer  part 
of  tha  dtf  ta  oompiHl  ahnoit  ciduaively  by  the  immigtanla 

f  [■■■■i.inlll..  mmd  rmmmmrt SHn.t.,1  -.liiMiW  ypt,<lft.n^ 

from  Cblowo,  Boston  aad  Kew  York,  Bnflak,  by  itaioa  of  it* 
Ismonbls  locstion  In  nqtcct  to  lake  tnn^oftatiao  ^id  it* 
podtloB  on  the  pdndpal  nonlwm  tode  loate  between  the  Salt 
and  West,  has  beoome  ons  lA  the  most  impotlant  commardal 
and  indoMiial  ODtm  Is  tha  Union.  Soma  fourteen  Iinnk  hues 
haveleniinaIsat,«rpaiatluini^Buflalo.  'nsckaofabeltliiia 
tranifef  coBipai4>  endida  the  cky,  and  altogether  there  an  mora 
than  500  m.  el  tiacl  wlthhi  Ihe  Umita  o(  Bnflalo.  Of  great 
iBpoetaaea  alio  Is  the  take  csnuneitfc.  Almost  all  the  great 
stamah^p  lianqnrlatiDB  lints  of  th*  CRSlLakss  have  an  caMcm 
tctmfnna  at  BnfUa,  whi^  Ihn*  baa  direct  pasMDgar  and  fndght 
anmcdDD  with  Oeveluid,  Detnit,  CUcago,  HihrankBe  aat 
the  "Head  of  the  Lakes  "(Dshtlh^iqteiiot).  Wththalattet 
port  It  b  Goowctad  by  the  drai  Ncmheiu  StaamaUp  Company, 
a  subsidiary  Itaie  of  the  CmtNonhsniailwqr,  the  pissmger 
servlceot  wUditsaiiled  on  by  what  are  pnb^ily  thelargesl 
■lullin  illiilswliiswiiniii  ilMiiiiliiiiilaiiililiiiiii      Thelonnsgs 


smroally.    With  s  water  front  of  a;.  ... 

8  M  10  m.  of  irtarf^  the  sUpptng  bcHities  ham  been  gnally 
Incnased  by  ih*  enauivs  harbtmr  impHnaumti' undertaken 
^ty  Q»  Federal  goreiuncst.    These  iuipriwauien! 


than  ti,ooo,ooo.  Aastlur  aitaiy  1^  trade  of  gifst  Impoitanca 
is  the  Biie  Canal,  which  hen  ha*  lis  wMem  termlnui,  and  wbois 
completion  (1S15)  gave  tha  fint  impetus  M  BuOdo's  oommtrdal 
growth.  Wih  the  Canadian  shore  Bnililo  is  connected  by 
leny,  and  I9  the  Intamstitnal  bddge  (limi  Squaw  Island), 
'iriddi  ooat  >i,  jeo,oeo  and  wis  conqrieted  in  1873. 

It  Is  a*  a  dliUtbutlBg  centra  for  the  msnnfsctured  product* 
of  Ihe  Esil  to  the  West,  and  for  the  raw  pmlnels  o[  tlK  West  la 
the  East,  and  for  the  trsos^UpiDent  from  lake  to  rail  and  vice 
msa,  that  BuSslo  occupic*  a  podllon  of  gnatest  Imnortance. 
It  ia  ons  oI  the  principal  grain  and  flour  maiketi  In  tha  worid. 
Here  in  184]  JoieiA  Dart  erected  lb*  Gnt  grain  elevator  ever 
constructed.  In  1906  the  grain  deratom  had  a  capcdty  itf 
between  twenty  and  thirty  milliona  of  bniheU,  and  simusi 
receipts  of  more  than  300,000.000  bushds.  The  recdpti  of  flour 
appiinimBtc  ro,Dcx),soD  bureb  yearly.  Mor«  than  10,000/MO 
liead  of  live  stock  sr«  handled  hi  a  year  in  eitensive  stock-yaids 
175  acres)  st  East  BuAslo;  and  the  horse  market  Is  the  largest 
in  Ametiea.  Other  important  ertides  of  commerce  an  lumber, 
the  ivceipis  of  wludi  average  »u,ooo,«>a  It.  per  annum;  fish 
(15,000,000  R>  annually),  and  iron  ore  and  coal,  part  cf  which, 
howevrr,  is  handled  at  Tonawanda,  really  a  part  ol  tba  port  of 
Buffalo.  BuSakt  Is  the  port  of  oitry  of  Buffalo  Creek  customa 
district,  In  I[)d8  Its  Imports  wen  valued  at  $6,708,919,  and  lu 


',S«J- 


a  mamilachirbig  centn  Buffalo  ranks  next 
to  New  yoik  among  the  dties  of  the  sUte.  The  maDufacMra 
were  valued  in  i9ooattTti,>,^o,otr  (of  which  8105,617,181  was 
the  value  ot  (he  factory  product),  an  increase  of  la- J  %oTerr890i 
vahieoflactory  product  in  1905,1147,577,873.  The  value  of  the 
principal productiin  1900 wasastoQtiiin:  glaughtering and  meat 
pscli>«.  f9,65t,i87  (in  190;  slaughtering  and  mrat-packinj 
8ii,ii6,4j],  and  slaughtering,  not  induding  m«.t.packing, 
(3,919,940);  foundry  and  machine  shop  preducls,  86,Br6,os7 
(1905,  iii,(oi,8j;);  linseed  oil,  86,171,170;  cart  and  shop  con- 
slructlon.  *4,Si3,JJ)Ci905.  fa.609,471);  nmlt  Ucjuors,  84,r69.973 
(ipoj,  15,187,116];  (oap  ud  candles,  t3,BiS,;7i  (in  1905,  asap 


756 


tttTQi^iS);  iom  lad  pbt  mill  prodocU,  tSiiiifi^j  (>905. 
(^807,904);  lumber  did  pbming  mill  piodiicti,  t3Mj,76i> 
O90S.  (fclM,***);  doUiing,  l3,u6,7ij  (ifloj,  t4,JJi.n6); 
IiDB  kodMcd  DndiicNbti.<ii4,f4T'  Other  Indiuitiul  oUbliilt- 
tc  petroleum  refiDerieat  ihip-yuxU, 
■■'ly  lad  hiL : :_. 

notably  the  Union  and  the 
WiEMT  F*lux  cu  wdAi,  the  Union  dry  docb,  the  itetl  pknti 
at  ttaa  Lacfcawumi  lion,  and  Stcd  Compaay,  and  tha  LaiUn 
•oiii  (1CIC117. 

Hitfry—TI"  6at  wlnt^  men  to  vldt  the  ilte  of  Buffalo 
wen  nndoubteiOy  tha  advcnnnoui  Ficnch  tappat  aod  nijout 
Jemtlt  miiriouiriea.  Heai  hen,  on  the  aait  hank  ol  tbc  Nla^n 
tivci  at  tin  mouth  ol  Ckrw  CnA,  1*  SaUe  in  i6n  built  Ui 
ihjp  the  "  Ciiffin,"  and  at  the  uuHUh  of  the  dva  buflt  F<rt  Coui, 
vfakfa,  hcnevei,  mi  burned  in  the  ame  jrear.  In  ittj  Danjuia 
dt  DenonvDle  boDt  at  the  month  of  the  liw  ■  fort  lAfch  mi 
named  1b  hli  honour  and  wu  the  ivedeceNOr  of  the  Icftificitiom 
•n  or  near  the  ume  lile  taccadntr  called  Foct  Nla(iia;  and 
tbB  neighbDurlKiod  ms  the  Kcne  of  mflltai?  operalioni  up  ta 
tbe  ckae  of  the  War  of  Independeoce.  Ai  euly  at  17S4  the 
pitMnt  tile  of  the  dty  of  Buflalo  came  to  be  known  11  "the 
Boffala  Cr*1c  refioD  "  eftlier  from  the  bcnb  of  bufilo  or  bhon 

Ucki  ef  the  creek,  or  non  fTobabb'  ban  an  Indian  ddif.  A 
Ktde  later,  poiriblr  In  1788-178%  Condlni  Winner,  u  Indian 
ttader,  bdlt  a  caUn  near  the  inonth  of  Uk  ocek  and  thua  be- 
came the  fint  permanent  white  raidtot.  Slowly  other  •eltlen 
pthmd.    ITie  land  wi»  a  part  of  the  (-'-'-■  ~  ■-"■  - 

M  tlu  BoBand  Pnrc^K^  Ion^  EUicott,  tbe  aient  01  me . 
tompany,  who  baa  been  called  tbe  "  Father  of  Buflalo,"  laid 
Odt  ■  town  in  iSoi-iSoi,  eallinf  it  New  Amiterdam,  and  by  thii 
■una  it  wai  known  on  the  csmpany'i  bwte  until  about  iSio. 
Tl»  MiaB  tl  Bufik  Oeek  m  Buffalo,  however,  ptoved  mote 

In  1808,  aad  two  yean  later  the  town  ol  Buffalo  wu  erected. 
Upon  the  outbreak  of  tlie  tecond  WIT  with  Gnat  Britain,  Buffalo 
and  the  x^j<m  about  Niigiia  Filli  became  a  centie  of  active 
militaiy  opentkau;  diiscUy  aooai  the  Nii|ua  rivei  wu  the 
BrltlibFntE^  It  waifmm  Buffalo  that  Lieutenant  JchcD. 
ElboU  {1781-184!)  made  hli  brilliant  capture  ol  the  "  Detnut " 
and  "  rilwtimii  "  in  Octobei  iSii;  and  on  the  30th  and  jiit 
•f  DtcmbCT  181]  tbe  Ml  tlemenl  vu  attacked,  captured,  sacked, 
■nd  almoit  oanplctely  deetioyed  byi  lorce  of  Britiih,  Cinidiuu 
andIndiaiaunderGcnerBlSiiFtiineasRiam£.i769-iSji).  After 
the  eiHatiop.  of  boitllltlei,  however,  Buflalo,  which  had  been 
iscoiponled  II  a  viUige  in  1S13.  was  rapidly  ntiuilL  Ita  advan- 
tages as  a  commeidal  centre  were  early  racoiaiied,  and  Its 
imporiance  wu  enhanced  on  the  opeofaii  tip  of  the  middle 
Vest  to  MtUement,  when  Buffalo  became  tbe  prindpal  gateway 
for  ihf  like  roulci.  Hen  in  iSiS  wu  rebuilt  tbe  "  Walk-in-lhe- 
Water,"  the  fint  iteuaboal  upon  the  Gmt  I^cs,  uimed  in 
boooui  of  a  famous  Wyandot  Iw^an  chid.  !□  1815  the  com- 
ptetion  of  tlw  Erie  Cknal  with  its  western  lenninui  at  Buflalo 
greatly  increased  the  importance  of  tbe  place,  which  now  rapidly 
outstripped  SIRI  soon  absorbed  Black  Rock,  a  village  adjoinini 
It  on  the  N,  which  hsd  at  otto  time  tlueatened  to  be  a  dai^erous 
tlvaL  In  iSjiBuflaloobtiineda'dty  charter,  andDrEbeneiii 
Johnirai  (i7S6-i8<9)  was  ctioaen  the  first  mayor.  In  that  year, 
■nd  sgiln  In  1834,  a  cholera  epidemic  caused  omaiderable  ka 
of  lifi^  At  Buffalo  in  1848  met  the  Free-Soil  convention  that 
nominsted  Miilin  van  Buien  for  the  presidency  and  Chiries 
Frandi  Adams  for  the  vice-presidency.  Grover  Cleveland  lived 
in  Buffalo  fioni  iSjS  until  1K81,  whea  be  was  elected  president, 
and  wu  nuyoi  of  Buffalo  in  iSSi,  Vben  be  wu  elected  governor 
of  New  York  state.  TbEPaa-AmericanEipositian,incelebntiaD 
of  the  progreas  of  tbe  Westera  bemi^here  in  the  nineteentb 
CtBtniy,  wu  bdd  thsiB  (May  i-November  1,  1901).    Jt  waa 


the  EipgaftiMu    In  tht  ko«t  of  AJufcy  WBcas  hen  Vice- 
Pioident  nMdm  Boaenilt  Uofc  the  <nth  of  oScc   ns 
pnsdent.    A  maiUe  ihilt  80  f  t.  U^  In  mSBotJ  «f  ItcKinlcj, 
baa  been  erected  in  Miacua  Sqnue. 
Sta  WDUia  Kstchom,  HMrv^jf  J^fUs  b  nk,  Bi&ta.  iMt- 

et  K].);*).  Turner,  JTiiftincfttlAlliM/i^ireluifBnflBki,  IRso): 
T.  H;  HMdildil,  HUtwy  ^  WtUrn  Htm  rtri  (Naw  Yocfc  Ij^j; 

5lsMi  (Haw  ynfc,  1901).    '  *  *"" 


.  ItisiK 
hoWBVti,  to  tadodc  not  only  tW*  apecitL  vkae  nati 
BlndtB,b*il«lla>ongcIe»iM«4ytdaledaiA  . 
an  tnvily  built  on,  with  apanely  hiBBd  ^^  lufs  aan,  loos, 
tuftod  taOi,  bnad  rnucdea  Mid  maive  w^datad  Iwaaa.  In 
having  tnly  ij  pain  at  ribs  they  Maembla  tha  tfjial  oaea. 
African  bo&Ioa  Bl  hns  tbe  hair  of  tbe  bukdireclod  Iwkvw^ 
'    Cape  hnUo,  Bn  (SmMa)  oiSm,  Ite  hotM  da  not 

■ hetowt-like  »        -  ' 


(fl.  «!#■»■, 


lia  Eulcm  Afaica  tlm  buBaloa 
■nailer  horns,  vltidido  not  meet 
in  tne  muuua  mm,  ttom  uus  anlnial,  which  is  loawB  iutEad  ef 
black,  then  laoia  to  be  a  tranritian  towards  the  ted  dwarf 
buflaki  (S.  iMMu)  of  West  Africa,  an  anhnal  aotoly  nom 
than  twCF-thiida  the  die  of  ita  gipintk  aoutbmn  coani,  with 
rditivEty  msall,  mnch  Aaltoxd,  upwudly  cnmd  tuna.  In 
South  Africa  b«fidoea  taqoent  reedy  iwauvs.  wtcn  they 
aitodatB  in  hetdi  of  from  fifty  to  a  hundred  or  mote  fndhidnals. 
OM  bdb  may  be  met  with  dtlvr  ilmM  (w  in  amaU  putia  of 
faomtwoorthraetoeightoilen.  TTih  hiiffilli  [laiimlj  iwiiinl 
in  herds  over  tbe  plalm  of  Genual  and  Sontbea  A&fca,  stway* 
bi  the  near  vicfnity  of  watei,  but  the  nn^ien  art  ptatly 
JJiBinished.  In  Cape  CoIoBy  some  heidi  •>■  protected  by  Um 
govermnent  in  tbe  eastern  f  onat-diMticte.  lUa  qteca  Im 
never  been  domeilfcaled,  nor  dom  there  tppeu  to  ban  bem  any 
attempt  toreducefttamiea,  Uka  its  Indian  ally  It  n  fond  ef 
mtcr,  which  it  vi'  " 
hours;  It  also  {da 

by  the  sun,  protects  it  from  the  bite  of  i^ 
of  its  thick  bide  se 

idieved  of  a  portion  of  tbe  pa 

bides  of  tbick-skinned  anbnals,  by  mcani  of  tha  red-beaked 
rhinoceros  bkda,  Aiftrxa  wyUrtntiMa,  a  doien  or  moec  of  whkh 
mv  be  seen  partly  petdwd  on  ita  hms  and  partly  moving  about 
nits  back,  and  picking  up  tha  tlckl  on  wUch  they  feed.  TIb 
hunter  is  of  ten  gutdad  by  tbaie  bitda  to  his  aeaidi  for  the  bvSali^ 
but  oflaiet  stiU  tbv  glra  timely  waming.to  tbdr  host  of  tic 
danpmx  pioilnity  of  the  hnoter,  and  have  thus  earned  the 
title  «f  ■' the  bnSalo's  goudiaa  Urds." 

In  a  wild  Mate  the  tyidcsl  Indisn  buSUo,  Bn  (BaMai) 
hiMtt,  laao*  to  be  rcstrlctad  to  India  and  CeyioD,  although 
soma  of  the  bnSsIocs  loimd  in  tin  Halay  Fenfaisula  and  Islands 
probably  represent  loesl  races.  Tbe  speda  lias  been  iDlroduced 
into  Asia  Minor,  Egypt.  Italy  and  elsewhere.  Ihe  huge  riic  and 
wide  sepemtimi  d  the  boras,  u  well  u  the  lesi  thicUy  fiii«ed 
ears,  and  the  more  doogaled  and  namw  head,  form  maifced 
p<^ta  of  diillncCion  betweoi  the  Adalic  and  South  African 
qiecies.  Moreover,  all  Asiatic  buflaloei  an  diidnguishtd  from 
the  African  forms  by  having  the  hair  on  tfie  tore-put  of  the  back 
directed  forwardi;  and  these  go  far  to  lapport  the  views  of 
those  who  would  make  them  the  typea  of  a  distinct  lul^enu^ 

^  Id  America,  it  is  worth  noting,  the  ferm  "  buffalo  **  ifl  iliwt 
illy  tjLten.  it  all  eycnit  in  populu-  psriasct.  u  dcBgaus 


BUFFET— BUFFON 


B.  fr 


*,  Bmfilia.  In  Asam  Ibere  fonnnty  cdglcd  a  knU  nc*, 

Uis  macrKtrm,  characlcriicd  by  tbe  bona,  whkh  uc 
It  dzc,  bacg  directed  DulDly  outwards,  iattead  of 


Curviag  opnrda  m  (  circular  (arm.  Another 
(B.  hitofii  fuim)  is  ehatacttiiMd  by  the  tawny,  in  place  of 
black,  colour  of  ila  luir  aod  hide.  The  haunts  of  the  Indian 
bii9alo  iR  the  graaa-JungJa  near  iwampi,  in  which  the  gno 
cxceedi  lo  fl.  fa  heigtat.  Here  the  buSaloa— like  the  Indian 
riniocrrai — fono  covered  paihwayi,  fai  which  they  ate  com- 
pletely coDCtaled.  The  herdi  frequeotly  htclude  fifty  or  more 
iDdMdialt.  Tbse  anlmali  are  food  of  puaiBg  the  day  in 
■unliet,  when  Ihey  love  to  vallow  In  the  mud,  they  are  by  no 
DieiDt^,aDddomachkanDtoth<cropa.  Tlie rnttlng-wiuoD 
ocean  In  aniumn,  ^ihi  aevna]  [emala  IdUow  a  >ia^  male, 
tomitail  for  the  time  ■  vnall  herd.  The  period  of  galalloa  lasU 
ba  ten  DUBtha,  and  the  female  produoa  one  or  two  caivs  at  a 
birth.  Hie  bull  is  capable,  it  baaid,  of  overthrowing  an  elephant, 
■nd  geDsrally  more  than  ■  maidi  even  for  the  tiger,  which 
>malty  ded^iea  the  combat  when  not  impelled  by  husgei. 
The  Indian  driver  of  a  herd  of  tame  buffaloes  does  not  shrink 
bom  (niBiIoS  *  tiger-frequented  jnagle,  hit  cattle,  with  their 
DUUrin  boBii,  making  ihoit  work  of  any  tiger  that  may  come 
1b  their  way  Boflalo  fighti  and  Gghta  bclweeo  bufialoea  and 
-  '  '  '  ilas  aporti  in  the  old  daya.  '  Doroeflti- 
01  their  wild  btethteo  merdy  by  their 
le  of  the  latter  haag  of  the 
dicalai  and  odwn  of  the  ilnight  type.  The  milk  b  good  and 
■ooibhinK  bat  ot  a  npy  ooDuMency  oad  a  peculiar  Savour, 

Tlie  tanann. or  Philippine  bagalo,Bitt(ftiti»fiu)imMiJgejiiM, 
k  *  vaaller  anhnal,  fai  manyieqiecli  intumediale  between 
the  Indian  b^alo  and  the  dwaif  taat,  ot  Celebes  boflalo  (B. 
(R-  L.*) 


B(i8i»-iS9S),FRnchi 
boni  at  Uirecoun.  After  the  Rvohitlou  of  Febnmry  1848  he 
WIS  ejected  depoty  for  the  department  of  tha  Vosgcs,  and  In 
the  Aaemhiy  aat  on  the  right,  pronouncing  lor  the  tcfsiadon 
ai  the  iaornictian  of  June  1S4S  and  lot  Louia  Napoleon 
Bonaparte.  He  was  mioiiter  of  agrlcuHuic  from  Anguit  to 
December  1S49  and  from  Auguat  to  October  lEji.  Re-elected 
dqiuty  m  1863,  he  was  one  d  the  siqiporten  of  the  "  Liberal 
Empire  "  ol  BnOe  OUivler,  being  inanoe  miniiCer  In  (HUvier'B 
cnbiBet  from  Janoaiy  to  the  loth  of  April  i8;o;  He  was 
praident  of  the  Natkwd  AMemhly  bom  the  4th  oC  April  1S71 
to  the  loth  of  March  1S75,  and  minhter  of  the  interior  In  1S7  5. 
nes,  elected  Ksalsr  In  life  (1876],  he  pronounced  himaell  in 
favomaf  theewftfAXof  thaiMhof  May  1S77.   Bnflet  had 


iy  open  and  pvtly  dosed,  tor  the  reception  cf  diilies, 
' — andpjate.  The  word  may  al»  dgnify  a  long  counter 
«  wucn  oi»  stands  to  eat  and  drini,  aa  at  a  restaurant,  of— 
which  woidd  appear  to  be  the  ori^nal  meanmg— the  room  in 
^lidi  the  counter  stands.  lliewiisd,lika  the  thing  It  leproenli, 
Is  French.    Ha  buflet  is  the  descendant  of  the  credaice,  and 

affinity  ts  the  dresser.  Few  artidia  at  liunitBtt,  whfle  pre- 
icrvins  thffr  original  purpoa^  have  varied  mote  widely  in  form. 

■Ulo  largei  than  a  cnpboard,  separated  fram  the  room  which 
it  served  either  by  a  fanast-high  bahMlnde  01  by  piltan.    It 

^m^idty  to  S|daBdodr,  but  always  provided  with  one  ot  more 
Sat  vacea,  ot  bioad  ibdres,  for  theieception  of  sudi  iiiiiiMiiii 
si  t^  dinhig-nom  as  wen  not  placed  qwo  the  table.  Tbn 
caity  buflels  wet*  Mnietinto  caned  with  the  iKmost  elabocs- 
Ijon;  the  Renaiaaiioe  did  moch  to  vary  their  form  aad-refiite 
their  onamait.  Often  the  lower  part  coDlained  teccptscles  as 

coDectincchhialnthemiddleof  tha  iSthoentoiywaliespoDaible 
for  a  WW  iotm— the  Ugh  gjaied  back,  fitted  with  sbelva,  for 
the  display  of  fine  piecia  of  ciockety-wan.    This,  however. 


primary  atnngemcnt,  11 


ea  of  plat. 


757 

licb  the  huge  goNels  aad  beakert 
,  of  which  K)  eilrcmcly  few  eiam|rte» 
are  left,  were  displayed  upon  the  open  '*  gradinea.*'  llie  tiers 
of  shdvti,  with  or  without  s  glass  front,  which  are  slitl  often 
toimd  in  Georgian  houses,  -were  sometinHS  called  buQeta— in 
short,  any  dining-room  receptacle  for  articlea  that  wete  not 
immediately  wanted  came  at  last  to  bear  the  name.  En  France 
'  type  were  even  more  numerous  than  in  England, 


eiSth century  tbc  buffet  0( 


buffet.    IntheUll 
ally  took  ihe  form 

BDFPtEB,  CLAODR  (1661-1137),  French  p 
torian  and  educntlimalist.  was  boni  in  Pdtiai,  on  the  ijth  of 
May  1661,  of  French  parent),  who  teturaed  to  France,  and 
settled  at  Rouen,  soon  after  his  birth.  He  was  educated  at  the 
Jesuit  college  their,  and  was  received  into  the  order  at  the  age 
of  nineteen.  A  diqmte  with  the  archbishop  compelled  him  to 
leave  Rotien.  and  after  a  short  stay  in  Rome  be  returned  to 
Paiis  to  the  coUege  of  the  Jesuits,  where  be  spent  the  rest  irf  his 
life.  lie  seetns  to  ian  been  ts  admirable  teacher,  with  a  great 
power  of  lucid  eiposiiion.  His  object  in  the  Traill  du  wbiUi 
p/emiirct  [1 71 5),  his  best-known  work;  is  to  discover  the  ultimata 
principle  of  knowledge.  This  be  finds  in  the  sense  ve  have  of  qui 
own  tiislence  and  of  what  we  f«l  within  ogtselves.  He  thus 
takes  subsiantlally  the  same  ground  as  Desarlea.  but  he  rejected 
the  a  pritfi  method.  In  order  to  know  what  exists  distinct 
from  the  self,  "common  sense"  is  necessaiy-  CommoDsenso 
he  defined  as  "  that  disposition  which  nature  has  placed  In  all 
or  moat  men,  in  order  to  enable  them,  when  Ihey  have  arrived 

Jodgment  with  respect  to  objects  different  from  the  toteroat 
sentiment  of  their  own  perception,  which  Judgment  is  not  the 
consequence  of  any  anterior  judgment."  The  truths  which  this 
"  disposition  of  nature  "  obliges  us  to  accept  can  be  neiiher 
proved  nor  disproved;  they  an  piactlcally  followed  even  by 
thoie  who  reject  them  speculatlvdy.  Bat  Bnffier  does  not 
daim  for  these  tniths  of  "  commas  acue  "  the  absolute  certainty 
which  chataetetises  the  kaowledga  we  have  of  our  own  eibttnct 
or  the  logical  deductloiis  we  make  from  oor  thoaghts;  they 
pcasesi  merely  the  Ugbest  [oobability,  and  the  man  who  rejects 
them  is  to  be  considered  a  fool,  tbongh  he  is  not  guQty  of  a 
contradiction.  BdAo'i  aversion  to  sdiotestlc  refinements  has 
given  to  his  writing  an  appearance  of  shaQowntss  and  want  <^ 
metaphysical  hisight,  and  trnqneattcmably  he  failed  entirely 
even  to  indicate  the  nature  ot  that  tulvosality  and  necessity 
irfaidi  he  aacribed  to  hia  "  eternal  verities  ";  he  was,  however, 
one  at  tho  cailiat  to  tecogniie  the  paycbological  aa  distinguished 
Innn  the  metafdiysical  aide  of  Descutes's  principle,  and  to  me 
it,  with  no  Inconudeiable  sUll,  as  the  basis  of  an  analysis  of  the 

anticipated  ibt  sfririt  and  method  aa  wdl  as  many  of  the  lesults 
otReid  and  the  Scottish  schooL  Vollaine  dcacribed  him  as  "  the 
only  Jesuit  who  las  given  s  Ktaonable  system  of  philosophy." 

He  WRit*  also  tUmnti  It  mllajikmfmf  UjU).  a  "French 
GtBfflmar  on  a  new  pbD,"  and  a  number  ofhistoncal  CHaya.  Moa' 
of  hia  works  appeared  ia  a  coUeetcd  form  in  t73J,  and  an  EDgliat 
translation  of  the  rrailf  w>a  pubtiahed  in  1780. 

BOFFOlt  OBOBOB  LOOIS  LEtiLnt;  Covn  de  (1707-1788), 
French  naltmlist,  was  bom  on  the  7th  of  Septemb^  1707,  at 
Montbard  (COte  d'Or),  his  tather,  Benjamin  Francois  Ledere 
de  Bnlon  (t(i8}-'i77s),  being  eonndllor  ot  the  Burgundiaa 
paileniait.  He  stodied  law  at  the  coQege  ol  Jesuits  at  I>l)on; 
but  he  soon  eihiblted  a  marked  picdUection  for  the  study  ol 
the  physical  sciences,  and  mote  particularly  for  mathematics. 
Whilal  at  Dijon  he  made  the  acquafatauce  of  a  young  Enghahnun, 
Lord  Kingston,  and  with  him  travelled  through  Italy  and  then 
went  to  England.  He  puhiished  a  French  translation  of  Stephen 
Hsles's  VtsnaiU  Sietia  In  1 73;,  and  of  Sir  I.  Newton'a  fliaieM 
in  1 740.  At  twenty-five  yeses  of  age  he  succeeded  to  a  consider- 
able property.  Inherited  from  hia  mothn,  and  from  this  tlina 
onward  his  life  was  devoted  ID  regidar  scientific  labour.  At  first 
he  directed  his  atumtion  more  e^inially  tomathematlcs,  phy^c^ 


758 


BUG— BUGEAUD  DE  LA  PICONNERIE 


ttcwrofiitfti  _     . 

•f  Ike  Ataiany  dI  Sricacn;  and  at  *  liiR'  pftiod  of  ibr 
ytu  ht  WH  iiipaiiilal  kopo  ol  (he  Judm  du  Roi  ind  of  ibe 
K4)y*l  Uueun.  Tbit  apfon  to  h»t  fiiulljr  <Ici«BUBcd  kim 
M  devMa  himdl  io  the  biobgiaJ  tfifiKf*  n  puticulu,  and  he 
bcgu  to  eolkct  — '-^-i-  lor  hit  tfo/ml  Hiittrj-  I>  ike 
Bf^tuMioB  of  ikk  valomiiwiia  voik  he  *Had*l«d  >ilb  feionelf 
L.  J.  K.  DuiboibBk,  to  vbea  Ike  doo^ve  asd  aiwlowif  I 

volnBCtnude  IkciripinnBOcin  Ibeyar  I7W-  la  1 711  (dm 
b  I7U  oriTfo,  M  Moi^lBieiiUlal)  ke  Bunkd  Uaifc  Fnacdie 
dc  Siint-Bdin.  He  icBni  to  have  been  loudly  attached  (o  kef, 
iDjlebdecplyherdeaihBlMoiilbatdmi76o.  nenaahidec 
«(  BhSob'i  life  a*  a  piinle  itidividiul  pttaenta  dMhinc  of  tpceial 
klenM.  HabetoBfledlsavnylDaS'livediue.hiifitkethavint 
attained  Ike  ace  ol  pioely-Ikn^  and  hb  (nndbtkct  ei^y' 
leven.  Be  hioueU  died  at  Paiia  on  tke  ijlh  of  Apctt  17SS,  at 
|e  of  eJchty-one,  ot  vcaical  ^culua,  having  nfoiEd  to  allow 
-'lalarhiitdief.  He  left  one  Bn,  Csorfc  Louii  Marie 
I,edeic  Bnflim,  ^riio  ni  an  flfficel  in  Ihc  Fioich  annr,  and  who 
died  by  t^  pdlktiiK,  at  the  ace  ol  thirty,  en  (hf  iMk  ol  July 
i79j(iiU(MidDr,AnlL),haviii|(qioiitcdlhet>uty  of  the  duke 
olOdeatx. 

iddmi  bang  the  cdebfited  CuHnnnrfcifjilf,  17:3},  pcipctBal 
bCMimr  of  the  Acadany  of  Sdeuxi,  fdbiw  oi  (he  Royal  Society 
«(  London,  and  mcmbs  of  Ihe  Aadcmits  ot  fieilin,  St  Peten- 
bius,  DiJoB,  and  of  moat  of  the  Icamed  eodetia  thin  eiiiUas 
Id  Eun^M.  Of  '■■'■''-"■*  pefMin  and  noble  pnientt,  endowed 
■itlt  many  of  the  eitemtl  (Ifta  at  natuie,  and  lejc^dni  in  the 

d  adentific  willki^    Witbnil  being  a 

» rf  tke  art  rf  eipteMing 

.  Hbdiief 
to  CUCIBiVC 
1  Iqipothcaa,  hovevei 
»  deatltntc  ft  or)  —*■■'—■  baiii  in 
nrti  inn  tacia,  wbik  di*  lltemy  iQ4a  la  dm  unfreqiiailly 
tbeaiileal  and  imild,  and  ■  gnst  wuit  of  Dulkud  and  eeda  ii 
•MBmanb' (■iMcvtUe  Id  hif  wijtjn^ 

Hit  peM  woA  ii  Ike  BifMiv  KoMrdb,  f<ii»al(  d  ^spffcafiin: 
•nd  il  ca>  vndoubudty  diia  tke  swcit  irf  baving  been  Ike  bit 
vufc  10  pwMnI  the  piaviouily  iaolated  and  qipaiBUly  diacoa- 
BBCted  beta  ol  Batoial  hWscy  (a  a  popular  and  gcaiially  in- 
IBL  llieMDntiaDiridehwaamadebylta^ipeaianca 
ra  pacta  waa  yerf  ircat,  and  it  eettaialy  eOccted 
hi  ita  time  by  fcacciDy  diSodDg  a  taau  lot  tke  Mtdy 
~  At  vaat.  hnwivtr    almlni.  aa  it  did,  ftt 

I'a  capadtin  may,  wliiiout  digaraamient,  b*  aald  to  have 
Bmo  iMoSiiEicnt,  aa  b  ihowB  by  Ibe  great  malm  in  of  pacta  of 
Ike  WDik  (aadi  aa  tbon  idatiag  In  mbciakif)^.  Tka  HitUin 
nalmtBt  pawed  tkran^  icvend  edltfcia,  and  «aa  tcaulated 
Into  ndna  liinmiiii  Tlie  edition  moat  kighly  ptind  by  col- 
ketaa,  OD  acEount  of  the  beati^  of  Iti  pbtei,  it  tke  Scat,  whidi 
vaapubUiked  la  Palb  (1749-1S04)  In  foity-fouc  quacto  volumo, 
...    . .^..  ...         _      jmjj^ 

[767) 


MG.L.C. 
.    Hm  following 

, Bding;  and  appnied  In  1774-1789,  the 

I*  Sfefiut  i*  It  Mian  (iin)  bring  tlu  fifth  of  them. 
l&iywanntcceadedbyiiinBTDliuueaau  tke  biciti  (1770-1783), 
ndtkiaa  again  by  fin  VDluniea(mmineml*(i7&j-i7gS).    The 

Tbey  wen  aBCntod  by  B.  G.  E.  de  LactpUe,  and  wen  publiihed 
inaarraairn  tnliiiiim  hinnni  iifin  iml  iflin  A  Koand  editleD 
begun  ia  1774  and  comidetcd  ia  1804,  in  thirty-«ii  valuma 
guana,  to  in  bmC  laptcla  aimilar  to  the  ficat,  except  that  the 


m  HmbBt- 


■.  Bmfwm.  m  fmmOm.  he  (■•&]):  M.  J.  P. 

•■>  d  4a  ><te  ^  S>f<e  (itM-T^vU  lljii): 
de  BiilToo.  {jntitmiaMa  It  Bngta  (lUo);  A.  & 


m,Hia.ia. 


PackanJ.  LtmcitM  C19C 

BUO.  the  B 
Enropean  Ru 

Bug,  which  ii»  in  the' S.  of  tho  tnonmcnt  ef  Volhy^ 
and  Oowi  gmeRlly  SX.  throogh  the  ivvenimaila  of  Podtdia 
and  KhctaiiB,  and  after  picking  up  Ike  Ingul  Icon  Ihc  left  al 
Miksbyn,  «alcm  tk  Omtm  at  l^ooa  into  wUik  (he  Daiepef 
alaodiKkar^.    Itila«th  11470  B.    tlaivpa'putebaetmlh 

iidi,aDditi'  

the  namoD 
its  bed.    (>)  A 
risca  ia  the  £.  of  / 
Bnidy,  and  flows  N.N.W.  aa  ta 
the  Poliih  piDvinccs  of  LoUin  and  S 
govenmi^ls  of  Vofhysoi  and  CndoD;  it  tl 
ilmou  due  W..  betaccD  Ik  pravmcca  of  Wan 
■Bd  join*  the  ViualB,  tj  m.  bdov  tke  dly  «f  Wan 
470m.  It  ia  navigable  fnmBicst-UunkdDwawaMa. 

BDa,  the  commoB  BUie  for  hen^tcToas  taMCIa  ef  Ik*  i^dy 
Cimkidat.  at  iriwh  Ihe  baUwm  enmele  i>  ihe  hoHe  l_ 
bed  b<w  (Ctaestetelgnw).  nUa^w 


■attafiiatctiaof  aa  veal 


tiura^  as)  iliroiigh  "riiidi  b  vadta  Ik  blood 
if  man,  the  sole  food  of  iliis  q>ecia.     ItisBactuiBaliailahakitj, 


voy  fRqumlly  during  powlk,  and  attain  InB  da 

akOHl  devm  we^i.    TwacoatiuiHagoOw  bcdbogwaaaian 

insect  in  Britain,  and  peakably  awea  lU  Dime,  wUdi  iidciind 

iiDB  a  Cdiic  word  vni^nng  "  I ' 

wluck  i  ts  attacks  at  first  in^HH 

bug  (Cnw  tdwmiarU),  atlKk 

BOfiEAtm  n  U  nCOHHEBIl,  T 
01  IiLT  (i78«->B4ri.  man"   "  . 

tke  ijlk  ot  Oclobec  ■7>|.    Ha  came  ol  ■  nMe  famOy  td 


kdlobtoli. 
about  iSoo  be  lived  in  tke  aOBtay,  capi^d  In  at. 
which  ho  waa  ner  afleiwarda  denlBi  At  the  *9  of  tWBi9 
habcamaapriraleBDtifia'inthe  Vtlilu  of  the  Inqiecial  Gnaid 
<iSa4),  whk  which  he  took  pad  m  the  AuVeriiU  -HTupiign  ol 
the  bUawing  year.    Eariy  in  iSb6  he  wo*  glues  a  (oouaiBiDn. 

canqjaigoa,  winning  his  pcDmotion  to  Cho  rank  of  lieutenant 
al  Pullusk  (Decmbo-  iSc6}.  In  180B  Ik  wit  ia  Ihe  first 
French  corpa  wiaich  enteied  Spain,  and  was  stalioi^  in  Madrid 
dnrmg  the  revolt  of  the  Dca  Uaya.  At  the  icsDnd  siege  of 
Saragova  ho  won  further  pnmotiom  to  the  rank  ot  captain, 
and  in  iBo^-iSio  found  opportunLtiea  lor  wimung  diacinetioa 
nndcr  Cessal  (kfanhal)  Sndict  in  the  cutcm  thstre  ol  the 
Pcninmlar  War,  in  which  he  ia«  to  the  nnk  of  raajoc  and  tltt 
command  of  a  full  rtgimenL  At  tke  ficH  redoiacioa  he  was  made 
a  cokmal,  but  be  tejoined  Napohca  duriag  the  Hundred  Dayi, 
and  ODdec  Ut  old  ddel  Socbet  diatingi^Aed  kunaeU  greatly  ia 
tbewacia  tkcAlpi.  Fee  fillcea  yean  af  lee  tbe  faH  of  Nafmleca 

gccat  actJvily  ta  agcfciduica  and  In  the  geBciai  devdopawnt  of 
hii  disttict  (d  Pfrlsnd.  The  July  cemlutkia  of  iSjo  reopened 
bit  niUtiry  career,  and  after  a  riiart  teaun  of  a  Ttgiincotal  com- 
mandhe  waain  igji  madea  wuifrtti  dt  amf.     Id  tke  rhtr^h^ 


BUGENHAGEN— BUGIS 


himTftf  to  bfc  Ml  fti^hifrlf  iinnnrnf  of  deaocnc^,  md  b  hk 
Qr  b«  wu  Dolnl  (DC  kkM*nit)r  in  p<riU»  wo(k  ukI 


I  *  dnd  lHt«ecB  BufHdd  ind  dio  4>pat)' DbIotu, 
in  «Uch  the  tatucmkflkd  (1S34):  tUi  iSA  ud  ll«  bddents 
"  ~  ■  MMtMbinilic 

UMO^  brill 


759 


_^ m*  test  Id  Africa 

pracxdcd  nitbout  ddiy  to  Inltiiu 
Ho  won  Ui  Gnt  Tlcloiy  on  thi  7tli 


It  into  foiee 


D  t&S9.  tmally,  b  1B40,  1 
■OTcnwc-fCDen]  <A  Kgait,  vid  eulji  In  1S4] 
U>  ijrMem  of  fiying  rohtam.  His  iwiftnen  ma  toetgy  drove 
lad  lla  tooxi  <d  Abd-d-Kadet  from  plice  to  ptaoe,  whOe  iBc 
devotion  of  tha  nnk  and  £l«  to  "  Fin  Bugfaud  "  enabled  hun 
lo  cany  iL  bafon  him  In  action.  IniOtibeMCUrcdtheFTcnc)) 
posiUom  by  ondntakint  the  conitiuctlan  of  madi.  In  1S4J 
Bufeand  ma  made  maiahal  of  Fiance,  and  in  IliEi  and  the 
loOoviDi  yeai  he  continued  his  opeiaCioni  with  niiTtuying 
•uccen.  St  gnat  nctory  of  lily  on  the  14th  of  August  1S44 
won  for  Um  the  title  ol  duha.  In  1845,  hoireveT,  he  hod  to  take 
the  Gdd  again  Is  consequence  td  tkt  duaitet  of  Sidi  Brahim 
(asad  of  Septonbcr  1B45X  and  1^  to  hb  £nal  retiremoit  from 
Algeria  jluly  184(1)  he  vas  almost  tonstantly  employed  in  the 
£dd.  Si  leugnalion  was  due  to  diSerencea  with  the  iKmic 
Cpvenment  on  the  question  oi  the  future  govenunoit  of  the 
province^  Amidit  bii  other  activities  he  iiad  foniul  lime  to  itndy 
the  agiicaltural  cbaiacleristics  of  the  conqoeied  country,  and 
onder  Ui  rigime  tbe  tiiunbei  of  French  cokn^Mi  bad  grovn  iram 
17,010  to  100,000.  In  1848  the  manbal  was  b  Paris  during 
the  revgbtloii,  but  his  onleii  prevented  him  from  acting  eHectu- 
aOy  M  nqiiiTelt  It.  He  was  asked,  but  eventually  idaacd,  to 
be  a  ciodidatefbc  the  presidency  in  oppo^tion  to  Louis  Napideon. 
Hb  lait  pubUc  •ecvicc  was  tbe  comniind  of  the  nimy  of  the  Alps, 
fcrnMdini84B->S4qtoobieiVBeventslnItaIy.  Be  died  in  Paris 
4a  tlie  lotb  of  June  1849. 

Bugcaud's  wiitloga  irr  numenniei  iDcludtui  his  (Eaarfs  m3i- 
taim,  cnUeded  by  Weil  (Pwis.  1&83!.  many  oSkial  lewmi  on 
Algi^  a&d  tte  war  ctKiv,  and  «onie  «onis  on  ecDoornics  and  political 
ne««  SnCaoMd'l(tevak.£(JfoiA*al«a(mi<(PamiUi- 
.»J). 

n(i4Sj-t55S),  nmasied  POHEiAiniB, 
.  .  _.     na,  ma  boni  at  Wollin  ncu  Stettin 
on  the  Htk  ol  Jima  1485.    At  tbe  univenitjr  of  Greiiawakl  be 

j.h.-J  f-ijli  JI.iImmU.  ..  .  ImiMiJw    ...J  *«<  yi  — ■■  «ppnlM.M< 

by  th(  abbot  ol  tbe  Ptaemanstnteniian  mraoBteiy  at  Bdbock 
lectotottbetownadir^atTleptvw.  In  iseghevaioidilntd 
prieal  and  became  a  vicai  In  the  cdle^te  UaritmUrdii  at 
Trcptow;  in  1517  be  wu  appointed  lecturer  on  the  Bible  and 
Chuitli  Fathen  at  tbe  ablxy  ichsol  at  BeUiuck.  In  ijso 
I.nlliei'a  Di  Caplivilelt  Baiyltriica  convened  him  into  a  lealotis 
Hpponer  of  tbe  Refonnet'*  views,  to  which  he  won  ovec  the 
ablxit  among  Dthen.  In  1531  hewent  to  Wtlteidierg,wlMiebe 
formed  a  dcoe  friendship  with  Luther  and  Melandithon,  and  in 
I5»  be  married.  Be  pieadied  and  lectured  b  the  vnivenlty, 
but  Ui  leil 


'  fnflDcnce  tar  beyond  lb  Harita.  b  tjiSbeanangedtbeebiirA 
adafn  of  Bnmswick  and  Hambttig;  in  1530  those  of  Labech  and 
Pamerania.  InisjyhewaainvitcdtoDemnarkby  Christian  m., 
and  remained  five  yean  hi  that  cotmtry,  organising  the  chui^ 
(though  only  a  presbytcc,  be  (Otisecra ted  the  new  Daniib  Ualiopi) 
and  schools.  He  puaed  Ae  tcmilnder  of  his  life  at  WiKenbeig, 
braving  the  peril)  of  Wn  and  penecutian  Tather  tlian  desert 
the  place  dear  to  him  aa  tbe  home  of  the  ReformatkirL  He 
died  on  tbe  Mtbof  AprQ  IJ5S.  Among  hti  DsmcnnB  works  {a 
a  hiltocy  d  Pomerania,  wbl^  remained  unpublished  till  1718. 
PeriHqabii  be«  book  li  tbe  Jnfer^iAiJCi&jUinmi'ntBUPHsi 
(1513),  and  heb  ibo  rcmembBed  as  ha^ng  helped  Luther  in  his 
tlamlatlan  of  the  Bible. 

See  Life  by  H.  Heriag  Qblk,  iSBS);  Ema  CBrig^  BmtnkiBm 
mad  dit  AMutaaiiiinu  Ptmmni  (llu)-  0.  Vaft  |x£uibfdB 
cDUeciiaiiofBqgeiihagin^caReqDaiieBceiui888,andaiupiileiaegt 


iaiSgo.  

BUOOB,  BOPHUB  (18JJ-1907},  Norwegtu)  philologist,  was 
bom  at  Lanrvik,  Norway,  on  the  jth  of  January  1833.  He  was 
educated  at  Chriitiania,  Copenhagen  and  Berlin,  and  in  1866 
be  became  piofcssor  of  comparative  philalogy  and  Old  None  at 
Christnnla  Didvcrsity.  In  addition  to  collecting  NorwegiaB 
folk^iongi  and  traditions,  and  writing  on  Kunic  iruoiptions, 
be  made  considerable  contribuliant  to  tbe  study  of  tbe  Celtic, 
Romance, Oacaa, Pmbrlan and Elnacan languagia.  Hewastb* 
autboi  of  a  very  large  munbet  of  books  on  phikd^gy  and  lolklot^ 
Hit  principal  worit,  a  critical  edition  cd  the  etdei  Edda  Ifltratm 
F«niiiMtf t) ,  was  publiibed  at  Chriitlinia  in  1867.  Be  maintBtsed 

naviau  literatnre  by  wny  of  En^and.  His  writing  ^so  Include 
CamJ<  Ksislu  Pditviia  (185S),  a  coQecIioa  of  Old  Norse  l(tt> 
sonp;  Bidrag  13  den  addsle  skaJdtdifittimff  hiitarie  (ChrfsIiaBiv 
iS«4);  Hdie-ditfau  I  in  Addri  Edda  (Copenhagen,  1S96, 
Eng.  Hans.,  Tkt  Himt  0/  Hit  Eidit  Peaa,  tbto);  Narik  Saffl- 
jerlatUtnt  of  SaimtritHiit  I  Idand  (Chrlitlania,  iQOi),  and 
various  boolia  on  Runic  inscriptiona.  Hedkdgn  tbeSIliof  July 

For  a  (DRber  bt  of  hit  wotVs  fee  J.  B.  Hihtmto.  ffenk  fto^iW/- 

LaHm.  voL  L  (Chriatiania.  iHj). 

BDDOT,  ■  vehide  with  eHbec  two  (In  Entfand  and  India) 
or  tour  wheds  (fa  America).  Entfith  buggies  are  leneiatty 
hooded  and  for  one  lune.  Ameiicsn  buggies  are  lot  one  horse 
01  two,  and  cither  covered  with  a  hood  or  open;  uiHing  tbe 
varieties  are  tbe  "  Goddard  "  (the  name  of  the  inventor),  tbe 
"  bos,"  to  csScd  from  the  ihape  of  tbe  body,  tbe  "  cut  under," 
ij.  cut  out  for  tbe  front  wheds  to  damp  beneath  and  so  turn 
in  a  narrow  space,  the  "  end-q>ring  "  uid  "  side-bar,"  nsna 
refenfng  to  the  Kyle  of  hanging.  A  akdeton  boggy,  li^tly  con- 
stroctcd,  is  used  on  the  American  "  apecdways,"  built  and  maln- 
buned  for  fast  driving.  Tbe  word  it  of  ankiwwn  origin;  It  may 
Ixconnecledwitb"  bo{je  "  (f  .T.)  a  truck.  The  supposed  Hlndu- 
itanl  (uf^,  a  gig,  often  ^ven  as  the  source,  appears  to  be  an  in- 
vention or  an  adiptation  bto  the  vernacular  of  the  English  woid. 

BUOU,  or  Bucms,  a  people  of  Malayan  stock,  oritfnnlly, 
occupying  only  the  kmgdom  of  Boni  in  the  south-westera 
penrnsnhi  of  the  island  of  Celebes.  From  this  district  they 
spread  over  the  whole  I^nd,  and  Founded  set  tlements  throu^iout 
the  whole  Malay  Atchlpeligo.  They  are  of  middle  site  and 
lobmt,  of  very  active,  enterprising  nature  and  of  a  compleifciD 
slightly  lifter  than  tbe  average  Malay.  In  disposition  they  are 
brave,  haughty  and  fierce,  and  sie  said  to  be  more  predisposed 
towards  "  running  amuck  "  than  soy  other  Halayana.  They 
speak  a  language  allied  to  that  of  the  Macsssan,  and  write  it 
irilh  dmHar  characters.  It  has  been  studied,  and  its  letteis 
reproduced  b  type  I7  Dr  B.  F.  Hathes  of  the  Netherlands  Bible 
S«^.    The   Bu^  a       '   '       "  '    ' '" "      "^'■ 

tnomifacture  cottoo-dotb  not  only  (or  their  o 
export.  They  also  airy  on  a  conudersble  trade  In  the  minenl 
and  vegetable  products  of  Boni,  such  aa  gdd-dust,  tortoisftthet!, 
peails,  nut-mep  and  camj^BT.  Tbdr  love  of  tbe  sea  has  ^vca 
tbem  almost  a  manapoly  of  trade  around  Cdebcs.    Their  town* 


tribes,  a 


760 


pit  «dl  bdk  *Dd  they  have  kIuxiIi  of  thtir  own.  Tbc  klnf  b 
decled  ■enenlly  for  life,  ud  alwayi  from  Ibdr  own  Diunbef ,  by 
the  cUe&iif  ibe  oght  petty  itntalluit  compoie  the  conlcdenticHi 
ef  Bool,  uu)  be  caaoot  decide  on  uy  public  meuure  wiil»ui' 
tbcdl  coDKiiL  la  ume  of  tbt  itsiH  tbc  oiiice  of  thief  b 
bendiUuy;  in  othen  any  membu'of  iIm  privileged  daoes 
DUiy  upire  to  tbe  dignity,  and  it  not  iufiequently  happeu 
that  llie  lUte  a  governed  by  >  wotnui.  The  Bugit  have  bc«n 
UaboDUtiedu*  >inct  the  171b  ccDIury.  Their  otigitBl  tana  ol 
ulute-wonbip  bad  been  much  affected  by  Hindu  inSueacei, 
and  even  no*  they  retain  rites  connected  iiith  the  wonhip  of 
Siva.    See  funhet  BOHii  Ceiibee. 

BUGLB,  Bdcle-hoin.  Kiy£D  Bdcle,  Sent  BdOle  or 
Beoknt'i  BdOu  (Fr.  Bajfc,  Cleirm,  Cor  i  ckfj.BuiU  t  deli; 
Ger.  FUif^ktm,  Signailuni,  BUieUcn,  Klapptnkmi,  Knukorn; 
Ital.  Coma  cromalica),  a  treble  brass  wind  injlmmeal  with 
cux^ahaped  mouthpiece  and  conical,  bore,  uied  as  a  military 
duly  and  signal  instnunent.    The  bugte  wis  originally,  as  its 


^^^  by  the  manner  in  which  the  lube 

b  bent,  tormi  s  natural  subdivision  in  classifying  these  inilru- 
Btnls:— to  Those  in  which  the  lower  harinonio  from  the 
■econd  to  the  sith  or  eighth  an  employed,  luch  *>  the  bugte, 
post-bom,  the  comet  i  pijlons,  the  tmmbonc.  (i)  Tlose  in 
which  the  hitler  hannoiiics  from  the  third  oc  fourth  to  the 

•nd  trumpet,  (j)  Thaw  which  itive  out  tlie  (undamental  lone 
•Od  harmonics  op  to  the  *i(bth,  luch : 


We  tbui  fiod 

aikd  the  bugle  as  regards  the  harmonic  Krici.  But  although,  to 
the  casual  beholder,  these  Instruments  may  present  a  general 
^miUrily)  there  4ie  olber  important  structural  disLinctions. 
The  lube  of  tbc  trumpet  is  cylindrical,  widening  only  at  the  bell, 
whcrcu  IbU  of  the  bugle,  as  slated  above,  is  conical. ,  Both 
Instruments  have  cup^baped  mouthpieces  outwardly  similar. 
The  peculiar  shape  of  the  batios,  however,  at  the  pUce  where 
they  ojica  iolo  the  tube,  uigular  in  tbe  trumpet  and  bevelled 
la  tbc  bugle,  taken  In  conjunction  with  the  bore  oi  the  main 
tube,  gives  to  the  trumpet  iu  brilliant  blaring  lone,  and  to  the 
bugle  its  taoie  veiled  but  pcnetraliog  qUAlily,  cbuicleristic  of 
the  whole  family.'  Only  five  notes  are  required  (or  the  various 
bugle-calls,  altbougb  the  actual  compass  of  the  iutrumeot 
consiaii  ol  eight,  of  which  tbc  Gist  or  fuodaEMMal,  bowever, 
being  ol  poor  quality.  Is  never  used.  There  are  bugles  in  C  and 
b  E  flat,  but  the  bugle  in  B  Bat  ii  most  generally  used;  the 
key  of  C  u  used  in  notation. 


'  The  word  is  de 


in  Lai.  hiflJu, 


,  ,  .  -  -  "  Bn*'." 
ianin^  a  Img  ret  or  Uack  gbv  bead,  used  in  trimming  ladies' 
SH*.  iaDDwbly  cDnnccIcd  with  Iha  Ccr,  Bifii,  ■  bcnl  piece  of 
ita].  The  EoffliBh  Eume  "bugle"  is  alto  given  to  a  common 
ule  [^nl.  itie  ^jaia  nptaiti,  not  to  be  csniuicd  with  Ibc 

>  lee  V- C  kUhiUoo.  fUaniM 


w  diatnnu  of  theie 


f  ocmligM  [BniiicU,  1874],  p.  96. 


the  bu^  two  iBclfaodi  have  bcaa  adoptad,  the  i«  <f  (i)  bjt 
aDd(t}  valvea.  Tte  applkatko  of  keya  to  the  bock  paBlncad 
the  Kent  bugle,  wid  laUt  the  opUdeide^  The  applicuion 
of  vtlvo  producol  the  bauir  «f  aaibana.  Ite  uaa  at  ktyi 
for  wood  wind  instiunuta  mu  knowa  cailjr  in  tlia  )5tk 
century,*  periiapi  beioi«.  io  14J8,  tba  itnke  ol  Bmiualy  paid 
Heuoeiiuin  HaiiU,  iaatnaeol-nakar  of  Brnitib  4  ndim  a 
piece  for  Ibiee  leaor  bombanb  wttli  kcyi.  In  tba  i6ih  c(Btni7 
we  find  a  key  applied  totba  ba»  atte.fc4ec'  andhterlotk 
buge  tenor  axnetlo.'    In  1770  a  bon-player  naoed  UUx^ 

keys  on  the  trumpet,  and  in  1705  Weidiagtt  of  Vicana  ptodaod 
a  trumpet  with  £ve  keya.  In  idi9  Jooaph  HalUday*  tht 
bandmaster  of  the  Cavan  mUiIia,  pali-iittri  tin  keyed  I  mil. 
with  Gve  keys  and  a  conpui  of  twMty-Ave  notes,  eallms  H 
the  "Hoyal  Kent  Bufk "  oM  of  onplimcnt  (o  tbc  flake  «f 
Kent,  wbo  was  at  Ibc  time  cobunaadn^iB-cUel,  and  "-^--iirt 

A  Ro^  Kent  bu^  In  C,  ittBiped  with  HidHdajr^  nane  as 
inventor,  and  made  by.F.  Tisloii,  s  Wtmwmid  Gat^  Dub&i, 
was  exhibited  by  CoL  Shaw4Udlier  at  tbe  Royal  liilkaiy 

Eahibition  In  isio.*    The  in —  —  '-     — -"  -'- 

total  kogtb  of  the  tobing,  li 

""     ■■  and  at  ths  beU  si  la. 


MahiDon  {op.  cii.  p. 
key-bugle  arid  kindrol : 
barmonic  given  oat  by  the 
""     the  original 


s  out  that  the  tonality  of  Ike 
s  is  determined  by  the  second 

tube,  the  first  key  remalnioi 
specified  h 


Halliday  added  a  sixth  key,  which  became  the  first  and  wa*  in 
the  normal  position  open^  this  key  when  closed  gave  B  flat. 
with  the  same  series  of  harmonics  as  tbe  open  tube.  Tbe  aeiica, 
bawcrcr,  becomes  shoitei  with  each  successive  key.    Has,  ol 

being  opened,  tbe  lecoiHl  key  ^ves ! 


fgi*t-^'N, 


enoo^  in  piop«1jaa 
make  ponible  the  playing  of  the  lundainaiUal 
luno  in  uic  mil  two  series,  but  Uuse  notes  are  never  used,  and 
the  harmonics  above  the  sixth  are  abo  avoided,  being  of  doubt  M 
intonation.  In  the  ophicleiite,  tbe  bait  of  the  key-bogle,  the 
bore  Is  suffidccily  wide  to  produce  tbe  tundamentab  td  a 
utisfaclory  quality, 

Tbe  keyed  bugle  wai  duoSy  used  in  B  flat,  a  crook  for  B  Hal 
bong  ficqueotly  added  to  tbe  bu^  in  C;  tbe  sopiano  bugh 
in  E  flat  wu  also  mach  used  in  military  bands. 

Hm  origin  of  tbe  bu^  in  comaMn  wftb  that  o(  tba  hnntlDt 
bom,  b  of  the  hi^teit  antiquity.  During  (be  aiiddle  agea,  *tt 
word  "  bo^  "  wa*  applied  to  the  ok  and  abo  to  its  hora^ 
wbeiher  used  ai  mrical  instiuiMnlj  or  f«  diinkmg.  Tbe 
#(■  EtitUA  DuUnurj  qoMei  a  definition  of  bogle  dating  ftoaa 
-    -139S:  "  Tbe  Bugle  ...  is  lyke  to  an  oie  and  is  a  fjnt 


•SeeE.  v; 


I  dcr  Slracten,  La  Uunque  m 


*  Martin  Agricola, 


i'iffij 


italli  dMdtd  (WHtcoben. 


•  h|iduel  Fraetoiiui.  SynUcma  Vailculi  (WoHenbilttd,  IblB), 


BUOTI— BUHLE 


7«i 


bM«.">  Id  ijooanaMg^cMMiMtbcimdMidiBbotk 
ttxtfUtioB*, "  A  ihonund  bngie*  o(  Yodi,"  u)d  "  Imyc  bugle- 
boniel  aod  ■  iMve."  F.  Godeftny' givo  quoUIioaifRini  oily 
Fnoch  vUdi  ikos  Ihtx,  u  in  EosLud,  [Im  mnl  bu^  wu 
tnqimUy  osed  u  an  tdJKtiTa,  uid  M  •  mt: — ''  Oil  can 
hogUmi  fat  *i»er  <k  (udm  "  (0>atr(;il#  .t  riMi^  cd  P,  Tubi, 
p.  }i),  4ad  "  I  innt  cor  butfenpc  Si  «9  w  tor  •omr  "  <i4uJ, 
T4]7.5Mil»JaMC>H(MM/rmcsJ0-  Tub*!,  bom,  coru u 
ami  b«|ki  hsv*  n  csdhmh  aidietjriM  lln  bora  of  run,  bull  or 
Mbet  udmtl,  wbow  lona  su  copM  uxt  modUed  in  broD», 
nod,  bnn,  ivory,  •Qver,  Ac  Of  iji  ibociiMnnmita,  tbe  bug)* 
bu  in  IltE  higbol  dEgne  rtuioed  tbe  uooUe  pnpenkt  >iid 
the  dumcteriiUc  kiIc  id  Iht  pfototrpe,  ind  Is  itBl  put  to  tbe 
Diiff  ml  UK  fn  giving  milltuy  sigoab.  Tb*  •botar  o(  tbe  uicicnt 
Hebnwi,  lued  at  tbe  licgc  of  Jcrieba,  wu  ■  co*'«  bora  CJoib.  vi. 
4,  5,  g,  ij,  kc.),  iruulued  in  tba  ValgUa  buaima,  in  tbe  pua- 
pbtue  oi  tbe  Cbaldee  buccima  a  etna,  Tbe  dinctioiB  given 
tor  lonnding  die  tmmpeu  oI  bcnita  lilver  described  In  Niunben 
E.  form  tbe  earilot  code  of  Bgnnb  yel  known;  tbe  nuntlve 
•bom  Uul  Ibe  Imelita  hid  mclil  tilad  imtnUBenli:  if, 
Ibcltfote,  they  retained 


n  (ihofai] 


ipedal  significiD 

Tba  tmi^Kt  of  lilvcr  mentioned  abovo  waa  tl 

pnbably  the  long  itnight  trumpet  or  tuba  wh 


I  tbeii  litnaL 


i(  tbe  ai 


Egyptiaat  and  AByriam,  Gideon's  rae  of  a  maued  band 
of  tbn*  btmdred  ibofaia  [o  Icirify  and  deleat  tbe  Midlanites 
(ludgci  viL  I6),  and  Saul'i  call  Id  arms  (i  Sam.  liii.  3 )  ibow  thai 
tbe  value  of  tbe  abofar  as  a  miUiaiy  instnunent  was  well  iinder- 
(tood  by  the  Jem.  Tbe  cornu  wai  med  by  the  Roman  infantry 
to  1001X1  Ibe  military  calls,  and  Vegctiul*  tlates  Ibal  the  luba 


[o  uaed  for  (he  u 

wbidi  ia  1-40  m.;  he  givn  Iti  icale,*  pitched  an 
«f  ilvbiigje  in  E  IM,  «■  ibii  of  D  Sat,  »l  wh 


lenglh  of 


B^W^^si-n 


from  the  Kcond  to  tbe  lu 
of  the  Briiiih  Miocum 
model  (fig.  1}  of  a  lale  1 


1  ate  available.  Tbe  >ame  department 
a  enriched  in  1004  with  o  tetra-cotta 
man  bugle  ((.  4th  crnlury  aji,),  bent 


France  and  bai 
been  acquired  (torn  tbe  col- 
lectioB  oi  M.  MoreL  Thii  ii 
precisely  tbe  form  o(  bugle 
now  uacd  at  a  badge  by  the 
Gnt  ballalioa  of  the  J£ing't 
Own  Light  Inbniiy.*  Dui- 
ing  the  middle  ag<9  Ibe  use 
of  the  buglf-hom  by  knighu 


I    Euro] 


loUawlng  addili 
tioni  vrjU  abow:  "  XXX  con  bugleraa,  fait  ramirai  uner" 
ICnq-  it  Jtnaalcm,  6S11.  Hippeauli  "Two  iquyen  blewe 
.  .  .  with   ij   grete    buglea   hoRW* "    (Caaion,   Cjirm.   Entl, 

■  Banbol,  Trevita,  De  Pn^.  Kthn.  irfii..  rr..  t49J,  77I- 

■Xiai^fuaaodir.  Slllanl  uSj 

•DUSamain  it  tamcit-  - 
iQeU.  

■See  Calal.  iticHpti!  in  muslt  i* — 

BncaUM,ve(.L{Chen(,lMa).p.ui.    ThereiR... 
'"    ik  and  Renaa  aotiqnilie*  at  ihe  Brillih  M  lui 

U  BrMiiiAniiy  Ki^Hdi  (LoDdoa,  lUS). 


cdi.  igi).  llwoI^ihaBtvaiai^oTiEedbagle-baniiuadeoftkli 
malerial,  lucli  u  Ivny,  carved  and  inlaid  with  deaigns  in  gold 

The  histoiy  of  Ibe  bogle  ai  a  milltaiy  butiumeni  ti  in  England 
doseiy  CDnnected  witb  thccnationar  tbelighlinfinliy,  iowhicb 
it  gradually  (upenedtd  the  drum'  ai  a  duly  and  (igiial  imtru- 
meal.  It  wu  during  the  17th  century  that  tbe  chuge  waa 
inaugurated;  Impioremeols  In  Greama  btougbt  about  (he 
gradual  abandaiuiKnt  of  armour  by  tbe  infantry,  and  (be  forma- 
tion of  the  light  blantry  and  ibe  adoption  of  Ibe  bugle  followed 
by  degree*.  One  of  the  oltleit  light  infenuy  tegimeDla,  Prince 
Albeit 'a  lat  Somenel  Li^t  Infantry,  foiraed  in  tM;  by  the  earl 
of  Huntingdon,  employed  a  drummer  at  that  date  at  a  ibilling 
per  day.*  Al  the  end  of  tbe  i8Lh  nmury  we  find  tbe  bugle 
the  recogniwd  signal  instrument  in  tbe  light  intawrr,  while 
the  trumpet  remained  that  of  Ihe  cavalry.  Tbe  general  order 
inlrodudng  the  bugle  as  a  minor  badge  for  tbe  li^t  infantry  ii 
under  dale  iSlh  of  December  1814.  In  1856  (he  popularity  <rf 
tbe  keyed  or  Royal  Kent  bugle  in  tbe  array  bad  reached  iti 
heighi.  A  biigle-band  was  formed  in  tbe  Royal  Artillery  as  a 
substitute  foi  the  drum  and  fife  band.'  The  organiiatian  and 
tiaioing  of  this  bugie-baod  were  enlnaled  to  Trumpet  .ma  jar 
Jama  Lamon,  wbo  raised  it  (0  a  very  high  aundard  of  excellence. 
Major  LawsoD  «s  a  Gne  comet  player,  and  finding  the  icale  of 
the  service  bugle  too  lestricted  be  obtained  pcimhson  (o  add 
to  it  a  valve  attachment,  which  made  Ibe  bugle  a  chromatic 
imtcvoieDt  b1ie  the  comet,  in  tact  practically  a  saibom.    Before 

bass  lubas  were  added,  all  made  of  copper,  and  in  1869  the  name 
o(  "  bugle  band  "  waa  changed  to  R.A.  Brass  Band,  and  in  1S77 
It  was  merged  hi  the  Mounted  Band.  Tbe  bogle  with  its  doubts 
development  by  means  of  keys  into  Royal  Kent  bn^  and 
ophicleidc,  and  by  means  of  valves  Into  aaahorna  and  tubas, 
formed  the  nucleus  of  btasa  Ijands  of  ail  countriei  durfng  the 
greater  part  of  the  i^Ih  century.  Tbe  FlUgclhom,  as  its  name 
denotes,  became  tbe  signal  instrument  of  (be  infantry  In  Germany 
as  in  England,  and  slill  bolda  it  own  with  tbe  keyed  bugle  in 
tbe  fine  military  banda  of  Auiiro-Hungary. 

There  is  in  the  department  of  ptchistoric  antiqulllei  at  tbe 
British  Museum  a  fine  bugle.hom  belonging  to  the  Bronie  Age  in 
Denmark;  the  tube,  which  has  an  accentuated  conical  bon, 
is  bent  in  a  semi^circle,  and  has  on  the  inner  bend  a  scries  of  11  ttle 
rings  from  which  were  probably  suspended  ornaments  or  corda. 
An  engraved  design  runs  spirally  round  the  wbole  length  of  the 
tube,  which  b  in  an  eacellent  state  of  preacrvatioii. 

Meyerbeer  inlioduced  the  bugle  in  B  Bai  in  his  open  Jtshrl  Ja- 
DioUt  in  the  scene  of  tbe  reiuncctioD  of  tbe  nuns,  and  a  bugle 
.'n  A  In  Ihe  filth  act. 

Sec  for  fuiiher  infaonatlDD  on  the  techiuque  of  Che  iastninKnC, 


lilt  ArlnJ  Plajim 
at.'UUmud  ^liinl 'it  ni 


of  the  bugle  i 


Oondon.  ciementir 

(with  iUuBiiiloii^  i^riVisJs)^  *  "~<krS.T  " 

anon,  a  Baluch  tribe  of  Rind  (Arab)  ori^a.  Dumbeiiag  about 
rj.soo,  who  occupy  the  hills  10  Ihe  easi  of  (be  Sind-Feabin. 
railway,  between  Jacobabad  and  SibI,  with  the  Marris  (a  cognate 
tribe)  to  the  north  of  Ibem.  Like  the  Marris.  the  Bugtis  an 
pby^cally  a  magnificent  race  of  people,  hue  horsemen,  good 
swordsmen  and  beredilaty  robbers.  An  eipediiion  against 
(hem  WDs  organJKd  by  Sir  C.  Napier  in  1845,  but  they  were 
never  brou^l  under  coottol  liQ  Sir  Robert  Sandetnan  ruled 
Baluchistan.  Since  the  conslruclioD  of  tbe  raihfay,  whicb  com- 
pletely ootflaoks  (heir  countiy,  they  have  been  fairly  orderly. 

BDH1&  JOHUnt  OOmiBB  (i7«l-iBii].  Geiman  ichdaT 
and  phikoophcr,  was  bota  at  Bninswich,  and  educated  al 
Gattiogni.  He  became  professor  of  philaaophy  at  GottiBgen. 
Mmcow  {1S40)  and  Bmnawick.    Of  bis  numerous  publications, 

'  For  the  Die  of  the  drum  in  the  rSih  cmtgry, «  Sr  John  Smyth, 
/ufmjKWl  end   MltrtiHm  far  all    ailJUintl,    Capbina,    Cri. 

•  See  fikhanl'l^iiaon,  miftncal  Rtarii  at  Ibe  regioeat  (London. 


762 


BUHTURI— BUILDING 


till  sKM  imporUDl  ue  ths  BamOack  ia  GadMit  ia  FU*- 

MAiK  (S  vdL,  i;96-iSa4).  ud  CucUfUi  Ar  Kurn  i'jWiu/Uc 
(6  vob.,  igcx>-iSo5).  The  litter,  clabonte  ukI  ikU  wriUen.  it 
lirkinj  in  critical  apprcdattoa  uid  proiiartioD;  Iheve  are 
FrcDCh  and  Itiliui  tiualitjooi.  He  cditol  Antm  (i  vob-, 
■  I9J>  I'll"}  ('xl  P"t  of  Aristotle  (BipoDline  edition,  vok.  L-v,, 

BDBTOBl  [al-Wind  ibn  'Ubud  AlUliI  (Sn-Sn),  Anbiu 
poet,  IM*  born  at  Uanbij  (Uieiapolii)  in  Sjnii,  betweoi  Aleppo 
■nd  the  Euphnto.  Like  Aba  Tunndm,  be  wu  id  the  tribe  ol 
til.  Wbile  still  young,  be  west  to  viiit  Kba  l^mmim  it  IIODU, 
md  by  him  ms  coouncnded  to  tbe  lutboritia  it  Mi'unt  uit- 
Nu'mln,  who  give  him  ■  pcuioD  ol  400a  diihcnu  (ibout  £ga) 
yeicly.  Liter  he  «eiit  la  Bigdid.  when  he  wnte  vtnei  in 
pnoenf  iJwulipliMaUirikkiliDdol  the  memben  of  hB court. 
Allbough  long  iBident  in  Bigdid  be  devoted  inucli  of  bii  poetry 
to  the  pnise  of  Aleppo,  md  much  of  his  leve-poetry  ii  dcdiotcd 
to  Alwi,  1  maiden  ii  thu  diy.  He  died  n  Manbij  Hierapolii 
in  Sgi-  His  poetry  vu  ccJIeited  tnd  Ktiled  tvice  in  tbs  latb 
centuiy,  imngR]  m  one  edition  tdphabetically  (i^  (ccotdins 
to  ibc  list  comoiunt  in  eicb  line);  in  the  olbei  aeardiiis  to 
lubjectL  ItvupubUthedinConiujiIinople  (ui.  iWj).  Like 
Aba  Timmim  be  nude  1  collection  of  early  poem*,  knovu  u 
the  Hindu  (iadei  of  the  poems  cooUined  in  it,  In  the  Jmaiat 
tj  Uu  Genua*  Orunlal  Society,  nL  4J,  pp.  41S  S.,  d.  itL  45, 
PfL  410  fl.). 

^iof  npiiy  ia  KCC.  dc  Slise'i  tnnilatian  ol  tbn  KhalliUn'* 
JTHtfrBftlrdl /Hffidiiar7  (f^rii  ind  London,  ISu).  vol.  iiU  pp.  G57  ff. ; 
uinnlfa>Aa«t*f5>iifi{HA*ul.PAiu]}.voLivi£Lps.  1^-175- 

BDIUBBT  Rim.  Miny  pea[de  fimDiu  vllb  the  cen- 
gwDio  ilundanl  CD  the  Uying  of  loundition  uouei,  whether 
ecdeanticil,  masonic  or  othemrae,  may  be  M  a  tou  to  umtmt 
foe  the  ictuil  origia  of  the  cuitom  in  pUdng  *ilhiu  a  cavity 
bracath  the  (tone,  a  few  coins  o(  the  ralio,  newipapcr*,  lie 
TbK  ordiniiy  view  that  by  luch  rncini  paiticutirs  may  be  (oond 
o(  tlw  event  on  the  lemovi]  oI  the  itooe  hereafter,  may  suffice 
■■  respects  latter-day  motives,  but  such  memotiab  are  deposited 
Id  tlie  hope  thit  they  will  tKvei  be  disturbed,  and  so  anotber 
nuoa  must  be  foimd  for  such  >n  lodcnt  snrvivil.     Whilst  old 

cestalnly  this  fact  applies  to  laying  foundatioaBtotKi.  Originally, 
h  aniears  that  L'ving  victims  were  selected  u  "  A  sacrifice  to 
tte  gods,"  and  especially  to  ensure  the  staUUly  oI  the  boildmg. 
Cilnun'  remarks  "  It  wis  often  tbooghl  neceBiry  to  ImmuR 
live  animili  and  even  men  in  the  founditloBi,  on  which  the 
MfuctDre  was  to  be  raised,  to  secure  immovaUe  stability." 
lliefC  ii  BO  lack  of  evidence  is  to  this  gruesome  practice,  both 
III  nvage  and  civiiized  communities.     "  The  old  pigan  lild  the 


id  (the  only  or 


'    Undc: 


mined)  hi 


■keletODS  have  been  tliscovercd  la  the  i  jth  century,  the  will 
of  Hobwonby  church  was  built  over  a  living  human  being,  and 
when  this  became  unlawful,  images  of  living  beings  were  sub- 
Hitaled  (FaU-Lm  Jamud,  L  13.14)- 

The  bed  •B«In«  ■ecounl  of  thcH  ritta  is  10  be  obbiined  in  C.  W. 
Spelh's  Sulibrt'  JiiUi  nd  Ctrtnumm  (19%)).  (W.  J-  H.') 

BDIUHIQ.*  The  art  of  building  compriss  the  practice  of 
cfvil  archilectuie,  or  the  mechanical  operations  ncceasary  to 
aUMM  carry  the  designs  of  the  architect  into  eSect.  It  it  not 
■f  tiMHr  InlrcqueDIly  called  "  practical  aichitectnre."  but  the 
*T^  adoption  of  this  form  would  lead  only  to  confusion,  by 
■*  leDdeting  it  diffitull  to  nalte  the  distinction  generally 
mdefMood  between  iichitectuce  (f.s-)  a*  a  fine  or  liberal 
■It,  and  aichltectun  11  n  mechanical  art.  Tlie  uecution 
•i  vofb  of  iRhilecture  ntrrsrsrily  includes  buildlDg,  bnt 
IH'''— g  ii  frequently  enplayed  when  the  result  is  not  uchl- 


lUd  "  lO.E.byUJim)  isappsrenily  c 


■  Bariii|-<;oul 

OE.  Md,  *  diniiiiif ."«( Scaodina^r 

Iceljodic  Wl.  fan-   -■— '-     •"- 

Un  ta  bn  build 


»). 


e  iB*wlikh  to  tie  of 


kind  ol  ■  fotiDduioa  to  pat  10  Una  baOdni;  aad  lt>  ds|Hh  M 
which  be  must  go  (a  let  ■  food  bouoB.  HeitotMikohnEa 
good  knpwledie  ol  tfctidHiy,  n  ikM  he  Bky  tn 
elecu  ol  the  VMiotB  ndde,  iucl,  lie,  that  an  cc 


to  be  placed  «• 

.  portion  of  the  stmctore,  aal  have  >  geaBal  ksmstedtxl 

An  important  feature  in 
that  he  should  be  iberaighly  a 
the  difletenl  towns  at  disuicls,  as  to  the  le 
arious  classet  ol  buildii^and  the  ^kobI  fcatiaa  of  poHsSB 
I  the  diOeient  buildints.  The  lollpwiBg  are  mmiJri  tt  tk 
arioui  buildinga  which  be  may  have  lo  design,  and  the  enc- 
I  of  which  be  miy  br ~"  ' ■      .    —     . 


intoided  for  hunao  consunption,  suingent  by-lawi  ate  in 
most  countries  laid  down  and  enforced  by  the  public  health 
lutborities.  In  Eo^ud,  the  Public  Health  Acts  and  By-laws 
are  carried  out  by  the  various  borough  or  district  autboities, 
who  appoint  inspecton  especistly  to  study  ihe  health  of  the 
public  with  regard  to  sanitary  anangeraents.  'The  Insfjeiiins 
hare  spcclsl  power*  lo  deal  with  bQ  nnprefier  or  driective  food, 
or  irith  any  defects  in  buiUinp  that  laay  aHect  its  cleanly 
preparation. 

In  addition  lo  meeting  the  mpiiieinQiiB  of  the  dienti,  the 
various  buildings  hive  to  be  constructed  arid  planned  on  clearly 

construction  and  plinning  of  public  schools  are  O'^*' 
governed  in  Engtand  by  tlie  board  of  education,  and  ''"*^ 
churches  are  governed  by  the  various  locielies  that  assist 
in  financing  the  eTCction  of  these  edifices;  of  these  Ihe 
Incorporated  Church  Building  Society  eaerdses  the  strongest 
contrri  FactoriesbolbinEti^indindFnnccmustlieplanneil 
and  erected  to  meet  Ihe  separate  acts  that  deal  with  these 
buildings.  The  fire  insurance  companies  lay  down  oextain 
lequirements  according  to  the  siie  of  tbe  building,  and  the 
special  trade  for  which  it  a  etected,  and  fii-their  rate  of  {HCfBiutii 
accordingly.     DwcUing-honses  in  London  mu 


h  the  D 


>  tbe 


nulerisls  lo  be  used,  a 

employed,  tbe  thickness  of  walls,  rates  of  indi: 

means  of  escape  from  fire,  drainage  space  at 

these  laws  especially  forbid  Ihe  use  of  timber  tn 

In  sundry  districts  in  En^nd  where  Ihe  model  by-laws  ara 

not  in  force,  notably  at  Letchworth,  Hem,  it  is  poMible  to 

erect  building  with  soimd  nuteiials  ualramBKlled  by  by-laws. 

With  regard  to  pcemiies  iBed  in  1  combined  way,  a*  shop  and 

dwelling-house.  If  in  London,  and  the  bonding  eicecds  to  squares, 

or  1000  sq.  It,  super  in  area,  tbe  slajis  and  a  luge  portion  of  ihe 

ol  London  flats  under  ceruin  conditions  tbe  itsin  and  CoirWois 


BUILDING 


763 


■Oft  b(  at  fir*4«rittii«  EWtnUa,  wUk  ta  pnu  of  Hew  YoA 
tinbu  buiUins*  *"  allowed;  foe  iUiBtntiiNtt  ol  Umh  m*  It* 
■itkk  Cumnx.  In  public  buiUingi  uid  theatm  1>  Loadon, 
Tuk  ud  N*«  Yoik  nol  oily  tbs  sHBtnclioa,  but  tbo  Ibe 

BiegulttlaBi. 

-xe-i  (2)  Good 


Tbe  mndhlou  aBcenaiy  for  pUaning  ■ 
may  be  iiuHiuriiid  u  fiiOQin>-(i)  Bus  c 
r„m^m>  '^^i   (j)    '^°^   KTVfctl    (4}    Flauui  envuDoumi 

■ u    H>dappraidKij(s)MluauiiDc«Mwiiktnie«CD»Bi]'i 

*f«  ..  in  the  cut  ol  office  buildfaisii  iIm  tan  of  nunngB- 
!?'rrVi'i  ■"^^  *°  "^  tenuti.  An  uAIUct  dwold  *1k>  be 
pnclic*ll)ruqiuteMl«ilknlllbginiideia(«|MnliaB 
in  iH  tbs  tndesorirti  «oi[rio)rMl  ia  baOdfa^  and  b*  >bk  mtantdy 
Id  €(tiiuts  bdoRband  tfaa  abaolnla  eoU  Inwilrtd  In  lb*  ancu- 
tkra  ol  1  pR^HHKl  lUuctun.  Hie  pom  la  do  thu  wcftilb' 
bivolva  that  of  meuniing  woifc  (luBafif  d«ia  bf  the  qnaatiQ' 
luntyoraE  an  advanced  itageof  the  wnk),  and  of  aacaUinbg 
tbe  quanliiio  to  be  dcxie.  Id  ordinaiy  practice  tbe  aicUtect 
nsually  cubea  a  twUdiag  at  a  price  per  foot  nbe,  aa  will  be 
described  hereafter,  but  aa  alcbinct  ihould  know  bow  to  meanm 
and  pnpara  quantltiea,  er  be  cmaot  be  nid  10  be  maiter  ot  hk 
profcidon. 

Building  indudet  what  Is  called  constioctioa,  which  It  tlK 
bnocb  o(  the  idenoe  <rf  arehitectun  relating  to  the  practical 
^^^^   necutiOB  ot  tbe  wcrhi  RqnfRd  to  pnxhKa  any  itmc- 

lubject  in  a  geBKtl  mumer  before  cntertnf  nfea 
building  in  dctalL 
AlthMgh  the  stylet  of  aidiitectuie  have  varied  at  dlllereDt 


In  tbe  detaik  o(  tbe  trade,  or  ait  of  building,  ahbough  iioDea, 
bdcfca,  Dortar,  be,  Ukq  at  now,  formed  die  deraeal  of  tbe 
more  tolid  parts  «l  all  editcci. 

The  object  ol  constnicliMit  it  to  adapt,  combine  and  fit 
raaterialt  in  toch  a  manner  that  thty  shaQ  Rlain  in  use  the 
-^^  fenns  and  dlspoiitiant  aligned  to  tbem.  If  an 
i^SStLi.  opriglit  nil  be  piopcily  contcnicted  upon  a  sufBdent 
foundation,  the  combbicd  mast  will  retain  Its  position 
and  bear  prenure  acting  En  tbe  direction  of  gravity  to  any  extent 
that  tbe  ground  on  whidi  It  atands.  and  the  compound  materials 
of  the  wall,  can  sustain.  But  prenurv  acting  laletally  has  a 
necessary  tendency  to  overthrow  a  wall,  and  therefore  it  will 
be  the  aim  of  the  coBSlrucior  to  compel,  as  far  as  possible,  all 
forces  that  can  act  upon  an  upright  (nil,  to  act  in  Uie  direction 
iff  gmvily,  or  else  to  give  it  permanent  means  of  resistance  bi 
the  directiOB  oj^HHltc  to  that  in  which  a  disturbing  force  may 
act.  Thus  when  an  arch  b  biult  to  bear  against  an  npilgbt 
wan.  a  buUreu  or  other  toantetfort  is  applied  In  a  lUrectiOD 
opposed  to  tbe  pressure  of  the  arch.  In  like  manner  the  bclincd 
n^  of  t  bulldiog  planning  from  wall  to  wall  lends  to  Ihiust  out 
the  walls,  and  hence  a  lie  it  appBed  to  bold  the  (q>posIte  tida 
of  the  roof  together  at  Its  base,  where  alone  a  tie  can  be  foUy 
cfBcieni,  and  thus  the  nwf  is  made  to  act  upon  the  vails  wholly 
in  the  direction  of  gravlly;  or  where  an  efficient  tie  is  inapplic. 
able,  as  In  the  case  of  ■  hammer  beam  roof,  bu  tittises  or  counter- 
Ibrli  are  added  to  the  walls,  to  enable  tbem  to  re^t  tiw  preuum 
outwards.  A  beam  laid  horiionUUy  from  wall  to  wall,  as  i  girder 
to  cany  a  floor  and  its  load,  may  sag  or  bend  downwards,  atad 
tend  thereby  to  force  DBt  tbe  walls,  or  tbe  beam  itsrJf  may 
break.  Bath  them  contingencies  an  obviated  by  tmnng. 
wUcfa  rendeia  tbe  beam  stiff  enough  to  place  Its  load  on  the 
walb  In  the  direction  of  gravity,  and  strong  enough  to  carry  It 
lately.  Or  If  Ibe  beam  be  rigid  In  its  nature,  or  uncertain  In 
Iti  structnro.  or  both  (as  fast-Iren  It),  and  will  break  without 
bendhif .  tbe  onulructor  by  the  smiths'  tit  will  upply  a  check 
and  eniure  II  ag^ntt  Ibe  possible  contingency. 

Perfect  slabiUiy,  bowevec,  it  ut  lobe  obtainMl  wllh  materials 


wbidania  ,        _ 

all  matter  it  tnl^ect  lo  CBrtain  ioaoencct  of 

inftitncaa  moitly  to  be  coolended  against  ai 

and  banidity,  the  fanner  of  which  produces  mo 

o<  aoDM  Und  or  lo  some  eatcat  In  all  bodies,  tbe  latter.  In  many 

Undi  of  matter;  iridlat  the  two  acting  together  contribute  to 

the  disintegration  or  decay  of  materials  available  for  the  purposei 

of  oaostnictlaB.    Tboe  pervadhig  iBSuencci  the  anstructor 

leAt  to  CDunteiact,  by  proper  telection  and  dispoaitico  of  hit 

materiiUa. 

Stone  and  brick,  tbe  principal  material]  in  general  constructioD, 
keep  tbdr  placet  in  combination  by  means  of  gravity.  They  may 
*" """  paAed'to(etber,  but  id  genera]  they  an        ai„^ 


materials  are  wholly  laci 

either,  or  of  both,  combined  in  slructi 

nntn  tbe  setthig  medium  has  mdurnted  to  a  1 

That  kind  of  stone  is  belt  fitted  for 


e  weather  rapidly  di^ntegratea,  and  for  the  most 
pan  non^ansorbent  stone  is  to  hard  thai  it  cannot  always  be 
oted  with  a  due  regard  to  economy.  When,  therefore,  suitable 
Btoneof  both  qualities  can  be  obtained,  the  harder  stone  can  be 
sxpoeed  to  the  weather,  or  to  the  action  which  the  softer  ilone 
cannot  le^t,  and  made  to  loim  the  main  body  of  Ibe  strucTnre 
of  tbe  latter  10  protected.  The  hard  tnd  tbe  sott  should  be  made 
to  bear  alike,  aid  should  tbeiefore  be  coursed  and  bonded 
togetberby  the  mason's  an.  whether  the  work  be  of  slone  wrought 
hito  bloclu  and  gauged  to  thickness,  or  of  rcogh  dressed  ai 
otherwise  nnshaped  rubble  compacted  with  mortar. 

Good  bifcks  are  less  absorbent  of  moisture  tlun  any  stone 
of  the  same  degree  of  hardness,  and  are  belter  non^conducIoA 
of  beat  than  stone.  As  tbe  b^  of  s  stable  structure,  ,jj. 
brickwork  is  more  to  be  relied  upon  than  stone  In  the 
form  of  rubble,  iriieA  the  cotisiituenls  bear  the  relation  to  one 
anotber  last  above  referred  to,  the  setiiiig  roaierial  being  the  tame 
in  both;  because  the  brick  by  its  shaped  form  scats  Itsdl  truly, 
and  produces  by  bonding  a  more  perfectly  combined  mass, 
whilst  the  imperfectly  shaped  and  variously  siied  stone  ss 
dressed  rubble  can  neither  bed  nor  bond  truly,  the  inequalities 
of  the  form  having  to  he  compensated  for  with  mortar,  and  the 

tbe  intiodnction  of  larger  and  smaller  stones.  The  most  perfect 
Itability  is  to  be  obtained,  nevertheless,  from  truly  wrought 
and  accuntely  seated  and  bonded  blocks  of  stone,  mortar  being 
used  to  no  greater  extent  than  may  be  necessary  to  exclude  wind 
and  water  and  prevent  the  disintegrating  action  of  these  agents 
upon  even  the  most  durable  stone.  When  water  alone  is  to  be 
dealt  with,  and  eapeclally  when  il  is  liable  to  act  with  force, 
mortar  Is  necessary  lor  securing  to  every  block  in  the  structure 
its  own  full  weight,  and  the  aid  of  every  other  collateral  and 
superimposed  atone,  in  order  to  resist  the  loosening  effect  which 
water  in  powerful  action  is  bound  to  produce. 

In  the  application  of  construction  to  any  particular  object, 
the  nature  of  the  object  will  naturally  aSect  the  chancier  of 
the  constracllons  and  the  materials  of  which  they  ramiiiii 
are  to  be  formed.  Every  piece  of  conslructlan  ^ould  nWirtnf 
be  complete  in  itself,  and  independent  as  such  of  every-  ^jy^ 
thing  beyond  It.  A  door  or  a  gale  serves  its  purpose 
by  an  application  wholly  foreign  to  Itself,  but  it  is  a  good  and 
elective,  or  a  bad  and  Ineffective,  piece  of  construction,  in* 
depcndently  of  the  posts  to  which  it  tnay  be  hung,  whilst  the 
wheel  of  a  wheelbarrow,  compti^ng  feUoet,  ipokes  and  ailetree, 
is  a  piece  of  coDstiuction  complete  in  itsdf,  and  iDdependeht 
as  luch  of  everything  beyond  it.  An  arch  of  masonry,  however 
large  It  may  be,  is  nol  necessarily  a  piece  of  conslructioa  complete 
In  itself,  lor  it  would  ftll  to  pieces  without  a^tmenta.  Thus 
a  bridge  consisting  of  a  series  of  arches,  however  eitenuve, 
may  be  bnt  one  piece  of  construction,  no  arch  being  complete  In 
lutlf  without  tbe  coUateril  arches  in  the  series  to  serve  as  its 
abutmenlt.  and  the  whole  series  b^  dependent  thereby  upon 


7*4 


the  u1  timate  ■butmenu  of  tbt  bridge,  without  which  the  Mrncture 
would  Dol  iluul.  Tbi>  illuslnlioa  ii  not  intended  to  apply  to 
the  older  bridgowith  widely  diucaded  muus,  which  rendu  each 
ptct  luffidcDt  to  abut  the  atchea  ipringiti^  {rom  it,  but  tend,  in 
providing  lor  a  way  over  the  rivei.  (o  cholie  up  tlw  way  hy  the 
hvet  itielf.  or  to  compel  the  rivet  eithec  (o  throw  doini  tbe 

Some  uils  ant  liable  to  change  in  fDnn,  eipinding  and  oni- 

tncting  undei  mcteorologiad  infiucDces-,  such  are  days  which 

^^^     iwell  when  wetted  and  Bbrink  when  dried.    Concrete 

jfj^j  Ibuiidationi  are  commouly  interposed  upon  luch  aoits 

to  protect  the  building  from  denngement  from  this 

the  more  flipeniive  brick  or  stone  structure,  an  brou^c  up  from 
ft  level  sufficiently  below  the  ordinary  surface  of  the  ground- 
When  concrete  is  used  to  obviate  the  tendency  of  the  soil  to  yield 
to  presSDie,  opaiise  oi  eileni  of  base  is  requited,  and  the  coocrete 
being  widely  ^reid  stould  thcielote  he  deep  oi  ihitl  as  a  layer, 
fflily  with  reference  to  its  owo  power  of  tisnsniiLiing  to  the  ground 
the  weigh t  of  llie  wbU  to  be  built  upon  it,  without  breaking  »ct«s 
or  being  cnubcd.    But  when  concrete  ia  used  as  a  substitute  for 

in  itself,  wide  only  in  proportioo  to  its  comparative  weakneu 
Id  the  absence  of  manipulated  bond  in  its  construction,  and 
encased  by  the  soil  within  which  it  is  placed.  When  a  concrete 
wall  is  used  in  place  of  brick  the  London  Building  Act  retjuircs 

ouacrete no  regulations  as  to  thickness  have  at  present  been  made. 
The  loundAlion  of  a  building  of  ordinaiy  weight  is  for  the  most 
pftTt  luSciently  provided  for  by  applying  whut  are  technically 
_^^  tenned  "  footings  "  to  the  walls.  The  reason  lor  a 
ti^S!  looting  is,  that  the  wall  obtaigs  thereby  a  bearing 
upon  a  brea<ttb  of  ground  lo  inixJi  gieatet  than  its 
own  width  or  thickness  above  the  looting  aa  to  cvmpenule  ior 
the  dilTereiice  between  the  power  ol  resisting  pressure  ol  the  Hill, 
and  ol  the  ground  or  ultimate  foundation  upon  which  the  wall 
b  to  rest.  11  will  be  dear  liom  this  Ihat  if  a  building  is  to  be 
erected  upon  rock  as  hard  as  the  main  constituent  of  the  walls 
Iheoreiically  imeipanded  lootings  will  be  necessary:  11  upon 
chalk,  upon  strong  or  upon  weak  gisvcl,  uponsandoi  upon  clay, 
the  footing  must  be  eipuided  with  reference  to  the  power  of 

In  or  upon  nuide  ground  or  other  looae  and  badly  combined 
or  imperfectly  resisting  soil,  a  solid  (ditform  beating  evenly 
over  the  ground,  and  wide  enough  not  Jo  sink  into  St,  becomes 
necessary  under  the  constructed  footing.  For  this  purpose 
the  easiest,  the  most  familiar,  and  for  most  purposes  the  most 
eHectual  and  durable  is  a  layer  of  concrete. 

Tie  English  government,  when  it  has  legislated  upon  building 
inalteit.  has  generally  conSiiediisell  to  making  provision  that  the 
enclosing  walls  o(  buildings  sbould  be  formed  ol  incombustible 
materials.  In  provbions  regarding  the  least  thjckntsses  ol  such 
mill,  these  were  genBrsUy  determined  with  reference  to  the 
height  and  length  ol  the  building. 

In  the  genenl  and  uaual  practice  of  developing  bnd  at  the 
present  day.  the  owner  or  frecholdeEol  the  land  first  consults  an 
m..  jljj  atcbitect  and  stales  his  [ntenlions  ol  building,  the 
Ikru  tile  of  what  be  tequiies,  what  it  is  to  be  used  for,  if  for 
JV**  tmde  how  many  bands  he  intends  lo  employ,  and  the 
^*">^  aub-buildinpand  departments,  &c,  that  will  be  wanted. 
The  ardiilect  gathcn  u  much  bikiimation  as  be  can  as  to  his 
cbent'a  nquitonent*,  and  ftom  this  Information  prepares  his 
•kelcJKi.  Thb  £nl  step  it  usually  done  wiih  rough  sketches  or 
Mtlina  only,  and  when  qqmved  by  the  dienl  as  legards  the 
jj.nni-g  ugj  iitQation  at  looms,  ic,  the  architect  prepares 
tbe  l^ans,  elevations,  and  sections  on  the  lines  of  the  approved 
lOBf^  sketches;  at  the  same  time  he  strictly  ohseives  the 
buildmg  acta,  and  makes  every  ponioa  of  tbe  building  comply 
viih  Ihcaa  act^  as  regards  the  iKififr^it^  at  walls,  ajMt  tf 
Ugbt  and  ail,  distance*  from  suirounding  property,  ftontage 
•ad  a  host  of  othet  points  too  numerous  lo  meation,  s  far  as  he 
<aa  inteiprft  the  '^^'•'"g  of  the  *na^r*nl'      (The  lAndon 


iyaaeBtivc,w)thiii 


and  Kew  York  BuBding  Act*  an  n 

amendments  made  ai  occuioo  requret.)  An  arcMlect,  irliilst 
ptepaiing  the  wocUag  Aswlap  tnra  the  lousb  anuoved 
skelches.  and  endeavounii  M  confona  with  tbe  Buildinf  Act 
requirements,  often  finds  allet  cootullation  «ith  the  distria 
*urveyor,Dr  the  London  COunty  CauDcil,oisther  ki^autborilk*, 
that  the  plan*  have  lo  be  altered ;  uid  wheuao^teitd  the  client 
may  disapprove  ol  them,  and  tlui*  delay  often  occun  in  aettliBC 
them. 

Another  important  punt  1*  that  after  the  attUlcct  has 
obtained  the  consent  of  the  building  autboritlet,  and  also  the 
approval  of  the  client,  then  he  may  ha^  to  fight  tlie  ad}airnDg 
owners  with  regard  to  ancjcnt.  lighti,  or  air  space,  or  patty  wab. 
In  the  city  of  London  Ibesc  last  diflKTilfJfit  often  mean  the 
suspenuon  of  the  work  lor  ■  kmg  time,  aiul  a  great  kwa  l»  the 

'  IX  the  site  is  a  large  one,  or  Qw  natnn  of  the  soD  nnceHsia, 
liial  holes  should  be  simk  diieoly  Che  skeUh  {rian*  an  apimvcd. 
(See  FotilfMTIONB.) 

Where  the  ptopcity  b  leaseboEd  Ibcie  aic  ahraifi  at  Ilus  stage 
negDlbtion*  ■*  to  abtaining  the  appmvil  ot  tbn  sBuir  ksioa 
and  tbe  Iteebolders;  these  having  beoi  obtained,  tbe  architect 
is  then  free  to  serve  the  various  notiea  that  may  be  Rqitind 
re  party  walb,  Ac 

Tlie  contract  plans  should  he  very  careluDy  prepared,  aitd 
sections,  plans  and  elevations  of  all  parts  ol  the  buildiap  and 
the  levels  frodnadatum  line  be  ^ven.  In  addition  to  the  general 
set  of  drawings,  laiget  scale  details  of  the  prindpal  pottimi* 
of  the  building  sbould  be  given- 

If  there  are  any  eaistiug  building*  on  the  nte  these  sboald  be 
carefully  suTveycd  and  sctuiate  detail  [dan*  be  made  lor  re- 
ference; Ibis  b  especially  necessaiy  with  tcgitd  to  eaaement* 
and  ri^tsol  adjoining  ownen.  AlsoinlbepicpBtstionof  thetile 
plan  the  various  levels  of  the  glound  should  be  shows. 

Tlie  plans  having  been  aiqHuvcd  by  bU  paitic*  <nacerQe4 
the  next  <^jcration  b  the  preparation  of  the  iptuftaiitH-  Thie 
b  a  document  which  dcKribca  the  maleriab  lo  be  used  in  the 
building,  states  how  they  an  to  be  mtsad,  ud  bow  tbe  vatiosa 
works  are  ID  beetecuted,  and  qtedfita  every  trade,  and  cvcit 
portion  of  work  in  the  building.  Tbe  sped&catioa  i*  aecosat; 
to  enable  tbe  buildei  to  eiect  the  structure  acootding  to  tbe 
atdiitcct't  lequitcments,  and  b  written  by  the  architect; 
usually  two  cc^ie*  ol  thb  document  are  made,  csic  for  the 
builder,  the  other  for  tbe  atcbilect,  and  the  latter  is  slgDtd  a* 
the  contract  copy  in  the  same  marmet  as  the  drawings 

From  the  specification  and  drawings  usually  an  approumale 
estimate  of  the  cost  of  the  proposed  building  is  prepared  by  the 
architect,  and  the  most  general  meibod  adopted  is  to  cube  tbe 
building  by  a  multi;dication  of  the  length,  breadth  and  beigbt 
ol  tbe  buiiding,  and  to  multiply  the  product  or  cubic  contcnia 
byapriceraogingftombvepenccloiJuee  sfaillings  pet  cubic  foot. 
In  the  case  of  churches,  diapeb  and  sdiools,  the  cost  may  be 
roughly  computed  by  taking  the  number  of  seats  at  a  price  per 
scaL  In  the  case  of  churches  and  ch^Kb,  taking  a  niin,TTi»i» 
area  ol  8  It.  each,  the  cost  varies  from  £io  upwards,  tbe  difference 
being  due  to  the  amount  of  archiiectuiul  embellishment  or  tbe 
addition  of  a  tower.  Sdwob  may  be  estimated  as  averai^ng 
£g  pet  scholat;  we  find  that,  taking  schoob  of  various  sins 
erected  by  the  late  London  School  Soard,  their  cut  varied  Iron 
l1■.Il■.^  to  £io:r:ro  per  scholat.  Hos^tals  vsiy  from  £100 
per  bed  upwards,  the  lowest  cost  being  taken  from  ■  oottsfe 
hospital  type:  while  in  the  case  of  St  Thonuu's  boBpital,  Londoa, 
the  cost  per  bed,  including  the  proportjcu  uA  the  adnurusttalive 
block,  was  £650,  and  without  this  portioo  the  wards  alone  oal 
£350.    TheHerberlhospilalatWoolviichcostonlyijiopcrhed 

The  bilb  ol  quantities  are  prepared  by  tbe  quutily  Hirveyo, 
and  an  generally  made  to  form  part  oi  the  cootitict,  and  so 
mentioned  in  "  the  contract."  The  work  ti  the  quantity 
surveyor  b  to  measure  from  the  drawing*  the  whole  of  tbe 
materiab  lequired  for  tbe  structure,  and  state  tbe  amouat* 
or  quantiticB  of  the  respective  materiab  ui  tbe  fang  of  »  bill 
BBSaHy  aade  m\  co  tonlsup  papei  Vedally  ruled,  sa  that 


the  bnlldetf  an  prtte  «cli  item,  together  wUh  the  Ubont  requited 
to  wotIe  And  &t  ft,  thiu  Forming  (he  building.  Tlie  idn  b  lo  be 
able  to  itrive  at  a  lump  lum  lor  which  the  buildcn  wiii  undertahe 
to  tlvct  the  buiidiog.    It  is  of  frequent  ocoimoceT  in  SMrt  It 

b  commenced,  the  client,  or  other  interetted  peraon,  will  aiter 
taint  portion,  thereby  causing  deviationa  fn>m  tJw  bilLa  of 
quanlilies.  By  having  the  prices  of  the  different  materiab  before 
failD,iliietsy  Eeu  the  quantity  surveyor  to  lemcasure  the  portion 
KlIFltd,  adding  or  dcductinf  ai  the  case  may  be,  and  thus  to 
■scettaio  what  difference  the  alteration  naka.  This  UKthod  of 
bflls  of  quantities  and  prices  b  absolutely  necesary  to  any  one 
about  to  build,  and  means  a  nnsidenble  saving  to  the  dient  in 
the  end'  For  example:^ — Suppose  that  hiOa  oE  quantities  are 
Dot  prepared  for  a  certain  }ob  by  a  quantity  surveyor,  and,  aa  is 
often  done,  the  drawings  and  qKci6catlon  an  sent  lo  Kveral 
buildera  asking  them  lor  a  quolatioQ  to  build  the  house  or  factory 
or  whatever  it  may  be,  aCOTnXng  to  the  drawings  and  apecifita- 
tion.  Ihe  prices  are  duly  sent  in  to  the  architect,  and  probably 
the  lowest  price  is  accepted  and  the  sncMsaful  builder  start*  the 
job.  During  the  progteo  of  the  works  certain  alterations  take 
place  by  the  owner's  liDtmctforis,  and  when  the  day  of  aettiemeot 
conies,  the  builder  puts  in  hii  daim  for  "  eitras,"  thesi  owing  t 
(he  alterations  and  to  the  ttchllect  having  no  prices  to  work  upoi 

Before  the  work  of  erecting  a  itmcf  ure  Is  entrustei 
he  has  to  sign  a  contract  in  the  nine  manner  ai 
and  specification.  This  tontnct  h  an  importai 
wherein  (he  ballder  agrees  to  carry  out  the  work 
tDraofnioney,in  acconJancewiihthedrawingsand 
and  bills  of  quantities,  and  instructloru  of  the  architect,  ana  (o 
hi*  entire  satisfaction;  and  it  alyi  statea  the  description  of  (he 
materials  and  workmanship,  and  the  manner  of  carrying  out 
the  work,  te^wnsihlHties  of  the  builder,  particularly  dames 
Indemni^'ng  the  employee  against  accidenta 
and  against  nnmerotB  other  risks,  the  time  of 
works  under  a  penalty  for  non-completion  (the  la 
befog  made  forbad  weather,  fire  or  strikes),  and  .   _ 

menta  will  be  made  to  (he  builder  as  he  procecda  wUh  the 
building.  This  form  of  contract  is  generally  pr^»nd  by  the 
architect,  and  varies  in  part  as  may  be  naceasaiy  to  meet  the 
requirements  of  the  case. 

When  the  drawings  have  been  approved  by  the owMTorclifiit, 
also  by  the  district  sorveyorot  local  aulhoritie*.  and  by  adjoiniBg 
ownen,  one  copy  of  them,  made  on  linen,  is  oiually  d^icdted  (in 
London)  either  with  the  district  surveyor,  or  with  the  London 
County  Coundl,  Bno(her  is  prepared  for  the  IreehoMerifa  lease 
of  the  Iar>d  It  granted,  and  a  third  is  given  to  the  builder.  In 
addition,  In  complicated  cases  such  as  occur  !n the  cityof  London, 
when  a  building  Is  erected  on  laXd  which  ha*  lour  or  five  distinct 


o  ptepaie  a  large  ni 


e  deposited   wlita   the  v 


of 


The  dmiet  of  the  buQdcr  aic  very  rimdlar  to  those  of  the 
architect,  occpt  thai  he  k  not  npected  to  be  able  to  plan 

ukI  dedgD,  but  lo  cany  out  the  plan*  and  designs  of 
JjJuM'i  **"  *'<liitt<'  In  tlx  actml  work  of  buUding.  The 
MTttrm.       bonder  ihould  also  know  the  vatkni*  acts,  and  in 

particular  the  acts  qiedally  relating  to  the  erection 
ot  KxUblAig*,  hoardings,  gantries,  shoring  and  pulling  down 
of  old  buildinca.  B<  slunld  hava  a  thomi^  knowledge  of  all 
materials,  thdt  quali^ring  mark*  or  bratUb,  and  the  ipedal 
featnn*  of  good  aDd  had  ia  each  claia,  their  tiset  and  method 
oi  dae.  He  aboold  ba  able  Id  control  and  manage  both  the  men 
and  nuKtiab;  and  biMy.  in  a  builder,  aatqiposed  toanaithitect, 
the  amitractive  knowledge  siKiaU  piedomlnate. 

On  large  or  Important  woek*  It  Is  uanal  to  have  a  clerk  of  worfci 
or  delegate  ham  the  ardiitect;  his  dalia  are  to  be  on  the  worki 
while  tfa^  art  ia  iirogrevs  and  endeavour  by  constant  attention 

teport  tD  the  ardritect  for  his  instruction  any  difficulties  that  may 
arke.    He  shmihl  ba  a  tboicoghly  praciical  man  a*  oppoaed  to 


dtlE*  ol  Onat  Britain  tt  .   .._ _.  _ 

dwtUiica  i*  pcoUbiled.  In  Now  York  City  pravisian  is  BBife 
for  a  ^Mce  at  the  mi  ol  donmtic  bnildiiip  at  lean  lo  fL  dt^ 
bat  audi  dtpdi  iiincnucd  when  tbt  buikUag  is  over  «o  It.  hi^, 
oadlivatiidtuKkiipcdalciRimiatBMaa.  In  London  this  depth 
is  the  BBO,  bat  the  bdght  of  tha  hoihUie  in  relatwo  to  the  ipace 
teqtdrtd  in  tha  icar  thenol  ahaU  be  anstmOed  to  keep  wkhin 
an  an^offij)  d«nei.  Inclining  fmm  the  RuboBudaiylowarda 
the  bailding  from  tha  level  ol  panaient  in  (lOBt  of  building; 
the  position  bon  which  the  otigla  is  takes  is  varied  under  ipedat 
dicuuMtaneo*.  In  the  amallei  Eaglidi  towns  the  buiMiag 
Immolations  are  framed  on  the  model  by'kw*,  and  these  increase 
the  depth  of  the  yaid  or  ^nkn  acCDidin(  to  tlie  bei^t  ol  the 
building. 

With  reprd  to  the  strength  and  pnportion  of  materials, 
these  an  not  dealt  with  in  the  London  Building  Act  to  (he 
ane  enent  a*  in  the  New  York;  for  eiample,  b  the  New  York 
acts  (parts  4  and  j)'il  i*  prescribed  that  the  bricks  used  shall  be 
good,  lard,  well.buinedbriika.  TbeionduMdloc  mortar  ahali  be 
clean,  sharp,  giit  sand,  free  (not  kiamot  dirt,  and  aball  Dot  be  finer 
than  the  standaid  Bmplea  kepi  in  the  office  of  the  ilcpartment 
ol  building*;  also  the  quality  of  fime  and  moitar  is  liilly  described. 


he  node,  toptcvnit  tiie  adjolaiiig  earth  Inm  aving  in. 
filed  In  the  dcpaftnenl  of  baHdings  ibaO  be  acmmpaniea  ny  a 
stat>n»ent  ot  the  diatacter  of  the  soil  at  the  level  oE  the  fooUnga. 
There  an  oho  icquiiemaita  as  (o  protecting  edjoiniiig  pnqietty. 
The  bcadng  eivadty  ol  soils,  piosan  under  looting  of  Ibunda- 
ttona,  and  in  part  6  the  tmtetials  ol  walla  and  the  methods  lo  be 
observed  in  building  tbem  are  defined.  Fait  ti  deals  with  floor 
lands,  and  the  strength  of  Eloon  constiucted  of  various  mateiiiUB, 
and  requires  that  the  temporary  support  shall  be  strong  enough 
to  carry  the  load  placed  upon  liiem  during  the  progress  ol  any 
work*  to  buildiogs.  Part  14  deals  with  the  caicula(ioni  and 
strength  of  malerisls,  and  wind  piessuie.  Farts  4  and  5  of  ihc 
New  York  Building  Code  are  not  dealt  with  by  the  London 
Building  Act.  but  the  local  by-laws  of  the  various  districts  deal 
with  Iboe.  Pan  6  of  the  New  York  code  is  desk  with  partly 
by  the  London  Building  Act,  and  partly  by  the  local  by-tsws. 
Farts  13  and  H  of  tlK  New  York  code  aie  not  dealt  with  in  the 
English  acta  at  all.  In  America  the  standard  quality  for  all 
tnateriab  iasel  out,  but  in  00  English  acts  do  we  find  the  definition 
of  the  quality  of  limber,  new  materials,  steel,  &c.  Iron  and  sted 
construction  is  in  Its  infancy  in  England  aa  compued  with 
America,  and  probatily  this  accounts  lor  no  special  legulations 
being  in  force;  hut  pan  »  ol  the  New  York  Building  Code, 
■ection  no  to  i>9  inchisin,  deals  very  fully  with  iron  and  sted 
coEstiuction,  and  this  h  Auther  rappleiaented  by  sections 
137  to  140  indusive. 

Sanitary  work  ia  dealt  with  in  London  by  section  39  ol  the 
Public  Health  (London)  Act,  and  the  drainage  by-Uwi  of  tbe 
Loodoa  County  Council,  m  wiiidi  evtty  detail  is  very  fully  gone 
Into  with  regard  to  the  laying  ol  drains,  and  fitting  up  ol  soil 
pipes,  w.c.^,  Sx.,  all  of  which  is  to  be  carried  out  and  tested  to 

the  local  borough's  sanltsry  ioqtector.    Tlui 

general  requirements  of  New  York  with  regard  to  laoilary  work 
e  very  smilar  with  a  few  more  resttictlons,  and  an  carried 
It  under  "  the  rules  and  RgutatioDS  for  plumbing,  drainagSi 
<  BnUtnf  cnJ  IlralA  Lswi  md  Srridaliaia  aftdml  Ih  Ci^r  af 
»  Ytri.  HcfWuif  4Jii  BiaUi.t  (MtcJHtw  Ymk  Cilj  <a  OMWtrf 


766 


BUILDING  SOCIETIES 


nof  tbeN 


EnglUh 


itilitiM)  a(  buildings."  Hu  notinablc 
k  ngulitiou  ii  tlut  lU  maitcr  plumben 
Dcregistcretl.wbichisIioKoiaEngluid.  The  New  York 
siu  bavc  iS]  Mclions  niacin^  10  uniui;  wotIe,  mnd  the 
rcKi'^tlHiiu  luve  i}6  irciions.  Alia  by  part  iti  of  the 
ncn»  10  Plumbing  Rula  1903,  the  New  York  liwa 
Ilal,  bdote  toy  oonilruclioB  of,  or  altentiou  (0,  iny 
■u  piping  01  fitting!  an  commenced,  penniti  miul  be  Dbtiined 
fntn  the  luperintendent  of  buiidingii  ihae  are  only  Isuied  lo 
■  ngiilered  plumber.  The  application  must  be  sccompanied 
by  plan  of  the  diHennt  Boon  showing  each  out 
nambeT  of  tiunien  lo  each  outlet;  a  statement  c 
made  of  (be  quality  of  the  pipea  and  fittings,  all  i>f  which  arc  to 
be  loled  by  the  inspector.  In  London  there  are  no  such  laws; 
the  gu  companies  control  a  amall  portion  of  the  work  as  reganii 
tlw  coaneaion  (0  meters,  while  ilie  insurance  onnpuiei  require 
gas  jeU  to  be  covered  with  a  wire  guard  where  liable  to  come  in 
contact  with  iaflamfflible  goodi.  As  to  water,  the  various  water 
compaoka  in  England  have  each  their  own  set  oi  regulations, 
u  to  the  kind  of  fittings  and  thickness  and  quality  of  pipe  to  be 

The  importance  of  fir^rcaisting  construction  b  being  more 

lonactones,  shops  and  workshops  rdating  to  "exits  " 
require  that  ali  doon  should  open  outwardly  wheo 
they  open  on  (o  courts,  vestibules,  staircases  or 
interior  passages.  When  they  give  access  to  tlv  open 
ird  opening  Is  not  obligatory  unless  It  has  been  Judged 
'     '  ileistB  of  ufely.    If  the  doors  open  on  lo  ■ 


lebiedin 


to  project  into  the  patuge  or  staircase  when  open.  The  eiits 
must  be  numeims,  ted  signs  indicmting  the  quickest  way  out 
■n  to  be  placed  ik  conapicuaus  positions.  The  windows  an 
la  opm  oulwaitHy.  Staircases  in  offices  at  other  building) 
taviig  as  placet  for  work  shall  be  cooitnicted  in  incombuttlble 
mateiiab,  or  ihall  be  walled  In  fully  in  piaster.  The  number  of 
itaiicases  shall  be  In  proportion  to  the  number  of  employees,  lie. 
It  fs  ptobitnled  to  use  any  liquid  emitting  vapours  inflammable 
under  35*  C  for  the  porpoM  of  lighting  or  healing,  unless  ilie 
apparatus  containing  the  liquid  is  solidly  dosed  during  work, 
that  part  of  (he  sppaniui  coniaining  the  liquid  being  so  closed 
as  to  avoid  any  ooiitig  ou  t  of  the  liquid,  &c  &c.  Instructions  are 
added  at  lo  pmaulions  (a  be  taken  in  case  of  £re. 

In  Loodoa  fire-tsisling  construction  is  dealt  with  in  the 
London  Building  Acl,  and  its  second  sdudule,  «nd  in  Losdon 
CounlyCoundlTheimandFactoiy Acts,&c  InNewYoi 
building  code  (parts  iQ,  »  and  11)  deals  with  fire  appli: 
cscipes,  and  Sre^iroof  shutters  and  doors,  fire>prool  buildings 
and  firr-ptoof  floors,  and  requires  that  all  tenement  houses  thai' 
have  an  iron  ladder  for  escape.  A  section  xomewbat  siiniiar  u 
the  lilt  came  into  force  In  London  in  1907  under  the  Londot 
Building  Act,  being  framed  wi(h  a  view  to  require  all  caistin^ 
projecting  one-sLorey  shops  (0  have  a  fiit..reslBUng  roof,  and  al 
ditting  buildings  over  50  It.  In  height  (o  bave  means  of  escapt 
lo  and  from  the  root  in  case  of  fire. 

Then  are  several  patents  now  ui  uie  with  which  it  wonld  bi 
possible  lo  erect  a  fire.pnx>l  dveliing  at  small  oat  with  walls 
3  (0  j  in.  in  thickness.    One  of  these  has  been  used  whc 
building  act  docs  rwt  apply,  as  in  tbe  case  of  the  Newgate  prison 
eelji,  London,  where  the  outside  walls  were  from  3  to  4  in. '' '  ' 
Only,  and  were  absolutely  6re  and  bursar  prooL    This  m 
couiists  in  using  steel  dovetailed  aheets  fiaed  between 
tteel  ttaacfaioni  and  plastered  in  cement  on  both  sides.    This 
form  of  construction  was  also  used  at  tbe  firiiiah  pavQic 
Faiil  Elhibilion  1900,  and  baa  been  employed  in  numero 
other  buUdingt  iB  England,  and  alio  In  South  Africa,  Venezue 
and  India  (Delhi  durbar).    The  nu  of  many  of  these  convenie 
and  sound  fannt  at  bnCtding  constniction  for  ordinary  buildings 
In  London,  and  in  dittricttof  England  where  tbe  model  by.U< 
an  in  foite,  is  ptoblUted  because  they  do  not  comply  wii 
•ame  one  or  other  of  the  variout  dautes  telating  to  luaierials, 
«t  to  the  thickncat  of  a  wall. 


The  vatiout  details  olconttmc  ticn  are  detcrrbed  uid  illutlraied 
inder  sepataie  heading).    See  BucawoBK.  CAarEHiav,  Fooii- 

•k-nOHI.        GUITHB,      JoiNEaV,       MlSOHIV.       PAlVTEa-WOU,  I 

■uETEaiiie,  Roon.  Scmioui,  SHomno,  Stahcase,  Sieei 
;oNsraucT]oii,  Stohe,  Tmnna,  Waii^CoveWNca,  »c.  | 

The  principal  pubttcattovt  lor  reference  in  eonneiiion  with  ititi         , 
ubieclani  Ttt  BniUtrnt  "i  HtM  UtH  tf  Oi  CHr  tj  Ntm  Vort, 
Irooblyn  Eagle  Libraiy.  No.  8}i   Ktliiaid  Km(uim$ifHlin         1 
%uildiwi'0ptraliont  in  tlu  oAmi^iitratiK  County  i^Lmdew,  conpileo 
<y  Ellii  Nfanland;  Annalaltt  By-Law  at  u  Unit  Drait^t'- f"-. 
lyJeDun:  UatapiliiiinSanaMiian.\iy»tA>tnDtv.       (J.  Bi.) 

BUILDIMa  SOCtBTIBS,  the  name  given  10  societfes  "  for  the 
lurpose  of  raising,  by  the  suhocriptions  of  the  members,  a  atod 
*  fund  for  making  advances  to  members  out  of  the  funds  of 
he  society  upon  freehold,  copyhold,  or  leasebidd  estate  Igr 

(Building  Socictiei  Act  187a,  f  ij),    A  "terminating"  society 

ine  "  which  by  lis  rules  is  to  terminate  at  a  fixed  date,  m 

m  a  resulE  specified  in  its  rules  is  attained  ";  a  **  permanent  " 

iety  is  one  "  which  has  not  by  its  rules  any  such  fixed  date  or 

spedfied  result,  st  which  It  shall  terminate  "  (I  5).    A  nunc 

popular  description  of  these  societies  would  be — societies  hy 

meant  of  which  every  man  may  become  "  his  own  landlfffd," 

their  main  purpose  being  to  collect  together  the  small  periodical 

subacrlptionso^a  number  of  members,  until  each  in  his  turn  has 

been  able  to  receive  a  sum  suBicient  to  aid  him  materially  m 

buying  hia  dwelling-house.    Tin  origin  and  early  history  of  these 

sodetiea  it  not  very  clearly  traceable.    A  mention  of  "  buiUtng 

duha"  InBirm' 


been  established  bj 


wich;  a 


other 


founded  in  i8>j,  under  Ihe  auspices  of  the 
earl  of  Selkirk  at  Kirkcudbright  in  Scotland,  and  we  learn 
(Sciuddey,  Ott  BnUimt  SKUiiei,  p.  i)  that  similar  aocieiies 
in  (hu  kingdom  adoptad  (he  title  of  "  meaagei." 

U/iiltd  JCiwrdmi.— When  the  Friendly  Societies  Act  of  1S34 
gaveeScct  (othewise  and  libenl  policy  oleilcnding  its  benefits 
'    frtigalinvetiment.andgenently  (aallaoocialions 
ilar  legal  object,  tweial  building  sociclics  woe 


rtified  u 


.gj6a 


passed  amfirmiag  to  (hem 
Fricridly  Societies  Act.  and  according  to  (}icni  the  additional 
privilegiB  (very  vahuble  at  that  time)  of  eiemplion  from  the 
usury  laws,  simplidly  in  fonni  of  conveyance,  power  (oreconvey 
by  a  mere  endorannenl  under  ihe  hands  ol  the  (rusiees  for  the 
(ime  being,  and  esemplion  from  itamp  du(y.  This  act  nmaiocd 
unaltered  until  i3;^  when  u  act  was  passed  at  the  instance 
of  (he  buildltig  wdeliei  coBlerring  upon  (bem  teveiai  other 
privileges,  and  relieving  Ihem  u(  some  disabilities  and  doubta, 
which  had  grown  up  [todi  the  judicial  eiposilions  of  Ihe  acl  si 
iS}6.  Ii  Dude  fuiure  building  tocieiiea  inootpoiated  bodicx, 
and  et(ended  ibe  privilege  of  Ibcorponiion  to  eiitting  sodeiiet 
upon  application,  to  that  members  and  all  whc  derive  lille 
through  them  were  relieved  from  having  to  trace  thai  Ijllr 
ihiough'ihe  successive  tnistcea  of  s  society.  It  aba  gave  a 
distinct  dedaniion  to  ihc  members  of  entile  freedom  from 
liability  to  pay  anyiliing  beyond  the  airean  due  from  them  U 
the  (ime  of  winding  up,  or  the  amount  actually  Mcuted  by  theii 
mortgage  deeds.  Power  lo  borrow  money  wu  alto  expreraly 
given  (o  the  tocietie*  by  the  act,  but  upon  two  condilions: 
that  the  limitation  of  liability  must  be  made  known  10  the  lender, 
by  lieing  printed  on  the  acknowledgment  lor  the  loao.  and  (hat 
the  borrowed  money  mutt  noi  exceed  two-tbitda  ol  the  amoant 
secured  by  mortgage  froca  ihe  membert,  or,  in  a  termiBating 
tociety,  one  yeu'i  income  from  sulscriptiont.  Previoui  (a  the 
pasting  of  the  ac(  (or  n(her  to  the  judicial  decision  in  ^iif  v. 
Jtead,  which  Ihe  dautc  of  the  acl  made  stalutoty)  (here  had  been, 
on  the  one  hand,  grave  doub(t  en  high  legal  au(boiily  whether 
a  >odc(y  cauld  bonow  money  at  all;  while,  on  (he  o(het  hind, 
many  tocietie*  in  order  to  raise  funds  carried  on  (he  buiincit 
of  deposit  banks  lo  an  eilent  far  exceeding  tbe  amounts  used 
by  Ihem  for  tbeil  legitimate  purpose  of  inveslmen[  on  mongafa. 
It  enacted,  that  if  a  society  borrowed  more  than  tbe  (tatuM 
autbontes,  (he  direc(ara aaapliog  Ibaloaa y»uM,lM pcrMwJIr 


BUILDING  SOaETIES 


767 


RtpMOlble  for  tlw  oca*.  Bji  *n  ■«  pawed  la  1894  iD  (be 
Beoefit  BuSdiDC  Sociuio  cMablalicd  uds  tbc  act  o(  iSjfi 
•Iler  tbe  jrcu  iSjt  wen  rcquind  to  becomt  ulcaipoiUed  undei 
the  Kt  of  i»i*. 

There  an,  ibntfarc.  three  mlcgoria  ot  buQdbv  loclelie*: — 
(1)  Thaw  cUahUttaed  btfote  i«s6,  which  have  not  bees  in- 
craponted  nndo  the  icl  ol  iS;*  VKf  remiia  under  the  act  oi 
1S36.  (>)  Thnec>UUiibcdb<fiireiS;4  under  the  ut  or  i8j6, 
which  hava  heen  faKorporated  under  the  Kt  of  liji,  [si  Those 
which  have  heen  euabliihed  lince  tbe  act  <if  1S74  «ai  paucd. 
The  fint  daat  ilili  act  by  mcani  <■(  trustees,  01  Ihoc  lodetia 
there  an  only  tt  remaining  in  euteacc,  ihd  their  niuaber 
CBBiiM  be  iBcmsBd.    The  Kxund  and  Uiiid  dauei  exceed  xao 


Tbe  early  aodetie*  were  lU  "  tenninalinf,  " — coniiiling  of  a 
limited  number  of  memberit  and  coming  to  an  end  as  loon  aa 
oveiy  mcinbcr  had  leceivcd  tlie  amount  agreed  upon  as  the 
value  of  fail  ihaits.    Take,  11  a  simple  lypio]  example  of  the 

rtaliiable  by  subsuiplioiis  oi  loi.  a  month  during  14  yean. 
Founeen  yeari  happen*  la  lie  Dcaily  ibe  lime  in  wbjch,  at  j  % 
compsimd  loleretl,  a  *nm  of  mowy  beoHim  doubled.  Hence 
the  present  value,  at  tbe  cTHnnieiiccinent  ol  the  society,  oI  the 
jCi  10  to  be  reatiied  at  its  cmdusion,  nr  («bu  ii  Ihe  Isine  thing] 
of  tbe  aubscdpiions  of  tea.  a  moaih  by  which  that  £110  Is  to  be 
nlaed,  tt  £60.  tl  such  a  aodety  had  Issued  t»  shares,  (he 
aggregate  aubscrfptfons  for  the  first  month  ol  its  exislince  would 
amount  to  exactly  tbe  sum  required  to  pay  one  member  etc 
present  value  of  one  ahaie.  One  member  would  acoordingly 
tecetve  a  aum  donrn  of  £6a,  and  Jn  order  10  protect  the  other 
metnbera  from  loss,  would  eiciuie  a  mortgage  of  hii  dwelling- 
booae  for  ensuring  the  payment  of  ibe  lutuie  luhsciiption  of  isi. 
per  month  untU  every  member  bad  in  like  DiaDoec  obtained  an 
advance  upon  hh  tlnra,  or  accumulaled  tbe  £iia  per  share. 
Aa  £io  is  not  of  itself  enough  to  buy  a  house,  even  of  the  most 
modest  kind,  every  membu  deairous  of  using  the  society  for  its 
«tiginBl  ptirpoae  of  obtaining  a  dwUing-bouie  by  iia  mean* 
would  mpiite  to  take  man  than  one  share.  The  act  of  rSjS 
limited  the  amount  of  eacb  share  to  £iso,  and  the  ttnount  of 
tbe  monthly  coniribu  lions  on  each  shuc  to  £1,  but  did  not  limit 
the  rtttD^hex  of  shares  a  member  might  bold. 

The  earlier  formed  sodelies  (in  London  al  least)  dW  not  usually 
adopt  the  title"  Building  Society  ";  or  thty  added  to  It  some 
further  descriptive  title,  as  "  Accumulaiiog  Fund,"  "  Savings 
Fund,"  or  "Isvcstnteot  AxsadatioD.''  Several  an  described 
•t  "  Societies  for  oblainlng  freehcJd  prc^etty,"  or  slni[dy  as 
"Mutual  Associations,"  or  "Societies  of  Etjualily."  Tbe 
btllltling  iodeties  in  Scotland  an  moatly  called  "  Property 
loveatnent,"  or  "Economic"  Although  the  term  "Benefit 
BuOdlog  Society"  occura  in  the  titleto  tbe  act  ol  i8]6,  it  was 
not  till  iB^gtbatfthecameinEn^and  the  sole  distinctive  name 
of  these  Kcietini  and  ii  canootbeuid  to  be  a  happy  desciiption 
of  them,  for  as  ordinarily  constituted  they  undertake  no  building 
operations  whatever,  and  merely  advance  money  10  their 
members  to  enable  them  to  build  or  to  buy  dweUing-houses 


rbe  oaoK  "  BuDdnig  Society,"  too,  leaves  wholly  out  of  sight 
!  important  functions  these  sodelies  fulfil  as  means  ol  in- 
ilmenl  ol  small  savings.  The  set  of  i8j6  defined  ihem  as 
ieties  to  enable  every  member  to  receive  the  amount  or  value 
a  share  or  iharcs  to  creel  or  purchase  a  dwdling-liouae,  ftc, 


house  might  still  receive  out  of  ll 


E  funds  of  tbe  sodety  the 
amouDi  or  value  01  nis  snares,  improved  by  the  payments  ol 
inlcnM  made  by  those  to  whom  shares  had  been  advaocnl. 

About  1B4&  an  Important  modTRcation  of  the  lysttm  of  these 
aodeties  was  Introduced,  by  the  invention  of  the  "  pen 
plan,  which  was  adiqited  by  a  gnat  number  of  the 
eatabUsbed  after  that  dale.  It  was  seen  that  these  sodeties 
teally  consist  ol  two  dasses  of  members;  that  those  whs  do  not 
or  have  not  yet  rectlvedi  an  advance  upon  mortgage 


ra  Uttle  wl 


Invetthig,  or  tb  what  amomit;  wUe  thasa  to  wh^ 
really  debtors  to  the  sociely,  and 
m  to  pay  ofi  Ibeir  debt  in  vario» 
their  ooavenieoce,  would  be  of 
I  and  the  aociety-  By  permitUng 
«  witboM  back-payment,  aad  by 
.loranyierm<fyeamaffecdapoD,aiiaa(inntB 
Inflow  of  funds,  and  a  oonlimiods  maaoi  of  pt^taUe  JaveMment 
ol  them,  would  he  aecured.  The  inURst  of  eadi  mcmbet  in  tha 
sociely  vonU  lerminata  when  hfa  ahan  waa  leaUnd,  or  Us 
advance  paid  oH,  but  the  aodety. would  Continue  wilh  the 
accruing  lubacriptlona  c^  other  m^heis  employed  in  ■"■^■"g 
other  advanca. 

Under  this  aystem  taiildrng  sodellef  largdy  inoeaaed  and 
developed.  The  royal  commiuioncra  who  Inquind  into  the 
subject  in  iS7>  eatimatcd  lbs  total  aaaets  of  the  aodetka  la 
1879  at  17  mDlioni,  and  their  annual  hicome  at  ir  nilliona. 
Tbe  mon  complete  retumi,  afteiwaids  obtained,  indicate  that 


Starr  Bowkett  * 
or  "  mutual "  •odeilta,  ol  which  more  than  a  thousand  vera 
established.  They  differed  from  the  typical  udety  above 
described,  in  the  contiibution  of  a  member  who  had  not  received 
an  advance  being  much  imaller,  while  the  amount  of  the  idvanca 
«a>  much  larger,  and  it  was  made  without  any  calctibttion  of 
interest.  Thus  a  aodety  isued,  aay,  500  aliarea,  ou  which  the 
contributions  won  to  bo  il  3d.  per  week,  and,  as  aorai  as  a 
sum  of  £joo  accumulated  allotled  it  by  ballot  10  one  of  the 
shaRholden,  on  condition  that  be  was  to  repay  it  without 
Interest  by  instahnents  In  ie  or  1 1}  yean,  and  at  the  same  time 
to  keep  op  his  abare^contrfhuliona.  The  fortunate  recipient  of 
the  appropriation  wu  at  liberty  to  sell  it,  and  frequently  did 
•a  at  a  pnUSt;  but  [except  from  Gats)  no  profit  wlutever  was 
earned  by  those  wbo  did  not  socceed  in  getting  an  appropriation, 
and  as  the  number  ol  members  succosful  in  the  ballot  muit 
necessarily  be  imail  in  the  earlier  yeais  of  Ihe  society,  the  olheia 
frequently  became  disconlenred  and  rclirrd.  These  aodeties 
could  not  borrow  money,  for  ai  they  received  no  interest  they 
could  not  pay  any.  The  plan  was  afterwards  modified  by  grant- 
ing the  appnpriallona  alttmaldjr  by  ballot  and  aale.  ao  that  by 
Ihe  pnmJums  paid  on  the  salca  (wbich  an  ibe  same  in  eSect  aa 
payments  of  intenat  00  Ibe  amonat  actually  advanced)  pcoliu 
might  be  canted  foe  Iha  inveatiag  moBbas.  The  loimatioD  of 
BodctiaB  of  tUt  daas  ctaaed  on  the  pamfaig  of  the  act  ol  1894, 
by  wUch  balloting  for  advmcea  iraa  pnhlbiled  in  societies 


...  .  «le.    The  efleet  of 

Ihia  was  to  being  the  mutoal  aodety  back  to  the  t^dinaiy  form; 
for  it  amounts  to  pRdiely  the  tame  thing  hr  a  man  to  pay  los. 
a  month  OB  a  loan  ol  £60  Sor  14  years,  aa  lot  him  to  borrow  a 
nominal  mm  ol  £84  lor  the  same  period,  repayable  in  the  same 
maimcT,  but  to  allow  £14  ofl  the  loan  as  a  "  Udding  "  at  ibe 
sale.  The  only  dISenncx  between  the  two  classes  of  todttie* 
is  that  the  interest  which  the  member  pays  who  tildi  for  hi* 
advance  depends  on  tbe  amount  of  competition  at  tbe  bidding, 
and  Is  not  fixed  by  a  nlc  of  Ihe  society. 

For  several  years  the  progress  of  building  societies  in  general 
wassleady,  but  there  were  not  warning  signs  Ihat  their  pro^wrily 
was  unsulHtantlal,  A  practice  of  receiving  depoiitt  repayabit 
at  call  had  sprung  up,  which  nusi  lead  to  embanassmenl 
where  tbe  funds  are  invnied  In  loans  repayable  duKng  a  long 
term  of  years.  It  was  surmised,  if  not  aaualty  known,  that 
many  sodeties  had  large  amounts  of  property  on  thdr  handa, 
which  bad  been  reduced  into  possession  in  consequence  of  the 
default  of  borrowcra  In  paying  their  instalmenis.  A  pnelk* 
had  also  grown  up  of  establishing  mushroom  sodeties,  which 
did  little  more  than  pay  fees  to  the  promoters.  The  vidoo* 
system  of  trafficking  in  advances  ihst  had  been  awarded  by 
baUol.  near  akin  10  gambling,  prevailed  in  many  aocietiei. 
'  weakness  had  been  observed  by  Ihe  Wl 


id  Iha 


768 

UWBCt  [ 

lodou 


BUILDING  SOCIETIES 


it  1874,  the  libenitor.  wbich  liad  in  ba  long  oated 
ly  gEOnliK  bailifins  MCiEty  biuioai,  hiitcHd  Uie  criiii. 
}w  nili  Mdety  had  dnn  fundi  In  the  unouut 

••LMf      man  thuiii  million  Uciiing  Irom  pnvidcni  peapke 
ttit.-        (UcIaiMmoitlie  population  uuj  all  parts  of  the  couDti 
br  ^wdm  icpicmtaCiooi,  and  bad  applied  those  landi  d 
to  the  IqilimkU  puipoe  o(  a  buitdiog  sodity,  but  (o  the  auppoit 
of  otlier  nndertakii^  ia  which  the  ume  peraons  wen  cono 
who  veie  the  active  manacen  of  the  society.    The  conieqi 
was  that  (be  whole  gnwp  ol  concemi  became  iniolvent  (Oct. 
lS03)f  aimI  the  Liberator  depoiitoia  and  ahareholden  wen 
"id  of  every  penny  oI  their  investment!.     Many  of  them 
it  distnss  from  the  Jou  ol  theii  aavingi,  and  ume 
y  ruined.    The  remit  wai  to  weaken  confidence 
in  tnilding  sodeties  generally,  and  this  waivery  matkedinthe 
lapid  decline  of  the  amount  of  the  capital  of  the  incorporaled 
building  societies.     Fmm  Its  highest  pwnt  (nearly  54  milliaiu] 
reached  in  igg;,  It  fell  to  below  43  millions  in  i»gs.    On  some 
lodetiEi,  wbich  had  adopted  the  deposit  system,  a  lUn  vu  >vde. 
and  general  wen  unabk  [o  stand  it.    The  Bitfcbeck  Sodely -" 
Eor  two  days  besieged  by  aji  ajmous  crowd  ol  depositors  dami 
hg  to  withdraw  tbcdi  mraiey;  bat  luckily  for  that  sodeiy, 
foi  the  building  sodeties  genenlly,  a  veiy  laige  poltinn  of  Its 


nted  in 


ebahlrd  by  that  tneans  to  get  loMdent  asusti  tiCe  f torn  the 
Bank  of  En^nd  to  pay  without  a  momcnt'i  hcsitatbHi  tvety 
depositor  who  asked  (01  bii  money.  Iti  credit  wu  so  Grmly 
established  by  this  means  that  many  peoons  sought  to  pay 
pmney  in.  Mad  this  veiy  large  wdcty  succumbed,  the  results 
would  have  been  disaitroos  to  the  whole  body  of  building 
■odetiei.  As  the  case  stood,  the  etwigetic  means  it  adapted 
to  save  hi  own  otdit  reacted  in  favour  of  the  societies  gcDenJiy. 
The  Libenlor  disaster  convinced  eveiybody  that  something 
mnsC  be  done  towanli  avoiding  such  otltmlliea  in  future.  The 
(ovetDment  of  the  day  brought  in  a  bill  for  that  purpose,  and 
Kveral  private  members  alu  prepared  measures — moat  of  them 
more  striDgetit  than  the  goveromenl  hill.  All  the  bills  were 
tetemd  to  a  select  committee,  et  which  Mr  Herbert  Gladstone 
was  tbo  chairman.  As  the  result  of  the  dehlieratbns  of  the 
amunittee,  the  Building  Sodeties  Act  ol  iS«4  was  passed. 
Meanwhile  the  Rt.  Hon.  W.  L.  Jackjon  (af  terwaidi  I«rd  AUertoo) , 
a  member  of  the  committee,  moved  tat  an  address  10  the  qdwh 
lor  a  nlum  of  the  property  bdd  In  poiMSsion  by  building 
•odeties.  This  wis  the  Gist  time  such  a  return  bad  been  called 
for,  and  the  managers  of  the  sodeties  much  resented  it;  there 
wen  BO  means  of  eoiordiQ  the  return,  and  the  coasequence 
WM  that  many  large  vdetiei  failed  to  make  it.  notwiiiistaiiding 
(lequenl  applkUioni  by  the  registrar.  The  act  provided  that 
ImictiiMth  all  Incocpoiated  wcteiies  thouid  furnish  tetum*  in  a 
picacrOied  form,  iichidinc  schedules  showio(  respectively  the 
mortgages  for  amOuM*  exceeding  £;ooa;  the  properties  of 
which  the  •odeties  bad  taken  potseation  lor  more  than  twelve 
months  tluou^  debult  •!  the  moitgtgors;  and  the  mortgigea 
which  wen  mon  than  twelve  months  in  arrear  of  rrfieyment 
aubscriptjoa.  The  act  did  not  come  Into  operation  till  the  ist 
of  January  1805,  and  the  hrsi  complete  return  under  II  was  not 
due  till  1S9&,  when  it  appeared  that  the  prqicrtiea  in  possession 
at  the  time  ol  Mr  Jackson's  return  must  have  been  counted  lor 
at  least  seven  and  a  ball  millions  in  the  aueta  ol  the  societies. 
In  a  lew  years  after  the  passing  of  the  act  the  societies  reduced 
tbeir  properties  in  posseisioo  liom  14%  of  the  whole  of  the 
mortgages  to  :%,  or.  m  other  words,  reduced  them  tonne.thitd 
oitheoriginal  amount,  irom  7)  millions  to  ]{  millions.  Though 
this  operation  mutt  have  been  attended  with  some  sacrifice 
in  many  aocietica,  i^xtn  the  whale  the  balance  of  profit  has 
Increased  ntber  than  diminisbed,  Thus  this  ptovlsion  ol  tbe 
act,  though  it  grwtly  alartned  the  muiageta  of  societiB,  was 
really  a  blessing  in  disguise.  The  act  also  gave  power  to  the 
registrar,  upon  the  applieation  of  ten  memben.  10  order  an 
Inqiecifon  ol  Ihe  bodts  ol  a  society, 


bavcboeai 


3e  right  to  inspect  tb 
It  empowered  1 


application  of  one^ftb  ef  tbe  members,  to  ordi 
upon  oath  into  the  aSairs  ol  a  society,  or  to  investigate  its 
allairs  with  a  view  to  dlttolulion,  and  even  in  certain  cases  to 
proceed  without  an  application  from  memben.  It  gave  Wim 
ample  powers  to  deal  with  a  society  iriilch  upon  such  Inwestigi- 
lion  proved  to  be  insolvent,  and  these  wen  exerdsed  10  as  to 
procure  the  cheap  and  speedy  disardution  of  auch  ■acielic& 
it  also  prohibited  the  future  estahUshment  of  sodeties  making 
advances  by  ballot,  or  dependent  on  any  chance  ot  lot,  and 
provided  an  easy  method  by  which  ekistiiig  societies  could 
discontinue  the  practice  of  balloting.  This  metlnd  has  been 
adopted  in  a  few  Instances  only.  Hw  act,  or  the  dmmstams 
which  led  to  it,  baa  greatly  diminished  the  musber  of  new 
societies  applying  Car  tegbtry. 

lilding  vxirties  belon^ag  to  all  the  three 
-  •■■—  -^ —  —  -T  the  3iBt  il  DeceaAer 


chiies  meiuiond  show  thai  there 

M7S,  having  Coq.7a5BnL,. — 

tor  tbe  financial  year  were  £3B,7>9,009,  and  the  *i 

onn»ngBtedurintthcyesrwas,C9^,f64.  Tbe  capital  betongieg 
to  their  memben  ms  Cjqjoa^jo,  and  the  nndivided  balaace  d 
profit £4.004.547.  ThdrdabllktDstodepaaiunaBdothercndiion 
were  7i4.8iS,a»  To  meet,  this  tbey  bwl  nnngagn  on  .which 
£u.  19&.1 12  was  due.  but  of  (his  I1.443  J$a  was  on  propettiea  which 
had  been  in  poweHion  more  than  a  year.aod  flij  J44  on  nortgages 
which  had  fallen  uito  amar  more  than  a  year,  llielr  other  auets 
were^li4,9u,^^kand  eenain  sodeHea  rinsed  a  deficit  balance 

unincorporated  Eocicijes, 


Idingwideties  have  tcwuiH  uu. 

Eocieiy  principle.  Industrial 
ana  ami  Duuamg  societies  have  been  (omnd.  The 
auIboriiEd  local  ■uthorilie*  to  ksd  money  to  tlia 
(o  enable  (bem  10  buy  their  dwelling-he 


A!)  these  have  not  yet  had  any  percepribli 
^TTowtb  of  (he  buildii^  nciety  movement,  ai 
they  will  ptmaoentl*  do  so. 

9r>t£i*  Cglnin.— In  levenl  o[  the  Brill 
_!_■,__...  .i_.  -^  the  mother  courtry  has  beei 

:1h  other  Australian  cxJonie 


IT  tlie  Companies 
m°'n'cEKEiIfg  thl; 
la  not  thought  that 


tbe  DoaiinioD  of  Ci 


It  the  clo«  of  the  year  l^lheir  liabi 
ij.000,000,  and  to  (be  public  £»,a< 
rai  £5,000.000.  The  balance  oTcurre 
be  property  owned  by  Ihe  societies  e: 
Btlt^m,  fire. — In  Beleiinn,  (he  Cc 


nake  advai 


imeni  Sa™,  B 
ihie  (heir  members  to  bicome  owners  of  dwellinirl 


interest,  and  (he  bamwer  pays  4%     In  thegrea(  mBjofi(yoi 

rtpaymtn(s  terminate  at  his  death.  Onthesistol  Dscmher  1903 
nearly  »v>*>  advanoea  wetein  courseot  repfynent.  In  Cenaany. 
building  soeielles  arc  rctetniied  as  a  lorm  of  soacties  for  self-help, 

but  am  not  many  In  number,  being  overshadoired  by  (he  great 
onanisalion  of  credit  locietin  founded  by  Schuhe-EMilisch.  In 
other  eaontries  (here  has  been  no  specbi  legiilarian  lor  buiktinc 
Hicieiie>siniilar(D(1iatoI(he  United  Kingdom,  and  (booBh  socicika 
with  the  lame  spedal  object  protably  eaisl,  separate  jnrormatloB 
with  regard  to  them  is  not  available.  (E.  W.  B.} 

Uiiiiid  Slalis.—"  Building  and  loan  association  "  is  a  general 
term  applied  in  tbe  United  Suies  to  such  institutions  as  mutual 
I,  homestead  aid  associations,  savings  lund  and 


accumulation  ol  savings,  and  for  (he  kaning  of  money  to  buiUI 
homes.  The  first  astoclaiion  of  this  kind  in  the  United  Slates 
o(  whkli  Ibete  it  any  record  was  organiaed  at  FrankJOrd,  a  suburb 


«(PUtMM|ihii.« 


n  tbt  Jill  oi  Januacr  >8]>,  unifci  the  lltk  of 
uw  unofo  rrovidcBt  Bulding  Auodsilon.  Tbrii  pmouMBt 
iDCcptloB  tank  pUca  bcnxcB  1840  aod  iBjo.  Tbt  rtceipa  or 
npiul  of  tfaa  btdMinf  ssd  kan  usodilkiii  candsti  oi  periodical 
tBymenU  bjr  (ta  nanbm,  intacsl  and  pranknu  pud  by 
boitowins  membcn  Ot  Mlun,  fixed  puiodkal  luttalDMntg  by 

OMDU,  forfciuua,  fin  tor  ttusfcnisricock,  antniico  lea,  and 
tay  otluT  KTtmict  or  |»ymtiii»/-«ll  o[  which  go  into  Ibc 
GDimnaa  Ueuury.  When  th*  Imtelmwif  payment)  and  plofiU 
of  all  kimb  eqool  the  Eue  value  of  atl  the  ihuci  hnied,  Iha  UKO, 
over  and  above  eipcidei  and  lean,  an  qipoitlocird  unona 
tgembut,  and  thb  apponigiuiMnt  canli  tic  bomracr'a  dAt, 
while  the  iiDiHboiioiteriiglVEDtheuaoimtiilhk  audi.  Aoaa 
who  wiAei  m  binraw,  let  uiay,  (1000  lot  tbtenctioB  otabcoM 
oidiaaiily  tala  five  than  in  an  aaaodttioa.  each  of  wbidi, 
*hea  he  hu  paU  all  the  mcctntn  instahnenti  on  It,  wilt  be 
worth  t2CD,  and  he  most  offer  mitabie  Kcuiitj  for  lui  loaot 
■sully  the  lot  00  vhkh  he  l>  to  build.  The  (noney  b  not  km 
to  him  at  cegulai  ca  tes  ol  inteitst ,  as  in  the  case  of  a  aavings  hank 
or  oEhcr  fin«tir4»i  insiJtiidon.  but  b  put  up  at  auction  uiually  [n 
open  mcethic  al  Ibt  time  of  the  poymeut  of  dnea,  and  ii  awaidcd 
ts  the  nenbei  blddina  Ihi  blgbeat  ptemlDm.  To  aecun  the 
tiocD  bomved,  the  memher  givis  tha  auodation  a  monpigD 
on  hfa  pnpnty  and  pledio  bh  five  ahans  of  itock.  Sotiie 
anodniona,  when  the  denund  foe  money  bom  iha  staiiebolden 
dnet  not  i^"**  the  aurphu,  lend  their  fundi  to  penona  not 
ahanhohkn,  upon  audi  tenni  and  (snditiDU  aa  may  be  ippnvod 
by  their  dliecloB.  HeielB  Ilea  a  danger,  tor  audi  kMnauewme- 
thnei  made  In  a  apccnlathFa  way,  or  oa  Inaaffident  land  ^due. 
Some  aandatlani  mak*  atocfc  k]wia,ork)aniontheihai«i  liald 
bya  atocUnlder  witbout  teat  tatato  accniiiy;  thtte  vary 


loTial 


bdcbttha 

paying  hfe  monibly  or  aemi-raeiuhly  dnea,  tmtil  tnch  time  ai 
theie  payinenta,  phia  the  accunaulation  of  profila  Ihiough 
compound  fnlezEat,  mature  the  Bhaxci  at  lioo  each,  when  he 
vincndcza  ha  iham,  and  tiie  debt  uponhii  property  iicancellcd. 
Iiflna  and  loan  atKclalioa  mnii  be  a 
n  of  intmn  which  a  nKaiber  has  In  a 

.       — — — p J  aHodakioa  ia  Ivlicaced  by  tbe  nambfr 

oliharEthehnUa,  theageof  lbeiharea,aDdUKirDiataring 
,    The  ifiSerem  beiwna  >  KocVholder  In  luch  an  attsclaiiaa 


BUILDING  SOCIETIES 

it  an  dtvtdcDdi  dida 
mi  tatlcmi  a*  may  be  ^TKd 


769 


iQckholdK, 


enc:  til  proGta 
ff  TUuaoi  ehare 


a  rule  ia  oM  oUed 


divideaATil 

tioa  rfSe - 

lay*  a  uipuliEeil  mlnimUBi  nun,  lay  ft,  when  hg 
■hip  and  l>uya  a  ihan  of  atuck.    Ha  floatuiuea 


dependlDEUpor 


Uimenbi* 
pa^i,  ieenued  liy  the 


and  tDHei  anaittioiMd  before  a  new  eeriee  laa  be  iMved  The  tena 
during  wUch  a  aiffea  b  open  for  aobacnptiDn  diffen,  but  It  ueually 

aindatlau,  Bmally  known  aa  paniatiial  aiaaciati«h  bane  a  new 
■erica  ol  atocfc  without  tvaid  to  the  time  of  macnritr  of  previoa 
buiea.  ItbthepncdcsmvicfaanodalkKutotHuaaiiewiericnf 
■tijek  xent  year.  Isatcad  tl  ihaiea  that  are  paid  in  faMaliDena, 
BiuHi  ■■laialiiMiil—iaii'elililiiiiaaniTiiaiii  iij>  Jiaiii  Prtfaii 
tkcra,  hflown  abo  aa  partly  Dajftup  ■liana,  are  imued  al  a  ved 
pricB  per  (ham  In  advawK  They  uauaDy  paitidpaK  a>  fuUy  hi  the 
pn>>tB  aa  the  Ttgular  ioMifaKnt  mbtnt,  and  when  ibe  aaiount 
arli^nally  ^tSd  for  each  iharca,  together  vttfi  Ibe  dit^denda  irrniH 
thwaa,  macheathamatmiMBf  parmahie,  thay  an  dbpo^ed  of  In 
tbe  lanw  manner  aa  renlar  iniralmftat  diuea<  Some  afcadation^ 
iDHeadorcraditingaD  Ibe  pnGla  made  on  thbdau  of  iham.  allow 
■  filed  rate  of  [mien  on  the  aminnt  paid  thmfor  at  rach  dividend 
period.  wlUcb  la  paid  la  cadi  to  the  hddertheieei.  Thbbitemtb 
then  dedueicd  (nm  the  nmfim  to  which  Iha  eharea  are  eniiihd.aBd 
tbe  maaiader  b  creditad  to  tlia  •ham  until  audi  wpald  ponioBOf 
tbe  proGta,  added  to  the  amount  originally  paid,  eqiiab  the  naturidg 
or  par  vmua^  Fti^vp  tAaret  are  lanrai  upoa  the  pavment  ol 
Ok  fun  matwlly  or  par  value,  when  a  cartlfieate  of  paiftup  Mock 
it  iwel  Iha  onertbeiagaatitledwncdveia  oath  the  amaunt 


t  to  audi  eoadiiioiia  or 

----r^ s  ibareB  wnietlioet  panl- 

■tcMn'a'fiacd  (Ua  (TlBteRat  2yb  aUgwedTth*  boMen  ef 

lana  iwially  ai«ninf  to  the  aiHebtiDn  >a  right  U  pniiSta 

- .  -  that  amauat.    Oenilieateaol  matured  (haret  are  alnlisued 

boldeta  ol  regular  laMalmenl  ahiiv^  who  pnfer  to  leave  Ibdr 


The  purchate  of  a  ahare  biada  tbe 

f  kaepbv  up  hb  duea.  and '*-  - - 

I  a  aavinbank.  but  tbe 
gmpoundiateieai.    THi  . 


hb  dvea,  and  thus  aeeuna  10  kim  not  on^  the  heoefita 


of  tbe  niodve  of  a  bidldlng  andloan 
■econd  b  acoooipUihed  by  enabling  1 

mnnMf  fiw  tmlblTnir  pifp,i*fy       If  b  II 

maaer  (or  tbe 
thatoir' --■- 


iDoey  lot  boUdioB 


quertM  wbeiber  thia 

OfiiBanr  lavinga 
niURi  which  mmt 
tereat  to  such  aa 

(ban  tbe  onUnary  mecbod  of  borrowing  naoney,  bal  a  building  and 

'  cbticHi  baa  a  mool  lullucnca  upon  lu  meoiberiL  in  that  ^ 

■      -        lentrf-     -  ' 


t^hvh 

made  in 


-ibera  ia  O*  oedei  of  tl~_ 

the  Wat  [ntereit,  or  It  nay 
la  of  duea  or  of  teteicK  to  ha 


beiaa  laiiectie 
r— LedStateaibuc 

ualrea  hb  regolir  payment*  of  duca 
-1 — ■  L .[^  matiiriiig  vahK. 


TbeR  Ii  abo  a  gnat  variety  ol  pua  lee  the  dbCiibtitlaii  of  profit!, 
nmeihiog  lake  lwenty-Gv«  anch  pbna  helag  in  eatalenCE.  Tb« 
mcihodi  of  calcubtiai  iaienat  aial  prnlCa  are  •omewhat  conipli- 
cucd.  bill  they  are  aUfound  In  the  biiaha  to  which  Tcfennce  will  bo 
made.  ThovariowpbriafortbttaTiiientof  fann1umi,diitributiDa 
ol  pnifita,  aiai  wilbdnwal^  11111  tho  calcublkiu  under  each,  aia 
alifnlnliillinlhii  ninil il  n|iiil  iijilii  Ttl  Iiwiiiai  i< 

IJoct  bunding  and  lonn  a^sodaclon*  fxinfine  their  opcntiona  lo 

ealerprlaca  oven  beyond  llu  bcaooa  of  their  owo  iut&  Theaa 
naliDDal  aiaodattoBt  are  ready  to  make  konaon  pn^erty  anywherv, 
and  ael]  diebihana  to  any  perwn  widuul  relercnce  to  hla  lealdence. 
..  I — 1  —u-i —  ,[„  nil  jBHiunt  el  dun  paU  b  by  the  ihan- 
ib  foi  tha  dbtribadrm  ol  prafita,  wMb  In  moat 
oaly  a  ponion  of  the  dum  paidu  by  the  ihBie- 
In  ibe  muribuliiui.    For  inatance,  ia  a  aaliorial 

an  geoerally  do  cenli  a  than  per  month,  onl 

c(  which  dthtr  8  or  10  oaata  are  carried  to  aa  capane  fund,  the 
mnaiadir  baiag  oa^lad  on  the  loaa  fuad.  The  speaae  flinl  thaa 
oealed  1)  kst  to  the  ■hai^oldei^  luut  in  the  cam  of  a  few  Maacia. 
., ..,j. .. .^  ial«nee»  to  the  proBl  and  kaa 

wJir — 


holdecB  b  conddered  In 


rtdch  carry  the  uoapeaded  h< 

.t,  and  whatever  pnSta  are  n _, 

t  ^  dnea  cmlit«l  te  tha  kan  fond  only. 


bothkniaa 

Jitegrity  with 

ipon  ae  term  of  organlatlon  or  iha 


dbuter.    Safety  or  tecuri»  hi : 
depeadaprtncJcolly  upoa  tba  in 

method  o/  dtatifbullaa.    Some  of  the  autea'  Hew  Yoi^ 
choMth  New  Imaay,  <»iio.  IDhiob,  CalJI      ' 

iniUding  and  lean  aanxbtigBa  under  the  1 . , 

of  b«  tbniwa  around  aiviaga  banka.  lo  aone  naica  aothint  b 
oSdatly  knon  of  them  beyond  tbe  tonnalitiea  of  their  Incorpoiation. 
TWHwh  tlw  tuidaqa  of  the  amociataoiu  b  cooducied  by  men  not 
U«t 


"AmeSiti^di*. 


laa  neaHy  abvciiilely 


BUILTH— BUKHARl 


mtt  M  h  OB  b>.  fgc  lb*  nxHitUy 


I  •Dd  the  accuDiiilalisl  ptoRu. 
undatioii,  uc  leni  gr  uldj 


Micty  of  the  in 

Tbcirowtbaf  thoou 

ud»  the  opnlii  01  Ibc ,  - 

lie  Fednl  lovniuBeiii.  thniiili  the  de 
■D  iaveuln&ni  irf  buOdiiii  ucl  lau  u 
iu  npoR  IB  i«9J.    Tlw  total  dus  pfU 


pupk.  In  their  ova  my*,  ue  quite  compelest  to  tmke  can  o(  their 
avfaii.  eiDeciiDy  when  it  wu  ihawB  thit  but  thtrly-five  of  the 
uBcoiiaaTSa  Id  oinence  mnwilhaoealOHattheeiidof 
»>cir  Uu«  Inl  yeu,  end  thu  thii  Ioh  uiHiiited  to  only  ■  liRle 
,.u..i!r:r:L.:._, .  aicui,[ioiioitS«  biMKH  u  th»t  due.  b«ed 
rtiuwBiaviihbk.    Thitolculalian  ihowcd 


eoSini:  with  itgg  the  powlli  o(  — 
Oltunlly  Hown  than  la  pnmRxu ; 
See  Sulh  AinHiJKtpttWvS^- 


.    DurlBf  the  yean  el  depieaiian 
buildiBf  aiid  Hut  aMOcktIoBa  n* 


yi^X^ 

on  Cn-eteralln.. 

Charlri  N.  Ilnnipkiii,  A  Tnatin 


.  labour;  Edmund 

£873):  Seymour 
an  AtlocvUtowa 


BUILTH, 

Walts.  Pop.o/utb«ndijtrict(i9oi), 

(high 


market  (own  ol  Biecknockihiii 


xtwdn  Moat  Lane  and  Bncoa,  anil  [no  t 

_;vclal  at  Bmlih  Road  about  ij  m.  diiUit  where 

the  Loadaa  ft  Ni^Ih-Westeia  and  the  Cainbrian  cros 
another.  It  is  pleasantly  situated  in  the  appcr  valley  of  the  Wye, 
tn  a  bend  of  the  livei  on  Its  light  bank  bclon  the  conHucnce  of  it 
tiihutaiy  the  Iifan.  During  the  lanunei  it  is  a  place  o(  con 
lidenble  ttaotl  for  the  aaia  of  its  waters — saline,  chelybealc  ani 
aulphur— and  it  po^sasea  the  usual  accessories  of  pump-moml 
baths  and  a  iBcrestion  ground.  The  jceneiy  of  the  Wye  volley 
including  a  auccosioa  of  nptdt  jiut  above  the  town,  also  atuact 
many  tourists.  The  town  is  on  important  agricultural  centn 
ht  f sin  for  sheep  and  ponies  In  particular  bang  well  attended. 

The  town,  called  in  Welsh  Llaufaii  (yn)  Muollt,  u.  St  Maiy' 
in  Builth,  took  ili  name  from  the  ancient  temlorial  diviiio: 
olBualltinwhichitistiIuated,whichvu,accoRllngla  Neniilui 
an  Indepoident  principality  In  the  beginniiig  of  the  gth  ccnlurj 
and  later  a  cantiev,  coirespondlng  to  the  modem  hundred  c 
BuilllL  Towards  the  end  of  the  nth  century,  i^hen  the  tide  o 
Norman  invasioo  iwept  upwards  along  the  Wye  TaOeT,  the 
district  became  a  lordship  marcher  anneied  to  thai  of  Brecknock, 
but  was  again  aeveied  (lom  it  on  the  death  of  WillLim  de  Bieoa, 
when  his  danghtor  Matilda  brought  it  to  her  husband,  Roger 
Mortimer  of  Wlgnwre^  Ita  easlk,  built  prebalily  In  Newmarch* 
time,  or  ihortly  after,  vaa  the  moit  advanced  outpost  of  the 
Invaders  In  a  wild  part  of  Wales  where  ttie  tendency  to  revolt  i 
alwayi  atrong.  It  was  deatroyed  in  ra6o  by  Uewellyn 
Gruflydd,  i»ince  o(  Wolea,  Willi  the  auppoeed  connivaDn  of 
Mortimer,  but  Its  site  was  reoKupied  by  the  ear!  of  Lincoln  hi 
1377,  and  anew  caatle  at  once  erected.  It  was  with  the  eipecla. 
tioo  that  be  might ,  with  local  aid,  leiie  the  caatle,  that  Llewetlyn 
invaded  this  district  in  December  iiSi,  when  he  was  impilKd 
and  tffled  bjr  Sttpben  de  Fiankton  in  «  ravine  called  Cwm 
Uewellyn  on  tbe  Idl  bank  at  the  Irfon,  i)  m.  from  the 
AccHilinf  to  local  tradition  he  was  buried  at  Cefn-y-bedd  ("  the 
tidga  oi  the  iraia  ")  date  by,  but  It  is  nore  likely  that  h' 
beadlcu  Ironk  was  taken  to  Abbey  CwinhlT.  No  other  Inportii 
event  wu  aasodated  with  the  caslli^  of  which  not  a  stone  Is  no 
■landins-  He  lordsblp  remained  in  the  mardies  tSI  the  Act  • 
Union  I5j6,  «ba  it  waa  gnniped  witha  number  of  othen  ao  as  I 
form  the  ihire  of  Brecknock.  The  town  was  governed  by  a  loc 
boud  bom  iS6£  antil  the  establishment  of  an  urban  distrir 
council  in  iB^i  the  urban  district  waa  then  made  conternunot 
with  the  dvi]  parish,  and  la  ift^S  It  was  re-naned  Buitih  Wells. 

initSOH,  PBRDIXAHD  (iS4t-        ),  French  educational' 
va«bomatPaiIionlhc  loth  of  December  iJUi,    la  iS6S,wl 


ittadted  to  the  leaching  staS  of  the  Academy  of  Gcom.  fai 
ibtalnedaF^osophical  fellowship.  In  1870  heaeltled  in  Paris, 
ind  in  the  lollowing  year  was  nominated  an  inipector  of  primaiy 
ducalion.  His  appointment  waa,  however,  atronsly  opposed 
ijr  the  bishop  of  Orleans  (who  saw  danger  to  clerical  inllueBa 
over  the  schools],  and  the  noEninatioa  was  cancelled.  But  tbe 
biahop^s  action  only  acaved  to  draw  attention  to  Buinon'a 
'"  'es.  He  was  appolnled  secretary  of  tbe  slatisticjl  com. 
n  OB  primaiy  education,  and  sent  aa  a  delegate  to  the 
1  eihibition  of  1873,  and  Ihe  PbOadelphia  eabibition  of 
In  1S73  be  waa  Itiiirucied  to  report  on  the  edncailonal 
lectioB  of  the  Paris  eihibition,  and  in  tbe  saino  year  was 
appointed  inspector.gciMial  of  primary  education.  In  1ST9  ht 
laa  prooKited  to  the  direclotihip  of  primary  cdnatioii,  n  poit 
rhi^  be  occupied  aua  1896,  when  he  beomc  pf^etsot  of 
education  M  the  Sorbonne.  At  tbe  genenl  election  of  1901  be 
waa  lelumcd  t«  Iha  cbambet  ol  depntka  a*  ■  ndktl  locialiat  by 
the  XUI-*  anoadtaenient  of  Fada.  U*  supportal  the  policy 
of  M.  Combea,  and  pcahkd  over  the  commisatDn  lor  tbe  aepsn- 
'  in  oi  diBtcb  and  ataie. 

BOnSHZORQ.  a  hill  tlntioa  In  tb*  naidency  at  Batavia, 
Island  of  Java,  Dntch  Eaat  indie*.  It  ia  hcaniifuDy  Blnate^ 
ing  Ihe  bins  at  tbe  foot  of  the  Solak  vokano^  abost  S60  IL 
VB  sea-level,  and  ha>  a  cod  and  healthy  elfanale.  Bultenaotf 
le  usual  residence  o(  lbs  goveraor-gancnl  of  the  Dutch  Eaat 
ies.  and  is  further  tcmaikiUe  on  account  of  ita  aplcndid 
inical  gatdeo  and  fee  lis  popularity  aa  b  health  resort,  tie 
botanic  gardens  are  amotic  tha  finest  In  the  laodd;  they  oii^n- 
ally  formed  a  part  of  tha  paik  attached  to  tha  palace  of  thg 
govemor-fcneial,  and  wera  established  ia  itij.  Under  J.  S. 
TeysBianB,  irtw  becama  icrtaitmmi  in  iSjo,  the  eoUectioD  wna 
cattsded,  and  in  iS6S«bi  nMfniKd  aaa  govcnunent  foHitntian 
with  a  director.  Between  this  and  iSto  a  mnseom,  a  achool  sf 
agriculture,  and  a  cuiiura  gardoi  wna  added,  and  since  then 
libiaiy,  botanical,  chemical,  and  pharmacological  labotntorio, 
and  a  hsbarium  have  been  estaUialied.  Tin  palace  of  tha 
govtmor-general  waa  founded  by  Govermr.GaieTal  van  Inthof 
in  1744,  and  rebuilt  after  being  destroyed  by  an  earthquake  in 
lSj4.  Buileniorg  is  also  the  scat  of  the  general  secretary  ot  Ihe 
state  railway  and  of  tlie  department  of  minea.  Boitcnaoig; 
which  i>  called  Bogor  by  the  natives,  was  once  the  capital  of 
the  princess  of  Fajajaram.  Qose  by,  at  Bata  Tulii  f "  inscribed 
slone  "},  are  some  Hindu  remains.  The  district  of  Builcniotf 
{till  1866  an  asiitlant  resldeaey)  Ibnni  the  soothem  part  of  tbe 
rcsidencyof  Batavia,  with  an  area  of  1447  sq.ra.  Itoqeufaestba 
noTthem  slopes  of  a  range  of  hUla  separatieg  it  from  Preanger, 
and  has  a  fertile  soiL  Tea,  coffee,  ciuchooa,  sugar-cine,  Hc^ 
nulmtgs,  doves  and  penicr  iie  cultivated. 

BDJHUKD.  a  town  of  Persia,  In  the  pmvince  of  Kborasaiv 
In  a  ferlUc  plain  encompassed  by  hHIs,  In  37*  vg'  N-,  57"  ai'  £, 
al  an  elevation  of  j6oo  ft.  Fop.  aboul  Soool  Its  old  name  was 
Buiinjird.  and  thus  it  slUI  appests  in  olSdal  ngisters.  It  Is  ihe 
chief  [^ce  of  the  district  of  same  name,  which  eitcnds  In  tha 
west  to  the  borders  of  Shihrud  and  Aitarabad;  in  tbe  north 
it  is  bounded  by  Russian  TranscnspU,  in  the  east  by  Kuchai^ 
and  In  the  south  by  JavalD.  Tbe  greilcr  part  of  tbe  popufatica 
conslals  of  Shadmu  Kurds,  the  remainder  being  Zafianlu  £uidl, 
GaraHl  Turks,  GoUon  Turkomans  and  Persians. 

BUEHiBl  [Uahommed  ibn  Ismlll  al-Bukhlit|  (gio-t7i), 
Anbic  author  of  the  mott  genetiUy  accepted  coUedion  ot  tradi> 
tlont  ((roAU}  (lOBi  Hihomet,  was  bam  at  Bokhara  (BiiUSrS), 
of  an  Iranian  family.  In  A.B.  194  («j>.  Sio).  He  tarly  distin- 
guished himsdl  in  the  learning  of  traditiona  by  heart,  and  wbc% 
in  his  siittoith  year,  his  family  made  the  pi^mngB  to  Mecca, 
he  gathered  additions  to  hia  ilore  from  tbe  authorities  alone 
the  loute.  Alieady,  En  bli  cighteealh  year,  lie  had  devoted 
bimseli  to  the  coUeciing,  aiftlng,  testing  and  anaDgiag  of  tindi- 
liona.  For  that  purpose  he  travelled  over  the  Moslem  world, 
from  Egypt  to  Samarkand,  and  leamed  (as  the  story  goes} 
from  over  a  thousand  men  three  hundred  thousand  tradition*, 
true  and  false.  He  certainly  became  the  acknowledged  authority 
on  the  subject,  and  developed  a  power  and  apced  o(  tnemorir 


^db,Google 


BUKOVDJA— BULAWATO 


771 


tlMolofkil  position  via  o 
ho  «njo7<d  tlu  IiMBdih^  and  n 
In  bv,  1m  appaa  to  hive  bwB  k . 


t  of  A^pnad  £bo  y*n*>*i 
' 'let  riueoi  jrttn' 


the  ■>■  ol  apKulalivc  l»,  tlw  iiat  book  of  iu  kind  (mc  Mabom- 
KDAM  Law).    He  died  In  jlh.  ijA,  in  budehment  at  Kartank, 

d^  in  UitD,  bdns  treated  aluoet  ULe  the  Koran,  and  to  hb 
nade,  and  poyen  an  beUevid 


a.  117  B'  Kawawi^iir-  !>»'.  S6  B.  (D.  B.  Mj  . 

BVKOTIHA,  a  duchy  and  oownland  of  Ausliia,  boondcd  K 
by  Kiuua  and  Rumania,  S.  by  Rumaaia,  W.  hy  Ttanaylvania 
and  Himguy,  and  N.  by  Gaiicia.  Ark,  40JJ  iq.  m.  The 
cotmtiy,  ajMcially  ia  its  eoulhem  pirla,  it  occupied  by  the 
offihoou  of  the  CaipaiUims,  which  itljuii  in  Ihe  Giumaleu  an 
altitude  of  Cioo  ft.  The  principal  passu  an  (he  Rad&a  Psu 
and  tlie  Borgo  Pass.  With  the  exception  of  the  Dniejier,  which 
AiiU  ill  noithem  border,  fiukovina  bclongi  to  the  watershed 
of  the  Danube.  The  principal  riven  ate  the  Pruth,  and  the 
Sereth  with  its  aflueala  the  Suoawa,  the  Moldavi  and  Ihe 
Biatritia.  "Ibe  climate  of  Bukovina  ia  healthy  but  aevcre. 
especially  in  winter^  but  it  ii  generally  milder  than  that  of 
GaBdi,  the  mean  annual  tempcntun  at  Cnmowiti  being 
46-g'F.  No  lets  than  43'!}%  of  the  total  ana  is  ocoipjcd  by 
woodland,  and  the  very  nanw  ol  the  country  is  derived  froiD  tha 
abundance  of  beech  trees.  Of  theremaiadei>;-5Q%isocciipied 
by  anble  latad,  ii-68%  by  meadom,  io4t%  by  paatan*  and 
o-;S%byt*"'^>>*-  Tbe  wilof  Bnkovinaisianii^andagiicul- 
tore  b>i  made  treat  ptoftcia,  tb*  prindpaJ  prodocli  bdns 
wheat,  niaiic,  lyt,  oats,  bariey,  potatoo.  Sax  and  bemp.  Catlle- 
leaiing  coutitute*  another  impoitant  ioaice  of  levaine.  Tlie 
principal  minenl  it  salt,  which  I*  eatiacted  at  the  mine  of 
Za^ka.bdonginglothegoveiiunent    Bnwtag,  diitiUing  and 

hands  of  the  Jew*  and  AnMniias,  and  chiefly  oonfinixi  to  raw 
prodDcta,  such  as  igricidtural  pisducc,  cattle,  KOcJ  and  wood. 
Bukovina  bad  in  1900  a  population  ol  719,011,  which  iaequiva- 
loit  to  t&t  inhabitants  per  sq.  m.  Acoordlng  to  natioiialiiy, 
over  40%  wvre  Ratboiians,  j;%  Rumanians,  ij%  Jem,  and 
Ihe  lemaindet  was  cmnposed  of  GeimsBS,  Poles,  Ifungaiian*, 
RusnansandAimenians.  The  oSdiJ  lutguage  of  the  administra- 
tion, ol  the  law-courts,  and  ol  itutruction  in  the  univenily  is 
tpeimaiL  Neariy  70%  of  the  population  bcLong  to  the  Greek 
Orthodoi  Church,  and  stand  under  the  ecdeiiaslkal  jurisdiction 
of  ths  archtrishop  or  metropoUtsn  ol  Cieniowliz.  To  Ihe 
Rcmaa  CaUwIic  Church  belong  11%,  to  the  Greek  United 
Church  3-15%,  while  a-5%  ate  Pntestants.  Eleoieulaiy 
education  is  improving,  but,  after  Dalmalia,  Bukovina  still 
tbovi  the  largest  number  of  lUiterales  in  Austria-  The  local 
diet,  of  which  the  archbishop  of  Czeitwwitx  and  the  rector  of  the 
uivenrity  are  memben  a  iSuit,  is  eompiBed  of  31  membeia, 
and  Bukovina  sends  14  dtputie*  to  the  Relchsnl  at  Vienna. 
For  administrative  purposes,  the  country  is  divided  into  9 
dittricia  end  an  aulonomaus  municipality,  CsetinwiU  (pop. 
69,619},  the  capital  Other  townsare  Radauti  (i4,3u},  Suoawa 
(10,946) ,  KuCEurmare  (94<  7) ,  Kim  polung  (goi4)and  Sere  Ih  (76(0). 

Bukovina  was  oligjnally  a  part  ol  the  principality  cf  Moldavia, 
whose  indent  capital  Suoawa  was  situated  in  this  province. 
It  was  occupied  by  Ihe  RubIus  in  1764,  and  by  the  Auitrians 
in  1774.  bi  1777  the  Pone,  under  whew  suietainty  Moldavia 
was,  ceded  this  province  to  Austria.  It  was  incolporated  with 
Gaiicia  in  a  single  province  in  1 7S6,  but  was  separated  from  it 
in  1340.  and  made  a  separate  crewnhnd. 

SicBidcnunn,Di>Bi>ti)wirut>iMr^diltrretiMKitnCnaI(n>, 
I77J-'«7J,(Unibeii,  1B7&). 

BULACAH,  a  town  of  Ihe  province  of  Buladn,  Luion,  FlUUp- 
pbK  Islands,  on  an  arm  of  the  Fampangs  della,  >i  m.  N.N.W. 


ofUnOn.  Jap.  (t9»))  H,S*pl  «ft«  tha  wws  ainateraUon, 
tha  uwa  of  GuigidBti  (pop.  394))  was  tauud.  Bdicia  k 
aarved  by  tb*  Uanlla-Dagiipait  liOwiy.  Svgai,  lia,  iwUfo 
■Dd  inptcal  bnlu  tit  th*  thiol  ptuhiet*  a<  Oe  tedlB  district 
to  atfcfa  Oe  town  lie*!  it  ft  widely  kamra  lor  in  fish-pOB^  and 
its  aceHait  fish,  and  its  principal  nunufacturea  are  jusi,  ^nOi, 
Bang  Dang  perfmne  and  sagar.  With  the  eiccption  of  ths 
diutches  and  a  few  stone  bnildlnp,  Bulacin  was  completeljr 
destroyed  by  fire  fai  ig9g. 

BULUDSHABR.  a  tomi  and  disHict  of  British  India  In  ths 
Ueerut  division  ol  the  Dalled  Provinces.  The  town  Is  situated 
on  a  height  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Kaii-Nadi,  whence  the 
subtlllulion  of  the  nams  Dnchanagar  and  Bukwishahr  (high 
town)  lor  in  esrtier  nameol  Bamn,  1^  which  it  is  sLill  sometimaa 
called.  TIh  population  in  1901  wti  18,959.  Its  [Hesent  hand- 
some appeaianca  ta  diu  to  anreial  socosrim  coUecton,  i»tahly 
P.  S.  Grawie,whowasactlvelnerectingpublicbuildiogs,andia 


In  panicnlsi,  it  bossts  a  fine  bathing-ghat,  a  lown-hail,  a  market- 
place, a  lank  to  supply  water,  and  a  piUic  gardcn- 

The  DisiucT  OT  BrnjunSHiHi  ha*  an  sna  of  1899  sq.  m. 
The  district  stretches  out  in  a  level  plain,  with  a  gentle  sli^ 
fniB.  N.W.  to  S.E.,  and  a  graduaJ  but  very  slight  elevalton 
about  midway  between  the  Ganges  and  Jumna.  Ptinapal 
riven  are  the  Ganges  and  Junina^ — Ihe  former  navigable  aS  tha 
year  round,  the  latter  only  during  the  nios.  Tie  ^nges  canal 
intersects  Ihe  district,  and  serva  bolt  (or  ittigaiion  and  navi- 
gation. The  Lower  Ganges  canal  has  it*  beadwotkt  at  Nanra. 
The  climate  of  the  district  is  liable  to  eitrtmes,  being  very  odd 
in  the  winter  and  eiossivdy  hot  In  the  summer,  bi  1901  Ihe 
population  was  i.ijS.ior,  showing  an  increase  of  jo%  In  tha 
decade.  Tlie  district  la  very  highly  cultivated  and  thickly 
popnlated.  Then  trt  sevei^  In^go  lactoriea,  and  mills  lor 
prosing  and  cleaning  tolloD,  but  the  former  have  greatly 
luflered  by  the  decline  In  indigo  of  recent  years.  The  mala 
line  of  the  East  In<Ean  railway  and  the  Oudh  and  RohUkhand 
laHwi)'  cross  the  district.    The  chief  centre  of  trade  is  Khurja. 

Nothing  certain  is  known  of  the  history  of  the  district  before 
aj).  1018,  when  Mahmud  of  Ghaani  aj^teared  before  Baran  and 
received  Ihe  submission  of  the  Hindu  raja  and  his  followers  to 
Islam.  In  1 193  the  dty  wss  captured  by  Kutb^ud-din.  In  the 
14th  century  the  district  was  tabject  10  invsiions  of  Rajput 
and  Mongol  dans  who  left  permanent  settlements  in  the  countTT' 
With  the  £rm  establishment  of  the  Mogul  empire  peace  was 
restored,  the  most  permanent  effect  of  this  poiod  bebig  tha 
large  proportion  of  Mussulmans  among  the  population,  due  to 
the  zeal  iji  AurangEeb.  The  decline  of  the  Mogul  empire  gave 
free  play  to  the  turbulent  spirit  of  the  Jats  and  Gujan,  many 
of  whose  chief  tabs  succeeded  In  carving  out  petty  principalitica 
tor  themselves  at  the  expense  of  thdf  neighlwurs.  During  this 
period, however.Baran had pToperiynosepatatehlslory, being  a 
dependency  of  Koil,  whence  it  continued  to  beadmltuslered  under 
the  Mahralla  domination.  After  KoQ  and  the  fort  of  AUgarh 
bad  been  aplured  by  the  British  in  i8oj,  Bulandshabr  and  the 
surrounding  country  were  (t  first  incorporated  fa  the  newly 
created  district  of  Aligarh  (iSoj).  Bulandshahr  enjoyed  an 
Tiutationin  iheMutinyof  1837,  when  the  Gojar  peasantry 
plmuiered  the  towns.  The  Jats  took  the  side  of  Ihe  government, 
while  the  Gu5an  and  Musinlman  Rajputs  were  most  actively 

See /n;n^ai»llMrD/7iidu(0ilard.ed.  1908);  F.  S.  Grnwae, 
Biiamiitalir  (Beaaiea,-  T884). 

BBLAWATO,  the  capital  of  Matabdeland,  Ihe  western  province 
of  southern  Rhodesia,  South  Africa.  White  population  (1904) 
3&40-  It  occujHes  a  central  position  on  the  laljebnd  between 
the  Limpopo  and  Zambesi  rivers,  is  4469  ft.  above  the  sea  and 
ijii  m.  north-east  of  Cape  Town  by  tail.  Beira,  the  nearest 
port,  Is  39t  m.  east  in  a  direct  line,  but  distant  67  j  m.  by  taltway. 
Another  railway,  part  ol  the  Cape  lo  Cairo  conneiion,  nma 
north-west  Irom  Bulawayo,  crossing  the  Zambeii  just  below 
the  Victoria  Falls.  In  the  centre  of  the  town  is  a  large  matket 
square  10  which  roads  lend  in  regular  lines  north,  south,  east  and 


BULDANA— BULGARIA 


Dumbcnd,  tbMe  nuuiiiia  nottli  lad  toulh  ut  called  ilneti  u>d 
MM  UMiitd.  Uddo^  tlB  ccDtn  «!  UsTkct  SqiuR  mni  Rhoda 
Sticel.  Thue  ut  muy  budtome  public  uA  private  buildisci. 
In  fmU  o(  the  nock  uchuiga  I>  a  monument  in  memoTy  of  the 
1S7  KtUnt  UIM  in  tba  Httabde  icbdlion  of  1896,  and  U  ths 
jonctioB  b(  two  oi  One  prinrlpal  HneU  b  a  coloiul  biniut  lUtae 
o(  Cidl  Rbode^  Eait  of  Ibii  town  ii  ■  latst  patk  tai  botanicaJ 
gaidcu,  bejrood  irliich  i>  ■  icaidenUal  sutaurb.  The  nilwaji 
iUtion  and  »>la  and  ckctik  auj^r  worb  an  in  the  louth- 
Vot  qoaiUr.  An  avenuB  130  ft.  broad  and  ttearly  1}  m.  long» 
plantnl.  thiaughaut  iu  lencth  with  tre«t,  l«di  from  ths  town 
to  Government  Uoiue,  which  ia  built  on  the  lite  of  Lobengula'a 
nqnl  kiaaL  Tlie  tree  UD<ici  which  that  chiellain  tat  «hni 
giving  Judgment  hu  been  prcKrved.  A  numba  of  gold  reels 
Interaect  the  ■umunding  diatrict  and  In  ume  o[  the  iceli  gold 
il  mined.  Soulli4(iutli.ca>I  of  the  town  aie  the  Uhlappa  Hitli. 
la  a  grave  in  one  of  thtae  hills,  J3  m.  (lom  BulawByo,  Rhodes  ia 
bujied. 

II  the  Zulu  word  Bulawayo  Is 
t  iSjS  by  Lobengula'i  father, 
ilh  ol  the  pteaent  (own,  and 
eace  llU  iU  occupation  by  the 
fonHin  November  i(l9j,irhen 
a  new  town  wai  founded.  Four  yean  lalei  the  railway  eonncct- 
jog  it  niih  Cape  Town  wa9coinp]eled<9eeR  uodeiu}. 

BDLDAHA,  a  town  and  district  of  India,  in  Beiar.  The  town 
had  a  population  in  i^oi  of  4137.  The  district  hu  an  ana  of 
3IS61 K).  m.  The  touihcni  pait  fenni  apotiionof  Berai  Baloghat 
or  Berai — above  the  Chsli.  Here  the  general  contour  of  the 
coontry  may  be  deicribed  as  a  lucceiaion  of  small  plaleaua 

eattemaideol  the  district  the  counliy  asaumet  toon  the  character 
of  undulating  high  lands,  favoured  with  soil  of  a  good  quality, 
A  auccession  of  platnua  descend!  from  thehighcal  ridgeaon  the 
ivtrih  to  the  Kuth,  where  a  aeries  ol  imall  ghals  march  with  the 
niiam's  territory.  The  small  fertile  valleys  between  the  plateaus 
are  watered  by  streams  during  the  greater  portion  of  the  year, 
while  wells  of  particularly  good  and  pure  water  are  numerous. 
ThcM  valleys  are  favourite  village  liics.  The  north  portion  of 
the  district  occupies  the  rich  valley  of  the  Puma.  The  diilrict 
Is  rich  in  agricultural  produce;  in  a  seasonable  year  a  many- 
coloured  sheet  of  cultivation,  almost  without  a  break,  covers 
the  valley  of  the  Puma.  In  the  Balaghat  also  the  crops  are  very 
Cni.  Situated  as  the  district  is  in  the  neighbourhood  ol  the  great 
cotton  market  of  Ehamgaon,  and  nearer  to  Bombay  than  the 
other  Bern  djslricis,  markets  [or  its  agricultural  produce  on 
favourable  terms  are  easily  found.  In  iQOi  1^  population  was 
4)3,616,  showing  a  decreaae  of  11%  in  the  decade  due  to  the 
effects  of  famine.  The  district  was  recoaslitulcd,  and  given  an 
additional  area  <iS  in  ki.  m.  in  igas;  the  population  on  the 
enlarged  area  in  1901  was  613,716.  TTie  only  manulacture  is 
cotton  clolh.  Collon,  wheal  and  oil-seeds  are  largely  eiported. 
The  Nagpui  line  of  the  Cieat  Indian  Peninsula  railway  ruui 
through  the  nnrth  of  the  distiicl.  The  inosl  importapt  [tece 
oftradeiiMalkapur—popi  (1901)  13,111— wrth  several  factories 
for  ginning  and  pressing  cotton. 

BDLDDR,  or  BUKDUI,  chief  town  of  a  aanjak  of  the  Koaia 
vilayet  in  Asia  Minor.  It  is  called  by  the  Christians  Potydorivn. 
Its  altitude  is  3150  ft.  and  it  is  situated  in  the  midst  of  gardens, 
about  >  m.  from  the  brackish  lake,  Buldur  Ceul  [anc.  Aicania 
£ijii»}.  Linen-weaving  and  leatber-lanniag  are  the  principal 
(oduslrica.  There  fi  a  good  caniage  road  to  Qineir,  by  which 
much  grain  is  sent  from  the  Buldui  plain,  and  a  railway  connccta 
it  with  Dineir  and  Egirdir.    Fop.  11,000. 

BULFINCa,  CHABLBl  Ci763-tg44).  American  architect,  vu 
b«n  in  Boston,  Uaasachusetts,  on  the  Sih  of  August  1763,  the 
too  of  Thomas  Bulhnch,  a  prominent  and  wealthy  physician. 
Be  was  educated  at  the  Boslon  Latin  school  and  at  Harvard, 
•here  he  graduated  in  1781,  and  after  several  years  of  travel 
and  study  in  Europe,  settled  in  1 387  in  Boslon,  when  he  was  the 
ital  to  piacliM  u  a  piofcniooal  architect.    Among  his  early 


wtrks  were  the  old  Federal  Street  theaue(t793),tbefint  ifxr- 

house  in  New  England,  and  the  "  new  "  State  Hoose  (179^. 
For  more  than  Iwcnly-tive  years  he  was  the  DKot  active  architect 
inBoslon,andattheBairR  time  took  a  leading  part  In  the  public 
life  of  the  dty.  As  cluirmin  of  tbe  board  ol  adectmen  fee 
twenijr^ne  yean  (1707-1818},  an  important  positioa  whicb 
made  him  practically  chief  magiatrate,  he  eiertcd  a  itK^ 

of  drainage  and  stTeel4ightiag,  in  leorganiilng  the  police  and 
lire  departments,  and  In  atiai^tening  and  videnfng  the  atneta. 
He  was  one  of  the  [nnmolen  in  1787  of  the  voyage  of  tbe  Hip 
"  Columbia."  wlucli  imdcr  eomnwtid  of  Captain  Robert  Ony 
(17SS-1806)  was  the  finl  to  cany  the  American  eagroemd  tb« 
world.  In  181S  Bulfinch  succeeded  B.  H.  Lalrobe  (i764-rg»} 
as  itdiitect  of  the  Nitlonil  Cipiiol  at  Washington.  He  com- 
pleted the  unfinished  wings  and  centra]  portion,  constructing 
the  rotunda  from  plans  of  his  own  aflet  suggestions  of  his  pre- 
decessor, and  designed  the  new  western  approach  and  portico. 
In  1S30  he  returned  to  Boslon,  vhere  he  died  on  the  ijlh  ol 
April  1S44.     BuUincb'a  work  was  marked  by  sincerity,  simplicity, 

it  grutlyinfiuenced  Amcricanarchileclureinlheeartyrotiiiativ* 
period.  His  son,  Stephen  Crcenleai  Bulfinch  (i3a^TB7o],  wai 
a  well.known  Unilarijin  clergyman  and  author. 

See  Tkt  Lift  ami  LOUrs  cf  CWfci  BiJ/iiK*  (Boston,  1896),  edited 

a  hit  Giand-daughceT.  and  "The  Archilecri  of  ibe  American 
pilo)."  by  Jamce  6.  Howard,  in  Tin  lnUntatintat  Kititm,  vbL  L 
(New  York,  18741- 

BULOAKIA,  a  kingdom  of  Mutb-ecstern  Eun^,  situated  ia 
the  north-cast  of  the  Balkan  Peninsula,  and  on  the  Black  Sea. 
From  itji  until  the  Jth  of  October  1908,  Buigatla  was  an 
sntonomous  and  tributary  principality,  under  ibe  (uieninly 
of  tbe  stdlan  of  Turkey.  Tbe  am  of  the  kingdom  anenuts  to 
37.34a  sq.  ra.,  and  comprise*  the  territories  between  the  Balkan 
chain  and  the  river  Danube;  the  provlDce  of  Eastern  Rumelia, 
lying  Bouth  of  the  Balkans;  and  the  western  htghUnds  of 
Xivalendil,  Simakov,  Sa&B  and  Ttn,  Bulgaria  is  bannded  on 
tbe  N,  by  tbe  Danube,  frotn  its  confiuencc  with  the  TimtJc  to 
the  eastern  suburbs  of  Sillslria  whence  a  line,  foming  the 
Rumanian  fronUcr.  is  drawn  to  a  pinnt  on  the  Black  Sea  coast 
lom.S  ol  Msngalia.  On  the  E.iilaweshed  by  theBIackSea; 
on  tbe  S.  the  Turkish  Ironlicr,  starting  from  a  point  on  the  coast 
about  II  in.  S.  of  Sotopolit,  runs  in  a  south-westerly  diiection, 
ODiaing  the  riva  MaHtia  at  Mustafa  Pasha,  and  reaching  tbe 
AidaalAdakati.  'Dielinelaid  down  by  tbe  Berlin Tteaty  (187R) 
ascended  the  Arda  lo  IshlUar,  thence  foUowing  the  crest  ol 
Rbodope  to  Ibe  wotwaTds,  but  the  cantons  of  Kijall  end 
Rupchus  included  fn  this  boundary  were  restored  to  Turkey  in 
18S6.  The  present  ftcniier,  passiog  lo  the  northof  these  district*, 
reachei  tbe  watershed  of  Rbodope  a  little  north  of  the  Dospat 
valley,  and  then  foDowa  the  crest  of  the  Rilska  Planina  to  the 
summit  of  Tchmf  VAh,  whci*  the  Servian,  Turkish  and  Bul- 
garian tetriloriea  mcel.  From  this  point  the  western  or  Servian 
frontier  passes  northwards,  leaving  Tm  lo  the  east  and  Pirot  to 
the  west,  reaching  the  Tiraok  near  Kula,  and  following  the  conne 
of  that  riverto  Its  junction  with  the  Danube.  TheBctlin  Treaty 
boundary  was  far  from  corresponding  with  the  ethnological 
liodtsof  Ibe  Bulgarian  nee,  whkbwnrenon  accurately  defined 
by  the  tbngated  ttealy  of  San  SufaBO  (see  below,  luder  if  Mary). 
A  couidenbte  portion  of  Hacadook,  tbe  dhtrttts  of  PimI  and 
Vnoyt  bdonging  to  Serfta,  tbe  nortbem  half  of  the  vfUycl  of 
Adrianople,  and  large  tncta  of  the  Oobndja,  an.  accotding  to 
tbe  best  and  moat  bnputisl  authorities,  auinly  InhalHted  by 
■  Bulgarian  popidatioB. 

rhfiita  ftatvH.— The  moM  atriUng  physical  latum  arc  two 

— "iiatain-chaia*;  tha  Balkan  whkh  lu*  cut  and  vest  throng 

bean  ti  Ihe-countn;  and  Rbodope,  whkh,  for  a  coniidcraQa 


H  (la^lcl  to  the  Danabi^ 


Du,iiz=db,Google 


BULGARIA 


m 


Ic.rDundtd. 


Ehc  mean  inlcrval  bring  to  m.  1  the  (unimil   _  ..  _ 

and  ih«  tiopa  gentk.  The  culminaijotf  ininla  Are  in  the  cenm  cl 
(he  nince;  VumiuliclilLl  (iStt  Ji.),  Maruuduk  (jSoi  Ci.),  and 
KadimlS  (74&4  fi.).  The  lidLiu  in  known  Ullic  people  of  Ihe 
country  u  ihe  Slcn  /■(anfua  or  "Old  Mountain."  the  adjecliva 
deoodng  Ihdr  Dealer  liu  M  Gorapand  with  that  ol  the  adjacent 
raiuet:  '*BalKU"  ii  notadiatiKtive  tcrnii  bcusapplkd  by  the 
BulinnaH, »  «n  aa  the  TBrla,  Is  all  nmintaiu.  Tloicly  nnllel, 
on  tlie  uuth,  are  Ihc  niimr  nng»  el  Ifce  Sndni  Gori  oc  -'hliddle 
Mounuini "  (hiEbnl  luniiiiil  3167  ClJ  and  the  Karaja  Dagh.  en- 
cfoslng  mpectjvcty  Ike  slKUeru  valley*  of  Karlovoajid  Knanlyk. 
A1  iu  eattcm  eKtrcvlly  the  Balkan  diahi  divide*  into  three  ridBeti 
iheceninltermiiHiiaiiathe  Blaik  5(1  at  Cip*  Emint  (-'  HiiaaJ-) , 
the  nonhcrn  fonalni  the  ntenhcd  bct*ceii  the  tributaries  of  the 
tbnube  and  Ihc  riven  £illln|  ilKCIly  Into  Ibc  Black  Sea.  The 
Rhodope.  or  (outhcm  noup,  baltoeetheriEHiBCi  (ion  the  Balkuni, 
wllh  whkh,  however.  11  h  conatelea  by  Ibe  MaO.- Phnina  and  the 
if.i..! L:ir.  — „_.i...i ...J — ..jcE..  i>~iyberegj[dcd 

diarper  outlioca 


IkhliRL 


intlnu. 


io(  il 


I  and  cast  of  Sofia; 


lolkani.   The  iinpiaiiu 


nposinf  sunmit  of  Mui 
inIhePen[Mula,(omi|ii 

rbei'ilde  ^  wSch'liie'pcriii 


bin'i™  oHti  ...  . 

UStS.fL).  are^wkhJB  (he 


wion  of  territory  already  mentioned,  it*  centnl 
iplelely  colneideivith  ine  BoteaHan  boundary. 
--' — ' =-   ^IM  iTira  [»■>.  and  Karijik 


ma>c*lic  I3BCC  oE  the  Rilska  Planjaa,  encloaing 
a  pictoreique  valley  the  cetelnaird  moniitny  of  Riti;  nuny 
»mmita  of  tlilt  chain  allain  Tcoo  fl.  Farther  wen.  beyond  the 
Suunii  niley,  Ii  the  Oiegevika  Ptaidna.  cutminallni  in  Rnycn 
(7Mlfl-|.  Talhci»nho(lheBibkaI>la«>albr*lmoMiielat(d 
mau  of  Vitosha  (7317  ft.)  ovcrbanfi  Sab.  Snow  and  ice  lemain 
in  the  ihellered  crc<.kcs  of  Rhcxiope  and  the  Bilkani  thcoiigh«i(  the 
nimmer.  The  fertile  dope  trendinr  eonhwarda  fccm  the  Balkana 
to  the  Danube  U  (or  the  moat  part  indiial  and  broken  by  KUn 
the  caAern  psnion  knewn  aa  the  DMOrman,  n  "  Wild  Wood/'  ia 
covered  by  lorctt.  and  thinly  inhabited.  Tbe  abrvpt  and  atnaeliDica 
preclplloui  chinctcr  of  ihi:  Buliaiiin  bank  of  ihe  Danube  rooiraiti 
with  Ibe  enamay  lawhnda  and  Ugeaa  of  the  Rumanian  aide. 
Northern  Balnria  Is  vitend  by  the  Lwn,  0«M.  likr.  VId.  OKm, 
Yutra  and  ^etn  Lon.  ill,  except  Ihe  Iskr.  rieiiif  In  (he  Balkana, 
and  all  flowing  into  <he  Danube.  The  chinneb  gi  thcae  riven  an 
deeply  (uikjwciJ  a.nd  the  (all  is  t*[ai ;    IrrigaiioB  b  coaaequeBily 


"•^■^■isa^xsa 


Atda,  valeiB  (he  wkle  olain 
~    Lnd  modern  Greek 

rtcvatcij  barins  ol 


diflicuU  and  navigation  Unpottit>>.     The  course  of  tbe  Iskr  la 
remarkable:    riiini  in  the  RUska  Flanina,  the  river  descends  into 

into  the  plateau  pf  Softa.  ivhere  in  anden 
it  now  (orcca  ita  way  throuch  tbe  Balkans 
of  likteti.    Somewhat  sinilarhr  the  P-' 

breaks  the  cemial  chain  of  Ihe  Balkans , 

and,  unirine  with  Ibe  Great  KamcUk,  blli  into  the  Black  SeL 

TticUarilia,  (he  anden(^(tru,  sprints  frar-*^-  ' "'      '■' 

and,  with  its  iribuiaricKtbeTunj*  and  Ardi 
of  Eastern  Runelia.    The  Strunu 
Strrii«)  drains  (he  valley  of  Kiu 

Howl  Into  tbe  Aeaesn.    Tlie  eteva'. 

allitiide  USD  It.),  TrD  (isisll.),  Breinlk  (1460  ll.), 
rt.J.Solia  (1«4D  tc),  and  fcuueodil  <iuo  It.),  are  a  j 
gf  the  weKcm  highlandi.' 

Ccnfofv.— The  atnli£ed  femaiian  proents  a  remarkable  variety, 
almot  alt  (he  lyuenis  beioc  cxempirted.  The  Archcan.  compoKd 
of  gnein.  and  cryxalUne  iduKs,  and  (raversed  by  eruptive  viina, 
eitttnds  over  Ibc  *m(cr  part  aS  (he  Ea«icra  Bumelian  plain,  (ha 
Rllska  Planina,  Rhodope.  and  tbe  adjacent  nnges.  North  of  (be 
Balkans  it  appears  only  In  the  neighbourhood  of  Bcrkovito.  Tbe 
other  earlier  Palaeowlciiyilemi  (re  wanting,  but  tbe  Carbuoiferaua 
appear*  In  tbe  western  Balkans  with  a  continental  faiu3  (Kiitm). 
Here  anthradliferous  cat  la  found  in  bedi  of  argitliie  and  taodslonc. 


Jurassic,  alio  oceurrinf  Iri  Ibe  «i 

Cretaceous  system,  Irotn  ibe  tnfra-k.,EUL-cuuB  cauimvirn  lo  mo 
Senordan.  appears  (hroughout  (be  whole  emcnt  of  Nottbem  Bulgaria. 
Eionl  [be  summits  of  llw  Balkana  to  tbe  Danube.  Goaau  be£^Bn 
found  on  tbe  loathcm  declivity  of  ibc  chain.  Flysch.  reprcsentiaa 
both  Ihe  Cietacteui  and  Eocne  lyuemi,  is  mdcly  distributed. 
Tbe  Eocene,  or  older  Tertiary,  further  appears  with  immmulitic 
formatkHis  on  both  ddes  of  the  eastern  Balkans:  the  OEgocens 
only  near  the  Black  Sea  coast  at  Burgas.  Of  the  Neogeoe.  or 

near  Pleven  (Plevria)  in  the  Leithakalka'nd  Tegel  forina,  and  between 
Varna  and  Burgas  with  beds  of  ■paciadans.  aa  in  the  Ciimrai  Ihi 
Sarmatlan  stan  in  the  plain  of  the  Danube  and  in  the  districU  of 

^Arnwcrer,  Diirotkerimm,  ATeJ/odpfi.^c.)  of  tUs  penod  hai  teen  found 
near  Mesemvria.  Other  Neogenc  strata  occupy  a  more  Umiud  spac^ 
The  Quaternary  eta  is  represented  by  Ibe  typical  loess,  which  cover* 
most  of  the  Danub^n  plain :  to  its  la(er  epochs  beloiif  the  alUivial 
dcpni  tsoftheripariandistrlctiwiih  remains  of  the  E/rini.  Esuei.ac, 

&edna' Cora,  as  wJiI'm    '"  "  """^ '"  ™ 


abvGoo^Ie 


Ikeupfayi*.  upir 
ISSmiIi.— Th 


■■ioniu,a 


BULGARIA 

c,qiian»tu|iliyi]i, 


DpyTJIe,  bornitc,  aipnUf  ■ 
Diafnetite,  uurii^  nuni^HK,  it 
■  •**'^  -"*  '"'■'ncitlTatHucaal.  coa 
DtRcd  by  the  nvm 
I  tciH.  CoJ  bedi  b 


„ , _t  Thecombuii 

Bnl "  «nd  Eftnile.  The  figniu  mino  op 
Nrnikin  IS9I  yielded  in  1004141,000 

•ulphiunu*,  sin  in  feny-ihRe  louliiiei  iloaj  ib< 
Of  llw  Billaiu,  in  Rhodaiie.  ■»]  In  Ihe  diKricu  a[ 
tendil:'  nuiiadai  teDuxnture  at  Zapanvon  near  C 
(Fihrenlieit}.  at  Sofia  118-4'.  Many  dI  (he*  ire  I 
u  [a  Roman  timeft,  owua  u 

-  ■■  -  ■  cVi£ti,  sear  Berk 

—The  ■verity  of  Ihe  dii 

vitli  that  of  other  European  legiom 

•bla  in  part  to  tbc  numbo-  aod  eitni  «  m  mounmn  lanfBi  in 

Kto  UK  lenenl  eonfiainatiiM  at  the  Badiu  ftninwla.  Eatmnc 
in  iDninur  aad  oold  Ln  winter,  gnat  local  cmtiaaUt  ami  npid 
traaiidou  of  tetnperature  occur  here  ai  in  the  adtolDlng  eonotnea. 
The  local  contnuu  an  rnnarluiUb  In  the  dutricti  —"""-f 
ItoiD  the  Bilkani  la  the  Uinube,  which  an  eapoHt  In  the  bitter 


undinB  the  voUime 


re  cooi  and  fmh.   [b  the  eoi 

.,  .._Mn  .l'va™!*''S?^oa«-Un 
H  .wiiHlt,_  aad  lh>  BiKli.Sea,  the  wt 

If  be^u* 
Bultaiian  winter  ii  ebvt  and 


-t,  changisbleand  rilny;  the  uinnx 


■n  temivntare  ia  5a  .  Tbeeti 


I.  (ubrqvo»  41731 


Hially  io  the  Ril^  PUinliu 


In  the  hi^iT  mmntiin  di 
■nd  Rhodopa;  (he  Qulf^arij 
that  of  Ihe  Caxpaihi^fu,  1 


The  roe  deer  ii  Found  In 
tbe  chamoii  hauni  """   " 


b  Ihoeanii 
*  '  HComi 

tli*^^ 


■ad  the  Bnlkanc  The  jackal  {Caiii  amma)  appean  In  th*  dlflWct 
of  Burtai:  the  hmx  i>  uid  laeibi  In  iheSredna  Cora:  ibewild 

. ,_.    i_j_  ,.._  .^  jji  raartea.  polcat  (Fbctorfw 

notrfai  armaliaa,  i>  alu  found). 


boor,  Dtter,  fox,  bt 

^ilorfai;  ihtiv 

weaiel  and  thret 

braver  (Bulf.  »rwj  apf»n  10  Dave  tno  alHindant  in  certain 

localltlee,  •.[.  Bebrovo,  Bebtnh,  Ac,  but  It  ii  now  appirently 

tmi  and  V.  ammal^s),  aad  bnd  and  water  l«i^  aiTnuinn^ui. 

ejBrm  Europe;  the  6eire  ihMgy  my  diiep-doc  Icavet  a  laHlni 
ImntHiea  on  nwtt  travellen  in  the  Inieric*.  >owlt,  opeciall/ 
urkm.  an  evervwbcre  abundant,  and  great  nuinben  M  Ecese 
may  be  lecn  in  the  Modem  villiiei.  Tba  ondtholiiay  of  Bufiuia 
k  emcUlh'iDteratini.  Eagle.  (AqmOa  imfmalii  ud  tha  nnr 
^taOa  fulnl.  vutnirei  (I'l.Uv  muctu,  Cypl  Mm,  ffiMbn 
(mmftoju),  «wli,  fcitei.  and  the  uuUer  bbdi  s!  pcey  are  emra- 
otdbianlr  abundant:  linilng  birdi  an  cooHquendy  ran.  The 
hmnierieler  ICyfaOv  terlouu)  i>  not  uncommon.  Inunenie  Socla 
V  vM  •wia.  geeie,  pcncant,  beroai  and  other  ntnfowl  haunt 
Ae  Danube  amlthelaiooni  of  the  Black  Sea  coatt.  Thecoekol 
Ae  modi  I7-nr»  mnifnUwl  a  found  In  ibe  Balkan  and  Rhodope 
forstL  the  n^d  pheauLint  In  the  Tunja  valley,  the  buuard  (CWi 
krAit  In  the  EtiUra  Rumeliin  plain.  Among  the  mimtoty  blrda 
an  tbe  cnne.  which  hlbenuis  In  the  Marilu  valley,  wocdcack. 
alp*  aad  quaili  the  great  ipottcd  cuckoo  (CuB^ln  ^niariui)  it 


an  nxnnnn  ■■uin.  ih  mi  w^nam  vn^v  f^B^aDvnaiieB 
ancan  IB  large  BWit*,  The  Rorb  wh^  i>  nncr  aolatcd.  addi  ■ 
pbimKiar  teauic  le  the  Balganan  nOuK  01  iraH-nta  bh. 
the  uurgaon  (AtipnuB  auia  and  A.  ti^^attrkt.  olmon  (Sal-H 
ibKto).  and  carp  an  found  in  the  Damibei  the  msuniain  nreaoa 
abanBd  ■■  Imii.  The  Black  Sea  tappliea  turbot,  maeknTl.  nr.; 
dataMiu  and  flying  iih  mnr  loaietiinea  be  Hca. 

Rtn.— la  i^atd  to  iu  Sm  the  CDuBUy  amy  b*  divkied  into  (i) 
the  Bonhem  pbin  riapiBi  from  the  Balkan!  D>  the  flinube.  (3)  th* 
eoiNhem  plain  bclwRa  the  Balkan)  and  Rhodope,  (t)  the  dlMrin* 
adtaining  the  Black  Se^  (4)  the  elevated  baijna  of  SoAa.  SaninkD* 
and  KuiSeodiL  (I)  tte  Alpine  and  lub-Alpine  ngion  (4  the  Balkan 

the  vegetation  rereiablU  that  of  the  Rusaian  aad  Rumanian  Meppeat 
In  (he  apring  tbe  oovniry  b  adorned  with  the  floweta  of  ih*  enci^ 
Diehih  Uh  lulip  and  other  bulbaui  plaata,  vhich  I*  BunBer  gim 
way  b>  ^1  v^ya.  umbdUletwa  gnilS,  dinntU,  evlnwdf,^ 
la  the  moR  Aeltered  diitrfct  iouth  ol  the  Bilkaai  the  richer  veceta- 
tion  milt  that  of  the  nrighboutbood  of  Coaataatlnople  and  Ik* 
adjacent  oeiucf  An  Minor.  On  the  Bbck  Sea  coaat  niaay  tnei 
af  the  Cnmean,  TraMcaueaKta  and  even  the  McdiiertaiKaB  Beea 
piaeat  Iheaiietvea.  The  plateau  of  Sofia  and  Samatov  funiata 
epecinent  of  ^Af-titAnt  planti,  Vhiit  the  vine  dtnppeBn:  tlv 
haUow  of  KiuMeadfl,  onliu  to  i»  ioutberly  aipect.  aiEnidn  Iba 
•—•Mian  af  (he  Macedonian  valleya.  The  fioci  of  the  Balkau 
panda  with  thai  of  the  Caipathitna;  the  Rila  and  Rliodop* 
ii  rich  in  purely  Indtgenaoe  typei  combinrd  with  Ibo**  of  th* 
opeon  ATpt  aad  the  moant^na  of  Aaia  Uiiwr.  Tb« 
lare  often  Rpmented  by  vanantt:  e.g.  the  Canraainrf* 
he  Cwpaa^  arWiH,  the  Frimala  lariiia  by  th* 
<tiaa  and  P.  (zifaa,  the  Cntfuna  imenfca  tv  tb* 
Ctntiamt  MfvitOt  Ac.  The  ioutbem  nountain  gnwp,  in  onomoa. 
pcrhapa,  with  the  unciplond  hlghlandiof  Hacedoaia.  pneaia  iway 
Inlaicd  inie^  DnkiDwn  dnhtn  In  EuiDpa,  *nd  la  aooe  caie* 
~  .-  -...>  ,|,„^  ^  ,^  Caucuua.  Among  tbe  moe« 
I  of  the  Bulgarian  Bora  an  the  loUowinc: — 
Uwfe,  StmpkiJaria.  Vvkaacaai,  DinSLmi, 

;<ais«?*"-  "-  ""-^ 

Arali.—Tbe  principel  foml  tne*  are  the  oak.  beech,  idi.  ebo, 
walnut,  cnraci,  poplar,  pine  and  Juniper.  The  oik  li  nnivcnal 
in  the  thlcketi,  but  luge  ipecinieni  are  now  nrdy  found.  Manib* 
cent  toreui  of  beech  ckithe  the  vtlkyi  ol  its  higher  Balkan*  and  the 
Rlbka  PUntna;  thencnhcmdeclivliy  ollht  B)lkanii>.ingcBenl, 
welt  wooded,  but  the  wuibcm  ilape  it  bare.  The  wilnui  and  cbnt- 
lut  an  Rialnly  conlined  to  eattem  Runelia.  Conilen  (Piaw 
tihenrii.  Pku  attin,  Pinia  lariiii,  Pernl  ma^aa)  are  ran  in  ih* 
Balkani;  but  abuodaiU  lathe  higher  nclDnt  of  tbe  KHtheramauauia 
— 10,  when  ihePiam  ftiut,  otherwbe  peculiar  to  th*  Hlmalayaa, 
Aounthn.  Theinld  lilacformiabeautKut  reatureintheurlng 
iKape.  Wild  fndt  tnci,  lucb  aa  the  apple,  peii  aad  plum,  an 
— moo.  Tbe  vau  foreiti  tt  the  middle  >gn  diiappeand  undtr 
Ihe  Hpliie  Turlddi  admlnlrtratlon,  which  task  non^dtiiin  for  their 
piuCnUuii,  and  even  dotroyed  the  wooda  In  the  ncighboui 
..__  ._.  v.,.. > . j__!_  _  .-■-,^,  of  fclier 

:7ii^,-.J. 

1.640  ■).  m.  or  aboul  to  %  of  the  whote 

are  under  foml,  but  the  grratrr  pceiraa 

'     The  bnuiITnl 


I  rapidly  dliippciring 


A  frtcifff jffr-— Agrlcultun 


,  llie  main  uum  of  wcilih  to  tba 
lely  primiiivf  eoudilioo.  Theljnoi- 
aace  aad  coourvatjun  of  Ihe  peaHwtTy,  the  habita  cnvcodered 
by  widopread  ioiecutjly  and  Ihe  fear  of  oaicial  ripacil/  unda 
Turkish  rule,  iniuSdCDCy  of  communicatioiii.  wanl  of  capit4l, 
and  in  unie  dislricts  ipanily  □(  popiJatioa,  have  >U  leaded  to 
TCtard  the  devcti^ment  o[  Lhit  moil  iinponant  induiuy.  Tba 
peaianti  ding  to  Iradiliooal  uuge,  and  took  wlili  nupidon  oa 
modem  impltmenti  and  new-fangled  model  of  productioiL 
The  plDU^  ii  of  a  prinevxl  type,  rolalioa  of  crop*  ii  oply 
pvtially  pracIiKd,  aad  the  ute  of  majiurc  It  almoit  unknown, 
Tbe  levounitiit  in  wduloualy  endeavoured  to  iatroduce  nor* 
enVghiened  iKthodi  and  [deai  by  Ibc  esiabUihmeni  of  agricul- 
luial  iduiola,  [be  appointmeul  ul  tlineraal  profHion  and  is. 
■pccton,  the  ditttibutioo  of  bnitt  kind*  of  leeda.  in^roTcd 
inpleneaia,  ftc  ESorU  bavt  boa  made  to  taipnvc  (he  breeib 
of  nattvt  tittle  and  bonei,  and  sialliani  have  been  Inltoduced 
from  HiiDgaiy  and  diuiibuifd  throughout  the  counity.  Oiea 
and  buffaloet  are  tbe  prindpal  anlmali  of  dnughi;  the  bullal«, 
which  waa  appannlly  intndiKed  from  Alia  In  nmole  tinea, 
pified  by  the  peaaanta  for  fu  patience  and  nr««thi 


lod  RQiuEca  much  ore. 

1,  CiOo^le 


BULGARIA 


775 


Iraufhl  u 


shnp  ftre  fcund  in  Uic  diitricL  of  Kunotnt 
Rurnclii,  ThenumlMiefiDitiinlheccnintiyKiuIs  todRlinc,  ■ 
rttativrfy  high  i»i  bong  imposed  on  these  inimali  owing  to  the 
injury  they  inflict  on  young  treei*  The  average  phce  o[  oxen 
b  Is  eich,  dnu^t  okd  £i>  the  pair,  bnffiloa  ^14  Ihe  pui. 
com  £1,  hones  (fi,  liicrp,  j*.,  pmH  ji-.  ««ch.  The  priadpsd 
eemili  «re  •heat,  miiic,  lye,  biriey,  oili  and  miUtl.  The 
cullivaLioD  of  nuiu  is  increasing  in  the  Danubian  and  eastern 
diutids.  Rice-fields  aie  found  ia  the  neighbouihood  of  Fhilippo- 
poiis.  Cemls  represent  about  Bo  %  ol  the  total  enports. 
BcsiilCT  grain,  Bulgaria  produces  wine,  tobacco,  attar  of  roses, 
lilL  and  cotton.  Thequality  of  lhegnpeiseacd]ent,andcoutd 
the  peasants  bo  induced  to  abandon  their  highly  primitive  mode 
of  wine-makfng  the  Bulgarian  vintages  irould  rank  among  the 
best  European  growlhi.  The  tobacco,  which  b  not  of  the  high«i 
quality, b  grown  in consifierableqiiantitjea  forborne  coosan  '' 
and  only  an  insignificant  amount  is  eirported.  The  best  tot 
fields  in  Bulgaria  are  on  the  northern  slopes  oF  Rhodope,  bui  ine 
southern  detllviiy,  which  produco  the  famau*  Kavala  growihi 
ts  more  adapted  10  the  cujtfvationof  the  plant.  The  io«e-fic1ds  of 
Katanlyk  and  Kailovo  lie  in  Ibe'sheltercd  vllTeys  between  the 
Balkans  and  [he  parallel  chains  of  the  Eredna  Gora  and  Karaja 
DagiL'  About  6000  lb  of  the  rose-eSMncc  ts  annually  exported^ 
being  valued  from  £11  to  £14  pet  lb.  BcrtnMI  is  cultivated 
in  the  nFrghbouthood  of  Sofia  Sericulluie,  fonneily  an  im- 
portant Industry,  has  declined  owing  to  disease  among  the 


Xume 


jlgrow 


in  the  southera  dii 


with  pt 


Peasant  proptietotshlp  Is  utiivetul,  the  smaO  freeholds  averag- 
iPf  about  ift  acres  each.  There  are  scarcely  any  brgc  estates 
owned  by  fndividkials,  but  some-  pf  the  mon^teries  possess 
considerable  domains.  The  large  Ickijiiki,  or  (arms,  formetly 
belongirg  to  Turkish  landowners,  have  been  divided  among  the 
peasants.  The  rural  propricton  enjoy  the  right  of  pasturing 
thth  cattle  on  the  common  lands  belonging  to  each  viUage,  and 

of  rude  comfort,  and  poverty  Is  practically  unknown,  ciccpl  in 
the  towns.  A  peculiarly  interesting  feature  in  Bulgarian  agricul- 
tural life  is  the  iairapi,  or  house-community,  a  palriarehal 
hstltullon  appanmlly  dating  from  prehistoric  times.  Family 
fnupi,  Hxactima  numbering  several  doioi  petsent,  dwell 
together  on  a  farm  in  the  observance  of  Btrlclly  communistic 
ptinciples.  The  assodation  is  ruled  by  a  houM.f  alher  {demakin, 
tiaiaikim),  and  ■  faousc-niotber  (.damahiiiiay,  who  assign  to  the 
nemben  dieir  retpoctive  tasks.  In  addition  to  the  farm  work 
the  recmben  often  practise  various  trades,  the  proceeds  ol  which 


locludei  a  pric: 


.     TVco 


unity  50 


fees  for  baptiuns,  lie,,  augment  the 
tiooal  aptitude  for  combbiatjan  is  also 
£splayed  in  the  assocUtions  of  market  gardeners  (fniifiiuriib' 
driaAiai,  loi/).  who  in  the  ^ng  leave  their  native  districts  for 
the  purpose  cA  cultivating  gardens  in  the  neighbourhood  of  some 
town,  dtbet  in  Bulgaria  or  abroad,  reluming  fn  the  autumn, 
■hen  Ihey  divide  the  profits  of  the  mtcrpiise;  the  number  of 
'pcDontannuallythusengaged  probably  ciceedsro.ooo.  Aisocia- 
tiorA  for  various  agricultural,  mining  and  industrial  undertakings 
and  provident  socielics  are  numerous:  the  handicraftsmen 
Inlhetownsare  organiied  in  euu/i  at  gilds. 

UantiliKl*ra.—'n<  development  of  manuFirCluring  enterprise 
•a  *  Urge  scale  has  been  retarded  by  want  of  capital.  The 
principal  establishments  for  the  native  manufactuts  of  ala  and 
j*jyai  t"Ugh  and  fine  homespuns),  and  of  (aiim  (braided 
embroidery)  are  at  Sliven  and  Cabiova  respectively.  The 
Bulprian  homespuns,  which  are  made  ol  |«re  md,  are  of 
admirable  quality.  The  eiporUlion  o(  teitflet  Is  almost  ex- 
clusively to  Turkey;  value  in  \i^,  £104,04(1;  in  iSgS,  i>u,T^; 
in  ly),  £io8,6gj.  Unfortunately  the  home  demand  (or  native 
fabrics  is  diminishing  owhig  to  foreign  competition;  the  smaller 


tetUle  htdiMifcl  tit  dedhlbf ,  ud  t)ie  pIctiitcMitte,  dunUe^ 
and  comfottable  costume  of  the  country  is  giving  way  lo  cheap 
ready-made  ciotbing  impocled  (ram  Austria,  liic  govenuDent 
has  endeavoiued  to  ttimulale  tbc  bomn  industry  by  oidering  ail 
persons  in  its  employment  to  wear  the  native  doth,  and  the 
antiy  is  supplied  almost  eidusively  by  the  factories  at  Sliven. 
A  great  nunJKT  of  amall distilleries  exist  throughout  the  country ; 

Scvfievo,  Varna,  Ac.,  numerous  coen-miUs  worked  by  water  end 
steam,  and  sawmills,  turned  by  the  mountain  torrents,  In  tho 
BalluHis  and  Rhodope.  A  certain  amonnl  of  loreign  capital  has 
been  Invested  in  Industrial  cDterprisei;  the  most  notable  ir* 
Bugar-iefineries  in  the  ndghboutboixl  of  Sofia  and  PhilippopoUi, 

comiiuiy  has  arpended  about  £60,000. 

Ctmmtra. — The  nsagiB  of  internal  commerco  have  been 
coTiaideTably  modified  by  the  development  of  communications. 
The  primitive  system  ol  baits  in  kind  >iiU  costs  in  the  rural 
districts,  hatis^idually  disappearing.  The  great  fain  (yoiulrj; 
vanryiMO  I'M  at  Eski-Jumala,  Dobritch  aiKl  other  town, 
which  (ormeriy  attracted  midtitudes  of  fordgneis  as  well  as 
Eutives,  have  lost  much  of  theii  importance;  a  considerable 
amount  of  business,  however.  Is  illU  ttaitucted  at  these  gatber- 
bgs, of  which niJKty-sevmiirere held  in  iSpg.    The ptindpal  seats 


I,  Rakhovo, 


Svishtov,  Rustchuk,  Nikopolis. 

ire  Varna.  SoAs,  Rnstehnk,  Phllippc^is  and  Burgas 
%o(  the  exports  passes  over  the  T^jtkish  frontier,  bni 
Is  makioff  great  eSorts  to  divert  the  trade  tt 
Vaina  and  Burgas,  and  important  harbour  works  have  beer 
carried  out  at  both  these  ports.  The  new  pert  of  Buigas  *«i 
formally  opened  in  tgoi,  that  of  Varna  Id  1906. 

in    1ICB7   the   total   value  of   BuIiariBO   foreign  a 
^I9,JB9.     The  fcHowinj  !■•  ■  ..-.-....- 

practically  depeads  :— 


nlues  for  the  eii  ye 


Year. 

&.por«. 

tmperia 

Total. 

1900 

■:il| 

'S3, 

4.S4SAIJ 

7,»5.04a 
"■■49»JM 

ehme,  eggs,  atiar  of  roees.  Eapurls  to  the  Uninid  Kingdani  in 
1900 -ere  valued  at  £.37A«;  in  .904  "K"!*?..!/-,  The  priaripd 
[rsiMni  ire  texDW  metal  goooa,  colonial  goods.  implenHnr^ 
fumltun. leather, penoleuni.  ImportilromlhhUiiitedKiiigdDniia 
tfoo,  £tot.i3oi  hi  1004,  £79]>97>. 

The  NatioaBl  Bank.  ■  ttao  ifuliiinlan  with  aeapital  of  £400.000. 
has  in  eentnl  eiMbliihneBtat  Soia,  andbnocbeiat  Philippopolis, 
Rustchuk.  \toiia.  TriavB  awl  Buigas.    Boides  conducirn/ the 


The  Imperial  Ollonan  Bank  and  the  Indunital  Bank  e/  Kiev  hsve 
branches  si  PhUippopolisaBd  Seta  r«peEtiv«Iy.  The  agricultural 
:li»1s,  founded  by  MIAal  hsba  hi  M%  and  reorginiied  in  i«H. 
luve  done  cnuch  to  reicac  the  peamntry  nom  the  bands  ol  usurers. 
They  seTVC  as  IreasoriH  for -the  local  adminlitnE  ion.  accent  deoOhts 


iforibehKiiadniiulsintic 
■Mm  to  the  pBi     - 
taodownna  at  8 

1,000.     Shice  IO03  iney  nave 
Apiculiuial  Bank";   the  a 


i  tSM  they  have  bee* 


.imtiDDn  at  Sofia     Tbe  Kw>«-v,p,u  ■ 
ad  in  itogacspiiil  ol  £i.]6o,tao. 
There  are  over  100  refistercd  provident  ledrtie*  In  t) 
The  legal  rate  of  interen  is  10%,  b  '   " '  " 


■  S9«. 


isihi  (pt.-M).  or  centinM.     The  eoinaae' eoilBKl 
rcsiiiifat.S.loaadsoitoiaiiOandiSwraMi 


776 

(niMlii 


ud  s  Utt).   A  hU  cctow  «M  NnBh  ia  >>» 


witta^ccocormpoiKlUicMaoMMIMUIiaUniMi-     imto 
pound  and  toititn  told  cdni  uc  alu  In  icHcnl  cireululaii. 

■old.    NotiannliletBillwanalMlmd. 
KiBB.— It  I*  only  powbk  iMi*  M  deal  wiih  Buljuiu  fii 


eriorls  tlw  dedaiMieacdiMkpeadiacc  In  ijeS.    i 
b  cancr  ihe  prindpiEiy  «i  p««ksll]i  uptocsin — 
debt,  encnial  or  Inttmat.    Tbt  Rlwlationi  gt  tb*  lb 

(Art.  itl  vidi  luid  to  th ■  -'-  -'•"'-  •-  ■•" 

the  ammplicn  rt  u  "  equ 


al  i6.5U.6j5  h.  </f!o6I^)  Hr>Ml  li 

t,i(ii>.(iMi  fr,  ([fi^MiA.    The  unioa  nth  I 

LbilityTorlbeoli-  '  ■ 


nuailtd  liabititybir  lit  oblinimiu  cl  that  praviBcc  nmiKiiK  ol  an 
ugoil  tribuie  to  Turkey  cllMlfioo  It.  U11S.040)  and  a  loaB  ol 

f,37S.omfr.  (fiJJ.OOO)  contnclcd  with  the  Inptrial  Otunaa  Bank. 
D  IWS  the  purcbw  ol  Cbe  Vana-RuKehuk  nilway  mi  (Scctad 
hy  the  iiaue  of  tnamy  boada  M  6%  ts  thi  Kadsn.  In  1W9  a 
fiian  of  30^100.000  rr.  ((i  .aoiMOa)  baaHnc  6%  iMHOIwaa  OHUiaclcd 
with  the  Vinuii  LlBderhaiilE  aad  Butnrna  *t  S}|.  la  llgi  a 
faither  t%  kan  oC  143,780.000  fr.  (^.711.100)  .«•  canDuud 
whh  tba  LlodirbaBk  at  8],  S6  aod  8^  la  190a  a  g%  baa  ol 
106.000^00  It.  (£4.140.000},  lecund  on  the  tobacq  data  and  lb* 
•tamp-IU.  oai  coatneled  irilh  the  BaDi|iia  de  I'Etal  di  Rione 
aad  the  BaaquedePariiet  deaPavt  Baaat  <i).  fmlbeptirpoHof 
eoDBUibliaf  theAoatinidebt.aadUiga4a  5%  loaad  9MMM« 
fr-  UMM>*x>)  at  >*•  witb  tha  laiae  raiaiantaca,  ma  coatiactad 
iriihlh*  {iBl.a*nitd  tank  sMlaly  for  the  punbaH  if  war  pmibUI 
la  France  aad  ibe  aHutnimon  of  lailwaya.    In  Jaauiy  1906  the 


_    J«].o7o.!-- 

'S.tos.rJ*  ti.    Ufm.tSi}:    Eattem 
U7640*).     la  Pibtukiy  IJ  " 


UI4.;, -  . 

n    RoawUaa   debt,    i,9ioja( 

BliEe  Ricanti  afand)'  pledjed  (o 
■    -—■""-' •ieBaaqaedeParii 


tbelsaiuol  louand  i$a4,«»aiiitr>ciedwiihtbel 
«  d«  Pan  Bat  aiaiidBtcd  whli  eoiDe  Gennan  and 
for  the  csovanhm  ol  iha  luai  if  iBU  and  |M»  (requMBi  about 
ujioa,aoa  h.}  aad  for  nUway  coDitfiKiiaB  awl  otbcr  poipeu. 
The  loUl  enenul  debt  mi  tbua  laiaed  to  HpvuiUtf  uo,oI».oaD  Ir. 
Thfe  EaMem  RuaeUBD  tribiile  and  the  rent  tt  Ihe  Saianbey- 
Below  laamy,  U  cailjtaliaad  M  t%,  waald  centeaent  a  lunbo'  (um 
•I  50.9I».lffi>  fr.  U>,036,76S).  Tbe  Badonal  drtN  va*  not  difc 
pni|iortiBn>nf)'_|n»t  la  eomiiaiteBa  vitb  anowl  icveaofc  Altai 
dN  uaioa  with  Eaitvn  Ranielia  lb*  budtet  recelpta  locRMed  fmn 
40,103.161  leva  Ul,6]S,73i>)  in  i«»6  W  lt9.GS5,m  lewa  04.716,110) 
jo  1904;  tba  utiiniitd  renaae  for  1909  wai  Itt/atiM  leva 
UAATiAoa).  ol  whfch  tt.in/no  Ui.«4T.i6o).  ■«■  Mved  Inm 
dInKt  aad  JB.6IA000  UI,H4i4Mruon  lodliact  tantba;  tba 
•Mioated  expeadlUnma  1 11 .90],igi  1eva(£(,4T6,I3l).  the  principal 
ttena  being:  poUic  ddii,  31.117.H6  UmSi^J):  atmy,  i6,5*o,jm 
Ui,06i,6ii):  cduenllao,  IMOi^Ta  U4l6.o»«);  pobbc  inrki, 
14.4*1,171  (£978,446)1  iBterlot.  7,in.S17  CC]Oi.3>oX  Tbe  actual 
TCcetpti  ia  lad)  acn  I>7J>II,MJ  leva.  In  lg$5  dinci  tantkw, 
vMin  pnaied  iKavPsr  oa  the  agncultural  daii.  waa  dimiahhed  and 
ladhcct  laaatioa  (laiport  datka  and  evue)  csniidenbl]'  jaritand 
la  laetfitaet  taaadaa  (mounted  (09  Ir.  01  c,  iadotct  to  S  Ir.  51  e^ 
par  bead  at  ibe  popdatkiB.  The  fiaandil  diOculiitB  ta  irfdcb  the 
CDuatiy  Mat  Involved  at  the  deaa  of  tba  19th  (eataiy  HB  atnlbut. 
■iOa  aot  to  CKcwhe  lodabtadiaa  bat  lo  beavr  outlay  M  pobbc 
•ark*,  the  ttmy,  and  adueatkn.  and  tntbaBiaiBlfaiafa  oton 

uinvatcdbyawccanoii^^fdhaivcML  Tbewarbodtetduriat 
ten  yon  (iM>-ia97)  abiorted  the  laita  eum  af  >7S,l>ijoi7  leva 
Uli,<iJ3J0(i)  CT  }5-77%  If  Ihtobele  aatfaal  bieeaia  iriUua  that 
pciwtla  aubtfqBcat  yean  raOitBrir  taipendltan  ontlniied  ta 
IpcreaK;  tte  total  Auiot  tba  period  iwce  the  hobd  witt  Eaitan 

OmtBaulMH.— la  i^tbrMly  caKnty^  Bulwl*  ■••  Ibe 

£iiHchub.Van>a  Una  (137  m J,  canatructed  by  aa  EflftiA  eomiaBy 
1867.  In  EaiWn  KuoMlia  tba  Uac  fnm  Sanmbey  to  Philip- 
nopola  and  ihe  TwUA  fmnlier  (i»  nb).  «hh  a  beuieh  ta  YlBboll 
Ufm.).  btd  been  built  tnr  Bana  Hindi  la  I^  aad  baaed  by  the 
TUiUiti  iDveraneat  to  tbc  Oriealal  Ralhnya  CoDpaay  lutil  IH>. 
It  na  lahea  over  by  the  Bolnrian  nvefneal  in  iwS  (■•  fr■«s>^^ 
Mow).  The  cooitnKtBn  oT a  nllmy  fmn  the  Senw  fnwier 
■1  Tiarihrod  to  tba  EaMarn  Kunriiu  Inaiier  at  Vaktid  wu 
fanpeaed  «  the  pilndpalHy  tv  tha  BeiUa  Treaty,  bnt  poKtictl 
diSeuliiea  (nteniw^  and  tbeliae.  wUch  touchia  Sofia,  wai  not 
eompleted  till  iSU.  In  that  >eat  the  Bulgarian  ■oveniaiaBt  eelied 
Ibe  ihon  wnMCtini  liot  Betovo-Saitrntoy  belonfii«  to  Turluv, 
and  nilwar  caaanBieatiea  beiwRa  C^mnaminotile  and  the 
weMtn  tnpilaU  wi>  etubllibed    Since  that  time  peal  pntnaa 


W  tb4  lUic,  and, 
(19  n.),  which  wai 
iti  piDptrty.  The 
" (Novasbar 


90  of  Iha  Bdoyo-Sannb^  <i 


Ciia^H  etcamlilp  eoBpaay  eaapata  f  or  the  iha  tiafic ;  Aa  ■■■& 
tnide  ia  hiitly  anved  by  Mantra  batosKiaf  to  Gnifc  aereba»ta. 
Thecoauiof  tndeoa'tbeBladiSta  li  wnid  oa  by  ■  BolnriBa 
iteaniblp  company:  the  Meamen  of  the  AuHrian  LImI,  iiiiriillill 
foRten  flaapanjaa  Gall  at  ^^ma.  and  occadonaRy  at  Bana^ 

The  dcvdopneiR  of  tnaOl  and  tdcanphic  conunoaicBtiDB  ha 
been  rapid.  In  1 686. 1468,404  iMten  were  puited,  la  IM3,  >9, 063. 04S1 
Kecripti  af  poati  and  teletnphi  in  1S86  were  £40,97$,  ia  1901 
£134.941.     In  I90J  there  wen  3361  m.  of  telcfiapb  Jinn  ud  531  d. 

TVmu,— The  priodpat  towni  of  Bulgaiit  are  Soti,  tlv 
capital  {BulgaiiiD  Sridtti,  a  name  Dov  lilUe  used),  pof).  i> 
Jinuaiy  1906,  81,187;  FhiL'ppopolii,  the  capital  of  Eastere 
Runelia  (Butg.  Flndh),  pop,  45,5711  Vami,  37,1551  Ruxtdiuk 
[Bulg.  Suil),  33,sji;  Sliven,  15,0491  Sbuiola  (Bu^.  Stumn), 
11,190;  Plevna  (Bulg.  Plnai),  11, »3;  Stui-Zagon,  10,647; 
Tilii-PaiBiJik,  17,549:  Vidin,  iS,i(3;  Vamboli  (Gieek 
Hytmtftit),  iS,7o8i  Debritch  (Tuikiah  Rijjwlit-PiaajilO, 
15,3(91  Hatkovo,  IS.061;  Viatza,  14,831;  Stanioaka  (Greek 
Sltnimaduii),  14,1101  Ratgnd,  13,7831  ^tova  (Bulg.  SriiliM), 
13,408;  Burgas,  ii34fii  Kiustecdil.  11J53;  Tmavo,  the 
■ndoil  capita],  11,171.    AD  these  ate  dociibed  In  aepaiatc 

i's^sfisn.— The  ana  of  oorthelB  Bulgaria  i>  14,S3J  tq-  Bu: 
ol  Eaiteni  Rnmelia  11,705  tq,  m.;  of  muled  Bulgaria,  37,14a 
aq.  hl  According  la  ibe  tuam  oT  the  iith  of  January  1906, 
the  populilion  of  narthcm  Bulgaria  vai  1,853,704;  ol  EastctB 
Rumdia,  1,174,535;  of  united  Bulgaria,  4,018,139  or  SS  pel 
aq.  m.  Bulgaria  thui  tbdIi  between  Rumania  and  PortupJ 
in  Kgard  to  area;  between  the  Netheilandi  and  Switieriand 
in  retard  Co  populatkm:  In  density  of  population  It.  may 
be  compared  with  Spain  and  Greece. 

The  Em  ceniui  of  unliEd  Bulgaria  wU  tahen  hi  itM:  ii  gav* 
"-  — In  January  189J  the  popuUlioa 

n  at  uiurvalB  of  five  yaan  haa 


v„. 

..^ 

(Sa. 

sini- 

bom. 

I>(ath.. 

ss^. 

ii 

1901 

li 

Ms 

'49.6]> 

i 

813 

■i 

si 

The  death 

nte  ihowi 

a  tendency 

tori*. 

" '}" «™ 

yean  1883- 

ia  18^1*96.  »7-«ji> 


''Aa'iS'kahe 


M7-189'..  »^; 
:ially  anoaa  tiie  piaianti.   'AJTlItf  kaa  heahhy  infaua  rarely 

iveMbeadiUt  population  iila  geneni  nbnit.  taidy  aad  loac. 

lived.  The  cennn  oTjanoary  1901  glvei  1719  penani  of  100  yean 
andnpaarda  YoiDi(aiea,aBanllt,BianTbdMttlieaieof twenty* 
five  gria  brfon^^jata.    Tha  anmbar  of  "iMf-r  Utkali 

acconting  to  lea  in  1901  tanven  a>  l^a9,S67  nnlei  and  Iji34.fl! 
(emaba,  or  31  main  to  49  lemalea^  A  nuaewhat  dmilar  dhnurity 
maybeobaefvedh>thaaSereo>iatrieao(ih>Penlmate.  CImiM 
aootdiii(  10  occvpttloa.  lAiaAq  panaoi.  or  74-69%  vf  the  puiHib. 
tioii.  an  engaced  In  apkultun;  3604834  in  varioua  pcoductii* 
Induatriei;  1i83i4Ib  the  nrvlceof  the  govemmeat  or  the  cxercaie 
of  liberal  ptufwioni,  and  148,894  In  tammens.  1^  popolitioa 
acsordiag  to  m  camanc  be  alawd  with  abaolMe  atxuncy.  but  It  la 
'bytheceBHiOf  l90I,wUebilveidieva  ' 
1  to  Ltnguage  aa  lollowt^^Bv —  -  *-• 

S  1.(40:     Bumani.    71,063:    Cirelu,    I 
89.549;   Jewi   (Speniifi  ipeaking).   , 


dMtha.         I 


BULGARIA 


777 


prwlHlky  may,  pttiapm.  he  * 


of  Vidia  aloMceatiln*  j«  laaata  lOitf  «0h 
jCija.    EipediUjr  IntiiEitiiia  ii  tbf  act  ei  n 


BlkiuleCf—T^  Bulfitku,  who  conilUulc  ;7'>«%  si  the 
tnblbiuoU  ol  the  Ungiioin,  ire  Igiud  in  Ibdr  purat  type  la 
the  nouDUia  datricU,  Ihi  Ouomu  cooqBc*!  uid  inhieiiual 
caloDiuliia  bavjng  iBtradnad  t  mucd  popuktim  iMo  tb* 


The  devuUtloD  o(  ihe  t 


TTie  I 


itiy  which  loOowed  Ihc  Turkith 

ion  OT  £ighl  ol  *  luie  propoitioa 

oi  Uic  [oKliuidi,  who  were  npliad 


il  Uii*  numlMn 


Bulguiun 


RUioed  their  ciifinsl  papuJiUan  ind  ibelu 
ol  the  lugitivci.  The  pamgc  of  the  Tiukitb  siuud 
wait  wilb  Auauia,  Folind  ud  Rusn*  Jed  U>  luithi 
emignlioni.  The  aigbl  to  the  Btnil,  vhcre  ii.ooc 
•[ill  remain,  took  plice  la  i;^.  Ai  the  beginnins  ui  iue  lym 
eenlury  llu  Du^ority  of  Ihe  popuktion  ol  the  Ewern  RumcUu 
pliia  wu  Tuiklsh.  The  Tutkiih  calaay,  bovcvtr,  dedioed, 
pirdy  in  cemequeaa  of  ibt  dnia  oustd  by  miiiuiy  Krvkt, 
wbiLe  Ihi  Bulfuian  [emoiDt  insceued,  aotwithtUndiiig  a 
CDmideiable  emigratioB  to  Ba»ii.bia  before  and  after  the 
RUBO-Tuikiih  campaigQ  of  i8jg.  EffoiU  were  made  by  Ihe 
Porle  to  ittei^then  the  MosJen  element  by  pLanliDB  coloafct  of 
Tatua  in  iS6i  and  Ciicasuuig  in  i(^    The  »dv(Ji£e  si  the 

Tuikiab  populaEjon,  of  which  only  a  unall  pnqx>rtioB  rctuned 
10  teltle  pennanenily.  The  enugrslEDn  continued  ajiei  th* 
COBcluiion  ol  peace,  aod  U  Itill  in  progreia,  ootuilhslandinc  th* 
eSorti  of  the  Bulgarian  goveinment  to  arrat  it.  In  twenty 
yean  (ia79-i£99),  at  least  ijo^ooo  Tuihiih  peaiaou  left 
BulgaiB.  Mnch  of  the  lajid  tbin  abacdoned  [till  [emaini 
Booccupied.  On  ibe  ether  band,  a  couiderable  inRui  ol 
Bulgarian]  ftoiB  Macedonia,  the  vilayet  ol  Adrianople, 
Beuarabia,  and  the  Elobtudja  took  place  within  the  aanx  period, 
and  the  bhabitanU  of  the  mountain  villigB  ibow  a  teadcncy 
to  micr^te  loto  the  richer  dijtiicia  of  the  plaint 

The  Dorthem  itopa  of  the  BalLam  from  Belogradchl 
Elena  ue  inhabited  almoal  eacluuvely  by  Bulgarians^ 
Eaiiem  Rumelia  ibe  national  elemeDt  il  (tcongsit  in  the  Scedna 
Goia  and  Rhndope-    Pouibly  the  meal  geniune  n. 
ol  the  [ace  ini  Ihe  Pomaki  or  Mahommedan  Bulgaiiwu,  who$e 

the  Tnrkiab  conqoemr]  ihcy  inhabit  the  highlands  ol  Rbodope 
•od  certain  distncu  in  the  neigbbouihood  of  Lovlcha  (Lovetch) 
and  rtevoa.      Rclsining   their  Bulgarian  ipeech  and  mi 
apdeot  national  osagea,  they  may  be  compared  with  the 
4i|ir»iu  CieUo,  Botnian  and  Albuian  Moslems.    The  Pomikt 


naledat 


Hana-vhcha,  ju^  PMx*>,  « 
The  Tauti,  >  peactabk,  lutoMjioiu  M 
-  -  -Marimjd  el  Vana  ud  SiliMla; 

■ta  by  Iba  Tiukkh  ■ovetament  in  iMi.    Tltey  may  be 
reckoned  at  iiJOoa  TlMBipai(*,who*nicaHacdtaca»ider*lit 


t4tJi  KBBtaij.  "Bitf  aie  tot  tbe  nuM  pan  Uoalana,  aad  mala 
thiir aadtat  ladluiipttch.  ncjr  U**  i*  the  nbnoM  poveny, 
'  in  lb*  yilltan,  »ad  iw  tfteJ  ■» 


qnick-wilted than  tb«  Creeks,  k»pi._.  ..  ._._ 

Serviaiii,  len  apt  to  aadmilile  the  oUmtllal  druBaaon  inaa 

the  Rnaaniana,  they  po««M  in  a  nauikilik  dcfits  Ibe  qniltka 

ol  paticBCe,  penevcfanca  and  cndonnn,  with  Ik  tapuitjr  to 

Ubortoui  eSon  pccnUai  to  an  ipiodtiDil  nc*.   The  ttnadly 

and  detsmination  with  which  tbey  puiVB.tbalr  naHnnal  ainH 

may  cvtntBalty  enable  them  to  vanqniih  tbub-  man  biiUiaat 

competiion  in  the  slnig^  foe  heggmciBy  ii  tb*  Penhwutoi 

Unlikemoal  aouthen  no*,  Oie  Bi ' 

phlegmatic,  uniopoittlve,  and  ail 

The  peaunta  aie  indnstrloui,  pi 

detia,  aait  a' 

and  the  KM  Ol  ine  uiie  in  .  . 

Eurofc,  an  ah1u  unknown.  Tb*  tianqalljity  of  nml  bta  ba, 

un  foitunalely,  been  invaded  by  tbe  IntiigiNaol  pciliHi»l«gH»loi^ 

andbljodahedisaotBntoatmanatrieetioM.  AB  dama  pmetiw 

thrift  bocderiai  on  paiaimany,  and  any  display  of  waaltk  it 

fencially  lesenlid.    The  Mandard  of  MUial  noiallt)'  it  IHfb, 

espedifly  in  tbe  nml  dfatiiinj  the  nnfailhlul  wil*  la  an  object 

of  pablic  canleaipt,  andln  fOnoef  timtawat  punished  with  death. 

MarriagB  cewtnoalei  awelabnale  and  prottacted,  as  la  Ibecaai 


declining  In  the  north^eastein  district  between  the  Yi 
Ok  Black  Sea  Ibe  Bulgarian  race  b  ai  yet  thinly  tepr 
■oat of  the  inhabitant!  ate  Turks,  a  quiet,  aubmisuve,  agncui  tuni 
popolaiioa,  which  unfortunately  sbowi  a  tendency  to  emigrale. 
like  Black  Sea  coast  Is  ivhabiled  by  a  variety  of  racn.  The  . 
Cratk  rltmrnt  in  ilrffng  In  the  matitinie  towns,  and  diiplayiits 
aatuial  aptitude  few  navigation  and  commerce.  Tbe  Gaglhid,  a 
peculiar  race  of  TuiU)b.^iea]uBK  Chriitiaos,  inhabit  tbe  littoral 
from  Cape  .Kninf  to  Ope  Kaliakia:  they  eie  ol  Turanian 
otisin  and  dcscoid  from  tbe  ancient  Kumani.  Tbe  valleys  o(  Ibe 
Merita  and  Atiia  are  occupied  by  a  miacd  population  consittiDg 
of  Bulguianii  Creeks  and  Turks;  the  piinc^  Creak  coloniet 
an  in  Staninaka,  KavaUy  and  i%iili^polis.  The  origin  ol  Ibo 
pctuliai  Sl>^  tiilie  which  inbahiia  tbe  raounlain  tracts  of  3aSa, 
Bieauik  ud  Radoaui  is  a  nyateiy.  The  SbSft  are  eooceivabljr 
a  remnant  of  the  aborlfinal  ace  which  tcnained  uodiituibad  in 
its  mountain  home  durint  tbe  Slavonic  and      ~_  '. 

tbey  cling  with  much  tenacity  to  tbdr  diatinctiv* 
appanl  and  dialect.  The  considerable  Vlach  ar  Binwu  anaay 
in  tbe  Dtnubian  district*  daiea  ban  tbe  iStb  century,  when 
lutB  Bumben  of  Wabehian  peasants  sought  a  nfuge  on  Turkish 
■ofl  from  the  tyianny  ol  tbe  bojran  or  neUea;   tbe  department 


usually  take  place  with  thecooienl  of  Ibe  pannu  on  both  aidca, 
in  ardei  to  avoid  tbeeqRnaeoIaretalar  wedding.  The  principal 
amusenent  on  Sundays  and  botidays  it  the  cjketf<xspl>),  wUck 
is  danced  on  the  vHltfB  (men  to  tb*  auaini  ot  the  (oMa  or 
bagpipe,  and  the  tll(<a,  a  nxHraeatary  fiddle.  Tlie  Bulgarian* 
are  rel  Voot  in  a  simple  way,  but  not  fanatical,  and  the  Ii^BeDC* 
o(  Ibe  pricaUHOd  b  limitod.  Many  ancient  tupsatitions  Ibger 
among  tbe  peaiantiy,  tucb  as  the  belid  in  the  vampin  and  tha 
evil  eye;  wllchei  and  iwcniBUUiceis  an  numemaB  and  an 


'Bulgaria   it  a    cmatitulioiial    awaaichy;   by 

Alt.  iil.  Of  Ihe  Berlin  Treaty  il  was  declared  hereditary  in  tb* 
faolljr  o(  a  prince  "  Iredy  elected  by  tha  populatiaa  and  coa- 
fnwd  by  tbe  SobHia*  F«ta  with  th*  aMcni  ol  ih*  povms." 
According  to  Ihe  coDstitutloB  of  Trnovo,  voted  by  tin  Anoidily 
ol  KoMUet  <»  Iba  t^h  of  Apdl  iS?*,  revised  by  the  Grand 
Sotatanye  on  tbe  iTlh  of  May  iSgj,  and  modified  by  Ihe  pro- 
damatlon  oC  a  Bulgarian  kingdom  on  th*  5lh  of  October  ignB, 
Ibe  r^ral  diviily  descends  In  the  direct  male  line.  The  kiag 
must  piafeis  tlie  Octbodoi  (aith,  only  tlie  fint  elected  loverelcil 
and  bla  inmediala  beir  being  Rinsed  Crom  iMt  oliUgaiion. 
Tbe  legislaiive  power  i)  vetted  in  the  Uni  in  QDiihiiKtiOB| 


Ah)O^X 


Ljiriththi 


j>  embodied  m  the  Sabnnye,  cr  oidiBuy  uKmhly  (Bulfului, 
SSirnidc,  Uk  Ruoian  fann  SeUauyt  bong  onudly  aploysl 
by  iorefn  •iriutn),  ud  the  Gntid  Sobnoyc,  nhich  it  cosvijied 
in  eitnordiiuiry  ciicumatAaaL  Tbo  Sobnnyv  ia  elected  by 
nuBhood  tufltife,  in  cbe  pntHrtioD  of  i  Co  »,«»  of  tfae 
populitioo,  for  ■  tens  ol  five  yeui.  Evtrjr  Bulipulu  dli«n 
vho  can  read  and  write  and  bia  tfm^u^mA  tiia  thirtieth  year 
iteliglbleuadepuly.  Annual  leaioiii  uebdd  [lom  the  ijib 
of  October  to  the  17th  of  December.  ABIegldMiveuid  linuicial 
tueuure*  must  But  bo  dlaciOMd  and  voted  bjr  the  Sobtaore 
and  iheo  laDctioiwd  ami  promnlpted  b^  tbi  king.  Hh  pimn- 
nenl  it  tapouiUe  M  the  Sobnny^  and  the  —'-'•■— f_  «bMlin 
depatic*  or  not,  attend  iu  atltinga.  Tht  GtaadSstxttqie,  *Ucb 
k  deeted  in  tbe  piopoctkni  o(  >  to  every  10,0110  fnl^taBti, 
iiCODvaked  to  elect  a  oev  king,  to  i|ipafait  angency,  toaannkn 
m.  ehanse  in  the  sonMitntion,  or  to'  nli^  u  alterMioD  in  Ike 
a  of  iht  Idagdou.    Tlie  ciecative  fa  entntited  10 

Kala,  the  iaiaivt,  cotnmerce 
Local  adrainlitratian, 
dd,  ia  under  the  cnitrol 
nr  c(  the  inteikir.  Ttte  osuotcy  it  divided  into 
la  [ebtt,  ft.  ttrtBi,  each  adminiiteRd 
Ojr  a  pnnct  vfraiml),  aMfatcd  byn  deputmtntal  coimcil, 
■ad  dgbty-btir«ul>fHt(ecnm  (Mbtta),  etch  under  t.>d»-pnfMI 
(aWtftH  HlcUtetil).  The  nmnber  of  thcie  fnnctlouiiea  is 
cucaairB.  Tlic  taoi  iThr'r*'  toinia  b>*e  each  in  adifitlon  n 
pRfect  of  police  ((rad«u((jUiHt)  iBdotteotinoreconBiEWuie* 
ifriUtt).  Hie  gcndanuqt  nambett  abcau  *ooa  men.  or  i  to 
Si]  of  the  tohlhimiH.  The  pidecia  and  aab-pRfccti  have 
Rpliced  the  'nukiib  makatri/i  and  taimckamt;  hat  the 
ayiEem  of  munidfHl  government,  left  untouched  by  the  Turkic 
deacendi  fiOTO  pmnitin  timca.  Every  ccvntiUDe  (oAxifiHo), 
urbanor  rural,  haiiti  ilncf,  or  mayor,  iBdcouDdl;  the  CDminiuie 
h  bDdnd  to  nui"!*^"  iti  primary  ichoofi,  a  pid^lic  library  or 
readini-EOom,  Ac;  tho  kmet  pottEoea  cotaln  Da^iatcnal 
poweii,  and  in  the  ninl  diitricta  he  coUecti  the  tarn.  Each 
village,  u  a  rule,  farma  a  aepante  oommone,  hut  occaiiaDally 
On  or  mon  villages  an  grouped  toother. 

JuiUct. — llie  dvil  and  pcul  ooda  an,  lor  the  msat  part, 
based  on  the  Ottoraaq  Law.  WhQe  the  principality  fortoed  a 
pottioa  of  the  Turklih  empire,  tbe  pitvileBcs  of  the  ctpitulatiotia 
a  (Bertia  Treaty,  Art.viii.). 
n  la  that  of  the  village  kmet, 

totre^pondlng  tiibnialeiina  In  the  town*.  Eachxub-prelectun 
■ad  town  hai  a  joMke  o(  the  peao — In  10 

ffidabk 

noffint 

_  a  of  dcMb,  peaal  servitude  and  deprivatloB 

M  avU  lighui  in  (pcdKed  crimlntl  ciaea  the  jndgm  *!•  aided  Iq' 
Ihcee  mrnnri  duien  by  let  f tom  u  umually  ptepeied  panel 
afloity^igbt  poiana.  Ttneooiirts  of  appeal  lit  ntpccUvdy  at 
Sofia,  Randrak  and  FhDIppopalh.    Tbe  U^eH  tilbimal  it  tbt 


atm/tti.  n*  iadgesdre  poorly  paid  and  an  mnovabte  by  the 
gBvenunesL  1>  i^ard  to  iiBatiatii  ol  maniagt,  ifivone  aod 
fahciitanca  tfae  areak,  Mahommcdan  and  JrwUi  communitle* 
■ijoy  their  own  sidrltiia)  fuhdiction. 

Amy  and  #<ay.--1te  ocganliatlan  of  tht  mflltaiy  loia*  of 
the  piiitdpality  iras  nndertakei)  by  Rutttm  oficers,  who  ler  a 
period  of  ill  yeaia  (igrv-<>8i)  ooo^cd  all  the  Idgher  poaii  In 
^  umy.    la  EaMcm  Konidla  daring  the  tao*  period  the 


da);  b)  the  nfkhalU  a 


ouuid 

bdng  eompoeM 

dirtrioniof 

Sn* 

neouoi 

cav 

dn.toc«lier 

of:  (0  the  aclfn  or  field  army  UctifHfyuUa  onab).  dlWdid 
into  a.)  the  active  army,  (iL)  the  active  anny  reserve;  U)  the 
—        aiojy  (rsinwi  a     ■''■-'        


Seeo  )»rs«s«  the  active  an 

infantty,  each  oE  4  regime      .  ^ 

with  II  sqndroD)  atiactied  to  the  infamy  dlvii 

sf  aitOlery  each  of  3  gtoupi  ol  3  haiterin.  togelhei  Iriih  i  (roupe 

oi  iBounlain  artillery,  each  of  j  balteriea,  and  j  battaliOBi  of 

siege  artillery;  g  ballidions  of  en^incen  wllh  r  railway  and 

billoen  section  and  I  btideing  tccitoii.    At  the  tame  date  the 

army  was  locaQy  distRbuled  In  nine  divisional  areas  with 

headquaiteis  at  Sofla.  niilfppopolii,  SRven,  Shumla,  Rmchuk, 

VtatB,  Pltvnt,  Sisn-Zagora  nnd  Dupnitra,  (he  divisional  are* 

being  subdivided  into  lout  distticta,  (roni  each  of  whldi  oim 

ivsovlsls.  In  OK  of  tnohtlioiion  cadi  o[  the  ntne  areas  would 
titralihiO|io6men(i5,oooin(aniry.  itooattilteTy,  loooengiwera, 
5D0  divrsrcaul  cavalry  and  1606  transport  and  hospTlal  setvrc^, 
&c.}.  The  war  strength  thus  amoBntedto  180,1)54  of  the  active 
army  and  itt  leterve,  acluiiyi  of  the  five  tegimeirt)  ol  atvalry. 
In  addition  the  j6  diitrrcts  each  furnished  3  hsttalioni  of  the 
reserve  army  and  one  battalion  of  opltcbcnle,  or  744,000  infantry, 

artinety,  engineers,  divisional  cavalry,  tec  (ahout  10,000),  wmM 
bring  the  grand  tolnl  Id  time.of  war  to  about  ]]8,ooa  oSccn  and 
men  with  iS.oso  horua.  The  men  of  the  reserve  battalions  are 
drafted  into  the  active  army  as  occasion  requEtea,  bnt  the 
militia  icrvel  as  a  sepente  fom,  Mililaiy  Iclvice  Is  obligalory, 
but  Moslemt  msy  daioi  eiemplJon  on  payment  of  £jo;  the  age 
of  recruitment  [n  time  of  peace  ii  nineteen,  in  time  of  wnr 
eightcoL  Each  conscript  serves  two  years  In  the  bfintry  and 
-  Ltly  eight  years  in  the  ac* 


in  Ihei 


passes  into  the  opltcheule.  The  BtJgsrian  peasant  makes  an 
admlrablcsoLdiei^— courageous,  obedient,  peneverfng,  and  inured 
to  hardship  ;  the  officers  are  painstaking  and  devoted  to  their 
duties.  The  active  airayand  lesene,  with  the  exception  of  tbe 
engineer  regiments,  an  furnished  with  the  ji;'  Hatmlicber 
magaane  rifle,  tbe  engineer  and  mlh'tia  with  the  Berdan;  the 
artaiery  in  1905  mafaily  consisted  of  8-7-  and  j'S-cm.  Knpp 
guni  (fidd)  and  6';  cm.  Krtipp  (mountain),  t>  era.  Knpp  ud 
I5cn,  Creuiot  (Sdinetder)  howiteers.  i;  on.  Kruj^and  11  OIL 
Cieutot  siege  gum,  and  75  cm.  Creuzot  quic^-Gihig  guns;  total 
of  all  description,  1151.  IMenslve  woilii  were  constructed  at 
variouittnteglcalpointsnear  the  frontier  nrrd  elsewhere,  Mad  at 
Varna  aiHi  Buigai.  The  nival  force  ow^ted  of  a  DotillBitatioBed 
at  Ruilchuk  and  Vama,  when  a  canal  connects  lake  Devno  with 
tfae  sea.  ltvascain]iosediniQOJof  1  prince^  yacht,  ramuuted 
ctoieer,  j  gunboita,  3  torpedo  boats  and  la  olber  small  vesMb, 

XcJifuni,— The  Orthodoi  Bulgarian  Natianal  Church  <blm 
(0  be  an  indivisible  Bwmber  of  the  Eastern  Ordndoicorannauon, 
■nd  asserts  faittaiic  omlanilnr  with  tbe  autooephalaui  BulpiiaB 
dniKhotthBitiddlet|e>.  It vts,however,dechiedscfateatic 
by  Ibt  Gieek  patiiaidi  of  Constantinople  In  1871,  altbon^ 
^ertng  In  no  point  of  doctrine  from  the  Gniek  Chutdi.  The 
Eiardi.  or  aunreme  head  of  the  Bulgarfan  Church,  resides  at 
be  enioyi  the  title  of  "  Beatitude  "  (_ittjni 


the  kingdom,  and  eserciscs  JurisdictiDn  over  the  Bulgarian 
hierarchy  In  all  pans  of  the  Ottoman  enpfte.  The  eiarth  Is 
elected  by  the  Bulgarian  episcopate,  the  Hdy  Synod,  and  1 
general  assenbty  (.tbiki  i(ar),  in  which  the  latiyb  represented; 
their  cboiu,  before  the  dedaratioo  ofBalgaiiaDindependenic, 
was  subject  to  the  mttan'i  ippronl.  Hit  ocnrpant  ol  tbe 
dignity  is  titular  mcln^itan  of  1  Bulgarian  diocese.  The 
oiganiiation  of  the  church  irithin  the  prio^polity  wuiegubted 


I  zejb,  Google 


usl,  ■cntilanlc:ii>  1893  tlH  iini|nrtnB.mg  to  I9^%;ib  1901 

B  the  diMlBctfen  bMweea  tba 
of  itiKljr  !•  nalmaliMil  ■*  In 
■  mn  17s  •samduy  iclied* 

ribW.    Inwlditioiuttm 

AEncultui^  icbooli;  5  c/  pedaBOcy, 

-  , — — ,, — .  ,  „- -. ,  offoititry,  1  ofden|a,  t  tor*nri&W 

uaiamm*,  ibd  •  litrit  niHuiy  Khcnl  he  Sofia.  GcTwrnnKiit  aid  b 
tivcn  U  MudtDEB  of  linkEd  Q^^  both  lor  iBcaBdvy  cdmtni 
and  (Iw  ounplctioa  of  ibcir  autdiEi  abroad.  Tin  univniity  g(  So&a. 
formerly  kaowD  11  Eha  "hlfb  KhooL"  was  reofgaaind  in  1904: 
it  compriKi  3  facultio  waW^vi-  matlvcnatica  and  Uw),  Bad 
p  nan  Mill  a  Nat  si  if  pnfoisn  and  aj  leauhn.    Tic  nunber  oi 


11  o[  Junuy  1901  fivt*  3^9,999  penot  B(-tlie 
Ortbodox  f*iUi  (lodydinc  ttfia  PauluiUit  Gmki),  643^00 
Hahnnmedu*,  JJ^J  Jam,  1S.S69  Catbatio,  1  j3o9  CretorUn 
Aiaeniaaa,  4514  PiolaUsl<iiid4t9  whoMitU^oB  i>  nol  lUted. 
nMCrask  OnlMdiucomnuiby  kuK 


on  ibt  psuiudiMe.    Tht  Uab 


j'iir^iidly 


n  the  III  Igtiiiiiiiiti I  of  Fhflippopslis  ud  SiilDva. 

The  Anneoiaiu  haw  on  bobep.  Tlu  PtetaUmU  am  mouly 
BIcthodiMi;  tinet  iSjT  Bulguia  lias  been  1  ^ledal  lidd  of 
Activity  for  AmerEcaii  Methodiit  Buuionaries,  who  have  aUl>- 
lished  aa  iaiporunt  ichool  at  Samakov.  llie  BcrllD  TlHIy 
(An.  V.)  forbade  reUgkna  dJiabiUtki  in  tegaid  to  the  enjoyracnt 
oi  dvil  and  political  tlthti,  and  |uinnti«d  the  fiee  euiciae  of 
■II  nligkni. 

BiacoHai.—Ko  educmlioaal  lyileni  cilited  Id  nunjr  of  the 
nnldlitricUbefCiB  iStIi  the  peaiantiy  waa  aunli  [nigaonncc, 
•Bd  tha  Bidet  ia>«nti«i  nmalned  totally  illiterate.  la  the 
tawta  the  ackoolt  wen  imder  the  auperlntcndence  of  the  Cmk 
dergy,  and  Gnek  wM  the  Ungvaie  of  liiatnirilaB.  The  fint 
BulgariaB  iciiaoi  wu  opened  at  GabioTDin  iSjj  by  thepalriau 
Aptiiov  asd  NcDphyl  RibU.  After  the  Crimean  Wir.  Butguiin 
(^wla  btgaa  to  aniear  in  the  viUa(ce  of  the  Balkaiu  and  the 
•oath-eaitem  ditlricta.  The  dtSdnn  of  the  weatthler  claa  Heie 
generally  educated  abroad.  The  Ameiicln  iiutilntlon  o(  Robert 
CoUece  on  the  Bo^Mnia  rendered  an  invahiable  lervice  10  the 
wwly  created  tUU  by  providing  it  with  «  number  of  well- 
cducaKd  yooxg  men  fitted  lor  piwtiaiB  ol  letponilbiliiy.  In 
187s,  after  the  libetation  oi  the  country,  there  were  165S  schools 
In  the  town  and  vlUages.  Primary  education  was  declared 
oUIgitoiy  [rom  the  fint,  btit  the  Ksrcity  of  pi^erly  qualified 
(eubeis  and  the  lack  of  aU  tcquiutea  pnvcd  aeriouB  inptdlmnits 
to  edocatloDAl  orpnlialion.  The  tDvenunenl  hu  made  great 
cBUta  and  incurred  heavy  etpniifiturt  (01  the  qirtad  of  educa- 
tion; the  latitfactoty  teialu  obtabwd  arc  largdy  due  to  the 
keen  derire  for  leanitag  i^Ich  eiisli  anong  the  people.  The 
pment  edwaiional  aystem  data  Irmn  1S9T.  Aliuoit  all  the 
viUacet  now  poiieia  "natioiial"  (mradail  priniaty  schools, 
msintained  by  the  cotiununes  with  the  aid  of  a  stsle  siibvenlloD 
ud  supervised  by  dcpatimental  and  diattict  imptctot*.  The 
■tale  also  aiaists  a  targe  number  oi  Turkish  primary  Khool*. 
The  penalties  lor  non-attendance  at*  not  vety  ligklly  enforced, 
and  it  has  bent  fosnd  necewaiy  to  cloM  the  tchoolt  in  the  rural 
lliaiifctB  dutbig  the 
labouin  tbo  tekti. 


V  lattruaion  is  ibt 


■:  In  : 


d  the  pdniary 


The  (ge  for  srinaty  I 

47-01  %oi  ibcboyi  and  .-  .. 

achoeli:  la  i«9«.  ^  ft  ol  ibe  b"**"!!* 'vj- 

the(ewen4M4F*umiy  •chooli.ei  whichuto — 

eaoaHma],  and  labdenoniiaailanal  (Turiuih.  Cncli.  Jtwiih.  ftc). 
attended  by^  'Jl',,  ".'''..^^Zi^'.Z'.Z.  "ZZTZ' 


'%jt  iW^auejKM' 


attended  by  ua.eM  pvpa*.  lepmentBig  a  pramrtK 
hondred  inhsGtsnIL  In  addllioa  to  the  Driinary 
tafaid  ackoela  (or  childiea  of  3  to  #  yiai*  ot  >|e  1 


Tbe  andMl  Tlvaa-IUyriaii  race  lAIcb  faliabf led  the  diMrlet 
bemeea  tlM  Danube  •»!  the  Aefean  wat  expelled,  or  s>ore 
probably  abaoibed,  by  the  gt«at  Shvonk  liamigiation  which 
took  pbco  at  mailmiB  hiurnls  between  tha  end  oi  the  jtd 
ceslaryaftetChristaadthebe^nnlngofthe6lh.  llie  nuBictoiB 
limwH  wUchare  found  in  all  parts  of  the  country  (aee  Hemlotas 
v.  S)  and  some  none  uMcu  with  bas-reUcfs  remain  aa  raonumenu 
of  the  aborigiDal  population:  and  certain  structural  peculiarities, 
which  ale  comtnoB  to  the  Bulgarian  and  Rumadaa  languages, 
rosy  (uDCxIvably  be  tii«d  to  tbe  influence  of  the  prlraiiiva 
lUyiian  ^leech,  new  probably  irpmented  by  the  Albanian, 
71k  Slavs,  an  agricuttDnl  peoi^,  were  governed,  even  in  those 
loletiniea,  by  the  democratic  local  institutions  towhid  Ihey 
stiQ  attached ;  they  posaessed  no  natiaiud  Iraden  or  centt^ 
orgaulaatiini,  and  their  only  political  anil  was  the  f!tmt,  ot 
ibe.  They  were  consdetaUy  tnluenced  by  contact  with 
[onun civilization.  It  was  nserved  lor  i  foreign  ncc,  altogcthei 
isiinct  in  origin,  tcli^n  and  custonis.  to  give  unity  and  «- 
crence  to  the  scatEcrcd  Slavonic  groups^  and  to  weld  then  into 
compact  and  powerful  Atate  which  for  some  centuries  played 
n  imporuni  part  In  the  history  of  esslera  Europe  and 
ueatened  the  ciistesce  of  fhe  Byzanlfne  empire. 
r*e  Biilrsri'.--Thc  Bulgars,  aTuianiu  nceakin  to  thelVtat*, 
Huns,  Avail,  Peidimcgs  and  Finni,  made  their  appearance 
the  banks  of  the  Pnilh  In  the  latter  part  oi  the  jlh  caitury. 
They  were  a  horde  oi  wild  horsemen,  fierce  and  barbarous, 
'rsclising  p<^ygsmy,  and  governed  despotically  by  their  Vtma 
diiefs)  ai>d  hcyari  or  hdyttri  (nobles).  Hieir  original  abode 
rai  the  ttaci  between  (he  Ural  tnountalns  and  the  Volga,  white 
he  kingdom  of  Gml  (or  Black)  Bolgaiy  eilsted  down  to  the 
3th  century.  In  679,  under  their  khan  Aspsrukh  (or  Iqierikh), 
they  cnisted  the  Danube,  and,  after  subjugating  (he  Slavonic 
population  of  Moeva,  advanced  to  the  gaieg  of  Constantinople 
ind  Salonka.  The  East  Roman  emperors  were  compelled  to  cede 
'o  them  Ibe  province  oi  Moeaia  and  to  pay  Ihem  an  annual 
[rfbnte.  The  invading  horde  was  not  numerous,  and  daring' 
rhe  ncit  two  centuries  It  became  gradually  merged  In  the 
ilavonic  populttion.  Like  Ibe  Franks  in  Caul  the  Bulprt 
gave  Iheitnanie  and  a  piHilical  otganiialion  to  the  more  cfvOted 
'ace  whkh  they  coikquered,  but  adopted  its  language,  customa 
ind  local  institutions.  Not  a  trace  of  (he  Ugtian  or  Unnish 
element  is  to  be  ionnd  In  the  Bulgarian  qieedi.  TUt  complete 
issimilatioQ  of  a  conquering  race  may  be  iUustnted  by  many 
Krallela. 

Early  Dyiuulia. — The  history  of  the  eariy  Bnlgarfan  dynaslki 
1  little  else  than  a  record  of  conlmuoui  conflicts  with  the 
Byiantine  emperors.  The  tribute  first  imposed  on  (he  Greek* 
by  Aspanikh  was  again  eiacted  by  Xardam  (791-T97)  and 
Krum  (Boj-Sij),  a  sovereign  noted  alike  for  his  cruelly  and  his 
mDitary  and  political  capadly.  Under  his  rule  the  Bulgarian 
realm  extended  irom  the  Carpathiais  Co  the  rielghbourhood  oi 
Adriasoide;  Serdica  (the  present  Sofia)  was  taken,  and  (ha 
TaUey  of  the  Struma  conquered.  Frfelav,  the  Bulgarian  cefHtal, 
waa  attacked  and  burned  by  the  emperor  Nicephorus,  but  tt« 
Greek  army  on  its  return  was  annihilated  In  one  of  the  Balkan 
panes;  Ihe  emperor  was  slain,  and  his  skull  vat  converted  by 
KnnlntOagtMet.     Theteigno{Boiia<B5>-6g4)  ismemotaUt 


780 


at  Sikolca,  SS.  Cyril  and  Ucthodio*,  uv  gaailSj  nvCRDced 
u  the  utionil  ipuUai  Ike  lant  at  their  libauti,  however, 
«u  unng  the  Slivtal  Uiuavla,  ud  the  BnlcMi  venevnieliied 
bjr  th^^idpla.    Bciifi.findinihipiKUaanmiidedtij'Cliiiitiui 

Uits,  deddedfrom  poliUcit  motive*  to  abudan  [-n-"'-"  He 
wu  biipiiied  is  U4,  ihe  cmperoi  Miehetl  IIL  taint  u  U* 
VOOWT.  Il  wu  tt  thii  tioM  Ihil  the  coutnivenia  bmke  out 
which  ended  in  the  ■duim  between  the  Churches  of  the  Eait 
ud  Weil.  Borii  knf  wivmd  between  DmitBUtiai^  ud 
Rome,  but  the  lefuul  of  the  pope  to  tccoiiiiie  an  uitoc^dukiu 
BuiguiiD  church  dctersilaed  lUm  to  oSer  hie  lUetiinfe  to  the 
Greek  pitiiuch.  The  deciiion  wu  fnught  with  momentoui 
comequencea  toi  the  future  ol  the  ncc.  The  nation  altered  it) 
religion  in  obedience  to  iti  mteidgn,  and  tome  ol  the  bojnn  who 
leabled  the  chu^  paid  >titii  Aeir  livel  la  their  fidelity  to  the 
andent  belief,  nu  IndependeDce  ol  the  Bulgaiian  duuch  wai 
Rcofniied  by  the  patriaichale,  a  fad  much  dwelt  opon  In  iccent 
cmtcovenie*.  the  Bulcuian  primate*  auhHqaently  ttcdvcd 
ibe  title  of  patriarth;  thar  aee  waa  tianafEncd  Inm  Prfalav  to 
Sofia,  Voden  and  Pitap*  atuxtaiively,  and  liniUy  to  Ochrida. 

Tkt'Pbit  £tt>fr<.— Tbe  nttioDal  power  reached  ill  leDith 
nnder  Simeon  (S93-927),  a  moturch  diMinpiiihed  ici  the  art»  of 
war  and  peace.  In  hii  reign,  layi  Gibbon,  "Bulgaiia  auuracd  a 
rank  among  the  dvUIied  power*  of  ilie  earth."  Hi*  dominions 
catended  fnra  the  Black  Sea  to  the  Adriatic,  and  from  the  harden 
of  Thevaly  to  the  Save  and  the  Carpathian*.  Having  become 
the  moU  powerful  mcoan^  ia  eulun  Enrope,  Simeon  amomed 
the  ityle  ol  "Emperor  and  Autocrat  ol  all  the  Bulgan  and 
Giteka"  (IHT  t  isMofickek  (dM  Aliorsai  i  Crien),  a  title  which 
wat  jecogmied  by  Pope  Foimotua.  During  the  latter  yean  of 
hi*  reign,  which  were  q>ent  In  peace,  hi*  people  made  great 
progreu  in  civilieatian,  Ulemtuee  flovri^hed,  and  Pr^v, 
according  to  contempoiaiy  chiooiden,  rivalled  Camtantj 
in  magnificence.  Alter  the  death  of  Simeon  the  Bulgarian  power 
declined  owing  to  interul  ditMaiionai  the  land  wa*  diitncted 
hy  Ihe  BocamU  berev  (ks  BOOOHIU),  and  a  lepaiate  or  wi 
cmpiie,  Indodlng  AQuIa  and  Macedonia,  wa*  lound 
Ochrida  by  ^''"'■"■"'i  ■  boyar  from  t^novo.  A  notable  event 
took  place  in  967,  when  the  Ruadana,  under  Sviatcalav,  nude 
their  hntaHNuance  in  Bulgaria.  Ibe  Bulprlan  tur,  Borii  IL, 
with  tbe  aid  irf  the  emperor  John  2jmiice^  e^jdled  the  invader*, 
but  the  Creek*  took  'advantago  of  their  victory  to  delhnme 
Bori*,  and  the  £nl  Bulgarian  empiie  tbu*  cune  to  an  end  after 
aneabtcnceof  threeonturie*.  Theempleeat  Ochiida,  however, 
toae  to  comideiable  importance  under  Samoel,  the  ion  ol  Shisb- 
man  (07^-4014),  whoconqoeied  the  greater  part  of  the  Peninsula, 
and  ruled,  from  the  Danube  to  the  Morea.  After  a  aeiie*  of 
canipaigni  this  redoubtable  warrior  wa>  defeated  at  BChuitu 
by  the  emperor  Bats  II,,  aumamed  Bulgaroktono*,  who  put  out 
the  eye*  oif  is/bo  prisonen  taken  in  the  £gbt,  and  lent  them 
into  the  camp  al  hi*  adveraary.  Ibe  Bulgarian  tssr  was  so 
overpowered  by  the  ipectade  that  be  died  of  grief.  A  lew  yean 
later  hi*  dynaaty  Gully  dliappearcd,  and  lor  mote  than  ■  century 
and  a  half  (toiS-iiU}.tbe  Bulgarian  race  remained  lubied 
to  the  Bywntine  empemn. 

Tin  SKtHj  Emfin.— In  1186,  alter  a  genenl  iniurrection 
of  Vkchi  and  Bujgan  under  the  brotben  Ivan  and  Peter  Atta 
of  Tmovo,  who  diiined  deicenl  from  the  dynuty  of  theShiih- 
nanovtal,  the  nation  recovered  Itaindependcnce,  and  Ivan 
a*>umed  tlu  title  of  "  Tiar  of  the  Bulgais  and  Greeks," 
•cat  of  the  (econd,  or  "  Bulgaro-Vlach  "  empire  wa*  at  Ti 
which  the  Bulgariani  regard  as  the  historic  capital  of  theii 
KaloyaB,the  third  ol  the  AiCn  monarchs,  extended  hicdom 
to  Belgrade,  Nish  and  SkopTe  (UEkidi);  he  acknowledged  the 
•piijtual  supremacy  of  the  pope,  and  recdved  the  niyal  cm 
Irom  a  l>a[Ml  legate.    The  greatest  ol  all  Bulgarian  mien  w 
Ivan  Asbi  II.  (iriA-ir4i),  a  man  of  humane  and  cnligbtened 
character.    After  a  aerie*  of  victorious  campaigns  he  eslabli  ' 
his  iway  over  Albania,  Epirua,  Uacedoida  and  Thrace, 
governed  hi*  wide  dominion)  with  Juitice,  wisdom  and  moi 
tion.    In  his  time  the  nation  attained  s  pne^ilty  hitlwto 


Tmovo,  tb*  capital,  wa*  ee 

nomben  at  cfawchca  aad  ma 

Tit  dynaaty  U  the  Aibia  hctMie  estlact  hi  lagi,  and  ■  period 

ofdecadencabcgaik    Tw»o(kttdyDattii),botko(Knmanedgii, 


maDovtil,«bal«mded«nkMlepeatait«laMU  Vidbi,  bntafte-- 

waidi  le^aed  in  the  Htimd  OfdtaL  BvantuaUy,  oo  the  lUh 

lija,  a  day  iiimnMamninl  with  aonow  in  Bilguia,  Tear 

,^  q.i.h.«.ii ...  ^.tM»«i  ^~i  .1.1-  hy  ii^  e-»t.-.  ■■wi^ 

Stephen  Uioih  DL,  u  die  battle  ei  Veibtabd  (Ustodil}. 

Bulgaria,  tbon^  atfll  retalninc  in  native  ihIcb,  now  bccaiae 

lubject  to  Sovia,  and  foamed  part  of  the  ihott-livtd  cmciiR  of 

EtepliaiDuibaii<i3]t-t3S5).    The Bsviaa'licganaoy ' 

'ter  the  death  of  Duahan,  aad  the  fTirirfHen  recta  vt  th 

la,  diMncled  by  the  quuiel*  ol  tbeb  petty  piince^  loi  as 

ly  [(cy  to  the  advandag  migbt  ol  the  Hoakm  luvada. 

TIk  Tmkitk  CeHfHcrt.— In  ij^e  thcTnrki  had  begun  to  ravaga 

the  vallqr  of  the  Uaritn;  in  ijei  they  captuied  FhllippapoUi, 

'  '     Ij8)  So6a.    Ia  ijM  Ivan  Sbiihpun  IIL,  the  last  Bid- 

tsar,  was  Compdied  to  dedare  himseU  the  vassal  of  the 

nr.  In  13S0  the  rout  of  the  Servian),  Botniana  uid 
on  the  famotis  fidd  of  Kotsovo  dedded  the  fate  of  the 
_  Ilia.  Shortly  afterwards  Ivan  Shishman  wa*  attacked  by 
the  Tutksi  and  Trnovo,  after  a  liege  of  three  month),  wat  op- 
tDied,  sacked  and  burnt  in  ijgj.  The  fate  d  the  laat  Btdgarian 
SDvetcign  b  unknown:  Ibe  natioiul  legend  repreaent*  him  •* 

Siihii«  in  1  batik  near  Samakov.     VIdin,  where  Ivnn^ 
ther,  Sliaihimir,  had  esU 

and  with  It)  fall  the  laat  n 
diiappeaTtd. 

Die  five  eenturk)  ol  TutUsb  rule  {ij»t-<8;S}  foim  a  dark 
epoch  in  Bulgarian  hisloty.  The  invaden  carried  Gnand  iworri 
thibugfa  the  land;  towns,  villages  and  monasteries  were  aacked 
and  destroyed,  aad  whole  district*  wen  coovetted  into  dcMlate 
wastes.  Hie  Inbabitaot)  of  ibe  idalni  Bed  10  tbe  mountain^ 
vbera  they  fovnded  new  aettlemenu.  Many  of  tbe  naUcsem- 
bracid  the  deed  of  Islam,  and  were  liberally  rewarded  tor  Ibeir 
apostasy;  otheti,  together  with  nuznben  of  the  priesla  and 
people,  took  kIuk  aeron  the  Danube.  All  the  regions  Icameily 
ttilod  by  the  Buwulan  taan,  including  Uacedonia  and  Thract, 
were  placed  undct  the  administntion  (d  a  govemor-gCDeni, 
(tyled  the  beylerbey  of  Rnm4li,  reaidleg  at  Sofia;  Bulgaria 
pn^er  waa  divided  into  tbe  tanjaks  of  Si^  Nikopolii,  Vidin, 
Sillstria  and  KiutteadH,  Only  a  email  propoction  of  tbe  peifila 
followed  the  example  of  the  boyan  ia  abaadoBing  Ouisliai ' 

■he  conversion  ol 

thePon 


1US  intervals  during  the  nott  three 
cennuie*.  A  new  aina  oi  leiidal  system  replaced  thai  of  the 
boyara,  and  fiefs  or  ifatniUs  vuc  confened  on  the  Ottoman 
chief)  aitd  the  reoegMle  Bulgatian  nobhs.  Tbe  Chriitian  popu- 
lation waa  subjected  to  heavy  impeal*,  the  prindpal  bdng  iJw 
iorolct,  w  cap'tatfoD^ax,  paid  to  the  impeiial  Iteosuiy,  and  the 
titjt*  on  agricultural  produce,  which  wa*  coUecled  l^lbefeudal 
lord.  Among  tbe  most  crud  lonn*  ol  oppreaioa  wa*  the  n- 
quisltiosing  of  young  boys  between  the  ages  of  ten  and  twelve 
who  were  tent  la  ConatanriiiDplc  a*  recruits  for  tbe  coipa  of 
janitsatlea.  Notwithstanding  the  horron  which  attended  th* 
Ottoman  conquest,  the  condition  ol  tbe  peasantry  during  tbe 
Sitt  three  centuries  ol  Turkish  govtmmeni  was  scarcdy  won* 
than  It  had  bem  under  tbe  tyrannical  rule  of  the  boysi*.  Tbe 
centeraptucpus  indiSvence  with  which  the  Turks  r^arded  the 
Chifslian  royiu  was  not  altogether  It^  .the  disadvantage  of  the 
tubject  mce.  Military  service  was  nut  exacted  from  the  Oiris- 
Uans.  no  systematic  eflorl  was  mode  10  eitiaguisb  cilhei  Ibeit 
religion  or  their  language,  and  within  certain  limlls  they  were 
allowed  to  retain  their  andent  local  administniiion  and  the 
jurisdictiou  ol  their  clergy  In  regard  to  mheritanco  and  lamily 
affaln.  At  tbe  time  of  the  cotiquest  certain  tewn)  and  vDlage^ 
known  as  the  tctniukki  sda,  obtained  inipotltnl  privilege* 


BULGARIA 


781 


and  oompleis  HU-govenunes 


in  the  Sn<ini  Gon, 
wlut  dedioed  lince  CIk 


Some  of  Uicm,  lucli 
Mtaised  great  proaperiiy,  vhich  hu  1 
cttablbhowntof  IhepriDdp&Iity.    U 

■t  In  hd^  tbe  lot  of  Ilie  subject-ncB  vu  lu  k»  iDioicnDic 
tbin  dnriDg  the  period  of  dccadeocc,  which  began  with  the  uo- 
■ooceMfnl  riege  of  Viaaa  in  1683.  Their  rights  and  privilege) 
Wn  i^iected,  the  liv  vu  enforad,  commerce  pnapered, 
■and  laadi  mn  csmtniclid,  wtd  the  gre>.t  Oktsvans  of  the 
Ragoan  merdiuiti  tnTcned  the  countiy.  Down  to  the  end 
of  the  iStik  centuiy  then  appeiri  to  have  been  only  one  serious 
attempt  at  revolt — that  occa&ioncd  by  the  advance  of  Prince 
Sgiamiaad  BAthory  into  Wolachia  in  1595-  A  hind  of  guerilla 
nufare  ns,  lio«eTeT»  Toaintaincd  in  the  mountaina  by  [he 
kadiOi,  et  outlaws,  whose  eiploiu,  like  IhoK  of  the  Greek 
kliplili,  have  been  M^y  idaJiad  in  the  popular  folk-lore.  As 
the  povet  of  the  lullans  dcduied  aturcby  spread  through  Ihc 
Peniuula.  In  Uie  eailiei  dctadea  ol  tbe  iSth  century  the  Sul- 
ffOMa  w&eied  territdy  bom  the  Tavngei  o(  llie  Tyrkiifa  armies 
paHlnsthrou^thelanddnrinstbeinuiwiai Auitrls.  Towirds 
id  doae  their  conditioD  became  even  mneSwing  to  the  borrors 
y  the  Krjatlt,  or  troops  of  dbbandcd  soldien  and 

..        ,  lAo,  in  defanceiif  the  Tuiktdi  authorities,  roamed 

throng  the  coontry,  lupporting  themselves  by  |dunder  and 
COBuBlttint  every  ocmeeinble  attedty.  After  the  peace  of  llel- 
fada  (r737),  by  irtilch  Austria  lost  her  conquests  in  the  Penin- 
nla,  the  Servian*  and  Bulguiaiu  began  to  look  to  Russia  for 
uoe,  tlieir  hi^ts  being  enoniragtd  I^  the  treaty  of 
li  Jtalnaiji  <IJ74),  nhich  loreshadoved  the  diim  of 
Rusia  to  IsMccl  Ihc  Oniiodai  Christians  in  the  Turkish  empire. 
In  I7H  PasvuMghi,  one  of  the  chiefs  ol  the  iCrjalii,  established 
Umaelt  *a  an  independent  sovereign  at  Vidln,  putting  to  flight 
three  large  Turkic  aimita  nbich  were  dcspatchcit  against  him. 
Ihii  adventurer  possessed  many  remarkable  qualities.  He 
■domed  Vidin  with  handsome  buildings,  maintained  order,  levied 
tana  and  Issaed  a  aeparate  coinage.  He  died  in  rSo;.  Tbe 
Oiemdn  of  SoCronii,  Ushop  ol  VraCza,  present  a  vivid  picture 
ot  the  condition  of  Bulipria  at  this  time.  "  My  diocese,"  he 
nlle),  "was  laid  dssolate;  the  villages  disappeared— they 
had  been  burnt  by  the  Krjalis  and  Faivan's  brigands;  the 
inhabitanli  were  icitleied  far  and  vide  over  Walachia  and  other 

Tkt  SBliawl  Kniwl.— At  the  beginning  ot  the  15th  century 
the  exillenu  of  the  Bulgarian  raoe  was  almost  unknown  in 
EuiDpe,  even  to  students  of  Slavonic  hterature.  Disheartened 
by  ages  ot  OKiression,  iiolaled  from  Christendom  by  thdi 
geognphica]  position,  and  cowed  by  the  prosimity  of  Constanri- 
nofde,  the  Bulgarians  took  no  collective  partlntbeinsurrcciion- 
aiy  movement  which  resulted  In  the  libcrution  of  Servia  and 
Gncce.  Tbe  Koeian  invasoos  oi  1810  and  1S18  only  added  lo 
tbdr  mfferings,  and  great  numbers  ot  tugidves  took  refuge  in 
Besstrabta,  anneted  by  Russa  imder  the  treaty  ot  Bucharest. 
But  Ihe  long-dormant  national  spirit  now  began  to  awake  under 
the  infloefice  o[  a  literary  revival.  Tbe  ptccurson  ot  the  move- 
ment  were  Paisii,  a  monk  of  Mount  Atbos,  wbo  wrote  a  history 
of  the  Bnlgarian  tsars  and  saints  (1761),  end  Bishop  Sotrooii, 
whose  racraoira  have  been  already  mentioned.  After  iSi^ 
■even!  works  written  in  modem  Bulgarian  began  to  appear, 
(mt  tbe  meet  important  step  was  the  tonndation,  in  1S35,  of  the 
first  Bulgarian  school  at  Csbiovo.  Within  ten  years  at  least 
53  Btdgarian  schools  came  into  existence,  and  five  Bulgarian 
printins-pressea  were  at  work.  The  literary  movemetit  led  the 
way  to  a  reaction  against  the  influence  and  auLbority  of  the 
Greek  clergy.  The  s(Hriluat  domination  of  the  Greek  patriarch- 
ate had  tended  more  efiectually  than  the  temporal  power  of  the 
Turks  to  the  effaeemenl  of  Bulgarian  nationality.  After  the 
conquest  of  the  Peninsula  the  Greek  patriarch  became  the 
iTpresentative  at  the  Sublime  Porte  of  the  XAm-nifW,  the 
~  n  nation,  in  which  all  the  Christian  nationabties  were 
■    "     ~  f  Tmovo   was 


suppressed;  that  ot  Ochrtda  was  lubaeqnentty  B*TWrwt. 
Tbe  Phanariot  dergy — mBmipuIoos,  rapacious  and  corrupt — 
succeeded  In  monopolizing  the  higher  ecdesiastical  appointmeuti 
and  fillfd  Ihe  parishes  with  Greek  priests,  whose  sdiools,  in 
which  Greek  was  exclusively  tau^t,  woe  the  only  means  of 
iiBtrucIioD  open  to  lie  pi^uLiiion.  By  degrees  Greek  became 
the  language  of  the  upper  dosses  In  all  the  Btdgarian  towns,  the 
Bulgarian  language  was  written  In  Greek  characters,  and  the 
lUilerate  peasants,  tliongh  speaking  the  vernacular,  called 
themselves  Creeks.  The  Slavonic  Uturgy  was  luppreued  in 
favour  ot  tbe  Greek,  and  in  many  places  the  old  Bulgarian 
manuscripU,  images,  testaments  and  missals  wen  committed 
lotlieflaBies.  Thepatriotsof thelilenuymovc 
in  the  patriarchate  the  most  ddetmined  f< 
revival,  directed  all  their  efforts  to  the  aboHtioQ  of  Gi 
astical  ascendancy  and  the  itstotatlon  of  the  Bulgarian  autono- 
mousdiurch.  Somcoitbeleadcrswentsofaraato  open  negotla- 
tioos  with  Rome,  and  an  archbishop  of  the  Uoiate  Bulgarian 
church  was  nominated  by  the  pc^.  ThesOug^ewasproaecuted 
with  the  utmcot  lenadty  for  forty  years.  Incessant  protests 
and  memorials  were  addressed  to  the  Porte,  and  every  effort 
was  made  to  undermitK  the  position  of  the  Greek  bishops,  some 
o(  whom  were  carapelled  to  abandon  their  sees.  At  &c  same 
time  no  pains  were  spared  to  diffuse  educatioii  and  to  stimulate 
the  national  sentiment.  Voiions  Insurrectiaaary  movements 
were  attempted  by  the  patriots  RakovskI,  Panayot  Khilllf, 
Hajl  Dimltc,  Stephen  Kaiaia  and  others,  hut  received  little 
support  from  the  moss  oi  the  people.  The  recognition  ot  Bul^ 
garian  nationality  was  won  by  the  pen,  not  the  sword.  Tbt 
patriarchate  at  length  found  it  necessary  to  offer  some  conces- 
aions,  but  these  appeared  illusoty  .to  the  Bulgarians,  and  long 
and  acrimonious  discussions  followed.  Eventually  the  l^l^kish 
goveminent  Intervened,  and  on  the  aSth  ol  February  r870  a 
firman  was  issued  establishing  the  Bulgarian  exarchate,  with 
jurisdictum  over  fillan  dioceses,  induding  NIsh,  Piroc  and 
Vetcs;  the  other  dioceses  in  dispute  were  to  be  added  to  these 
in  case  two-thirds  of  the  Christian  population  so  desired-  Tlie 
election  of  the  first  cmrch  was  delayed  till  February  TS71, 
owing  to  the  oppositioQ  ot  the  patriarch,  who  immediately 
afterwards  eicommunicatcd  tbe  new  head  ot  the  Bulgarian 
church  and  all  his  followers.  The  offidol  recognition  now 
acquired  tended  to  consolidate  the  Bulgarian  nation  and  to 
prepare  it  ior  the  poUtlcol  developments  which  were  soon  to 
follow.  A  great  eduoitioul  activity  at  once  displayed  Itsell  In 
all  the  districts  subjected  to  the  new  ecdesiaslicU  power. 

TAe  RctotI  of  i8j6. — Under  the  enlightened  administration 
of  MIdhai  Pasha  (1864-1868)  Bulgaria  enjoyed  comparative 
prosperity,  but  that  remarkable  man  is  not  remembered  with 
gratitude  by  the  people  owing  to  the  severity  with  whidi  he 
repressed  insurrectionary  movements.  Lii86t,  r7,ooo  Crimean 
Tatars,  and  In  1S64  a  still  larger  number  ot  Gicasdass  frinn  the 
Caucasus,  were  settled  by  the  TuiUsh  government  on  lands 
taken  without  compensation  from  the  Bulgarian  peasants.  The 
Circassians,  a  lawless  race  of  mountaineers,  proved  a  verltaUe 
scourge  to  the  population  in  tbdr  neighbourhood.  In  1875  the 
insurrection  in  Bosnia  and  Herzegovina  produced  Immense 
exdtement  throu^KHit  the  Peninsula.  Hie  fanaticism  of  the 
Moslems  was  aroused,  and  the  Bulgarians,  fearing  a  gcneraj 
massacre  ot  Christians,  endeavoured  to  antidpate  the  blow  by 
organiiing  a  general  revolt.  The  rising,  which  bloke  out  pre- 
maturely at  Koprivshtitia  and  Panagurishti  in  Uay  1S76,  was 
mainly  confined  to  the  sanjak  of  .PbiHppopolis.  Bands  ol 
bashl-bazouks  were  let  loose  throughout  the  district  by  tbe 
Turlush  suthotities,  the  Pomaks,  or  Hoslem  Bulgarians,  and  Ihe 
Qrcasslan  (olonista  were  called  to  arms,  and  a  succession  d 
horrors  followed  to  which  a  parallel  can  scarcely  be  found  in 
the  history  of  the  middle  ages.  Theprindp^sceues  of  massacre 
were  Panagurishte,  Peruihtitza,  Bratdgovo  and  Bitak;  at  tbe 
last-named  town,  according  to  an  official  British  report,  5CO0 
id  children  were  put  to  the  sword  by  the  Pomaln 


11  decorated  by  the  mltan  tc 


Itb* 


78j 


diibjct  oi  Fhilippc^olu,  ind  fifO>eI(ht  (4IUca  ud  five  Dwou- 
teriawcrc  dstioycd.  Isolated  lUogl  whidi  look  plux  on  the 
Dortheia  iidc  of  the  BnUuuii  «ereav)lKd  oitli  ■unilar  butniity. 
That  Dlrodtics,  vhitb  were  fint  nude  known  by  ah  En|^ 
founulist  und  an  Amuicu  connilu  offidal,  were  duounud 
hjr  GLubtone  In  k  cclebmled  punlililet  whiiJi  araued  the 
indignatioD  of  Eurcpe.  The  giEal  poiRn  lemained  iiaoin, 
bul  Scrvift  declaied  war  In  the  fotloiriBg  month,  and  bet  tnej 
«as  ioined  by  3000  Bulgarian  vduntccn.  A  crafcKDce  of  the 
Rpisentativci  of  the  povcn,  beM  M  Coutanttnople  tovaid* 
the  end  of  the  year,  proposed,  unoDg  other  refonni,  the  organiu- 
tion  of  the  Bulgarian  pnivinca.  induding  the  greater  put  of 
Macedonia,  ]a  tvo  vilayeta  under  Chilslian  govemora,  with 
popular  lepitiCDtilioD.  These  lecomnendatioiu  ven  pnctlultj; 
act  aside  by  ibe  Poile,  and  in  April  1S7;  RutaU  declared  war 
(ecc  Rubso-Tdiikish  Waks,  and  Plevna).  In  the  campaign 
which  followed  the  Bulgarian  volunteer  contingent  in  the 
RuuiiD  aimy  pla/ed  an  honourable  part;  it  accompuiied 
Gourko's  advance  over  the  Balkana,  behaved  with  great  bravery 
aX  Stan  Zogora,  wbcre  it  lost  heavily,  and  rendered  valuable 
•ervicta  in  the  defence  of  Shipka. 

of  the  Rus^Q  army  to  CDnstsntioople  was  followed  by  the 
treaty  of  San  Stefino  (jrd  Bifaich  1S78),  which  rvaUied 
alnu»t  to  the  full  ibe  national  a^irationa  of  the  Btdgarian 
tact.  All  the  provinces  of  European  Turkey  in  wbicb 
the  Bulgatian  dement  predominated  were  now  included 
In  an  autnnomous  principality,  which  eitended  from  the 
Bbck  Sea  to  the  Albanian  mountains,  and  from  the 
Danube  to  tbe  Aegean,  enclosing  Ochrida,  the  andent 
capital  of  the  Shiihmans,  Dibra  and  lUsloria,  as  well  as 
the  ditlricta  of  Vnny>  and  Fimt,  and  possessing  a  Hediter- 
lanean  port  at  KavaU.  Tbe  Dobrudja,  notwiUutaudiDg 
ita  Bulgarian  population,  waa  not  included  in  the  new  state, 
bdng  reserved  as  compensation  to  Rumania  for  the  Ruisian 
anoeiation  of  Bessarabia;  AdriaDople,  Salonica  and  the 
Chalcidian  peninsula  were  left  to  Turkey.  The  area  thus  de- 
limited constituted  tlvee-£flbs  of  the  Balkan  Peninsula,  with  a 
population  ol  4,ooo,ooi>  inhabitant*.  The  great  poneis,  how- 
Ivcr.  aatidpating  that  this  eiteniive  territory  would  become 
%  Rusuan  dependency,  intervened;  and  on  the  ijth  of  July  of 
tbe  lame  year  was  signed  the  treaty  of  Berlin,  which  in  effect 
divided  tbe  "  Big  Bulgaria  "  ol  tlie  treaty  oi  San  Slefano  into 
three  porlioDS.  Tbe  limits  ol  the  principality  of  Bulgaria,  as 
then  deSned,  and  the  autononiDUs  province  of  Eastern  Kumella, 
have  been  tdready  described;  the  remaining  portion,  including 
almost  tbe  whole  of  Macedonia  and  part  of  llie  vilayet  ol 
Adrianople,  was  leil  under  Turkish  administration.  No  qwf  al 
organiaation  waa  provided  for  the  districts  thus  abandoned; 
it  was  itipulated  lju,1  laws  umilar  to  tbe  organic  law  ol  Crete 
■hould  be  introduced  into  lie  vaiinus  paiu  of  Turkey  in  Europe, 
but  Ihij  engagement  was  never  carried  out  by  the  Porte.  Vianya, 
FIrot  and  Nish  were  given  to  Servia,  and  the  transference  ol  tbe 
Dobtud^  to  Rumania  was  sanctioned.  This  artificial  division 
of  (he  Bulgarian  nation  could  scarcely  be  regarded  as  possessing 
elements  of  permacencs.  It  waa  provided  that  tbe  prince  of 
Bulgaria  ihould  be  freely  elected  by  tilt  population,  and  conGnned 
by  the  Sublime  Forte  with  the  assent  of  the  powers,  and  that, 
before  his  election,  an  assembly  ol  Bulgarian  notables,  convoked 
at  Tmovo,  shoidd  draw  up  the  organic  Law  of  tlie  prindpalily. 
The  drafting  ol  *  constitution  foi  Eutem  Rumeli*  wai  auigoed 
to  a  European  commisuon. 

f  Tht  CanllUnlin  of  rnuH.— Pending  the  completion  of  their 
political  organiaation,  Bul^ria  and  Eastern  Rumella  were 
occupied  by  Russian  troops  and  administered  by  Russian  ofGdals. 


Tbea 


:mbly  ol 


I  iBj9,  ■ 


mainly  composed  of  half-educated  peasants,  nbo  from  the  first 
displayed  an  extremely  democratic  spirit,  in  which  Ihey  pi 
Ccoled  to  manipulate  the  very  libcial  canslitution  submitted 
10  tliem  by  Prince  Dondukov-Eonakov,  the  Ruuiaa  govei 
■eaeniL    Tbe  long  period  of  TurUsb  domination  had  eHectually 
oUitintcd  til  social  distinctions,  and  tho  ndical  element. 


pov  fonwd  hito  B  paity  nadet  Taokoff  and  Kanvcfa^ 


bj  the  sdtu  with  the  aijpnbatiaa 
of  the  pDwen,  ww  uaisted  by  •B.wBsmb^;  pudr  lepra- 
■entative,  partly  dMnpmcd  ol  a-^fiaa  nenben;  a  penBaoeDl 
*"  B  waa  entntstcd  with  tbe  pnpantion  of  Ic^islatnc 
and  tbe  (eaetal  iupen4sion  of  the  adminMruiDB, 
while  *  toimcS  of  rix  "  diiecton  "  .lutfilied  the  dniie*  al  a 


Prina  Alexander, — On  the  iQth  at  Aprfl  i8;o  Ibe  anemhiy 
at  Ttnovo,  on  the  proposal  of  Rnssii,  elected  la  hist  aoveidgri  ol 
Bulgaria  Piince  Akiaadei  of  Baltenberg,  ■  member  of  (be  grsnd 
ducal  house  of  Hesse  and  a  nephcw^of  tbe  tsar  AletajideT  TT, 
Arriving  in  Bulgaria  on  the  7th  of  July,  Prince  Alfsandet,  then 
in  his  twenty-third  year,  found  all  ll^c  autkorfty,  military  and 
dvii,  in  Rusdau  handa.  Tbe  history  of  the  eadier  portion  of  hii 
idgn  Is  matked  tiy  two  principal  tea(ure»~a  atrsng  Bulgarian 
leocUon  against  R&dan  tn(elace  and  t,  vehement  atmggie 
ag^nst  tbe  autocratic  InttiMHona  which  tbe  young  rula,  under 


Both: 


were  symptomatic  ol  the  detennlnation  of  a  atrong-willed  and 
egoistic  race,  suddenly  libesated  Irum  secular  oppreasioD,  to 
enjoy  (o  the  full  tbe  moral  and  material  privileges  of  liboty. 
In  the  assembly  at  Tmovo  tbe  pt^nilar  party  had  adopted  the 
wa(charord  "  Bulgaria  for  tbe  Bulgariana,"  and  a  conaideraMe 
anri-Rusdan  contingent  was  induded  in  its  ranka.  Young  and 
inerperienced.  Prince  Alexander,  at  the  suggestion  of  (he  Russalk 
consul-general,  selected  his  first  ministry  from  a  smaU  gioup  ol 
"  Conservative  "  polilidsns  whose  vie*^  were  in  conflict  with 
those  ol  tbe  patUuneniary  majority,  but  he  waa  soon  compdicd 
to  form  a  "  Lilieral "  administration  under  Tiankoff  and 
Kanveloff.  The  Liberate,  odm  in  power,  initiated  a  viobct 
campaign  against  foreigner*  in  genual  and  the  Ruisans  in 
particular;  tbey  passed  an  alien  law,  and  ejected  f(    ' 


every  In 


sold 


finding  good  govemn 

tsar  to  a  change  ol  roe  consuinuon,  ann  asaumea  aosomte 
authority  on  the  91b  of  May  18S1,  The  Russian  general  Emroth 
was  appointed  sole  minister,  and  charged  with  (be  duty  of  holding 
elections  for  the  Grand  Sobranye,  to  which  the  right  of  revising 
the  constitution  appertained.  So  successfully  did  he  discharge 
his  misstoa  that  the  national  representatives,  almost  without 
debate,  inipended  tbe  canstitutian  and  investol  the  prince  with 
absolute  powers  for  a  term  of  seven  years  (Jviy  i83i).  A  period 
of  Rus^n  government  followed  under  (}enenls  Skobclev  and 
Eaulbajs,  who  were  apcdolly  despatched  from  St  FctenburJ 
to  enhance  the  authority  of  the  prince.  Their  administratioit, 
however,  tended  to  a  contrary  result,  and  the  prince,  findjny 
'''■""•"  reduced  Lo  impotence,  opened  negotiations  with  the 
Bulgarian  leaders  and  eSectcd  a  coalition  ol  all  putiea  on  tlie 
bi^of  a  restoration  of  tbe  constitutioiL    Tbe  Eeneroli,  who  had 

ipt  to  remove  the  prince,  withdrew; 

waa  restored  by  proclamation  Cioth 

Tunkoa.  Prince  Aleiandei,  whose  lelationa  with  the  court  ol 
St  Petersburg  had  become  less  cordial  since  the  death  of  hii 
unde,  the  tsar  Aleiandct  U.,  in  18S1,  nan  incurred  the  serioui 
displuiUR  of  Russia,  and  the  btearji  waa  soon  widened  by  the 

UniatwUli  Eastm  Rumtiia, — In  Eaatera  Rumclia,  where  th^ 
Bulgarian  population  never  ceased  to  protest  against  tbe  diviaioa 
ol  the  race,  political  life  had  devdoped  on  the  same  lines  at 
in  the  principality.  Among  the  politidans  two  parlies  bad 
come  into  »ri»i-~^ — the  Conservative!  or  self-styled  "  Uaioa- 
istB,".»wL  the  Kadiuls,  derisiye^  called  b; 


7«3 


I  farin^DK  ■boot  tbc  ludoa  irilh  Iha  piiodpilitr.    Ndtber 
ptity,  homver,  irtulc  tn  pSwB  voold  ri^  ths  tmeti  o(  dEta 
by  GDibaAiiig  in  ■  buudoos  ulvratttR.    It  wu 
the  K^iloni,  unitcr  their  Ui 
Id  cartr  life  hid  bsen  ■  di  .         . 
gnmDKu     In  1SS5  (he  UnkolM  no*  In  oBce,  >im1  thdr  oppoB- 

cnti  l(st  BO  time  hi  oi)u>lBng  k  coaqiingr  foe  the  omC 

of  the  soveTDor-gEDsnl,  Xntovltch  Puha.  IMr  dcdgni 
f  kdlit*ted  by  ths  dioimittiKe  thu  Tmtejr  bed  abMalscd  bwn 
wnding  troopi  Into  tha  pnnriace.  Hiving  pwvtouily  ■■nwd 
thcnuelvEs  of  Fiince  Akunder^  acqdesmce,  tbey  idBd  tb« 
govemor-genenl  udpiocUlmMl  the  imiaa  irlth  Bnlgnu  (iSIh 
September).  The  tevolotloa  took  ptace  vjtbeot  Uoodihtd, 
■DdB  few  d>7i  ■  -      - — ■■■ 


...  It  the  fafradioa  of  the  BeOn 

Treaty;  ^eat  Britain  ikoe  ihoatd  ^mpethy,  iriiile  KiMfai 
denouBced  the  uniao  and  wrftd  the  fata  to  ncaDqaci  " 
revolted  pnvtue— both  poven  tbia  icvenlDS  thdr  napK 
altitude*  at  the  ooo^Os  ef  Beiiln. 

War  mil*  Stntar-Tbit  Tmklih  tmii*  «cit  maf  d  at  the 
fTontier,  and  Snvta,  bcplns  to  proGI  Iff  the  dlBculda  of  hat 
ndghbonr,  aaddenlr  dedticd  mt  (14th  Noienber).  At  the 
moBient  at  du>en4he  Bnnlan  offieen,  lAo  Olad  aO  the  U^ar 
peats  in  the  Bnlgidan  anny,  nn  withdrawn  b)r  ndaT  d(  (ba 
liar.  In  theaecrldciIdicanBtuceiPilBai  Alennderdlqtlajnd 
ooD^derabls  abili^  and  raoiirtc,  and  the  aatko  gave  evldna 
oE  hitherto  nnsiupected  quaUtks.  Contiaiy  to  pneral  eqiect*- 
lion,  the  Bulprlan  army,  Imperiedljr  equipped  aid  kd  by 
luballeni  offion,  mecaaAiUy  loiitcd  the  Serviu  iiinaian. 
Afut  brilliant  vlclotiea  at  SUvnltaa  {10th  Noveidcr)  and  T>ad> 
btod.  Prince  Attiander  enned  the  liaatkr  and  txptiucd  First 
(>Ith  NoTember),  but  Us  Eulber  pngreis  wu  aneated  by  Ihe 
intervention  of  Anitrii  (ice  Sravo-BiTLauDAil  Wu).  Tha 
treaty  of  Bscfaarest  faUawed  (jrd  of  Mardi  iSW),  dedatlng,  In 
ft  sangle   daaac,   Liie  mCoratJon  of  peace.    Servia,  notwith- 


ulnifemi 


»theui 


with  Basten  RDmelia  wai  pnctically  becuibL 
Tcntion  of  Top-Khinf  (jih  April)  Piiiu*  Akxanoei  wu  recos- 
niied  by  the  niltan  as  govemDr-geBeral  of  Miletn  Runieliii  a 
peisODol  unian  only  was  unctioned,  bat  In  diCct  Ibi  organic 
ttatute  dluppeared  and  the  eountttia  weta  adadatttiatively 
nnited.  Iheie  military  and  dijdMaattc  nucoKi,  lAlch  In- 
vested lhepiiHettlththeit[ributcaofaiialIonalbno,q«khened 
the  decitioB  of  Rnwa  to  eSect  hiireaiovaL  An  instnuDest  wai 
found  in  the  discsntent  of  eeveral  of  hb  officen,  wlM  raoildend 
themtelves  iDghted  in  the  diWiibutlon  ef  levafdi,  and  a  con- 
q>tncy  was  [oimed  In  which  TaanhaS,  Kanveloll  (tlM  prime 
minister),  Archblstu^  Qemmit,  and  other  pramineot  persons 
wett  Implicated.  On  the  night  ol  tlie  iiit  of  August  the  prince 
WM  seiial  in  his  palace  by  aevenl  offient  and  compelled,  nndei 
menice  of  death,  to  sign  his  abdication;  ho  was  then  fantried 
to  the  Danube  at  Rnkhovo  and  tramported  to  Rusiiaa  Boil  at 
RenL  TUs  violent  act  met  with  instant  diiqipiDVal  on  ths  put 
ol  the  great  majority  ol  Ihe  nation.  SlamboloS,  the  pieridcot 
of  the  aisemhly.  aiul  Colonel  Mutkurofl,  commandsnt  of  the 
lioi^  at  HtUippopoIii,  initiated  a  counler-revohitioo;  the 
provtucHial  government  Kt  Dp  by  the  conspiiBtors  iouaediatdy 
fell,  ind  a  few  diyj  bter  Ihe  prince,  who  bad  been  liberated  by 
the  Ruijian  suihorilies,  returned  to  Ihe  counlty  amid  every 
demontinUon  ol  popular  lympsthy  and  afiectioa.  ffis  arrival 
foresliUed  that  of  a  Rnsslan  imperial  comnitisiDDer,  who  had 
been  appointed  to  proceed  to  Bulgaria.  He  now  commllted 
Ilie  error  of  add reulng  a  telegram  to  the  tsar  in  whicb  be  offered 
to  reugn  hli  cniirn  into  the  hands  of  Russia.  This  unlorlUDate 
■tep,  by  whicfa  be  ignored  the  suzerainty  id  Turkey,  azul  repre- 
lented  Bulgaria  as  a.  Russian  dependency,  eiporaed  lum  to  a  stern 
rebuil,  and  fatally  compromised  his  postion.  The  national 
leaden,  after  obtaining  a  promise  from  (be  Ruasiaa  lepitsentative 
at  Sofia  that  Russia  would  abstain  from  inleiferencc  in  the 
Intanal  tStin  of  the  country,  consented  In  hit  dcpartnie;  on 


td  hla  ibAcatlOB,  and  on  the 


Oe  Sth  ol  September  he  annoani 
-folltmng  day  he  left  Bulgaria, 
,  n*  JCofsKy.— A  regency  was  DOW  fomud,  in  whkfc  the 
piomineDt  fignie  was  StainboloD,  tb*  moat  tsnarkabla  nun 
whom  modern  Bulgaria  haa  produoed.  Aaeriesof  attempts  to 
throw  the  oamttiy  Into  anuchy  were  firmly  dealt  with,  and 
tbeOmdSotnnyewiiiuniateoed  to  elect  anew  prince.  The 
cudidalare  of  the  sriDca  of  MingreUa  waa  BOW  aet  up  by  Kusla, 
■nd  Cenend  Knilbin  wu  devatched  10  Bolpria  to  nudie 
luuwn  to  the  people  the  wiibei  of  the  taai.  He  vainly  en- 
denmitd  to  pealpena  the  convocation  of  tlu  Grand  Sobnnye 
fa  otdei  to  gain  tine  for  tha  leMoralion  of  Rtanian  inftioxc, 
nod  proceeded  on  an  electant  (our  tbro«#  the  ODtmuy.  llie 
failme  «f  lilt  mllaloB  wb«  flawed  by  the  withdrawal  of  the 
RoMllDitptaeOUtlvMfTOm  Bul^ria.  The  Grand  Salsanya, 
wUch  attesbkd  at  nnove,  off  ered  Che  CTO  wn  to  I^ince  VaUemar 
of  Dennach,  brotbo-ln^w  of  the  tiar,  bnt  the  bonoar  wh 
declined,  and  an  aaiiooa  period  ensued,  during  wUch  a  deputa- 
tioo  vitbed  (he  prindpal  capilah  of  Eon^  wtlh  the  twofold 
ebitct  of  wtanlng  «)FBpathy  (at  the  caate  of  Bulgarian  inde- 
peadoioe  and  diaCDMfing  n  avhabht  candidal*  for  the  thrane. 

FriHU  FirdiiiaKd.—^  tha  ;th  d  Jtdy  1SI7,  (he  Grind 
SobnHjn  uiniilaaaiilf  eleetad  Plinai  Ferdinand  of  Sue- 
Cobatg-Oaiha,  ■  srandaiB,  matunally,  of  King  Lena  Philippe^ 
The  new  pdnca,  1A0  wna  twentjMii  yeara  ol  age,  wat  at  tbii 
time  a  Qanunast  In  dw  Amtilau  umy.  Undeterred  by  the 
AHf,n,\ii^  of  the  international  dtuatioQ  and  the  distracted 
of  tha  cooBtty,  he  Kcapted  the  cvowii,  and  toot  over 
cucMoallieiitbof  AagnitMTnnvo.-  I&airival, 
whidi  wai  wekomfd  wltb  eDthnriaim,  pat  in  end  to  a  long  and 
I,  hot  tlie  dingert  wldcb  nttnaced  But^riau 
)  tar  from  dltappauing.  Boidi  dedated 
aovenign  ■  uiurpcr;  Ui*  other  powen, 
fa  deference  to  bat  soacepIiUHtiet,  dNJlncd  to  recogniic  lum, 
•sd  the  grand  vliier  informed  him  that  Us  presence  fa  Bnlgstla 
•as  iHe^  Ntmieious  eflorti  were  made  by  tb«  partbani  ef 
Rnuia  to  disturb  Inlemal  tranquillity,  and  SUmboIoff,  who 
became  prime  minister  on  the  tit  of  Sqitember,  tonnd  It  necit- 
|DTem  with  a  strong  hand.  A  raid  led  by  tbe  Russian 
Nabokov  wat  reputed;  brigandage,  maintained  lor 
putpoaet,  was  exterminated;  Ibe  bdbops  of  the  Holy 
who,  at  the  fastlgaibtn  of  aement,  refused  to  pay 
,  to  Ihe  prince,  were  forcibly  removed  bom  Sofia;  a 
military  couiidncy  organised  by  Ma5oT  Ptniisa  was  cnubed, 
and  lla  leader  encnted.  An  attempt  to  murder  the  energetic 
te  ndnltter  itsulted  in  the  death  of  his  colleague,  Bdirhell, 
ibortly  afterwards  Dr  VIkovltcb,  the  Bulgaria  leimsen- 

^ — .__.■ — ,.   ^jjj  awanhiated.    Wldle  contending 

ilea  It  home,  StambotoS  purmed  a 
policy  abroad.  EiceDent  relations  were  estahlished 
with  Turkey  and  Rumania,  valuable  conceasons  wen  twice 
eitntcted  from  the  Porte  in  regard  to  the  Bulgarian  epitcopate 
Macedonia,  and  loans  were  concluded  with  foreign  financten 
on  oomparativdy  f  avoutsUe  terms.  His  overbearing  character, 
however,. increased  the  number  of  his  opponents,  uid  alienated 
the  goodwHl  of  the  prince. 

the  spring  of  1B93  Prints  Ferdinand  married  Princeai 
sLouise  of  Bourbon-Parmo,  whose  faraiiy  ineisted  on  the 
tion  that  the  fssue  of  the  rnarriage  should  be  brought 
tie  Roman  Cathdic  tilth.  In  view  of  the  importance  of 
establishing  a  dynasty,  StamboloS  resolved  on  the  unpopular 
course  of  altering  th*  clause  ol  the  corotltntlon  which  leiiuired 
that  the  heir  is  tte  throne  should  belong  to  the  Orthodoa 
Church,  and  the  Grand  Sobranye,  which  wis  omvoked  at 
Ttnovo  In  the  summer,  gave  effect  to  this  dedsion.  The  death 
of  Prince  Alexander,  whkh  took  place  fa  the  antnmn,  and  the 
birth  of  an  beir,  tended  to  strengilien  the  position  of  Prince 
Ferdinand,  who  noil  assumed  a  less  compliant  attitude  towards 
the  prime  minister.  In  1S94  StamboloS  reigned  office;  a 
minittty  waa  formed  under  Dr  SloOoff.  and  PrfacB  Ferdinand 
hungurated  a  policy  ol  conciliation  towards  Ruaiia  with  ■ 
view  to  obtaining  hit  lecognilian  by  the  powers.    A  Ruttnphll 


7»t 


toctjon  foUnwBd,  luge  numben  of  politial  nfogcei  returaed 
to  BulgHria,  uid  Stamboloff^  exposed  to  the  veitguoce  ol  hjl 
CDemia,  vu  Bsuuiuted  in  ;lic  Btreeta  of  Sofia  (i  sth  July  iSgs). 
Tbe  piiuce's  plam  were  EAvouccd  by  the  death  o£  the  tsar 
AlcundcT  IlL  -in  November  1894,  ud  the  lecoudlisliija  «u 
pnctictOy  eSecled  by  the  coav«ngan  of  ha  eldat  ton,  PriiKe 
Borii,  to  the  Otthodoilulh  (14th  Fcbnuiy  i£g6}.  "Ot  pomn 
having  dgni&ed  Um»  a«Mm,  be  im  nominated  by  the  nillau 
plince  of  BulsUB  ud  govauoi-tfeiwral  1^  Easlan  Rumelia 
(14th  UucU.  Riwuii  iaflucace  now  betama  predominaiit  in 
Bultub,  bvt  the  c&biaet  of  St  Fetenbtus  Aeij  ibiuined 
Itom  intcrienng  in  the  iatetnil  tSsin  irf  Ihe  prindpalily.  In 
Febnury  ifi96  Russia  prapoKd  the  reconcilistim  it  the  Gieek 
and  BulguiBn  cbuidie*  ind  ttie  leoiovil  of  the  duch  to  Sofia. 
The  ptofect,  which  involv«d  a  TenundallDD  of  the  exaick'f 
jur^iUctiDn  in  Mtccdoma,  eidted  stiong  oppontion  in  Bulgaria, 
and  wu  eventufdly  dropped.  The  dntli  of  Princess  Uane. 
Louiie  (joth  Januaty  li^),  caused  univoul  regret  in  (lu 
counliy.  In  tjie  urae  month  the  StoUoQ  govenunent,  which 
had  veakly  tampered  with  tiie  Macedonian  movement  {lee 
MACEnwJu)  and  had  ihn>nn  the  finuicu  into  dlurdcr,  reeigDed, 
and  a  ninistiy  under  Grekofi  succeeded,  which  endeavomed 
to  mend  ihc  economic  situstion  by  meani  of  s  foreign  loan. 
The  loan,  however,  fell  Ouough,  and  inOciobna  new  gevenmieat 
«a*  fonned  undrt  Ivancholl  and  KadoalavoS.  This,  in  iti  tntn, 
waa  Kjdaccd  by  a  (aiintt  i'afavei  under  CeunI  Felioff 
(January  1901). 

.  In  tlie  foJlowini  Maich  KaiavebU  for  the  tUid  time  became 
prime  minlstel.  Hii  cdoiti  to  impisre  the  financial  altuation, 
which  DOW  became  alanning,  pnxnd  abortive,  and  fn  January 
190a  a  Tnmkovist  calunet  was  lonncd  undei  DaneS,  w)u> 
Mcceoded  in  obtaining  a  foingn  loan.  Rusnan  influence  now 
became  predominanl,  and  in  the  autumn  the  grand^uka 
Nidudaa,  Coienl  I^tiev,  and  a  gnat  number  of  Rnvao 
oSctt*  weis  pieust  at  the  consecntiou  of  a  Rui^n  dtuich 
and  monaalery  in  the  Sbipka  piiaa.  But  the  appointment  oi 
Mgr-  Fiimilian,  a  Servian  prelate,  to  the  important  sec  of  Uakub 
at  Ihe  Instance  ol  Kussior  the  suspected  deiigns  of  that  poni 
on  tbe  porta  of  Vania  and  Burgu,  and  hei  uaaympiilhetii: 
attitude  in  regard  to  tbe  Macedonian  Question,  tended  tc 
diminish  heipopuluily  and  that  of  the  goveniment.  A  cabinet 
crisis  was  brot^t  about  in  May  1903,  by  the  eSorts  of  Ibt 
Russian  party  to  obtain  contnl  of  the  army,  and  the  I 
botovisU  returned  to  power  under  Genoal  Petroff.  A  violeM 
recrudescence  of  tbe  Macedonian  agitation  took  place  ii 
autumn  of  i«oi;  at  the  BuggcBlion  of  Russia  the  leaden 
impiiaoned.  but  the  movemout  nenithelesa  gained  force,  aad 
in  August  1903  a  revolt  broke  out  in  the  vilayet  ot  MonaiUi, 
lubsequently  spreading  to  the  districts  of  norUiein  Macedonia 
and  Adrianopic  (see  Macedonu).  The  barbariiies  committed 
by  the  Turks  in  repressing  the  insuireciion  caused  great  exaspem' 
lion  In  the  prindpality^  tbe  reserves  were  partially  mobilised, 
and  the  country  was  brought  to  the  brink  of  war.  In  pursuance 
of  the  pdicy  of  Stamboloff,  the  PcUoS  government  endeavoured 
to  inaogurate  friendly  relations  with  T^key,  and  a  Turo»< 
Bulgarian  convention  was  ugncd  (Sth  April  1904)  which,  however, 
proved  of  little  practical  vatnc. 

Hie  outrages  committed  by  numerous  Greek  bonds  In 
Macedonia  ted  to  leprisals  on  the  Creek  popubtion  in  Bulgaria 
in  the  aummer  of  1906,  and  the  town  of  Andiialo  waa  partially 
destroyed.  On  the  6lh  of  November  m.  that  year  FctroS  resigned, 
and  FetkoS,  tbe  leader  of  the  gtambolovisC  party,  tormcd  a 
ministry.  The  prirDc  minlsmr,  a  statesman  of  nndnibtod 
pacrjot^m  but  of  overbearing  character,  was  assaiainab 
the  iithoEMaich  r^7  by  a  youth  who  hod  been  dismissed  from 
a  post  in  raw  of  the  agticulttiral  bardts,  and  the  cabluet  fvaa 
reconstituted  under  GudefF,  a  member  of  the  same  parly. 

Dtdaralieii  if  IndcftmUna.—Dutipg  the  thirty  years  of 
eritience  the  prindpality  had  made  mpid  and  striking  progic 
Its  inhabitanls,  among  whom  a  strong  sense  ttl  nationality  hod 

byicacd.  by  the  treaty  of  ficrUn. .  TliM  Scryia  shoidd 


wUe  BdgBCi,  «ltli  lU  (nattt  ec«aonk  aad 


hevtsItedVIeQnainFebnttryr9o8,aiMlbylba»<alkd"  Ge*boS 
luddent,"  ie.  tbe  culodoo  of  U.  CcdMff,  the  BnlpLtian  agent, 
from  a  dinner  given  by  Tcwfik  Pasha,  the  Ottoman  ■-■-'fT  la* 
foreign  a&iii^  to  the  mlnlaten  of  all  the  iDverElfn.  Mklca 
represented  at  Cmstaattoeple  (nth  of  Sqwembtr  lyg).  Thk 
—  - '-lUipTCted  al  an  iMuIt  to  tbe  Bulffirian  tintka,  and  as  tbe 
lotioD  offend  by  the  e«nd  *iiim'  was  nnaatisbctory, 
M.  Geshoa  was  Rcalled  to  Sofia.  At  this  t&M  the  biMdIea 
tcvidution  In  Tnrkerecenied  Ukely  tabling  dMut  a  (nndaue&tel 
change  in  tbe  settled  paUcy  of  Bulgtda.  For  many  yeaa  past 
Bnlguians  had  hoped  that  their  own  oideriy  and  pngicMive 
govenunent,  which  bad  amtiaited  ao  strootfy  with  the  evils 
<rf  l^ukhh  nde,  wnuM  cutilk  them  to  onDsidcnIian,  and  paAaps 
tt  an  accession  <<  tcnilcty,  sAen  iIh  tint  anivtd  loT  a  definile 
aetlknent  of  the  Mac«fa>nlan  Qucslloo.  Now,  however,  the 
leEonia  tntmdBced  et  (onahadowtd  by  tjic  Yoong  Ti^tiA 
party  thnatened  t*  deprive  Bnlgstia  <a  aiv  pteteat  for  fntim 
Inlerventfon;  these  was  notUag  ta  be  gained  by  futber  acq^ 
escenceinthecanditionsUddawnatBeriin.  AneppoTtmdtyfer 
efectivaactioiioccumd  within  a  fortnight  of  M-GcAorsiecnll, 
irfien  a  strike  broke  oat  on  tfaMeseMiaBa  of  the  Eastern  RtDodtaB 
nilwByi  which  were  tiwned  by  Turkey  and  leased  to  the  Oiioital 
RaHwayi  Cmnpany.  Ihe  BulgailanB  alleged  that  dnring  the 
stiike  Turkish  troopa  w«fe  able  to  travd  on  tbe  lines  whkh  were 
closed  to  all  other  traffic,  aitd  that  tbis  £act  constltiited  a  dangv 
to  thcii  mm  auMncmy.  The  govemmeat  tlwrelore  seised  the 
railway,  in  defiance  ol  European  oplnian,  and  in  spite  of  the 
protests  of  tbe  smerain  power  and  the  Oriental  Railways  Com- 
pany. TTie  bulk  of  the  Turkish  amy  waa  then  in  Asia,  and  thB 
new  li^int  Was  not  yet  firmly  eacaUisbed,  while  the  Bulgarian 
govenunent  were  pl^bly  aware  that  Rnsna  Would  not  inter- 
vene, and  that  Austoa-Hungary  intended  to  annex  Bosnia  and 
Henrgovina,  and  thus  incidentally  to  divert  atteniioa  from  their 
own  viidation  of  the  treaty  of  Berlin.  On  the  sth  of  October 
Prinoa  Ferdinand  publicly  proclaimed  Bulgana,  unlieil  since 
tbe  6th  ol  September  1885  (i.e.  including  Eastern  Rumdia),  an 
independent  kingdom.  lUs  declaration  was  read  akiud  by  the 
king  in  the  churdi  of  the  Forty  Martyrs  at  Tmovo,  the  aacienl 
capital  Of  the  Bulgarian  tsars.  Tbe  Porte  immediately  protested 
to  ^  poven,  but  sfieed  to  accept  on  indemnity.  In  February 
iqofr  (he  Russian  government  proposed  to  advance  to  Bulgaiin 
the  diSercnce  between  the  £4,800^000  claimed  by  Turkey  and  Ihe 
£1,510,000  which  fiulgaila  undertook  to  pay.  A  preUmlnary 
RuiK-Turkish  protocol  was  signed  on  the  i6lh  ol  hlaith.  and  ia 
Apii),  alter  the  final  agreement  had  been  concluded,  the  inde- 
pendence of  Bulgaria  was  lecognised  by  the  powen.  Of  the 
indemnity,  £i,6Bo,ooo  was  paid  on  account  of  the  Eastern 
Rumclian  rulwaysi  the  allocation  of  this  sum  between  Turkey 
and  tbe  Orienlat  railways  was  submitted  to  arbtnlion.  (See 
Tuuxy;  Hiifory.) 

LaMGUACI  and  LtTEIATUie 

Larpaie.'—Tie  Bulgarian  is  at  once  the  most  andent 'and 
the  moat  modem  of  the  languages  which  constitute  the  Slavonic 
group.  In  its  groundwoik  it  presents  the  nearest  approach  to 
the  old  ecclesiastical  Slavonic,  the  liturgical  language  common 
to  all  the  Oitbodoi  Slavs,  hut  it  has  undergone  toore  important 
modifications  than  any  of  Ihe  sister  dialects  in  Ihe  tlmplification 
of  its  grammatical  loimst  and  Ihe  analytical  cbsiscter  of  its 
devdopmcnt  may  be  compared  with  that  of  the  neo-Lalin  and 
Germanic  bnguages.  The  uiltoduction  of  the  definite  article, 
which  appears  in  the  form  of  a  suIGi,  and  the  abnost  total 
disappcarantt  of  the  andcut  dcdcDEions,  .for  tihjch  tbe  use  cf 


BDLGAMA 


■Landing  Ihae  (bango,  whicb  (ivc  Um  liDiuage  u  etKntitliy 
modcra  uprct,  its  dnc  offijiiiir  wkli  iJx  BcdeaUitical  Sluvmic, 
the  oldest  wrilten  diitcct,  is  n^rded  u  alibliihrd  by  icvenl 
emlocnt  icholara,  such  ii  Sjlalik,  Schleicher,  Laluen  and 
B[iu(iun,udb)'iiiaiiy  Ruwu  phUaloKift*.  TbcKaalboiilki 
tfttt  ia  dcKTibing  the  Utuigiul  language  u  "  Old  Biilj—<«n  " 
A  diSeitnl  view,  bumvcr,  u  muntaiiud  by  MIUiMidi,  Xapitu 
and  uine  othcn,  who  regvd  it  u  "  Old  Slot  cm."  AconRttng 
to  Ibe  raoR  gcocraUy  iccepud  Iheofy,  ih*  dlakct  ^lokea  by  tte 
Bidgsrian  popvbtian  ia  ilie  aeighlniubaod  of  Salonka,  tht 
Unhplace  or  SS.  Cyril  aad  Uelhodiia,  lui  oaployad  by  the 
Slavonic  apoMla  in  Ibelr  inmliilaiii  tiwn  the  Cteck,  whidi 
fomed  the  nodel  f«  lubsHiueDt  ecck*>utkal  Uteratun.  Tfata 
viev  reccivH  luppott  fnoin  the  fact  thai  the  tm  Daial  voweli 
si  the  Church'Slavonic  (the  greater  and  lean  Oi),  which  have 
been  modified  In  all  the  cognate  languagei  eicepl  Poliih,  retain 
theii  oiigina]  ptonundition  locally  in  the  neighbourhood  el 
Solonica  and  Caitnjai  in  tnodem  literary  Bulgarian  the  MHa- 
■HU  haa  diiappeacod,  but  (he  old  natal  vowels  preserve  a  peculiar 
pronunciaiian,  iba  greaicr  tf i  changing  to  il,  ai  in  Engliifa  "  bat," 
Uk  tcBer  to/,  *a  in  "  bet."  whUe  in  Servian,  RuMiao  and  Slovene 
tlie greater^  becomcid  ocf,  theleHenor  ya.  TheremnanU 
of  the  decteationa  jlill  eihling  hi  Bulgarian  (mainly  in  pnk- 
BOlnina^  and  adverbial  jonns)  show  a  deoe  analogy  to  Iboae  ol 
the  old  eccieiiailical  language. 

The  SUvonic  apoailes  wme  in  the  9th  centurr  (St  Cyril  died 
Id  B69.  5(  Mcihaliui  in  gSO,  bui  the  ori^nal  manncri^  hitt 
IKK  been  pmervRl.  The  Mat  eiiitliia  oepiei.  which  date  iiDni 
the  lolb  amary,  alreadv  betray  the  inlliieDoe  ol  the  conlcmpiii- 
ary  vemaciilar  ■inch,  but  aa  Ibt  almatlDH  introduced  by  the 
apyittt  an  aellittr  coucant  Mr  ngular,  it  b  pojiile  to  reoon- 
atnici  iha  oripiul  ■—f'-gr  with  tnfaiahl*  oertalaiy.  The  "  Old 
Buii^rian,"  or  aitrhak  Siavoak,  waaan  inDeikina]  language  el  the 
■vnHwIlc  type,  eonuining  few  tbieign  elemcnta  In  Iti  vocabulaiy. 
The  Chrhtuin  teminoloey  won  ot  tonne,  mainly  Creeki  the  Lalln 

—  ■" ^  which  occaumaliy  occur  «ne  derived  trooi 

noeia,  where  the  iwo  aalnia  panucd  their  miieioo- 


ficailani.  both  nhon 

^=--hi,!hitl 

lequently  dawGed  aa 


»ry  laboun.    Ii    .._ , 

a,,j —   t„.i.  -i :-  „j  uruclural,  la  tb*  variou.  ^unmK 

ic  tbe  Kturgicat  hnfoage.  and  the  variout 
-'   la>'-SinlaiiSlBwnle,""Cniallaii. 

_     .  _  "  Ac.  aceordina  to  the  diflctcnt 

reeeqeiana.  The  "  RiHaian-Slavonic  ii  the  lilurvica]  lanHuaae 
BDW  in  teneral  UK  arnong  the  Orthodoi  Slavi  d  the^lalkao  fVniii- 
•ala  oennc  »  ihc  gmt  number  of  tcclcua«lcal  bixiki  innfldoced 
from  RuHia  in  chg  ijlh  and  iMh  (enlnrieei  uuU  ceiiiiiaiMivTiy 

~ '(obeihenaaineianaaaiecilheSlamnK 

ohenlangH        '  '" 


»  of  the  at 


•ponlca.  AiHiig  the  Dulgariana  tbe  apokciila 
century  underwent  Important  changca during  the  nciKwn  uMiJuiTu 
yeui.  The  influence  of  thege  changn  gradoally  asieiti  IteelF  In  the 
written  haguan:  in  the  period  eutndljic  Inn  the  lath  lathe  ijih 
ccnlary  the  wnnri  Min  endaaveand  to  folkiw  the  aichaic  niodel, 
but  h  ■•  evident  that  the  vanaicular  had  already  beceoe  widely 
dinerenlfronitbe«pMchofSS.CyrilBndMethodlua.  The  language  of 
the  MS5.  of  thla  period  i>  known  aidie  "Middle  Bu!iaiian";tt  iiendi 
■idway  beiveeii  ihs  old  aochniaetical  Stavonlcand  the  modeni  epcech. 
In  the  fall  h*U  of  Ike  iCth  century  the  chameUriuie  (eaiuree 
of  the  mgdern  bngoage  became  appaimt  in  the  literary  monumenta. 
Theee  feature!  uudeubledly  diipbyed  thenuelvce  at  a  much  earlier 
period  In  the  onl  ipeech ;  bvt  the  progme  of  their  devekunnent  hai 
not  yet  heea  eomplHely  iowtigated.  Much  lighi  may  be  thrown 
•a  thia  eabjecl  t^  Iha  ewiniinalioo  ot  laany  hilhefto  lillle-kaowB 
wanuecripie  and  by  the  edentific  etudy  of  the  folk^aodgL  In 
addiiiun  to  Ihe  empkiynKnt  of  the  article,  the  kiea  of  the  nuun- 
dfetleiiHOiit.  and  the  modification  of  tbe  mnt  vweb  above  alluded 
to,  tbe  diHpfnniKe  in  pronunclalian  of  the  Ihul  vowela  fit-iMm 
•Bd  yK-maUt,  the  kea  of  tbe  Infinitive,  and  the  incrMued  variety 
of  the  eeniugalioaa,  dieiinguiih  tbe  nodem  froa  ihe  aneieai  las. 
guage.  Tlie  lulliii-artfcle.  whk:h  ii  derived  fmn  the  denHniiraiive 
proncHin.  !■  a  feaiuie  pecuHar  id  Iht  Bulgarian  among  Slavonic  and 
la  Iha  Rumanian  among  Latin  lannafea.  Thiaand  other  pelnta  of 
ramnUaan  between  theae  lemotclv  rtblad  memberaof  the  lodo- 
Earopean  cnnp  are  rhaied  by  tba  Albanian,  prebeUy  the  lepreiea- 


fgarian  dialccti  It  u 


ler."    In 


Buigir^n  iiaia 


d  IDooCreek  wodetUipcrKdui 
■d  Anbic  word!  have  entered  1 


78s 


Piiiep.    liie  modcra 
iti- ,  It  cootaina  aboai 


Ttbelwofoid 


ai-sie 


•■gh  IheTurkiih 

_.  . refoand.    Mod 

«  .»_  lire  iHedcd  by  the  purlam  of  ihe  Btenry  language,  whkb, 
however,  kai  been  eompdled  to  borrow  the  phraeedegy  of  raodeta 
dvfliaalkHi  fmn  Ibe  RUMhin.  French  aad  other  European  hntuagea. 
The  dialeeta  ipoken  hi  the  kingdom  may  be  riamf  in  Iwo  grauM 
^^heeaanmaod  theweelem.  Thcmijn  pointnfdiBerenceietb 
proBDOctaliiHi  of  the  letter  iwfielw.  whMi  In  Ihe  eniliin  hai  fre> 

quentlytkeaDuadofyw.inthewciteminvanabtylh      

The  Hleiary  language  begin  in  (he  weuern  dialed  ui 

kdlBaaeeafScrvianKtenlunaBd  the  Church  Shiva.—     

tine.  boHEVcr,  the  eouenl  dialect  pccvaikd.  and  Ihe  Influeflce  d 

waaiuilBted  by  BoffTiroff  (t8]B-i«9i),  and  hu  been  nuinlaJnedby 

Slnee  ihe  loundailon  of  the  univerwiy  of  Sob; 

hu  taken  a  middle  coune  betmen  the  ultn-_._^ 

C  generation  and  ibe  dialectic  Buliarian.    Little  ul. ,, 
ever,  hai  yet  been  attained  in  regard  10  diction,  ortbogtaphy 

■fte  Bu^rian.  of  pmn  timee  are  Haii^  by  the  mook  Khrabr, 

of  which  iMcnptiooe  recently  found  near  Kupitchan  may  peeubhl 
be  epeeimena.  The  tarlieet  manuKriptt  of  tlie  "Old  Bul^rian  ' 
anwrfllen  Uioneorotherof  the  Iwo  alphabeli  known  at  the  gluo- 
lUic  and  Cyriltid  (w«  SLAV)].  The  fomier  waa  wed  by  Bulgaiba 
wrinn  eoncummly  with  the  CyiiHIe  down  lo  the  tilh  nHun. 
Among  Ihe  ortbodoa  Slavi  Ibe  CyriUk:  finally  lupereedtd  tbe  gbgo- 
Ulic:  a*  modiKed  by  I>eler  the  Cmt  it  became  the  Runian  elptabet, 
which,  with  Ihe  inlval  of  literature,  wae  introduced  into  Scrvia 
and  Bulgaria.  Seme  RuHian  telten  whkh  are  luperfiuout  In 
Bulgarian  hava  been  abandoned  by  the  naiive  writen,  and  a  lew 
character*  have  been  lenorcd  from  the  ancient  alphabee. 

XifcalKre,— Tbe  ancteot  Bulpriaa  litenture,  orfgiDating  la 
tbe  works  of  SS.  Cyril  and  Mrtbodlui  and  thirir  disdplcs,  con- 
uslcd  foi  the  most  pari  of  thcologiail  noiks  Lmiulaled  from  the 
Greek.  From  the  conveiaioa  of  Boris  down  lo  the  Tuikiita 
conqueil  tbe  reUgioDi  character  ptedomlnales,  and  tlw  Influenc* 
of  Bymntine  lilerature  Ii  supreme.  Translations  of  the  gospcli 
and  episllci,  livea  ot  the  lainls.  colletliom  of  sernioni,  c»geiic 
reiigknu  woeks,  tiaulationi  of  Creek  chronicles,  and  misodlania 
Mch  as  the  Stmiit  ot  Si  Sviatoelav,  formed  the  itaple  of  the 
national  lileiatnic.  In  the  lime  of  T^r  Simeon,  bimidl  m 
author,  considerable  titcraiy  activity  prevailed;  among  tbo 
more  remarkable  works  ot  this  period  w*t  the  Sialaitut,  or 
Huameron.  of  John  the  eiarch,  an  account  of  ih«  creaUon.  A 
tittle  later  the  heresy  of  Ihe  Bogomils  gave  nn  impulse  to  contro- 
venial  writing.  The  principal  cbampiani  of  orihodajy  were 
Si  Kosmls  and  the  monk  Alhanas  of  Jcrusalui;  among  tb* 
Bogomils  the  Quiilltmi  of  St  Itan  SegojfoJ.  a  work  conltiining 
I.  description  of  Ihe  be^tming  and  the  end  of  Ihe  worid,  waa 
bcidjn  high  esteem.  Con  tern  poraneously  with  ibe  spread  of  thia 
tcct  n  number  of  apocryphal  works,  based  on  tbe  Scriptun 
DariKtive,  but  embeUisbed  with  Orieniat  hrgends  ot  a  highly 
Imaginative  character,  obtained  great  popnlarity.  Together 
with  thete  religious  writings  works  of  ficiion,  also  of  Oriental 
mighi,  made  tbelt  appeaiantc,  audi  as  tbe  life  ol  Ahiaodei  tbe 
CiBt,  the  itoiy  of  Troy,  Ibe  tales  of  SUfkaHil  ami  Uln^hl  and 
Bartaam  and  Jnapket,  the  latter  founded  on  the  biography  of 
Boddha.  lleie  were  for  tbe  most  paitrtpisductians  or  varia- 
tioiu  of  tlw  fanlaatical  romaoon  which  dtcukted  through 


al  legendi  and  hi 


^  In  tbe  ijlh  century,  under 
ine  /ucu  Qyuaacy.  aumoDUB  nislorical  works  or  chronicles 
Wtepiii)  were  composed.  State  tecords  Diveai  to  have  eiisied, 
bat  none  of  them  have  been  preserved.  Wilh  the  Ottoman  eon- 
ijneslliteniuie  disappeared;  the  manuscripts  became  the  food  ot 
moths  and  worm,  or  fell  a  prey  to  tbe  fanaticism  of  the  Phanaiiol 
clergy.  Tbe  library  of  tht  patriarchsof  Tmovowascommilttd 
to  the  flames  by  the  Greek  metropolilan  Hifarion  lb  iga5. 


y  ud  Mtirkil  taHidii  liii 


».ie  novcb.  Wiih  the  cuxplion  of  Z^IuiU't  Ind  Boiu£e<I'( 
gcolDcical  tmtim  and  conuibuliaiu  by  Cuc(ie9.  PetlmfF.  TaAtS 
■nd  Oninofi  to  VFLmvild'i  fjm  BtUtarini.  no  otliinal  woila  on 
Mtunl  Kitna  kavc  u  yet  b*ni  pnidiicHi;  ■  liln  deinli  ii  apfwnil 
U  tW  bMt  of  pbikwipby,  critliwD  ud  Goe  an,  but  li  ddb  be 

nrnaabtni  thai  tbe  liicrature  iioill '-  '"  '-' '^ ' — 

lolk-Biin  h«vv  been  prrfltnvE  ui  i 
Iboiiili  inlntar  (o  tbe  Servian  in  poetic  imit.  uxy 
■ttutimi.    Smnl  pmodkak  ud  levim*  biv* 
Hlhnatbciiii 


iStSmiik.  ■  IlLemy 


inftxtul  ua  Ih*  Paiedildiili* 


■I91J,  ud  CtUyft  SkI 
balk  wDiki  dI  iSe  GrtI 
Au  (t  buif  d  It  prlt 
Biltenberi.     Dm     f* 


u  iJDp  (London.  ISw 
BiilRaiua  Mlniecryoi  < 
CeoWy:  F.  Toub, 
BWisnn  (ViHoi.  lS« 

i«i."  in  CJL IX.  a 

ta*p,i90t.   HiKDiy:  I 

&:  bsm  i 

Uipcaiki,  (WrmMili 
An*   Bulfflfiat  tidtu 

Aaderay  (Apau,  iBV 
Cmmimiia  (VieniB,  II 

--  ■•  {-ilk  »  ,■ 


Sfrttlu 
iflKsU 

tkm'yaOa  (iJlomin,  TiM)i~w'  C  MoifiH,  A  Sknl  Gi^iUun- 

!fw0k/tonafl  Laiintfrt  (London,  1807);  F.  Vyma^l,  i>£r  JCbfTri 
i>  ^■/vu1lc»(  ^nuk  Icicib  ni^  uWA  n  cKriHiii  (Vieiuu.  IWK). 
LktralDfc:  L^  A.  H.  Dduil,  Cfcatum  *a*a^wirj  bidg^tt  uMiia 
twHh  French  traiBlalion.1,  (Pari.,  1875" A.  Slraun.  iiJ(om(Ji« 
V<ttiiwlH«icm  (iniubiioni  -Ith  1  ini>«  and  nDin).  (Vitn~  and 
Ulpait.  1195)1    Lydi>  Mhhniantw.  Umda  rHitimmi  M^ra 


BULGARIA,  EASTERN^BULGARUS 

(Pun,  itM):  Fnia mad SpMMHkh, Binary ^f  lit Stimli 

bm  (in  Ruwin.  S(  PeunbuTj.  Tin),  (f  rnich  tnnsbtkni.  rvok 

"  '  "  ■'  ~    'nriu  dnKnuIt*  (PUUlHB. 

JlirMw-  '"■-'■ ■-   ■— "- 

SIJ,  V™XJ' 


786 

eaoliliide  it  UouBI  Albea,  n>  >  was\t  •£  iktk  Uttorical  valu*. 

patriot,  tuba  ncala  tbe  ilgna  sf  tbe  BvliuiaD  tium  aad  aaista. 
Iidwiaa  hit  lellow-coinlnnHi  lor  aUoviat  IbeoMelvn  to  be  called 
Cnekn.  wd  deBouncca  iba  ■ibitfaiy  pmndiaga  cf  tba  Fbuanot 
piclaleL  ■naLiltaitiSat'rinfl"if*lScftiiiiMln)AHiaibm 
Ea  aiaiple  and  touchinc  hnpana  tbe  ixmdltinii  of  Buliiula  at  tba 
beginniiia  of  Iba  191b  ccBliiry.  Both  woika  wen  muUB  la  a  iBodl- 
kdlaiiB  (f  tbe  cbuitfa  Shvoaic  Tha  int  t>tinied  mk  la  tba 
vtmacular  apoean  10  li*Tt  bcea  tba  Kjnakaiiamim,  a  maalatna 
U  ■rmona,  aln  Iv  Sofnoa.  published  ia  Itii6.  The  Sorrlan  and 
Cnek  iMumctaoaa  quicfctneJ  tbe  patriotic  KBtliBeBta  of  the  Bol- 
niiaa  lefuMaaad  mcnbanu  in  Ramula,  Beiaanbia  aad  •onthcn 
RuMia.aiidBucbBRat  b«c*ne  ibcceotn  of  ibeir  poUtkal  and  liietBt;( 
activity.    A  modoc  tutov.  v  pitoK  psblialied  M  Knaaiadt  Of 

TnJulationB  of  tba  Co^di,  acbool  leadiat-bonliii  iben  hlai«riea 
and  variou  elemealanr  Inaliie*  M«  ■oiiMied.  Wth  the  niiiltt. 
plicilUHl  of  boolu  cana  tha  movvnanl  lor  ouUiifaing  Bidguiu 
acimK  in  which  tha  bubIc  N«vhyt  RiUld  (ini-iSIO  pUyed  a 
kadinc  part.  He  au  the  ainbnr  nl  the  Gm  Bulfiriu  inniniar 
(ISJS)  and  othir  edocational  n^a.  and  inmluod  Ibe  New  TeMi' 
ment  into  the  (udem  laoniata.  Amoni  lb*  miten  ef  tbe  lltetary 
maiiiaBce  «n  GeoneRBkovdd  (i8iS-iW7).  *  Uaiutk  wriur 
o(  Ihg  alriotic  type.  oEoaa  worla  did  much  loilimulate  1 
wtA.  Uubea  KatavekS  (l>37-lBn).  iourHlin  u>dui« 
Botrf  f  ilt7-iB7«).  lyric  poei,  whoa  oda  on  the  death  ( 


(Peter^baqc,   iMj). 


).  SUpk; 


V  diiEppopoI*  TISl),  iUe»  (SoBa, 

_ _       _      .  I.Btnan]aBdE.J.I»lH(LcMdoB. 

I9M)'  U-  O.  B.) 

■UUAHU,  BUTBRII,  loniMriy  a  pointful  kibtdon  whick 
exiued  Inm  Um  jth  to  Ibe  tjlb  oenluiy  on  tbe  middle  Volcii, 
io  tbe  pccKot  lenluicy  of  the  pcmincei  a{  Sunan,  SimUnk, 

Tlw  vflkse  Bolvui  aou  KaBttt,  aunoundid  by  m 
in  wUcb  Dott  iateniUng  Mthieokicical  £nds  ha 
occupIettbeHUofeaeoltlKdtie* — pcihifia  tbe  opita] — of  that 
extinct  idbfdom.  The  hiMoiy,  rsriU  AJjor,  ujd  to  have  boa 
writira  in  tbe  lath  century  by  an  AnUaa  cadi  o(  the  city 
Bolgati,  hu  001  yet  b«a  diioavcredi  but  the  Aiabiao  hulonana, 
tba  Fodan,  Ibn  Hai&al,  Abul  Hamid  Andaluu,  Abu  Abdallah 
Haniati,  and  Mvetalotbea,  vho  had  viiiled  the  kinfdora,  befia. 
ninf  vitb  tha  loth  cenUuy,  have  left  dcaoiplioBi  ol  it.  The 
Buifan  of  the  Voifa  *cn  of  TuAiih  oii^,  but  nay  ban 
aiaindlated  Finniih  and,  lata,  Slavonian  ctcmenU.  In  the 
5th  century  they  attacked  llw  Rmiiani  in  the  BUdc  Sea  praiiia, 
aad  attenraidt  made  raidt  upon  the  Gmka.  Ingii,  Kbca  Ibeji 
«cn  csnvcMcd  in  Iilam,  Ihn  Fealan  fonnd  them  ool  quit* 
nomadic,  and  already  having  aoma  pemaneDt  letllenMna  and 

AiaUaa  aicMlecti.  Ibn  Duta  found  amoatsl  them  igticuliure 
beiida  cattle  breeding.  Tnde  with  Peisia  and  India,  ts  alio 
with  the  Khaata  and  tbe  Kussiana,  and  undoubLnlly  with 
Siaimia  (Urala),  wu,  however,  Ihcii  cUcf  occupatioii,  their  main 
ikhcabekigfnii,  leather,  wool,  nut*,  wai  and  BO  on.  Afiertbcit 
CDCivenion  10  Uaai  they  began  building  forta,  icviral  o[  which 
arc  mentloBed  in  Runian  aunils.  Tbcii  cbici  town,  Bolgui  at 
Veliki}  Gotod  tCteat  Town>  of  the  RuBian  annab,  wai  often 
laided  by  the  Ruasiaaa.  In  the  ijth  century  It  wa*  conqoend 
by  the  Mongols,  and  became  foi  a  time  tbe  leat  o(  tbe  khans  of 
the  Cddcn  Horde.  In  tbe  accood  half  ol  the  ijlh  oentuiy 
Bol^  became  part  oi  the  KaiaA  kingdom,  loat  [u  commercial 
and  polillcal  importance,  and  wu  anrtcied  la  Riuua  after  the 
fan  of  KazaO.  (P.  A.  K.) 

■ULaARUS,  an  Italian  {unit  of  Ihe  iiih  cenlury,  b«n  at 
Scdogna,  iomeliEiC3  crroncouily  called  Bulgarinua,  which  waa 
pioperiy  the  name  of  a  jurist  of  the  15th  ccntuiy.  He  was  the 
most  celebnted  of  the  funous  "  Four  Doctan  "  of  the  law 
school  of  that  univenily,  and  was  regarded  as  the  Cbrysoslom 
of  the  Glo^wTiten,  being  frequently  designated  by  tbe  title 
oi  tbe"  Golden  Maatb"(DiBiwnm).  Hedied  in  iifie  *.i>.,  at 
a  very  advaood  age.  Foputat  tradition  represents  all  the  Four 
Doclon  (Bulganu,  Maitinui  Cosia,  Hugo  dc  Fona  Ravennate 
and  Jacobua  de  BotagiiM)  aa  pupil)  of  Imcrius  ((.*.),  but  whik 
there  b  no  Inn^ienble  difficulty  in  point  <d  time  in  accepting  this 
tradilion  as  tai  as  re^udsBulgann,  Savlgny  considen  ibc  general 
tradition  inadmissible  aa  regards  tbe  othen.  Uaitinia  Coiia 
ai»d  Bulgaiui  were  ibe  chkfs  of  two  opposite  achooli  at  Bologna, 
eoRcqmndIng  in  many  mpecti  to  tbe  Procnliani  and  Salnniani 
ol  Imperial  Rome,  Martlous  being  at  the  head  of  a  school  which 
acconimodated  the  bw  to  wbat  bu  opponents  itylnl  tbe  ctjuity 
ol"  thepurae  "(iMf>ii(ajhiriiiJM),wbiUtBu]ganii adhered  mon 
doKly  totbeletteroftheUw,  TiieBcboalofBntganiiidtiinatdji 
prevailed,  and  {I  numbered  amonpt  its  adhercnta  Joannes 
Pp**iT"t.  Aeo  and  Accunius,  each  of  whom  in  his  turn  eierdscd 
a  mmmanding  biAuencc  over  the  csaiie  of  kgd  studica  at 
Botogna.  Bulgarua  look  the  leading  part  anKHtgst  Ibe  Four 
Doclon  at  the  diet  ol  Roncagiia  in  1158,  and  was  one  ol  lb« 
must  tiustcd  advisers  of  the  emperor  Frederick  L  His  moat 
celdiiated  worit  is  his  commtBtary  Di  Rtpdit  Jxrii,  which  waa 
at  coe  time  printed  annDgsi  (he  writings  of  Flacentios,  but  baa 
been  pniperiy  reassigned  to  its  Inie  author  by  Cujadus,  upon 
the  inteiiuJ  evidence  cnatained  in  tlic  additions  anncied  to  it, 
which  are  nndoubledly  tram  tba  pen  of  f^acealinna.     This 


BULL,  G.— BULL 


nglhcL'/ibyRotK 


ir>,whicbtslheculiMltiluit  aioitat  itiUDdcn*imtifi( 

trom  the  idiiNl  of  the  Glou-writera,  is,  iccMdinf  td  Savigny,  t, 
modtl  q)edineD  of  Ih«  eioUencc  o[  Ihe  imilliod  inlnidiiced  by 
Ineiiiu,  and  t  itiikiDg  CKSmplc  ol  tbc  brilliut  raulu  whick 
bad  beta  abuioed  in  I  .  ..       • 

Bclusive  ttudy  of  lb« 

BULL.  SBOHOB  li6s*~ino),  Engliih  divloe,  mi  boni  *t 
Welb  on  tin  ijth  ol  Muih  1634,  uid  cduoled  >t  Tiverton 
Khool,  DevDMhire.  He  enUnd  Eutcr  CoUefe,  OtftiRl,  in  1S47, 
hut  tud  to  leave  in  >649iaainjKqiMn«of  hianliotil  to  lake  Ibe 
oath  of  alksLuice  tp  the  CoracDOiiwcalcb.  He  naa  ocduDCd 
privtiely  hy  Bithop  Skinuei  in  1655.  His  (ait  benefice  held  iris 
tlut  of  St  Gcotge'i  Hu  Griitol,  from  Hhidi  he  loBc  lucccuively 
to  be  rector  of  Saddin^ton  in  Glouastcnhire  (i6sE),  prebendary 
dI  Ctoucetur  (|6;S),  *rchdeu»n  of  LlandaS  (16M),  and  in 
1705  biihop  ol  St  David'L  He  died  on  the  i7lh  ol  February 
1710.  During  the  lime  of  the  Commonwealth  he  adhered  la 
the  forms  of  the  Church  of  England,  ar»d  undct  James  IL  preaeb«d 
ttrenuoualy  against  Koman  CatbolidsitL  Hia  vorifs  display 
greatcnidition  and  powerful  thinking.  The  Harm^a  ApKUitica 
(iA7a]iianattempt  to  fihovtbe  fundamental  agreement  between 
the  doctrines  of  Paul  and  James  with  regard  to  justiGcalion. 
The  Dtfuuie  PiiUi  Micaut  (11SS5),  his  gttsiest  Koik,  tries  to 
abow  that  the  doctrine  of  the  Trinity  via  held  hy  Ihe  ante- 
Nicenf  fiihFrs  of  the  church,  and  reiAiia  its  value  ai  a  Ihomugb- 
goisE  cuminttion  of  all  the  peilineni  passages  in  eariy  dnuch 
literature.  The  Judicium  Ealtiiac  CoUmiiac  (1694)  ond 
Frimilita  tl  AptMka  TraJUit  (171s)  won  high  prmise  from 
Bosauet  and  other  French  divines.     Following  on  Bossuet's 

d(  Ihe /Bdiiii™,  fli ■^,    ^        . 

.,  ...J  Clnrch  el  Romt,  » 

The  beil  ediiion  df  Bull'i  works  ii 
Oiford  by,  the  Clarendon  Pim.  u 

The  «<™mM,  iJabbs  and  jBrffiLi 

of  Anglo-Cathdic  Thmloir  (Oxford.  i84i~t$;5). 

BULL,  JOHN  (c,  ijAi-ibiS},  English  composer  and  organist, 
was  bom  in  Someneishire  about  1361.  After  being  organiit 
is  Hereford  cathedral,  be  joined  the  Chapel  Royal  in  1585,  and 
in  the  nut  yeu  became  a  Mas.  Bac  of  OiJord.  In  1591  he  waa 
appointed  arganist  in  Queen  EUiabeth's  chapet  in  succeuion  to 
BEitheman.  Iiom  whom  he  bad  received  his  muiical  education. 
In  1591  be  received  the  degree  of  doctor  of  muaic  at  C^utlnidge 
University^  and  in  I5(r6  he  was  made  music  profesAOf  at 
Cresham  Cidlege,  London.  Aa  he  waa  unable  to  lecture  io  Latin 
according  to  the  loundalian.rulea  of  that  college,  the  uecutDn 
ol  Sir  Thomas  Gresham  nude  a  diipensation  in  his  favour  by 
permitting  him  to  lecture  in  Eoglish.  He  gave  his  first  lecture 
on  the  6tb  of  October  1597.  In  i6ai  Bull  went  abroad.  He 
visited  fiance  and  Germany,  and  was  everywhere  received  with 
the  respect  due  to  his  laicals.  Anlfaony  Woixl  teDs  an  impossible 
•tory  of  how  at  St  Omer  Dr  Bull  peilormcd  Ihe  leat  oi  adding, 
within  a  lew  hours,  forty  parts  to  a  coraposilion  already  written 
In  lotly  part*.  Honourable  employments  were  ofleied  to  faim 
by  various  coniincDtal  princes;  but  ho  declined  them,  and 
relumed  to  England,  wberc  he  was  jpven  the  freedom  ol  the 
Uerdiant  Taylors'  Company  in  1606.  He  played  upoa  >  tmall 
pair  ol  organs  before  King  James  L  on  the  i6tb  of  July  1607, 
in  tiK  hail  of  the  Company,  andfie  seems  ti>  have  bean  appointed 
one  of  the  king's  organisti  in  that  year.  In  the  same  year  he 
Rsicned  his  Creilum  profesaoiship  and  married  Eliiabeth 
Walter.  In  1613  he  again  went  to  the  coniinent  on  account  ol 
his  healtb,  obtaining  a  post  a*  one  of  the  orguiisls  b  the  arch- 
duke's chapel  at  Brussels.  In  1617  b*  wai  appointed  oiganist 
to  the  cathedral  of  Notre  Dame  at  Antwerp,  and  be  died  in  that 
dty  00  the  iitboi  i3tliof  Uuchi6iS.  Little  id  his  music  haa 
been  published,  and  the  opiniotia  of  critia  diSer  much  aa  to  its 
merits  (sec  Cr  WiUibold  Nagel'sCcnUaUt  ^  if  Ntil  in  £BtJ«wl, 
U.  C1397),  p.  i5Si  Ac;  and  Dr  Seiff crt's  CueU^bi  ^  iCIotKr- 
Miiti'i  (iSqi)},  p.  S4.  tic).  Contemponry  wiitcn  speak  In  the 
bi^best  Icmu  of  Bull's  skill  as  a  peiioimei  en  the  organ  and  the 
virginals,  and  there  ia  no  doubt  that  he  contributed  much  to 
il  ol  harpsichord  ausio.    Jan  Swielindi  (i56i.- 


787 


1611},  the  great  organist  et  Amsterdam,  did 

on  composition  aa  oam|dete  witiioat  placing  m  11  a  ciuton  oy 
John  Bull,  and  the  latter  wrote  a  fantaoa  upon  a  fugue  of 
SwIeiincL  For  Iho  ascription  lo  Bull  ol  the  composition  (rf  the 
Britsh  national  antliem,  see  Natiohal  Ahthihs.  Good  modem 
reprints,  t.g.  of  the  FitiwiOiam  Vtrprnd-Bttt,  "  The  King's 
Hunting  Jig,"  and  one  a  two  other  [jeoa,  are  in  the  repertories 
oE  modem  piaoiiu  from  Rutrinatein  onwarda. 

BUU.  QLB  lOBNEIUiai  (1810-1880),  Norwegian  violinist, 
was  boraia  Beigai,  Norway,  on  Ihe  jthol  Fehniary  igio.  At 
first  a  pupil  ol  ibe  violinist  Paulsen,  and  subsequently  self-taught, 
he  waa  intended  for  the  church,  but  failed  in  hia  euminaliont 
in  181B  and  become  a  musician,  diieciing  the  philharmonic  and 
dramatic  sodetiea  at  Bergen.  In  1819  he  went  to  CssmI.  on  a 
visit  10  Spohr,  who  gave  him  no  encouiagement.  He  now  began 
to  study  lav,  but  on  goinE  to  Paris  lie  came  under  the  influence 

He  made  hb  Gist  appeaiascc  in  company  with  Ernst  and  Chopin 
at  a  concert  of  hi*  own  in  Paris  in  1833.  Sucosslu]  toun  in 
Italy  and  Englaiid  followed  soon  allerwards,  and  he  waa  not  long 
in  obtalniag  European  cclebrily  by  his  brilliant  playing  of  Ids 
own  pdece*  and  arrangements.  Mis  first  visit  to  Ihe  United 
Slates  lasted  [ram  1S43  to  184s,  and  on  his  return  to  Norway  he 
formed  a  scheme  for  the  establishment  of  a  Norse  theatre  in 
Beigen;  tUa  became  an  accomplished  fact  in  1S50;  but  in 
consequenoe  of  harassing  business  complications  he  vent  again 
to  America.  During  this  visit  (1852-1857)  bt  bought  I3j,ooo 
acres  in  Totter  cOunty,  Pennsylvania,  Iot  a  Norwegian  colony, 
which  was  [0  have  been  called  Oleana  alter  his  name;  but  hig  title 
turned  out  to  be  fraudulent,  and  the  ttoublcA  he  went  through  in 
conaetion  with  the  uodertidEing  were  enough  to  aSect  hia  health 
very  sctioutly.  though  not  to  hinder  him  lot  long  from  the 
eictdie  of  hii  profession.  Another  attempt  to  found  an  academy 
of  music  in  Christiatua  bad  no  permanent  tUDlt.  In  1836  he 
had  manied  Aleiandiine  Fflide  Villcminot,  the  grand-daughter 
ol  a  lady  to  wltom  be  owed  much  at  the  be^nning  of  his  musical 
career  in  Paris;  she  died  in  1861.  In  1870  he  married  Sara  C. 
Thorpe  of  Wisconsin;  henceforth  be  confined  biaucll  to  the 
career  of  a  violinist.  He  died  at  Lysfl,  near  Bergen,  on  the  17th 
of  August  1880.  CHe  Bull's  "  polacca  guerrieia  "  and  many  ol 
kis  other  violin  plena,  among  tlien  two  concertos,  an  interesting 
to  the  virtiNeo,  ud  Us  fame  rnu  upon  his  prodigious  technique. 
Tbe  memdi  published  by  hia  widow  in  i8S<5  contains  many 
iilusuatioD*  ol  a  career  that  was  eaceptionally  briUimit;  it  i^vca 
a  picture  of  a  ilrong  iDdividnalily,  which  oEus  found  eiptessioB 
in  a  somewhat  boisterous  fam  of  practical  humour. 

There  is  a  fountain  and  {Mrtiail  atatue  to  his  memory  In  the 
Ole  Bulls  Plads  in  Bergen. 

BULLi  (1)  The  maleolanimalsbelonging  to  Ibe  section  Benaa 
ol  the  family  Batidai  (q.v),  particularly  the  uncutralcd  male 
o(thedome*tlcoi(B«(aiiri(i).  (SeeC*rnjt.)  The  word,  which 
is  found  in  M.E.  tibtU.ieUc  (cf.  Ger.  Bulle.  and  Dutch  M  or 
Iml),  ts  also  used  of  the  males  of  other  animals  of  large  slie,  *  {. 
the  elephant,  whale,  &c  The  OK  diminutive  [oim  bnUui, 
meoningoiiginally  ayoungbiill,ai  bull  calf,  survives  in  bullock, 
now  confined  to  a  young  castrated  male  ox  kept  for  slaughter 
tor  heel. 

On  the  London  and  New  York  stock  eidianges  "  bull  "  and 
"  bear  "  are  comhitlve  technical  slang  terms.  A  "  bull  "  is  one 
who  "  buy*  for  a  rise,"  i.t,  he  buys  Hocki  or  securities,  grain  «( 
other  conunodit]e>(*liicb,however,lw  never  intends  lolakevp}, 
in  tbe  hope  tiiat  before  the  date  on  iridch  he  must  lalte  dcBveiy 
he  win  be  obi*  to  mO  the  stocks,  ftc.  at  a  hi^r  price,  tating 
as  a  profit  (In  diScienca  between  Ihi  buying  and  Mliiag  price. 
A"be*I"i*thereveiieaf  a"bu)L"  Be  is  one  who  "  sell*  for  a 
Eall."  u.  he  tens  stock,  lie.,  which  he  does  not  actually  [wssen, 
In  the  hope  of  buying  it  at  a  lower  pric*  before  tiie  time  at  which 
Eie  has  contracted  to  deliver  (see  AccomiT;  Stoci  EnnUMOi). 
The  word  "  bull,"  according  to  Ihe  !tim  EmfliMli  DkHtnaryi  waa 
uted  in  this  sense  as  early  as  the  beginidng  of  the  18th  century. 
The  origin  of  tiie  Die  is  not  known,  though  It  it  tempting  to 
oonnca  il  with  the  fable  of  lbs  irog  bmI  Ihe  bull. 


788 


BULLER,  C— BULLER,  SIR  R.  H. 


I'l  tft  "  h  (pplieil  to  mur  cimitar  ab)<tti, 
LD  the  boo  or  protubctuiu]  Left  ia  the  ccnttv 
of  a  atecl  of  hlDWD  cbn.  TUi  wbeo  cut  otf  wu  ioimcriy  oied 
bi  windon  in  iiDia  lodal  piDo.  The  French  leim  aii  di 
b*%J  11  lucd  of  ■  drtuUr  windoir.  Other  dicular  objects  ta 
wliicb  the  word  ii  applied  ue  tlie  centie  of  i  Urgct  or  ■  ifaot  tint 
bill  the  centnl  divbion  (d  the  target,  ■  plaDO-coDvcx  Ibb  in  ■ 


mirilha 


piece  of  glua  let  mlo  the  drck  or  aide  of  a  ihip,  &c.,  f«  lightini 
tlu  interior,  a  rini-sbiped  block  grooved  round  iIk  outer  edge, 
■Dd  witb  a  bole  llinKi|b  Ibc  ccntn  ihrough  wbicli  a  rope  cu  be 
puced,  and  also  ■  unall  lurid  dond  whidi  JD  Ctriatn  latitude! 
pitusa  ■  burrkane. 

(i)Tbeu»of  the  word"  bull,"  fora  mtbd  binndar,  involvini 
•  sontiidklion  in  temu,  ia  of  doubtful  arigiR.    In  thia  aeoM 
^     '  ^   a  potaibZe  punning  refercnai  to  papeJ  buUi  in 


Milton 


n  Rditi, 


a  Roman  CitholiclL,  i1  ii  a 
FOpe'a  Bulb,  *i  if  be  aluHild  lay  a  univcnal  piitinilar,  >  Calho- 
lick  Khiimatick."  Probably  this  use  nuy  be  triced  to  a  M.E. 
won]  M.  flnt  found  in  the  Curur  Uwufi.  c.  1300.  in  the  sense 
of  falsehood,  Iritktry,  deceit;  Ihe  Afeir  Enfffst  Diaimry  com- 
pares an  O.  Fr,  Imil,  hauU  or  Mi,  in  the  same  lenic.  Allbougfa 
nodem  associstkina  connect  Ihii  type  of  blunder  with  the  Irish, 
possibly  owing  ID  the  ouny  famous  "  bulls  "  allribuled  10  SAt 
Boyle  Roche  (f.t.),  liw  early  quotations  show  thai  in  the  17th 
century,  when  Ihe  meaning  new  attached  to  lite  word  begins, 
BO  special  country  was  credited  with  them. 

<j)  Balla  (Lat  [ol "  bubble  "),  which  gives  ui  amUier  "  buU  " 
lo  Eagliah,  was  the  tetm  used  by  the  RonaDs  for  any  boss  or 
Mod,  such  as  (bcoe  on  doot*,  sword-bdu.  abii'lds  and  boxes. 
It  HM  applied,  however,  mocc  partitultirly  to  an  ornament, 
feneraUy  of  gold,  a  round  or  beut-shapcd  box  cuntaining  an 
■nulct,  NKim  iBspendcd  from  the  neck  by  childcm  of  aoble  birth 
until  Ibey  assuined  the  Ufa  tirUii,  when  it  was  hung  up  and 
dedicated  to  the  bouwbold  goda.  The  cuiUm  of  wearing  the 
baUa.  which  was  ngardcd  as  a  charm  against  sickness  and  Ihc 
tvil  eye,  wu  ol  Eirusciui  origin.  After  the  S«ond  Punic  War 
■U  cliildren  of  &ec  birth  wn«  permitted  10  wear  it;  but  those 
*ho  did  not  belong  to  a  Boble  or  wealthy  family  wen:  laiisfied 
vilh  a  bulla  ol  leather.  Its  use  was  only  |>ennilled  togtowa-up 
men  in  the  case  of  generals  lAxa  cdebnled  a  triumph.  Young 
Srii  (probably  till  Ihe  time  of  thcic  itiuriage),  and  even  favourite 
uinuls.  abo  wore  it  (see  FicorDiu.i!d  BuUni'Ora,  1731;  Yates, 
ArdUaiiiti'^  Jeanal.  vi..  1S19;  viii..  1S51)-  Ii  ecdedastkal 
and  medieval  Lalin,  bulla  denotes  the  seal  of  oval  ordtculu  lom, 
bearing  the  name  and  generally  the  image  of  its  awiMr,  which 
«sa  attached  to  olbcial  documents.  A  metal  hu  used  Instead 
ol  wax  in  Ihc  warm  couotrle*  of  southern  Eumpt.  The  bat- 
kuowB  instances  are  the  papal  InMit,  which  have  given  Ibcit 
Dame  10  the  doaimcnts  (bulb)  to  which  they  ateatlachod.  (See 
DirLDUATic;  Seats;  Cuiia  Rouuia;  GouieH  Bou.) 

BULLBR.  CHARLES  (iScA-iM).  English  poljticisn,  no  of 
Charles  BuUer  (d.  1B4S),  1  oiember  cJ  a  well-known  Cornish 
family  (kc  bekiw},  was  bOnl  in  CakutU  on  the  6th  of  August 
Itlci6i  his  DMilbet.  a  davshtcr  ol  Ccnoal  William  Kirkpiliick, 
was  an  eiceptionatly  talented  womin.  He  waa  educated  at 
Uarrov,  ihen  privately  in  Edinburgh  by  Thomas  Catlyle,  and 
afterwitils  II  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  becoming  a  batiisler 
Ib  iSji.  Before  ihia  dale,  however,  he  had  ncceeded  his  father 
OS  Bwnber  of  patiaaieiU  tor  Weat  Looc:  after  Ibe  pasiing  of 
Ihe  Refersi  Bill  of  1S31  and  the  coAsequent  dtsenfnnchismunt 
of  this  boiough.  be  wu  rttarred  lo  pariiament  by  Ike 


.    Here 


iKcbedin 


tglh  of  November  1S4S,  leaving  behind  him,  ta  Cbailei  Gtcville 
•tya,  "  a  memory  choriahed  lor  his  deli^Ilul  aocial  qiislilie- 
•od  a  vast  credit  for  undeveloped  powers."  An  eager  relcnai 
and  >  friend  ol  John  Stuart  Mill,  Bultor  voted  lor  Ibe  great 
Rcfotn  Bill,  lavourcd  other  pRfiitiaivt  mtasure^  and  pnsided 
ORr  Ihe  committee  on  Ihe  stale  of  tb*  iteards  and  ihe  oni 
pointed  ID  inquire  into  the  atate  of  election  law  in  Irdar 
l8j6.    In  iSjBIhwiiiI  lo  Canada  wilh  Lord  Uushaa  aa  private 


{■IIm  same  year.  After  pnctisiig 
BndcJud(e«dvocate-geneTal  in  rS^ft, 
■'  ''e  poor  law  about  a  year 
was  believed  Ihat  Bulls 
wmte  Lord  Durham's  finoiu  "  Report  on  Ihe  aHairs  of  Briciih 
North  Amoria."  Howmr,  Ihia  Is  now  denied  by  sevenl 
lUtboritiei,  among  tbcB  bdag  Durham's  biographer,  Sluajt  J. 
Reid,  who  mentions  that  Sutler  described  Ihis  slatement  >i  a 
"  groundless  asaerUon  "  In  an  arlide  which  he  wrote  for  the 
EiiHivik  Kaiim.  Nercftheiea  it  is  quite  ponible  ihat  ite 
**  Report "  was  largely  drafted  by  Buller,  and  it  almoal  cerlalnly 
bears  tracea  of  his  ii^uence.  Buller  wsa  a  very  talented  maa, 
willy,  popular  and  generous,  and  Is  dtKiibed  by  Cuiyle  ai 
"  the  gcniolest  radical  1  have  ever  mti."  Among  his  intimate 
Iriendi  were  Ctoie,  Thackeray,  Monckton  Milnci  and  Lady 
Aihburtoa.  A  bust  of  Buller  Is  In  Wettminalei  Abbey,  and 
another  wu  unveiled  at  Liskeard  in  190;.  He  wrote"  A  ^elch 
ol  Lord  Durium'l  minjon  tn  Caiuda,"  which  has  not  beca 

S«  T.  Cartyle,  Xniiucmu  (iMl);  and  S.  J.  Reid,  Lift  sW 
rttert  oj  liH  lU  tarl  1^  Durlum  (1906). 

BUIXBB.  tIB  BBDVBRS  ROIRT  (1830-1908),  Britid 
general,  son  of  James  Wenlworth  Butler,  M.P.,  of  Creditoo. 
Devonshire,  and  the  descendant  of  an  old  Comiah  family,  ht^ 
ealablished  in  Devonshire,  Irachig  ils  ancestry  in  the  female  lino 
lo  Edward  L,  was  bom  in  iSj9,  and  educated  «■  Eton.  He 
entered  the  army  in  iSjS,  and  served  wilh  the  60th  (Kjng*l 
RoyalRiHeelinlheChinacampaignofiSAo.  In  iSrohe became 
caplain,  and  went  on  the  Red  River  expedition,  when  he  was 
'irsi  assodaled  with  Cohinel  (slierwardt  Lord)  Wolseley.  la 
■  ill'l*  he  accompanied  Ihe  latter  In  the  Ashantce  campaiga 
IS  hcsut  of  the  Inlelligence  Department,  and  was  sUgbtly 
Hounded  at  Ihe  battle  of  Oidtbai;  he  waa  mentioned  in  do- 
p^iichcs,  made  a  C.B.,  aiu]  raised  to  the  rank  of  major.  In  1S74 
he  inherited  Ihe  family  eslalca.  In  the  KafEr  Wat  of  1878-^ 
and  the  ZiUu  War  ol  rS?!}  he  waa  conspicuous  as  an  intrepid 
and  popular  leader,  and  acquired  a  repulation  for  coonge  and 
dogged  dclerminib'on.  In  particular  his  conduct  of  Ihe  retreat 
at  Inhlobane  (March  a8,  1879)  drew  altenlion  to  Ibese  qualitjia^ 
and  on  thai  occasion  be  earned  the  V.C.;  he  waa  also  crealed 
C.U.G.  and  made  licutenan|.c«kinet  and  A.D.C.  to  Ibe  quceo. 
In  the  Boer  Waiof  iSSi  he  wa*  Sir  Evelyn  Wood's  duel  <ri  suS, 
and  thus  added  to  his  experience  of  South  African  condilions  of 
warfare.  In  tWi  he  waa  head  of  the  Geld  intelKgence  depart- 
ment in  the  Egyptian  campaign,  and  was  knighted  for  his  ser- 
vices. Two  yeati  later  he  commanded  an  infantry  brigade  in 
■he  Sudan  unde  Sir  Gerald  Graham,  and  was  at  the  baiila  li 
El  Teb  stkI  Tamai,  being  promoted  major.general  for  disiia- 
gushed  lervice.  In  Ihe  Sudan  campaign  of  t8S4'8s  he  was 
Lord  Wolsdey's  chief  of  BtaR,  and  he  was  ^vta  eonmand  tt 
Ihe  dcKTl  column  when  Sir  Herbert  Stewart  was  wounded.  He 
disllnguUied  himself  by  his  conduci  of  Ibe  rotreal  from  Cubat 
to  Gokdiil,  and  by  his  victory  at  Abu  Klea  (Felmiary  16-17), 
and  he  was  created  1L.C.B.  In  iSse  he  was  sent  10  IteUnd  10 
inquiro  isio  Ihe  "  mMnUghting  "  outrages,  and  for  a  short  linw 
he  acted,  as  under-iettelary  for  Irclaiid;  but  lo  rSlj  he  was 
appointed  quorlennastcr'gDneral  at  Ibe  war  oJGce.  From  lAgo 
to  1897  he  held  the  office  of  adjutant  .general,  attaining  Ihc  raah 
of  Ueulenant-gcneral  in  1891,  Al  Ihe  war  office  )tis  energy  uti 
ability  inspired  the  bdief  that  be  was  filled  lor  ibe  highest 
command,  and  in  189s,  mfaeii  Ihe  duke  ti  Cambridge  wat  about 
to  retire,  it  was  well  known  that  Lord  Roaebery's  cabinet  In- 
teaded  to  appoint  Sir  Reitven  as  chief  of  the  suS  ander  a 
scheme  of  recrgat^ialioB  recoBunended  by  Ixrd  Kaitlngloo^ 
cammiaaion.  On  Ibe  ew  of  this  change^  however,  the  govent- 
meol  waa  dereaKd,  and  ils  auccesion  oppoinied  Lord  Wobtky 
to  the  oonuand  mder  the  old  fitle  of  commi  njer-ixhfd.  li 
iSg6  he  was  msrle  a  full  geoeraL 

In  1B9B  he  took  commaad  of  Ihe  Iroop*  at  Aldenbot,  and 
when  the  Boer  War  broki  out  in  iSwhe  was  aelected  lo  command 
Ihe  South  African  Fjeld  Fan*  (tec  TaAMSVaAL),  t^  laukd 


BULLET— BULUEIGHTING 


789 


M  Capa  T«wa  «m  lb*  iiM  ol  OcMbtr.  Owiaf  10  the  Boer 
iDVBUntDi  ol  Ladymilb  aod  ihr  consequiDt  gavixy  of  Ibc 
miJiLuy  liluiiien-  in  N»t*i.  lie  uMipKiHlly  taunicil  thilhcr 
in  order  to  lupcrvjii  ptrMBtUy  tht  aprraiioDt,  bvt  oa  lb«  ijtb 
of  Occembcc  fail  tisl  iiKinpl  la  emu  ibt  TugcU  *t  ColcoM 
(tee  I.*aYEiiiTH)  wu  rrpubtd.  The  (avtniawat,  (Utmeil  u. 
Ibe  iituation  and  ibe  peuimiiiic  lone  ol  Butler's  nauta.  Kot 
oui  Lsrd  Robcru  ID  luptrKde  bin  in  ilw  chief  cDBirund.  Sir 
Redven  bcioi  leU  in  lubordiute  cominuid  of  Ibt  Nilat  locce. 
Hii  Hcmd  itlimpi  la  tctieve  Ladyimilli  (Juiury  10-17) 
pfovctl  ■notbet  (*Uure,  tbe  rauli  el  tbc  openiioni  at  Spjeo 
Kop  (January  i()  cauiinj  cowternation  in  EngUnd.  A  Ibird 
•tteoipt  (Vtilknnu.  February  s-7]  wu  untuocoiful.  but  ibe 
Natal  army  bially  Kcompliibrd  iu  luk  in  tbe  leriei  of  *clian> 
which  cutmiiuled  in  Ibe  vitiory  of  I^etet'i  Hill  and  tbe  icLiif 
ol  Ladyimilh  on  Ibe  iTih  of  February.  Sir  Xcdven  Buller 
remained  in  catnmand  of  the  Nalal  army  lilt  October  1900.  vhen 
be  relurned  10  Englaiid  (being  created  C.C.M.G  ),  bavln(  in  the 
meanwhile  ilowly  done  a  great  deal  a[  hard  mrii  Id  drivfag  ihe 
Boen  from  the  Bigganberf  (May  ij).  FarciBg  Laog'i  Nek 
(June  11),  and  occupying  Lydenbuig  (September  6).  But 
tluDgh  tbne  latter  operatioDi  had  done  much  10  re-ataUiih 
his  reputation  (or  dOOTCd  determination,  and  he  had  oever  lost 
tbe  conbdepce  a(  hli  own  men,  his  capacily  ior  an  important 
command  in  deUcale  and  difficult  operaliou  vai  now  leriouily 
(tiKMiODed,  The  cooliBuance,  therefore,  in  loot  o(  hia  appoint- 
menl  to  tbe  imporunl  Aldenhot  command  met  witta  a  vigoroui 
preai  Cfiticiim,  in  which  the  detailed  objections  uken  to  hi> 
conduct  of  tbe  operationa  before  Ladyamith  (and  particularly 
to  a  meataga  to  Sir  George  Wlute  in  which  be  leriouily  contem- 
plalcd  aod  provided  for  tbe  cootinfency  of  HirnndcT)  were 
given  new  prominencs.  On  tbe  loth  ol  October  igoi,  at  a 
luochcoa  In  London,  Sir  Redven  Buller  made  a  speech  inanawer 

u  placed  on  half-pay  a  few  dayv  later.  F« 
g  yean  ^  his  lile  he  played  an  active  fwn  as  a 
country  geoiIemiD.  uxcpting  in  digai&ed  lileiKe  the  prolonged 
attack!  OB  hi)  failures  is  South  Africa;  anwag  the  public 
generally,  and  panicularly  in  his  awn  cowty.  be  never  lost  hii 
popularity.  He  died  on  tbe  ind  oi  June  i^oS.  He  had  married 
in  iSSi  Lady  Audrey,  daughter  of  ibo4ih  blarqucn  Townsheod, 
who  survived  him  with  one  diugbtec. 

A  Utmtir,  by  Lewis  Butlci,  wu  puUiibsd  Ul  1909. 

BULLET  (Fi.  inltl.  diminutive  of  itnU,  ball).  The  original 
aeaiucgta"  small  ball  "j  has,  since  the  end  ot  Ibt  lOtb  century, 
been  narnmed  down  to  the  special  case  of  the  prajectUe  iBed 
with  small  arrai  «i  all  kitih,  irrtqiectlve  of  its  lixe  at  ihtpe. 
(For  deUiliaaa  AmsNinoN;   Cum;  Rule,  ftc.) 

BOLL-PtOintllO.  Ibe  national  Spanish  spmt.  The  Spanish 
name  Is  taurnai^iiia  (Gt.  nifat,  bull,  and  fiax4i  combat]. 
Combats  with  bub  were  common  in  ancitat  Thetialy  m  well 
as  in  the  amphiihealm  ol  inpeiial  Room  bal  prvbaWy  partwA 
mere  of  the  nature  ol  worrytig  Ihanfigbliog.  like  tbt  ball-boiling 
farmcily  commoB  in  England.  The  Moonet  Airica  abo  ponmad 
a  sport  at  Ihii  kind,  and  it  is  pnbable  that  they  intnduced 
it  into  Andalusia  when  they  conquered  that  ptowincc  It  is 
certain  that  they  Ud  buU-fights  in  the  haU-nuned  Roman 
amphilbcatres  oi  Merida,  Cordova,  Tamgoaa,  lUledo  and 
qtber  places,  and  that  these  coostituied  the  favourite  sport  of 
the  Moorish  chicftaias.  Although  patriotic  tradition  namoi 
tbt  great  Cid  Umitlf  as  the  oRgiial  Spanish  bull-fighlet,  il  is 
probable  that  the  fiial  Spaniard  to  kill  a  bull  in  tbe  arena  was 
Don  Rodrigo  Oiai  de  Vivar,  who  about  1040,  employing  Ihe 
lance.  Which  remained  for  centiuies  Ibe  duel  weapon  med  in 
the  sport,  proved  binsdl  wpeiioi  to  tbe  Oowtt  of  tbe  Uoottib 
knights.  A  q^riled  rivalry  In  the  art  between  tbe  ChiiUiiQ 
and  Uooriib  warrion  refolled,  in  which  even  Ibe  fcingt  of  CaHD* 
and  other  Spaaish  princes  took  an  ardent  uitereit.  AEtes  tbe 
MoBf*  were  driven  from  Spain  by  Ferdinand  11^  buU-figUiog 
coniinned  to  be  Ibe  lavourilc  sport  of  Ihe  anstocncy,  tbe 
method  ol  ligbiing  being  on  honeback  with  the  lance.  At  Ihe 
UnM  o[  the  nf  fi  niiiii  ol  the  houM  of  Auatria  it  bad  bcBOmc  an 


indspensable  accoaory  ol  avery  oourt  hnctioB,  lad  Charles  V. 
ensured  his  popDisrity  with  tbe  people  by  killing  a  bull  with  bia 
own  lance  on  ihe  birthday  of  his  aon,  Philip  IL  Philip  IV. 
is  alio  known  to  have  taken  a  peivmal  part  In  bull-£ghts. 
During  this  period  the  lance  wai  dit^irded  in  favour  of  the 
short  ipcar  frqdKtIto),  and  tbe  leg  armour  still  worn  by  Ihe 
fkadtra  was  introduced.  The  acceiaioB  of  tbe  bouse  of  Bourbon 
witnessed  a  radical  transformalton  in  the  character  of  tbe  buH- 
fighl,  which  the  atii  tocmcy  began  gradually  to  neglect,  adimlling 
to  Ihe  combats  prolessfonat  subordinates  who,  by  the  end  of  tbe 
r7lh  century,  bad  become  the  only  active  participants  in  the 
bull-ring.  The  iirit  great  profemional  tafoda  (i.e.  swordsman, 
the  chief  butf-Ggbier,  who  actually  kills  the  buO)  wis  Francisco 
Romero,  ol  Rooda  in  Andalusia  (about  1700),  who  introduced 
'     ill  used  10  kill  the  buB,  and  Ibe  matiM 


ir  falling 


the  red  Bag  carried  by  tbe  apada  (see  bolow),  the  1 
into  complele  disuse. 

For  the  past  two  centuries  Ibe  artofhun-Bgbllng  has  developed 
gradually  Into  tht  spedadtol  UHlay.  Imilalionsof  IheSpani^ 
bull-fights  have  been  repeatedly  introduced  into  Fmnce  and 
Italy,  but  the  cruelly  of  the  sport  hai  prevented  ill  taking 
firm  root.  In  Portugal  a  kind  of  bull-bailing  Is  practised,  in 
which  neither  man  nor  beast  is  mnch  hurt,  tbe  bulls  having 
■heir  bona  trtincaied  and  padded  and  never  being  UUcd. 
In  Spain  many  vain  attempts  have  been  made  to  abolish  tbe 
■pon.  by  Ferdinand  It.  himself,  instigated  by  bii  wife  Isabella, 
by  Charles  III.,  by  Ferdinand  VI.,  and  by  Charles  IV.;  and 
several  [wpes  placed  in  devoleea  under  the  ban  of  cacommunica- 
tion  with  no  perceptible  ellecl  upon  its  popularity.  Before  tbe 
introduction  of  railways  there  were  comparatively  few  buU- 
linp  {fliaai  dt  Urei)  in  Spain,  hul  these  have  largely  mullif^ied 
in  recent  years,  in  both  Spain  and  Spanish  America.  At  the 
pTtsent  day  neariy  every  larger  town  sad  city  in  Spain  has  its 
fliaa  it  lorn  (about  115  altogether),  built  in  the  fotm  of  tbe 
Roman  circusea  with  an  oval  open  arena  covered  with  »od, 
surrounded  by  a  ■tout  fence  about  6  iL  h«h.  Between  tliii 
and  the  leau  of  the  ipeclaton  is  a  nairow  passage-way,  wkete 
tbow  bull-Gghlcrs  who  are  nnt  at  Ihe  moment  engaged  take 
Ibeir  nations.  The  flatt  de  latoi  are  ol  all  aiies,  from  that 
of  Madrid,  which  balds  more  than  11,000  spectators,  down 
to  those  sealing  tmly  two  or  three  IboDssnd.  Every  bull-ring 
has  its  botpital  for  the  wounded,  and  its  chapel  where  tbe 
Airerai  (bull-£gbters)  receive  the  Holy  EuchaiiiL 

The  bulb  used  for  fighting  are  invariably  of  well-known 
linage  and  aie  reaied  in  special  establishments  {lactdat), 
the  most  celebrated  of  which  ii  naw  that  ol  tbe  duke  of  Veragua 
in  Andalusia.  When  quite  young  they  are  branded  with  ibe 
emblems  of  iheir  owners,  and  later  are  put  to  a  tat  of  Ibeir 
courage,  only  those  tbat  show  a  fighting  spirit  being  trained 
lurtbet.  When  full  grown,  the  health,  colour,  weight,  character 
of  boiDi.  and  action  in  attack  are  all  objects  ol  the  keenest 
obaervtiion  and  atudy.  Tbe  best  bulls  are  worth  fnm  £*a  to 
£60.  About  1300  bulls  an  killed  annually  in  Spain.  Bull- 
fighters ptoper,  moti  of  whom  are  Andalusiana,  consist  of 
tipadti  {oT  m4dadfim)t  bandrriUtrci  anA  ^tcod^Kj,  in  addition  to 
whom  there  are  number*  of  assistants  {ittlei),  driven  and 
other  servants.  For  eadi  bull-fi^t  tun  or  three  afadct  am 
engaged,  each  providing  his  own  quadrille  (caadrilla),  composed 
of  several  baititriBtm  and'  tiaJara.  Sii  hulls  art  usually 
killed  during  one  itrriJa  (hull-Gght),  the  afadu  engaged 
taking  them  in  turn.  The  afada  must  have  passed  througb 
a  trying  novitiale  in  the  art  at  tbe  loysl  school  of  bull-Sgtating, 
afler  which  he  is  given  bis  alUmaiita,  or  liocnce. 

The  btdl-fighl  begins  with  a  grand  entry  of  all  the  buU-Gghieia 
with  afgaactJa,  municipal  officers  ii    ~     '     ~        -----  --^  - 

bead,  toOowed,  in  three  rows,  by 

fludtm,  dtlei  and  tbe  licUy  tapaiiioned  triple  n 

>ncd  lo  drag  from  the  arena  tbe  carcaiaei  of  tbe  stain  bulla  and 

hotsea.  The  greatest  possible  brilliance  of  cnloine  and  accoulic- 

nenta  ii  aimed  at,  and  tbe  picture  presented  ii  one  of  dinting 

oiloar,    Tbe  afadai  and  ten^eritterei  irear  atni  )aAats  and 

imall-clotbea  ol  iaiin  hcUy  cmbroidared  ia  gold  and  illvct,  whb 


790 


BULLFINCH— BULLINGER 


Kgbl  <Uk  U'Bckiap  ind  hccUoi  thoa:  (he  fiadara  (piknwD 
m  honebuk)  ibukUj'  veu-  TCUow.  *wl  thai  Icfi  m  cndoKd 
in  Med  innoui  govcihI  vitb  kathtr  *>  *  pRiteciiiRi  lauiiil  tbt 
botfly  of  ihe  buQ. 

The  G^(  u  divided  inlo  three  divoioni  (meriu).    When  the 
opening  pracoHOa  h»  puted  nund  the  unu  iho  president 
<rf  the  cornda,  utiully  M>tat  penon  o(  nnk,  tlirovs  down  lo  one 
ol  Ihe  s/fHii'ci  [he  key  tolheUrif,  oibuU-alli.    Asxnnastbc 
lupeniuincnnes  hive  leCt  Ihe  ring,  ind  the  fiaitris,  nniuiled 
upon  btindfolded  hDTTa  in  wretched  omditiiHi^  hive  iiken  Ihcjr 
plAcei  igainal  (he  bAtner,  the  door  of  the  lorU  a  opened,  and 
Ihe  bull,  vhjdl  lut  b»n  faded  into  fury  by  the  aflUinf  to  his 
tluulder  of  (n  ima  pin  mih  ureamen  of  ihe  coloun  of  his 
breeikt  «Hiched,  enter*  the  ring.    Then  begioi  (be  ntrit  di 
fkar,  or  diviiion  ^  Uodng.     The  buU  U  once  iiUcki  ihe 
nuHuiied  tka^ira.  ripping  up  snd  wonnding  the  hona,  otIeD 
ID  the  point  of  romplele  disembowel menl.    As  the  bull  iliackl 
the  bote,  the  piudvr,  who  ii  enned  vith  m  Bhort-poinied,  Uout 
pike  liairacka).  ihnuii  ihii  inlo  the  buU'i  bach  wiih  >U  hii  (cKce, 
with  Ihe  uiuil  muji  ihii  ibc  buU  (unB  iu  iiimiim  to  uolher 
fUodar     Not  infrequently,  howevec.  the  nuh  of  ibe  bull  ind 
ibe  blow  dealt  10  the  bone  is  of  lucb  force  u  to  ovtrlbnw  both 
■nlnul  and  rider,  but  the  lider  ii  uiuiUy  racutd  fmni  danger 
by  tbcfAii/aiandta-itfertUiriii,  who.  bynKaniof  ihdrredctoalu 
U-afci),  divert  the  bull  fivm  the  fillHi  fiautar,  who  either 
euapei  Inrni  (he  ring  or  DOusU  X  froh  hone.    The  number 
of  bona  kilted  in  lUt  nunoei  i*  one  of  the  chief  features  of 
the  Ggbl,  a  bull's  piowen  being  rHkoned  Kcordingly     About 
6000  hones  ue  killed  every  year  in  Spain.    At  the  sound  of  a 
trumpet  (be  fitadortt  relite  fiora  ihe  ring,  the  dead  hones  are 
dragged  out,  and  Ihe  second  divi&on  of  ihe  fight.  iIk  stunt  dt 
tanderiUrar,  or  plinling  the  darts^  begfru.    The  banderiUos  are 
barbed  dart)  aboui  iS  lo.  long,  ornamented  with  coloured  paper, 
me  being  hdd  in  each  hand  of  tfie  buU-bghtcr,  who.  standing 
so  or  30  yda.  fnxn  IfK  bull,  draws  itsaltcntion  10  him  by  means 
of  violent  gestures-    As  the  bull  charges,  the  banderiiirrff  steps 
nmards  him.  daterously  plants  both  darts  in  the  beast's  neck, 
■nd  diawi  aiide  in  the  nick  of  time  to  avoid  its  boms.    Four 
pain  of  bdvUriUai  ire  planted  in  this  way,  rendering  ibe  bull 
mad  with  rage  and  pain.    Should  ihe  animal  ptwe  of  a  cowardly 
nature  and  refuse  10  attack  tefWIledly.  tBudrriOai  dt  furf  (Sit) 
are  used.    These  are  fumisbed  with  (uhninaltug  cncken,  which 
eiplode  with  icrriGc  noise  as  the  bnll  camrs  about  the  ring. 
Daring  this  divisian  numerous  manoeuvrei  an  tamctima  in- 
dulged in  bx  tbe  purpose  of  (iring  (he  bull  out,  such  as  leaping 
between  bis  boms,  vaulting  over  his  back  with  (he  tairpika  a* 
he  chaiges,  and  invidng  his  rushes  by  means  of  elibonu  Bauat- 
inp  of  the  doak  {fwln,  fiaurishes). 

Ano[her  (rum|>c(-adl  gives  the  ^gnal  for  (he  final  division  ot 
Ik  b^,  (be  nartt  dt  maUr  (killing).    This  is  carried  out  by 
the  ei^ii^  aJoQC,  hit  atsisunts  being  pceseni  only  in  tbe  case  of 
emergency  or  to  get  the  bull  back  10  the  pioper  pari  of  the  ring, 
should  he  boll  to  a  distance.   Theofoifa,  takinghitsundbefore 
the  boa  of  the*pRiideilt,  holdi  aloft  in  hla  leil  hand  swon' 
■■■Ua  aad  in  his  right  hi*  hat,-and  in  set  phrases  formally 
'dadiatci<frMe)  the  death  ol  (he  baU  to  Ibe  president  or  tome 
oiher  penonage  of  rank,  GnUiInc  by  Uating  his  bat  behind  bis 
back  and  pcocnlinc  buehouied  to  the  work  of  killing  (he  bidL 
TUi  is  a  pcactB  acoqiapnded  by  nnch  formality.   Ihe  afada, 
.......  iiwokI  with  a  heavy  flat  blade,  brings 

ant  of  paae*  with  thi 
a  thon  staS,  and  tbei 
le  Uinitt,  d<£vefed  through  the 
ad  and  downward  inlo  the  heart, 
le.  reqniiing  long  practice  as  well 
■a  great  nitunl  dcMathy,  and  vcfy  Ireqiwnlly  f  tib  of  i(i  objec(, 
iha  kiUng  of  (be  bull  often  requiiiag  iepea(td  (hniitt.  Tbe 
•Itoke  (eilacdda}  it  unially  given  t  wtlafil  (half  running),  (he 
~e  (hriist  while  stepping  forward,  tbe  bull 


Riaiivw.  Tbe  dead  beast  it  then  dragged  oui  of  the  mg  by  (he 
triplcmnle-team,  while  Ihe  ci^oWd  nukes  a  lour  of  honour,  beii^ 
accUinjed,  in  the  case  of  a  favourite,  with  the  most  ciUivagint 

liasm.   The  ring  is  then  inked  over,  a  second  bvU  is  ialro. 

.  and  the  spectacle  begins  anew.     Upon  great  a 


lied  upon  sieeds  of  good  breed  and  condition. 

They  lie  armed  with  sharp  lances,  with  which  Ibey  essay  to  kill 

bid]  while  protecting  Ihemselves  and  their  steeds  frona  his 

horas.    A*  the  buOi  in  Iheae  encounlen  have  do(  been  weakened 

of  the  genllemen  figfalos  are  rcmukahle  tor  pluck  and 

See  Monlin.  Oritn  y  Prrpru  Jrhi  Fitilai  di  Ttm:  Bcdoya's 
HiUwria  dd  T*tt:  J.  S.  Lonno.  Maauf  dt  ronmuua  fSrvilk. 
iSAi) ;  A.  Chapman  and  W.  T.  Back,  WM  Sfaim  (Lmdmi,  iDa}. 
BDUnwai  (Pyrrtiia  nfforu),  (be  ancient  English  namt 
ven  (0  a  bird  Mooging  to  (he  family  FiiHfiBidai  (see  FiMCB), 
^  a  bliush'grey  and  black  colour  above,  and  goicnlly  of  a  bright 
le~red  beneaib,  the  female  dilFcring  ddefly  in  having  its  luader- 
irts  cbocolale-biawn.  It  is  a  Ay  bod,  HH  amodBling  Hi(k 
o(her  specia,  and  fiequenu  well-vooded  ditiritis.  being  very 


in  the  u 


I  style  is 


iposed  of  twigs  lined  wilh  fibrous  roola,  on  low  trees  or 
thick  undenvood,  only  a  few  feel  from  Ibe  ground,  Mid  lays  four 
'  eggs  of  a  bluith-w  hi  te  colour  speckled  and  streaked  with 
purple.  The  young  remain  with  their  parents  during  autuma 
Twinter,  and  pair  in  spring,  no!  building  their  n^^  however, 
M17.  In  spring  and  summer  they  feed  oB  Ihe  buds  of  trees 
I  bushes,  choosing,  it  is  said,  auch  only  as  eooiaia  (be  incipicsl 
Bom,  and  ihus  doing  Immense  hijuiy  (0  orchards  and  ganleni. 
iniumn  and  winter  tliey  Feed  principally  on  w3d  fniiti  and 
leedL  Tbenoieof  the  bullfinch,  hi  tbe  wild  state,  bwfi  and 
laant,  but  so  hiw  as  scarcely  to  be  audit" 
irever,  great  powen  of  imilalion,  and  consii 

I  can  thus  be  taugbl  10  whistle  a  variety  of  to 
very  abundant  in  tlie  forests  of  Germany,  and  it  is  ttiov  that 

II  of  the  piping  buUfincbcs  are  trained.  They  are  lau^t 
continnouaty  for  nine  monliu,  and  the  lesoon  is  repealed  throiigti< 

moulting,  as  during  Itut  change  tlK  yotmg  tiirds  arw 
I  all  that  ibey  have  previously  aci^red.  The  boD- 
itive  of  (he  northern  counln'es  of  Europe,  occuinii( 
olher  seulbcm  parts  only  ts  a  winter  visitn.  White 
L-irieiies  are  occasionally  met  with;  tlie  latter  bib 
often  prodBCed  by  (ceding  the  bullfinch  eadnsivcjy  oa  bcmp- 
seed,  when  its  ptunvtge  gradui^ly  changes  (o  black.  It  nitiy 
breeds  in  can£nei»en(,  and  hybrids  between  it  and  the  canary 
liave  tieen  produced  on  but  few  occssioia. 

BOUl  a  (own  of  Camden  county.  New  SotKh  Wales,  Aus- 
(ralit,  S9  m.  by  rail  S.  of  Sydney.  Fop.  (1901)  >;oo.  It  is  (he 
beadquitten  of  tlie  Bidli  Mining  Company,  whcae  coal-mine 
on  tbe  Sank  of  the  IDanm  Mountains  It  worked  by  a  inimel, 
I  m.  long,  driven  into  the  faeaut  of  iIk  mounuin.  From  thi* 
(unnd  (Im  coil  is  coBvcyed  by  rail  for  li  a.  (o  a  pier,  wheiue 
l(  la  shipped  (o  Sydney.  Helbourae  and  Brubane  by  ■  flee[  ol 
s(e>m  ceUieis.  The  beautiful  BulU  Pass,  1000  ft.  above  the  K>. 
otet  tbe  lUawBira  range,  i)  one  of  (Ik  moM  Bt(nctivc  tooiBt 
lesorts  in  Ausualia. 

■DLUmBH.  BBtnUCB  (15D4-IS7S).  Swisa  lefonner.  lOH 
of  Dean  Heinridi  BuDinger  by  hit  wife  Anna  (Wederkehr),  was 
bom  at  Bnmgarlen,  Aargau,  on  the  iSth  ot  July  tjot.  He 
studied  at  Cmmerich  and  Cologne,  where  (he  (eaching  of  Peter 
Lombard  led  him,  through  Augustine  and  ChiytostoD,  to  fint- 
hand  t(u^  of  the  Bibls.  Next  the  writbgt  of  Luther  and 
Hdanchttun  appealed  to  him.  Appointed  teacher  (151*)  in 
Ih*  tloister  Ecbnil  of  Cappcl,  he  lectured  on  MdinchUion'a  £«i3 
CnuniKi  (r  jtr).  He  beard  Zwingli  at  Zarich  In  1517,  andocit 
year  acetnnpanicd  him  10  the  dtspuiatiun  at  Bern*,  lie  wras 
nade  pastor  of  Biemgarlcn  in  rjig,  and  martied  Anna  Adlltcfa- 
>eik(,  a  nun,  by  wfaom  be  had  deven  chltdini.   Altec  (he  battle 


BULLION— BULL  RUN 


79' 


of  CippH  (I  rtt  of  Octobci  isjil.  in  >liicli  Zwingli  fdl,  be  left 
Bremgancn.  On  Ihe  fllh  ot  December  1531  he  wu  cboKD  to 
■ucceed  Zwiijgli  u  cbkf  pulai  of  ZUricfa.  A  atrong  writer  ud 
Lhiaker,  his  Bpirit  WAt  FsenliaUy  unifying  aiid  ■ympathetfc, 
in  an  age  *beii  th«&e  qtulitiefl  won  li:Ue  lympithy.  His  contro 
venieson  tbe  Lord ^3  Supper  wfth  Ldiher,  and  hia  correqwixleace 
viih  Lelio  Sotini  (Kt  Socinub),  nhibii,  in  diDercni  lonneiions, 
bi'a  adminble  mtltule  of  dignity  Bod  undemen.  WiLh  CtJvin 
be  concluded  (iMv)  'be  Ceiuenims  Tiftriau!  on  the  Lord's 
Supper.  The  (lecond)  HelvElic  Cooieukiii  (isM>)  idopted  in 
Switzerfind,  Hunguy.  Bobemuk  uid  eltewhrn.  <R)  bit  work. 
The  volumei  of  Ihc  Zaridi  UUoi.  pubUsbed  by  tbe  Pirker 
Society,  teUify  to  hit  uiSufnce  on  the  Engbih  rEfonnuion  in 
liter  Uigci.  Many  of  his  wrmons  were  innalated  into  En^idi 
(reprinted,  4  rob,,  1849).  Hia  works,  niinly  eiposHory  did 
potemiul,  hiie  not  been  collecled.  He  died  il  ZUiich  on  Ihe 
IVIh  of  September  1575. 

Sec  Cari  Pniiloni,  Ulm  (tBMI;  lUgn  ChriMoffel.  B.  BnUimtn 
(■«75):  Jiwiu  Heer.  ia  \iaxk:tSialt*tyUtpiiti  [1S97)-  (A.  Co. 'J 

BULUOH,  ■  teng  applied  to  the  gdd  and  lilicr  of  tbe  mlno 
brcpugbt  to  a  itandard  of  purity-  The  word  appean  in  an 
Engb'sfa  act  ol  I]]6  in  tha  French  lonn  "  puiuen  lauvement 
potter  k  lea  achangta  ou  bullion  .  .  .  argent  en  plate,  vend 
d'argent,  &c."i  and  appareolly  tl  ia  connected  with  beuUlau, 
tbe  aense  of "  boiling  "  being  iranalerred  in  Engiiah  10  the  mell- 
tng  of  metal,  ad  that  iiiJIiini  In  the  puage  quoted  meant 
"  meltiDg-boine"  or  "mint."  The  fint  Kconled  inaiantt  of 
the  u»  of  the  word  (or  pndoua  mnil  *a  auch  in  the  maaa  is 
in  an  scI  of  t4;i.  From  ibe  uae  of  gold  and  lilver  aa  a  tnedinoi 
of  eichangc.  il  foUoved  that  they  ibould  appioiiDiale  in  all 
nation*  to  a  connnoo  degrti  o(  flnencs',  and  thou^  litis  is  not 
uniform  even  in  coio).  yet  Ibe  pnponion  of  alloy  in  ailvet,  and 
ol  carat!  alloy  10  carats  fine  in  gold,  haa  been  reduced  to  ia- 
finllniRial  diBtrences  in  Ihe  bullion  of  commerce,  and  is  a  prime 
element  of  value  even  in  gold  and  atlver  plate,  jewelry,  and 
other  articles  of  minufactuie.  Bullion,  whether  in  the  form  ol 
coins,  or  of  bara  and  Ingots  alamped,  ia  subject,  ua  general  rule 
ol  tbe  London  tnailut,  not  only  to  weight  bat  to  assay,  and 
receives  a  corresponding  value. 

BULU>(%  WILUAH  (c.  ifi57-c.  1740),  Entfiah  actor,  "ol 
great  glee  and  much  comic  vivacity,"  wai  the  original  OiKber 
in  Farquhar'i  CmMul  Cmflt  {16^).  Boniface  In  Tke  BtaKi" 
Slralagtm  (1707).  and  Sir  Francis  Counall  in  Pavener'i  iir^iil 
WiftU?'?)-  Hepliyedat  all  tbe  London  IbeBtrcs  of  his  lime, 
and  in  tbe  summer  at  a  booth  at  Bartholomew  Fair  He  had 
three  sona,  all  aclors,  of  wbom  tbe  eldest  was  (Ttiristopher 
BuUock  (c,  >Aqvi7I4).  who  at  Drury  Lane,  the  Haymarket  and 
Lincoln'a  Inn  Fields  diqilaycd  "  a  considerable  vtrsatility  of 
talent."  Chrislophn  created  a  few  original  parts  in  comedies 
and  farces  of  which  be  was  the  antbor  or  adapter:— .4  Wsman'i 
Rangt  (T71S):  Slifi;  Aibenlwa  ef  Hal)  an  Hnr  (1716): 
Tke  Cebbia  of  PreHim;  Weman-i  a  Riibae;  Tkt  Pajartr  {nn) . 
and  Tlu  Trailsr (tjiB). 

BULLROAItn,  Ibe  En^ish  name  for  an  instrument  made 
of  a  imall  flat  alip  of  wood,  through  a  hole  in  one  end  of  which 
a  siring  11  paoed;  soung  round  rapidly  it  makes  a  booming, 
humming  noise.  Though  tnaled  aa  a  toy  by  £uiopeanI.  Ihe 
bullnMter  haa  had  the  highest  mystic  sigaibcancs  and  sanctity 
among  primitive  people.  This  is  notaUy  Ihe  case  in  Australia, 
where  it  figures  in  the  Initiation  ccTcmonica  and  iaicgardedwitb 
Ihe  utmost  awe  by  the  "  blacklellows."  Tbeir  bullroams.  01 
sacred  "  lunduns,"  are  ol  two  lypes,  tbe  "  gtandfaiher  "  or 
"  man  lundan."  diitingtiiahed  by  its  deep  tone,  and  Iht "  woman 
tundun."  which,  being  smaller,  gives  forth  a  weaker,  shriller 
note.     Women  or  girh,  and  boys  before  initiation,  arc  never 


ilnaily  woisfaipped  ai  the  god  IibBBrif.  ^^  auictlty  ol  th« 
rlliDarer  has  bsn  sbo#n  to  be  very  widespread.  There  is  no 
lubt  that  Ibe  rhombus  (Gr.  titifim)  which  was  whiried  at  ih« 
reek  mysteries  was  one.    Among  North  American  Indians  it 

meets  was  led  by  a  priest  who  whirled  a  buliroarer.  Tha 
strumcnt  has  been  traced  among  the  Tusayan,  Apacbe  and 
Navaho  Indians  (J.  G.  Bourke,  A'indli  AniiuiU  Rtftrl  of  Btream 
■  '  icr.ffibul..  1843),  among  tbe  KiBkimo  of  British  Columbia 
loss,  "  Social  Organization,  be,  of  Ihe  KwakiutI  Indiana," 
Rtpert  el  Ike  UJ.  Natieial  Mtanm  for  iSgj),  and  in  CeDInl 
BraaiL  In  New  Guinea,  in  some  of  tbe  Islands  of  the  Tom* 
Stnits  (nbcTt  it  is  swung  as  a  Bshing-charmi,  in  Ceylon  (wher* 
ised  at  a  toy  and  figures  as  a  sacred  instrument  at  Buddhist 
als),  and  in  Sumalra  (wberc  it  l>  used  to  induce  the  demons 
try  oB  the  soul  of  a  woman,  asd  so  drive  her  mad),  Lh* 


le  Ibe  voice  of  tbe  "  Cttal 


of  Sums 


lie  (foami  be 


■rOli. 


leMini 


renowned  (of 


[.  Culm  and  tf] 


See  A.  Lang. 

Dai  Sdntirrlitlt „,  . 

Ua:  and  in  itic  Jcun.  Anlir^ 

Kakr  Foik-Lon:  A.   B,   EIH;.   ..     .. 

R.  C.  Codrinitoo,  Tlu  l/elanauau  (■» 

BDIX  BUN,  a  small  stream  of  Vlrgii 


I   tfdl   <TflS4); 

imTTa.  C.  t 

■op.  Imta.  «>., 


ras*  :  I.  D.  E.  Sthmellt 
--    Haddon.  r*t  Sluiy  rf  ' 

,i«9o:C.  M.  C.Tficaf. 
Spahnf  PnpUs  (1894)1 

U.S.A.,  which  gave  the 
FO  famous  battles  in  the  American  Civil  War. 
(0  The  first  baltlc  of  Bull  Run  (caUcd  by  the  Confcdciatet 
Manassas)  was  loughl  on  tbe  list  of  July  1S61  between  the 
Jnion  forces  under  Brigadiei-Ccncral  Irvin  McI>owcD  and  the 
::onfcderatcs  under  General  Joseph  E.  Johnston.  Both  armiea 
incd.    After  a  slight  action 


battle.    The  Q 


It  Black 


ig  Bull  Run,  guarding 
all  the  passages  from  the  Stone  Bridge  down  10  the  railway 
bridge.  UcDowcll's  forces  rcndeivoused  around  CentieviUe, 
and  bolb  commanders,  jcnjible  of  the  temper  of  their  troops, 
planned  a  battle  for  Ibe  iiat.  On  his  part  McDowell  oideied 
one  ol  his  four  divisions  to  attack  the  Stone  Bridge,  two  to  mak* 


the  buDroaier's  hum  is  t 

Spirit,"  and  on  bearing  i 

bullioam  Is  preserved  io  the  British  Museum,  and  travellen  it 

Africa  slate  thai  it  is  known  and  held  sacred  there.    Thus  amoui 

tbe  Egba  tribe  of  the  Voruba  race  tbe  supposed  "  Vnct  of  Oro,' 

thtit  |od  of  vengeance,  la  produced  by  a  bnUtnartr,  wUcb  k> 


■  turning  moveownt  via  Sudley  Sprinp,  Ihe  remaining  division 
(partly  composed  of  regular  troops)  was  to  be  in  reserve  and  to 
walcb  the  lower  lords.  The  local  Conlederale  commander. 
Brigsdier-GeDeial  P  C  T  Beauregard,  had  also  intended  to 
advance,  and  General  Johnston,  who  arrived  by  rail  on  the 
evening  of  the  »tb  with  Ibe  greuet  part  of  a  trttb  amy,  and 
now  assumed  command  ol  the  whole  force,  approved  an  oSensive 
movement  against  CenlrcviUe  lor  the  iisl;  but  orders  mi*, 
carried,  and  the  Federal  attack  opened  before  Ibe  movement 
had  begun.  Johnston  and  Beauregard  then  decided  to  fight  a 
defensive  battle,  and  hurried  up  Iroc^  to  support  the  single 
brigade  of  Evans  which  held  theStoneBridge.  Thus  there  was  no 
seriouslightingaLIhe  lower  lordsofBullRun  throughout  the  day. 
The  Federal  stad  was  equally  incipenenced,  and  the  divisAoS 


rt  witii  muiy  mmKeury 

Bppejred  before  Ihi  Stone  Bridge,  iKe  turning  movenwnl  wis 
bx  oo  rneMUt  veil  ulvuced.  Evuii  had  time  to  chinge  positioD 
to  ai  lo  MiinDUDd  both  the  Slone  Bridge  and  Sudley  Spriogi, 
ud  be  was  promptly  (upporled  by  the  brigades  of  Bee,  Bartow 
and  T.  J.  Jackson.    Aboui  ^]o  the  leading  Federal  brigade 

Bee  and  Bartow  bad  been  driven  o9  the  Matihewi  hill  in  con- 
siderable oHilusion.  Bnt  on  tbe  Heniy  House  hill  Jackson's 
brigade  Hood,  as  Qeneial  Bee  (lid  (0  his  men, "  like  asione  wall," 
and  the  defendcn  nUied,  tbough  (he  Fedenl*  mie  continually 
Rinforced.  Tbe  figbtlng  on  the  Henry  Houu  [nil  was  very 
tevcie,  but  McDowell,  who  dared  not  bait  in  R-torm  hjsentbiui- 
■lUc  voluniecis,  continued  to  attack.  About  i.jo  rJi.  be 
bn^ught  up  two  regolar  batteries  lo  the  fighting  line;  but  a 
Confederate  regiment,  being  mistaken  for  iricndly  troops  and 
allowed  to  approach,  silenced  tbe  guns  by  doic  tiSe  fire,  and 

limes,  the  Fedenl  attack  made  no  further  headway.  At  1.4; 
more  of  Beaurtgard'i  lioopi  bad  come  up;  Jackson's  brigade 
charged  witb  tbe  bayonet,  and  at  (h«  same  time  the  Federals- 
were  assailed  iD  Sank  by  Ihe  last  brigades  ol  Johnston's  army, 


gave  way  at 


,  and  eonstioua  that  the  day  wi 


er  one  rally  melted  away  slgwly  to  Ihe 
«t  regulars  atone  keeping  iheir  order.  But  when,  at  the  defde 
o[  the  Cub  Run,  Ihey  came  under  shell  lite  tbe  retreat  became  a 
panic  llighl  10  the  rolomac.  Tbe  viciots  were  too  much  ci- 
baustcd  to  pursue,  and  the  U.S.  regulars  nl  Ihe  reserve  division 
formed  a  ilrong  and  steady  teargustd.  The  losses  were — 
Federals.  1E96  men  out  ol  about  18,500  cngagedj  Conledcraits, 
I«aimenautotiS,ooo. 

()]  Tbe  operations  of  the  last  days  o!  August  tSAi,  which 
include  tbe  second  haltle  of  Bull  Run  (second  Manassas),  arc 
amongst  tbe  nwst  complicated  of  the  war.  At  Ihe  outset  Ihe 
Coslcderate  genetal  Lee'i  army  {Longstnet's  and  Jackson's 
corps)  lay  on  Ihe  Rappahannock,  faced  by  the  Federal  Army 
of  Virginia  under  Major.General  John  Pope,  wbkh  wis  to  be 
reinforced  by  troops  from  McClellan's  anny  to  a  total  strength 
of  1 50.000  men  as  against  Lee's  £o,Qoa  Want  of  supplies  soon 
farced  Lee  to  move,  though  not  to  retreat,  and  his  phin  lor 
attacking  Pope  was  one  of  Ihe  mostdarlngin  all  military  history. 
Jackson  with  half  the  anay  wi*  despatched  on  a  wide  turning 
mai^inent  which  was  to  bring  him  via  Salem  and  Tboioughiaie 
Cap  to  Uanaaas  Junction  in  Pope's  tear;  when  Jackson's  task 
*u  accomplished  Lee  and  I^ngitrRt  were  lo  follow  bjm  by  ihe 
ume  route.    Early  on  ihe  )5Ih  of  August  Jackson  began  his 

ircb  round  ibt  right  of  Pope's  army;  on  the  rttb  tbe  coluinn 


passed  Tboioagbli 
Fopc'l  rear,  wai  reaeni 
menl  drove  a  Federal 
17  Ih  Ihe  Immense  aui 
On  hii  tide  Pope  bad  tooi 


ectly  i 

same  evening,  while  a  delach- 
n  ManasBU  Junction.  On  the 
1  the  Junction  weie  destroyed, 
iveTed  Jackson's  departure,  aiul 
:  attack  on  Longstrcel.    When. 


however,  tbe  direction  of  Jackim' 
became  clear.  Pope  fell  back  in  aider  to  engage  him,  at  the  same 
time  oidering  bis  army  to  concentrate  on  Warrenton,  Grccnwieb 
and  Gainesville.  He  was  now  largely  reinforced.  On  tbe 
evening  of  the  >7lh  oat  ol  Us  divisioDs,  marching  lo  iu  poinl  of 
concentration,  met  ■  dlviiioa  of  Jackson's  corps,  near  Brisloe 
Station;  after  a  sharp  fighl  tbe  Coalederate  general,  Ewdl, 
retired  on  Manassas.  Pope  now  realiied  that  he  had  Jackson's 
eoips  in  front  of  him  at  Ihe  Junction,  and  at  once  took  steps  to 
attack  Manauas  with  all  lusfsma.  He  drew  o9  even  ibecorp« 
at  GainesriQe  lor  his  Inlendeil  battle  of  the  iSth;  McDowell. 
boweTer.ititcmmaoder.OBhlsovnrespoQsibilily.  led  Rickelts'i 
(fivisToB  at  Tboraugfafar*  Cap,  But  Pi^'i  blow  was  ttnick  in 
the  ait.  When  he  arrived  at  Manauss  on  the  iStb  be  found 
nolUng  but  the  ruins  of  bl*  magaaines,  and  OM  of  McDowell's 
drislons  [King's)  marching  from  GalnciviUe  on  Maaanai 
JanctioD  met  JacksoB'a  tnfancry  near  CrovctOB.    The  situation 


had  again  changed  completely.    Jackson  had  no  iatcnlna  ol 


n  position  b 


ic  Feden 


await  toe  irrLval  of  Longslreel,  who.  uklng  tbe  same  route  ■• 
Jackson  had  done,  arriveil  on  tbe  iSlh  at  Tbonwghlare  Cap 
and,  engaging  Rickctts's  division,  finally  drove  it  back  to 
Gameiville-  On  tiie  evening  of  tiiis  day  Jackaon'a  co'ipa  held 
the  tine  Sudley  Sprinp-Croveton,  his  right  wing  neat  Gimretoa 
opposing  King's  division;  and  Idngstreet  beltl  Thoroughfare 
Gap.  fadng  Ricketts  at  Gainesville.  On  Ricketli'a  ri^  wu 
King  near  Groveion.  and  tbe  tine  wu  continued  Ihencc  by 
McDowell'sremaining  division  and  by  Sigel's  corps  to  IheSloae 
Bridge.  AtCentreville,7n.i«ay,wasPopewiihlhreediviaion*, 
»  fourth  was  north^asiol  Uaniisas  Juntlign,  and  Porter's  onepi 
at  Biistoe  Station.  Thus,  while  Rick< 
vlUe  to  mask  Longstrcel,  Pope  couli 

a  retreat  to  Ihe  Cap.  But  a  series  of  misundentandinga  Rsallcd 
in  the  withdrawal  of  RIcketli  and  King,  as  that  notUsg  ikow 
intervened  between  Longstrcel  and  Jackson;  while  Sigel  aad 
McDowell's  other  division  alone  remained  to  ficc  Jackjon  unlU 
such  time  as  Pope  could  bring  up  tbe  rest  of  his  scattered  fenxa. 
Jackson  rww  closed  on  bis  left  and  prepared  for  battle,  and  on 
tbe  morning  of  tbe  a«lh  Ihe  Confederates,  posted  behind  a  bi^ 
railway  embankment,  repelled  two  sharp  attacks  made  by  Sigd. 
Pope  arrived  at  noon  with  Ihe  divisions  from  Ctallcvllle.  which, 
led  by  Ihe  general  himself  and  by  Reno  and  Hooker,  two  of  the 
bravrat  o&cers  in  the  Union  army,  made  a  third  and  moil 
despeiate  attack  on  Jackson's  line.  Tbe  lillce,  repulsing  it 
witb  difBculiy.  carried  iiacounter.siioke  too  lac  and  was  in  uim 
repulsed  by  Graver's  brigade  ol  Hooker's  dtvision.  Graver  then 
made  a  lounh  assault,  but  was  driven  back  with  lerrihle  losa. 
The  last  aiaauli.  gallantly  delivered  by  two  divlsiORs  under 
Kearny  and  Steven*,  drove  the  Confederate  left  out  of  iit 
position;  bul  a  Confcdente  counter'ailack,  led  by  the  brave 
Jubal  Eatly,  diidodged  the  asaailinu  witb  the  bayonet. 

In  tha  meanwhile  cvesits  had  taken  place  near  Grovecaai 
which  were,  for  twenty  years  alter  the  war,  tbe  tubjecl  of 
coninveny  and  rcciiminatiop  (set  Poain,  Fir-John).  When 
Porter's  and  part  of  McDoweU'i  eoip*.  acting  on  vsiioua  ordeia 
sent  by  Pope,  ai^noachal  Gtinetville  from  tbe  louth^ui, 
Longsireet  had  already  retched  tbtl  place,  and  tbe  Ftdenls 
thus  encauniaed  a  force  ol  unknown  atrength  at  the  BUBMnt 
when  Sigcfs  guns  to  Ihe  northward  ihawcd  him  to  be  doady 
engaged  wilb  Jackson.  The  two  generals  (onsulied,  and 
UcDowdl  marched  oS  to  join  Sigd,  while  Porter  remained  to 
hold  tbe  new  enemy  in  check.  In  this  be  succeeded;  Longltnel. 
though  iar  superior  in  numbers,  made  m  forward  move,  and  his 
advanced  guard  akuie  ciDe  into  action.  On  tbe  nlgbi  of  the 
mth  Lae  reunited  the  wings  of  his  anuy  on  Ihe  field  of  battle. 
He  had  forced  Pope  bade  many  mile*  from  the  Bivpafaanoock. 
and  expecting  that  the  Fedtrall  would  retire  Id  tbe  lue  ol  Bull 
Run  before  ghilng  battle,  he  now  decided  lo  wait  (or  tbe  last 
divisions  of  Lonptreet's  corps,  which  were  still  distant.  But 
Pope,  slill  sanguine,  ordered  a  "  general  punuit  "  ol  Jackson 
for  Ihe  joih.  There  was  lorae  grtniod  lot  his  suppositions,  for 
Jackson  had  retired  a  short  distance  and  Longstrcct's  advanced 
guild  bad  also  fallen  back.  UcDowdl.  however,  who  was  in 
general  charge  of  Ihe  Federal  right  00  tbe  30th,  soon  saw  ihai 
Jackson  was  not  relrealing  and  stopped  the  "  punuit."  atKl  the 
attack  on  Jackson's  right,  which  Pope  bad  ocdeied  Poner  la 
make,  was  repulsed  by  Loagslteet's  overwhelming  fotcei.  Thea 
Lee's  whole  line,  4  m,  long,  made  its  grand  counler-stroke 
(4  F.H.).  There  was  now  no  heaitatian  in  Longilreel'i  allack; 
U»  Federal  left  was  driven  successively  from  every  poulioa 
it  took  up.  and  Longitreet  finally  captured  Bald  Hill.  Jackson. 
though  opposed  by  the  greater  pin  ol  Pope's  lorn*,  advanced 
to  Ihe  Maiibtws  hill,  and  bia  arlilleTy  threatened  tbe  Stone 
Bridge.  Tbe  Fedetals.  driven  back  to  ibc  banks  of  Bull  Run, 
'the  Henry fJooic  hill 


bx  U 


a  ol  II 


BULLY— BULOW,  PRINCE 


793 


IS  nuDd  U*  Mil  >i^t,  ud  illo  tha  tctioitef 
ChutlUy  (nt  «f  S^iteoibBr)  tba  irbota  Fodenl  uny  Ml  lack 
te  WuhteiMD.  tba  Union  fona  pmcnt  w>  the  field  co  the- 
atih  ud  jotb  aumbcnd  about  6j,eeo,  the  itienftli  of  Lce^ 
umy  belDi  «d  the  bbw  datea  abont  54,0001  Beridti  thdr 
killed  and  maraded  the  Fcdmla  loet  voy  beavilr  ia.  pduoan. 
BDUY  Id  uowrtaiu  oigiii,  but  pOMihlr  onaected  with  a 
TeuioDiE  lind  wen  in  nany  eupaunb^  at  the  Low  Gsr. 
MIpjuoh,  meaolns  "  ooiq'  ";  tht  vocd  baa  alM^  nilh  Ibm 
peob*bilit<r,  been  derived  Iran  the  Dutch  iw'iUd  Ga.BiiU*, 
4  lovet),  oisioany  a  fine,  twiaerinc  fellew,  al  In  "Bolly 
B«tiooi"  ia<4  Jtytumia Nitliei Drmm,h*a laombetiiist 

h  by  01- 

B  who 


BOUV.  BBMIHABB  BBMIT  VOH  (i8is-ilfft}>  Danbh  aod 
Quman  rtaMamin,  «aa  the  aoa  ol  Adolf  tcs  fiUnr,  a  Saaiah 
•ffidd,  »d  ma  bofB  at  Cbnu  in  Hobldn  on  the  and  of  Atquat 
1S15.  He  uudiod  la*  at  the  vrnvenitiei  of  Berilii,  OMti^ni 
■Bd  KU,  and  b^anhii  politiol  canai  in  the  Hniot  c<  Danmaek, 


asdafucmaklnthelaMitDoace.  IniiUihebecaBiaoouDdller 
of  kgation.  and  In  i&n  DanWi  <*anl  rf-q^Mm  hi  tha  Maaie 
loDBi,  whwe  Ui  inmoaBK  nfth  the  roeRhaat  pftecai  fed  to 
hil  TTTf'Brr  in  184S  vith  >  mdthy  heirf,  Looba  Wctoiina 
ROckai.  When  the  innunction  bnfee  ont  In  tltt  Elbe  dodda 
(iHat)  be  left  the  Danleh  Kivtea,  and  oOcrcd  Ua  loniua  to  the 
pm*iiB»al  fo'  -    ..   . 


pUotioni  of  the  Sdikn>ic-iloktd>  Qntttifia.  Wth  the 
■adical  "  Eider-Dane  "  pacQr  he  «aa  ntlcily  ant  of  aynpathyj 
and  iriHO,  in  lUi,  tbii  patty  lahicd  the  nppei  hand,  he  vaa 


■oiuMuke  ol  McckltnbuivStiditi,  and 
of  the  tiud-ducal  govcnunent  until  i86t, 
ItleaipoMntiBiy  bit  the  two  Meckkobnrg  dnddei  in  the  eooBcU 
el  the  C«cmBB  Coofederation  (BoDdearat),  when  he  dledngniafcad 


•Sain,  and  Craot  tfait  tiaie  till  his  death  he  «ai  the  chantdlor^ 
■not  fsitlilul  banchnuiL  la  1S75  be  waa  appointtil  riiiniiii 
pltoipoloatiuy  in  the  Bundcstati  In  iSn  he  bemm  Bimiaick'i 
lieulennnlin  ihaeamtaiydtiplorfoidgnaflaiii  of  the  Empire; 
and  in  1S78  he  waa,  with  Biunaick  and  Hoheakihe,  Pioniaa 

sa  d)e  »«h  of  Octobm  lijg,  Ui  end  betas  haatcned  by  Ua 


VON  <iS49-  ),  Genua  atateman,  waa  born  on  the  3rd  of 
Uayiaw,atSIeIn-F1oubeck,iDHolatein.  The  BOlow  family  is 
one  nty  widdjr  (stended  b  noith  Geimany,  and  many  memben 
have  attained  distinction  in  the  dvil  and  military  service  of 
PnuuB.DeRmaikandMcckleabuig.  PnnceBUloir'Egnat-iuidB, 
Kcinrich  von  BCiIdw,  Tho  vta  diilinsulihed  for  his  admintion 
of  Bn^lend  and  En^iah  institutions,  was  Fmssifln  ambas- 
•ador  In  England  [mm  1S17  to  1S40,  and  maniid  a  daughter 
o(  WBhelm  von  Humboldt  (ice  the  letters  of  Cabrielle  von 
Illllow).    ICsrather,  BemhaidEnuC  vonBUlow,  iiiepuatdy 


fitaco  BUow  nmt  not  b«  cobAhbI  wKh  Ua  a 
Otto  V.  BDlow  (ibr-igei),  an  oSdal  In  tha  Pruaaun  foreisa 
office,  who  In  i8Ss  wn  tppotnted  GermiD  tavoy  at  Bern,  Iron 
1891  to  1B9S  wiB  Prauian  envoy  to  the  Vatkin,  and  died  at 
Some  00  the  iind  of  November  1901. 

Bemhaid  Km  BUlow,  after  lervtng  In  the  I^nco-Piunian 
War,  entend  the  Praalan  civil  service,  and  waa  then  tnulcmd 
to  the  £[ilomatlc  aervlce.  In  it]6  he  waa  appointed  attachl 
to  the  Gmnan  embasQr  in  Parii,  and  after  returning  for  a  while 
to  the  fonign  office  at  Berlin,  became  second  secretary  to  the 
anbaiay  in  Paib  in  tMo.  From  1S84  he  was  first  secretary  to 
the  emhaasy  at  St  Petenbuif,  and  acted  as  ikarti  iTtgainsi 
in  iSSS  be  was  appointed  envoy  at  Bucharest,  aod  in  r&f  J  to  the 
post  of  GBmanainbusador  at  Borne.  lo  iSg7,  on  the  retirement 
of  Baron  hfarshaS  von  Bieberttein,  be  waa  i4>pointed  lecretaiy 
of  atite  for  foniga  aflain  (tho  same  office  which  his  father  had 
held)  under  Prince  Hobenlohe,  with  a  seat  in  the  Prussian 
ministry.  The  appotncment  caused  much  surprise  kt  the  tinu^ 
"  BOlnw  waa  little  known  outaid*  diplomatic  Cireles.    Tbf 


would  enraie  the  mafailaunce  of  tha  B 

cUefly  rtaponsible 
tor  carrying  OM  the  policy  of  ctJonial  eipanaton  with  which 

"'"  ■"'  " '"*  "  ■       'T,  and  In  1S99,  on  bringing 

_      Itiona  by  which  the  Cardine 

by  Germany,  he  waa  raised  to  tbe  rank  of 

On  the  resignation  of  Hohenlohe  tn  rijoo  he  waa  chosoi 


, ._  the  poaillon  occupied 

byUanrck.  "ThaGennai^ol  WillJamIL,''itaaId,  "doeinot 
admit  a  Titan  in  the  pcaition  of  tbh^hoR  offidal  of  the  Empire. 
A  cantlona  and  versatile  d^ilomatiat  like  Bemhard  von  BOIow 
appeais-to  be. best  adapted  to  the  penosal  and  poUticil 
nectisltlf  of  the  present  aitnation.''  Coant  Balov,  indeed, 
thoo^  IftftBtanaitlb  ■  "  realitt,"  ntHitarian  and  opportunist  In 
Us  poHcy,  laadeBO  ethut  to  emqlata  the  masterful  independence 
ol  tlM  gitat  chancdor.  Be  waa  accused,  indeed,  of  being  liltla 
more  £an  0>e  comphceot  erecntoe  of  the  emperor'i  will,  and 
defended  Umell  tn  the  Reichstag  agalnit  tbe  chuge.  Tbe 
iobetance  of  the  relatloas  between  the  emperor  and  falmseU,  he 
declared,  reeled  on  mntnal  good-iHII,  and  added:  "  I  mnat.lay 
It  down  meet  emphatically  that  the  prerogative  of  the  empeior^ 
penmdinitiativemnstnotbecBTtailed,  and  will  not  be  curtailed. 
by  any  chancelloe.  ...  As  rtsards  tbe  cluncdlsr.  however, 
I  ny  that  no  b^ieria]  dumceDaT  worthy  of  the  luune  •  •  .would 
late  qi  any  posllian  wMch  in  Ui  cmucience  he  did  not  regard 
asjoitiSabla.'*  Itiiclearthattbepoaltlraofaduncellorhalding 
these  vlewi  In  iclatlon  to  a  nilet  to  masterful  and  so  impulsive 
as  tlie  empeira  WUIiam  IL  eould  be  no  easy  one;  and  Bfllow^ 
long  ooMJmunce  in  office  f»  the  best  proof  of  bis  genius.  IBs 
&st  con^Amons  act  as  dtauoUor  was  a  mutecly  defence  in 
the  Reichstag  o<  German  action  In  CUna,  a  defence  which  was. 
indeed,  leadmed  easier  by  the  fact  that  Piince  HobenliAe  bad— 
to  use  his  own  word*—''  dug  a  canal "  for  tbe  flood  of  hnpetfiil 

fist"apMch.  Sndi inddenit aa this, however, thoni^ they aerved 
to  exhiUt  ooasoiDmate  tact  and  dl|riamatic  afclD,  ^ve  Hllle 
Index  to  the  lundamental  charactet  of  hia  work  aa  dtanceBon 
Of  this  it  may  be  said,  m  geoaral,  that  h  carried  on  the  beat 

tradiiiona  of  the  Pnistian  service  in  iriiole-hearted  devotion  t« 
the  interests  of  the  state.  Ihe  sccusatioD  tliat  be  was  an 
"agTajian''he  thought  it  necessary  to  rebnt  in  a  speedidcllverMl 
on  Che  i8th  of  Fehruaiy  i»o6  to  the  German  Handelstag.  El 
was  an  agr&rian,  he  dedared.  In  ao  far  as  he  came  of  a  land* 
owning  family,  and  was  interested  fai  the  pioVKTity  of  agriculture; 


79* 


BULOW,  D.  a 


d  induitiy  iKHaudit  Ztitaut.  f^-  »,  iKt). 
Some  credit  for  Uw  unnKBM  miUiiil  Wfmfcm  of  Oomui)' 

dcvotioa.  Jhii  wu  gciuinniily  ruagDiud  by  tlis  anptiot  in 
« Ittlet  pubUcIf  tddiMud  to  tha  cbaiiccUor  on  the  nM  cf  H*y 
lpoe,immedbiUlyBflcrthcii«Mrof  tbeFiDwccBilL  "I*ia 
l^ly  ouudom,"  it  on,  "  of  tlv  couplciwuB  ihue  in  tbe  inltla- 
tlm  ud  RkliatioB  of  thii  voik  of  Mfoim  .  .  .  wUA  mnat  be 
Majbed  lo  the  itfttemudike  >LiU  ud  eiireeiiiftiiin  devotioa 
with  whidi  you  have  awducled  end  pnoMrted  theae  ndtuu 
ialwun."  Kiuaoun  lud  friHB  tinu  lo  tisw  lieen  ilfeaf  >  "  duu- 
ttUoc  cxt^"  ud  Balaw'4  ditmiMii  in  the  AriJMr  Ta^tlaU 
ihii  lettei  wu  oompved  to  the  "Naml"  irith  wldch  i^  od- 
perar  WilUun  L  ktd  nplkd  to  ffisnlldt'i  proOned  itrifoatioB. 

On  the  eth  of  June  i«05  Const  Bole*  ni  miKd  to  ^  nuh 
of  pnnce  (AtrjOi  on  the  occeeios  of  tbe  muiiage  ol  the  asm 
prince,  TheaiisddeaoeofthiiditewiththeUlofU.Ddauef, 
the  FRSch  miaiMet  tor  fotasa  iBiia—*  triumph  tai  Genn*ny 
■nd  a  '■"mi"'"'"  (ot  FnuKe— tru  much  eonmieDUd  en  at  the 
tima(iec7ihgriiiM>.Jalie;,i90j}iuulthedevalicinot  Bmoiuck 
10  the  lauk  of  piiiKe  in  tlw  EUll  of  Uiiran  at  Vcntillee  vu 
teciUed.  Whatever  element  of  tivth  then  nay  have  been  in  thii, 
bovcm.  tlw  ^tnlficaBGe  ot  tbe  Inddent  vn  much  caatpnted. 

On  the  5th  <>l  Apta  1906,  nbaiB  attcndins  •  debate  in  the 
Eckhitog,  Prince  BOlow  wai  (died  irilh  iHiirw.  the  neslt  ol 
overmirk  and  an  attack  of  inSneBn,  andmacanitd  imcoBidaiU' 
tnnn  the  balL  At  Gtit  it  vat  thou^t  that  the  attack  maid  be' 
fatal,  lad  Laid  Fitunaurice  in  the  Hoate  of  Lotdi  OHnpand  tha 
iiKJHm*  "^'^  *^"*  ^  ****'  ^^*'^  ^  ni«*ti*>*_  ■  jft^rt[tf^*wf  tm*** 
appndated  In  Ccnoaay.  The  JUncw,  Iwwever,  qidck^  took  b 
fBV0uial>le  tuni,  and  after  a  mODtli'i  nat  thedancdiaiinaahle 
~  ~  •.  InigorPifnceBIIIewiaiBadetlKiBfaJect 
lid,  lAicb  lecdved  mote  ■tfcmtV"  than  It 
deeerved  became  it  adadded  with  the  Hanlai-Ualtks  ecaulib; 
h^  chaiactci  na.  hairever,coinpletely  irindicated,and  tha  lilidlei, 
a  jounulift  named  Biand,  leedved  a  term  of  in^nbuuinait. 

Tilt  padianKBtaqr  i^  of  Piincc  BBlow  in  hokUiit  tofcthct 
the  betecogeneoiu  donenta  ot  wUdt  the  ■overament  maferiqr 
fai  the  Rcidutng  vu  tempoied,  no  leu  than  the  d^ilomatic  tact 
wiih  which  ho  fnnn  time  lo  time  "  interpieled  "  the  Imperial 
Indiliietioiu  to  the  mrld,  *u  put  lo  a  nide  teM  by  the  famam 
"  fnloviair "  with  the  Ceimui  emperor,  publiihed  in  the  London 
Doily  Tdipafk  of  the  iSIb  of  October  ivoS  (eee  Wnjlui  U, 
German  empeioi),  xhich  aiouied  lulverul  lepiohatloa  in 
Ccnnuy.  Princa  Bdlow  aMumcd  the  of5dai  le^Mnnhili^, 
a»l  tendered  hi*  lEdfoation  to  the  emperoi,  vUch  vat  not 
accepted;  but  the  diancdioc'i  eaplaaation  in  the  Kddmag 
en  the  iMh  ol  November  dtowed  how  keenly  he  fdl  hit 
poeilion.  .  Ho  dedated  .hit  conviction'  that  tlia  diiaitiotB 
leaolu  of  the  interview  would  "  induce  the  emperor  in  futnie 
to  obasve  that  itrict  reserve,  even  In  pdvata  convcnaliDoa, 
whldi  ii  equally  indi^ieuabk  in  the  intenat  ot  a  nsifoiia 
policy  and  hx  the  antiiority  of  tha  cniwn,"  addln)  that,  in  the 
contrary  caee,  ndths  he  tmr  any  incctatin  of  hit  eoald  iiinmf 
tbempoBBbnity(rhtI'BiKi,NoT.ii,igo8,p.9).  ThaattinMk 
ot  tlieeiiq>crot  flowed  that  he  had  talun  the  leson  to  heart.  It 
waa  not  the  imperial  iikditCTetloni,  but  tha  effect  of  hli  budpt 
prtipntali  in  breaking  ap  the  liberal-Ctviiervailw  blot 
vhoae  lupport  be  depended  in  the  Kridntac,  that  ment 
dmve  Prince  BUow  freni  office  (lee  GcaMAMY:  Biatary). 
the  ecqteror't  lequcit  he  lemalnad  to  pilot  tha  mntilttad  bud^ 
through  the  Houk;  but  on  tbe  14th  of  July  igog  the  accep 
of  big  ndgnation  waa  aimonnoed. 

Prince  BDk>w  married,  on  tbe  gtb  of  January  iS3£,  Uula 


Mep-daoghtcr  of  tbe  II 
See  r  Pmdn.  &<>/ BAtiwi  Ibte  wtK  vtanAan  StBi^M  M 

$iiatt  PaliMi  [txipiis.  190J). 


fradma  iddier  and  mmtaiy  witl«r,  and  brolher  at  Gsienl 
CanntP.W.Bldow,«nte(tdtfaePnadanlnnyfaiTT3'  Kootiiia 
woik  piDved  dinaiMtuI  to  Urn,  and  be  laad  witb  avidity  tlw 
workiof  Ibe  dwvaUoFtbid  and  other  thaoietictfwritai  oa 
wu,aBdo(RaDMeaik  After  ilxt«enycui'Hf«lce  be  IcttPrutda, 
and  endeavoured  without  iu  ..... 


glan  lo  the  United  Sutea,  iridch  proved  a  complete  faitan. 
After  tUtfociomeyauiheBHlde'aptKaiialnli'dnff  b  BmHd 
by  lilaiaiy  woric,  but  bit  dri>ta  aacunilated,  and  it  *at  vudo 
peat  ditadvanlafn  that  te  pradwad  hia  GUN  dn  JTeavaa 
KriitftfdoM  (Hamboif,  1J9W  and  D»  nUmit  rtee  (Btriia, 
1801).  lllilniiHiifiiiniliiywniiliijiimnl  ■■iamlnillia|iiii<alnl. 


In  all  Ut  mnbiea,  fnaOy  Wt  UaL  After  wanderlqi  to  Ftwos 
and  the  trnaUer  German  ttatei,  be  rtqipeaTad  at  Bcdin  In  1804, 
where  be  wrote  a  iwdiedadiliaa  at  Ut  GWtfdM  tftaww  JCrivv 
jyMau  (Htmbmi,  iSoj),  Ldn^t  At  N*»wt»  fbkii  <BeAD, 
1I05I,  GtnHctM  Ja  Primat  HdmiA  ant  r*mam  (BcdiB, 
1I05),  JV«M  rsMl  d<r  Jrawr*  «i<  >i(  j«At  mOt  (Ldpril,  i8os>, 
and  Dw  AMnrf  ttof  (Lc^)^  ito*).  B*  ako  .edited,  witb 
G.  H.  von  Behienborrt  <i7J3-i8i4)  and  otbol,  Aimtim  it 
KiUftt  (Bedin;  iSo6).  Tktae  brilliaiit  but  uwaAodoi  warfca, 

nbatdly  tobe 


n<90lltai 


and  tbe  mordant  iBKwm  of  a  dte^ipototed  man,  brMfht  opott 
BOlow  tbe  omlqr  of  tbe  oficftl  duaea  and  of  Ibe  gDnamcnl. 
He  waa  arrcated  at  Intane,  but  medical  onmlnaliaD  pcwnd  bim 
tane  and  be  wat  then  lodgHl  aa  a  piiMMr  In  Colberg,  whoa  h« 
waa  banbly  tivated,  tboagh  Cnaiaeam  obtained  ioibb  nitiga- 

diedin  pdnoat  Risi  In  iSo7,^ofaa1ily  la  a  naultof  DttrEtlmcBt 
.  In  BOtow^wiitiosi  there  ItevideM  a  dlitlBctcoQirut  between 
tbe  vUt  of  hb  itrMetfctl  and  that  of  Ut  tacHcal  Idoaa.  Aaa 
tnalegbtXhedaimedtobotbeCnt  ofHrate^U)  ha  ladocei 
to  madwoatlcal  ruka,tbe  practice  of  tbe  great  pmenh  of  tha 

itaocM^  AtttaetametimehepRifeaeettbuUaayatenptovidea 
wodtag  ruiea  for  the  ttmiel  of  Ul  vwa  day,  wlUdi  in  petal  «( 
tact  VMO  "  armed  nations,"  inPrtft^ly  mon  affocttd  Ivy  "  friC' 
tfcrn"  than  the  anall  dynatlic  and  ptofeatfonal  amka  <(  tha 
prccediagact.  'Sfllowmay tberatorabacooBderedatalorafav 
botardoimKlnthedomtlnalMiat^y.  Wth  more  jnKlGe  ba 
baa  been  tt)4cd  tlK  "  father  of  modem  tactfo."  Ha  waa  tha 
fint  to  recogniK  that  tbe  oonditlont  of  fwitt  and  decMvt  war 
bnu^t  about  by  tbe  Frcndi  Rswtullan  Involved  wbolfr  new 

European  warfare  of  tbe  igib  ceMury.  Hit  aa^  traUog  bad 
■bown  Um  m«elr  the  peduuic  ■)<mM(w  <d  Rndetld^  me^oA, 
and,  In  the  abtoioe  ot  ai^  troopa  capaUe  ot  Uluitnling  tbe 
real  lineai  tactiea,  he  betaioa  an  eulluiBaUic  tupporter  i  the 


*•"!  "'■*"■  covered  by  ikinnlahera.  Batdea,  he  maintained,  vca 
won  by  Alrmiihera.  "  We  mint  aiganiie  diuidBr,"  be  said; 
indeed,  'Oroy  argument  of  writoa  ot  tha  tnodeni  "  Ateodcd 
orda  "  tchool  it  to  be  found  muaalit  auMaaJfa  in  Bolirw,  wfaoae 
ayilem  acquired  great  prumlaeact  In  view  of  the  mechaniol 
fraprovementt  in  amaaent.  But  hia  tictlo,  like  hit  Mrategy, 
were  vhialcd  by  the  ahtence  of  "  friction,"  and  thdr  dEpendencc 
on  the  tcaliatioo  of  an  tDuUalnable  ttandard  at  hiaveiy. 

Sea  von  Voai.  H.  m  Balew  (KUn.  1S06);  P.  voa  Bokiw.  rami- 
K«lKitAre.Ml4w{Beriln,itu)i  B"  -  "-'—  •--'-  •-■- 
PiOFKtt  V.  MJ*w.  abo  VawwUc  "- 

"*      ■      0:  ed-vooBaloi 

'■dirtllm  im  Htinr. 

by  Fnibcfr  v.  Mierbcimh  in 


BULOW,  F.  W.— BULSTRODE 


79S 


•ii«ijc*^B«ii,-m1.  ui.  pp.  IIU-3I4S  iHunicS.  iBoi);  General  von 
ClnuoMtf  (IrawL  -von  Dont),  D—^ef—M  pf  Stntitial  Sa')- " 
(LMldaa,I90C).(^  ' 
-" FBO 

itlh  el  ¥tbmMir  ITSS.  at  EUkeabai  In  tha  Altauk;  fan 
lb*  ddv  bcMhn  of  tbe  ionsoiiic-  He  nodnd  ui  (snlKni 
MbcMloB,  umI  cnttnd  the  Traadui  unijr  In  ijtS,  hmiming 
oaiga  is  ittj,  ud  ncoDd  llcDteuat  In  itTS-  ^  '■"■^  P"* 
la  tlis  "PottM  Wu"«l  1778,  vid  )ufa«eqiiaiUy  devDlcd  him- 
•cUlatlMttadl'iiU'pnfaiienuidciflbeKkBOnuHlait*.  Ha 
«u  thmat^M  Ui  IUb  dtvottd  10  mmic,  Ui  pmt  nwlcil 
■biEt^  bnt«fai|  him  M  the  Dodot  oi  Ficdukk  WilUtn  IL,  aud 

ol  BtrUn.  Ht  did  Dot,  bovem,  neglact  hk  mllltur  aUdin, 
aod  Id  I7V1  ha  wai  BMie  nOitaiy  butnctM  to  tha  yoBBC  pifeca 
trala  FddlDiiid,  bsGODdi*  at  the  MUc  tiu  tnU  captaio.  Ha 
tsc^  part  Id  tbi  capyalgDi  of  1791-9J-94  oB  (he  ShbM,  and 
Nohrad  far  rignal  onirag*  dariDg  Ibc  *k|e  oI  Halni  ths  onlu 

......._. 'jotothanDkotmajor.    AlMtUiha 

t  SsJdao.  Id  iSoi  ha  nankd  tha 
WT,  aod  in  the  blWlDf  rcarhe  bemme 
'  'ig  at  Soldan  whh  hb  eaipa.  Tha 
it  hia  biMher  Dktihl  affected  bl* 
bappiocM  M  ndl  le  hb  faitiiiiB.  "nalMaottmofhiiUdUieu 
«u  (gUowcd  fei  iSbA  b7  the  diMh  of  hb  oft,  and  a  fratber 
none  of  dbappatDtmcDt  n*  the  odailaa  of  U>  RVbDCDt  facoB 
the Md anr  a«Dt  Bgi^Dst  I^idnii in  ilot.  OWdbaMenof 
the  ouqialgn  anoMd  lib  eneiiiea.  Be  M  acellail  Mcviia 
■Oder  LaMocq'a  ceonaDd  ia  the  Utter  pert  oI  tha  «ai,  vaa 
wotDidad  ta  anioB,  aod  Inal^  dcaiiDated  foe  a  biiffHlB  oaouaDd 
Id  Bidder^  fMca.  In  itoS  he  manled  the  ditei  ^  hb  Gnt  *i[e. 
a  giri  of  ri^iwaa.  Ha  *aa  mada  a  Dnjorgenenl  in  the  ame 
Id  ha  devolKi  hinoeU  wbtOy  to  the  n- 
..  ne  tateaaltjr  of  hb  patiMlnB  duew 
a  with  Bllldier  and  kd  to  hb  tcnpa>aiT 
nti  Id  1811,  hovevcr,  he  ml  agala  aafieytd.  Id  the 
trtUdl  days  pfcceding  the  Wu  of  LibentioB  ha  kqn  hb  tnopa 
ta  hand  witbom  committing  hfaaelf  to  any  Inavoeable  step'DDtil 
ihededilonwaaDiade.  On  the  i4lh  of  Match  iSij  be  vaa  nade 
a  IbnttBant-gneiaL  Be  fooght  agafatt  OodiDot  hi  defcDce  of 
B«rfln(iee" 


a  victory  vlilcb  ma  attii- 
b  liMlenhb.  A  little  ' 
riti,iriikh(i>Ttht     ' 

..    „      >D  by  punly  PmAii  lonia, 

and  rendand  BOIow^popoiaiity  almoat  eqiul  to  thit  of  BlndieT. 
Bnlow'e  cotpi  filayed  a  coo^iicixnu  part  In  tbe  ISnal  ovetthioir 
of  MLpoteOD  at  Leipilg,  and  be  was  then  entnuted  with  tbt  taak 
oterictingtbeFicBChCnuaHalludaodBelgiiun.  Inuilmoet 
•oiEomtr  in«eMhl  nmpnign  he  wod  a  ilgnBl  vtetory  at  Boog- 
stnaleD,  aod  Id  the  rawpeign  of  1S14  he  Invaded  Tnaa  from 
tbe  noitb-wtit,  Jtioed'Bladier,  and  look  pait  b  tha  briDbDt 
vfctnyotUmninUaidi.  He  wu  dow  made  gaaoal  of  infuitqr 
and  leceived  the  title  of  Cotrnt  BOIow  von  DennewitK  In  tha 
diort  peace  ol  iSi«-i8i5  he  was  at  Melpbeig  as  comnandcT- 
lo-chief  Id  Pruiib  propel.  He  mi  iood  taUad  to  the  Md  spin, 
and  hi  dw  Waterioo  amiiBiga  commanded  the  IV.  ooips  of 
Biflchei's  umy.  He  was  not  present  at  Ugny,  bat  hi*  ooips 
deaded  ib»  flank  attack  upon  NapcJeon  at  Waterioo,  and  bon 
tbe  havtet  part  in  ttE  fighting  oi  the  Prasaian  troops.  Be 
took  part  In  the  iDvuitm  of  faace,  but  died  auddenly  on 
the  I5tb  of  FebnuTy  1816,  a  month  alter  bia  iitnni  to  the 
Klhilsiheig  commaod. 

Sea  Cflunf  C7nf  BAdb  hh  Dnmi^  rti3-i3i4  (LdpiiE.  1M3); 
Vinhigm  na  EnK,  £<l«  ^  C.  CrqfM  B.  m  D.  (ScHia,  1854}. 

BOUnr,  Him  SDIKI  Vm  (iBjo-igM),  Cen^D  {^nlM 
fsd  conducloi,  was  bonat  I>icsdED,«B  tbe  tth  of  Jaauaiy  it^ 


ha  age  of  Dbw  be  bepn  to  rtndy  mnde  mdn  Pricdrick 
:k  as  pan  ^  a  genteel  edwxtloD.  It  wss  only  sfier  so  Uhus 
t  Modyiag  bw  at  Ldpdg  UnlveiriV  in  iS^S  thM  he  deto 
id  npoo  mwlc  as  ■  caner.  At  this  time  he  wu  a  pupa  of 
Its  HaDptmann.  In  ifi49  revolutionary  politlQ  took  pos- 
mofhhn.  In  the  Berlin  •li«<>«l,  a  denoouic  Joimul, 
'  '  di  hb  opinions,  wiikh  wen 
_  .  ft  and  Xowfitfba.  Wagner's 
[S  mwtcsl  m  leia  than  pnliticil,  far  1 
IT  in  1850  a 


dpal  piDfcaoe  at  tbe  piuN  at  tbe  Stein  Aailemy,  ud  mniled 
In  hb  tweoly^clgbt  year  Urn's  daogbtar  CosIdu.    Fee  tha 

u  pbidat,  ModDCtOT  and  wifln  of  mosical  and  political  ailiclB. 
Thenee  IK  lemovcd  to  Hoaich,  when,  thank*  to  Wagnar.  he 
bad  been  appofnted  BiftaptlMur  U  Loub  U.,  and  cbiil 

foraanoesof  IVMsBand  Wt  Jfairitrriiw.  Id  iSfig  hb  maniip 
ma  dbaotved,  hb  wll*  sabaequcotly  DiarrylDg  Wagnar,  an  iii> 
ddcst  wUcb,  vUk  pnvcDtIng  BlUow  fiom  icviAioB  Bayicnth, 
'  Us  (othsdaim  tor  Wapwr^  dnuaa.  After  > 
fa)  Flottnee,  BOIow  set  cnl  od  tour  agslD  as  n 
ptanyc,  vunug  most  Emoptan  conntrha  as  weQ  as  tbt  lAdted 
Statea  of  Amraks,  bafws  taUag  up  the  port  of  coodactor  at 
Hinovcr,  and,  later,  at  Heiidiigcn,  nifaen  ha  nbed  tbe  oichestiD 
to  ■  pitch  of  eieellcaca  till  thtiitmpatallded.  iDiaSsbeieaigned 
the  Hchiingen  otka,  and  coDdacled  a  number  of  concerta  ia 
Sinda  and  Gennanyi  At'  FtsaUoM  ha  hdd  dames  far  tbe 
UglwT  derelopmeDt  of  piano^riiytng.  He  canstaBtl]'  vWled 
Engbnd,  for  tbe  bst  tlBK  in  I SSS,  in  whkh  year  he  wcat  to  Bvc  in 
Hamboig.  Neverdiekss  he  contttned  to  ooodnct  the  BeiliB 
FbilhaniMnic  ConoeRs.  He  died  at  Oilio,  in  the  15th  of 
Febraaiy  1894.  Billow  was  a  pbnbt  of  the  U^Mst  Mder  of 
IntcDectnil  attalnmait,  an  attbl  of  lemaAab^  tBtbnlic  tastes^ 
and  H  gnat  eondaetor.  A  paaioaitc  hater  of  huDbng  and 
aSectatioti,  ha  had  a  leaily  pen,  and  a  biting,  aomcllmca  ainnst  . 
loda  wit,  ^  of  his  Undness  and  gmenaity  cmmtlea  talcs  wen 
told. '  His  composltiaoa  am  few  and  unimportaBt,  bat  bb 
annotated  editiNis  of  tbe  cbailcal  maitcn  in  of  gmt  vihie. 
Blikiw^  wiltinp  and  letlen  t.Bri^i  wd  Sciri/lm),  edited  by  hb 
widow,  bivc  been  publiibed  in  8  voli.  (Leipi^,  iSgs-ipoS). 

■ULRDBH,  ■  name  now  genemUy  ^ven  to  Tyf*a  U^tlia, 
the  reed-mue  or  club-rub,  a  pbot  growing  fai  Uici,  by  edgo 
of  ifien  and  timlki  bcalitba,  with  a  oeeidng  undeignUBd 
Item,  natiow,  Dtaily  Sat  leaves,  3  to  t  ft.  kxig,  uranged  in 
Diqxiiitc  lows,  ind  a  tall  item  mdlog  In  a  cylbdrical  ipike,  half 
to  one  foot  long ,  of  cknely  paikd  mnletabove)  and  leniale(bek>w) 
Soweo.  Tbe  bmlliir  brown  i^ke  Is  a  dew  maa  of  Ddnnts 
oae-aeeded  hults,  cadi  OD  a  loDg  halr4ike  stalk  and  covcied  with 
kmg  downy  bain,  chJdi  render  tbe  butts  veiy  li^t  and  naditr 
(anicd  bythewlnd.  The  name  bulrvAb  msec  ODinctl)' applied 
to  .fcir^  bcwlru,  a  membet  ^  1  diOeicDt  fmlly  (CypAactae), 
a  commba  plaat  Id  wet  places,  wHh  tall  spongy,  asoal^  lea&m 
■temi,  bcarisg  1  tuft  lA  nax^-tewtnA  qiikelets.  lb*  stent 
an  used  tor  maltlsg,  Ac  The  bolmh  of  So^itiuc,  amodated 
wilb  the  biding  of  Moses,  was  the  Faprut  (t«.),  also  a  nwmbat 
ol  the  Older  (>p«taceae,  which  waa  abnndant  in  the  NDe. 

BnUTRODB,  filH  BICHARD  (iCio-iTiO,  Englbh  aolbdl 
sad  KMfer,  was  a  son  of  Edward  BulMiode  <i5SS-t65o),  and 
WIS  educited  at  PcDbrofce  College,  Cimbrtdge;  after  itvdyisg 
Isw  In  London  he  Joined  the  imy  of  Cbariei  L  on  tbe  outbicsk 
of  the  Clvn  Wit  In  1641.  In  1G71  be  became  a  resident  igeM 
of  Chirks  n.  It  BiusmIi;  in  idT5  be  wu  kcigbted;  then 
following  James  11.  into  eiik  he  died  at  St  Cemiiiii  OD  tbe  jrd 
of  October  1711.  Bulilrode  b  chiefly  known  by  bb  JfMsin 
and  XorsJisv  n^  ifa  Xeff*  nwi  Cmramal  <!^  Kwf  Ck«Ju /- 
oiidJi:(iixCbr;H//.,pnbli>tacdaftahbdaathlnil«f   V'- 


79* 


BULWARK— BUNBURY,  H.  W. 


whicb  toek  pUce  in  the  Nelhcrluidi  duiinf  11)74. 

Hii  fccgail  (on,  WmiELOCEZ  BdleikOdi  (1457-1}  14)  • 
mMiacd  ID  Enslud  ■her  tlu  flight  of  Juio  U. ;  he  held  Kme 
officii  poiltJoDi,  uui  in  1717  vrcte  a  punphlct  Id  mpport  of 
Getatfi  L  And  the  HAnovciiaa  uicceuion.  He  publuiied  A 
tKaant  tf  Smmal  PkHaaphs,  ud  •tu  ■  promiiiait  FiotBtuit 
OPotiDm^iliit.    Be  died  in  Loudoa  on  the  17th  of  Novcmbei 

BULWARK  (»  mid  probihl/  of  Scudiniviu  origin,  from 
MorMf.k  tne-tnmk,uul  atr*, 'woA,  la  Cer.  BuOaeri,  whkh 
bu  i1b  been  derived  (nim  vi  old  Geimui  Men,  to  Lhniw,  uid 
N  ■  r" '•'•'"  for  throwing  mioikt),  ■  barrictde  of  beanii,  eulh, 
ftc,  *  work  in  istb  ud  iGtb  ctntuiy  ionifkatioBs  dengiKd  to 
mouat  utiileijr  (lee  BasLEVAan}.  On  boud  ibip  tlw  tern  ji 
nicd  of  tlu  modimk.  tunnliig  nrand  lh»  ihip  ibeve  Ibt  level  of 
the  deck.    Flgnntivel]'  It  meani  kiqrttaing  wning  u  a  deCeotc 

BUHBMT,  ■  null  boll  which  onlcs  vtfetiUe*,  provliwas, 
■e.,  to  lUpt  tying  m  port  or  oS  the  ifaoie.  lie  word  is  probably 
eumectcd  with  the  Dutch  tumlKial  or  bctmioil,  ■  bntd  Dutch 
lUilng-bokt,  the  derintion  of  vhich  la  eithei  fiotn  isnt.  cf. 
Ger.  iutw,  ■  tree,  or  fiom  ben,  ■  pUce  In  which  £ih  ii  kept 
iSbn,  and  tMf,  •.  boel.  It  appein  Qnt  in  Engliih  in  the  Trinity 
HonteBT-lawi  of  i6Ss  regulating  the  icaTesging  boati  attending 
ihipi  lying  ta  tiie  Thana. 

niMBiniUH.  BOBBOLtu  or  BtnoBiTiini,  a  fabukwi  nnuicil 
tnttnuKtit  deacribcd  in  an  apocryphal  letter  of  St  Jerome  to 
DvdaiHU,'  aod  ilhstnled  In  a  wria  of  ilhuninated  USS,  of  the 
9tb  to  the  iilhcaitury,  together  with  other  initrumentactcBCribed 
in  the  (aoK  ktter.  Theu  HSS.  an  the  PiaiUr  ej  Emmtrim, 
9(b  eenlnry.  deaoibed  by  Martin  Ceibert,'  who  givea  *  few 
mnatRtlont  from  It;  the  Cottoo  MS.  liliaiia  C.  Yl.  In  the 
Biiliih  Hnieiim,  nth  centuir;  the  famoia  Bnlapii  P'^itf. 
A.D.  1000;  and  the  Pitilcr  it/  Anfn,  gUi  century.'  In  die 
Cotton  MS.  the  inttnuBCDl  CMuiBti  of  an  anguku  Iranie,  Iroia 
iriudidqiendi  by  a  chain  a  rectangular  metal  plate  having  twelve 
bent  atmi  attached  hi  two  lowa  oi  thiccai  each  tide,  one  above 
Ihe  other.  Tim  arm  ■ppear  to  terminate  in  Hnall  nclangulaf 
bcBi  or  l^tc*.  and  it  b  auppoted  that  the  ftandaid  bams  wai 
tntcsded  to  be  ihaken  lika  ■  ilMnun  In  older  to  let  the  belb 
t*"eii"t    Sebutiu  Vlrdnng  *  givei  ffltatintoai  of  theec  initni- 

the  Cotton  MS^  widch  VIrdim(  caUt  PMula  Bbmtimi.  Ibt 
geneni  mtlina  li  Iha  ome,  but  iuttad  ol  DMlal  am*  there  I* 
the  aame  nnmber  of  bent  fdpea  with  conical  lion.  Vlrdong 
eqilaini,  following  the  apoay^ul  letler,  that  tbt  ittDd  to- 
—■'''"f  the  diaiiahtainin'i  iquaie  repnaenb  the  Holy  Croa, 
the  rcctingnUr  object  dancing  tberefiom  aignifie*  Qiriil  00  tba 
Cnm,  and  the  twelve  pipei  are  the  twelve  ipottlo.  Viidiing'i 
IDBattatioB,  pnbably  copied  from  an  older  worii  in  manuKript, 
eontarms  man  ckady  to  (be  text  <rf  the  letter  than  doea  the 
iutrumait  In  the  CMMn  MS.    There  ia  no  evidenca  idmtever 


agex,  with  the  acepdcn  of  thb  ttiia  of  faudlul  picnuia  dnwn 
to  Uhutiate  en  imtruiMiit  known  fion  deecr^llaa  only.  Tbe 
word  Imbulmi  ««*  probably  derived  fiom  the  nme  root  ai 
Ibr&iMXfliol  Aililophanea  (Adonwoiu,  SU)  (Pinfia  and 
MM),  a  condc  coa4iaund  for  a  bag^pe  with  a  play  onfl^^Xili, 
•n  iniect  that  hum  or  buBca  (tee  Bao-Pirc).  The  original 
dscribed  ta  the  letter,  alw  fna  beanay,  wu  pcobthly  ID  early 
type  of  organ.  (K.  3.) 

BDMi  a  unaS  cake,  nnially  iwcct  and  iDund.  In  Scotland  the 
void  it  used  for  a  very  rich  aplced  type  of  cake  and  in  the  north 
o(  Ireland  for  a  round  loaf  of  ordinary  bread.  The  derivation 
of  the  word  hu  been  muck  dieputed.  II  bai  been  aSiUaltd  lo 
the  old  pnvindal  French  bHpu,  "  iwelliiii,"  In  the  aenu  of  a 


^AiD. 


t.itim 


*  Bt  Cknlm  « If  via  Saaa 


kWfC<fM>.  U.  p.  ■■  at  K 


"  Iritter,"  but  Ibe  Itftr  EniOth  Bioieiuin  doifbU  Ihe  nacB  of 

the  word.  It  is  quite  u  pcobible  that  it  has  a  far  older  and  more 
interesting  «i^,  as  it  suggested  by  an  ioquity  into  the  ixisin 
ofhot  cross  buns.  These  takes,  which  are  now  solely  eaodated 
with  the  Chriitian  Good  Friday,  ue  monbk  tc  ' 
period  of  pagan  history.  Cakeiwertofieiedbyaii 
to  thcti  mooD-goddos;  and  thoe  had  imprialsd  .     _ 

of  horns,  symbslic  ol  the  oa  at  the  laciifiM  si  whicfa  tls^' 
wen  oflerid  on  the  altar,  or  ol  the  biniied  rimmi  g'likb  M.  tW 
equivalent  of  lihtai  ol  the  AasyTO-Babykaiiuii.  The  Greeks 
offend  luch  sacred  cakea  to  Attarte  and  other  divniliei.  Tini 
cake  they  called  f«u  (ox),  in  alluiioa  to  the  OHymbol  B>aifced 
on  it,  and  tram  the  accusative  tow  it  ii  nigfated  ihat  the  watd 
"  bun  "  k  derived.  Diaaene*  Laeniiu  ((.  aa.  aoo),  speaking 
of  tlie  ofbing  made  by  Empedocka,  i^r*  "  He  uJutd  me  ot 
the  ncred  litw.  called  a  huat,  made  ol  fina  flmu  and  bmcy." 
Hcaythini  (f.  6th  ctnlmi')  ^eaks  of  the  tna,  aad  deacribe*  it 
asakindof  cakewithaiefseseatatioaoltwolunitniukBl  mit. 
In  time  the  Cniks  marked  thae  cakea  with  a  anas,  pewihiy  an 
alluuon  10  the  four  quartan  of  the  moon,  or  more  pcobably  to 

by  the  wofihippeia.  like  tbo  Greek*,  the  Kcsiuifr  eu  ctoo- 
bread  at  public  saoificca, 'auch  bread  being  unaQy  pordiaicd 
at  the  doon  cf  the  tempk  and  tairen  in  with  than, — a  nwtnm 
alluded  to  by  St  Paulin  I  Cor.  1.18.  At  Hcrculmenm  two  maall 
bavea  about  j  in.  in  diamela,  and  plainly  marked  with  a  ma, 
werefound.  latlietHdTeaUBwataRftnncaismBdeinJa'. vii. 
ift-xliv.  IQ,  to  njcb  noed  bread  being  ofload  Id  the  mocia 
goddoa.  The  crMateead  via  catea  )^  the  papa  SaloB*  in 
hesonr  ti  Ecatar,  Atit  goddeia  of  l^t.  Tba  Hexieana  and 
PeitivianaanitbowDloliaveliadailm3arcastam.  TLacnMoo, 
in  fact,  waa  [aactically  tmivtnil,  and  the  early  Chnrdi  adroitly 
adopted  Iba  pagan  piactlca,  grafting  It  on  to  Ae  EodWiriit. 
The  bim  with  ita  Gnek  croaa  became  aUn  to  tlie  EDchatinie 
bread  or  cnat'narked  wafera  menttmed  in  St  OiyaoatOD^ 
Zfnwgy.  In  Ibe  medknral  tiharcb,  buns  made  btaa  tba  iIbb^ 
for  the  comwiated  Host  were  dt' "■-'■  ■" 
after  Maa  ta  Eaater  Sood^. 

coonttiei,  nth  btened  bread  k  aiui  gtvea  is  Ita  rhBirku  M 
oommnDlcanta  who  have  a  kng  faamey  before  Ihey  on  break 
ibdifast.  TbeBolyEacbarktiBtheGiedtdnnchhaascnn 
printed  on  it.  In  ^■a''"'  Ikna  asean  to  have  cailjr  been  a 
diipaeitiaa  on  the  part  «1  the  hahoi  to  imitate  tbt  dnoch,  and 
they  did  a  good  tiad^ln  buna  and  cakea  ilanpcd  with  ■  croti, 
for  at  far  back  ai  1151  the  |«actice  waa  forbidden  by  n^ 
pmclamatiou;  but  thk  leena  to  have  had  llttk  cfcct.  Whh 
tbe  riBB  (d  Pmtwantiun  the  ooM  ban  kat  Iti  MCTCMBCt  natn^ 
and  became  a  mere  esubk  amdattd  tor  m  partknlar  itaaon 
with  Good  Friday.  Crow4irtad  k  not,  howew,  rotivcd  for 
that  day;  in  the  noitta  o(  g"|'«"''  peapk  vnally  oaaBaark 
tbdr  cakea  with  a  knife  bdorepottlastbaBJn  tba  oven.  Hany 
■qMfttitiont  ding  round  hot  aim  biinu.  Thna  it  It  itill  a 
commcn  balicf  that  ona  ban  Aodd  be  kq>t  tv  hick'k  take  lo 
the  loUaiwing  Good  FrMay.  In  DotMdiiv  it  k  thoogbl  that  a 
oeealoal  bakod  «n  that  day  and  hung  over  the  chiioneypitcB 
prerenta  the  bread  baked  b  lb*  boaie  dntlag  the  year  fnuo 
"gdng  Mrfagy." 

BmramtY,  UHBT  WILUAII  (i;jo-t8ti),  EngUsh  cuica- 
tniit,  was  the  ncood  ton  of  Sic  Willkm  Bunbnry,  jth  baronet, 
ofHildeahall,Sna<lk,and(amaoran<ddN(amanfimdy.  He 
wtt  cdnated  at  Watmbuter  iclMol  and  St  Catkaine^  Hall, 
Cambridge,  and  toon  ibowcd  a  ttknt  tot  diawing,  and  espet&Dy 
for  hnmorooa  mbjecti.  Hk  mon  actfani  dorti  did  not  ike 
to  a  Ugh  kvcLbnt  bkcailcatuiaaieBtfamaaaailhoseof  hk 
contemporailei  Rowkn^on  aod  CiUny,  good  txamplea  bong 
hit  "  Countiy  Chib  "  (17M),  "  Barber's  Shop  "  (rSii)  and  ■  A 
Lwig  Story"  (1783.)  He  waa  a  popular  character,  and  the 
friend  ol  moat  of  the  aotabilitis  of  his  day,  vhom  he  ante 
ofleadcd  by  attempting  poiitioJ  tatirei  and  hk  easy  dmiro- 
itaocei  and  lodal  posiUoa  (be  was  cokmd  of  the  West  Suffolk 
HiU&,  and  mi  appointed  equcry  la  the  duke  ol  Totk  in  1)87) 
**Tlihlfii1  *^^  **^  #^mw4mi  \Am  \iifnti  fa  TrinifffTt 


BUNBURY— BUNDELKHAND 


Iw  wu  an  mive  laciDbcr  ol  . 

•mnl  hBtorinl  woriu  oi  v*luc;  lod  tbt  klta'a  Ncoad  no, 

Sir  Edwird  Herbert  Buntxiry,  ilao 


flOMMBy.  ■  Mapan  ind  mi 
couniy,  WoUni  AutlraUa,  ill  m.  by  nil  S.  by  W.  of  PmiIl 
Fop.  (igsi)  i4Sj.  Tbe  haibour,  kDonni  u  KMmbwiih  Bq>, 
ft  pnlccted  by  a  brakwauc  buUt «naconl  Rd.' CmJ  if  wotkcd 
on  iha  CdIMc  rim,  30  ro.  dlMut,  and  b  lUppcd  fiom  tUi  Bon, 
tofciherwith  lin,  limber.  niKhl-iirood  ladigttaJtaralpMduct; 

BUHCDKBH  ot  Bunkum  (fmm  Bimcombe  county,  Nonh 
CtnUna,  Uiulni  Slitn}.  a  term  uud  for  iathtcefe  pdtkal 
iclioBonpeaking  10  giin  support  or  tlicfavout  of  a  coBfililucacy, 
asd  10  uy  humbug  or  ch|>-inp.  The  phiaae  "  to  talk  fot 
(ix  to]  Buncombe  "  atoK  in  1810,  duiina  tba  defcau  00  tba 
MiDouri  CompioniiH  in  ConsnsBi  the  inember  lot  the  dialrict 
conliiiiins  Buncombe  county  confcued  thai  hit  loni  and  much 
in(tmci>"l  tpaeeh  was  only  made  became  his  electon  ciiMcted 
It,  and  that  be  itas  "  t|>caUn|  lor  BuDcambe." 

BOHCUHA,  a  maftet-lowa  tod  iiatcili«-p[aaa  of  Co. 
DoMfal,  Iidaad,  in  the  north  piriiamentary  diviiion  on  the 
cut  tlwn  of  Louth  SwiUy,  cm  the  l»iidoiideiry  It  Lough  Swilly 
ft  Lttteriietmy  railway.  IVip.  {igei}  ijit.  llieTe  is  a  trade  in 
afikulluiat  produce,  a  tabnoD  fitbay.  ■(•  bbeties  and  a 
Duulatlun  of  liaen.  The  town  ia  beantifuUy  aiwled,  bclnf 
la^cd  00  the  east  and  south  by  hiUs  ciceedins  looo  ft.  The 
pktunque  tquaia  keep  of  an  iideDl  aitja  remium.  hut  tba 
pRienl  SuDoana  CaitJe  it. a  letidcnra  elected  ia  tjii-  Tbt 
(olf-linkt  aie  wek  knowii. 

BOBDABIBe.  a  mtmicipal  town  and  river  port  of  Cook 
county.  QueenbiBd,  AustraUa.  10  m.  from  the  mouth  of  the 
Tivei  Burnett,  and  117  m.  by  rail  N.  by  W.  oi  Briib«n&  Pop. 
(1901)  ;ioD.  It  tiea  on  both  sidea  of  the  river,  and  cowniioD 
between  the  twt  ports  is-  mainiained  by  road  and  railway 
bridgei.  Tbeie  an  uw-miUs,  breweriei,  brickfield)  and  dit- 
UDerici  in  tbc  tomi.  tod  nuincnnu  lugar  faciorin  In  the  viciiiity, 
noK^y  at  MiUaquin,  on  the  river  below  ihe  town.  There  we 
vhazvea  on  bolh  sides  of  the  river,  and  tbe  ttjqJe  csporii  aro 
•agar,  fddea-tyiup  and  limber.  Tbe  climate  it  remarkably 
healthy. 

BtMDBLKHUfD.  a  tract  of  country  in  Central  India,  lyisf 
bctwccB  the  United  and  the  Central  Provinco.  UiiloricaUy 
it  lacUda  the  hve  British  ditlricis  of  Hamirpur,  Jalau^  Jhan^ 
Lalitpur  and  Binda,  which  now  form  part  of  tbe  Allahabad 
divitian  of  the  United  Provinces,  hut  poUlkally  il  it  nttrlcted 
10  a  ooUcction  of  native  ilaWs,  nndet  the  BundelUuind  afewy. 
llKn  an  9  sulok  H  estate*  ai>d  tbc  patguiB  of  A^pur 
behmfiai  to  lodon  slate,  with  a  total  aieaof  tlji  tq.  m.  and  a 
total  population  (1901)  of  i,loi,jit,*howincadecnaae  of  i]% 
taithcdecadt.daelolheeffecuotfamiw.  Tbe nuat inportanl 
«f  the  auietan  Oithha,  Panua,  Samihar ,  Chariihari.  Chhataitwu, 
Dalia,  Biiani.  and  Aiaigaib.  A  branch  ol  the  Great  Indian 
Peninmlaratl<ny traverses thcnoilbtithicaUBtry.  Afanitoo 
of  all  amt  it  slalioned  at  Kowgons. 

Tbc  surface  of  the  country  ii  uneven  and  hilly,  except  in  tba 
portb-eaat  pan,  which  forms  an  irrccular  plum  cut  up  by  nvinea 
scooped  out  by  lorrenu  during  the  periodical  laina.  llw  plains 
of  BundelUiand  are  Initnccied  by  three  mogmabi  nn(ca,  tbe 
Bindhactaol,  Paima  and  Bander  chains,  the  higbast  ekvattea 
not  eimdlng  looo  It.  above  tea-level.  Beyond  thtae  tango 
the  countty  it  f  unhs  diyntified  by  inJated  hiUt  liting  abruptly 
Iron  a  common  kvel,  andixsenling  from  their  itccp  and  nearly 
inacCMHUa  tcarps  eligible  lilcs  lor  castles  and  itronghotds, 
wbencc  tbe  mounialncen  of  BundelUiand  have  frcqmtly 
let  at,defiaiKe  the  moai  powerful  of  the  naiive  slates  of  Itulia, 
Tbe  gmeial  slope  of  the  counliy  It  towards  the  north-sast,  at 
Indicated  by  the  coune  ol  the  rivets  which  travenc  01  bound  tbt 
Icrniory,  auifitially  diicbarge  tbemselvfs  into  tbe  Juntas, 


Tbe  princ^  riven  an  tfaa  Bind,  Batwa,  Kaa,  Batfd^ 
Fainud,  Ton  Pabui,  Dhatan.  Betina,  Umial  ami  ChandnwaL 
The  Siad,  rittag  near  Sitonj  in  Uahn,  mark)  tba  Inntkr  Um 
tbeildeoIGinlior.  Parallel  to  this  dver, 
of  tbe  Belwa.    Still 


of  atnaas,  the  dtpastinn  of  tbeit  tAaanelt  and  height  ol  tbcii 
banks  rentier  Itaem  tor  Ihe  nMol  part  unsuitable  tor  Ibe  purposes 
of  infgation,— which  Is  condoclcd  by  means  of  jlalt  and  tanks. 
TlMse  artificial  lakes  are  vsuaUy  fanned  by  thnwing  emhank- 


and  acconnlating  tha  waters  Sowing  tbiough  tkcm.  Soiae  al 
the  tank*  are  of  great  capacity;  tbe  Barwa  Sagar,  fa-  inslaace, 
is  i)  m.  In  diameter.  Diamonds  are  found,  particularly  diu 
the  town  of  Panna,  in  a  range  ol  bills  called  by  tbe  nalivn 
Band-AbiL 

The  mines  of  Habanjpu^  RaipBr,  KimerB  and  Gadaala 
have  been  famooa  for  magnificent  diamondsi  and  a  very  latga 
one  dug  from  tbe  last  *a*  kept  tat  the  fort  of  Kallnjar  aiaoni 
the  treaauio  of  Raja  Hinunu  Babadm.  In  the  tdgn  of  tba 
emperat  Akbar  (be  minea  of  Paima  paadnced  diamonds  to  tha 
amount  of  1(100,000  annually,  and  wan  a  courideiaUe  source  of 
revenue,  but  far  Runy  year*  tbty  bav«  not  been  10  pnfitaUe. 

The  tree  vegetalian  CDnsbti  ntbti  cf  juujje  or  copse  than 
forest,  abounding  in  game  which  Is  pieaerved  by  tbe  nativQ 
chkEa.  There  are  alto  within  iheae  corefts  aevnal  varieties  ol 
wild  anlmah,  such  as  tbe  tiga,  keponl,  hyena,  wild  bear,  mifdl 
and jickaL 

The  people  icpicaeMVBifoMraeca.  The  Bunddae— the  nee 
who  gave  tbe  nana  to  the  cauMiy-itill  mabitain  tbeit  digrdty 
a*  cUcftiins,  by  disdsinhig  to  cultivate  the  sail,  altbou^  bjr 
BO  raeana  cotupicuoa  (or  lot  ly  sent&Denta  af  bonotn  or  mnnlitj. 
An  Indian  pmverb  avcn  that  "one  mtlva  of  Bnaddkbaud 
commits  as  much  fnad  as  ■  huadiol  Dandis  "  (walgbenof  giain, 
and  notorious  (ognet).  About  Datia  and  Jbansi  tbc  iababitanta 
are  a  aloul  and  hamlsaDe  race  of-  niei^  well  o9  and  contented. 
Tile  prevailing  religion  In  Bunddkhand  is  Hinduisni. 

fht  eariiat  dynasty  nconlcd  to  have  rnlcd  bi  Bnnddkband 
were  the  Garhni,  whn  weie  succeeded  by  the  Paribin;  ha 
Bathing  is  known  of  citlnr.  About  Kth  Sao  tha  Raiihan  an 
aaid  to  have  been  oiBtnlhytbeChandds,andDaogha  Vaima/Aid 
of  tbc  Chandel  Rajputs,  appcan  to  have  etlabUdiad  tbe  eaitiest 
pataawunt  power  in  Btmddkband  toward*  the  cine  ol  the  lelb 
cmtntyaji.  Under  bisdynaaty  tha  counliy  attained  lis  gresictt 
tpbadour  in  the  early  part  of  Ihe  iitb  century,  when  its  raja, 
wboae  ckmtaions  cneniled  Iran  the  Jumna  to  tbe  Nerbudda, 
marched  at  the  head  of  jd^ooo  hone  and  Hfieo  foot,  with  64a 

tiBi  the  Chandd  dynasty  was  overtbraws  by  Frithwi  Raj,  tbs 
lukt  trf  Ajnci  tsd  Dellii,  after  which  the  cnuntiy  remaiiied  in 
ninoua  aaatehy  untfl  the  close  of  the  14th  century,  when  tha 
Btrnddas,  a  spurious  olihoot  ol  tbe  Gerfawa  tribe  of  Rajputs, 
establkbcd  theaudves  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Jumna.  One  of 
these  toidc  poaaesabn  cf  Oichha  by  trcacheiDusly  poisoning  its 
chid.  His  successor  succeeded  in  fuithet  aggrandiilng  tbe 
Bnndda  state,  hut  he  Is  rcpnsented  to  have  been  a  notorioni 
plunderer,  and  Us  character  b  further  stained  by  tbe  asamina- 
lion  of  the  odebnIadAbul  Fad,  the  prime  mlnitltr  and  bittoiian 
ot  Akbar.  Jajhar  Sln^,  tbe  third  Bundela  chief,  tmsuccetsfully 
mvolttd  against  the  coort  of  Delhi,  and  his  country  became  in- 
ootporalcd  lor  a  short  lime  with  the  empire.  Tbe  struggles  c| 
tba  BunddaaforlndependenceresulLed  in  the  withdrawal  o[  tha 
royal  troops,  and  tbe  admission  ol  leveral  petty  states  as  feuda- 
lacics  of  the  onfrite  on  condition  of  niilituy  service.  Hn 
Bnaddaa,  under  Clumptt  Kai  and  bis  tan  ChhaUr  Ssi,  oBered 
a  sncocsstul  lesiptance  to  the  protrlyliiing  cRorit  oi  Auiai^Kb. 
On  the  occasion  <d  a  Mahommedan  Invasion  in  1 731,  Cbhalar  Sal 
asked  and  obtained  the  aaistancc  of  the  U  ahralta  Pediwa,  whom 
be  adopted  as  his  ton,  giving  him  a  third  of  his  dfiminiona.    Tba 


798 


BUNDI— BUNKER  HILL 


■ad  in  t]9i  ttic  palan  wu  ■cknawkctgtil  u  th«  lord  pin-  I 
mount  ol  [ha  cvunlcy.  The  MihntU  power  wu,  however, 
on  Ibe  decline;  tbe  Bighl  oi  Ibe  pabwt  fism  hii  capital  ta 
Biuein  bdore  the  Brillib  ams  clun8«l  the  iipect  of  mffiin, 
tnd  by  ihe  ln*ty  concluded  between  the  pethm  and  tbe  Britoh 
govenuoent,  tke  dblrioa  of  Banda  and  Hamlrpui  were  Irau- 
ICmd  to  ibe  Uucr.  Two  chiefa  iben  held  tlie  ceded  diitiicti, 
Hiinmat  Bahidoi,  the  leader  of  tbe  Sanyaxii.  who  promoKd  the 
vkwi  of  Iha  Brftkh,  ud  Shamahn,  wbo  made  comnion  cause 
with  the  Mahntlu.  Id  September  itoj,  Ihe  uniled  forces  of 
Ihe  English  and  Himmai  Bahadur  campeUed  Shamiher  to  retreat 
with  hit  aimy.  la  1809  Ajalgarfa  was  besieged  by  a  Driiiih 
force,  and  a^n  three  years  later  Kalinjar  was  beuegcd  and 
taken  aftci  a  heavy  lose  In  1817,  by  the  traty  ot  Poooa,  the 
British  govemnent  acquired  from  the  pesbwa  aU  his  rights, 
hilemu  and  prettngioni,  feudal,  lemiorial  or  prcuniaiy.  in 
BundeUihand.  In  carrying  out  the  piovisioni  ol  the  treaty,  sn 
aasLiTSnce  was  given  by  tlie  British  government  that  tbe  rights 
ol  thoK  iniemted  in  the  transfer  should  be  sciupnlously  re- 
^>ecled,  and  tbe  host  ol  petty  native  prindpalities  In  the  pro- 
vince is  the  best  prool  ol  Ihe  sincerity  and  good  faith  ¥rilh  which 
this  clause  has  bMn  carried  out.  During  the  mutiny  at  1857. 
however,  many  of  the  chielt  nae  a^insi  the  British,  tbe  lanj  of 
Jhsnsi  being  a  notable  example. 

BUXDI,  or  BooNDEa,  a  native  state  of  India,  in  the  Rajputana 
agency,  lying  on  the  northeast  ol  the  river  Chambat,  in  a  hilly 
tract  historically  known  as  Haraoii,  from  the  Hon  sept  of  tbe 
great  dan  ol  Chauhan  Rajputs,  to  which  the  mahano  n;a  of 
Bundi  bdongs.  It  haa  an  area  of  iiio  sq,  «,  Many  parti  of 
theslate  are  wild  and  hilly,  inhabited  by  a  large  Min*  population, 
fumerly  notorious  asaiaceofrobben.  Tworivm,llieChambia 
and  Ihe  Mej,  water  the  lUte;  the  former  is  navigable  by  boats. 
In  1911  the  population  was  171,117,  showing  a  decnase  ol 
4>%  due  to  the  effects  of  bmins.  The  cilimattd  revenue  is 
£46,000,  the  tribute  £8000.  Thcreianotw!*aj',bul  the  meUlled 
road  from  Kotah  to  tbe  British  caotODmenI  ol  DtoU  paues 
through  the  state.  The  town  ol  Dimdihada  population  in  1001 
el  19,313.  A  school  for  the  eduadon  ol  boys  (J  high  laai  was 
opened  in  1B97. 

The  state  ol  Bundi  was  founded  about  n-o.  i  J4>  by  tbe  Han 
chief  Rao  Dewa,  or  Deoiaj,  who  captorvd  the  town  from  the 
Hinaj.  Its  imparlance,  however,  dates  liom  the  time  of  Rao 
Suijan,  wbo  luccenled  to  the  chieftoiathip  in  is;^  and  by 
throwing  in  his  lot  with  the  Uahomtocdan  emperors  ol  Delhi 
(ij6(i}  received  a  considerable  accession  of  territory.  From  this 
time  the  nileti  of  Bundi  bote  Ihe  tide  of  rao  raja.  In  the  17th 
century  their  power  was  curtailed  by  the  division  of  Kaiaotl 
into  the  two  atates  of  Kotah  and  Bundi;  but  tlwy  continued 
to  play  a  pnnninent  part  in  ludiaa  history,  and  Che  title  of 
mahano  tsji.  was  conlerred  on  Budh  Singh  for  tlie  part  played 
by  him  in  securing  the  imperial  throne  [or  Bahadur  Shah  I.  after 
tbe  death  ol  Auiangab  in  1707.  In  1804  the  mahaiH)  raja 
Bisbin  Singh  pve  valuable  assistance  to  Colonel  Honson  In  hia 
disastniua  lelieat  bcfon  Hollur,  In  revenge  for  which  the 
Mubiataa  and  Pindaris  continually  rsvaged  his  state  up  lo  1817. 
On  the  loth  of  Fcbruaiy  iSiS,  by  a  treaty  concluded  with 
Btshan  Sngh,  Bundi  was  taken  under  British  protection.  In 
■ill  Bishan  Sngh  was  succeeded  by  his  ion  Ram  Singh,  irho 
ruled  tilt  1M9.  He  li  described  a*  a  grand  specimen  ol  the 
Rajput  gentleman,  and  "the  most  conservative  prince  in 
Oonservative  Rajputana."  Bis  rule  waspopular  and  bencGtenl; 
and  though  during  tbe  mutiny  of  i8s7  his  attitude  was  equivocal, 
be  continued  to  enjoy  the  favour  of  the  British  govetnment, 
being  created  G.C.S.I.  and  a  counsellor  of  Ihe  emtriic  In  1877 
and  CLE.  in  1S78.  Ho  was  succeeded  by  hia  son  Righublt 
singh,whowasmadeaK.C.S.I.  in  1897  and  ■  C.C.I.E.  In  loot. 

SUHBR,  a  valley  on  Ihe  Pcibawat  border  of  the  Nonb-Weit 
Fmuu'er  Province  of  India.  It  is  a  small  mountam  valley, 
dotted  with  villages  and  divided  into  seven  sub-divisions.  The 
Hon  lEHs  and  Ihe  Ilsm  range  divide  It  Iram  Swat,  tbe  Sinawar 
tinge  from  Yussliai,  the  Gum  mountaini  Inm  Ibe  Chamla 
valley,  and  the  Duma  lanse  from  the  Puiau  ViUey.    It  is 


luMled  by  Ibe  lUasiai  and  Miliu 
of  Yusafiais,  who  an  called  ahei 
There  is  no  finer  race  on  the  noii 


I,  hospitable  1 


rontiet  at  India  tha> 
heir  hsbiu,  irii^iaM 


and  truthful  in  their 
amongii  them,  free  ft 
eianptesotihePalhanchaiaclerstllibeK.  ttaeyaicapow- 
ful  and  watlike  tiibe,  numbering  8000  fighting  men.  TW 
Umheyla  Eipeditian  of  1S63  under  Sir  Neville  Chanberlain 
was  occasioned  by  Ihe  Bunerwals  siding  with  tbe  Hin>li>sta>i 
Fanatics,  who  bad  seiiled  down  at  Malka  In  their  lerritoty.  In 
the  end  the  Bunerwats  were  subdued  by  a  force  of  9000  Btiliali 
Iroops,  and  Malka  was  destroyed,  but  they  made  to  lina  a 
resistance,  in  particular  in  their  attack  upon  tbe  "Cng" 
picket,  chat  the  Indian  medal  with  a  dasp  for  "Unbcyla" 
was  granted  in  tSAg  to  Ihe  turvivois  of  the  exptdilioci.  The 
Sovernment  of  India  relralned  from  intnlciliif  with  the  tribe 
again  UBIil  the  Bunct  campaign  of  1897  under  Sir  Bindon  Blood. 
Many  Duaerwalt  look  port  in  the  altacfc  ol  the  Swatis  aa  tbe 
Matakand  fort,  and  a  loice  ol  3000  British  tioopi  was  sent  to 
punish  them;  but  Ihe  tribe  made  only  >  feeble  ttslstaiitg  at 
'  e  passes  into  their  counuy,  and  speedily  handed  in  das  aron 

manded  of  them  and  nude  compkte  tobniirian. 

BDROAUW  (aa  Anglo-Indian  woid  from  ihe  KhdnaUid 
tsiifM , belonging  10  Bengal),!  I 


and  Creat Britain.  D>kDtda«ikbungala«a(liam<aka(4«H*, 
a  post,  a  relay  ofmen  lot  canying  Ibe  nulls,  kc.)  arc  thegavenh 
ment  resl-housta  dtablrshcd  at  Inlervab  for  tlu  use  ol  tnwillen 
on  the  high  loada  of  India. 

BUNDAY,  a  maikel-lown  in  the  Lowestoft  pariiamcntatT 
diviiiaa  ol  SulTolk,  England;  tt3  m.  K.E.  Iron  LaudoB  on  ■ 
bmncb  from  Becdes  of  the  Great  Eastern  raOway.  Fop,  (i«ai) 
3314.  It  is  pictucesqudy  placid  hi  a  deep  bend  at  tbe  river 
Waveney,  the  boundary  with  Norfolk.  Of  the  two  pMbh 
churches  that  of  St  Maty  has  a  fine  Perpendiculat  towci.  and 
that  of  Holy  Ttinity  a  round  tower  of  which  the  lows'  put 
ii  Noiman,  St  Mary's  was  attached  to  ■  Benedkiine  nnnnery 
foundedfnii6o.  Thcruinsof  ihccastledaleliom  iiSi.  They 
are  fragmentary  though  massive;  end  there  are  traces  of  cartb- 
works  ol  much  eariier  date.  Tho  castle  was  a  stimighold  ol  the 
powerful  family  ol  Blgod,  being  granted  to  Roger  Bfgod,  a 
Norman  follower  of  the  Conqueror,  in  1075.  A  gtammar  sdocj 
waa  founded  in  1591.  There  are  large  pcniling-warba,  bhI 
founding  and  malting  are  prosecutod.  There  is  a  hiiimIiiiIiIii 
carrying  trade  on  the  Waveney. 

BUHIOK  (a  word  usually  derived  from  Ibe  ItaL  tefaaw; 
a  swelling,  but,  according  to  the  Nim  EitifUk  DieUtmmry,  tbe 
tale  and  rare  literary  use  o!  the  word  makes  an  Ilaliandeii  vaiioa 
unlikely;  there  is  an  O.  £ng.  woid  "  bunny,"  abo  monlng  a 
swelling,  and  an  O.Fi.fhiifiu,  modem  M|m,  showing  a  probable 
commoDoigln  now  losl.cf.  also"  bunch  "],  an  inSamed  awcOinf 
of  the  iuna  nacsia,  tlii  sac  containbig  synovial  fluid  on  the 
metaUrsal  joint  of  the  big  toe,  or,  more  rarely,  of  the  lilila  toe. 
This  Biay  be  accompanied  by  come  or  luppanlioo,  leading  la 
an  ulcer  or  even  pngrene.  llie  cause  ta  waally  pecaaare; 
removal  of  this,  and  general  palliative  treatment  bydnsain^&c. 
arc  usually  eflective,  but  in  severe  and  obstinate  cuei  >  anriical 
operalian  nwy  be  nccetury. 

BUHSBR  HlUt  Ibe  bum  of  a  tmtll  hUl  In  Charieatswa 
(Bostra),  HiMcbuieua,  U.S.A.,  famous  ■■  the  scene  U  the 
first  oonsiderabteencagement  In  the  Amctian  War  of  Independ- 
cnoeUune  17, 177;).  Banket  HIll<iioIt.)  wia  connected  by  ■ 
ridge  with  Breed's  Hill  (75  fL),  both  being  on  a  narrow  peninndi 
a  dun  distance  Is  the  north  of  Boston,  joined  by  a  onaeway 
with  Ihe  mainland.  Sioce  thi  affair  of  Letinglon  (April  ig, 
177s)  General  Cage,  who  commanded  ttte  British  forces,  had 
remained  Inactive  at  Boston  awaiting 
Etigland;  the  tuadquarters  ol  ttu  America 
with  advanced  pests  occupytng  much  ol 


BUNN—BUNSEN,  .BARON  VON 


7M 


l*Mt  a»  ad  al  Uky,  be  deternJned  to  Kftit  bia 
■taance  Daaket  by  vbkb  tha  Ul>  to  tte  pcaiMuk  hid  bt« 
]Ca[iRl  and  untsnifitd.    Ai  non  *■  ibe 
re  of  Ga0>'>  iaWntioii  tbty  dMcimlacd 
in  Ibc  >igbL  a{  tbe  i6tb  dI  Juoe, 
Kroreioi  unu  inoBiai,  uooerCof  "* 

Hi jar-Cancnl  IvhI  FaUm,  vMli _. 

ficUimu,  occupud  Braed'l  HiH— lo  wUch  Ibe 

UiU  ii  iledinow  popiduir  ippiieA-aDd  wbtB  d>]«|M  dtachMd 

iheir  praence  to  tbe  Brilteb  Ibrjr  bad  ■Imdy  una^  Mltnni^Bd 

tbelc  pcdtko.    CagehMDoUneinnBdiBstn '-  - 

BoMsD  mitli  «nlcn  to  aMaall.    Tbe  Bdlitfa 

MOO  end  jooo  itnag,  undcf 

by  iniltay  and  by  Ibe  fuu  of  _  .  . 

■utieaed  in  tbe  aacboiage  od  cjlbn  wIb  of  tbe  pcniwalB,  «eic 


aIndy«euicdbylbetRDcbii«rk«(lbeaI^^  Aaeoaainnka- 
tioo  tmi  kept  ap  witb  Ibair  camp  ibi  ^iii*'tt  iiiihiiI  cm  tbe 
UU  flucloatal  daring  Iba  day,  but  at  no  tbne  TUTmtiiil  abaal 
1500  men.  The  viUigE'al  CtaileUon,  fna  rtich  a  pling 
maikcuy  fire  arai  diiected  igaiaM  Ibe  BiitUt,  wai  by  Ceneal 
Howe's  orders  almoU  totally  datnyed  by  bot  sbot  doiiDS  the 
alu^  laaleid  of  alteaipliag  to  cat  off  tbe  Aaeikana  by 
occupying  ibe  nei±  to  tbe  rear  of  tbeir  poeilioa.  Gage  ocdeied 
the  advance  to  be  made  up  tbe  Keep  and  dJOcuh  esomt  Eidng 
tbe  worUon  the  fain.  V^Ktbeiocaotin  obedience— as  tradition 
aaecta— to  an  order  to  leierve  fae  tmlil  tbey  caM  ne  the 
■biles  of  tbeir  smUanla'  eyes,  the  Ameiicaa  vohmtaen  ifitb 
idminblt  iteadiaai  valted  t91  tlie  attadi  was  on  Ibt  pohil  el 
being  driven  home,  sbm  tbey  ddircnd  a  be  n  OBlaiDcd  and 
deadly  that  tbe  Biitiib  Una  broke  hi  diionltr.  A  leooDd  amult, 
■ude  like  the  £nt,sitbtliEpRdiion  and  ditdfiline  of  tbe  parade- 
groand  mat  the  same  fate,  but  Ga^*!  tinajm  had  still  qiliit 
enough  foe  a  third  assault,  sod  this  time  tbey  euricd  tbe  pontion 
with  tbe  bayoitcl,  captoriag  five  ixeces  ol  ordnaacc  and  putting 
the  eneay  lo  di^L    Tlie  loss  ol  ibe  Britidi  was  ios4  nea 


aflktis)  wbfle  the  Aateiicaa  rewellfra  anoonied  to  410  killed 
and  voaoded,  Inohiding  Ocneral  Josepli  Wamn,  and  JO  ptisonen. 


Ik  tnonl  effect  wliicb  It  pnahiccd;  and  whi 
n  hardly  be  over^cttiBiitcd.     "  It  ramed  at  mce  tbe  .fierce 


Rgulai  ttvopa  •Hh  hastily  kvM  Tohmteera.    . 


^ luppoetad  alongSnfioin  IkesUpeand  _     .  ._ 

charge  of  the  ennry,  and  British  soMiets  bad  been  twice  diivea 
backiBdiBidtrbelotttbairlff."i  TbepeidciriiicfaAaieikaw 
naturally  lelt  In  such  an  achievetaeM,  and  the  aelfr«onfidac< 
which  it  insjdred,  were  iacreaeed  *hea  they  leant  that  the 
snuU  (otce  on  Bunker  HiB  bad  ml  been  piopeily  leinlticad, 
and  that  tbeir  amniuaillen  was  nnnltig  diotl  belota  tbay  woa 
didodgnlfrEnlhcirpMHIeB.*  Had  tbecheracteict  Ibc  fitting 
on  that  day  been  other  than  It  was;  bad  tbe  AmtiicaD  ■mlanletil 
been  easily,  and  al  Ibe  Gist  assault,  driven  IIOB  theb'  loitiBad  . 
position  by  ibelroopiof  George  III.,  It  ■■  not  impoBibktbal  tbe 
reaieunce  to  (he  Britidi  govemaient  would  have  died  ant  fn  tbe 
North  American  colonin  Ihrougb  lack  of  Gon6dence  In  tbeir 
own  power  on  the  part  of  the  oidoniils.  Bunker  Hill,  vhateverit 
•nay  have  u  leach  the. student  of  war,  taught  the  American 
CalaoiatBln  1775  that  Ibe  odds  agajntl  Ibcm  in  the  tBleipritc  la 

'  W.  E.  H.  Lecky.  HiMrj  af  En^U  t%  fk.  Eiittamlk  Crmlvy. 

■CfiKialGige'f  deipaich.  AiKnianRimtmbrtjMir.ifji.fan  11, 


aUcfa  tbey  had  eaAatMd  were  not  so  werwhelmbig  u  lo  deny 
then  all  pnepect  fit  ullloiale  suoccb. 

In  1843  a  nDnnmeM,  ni  fL  high,  in  the  (orm  of  an  obcUik, 
ol  Quin^  gtaolte,  was  COMpleled  on  Breed's  Kill  (now  Bunker 
Hill)  to  commnaofBte  Ibe  Utile,  when  an  address  was  deUvtied 
byDanMWebatet.wfaohadalsoddlverBdthefaooua  dedicatory 
otatiooaeihalayingof  tbacomei-iKiBeiaiSj;.  Bunker  Kill 
ilay  isa  state  bUiday. 

Sas  R.  Pntkiaaban,  Hit  CnUwaial:    BiOBt  el  S 
taj.  andZ^  aad  Tmu  «>  J(«^  Vonn  (Bbi 


lis^:  W.S.H.Leeky.  fHiton^ £■,—__.„ 

gtehl«waQMlMwLliia«odaa.i8gi)i5irG&i5ea!^t:iely^ 
n$  Ammam  KaOiMm  (Leadoa,  18*9)1  Fonocuc,  HiOto^ 
Ikt  BrilHkArmy,  vol  ui.  pp.  ij]  icq.  (London,  iJoaT.     (R.  J.  K.) 

BDHK  ALTBED  dlvfr-iate),  Engliib  tbeanical  iiauagn, 
was  apfMlntad  sUae-uinager  el  Dnuy  Lane  Ihaatie,  Londoa, 
biHlj.  In  i8i«  be  wta  managing  the  Theatic  Royal,  Binaii^. 
bam,  and  io  )8jj  he  undettoDk  the  joint  nmagenent  of  Dnuy 
Li«iadCovcatG«dta,London.  U  Ihk  undertaking  he  met 
«JIbrigoniasa|i|Balticin.  A  biU  for  the  aboUUoBol  the  patent 
ihenties  vaa  pa«ed  b  iba  Hoose  ol  Commcos,  but  dq  Bonn's 
petiUon  was  IhiowB  out  by  ib«  Uouae  c(  Locda.  Hahiddiffi- 
cuUIca  fist  with  bis  ooovtay,  (hen  with  the  lord  cbsabeikin, 
•■d  hid  U  laca  tbe  katD  rivalry  o(  the  Dihet  tbeaties.  AlAig. 
Haoding  qoinel  with  Uaoeady  leullad  In  tbe  tngidiaa 
usanlUngthepMaager,  la  ta^oBunnm*  declared  abadraptj 
but  be  eontiaucd  to  Banage  Dnuy  Lana  till  iBiS,  Anktk^ 
bis  COD  tnl  of  the  two  cUef  Englidi  theatic*  WB*  bigiily  soccessf  uL ' 
Meailyevety  hading  Engliih  actor  played  inulei  hie  mwagemtat. 
aad  be  made  a  CDtuaceova  atlenpt  to  iMahlidi  En^kh  open, 
produdng  the  piioc^  woiki  of  BaUa,  Uc  had  some  ^ti  lot 
vriling,  and  DDit  cd  tbe  UbretU  of  Ihea  operas  «en  Inmkted 
bybinuell.  laTJiiSlot€B^tnii  BtkiMdlitCKHaimisttU:, 
'    'hagaveafnUaoooantof  himuBacttialeipcsieBccs.    He 

at  Boulogne  on  the  lotb  of  Docembei  i860. 

nm,  HBRT  CSTLBR  (■t5S-iSe6}.  Amakali  wtiler, 
was  bom  In  Oswego,  licw  VoA,  00  Ibe  ^  ol  Aagasl  igjj. 
He  wucducsled  in  Kew  York  City.  Fiom  being  a  derk  ta  an 
Importing  bouse,  be  tuned  to  iounialtBa,  and  after  some  work 
rter,  and  on  the  itaSol  the /rtedK*  (1873),  be  became 
lubtaat  editor  ol  Ibe  comic  weekly  Pudi.  He  soon 
the  edilonhip,  which  he  hdd  untit  his  death  in  Nuttey. 
NJ.,onlbeiilholHayi8g6.  He  developed  f^t  from  a  >ew 
stniggliog  periodical  Into  a  powcdul  social  and  polity  organ. 
Id  18S6  be  puUisbed  a  navel,  rb>  UUti,  toUowad  In  1887  by 
Ti*Sltrj«/allewrtr*Beiut.  But  his  best  effoni  in  fiction 
wcK  hi)  ahoH  stories  and  ahetdiea-sSksrf  Sixa  (1891),  Man 
SlurlSait,iiS9i}.MQdt  in  Frum  (itgi),  Zubc  Pint  c»iOlka 
Slant*  (iSvi), Idit  imOtdClMOuami (Mr  Slaria (i8«6), and 
y<riey  Slrm  aad  Jttuy  Une  (1896).  His  ■nnt^~-Ain  fnnm 
i4Kadyand£tcniil(tt(iSS4).  coBlaioing  Ibe  well-knowu  poem, 
rjts  Wn  W  Ansiyi  Kawtn  (1891)1  and  i>Kiai  (1896),  edited 
by  fall  friend  Brandet  Mallhein — dliplay  a  light  play  of  Imaglna- 
tiiNiaadaddicatawaiknianihip.  Me  also  wnta  dcver  sin  di 
ttiUt  and  patodiel.  Olllis  several  plays  (usoiUy  written  io 
ooUabantiOD),  tbe  best  was  Ti*  Tinr  ij  BaU  (i>8j). 

Bonn,  CBRHriAII  CHABUSMSIU,  Baiox  vox  (1791- 
18M,  Ftiwlu  dlpkaMlMaod  scbolar.  «m  bom  on  the  15th  of 
Angmt  int  at  Korbacb,  an  okl  town  ta  the  little  Genhad 
ptiadpalhy  of  Waldeck.  Bis  iatber  was  a  farmei  who  was 
driven  by  pornqr  lo  beoome  a  aobUer-.  Haviag  aludied  al  the 
Koitiacb  gtamatar  icbool  and  Uaibtug  oaiTcrBty,  Bimsea  went 
fai  UsBineteculh  year  to  GCltlngcn,  where  be  supported  hitaseU 
by  teaching  and  iatcr  by  acting  as  lolor  lo  W.  fi.  Astoc,  Ibe 
Amerkan  mercluaL  He  won  the  univtnily  priae  esuy  of  Ibe 
year  1811  by  a  treatiie  on  tbe  Alkcmiaii  Lam  if  IiJUriiimt,KBA 
a  few  nMolb*  later  tbe  uaivenity  ol  Jena  giaolad  bfn  the 
bmonry  iltgree  of  docU*  oi  philosophy.  During  i8ij  be 
tnvriled  with  Aslor  fat  South  Genuny,  and  then  tonvd  to  lb* 
study  ol  the  leiigiaa,  laws,  lingua^  aad  UteialureoltboTeultinie 


BUNSEN,  BARON  VON 


ncea.  He  had  nul  Hcbtcw  •hm  s  boy,  uid  now  imkcd  >t 
Anbiol  Munich.  Persian  at  Leiden,  ud  None*tOipniha<*ii. 
At  Ibe  cIoM  of  1S15  he  went  lo  Bcilin.  to  Uy  beloie  Niiiulu 
(he  pUa  of  raeaicli  which  he  had  mspped  out.  Niebuhr  wu 
W  ioipcoMd  with  Biuuen'i  abilily  that,  two  yeui  Utet,  iibeii 
be  bccuM  FtUHiu)  envoy  to  the  papal  court,  he  nude  the  young 
tcholu  hit  tecietaiy.  The  inleiveniiig  yaa  Bunsen  >pcnl  ia 
VuduouA  labour  among  the  libranei  and  coUectioaa  of  Paili 
•nd  Fkucnce.  In  July  iSi;  he  ni>med  Fnactm  Waddinglon, 
eldul  danghlcr  am)  co-heireB  o(  B.  Widdingtoa  of  Uaaover, 
UonmouthehtK. 

A>  KCretiry  to  Niebuhi,  Bunien  *a>  bnu^t  loto  contact 
with  Ihe  Vatican  nwvcmeni  lor  the  atablbhrnent  of  the  pfia] 
churdi  in  the  Pruisiaii  dominjoni,  to  provide  for  the  largely 
increased  CathoHc  populaiion.  He  was  among  the  first  to  realiic 
the  importance  of  Ihii  new  vitality  on  the  part  of  the  Vatican, 
md  ha  made  ft  his  duty  to  ptovide  against  its  possible  dangers 
by  Bigfng  upon  the  Pnuslan  court  the  msdora  of  [air  and 
Inpartial  Erntncnt  of  It*  Catbalrc  lubjccta.  In  this  object 
he  was  at  find  wnxsaful,  and  both  fron  the  Vatican  and  from 
Fradeiick  WiUiam  III.,  who  put  hiai  In  charfe  of  the  kgation 
en  NMHthiV  resignation,  he  leceinrd  uoqualiAed  approbation. 
Owing  partly  lo  the  irise  statesnuuishlp  of  Count  Spiegel,  arch- 
bishop of  Cologne,  an  ansngemcnt  vas  amde  by  which  the 
thorny  qoettion  of  "  mixed  "  mattiaga  (i.t.  between  Catholic 
■Dd  Protettant)  would  have  been  happily  solved;  but  the 
archbishop  died  in  1835,  the  arrimgement  was  never  ralifiid, 
aad  iIk  Pnuaian  king  was  foolish  enough  to  ^poinl  ai  Spiegel's 
,  nirrttAT  the  narrow-minded  partisan  Baron  Dnate,  TiK  pope 
glad^  aocepted  the  appointment,  and  in  two  yean  the  forward 
poHcy  of  the  Jesuits  had  brought  about  the  strife  which  Bunsen 
and  Spiegd  had  tried  to  prevent.  Dunaei  rashly  recommended 
that  Dmte  should  be  aeiied,  but  Ihe  ceiif  was  so  clumsily 
attemptod,  that  Ihe  ioiriniiaaiing  documents  were.  It  Is  said, 
destroyed  in  advance.  The  government,  in  this  impaiu.  tooli 
the  safest  court,  refused  us  support  BunKn,  and  accepted  bia 
leiignation  hi  April  1S3S. 

After  leaving  Rome,  where  he  had  become  Intimate  with  aH 
that  was  most  interesting  In  the  cosmopollum  society  of  the 
p^isl  capital,  Bunsen  went  to  England,  where,  except  for  a 
durt  teim  as  Prunian  ambassador  to  SwHierland  [1819-1841), 
bewudstinedlopasslhereslof  hisofliclBllSe.  The  accession 
lo  the  throne  of  Prussia  of  Frederick  William  IV.,  on  June  ilh, 
lS«0,  made  a  great  change  in  Buntcn'a  career.  Evertince  their 
fnt  meeting  in  igiS  the  two  men  had  been  clow  friends  and  had 
ochanged  ideas  In  an  inilmaie  correspondence,  published  under 
Kanhe's  editorship  in  187).  Eriihuslasn]  for  evangelical  religioa 
and  admiralfon  Uit  Ihe  Anglican  Church  they  held  in  common. 
and  Bunsen  was  the  inslniment  naturally  tdcclcd  Cor  leilUng 
te  king's  fantastic  Kbcme  of  setting  up  at  Jerusalem  a  Frusso- 
Anglican  bidwpric  as  a  sort  of  advertisement  of  the  unity  and 
■ggrcnivefoReof  Proteslantiiin,  The  special  mission  of  Bunsen 
■a  England,  from  Juno  to  November  1841,  wax  completely 
wccosfol.  in  spite  of  the  opposition  of  English  high  churchmen 
and  Lgthenn  eilRmisls.  The  Jerusalem  bishopric,  with  the 
nmeol  of  the  British  government  and  the  active  erKourogemui  t 
et  tha  aidibahop  of  Canterbury  and  the  bishop  of  London,  wax 
duly  eatabHshed,  endowed  with  Prusuan  and  English  money. 
and  ttmainad  for  some  forty  years  an  Isidated  aymbi^  of 
PtoMtaot  mdty  and  a  rock  of  stumbling  to  Anglican  Calhollci. 

DnfHg  ho  stay  in  England  Bunsen  bad  made  himself  very 
pcfHilar  among  all  dassei  of  society,  and  he  waa  selected  t^ 
QiKcn  Victoria,  ost  of  tlirea  niRtci  profnscd  by  the  kmg  of 
Pmaaia,aiMnbaHador  tothecourt  of  St  Jamei't.  In  Ibis  post 
heianainod  for  thirtcea  years.  Mix  lenureol  the  oflice  coincided 
otlh  Dm  critical  period  in  Pmalan  and  European  afiain  which 
cidmbiaiad  fn  tbe  ravdutlon*  of  1S4S.  With  the  visionary 
tdMOMt  el  Ftadeiick  WaUaB,  Dbether  that  ol  letting  wi  a  strict 
epbeopal  oi^niialion  'm  the  Evangehcal  Chnith,  ot  that  ol 
■eviviag  tte  dthuict  ided  of  the  nediaval  Empire,  Bmsen  loond 
hfaMdl  bcreasingly  out  of  sympathy.  He  reaHied  Ihe  ilgnifi- 
MBCC  of  the  signs  that  heralded  the  coming  aloim,  and  liicd  in 


vain  to  pwve  the  king  to  a  policy  wliicb  wodd  Iwve  pUc«d  liia 
at  the  bead  of  a  Germany  united  and  free.  He  fell  biltoly  the 
humiliatioB  of  Pnmfa  by  Austria  after  the  victory  o'  the 
reactioD;  and  in  rgji  he  set  his  tiguauue  reluctantly  to  the 
treaty  which.  In  hi*  view,  turrendered  the  "  constiliiilaDal 
rights  of  ScUciwig  and  HohleiiL"  Hi*  whole  kflaeocc  waa 
now  directed  to  withdiawing  Pivsn  lion  the  bUfhtlngtoBuciKx 
of  An  tiia  and  Rusia,  aitd  adcmptlog  to  draw  dosei  th*  tica  that 
bound  hei  to  Gteat  Bittain.  On  the  ontbteafc  of  tlw  Ciimeaa 
War  he  niged  Ftedetick  William  10  thnm  bi  Ua  lot  *ith  tte 
weticm  power*,  aixl  cteatc  a  diversion  in  the  noith-eaxt  which 
wonld  have  forced  Russia  at  onct  lo  tcnn*.  The  reicctioD  of  las 
advice,  and  the  ptodamalionalPnisiiB'sattitodeaf  benmlcBt 
neuiiality,"  led  hiain  April  iBj*  Bi  off  or  his  tesgnatkn,  which 
waa  accepted. 

Bunsen's  life  as  a  public  man  waa  now  practically  at  aa  cb4. 
He  retired  fint  to  a  villa  on  the  Nsckai  near  Heidelhergaad  lata 
to  Bonn.  He  refused  to  stand  for  a  seat,  ir^  the  Liberal  intfrot, 
in  the  Lower  House  of  the  Prussian  diet,  knit  continued  to  take 
an  active  interest  in  polilicx,  and  in  1855  published  in  two 
volumes  a  wo^i>ieZe>iAe>>dcrZnl.-  fir>c/i,£rc-,  which  esenaed 

the  faltun  of  the  revolution  had  crushed-  In  September  1857 
Bunsen  attended,  as  Ihe  king's  guest,  a  meeting  at  the  Evan- 
gelical Alliance  at  Betlini  and  one  of  the  laH  papen  usneal 
by  Frederick  William,  before  his  miad  gate  Say  in  Odidicr,  wai 
that  which  confemd  upon  him  the  title  of  boran  and  a  picnge 
for  life.  In  1858,  at  Ihe  special  rcquEBt  of  the  regent  (altennrdl 
the  ompemr)  WilUam,  he  took  ha  nt  in  the  Pmiiasi  Uppir 
House,  and,  though  remaining  silent,  suppotud  the  new  noustiy, 
ol  which  his  political  aad  penonal  fkiinds  weiw  meaben. 

Literary  work  was,  however,  his  main  prcoccwpation  duiinf 
all  this  period.  Two  discoveries  of  aniicnt  HSS,  made  darii^ 
his  stay  in  London,  the  one  containing  a  shorter  text  of  thn 
EpiiBa  cf  Si  ttiuliMi,  and  the  other  an  ntknows  work  Om  di 
tkt  Hereiia,  by  Bishop  Hippolytua,  bad  alRAdy  led  him  10 
write  his  i/i^^ytuaiirf  Ml  Aft.-  DMriiuand  PraUkt  ^  Ktm 
uajtr  Ceinmahu  aad  Sntnit  (ttst).  He  now  cncentmeil  al 
bis  (fHortx  upon  a  tnuisUtion  of  the  Bible  with  GomBBitariea. 
While  thlx  wax  In  pRpanlbw  he  poUalBd  hix  Citf  In  HitfVK 
in  which  he  conloids  that  the  piogana  ol 
parallel  10  Ihe  conception  of  God  fc 
by  the  bighcst  exponents  of  itx  lluiaglil  At  the  sa 
carried  through  the  press,  isaiited  ^  Siniutl  Biich,  the  cott- 
eluding  volumes  of  his  woik  (published  in  ^tglith  «a  wed  aa 
in  German)  £jyf('f  Piau  i*  Uk^okI  lliiMj  HF-t-^i-g  a 
reconstruction  ol  Egyptian  cbrawlogy,  together  irith  an  attempt 
lo  determine  the  relalioa  in  which  the  language  and  tht  lellgioa 
of  that  country  stand  II 
more  aodent  non-Aryan  bih!  Aryan  n 
tubjecl  were  most  fully  deveh]|ied  in  two  vohimes  pnblilhod  In 
London  before  he  quitted  finglahd-^IMisiMi  «f  Us  mU  ' 
tf  C/iBMriitl Habiry lUttplitd la  1-intmlti.amd  Jltiipea  (i 

ias4). 

In  18^  Bnnsen's  health  began  to  fail;  visits  to  Cxnnet  li 
and  i8;o  brooght  no  improvei 
iSth,  i8tia.  One  of  hi*  last  requeM*  having  been  that  his  wife 
would  write  down  rccoUections  of  tbdw  common  life,  she  pid>> 
llshed  hi*  Iftmtin  in  1B68,  which  cOBtSin  much  of  his  pitviic 
coTTOSpoDdence.  The  Gennan  innslatioD  of  these  Utm*in 
has  added  extracts  from  unpublished  ddcunrcnti,  thtowing  a 
new  Ught  upon  the  political  events  in  which  he  played  a  part- 
Baron  Humboldt's  ktlns  to  Bunsen  were  |Hinted  In  iS6«. 

Bunsen't  English  connexion,  both  throt^h  his  wife  <d.  it}t) 
and  ihnugh  his  own  long  rtiidence  in  London,  wax  further  ia- 
creased  in  his  family.  He  had  ten  children,  faiduding  five  soa^ 
Henry  [i8rB-Ig5s).  Emeit  (1810-190]),  Kari  (i8ii'i3gT). 
Georg  (rSi4-iSoS)  and  Thtodor  (igjr-iaji)-  Of  these  Kad 
(Charles)  and  Theodor  had  careers  in  the  German  diplon^tic 

in  (krmany,  eventually  retired  lo  live  in  London li^bniy,  who 
was  an  English  clergyman,  became  1 


BUNSEN»  R.  W. 


■rrled 


■,E«gm 


nui,  Him  Gucney, 
■UMcqiKaiiy  ituaca  ma  axa  in  Lvndan.  The  iorm  o(  "  dc  " 
Buuen  wu  adopud  for  the  lunuine  in  Engtuid.  Emol  dc 
BuueD  »u  ft  scbolariy  writer,  who  published  vvthhb  work* 
tnlh  in  Gernun  and  in  EnElish,  notably  on  Biblkal  duosokigy 
and  other  qucMisntoicampiintinRliKian.  Hiiagn.SiiUauria 
da  BunKn  (b.  iBji).  enured  the       . 

■1;;,  and  ilura  nried  eipciJeDca  becuK    _ 

!■  looj. 

S«  ibo  L.  wn  RanlK,  At  itm  Srl^autaa  FHiirkti  WUhtlmi 
IV.  mU  finin  (Dctli*.  iSm).  Tbc  bioinpky  <■  the  9th  cdilloi 
of  ihb  morlDTHhcdiii,  thick  baa  been  drawn  tipon  abovoi  wat  by 

BITHSBIt,  KOBERT  VILBBUI  VOM  <i8ii-tgM).  Cenmn 

dKmW,  wu  bocn  at  GMIinicn  on  the  jist  o[  March  iSii.his 
.  laEher,  ChTittiim  Bunicn,  beins  diief  libniian  and  pnfciaor  of 
■wdcni  philology  ai  tho  univeraity.  He  himwll  fntercd  the 
univenil]'  in  iSiS,  and  In  i8]«  bccune  Piiat-dKoit.  In  iltj6 
he  became  teidier  of  diemiitry  at  the  Polylcdinic  School  oF 
Cavoi.  and  [o  igjg  took  up  the  appointment  oE  piofmor  ol 
dinnisliy  at  Marbnri,  where  be  remained  till  iSji.  In  iSji. 
■Iter  1  brief  prrisd  in  Bmliu,  he  wa>  ■ppofntcd  lo  the  duli  of 
dwmittiy  St  Heidelberg,  vhcic  he  3|icnt  the  roc  oi  hia  life,  in 
Vtte  of  an  uigotl  inv^ution  to  (nigrate  to  Bctlln  as  auccesor 
to  E.  Hitacherljch.  He  rclirtd  fnm  active  work  in  1SS9,  itA 
died  at  Heidelbcis  on  the  i<Stb  of  Aiijust  iSgg.  The  fini  re- 
KiTch  by  uhich  aQcniioQ  Ku  drawn  to  Bunicn'i  abiliiies  wis 
rannainl  with  the  cicodyl  compounds  (sec  Aisehic).  iboueh 
hv  had  already,  in  liit,  dlaarvrrtd  the  virtues  of  freely  pre- 
cipitated hydiated  kiric  oiide  aa  an  antidote  to  arsenical 
poiUDiBg.  It  waa  bccun  Id  iSjt  *I  Cuac).  and  durinS  the  lit 
yean  he  ipent  upon  it  ha  nM  only  lost  the  sshi  of  one  eye 
tktoi^h  an  exploiiDn,  but  nenily  lulled  himself  by  arsenical 

And  complctcnesa  it  la 
of  thai  branch  of  the 

.., Jtby  his 

EasKdi  pupil,  Edward  Fnnkland.  SimuliuicDudy  with  hi> 
wtcli  Ml  cacodyl  he  was  studying  the  composiiisn  of  the  gaici 
ftvan  oil  bora  blast  funute*.  He  shown)  that  b  CDrnan 
faraana  iMaily  half  the  beat  yielded  by  the  fuel  was  being 
•Dowrd  to  cjcapc  with  the  waste  pues,  and  when  he  omc  to 
Xnciand,  and  in  conjunciion  *tith  Lyon  Flayfait  investigated 
the  caaditkiu  obtaining  in  En^ish  f  uinacei,  be  found  Ihi  wisie 

Ika  ^y^icaiion  ol  scieniiEc  principles  to  the  manufactun  of  iron. 
aadlhcy  led  also  lo  the  elaboration  of  Sunscn's  famous  methods 
•f  nsuattng  gaseous  volumes,  Sc.  which  fom  the  mbject  of 
the  only  book  he  ever  published  (Caiamtiriscte  UdliaJai,  iSj;). 
In  1S41  he  Invented  the  catbon-iinc  electric  cell  which  is  known 
by  Ul  oanc,  and  which  conducted  him  to  several  Important 

and  ahoiKd  that  from  i4  cells  a  light  equal  to  iJ7t<3  candka 
oottld  be  obtained  with  the  consumption  ol  one  pound  ol  linc 
per  hour.  To  meaauie  this  light  he  desisncd  in  1844  unthcr 
fautru'iitnt,  which  in  various  modificatiou  has  come  isto  «■ 
lansive  use — the  gi«»-cpal  photometer.  In  1851  he  began 
M  ciny  out  c1cctn>]yticiLl  dcoomposi  lions  by  the  aid  ol  the 
batteiy.  By  moint  ol  ■  very  ingenious  strangciBent  he  obtaiaed 
BBgnetium  for  the  first  time  in  the  ractnllJe  iiale,  aikd  studied 
hi  dnicil  and  physltal  propertiea,  among  other  thiipdcnon- 
McatiaK  tke  bi^lliarm  and  high  actinic  qiuiitici  ef  the  Same  it 
|iT(s  when  buiot  in  air.  From  i8si  to  r«6j  lie  publislicd  with 
Soacoo  a  aeries  of  investigations  on  phoiocluniical  nKosuro- 
ncBU,  which  W.  Oitwald  has  called  the  "  classicnl  exuwk  for 
ail  fnluie  icscarches  in  physical  chemistry."  Pciiiaps  the  best 
known  of  [he  contiivancc*  whkh  the  world  owca  to  hhn  is  the 

of  burning  ordinary  ami  |ai  with  a  hot  smokeleaa  Ibmc  was 
■ctjuired  for  the  new  labomloty  at  Heidelberg.  Other  appliances 
Invented  by  him  were  the  ice^kirimelcr  (1870],  the  vapour 


VON— BUNTER 

ilotliaeier  (iSJ;].ind  the  fiher| 
■     ■  ■         carchon 


in  thee 


Mcnl 


(of  a 


another 


:eof  w 


0  Iceland.  I 


Travellini  w 
lavourite  lelaaalioRt,  and  in  iS4fi  ho  paid  a  visit  t< 
Tliete  he  investigated  the  phenomena  o(  the  geysers,  me  com- 
position of  the  gases  coming  off  from  the  fumaroles,  their  action 
on  the  locks  with  whidi  they  csme  into  contaa,  lie.,  and  OA 
hia  observations  wag  founrled  a  noteworthy  cantiibution  to 
gcoloKicnl  Itieoiy.  But  the  man  br-resching  of  bis  achieve- 
ments was  the  ebboiation,  about  1859,  Jointly  with  G.  R.  Kirch- 
hoff,  of  spectrum  analysis,  which  has  put  a  new  weapon  ol  extra- 
onHnary  power  into  thchandsboth  of  dtenustsandastrttnomers. 
It  kd  Bunsen  himself  almost  immediately  to  the  isolation  ol  two 
newclenMnL30flheanLaligroup,caesiumandiubidium.  Having 
noticed  some  unknown  lines  in  the  qicclra  of  certain  salts  he  was 
examining,  he  set  to  work  to  obtain  the  substance  or  (uhsunccs 
10  which  these  were  due.  To  this  end  he  evaporated  large 
quant  it  ies  ol  the  DUrkheim  mineral  water,  and  Jt  says  much  both 
for  his  perseverance  and  powers  of  manipublion  that  he  dealt 
with  40  Ions  ol  the  water  to  cet  about  1;  graouneaof  the  mixed 
chlorides  of  (he  two  substances,  and  that  with  about  one-third  of 
th.t  quantity  of  cncsium  chloride  was  able  to  prepare  the  most 

■     U 

n  founded  no  school  of  dinnstry;  that  ts  to  say,  m 
y  of  chemical  doctrine  i>  auodstcd  with  his  name.  Indeed, 
oak  little  or  no  part  in  dlscus^ons  of  points  of  theory,  and, 
crmvcrsant  uEth  the  trend  of  the  diciiiial 
spend  his  energies  hi  the 
colletllDnoreiperimentBidata.  Onefact,heusedtosayj>roperly 
proved  is  worth  all  the  theories  that  can  be  invented.  But  09  a 
teacher  of  chemistry  he  was  almost  without  rival,  and  his  success 
is  sufhciently  itlested  by  the  scores  ol  popits  who  Backed  fion 
everypart  of  the  globe  Co  study  under  him,  and  by  the  number  of 
those  pupils  who  alterwards  made  their  mark  In  the  chemital 
world.  The  ^crctolthis  success  lay  largely  In  the  fact  that  be 
never  dckgatcd  his  work  to  assiilants,  but  was  coiutantty  present 
with  his  pupils  in  the  laboratory,  asskting  each  with  persona] 
direction  and  advice.  He  was  also  one  of  the  first  to  nppredala 
the  value  of  practical  work  to  the  student,  and  he  instituted  a 
iTgular  practical  couise  at  Marburg  m  far  back  as  rS^o.  Though 

alone  to  be  the  end  of  scientific  research,  and  the  eiample  tie 
set  hit  pupils  was  one  of  single-hearted  devotion  to  the  ad- 
vancemenl  of  knowledge. 
See  Sir  Henr) 


Dsiwi 


's  coUecLcd  w 


vola.  at  Leipi 


/KTEIt,  the  name  applied  by  Englishgoologisia  to  the  lower 

iorsubdivitlanof  the  Ttiasaic  rocks  in  the  United  Kingdom, 

name  has  been  adapted  from  the  Ceraun  BuitfniirdileJK, 

banfr  iandileiH,  for  it  was  in  Germany  thai  this  continental 

. .     of  triassic  deposit  was  liist  arelully  studied.    In  Fiuice, 

tha  Bunter  is  known  as  the  Crii  liptrr*.    In  northern  and 

ntnl  Germany,  in  the  Hira,  Thurfaigia  and  Hesse,  the  Banter 

nsvally  conionruble  with  the  underlying  Permian  formation; 

the  south-west  and  west,  however,  it   Iransgresies  on  to 

drriDck*,  en  to  Coal  Measures  nor  Saaibmck,  and  upon  tha 

oyslnlline  achkta  of  Odcnwakd  and  the  Black  Forest.  1 

The  Cemidn  ■ubdividoni  ol  the  Bunter  aie  as  rolTows:— (■] 

Upl*r  Banuutoin.  or  Rel,  moiiled  red  and  green  raarls  and 

an^d"om;iS™ir*M«ie'and  TftunneS.'a^ian^SuTHnd.tone 
imyaiTi  in  the  lower  pari.  The  "  Rhiiocnnllluni  Dolomite"  (JL 
probably  a  sponge)  of  the  bticr  district  contaios  the  only 
(Buaa  of  any  impaitanca.  In  Lorraine  and  Ibe  EUel  and 
triclj  there  arc  micKcoui  ckyi  and  sandstones  with  obnl 
—the  IVltis  candtlDne.  The  lower  bedi  in  the  Black 
Voices.  Odenwald  and  Lorraine  very  gefteralW  conrahi 
hf  Hr,in*<jr*  anA  nnv,K>H_<k*  •^.^.•ii^d  "  Coraeol  bank  " 
(9M  ft^rtba  bulk 


HiU«m  (900  tt^.tki 


BUNTING,  J.— BUNTING 


BQItiu  caned  Ibe 


to  UHully  fiDC-raaiAed  'lut  bean  the  focMpriiita 

la  the  Vmrna  ctiBriel,  thta  nbdiviiini  ot  Iba  Bu 

Oil  Ja  VtMi.  or  ite  Crii  fUndp^,  iriikh  empriia:  (L] 
iiikictgiu*aau(IllKBi«aBd«aM;uL)UitcntliiiiiMifniK>pii': 
■ad <Ju.iCiiiii§int prindtal {-irhaa  r«(a. pnperiy Bxsillcd). 
(3)  Lflvff  BwtUaniittijt,  nae^nuied  diyey  and  miacethn  und- 
•unn,  nd-CRTi  yi'I'"'.  ohlM  and  idmUkI.  The  miKnt  of  the 
■udKoaa  U  oltH  fclipithle;  for  IhD  Rani  Ibqr  yicM  uscrtil 
ponatou d>v* ia dHTIwinawwU.  CUr nlbm onrnu U ^ 
HndUoMa  01  •ome  dittrim,  and  in  ihe  a^bouitnod  «  ihc  Han 
■n  oolEttc  akaRaiB  BndMOK.  Sattnilm.  occun.  In  eaiUrn 
HcH,  the  lowcn  bedi  iit  crainbly,  iGaly  clart.  BrltMKkikim. 

The  [gjlowinc  uc  (te  nibdivulon  iwuUy  (dopieil  iH  Enffand;— 
(l)  Upper  Matlled  Sioditaiie,  nd  wiEcsled  undilDBea.  toft  and 
icnaS^litt  froia  pcbblo.  (i)  BihUet  Febbk  Bedi.  harder  icd 
andbTDwnBoduoiKiwithmiiniaiepebbleg.vciygbuDdintiii  tome 
pbciL  {])  Lower  Mgttkd  Sanditcine.  verr  •ioiilu'  to  the  upper 
djvirion.  The  BunTcr  bedi  acauy  ■  Urje  aica  Id  Ibc  midlaad 
covnlia  where  theyform  dry,  beallhy  iroiisd  ol  modente  elcviiian 
(Ciiuuick  Chue,  TrenUum.  Sbcnood  FoeU,  SuHon  Coldfitid, 
Sc.).  Soulhmrd  Ibcy  nuy  be  foUmiied  IbtoiHh  wttt  Somcnct 
In  the  clUff  of  BadkHBli  Sslierton  ia  Devon;  while  nonhnnl  they 

em  thmUEh  Botth  Haffacdikire.  Clnhn  and  LunoMn  lo  the 
,le  ol  Eden  *i^  St  Beea,  Rappeariiw  in  Elfin  and  Amn.  A  de- 
poui  si  [hea  rock*  Ub  in  tb*  Vdoof  Qwyd  and  Mobab^  niDki  the 
^era  tide  at  Ibe  Pcanint  Hilla.  althoiigb  here  It  b  not  »  readily 
dHTarnltited  rien  tke  Keaper  bedh  The  En^Uih  Burner  rcett 
with  a  fllighl  BAConforaitty  upon  tba  older  lormatioMk  IF  ifl  Rcner- 
ally  abtcnt  In  the  lOulh-cauerD  nxintin.  but  thkkem  npidly  ia 
Uw  oppotiu  dirtcikHi, «  b  ihawn  by  the  lal)oiriii(  Uble:-^ 


Uncaihira  and 
W.  Cheihin. 

SulTotdihlie. 

Leiowcrdilie  nd 

l&,i 

■ISI 

s 

n.  iDOM  of  [be  Trim 


•«i«  ot  red  clavr  ihe  Canf  £1  »cdi.and  a  1 
theTlCKne  Bimter  bclonvi  iD  Ihe  liDEle  u 


loolprinu  of  Ckarolitrii    , 

tlfefluria  ailala  und  Gcrnllca  Hi 
Itisiib.     PUdU  ue  reprcscaled  by  I'MBia  aad 
■ad  ferns. 
In  England,  Ihe  Bunler  (nndstones  trequenily 


ot  nmpbtbiana  is 
and  Uaiiad<miaiiria. 
jni  are  cfaaraclei4»tic 
a  and  by  cquoctuma 

s  tbey  are  used  U 


building  atone  or  for  foundry  und.  In  Germany  Bome  of  tlie 
haidcr  beds  have  yielded  biiUdlng  ttona,  which  wen  murh  vscd 
In  the  middle  ages  In  the  mniiiuetion  of  cathedrals  and  eajiles 
InHuthFtnCciDitnyandontbeRhine.  In  the  northern  Ellel 
region,  at  Mechcm^h  and  dsevbcre,  this  formation  contains  lead 
~     ~  ndp>tch(3(J>:nile>im1intheund9tonc: 


BOme  of  the  lei 


Shiui. 


lOrkcd  b) 


*.H0 


BiniTtRa,  JABB  (it;9-iS58),  English  Wetleyao  divine, 
was  born  ot  bumble  parentage  a(  Manchetler  on  the  ijth  ol 
Uay  1779.  Be  oas  educated  at  Hancheitcr  grammar  acbool, 
and  at  the  age  of  nineteen  bcgaa  to  prcacii,  being  received  into 
lull  connexion  In  1803.  He  continued  to  infobter  tor  npwnnli 
ot  fifty-Mven  ynn  in  Honchcster,  Sheffield,  Leeds,  Liverpool, 
london  and  ikeHbeiE.  In  1S35  he  hm  appolBiEd  president  of 
Ihe  fini  Wesleyan  theolagical  collcp  (at  Hoiton),  and  in  this 
poaliion  ht  succeeded  tn  materi^ly  raising  the  atandard  ol 


education  unong  Wesleyu  mlnblen.  He  wti  km  timet 
chosen  to  be  president  oE  the  CD oterence,  was  repeatedly  seovtary 
of  the  "  Legal  Hundred,"  and  for  eighteen  yean  was  lecretary 
to  the  Weskyan  Missionuy  Society.  Under  him  Uelhodbin 
nased  to  be  a  society  based  upon  Anglican  tbnndatioii,  and 
became  a  (HsCincI  church.  He  favoured  the  eitenaioa  of  lay 
power  in  commillce*,  and  was  particularly  icalous  in  the  causa 
of  foreign  missions.  Banting  was  a  popidar  latadier,  and  an 
clleclive  plaltorm  speaker;  in  igi3  he  was  given  the  dofree  of 
M^,  by  Aberdeen  University,  led  in  [gj4  thai  of  D.D.  by 
WealcyBnUnivcniIyolMiddletowB,CaniL,ir.SA.  Hedkdon 
the  t«th  of  June  rSsS.  Rb  eldest  ion,  William  Haclaid« 
Biin1ing(iao5-ig66),vTasnlsoadistiiigui9bcdWciley*iimiaBtcr; 
and  hb  grandson  Sir  Percy  Wlllinn  Buntfng  <h.  i8]6}.  na 
of  T,  P.  Bunting,  became  prominent  as  a  liberal  DoncODiormat 
and  editor  of  the  CMittn/ffMry&tifitfiDBi  itSi,  bt4D(kiil|btad 
iniQog. 
See  Cmi  of  labei  Bunilng  (iis9)  and  W.  M.  Buntlnt  {ilTo]  by 

BDirTIRS,  properly  the  comaon  En^Ish  naiat  ot  the  bbd 
called  by  Linnieut  Smbcriia  milleiia,  bnt  now  used  In  « 
general  sense  for  all  memben  of  the  family  Etubtrkidae, 
which  are  doiely  allied  to  the  finchci  {FrmiUtUat).  though, 
In  PrDfetsor  W.  K.  Parker^  o^nion,  to  be  easily  dittlo- 
gubhed  theieftom — -the  Binhaiiidat  pouoilng  what  none 
of  the  erintmUai  do,  aa  additional  pah-  ol  palatal  bono, 
"  palalo-muillaiics."  It  will  probably  follow  from  this 
dbgnoib  that  game  form*  ol  birds,  patilculady  ihcce  of  the 
New  World,  iriiich  have  hitherto  been  commonly  assigned  to  the 
lattcrrieally  belong  lo  ihe  tocmcr,  and  among  tbem  the  (enen 
Ctrdinotli  and  Phryiilia.  The  additional  palatal  bones  just 
named  are  also  Caund  In  several  other  peculiarly  Amcricaii 
iamiiies,  namely,  Tanapidiu,  IcIvUai  and  Uii'itlihiiae~- 
whcBce  It  may  be  pcrha|s  inferred  that  the  EmtiraUai  aie 
ot  Transallanlic  origin.  The  buntings  generally  may  be  also 
outwardly  distinguished  from  Ihe  finches  by  their  angiilai  gape, 
Ihe  posterior  portion  of  which  is  greatly  deflected;  aad  rmU 
of  the  Old-World  tormi,  together  with  some  of  those  of  the  Ne* 
World,  have  a  bony  knob  on  the  palate — a  swollen  outgrowth 
ol  the  dentaryedgnol  the  bill.  Correlated  with  thb  pecnKarily 
Ihe  masilU  usually  has  tin;  tomia  sinuated.  and  b  pnerally 
concave,  and  smaller  and  narrower  than  the  mandible,  which 
b  abo  concave  to  receive  the  palatal  knob.  In  most  othei 
respects  the  buntings  greatly  resemble  (he  finches,  hat  their 
eggs  are  generally  distinguishable  by  the  Inegular  hafrJtta 
markings  on  the  shell.  In  the  British  Islands  by  far  the  coat- 
monest  ^ccics  of  hunting  b  the  jvllow-huiimer  (£  fJMatfa), 
but  the  true  bunting  (or  com-bunilDg,  or  bunilng-lark,  aa  U  It 
called  In  some  districlt)  is  a  very  well-known  Unl,  wtda  tba 
reed-bunting  (B.  ic*Kinclw)  fnquenls  manhy  aoOi  alaioM 

south  of  England  the  cfri-bunting  (E.  drlia)  is  alao  ■  nsfdenti 
and  in  winter  vast  flocks  of  the  snow-bUDtiag  {PUttrrfiaati 
rgnltnhle  by  its  poialed  wings  and  ekia^ted 
o  our  shorea  and  open  grounds.  Thb  last 
IS  tienevea  to  Dreed  sparingly  on  the  faT  ' 
Scotland,  but  the  mafuily  of  the  emo^ki 
fromnoilhemR^ans,  foritbaipechiiridehtniv 
the  whiJe  drcumpolar  ama.  Tta  ortoltn  (B.  Jurtalmt},  atf 
highly  priud  for  iti  delicate  Savour,  oetarieiaUy  upptut  In' 
Eng<uid,bW  (he  Biitisb  Islands  lean  to  He  'outiid*  It*  pnpcr 
range.    f>i  the  canijnent  of  Europe,  In  Africa  and  thraotfiDiil 


hind-da* 


R  found,  while  in  An> 


belonging  to  the  famQy  carunt  at  ptcsef  he  oompuicd.  The 
beautiful  and  mclodiou*  eatdlnal  (Cardimlil  rir[inla<na), 
commonly  called  the  Virginian  nightingale,  must  be  inchi^d 
in  thb  famUy.  (A.  N.) 

BUHTIHO  (a  word  ol  doubtful  origin,  possibly  cannecteif 
with  hinl,  to  ^fl,  «  with  the  Ger,  imil,  of  vuied  colour), 
a  kxMely  woven  woollen  cloth  for  making  flap;  Ihe  tern  b 
also  used  of  a  collection  of  lags,  and  poidcululy  Iboae  «(  • 
ship. 


Digitized  byGoO^le 


8o3 


BUHTIJI,  JOIUI  (i6lS-t»M),  Eiitfish  reUsi. 
born  al  EIiLow,  iboul  a  miJe  iioiB  BiJIon],  in  t 
Him  falbcr,  Ttumu  Butiyu,'  wu  a  lidcEI.  or. 
hinuelf,  a  "  br^cr"  The  libkcra  Lbcc  ionncd  a  herwliury 
caste,  which  wjb  held  in  no  high  aumilion.  fiunyao'i  fitber 
bad  a  £icd  lesidencc,  and  wsi  abk  la  lend  hij  ion  to  a  viUajt 
■chool  wbuc  imdiog  and  wiiting  were  UU(ht 

The  yean  of  Jidui's  boyhood  Hoe  tbw  durisf  whidi  the 
Puriiin  qiiiil  vu  in  the  higbol  vi(OUr  all  over  En^and;  aod 
nowhere  faid  ihal  ipiiit  more  influence  than  ia  Bedlordthire. 
It  ii  not  wonderful,  ibcnTan,  that  a  lad  to  whom  naiure  had 
£jvea  a  powerful  inu^natloii  atid  sensibility  which  amounted 
to  a  diM3K,  tbould  have  been  eady  haunted  by  [eligiciui  teiran. 
Before  be  wa*  ten  his  iporti  were  intemipLcd  by  fiu  of  lemoree 
and  deapoit;  and  bii  ^ccp  wu  distuibed  by  dicanu  of  £enda 
trying  Eo  fiy  away  with  him.  Ai  he  grew  oldec  hti  menial 
contlicti  become  itill  more  vlnlent.  The  ilrong  lanEuip:  in 
which  be  dc^ciihcd  them  ttmngely  misled  all  hia  earlier  bto- 
graphcre  eicepi  SouLhcy.    It  was  long  an  ordinaiy  practice 


[jalance  of  the  .  . 
uc  the  hunati  soul  from  the 
lowcaKkpihtofwickedncH.  UeisuUedin  oneboek  thenXBl 
uotorlms  of  piofii^lei;  in  another,  the  brand  plucked  fian  lbs 
fauming.  Many  excellent  pcnani,  whoie  moral  chsricter  from 
boyhood  to  old  age  ha«  been  free  from  any  (lain  discernible 
to  their  ftUcrw-citalures,  have,  in  their  autobiogiiiphia  and 
djaric*,  applied  to  themselves,  and  doubllcsa  with  tiitceiily, 
cpjlhett  as  severe  as  could  be  applied  to  Tilus  Oalcs  or  Mm 
Browniiu.  It  la  quite  certain  thai  Bunyan  was,  at  dfhlecn, 
Mrbal,  in  any  hut  the  most  austerely  punlanical  circles,  would 
liave  been  nuBidcred  at  a  young  msn  of  lingular  gravity  and 
jiuboccDCe.  Indeed,  it,  may  be  rcmarlLed  that  he,  like  many 
other  penitents  who,  in  general  terms,  acjtnowledgc  Iheniselvts 
tohavebeenthcwontofm^Rkind,  tired  up,  and  stood  vigorously 
OB  hb  defence,  whenever  any  particular  charge  was  brought 
aLgainst  him  by  others.  He  declares.  It  Is  true,  that  he  had  lel 
toote  the  nlD)  on  ihe  neck  ot  his  lusls,  thai  he  had  delighted 
in  all  IKUUgnssions  against  the  divine  law,  and  that  he  had  been 
tha  ringleader  ol  the  youth  of  Elslow  in  all  maimer  of  vice. 
But  when  thou  who  wished  him  ill  accused  him  ol  licentious 
■inoujs,  he  called  en  God  and  the  angels  to  attest  his  purity. 
No  woman,  he  said,  in  heaven,  eaith  or  bell,  could  charge  hJm 
with  hiving  ever  made  any  improper  advances  to  her.  Not  oaly 
bad  he  been  sltklly  faithful  to  his  wife;  but  hi  had,  even  bclore 
his  marriage,  been  pcilccLly  ipotleti.  It  docs  not  appear  from 
his  own  coofcssioEs,  or  from  the  milmgs  of  his  enenuci,  that  he 
ever  was  drunk  in  his  life.  One  bad  habit  he  contracted,  that 
of  using  profane  language;  but  be  tells  us  that  a  single  reproof 
cured  him  so  eSeclually  that  he  IKVcr  oflended  again.  The 
wont  that  can  be  laid  to  his  charge  is  that  be  bad  a  great  liking 
lot  some  diveiSLDns,  qui  te  haimless  in  themselves,  hui  cDodenmed 
by  the  rigid  precisians  among  whom  he  lived,  and  for  whose 
opinion  he  had  a  gieat  respect.  The  four  chief  lins  of  which 
l»  was  guilty  were  dancing,  tinging  Ihe  bells  of  Ihe  parish  church, 
pbylng  at  tipcat  and  reading  the  hiuoiy  of  Sir  Bevis  of  Soulb- 
unplon.  A  rcclor  of  Ibe  school  of  Laud  would  have  held  such 
■  young  man  up  10  the  wbote  parish  as  a  model.  But  Sunyiui'l 
notions  d  good  and  evil  had  been  learned  in  t.  very  diSerent 
■chooli  and  be  was  made  miserable  by  the  coDBict  belween 
bii  taste*  and  his  sciuples. 

When  be  was  about  seventeen  jhc  ordinary  cduim  of  hit  life 
«u  inlerrupted  by  an  event  which  gave  a  Uiting  colour  to  hii 
thought*.    Ue  enlisted  in  the  PatliamcDUuy  army,'  and  lerved 


fniSi 

Inefaoldlri.  but  all  the  property  < 


kcai  nceids  id  EStowaad „ 


I,  Bonyi 


>ge  had  been  km  ii 
BiUalher.    Bunyan's  owa  accoual  of  hi 

._.  .,. id  most  despised  ol  ill  the  familia  of  tb 

■sad^mestbiiiutdawntohishabltualiclf-depraclitian.    Thoma 
Bwnn  had  a  Gnge  and  workibop  «  EMow. 
.  ■  There  is  no  direct  evidence  to  show  on  whi 
tMt  the  balance  of  pmbabilily  jusiif      ' ' 


^which  aide  ha  lought, 


during  the  decisive  cunpdgn  of  1(45.    All  that  we  know  of  hk 

military  career  is,  that,  it  Ihe  siege  of  some  town,"  one  ol  hfi 
comrade*,  wbo  bad  marched  with  the  be&icgfiig  army  tnilead 
of  him,  was  killed  by  a  shoL  Bunyan  ever  after  coMidered 
himself  aa  having  been  aaved  from  death  by  the  special  inters 
feresce  of  ProvtdeDce.  It  may  be  obierved  that  his  luaginalfon 
wu  itcong'y  impreiaed  hy  the  glimpse  wUcb  be  had  cingtil  o( 
the  pomp  ol  war.  To  the  U*I  he  toved  to  dnw  hk  IBustntioni 
ol  aased  things  from  campi  and  lortrene*,  from  gmu,  dtvn*, 
trumpcla,  3>gs  of  trace,  and  raiments  anayed  each  inder  it* 
mm  beniier.  His  Creaiheatt,  hk  Captain  Boane^ia  and  Ms 
Chptain  Credence  an  evidently  portrait*,  d  which  the  originali 
were  among  Ibooc  martial  sainia  who  [ought  and  expounded 
In  Fatifai's  army. 

In  1646  Bunyan  retonied  home  and  married  about  two  yeait 
later.  His  wife  had  some  i^ous  rdatlens,  uul  broi^i  hba  u 
her  only  portion  some  pious  books.  His  mind,  excitable  by 
nature,  very  imperfectly  disciplined  hy  education,  and  eiposed 
to  the  enthusiaani  *hl(i  was  Ihen  cpfdemk  tn  England,  began 
to  be  fearfully  disordered.  The  story  ol  the  itrut^  k  tohl  fai 
Bunyan 's  Grace  Abffitnding. 

In  oulwud  things  he  soon  becatoie  a  strict  PhaHie*.  Hewaa 
constant  hi  attendance  at  pmyen  and  sermona.  His  tsvouriii 
amisemenB  were,  one  after  another,  reUnquished,  thou^  not 
without  many  painful  struggles.  In  the  middle  of  a  gum  M 
tipcat  he  paused,  and  stood  staring  wildly  upwards  with  hit 
stick  in  his  hand.  Ue  had  heard  a  voice  asking  him  wbelhei 
he  would  leave  his  sin  and  go  to  heaven,  or  keep  his  sin*  and  go 
10  hell;  and  be  had  seen  an  awful  countenance  frowning  on  him 
from  the  sky.  The  odious  vice  of  bdl-ringing  be  lemunccdi 
but  he  ttai  lor  ■  time  ventured  to  go  to  the  church  lower  sad 
look  on  while  others  polkd  the  ropes.  But  toon  the  tbouf^t 
struck  him  that,  if  be  persisted  in  such  wickedncas,  the  steepi* 
would  fall  OB  his  head;  and  be  fled  bi  tcim  from  the  accutied 
place.  To  give  up  dancing  on  the  village  green  was  still  harder; 
and  some  monlhs  elapsed  before  he  had  the  fortitude  to  part 
with  his  darling  sin.  When  this  hut  sacrifice  had  been  made, 
he  was,  even  when  tried  by  Ihs  man'ms  of  that  (oslere  time, 
faultless.  All  Elstow  talked  of  bimaa  an  eminently  ploosymth. 
But  bis  own  Blind  was  more  miqulet  than  ever.  Having  nothing 
more  to  do  in  the  way  of  visible  nfonnatJan,  yet  findmg  id 
religion  no  |deasuma  to  supfiJy  the  place  of  Ibe  juvoiOe  amuse- 
nwnls  which  be  bad  relloquisbed,  ho  began  to  ipfnebend  that 
be  lay  under  tome  special  nudedictfon;  and  bn  wa*  tonnested 


K  be  look  it 


1,  and  tried  to 


e  or  to  Bedlam. 

lat  be  partook  ol  thai  blood;  but  his  hi. 

dcsln^ed  by  his  fsther.  wbo  uttna  to  have  had  no  lobi'llon  ID 

regarded  as  a  Jew,    AI  anothcT  time  Bunyaa  wa*  disturbed 

a  strange  dilamna:    "  If  I  have  tnt  UUi,  I  am  lo*t;  if  I 

ve  laith,  1  can  work  miraclca."    He  wu  tempted  to  ay  to  tba 

puddlo  between  Ekww  and  Bedfoid,  "  Be  ye  dry,"  and  to 

stake  hk  eternal  hopes  on  the  event.    Then  he  look  up  a  notion 

thM  the  day  ol  grace  for  Bedford  aod  the  ndghbourfaig  village* 

laa  past;  that  all  who  wen  to  be  laved  In  that  part  ot  Ei^land 

im  already  converted;  and  that  be  had  begun  to  pray  and 

Uiva  lome  monthi  too  late.    Then  he  wa*  harassed  by  dmibi* 

ihctbCT  the  Turks  were  not  in  ibe  right  and  the  Chriitlais  n 

hawrang.    Then  he  wa^troubled  by  a  maniacal  Igqnlsewhicb 

prompted  him  to  pray  to  the  tieca,  lo  a  hnMmatlck,  to  tha 

■ibolL 

yet,  hovtver,  be  was  only  enleiing  the  valley  of  the  ibtdow 
of  dath.  Soon  tha  darknc**  grew  thicker.  Hidcoui  fomi* 
"  ~  1  before  him.  Sounds  of  cuning  and  walling  wen  hi  hit 
HIi  way  mn  thitiu^  stench  and  fire,  dote  to  the  moulh 
ol  the  bottomless  pit.  He  began  to  be  haunled  by  a  ttnnge 
iriouly  about  the  unpardonable  ain,  and  by  a  morbid  longing 
1  commit  iL  Bat  the  niMt  frightful  of  all  the  lonni  which 
■There  it  tu  means  ol  Ideatilying  the  plM*  berfegcd.  It  hii 
XD  BHunied  te  be  Lricesiei,  which  wai  caHured  by  tba  Royalitl* 
I  May  i6ity  aad  recovced  by  Fairfis  ib  tM  oaM  ■aata 

J  I:  vuHl^le 


8o4 


hit  dbOM  took  wu  i  pnpnultv  to  ulMi 
•lly  lo  TcnouiKe  his  fhur  in  the  bpociiis  fir  thfi  mJempuaa. 
Njgbt  ijid  d»y,  ia  bed,  «t  tibk,  at  wotk,  cviJ  tpidu,  as  he 
JmaciHd.  wen  repeating  dose  to  his  or  tlic  vords,  "  5cU  him, 
kU  him."  He  itcuck  at  tiie  IwtigabUnsi  be  piiihcd  tbeo  [ram 
liiin :  but  lUll  (hey  wne  cvn  at  hii  side.  He  cried  out  in  auwer 
to  tbem,  boui  aim  houi,  "  Neva,  never;  not  [or  thoinaods  ol 
voddt^  not  for  Ihcusanda."  At  Jcngth,  woni  oat  by  this  [cog 
aeoay,  be  wflered  tlK  Eatil  words  to  escape  him,  "  Let  lum  go 
U  he  Bill"  Then  his  misecy  beome  morr  Imrful  thu  ever. 
He  bad  done  what  owld  not  be  lorgiven.  He  had  forfeited  hit 
part  of  the  great  ucrifice.  Like  Esau,  he  had  sold  his  birth- 
ri^t;  aod  tlien  was  do  kngei  any  placa  (or  lepcntance. 
"  None,"  be  afterwards  wrote,  "  knows  tbe  (cnon  of  tbusc  days 
but  nyiclf,"  He  ho*  dociibed  hit  nSciingi  with  singubc 
energy,  titnplidly  and  pathoa.  Heenvied  tliebratn^he  envied 
the  very  itonet  on  the  itrcct,  and  tlic  tika  oti  tikc  hoiuci.  Tita 
tun  secnxd  to  withhold  its  Ught  and  warmth  from  him.  His 
body,  though  cut  ia  a  sturdy  mould,  and  though  sliU  m  the 
higliESi  vigour  of  yooih,  trcmbLcd  wbcie  dayi  logeihci  wlUi  the 
fear  of  death  and  judgment.  He  fancied  that  this  tiemhLing  wat 
the  sign  set  oa  ttie  worst  reprobates,  tJic  sign  which  God  had  put 
on  Cain.  Tbe  uohappy  man's  emotion  destroyed  hts  power  of 
digcsliofl.  HebadtuchpaimthatbecipKtcd  tobuntauadn 
like  Judas,  whom  he  regarded  as  Ilia  prototype. 

Neither  tbe  books  which  Bunyan  read,  nor  the  advlsen  whom 
be  consulted,  wen  likely  to  do  much  good  in  a  case  like  liis. 
Mis  small  library  had  ncclved  i  most  unscuonible  addition, 
theaceonntof  thclanvntaMecndoEFtaadiSpira.    OneandeDt 

"  I  am  sfnid,"  uld  Bunyan,  "  that  I  have  comniittEd  the  tin 
Bgtiim  the  Holy  GhoaL"  "Indeed,"  said  the  old  fanatic,  *"  1 
am  afraid  that  you  have.*' 

At  length  the  douds  broke ;  the  light  became  clearer  and 
clearer:  and  the  enlhusiul  who  had  imagined  that  he  was 
bunded  with  the  muk  of  the  firat  murderer,  and  destined  to  the 
end  of  tiie  aich-uaitor,  enjoyed  peace  and  a  cheerful  confidence 
In  the  mercy  of  God.  Vears  elapsed,  however,  before  his  nerves, 
which  had  been  so  perilously  ovcrstraiaed,  Tecoven:d  their  tone 
When  be  had  Joined  a  Bapiiit  lodcty  at  Bedford,  and  wai  for 
the  first  time  admitted  to  partake  of  the  euchirist,  it  was  with 
difficulty  that  he  coufd  refrain  from  imprecating  destruction  on 
'is  brethren  while  the  cup  was  paning 


Atlei 


if  tho  congregation  he 


be^n  to  preach;  and  hii  sermons  pnKtuced  a  powerful  effect- 
He  was  indeed  iUilenlc;  but  he  q»ke  to  llliietate  men.  The 
■everc  training  through  whkh  he  had  pataed  had  ^ven  him  tuch 
an  ekperfmenlal  knowledge  of  ail  tlu  modes  of  religioua  melan- 
dioly  as  he  could  never  have  gathered  from  booka;  and  his 
Tigorous  genius,  aniou ted  by  a  fervent  spirit  of  devotion,  enabled 
Kim  not  only  to  aotiie  a  gT.at  InQuence  over  the  vulgar,  but 
even  to  utort  the  Eialf-rontenipiuous  admiratfon  of  £cholart. 
Yet  it  was  long  before  he  ceased  to  be  totmcntcd  by  an  impulse 
which  urged  him  toutter  words  of  horrible  impiety  hi  the  pulpiL^ 

Bunyanwas  finally  relieved  from  tiie  internal  sufferings  which 
had  embittered  his  Lfc  by  thatp  pcticculion  from  without.  He 
had  been  five  yciti  ■  preacher  when  the  Rcxtoralion  put  It  in 
Ihc  power  of  the  CaraUer  gentlemen  and  dcrgyinen  aU  over  the 
country  to  oppress  tbe  dissenlen.  In  November  iMo  be  was 
tbrag  Into  Bedford  gad;  and  there  lie  remained,  with  tome 
totuvab  of  partial  and  pttcarioiu  Ubcrty,  during  twelve 

■Buayaa  had  joined,  In  t8]J,  the  nonconfonniit' eooimunlty 
lAieh  met  mulcr  a  oenala  Mr  dlloid  at  St  Joho'i  church.  Bedlonl. 
Thii  cootncatioa  wai  not  Baptist,  properly  to  called,  u  the  onci- 
lion  of  Ik^Iiun.  wHh  otbcr  doctriiial  pointt,  wai  left  open.  Whca 
Banyan  femoied  to  Bedford  in  l6js.  he  bcaoic  ■  deacon  of  thii 
church,  ami  two  years  bio' he  wa  formally  reeof  nixed  at  a  prcacbcr, 
hit  fame  tass  tpreading  Ihraagb  the  nctghbaurlng  eounliet.  Hit 
wife  died  ma  after  their  niBOTal  to  Bedlanl.  and  he  alto  leat  Kit 
fiieiid  and  paitor.  Mr  GiHord.  Hit  " 
Haintl  Qiaker  myttlrlim  and  appaii 
fttn  CatM  7>wl*j  C '■  '■  —  '■ 


The  nUBtitk*  UM  M  extort  fro*  (dm  *  pmnfaB  thM  he  wodd 
abstain  from  preaching;  but  be  was  convinced  that  he  was 
di  vindy  aet  apart  ami  oomBiaiODed  to  be  a  teachei  ol  rJgbleouB- 
md  he  wti  fnlly  deurained  to  obey  Cod  nthcr  thaa  sua. 


thatbe 

tfchihmj  tit»  be  ^injfc*  not  to  Ude  hit  pSti 
but  that  hit  real  gill  wutUII  hi  npolrinf  eld  ketthc    Hewac 
ipaicd  to  Aleiuder  the  coffieninltk    He  wat  told  that  ■ 


'car  after  year  he  lay  patiently  in  a  dungeon,  mapered  willt 
'hich  the  wont  prison  now  to  bo  found  in  the  Edand  it  a  palace.* 
Hit  fortitude  is  tbe  more  otraordinuy  because  his  donicstic 
unusually  ttion^  Indeed,  he  ma  tOBsideRd  by 
hren  as  somewhat  too  fond  and  Indulgent  a  pamt 
He  had  four  iiraU  chjldren,  and  anwng  them  a  dai^ilcr  vfaii 
and  whom  he  bved  with  pecuBai  tcndeniest.  He 
he  taid,  bear  even  la  let  tlitt  wind  blow  on  her;  artd 
iDtt  suUer  cold  and  huikger;  she  matt  beg;  she  mast 
be  beaten;  "ycl,''  be  added,  "I  must,  I  must  doit." 
His  bccond  wife,  whom  be  had  married  just  before  hts  Bmst, 
icd  in  vain  fc4  hit  release;  the  even  pctitioDcd  the  Hoosc  of 
Lordt  on  hit  behalf.  While  he  lay  in  prison  be  could  do  imhinc 
way  of  his  old  trade  for  tbe  support  of  his  familj.  He 
lined,  theroTore,  to  take  up  a  new  trade.  He  learned  to 
make  lotig.Iaggcd  thread  lacet;  and  many  theuaandt  of  these 
'  imiilicd  by  him  to  the  hawkers.  While  hit  handi 
icd  Eke  had  other  employmcnti  for  hit  nmid  uhI 
gave  rcligioos  [BstmctioD  to  hb  fdlow-captiva, 
and  formed  fntm  among  them  a  little  Sock,  of  wUch  he  was 
himtcif  tbe  pastor.  He  studied  indefatigably  the  few  books 
which  he  pouessed.  His  two  chief  companioBa  were  the  BiUe 
tvATot't Bunt  olilartyri.  HisknowlcdgiDlllieBiUc  was  audi 
Ihalhentrghl  have  been  called  a  living  coiicordaDce;lnd  on  the 
margin  of  hit  copy  of  the  Bock  ej  Uarlyn  are  tlfll  legible  the 
ill-ipdt  luict  of  doggerel  in  which  be  eiprtSKd  Us  nvmiiu 
for  the  brave  suficren,  and  ha  implacable  enmity  to  tbe 
myttieal  BabylotL 

Priion  life  gave  htm  leisuic  to  write,  and  daring  his  fint 
imprtsonnient  be  wmle,  in  addition  to  several  tracts  and  tome 
verse.  Craa  Aieumliiii  lo  lit  Ciitf  tf  Simm,  tbe  narrMfvc  of 
his  own  religious  eiptricnce.  The  book  wai  pubKdicd  In  1666. 
A  short  period  of  freedom  was  followed  by  a  accond  offence  and 
a  further  impritonment.  Bunyan's  works  wen  coarse,  indeed, 
but  they  showed  a  keen  motlKr  wit,  a  great  command  of  the 
homely  mother  tongue,  an  rniimaie  knowledge  of  the  English 
Bible,  and  a  vast  and  dearfy  bought  spiritual  caperience.  Tliey 
therefore,  when  the  corrector  of  the  press  had  iiopnrved  the 
synlai  and  the  spelling,  were  well  roceivcd. 

Much  of  Bunyan's  time  wai  spent  to  controveny.  Re  wrote 
sharply  against  the  Quakers,  whom  hesermi  always  to  have  hd^ 
in  utter  abhorrence.  He  wrote  against  the  lilnrgy  of  the  Church 
of  England-  No  twotbhtgs,  according  to  him,  had  Ics  affinity 
than  the  form  of  pnyer  and  the  spirit  of  prayer.  Those,  he  said 
with  much  pohil,  who  have  most  of  the  spirit  of  prayer  ire  aU 
to  be  found  In  gaol;  and  those  who  have  most  Kal  for  the  fonn 
of  prayer  are  all  10  be  found  at  the  ntehoitse.  The  doctrinal 
Artic^  on  (he  otbcr  hand,  he  warmly  praised  and  defended. 
The  moat  acrimonioui  id  all  hit  work)  it  his  A/nec  ofJtalifcB- 
titm  by  Foitk^  an  aiuwer  to  what  Bunyan  calls  "  the  brutish 
nnd  beastly  latitudinaiianism  "  of  Edward  Fowler,  aftcmrdi 
biiliop  of  Cknicesler,  an  eictllciit  oiaa,  bvt  not  free  from  the 
taint  of  Pdagianitm. 

Bunyan  had  also  a  dtspule  w4th  some  of  tbe  chleb  of  the  sect 
to  which  he  belonged.    He  doubtlest  held  with  perfect  sincerity 


^dbvGoogle 


BONVAN 


Hos 


r  fiiptiila,  ihanfoR,  Inadly  proDounctd  him 

H  wUdi  kiBg  nirvWed  Ihe  origiul 

li  BuDiVD  b4d  deluMlMl  wjtli  rude 

id  Danven  bii  HDce  bcca 

enuily  and  eloqutnce  Bid 

DuROf  ttajnin  rtkk  UBncdiatdjr  IblloiRd  the  RariontioD, 

puilMi  •!  i6fe  mbd,  u  tke  bUnd  vkli  which  Ihe  Puiilutt 
hid  bm  Niuikd  irtiOe  tbdr  nipi  «u  leccnt  give  plan  la 
pity,  he  ana  ks  ami  loa  haohb'  tmlKl.  Tbe  dislni*  of  bi* 
tiBuly,  and  hb  ova  patknce,  onince  and  piely,  loEleaal  Ihe 
hearti  of  hia  jni^Ei.  Like  hii  en  Cfatuiiui  in  the  cage,  be 
hnmd  pntecton  even  anong  tiie  crowd  at  Vanity  Fait.  The 
bohop  of  die  disccH,  Dc  Backiw,  it  Hid  la  have  ialemded  lot 
hiiD.  At  Icnglh  the  pnsxier  ma  MiSeted  to  paia  moat  of  bis 
tiiBe  beyand  the  mljs  of  the  iiol,  OB  condition,  aa  it  ihould 
(eom.'Uiat  he  ROvmcd  within  the  town  of  Bedford. 

Jle  owed  hia  omplala  libeialion  to  one  of  the  wont  acta  of 
eoc  of  Ihe  wont  pmnaietitM  that  Eofland  hu  ever  Ken.  In 
t6f  I  the  Cabal  wai  in  power.  Charlei  II.  had  concluded  the 
ticatr  by  which  he  bound  himielf  to  act  up  the  Roman  Catholic 
leligion  in  En^and.  Ihe  Giat  Mep  which  he  look  lowaids  that 
end  was  to  annul,  by  an  ancDnMilniioDal  cierdie  oC  bla  pie- 
logative,  all  the  peoal  staiutci  agalnat  the  Romin  Caibolicii 
and  in  order  Co  diiguise  bis  real  de^n,  be  aanulicd  at  (he  ume 
tiiDC   the  penai  alatutea  a^        ~ 


wntiyK 


iiUTse.' 


rnithol 


_.   .  Fhldi  he  compiled  Chi 

and  gcDcmus  Peniaji  king,  who,  though  not 
bimself  bleit  with  the  light  of  the  true  leligi'on,  favoured  the 
choien  people,  aod  pFrmiited  them,  after  yean  o(  captivity,  to 
rebuild  their  beloved  temple. 

Beloie  be  left  hit  pil»n  be  had  begun  the  book  wblch  hai 
made  hs  name  hnnwttai.'  lie  hUoi)'  of  that  book  it  resntk- 
able.  nBautbor«aB,a8hcteU>D»,wTitfncajitatiBe,  in  which 
he  had  occaaton  to  (peak  of  the : 


came  oowdtag  «D  bto  nbid  bitcr  than  be  could  put  them  inio 
wont*,  qugmlita  and  pita,  iteep  bilk,  daik  and  honible  glen, 
•oft  vyca,  aunty  pauum,  a  ^ooiqr  caMle,  of  which  the  GDurtyaid 
was  ainra  wUh  Ihe  AiiSh  and  boots  of  lauidetcd  prisonen, 
a  lownall  bntle  and  vtendoBT,  lik*  LoDdaa  on  Ihe  L«d  Uiyor'i 
Day,  and  tbe  rnirow  path,  atnlghl  as  a  rale  could  make  it, 
ranninc  on  vp  hill  and  down  biU,  tfaiODgh  dty  and  threugh 
vUdcincsB,  to  the  Black  Kiver  and  the  fining  Gate.  He  bad 
found  out,  $a  toost  ptople  would  have  Uid,  by  accident,  as  be 
would  doobtleis  have  lald.  by  the  guidaooe  of  Piov'-' "— - 


nlay.     He  I 


i.  that  hi 


dncinga  muteiplece.  He  coidd  not  giiesa  what  place  hiiall^oiy 
would  occiqij  In  English  liteiatnni  Ibiaf  En^iih  hlentuie  be 
knew  nolhbig.  Tboe  who  itippvae  him  to  have  (tudied  ibe 
Faay  Qmm  ml^t  easily  be  confulcd,  U  thia  were  the  proper 
place  for  a  detailed  enmination  at  (lie  panagct  in  which  tbc 
two  alkgotM*  have  been  Ibosgbt  to  itacmble  each  other.  The 
only  work  of  Setion,  m  all  pidbability,  with  which  be  could 
compare  Ui  PStrim  was  hia  olid  lavouiite,  (he  Iccend  ol  Sir  Beva 
of  SoBlbaniplen.  He  would  have  thought  it  a  sin  to  bomw 
any  time  frwn  the  secioos  busncB  of  hk  iile ,  Irotn  his  I 

>  Hb  formal  parrlon  a 
ftve  MOhtln  earner  be  hi 

to  whicb  be  bdangcd,  iii 

*  It  is  now  ■eneislly  luppofled  that  Bunyan  wrote  U«  FSpim', 
Proirtst,  not  during  Nn  twelve  years'  implnonmciil.  but  danng  i 
■liort  period  of  liKamratioa  in  1B7J.  protiably  In  the  oU  gaol  01 
IhebiUge. 


ated  the  ijlh  of  September  1672:  but 

uT  aa  pastor  of  the  Doooonformiit  body 
L  bam  OB  the  lite  of  which  ttaods  (he 


Ut  ooDtnvcniet  ud  Ui  boB  tap,  for  tba  ptupow  of  amniof 
hiaueii  with  what  ht  considered  meitly  at  t  tiifie.  It  was  only, 
he  auuRS  ut,  at  ^lan  momeDli  that  be  ictuned  to  the  House 
Beauliful,  the  Delectable  Uounlaintaod  the  Eachanlcd  Ccound. 
He  bad  no  aisistaoc*.  Nobody  but  bitntelf  taw  a  line  till  the 
whole  ma  OHnplete.  He  then  consulted  hit  pious  tnendt. 
Some  wen  pleaied.  Othen  weie  nucb  scandalised.  It  was  a 
vala  tloiy,  a  mere  lonunce,  about  gitnta,  aad  IiODs,and  goblins, 
aiid  wairion,  •cwietinwt  fighting  wi(h  mootten,  and  tonetimes 
■esaled  by  lair  ladia  in  tluuly  palsoa.  The  loose  alheislital 
wits  at  Will's  might  wiiu  tuch  itu3  to  divert  tl  '       ' 

Jescbeitof  the  court;  but  did  it  becsmea 
tocopy  (lie  evil  fuhiont  of  the  world?  Then:  bad  been  a 
when  the  cam  of  such  fools  would  have  made  Bunyan  miaeiable. 
But  that  lime  was  patti  and  bit  mind  was  now  Ln  a  £nn  and 
halihy  ttate.  He  taw  ttut  in  employing  fiction  to  make  truth 
.nd  goodneia  attractive,  he  was  only  following  (he  example 


Fert  the  painted 
ner  of  tbc  gospel 


t  ChiJttij 


The  PilpMi  Prepeit  waa  published  in  February  i6;S. 
Soon  (he  irretiatible  charm  ol  a  book  which  gntificd  the  inugina- 
(iOB  of  the  reader  with  all  (be  action  and  scenery  of  a  luiry  tale, 
which  eiercited  hit  iagenuity  by  setting  bim  to  discover  a 
mullilude  of  curious  analegici,  which  inlerested  his  feelings  lor 
human  bcingi,  fnil  like  himself,  and  struggling  with  temptations 
from  within  and  Iiom  without,  which  every  moment  drew  a 
smile  fiom  him  by  some  ttmke  of  quaint  yet  simple  pleasantry, 
and  neveitbclca  left  on  hia  mind  a  sentiment  of  icvcicnce  lot 
God  and  of  sympathy  fiH  man,  began  to  produce  its  effect.  In 
puritanical  circle*,  from  which  plays  and  novels  were  strictly 
ududed,  that  eSect  was  such  as  no  work  of  genius,  though  it 
were  superior  to  the  Iliad,  10  Don  QuLaU  or  to  OOcUo,  can  ever 
ptoducc  on  a  mind  accustomed  to  indulge  In  literary  luiury. 

tains  the  last  improvements  nude  by  the  author,  was  published 
in  i£8i,  the  ninth  in  16S4,  llu  tenth  in  i6Sj,  The  help  ol  the 
engnver  had  early  been  called  in;  and  tens  of  thousands  of 
childrenlooked  with  terror  and  delight  on  Gxecmblccopperpls let, 
which  represented  Christian  thrusting  his  svrord  into  ApoUyon, 
or  writhing  in  the  grasp  ol  Giant  Despair.  In  Scotland,  and  in 
same  of  (be  colonies,  the  Fil^im  was  even  more  popular  than  in 
hi&  luiive  country,  Bunyan  hoa  told  us,  with  very  p^irdonabte 
vanity,  that  in  New  England  his  dream  was  (he  daily  subjcci 
of  the  conveisation  of  thousands,  and  was  thought  worthy  to 
appear  in  the  most  superb  binding.  He  had  numerous  admiren 
in  Holland,  and  amongst  Ihe  Huguenots  of  Fr^incr^ 

He  continued  (o  work  (be  gold-held  which  he  had  discovered, 
lurct,  not  indeed  w' '        ' 


:  and  in  < 


le  such  at 


icpteoo 


_    ,         ,  .        ch  left  all  competition  lar 

behind.  In  iGSo  appeared  the  Ujc  and  Dealk  of  Ur  Bodmin; 
in  16S1  the  second  part  of  the  Filpin's  Pnffm.  In  r6Sl 
ippcared  the  J/cfy  IKor,  which  it  the  Piltria'i  Prcptss  did  not 
:iist,  would  be  Ihe  best  allegory  thai  ever  was  writlen. 

nyan's  place  in  lociely  was  now  veiy  different  fiom  what 


:  had  b. 


.    There  h 
Ueis,  who  could  la 


L  Latin 


d  lead  Creek,  had  afleclcd 
w  (ar 


eiceedcd  theiia.  He  had  so  great  an  authority  among  the 
Baptists  that  be  was  popularly  called  Bishop  Bunyan.  Hit 
episcopal  visitations  were  annual  From  Bedford  he  rode  every 
year  to  LorKlon,  and  preached  there  to  large  and  attenlivc 
congregations.  Prom  London  he  went  his  ciicuit  through  tht 
country,  animstii^  the  zeal  of  his  btcthrrn,  ct^Iccling  and 
distributing  alms  and  making  up  ipuirclt.    Tbe  i 


I  iiltfe  tr 


,    Butt 


B80B  to  believe  that,  in  ihe  year  1M5,  he  * 
f  again  occupying  hfi  old  quartets  In  Bedford  gaol.  In  (hat 
ear  the  nih  and  wicked  enierprite  ol  Monmouth  gave  the 
ovemment  a  pretut  for  prosecuting  (he  oonconfotmistti  and 
Laitcly  Doe  eminent  divine  ol  the  Ftetbyleritn,  IfukpoBdeal 


8o« 


BUNZLAU— BUOY 


I  mnained  onnralatKl.    Btxia  *u  ia 


Danvci 


dtugn  of  being  hinged;  ani  KiSn'i  gixHboos  verc  ictiully 
lunged.  The  tradilion  b  thai,  durinf  tboK  evil  diyi,  Bu 
wu  [oiced  ID  disguoe  hinBeU  u  ■  wagoner,  uid  that  be  piutiiHl 
to  bli  congngatlon  Bl  Bedford  In  Bsmock-inM:k,tritbtc«rt-wldp 
la  bh  hand.  But  loan  a  great  change  look  place.  Jajne*  IL 
ni  at  open  war  with  the  church,  and  found  it  neceuar;  to 
court  the  disjcnlei*.  Some  of  the  creatuies  o(  the  gDveroincnt 
tried  to  secure  tie  (id  of  Bunyan.  The]' probably  knew  i hat  be 
had  written  in  pnisc  of  the  Indulgence  ol  167],  and  Ihereiare 
hoped  that  he  mi^t  be  equally  pleased  with  (be  indulgence 
of  1687.  But  fifteen  yean  of  thou^t ,  obiervalion  and  commerce 
■ith  the  aiorid  had  made  him  wiser.  Nor  were  the  cuei  exactly 
paralleL  Chailei  waj  a  prafetaed  Ftotatant;  James  waa  a 
professed  Papht.  The  object  of  Chaifcs^  indulgence  was  dis- 
fiiaed;  the  object  of  James's  indulgence  was  patent.  Bunyln 
was  not  decdvcd.  He  eiborted  his  bearen  to  prepare  themselves 
by  (asling  >tid  prayer  lor  the  danger  which  menaced  their  ovil 
andreligiousbTjcrties,  and  refused  even  to  speak  to  the  courtier 
who  came  down  to  remodel  the  (oiparalion  of  Bedford, and  who, 
IS  was  supposed,  had  it  in  charge  to  offer  some  nunidpal  digBily 
to  tbe  bidiop  of  the  Baptists. 

Buoyan  did  not  live  to  see  the  Rcvolntion.'  In  (he  summer  tif 
16S8  be  undertook  to  plead  the  cause  of  a  son  with  an  angry 
father,  and  at  length  prevailed  on  Ibe  old  man  not  to  disinherit 
the  young  one.  This  good  wort  cost  the  benevolent  hitercessor 
hit  life.  He  bad  to  ride  throu^  heavy  rain.  He  came  drenched 
to  Ms  lodginp  on  Snow  Hill, »»  sebHl  with  a  violent  fever,  and 
died  In  a  few  days  (August  ]i).  He  wu  buried  in  Bunhill 
Flcldj;  and  many  Puritans,  to  whom  the  reelect  paid  by 
Roman  Catholics  to  the  [ellqties  and  tomta  of  saints  seemed 
chQdBhorainful,  are  said  to  have  begged  wilhlhefr  dying  breath 
that  iheb'  cofEns  might  be  placed  aa  near  as  ptBsiUe  to  the  cofhn 
at  the  author  of  the  PUpim't  Fmtrai. 

Tbe  fame  of  Bunyan  during  bis  life,  and  during  the  centnty 
mhich  followed  his  death,  was  bdecd  gteat,  but  was  almost 
entirely  confined  to  rell^ous  faniQies  ol  the  middle  and  lower 
classes.  Veiy  seldom  was  be  during  that  time  mentioDed  with 
respect  by  any  wrilir  of  great  literary  emlneote.  Young  coupled 
his  prose  with  the^ioetry  ol  the  wretched  D'Utfey.  In  the 
SfirilKal  QmiBit,  the  advculuies  of  Christian  are  tanked  with 
those  of  Jack  the  Giant-Kitter  and  John  Hickaibrift.    Cowper 

name  him.  It  is  1  significant  circumstance  that,  for  a  long  time 
all  the  numerous  editions  of  the  Pilgrim'i  Prepat  were  evidently 
rneant  for  the  cottage  and  the  servants'  ball.  The  paper,  the 
prinling,  tbe  plates,  were  all  of  the  meanest  deacriplion.  In 
general,  when  tbe  educated  minority  and  the  common  people 
differ  about  the  merit  of  a  book,  (he  opiniOD  of  tbe  educated 
minority  finally  prevails.  IIm  PSpim't  Frepat  b  perhaps 
the  only  book  about  which  the  educated  minority  has  come 
over  (0  the  opinion  of  the  common  people. 

The  attempts  whkb  have  been  made  to  Improve  and  to 
Imitate  (his  book  are  not  to  be  numbered.  It  has  been  done 
into  verse;  it  has  been  done  Into  modem  En^ish.  The  Pilgrim- 
age of  Tender  Conscience,  the  Pilgrimage  ol  Good  Intent,  the 
Pilgrimage  of  Seek  Truth,  the  Pilgrimage  of  Tbeopbilus,  tbe 
Infant  Pilgrim,  the  Hindoo  Pilgrim,  are  among  the  many  feeble 
copies  of  the  great  original  But  the  peculiar  glory  ol  Bunyan 
fa  that  those  who  awst  bated  his  doetrina  have  tried  to  borrow 
the  help  of  his  genius.  A  Catholic  version  ol  hb  parable  may 
be  seen  wiih  the  head  of  the  virgin  in  the  title-page.  On  the 
other  hand,  these  Antinomianj  (or  whom  bis  Calvinbm  Is  not 
strong  enough,  may  study  tbe  Pn^unagc  of  Hephiibih,  in  whkb 

■  He  bad  mamed  his  pauonte  in  Bedford  after  bw  imprimi. 
1  of  167J.  and,  alihouch  he  [rcciiiemir  pnschcd  in  Lwlon  to 

fficiiljy,  chaplain  <o  Sir  John  Shorter,  lord  nnyor 


nothing  wm  be  foDod  lAld  a 

ol  free  agency  and  nnrvenal  ti        ,    . 

ordinary  of  all  the  acts  of  VaBdallBB  by  wl 

wu  ever  defaced  was  coramitted  fa  the  year  1S53.     It  wm 

determined  to  tranifoni  the  Jffgriiw'i  Pnpai  bOo  ■  Tnctuiaa 

book.    Tbe  tuk  was  not  eiiyi  d    ' 

sartantenutheniiMIKamiMnta  . 

Chtiiiian  theolosiana,  avowed  Quakn  excepted,  Bonyui  wai 

plan.  However,  the  Wicket  Gale  becuae  ■  type  of  '-p^—. 
and  tbe  House  Beautiful  of  the  euchariit.  The  effect  ol  ihs 
change  ii  such  u  aaoiedly  the  lagenioui  penoD  *bo  mailc  it 
never  contemplated.  Foe,  u  not  a  tln^  pilptel  panel  '*"™'jfc 
the  Witket  Gale  in  {nfiricy,  and  u  FaithM  banks  pBt  Oc 
House  Beautiful  witboui  atoiifiing,  the  kasan  ■rhtck  the  fable 
in  its  altered  shape  teaches,  b  that  none  but  adiilti  ou^  to 
be  bsptited,  and  thst  tbe  eucbatbt  may  lalely  be  netfecud. 
Nobody  would  have  dbcovered  liom  the  originsl  Pittrim't 
Proptit  that  Ibe  author  was  not  a  PaedobaptaL  To  turn  his 
book  into  a  book  sgaiiat  Paedobsptbm,  wu  an  schiev 
for  SB  Anslo-Catholk  divine.  Such  Uunden  a 
luaiitted  by  every  nan  who  muitlaia  d 
of  a  gitst  wnk,  without  tiHag 


pand  with  fu  C 


of  the 
(M.) 

Iiditly  corrected  as  to  Caeta.  as  cots- 
edition.    Bunyan'a  nika  wen  fine 

Jine(l6tl)  by  hnfrieod  Charles  Doe. 

173^17^7}  n>  edited  by  Samud  HHioa 


_. , , _,  illmlnted  (by  Cniikriiaiili,  Byaai 

Shaw,  W.  Straaa  au  othera).  have  appealed.  An  intentina  life 
by  "  iheauihoro)  ItarkXMirford  "  (WTllak  White)  wai  pubRibcd 
hi  1904.  Other  Eves  are  by  J.  A.  Fronde  (18B0J  ia  Ibe  ^-  Eniliih 
Men  crLetten"  soles,  and  E.  V«>bka  (i<U)ibal  ik  acandBid 
work  on  the  iMta  la  Jiin  Bn^ss;  kii  Lirm.  r«u  uj  w,^ 
(IMS),  by  the  Rev.  J.  Brown  of  Bedfoid. 
Boemn,  waa  present 

avniMJ,  a  town  ol  Germ 
right  bank  of  the  Bobei,'  it  ' 
Brealau  railway,  (riiich  oc 
Pop,   (i«m4    I4.S90.     It  h 
Evan^Ucsl  sad  a  Komaa  <       .  .. 

the  Russtaa  field  manhai  Kotinov,  win  died  beie,  and  (o  Ih* 
poet  Martin Opitz mn Boberletd.  TlieBinialsu pottery  bfaaoiBi 
woollen  and  Gnen  doth  an  mamdaauted,  and  then  is  ■  cob- 
stderablc  trade  ia  grain  and  cattle.  BumUn  (Boleslavia)  teceived 
its  nsBie  in  the  r  2th  caatuiy  from  Duke  Bctolav,  who  sepsralcd 
it  from  tbs  duchy  of  Gla^sa.  Its  impOTtaoo  wu  Incnafcd 
by  numenui  privileges  aad  the  pnsimioB  of  extemiie  laiiiins 
works.  It  «u  (rcquently  captured  and  recaptured  ia  the  wait 
of  the  iTih  ceataiy,  aad  ia  17^9  wu  coapleldy  deatmycd  tgr 
fire.  Chiths3otho(  Auguat  iBijtheFtenchiieiebcicdcfeatid 
on  the  letieat  from  the  Kalshach  by  the  Siktlaa  amy  of  the 

BDOHAnDB,  APPIAMO  <iTi6-i;«}},  Italian  pUknofihBf, 
wu  bom  at  ComHihio,  in  Feiraia,  and  died  in  Radit.  Ha 
became  pnfasor  of  theology  at  Naples  in  1 74a,  and,  cateriag 
the  icli^ooa  body  of  the  Celaiiais,  me  to  be  genoal  of  lie 
ordo.  His  principal  works,  ipnerally  poblbhcd  under  tha 
sMnmed  aaaie  of  "  Agalopista  Qriaainne,"  aiB  OB  the  hklocy 
of  philosophy:— IWo  JilariM  t  ddlt  IndaU  ii  apn  Filtatfa^ 
7  nds.,  1771  leq.;  aad  iMIa  Balaxrawm  H  ttld  FaluejU 
■i'  StaU,  ni.,  iviL,  x*iiL,  ]  vob.,  1789  (German  timiik  by  C 
Heydencekb).  Tbe  latter  gives  a  valoafah  acmant  of  r6tb- 
century  ItalUn  philosophy.  Hit  other  woks  sie  litaria  ailiim 
t  fiuo^  id  tuUiJit  (1761)1  DcHt  csnf kuIc  tdtiri  fiaaiiBaIr 
cat  ralvob  diriat  Mlt  fixli  (17^3);  Slaria  oitia  id  mtitrm 
iiritta  ii  »d*ra  <  idl*  (flVi  (17(9):  aad  a  few  poems  and 
philosophic  comedies. 

BUOT  (istJi  century  "boye"i  through  O.  Fr.  or  Dutch, 
from  LaL  leu,  fctlet;  tbe  word  b  no*  usually  imnounced  n 
"  boy."  and  it  hu  been  spelt  la  that  foim;  but  HsUajt^ 


BUOY 


807 


VtvoiM  vnttik  "  biN)'"  iM4M»m 


■  Sotlinc  bodo' ts^iarvd  to  aaA  liw  mtWiI*  BniiU  ol  dmmdi 
iLcir  faimay*.  waken  dugo*  ac  fadbtsd  iMki,  mined  c 
torpedo  ■raondi,  uksnpfe  obit*,  or  tbe  porilioB  al  &  lUp 
anchor  after  kttinc  fo;  bmy*  ait  aho  nad  lor  Hcnriii  ■  ihi 
to  inMcvcl  of  uckoiin^  Tbey  vaiy  in  hj*  and  cttiitnMio 
from  a  lofl  of  wood  M  sleel  mooting  biugn  bx  battlahiiii  or 
(IkI  (Ba  Imio]'. 


tile  then  duke 

viiibility, 

Cioni  neccanry  oviog  to  locality.  Tie  coinorillee  pnpoMd  the 
lOUowlBg  nnilorm  tyMBn  a[  hoeyage,  and  It  it  tor  adopted  by 
tbc  gtonnl  ligfalbouiB  anthorilitf  el  the  United  Kinidarni— 
M  deteiiBiiie 


tiii  position  on  Ibe  chart,  and  nole  the  dimiioo  of  flood  tide. 
(i)  The  term  "  ilirbooid-hand  "  (ball  dtnoie  that  tide  wbich 
mould  be  on  tbc  right  hand  of  Ibe  marinei  either  goini  with  ihe 
nuia  slicani  of  the  flood,  di  eniering  a  harbour,  river  or  otuary 
from  seaward;  the  term  "  port-luiul "  ihall  denMe  the  left 
band  of  the  nuulnei  in  the  same  drcumttSDces.  Cj)'  Buoyi 
showing  the  pointed  top  o!  a  cone  above  water  shall  b*  called 
conical  [hg.  i)  and  ihoU  tltnys  be  sluboud-hand  buoys,  at 
above  defined.  (4}'  Buoyi  sboBins  a  fiat  lop  above  water 
shall  be  called  can  (Bg.  1)  and  shall  always  be  pon-band  binys, 
IS  above  defined,  (j)  Buoys  showiof  a  domed  top  above  water 
ihall  be  called  iphctical  (Eg.  j)  and  shall  mark  the  indt  ol 
middle  (rauDds,    (t)  Bnoy*  ^vlog  «  laS  omliBl  itncton  on 


Ftce. 


r>  (fig.  4),  and  like  all  other 

gti  buoys,  and  (utooaMic 

laik  (pedal  poiiiiau  either 

D  htrtxiun.     (j)  Buoys 


a  broad  face  shall  be  called  pillar  buc 
special  buoys,  such  at  bell  booyt. 
sounding  buoys,  ahall  be  placed  to  i 
on  the  coait  or  in  the  a|q>roachie> 

showing  only  a  matt  above  waur  tl ,._.  ...,. 

(Gg,  j).  (S)  S larboard-hand  buoys  ihall  always  be  painted 
in  one  colour  only,  (g)  Port-hand  buoys  sball  be  painted  of 
another  characteristic  odour,  either  angle  or  patti-oolour. 
(10)  Spherical  buoys  (fig.  j)  at  the  ends  of  middle  roundi 
shall  always  be  diitingulshcd  by  hodsonlal  itiipes  of  while 
colour,  (ii)  Surmouniing  bcatona,  luch  as  staff  and  ^obe 
and  others.'  shall  always  be  painted  of  one  dark  colour,  (iij 
Sun  and  globe  (fig.  i)  shaU  only  be  used  on  Barboard-baod 
_ '  In  carrying  onl  the  above  system  the  NotllieiB  Li|h»  Comrais- 
buoyj,  Mil™l«k  colDuHo      ""'"   """" 


■  St  Ceg^'^nd'st'/Ridreir  ei 


and  twoysi  and  this  tystei 
re  printipaBy  employed  i 


booyt,  staff  and  age  (fig.  1)  at  poet  baud ;  (flamonda  (fig.  7) 
at  the  outer  ends  (^  middle  giouidi;  and  trian^ea  (fig.  3)  at 
tbt  Inner  coda,  (ij)  Booya  on  the  sane  side  of  a  chaiind, 
eaUiaiy  at  tUeway  may  be  disthigmahed  From  each  other  by 
namea,  ruimben  «  leiteia,  and  wkeK  neccoaty  by  a  staff 
mmoanted  with  the  apfnififlale  beacon.  (14) 
Bnoya  intended  for  nworinsi  (Eg.  t)  nay  be  1^ 
shape  and  csknir  acoordlni  to  the  diKMion  o' 
the  antbofity  within  wboee  joriKUction  they  ar 
laid,  hot  for  marking  rabmariae  tdegraph  cable 
the  coloor  shall  be  grtcD  with  the  word  "  Tele- 
gn^ih  "  painted  thereon  in  white  kttets. 

-       ■  ■  Markiftgt/  Wr»da.~(ts)  Wreck 


a  harbour  or  catuary,   1 


Wreck  "  painted  In  white  '""  " 

sn  them.  (16)  When  possible,  the  buoy  ibouM  be  laid 
the  tide  of  the  wreck  next  to  mid.cbanael.  (ly)  When 
t-marking  veasd  ii  used,  It  shall,  if  poasible,  have  ill 
e»  coloured  green,  with  the  word  "Wreck"  In  wUte 
>n,  and  shall  exhibit  by  day,  tbtte  balls  on  a  yard 
the  sea,  two  placed  vertically  at  one  end  sod  one 
at  the  other,  the  single  btQ  being  on  the  side  nearer  to  the 
wfed;  In  log  ■  gong  or  beQ  i*  rung  in  qidck  succession  at 
intervals  not  exceeding  one  mlnnta  (whoever  ptacticabia); 
by  night,  three  wbhe  ^ed  lights  ate  similarly  arranged  aa  Ih 

balhin  daytime,  Im -..-.■..  ..... 

(ig)  In  namw  wi  _ 
jniisdicliofl  at  local  aoiborilles,  iti 
or  at  discietion.  varfcd  as  follows?— When  a  wreck-maAIng 
vessel  is  used  she  sliaQ  ^rry  a  cross^yard  on  a  matt  with  two 
ballt  by  day,  placed  borliontally  not  ksa  than  6  nor  more  than 
ts  ft.  apart,  and  by  nighl  l\fo  lights  similarly  placed.  When  a 
barge  or  open  boat  only  is  UKd,  a  flag  or  ball  may  be  shown  in 
the  daytime.  (19)  The  potliion  in  wfaidi  the  narking  vcesci 
it  pUt«d  with  rtlcrcnce  10  the  wreck  shall  be  at  the  dlicrotion 
of  the  local  rutboiiiy  having  Jntisdiction.  A  uniform  tysten 
by  shape  has  been  adopted  by  the  Mersey  Dock  and  Harbour 
Board,  to  atdtt  a  mariner  by  ni^t,  and,  in  addiEion,  where 
pracitcabla,  a  Bnllorm  rotour:  the  fairway  buoys  are  q>ecially 
marked  by  letter,  shape  and  colour. 

British  India  hat  pnciicolly  adopted  the  British  iyitem, 
Dnited  States  aixl  (^luda  have  the  same  unifomi  system; 
in  (he  majority  of  European  maritime  coumtict  and  China 
various  unilum  systems  have  b«n  adopted.  In  Norway  and 
Russia  the  compass  system  is  used, 
the  shape,  colour  and  surmount- 
bigs  of  the  buoys  bidiciting  the 
compam  bearing  of  the  danger 
from  the  buoy;  this  method  is  ^ 
toUowed  In  the  open  sea  by 
Sweden.  Ad  hitemalional  uni- 
form system  of  buoyage,  although 
dciirable,  appears  Impracticable. 
Germany  employs  ydlow  buoys 
to  mark  boondariea  of  <;  ~ 
tine  stations.  The  quet 
shape  vtisui  colour,  Irretpertive        _ '  _         ' 

of  site,  b  a  disputed  one;  the  shape        Pio.  lo.  Fio.  11, 

is  a  better  guide  at  night  and  colour  in  the  daytime.  All 
markjnp  (figs,  g,  g,  10  and  11)  should  be  subordinate  to 
tbt  main  colour  of  the  buoy;  the  varying  tuckgionods  and 
■lD!0«phaic  oondliiont  render  the  tjuntion  a  complex  oae^ 

London  Ttinlty  House  buoys  ate  divided  into  £ve  classes, 
tfacir  use  depending  on  whether  Ibe  spot  to  be  mukcd  Is  In  the 
open  sea  or  otherwise  ctposed  position,  or  (n  a  ihrllcrcd  harbour, 
or  according  to  the  depth  o(  water  and  weight  of  moorings, 
or  [he  Imparlance  of  the  dinger.  EUioys  are  moored  with 
ipccially  lested  cables;  the  eye  at  the  base  of  the  btioy  Is  of 
wrought  iron  lo  prevent  it  becoming  "  reedy  "  and  Ibe  cable  tl 
•ecured  10  blocks  (see  AifCHOi)  or  mushroom  anchors  according 
10  the  nature  of  the  ground.    London  Trinhy  House  bnoyt  ire 


Flag. 


Fto-g. 


8aS 


BUPALUS— BURBAGE 


bunt  ot  itcc].  m'lK  bnlkhndi  to  leuen  (he  risk  o[  their  sinking 
by  colliiiim.  End.  wilh  Iheeiccplkin  of  bell  buo)rs,  do  not  ion  Iain 
nter  billBsl.  In  iSrSgubuoyi,  wUh  fiied  and  occuliing  lights 
of  lo-cukdie  paver,  wen  istioduted.  Id  1896  Mr  T.  Malthcwi, 
"  '  'd  the  LoDdon  Trintty  COrponlioD,  developed 
11).  It  H  oi  Mccl,  the  lowecpUteg  being 
uid  lite  upper  iV  '">■  i"  ihickness.ihus 
tdding  to  the  iiabiliiy.  The  buoy  hoidi 
jSo  cub.  IL  ol  RU.  wd  eihibits  an  occult- 
ing light  (ot  1533  boura.  This  light  is  placed 
la  ft.  above  the  ita.  and.  with  an  intensity 
of  50  candles,  i>  visible  Bin.Ii  ocnilii 

_  ■    every  ten  seconds,  Mid  Ihcrc  It  levm  seconds' 

S^tC'-il-iSM    vbibiliiy,  irith  three  seconds'  obscuration. 
The  occullalions  ace  acluatrd  by  a  double 
Fig.  li.  „i„  arrangcmcnL    In  the  body  of  the  ap- 

paratus there  b  a  gas  chamber  having  suflicicnt  opacity,  in  the 
eue  of  an  occulting  light,  loi  nuinlaining  (he  flame  in  action  lor 
■even  seconds,  and  by  meant  ola  by-paisa  jct  remains  alight  in 
the  centre  of  the  bDrnet.  Dunng  the  period  ot  three  seconds' 
darkness  the  gis  chambee  is  ic<hargcd.  and  at  the  end  of  that 
period  is  again  i^ened  to  the  main  burner  by  a  (ripping  ananse- 
ment  of  tlu  valve,  and  timaint  in  atiion  seven  tccnnds.  The 
gu  chamber  of  (he  buoy,  charged  to  five  alimphccts,  ii  tc- 
plenitbed  Irom  a  steamrr  fitted  with  a  pump  and  ininsport 
recciven  carrying  indioting  valves,  the  tccciven  bdoG  (hargcd 
to  ten  atmospheres.  Pratlically  no  inconvenience  has  tcsuUed 
from  saline  or  other  depo^ii,  the  gLuine  (glass)  ol  the  lantem 
betnf  iluroughly  cleaned  when  re-charging  the  buoy.  Acetylene, 


senen 


■ibide  i 


ElHttic  light  is  eahihi(ed  frot 
S(a(es,     In  En^nd  an  autonaiic  eh 
lesled.  worked  by  ihc  mD[iDii  of  (he  w: 


Boat-shaped  buoys 
ig  1  liGb(  and  belL    The  Courlcnsy  whistling  buoy 
(lig.  13)  b  Mtuatcd  by  the  undulating  move- 
ment of  the  waves.    A  bcrilow  cytinda  ex- 
lends  from  the  kiwcr  part  ti  the  buoy  (0 

-,.  —  .1-.         wavet,  ensuring  (bat  ihc  water  intide  keeps 
P^-ALjJJ^rt  nt  maa  level,  whilst  the  buoy  (oUom  (he 
~       movements  d(  Ihc  waves.  By  a  special  appar- 
atus the  compressed  air  a  forced  through  the 
whbile  at  tbe  lop  of  the  buoy,  and  the  air  is 
replenished  by  t*0  tubes  at  the  upper  port 
0!  the  buoy.    It  b  fitted  with  a  rudder  and 
secured  in  the  usual  manner.     Automatic 
F16.  13.  buoys  cannot  be  relied  01 


r  figures,  Artemis.  Fortune,  the  Craces,  whence  tbe  CUal 
Ihls  been  well  oiled  a  school  of  MsdcHiDaa.     Aagusto 

brought  many  of  (he  works  of  Bupalus  and  Alhenis  to  Rome, 
ind  placed  them  on  the  gible  ol  the  temple  of  Apollo  PubliDus. 

BUPHMIA.  in  Creek  antiquities,  ■  saerilicid  □ernsooy. 
orming  |srt  of  (he  Di^wlia,  a  relipous  Icstlvil  held  on  tbe  141k 
if  the  month  SkirophoricmUune'July)  at  AlbenSiwhcnalabour- 
ng  01  was  sacri&ced  to  Zeus  folieus  at  ptoIKlor  of  tbe  dty  in 
iccordance  with  a  very  ancient  custom.     The  01  wu  driven 

forward  to  the  altar,  on  which  grain  <ns  spread,  by  members  ol 
mily  of  the  Kentriadoe  (from  tsirrfior,  a  goad),  00  whoa 

(his  duty  dcvdved  hereditarily.    When  it  began  to  eat,  ooe  ol 

the  family  ol  the  Thaulonidae  advanced  with  an  axe,  slew  (he 
11.  then  immcdialcly  threw  away  (he  aie  and  Aed.  Tbe  axe, 
LS  being  pc^uted  by  murder,  vat  now  carried  before  tlte  court 
if  the  Prylaoeum  Iwhich  tried  inanimate  nbjecti  for  boniride) 
ind  there  charged  with  having  caused  the  death  of  tbe  oa,  fee 
fhkh  it  was  thrown  mto  the  tea.  Apparently  this  is  aa  early 
nslance  analogous  to  dcodnnd  (f.aO-  Although  the  al»u£birr 
il  a  labouring  oi  was  forbidden,  it  was  considered  eacusahle  in 
he  eiccplional  circumstances  i  none  the  less  it  was  nprded  a* 
I  murder. 

rorphyriui.  Dt  AbiUiunHa,  ii.  »:  Adian,  Vv.  Hill.  vm.  3; 
irhol.  Atiiioph.  N<iia,  iSs:  Psuciniai.  1.14.18:  tee  obo  Band, 
il  DiipallBrum  Smra  AlUniniBim  ll6ji). 

BDR,  or  Burr  (apparently  the  same  word  as  Donbh  tanv, 
lurdock,  cf.  Swed.  kard-bocre\  a  pridtly  fruit  or  head  of  fiqits, 
LS  of  the  burdock.  In  the  sense  of  a  woody  outgrowth  on  (be 
Tunk  of  a  tree,  or  "  gnaur,"  the  effect  of  a  crowded  bud.devek^ 
nent,  the  word  is  probably  adapted  from  the  Fr,  ifimrrr,  a 
^ine-bud. 

BDRANO,  ( town  of  Venelli,  In  the  province  ot  Venice,  oo  an 
sbnd  in  the  lagoons,  6  m.  M.E.  of  Venice  by  sei.  Pop.  (igoi) 
iiAf.  It  is  a  fishing  tnwn,  with  *  large  tnyal  scliool  of  lace- 
naking  employing  same  500  girls.  It  was  founded,  tike  all  the 
owns  in  the  lagoons,  by  fu^iivct  from  the  mainland  cities  11 
:he  lime  of  the  barbarian  invasions.    TOrcdlo  b  a  pan  of  the 


oath  K 


n  buoy  (fig.  14I  for 


(ochor  by  a  buoy  rope.  It  is  iuually  made 
od  conaisti  of  two  cones  joined  logcthcr  nt 
the  bsse.  It  it  painted  red  (or  (he  pott 
anthoi  and  green  for  ihc  starboatd. 

Uooriiig  buoys  (fig,  6}  fot  baitleshlpa 
arc  built  of  steel  in  lour  watertight  com- 
partments, and  have  sulllcicnt  buoyancy 
(o  keep  aflaa(  should  a  compartment  he 
(nerced;  they  arc  ij  It.  long  with  a 
diamelci  ol  6)  It.  The  nworing  able 
(bridle)  passes  through  a  wateriigh 
.rank  [Hpe,  built  vertically  it 
e  of  the  buoy,  and  Is  secured 
le  upper  surface  of  (be  buoy.  Large 
mooring  buoys  are  usually  proieUed  by  horiionia)  wooden 
baxensand  are  fit (ed  with  life  chaina.  (J.W.D. 

lUPALUS  axD  ATHEHIS,  sons  of  Archtrmus,  and  mcrnt 
of  the  celebrated  tchoolof  tculpiure  in  marble  which  llourbl 
biOurBinthe6(bcenturyax.  They  vere  contemporaries  of  the 
poet  Hipponai  (about  540  B.C.),  whom  they  were  said  to  have 
— ! ._    j^^  woriii  consiited  almett  entirely  of  dnped 


BDBAPBM,  a 


m  of  the 


product.   The  L 

BURBAG&  JAiSS  (d.  1 


ts  only  imponant 

T.  b  said  to  have 

Ldcesiei's  pbyers,  probably  for  several  years  before  be  a 

\t  mentioned  (1S74)  as  being  ai  the  head  of  the  company. 

In  IS7A,  hiving  secured  the  lease  afkndat  Shoreditch,  Borbage 

erected  there  the  successful  house  which  wis  known  (or  twenty 

years  as  TIk  Theatre  from  the  fact  that  it  was  tbe  first  evti 

■  ■     London.     He  seems  also   '     '  " 


L  the  I 


e  Btackfrlars  theatre,  built  in 


.  in  spite  of  atl  didicultics  and  1 
local  OMwriiion,  he  si 
home  ot  the  rising  d: 
I  J9«  near  the  old  Dominican  friary. 

His  son  RicHAiD  Buibaoc  (c.  is67-iAiq),  more  celebrated 
than  his  father,  was  (he  Clarrick  of  the  Elizabethan  stage,  and 
acted  all  the  great  parts  in  Shakespeare's  plays.  He.  too.  b 
said  (o  have  been  bom  B(  StmtFord-on-Avon,  and  nude  hb  fir^ 
appearance  at  an  eariy  a£[e  a(  one  of  his  fa(her's  (heatrea.  He 
had  established  a  reputation  by  the  time  he  was  twenty,  and 
in  the  ncit  doien  yean  was  the  most  papular  En^bh  actor,  (he 
"  Roschis"  ot  bti  day.  At  Ihe  time  of  hb  father's  death.  1 
lawsuit  was  in  progress  against  the  lessor  fieni  whom  Jamn 
Burbage  hcU  the  land  on  which  The  Theatre  stood.  This  suit 
WAS  continued  by  Richard  and  his  brother  Cut hbcrt,  and  in  1569 
they  pulled  down  the  Shoreditch  house  and  used  the  maleriab 
to  erect  the  Globe  theatre,  famous  for  its  couneiion  with  Shake- 
speare, They  occutned  it  as  a  summer  playhouse,  retaining 
the  Bbckfrian,  which  was  roofed  in.  fat  winter  pcrformancs. 
In  this  venture  Richard  Burbage  bad  ShikespeaK  and  Mben 


BnRBOT— BURDETT 


804 


11  Ui  ptTtniti,  and  Jt  «u  In  «M  or  tba  oOer  of  UwM  kooMi 
tlut  be  giined  bia  inoltit  triiBopht,  ukini  the  lodini  pan 
la  ilmoM  evccy  new  pUy.  He  mi  ipediUy  (uncm  for  Ua 
ImpCBOUIkin  of  KichJud  IIL  md  aiher  ShikeipMiiu  dm- 
■ciut,  and  It  wu  in  ingedy  thai  be  eqieclalty  (sceUed  Every 
playwttf^t  of  hia  day  endeavDund  to  aecun  Ua  lervkea.  He 
died  aa  tbe  tjtb  of  Manb  1619.  Kichard  Buibaga  ma  a 
palnutai  well  aa  an  actor.  The  ftlton  portrait  of  ^akiMpeera 
Ii  alttOnitsd  to  bim,  and  tbera  b  a  poniait  d  a  wDmaa,  an- 
doubledly  by  bim,  peeieived  at  Ouhrlcb  CoUefe. 

BORBOT*  or  Eel-Pout  {Lata  wuigaris),  a  bah  of  (he  funiiy 
CadJdae,  rrtuch  diSea  from  the  ling  in  the  dorsal  and  anal  Ei^ 
feacbiag  tbe  caudal,  and  m  the  small  liac  of  all  the  leeib.  It 
exceed!  a  lni(th  of  j  ft.  and  ia  a  freibwater  £ah,  although 
etamptes  are  eicqitiaiully  taken  in  Biiiiih  eaiuaiiej  and  in 
the  Baltic;  tome  apedman*  are  hartdaomdy  marbled  irilh  dark 
brown,  with  Uacli  blolcbea  on  the  back  and  doial  Cni.  It  b 
very  locally  dlutibuted  hi  cenltal  and  nonbem  Eunfie,  and  an 
Bnconimanfiah  In  England.  luBeihlaen^ciknt  TbeAmeiJcaB 
batbot  (Zcfa  inacafsM}  la  coaner,  and  not  lavcnucd  for  Ihe  UUo. 

BtfiUiKHARDT,  MXOB  (i8iS-i847>,  S«te  writer  oa  an, 
waa  bom  at  Basel  on  tbe  ijib  of  May  tSiS;  be  «ni  cdocattd 
there  and  at  NeudiAid,  and  till  iSjg  was  intended  to  be  anator. 
In  1838  he  made  hli  fini  foumey  to  Italy, . 
bia  fim  unporumt  articla  BcmertnTitBi 
KalMeiralt*.  In  iSj^  he  went  to  the  uolversi 
he  iiudied  till  iHsj,  spending  part  of  1S41  ' 
was  a  pupil  ol  Frins  Kuglcr,  tbe  art  hiitariai 
book.,  DU  Kunilwtrlu  d.  biltiaiai  SliUu  Ui  ^ 
He  wBi  proleoor  of  hiuoTy  at  the  univerai ty  of  Bmiel  (iS4S->S47, 
■849-1855  and  ia58-i£Qj)  and  at  the  federal  polytechnic  scbool 
at  Zarich  (iSss-iSjS),  In  1947  he  brought  oat  new  editions 
of  Ku^er'a  two  peat  works,  Gtidtitkit  dtr  Uat^d  and  Kmhu- 
facikile,  and  in  rSjj  pubiiahed  his  own  work,  DU  Ztit  Ctn- 
Haniiia  dfi  Crciun.  He  spent  the  greater  part  oI  ihe  yean 
1853-1854  In  Italy,  where  he  collected  tbe  mateiiils  lor  ou  <rf 
bti  moat  famous  vorki,  Jkr  Cktrent:  enu  AritiStmg  smt 
Cnuf  itr  Knvearla  ItaHttu,  which  wu  dedicated  to  Ku^ 
and  appeared  in  1855  (7th  Cetman  editioDi  jtV)'.  £n|liih  tiani- 
lation  of  Iht  KCIiuot  relaiing  to  painiinga,  by  Mis  A.  H.  Oough, 
London,  187]).  Hiii  worii,  which  iodtidia  smlptDie  and 
architectura,  aa  well  as  painting,  baa  become  indispensable  to 
tbe  art  tiavelici  in  Italy.  AboaE  hall  of  tbe  oiiginal  edition 
waa  devoted  to  tbe  an  of  the  RcnainuKc,  so  (hat  BOickhardt 
was  natmally  led  on  to  the  preparation  of  his  two  other  celfr- 
bialed  works,  Dk  CiMxr  dti  Rauuaaaa  i»  Ilalii*  <iS6a,  jth 
Coiniin  edition  1B96.  and  En^lsh  [ranslstion,  by  S.  C.  C 
Hiddlcmotc,  In  1  vols.,  London,  la?^),  and  the  GackkUt  dtr 
StnaiiiBim  in  Ilaliai  (1867,  3rd  German  edition  1S41).  In 
lSfi7  he  icfused  a  piofeasonhlp  at  Tubingen,  and  hi  1871  another 
(that  kit  vacant  by  Rank^  at  Berfin,  icmaintog  faithful  to 
BaseL    Ub  died  in  1897. 

See  Life  by  Hana  Trei  b  tbe  Bailv  yikrlw*  for  ifloS. 
pp.  r-ryj.  (W.  A.  B,  C.J 

BtmcKHARDT,  JOHH  LEWIS  [Joeahh  Lmnrio]  (17&4- 
lSt7),  Swiss  mveller  and  orientaliil.  waa  bom  at  Lamanneon 
tbe  a^th  ol  Novembei  I7£4.  After  studying  at  Ldpdg  and 
GAttingen  he  visited  England  hi  the  summer  of  1S06,  carrying 
■  letter  of  Introduction  from  the  naturalist  Bhunenbacb  to  S& 
Joseph  Banks,  wbo,  with  the  other  memben  ol  tbe  African 
Anodation,  accqitcd  hb  offer  to  explore  the  inltilai  o(  A&ia. 

to  til  kinds  of  haidshipi  and  i^ivatioiii,  Botckbaidt  left  '^"^ 
In  Hatch  1S09  lor  Malta,  triUncE  be  proceeded.  In  Ibe  faOowini 
(utumn,  to  Aleppo.  In  onlct  to  obtain  a  bettai  knowledge  of 
orioital  life  he  ■"■g"!"^  himiell  aa  a  Mnsndman,  aiul  look  tbo 
name  of  Sbeikh  Ibiabim  Ibn  AbdaDah.  After  two  yean  ptMed 
in  the  Levant  ha  had  lhiB0B^4^  masteiBd  Aiabfa^  and  had 
actpiiied  such  acciirxlc  knowledge  ol  the  Eoitn,  and  of  tba 
eommoitariea  upon  its  religion  ud  laws,  that  after  a  ctilictl 
eaamfnation  Ibe  most  leimed  Mntaolniani  entertained  no  doubt 
«l  liii  being  icaHy  wbat  he  professed  to  be,  ■  learned  doctor 


of  tbetr  law.  Dnting  his  resfdenee  in  ^itft  be  vfiited  nlmym, 
SamasctB,  Lebanon  and  ihence  JDomeyed  via  Pelta  10  <^ra 
with  tbe  tatentiOD  of  joining  a  caravan  10  Feuan,  and  olmplonng 
from  tliere  Out  aoBms  ol  the  Niger.  In  1811,  whilst  wailing 
lor  the  departnn  of  the  caravan,  he  travelled  up  the  Nile  as  fir 
aa  Dar  UUum;  and  then.  Ending  it  impoaiibie  to  penetrate 
westward,  be  made  a  journey  through  the  Nubian  desen  in  the 
dhaiactec  of  a  poor  Syrian  merchant,  passing  by  Beibs  and 
Sheadi  to  Suakin.  on  the  Red  Sea,  whence  he  performed  tite 
pilgrimage  lo  Mecca  by  way  of  Jidda.  At  Mecca  he  stayed 
three  nHmtlis  and  aflerwuds  visited  Medina.  After  endating 
privathms  and  sufferings  of  tbe  severest  kbid,  he  relumed  to 
Cairo  in  June  1815  in  a  state  of  great  eihausLion;  but  in  tbe 
spring  of  1816  lie  travelled  to  Moonl  Sinai,  whence  he  returned 
to  Cairo  bi  June,  and  there  again  made  preparationa  (or  hia 
intended  Journey  to  Fezan.  Several  hindrances  prevented  his 
prMBcudng  this  intention,  and  finally,  in  April  1S17,  when  the 
led  caravan  prepared  to  depart,  he  was  aeiied  with 
died  on  the  15th  of  October.  He  had  (mm  time  to 
time  carelnlly  tiansmituitl  to  England  his  journals  and  notes, 
■nd  ■  veiy  ocfrioua  seriea  of  Ictten,  so  that  nothmg  wluch 
•KMated  10  him  10  be  bteiesting  in  the  various  Journeys  be 
madt  hu  been  lost.  He  bequeathed  his  coQection  of  80a  vols. 
ol  oriental  HSS.  to  the  libra^  of  Cambridge  University. 

Hit  work*  wen  nibllihed  by  the  African  AwuiitlDii  in  (he 
loUowinE  order: — Trottit  n  NiMa  (to  whirh  is  prcfued  a  bb> 

'■°~^-    '--'k  i4nw*J,  or  ■■■-   •' ' 


^L 


i^lhi  Modtni  Etyfiiani  (1830):  NoUi  on  Ou  Btiauii 


TtoKii  in  Ai^na  (1 
OulamlHIht  Mot 
WalnAyi  (1831). 

BUBDEAO,  AUODSTS  LAURBHT  (i85r-i8q4).  French 
pohtlcjan,  was  the  son  of  a  labourci  at  Lyons.  Farced  from 
cliildbood  to  earn  bis  own  living,  he  wis  enabled  to  secure  an 
eduUilon  by  buraaishlps  at  Die  Lycte  at  Lyons  and  at  the  Lycfe 
Louis  Le  Gland  in  Paris.  In  1870  be  was  at  the  Ccotc  Normale 
S«p(rieute  in  Paris,  but  enlisted  in  the  anny,  end  was  wounded 
■nd  mule  prlaooer  in  1871.  In  1874  he  became  ptalenbr  of 
pbikxopiqr,  and  danslafed  tevetal  woiks  of  Herbert  Spencer 
■nd  o(  Schopenhauer  into  French.  Hit  extraotdinaiy  aptltodi 
for  work  aecnnd  lor  him  Ibe  portion  of  ilvf  dt  caiiiul  unda 
Paul  Ben,  tbe  mimstei  ol  education,  in  1S81.  In  rSSs  he  was 
elected  deputy  for  the  department  of  llie  Rhone,  anddiatlnguithed 
blDitelf  in  financial  questions.  He  was  several  times  mmbler, 
and  became  minister  oi  finance  in  tbe  cabinet  of  Cadmir-Pttiet 
(Inm  the  3rd  of  NoTember  1R93  to  the  iind  of  Hay  (894).  9n 
(he  5th  of  July  1894  he  waa  eiiected  president  ol  the  chamber  of 
deputies.    He  died  on  the  11th  of  December  ligi,  irorn  out 

BnXDOI.OT  BDamn.  (1)  (A.S.  ^trllim,  from  krM,  to  bear), 
■  load,  both  literally  and  Ggstallvely;  eqieciaUy  the  carrying 
capadty  of  a  ship;  in  mMing  and  smelting,  the  tops  or  heada 


portion  of  ore  and  iux  to  fuel  in  the  charge  of  a  blast'furnac& 
In  Scola  and  English  law  the  term  is  applied  to  an  encumbrance 
on  real  or  pamonal  property.  (2)  (From  the  Fr.  b&urdoH,  a 
dmning,  humming  sound)  an  accompanimcil  to  a  long,  or  tlie 
zcfiaiD  of  a  Bong;    hence  a  dilef  or  recurrent  tc^lc,  aa  ''tha 


ROB  (i7S>-ig3i),  English 
dfvjne,  wia  bom  in  London  on  the  5th  ol  June  1751.  In  eaiiy 
manhood  be  was  an  engraver,  but  in  1776  be  began  preacUng, 
■nd  wu  Diiniiter  of  the  Independent  church  at  Lancaster  from 
177810  1783.  Sobteiiuenlly  he  held  ehargeaatCowntry  (1784- 
1803}  and  at  Fetter  I^e,  London  (1803-1831).  Hewasoneol 
th*  louaders  of  the  British  and  Foreign  Bible  Society,  tha 
RdlglouB  Tnct  Society,  and  the  London  Mlssioniiy  Sodaty, 
ud  wu  Moetsiy  to  the  last-named  for  several  yeara.  Ai 
■ditorof  thea««fEl>caIifafastiuaBdauiberaf  CiUaft  .Sernwu, 
ho  commanded  a  wide  inSuence.  He  died  on  Ibe  aglh  of  May 
i»3i,  and  ■  LUC  (by  H.  BarderJ  appeared  in  1833. 

BUSOnT,  UH  PRANCIS  (1770-1844),  Engllih  politician, 
wu  tbe  son  of  Frandt  Botdett  by  his  wife  Eleanor,  daughter  of 
William  Jeoes  el  Ruubuijr  manor,  Wiltshire,  and  grandton  et 


8ia 


BURDETT-COBTTS 


Burdclt,  w 


1  for  ptiliament  B^in. 
urdctt  wu  a  Inding  supporler 
le  Cot  the  dty  of  Wettmuutet; 
undcratanding  led  ta  ft  dud 
•hidi  balh  carab>.tutt*  weie 


Sir  Robert  Bmdett,  But.  Bom  on  th«  ijth  of  Juiuuy  1770, 
bt  wu  educated  U  WestmimtEi  school  and  Oifonl,  and  alLer- 
wards  tiaveUed  in  Fiance  and  SwitTetUniL  He  wai  in  Paiii 
during  tho  eaiUei  day«  at  the  Frcncb  Kcvoiution,  a  vi&it  which 
doubtlcm  ioSuenied  lUs  political  opinion).  Reluniiog  to  Eagland 
be  nunied  in  179J  Si^ihia,  d^ughtei  o[  Thomat  Caulti  th« 
banker,  and  lltii  lady  bioughl  him  a  large  lonuni.  In  1796 
he  became  munber  of  parliament  for  Boroughbridgc,  ba^~ — 
purchased  thii  sCBi  '  -■    •  • 

Newcastle,  and  iai 

Id  parliament  he  >oon  tiecame  pionuoent  u  an  oi^Kncnt  ot 
Pitl,  and  as  tLn  advocate  oi  populac  ci^ta.  He  denounced  the 
vai  with  Francej  the  Buapcnaion  of  the  Habeas  Corpua  Act,  tho 
proposed  ekcIUAJOn  of  John  Home  Tooke  from  pariiament,  and 
quidd/  becune  the  idol  ol  the  people.  He  was  inatnunental  in 
Mcuring  an  inquity  into  the  condition  of  Coldbath  Fidda  priaan, 
twt  ai  a  result  of  this  6<ep  he  waa  for  a  time  prevented  by  the 
fovemment  from  visiting  any  prison  In  the  kingdom.  In  1797 
be  made  the  acquaintance  of  Home  Tookc,  whose  pupil  ha 
became,  not  only  in  politics,  but  abo  in  philology.  At  the 
general  election  of  ifioi  Buidett  was  a  candidate  for  tfie  county 
of  Middlesei,  but  bia  return  waa  declared  void  in  1&14,  and  in 
the  fubiequent  matest  be  was  ddeated.  In  1805  this  retum 
WM  amended  in  bis  favour,  but  as  this  was  again  quiddy  reversed, 

j>  had  spent  an  '  ' 

ed  be  would  not : 

At  the  geneial  election  of  18 

of  James  Paull,  the  reform  car 

but  in  the  foUowing  year  a 

betweoi  Buidett  and  Paull 

wounded.  At  the  general  deciion  in  1807  Burdett,  in  spite  of 
lus  rductance,  was  nominated  for  Westtninstcrj  and  auid  gmat 
fnlhusiaarnvrMtetumedattbe  topof  ihcpolL  lie  took  up  agsin 
the  ocHiaeDial  woik  of  attacking  abuses  and  a^tating  for  refomi. 
And  In  I0to  cvne  sharply  into  aJliuon  with  the^House  of 
Commooa.  Aradical  named  John  Gals  Jonei  had  been  cOTunitMd 
U  pibon  by  tho  Home,  >  proceeding  vhicb  wai  denounced  by 
Bunktl,  irin  questioned  the  power  of  the  Hoom  to  take  ttaU 
Mcp,  4nd  vainly  attcropced  to  tecuic  tbe  tdsaie  of  Jonci.  Ha 
tbcD  iaucd  a  revised  edition  o(  hb  q)cech  ob  thb  vccaika,  anil 
KwaipublisbedbyWiUiMnCabbettiDtbeH'eftWyJE^uCtr.  TIm 
HouM  voted  this  actkni  a  breach  ol  piiviless,  wid  the  speaker 
kfucd  ■  wamat  foe  Burdett'*  uiest  Ban^  himseU  in  bii 
boiae,  be  defied  the  ftutboritlci,  while  the  mob  (Mbeied  in  his 
defeoce.  At  Itn^th  bl*  bouie  w*>  catered,  and  under  m  escort 
of  soldieit  be  wu  conveyed  to  the  Tower.  Rdeased  wbeu 
puliainent  was  protogued,  be  caused  his  suppoiten  much 
dinppointnient  1^  ttturaiBg  to  Westminster  by  wsKr,  and  so 
avojding  *  deeuHiatiMion  in  hi*  honour.  He  tbeo  btought 
■ctlons  against  tbe  speaker  ukl  the  *ecjeant-at.aiias,  but  the 
count  uphdd  tbe  action  of  the  House.  In  parliameni  Burdett 
denounced  cmparal  puoishnKnt  in  the  army,  and  tupported  all 
■llempts  to  check  comiption,  but  liii  prindpol  eSorii  were 
directed  towards  procuring  s  reform  of  puliunent,  and  the 
removal  of  Roman  Catholic  disabititits.  In  iSog  be  had  pro- 
posed a  acheme  of  parlianuotaiy  rdorm.  and  ntuming  to  the 
subject  Id  1817  and  iSiB  bi  anticipated  the  Chartist  movemest 
by  manUng  unlvsial  mala  tuSnge,  cqwl  dectoral  district*, 
vote  by  btllot,  uid  annuil  pulisnwnt*;  but  hi*  motions  net 
with  very  little  supporL  He  succeeded,  however,  la  cairyiag  a 
■caohitioM  in  iS>s  that  tbe  House  should  coiuider  the  law* 
canceniinf  Romin  Catholics.  Ibis  wss  followed  by  a  bill 
mbodyfng  hit  proposals,  which  passed  the  Commons  but  was 
leiected  ^  the  Lords.  In  1817  aod  iSiS  be  again  proposed 
■nolutioos  on  this  subject,  and  saw  his  pRiposals  become  tair 
to  iSig.  In  iSio  Burdett  had  again  come  into  serious  conSict 
with  the  goverrunent.  Having  severely  censured  its  action  with 
tefercsce  to  the  "  Manchester  maaaacie,"  he  was  pnsecutcd  at 
Leicester  assizes,  £ned  £1000,  and  committed  to  prison  for  thno 
Uonth*.  Aftertbepusingof  Ibe  Reform  Bill  in  tSjitheaidour 
•C  the  wtenn  refonner  was  somewhat  abated,  and  a,  number  ol 
U*  ooostiluaiU  soon  look  umbrage  at  U*  chao^  altitude. 


Consequentty  herMigDedU*B<ueul]ito  iSjV.  but  «Mf>i  ricdad. 
However,  at  the  gneial  electiaa  in  Ike  lame  yaai  be  foiHaJt 
WesiminMei  and  waa  slaci«d  mcmbet  iot  Nonb  Wiltshire,  which 
seal  he  retained,  acting  In  aeanBl  with  the  CdDsetvilivc*,  until 
hi*  doatb  on  the  syd  of  JaaOBcy  ia44-  Hi  Uf t  a  •!»,  Rotnt, 
who  succeeded  to  tha  barneiqr,  and  avBdught«i,th*]masat 
of  whom  becwne  the  celebrated  BalUaM  fiuniet^Co«tt•.  I»- 
pelvoo*  and  illogical,  Buntett  did  good  mA  a*  an  advooUa 
of  Ine  speech,  and  an  enemy  of  oonqitjaii.  Hewucxceediogiy 
generous,  and  apent  raooqr  lavishly  ■>  fwthering  pniecti  of 

Sea    A.    Sleabeas.    J 
Speiicer  WalpiAe,  tiittarj  vj  amp^tm  vjook 
Abbot,   Bam  Coldiater,  Duri  "^   Cfrn 


[A.W 


!-•) 


COinrs,    BuoMm    (tfiit-tosO>    Eoi  ,    . 

ieat  dau^tet  ol  Sit  Frapds  BiBdett,  was  been  o>  the  >ist 
ol  April  iBt4.  Wbea  sbe  was  tbiee^iid'tMDIV,  ihe  i^oited 
iniiftii  tllj  llm  whfJt  nl  Ih*  linnxnsf  wt«llh  r<  htr  psniWallur 
Thomas  Coutls  (spptoscUng  two  ""'''■™  stodtagi  ^  bbokms 
nimintbcaeday*),  bythewillof  tbeduch       '~  '" 


aa  hit  dsalh  In  1811.  Hits  Bmdeu  then  took 
tbe  name  at  Covtt*  in  addition  ts  ho  own.  "  Ibe  fsymalc 
heinaa,  Mim  Anjsky  Coattt."  a*  the  author  of  the  /k|*Mi^ 
Ldtaidt  oiled  her  in  his  baUad  on  tbe  queen**  ooronatioo  la 
that  year  (1S37),  at  once  became  ■  notidile  subject *<il  pubfic 
curioaity  and  private  cupMity;  she  tecdved  ntunerotiB  oficn 
ol  marriage,  but  tsmsined  rekdutaly  single,  devotiBg  boielf 
snd  liet  ridies  to  philaBthnpic  work,  which  nude  bet  tanHm 
tor  wcU4p|riied  geueniBty.  In  Hay  iSji  she  wai  mated  a 
peeRss,  as  Baronets  Burdett-Ceutts  ol  Hi^tgale  and  Bimkfield, 
Middlesex.  On  tbe  18th  ol  July  1S71  die  was  prtsesited  at  tba 
CuildhaU  with  the  fietdom  of  Ih*  d(y  of  Londo]^  tbe  first  case 
of  a  woman  being  admitted  to  that  tellowihipk  It  ma  not  l3 
iSBi  that,  when  sixty-seven  year*  old,  sbe  marriod  Willian 
Tjhin«n  AshmeadrBanlett,  an  American  by  birth,  and  bmibeT 
of  Sir  £.  A.  Ashmead-Bartlett,  the  Conservative  m^ber  of 
parliament;  and  be  then  took  his  wife's  name,  enterini  the 
House  ol  CommDBS  aa  member  lot  Westminster,  lUj.  Fidl 
of  good  worki,  and  of  social  iatcnat  and  inSuence,  thn  banmesa 
Uvol  to  tbe  great  age  ol  ninety-two,  dying  al  her  house  in  Slrai  tos 
Street,  Piccadilly,  on  tbe  jotb  of  Oecembet  i«o6,  of  braodutji. 
She  was  buried  in  Westminster  Abbey. 

The  extent  of  ber  bendsctions  during  her  long  aikd  active 
life  can  only  be  bricSy  indicated;  but  tbe  barancse  must 
remain  astiikinghguie  in  the  social  hislDty  ol  Virion mn  Kngtamf, 
foe  the  thoughtful  and  conedentiont  care  with  which  she  "  bdd 
her  wealth  in  trust  "  for  innunKrabic  good  objects.  It  was  her 
aim  to  boiefit  the  wo^ingdaascs  in  way*  involving  no  iaa 
of  independence  or  self -respect.  She  carefully  avoided  taking 
any  aide  in  party  pditics.  but  she  was  actively  inCoeated  in 
phases  of  Imperial  extension  which  were  calculated  (o  improve 
the  condition  of  the  black  races,  at  in  iUHca,  or  the  education 
and  relief  of  the  poor  or  sufieting  in  any  part  ol  tbe  world. 
Thoiq^  she  made  BD  qiedal  distinction  of  deed  in  her  cfaaritiea, 
sbe  wss  a  setsbla  baneiactor  of  the  Chorch  oi  En^aild.  btiildiug 
and  endowing  churches  and  church  ichoala,  isdowing  the 
Ushoptia  ol  Cape  Town  and  of  Adelaide  (tS47),  and  founding 
the  blsbcfiiic  ol  British  Columbia  (tlj7).  Among  ber  many 
educational  endowments  may  be  ipedfied  the  St  Stephen's 
Institute  in  Vincent  Square,  WestmiiMter  (iS4fi);  she  started 
sewing  schoola  in  Spilalfidds  when  the  silk  tnde  began  10 
fail;  bdpcd  to  found  the  ihoo-black  bliglde;  and  placed 
hundreds  of  destituie  boys  in  tninint«hipa  (or  the  navy  and 


(rfleo)  in  Bethnal  Creen,  and  presented  it  ta  the  dty,  but  o«rin| 

to  comraerdaldiffiniltiettltiseflart,  which  cost  her  on     '" 
proved  abortive.    She  supported  Yarions  icheines  ol 
to  the  Ei>lDniea^  and  in  Ireland  hdped  lb  pjomole 
taidostry  bf  ttuling  schools,  ■ 


t  ptovidiag  boats,  beiid« 


BURDON-SANDERSON— BURFORD 


p  Ttith 


tat  thua  «n  her  ColnmUt  nuutct 
the  baM-ktpt  auiixli.  Sbe  hdped  to  iunsnnU  tl»  vdctjr 
lar  the  pnvtotion  o(  cnwity  M  diildmi,  and  m*  •  kcea  nq)poTtci 
•(  Um  nggcd  Kbool  vdIoil  lUMfinuT  cfloiti  ol  ill  aofU; 
buiiJtrii  uid  nuniig;  lodtatiiat  bona  and  nfugn;  ieIM 
lDiuli,&c,fDUDduilieragnwnn>nppoRCT.  SbtmitmdMBd 
■iih  UnuH  TviolDg  and  Florence  Nlgbtingik;  tad  ia  iSn- 
187S  railed  tlie  'TuUih  compudoute  fund  for  tba  aUTiriiig 
pmiDtry  md  fugitivn  in  the  RnMO-TmUih  VfM  (fOt  iMCh 
■ha  obtained  Ibe  order  of  the  MedjIAeb,  ■  Kdltxry  cue  of  iu 
confercAce  on  a  wonun).  She  rclieifed  the  dlitraied  in  far-ofl 
land!  as  mil  ta  al  hone,  hai  helping  band  being  atrctched  < 
the  Dyaki  of  Borneo  and  the  aboilglaea  of  Aiutnlla.  ^w  vu 
>  libml  patnmcu  of  the  ilagc,  literature  and  the  art>, 
delighted  in  kneinDg  all  the  cultutnl  people  of  the  day. 
■ban,  her  pontioa  in  England  lor  half  a  ceatni)'  may  well  be 
iUmBsd  Op  in  inirdi  atuibutcd  to  ELing  Edward  VII.,  "  aflec 
my  molhei  (Queen  Victoria)  the  meat  lematkable  woniin  in  the 

muvtmuuiDBaaoH,  ub  johi  Mon.  Ban.  (1 
En^iih  pbynototfat,  ni  ban  at  Wot  Jcvasod,  niBi 
on  the  aiat  of  Deccmbci  1S18.    A  mcmbci  of  ■  vtH-knomi 


yun  laUf  plnridia  to  the  MIddfceti  and  the  Bmapton 
naipdoa  bca|ritalfc  Wheo  dipblboU  appeared  in  Eni^uid 
in  ii)S  ha  waa  leM  to  invtatigate  the  diieaae  at  the  iXfleRot 
poiula  of  mttbieak,  and  In  sabaequent  yean  be  carried  out  ■ 
nnmbar  of  tiadlar  inquiriea,  e.f.  fata  the  cattle  pla(Be  and  into 
cboleia In  1M6.  HsbeeanwBntpriMdpalottbeBiownlnMltu- 
lioD  at  Linbeth  in  1871,  and  in  ilf*  *ai  appointed  JodnD 
pcofoaotot  physiology  at  Univerrity  College,  Loodon,  ntainiuf 
that  poM  tn  itS>.  When  the  WaynOete  (tair  of  jibjMat) 
waa  eaUbUAed  at  Oxford  In  18S1,  be  ni  chsn  to  ba  ita  fail 
occapani,  and  immediatdy  Ibund  blmadl  the  object  ef  a  futiMu 
antl-vlviaectionht  agilatioB.  Tbe  pnpoaal  that  the  tmivttatty 
■bootd  qxnd  liofico  in  providing  him  with  a  luitable  labotatoiy, 
Isctute-nome,  is.,  b  wbicb  to  carry  «  hia  mtk,  «aa  atnogly 
Oppoeed,  by  lome  on  gioand*  of  ecooomy,  but  -  laigel]i  becatae 
hevaianuphiddo'Df  IhenaefufataaandDecctiityof  eapeifauenti 
apon  anil*?!!,  It  ma.  tKurewr,  erentually  carsed  by  a  amaH 
naiorily  (SB  (0  R;),  and  In  tbc  lame  yeai  Ibe  Itoyal  Society 
awarded  him  a  njyal  medal  in  ncognllion  of  hie  reacaidvi  into 
the  electrical  phenonHDi  oMblted  by  pbnii  and  the  Rlatiaci) 
of  minute  ot^oisma  to  diseue,  and  of  the  •enricci  be  had 
lendercd  to  physiology  and  pathology.  In  iSS;  the  Dnhrcrnty 
of  Oifoid  waa  asked  to  vote  £500  a  yeni  lor  three  yean  for 
Ibe  purpose*  ol  the  labontoiy,  tbea  ippmaching  con^iletloo. 
Thh  proposal  was  fought  with  the  utmoet  bitterns*  by  Sander- 
•en'i  oppoaenti,  tbe  anti-viviscctioDiBti  biduding  E.  A.  EYecman, 
John  Raskin  and  Bishi^  Mackarneas  of  Qdbtd.  UMmstely 
themoDey  was  granted  1^4111  to  144  Totea.  In  1B95  Saadeiaon 
waa  appofated  rtgius  profesHH  of  oiedJcuK  at  Oafiird,  taaigninc 
tbeportfai«04:iBiSQ9hevascieatedab*ra>et  ffisaltain- 
Bcnt*,  bothta  biokigy  and  madidne,  btoutfit  Mm  many  banonn. 
HewuOtMniankcttjertotlieRayalSKlBtyiniKyand  1177 
and  u  tiK  Royal  College  of  PbyMana  In  1891;  aave  tlw 
Harrdan  oration  befoN  the  College  «(  ny^dans  fa  iBjiS; 
acted  a*  prcridcBt  of  the  Brfliih  Asaedalion  at  Nottingham  fa 
iSii];  and  ■erred  on  tfeie*  royal  oowitaJMi raa— Ho^tal*  (iStj), 
Tubereularfs,  Meat  and  Milk  (i>9o),  and  VnivwHty  lor  London 
(tSfi).    Ha  died  at  Oilotd  on  iba  iird  of  November  1005. 

■minrAll.  or  BanwAN,  a  imra  of  Bihiah  India,  fa  Bengal, 
wUtA  gfeeaiUiMma  10  ■  district  and  U*avirion.  Ithaaa 
MatioD  on  Ihe  East  Indian  laSway,  67  m.  H.W.  fnm  Cakntta. 
fop-  (1901)  js.oiJ,  The  town  eonsMs  leally  of  numenoi 
iflUflnacanaedoman  anntletq.  m.,  and  ii  entirely  mral 


and  at  Nawab  Hat,  Mene  I  m.  diitanl,  is  a  poop  of  i( 

iinfam  teDfiks  biritt  fa  1738.  Tbe  i^ace  wa*  fctmedy  vny 
mhc^thy,  bat  thb  haa  heo  to  a  laise  extent  remedied  by  the 
eatabtbhrnnt  of  ntei-wak*,  a  good  aupply  of  mter  being 
deiind  freu  the  tint  Baidta.  Wittdn  tbe  town,  tbe  jniocipel 
objecta  of  tatenil  an  the  patacee  and  gardoia  ef  tbe  maharala. 
The  diief  edtKatkmal  fastUntian  is  tbe  Bnrdwan  R*f  mlirin. 
which  h  entirely  auppuited  gut  of  the  aahmia's  estate. 

The  town  nwca  it*  hnportance  Mtiicly  to  bdj^  the  head- 
qaaitenetthemahanJaofBDrdwan,  tbe  premier  noUenun  ol 
lower  Bengal,  whD*c  imt-toil  I*  iqmuda  of  {300^000.  Tbe  r^ 
waa.  leouded  In  itsj  by  Aba  Ri  Kapor,  of  the  Kapor  KhattI 
family  fil  Kotii  In  Lahore,  Pmjab,  whose  dcaccndanla  served 
fa  turn  the  Mogul  anperon  and  the  British  govemmait.  Ibe 
great  proiperity  of  the  n^  waa  due  to  tba  excellent  iimininiiiic 
of  Uahanf*  Mahtab  Chand  (d,  i87«),  whsae  feyally  to  the 
govetniiHiil — espedidly  daring  the  Sanlal  nbaUion  ol  iSjj  and 
tbe  mutiny  cd  1857 — waa  maided  with  tbe  grant  of  a  coat  of 
atma  fa  i06B  and  the  li^t  to  a  peiamal  salute  of  13  guns  in 
tS7f.  Uahaiaja  BIjai  Chand  Mahtab  (b.  18S1),  who  succeeded 
hit  adoptive  father  fa  iSSS,  omcd  gnat  distincticai  by  the 
eourafe  with  wMch  he  risked  h»  life  to  save  that  «f  Sir  Avbew 
Ftaier,  the  Bealenanl-gavsnor  of  Bengal,  on  the  oc 
attcnqit  to  aMataate  him  made  V  Be 
the  7th  irf  November  igo8. 

The  Daiaa  at  BmowaM  lie*  iJong  tlie  ri^t  bank  of  tba 
river  Bhagiiathi  or  Hn^  It  has  an  aita  of  9689  *q.  m.  It  ia 
a  flat  plain,  and  it*  aceneiy  i*  uufalerteting.  Qiiet  rivcrt  arc 
the  BhagintM,  Damodai,  Ajai,  Banka,  Kanor  and  Khari,  of 
wUch  only  the  Bbagitathi  ii  navigaUe  tv  muntiy  caiBO  boat* 
tfamugfaoiit  the  year.  Tbe  distikt  wa*  acquired  by  the  Eaat 
India  Company  nader  the  treaty  with  Nawab  Hit  Xasim  fa  r  760, 
and  fqnfttniHi  by  the  emperor  Shah  Alam  in  1765.  Ibe  land 
menne  wa*  fined  in  perpetuity  with  tbe  aemiodar  in  179J.  In 
■toi  the  ptynlatien  wa*  i,)3i,475,  ahowfag  an  increase  of  le  % 
fa  the  decade.  There  an  aevecal  indigo  factoiio.  The  disttict 
~  fa  1S96-1B97.  Tha  Eda  Canal,  so  m. 
'  kr  irn^Oeai.    The  weaving  of  silk 


ooal4cld  ■(  RatngSDJ,  firat  opoad  in  1874,  whh  an  output  of 
mot*  than  throe  mllUan  tooa.  The  "■"t^™  Iroeiworka  pnduoe 
plr*ai,  which  la  (qteitad  to  be  aa  gmd  aa  that  ol  Hlddlesbfout  b. 
^ait  fram  Btirdwaa  team  and  *™'j— j.  the  cUd  idaoc*  are 
the  livei  maWieJ  Kntwn  and  Kaha.    T^  Eaat  Indian  railway 


total  ai«B  of  i],M^  aq.  m..  ud  a  p<ydatlen  fa  rgar 
of  8,140,071s. 

BVSUn  (a  Ft.  word  fnm  hwaf  or  heww,  a  coane  doth  aaed 
fee  Govoinff),  a  writfag-tabte  or  de*k  (f.*.],  alao  in  Amoica 
^  km  cbctt  of  drawers.    Flam  tbe  meaning  ol  "  deah,"  tbe  word 

govsmment  deparanant;  fa  the  IJntUd  Sttie*  Out  t*nn  ii  mei 
of  certain  mbdlviiioii*  of  Ibe  executtve  departments,  aa  the 
bonan  of  slatistlci,  a  diirtrion  of  the  trcaaiiry  departmcM.  Tbe 
term  **  bnreanancy  "  is  aftoi  en|doyad  to  lignlfy  tbe  concentn- 
tioQ  of  admlnktraliva  powo  fa  buream  or  depaitmenti,  and 
'  -     --  by  olBdals  not  only  fa  tbe  detaili  of 


dtviskn  el  <Moriddre,  Entfand,  ig  a 


W.N.W.  of  (MokL 


(■ounit  of  Ihe  ridge  flankfac  the  valley  on  the  south,  along 
iriiiih  runs  the  high  n«d  from  Oxford.  Tho  chmrch  of  St  John 
tbe  Baptlsl  has  a  nave  and  aisles,  mainly  Ptrpendicidsr  is 
in  that  parfad,  bat  actoally  ol 


(19 


PURG— BURGER 


«ailkr  contnidlon,  tli«  (auth  lUa  Banked  by  Im  buutltnl 
chapdi  ni  in  onuU  poichi  tiUKplt  and  ■  centnl  tcm, 
and  chdr  witli  flanking  cEupeb.  Tte  nunivc  Nannan  towei 
ontmla  itTongly  wtih  tbe  detKZts  Pcipandicular  tpire  liijng 
tqxmit.  llie  diiiich  coDtaJni  manjr  intaoting  ■wnunab,  and, 
talhe  nave,  (.FeipcBdiculuahrinednUiated  to  Si  Peter.  Neai 
tho  ciiuidi  i>  the  baU-iubted  piiaiy  house,  buijt  in  the  lylh 
ccntuy,  and  amtaiidiig  nudi  6at  pluter  onumeiit  chuictet- 
litic  of  the  period;  a  cuifoui  chqid  sdjoinf  it.  WiUiun 
ijaijiiii,  iptiax  of  tbe  Lons  FulUnieiit,  wu  gnnted  this 
maaaion,  died  ben  in  iMi,  andis  bailed  in  the  cbiuch.  In  the 
HtlhStteetneariy  every  house  b  of  KHneuiCiqiiity.  The  Tuber 
DC  old  toara  hall  is  Dotenoithy  imoBE  them;  aid  uider  me  of 
tka  hoiuca  Ii  an  Early  Enelish  crypt  Buiford  i>  ■nentioaed  a> 
the  ueae  of  a  synod  in  joy,  in  751  Cuthted.  king  of  the  West 
SaiOBi,  ightins  foi  independence,  bcie  defeated  iCibelbald, 
king  of  Merda;  and  ill  iA4g  tbe  Imra  and  dlitrict  wen  the 
accne  of  victorioiis  operations  by  CromwdL 

BURQ,  a  town  ol  Ganany,  in  Pnisiiin  Saxony,  on  tbe  river 
Ihle,  and  tbe  niliray  fiom  Berlin  to  Magdebing,  14  n.  N.E.  ol 
the  latter.  Pop.  (1900)  31431.  It  ii  noted  for  ita  doth  nunn- 
' kd  boot-making,  vhich  afford         '    ~ 


n  belon^d  originally  U 


of  Ihc 


part  of  ita  population.    The 

lordship  of  Qucrfurt,  paased  men  inu  in 

atthbiahopa  of  Magdeburg  in  1496,  and  micedHl  in  lOjjvitn 

other  poriionB  of  the  Magdeburg  territories  to  Suocy;  in  16S7 

It  was  ceded  to  Brandenburg.     It  owes  iis  prosperity  to  the  large 

influx  of  htdustrious  French,  Pilatinale  and  Wailoco  nSugta, 

which  took  place  about  the  end  of  ihe  17th  century. 

BDSBIOB  (Irom  I.at.  iwfiii,  a  borough),  a  form  of  tenuK, 
both  in  England  and  Scotland,  ippUciUe  to  the  property 
connected  with  the  old  municipal  corporatjom  and  their 
prjvilcgci.  In  England,  it  was  ■  tenure  whereby  housa  or 
■ananenti  in  an  andeni  borou^  were  held  ol  the  king  or  other 
person  a*  lord  at  a  certain  rent.  The  tena  li  of  lea  practic*! 
Iraportance  id  the  En^uh  than  in  (he  Soottiih  ayaton,  wltei* 
It  held  an  bnportut  (dace  in  the  practice  of  conveyancing,  leal 
property  haring  been  generally  divided  iuo  feodal-holding  and 
bnrgage-boUing.  SincetbeCoaviyaiiclng(Scotla&d)  Act  1)74, 
tbcie  b,  however,  not  nnich  distinction  between  hmjage  tenure 
■ad  free  hddiDg.  It  is  usual  to  speak  of  tbe  English  bugaga- 
(enure  a*  a  relic  of  Saion  freedom  itasting  tbe  shodi  of  Iba 
HomaD  coBquest  and  its  feudaliim,  but  it  is  perhaps  more  correct 
to  canrider  It  a  local  feature  of  that  general  eicinptjoD  from 
lendality  enjoyed  by  tlie  mumhitia  la  a  idle  of  tfuar  aadent 

KoDaa  conatitntiou.    The  reason  (or  tbe  lyalem  ]i im  foe 

n>  long  ita  ipcdfitally  distinct  form  in  Scottish  connyancjas 
wan  becaute  htn^iee'holding  waa  an  cxceptiEa  to  the  lyittra  <rf 
tuUnfeuiiatioii  winch  lentaiiied  prevalent  in  Scotland  when  It 
WW  suppeeeaed  in  Fnglanit.  While  other  vaasala  mi^  kdd  of 
a  gndoated  hierarchy  of  overlords  up  to  the  own,  the  burgcu 
•hny*  hdd  directly  at  the  ■ovaeign.  It  la  cutkos  that  while 
Ib  England  the  burgage-tcnnie  wu  deawd  ■  qtedea  cf  aocage, 
(p  djitiogoiih  H  from  the  nSitary  holdtaiis.  In  Scotland  it  wy 
■trielly  a  military  holdlnc.  by  the  terrlcc  of  watching  and  warding 
for  llie  ddence  d  tbe  bmjik.    In  En^and  the  Innchisa  enjoyed 


See  Pollock  and  Haitland, 

BDRflAI  (ioinetiiDea  written  Bmr^ut,  Baurna  or  Btrfts, 
■nd.  In  tbe  middle  ages,  Fyvai,  a  leaport,  and  coital  of  the 
department  of  Borgsa.  to  Bulgula  (Eutem  Ronulia),  on"  the 
tali  d  Buigu,  an  inlet  of  the  Blade  Sea,  in  41°  97'  N. 
•ad  *7*  IS*  £■  Pop.  (>«o6}  ii.M-  Baigas  la  built  on  a  hm 
■onUad,  between  tlv  lagnons  of  Lndiha,  on  the  north,  and 
Kan-Vnmts,  on  the  west;  it  laces  tcmids  the  open  sea  on  the 
nat,  and  towards  ili  own  barlnur  on  tlie  sonlh.  Tbe  principal 
■pproach  i>  a  broad  isthmus  on  the  noctb-wctt,  alcog  wUch  runs 
tbe  railway  to  FbilippopoUs  and  Adrianeplc.  Deapite  its  small 
PWoIalion  and  the  tiTaby.  A  Vama  and  the  TurUah  port  of 


Dediaptch,  Bar^a  hn  a  coaddoahlt  HaaA  (i^b.  lis  Cm 
harbonr,  lomalb' opened  In  1904,  hntn  avenge  depth  of  five 
lathoma;  large  vnada  can  load  at  tbe  quays,  asd  the  eater 
waten  of  the  gulf  arc  weB  Ut  by  lighthmBes  oa  (he  Ueti  of 
Ha^o*  Anaatadoa  aad  Uegala-NiaL  in  (904,  the  port  acraaa 
aradated  over  1400  ihipi,<rf  about  700^000  toas.    Tlieae  hsdndad 

in  tbe  coastiiit  trade.    Fad,  aiachiiiery  and  m' 
are  imported,  cUeft   '        -       ■   — 
and  tbe  United  I 
tallow,  ch       .  ~  . 

manulactnied  from  clay  obtained  in 

BSKQOOKr  (Fr.  Batlu^,  an  faidustiiil  town  in  the  Swi 
canton  of  Ben.  It  b  bufit  on  the  Idt  bank  of  tbe  Emme  uid  i> 
r4  m.  by  rail  K.B.  ol  BsiL  Hie  lower  (or  moderri}  toim  i> 
:ted  by  a  curioiB  spiral  street  with  the  upper  (or  old)  towiL 


Ilielal 


"iwe 


■level  (or  167  ft.  above  the  rii  . , 
the  andent  caatle  and  by  the  r5th<enCiay  pariih  church,  in 
tbe  former  ol  iriiicb  Pestaloed  set  up  ha  educaticnial  eatahliik- 
ment  between  179S  and  1S04.  A  lai^  trade  is  carried  on  et 
Burgdotf  b  the  cheese  of  the  Enuneothal,  whQa  ameog  the 
industrial  establishments  sre  raflway  works,  and  factoriei  of 
doth,  white  lead  and  UaML  In  igoo  the  pi^nilBtioB  wis  &KM1 
practically  all  Protestants  and  Ccnun.tpeaUDg.  A  fine  view 
n(  the  Benuee  Alpa  j*  obtained  from  the  oslk,  while  a 

fineronentay  beenjoyed  from  the  Lneg  till  (igi7ft.),  norlh 

of  tbe  town.  The  natle  date*  (roaa  the  days  of  tbe  dnke*  of 
ZlriDgen'dttb-islh  tcaturia}.  tbe  bat  of  irtMoi  (Bereblold  V.) 
buUt  walll  round  tbe  town  at  Its  fool,  sad  gmiled  it  >  Cartel  of 
libotlci.  On  the  e>linctioB(tiiS)  of  that  dynasty  both  caatia 
and  town  passed  to  the  counU  of  Kyburg.  a«l  from  Ifaem,  with 
the  rest  of  their  pooaeirions,  in  iijt  by  marriage  to  the  cadtt 
line  of  tbe  Habstnup.  By  that  line  they  were  told  in  13S1. 
with  ThoB,  to  Ibc  town  of  Boa,  wboae  bailiaa  ruled  to  the  CBStk 
tUlrjsS.  {W.A.  B.C.) 

BDRQBI  (of  unknown  origirO,  a  small  three-comered  or 
nrallow'tailed  flag  or  poinant  used  by  yschls  or  merchaat 
vcasds;  also  a  kind  of  small  coal  burnt  in  engine  furnaces. 

BObOKB,  eOTTFRIID  ADflnBt  (i74S-i;94).  German  poet, 
waa  bom  on  the  rst  ol  Jsnuaty  r74S  at-Uolmemreikle  near 
Halbeatadt,  of  which  vOlage  his  father  waa  the  Lutbcraa 
pastor.  He  was  a  backward  child,  and  at  the  age  of  twelve  waa 
practically  adopted  by  his  maternal  graadfathei,  Bauer,  at 
Aacheisleben,  who  sent  him  to  tbe  eadatatl'im  at  HbIIb. 
Hence  In  1764  be  paned  to  the  imivenily,  as  a  student  of 
theolofy,  which,  bowtver,  be  sooa  abandoned  for  tbe  atudy 
of  Juiqwudence.  Hen  be  feH  under  the  inSueace  of  C  A. 
Kkti  (rT38-i77i),  who  dfa«c(ed  BOtger't  alleotion  to  literature, 
bnt  aKoaiatod  rather  than  discouiaged  his  nalunl  disposition 
M  a  wild  and  unrttulated  life.  In  consequence  of  his  dissipated 
haUts,  be  waa  in  1767  leolled  by  his  grandlather,  but  OB 
promiaiBg  to  reform  was  in  1768  allowed  to  enter  ihc  university 
of  Gfltlingen  as  a  law  student.  As  ha  oonthiued  hit  wild  career, 
however,  Us  giwidlatb(r  withdrew  hit  support  and  he  wu  left 
to  his  own  derkea.  HeanwhUe  be  had  made  lair  prognas  with 
hit  hftl  tindles,  and  bad  (be  good  fortune  to  form  a  dote  friend- 
ship with  a  nomber  of  young  mea  of  literary  tattet.  In  the 
(JStttogea  i/ateMrfiMiMcil,  edited  by  K.  Boie  and  F.  W.  Goiter, 
Bditer't  first  poenti  were  published,  and  by  1771  he  had  already 
become  widely  known  aa  a  poet,  to  1779,  through  Boie'i 
influence,  Bd^cr  ottaincd  the  post  ol  "  Amlmam  "  or  district 
magtstrate  at  Altenglciclien  near  GCItiDgea.  Hit  gtaodfattier 
wat  now  reconciled  to  him,  paid  hit  debts  and  establbhed  him 
in  bit  new  qdiere  of  activity.  McanwhDe  he  kept  in  tou^ 
with  Ut  Gaithigen  friends,  ud  when  the  "  C^OtUnger  Bund  " 
or  "  Hain  "  was  formed,  BOrgei,  though  not  himaelf  a  member, 
kept  in  dose  touch  with  jL  In  1773  lb«  bslbd  Lenare  was 
published  ui  the  ltits*na!maiU4li.  This  poem,  whichin  dramatic 
force  and  in  its  vJvM  reahation  of  the  weird  and  npematual 
remains  without  a  rival,  made  his  name  a  household  word  ia 
Germany.    In  1774  BUrgtr  matricide  DontI*  Ixonlun.  tba 


BURGEKS— BURGESS,  D. 


8-3 


dulbtei «(  ■  HuDYBdn  oAdil;  but  hfa  purion  for  Mi  nWt 
yanigtt  ilUa  AugusU  (tba  "  Mcjly  "  o£  hit  paca*  ud  tilclca) 
liMlimil  the  aucm  uahipijy  nod  uueictcd  ha  life.  In  17TS 
Buffer  became  ediCfir  of  the  Mtstnaimimock,  vhI  in  tha  sanw 
yarpuhn>hal>heSiitoDUBct>miif hapoenu.  Ini^heto<i 
k  luin  mt  Appcsiudt,  bol  in  thiee  yeui  laM  M  ancfa  mosajr 
tkat  be  hid  to  abuidon  tba  vtatw*;  Feoniuy  tntblcs 
jptwwed  hin,  ud  bdos  iccomiI  of  nnlw-IFBg  hk  official 
riuticB,  and  fseii^  hii  hmoor  altailad,  h*  ipn  wf  U>  oAdal 
pnilim  and  rtnovod  In  1714  to  Cattinsen,  wbcn  he  Ntahlkhed 
Umetf  1*  FiiiBl^attid.  StmOr  before  Ui  nBunal  thlthar 
U>  iijlc  died  (30di  of  Juljr  1^84),  aad  en  the  igtb  tf  Juno  in  tbo 
Mil  >«ar  bs  mankd  hk  riHtrl»tew  "  tlc^."  Her  death 
M  Uaqthaf  Janiany  1786  aSected  hbadceply.  Heappeand 
toloaaatasnallaHimieaBdalbodl^andiintal  vl|DBi.  Ha 
ttU  ooDttmied  to  teadi  In  COUb^en;  at  the  Jutdke  cd  the 
fgandaliaa  ol  the  onivenlty  hi  1787  he  m*  made  as  hwmwy 
doctor  of  philoaDphy,  uk]  in  17S9  waa  apptrinted  extnacdniaij 
pralcHir  In  that  lacuiQr,  tbaiifh  vilhnit  a  it^pcnd.  In  the 
lollowiac  year  he  manied  a  tUrd  tine.  Ui  mlfe  hting  a  cBtatn 
BUia  Hahn,  nho,  epchantcd  with  hii  poems,  tiad  cdcrcd  htm 
ba  heart  uid  hand.  Only  a  few  woiks  of  rnanicd  tifo  vjlh 
hb  "  Schmbenniddicn  "  luSced  to  pmve  Us  miiuke,  and 
■ftar  tvp  and  ■  halt  yeon  he  dlmctd  her.  Deeply  miraded 
■-  --■■-■  ■-■  ■  n  the  ulh  and  istbpartof  the^lHi^ 
9(  the  mil  Edjtion  of  hh  poemi, 


OMppa 


.otj,,  , 
ted,  wnded  In  fonu 


at  of  moral  bi 


Ikm  on  the  Sth  ol  June  1704. 

BOi^r^  chaiader,  In  ifriEe  of  Ui  nt 
«Ba  not  ladrBB  in  nobfe  and  lovabk  qualilici.  He  waa  bonat 
In  pntpnae,  gaatm  to  a  bolt,  lender-batted  tad  nwdett. 
Hb  taioiC  foe  poptilar  poetry  waa  Tny  coDatdeiablc,  and  hk 
balladi  arc  anwriE  the  Gnat  m  the  Gennan  hufuacB.  Be^dea 
ItKBn,  Dn  LM  mm  trntn  liaKtu,  Dit  Kui,  Dtr  K^ttt  mi 
itr  Ait  and  Der  wiUt  JHftr  an  famous.  Among  hia  pnrdy 
tyrfcal  poems,  bnt  few  hsre  earned  a  laatlng  i^mtationf  but 
■MBtian  ny  be  made  of  Da  BUtmkt^  WwiBhM,  Uti  M 
ita-HAm  Mtnd,  and  a  lew  low  loagi.  Hi)  muwli,  paiticiilariy 
Iha  dc^ea,  arc  ol  great  beauty. 

Bditlans  tf  BBner'i  SgrnOklH  Sitripm  aKWcd  at  CatduM, 
1I17  Qafoanilatal:  l>»-iau  [I  vots.},  and  iSm  (sue  vol.);  al» 
a  •dcctnii^  EVCriKbach  [sth  ed.,  ita).  TbB%£&  have  boa 
Buhllihed  inlnnumenbte  edilkHU,  dK  Eat  bciiH  that  by  A.  Saucr 
b*oh.,  t«b)-  >rAft«HindaaMrjrfrweneditHbyA.S(i«dt- 
Maa  in  4  •vii-  (i«74)-  Ob  Baner^  fife  kc  the  Uonphy  by  U. 
PrOklt  tiasM.  the  ulrodactioo  to  Saner*!  gditioa  d  ths  poems. 
and  W.  van  Wunbach,  cTdVAbtn'  (i«w}. 

■DBflBU,  TH«UB  rhUMtOa  (ie34~>BBi),  ptcildent  of 
tie  Tianavaal  Rapoblio,  waa  botn  hi  Ct^  Cdmiy  oD  the  isth 
al  April  tS34.  wd  wuedacatad  st  Utrecht,  Holland,  wboe  he 
tookthedveaordoaorof  thcolosy.  On  ha  fBtnm  to  Sentb 
Alila  he  n>  ordauMd  miBitter  of  the  Dottb  Sdbtmed  Chnich, 
and  itilloaed  at  HaDow  la  Capo  Colony,  when  ha  eamcBed 
Mi iihihtraUcns fcceight yaan.    IniSfalmpnaiiiiagi 


>ar,  whi<l  was 
oonncn  01  enfuna  on  appeal  in  iWj.  On  the 
If.  W.  FteiDihu  and  the  nhiial  of  Pnaidcnt  Jiiana  M  IM 
Oiaaat  Pica  Stale  to  aeo^l  the  office,  Botioa  waa  ekctad 
pfaridnt  o(  tbtTnimaal,  takbii  the  01th  00  the  iitol  July 
tSf-  la  ■a73ha«ndaa*nu<d  tapaanadeMoBtaioa  toagna 
to  ta  altaintiBB  hi  the  bonndaiy  of  the  Bankmg  leniloiy  as 
faad  bf  the  Kcste  aviid,  but  tailed  (ice  BscasurjOMKi). 
In  iSti  Buisn*,  leavlnc  Ito  Tmanal  in.chii^  tl  Actbc- 


w^atafliaytwP'legf 
Bay,  «tkh«M  that  yon  dibdiely  irtiPfd  to  FertOBil  by  the 
HacUahon  award.  With  the  Fortnfntae  Binsmi  condnded 
«  tice^,  IMccmbtf  tS7S,  pcmidiug  for  tba  onttructka  of  the 


Bugen  manaBcd  to  rake  £90,000  te  Ho&aod,  and  hoH^  a 
quantity  of  inilwiy  plant,  which  on  Its  arrival  at  Dclsgoa  Bay 
was  martgaged  to  pay  iiciifat,  and  this,  so  far  as  Bui^n  wax 
cmcoxd,  waa  the  chI  of  the  matter,  la  Jvne  1876  be  induced 
the  mad  to  dadaia  war  againat  Sikultuni  (Secocoan),  a  powerful 
sMlTe  ctM  In  tba  laatgm  ItensraaL  The  carapdei  wu 
anmccartul,  and  ndth  It*  faihue  the  tepi^ilic  Idl  into  a  conditioa 
*  '  and  insolvcwy,  riule  a  Zulu  boat  Ihnatened 

'  JRBS  to  the  laad  (3id  olMaich  1817) 
craoarea"!  woaniauKT  oe  a  polkmnan  under  a  strong  govoiD' 
mntlbanthepnaidentofBicfaaitate.  Ilk  you — youroemben 
of  the  laad  and  tho  Boen  who  have  lost  the  coontry,  who 
have  sold  your  hidependoKB  for  ■  diiali."  Sir  llieaphiiiia 
SbepiloDe,  who  bad  been  lent  to  invaligale  the  conditko  at 
afUra  in  the  l^ansvaal,  kaued  on  the  nth  of  April  a  prodami- 
tkn  anaexfaic  the  Ttenavaal  to  Great  Bdtaia.  Burgers  fully 
■oqdBKed  la  the  necesiity  for  annsmtion.  He  accepted  a 
pnndon  bom  the  British  govemmist,  and  KtUed  down  to  larm- 
iag  In  Hanonr,  Cape  Colony.  He  died  at  Richmond  In  that 
ookny  on  Ae  Qlh  of  December  18B1,  ud  la  tba  foUowfaig  year 
a  vohune  ri  short  sEorlcs,  Tomicltm  uil  mi  dotf,  on'giully 
written  by  him  Icr  the  C^k  VaOMai,  was  pnUklKd  at  the 
Hi^ne  foe  the  benefit  of  hb  family.  A  patriot,  a  fluent  tpeafcei 
both  in  Dutch  end  in  Eogliih,  vid  pogaomed  ol  aobouodcd 
eneigy,  the  failure  of  Buigen  was  due  to  his  (ondncai  iot  laise 
visioiwry  plw,  iriiich  he  attempted  to  cany  out  with  inaoffident 
meana  (see  I^ahsvul:  Butury). 

For  the  aiuKnlkiii  period  •«  John  MaitlniBU.  Til  lift  ^  Sit 
Barlb  Am,  vi4.  ii.  chap.  KviiL  (LdkIoii  1895)- 

BUBGDBDTK.  or  Bciousoiai;),  FHAHCU  (r5«e-t<>«), 
Dutch  logii&n,  was  bom  at  Lier,  near  Ddtt,  and  died  at  Leiden. 
Aher  a  brrUiant  camt  at  the  univeiaily  of  Ldden,  he  Mndied 
Ihsciogy  at  Saumur,  where  while  still  my  ynmg  he  became 
pmfcBor  of  philosophy.  Alter  five  yean  he  letuned  to  Ltidei^ 
wiiere  be  accepted  the  chair  of  lo^c  and  moral  philoai  ' 
afterwards  that  ol  nalural  pbUcmpliy.  IDs  lopc  w. 
time-widely  need,  and  b  still  valuaUe.  He  wiDte  aiao  rasa 
i>M..eMi«iro'nl<i(ie44}. 

BDBOIi,  fiEOKei  (i7g»-iS64),  Englkh  claaical  ichoUr, 
waa  bom  hi  India.  He  wat  educated  at  ChartniHWc  sdnol 
and  Tifailty  College,  Cambridge,  tailing  hb  depee  hi  t807,  and 


bilngo 


!Of   It 


t  Cambridge  tuxA  bccune  a 


lost  socccaaful 
"  coacn. "  ne  naa  a  great  repuuuon  as  1  lireek.  tdiolar,  and 
was  a  Hmewhat  acrimonious  critic  of  tin]  tcholan,  especially 
Bishop  BlomficU.  Subioquently  bs  fell  hilo  etabanaaed 
Cirauaslancea  throngk  injudicioui  tpecoUtion,  and  in  rSai  ■ 
dvil  ItBI  pooion  of  £100  per  anaum  waa  bestowed  upon  hun. 
He  died  at  RiangMe,  oa  the  nth  of  January  1S64.  Burgee  was 
a  man  o(  great  leandag  aad  indostiy,  but  loo  fond  of  intiadudng 
acbitraiy  emaidatiBna  tow  the  text  of  daaical  aulhora.  Ha 
Chief  worin  aie:  Euilpidetf  Tnada  (1807)  and  ftonuiM 
(rSog);  Aaschylui'  SutfUca  (i8>i),  EwMniMa  (r8»)  and 
Avadtcnr  (rSsr);  Sophocka'  FtOacltla  (iSjj);  E.  F.  foppe's 
/VafctMNSM  M  ThmtyHiu  USjl),  an  abei^Kl  tniolatioo  with 
critical  lemarki;  StrmaiiiHotHt  FngmtMa  (iSjg).  Ho  alia 
edilad  some  of  the  dtakgua  ol  Flahi  with  Sogliih  Botes,  and 
traubted  ntady  tba  whole  of  ^t  aolhor  and  ^  Gieek  aatb»- 
kgylorBobn'saaniealtibniy.  HewaatlrequcDtcoBlilbntor 
to  the  CloBioit  ./eiinwl  and  other  pwiaacak,  and  dediealEd  to 
Bynnapl^ called  TlitSmnif  Briii,M,  Tii Camt  1/ lit  Ctt^ 

•in«n&  DAHUL  (t645->9>3),  Englkh  PrediytRkndivme, 
waa  bom  at  Staioss,  In  Uiddleaei,  when  hk  fatlier  wu  minklcr. 
He  «u  edur^Md  nader  Buiby  it  Weatminstn  scbool,  and  tai 
(Uo  waa  scat  to  Hagdalea  HaQ,  Oiiford,  but  not  being  abl« 
cooiciailioiiily  to  nbsciib*  tb*  necoBBiy  (enulae  be  quitted 
tb*  unherriQ'  without  laktag  Ui  dtgiae.  b  1M7,  after  uUng 
— ■—  hewaaappoiatad  by  Roger  Bayk,GiMLanl  Orrery..  IV 
»lma*«nihip  of  a  tcbati  reeeatly  esBAIiibed  by  that 
u  at  Charieiraie,  Co.  Cork,  and  soon  alter  be  becaow 
cbq>lain  to  lady  Meivia.  near  Dublin.    Then  he  wat 


8.4 


BURGESS,  T.— BURGH  FAMILY 


itifitiml  tqr  tbc  loo)  prafcjWqr,  and  on  ntonbl  ts  ta^tii 
wuimpitonKd  ftw  piacUiig  It  HuUxmu^. 
Uitniecly,       '  -    -      ■  -      1  -   ■    - 


St  jaim,  ilieiinidt  Lord  Bolingbroke.     Hii  i      . 
(d.  1U7).  <n*  mtnttry  to  Iha  prmcw  of  Wifci,  ud  is  iru 
at  (luu  of  jCsoo  half-ytvll' 

■  (i7ja-iajT),  Engliiik  dlviDB,  wu  bom 
Jl  Odiliui,  In  Hunpdiin.  He  mi  (dacated  at  macbdlo, 
md  It  Caipm  Oulid  Collcft,  Oxford.  Bdon  ptdauiag,  ha 
edited  ■  nprist  at  John  Burton'i  FtmlahiU.  In  17B1  be 
brauibt  out  an  annouud  edition  aHUdURJDanra'itfitcetliiiHa 
CHUca  (npitalad,  Ldpdf,  180D).  In  17SJ  be  IxKuiie  a  feUow 
'  ii  colkga,  and  in  178)  ivaa  appointed  '■^■[^■"*  to  Shuto 


to  DoAam,  wbetc  be  did  cvanfcliuk 
won  unoni  tbc  pooict  daiKa.  In  itoj  be  m*  appointed  to 
tba  meant  Wihopric  at  St  Dai4d'e,  wliidi  he  held  for  twenl/ 
yeanolihiieateucnB.  He  tntmdcd  the  Sodety  for  Franotinf 
Quiitiui  Knowledge  In  the  dioctae,  and  aho  St  David'aCollige 
at  Lampeter,  whlcb  he  lAenlly  endowed.  In  il»  ha  vai 
appointed  liiit  pccaident  of  the  ncint]|r  bimdcd  Koyal  Society 
ol  Ulciatim;  Hid  tbna  yean  later  he  wu  promoted  10  the  aee 
of  Sallebuiy,  over  which  be  prtrided  for  twelve  yeara.  pnaecnting 
Ma  benevolent  dcrifni  with  innnaried  [ndiutiy.  Ai  at  St 
David'i,  10  at  Saliibiiiy,  ba  {oonded  a  ChuKb  Union  Society 

tlon.    H(  died  on  tbe  i«lb  o(  Febniaiy  1837. 

A  Utt  of  Ui  woriu.  wUdi  an  vefy  ainieniiii,  irill  be  loood  In  hk 
bncnpty  by  J.  S.  Harfbnl  (and  *d.,  ItaD-  In  additloB  to  tbt« 
■Inedy  nfenid  to  may  ba  nauioaed  hi>  Eiur  «  lb  Umly  tt 
laligiahii,  rk  Firil  Aiiici>(u  s/ CVuliin  KiuBUft;  Kqbduw 
n  Ik  CMfriMnU  Wrilinp  •!  Dt  Pruittty.  SamAUHWi  i%  Saiiam 
tt  HiiydiiMm  »  aHa  LtzurintiH  Cnttci;  TU  BOIt,  aW  ih<Mii( 
tm  lit  Biilt.  Uh  RMiti—  el  0*  Chnt  gf  Em^mmi. 

■UaOBi  (Ued.  Lat.  b»tt»^,  iR«i  hvfiu, 
Bows),  a  tenn,  m  it!  eariieai  aeEae.  nieaniDf  an 
a  boRXish,  one  who  occupied 
applied  Kldy  to  1  reclatsed  parllamentaty,  or  noi*  ttrictly, 
municipal  voto-.  An  eariy  vae  of  the  won!  waa  to  denote  a 
member  etcGlad  to  pariiament  by  hii  fellow  dtinm  In  a  bonu^ 
In  annc  of  the  American  eokawi  («.(.  Virgbila),  a  "bnisea" 
wa*  a  member  of  the  lefMallve  bai^,  wUch  waa  unned  tlie 
"  Houia  of  BuTfCMca."  Fnvloaly  to  tba  Uunlcipa)  Rcfbnn 
Act  itis,  Inrgeaa  waa  aa  official  title  In  aoma  EntfiA  boeon^, 
and  In  thii  anaa  i>  atiB  lutd  bi  nme  of  the  atatca  Of  tbe  United 
Statea,aaiaConnccticat,NcwJenty,Penn)ylvviIa.  llwilairim- 
mS  la  the  lefbter  or  official  Ust  of  buiieiBa  in  a  bonw^ 
a|llomKi,Bii>u),  thai  •  •  . .  ■ 


(g.f.).  BFfon  the  death  of  Hcniy  U.  (11S9)  he  leccived  a  gtini 
of  land!  fmn  John  aa  lord  id  Irdand.  At  John'i  acoaakm 
(lip?)  he  waa  iutalled  In  Thomood  and  via  governor  of 
Limerick.  In  ii^p-iioi  he  wu  aopportinf  hi  turn  Caihal 
Cimch  ind  Ciihil  Ciovdcri  for  tbe  mtive  thnme,  but  he  waa 

tboath  not  hli  Uunaler  eautei,  died  In  ims-  Hii  ion  Richard, 
hiai7,TCceivedth«liBdof  "Conhok"  [CoiBi^l]iaiIoifelIed 
bylM)dn(,«h<nbeb(lptdto6sht  FnmiiiS  to  I>J9  he  held 
Ibi  b%h  office  of  Jnalieiir  ol  Inlind.  In  ii}4  he  ddtd  with 
the  OBWB  MunM  Richacd,  sad  manbil,  who  fell  in  battle 


.  and  addid  (laady  (tt  hia  vaat  <k 
(c  i85s)lKiai  PifncaEdwaidaiOBtaf  "theoaunlyof  Ubta," 
In  coBnq«iBH  of  which  ba  wu  atyled  laM  end  of  UhtH.  M 
hi!  death  ia  1*71,  bewai  maaedad  by  hiaaoa  Richaid  at  md 
eaiL  In  iiU  Ridaid  nvagad  and  aubdned  ''■-"■■lel't,  and 
dqMaed  Biyan  O'Ntill  aa  chief  native  kinf;  aiilxtJLut^  a 
noiDteee  ol  Ui  own.  Ihe  aaltve  king  oC  COnoauiht  waa  aba 
attacked  by  Urn,  in  fanai  ti  that  btancb  of  the  O'CooMS 
wltom  bii  own  family  auppartad.  Ue  led  hia  (arcei  tnmi  Ireluid 
to  aunnrt  Edward  L  in  hia  Senttiib  canipal|n»i  and  on  Edwuri 
BnaVfannuonol  Ubterin  ijisKichaid  marked  tjainit  him, 
but  1^  bd  ^m  bit  dav^tar  Eliahcih  m  mairiase  to  Rabett 
Btnce,  aflernrda  kini  of  Scotland,  about  ijOi.  OccaiianBlly 
Hnnmoned  to  EogUah  puUameota,  ha  vent  idDal  of  hia  tony 
yeaii  of  activity  ta  licknd,  when  he  wu  the  fteateat  noble  cf 
hit  day,  uniilly  fighllnt  the  nativia  or  hk  Angki-NoiBaB  rivalt. 
Tbe  patent  nO  d  11^  tbowt  that  in  addition  to  hb  landi  in 
UlUer,  Coininghl  ud  Huniler,  be  bid  hdd  the  Ue  of  Han, 

the  3rd  earl  (1316-11^), 

by  EUubclh,  hdy  ol  Cbre, 

'  of  HeRferd  (d.  ijia). 


of  John  d( 
liitit  and  oo-Ur  of  the  lut 
Ue  natried  a  dan^ter 

'     '  *    '     '  in  IU>>  but  wu  tnnniend 
_     T,  the  tale  hdreai,  not  only  of 
but  of  vut  due  eatato.     ^e  waa 
Liond,  aim  ol  Edwaid  m.,  who  waa 
_        .     .  _  of  niiter,  ud  ibeit  dinct  Rpn- 

lentatlre,  tbe  doke  of  York,  aacnded  tbe  tliroae  in  Mfii  la 
Edwaid  IV.,  abXB  when  tbe  earidem  of  DIiIb  bai  b«  only 
held  by  menben  af  the  royal  tmHy. 

On  tbe  nmnler  of  the  jrd  eari  (i)]]),  hii  male  klHnMn.  who 
had  a  better  ri^t,  by  nativa  liUi  Ideu,  to 

vtatnilly  native  dietti 
de  Boigli  tenilOili 

"HacWiltian  Elihtci"  In  toatbemCoau^t,  m 
Ou^tB"  to  (benrlh  of  them,  in  what  It  now  Uajn,  The 
foimer  held  tbe  tezritory  of  Qanricarde,  lyfnf  In  the  neifhbonr- 
hood  of  Galway,  and  in  1543  their  chief,  u  Ulicfc  "  Bourck, 
d/idi  MakwilUam,"  tutrcodned  it  to  Uemy  VIII.,  raceivins  it 
back  to  bold,  by  Engliih  cuttoBi,  u  eul  of  Cluricaide  and  Laid 
Dtmkellbi.  Tlie  401  eari  (i6oi-i<Sj5]  dlitlngDiihed  lunueU  to 
the  EntUah  aide  In  O'NeOI'a  rebelUoa  and  atleiwiida,  ud 
oblalnBd  the  En^iah  eiridom  of  St  Albaiia  In  i6>8,  bn  am 
UUck  ncdriaf  fuitba  the  Itidi  iihiiiimihiii  ot  Clanrieanle 
(164*).  Ifii<M8biandheir,theMbeari(iltj7-i«U)wBtiiiicli 
ol  the  Stb  and  gth  eaA  <iM7-i7»).  both  of  w^om  bo^t  ler 
JatoB  n.  and  paid  the  poialty  for  ddns  »  fa  idvi,  but  tbe  glh 

iiaBdioii.theiitheail. 

ITI9.    BakftnoaoB, 
i8>5,  tor  hit  ncpbew 

which  changed  itt  nuM  from  Bourke  to 

idded  thit  of  f-n^inf  in  1(61,  tlill  own  1  van  eatatc  fat  Coonty 

In  160]  '  the  MacWiUiam  Oughter,"  Theobald  Bonrke, 
■hnllariy  m'gned  bit  tenf  lory  In  Mayo,  and  nceivtd  it  back  to 
holdbyEncUifatenuib  In  i6i7hewBicreiled  VlvxruilUaya. 
Tba  and  and  jid  viicsunti  (1619-1M})  ulleied  at  Ciomwell'* 

in  lOM.  The  pecnffc  bteime  ettioct  or  doiiaani  on  the  death 
of  tbe8thTiicountEni767.    Ini7li  JohBBaui:fce.aUiyiiiaan, 


wai  enatcd  Viacotnt  Miyo,  and  four  yean  hter  ei 
pecngE  ttlQ  eitut.  In  1871  the  filh  nil  waa  na 
Andaman  Iitandi  when  yiceroy  of  India. 

The  baroniei  of  Bourki  of  Coaiell  (isSo)  ai 
Briitu  (ificS),  both  forfctlod  in  i«9i,  weia  beatinn 


I  of  Uayo,  a 


BURGH,  HUBERT  DE— BURGHERSH 


8-S 


^.1-t.— qy..lJ,l.l.t..y...!ll..j.— .,Y'-"'~*'"''T*"i~r*-t- 

•nd  loaded  fcouy  <■(  Iitlud. 

Tba  lonU  Buigk  or  Borough  of  CunaborDUsli  (i4a7-isw} 
wen  a  liocalniliite  luniljr  belicvnl  to  be  deicEnded  Iioid  b 
younCaeonolHiibeiideBiiitL  The jthbuonirailoiddfputjr 
sf  Iidiad  in  i-j^r-  ■xl  ^  younga  bioilier,  Sii  Ja2ui  (d.  ism), 
k  dtl1iTTii-»'»^  Boldiei  wid  lular,  (J.U.SJ) 

BUBVa,  HUBBRT  DB  (d.  1141).  chul  jmUdu  ol  Eniluid 
in  tha  nl|s  ef  John  uid  Ueniy  III,,  uiicrtd  tbc  Tojnl  lerricc 
in  th*  idgB  of  Richard  L  He  tiaced  hii  deKeoI  from  Kobcn 
of  Uoruin,  baU  broUicr  ot  the  CouqucroE  and  £nt  c 
CotBvaUi  ha  mairitd  about  ixxi  the  daughter  of  WaUaai  de 
VenwD,  earl  ol  Devon;  and  thm,  Ircm  the  beginning  of  hia 
cuctt.  be  atood  wiUiin  the  dide  of  Ihe  gnat  nding  familia. 
But  be  oind  hii  high  advaacoDent  to  iiceplieul  al^iy  m  an 
•dininiitiatet  and  a  •oldiet.  Alte«d>iniJioihenachaiiih 
lo  King  John,  Ihe  iherifl  of  three  ahirea,  the  c(uulal>ic  of  Dover 
.and  WindwK  caallci,  Itie  warden  ol  die  Ciaque  Porta  and  of  the 
Weiah  Maichsa.  He  wived  with  John  to  the  continental  wua 
which  led  up  Id  the  loa  of  Noimandy.  It  «u  to  hii  keeping 
that  the  king  hnl  eniiuit«l  the  captive  Aithui  of  Biiltany. 
Coggeihall  ii  ou  authoritr  for  the  talc,  trhich  Sbakopeaie  hu 
ismnrUliHd,  at  Hubol'i  rduatl  to  pennil  tlie  mutilation  of 
Ua  prixweri  but  Uubut't  loyalty  wu  bat  ihakcn  by  tbc  crime 
to  which  Arthur  lubKquently  fell  a  viclim.  In  no*  Hubeil 
diilinguiibed  himiclf  by  a  long  and  r^linale  defence  of  Chinon, 
■t  a  lime  when  nearly  tbc  whole  of  Poitou  had  paued  into  Fitncb 
banda.  In  iai3  he  was  ^ipointcd  ienochat  of  Foitoui  with  a 
view  10  the  invaiion  ef  fnncn  which  ended  divitnuily  foi 
John  in  (be  ncit  year. 

Both  bcfon  uid  alter  the  iuue  of  the  Gnat  Charter  Hubeit 
■dlwred  loyally  to  the  king;  he  was  rewarded,  in  June  1115, 
with  the  <^Bce  o(  chid  jualidar.  This  ofSce  he  ituincd  after 
the  death  ol  John  and  the  election  of  Williun,  the  earl  manbal, 
asngpnl.  But,  uoiiL  the  eipulaion  of  tbc  French  from  England, 
Hubert  waa  entirely  engaged  with  military  affalra.  He  held 
Dover  MCCtMlully  through  the  dirkst  hour  of  John'i  fortuna; 
be  biougbC  back  Kent  lo  the  allegiance  of  Henry  UL;  he 
completed  the  diicomfiture  of  the  Fisich  and  their  aUici  by  the 
iHval  victory  which  be  gained  over  Eustace  the  Monk,  the  noted 
privaiccr  and  admiral  of  Louia,  Id  the  Straits  of  Dover  (Aug, 
1917).  The  infedotity  of  the  Engliib  Beet  has  been  EDUch 
rrrgf**'*^,  for  the  greater  part  of  tbc  French  vessels  were 
tiniupoits  cairying  rdoforcenunu  and  iup{diea  But  Hubert 
CMRd  hi*  Bucces  to  Ijie  skill  with  which  he  manteuvred  for 
the  weather-gage,  and  hie  victory  was  not  less  brilliant  than 
Bwnintous.  Il  compelled  Louis  to  accept  the  tiuty  of  Lambeth, 
tuder  which  be  ttnounced  hii  claims  to  the  crown  and  evacuated 
England.  As  the  saviour  of  the  national  cause  the  justiciar 
naturally  assumed  after  the  de^th  of  William  Marshal  (irigj 
tbe  leadership  ol  the  Eogliih  loyaliits.  He  wu  oppoKd  by  tbc 
kffits  PindulfdiiS-iiii),  who  clzinied  the  guardianship  of  the 
kingdom  fur  the  Holy  See;  by  the  Poitevin  Peter  dei  Koches, 
bishop  of  Winchester,  who  wii  the  young  king's  tutor;  by  the 
foreign  mercenuie*  of  John,  among  whom  Falkes  de  Brtautf 
took  tbc  lead;  and  by  the  feudal  party  under  the  earli  of  Chcilcr 
■nd  Albemarle.  On  Pandulf'i  dcpsiture  tbe  pope  was  induced 
to  promiie  that  no  other  legate  should  be  sppiHnted  In  the 
lifetime  of  Archbishop  Stephen  Linglnn.  Other  opponents  were 
weskened  by  the  audacious  stroke  d  1113,  when  tbe  Juiiidsr 
suddenly  announced  iht  resumption  of  all  tbe  castles,  tberiSdomi 
and  other  gtanli  which  had  been  made  lince  the  king's  acceuion. 
A  plausible  cjcuie  was  found  in  the  neit  year  for  issuing  a 
Knteace  nt  conGscstion  and  banishment  against  Falkci  de 
BrCaut^.  Finolly  in  14?7,  Hubert  having  proclaimed  the  king 
of  age,  diunjiscd  the  bishop  of  Winchester  from  hii  tutoishjp. 

Kabeil  now  iiood  at  the  height  ol  bis  power.  Bis  pomenioos 
had  been  enlstged  by  four  lucceiiive  maniagea,  pariiculatly 
by  that  which  he  contracted  in  lui  with  Mar|aiet,  the  siitcr 
Of  Aleunder  II.  of  Scotland;  in  1117  he  received  the  eaiidom 
•f  Kent,  which  hid  been  donnsni  sioce  the  diigiacc  of  Odo  of 
BaycBi.    But  the  IsvDUrof  Henry  III.  wai  a  precarious  founda- 


tion as  which  to  boDd.  TWUnfchaltdag^faBttbeablcetieu 
with  which  bis  minister  oppoaed  wild  plant  of  fordgn  cooqucM 
and  biconiidaau  <wir«ssinni  lo  tbe  papacy.  Tb^  qusJinlled 
violently  (b  1114,  at  FonuiiHiIh.  when  the  kiag  wa*  wUh  difi. 
cul  ty  picv^ted  fiom  itabUiig  Hubert,  becauie  a  taffitient  lUKily 
of  tldp*  waa  not  fanbcomlng  lor  an  expedition  to  Franco,  In 
iiji  Hairy  lent  in  ear  to  thoae  who  uwned  thai  tbe  juilidar 
had  secretly  encoureged  inued  attacks  upon  ibe  alitaa  to  whom 
thepDpahadgiveBEnglisbbeaeaca.  Unbert  was  suddenly  dia- 
giaced  and  icqiditd  to  rmdeT  an  account  of  hii  kmg  sdminiitra- 
tian.  Tbe  bisw  fell  nddcoly,  a  few  week*  afiet  hii  ^>pQiiUniait 
as  justiciar  of  Ireland.  It  was  prccipltaled  1^  one  of  thoat  fita 
ol  pasion  to  which  the  king  wu  pione;  bat  the  influence  at 
Hubert  hsd  been  for  some  time  waidng  befoic  that  of  Peter  dca 
Roches  and  his  nephew  P^er  dci  Rierau.  Soma  ocJotir  waa 
given  to  their  atlacki  by  Hubert'*  iajudidoin  plea  that  he  hdd 
a  charter  from  iUng  John  which  ejmapted  him  bom  any  liability 
to  produce  accounts.  But  the  other  chatgn,  far  lais  fduisibk 
'      ol  embeulemenl,  which  w«i«  he)4>ed  upon  the  hiad 


of  the  C 


mUvoui 


WBi  diagged  fiom  the  Mnctuary  at  Bury  St 
Edmundi,  in  which  he  had  takm  lefoge,  aad  wis  kept  in  itiall 
confiDement  until  Richard  ol  Cornwall,  the  king's  brolhei. 
and  three  other  calls  oflend  to  be  Us  snretica.  Under  their 
pmlictlaD  be  ramamed  in  honourable  delcBtian  at  Deviia 
Cutla.  OntheoiitbtcakalRichudMafthal'itebellion(i(ji), 
ha  wi*  carried  oS  by  the  ichdi  lo  the  Haidial  slrongbnM  of 
Striguil,  in  tbe  hope  that  hb  name  would  add  popularity  lo  Iheir 
cause.  In  iij4lHwaiadmtited,  along  with  Ibe  other  ii«poilen 
olkhetaUe&Marsbat.totbebaieStafatiillpardon.  Hengained 
hii  culdMi  and  bdd  it  till  hia  death,  althmgh  he  waa  oooe  b 
serious  dangerftomthetvaiioeaf  thaking  (i  ij^J.iriio  *a*  tempted 
by  Hubert's  enocmou*  wealth  to  lerive  the  charge  of  ueawn. 

In  U*  UfeHoM  Hnbnl  was  ■  popular  ben;  Matthew  Paris 
reltua  bow,  at  the  tii 
with  an  tub  to  put  letters  oa  Ih 


»  icallied.    His  catUiMi  died  wi 


1  bin,  Ihongta  he  lefl 


last  of  the  gmt  juitidin.    Tbe  i^ce,  1*  having  beceoe  too 
great  bx  a  subject,  was  now  iboni «( ill  meM  impottant  powers 

See  Racer  el  Wendovii'i  nmi  BliUrbirm^it,  edited  for  the 
EnglMi  Uutoriial  Sgcktv  by  H.  O.  Ceu  I4  vols..  i«4i~ia44)i 
Ibe  dnmia  Uajut  of  Hanbe^  Psiih  edil^  by  II,  R,  Luirdfu- 
the  Rolls  Series  (7  vols.,  lf!l-li»i) ;  tbe  Buuin  iit  4*a  id 
Nimaniic.  edited  by  F.  Michel  for  iIk  Soc.  de  I'HW.  de  France 

SirK  1«4o);  the  Bitltin  it  CmOammi  li  Uaruhil.  edited  by 
ul  Meyer  for  the  laoie  lociety  (3  yth..  i^ris,  IB»i,  Ae.};  ].  E. 
Dork's  OfieM  SamaM  el  Kurlinii,  iL  pp.  17l-a>4:  R.  Pauli'i 
Citikidut  on  EnfUni.  vol,  UL :  W.  Siubbs's  a<tiauS«,ti  Hiiim 
■4  Enila«J,  vol.  if  (H.  W.  C,  DJ  ' 
SBBOHSBEH,  BEHRT  (ii9)~i}4<4,  English  bidwp  and 
chancellor,  ^ai  a  younger  im  il  Robert,  Bsnn  Buigherdi  (d. 
rjos),  snd  a  nephew  of  BiRfMlomew,  Lord  Badlcsmsre,  and 
wsi  educated  in  France.  InijsoowingtoBadlenoete'sinflutiHx 
Tope  John  XXIL  amMjinted  him  hiibop  of  'rm^n  in  tpixt  oJ 
llie  fact  that  the  chapter  had  already  made  an  electHHi  lo  Iht 
'  btshepric,  and  he  secured  the  position  without  delay. 
L .   ^  Bsdlelint      '  " 


dby  E 


lepopewi 


n  the  n 


proceeding  which  did  1 

leen,  Isabella,  sod  ti       _  .  .      

the  dqxuiiidi  and  murder  of  tbe  king.    Enjoying  the  fa 

the  new  king,  Edward  UI.,  the  btihop  became  chancellor 

England  m  ijiS;  but  he  failed  lo  iccure  tbe  irchbiibopric 

of  Canterbury  which  became  vacant  about  tbe  tame  time,  and 

^^rivcd  of  bis  oAce  of  chancellor  and  impriioned  when 

la  lost  her  power  in  rjjo.    But  he  wai  soon  released  and 

in  a  position  of  induenoe.    He  was  irtasurcr  of  England 

ii3*  lo  lu;,  and  high  in  the  favour  and  often  in  the 

company  of  Edward  IH.;  be  wu  sent  on  several  iaqwrtut 


MTudi,  ind  ntnrted  «ttli  Impottrat  cemmliBioo*.  Be  diid 
U  Cheat  OB  tlK  4ik  of  Dectmbo- 1340. 

Tht  biih^']  bmher,  Birtlwlamev  Bnrghcnh  [d.  ijs:), 
beam*  Btron  Bor^ienh  od  t^'dnth  of  his  bntthcr  Stephen 
intjia  HeadeduuuluittaBiidleUBtnimtfltheeuailioD 
o(  the  litto;  ud  Iben,  tnuled  by  Edmid  III.,  wu  oiMUblc 
o<  Dover  CutletBdmnlnal  the  CBqiwPoTU.  Hefilkdolhet 
iBpotUnt  pontloB.  UBVtd  Edmnl  in.  bolh  u  a  di[doiiuii>t 
Ud  >  nUla,  bcint  pioent  al  Ibe  battle  of  Cmy  in  1146;  and 
Rtainlng  to  the  lut  Ibe  royal  amfidencB,  died  b  August  liss- 
Hi>  ton  and  ncaiaoT,  Baithobiiie*  (d.  13^9),  mu  one  of  tbe 
Gnt  knJghu  of  the  order  of  ths  Cuter,  and  earned  a  freat 
Rpulatioa  ai  a  loldieT,  ipedaUy  ditUnguUiIiig  UmMlt  at  the 
battle  of  Pottien  In  ijj6. 

BDBOHLR,  WILUAM  CKIL.  BuoN  (i5»-is«8),  wu  bom, 
Kcordlni  10  h^Dvn  MatencDl,  on  the  ijlbof  SepttDiber  i;9i 
at  tbe  boisa  d  hb  awlhn'i  fiiber  at  Bourne,  Ijnrolmhln. 
Pcdlfmi,  dabonled  by  Cedl  hinuelf  with  the  help  tl  Cimdcn, 
tbi  apUquaiy,  aiaodaled  him  with  the  CccUi  or  Silayllu  of 
Ahynnnei  in  Hncfordshin.  and  tnced  hl>  doient  from  an 
Owen  of  the  tiat  of  King  HuoM  ud  1  SKayllt  of  the  rrign  of 
RofuL  Tbe  oeoiKaioB  nfth  ihc  Ifetefordshire  hmHj  b  not  M 
itnpoMible  a*  the  descent  from  Sitsyllt;  but  the  earUest  authmik 
ancalor  of  tbe  loid  treasurer  I]  hii  gnndfalher,  David,  kIw, 
acconfini  to  Buishl(y'»*iieiniK,  "  kept  the  bett  mn  "  in  SUm- 
tiii.  D>vid>c)Diefaowiecur«1lhEfavDurofHeDi7VfI.,lowhom 
be  KIM  Id  have  been  jreonun  of  the  (uud.  lie  vrai  urjunt- 
at-amu  to  Henry  VIII.  in  isiA,  iherifl  of  Northainploiiahile 
fnijj],  andajuiliciof  thepucelor  Rutland,  His  elile*!  Mo, 
Bichanl,  yeomsn  ol  the  wardtobe  {d,  1554),  tnanied  Jane, 
dinghtcT  of  William  HecUngton  at  BoUine,  and  wu  father  of 
three  dau^ten  and  Lord  Burghley. 

Willian,  the  only  un,  was  put  to  school  Gut  at  Ciandiun 
and  then  at  Sbimfoid.  In  May  i;]S,  at  ihcaivollDurteen,  he 
10  St  John's  CoUcfc,  Ciubiklge,  ii^mr  he  wa*  biooght 


unusual  knowledge 


Aichim  and  John  Cheke,  and  acquired 

of  Gicok.  He  alas  acquired  the  affection)  01  i.tKKc'1  utter, 
Uuy,  and  was  fn  1541  lemoved  by  hit  biher  lo  Gray's  Inn, 
wlihoai,  slur  six  ytais'  itsidcnce  at  Cunbiidge,  having  taken 
a  decree.  The  ptecaotlon  proved  uielesa,  snd  four  months  hittr 
Cecil  committed  one  of  the  rare  nih  acta  of  his  life  in  marrying 
UaryChdie.  Tlie  only  child  of  this  mairiage.'nBDiai,  Ibe  lulun 
earl  of  Eicter,  was  bom  in  May  im,  (nd  in  Febniary  1543 
Cecil's  first  wife  died.  Thm  years  later  be  married  (irst  of 
Dccembu  1546)  Uildied,  daughter  ol  Sir  Anthony  Cooke,  who 
was  ranked  hy  Aacham  with  l^dy  Jane  Grey  aa  one  of  the  two 
Buit  learned  lidica  in  the  kingdom,  tad  whon  sfaier,  Anne, 
became  the  wtic  of  Sli  MlchDhs,  and  tbo  mother  oI  SIi  Fnnda, 

Cedl,  meanwhile,  bad  obtained  the  tevenkm  to  tbe  office  of 
tmttt  r^nLtrvn  ireritim,  and,  according  to  his  autobiographical 
note*,  Bt  in  paiUameot  In  1543;  but  his  name  does  not  occnr  In 
the  imperfect  parfiamentary  returns  untQ  1547,  when  he  was 
deeted  for  tlie  bmily  bomugh  of  Stamford.  Earlier  In  that  year 
be  had  accatnpatded  Ptotector  Somerset  on  bis  Pinkie  campaign, 
being  one  of  the  two  "  Judges  of  the  MtnhatKa."  ij.  In  (he 
CDuru-raanlal.  'nie  olfan  was  William  Fatten,  who  alatcs  that 
both  be  and  Cedl  hesan  to  wHic  Independent  accounts  of  tbe 
campaign,  and  that  Cedl  geneioualy  cammunlated  bis  notes  loi 
Patten's  narrative,  whkh  hat  been  reprinted  more  than  once. 

In  iS48'he  Is  described  at  the  prolcctor'i  master  of  itquettt, 
which  (ppaiently  mans  that  he  wu  derk  or  registmr  of  the 
covTt  of  lequeiU  which  the  protector,  pouibly  at  Laiimer'i 
Insllgation,  iTIegally  let  np  In  Soraetaet  House  "to  bear  poor 
mea's  mmptauits."  He  aln  leent  to  have  acted  aa  private 
Kctetary  to  the  protector,  and  was  In  some  danger  »t  the  ihne  of 
thepmlector'sftlirOctobert  j4E>].  lite  lords  opposed  to  Somenct 
ordetrd  fall  detention  on  the  lolh  of  October,  and  in  November 
he  wu  in  the  Tower,  On  the  ijthof  January  ijjo  he  wu  bound 
over  in  lecogriliaDcet  to  the  value  of  a  thousand  marks.  How- 
ncr,  he  soon  Ingtatlated  hlnatU  with  Wirwli±,  tod  on  tiK  1  jth 


SSabtvMtm 
He  wu  knighted  on  the  iitl 
Soracnct^  aeooDd  fall,  and  ir 
csiaplng  hi)  benelactor't  late.  In  April  he  be 
the  order  of  the  Garter.  But  lervke  under  Ni 
no  bed  of  miis,  and  In  hk  diary  Cedl  ncoided  hb  releuc  In  (he 
fiata!4xmatnt*Ii«ilaaMia»^mtijmia.  Utic^nBtDHiily 
(or  Edward'^  nie^  "  deriae  "  of  Ibe  ctMn  bu  bun  ttBdloualy 
miabaieed  by  CMil  himself  and  by  bbbiagtapbcK.  Yenaaflcr- 
waids,  he  pretended  tlHI  be  bad  only  signed  tbe  "  devkt '  at  a 
witness,  bat  hi  hii  tpokgy  to  Queen  Ha^  he  did  not  veMnie  to 
allege  so  flinty  to  nCBie;  he  ptclened  to  hy  sticM  on  tbe  iMtenl 
to  wbidi  be  tucceeded  In  dUftfng  tbe  teqiontlbilitjr  oa  t»  tbe 
ilranldenolhBbrDaei.lB4aw,Sb'JdBCbHte,ud  othct  faicodt, 
ami  on  his  intrlgnc*  to  feottnte  the  qoecD  to  whom  behnd  twvn 
allegiance.  Ibeie  It  DO  dooirt  (hat  he  ia«  iriikh  way  the  «fid 
was  blowing,  and  dliliked  Horthumberland'i  scbeiDe;  but  he  bad 
not  the  courage  to  leilit  tbe  duke  to  his  face.  As  toon,  howrver. 
u  tlie  duke  had  set  out  to  meet  M«iy.  Cecil  became  the  mott 
active  intriguer  against  Mm.  and  to  thae  efibrta,  of  vhicA  he 
bdd  a  full  account  befOK  Queen  Mary,  he  mainly  o*ed  ha 
Immunity.  He  had,  moreover,  had  no  piit  in  Ibe  divoiee  at 
Cathenne  or  in  the  hnmiliation  of  Mary  in  Henry 't  reign,  and  ha 
made  no  scruple  about  conforming  to  the  leligiou  readlorL  He 
went  to  malt,  toolesied,  and  out  of  dieer  seal  and  in  io  oSdal 
capacity  went  10  meet  Cardinal  Pole  on  ha  pbat  miidiio  I* 
England  In  December  i;;4,  igiin  accompanying  him  to  Clkisbi 
May  1  s!!.  It  wu  rumoured  in  December  1554  that  Cecil  would 
succeed  Sir  William  Pelie  ai  iccretaty,  an  office  whkh,  with  ha 
chancellar^P  of  the  Garter,  he  had  lost  on  Maiy^  aanaioa. 
Fnbafaly  the  quan  had  mote  to  do  with  Ibe  blilfieatlen  of  this 
rumour  than  Cedl,  though  he  b  tald  to  have  opposed  fai  the 
parliament  of  I  sss — in  which  be  represented  LlncalnJiiie— a  bill 
for  the  conhsctiioD  of  the  estates  ol  the  Proltotant  rcfiegre*. 
But  tbe  atoiy,  even  u  told  by  his  biognpher  (Peek,  DaUtr^a 
Ctmaa,  i.  ri),  does  not  rqiresent  Cecil's  conduct  u  having  ben 
very  courageous;  and  It  is  more  to  hit  credit  that  he  found  no 
Stat  b  tbe  parliament  of  t  jsR.  for  whidi  htary  had  directed  the 
return  of  "  discreet  and  good  Catholic  members." 

By  that  time  Cecil  had  begun  to  ttta  bb  )^b  to  a  diflerent 
breeie.  He  wu  m  secret  conuooDicatioD  wiih  Eliailieih  befon 
Mary  died,  and  fnm  the  bit  the  new  queen  rcHed  on  Cedl 


.;  the  need  ms  to  avoid  Sc)4la  and  Charybdfa,  and  a  •<■ 
timia  Dad  10  be  found  In  dnuch  and  state,  at  iMune  and  abnad. 
Cedl  wat  not  ■  political  genjus;  no  grot  ld«t  CBanaHd  ben 
his  brain.  But  he  wu  eminently  a  sale  maB,  not  an  orighnl 
thinker,  but  a  coonscDor  of  imifvalled  iritdom.  OuHlon  wu  Vm 
supreme  diancteriitic;  he  saw  thai  above  all  tUnp  Engtand 
tequiied  time.  Like  Fabiui,  be  restored  tlie  foitniea  ol-hfl 
coumtybydelibention.  Be  averted  open  rupturanntilEocltad 
was  Strang  enou^  to  lund  the  shock.  There  was  nothing  bennc 
about  Cedl  or  his  policy;  It  involved  a  oillout  aultude  towank 
strnggiing  Ihotestants  tbrnad.  Hugocnotsand  Dutidi  were  aided 
(uil  enough  10  keep  them  going  in  the  itreggla  whkh  warded 
danger  off  from  England'!  ihans.  But  CecO  never  devetoped 
thai  pas^Dtiote  Bvenioo  [rom  decided  mcaauiet  wbiiA  berame 
a  second  nature  to  hit  oiistrrsa.  Hb  intervention  In  Scotland  in 
r5S9-i56o  showed  that  he  could  strike  OD  occtthn;  and  1^ 
action  over  the  eiecution  of  Maty,  qoeeo  of  Scow,  proved  (hat  he 
wu  willing  to  take  responsibility  liom  wbldi  Eliiabelh  ditai^ 
Generally  he  was  In  favour  of  more  decided  faitrrvention  on 
behalf  of  continental  Prototanu  than  Eliiaheth  would  admit, 
but  It  is  not  always  easy  10  escertain  the  advice  he  gave.  He  hat 
left  endless  memonnda  luddly  setting  lonhihe  pros  and  com  of 
every  course  of  action^  but  thne  are  lew  Indicaiioiii  of  tbe  Use 
which  be  aclnally  recommended  irticn  it  came  to  a  dccfaion. 
How  fir  he  wu  personally  mponsthle  lor  the  Angtkin  SettlMieBt, 
the  Poor  Laws,  and  the  foreign  policy  ot  Ibe  teigD,how  lar  be  wB 


BURGKMAIR— BURGLARY 


thwarted  by  dw  taUul  Influmual  LiktMirud  tbB  aprice*  of 
lb«qu«ii,nDuiniU)Btui<sitciilamiuctof conjcctnn.  Hit 
than  is  the  KldcmoiC  of  15J9  wu  gamidenble>  *i^  it  coisdiled 
fairly  with  lu»  awn  toaumiu  iadctcimliute  nligloui  vie**. 


son  on;  be  wu  ROdier  to  penecuU  PtpiMs  thin  Puduu;  be 
hid  so  love  lot  cccIuiMtial  jniiidicLlDii,  ind  he  mnaly  le- 
maoMiMediriUi  WhitgifCoTBihiipaKculiiig  Artideaoi  ijSj. 
Tha  Gaot  €BCDmiuiB  wu  pu*ed  00  tum  by  ttit  quc«n  henelf, 
whea  ihe  (lid,  "  Ttiii  judsmcu  I  banel  you,  that  you  will  not 
be  CDinq>ted  with  my  numncr  id  giEu,  uid  that  you  will  be 
Kiiihi|il  to  ttiG  ilaW." 

From  isjS  loc  [oily  yean  tbe  Uocraphy  ol  Cedl  Sa  almott 
indislinguiibable  fiom  Lhat  ol  £ii>abcth  and  Irom  the  hiitocy  ol 
Eogland.  01  penosal  incidcDt,  >pait  Irom  bi)  miuion  10 
Scotland  in  ij6o,  thece  b  litik.  He  reprocnicd  Lincoiuhin  in 
the  puliantent  ol  IJ59,  and  NortJ]am(Kaiiiture  In  tbtt  ol  ijfij, 
and  he  looL  an  active  piil  in  the  procecdinga  ol  the  House  o{ 
Cammoni  untU  his  devatioa  to  the  peerage;  but  there  leonu  no 
ggod  evidence  for  (he  ttory  that  he  was  pniHaed  at  spoker 
in  Ii6j.  In  January  1361  he  wu  given  the  lucrative  ofEceof 
nutter  ol  the  court  of  wardi  in  tuccation  to  Sir  Tlunnu  Fany, 
and  be  did  lomclhing  to  iclorm  chat  iniirument  of  tyranny  and 
abuse.  In  February  1559  be  wai  elected  chancellotol  Cambridge 
Uaivenily  in  suCKision  10  Cardinal  Pole,  he  wai  created  Jrl^. 
of  that  univcnily  on  the  occaiion  ol  Qiialielh'i  visit  in  1564,  and 
U.A.  of  Oxford  on  n  similar  ecci&ion  in  15M.  On  the  ijtb  of 
February  ijyibc  was  raised  to  the  peerage  aaBaionBuighley  of 
BurgUcy'  (or  Butioigh};  the  fact  that  hs  continued  to  act  ai 
Mcittaiy  alter  his  elevation  illustiules  the  growing  importance  ol 
that  ollice,  which  under  hii  son  became  a  lecntiiyibip  of  state. 
In  1ST  J,  however,  the  maiquets  of  Winchester,  who  had  been  lord 
bigb  treasurer  under  Edwitrd,  Majy  and  Elizabeth,  (tied,  and 
Burghley  succeeded  la  bit  peat.  It  wai  a  tignal  Inumpb  over 
Leicester;  and,  although  Burghley  had  itill  to  reckon  with 
cabals  in  the  council  and  at  oourt,  his  hold  over  the  queen 
■tiengthened  with  the  bpse  of  yean.  Belaie  hedled,  Kobett,  his 
only  surviving  son  by  h^  second  wife,  was  ready  to  tup  into  his 
shws  u  the  queen's  principal  adviser.  Having  survived  all 
bit  rivals,  and  all  his  ciUIdr^  except  Robert  and  the  worthless 
Ttnmaa,  Burghley  died  at  hii  London  bouse  on  the  4lh  ol  August 
1596,  and  wat  buried  in  St  Martin's,  StomfonL 

Burgblcy'i  private  life  was  tingidaily  vinnoua;  he  wai  a 
faithful  husband,  a  careful  father  and  a  -considerate  master. 
A  book-Iovei  and  antiquary,  he  made  a  special  hobby  ol  heraldry 
and  genealogy.  It  was  the  cotudous  and  unconsdoui  aim  of 
(he  age  to  reconstruct  a  new  landed  aristocracy  on  the  ruins  of  the 
old,  and  Burgbley  was  a  great  builder  and  planter.  All  the  aita 
of  aichitecture  and  horticulture  were  lavished  on  Buighley  House 
and  Theobalds,  which  bis  »n  eichanged  lor  Hatfield.  Hii 
public  conduct  does  not  present  itself  b  quite  so  amiable  a  light. 
As  the  marquess  of  Winchester  said  of  himself,  be  was  tprung 
from  the  willow  rather  than  tbe  oak,  and  he  was  not  the  mar 


erior 


.Then 

Lo  it  he  bad  no  hesitation  in  sacriGcfng 
jndtvidual  consciences.  He  frankly  disbelieved  in  toleration; 
"  that  state,"  he  said,  "  could  never  be  in  safety  where  there 
was  a  toleratioii  of  two  religions.  For  there  is  no  enmity  so 
great  as  that  for  religioo;  and  therefore  they  that  diSer  m  the 
tervice  of  their  God  can  never  agree  in  the  aervige  ol  their 
country."  With  a  maiim  luch  ai  itiis,  it  was  easy  for  him  to 
maintain  that  Elizabeth's  coerdve  measures  were  political  and 
not  religious.  To  say  that  he  was  Machiavellian  ii  meaningless, 
for  every  statesman  is  so  moM  or  1«s;  especially  in  tbe  titb 
century  men  preferred  efficiency  to  principle.  On  theothet  hand, 
prlndpl^  are  valueless  without  law  and  order,  and  Burghley^i 
craft  and  subtlety  prepared  a  security  in  which  principles  might 


I  and  authoiitin  for  Burihlay'i  life  an  endket.    The 


find  BO 
Hhso 


81) 

.  .  — inaa  by  th*  Hist. 

re  in  the  Record  Ol5ce  and 

.-.—,01  to  eoereipaodeneet  teethe  cataleguei  el  Cotton.  HaHelan, 
RonL  Sleue.  ^enofl  and  Additimal  M^.  in  (he  British  Moieum, 
and  the  Calendan  of  Domntic  Fonigii,  Spuiili,  VeueuUa,  Scollitli 
and  Iriita  Sute  Papen. 

Other  aAcial  tavnet  are  the  Arlj  of  Uu  Priry  CsmcU  (vola,  L- 
xid]i.)rLerda'aiidComani»' Jonrnalt.  D'Ewn' Joumalh  Off.  Ret. 
M.P.'i:  RyBH'iFiicdiHiCoUin'i.^w'a^.UaUi'a^iiNicboU'a 
FnpiMia  ^  SlinOM.  See  aba  Sltype'i  WoikslievolLl.  Parker, 
Sae.  Publ.  (S«  vols.):  Camden't  AnHoU,;  HoTiMhed.  Stow  and 
Speed's  Ckmt,;  Hayward't  Axmali;  Machyn'a  Diary.  LeyceMet 
Co(T..  Ecertofl  Paacn  (Camden  Soc).  For  Bnrgbley'i  nrly  Life, 
•e*  Coop*'*  'Ubm  CtMat.-.  Bakat'i  St  M^'i  CM..  Ccmi.,  ed. 
Mayer,  tuun  atd  Fafai  tf  Hary  Vlll.\  Tviler't  E4wof4 
Yl.-.  NIchob't  U.  AcMstw  li  Eiwtri  VI. \  Leaaam'i  C»rt  -4 
Ksnutf,  amm.  (f  Qutm  Jnt  (Caradta  Soc),  and  throuchouc 
Froiide'aWK.    NoniAfoeMrr  Baal  Burghky  luant  appeaiedi 

Ftancit  Atfwd.  were  printedlaPeck's  DaUmuSnm  (1731), 
i.  1.66:  other  notee  tic  m  NaDn(on't  ^enmts  Ruolts.  Llvei  l» 
CeUina  (ITSl),  Charlton  aod  Mdva  (173a).  w«  fiSowed  by  Naret*! 
biDgnpfcyla  thetavf  (he  neat  aondtroat  vslisoet  (ilst-ifji)  In 
the  lannwai;  thit  _peBvaked  Macautay's  briUiaat  but  mialeidiDg 
euay^.  A.  S.  Huma't  Cnal  LudBartUty  (iS»at  It  largely  a 
(^■og  [egether  ol  (he  irleiencei  to  Burghtey  in  the  same  author'! 
Ca(«far  tf  SimBUai  KSS  The  life  by  Dr  Jewipp  (1904)  n  an 
eipanJoii  of  bit  (ftkle  ia  (be  Dia.  Nti.  Ksf.:  it  ■  Kilt  only  » 

other  i'lidileau]  iofemiatloB  by  other  baodi,  [Ai  F.  P.} 

BiniQKIUIH,  BAHSor  John  (mtJ-!'  iSJ'),  German  painter 
and  engraver  oa  wood,  believed  to  have  been  a  pupd  ol  Albrecht 
DOrer,  was  bora  at  Augsburg.  Frofeuoi  Christ  ascribes  to  him 
about  ;oo  woodcuts,  most  of  them  distinguithed  by  tbat  tpfrit 
and  freedom  which  we  admire  in  the  works  of  his  supposed 
master.  His  principal  work  it  the  seiio  of  ■  js  prinli  lepretenling 
tbe  triumphs  ol  the  emperor  Maximilian  I.  They  are  ol  laigs 
silt,  executed  in  chiaroscuro,  Itom  two  blocks,  and  convey  1  high 
idea  of  his  poweTl.  Buigkniair  was  also  an  excellent  painter  In 
fresco  and  in  distemper,  apeciment  of  which  arc  in  the  gatleiles 
of  Munich  and  Vienna,  carefully  and  ulidly  bnlibed  in  tb*  ityte 
ol  the  old  German  sdnol. 

BUROLABT  (Krtj  lalrKiBiiMi;  in  indeqt  EngUih  law, 
hamtiittktn*),  at  common  law,  thfl  offence  of  breaking  and 
entering  the  dwelling-house  of  another  with  intent  to  commit 
a  felony.  Tlia  aSenoe  and  fti  puntdiment  ate  ngulated  in 
En^and  by  tfie  Larceny  Act  1A61.    Tlie  four  important  point* 


The  plait  must,  according  to  Sir  E.  Coke^  defnition,  be  a 
mansion-house,  ix.  a  man's  dwelliag-house  or  private  residence. 
No  building,  altbongb  within  the  same  curtilage  ai  tbe  dwdling. 
houie,  ft  deemod  to  be  a  part  of  the  dwelling-house  for  tite  pur- 
poiet  ol  bariJary,  uulat  there  is  a  commuiicatian  between  tach 
buildiog  and  dwcUlnf-boute  either  imniKliate  or  by  metni  ol 
a  covered  and  endoted  passage  leading  from  the  one  to  the  other. 
Chambcti  In  a  college  or  in  an  inn  of  court  are  the  dweUing-bouu 
of  the  Dwneri  10  alin  are  toonu  or  ladginga  in  a  private  home, 
provided  tbe  owner  dwella  elsewhere,  or  enteei  by  a  different 
outer  door  from  hislodga,  otherwiie  the  lodger  is  merely  an  inma  ta 
atvl  hH  apartment  a  parcel  of  the  one  dw^ng-house. 

■  InSeotifxw,ihFWordltaiMiKlniiieaRt.|belclo^oushbeaaig 


(i)  tbe  lime,  (1}  the  place,  (3}  the  n 
Tbe  iime.  which  Is  now  the  essence  of 
sidered  originally  to  have  been  veiy  m 
come  lying  prin 
domicile.  But 
it  had  become  s 


innet  and  (4)  tho  inleM. 

E  been  veiy  maleriil,  the  gravity  ol  lb« 
I  the  invasion  of  the  sanctity  of  a  man'i 
period  before  the  reign  of  Edward  VI. 
It  time  was  essential  to  the  odence,  and 
it  wu  not  adjudged  burglary  nnlesi  committed  by  night.  Tbe 
day  waa  then  acconntcd  as  beginning  at  snnjisej  and  ending 
immediately  after  aunset,  but  it  was  afterwxids  decided  that 
ii  there  wereleit  sufficitnt  dayli^t  or  twilight  to  discern  (ho 
countenance  of  a  person,  it  waa  no  burglary.  This,  again,  was 
superseded  by  the  Larceny  Act  1861,  for  tbe  purpose  of  wbich 
night  b  deemed  to  commence  at  nine  o'clock  in  the  evening  ol 
each  day,  and  to  condude  at  six  o'clock  in  the  morning  of  tbe 


BURGON— BURGOS 


Aa  to  Ibc  mamntr,  then  miot  be  both  a  brediing  ond  an  enliy. 
Bolh  niiit  be  it  nigbt,  but  not  nccasaiily  on  the  sine  night, 
provided  that  jn  the  breakJns  uid  m  the  entry  there  u  ui  intent 
to  ounmit  m.  (eLooy,  The  brcdting  miy  be  either  an  octun] 
bfsiking  ot  inj'  citernil  pin  ol  ■  building;  or  opening  or 
Uiling  any  elated  d«or,  window,  ihullec  or  lock,  oi  entiy  by 
mean)  of  a  tbreat,  iitilice  ot  (olliuioa  with  penoni  inside, 
OT  by  mum  of  such  i  neccuiry  opening  u  1  chimney.  If  in 
entry  a  obtained  through  in  open  window.  It  will  not  be  burgliry, 
but  if  an  inner  door  ii  if terwords  opened,  it  immediatdy  bt^fomes 
•o.  Eniiy  include!  tlie  insertion  through  inopendooror  window, 
oi  iny  aperture,  ol  any  part  of  Ihe  body  oi  of  any  inilmnKnt 
in  the  hind  to  draw  out  goodi.  Tlie  entry  may  be  before  the 
bredlung,  for  the  Larceny  Act  iMi  hu  eitended  the  definition 
«i  burglary  to  cuci  in  wiuch  a  penoa  entcn  inotlur'i  dwelling 
with  inlcnt  to  commit  felony,  or  being  fa  Boch  houic  commiti 
felony  theiein,  and  In  eithn  use  brtalu  aU  ol  lucb  dwcUing- 
boiue  by  night. 

BfuLinj  ind  entry  Riuit  be  with  the  iiuEefii  lo  conunf I  a  felotiy, 
atber¥fise  it  is  only  trespus.  The  felony  need  not  be  a  larceny, 
it  may  be  dthci'  murder  or  i*pe.  The  ponishmenl  ii  penil 
■erviiude  for  lile,  or  iny  term  Dot  ku  thia  three  yean,  or 
ImptiiDniiieDt  not  exceeding  Lwo  ytan,  with  oi  wllJiaut  hard 
labour. 

HBiuebrratiBi  in  Englbh  In*  li  M  be  datingutshed  from 
burgjiry,  in  that  it  is  not  CKential  that  It  ehouM  be  com- 
mitted at  night,  not  in  i  dwcUhlg-houae.  It  may,  acrotding  to 
Ihe  Larceny  Act  iWi,  he  commilted  b  a  school-house,  ihop, 
•anhouie  or  counling-haiMe.  Every  bnrgUry  involvei  house- 
breaking, but  ewry  housebnaking  iloei  tiot  aoinunt  (o  burglary. 
Tho  punkbnient  for  liousebreilring  is  penil  servitude  (ot  any 
term  not  exceeding  fourteen  yean  and  not  less  tlian  three  yeari, 
or  imprisonment  [or  any  term  not  exceeding  two  yean,  with  or 
without  turd  labour. 

In  the  United  Stites  the  common-law  definition  of  burglary 
hai  been  modified  by  Etitute  in  many  states,  so  aa  to  cover  whal 
is  defined  in  England  is  housebreaking;  the  makiitium  punish- 
Bient  nowhere  eicecds  impriunranit  lor  twenty  yean. 
—Pollock  ind  Mlitland.  Hillary  of  E> 


Stephfn. 


miatl  Ctia;  Riaii^O*  O 


I  anHliHK 


Plaiai  aii  EfUna 
■—       miTJi  Stephen, 


.      solbl 
d,  in  iS4t,  glint 


■nBaOK,  JOBH  VILUAH  {iSij-iSSS},  Englbh  divine, 
was  bom  at  Smynu  wt  Ihe  tiat  ol  August  iSij,  the  son  ol  a 
Turkey  merchant,  who  was  a  ikilled  numiimitist  and  ifterwaids 
beennie  in  auistint  in  tlie  antiQuiiies  department  of  Ihe  British 
Muienm.  His  mother  was  1  Greek.  Alterafewyei 
Ule,  fiuigon  went  to  Worcester  C 
the  Newdigile  prise,  took  his  dcg 
fellowihip  in  1S46.  He  was  much  influenced  by  hti  brother-in- 
law,  the  scholar  and  theologian  Henry  John  Rom  [1800-187 j),  a 
diurchman  of  the  old  conservative  type,  with  whom  be  used 
to  spend  hb  long  vacations-  Burgon  made  Oxford  his  head- 
quariers.  while  holding  a  living  at  some  distance.  In  iSAj  he 
wit  made  vicar  of  St  Mary's,  hiving  attracted  attention  by  big 
vtbemenl  sermons  against  Eiiays  and  Rmicwl.  In  1E67  he 
«ai  appointed  Greiham  professor  0<  divinity.  In  1871  he 
published  1  defence  of  Ihe  genutneikess  ol  the  Iweive  list  verses 
of  St  Mark's  GospeL  He  now  began  in  attack  on  the  prnpoul 
fn  a  new  lectioniry  for  the  Church  ol  England,  based  lirgely 
nponhisobfetrlkHiito  Ihe  principles  lor deteriBTnJng  the  authority 
ol  MS,  readings  adopted  by  Westcett  and  Hon,  which  he 
aasaned  in  1  mtmonble  article  b  the  g>u>fcrJy  Snitv  lot 
ttti.  This,  with  his  other  artidet,  was  reprinted  in  1SE4  nnder 
the  title  of  TI14  Snilim  RctuM.  His  biographical  essays  on 
B.  L,  Manvl  and  otben  ifet«  also  collected,  and  published 
uder  the  title  ot  rwebiCwf  tfen  (iBSS).  Protests  agiinat  the 
Indu^on  of  Dr  Vance  Smith  among  the  revisers,  against  the 
tMMninat  ion  oi  Dean  Stanley  to  be  select  preacher  intheunivetnty 
ol  Oxford,  and  against  the  address  in  favour  of  toleration  in  the 
■natter  ol  titu^.  followed  b  igccesiion.  In  iS7(>  Burgon  was 
made  dean  of  Chichctttl.     Be  died  on  the  4th  of  Augun  ilM. 


His  Ufewai  written  by  De«iB.H.O«tIbiun  (»«(}.    Vdiemeni 

and  almost  panionatc  In  Ui  tonviciioni,  Burgon  nemthetea 
poueued  a  warm  and  kindly  beut.  He  m(y  be  described  as  a 
high  churchman  oi  the  type  pievnient  beiotc  the  IJK  ot  the 
Ttactarian  scbaol.  His  eitentive  (olknion  of  transctrptj  liDin 
the  Creek  Palheii,  Ulutmling  the  te«  ol  the  New  Testamest, 
was  bequeathed  to  the  British  Museum. 

BUROMET,  or  BuieiHKT  ((mm  Pr.  tevf  uifufe,  Borgandian 
bdmcl),  a  form  of  light  bcdmet  ot  head-piece,  which  was  in 
vogue  in  the  iMi  and  iTth  centuries.    I    ' 


cheek-picct)  ot 


a  large  roomy  cap  with  a  brim  shading  tlie  eyes, 
1  comb,  ind  a  guard  lor  the  back  «C  the 
neck,  in  many  cases  a  vi&tr,  at  other  face  protection,  and  a 
chin-piecc  are  found  in  addition,  bo  that  this  piece  of  armour 
IS  sometimes  mistaken  tot  an  amwt  {?.>.),  but  ft  d»n  always  be 
distinguished  by  the  ptojeciing  biim  in  front.  The  morion  stid 
Qiboiaet  have  m  (ice,  cheek  or  neck  protection.  The  typical 
hcad-fhcceof  the  i7th-cenltuy  soldier  in  England  andefsewbere 
Is  a  burgonet  skullcap  with  a  slight  brim,  neck-guard  and 
often,  in  addition,  a  fixed  vizor  of  thieo  thin  iron  tars  vbich  ate 
screwed  into,  and  hang  down  from,  the  biim  m  fvtat  of  the  eyei. 

■URBOS.  1  province  el  northern  Spain;  bounded  en  the 
N  E.  by  Biscay  ind  Alavi,  B.  by  Logroflo.  S  E  by  Sorrn,  S  by 
Segovia,  SW  by  Vilbdotid,  W.  by  Pakncia,  and  N.W  by 
Sanlonder  Pop.  (i»oo)  JjB.SiS,  area,  sjSo  sq  m.  Bnrgos 
includes  the  isotited  oounty  of  Trevifbo,  which  is  sbut  in  on  all 
sides  by  territory  txkm^ng  to  Alava.  The  northern  and  north- 
enstem  districts  ol  the  province  ait  mouniainoui,  and  the 
central  and  southern  form  part  o!  the  valt  and  dcvated  platcan 
of  Old  Castile.  The  extreme  iTorthcm  region  is  traversed  by 
part  of  the  great  CantabriW  chafn.  Eastwards  arc  the  faigbest 
peaks  of  the  province  in  the  Sirm  de  la  Demaada  (with  the 
Cerro  d*  San  MilLui.  6«s  ft.  high)  and  in  the  Sierra  dc  NeiU. 
On  the  eastern  frontier,  midway  between  thtae  highlands  and 
the  Cantabrian  chain,  two  comparatively  low  ranges,  nmnrrig 
east  and  west  o(  Pancorbo,  kave  a  gap  through  which  run  the 
railway  and  roads  connecting  Castile  with  the  valley  of  the  Ebro. 
Ibis  Pancorbo  Pass  has  oitcn  been  called  Ihe  "  Iron  Gates  of 
Castile,"  as  a  handful  of  men  could  bold  it  igilnsl  an  army. 
South  and  wcs  t  o(  this  spot  begins  the  plateau,  gcncrilly  covmd 
with  snow  Id  winter,  and  swept  by  such  c^d  winds  that  Burgos  is 
considered,  with  Sotia  and  Segovia,  one  of  the  coldest  regions  of 
the  pcninsulA.  The  Ebro  runs  eastwards  through  Ihe  northere 
half  oi  the  province,  but  Is  not  Ra%4gablc.  The  Douro,  at  Duciti, 
crosses  the  southern  half,  rvnning  vrcst-north-west,  it  also  is 
unnivigible  in  its  upper  valley.  The  other  important  streams 
are  the  F^suergn,  flawing  south  towards  Palcnda  and  Valliddid, 
and  the  Ailanrfn,  which  flows  tfiroagh  Burgos  (or  over  jj  m. 

The  variations  of  tcmpemare  in  great,  as  from  q*  10  lo*  of 
frost  have  frequently  been  recorded  in  winter,  while  the  mean 
summer  tempeoture  is  64°  (Fahr).  As  but  little  Iain  (alls  In 
summer,  and  the  soil  is  poor,  agriculture  thrives  only  in  the 
valleys,  especially  that  of  the  Ebro.  In  live-slod,  liowever. 
Burgos  is  one  oi  tiic  richest  ol  Spanish  provinMi.  Horses, 
mules,  asses,  goals,  cattle  and  pigs  arc  bred  in  considerible 
numbcis,  but  the  nubistay  of  the  peaiantty  is  shecp-firmiiif. 
Vast  iingcs  of  almost  uninhabitoj  upland  arc  reserved  aa 
pasture  for  the  fiocks,  which  at  the  beginnbgoi  the  lothcenlnry 
COT  toined  more  than  500,000  head  of  sheep.  Coal,  chini-rlay 
and  salt  are  obtained  in  stnall  quantities,  but,  out  of  more  than 
rsn  mines  re^tered,  only  4  were  worked  in  190J.  The  other 
industries  of  the  province  are  likewise  undeveloped,  alihongh 


reof1h)ci 


loflh 


cloth  and  woollen  Industries,  for 
which  Burgos  was  famous  tn  the  past,  hive  almoil  disappeared. 
Trade  is  greatly  hbdered  Ijy  the  lack  of  adequatA  railwajr 
communication,  and  evenof  good  roads.  The  Northern  railway* 
from  Madrid  to  th*  French  fmntjer  cross  the  province  b  the 
(xntral  districts;  the  Valladolld -Bilbao  Ime  traverses  th* 
lorth;  and  the  Vslladolid.San- 


BURGOS— BURGOYNE,  J. 


8iq 


.  in  the  pfBrbm  a  Burg«,  the  npiul  (pop. 
je^it?).  Fen  putt  of  Sptii  in  poorer;  cducaLioB  atkta  llitJe 
pnurm,  ux)  leut  d  all  is  tb«  tiaij  peaflei  lunl  diilricU, 
with  thdl  ndcly  icuMred  hunkU.  Tlie  pcuuCiy  have  thus 
evny  indwnDCBt  U  mignli  lo  the  BoqDt  Praviaca.  Ctulsiiii 
tnd  other  nlitiTely  pnxpenua  R(kHtti  *ad  csowqnaitly  the 
popuUion  doe*  mi  increue,  dc^iiu  the  eiccw  of  hnthi  over 

BURSOt,  t^  opEtal  fbnnaly  of  Old  Cutile,  ud  ilnce  i8u 
of  the  Spuiih  pnvince  ol  BmiM,  on  the  river  Aitomto,  md 
CO  Ilu  Nonhcn  nihny*  frao  uidrid  W  the  Fieach  fnMler. 
Fop.  (igoo)  io,i6t.  Baiv»>  ■»  >Im  K>i*  o(  u  unpUtheiti^ 
ocdipio  the  iDwer  dapee  el  t  hill  CKnmd  by  the  ndi*  of  an 
■DCkstdladel.  ItbcatheAriuitegibnaduMlnrlft  Mieua, 
with  uvenl  iilindi  in  mid-fhatiMl.  Three  atone  bridge)  kid 
10  the  Hiburb  ol  La  Vega,  on  the  oppoeice  benk.  Od  ell  ildcs, 
except  up  the  CUIle  hill,  fine  avmus  utd  public  gudens  ere 
kid  out,  noubly  the  Pueo  de  hi  hit,  tatoSos  along  the  livrr 
to  the  »at.  Bujgoj  [tsell  wal  nrigfnaJly  Biurounded  by  a  wall, 
of  which  few  Iiagnicnls  rcmaiDi  but  altliough  iu  ttnxU  and 
broad  Bqoaio,  luch  u  the  ccntial  Pbia  hliyfir.  or  Piua  de  U 
Comtiludon,  have  often  quite  ■  modern  appearance,  the  dly 
letaha  much  of  its  jncturesque  character,  <T«ing  to  the  nmnbcT 
lod  beauty  of  its  chuidia,  convents  und  pslam,  UnaSeclnl 
by  the  industrial  activity  of  the  neighbouring  Basque  Provinces. 
ft  hsslirik  trade  apart  from  the  sale  of  a^cidturol  produce  and 
the  nuBufactun  of  paper  and  leathern  goods. 

But  It  is  rich  in  architectural  and  sntiquaiian  inlerest.  Tlie 
citadel  was  founded  in  SS4  by  Diega  Rodriguei  Pomlos,  connt 
of  Castiie;  hi  the  loth  century  it  was  held  agahist  the  kings 
of  Leon  by  Count  Feman  Goruafez,  a  mighty  warrior;  and  even 
hi  l5i  I  it  was  successfully  defended  by  a  Prench  garrison  against 
Lord  Wellington  and  bis  British  troops.  Within  ill  walb  llie 
Spanish  national  hero,  the  Cid  Campeador,  was  wedded  to 
Ximena  of  Ovieda  in  T074;  and  Prince  Edward  of  England 
(afterwards  King  Edward  I.)  to  Eleanor  of  Castile  in  1254. 
Statues  of  Forcelos,  Gonsilei  and  the  Cid,  of  Nuflo  Rosura  and 
Lain  CalvD,  the  first  elected  magislTiita  of  BsigoSi  during  Its 
btid  period  of  republican  rule  ia  the  10th  centuiy.  and  of  the 
(Hperor  Charles  V.,  adorn  the  massive  Arco  de  Sania  Maria, 
which  was  erected  between  tSjC  and  1561,  and  commemorates 
the  return  of  the  dliiens  to  Ihdi  allegiance,  after  the  rebellion 
■galnil  Charles  V.  had  been  crushed  in  tsjj.  The  hiterior  of 
this  arch  serves  as  ■  museum.  Tradition  itiD  points  to  the 
ftte  of  the  Cid's  Hrthplace;  and  a  r^quary  preserved  in  the 
town  hall  conUint  bit  bones,  and  these  al  XhOBIt,  biouglil 
hither  alter  nuny  changes,  including  a  partial  tnuiItTeace  to 
Sigoaringen  in  f^rmany. 

Other  nolcworlhy  bunding!  inButgoanlhebte  ijlh  century 
Casadel  Cord6n,  occupied  by  the  captajn-general  of  Old  Castile; 
the  Casadc  Miranda,  which  wcotbilyreprcaents  the  belt  domtstic 
architecture  of  Spain  in  the  r6th  century;  and  the  barracks, 
hospitals  and  schooTa.  Burgos  is  the  see  of  an  archbisbopi 
whose  province  comprises  the  dioceie  ol  Palenci*,  PamjiJana, 
SinUjtdn  and  Tudela.  The  cathedral,  founded  In  rsii  by 
Ferdinand  111.  of  Castile  and  the  English  bishop  Maurice  of 
Burgos,  is  a  fine  example  of  florid  Gothic,  built  of  white  lime- 
llone  [see  KtCBncCiBiLZ,  Plate  II.  6g,  6j).  It  was  not  completed 
untD  r567,  and  the  architects  piincipaUy  re^xmsihLe  for  its 
cooslruclion  were  a  Frenchman  in  the  13th  century  and  a 
German  in  the  ijth.  lis  ctudform  design  is  almost  hidden  by 
the  fifteen  chapels  added  at  all  angles  to  the  aisles  and  transepts, 
by  the  beautilul  t4lh-centuty  cloister  on  the  north-west  and 
the  atcbie^opol  palace  on  the  south-west.  Over  the  three 
central  doorways  ol  the  ruin  or  watem  facade  rise  two  lofty 
and  graceful  towers.  Many  of  the  monuments  withii  ' 
cathedral  arc  of  coBsideiable  artistic  and  historical  [nt 
The  chapel  of  Corpus  Chriitl  contains  the  chest  which  the  Cid 
it  said  to  have  filled  with  sand  and  subsequently  paimed 
large  lum  10  the  credulous  Jews  ol  Burgos,  llw  legend  adds 
that  be  redeemed  his  pledge.  In  the  aisieless  Gothic  church  of 
Saola  Agucda,  or  SanU  Cadia.  tndilioa  relates  that  the  Qd 


campelled  AlphensD  VL  of  Leon,  before  Ut  accenloB  to  the  throne 
of  Caadle  in  1079,  to  swear  that  he  was  irmocent  of  the  murder 
ol  Sandio  his  brvther  and  peedecosor  00  the  throne.  San 
Eatibaii,  conqdeltd  between  tiSo  and  rjjo,  and  San  NiccUi, 
ilatinc  Fi«cii  1105,  m  snuill  Gothic  cjiuidua,  adi  with  a  fine 
sculptured  docvwny.    Minyoftheoeannltof  Buigoahavii  been 

ive  lie  chiefly  otlldde  th*  tity; 

'  —  ■-  ■'^  -  -immeijr  d  Santa 
erp.lM>(ta<(f., 

m  ttavoU  by  Alpkeoao  VIEL,  whe 

d  the  ahbeii  with  iIbuiM  royal  [verogativc*,  teditdlBg 
ua  pawar  of  lib  lad  death,  and  ahaolnta  nle  on  meis  thaq 
fif^vfUafln.  AI[AoQK>  aiidtalBvlf«  Eleanor,  daaghter  of  Homy 
IL  of  Bitfaad,  ue  boiM  ien.  The  Camia  de  Mtnflon*,  ■ 
CaRhuriananmnt.  fonnded  by  John  n.  of  CaalBe  (1406-1454}, 


5anPednideCardefla,;in.  Mutkeaat  et  Bmgoa, 
was  the  oaigiiul  fmrial-placc  of  the  Cid,  in  ro^c),  and  of  Ximena, 
init04.  About  so  m.  from  the  dty  is  the  aljicy  of  Siloa,  which 
appean  to  have  been  founded  onder  the  Visigothlc  kings,  ai 
eariy  as  the  6th  century.  It  wns  restored  in  «ig  by  Feman 
Goniale^  andin  the  1  iih  century  became  celebnled  tbrou^ot 
Europe,  under  the  rule  of  St  DomJmc  or  Dombw)-  It  *as 
tcoccii|liediD  tSSo by  Flench  fienedicllne  monks. 

The  known  falsKoy  of  Bntgot  begins  in  8S4  with  the  foundation 
ol  the  dtwM.  Fran  that  tine  fixward  it  steadily  faiamcd 
in  InkpoTtanc^  reachiag  the  height  of  its  ptnaperlcy  In  the  1 5th 
Ely  with  Toledo,  itwasocci^ldasaroyal 


.  frc,  by  R. 
eiona.iias): 


tTsdeno^  but  tapedly  declining  w 
removed  to  Uadiid  in  1560.  Behig  on  cue  of  the  principal 
military  reads  ol  the  ^^j*«*,  it  suflered  severely  during  the 
Penbuukt  War.  In  1S06  it  was  the  scene  of  the  defeat  of  the 
Spanish  army  by  the  French  under  Manbal  Soult.  It  was 
unsvcCESsfnlly  besieged  by  Welluigton  in  iSti,  but  was  suf' 
rendared  to  Um  at  the  opoiing  of  the  campaign  of  the  following 

a  Ifaa  encMv 
uoKUted  and  to  n 

6TWMI  (H  Buftoi  I 

CaJufraTdl  SarBM 
dt  Burnt,  by  E.^ 
Ca»t^  it  mnfl» 

boTlft^"sahS«    ,    .     ., 

to  the  dry  and  to  tbe  pnnrince  of  Burgos: — Biir\—.  _. 
Amador  d>  lo>  Rim.  In  tbe  serin  entitled  SiMKa  (Barceioni 
B«^«yniffmac«.  anon.  (VHoria,  ■89S):^.J«U  dt  UH  dut-^nu,,, 
iiopifieo  y  bibtwfifia  de  aulorei  dt  ii  pros,  de  Bvipr,  by  M.  Ani' 
bano  and  M.  Hives  (Madrid,  rA9o]. 

BUROOYKK  JOHN  (1711-iTgil.  En^itb  general  and 
drsmatisl,  entered  the  army  al  an  eeily  age.  In  t  J4j  he  made 
a  runaway  marriage  with  a  daughter  of  the  eari  of  Derby,  but 
aoOD  bad  to  sell  his  commlssioa  to  meet  his  debts,  after  which 
he  lived  abroad  for  seven  years.  By  Lord  Derby's  interest 
Hurgoyne  was  then  reinstated  at  the  outbreak  of  the  Seven 
Years'  War,  and  in  1758  tie  tiecaine  captain  and  lieutenant- 
colonel  in  the  fool  guards.  In  1758-1750  he  participated  In 
expeditions  made  against  the  French  coast,  and  in  the  latter 
year  he  was  instrumental  in  introducing  light  cavalry  Into  the 
British  army.  The  two  regiments  then  forrncd  were  commanded 
by  Eliott  (afterwards  Lord  Beathfield)  and  Burgoyne.  In  r;fii 
ho  sat  in  parliament  for  Midhunt,  and  in  the  following  year 
he  served  aa  brigadier-general  in  Portugal,  winning  particular 
distinction  by  bis  capture  of  Valencia  d'AIcantan  and  of  Villa 
Velha.  In  1768  be  became  M.P.  for  Preston,  and  for  the  next 
few  yean  be  occupied  hhnself  chiefly  with  his  parliamentary 
duiits.  in  which  he  waa  remarkable  tor  hit  general  oulvwlLeBness 


BURGOYNE,  SIR  J.  F^BURGUNDY 


820 

■ad,  fn  puticulir,  fn  U*  mtlacks  on  Lail  Ofn.  At  the  bkb 
time  he  devoted  inach  ^ICention  to  ttt  ud  dimmi  (Us  fint  pUy, 
Tie  Uaid  aj  ilu  Oaki,  bong  pniductd  by  Gurlck  in  IT7S),  (ad 
gunbled  reckleuly.  la  the  may  lie  bid  by  tUi  time  becoiie  » 
■ujor-geDen],  ud  on  che  oulbrok  of  tha  AmeriaB  Wu  of 


!t  the  bc^  at  Ibe  Biithh  ,     _ 

peditlon  he  guncd  pewtufam  of  71ceodeng>  (for  irldch  he  wu 
nude  ■  Ueutenuil-teDeiil)  u>d  Fort  Edwud;  but,  poiUni  on, 
WMdetKhedfnimlihciiniiBiiiuc«tiimnlthCniM<i,mi1hriiiiiied 
fn  by  a  nipeiioi  foice  et  Santoga  (f  .•.).  On  tha  iTth  of  October 
hu  UDopa,  alxMt  j5<M  hi  Dtadber,  laid  domi  thetr  aim.  The 
•aoaaa  waa  the  greateat  the  colwdM  had  yet  i^ed.  and  It 
proved  the  tnndnc-polot  In  Ibeni.  Tte  tnd jgniltnn  in  Fnglaad 
acalnal  Burgorne  vaa  (Teat,  but  periiapa  usf  mt.  Re  nHinnl 
at  once,  iritb  the  lean  ol  tha  Amolcaii  (cnenl,  (0  defead  hla 
ODoduct,  and  demanded,  but  never  obtained,  ■  ttiiL  Be  vai 
depiivtd  of  Ui  nglmeat  ud  n  lovenianUp  ^MA  he  bdd. 
In  17S1,  hamevcT.  nrfaen  hii  pdilical  Mmdi  came  inio  offica, 
he  wu  icitared  10  his  rank,  livcn  ■  colDDeicy,  and  nade  oid- 
mindei-in-chicl  in  IreUod  ud  1  privy  anindllor.  Atler  the 
fallol  the  Rockinfham  govemmeiitia  178},  Binieyne  withdrew 
more  and  more  into  private  Life,  hii  last  public  icrvice  being  hia 
participation  in  the  impeachtPRil  of  Watien  Uastiaga.  In  hia 
latter  yean  he  wu  prindpally  nccnpled  In  liteiaiy  and  dramatic 
work.  His  comedy,  Tha  HairBi,  iriudi  appeared  in  17^4,  ran 
thni^  ten  editions  within  a  jreai,  and  waa  Iraiulated  into 
teveral  fereisn  toninta.  He  i^ed  aoddenly  on  the  4th  of  Jane 
i7;i.  General  Buisoyne,  whoic  wife  died  In  June  1776  daring 
Ua  abaence  in  Canada,  had  aevead  natnial  cUldrea  (bom 
between  i73>  and  17SS)  by  Snaan  Caulfield,  an  opera  aingeT, 
«na  of  whom-became  Field  **■"'-'  Sir  J.  P.  BnrgoyBe.  His 
Crsnufic  and  Pm&d  Wtrti  qipeand  in  two  vnla.,  180S. 

SaE.V.aeF<i«bbiBH<»,PiilliaatmiIKII4rjEtbeia  firm  lit 
UJtndCtrreJlimdi<utiflli^H<m.J.Biirp>yH(iim;  aodW.L. 
Sloae,  Camptipi  ^UttL-Cau  J.Biapym.  ac  (Aaany,  N.V.,  1877). 

BOROOTMS,  SIB  JOHH  FOX,  Bart  (1781-187O,  British 
field  manhal,  was  an  illegitimate  son  ci  General  John  Burgoyne 
(f  J.).  He  was  educated  at  Eton  and  Woolwich,  obtained  his 
coDinibiioB  in  179S,  and  itrvcd  in  iSeo  in  the  Mcditciranean. 
In  iloj,  when  serving  on  the  staff  ol  General  Fax  in  Sicily,  he 
wu  promoted  second  captnin.  He  accompanied  the  unfortunate 
Egyptian  expedition  of  1807,  and  wu  with  Sir  John  Moore  in 
Sweden  in  iSoS  and  In  Portugal  in  iSoB-g.  In  the  Conmna 
campaign  Burgoyne  held  the  veiy  responsible  position  oi  chief 
of  engineers  with  the  renr-guaid  of  the  British  army  (tee 
Punnsuus  W*a).  He  wu  with  WcUealey  at  the  Dooro  in 
1809,  and  wu  promoted  captain  in  the  same  year,  after  which 
u  engaged  '     '  ~ 


In  iSio. 


He  hi 


J  and  Tort 


uiepcion  on  the  river  TutonQ 


and  In  1S1 1  he  won 
successively  the  bteveU  ol  major  and  lieulennnt-colond,  for  hla 
•liillul  perieimancc  of  engineer  duties  at  the  historic  slegea  of 
Ciudnd  Rodrigo  and  fiadajoi.  He  wu  preaent  In  the  same  year 
(tSi  i)  at  the  tiege  and  baitte  of  Sabminci,  and  after  the  battle 
ol  Vittoria  In  iSij  he  became  commanding  cngineet  an  Lord 
Wellington'a  staff.  At  the  close  of  the  war  he  re<«i*ed  the  C.B., 
a  reward  which,  he  Justly  considerect,  wu  not  commensurate 
with  hit  services.  In  1814^181  J  he  served  at  New  Orleans  and 
Mobile.  DuigDyne  was  largely  employed,  during  the  long  peace 
which  foUavroI  Waierloo,  in  other  public  dnties  u  well  aa 
mlUtary  work.  He  sat  on  numeroua  commistiant,  and  served 
for  Slteen  years  u  chairman  of  the  Irish  board  ol  public  works. 
He  became  a  majot-genettl  and  K-C.B.  is  1838,  and  inspector- 
gencral  of  lorlifcatlons  In  1845.  In  iSji  be  waa  praoiaied 
lieutenant-general,  and  in  the  following  year  received  IheG.C-B. 
When  the  Crimean  War  broke  out  he  accompanied  Lord  Raman's 
headquarters  to  the  East,  superintended  the  disembirkation 
at  Old  Fort,  and  wu  in  eQect  the  principal  engineer  adviaet 


;B5«hewucnate<la 

..  ._ _  mnk  s(  generaL    In  iSsS  he 

tha  ieoraid  fuocnl  o(  Napoleon  1.  aa  Que^ 
Victoria's  Tqmsentallva,  aa)  In  tUj  he  Ins  made  comtable 
of  the  Tower  of  LoudoiL  Three  years  later,  en  lesigntog  his 
post  as  hispector^general  of  fortUcations,  he  waa  made  a  6dd 
'*^'ihf'  Parliament  granted  him,  at  the  vme  time,  a  pemioft 
of  £1500.  He  died  on  the  7th  of  October  iR7r,  a  year  after  the 
tragic  death  of  his  only  aon.  Captain  Hu^  TUbot  BnrgDyne. 
V.C.  (iI]}-iB70),  who  was  in  oommand  ol  M.U.S.  "  Captain  " 
when  that  vend  went  down  In  the  Bay  of  Biscay  (Sefrtanba 
T,  1*70). 

See  lilt  Bad  CsrRiMaiiRM  ef  FM.  Sir  /oli  faic  Bkfwth 
(edited  by  LCnCoL  Hm.  G.  Wnttcdey,  R.E.,  Londm.  1B73); 
krFnaAHiti,AStikli-ailitli^amiDMarlF.it.SirJt»w 
Burt/tym  (LoBdon,  187a)!  ilililtf  Opinufu  if  Cniral  Sh  Jrkm 
Btrtoym  (ed.  WroItcJey,  London,  1BJ9),  a  coHixlioD  ol  the  must 
important  of  Burgoyne'a  coatributions  to  mUilary  litentture. 

BUHORAVB,  the  Sag.  form,  derived  through  the  Fr.,  of  tbe 
Cec.  BurftraJ  and  Flcm.  burg  or  iara|.|TBeac  (med.  Lat.  tare- 
(ratini  or  buriUMHU),  ix.  count  ol  a  castle  or  fortified  town. 
The  tiile  is  equivalent  to  that  of  outellaa  (Lat.  tctkUmia)  ot 
diAiitatn  (g.s.).    lnGcniuiny,owing  to  the  peculiar  ooaditiona  of 

by  the  end  of  the  ijth  century,  the  title,  u  home  by  feudal 
noblca  having  the  aialiu  nl  princes  of  the  Empire,  obtained  a 

titles  of  several  sovereign  princes^  and  iJie  king  of  Pmasla,  vhcve 
ancestors  were  burgtnvcs  of  Nuremberg  for  over  joo  years,  is  stiB 
styled  burgnve  of  Nurembctg. 

BUBGaED,  king cf  Uercia,  nuxecded  to  the  throne  in  gji,  and 
in  Sji  or  85]  caUcd  upon  lElhclwuIf  of  Weiaex  Ui  aid  him  in 
subduing  the  North  Welsh.  The  requeat  was  granted  and  the 
campaign  proved  successful,  the  alliance  being  sealed  by  the 
macriageol  Buigicd  to  ,£ihcliwith,  daughter  of  £thelwu)f.  la 
868  the  Meicinn  king  appealed  to  iEthelred  and  Alfml  for 
assistance  against  ihe  Dinet,  who  were  in  possession  of  Notting- 
ham. ThearmiesofWesseiantiMerdadidnDseriousfightii^ 
and  the  Danes  were  allowed  to  remain  thmit^  the  winter.  In  874 
Ihe  match  of  the  Danea  ficm  Lindsay  la  Repton  drove  Buixnd 
from  his  kingdom.    He  retiied  to  Rome  and  died  there. 

Set  Sun  OnnUr  (Eailc  and  FlummerLytan  aji-Su,  its,  «74- 

BDBdtnrDIO,  Bometimea  eiToneoujty  styled  BuRGUMom,  an 
Italian  lurist  of  the  tilh  century,  He  was  a  pnilessor  at  tin 
university  of  Paris,  and  assisted  at  the  Laleian  Coundl  bi  1179, 
dying  at  a  veiy  advanced  age  hi  Iig4,  He  was  a  disiinguisbcd 
Greek  scholar,  and  is  believed  on  the  authority  of  Odofredas  10 
have  ttuulated  into  Latin,  Kwn  after  thofandects  were  brought 
to  Bologna,  the  various  Greek  fragments  iriilch  occur  in  them, 
with  the  uceptlon  of  those  in  the  97th  book,  the  iransblion  oi 
which  baa  bean  attributed  to  Modeatinns.  The  Latin  tnnslations 
ascribed  to  Burgundio  were  leaived  at  Bologna  as  an  IniegrsI 
part  of  the  tut  oi  the  Pandects,  and  form  psil  of  that  kmwnu 
Tkt  VultaU  in  distinction  from  the  Florentine  lest. 

BUBfiiniDr.  The  name  of  Burgundy  (Ft  Aiarfrifai,  Lat. 
Burpmdia)  hu  denoted  very  diverse  pollUal  and  gcognidilcd 
areaa  at  different  perioda  of  history  and  u  used  by  diRerest 
writers.  The  name  Is  derived  from  the  Burgundiau  (BarfBHlJ, 
Biaiaiiiamt),  a  people  of  Geimanlc  ori^n,  who  at  firet  settled 
between  the  Oder  ud  the  Vistula.  In  oonsequance  of  wart 
against  the  Alamannl,  ia  whldl  the  tatter  had  the  advant^e,  the 
Burgundlast,  after  lavmg  taken  part  bi  the  gnat  invasion  of 
Radagaisus  in  407,  were  obliged  In  411  to  take  relugg  in  CiuL 
under  the  Icadetship  of  their  chief  Gundicar.  Under  the  title  (4 
aHlea  ol  the  RomanB,  they  esmblished  ihcmselvet  ia  certain 
canloni  of  the  Seqntnl  and  ol  npper  Germany,  Tccdiriiig  1  part  o< 
the  laada,  booaca  and  serfs  that  belonged  to  the  Inhalatanii. 
[onaded  the  Gnt  kingdom  of  Burgundy,  the  boundariea 
'  '  ibyCmdiCBTaadUaaea 


Cmtsk;  IM  Mel  tomi  bdng  ViBaa,  Ltocb,  BaiB;aii, 
Geneva,  Auttm  uid  Mloon.  CundlbiliJ  (d.  JiO),  gnndiim  oi 
Gudtric,  b  funwut  for  hi*  codificadim  of  the  Burguadiu  Im, 
known  oniKiiiiently  u  Lex  G*iiiobaJa,  In  FMndi  £«  CsmiiMi. 
Hi)  uD  Sigkmuud,  *h»  *w  ranoniml  1^  tbe  ehnn^  founded 
Uh  ■bb^ol  Si  Maurice  *lA|analii>.  Bql.lndMddHntab]' 
OoliMk,  tbc  dM^hHr  of  CUIpctfc  (■  bmfcer  at  Gndllald,  ind 
-     Ddb)rUm),tbeBfCiavJB|iaBkbig»UKlBdB< 


de  Id  S14  by  ClodameT  m 


Bin);  but  Id  534 


.    lasfitOteH 


bolCundii 
divided  (hem  bemen  tbei 

ni  MCODMwted  by  Guntiua,  ku  of  OoUin  L,  ud  unm  oij 
it  lOrmed  >  Mpuitettkle  imdn  the  gDRmmeat  of  ■  prince  of  the 
Haiwln^u  fioiily. 

After  G13  Bmgnndy  mi  oh  of  the  pn^ncs  ol  the  FVukbh 
UngdODii  but  in  the  Tedbtifbatiou  tint  foUawed  the  reign  of 
ChiriemBgM  the  vhtIchv  porti  of  the  udoit  kingdom  lud 
diBenul  lortUM*.  Id  £43,  by  the  Inty  o(  Verdun,  Aatun, 
Chelan,  HlcoD,  Luigres,  tic,  were  annrtioDed  to  Chuta  the 
Bald,  And  Lyou  with  the  country  bcyowl  the  SaAne  to  LochaiTl. 
On  tiw  dctttb  of  the  letter  the  dnchy  of  LfoiB  (Lyonnaii  ewi 
Vitaaab)  wu  given  to  Chuta  of  Pnnrsice,  uid  the  dioeae  ol 
Bamcon  with  the  couniiy  beyond  the  Jiin  lo  Lotbur,  king 
of  Ltvntaw.  In  B7f>  Boio  foundol  the  kingdom  vi  Pntvence, 
viODgly  celled  the  kingdom  of  Clijann  Burgundy,  which 
extendtd  to.  Lyoni,  and  tor  ■  sbott  time  u  tu  u  hUcoD  (xe 

PnOVEHCX). 

In  tSS  the  kingdom  of  Jtitan  Buiguady  wi*  lounded  by 
Rudolph  I.,  Km  of  Cound,  count  of  Aumre,  uid  the  Cmuin 
king  Amulf  could  not  luccwd  in  eipelling  the  ututper,  whoM 
■Btbority  wu  recognized  in  the  dioccH  of  Bcsan^n,  Bud, 
Ijntiniw.  Cenen  and  Snn.  For  ■  ihoit  timo  Ui  Mn  ud 
nccom  Rudolph  IL  (gi  1-937)  dtqiuted  the  crown  of  Italy  with 
Hugh  of  Pnncnce,  but  finally  abuidaned  Us  diimi  in  eichugE 
fat  the  ancient  kingdom  of  Provence,  u.  UHMuotry  bounded  ^ 
the  Uitoe,  the  Alfia  and  the  HedltemnMo.  Bli  aucceiMt, 
CMmd  the  F«M*f id  (9]T-Mj),iAi>n  riWerAddaide  manied  OtM 
the  Oicat,  wu  hanUy  moK  than  a  vaml  «f  the  Cciduii  kingik 
The  lait  king  at  Burfundy,  Rudolph  III.  (9ftl-io3>}>  bekg 
(faintvad  ofal  bnt  B  abadow  of  pom  ^  the  davdopmcnl  of  the 


,. .        eaof  tbeoomtiofBuiguDdyCieeFRAHCHE- 

Cuctf },  Ehvoy  and  PnvencB— died  witbont  iaoe,  bequeathing 
Ualaodi  to  the  emperor  Coondll.  Such  ma  the  origin  ol  the 
Impoial  ri^ta  over  the  kingdon  doignaud  afitt  the  ijth 
BMtBiy  ■*  the  kincdom  of  Ada,  which  extended  cnwr  a  part  ol 
what  I*  no*  Bwitaerland  (fmn  the  Jma  to  the  Aat),  and  included 
'    ~    itf,I,yannal*,Daupbui<,  Savoy  and  PiDvcncc 

of  Burgundy  aoir  gradually  hecuae  RMikted  to  the 
that  name,  wtdch  tncluded  the  diitiiet  between  the 
Juim  BOd'the  Satoe,  in  later  timei  called  Fianche-Comli,  and  to 
the  Jwiy  which  had  been  cnalid  by  the  Caiolinijan  kiMEl  in  the 
IwitioD  of  Burgundy  that  had  lemaincd  French,  vith  the  object 
si  lotitiug  Boh.  Thta  dnchy  had  been  gtanted  to  Boss's 
bio^,  Richard  the  Juitldaiy,  count  of  Auluu.  It  coiopiiKd  at 
finlthecountahqiiof  Aotun,Mkcoo,Cbaloa-iur-SiAne,  LugTO, 
Niven,  AiueiR  and  Sens,  but  ill  bonadaiio  and  dcsigoaliotia 
changed  maDcr  tinte*  in  the  couise  ol  the  10th  cenCuiy.  Duke 
Henry  died  in  1001;  and  in  loij,  after  a  war  which  latted 
Ihitttcn  yean,  the  Fiench  king  Robert  U.  reunited  the  duchy  lo 
hia  kingdom,  dewite  the  oppmiliou  of  Olio  Wdtlam,  count  of 
.  Butgnndy,  and  gave  it  to  his  »d  Haniy,  altowardg  King  Henry  I. 
Ai  Ung  ol  Fiance,  the  latter  in  loji  bettowcd  the  duchy  upon 
.Us  brother  RWrt,  fiom  whom  iprang  thai  fint  ducal  bouac  of 
Bnriiindy  which  floumhed  until  ij6i.  A  nandtoa  of  Ihit 
Robcn,  who  went  to  Spain  lo  £ghl  the  Aiabt,  became  Ihe 
founder  of  the  kingdom  of  Portu^;  but  in  general  tbe  fint 
Capet  dukca  of  Burgundy  were  padhc  pnncei  who  took  little 
part  hi  the  political  event!  ol  thdi  time,  or  hi  that  leUgioua 
■     ■  ■  '  ■     '  in  Burgundy,  al  Quny  to  begin 

ipie*  of  William  of  Si  Btoigne 


ofDttaOgandhtcratillaaKngthainMbafaiiana,  latbenlh 
and  ijthceataiiei  we  may  manUan  Bute  Hugh  111,  (ntte-nial, 
who  playsd  an  active  pan  in  the  mn  thai  marked  the  b*gin"HH 
ol  Fhilip  Angnilia^ieign',  <Mo  (Eudei)  III.  (ti«$-iii8),  one  «( 
FhO^  AaguMui^  laindpal  wppoiteia  in  liis  stiug^  wilh  King 
JiAn  of  Enghmdi  Hugh  IV.  <iitS-i>Ti),  who  acquired  Um 
coantik^of  Chtloo  aai  Annmne;  Robert  IL  (iiTi-ijo;),  one 
of  iriMae  daofhteii,  Haigaiet,  maiiied  Lonii  X.  of  Fiaoo^  and 
another,  Jeanne,  PUHpolValoi>;Oda  (Endes)  IV.  (iii$-i]p>), 
rto  gainal  Uk  countabip  of  Anoti  in  tight  ol  his  wife,  Jeanne  of 
Fiaace,  dau^iter  of  Philip  V.  the  Tali  and  of  Jeanne,  oouaten  of 


In  1361,  on  the  death  of  Dnke  PhOqi  de  Rouvna,  Bso  ol  Jeanaa 
of  Anvecgne  and  Boukgne,  who  bad  matiied  tht  second  tine 
John  IL  of  Fiance^  lamamcd  tla  Good,  the  duchy  of  Burgundy 
ntmaad  to  tbe  down  of  Ftanee.  In  ijfij  John  gave  it,  with 
bercdltaty  li^M,  to  Uinn  PhiUp,  aumamcd  'the  Bold,  thva 
fomiding  that  ateood  Capet  hoaae  ol  Burgundy  which  filled  inch 
an  important  place  in  tbe  Urtoiy  of  France  during  the  14  ih  and 
i5lh  oaatuka,  aoquitiag  a>  It  did  a  territorial  powa  wUch 
proved  redouhtahle  to  the  Ungridp  ilselL  By  hii  maniage  with 
Uargaret  of  FIsBden  Philip  added  to  hia  du^,  on  1^  death 
of  hk  fBlhcT^In-lBw,  Louis  of  Hale,  in  1384.  the  eouutihipa  of 
Burgundy  and  Flandos;  and  in  the  same  year  he  purthtied 
IhecoanUhip  of  Chamhiiliom  John,  Count  ol  Armagnac  On 
the  daalfaol  ChailM  V.  in  I jSo  Milipand  hia  teothen,  the  dukta 
of  Anjaa  and  Bony,  had  pcaaemed  theBMlvesof  the  regency,  and 
it  was  ha  who  led  Chailea  VI.  ly  inst  therebellioil*  Fleminga,over 
whom  the  young  khig  gained  the  victory  of  Rooa^cke  in  I  jSi. 
hfoiMDtaiily  d^>Tiv«d  of  powa  during  the  period  Of  Ihe  "  Mar- 

of  hbawndominicoi,  eilabliifaing  in  ijW  an  audit^fice  (clmahrc 
iti  ttmfia)  at  Dijon  and  aaolhii  at  Lille.  In  i}o6  he  refused 
lo  lake  part  perHUaily  in  tbe  expedition  against  Ihc  Turks 
which  ended  In  tbe  diiaiier  of  NIcopolii,  and  would  only  send 
hb  BOD  Jolin,  then  tnunl  of  Nevera.  In  i  jg>  the  king's  nudaesa 
CBuacd  Philip'a  recall  to  power  alont  with  the  other  princes  of 
the  blood,  and  from  this  time  dalea  that  boslilily  between  Ihe 
party  of  Burgundy  and  the  party  <d  Orleans  iduch  wu  to 
beccnne  lO  intenae  when  in  May  1404  Duke  Philip  had  been 
succeeded  by  hit  son,  John  the  Feailem. 

In  1407  the  latter  catiaed  Ihe  aaaaaiinalion  ol  hia  political 
rival,  Lonii  o[  Oiteans.  tbe  kiog'i  bralher.  Fotcul  to  quit 
Paris  tor  a  lime,  be  soon  returned,  supported  in  particular  by 
the  gild  of  Ihe  butchers  and  by  the  itnivenity.  Tht  monk 
JeanPetil  pronounced  aoapology  for  the  murder  (140B). 

The  victoty  of  Haabaln  which  John  achieved  on  tbe  ijrd  of 
September  1408  over  Ihe  Lifgeoit,  who  had  attacked  his  brotber- 
iaJaw,  Johnof  Bavaiia,biihapcf  Litge,  still  further  ilrenglhtiied 
hia  power  and  rqnilatlon,  and  duriog  Ihe  fcrilowing  years  the 
strug^  between  the  Burguadiojii  and  Ihe  partisans  of  the  duke 
of  Orieans — or  AnnagDact,  as  they  were  cslkd—weat  on  with 
TBiying  RBulla.  In  1411  a  reaction  took  place  in  Paris;  John 
the  FeaileM  waa  once  more  eipelled  from  the  capital,  and  only 
letunud  theie  in  1418,  Ihaukato  the  IreBMnofPeirinclLccleic 
who  yielded  up  Ihe  town  lo  bim.  In  1419,  just  when  be  wst 
thinking  of  making  advanus  lowants  the  party  of  the  dauphin 
[Charles  VII.),  he  wis  auastinaied  by  ncaben  of  that  party, 
during  an  interview  between  hinuril  and  tbe  dauphin  al  the 
bridge  of  Montereau. 

1^  event  incUned  the  new  duke  of  Burgundy,  Philip  the 
Good,  towards  an  alliance  with  &igland.  In  1420  be  ^gned 
Ihe  trealy  of  Tnyes,  which  recognised  Henry  V.  u  the  legtiimate 
tuccessot  of  Charles  Vl.;  in  1413  he  gave  his  liitei  Anne  in 
marriage  to  John,  dnkc  of  Bedford;  and  during  Ihe  following 
yean  Ihe  Burgundian  troops  supported  the  EiigUsh  pretendei. 
But  a  diipulc  between  him  and  the  Ei^sh  concerning  Ihe 
iHCceaalon  In  Hainaut,  their  rduwl  to  penni  t  the  lown  of  Orleans 
to  place  Itself  under  bis  rule,  and  Ihe  defeats  sustained  by  them, 
all  combined  to  embroil  him  with  his  allio,  and  in  143;  he 
concluded  t^  titaly  of  Arias  with  Charles  VU.  The  king 
itllevod  Uw  doke  of  all  honase  lor  bii  ctuiea  during  his  lUetioe. 


BURHANPUR 


»  lbl>  PUUp  lu 


Htcca,  Annnc,  Bu-ciu- 
^  tht  right  ot  rtdempiioii, 
Monldidier,  FironnE.  trc). 


I  of  h 


cquired  Bnbut  ud  Hall 


iiUyloB 


diuphin  Louii  wl 
refused  (s  auUt  him  icvut  bis  fitlier.  tad  benalanh  nnjy 
InUmiied  ia  French  iflun.  He  buued  himieU  parUculirly 
irilh  the  idminisintion  of  his  lUte,  fmadlBj  LhE  univenity 
of  DAle,  hiving  recordi  mule  of  Burguildiu  coiloait,  uid 
seeking  M  develop  the  commeKS  uid  iadusuiei  ol  Fluden. 
A  friend  to  lelten  and  the  srli,  b«  wm  iIm  protcilot  ol  wrilen 
like  Olivier  de  la  Mucbe.  and  of  Kulpicn  ol  Uk  achoDl  of  Dijgn. 
Be  also  dHired  to  revive  ancient  cUnlry  ai  be  axiaived  it, 
and  in  I4i9(°u"ded  ilie  order  at  Uie  Golden  Fleea;  while  dutinf 
the  last  yean  ol  his  life  be  dcvoud  bimKlf  lo  tbe  prtparaiion 
of  a  cmade  i^nst  tbe  Turks.  Neither  Ibae  plans,  however, 
nor  hi>  Ubetaliiy.  pctvtntcd  his  leaving  a  weU-fitlcd  tieatury 
•ndenlarieddomintauvheBbedledin  <4fir. 

mUip'i  HKtanr  ■*•  his  sod  by  his  third  wile,  Isabel  of 
Portugal,  Charki,  lajnamed  the  B<dd,  comt  dI  Charolois,  bom 
In  1431.  T«  Uni  hii  lather  had  prtulicBlly  abandoned  his 
tutborily  daring  bis  last  yraira.  Charles  had  taken  an  active 
part  in  the  aooUed  wan  "  for  the  public  weal,"  and  in  the 

during  the  first  yearatd  Louis  XL's  reign,  Hii  struggte  against 
the  king  l>  espedatly  marked  by  the  interview  at  Pfroane  in 
14M,  when  the  king  had  to  BonGrm  the  duke  la  his  poeussion 
ol  Iht  towns  of  Ihc  Somme,  and  by  a  Iruillesa  attempt  which 
Charla  the  Bold  nude  on  Bcasvaia  in  147],  Charic*  sought 
above  all  to  realiie  a  scheme  already  phmned  by  bis  Ulher. 
This  wai  to  annex  territory  which  would  reunite  Burgundy  with 
the  northern  group  ol  her  postenions  (Flanders,  Brabant,  &c), 
and  to  obtain  the  emperor's  recognition  ol  the  kingdom  of 
"  Belffin  Gaui."  In  1469  he  bought  ihe  landgraviaie  of  Abate 
and  the  countsbip  of  Fcrrtiie  from  the  i.Rl>dukc  Si^mund  ol 
Auitria,  and  In  1473  the  aged  duke  Arnold  ceded  Ihe  duchy  of 
Gelderland  to  him.  In  the  umc  year  be  bad  an  interview  at 
Trier  with  the  emperor  Frederick  III.,  when  be  oHcred  to  giv« 
hii  daughter  and  beiress,  Mary  ol  Burgundy,  in  tnirriage  to  the 
emperor's  son  Muiniliaa  ja  exchange  fur  the  coacMsion  at  the 
royal  title.  But  the  emperor,  uncuy  at  the  ambition  of  the 
"grand-duke  of  Ibe  Wol,"  did  not  punue  ths  Dcgotiaikini. 

Meanwhile  the  tyranny  ol  the  duke's  lieutenant  Peter  von 
Hagenbacb,  who  wu  established  at  Ferrette  as  governor  (^rand 
taUli  or  Landttfl)  of  Upper  Alsace,  had  brought  about  in 
Insurrection.  The  Switt  lupponcd  the  cause  of  their  alliet,  the 
inhabitants  of  the  free  towns  of  Aliuc,  and  Duke  Rent  H.  ol 
4dmine  also  declared  war  against  Charles.  In  1474  Ihe  Swiss 
Invaded  Franche-Comtt  and  achieved  the  victory  of  Htrimurl. 
In  1471  Charier  succeeded  in  conquering  Lominc,  but  an 
expedition  against  the  Swiss  ended  in  the  dtFcU  ot  Grandson 
(February  1476),  In  the  sine  yeu  the  duke  was  again  beaten 
at  Morat,  and  tbe  Burgundiio  nobles  had  to  abandon  10  the 
vlcton  a  considerable  amouut  of  booty.  Finally  the  duke  ol 
Loiriine  returned  lo  his  dominions:  Cbarles  advanced  against 
bbn,  but  on  the  fith  o(  January  1477  ha  vaa  defeated  lad  killed 
tiefore  Nancy. 

By  his  wife,  Isabella  of  Boarbon,  he  only  left  ■  daoghter,  Uaiy, 
ud  Louis  XL  daimed  possession  of  ber  inheritance  as  guardian 
10  the  young  princcia.  He  succeeded  In  getting  himself  ackmvr- 
ledged  in  the  duchy  and  countshlp  of  Burgundy,  which  were 
«ccui»ed  by  French  girriaoni.  But  Uary,  alarmed  by  this 
•nneiation,  and  by  Ihe  insurrection  at  Ghent  (secretly  fomented 
by  Louis},  decided  to  mariy  the  archduke  Mudmiliis  ot  Atotiia, 
to  whom  she  had  already  been  promised  (August  r4)7),  and 
boslililica  soon  broke  out  between  tbc  two  priscet.  Haiy  died 
through  a  fall  from  her  hot«e  in  Msnh  14S1,  and  in  the  same 
year  the  treaty  ot  Airu  conGrined  Louis  XI,  In  poswuioa  of  the 
duchy.  Franche-Comt*  ind  Artois  were  to  form  the  dowry  of 
the  Uttle  Margaret  at  Burgundy,  daughter  ot  Mary  and  Mul- 


Iroi 

We  know  that  tbe  title  of  duke  ot  Buiguady  was  revived  ■■ 
lASi  far  a  (hart  time  by  Lauii  XIV,  ia  iivoui  of  his  grandsoa 
Louis,  the  p>pil  ol  Ftnilon.  But  fiam  tbe  i61h  to  the  iSih 
ccnluiy  Buigundy  cooslltuted  1  milituy  government  bounded 
an  the  north  by-Cbsmpngne,  on  the  south  by  Lyonnais,  on  the 
eisi  by.Fnache-C«mtt,  00  the  west  by  Bourttmnais  and  Niver- 
nai).  It  compiiitd  Dijonoais.  AutHOob,  Auieis,  and  the  fafi 
rfi/EMimliitworCeunliyof  tbeUoualain  (Chltitton-tur-Sciite), 
with  tbe  "  CDuDtia  "  of  Chafooaais,  Mleonnaii,  Auxeiroii  and 
Bat4ur-Seine,  and.  so  tar  as  idmiaistntion  went,  tbe  annexes 
of  Dreue,  Bugey,  Valromeyind  tbe  country  ot  Gex.  Buisundy 
was  a  ^yi  i'HaCt,  Tbe  estates,  whose  privileges  Ihe  dukes  al 
first,  and  later  Louis  XI.,  bad  to  swear  lo  maintain,  liad  Ibeir 
assembly  at  Diion,  taually  under  tbe  peesidericy  ol  IbetDvcnnr 
of  Ihe  provimx,  the  bisbop  of  Autun  a*  tepreMnting  (he  dcrxy, 
and  the  mayor  of  Dijon  representing  tbe  thitd  estate.  In  tbe 
iudidary  point  of  view  tbe  greater  put  of  Burgundy  depended 
on  tbe  pirlcment  of  Dijon;  but  Auiemis  and  Ukaxmaii  wen 
amenable  10  the  porlemeot  of  Paris. 

See  also  U.  Phncher,  Ri'ilwf  (fnfridf  el  piiniHilAi  A  Biwiifw 
(I>ijon,  1734-1781,  4v^i.  Svo):  Courttpfei  Dtvritfin  fhtbtU  tt 
parlittliirt  it  iuM  it  BanrtBtm  (Dijoa,  in4-i7SS.  7  vols.  «n): 
O.  jaho.  CtHiiiku  dtr  Burp^inmai  (Halle,  ttji,  1  vela.  Svo); 
E.  Petit  dc  VauuB,  niittireiil  diui4iBnriit<"dibinut  afttiimm 
(Paris,  iggj-r^DS,  9  voia.  Svo);  B.  de  Biranle.  flisiMi„  i,,  j^m 


q  Ills  Uon  E.  S.  J .  de  Ulnnle.  Lti  Ski  A 


■S3",, 


Svo). 


ItXV 


'^irnnc.-  &^ 

tiidt  (Fiib,  'tta- 

(R-PoT 

ji  the  Nhnlr  district 


lUKKAHPIFB,  X  town  ot  B'riiisb  India  in 
of  (he  Cenlt^l  Provinces,  situated  on  the  notin  bull  at  tbe  nvcr 
TaptI,  319  n.  N.E,  ol  Bombay,  and  7  m.  livm  the  Great  Indiu 
Peninsula  railway  tlailon  ol  Lalbogli.  It  was  founded  ia 
k.D.  14SD  by  a  hlahotnmedan  prlnc-  ol  the  Farukhl  dynasty  a( 
Khandeih,  whose  luccetson  held  it  for  Mo  yaa,  when  the 
Faiukhi  kingdom  wu  anneied  to  the  cmpin  ot  Akhai.  It 
formed  the  chief  Kit  of  the  government  of  tbe  Deccan  pmviuxs 
ol  the  Mogul  empire  till  Shah  Jaban  removed  Ihe  cqiital  Co 
Aurangabid  In  lAjs.  Buibanpui  was  plundered  in  i&Bj  bj 
the  Mahiattis,  and  repeated  battles  were  fought  in  its  nei^ 
bourhood  in  the  tliuggle  belwccn  that  race  and  the  Uussubaaas 
for  the  supremacy  of  India.  In  1733  Ihe  Mahommedaos  finally 
yielded  to  (he  demand  ol  the  klihrattas  l«  a  fourth  of  ll* 
revenue,  and  in  1760  the  Nltam  of  the  Dcccui  ceded  Suihanpur 
to  Ihe  peihwi,  who  In  tjjt  truufcrred  it  to  Sindbla.  Ia  the 
Mihmtti  War  the  army  under  General  WcOeslcy.  iftcrward* 
the  duke  of  Wellington,  took  Bnrhanpur  (rSoj),  bni  t^Initr 
ot  the  same  year  restored  it  ID  SJndhia.  It  remained  a  ponira 
of  Sindhia'*  dominions  till  iS6o-it6t,  when,  in  conicqueBce  ot 
certain  tetrltoriil  anangcinenta,  the  ttfni  and  lurroiiading 
were  ixded   to  the  British  goveramenL     Under  the 


10)  m.  In  drcDtnferentc.  In  the  j 
a  "  large  ciiy,  wilb  many  gardens, 
abounding  with  handicrattsmen." 
it  In  it       -       ■    ■        •     ■ 


jl  S  sq.  n 


scribed  u 


ir  Thomas  Roc,  who  n 


calymod 


oDItages,  except  ihe  print 
others."    In  i»6s'tS66  tb 
popDlation  of  J4,i37,  which  bad  di 
Burbanpur  is  celebnted  for 

brocades,  which,  according  to  Tavernier,  who  viiiied  it  In  ifiW, 
were  exported  in  great  qnaotitles  lo  Persia,  Egypt,  Turkey, 
Rusaia  and  Poland.  The  goU)  and  silver  «tie*  used  in  Ihe  manu- 
facture of  UieM  fabrics  an  drawn  with  considerable  can  and 
skill;  and  in  order  to  secure  Ibe  purity  of  the  metals  enptoytd 
for  their  composition,  the  wire-drawing  under  Ihe  native  luJe 
wu  done  under  gavemmen  I  inspection.  The  town  of  BurtunpuT 
and  iu  misufactures  were  long  on  the  dedine,  but  during  rtonl 
times  have  msde  a  sligbt  recovery.     The  buihUsp  oi  inlenM 


BURI— BURIAL  AND  BURIAL  ACTS 


823 


mm*  pUxtt,  built  by  Akbu,  oOM  tbe  UI  KDa 
d  Fon,  uut  the  Jam  UMfld  or  Gnat  HoKioe,  boil 
MB,  ooeoftticFinikludyDUtr,  In  ijM-     * "~ 


In  thai 
or  the) 
byAUI 


n  Boll*.  Um  daifhter 
(tvil),bMUMllw(ilhn<ifOdia,t>MS(udi 

MflUL  (Dd  BOBUL  AOn  <la  O.  En|.  iypl'. 
tjinili,  wnagly  takm  u  >  plunl,  and  n  UM.  Eng;  tariMt,  Inm 
O.  Eof.  tyfi,  pRipaHj  to  pntsct,  oover.  to  hory).  The  main 
ims  id  the  law  of  faorial  la  England  may  In  ilMcd  very  •bortly. 
Every  penm  has  tba  right  to  be  boriid  in  the  tfuKhyurd  or 
buiial  pound  of  the  phriifa  when  be  die>,  whti  the  eiRplian  at 
cxecatcd  fdom,  who  an  buiied  fa  the  precincts  ol  the  prison 
or  in  ■  ptue  i^ipafaled  by  the  home  office  At  tommon  law  the 
penoaoadec  whoae  n>of  a  death  takei  pkce  haii  doty  to  provide 
far  tbi  body  bdni  ourkd  to  the  gnve  dtcestty  covered;  and 
the  CMCUton  ortegil  KpreaentHiivca  ol  the  decnied  an  bdntid 
Id  bDiy«rdi^Naeof  Um  body  in  a  maBser  becbning  the  eilau 
of  Iha  dtceaaed,  iccordlni  to  tbrir  dlscretkB,  and  they  an  not 
bmnd  to  hdfil  the  wliht*  be  may  have  apmsed  in  Ihlimpeci. 
TV  ditpM>l  man  be  uich  ai  will  not  eipne  the  body  10  viola- 
-■•-■■  n  the  heilth  of  the  living; 

.  b  tUowabls.  In  the 
X  thlpwTKkrd  peraons 
Ken  or  giianliant  are 
ie  lor  their  huiial;  sod  in  the  caR  ol  luiddei  the  coroDcr 
ba*  «  rimitar  duly.  The  eipema  a[  bvrial  an  payable  out  ol 
the  dccoued')  euaCe  in  pinity  to  all  other  debts.  A  husband 
liable  lor  the  mainteoance  oi  his  wile  ia  habie  ior  her  lostral 
«nmma;  Ibe  paitnta  lor  tbMe  ol  their  ddldren,  il  Ibey  have 
the  meaoi  ol  pcying.  Legislaiion  has  principally  afltcted  (1) 
placm  ol  burial,  (ij  mode  ol  biuial,  (3]  fees  loi  burial,  and  U) 


I.  The  overOBwded  state  of  ^nrdiyardi  and  burU  grounds 
gradoally  kd  10  the  passing  of  a  pvop  ol  statutes  known  as 
the  Btuiai  Act*,  encoding  f ram  1851  up  to  rooo.  By  these  acts 
Ht  Dp,  the  aim  of  which  was  to  remedy 
N  of  nccammodalion  by  providing  new 
' '  oDca  wUch  ihould  be  dangerous 
ential  aathoilty,  the  hone  oSc« 
{now  far  BoR  pnrposa  the  Load  Gonmment  Board)  to  tupei>- 
inte&d  all  borial  grounda  with  a  view  to  the  protection  of  the 
paUie  health  and  the  malntimnce  of  public  decency  in  burials. 
The  Local  Govnnmeni  Board  tbss  has  the  power  to  obtain  hy 
Older  in  oouBdl  the  dcong  oi  any  burial  ground  It  thlnlu  fit, 
while  ill  amKut  is  iKKWuy  to  the  opening  cf  any  new  burial 
ground;  aad  It  alio  has  power  to  dbict  Inspedkm  ol  any  burial 
ground  or  cemetery,  and  to  rtgolate  borials  in  common  gisvea 
in  sutmoiy  oaaeltiieiand  to  compel  penons  in  charge  of  vaults 
or  plices  of  butial  to  take  steps  iccnMiy  (or  pttveniing  ibelr 
becamhig  dangeroui  or  Injntioiui  t£  beallK  The  vtatry  of  any 
pariah,  wbetbei  a  comiDon-)aw  or  eccleslaslkal  one,  was  thus 
aulboriMd  lo  provide  IikU  with  a  new  buiial  ground,  il  iu  eilsl- 
Ing  one  was  no  longer  avkilitde;  tacb  groand  ni^t  be  wholly 
or  partly  conseciated,  and  chapds  might  be  provided  for  tb« 
performance  of  burial  servicx,  Tlie  ground  was  put  under  the 
manigtment  ol  a  burial  board,  consisting  of  rslepiyers  elected 
by  the  vestry,  and  Ibe  conseciated  portion  of  It  took  the  place  of 
the  churchyard  b  all  rtspccis.  Disused  churchyards  ind  buiial 
gir>unds  in  the  metropolis  msy  he  used  as  open  spaces  for  recna- 
lion,  and  only  buildings  for  teligious  purposes  can  be  built  on 
ihcm  (iSSi,  18*4,  igg?).  The  Looil  Covminient  Act  iS^ 
iniPoduoKl  a  diange  into  the  govemBiCBt  ol  burial  grounds 
(consequeal  on  Ihe  general  change  made  In  perochiil  govern nml) 
by  iransfrrring,  or  allowing  to  be  Ininslerred,  the  powers,  duties, 
property  and  NabilKies  of  the  burial  boards  in  urban  districts 
to  the  district  councils,  and  in  mnl  parishes  to  the  parish 
Coundla  and  parish  meetings;  and  by  aUoding  rural  parisbc* 


to  adopt  the  Burbh  Acu,  and  provide  and  mnnage  netr  bortal. 
gniiutd*  by  the  parfah  council,  or  a  buiial  board  elected  by  the 
parish  meeting, 

I.  The  mode  «(  burial  b  k  matter  of  ecdedaalkal  cognliance; 
in  the  cue  of  churchyards  and  efaewhen  it  fs  in  the  discreiion 
ol  the  ownen  ol  the  burial  ground.  TIk  Local  Govrmnent 
Bodird  now  mahcs  regulations  for  borials  in  buiial  ground*' 
pimldod  under  the  Bnrfal  Acts;  for  cemeteries  provided  under 
the  )>ublic  Health  Act  1870.  Private  nmeteiies  and  burial 
gronnds  make  their  own  regulations.  BurlsJ  may  now  take 
place  either  with  or  wiibool  a  religloos  serviw  in  conseoalcd 
ground.  Befon  t8Bo  no  body  could  be  buried  in  consecrated 
ground  eicept  with  the  aervioe  of  lb*  Church,  which  the  incum- 
bent Of  the  parish  or  a  penoa  autborized  by  blm  was  bound  to 
perform;  but  Ibe  canon  and  prayer-book  njuscd  the  use  of  (he 
oSice  for  Mcomnunlcated  tieiTons,  mejuri  aunmmimiciilinc,  for 
■oine  grievous  and  notorious  crime;  and  no  person  able  to  testify 
of  his  repentance,  unbaplized  persons,  and  persons  against 
whotn  a  veidict  of  fdo  de  n  had  been  found.  But  by  the 
Burial  Laws  AmcDdmeot  Act  i&)ta,  the  tudin  of  persons  enlitled 
10  be  burird  in  parochial  btirial  grounds,  wivtber  cfaurdiyards 
or  graveyards,  nay  ba  buried  there,  00  proper  notice  being 
given  to  the  nihbter,  without  Ihe  petformancp  oi  the  service 
□f  the  Church  of  England;  and  either  without  any  rtlip'ous 
servioc  or  wiih  a  Christian  and  ordcriy  triigious  service  at  the 
grave,  which  may  be  conducted  by  any  person  invited  to  do  so 
by  the  penon  in  charge  of  Ibe  funeral.  Clergymen  of  the  Church 
of  England  an  also  by  the  act  allowed,  hut  on  not  obliged,  to 
Use  the  burial  service  in  any  unconsecrnted  burial  ground  tn- 
cemetery,  or  building  therein,  m  any  case  in  which  it  could  be' 
used  in  consecrated  ground.  In  caao  where  it  may  not  be  so 
used,  and  wiien  such  is  the  wish  of  those  in  charge  of  the  service, 
the  clergy  may  use  a  form  of  servioe  approved  by  Ilie  bishop 
without  being  liable  to  any  ecdeslastical  or  temporal  penalty, 
Eicept  as  altered  by  ihb  act,  it  is  (tiU  the  la*  that  "  the  Cbnrch 
knows  no  such  indecency  as  pulling  a  body  into  consecraled 
ground  without  the  service  being  at  the  same 


burial  of  a  fiio  it  »t^  which,  however,  may  take  place  in  any  way 
allowed  by  the  act  of  iSio.  The  proper  perlomiBnce  of  the 
burial  office  is  provided  for  by  ibe  Public  Worship  Regulation 
Act  1874.  Siainiory  piovisloo  is  made  by  the  criminal  la*  in 
thia  act  for  the  pitservaiion  of  Older  In  burial  gttnindi  and 
protection  of  funeral  service*. 

3.  Fees  an  now  payable  hy  cmtom  or  under  statu  lory  power* 
on  all  burials.  In  a  churcl^rd  the  parson  must  perform  the 
office  of  burial  for  parishionFFs,  even  11  Che  customary  fee  it 
denied,  and  it  i*  doubtfol  who  is  liable  to  pay  it.  The  custom 
must  be  Immemorial  and  InvarlaUe.  If  not  disputed,  its  pay- 
ment can  be  enforcnl  in  Ihe  ecdeaiastical  court;  if  disputed, 
its  validity  must  be  tried  by  a  temporal  court.  A  special  coniraci 
for  the  payment  of  an  annual  fee  in  the  case  ol  a  non-patishionei 
can  be  enforced  In  the  latter  court.  In  the  case  of  pauper*  and 
shipwrecked  persons  the  lees  an  payable  by  Ihe  parish.  In 
other  parochial  burial  gnunds  and  cemeteries  the  duties  and 
rights  to  fes  of  the  incumbents,  clerks  and  seilons  of  the 
pari^Ht  for  which  the  ground  has  been  provided  an  the  «me 
u  in  burials  in  the  churchyonl.  Burial  authorities  may  fii  the 
tees  payable  in  such  grounds,  subject  to  the  approv^  ol  the 
home  secretary;  but  the  fees  for  services  Ititdered  by  miniilen 
of  nllgian  and  seitons  mutt  be  Ihe  same  in  the  consecrated  as 
in  Ibe  unconsecraled  part  o(  the  burial  ground,  and  no  incumbent 
el  a  parish  or  a  eleik  may  nceive  any  fee  upon  burials  eictpt 
lor  servicea  rendered  by  them  (act  of  tooo).  On  burials  under 
the  act  of  1880  the  same  fees  are  payable  OS  if  the  burial  had 
taken  place  with  the  service  of  Ihe  Church. 

4.  A  corpse  ii  not  the  subject  of  property,  nor  capable  of 
holding  property.  II  interred  in  coosccriled  ground.  It  is  undet 
the  protection  oi  Ihe  ccclesiutical  court;  II  in  unconsecraled. 
it  is  under  that  of  the  iimpoial  court.  Id  the  lormcr  caie  it  i* 
an  ecclesiastical  oSeoce,  and  in  either  case  il  is  a  mis- 
demeanoui,  to  diiiniet  or  remove  il  wiiboui  proper  autboilt-' 


8a.f 


BURIAL  SOCIETIES— BURKE,  EDMUND 


vhitcvir  the  motive  lor  luch  tn  act  Buy  be.    Such  proper 

lulhurily  it  (i)  ■  faculty  (ram  tine  ordinuyi  *beic  it  it  lo  be 
nmovtd  from  one  consecnttii  place  of  buiisl  to  uwUMf,  end 
tliii  ii  oflen  done  on  unitsry  iTouudi  M  to  meet  the  wlihet  of 
relatives,  lad  has  been  done  for  KCulsi  purpoeet,  d^.  videning 
■  llieroughfan,  by  aUoving  pan  of  Uu  buiial  (touiid  (dinned) 
Is  be  throws  into  it;  but  ll  has  iKtm  nfuied  wheic  the  obiett 
'u- them  from  a  dnitdi- 


nathD 


BDIUUa,  Mill  Uoamiu  BmnuaiHl  (c.  i 
Frcacta  philowpber.wu  bom  al  BMmne  in  Aiun 
la  FuMtBiderWBiaool  Occam.  MemsprcJeisoi 
In  tihe  UBfcKniQf  of  Paiii,  »u  nctoi  in  1J17,  and  in  1^%  ni 
deputed  10  defend  ilt  intocsta  before  Philip  of  Vakiii  and  at 
KuBt,  Ha  »ia  moie  than  liitjr  ycui  M  in  ijjS,  bni,  ilie  ytai 
of  hit  death  ia  not  nCocdHl.     llie  tn4itiiai  that  he  na  loncd 


borne  secretary,  where  it  is  desired 
unconbccratcd  place  of  burial  to  amlJ 
coronet,  in  cases  of  Jmpccted  crime.     Tl 
discuuioa  u  la  the  boundary  lu»  of  . 

and  (1],  and  vhclhet  the  diiiotcroienl  of  a  bod)'  fiom  conse- 
crated ground  brpuipDsesof  identiicatioo  falls  within  (i)  on)]' 
or  Kilhin  both  (1}  and  (1) ;  and  u  atlenpl  by  the  ecckuaslicai 
court  to  enforce  a  penally  for  that  piupoM  vilhoac  a  liccoce  has 
httu  prohibited  by  the  tamporal  court. 

:_  .!-,-„.,-,..„.-».  ..A  iw  methods  o(  diipo«lo(  the  dead, 


•oChubc_. 


purpose  of  providing 
by  vduntaiy  lubscr^tioaa,  for  insuring  money  10  be  paid  oa 
the  death  of  a  membcfi  or  toi  Ibe  funeral  upenles  of  the  husband, 
wife  or  child  of  a  cnomber,  or  of  the  widow  of  a  dcceuod  iDcmbei. 
(See  FaiEHDL*  SocieiiebO 

BURlAn,  a  Maugalian  race,  who  dwell  In  the  vidnlty  of 
the  Baikal  Lake,  for  the  most  part  in  the  govenimenl  of  Irkutsk 
and  the  Trans-Baikal  Temlocy.  They  an  divided  inlo  various 
tribes  or  dans,  which  generally  take  their  names  from  the 
kcsLty  Ihey  frequent-  These  tribes  are  subdividod  accordins 
to  kiiulup.  The  Buriats  are  a  broad-tlbouldered  race  iitdlDcd 
to  atoutnasa,  with  (mall  tUsting  eye*,  thick  Ups,  high  check- 
bonea,  broad  and  flat  bows  and  icanly  beards.  The  men  shave 
thdr  headaand  weai  a  pigtail  like  the  Chinese.  In  tutntnet  they 
dttsi  in  ailk  and  cotton  gowns.  In  winter  in  fun  and  theepskins. 
Their  pdndpal  occupation  ia  the  tearing  of  cattle  and  hones. 
The  Buiiat  hofM  ia  famous  for  its  power  of  enduianiz,  and  the 
attachment  bclweea  master  and  animal  is  very  great.  At  death 
the  hone  should,  according  to  their  religion,  be  sacrificed  at  its 
owser'a  grave;  but  the  frugal  Buriat  heir  usually  substitutes 
an  old  hack,  or  if  he  has  to  tie  up  the  valuable  steed  to  the  grave 
to  itaivo  he  does  so  only  with  the  thinnat  of  cords  so  that  the 
ai^nial  toon  breaks  hit  tethst  and  gallops  cB  to  jaln  the  other 
botua.  In  some  diatticts  the  Butiau  have  learned  agriculture 
from  the  RiBtiaoa,  and  in  Iikntsk  are  leaUy  beiUr  f  annett  than 
the  latter.  They  are  eitrsordiiuuily  indusiriout  at  manuring 
and  irrigation.  They  ai«  alio  clever  at  tr^iping  and  fiihing. 
In  religicm  the  Buriats  ate  mainly  Buddhists;  and  theJr  head 
lama  (Khambo  Lama)  lives  at  the  Goose  Lake  (Guisinoi  Oiero) . 
Otliets  are  Shamanisti,  and  their  most  sacred  spot  is  the 
Shtmanic  stone  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Angai.  Some  thou- 
aaadt  of  tliem  around  Lake  Baikal  ate  ChrisIiaiB.  A  ktiowledge 
of  reading  and  writing  is  comiiuHi,  eqiecitlly  among  the  Tram- 
Baikal  Buriats,  who  possets  books  of  their  own,  chiefly  iranilated 
from  the  Tibetan.  Their  own  language  it  Mongolian,  and  of 
ihree  distinct  dJalecti.  It  was  in  the  i6tb  century  that  the 
Ruitian*  Ekist  came  in  touch  with  the  Butiau,  wbo  were  long 
known  by  the  natae  of  Braukiye,  "  Brotherly,"  given  them  by 
the  Siberian  (olonisu.  In  the  town  of  BiatiklyoatiDg,  which 
grew  up  around  the  bkxk-house  built  in  i6ji  at  the  coiifluenca 
of  the  Angara  and  Oka  to  bring  them  into  subjecUon,  this 
Is  perpetuated.  The  Butiau  made  a  vigoioua  leulano 
Russian  aggreaaan,  hut  weit  finally  subdued  towards  the  end 
of  the  i;lh  century,  and  are  now  among  the  moat  peaceful  of 
Russian  peoples. 

See  J.  G.  Gmclld,  SOmii   P 

Mtonicbr  Sachnildm  tbtt  ait . 

hienbvii,  I776-I*o>);  M.  A.  Castren,  Vmixh 


work*.     In  pUkeophy  B 

Ocean  ia  denying  all  oh 

regarded  a*  mcic  void).    Ite  aim  of  Ui  1^  is 

having  bacn  ike  dnitint  of  mlea  toe  the  imamtj  it  ■yHTpr'-r 

middle  terns;    tUt  tri'~~     '"      """"     '  '      ' 

became  Imownaa  the^ 

be  titaled  with  m 

a  nenr  indi,. „ ^ 

baiiViemailiablysiniUar  to 

Locke.  The  taly  liberty  wbidi  he  admiu  la  a  certain  power  al 
upending  the  deUbirative  pTOccvand  deietminlng  tbc  dittctioa 
[  the  intellect  Otberwiio  the  will  it  cnlirdy  depcodiBt  ob  tte 
iewof  lhcmind,theUnrendtofeKaininiition.  TheconparisoD 
of  the  will  uoahle  to  act  between  Iwo  etjuaily  balanced  raotivs 
to  an  ass  dying  of  hunger  bctwcoi  two  equal  and  equidbtant 
bundles  of  hay  it  net  found  in  his  works,  and  may  haie  hera 
invented  by  Mi  opponents  to  ridicule  his  detenniBiia.  That 
he  wat  not  tlx  otiginator  of  the  theory  known  as  "  Ulietty  of 
indiffetcnce "  (flhrum  artiJnkia  iadijatiiliiit)  ft  shown  in 
G.  FoDsectlve'a  £»<ii  lar  ff  fiit*  otMr,  pp.  119,  igg  [1U7). 

Hilwo^k>l^:^— .SianniteAiUiiBlioi(l>arit,l4B7):  Ctrnfai^mm 
IO(i™  (Venice  14B9);  OurUimei  >'■  »\>.  lilw  ^ilcim  (Parii^ 
IS16);  /■  AtiaoUla  Uiupkyi'  -  ' .-       .       .  ■         ... 


i^6^i 


alias.  £a>iiM;«i« 
VilkiriaafnlSt 
h  enter  fruriariuH* 


-iStS). 


(ltS7)',  Sir  H.  H.  Howonh,  Hiaart  4  (^  Mttltii 


^nsioMu  jUVMMwiia  (ijIS):  Ouatiluniri  in  i.  libm 
.ri-hUdU  (Parii,  1489:  0>£otd,  ifijj-J;  QuatUiant- im 
tlilicanm  Ariiui^ii  lijoo).  See  KT  PniRil't  GrcctuUr 
Dk.  Iv.  I4-3S;    SttJCld't  Ctl^klai  drr  FkOtapkit    ia 


1.  loij-ioil!   Uenog-Hauck,  R—iti^yUatUir,  a 


1887). 

BURKE.  BDKnHD  (i7>9-I79t).  Biitisli  idtnmaii  asd 
.iditical  writer.  Hit  is  one  ol  the  greateat  names  in  t^  hisUijr 
of  political  literature.     Tlieic  have  been  many  man  inportant 

respcBisbillty.  Then  have  boen  manjr  BOTE  aftectiv*  onion, 
for  lack  of  imagiDattve  tuptrieneit  pnveeted  Un  [no  peoetnt- 
!ng  to  the  Inner  mind  of  his  bearan;  detects  in  ddiveiy  mahcDcd 
the  Intrinsic  pemaalvean*  at  hb  reunung;  and  be  had  not 
that  oommandiBg  authority  of  charactCT  and  penaBality  ktaick 
haa  so  often  been  tba  seaet  of  trlurapbuit  doqueuce.  TLcn 
havg  been  many  iubtler,  mote  otigjoal  and  moR  lyitematK 
thinktfs  about  the  coDditlam  of  the  [odal  union.  But  no  ana 
that  ever  lived  used  th*  geneial  ideal  ol  the  thinko-  more  success- 
fully to  Judge  the  particulai  ptoblems  of  the  statesman.  No 
one  has  ever  come  so  close  to  the  detaib  o[  practical  politics, 
and  at  the  lame  tine  leaienbered  that  these  can  only  be  under- 
ilood  and  only  dealt  with  by  the  aid  of  the  broad  connpiiom 
of  pcJitical  philosophy.  And  what  is  more  ihan  all  for  pcipetuity 
of  fame,  he  was  one  of  the  great  mastirs  of  the  high  and  difficult 


A  certain  douhif  uJnesi  bangs  over  the  dmimstancea  of  Burke's 
Ufe  ptcviou*  to  the  opening  of  his  public  career.  Tlic  very  date 
of  Ids  birth  it  variously  stated.  Tit  most  probable  opinicn  a 
that  he  was  born  at  Dublin  on  the  1  iihof  January  1 7 19,  newityle. 
Of  his  family  we  know  little  more  than  his  father  wu  a  Pro- 
tcatant  atlotMy,  piaclishig  in  Dublin,  and  that  his  mother  was 
aCathalicamembeiollhelasiilyof  Nagle.  Hetudat  leaslene 
tiller,  from  wboni  descended  the  only  eiisting  repmentatives 
of  Burke's  family;  and  he  had  at  lust  two  brolhen,  Gtntt 
Burke  and  Richard  Burice,  Ihe  one  older  and  the  other  younger 
than  Edmund.  The  lister,  afterwards  Wn  French,  was  brought 
up  and  remilnod  thiva^ut  life  in  the  retigiou]  faith  of  bet 


BURK£» 


aothn;  Etaood  ud  kn  biMlan  loOoMd  tkat  M  Ikdr  blbet. 
In  tni  tbeltaRcbfMhenwaKMDt  iDidwalalBtlliUKintlie 
couly «f  ICikUn,  kept  by  Abobam  SfcadU(MB,M  Eofbhau. 
■od  a  membn  of  the  SoOely  at  Fmndt.  Be 
be«n  u  eicrikM  mcbef  and  ■  aHid  uid  oia 
•Jmjn  looked  lack  on  Jui  own 
BaHboK  ■>  aMM«  the  nM  lottMUe  <ircuaMuta>  of  hk  lik. 
Bmwmh  himell  and  a  nn  ol  bia  laatiuctar  than  quant  <4>  a 
ckm  aad  alcaionala  bkaddiip,  and,  unlike  ao  nany  at  tbc 
oqnUl*  attacfaBcntt  ol  youth,  Ihk  ma  not  choked  by  the 
due  ol  Kfc,  nor  parted  '       " 


whom  long  yean  before  he  had  tried  poetic  aighu.udndHB^ 
■II  the  nnguine  conlUencei  of  boyhood.  And  nc  an  londied 
to  think  of  the  timt^mUded  guot  leoetly  pnyini,  in  the 
•olitude  ol  h»  nnm  in  the  fine  hnue  at  BtaoDtMfidd.  that  the 
my  ol  hi*  iBiioiii  and  oveihoidetied  boit  micht  be  suidcd  hy 
a  <fi*tiie  hand. 

In  I T4]  Burkebecameailiidertit  Trimly  College,  Dttblic  .lAeit 
Oliver  CaMnnltta  wu  al»  a  itndenl  at  the  BBK  lime-  But  the 
«riDiB  papa  of  Abnham  SlucUeton  wuld  not  be  likely  ID  KC 
Biudiof  the  wild  and  squalid  lizu.  Henry  Flood,  who  waitvD 
ytkT%  younger  thim  Bnrkc.  lad  gone  to  ronp4ctc  Ilia  edueation 
■t  Oifonl.  Buria,  like  Goldsmith,  achieved  no  acadcniic  dit- 
tinctioD.  Hii  character  «(  never  at  any  time  ol  the  andenue 
'i.tbe  limitation  irf  range,  Ihc  I  lending 
U  patdi  of  gnmnd,  llie  coo- 


weie  all  oncongenkt  to  ■  nature  of  exuhnant  inleUccIiial 
curimlty  and  of  stienoooi  and  Mlf-nliant  originalily.  His 
knowledge  of  Greek  and  Latin  wu  never  thoraugh.  nor  had  be 
any  tam  lor  criikal  nlcetlea.  He  eauld  qnote  Homer  and 
Wndar,  and  be  hud  tead  Aristotle.  Like  othen  wlw  have  gone 
through  the  conventtmal  coune  of  uBtraction,  he  kept  a  place 
In  bb  memory  for  i]»  variooa  charrea  of  Vtigil  and  Honce.  of 
Tadtm  and  Ovid;  bat  the  maitn  trlme  page  by  Dl|]it  and  by 
day  he  turned  with  devout  hand,  waa  the  copiooa.  energetic, 
flexible.  diveni£ed  and  brilliant  geahu  of  the  dtdamatioiB  lor 
Archiaa  Ibe  poet  and  iijr  Hilo,  agalnit  Cntltfaie  and 


d  the 


^  ,    Cicen  ma  fmi  to  Urn  the  mightieit 

of  the  ancient  itame*.    In  Englnh  liltiatare  Hihon  iceiiia  to 
have  been  moit  familiar  to  Urn  than  r  ' 

It  ii  too  often  the  oue  id  be  a  mo 
become  eminent  for  wide  compaai  of 
tmling  oontptehension.  are  in  their  a 
dBultoiy.  Ol  thii  Buike  It  a  aignal  lUistntlan.  He  Mt 
Tiinily  In  1748,  with  no  great  itodi.  of  weU-ordered  knowledgt. 
He  neither  deiived  the  benefit*  nor  mfieted  the  diawhacka  of 
■yitemailc  Intellectual  disdpltne. 

Aiter  taking  lai  degree  at  Dublio  be  went  in  the  year  i7;o 
to  London  to  keep  lerau  at  the  Temple.  Tbc  ten  yean  thai 
followed  were  parted  In  obicure  induatry  Buke  wu  alvaya 
eitreroely  reierved  about  hit  prinlc  afiain.  All  that  wc  know 
of  Burke  «hibi>i  him  as  inspired  by  a  resolute  pride,  a  certain 
italellneis  and  imperious  devacion  of  mind.  Such  a  chaiaetet. 
while  fice  fmm  any  weak  shame  aboat  the  tbahby  neccisitics  of 
eariy  itrugglei,  yet  is  natnrally  unwilling  to  make  them  pro- 
minent in  after  life.  There  li  nottung  dishonouiable  in  audi  an 
Inclinailon.  "  I  was  notiwaddled  and  rodied  and  dandled  intoa 
legislalOT,"  wrote  Botke  when  very  near  the  end  of  Us  days: 
**  /tiltr  In  tdttram  ft  the  motto  lor  a  man  like  me.  At  every 
(lep  of  my  pmgreu  In  life  (br  in  eveiy  alep  I  wu  traversed 
and  oppcsed),  and  at  every  lumpike  I  met.  I  wu  obliged 
ro  ibow  my  pauporl.    OlherwiM  no  rank,  ao  toleialjon  even. 

sof  wbl^ert  haw  been  cimkled  by  Idle  oe  malidoat 


(brm 
All  so 


haviag  gonri  aim  U>  Ih 

poaiiive  evkleoce  lo 
of  IheMherilaicBentitaBuikei.disciedil.  Hie  common  aiory 
that  he  waa  a  ondidate  lor  Adam  Smiths  diair  of  moral  philo- 
(ophy  at  daifow,  when  Hume  waa  tcjeeted  in  favour  of  an 
ohKioe  nobody  (iTSil.  can  be  ihown  la  be  wbidly  lake.  Like 
a  great  many  other  yoiuhi  with  wi  eniaeM  dcatiq'  beioi*  them, 
Bute  conceived  a  ttioBg  dMasM  for  Ibe  pfotoiioa  ol  the  law. 
Hia  lather,  wko  waa  an  altonMjr  of  aubataDce,  had  a  dklute 
(till  atienier  fat  ao  vatiaal  a  piolcMioa  u  letten  wen  in  that 
day.  Ho  wfttadiew  the  annaal  allovance,  aad  B«ka  ta  to  work 
to  wia  for  bbntelf  by  ladehtliablc  Indnatiy  and  capaUlily  Id 
the  pidific  lateical  that  poaltioD  of  powtt  or  p>r«aiaeiice  vhith 
hk  detnctoB  aaqnhed  either  by  acddcat  of  Urth  and  conaeaioiB 
or  elaa  by  the  vflt  artt  ol  pohlicai  latrigue.  Be  be)as  at  tha 
bottoa  of  the  ladder,  u£dn|  with  the  Baheaniaa  locicly  that 
hemited  the  Temple,  feactiaing  onloiy  in  the  fna  aad  caq' 
debating  lodeiia  of  Covcnt  Guden  and  the  Strand,  and  writing 


In  T75A  he  made  hia  fliil  maik  hy  a  aattn  npon  BoUngbrob 
cnlltled.ll  VtHiieaBtm  tf  Mtlur^  St€iity.  ll  pnipotted  10  be  a 
poathnmoDi  woik  from  the  pen  ol  BoUngbroke,  ud  to  ptcaent 
a  view  of  the  miteriea  and  evila  arnang  to  DanUnd  Ifom  cvciy 
species  of  artllklalwdety.  Tic  Inhalionof  the  hoc  Myieof  thai 
oBgniAceBt  writer  but  bad  patiiol  it  adnUnble.  fo  a  MiM 
the  pleoe  b  a  bUnte,  for  the  iiinple  naaon  Ihat  the  tubMOBCt  of  it 
mi^t  mdl  pen  fiir  a  perfectly  mt,  no  lew  than  a  very  cloqiWM 
itatemeMotiodalbhwdciaandcalaniitict.'  SHch  acate  ciiiia 
u  ChealeffeMand  Waifauiton  thon^l  Ihe  perfomance  aeiiovs. 


had  ^)ptared  di  yaaia  hefwe,  vooM  have  icad  Brnke's  Irontcal 
vindlcailoD  ol  natntal  wdety  without  a  awpfciM  ol  lu  irony. 
There  hnva  bideed  been  Inond  penona  wIm  fnaiat  that  the 
VmtiaHeu  waa  a  really  aeTimt  eiprmlon  ol  the  writer^  o*a 
opiidont.  This  ia  abaokilely  inciedlUe,  for  varioui  reuone. 
BuAe  leh  now,  aahe  did  thhty  yeata  kter,  tbtt  dvU  bMilatioU 
cnnol  wfaely  or  uUtf  be  mtiiiwid  by  the  laNa  of  pue  reason 

His  lagadty  &m  ...... 

broke  and  Unlit 

~  relhdon.  wa*  eonaUy  _-„ „  „ — 

„.     .  TUi  wu  pneWy  tbc 

actual  coone  on  wbkA  tpeeulatioa  «a«  eotciiag  In  Fiance  at 
that  moment.  Hh  VfnfKiMn  it  meant  lo  be  a  ledactlon  to  as 
abnndity.  The  rising  revotationary  ichoei  Ita  France,  H  they 
had  read  It,  would  have  taken  It  lor  a  deannatiatiM  of  the 
tbeorm  to  be  pnvcd.  Tbt  oidy  lateictt  of  tb«  ^Me  lot  u>  liea 
In  the  proof  which  ft  furoitbei,  that  at  the  opening  of  *'~  '"' 
Bnite  had  the  ume  teomful  antlpalhy  to  polirica)  n" 
whicfa  Samed  oal  hi  tud  oietwhelBiigg  fa^Tnn  at  its  acse. 

In  the  tame  year  (iT)fi)  apptaied  the  Mihuftkjcdf  /ofafry 
tuM  At  Oritta  If  air  Uhu  m  HuSatUme  end  BiaiiHfiil.  a  cradt 
and  nnrrDw  perfotmancc  In  many  reapecit,  yet  marked  by  an 
Independent  uat  ol  the  wriin^  mind,  and  not  without  fertile 
migBestlon.  Il  altncted  the  attenti<Hi  of  the  ifaing  aeilhetlc 
icbool  In  Germany  Leaiing  set  about  the  Innilaikin  and 
annotation  of  II.  and  Mosea  Mendehsohn  borrowed  from  Buike'a 
Epccobtion  at  teul  one  ol  the  most  fruitful  and  important  idcaa 
(rlhiaownlnSucntlaltheorfeton  thesenllmeata.  In  England  the 
In^iry  had  contidetable  vogue,  but  ft  has  left  ao  permanent 
ince  In  the  devekipmenl  of  aeilbeilc  tbonghl. 

Snikx)  lltenty  Industry  in  town  wu  lelieved  by  fraqiMnt 
eioirtiDns  lo  the  wesleni  paiU  ol  England,  in  company  with 
William  Burke.  There  was  a  luting  intimacy  between  the  Iwo 
ntmetakct,  and  Ihey  seem  to  have  been  InvoNed  logethtr  In 
'  ipOTlant  paauges  of  Iheir  Kves;  but  wt  have  Edmnnd 
authority  for  believing  that  Ihey  were  probably  not 
kinsmen.  The  seclii^n  of  Ihete  ninl  tofnima,  origimUy 
dictated  by  deticalehtallb.wuaa    '   ' 


BURKE,  EDMUND 


(he  body.  Few  nicn.iFany.hwiEeveiarquir«lii  settled  mrnUI 
b*iitt  oi  siuveytng  humao  aSiirt  broadly,  ot  vralchtng  Ibe  play 

uid  dI  applying  Uic  iutiuincals  oC  genera]  connptions  and 
wide  pn'nnplci  U  iu  inlcnmUliDn  ai)  h  respccuble  comtincy, 
unless  IhiTf.haw  at  Kmie  fiuly  period  o(  that  nauluDd  resolved 
the  gTciicc  pioblemi  of  Bixieiy  in  independence  and  iiolaiion. 
By  I7s6  ibc  cut  of  Duike's  opiniont  wni  dcciiivcly  Bied,  and 
tbey  undcrwenl  no  radical  chaBge, 

He  ticgin  s  lerin  ol  Hi'iiU  an  lit  Drama.  Re  wmte  a  portion 
of  an  Abridgainit  1^  Ike  flijlary^  EatiaBd,aiid  brought  it  down 
IS  far  as  the  reign  of  John.  It  included,  as  wu  natural  enough 
in>  warm  Admirer  of  Monlaqtiieu,  alragmcnt  on  l^w,  of  whidi 
be  justly  said  that  it  aught  to  be  the  Iculing  science  in  csrery 
wcU-ordeted  commonwealth.  Biufce's  early  intcnst  in  America 
»u  shown  by  an  Aaaiai  ^  lAt  Eiagptaa  SiieemtiUs  on  thit 
conllnent.  Such  irorli*  wcio  evidenliy  a  sign  lha(  bis  mind 
was  turning  away  from  abstract  speculation  to  the  great  polil  ical 
and  economic  fields,  and  to  the  mare  visblc  conditions  of  socid 
Itabillly  and  the  growth  of  nations.  This  interest  in  the  concrete 
phenomena  of  wciety  inspinrd  him  with  the  idea  of  the  Attnaal 
RtiittcT  fi75g),  which  he  designed  to  present  a  broad  grouping 
of  the  chief  movements  of  each  year.  The  eiecution  was  as 
eiccllent  ai  the  conception,  and  if  we  reflect  that  it  was  !>egun 
in  the  midst  of  that  momentous  war  which  raised  England  to 
her  climas  of  territorial  greatness  in  East  and  Wcst»  we  may 
easily  realize  how  the  task  of  describing  these  portentous  and 
far-reaching  events  would  be  likely  to  strengthen  Burke's  habits 
of  Hide  and  laborious  observation,  a»  well  as  to  (rive  him  firmness 
and  conhdencc  lb  the  eacrdse  of  bis  own  judgment.  I>od3ley 
gave  him  JiooforeachannuaJ  volume,  and  the  lum  was  welcome 
enough,  for  towards  the  end  of  1756  Burke  had  mairicd.  Hii 
wife  was  the  daughter  of  a  Dr  Nugent,  1  physician  a.K  Bith.  She 
1>  always  spokm  of  by  his  friends  as  a  mild,  reasonable  and 
obliging  pcnon,  whoM  amiability  and  gentle  sense  did  much  10 
•oolhe  tbe  leo  ntivous  and  eidtable  temperament  of  bei  husband. 
She  had  bnn  brought  up.  there  is  good  naaon  to  bclinre,  as  a 
Catholic,  and  she  was  probably  a  meinber  of  Uul  conunuoion 
at  the  tin»  of  her  marriage.  Dr  Nugent  eventually  took  up 
his  residence  with  bis  son-Iii-lsw  in  London,  and  became  > 
papular  member  of  that  famous  group  of  men  ^  Ictlen  and 
artists  whom  Botwelt  ha*  nude  to  famdiar  and  so  dear  to  all 
later  generationa.  Buike,  however,  bad  no  intentiaa  of  being 
dependent.  His  consciousness  of  his  own  powen  ininutcd  him 
with  a  raosi  justifiable  ambition,  if  ever  there  wu  one,  to  [day  ■ 
pirt  in  tbe  conduct  ol  nuliooat  aSain.  Friends  shared  this 
ambition  tm  his  behalf;  one  of  tfacic  wu  Lord  ChsilenmnL 
He  introduced  Burke  to  William  Gerard  Hamilton  (1754). 
BOW  only  remembered  by  tbe  nickname  "  single-speech."  derived 
from  the  circumstance  of  bis  having  made  a  single  brilliant 
in  the  House  of  Commons,  which  was  lollowed  by  years 


Han 


u  by  not 


udevol 


ic  of  the  most 

despicable  mea  then  alive.  There  is  not.  a  word  too  maay  nor 
loo  strong  \a  the  diaoiptioa  of  him  by  one  of  Burke's  friends, 
as  "  a  sullen,  vain,  proud,  sclfisb,  cankeiod-bcarted,  envious 
reptile."  The  tepliJc'i  conncaioa,  however,  was  lor  a  lime  ol 
csntlderable  use  la  Burke.  Wbeo  be  was  made  Irish  secretory, 
Buikcsecompanied  him  to  Dublin,  and  there  leant  Oiensljcm's 
eternal  lesson,  Lhat  awaits  all  who  penetrate  behind  the  scene* 
of  government,  ^Mani  pana  sapitniia  munius  rtptur 

The  penal  laws  against  the  Cathallcs,  the  inii]uitauB  restrictions 
on  Irish  trade  and  industry,  the  sellith  iacilousncss  of  tbe 
parliament,  the  jobbery  ami  canuption  of  adtninittratlon,  the 
abscBteeisni  ol  the  landlords,  and  all  the  other  too  fami 


full  f«n. 


d  lau 


impression 


much  dl»rdcr  may  well  have  struck  deep  on  one  whose  two 
diicl  pahucal  sentiments  were  a  passion  lor  ordec  and  a  possloa 
for  justice.  He  may  have  anticipated  WLihsomethirig  of  remorse 
the  reSeetloB  of  a  modcni  historian,  thU  tbe  abKnleeism  Of 


tcr  [andionls  has  been  less  of 

liHentceism  of  her  men  ol  ^n 
Lbaentce  in  heart.     He  always  u 


unfottuft 


When  Han 


behalf  ol  tbe  pi 

be  hound  up  irith  her  welfiRL 
ulton  retiTtd  from  his  post.  Bui^  ai 
mm  DOCK  to  1.ondan,  with  a  pension  of  £500  a  year  on  uv 
Irish  Estoblishmcnl.  This  modest  allowiace  he  hardly  enjoyol 
lor  more  than  a  single  year.  His  patitm  having  disoovocd  tlie 
value  of  so  laborious  and  powerful  a  nbalteni.  wished  to  bind 


through  Hamilton. 

The  accession  ol  George  II 
followed  by  tl 
and  the  roc  a 

the  court  to  change  the  political  system  irtiidi  had  been  a 
by  the  Revolution  of  16SS.  That  system  pbced  the  ga 
of  the  country  in  the  handLof  a  territohal  oftgarchy,  coropoaed 
ol  a  few  families  ol  large  pcosessioiis,  fikiiiy  enlightened  prbidptei, 
and  shreuL-d  political  sense.  It  had  been  preserved  by  tbe 
ciistence  of  a  Pretender.  The  two  fint  kings  al  tbe  booM  of 
Hanover  could  only  keep  the  crown  on  tbeir  own  hemit  hj 
condfiating  the  Revcdulion  families  and  accepting  Rerabtiaa 
prindpla.  By  1760  all  peril  to  tbe  dynasty  wml  at  on  end. 
George  111.,  or  Iboie  about  him,  insislod  on  substitating  for  tbe 
aristocratic  division  of  political  powo-x  tubelantjalta 

to  be  tlie  member*  of  a  great  party,  acting  locether  ii 
of  a  common  policy  acapted  by  them  ill  at  a  tmited  body; 
they  were  to  beconx:  nomiDFcs  of  tbe  eoon,  each  holding  himieif 
DnsK«rable  not  to  his  (olleagues  bitt  to  the  king,  separately, 
individually  and  by  deparlmenL  George  III.  had  before  bb 
eyes  the  government  of  his  CDUsin  the  great  Fredcrid;  but  not 

ol  personal  capacity  and  historic  tradition,  be  forgot  Ibat  a 
territorial  and  commerda)  aiistocracy  cannot  IK  dealt  with  ik 
the  spirit  of  the  barrack  and  the  drill-grouruL  But  he  made  tbe 
attempt,  and  resistance  to  thai  attempt  supplies  tbe  kcyaol: 
to  the  first  tacnly-five  years  of  Burke's  political  life. 

Along  with  the  change  in  system  went  hjgh'handed  aad 
abatlutial  icndencia  in  pidicy.  Tbe  first  stage  of  the  new 
(3pcrimDnt  WB*  very  diori.  Bute,  la  a  panic  ol  the  *iom  of 
unpopulaiily  lhat  menaced  him,  toigned  in  1763.  George 
Crenville  and  the  less  cnbghtened  tedion  of  the  Whigi  look  his 
place  They  piDDeedid  to  tai  the  American  colonists,  to  iater- 
pme  vcutiausly  a^inst  thdr  trade,  10  thieatni  the  libtrly  of 
the  subject  at  home  by  general  warrant*,  and  toatlBe  tbe  liberty 
ol  public  discussion  by  prosecutions  ol  the  pieM.  Tbeir  arbilnir 
methods  disgusted  the  nation,  and  the  persona)  anogaacr  of 
the  ministers  at  last  disgusted  the  king.  The  system  recti  yed 
a  temporary  check.  Grcnvillc  Icit,  and  tbe  king  was  foned  to 
deUver  himself  into  the  hands  of  tbe  orthodoa  seclioa  ol  Ibc 
Whip.  The  man|uc3s  ol  Rockingham  Uuly  lo.  176 
prime  minister,  and  he  was  induced  to  make  Burke  1 


old  duke  of  New 

absurd  rumour*  prejudicial  lo  Borke,^-'that  he  was  on  Irish 
papist,  that  his  nAl  name  wa*  O'Bourke.  that  he  had  beoi  a 
Jesuit,  that  he  wasan  emissary  from  St  Qmer's.  Lord  Roding- 
falni  repeated  then  tales  to  Burke,  who  ol  ci 

with  indignation.     HijcbicI 

Inxn  a  Icding  lhat  tbe  indispenuble  coofidi 
was  impaired,  at  once  capnsscd  a  strong  di 
post.  Lord  Rockingham  prevailed  upon  hii 
IBwIve,  and  fnm  that  day  uatd  Lord  Rockingham'*  death  in 


BURKE, 

■TSt,  thdi  reluloai  wen  thoM  of  ibc  ctovu  fricMbkqi  ud 

Tlw  GtU  RaduBihun  idminmntiim  -oiiljr  liited  ■  year  ud 
a  Itw  d*yi.  CMJJna  in  July  17M.  Tke  iqHisliiaai  >nJ  good 
■cue  e(  iu  ktden  did  Doi  cumpenuie  for  the  weaknat  uf  ihcir 
politiad  oooiukiiit.  They  «rr  imiible  10  stud  aguml  the 
T^mnrw  of  (he  king.  >g«iut-  the  b«tiljty  oi  the  powerful  and 
•dfidi  fUtiOB  of  Bedloid  WUgj.  ud,  above  alJ,  igaiml  the 
towcriof  pfcdominaace  o[  WiUiara  PitL  That  Pitt  did  oei  join 
Iken  .it  one  of  tbe  nuny  fatal  BUK>Rl;i8ii  of  hutoiy,  ai  it 
ii  one  of  tha  muy  Kiinu  .irpKuchet  ts  be  made  agoinil 
tlul  eiliaordinuy  dbiv'i  chtquend  and  unma  eoune.  An 
■lUiDCt  bttmca  Pitt  ud  the  Rockinghisi  patty  nu  the  mnst 
Euanntct  of  k  wiicind  [ibctnl  policy  lowaidi  the  cofuDia. 
He  wcBt  furlbn  Ihan  thcydid,  inhi>ldlBs.UlwLanl'CuiukB,thc 
doctrini  that  laaalim  mat  vith  Mpnaottntioa,  osd  that 
th«re(ora  patUanKilt  bad  Da  ilgbl  to  Ui  the  njHtpmctiled 
Dlonitta.  The  Bdaiitry  aasertcd.  what  no  tompelent  jnriit 
would  now  thJnlt  t^  denying,  that  parllanieat  b  aovciript; 
bul  they  went  heartily  with  Fit!  in  proDoundDg  the  acrase 
ol  the  tight  of  Uialfon  In  the  case  of  the  American  cdomils 
10  be  tboronghly  impolitic  and  ianpedicnt.  No  piadical 
difference,  therefore,  existed  upon  the  [mportiml  <3ueitlon 
of  the  hour.  But  Tilt's  prodigious  egoism,  atimulalcd  by  ibc 
miKhtevous  counsels  of  men  of  the  stamp  of  Lonl  Shdbume, 
prevented  the  fusion  of  the  only  two  sections  of  the  Whig  patty 
Uiat  were  at  once  able,  enlightened  and  disinterested  enough 
to  carry  on  tbe  govertmHUt  effidently,  to  check  the  arfaltnty 
temper  of  the  itXng.  and  to  command  the  confidence  of  the 
nation.    Such  an  opportunity  did  not  return. 

The  ministerial  policy  toward*  the  coloniea  was  deTcnded 
by  Butka  irith  qilendid  and  uiuuismnblc  eloquence.  lie 
had  been  returned  to  the  House  of  Commons  for  the  pocket 
borough  of  Wendovcr,  and  Us  first  speech  (January  37,  nM) 
vas  fell  to  be  the  rising  of  a  new  light.  For  the  space  ol  a  quarter 
of  acenrury^  from  this  lime  down  to  1700,  Burke  vnu  one  of  the 
chief  guides  and  inspiren  of  a  revived  Whig  party.  The  "  ago 
of  small  factions  "  was  now  succeeded  by  an  age  of  great  prin- 
ciples, And  aelhsh  lies  of  mere  families  and  persons  were  trans- 


827 


11  Burke  < 


re  than  I 


the  Opposition,  under  the  first  half  of  the  reign  of  Ceoigc  111,, 

thb  ttjunp  of  ckvalion  and  grandeur.  Before  leaving  oOicc 
the  Rockingham  government  repealed  the  Stamp  Act;  con- 
firmed the  personal  libcny  of  the  sabject  by  forcing  on  the 

and  another  against  ihe  seiiure  of  papeis;  and  rdieved  private 
bouse*  from  the  initusion  of  officers  of  eicise,  by  repealing  the 
cider  lax.  Nothing  so  good  was  done  in  an  English  psriiameni 
for  nearly  twenty  years  to  come.  George  GrcnviUe,  whom  the 
Rockinghams  had  displaced,  and  who  was  biltcHy  Inci-nsed  at 
their  formal  reversal  of  his  policy,  printed  a  pamphlet  lo  dctnoa- 
slrale  hb  own  wisdom  and  sialesmnnship.  Burke  n:pL'Fd  in  his 
Oitcrtvlhm  en  a  lelt  PMitalien  m  ISt  PrtSfil  Slalr  nf  Ikt 
Nalivn  (iT6g),  in  which  he  showed  forthc&sl  time  that  he  hud 
not  only  a»  much  knowledge  of  commem  and  fiiuncc,  and  as 
firm  a  hand.  In  dealiiv  with  i^res  as  OienvHlc  himself,  but 
also  a  broad,  general  and  tnminous  way  of  conceiving  and 
treating  politics,  in  whkh  neither  then  nor  since  haa  he  had  any 
rival  among  English  publlcisti. 

It  b  otic  of  the  pcrplciing  point*  In  Buriie's  prlvale  history 
to  know  bow  he  lived  dudng  these  long  year*  of  parilamentary 
opposition.  It  b  certainly  not  slloEclhcr  men  impertinence  to 
ask  ol  1  public  tnon  bow  he  gets  what  he  lives  upon,  for  indo- 
pendrnce  of  spirit,  which  b  so  hard  la  the  man  who  lays  hb  head 
on  Ihe  debtor^  pillow,  b  the  prime  virtue  In  such  men.  rrobily 
Id  money  is  assuredly  one  of  the  keys  to  chaiacicr.  Ihon^ 
we  most  be  very  careful  in  ascertaining  and  pioporlnining  aB 
Ihe  circumstances.  Kov,  In  1760,  Burke  boiight  an  estate  at 
BeaconsGcId,  in  the  county  of  Buckingham.    It  was  about  6oa 


People  have  bi 


kiteis  was  able  to  raise  n  largt  a  atan  in  the  flisl  instance,  and 
bow  ho  wax  able  10  keep  up  a  respectable  establishment  after- 
wards. The  suspidona  of  thovi  who  mjr  never  sorry  to  diquunge 
the  great  have  been  of  variwa  kinds,  Uurkc  was  a  gambler, 
they  hint,  in  Imlun  Hack,  like  ho  kiasoicn  Kichard  and  William, 
and  like  Loid  Vcrni-y.hispeliiical  patron  al  Wcndover.  Tcdupt 
again,  his  oclivily  on  bc^holf  of  Indian  princes,  like  the  mja  of 
Tanjorc,  was  not  disiitlerested  and  did  mjt  go  unrewarded. 
Tie  oimra  to  all  thee  calumuaDs  Innuendoes  it  la  be  fimnd  ■■ 
doeiunenlt  and  title-deeds  ef  decisive  aulhurily,  and  is  »im|dc 
enough.  It  is,  in  short,  thb.  Duikc  iahcnlcd  a  small  property 
fr«B  ha  eUcr  bmlhet.  which  be  lealieed.  Lord  Rockingham 
advaiKx-d  him  a  certain  sum  (i6oooJ.  The  remamder,  amuuniiag 
Id  no  leu  than  Iwo-lhiida  of  the  purchase-money,  was  nised  on 
loetigBge,  and  was  sever  paid  off  during  Barked  life.  The  mt 
of  the  sloty  b  equally  si      '     ' 


It  of  h 
>r  New  York,  wit 


res,  he  w 


loom  to  I7S3.  Bui,  when  al 
audi  as  he  spent;  and  in  spjLe  0 
1  Lord  Rockingham,  amounting  it  i 
at  £io,acio,  Durkc.  like  the  younge 
T  into  debt,     lilt's  debts  were  th 


j^ces  high  amor 
tlanding  midwa> 


g  the  virtues— the  noble  m< 
between  the  two  catremes  1 


aent  to  fuiury.  and  sought 
cBmmodious  nor  soft,  bul  high  and  digniAsd 
in  a  refined  way.  He  loved  an,  liUed  his  house  with  staluet  and 
pictures,  and  extended  a  generous  patronage  to  the  painter*. 
He  was  a  coHector  of  books,  and,  as  Crabbe  and  leas  toospicnDia 
men  discovered,  a  helpful  friend  to  their  writert.  GuesU  wen 
ever  welcome  at  his  board;  the  opulence  of  hb  mind  aad  the 
fervid  copiousness  of  his  talk  naturally  made  the  guetls  of  such 
a  man  very  numerous.  Nim  inMa  cqnidtm.'miror  Hdfir,  was 
Johnaon's  good-natured  rcmarV,  when  he  was  taken  over  hb 
friend's  fine  bouse  and  jrieasanl  gardens.  Johnson  was  of  a  very 
different  type.  There  was  something  in  this  exlenud  dipdty 
which  went  with  Burke's  imperious  spirit,  his  spadoua  imogina- 
lion,  hb  turn  lor  all  things  stately  and  iaipoting.  We  may  my, 
if  we  please,  that  Johnson  had  the  far  truer  and  MlicT  dignity 
of  the  two;  bul  we  have  to  take  such  men  as  Buike  with  th* 
defects  Ibat  beUuig  to  their  qUDlilin,  And  there  was  no  earmp- 
tlon  in  Burke's  ouiby.  When  Ihe  Pitt  admiaistrailoo  was 
fotmed  la  ij66,  he  michi  have  hod  ofUce,  and  Loed  Rockingham 
wished  him  lo  nccepl  it,  bul  he  honourably  took  hit  fate  with 
the  party.  He  may  havi?  spent  £jooo  a  year,  wlkcre  he  would 
have  been  more  prudent  to  ^4Knd  only  £»oo.  Bul  nobody  wit 
wronged;  his  creiliiors  were  nil  paid  in  time,  and  his  htmdt  were 
at  least  dean  of  irafFic  in  reversions,  clerkship  icUershlpt  and 
all  the  rest  of  the  rich  sinecures  which  it  mthonght  na  ihame 
In  those  days  lor  the  anslocracy  of  Ihe  kind  and  the  robe  to 
wrangle  for,  and  gorge  ttiensclvcsupan,  with  the  fierce  voracity 
of  famishing  wolves.  The  nmst  we  can  say  I*  that  Burke,  like 
Flit,  wai  too  deeply  absorbed  in  henefirmi  service  in  the  affain 
of  hb  country,  to  have  lor  hb  own  aflairt  iha  tottcUtulo  that 
would  have  been  prtHlctit. 


earlier  Iriendi.    lie  r, 


if  then 


anding  figon 


wilh  Reynolds  and  OarHdi.  Golibnilh 

nndjohnson.    llteuM  sagewhofitld  ihaiihclintWUgwuiht 

Devil,  vn  yet  compeDed  lu  loiglve  itiirke'iialiliixlor  Ihe  tak* 

of  hb  magnificent  gifts.    "  Iwauhi  not  1 

ingham  party,**  he  used  lo  say,  "  bul  I  love  hii 

hb  genius,  hb  dllTusion  and  allluencc  «f  cenverta 

evcrybuly  knows  Johnson's  vivid  accowii  ol  him:  "  Buifcc, 


m  of  tbe  Rock- 


n  that  if  yt 
street,  where  you  were  siopp 
be  stepped  a«de  to  take  shelter 


nlbyai 


!  fini  time  in  Itc 
sen,  and  yon  and 
lintat,  he'd  Uk 


8:8 


BURKE,  EDMUND 


to  you  is  luch  i  minner  liiBt  when  you  parted  yoa  mnild  tay, 
'  Thu  a  an  citroorclinary  man.'  "  llicy  all  incved  Ihal  public 

TiMy  (IfplomJ  Ihal  Ihc  nice  and  diflk^ll  Ml  of  Mnering 
Berkeley  had  noi  been  ■uuk-iukcn,  a*  irai  odoe  ialended,  by 
Buiiic,  anil  liehcd  loUunlivbaliuiwlmunbledtaplayodwbdeiy 
and  bhUiann  luch  a  contcntiun  would  haveaSonled  Ihem,  had 
Dal  poliLici "  lumrd  him  Inm  aftlvv  pldloaephy  aiiik."  There 
wai  OD  jealuiuy  in  ihit.  Tticy  did  not  grudge  Burke  bting  the 
Gni  man  in  the  llguK  of  Coouiwni,  (or  ibey  adsultcd  that  he 
wDuld  have  been  the  CaM  man  anyvhae. 

Wiih  all  his  hatred  (or  Ihc  book-nun  m  poGtica,  Burt*  oind 
nuchol  hisovn distinction  to  thalgciKioiBiichncuud  bnadib 
o(  Judsmenl  which  had  been  ripened  in  him  by  ttienttue  and 
hii  practice  in  iL  He  ibowed  thai  boc^  arc  a  belter  prtpaia- 
tion  Tor  atnmniuubip  than  early  tiainins  fa  the  (Dh«>dJiu.te 
poiu  and  among  the  peimaa^  oOidnb  of  a  public  deputmcni. 
There  ia  no  copiousneia  of  literary  reference  hkhia  work,  Micb  as 
ovcr-abounded  in  IhedvilandecdcvuticalpBhlidataof  Ibc  lylh 
century.  Nor  can  we  Duly  vy  that  ihcic  ia  mndi,  ihou^  there 
B  certainly  MBie.of  thai  lact  wkidi  thcfalnn  ii  alk^ed  toconler 
on  Ibose  who  approach  il  in  a  jut  qitiit  and  wilh  ibe'lrue  gift. 
The  influence  of  titenttmai  Burke  lay  pwlly  in  tin  direction  of 
enUDCipalioB  frrni  tlM  —»■*«■'■"''  formDiae  il  pncllial  politica; 
parliy  in  the  aiHicinlioa  whidi  it  atpadienii,  in  a  pnofiil 
■ndcntanding  like  lui,  between  polilia  >ad  Lhe  Bonl  hHWi  at 
Ihc  world,  and  between  political  maiiini  and  Ibt  old  tad  gnat 
tunlBiuxa  el  mnali',  partly  in  dnwlLg  him,  even  when  Rating 
Ui  caae  on  prudence  and  apediency,  to  tppnl  to  tbe  widcM 
and  blghcit  lympnihics;  portly,  and  moc*  Ihaa  all.  In  opening 
hi)  thoughia  to  the  nuny  condilioni.  poaibiliila  and  "  variclici 
of  unuied  being,"  in  buman  chuacter  tai  liiuatim,  and  u 
givfaig  an  huxunpanhh  ftaibUlly  to  hia  mwhoda  nt  political 

Thii  Ocaihitily  Ii  not  to  be  (ound  hi  hit  manner  of  tsHnposiiion. 
Tbt  derive*  ila  inunenM  power  Irorn  other  lourcea;  fnm 
ptoian,  inlcnaity,  imogiaaliBn,  tiie,  tnilh,  a>gcncy  ol  logical 
fcaaon.  Tlnae  win  'aiiti  eo  charm,  on  wioningnru  in  iLyle.  on 
nibtia  hannnwn  and  Gna  eiquisiUncu  of  suggcsiion,  are  dii- 
appoinled  in  finrlte:  they  even  Hiul  him  stiff  anil  over-coloured. 
Arid  Ihcrenrebtemiibcaoflhia  kind.  His  banter  isDcarly^dways 
nngainly,  hi)  wit  blunt,  ai  Johnson  told,  and  often  uoHlwiuUc, 
As  is  Diiuil  wllh  a  man  who  has  not  true  humour,  Burke  is  alio 
wiihout  tnic  pstiKo.  Hie  thought  of  wrong  or  misery  moved 
him  kn  to  ptiy  for  the  viclim  than  to  anger  against  the  cause. 
AgaiB,  tbno  are  some  gratuitous  and  uDrnLxmcd  vulgaHUo; 
■Mna  image*  (bat  aiahe  us  shudder.  Euiooly  alitcrary  lopcan 
bo  ddained  by  )pccks  like  these. 

The  varietk*  ol  Burke 'slilovy  or  rhclorical  method  are  very 
atriktBg.  it  i)  almosl  incredible  that  Ihc  aupcrb  inuginitive 
ampUicatiofi  of  the  dcsciipilon  of  Hyder  Ali's  descent  apon  the 
CaniMic  ihould  he  from  ihc  same  pen  as  the  grave,  sbnplc.  un- 
ldoracd.1«f«U*(*«iiia»(iJ77).  •"here  each  sentence  falU  on 
the  eat  with  the  accent  of  some  goldcn-tongued  oracle  of  the  wise 
god).  Hi*  >lTide  is  Ihc  stride  ol  a  giant,  from  Ihc  senlimenul 
beauty  o(  tlie  piclorc  of  Marie  Anloinclle  at  Vcisaillcs,  or  the  red 
boiRir  of  the  tak  of  IX'bi  Sing  in  Rungporc.  to  the  learning, 
posiEivetwiaapdml  Judicial  mastery  of  Oic  Rcpwl  on  tlit  Ljrdt' 
Joumali  (1704),  which  Philip  Francis,  no  mean  judge,  declared 
on  the  wholt  to  be  the  "  most  cmuicnt  and  ciIiMidinaiy  "  of 
all  his  pndKtloaft.  But  even  ia  ibe  coolest  and  driest  of  hit 
pieces  iliac  is  the  muk  of  peaiaeu,  of  gmsp.  oF  caBipnhciuioD. 
Id  all  ill  vaiicliea  Burke's  ityk  i)  nobtc,  careol,  decp-Qowing, 
becauK  his  aentincnt  was  Miy  and  fctvid,  and  went  wilh 
iJBterily  and  aidenl  diidpltncd  travad  ol  judgment.  He  bad 
Um  atyle  of  his  nbjccls;  the  amplitude,  tha  wciehtincu,  the 
la^ofimuocsa,  the  icnse,  the  high  flight,  the  grandeur,  proper 
tolDuadcalingwiihinipcdal  theme*,  wilh  the  fortune)  of  great 
sodelic*.  wilh  the  saeredncsa  of  law,  the  freedom  of  naliona, 
-the  justiceof  rukn-     Burke  will  always  be  read  wilh  delight 


lelocal 


which  Boike  ■ 
le.     We  need  not  tcU  over  again 

ic  Mhldlescx  dcclistL   Tbe  Rocking- 


«f  Mdton,  foe  laitk  and  Ireedom  had  other  notes  in  ifae  rglh 
ccnlury.  There  is  none  of  the  ooDi[daccnt  and  wiseJiRnnd 
tagadly  of  Bacon,  for  Durkc'a  wctu  daya  of  penonal  atrifc  and 
hrv  and  civil  diviaion.  We  arc  not  edulantcd  by  the  cheerful- 
ness, the  pohsh,  Ibe  fine  —-"1-"  ol  BolingbndiE,  lor  Bink* 

good  abonkl  tiinniph.  And  yet  Burke  is  amoog  the  gicmtcit  of 
Ihone'wki  hava  wmugbt  marvels  in  tba  ptoae  of  our  c-gJ^t- 

Not  all  the  tr 
could  furnish  an  imperial  th 

ham  ministry  had  b< 
of  which  it  was  intended  that  ritt.  now  made  Lord  Chatham 
and  ptivy  teal,  should  bo  the  teal  chief.  Chatham's  health  and 
mind  (ell  uilo  dooidcr  almost  inaMdiatdy  after  the  miaisln' 
had  been  formed.  Hw  duke  of  CiafMa  was  iu  aoiigal  head, 
bat  party  tie)  bod  been  broken,  the  paUiical  coiuwiioiM  «(  the 
nduittcr)  were  dinolvcd,  and.  in  truth,  the  ting  «aa  BOW  at  lait 
a  king  indeed,  who  not  only  nigned  but  govctned.  The  revival 
ol  high  dociiina  of  pmo^tive  is  the  ciowd  was  acconpanied 
by  a  revival  a(  hi^  daclrinc*  of  privlkgD  in  the  HtRoe  at 
Conunoo*,  and  the  ministiy  wat  so  anltloi  with  weaknco*  aul 
coofuvon  as  t«  be  unable  to  naiai  tha  oirrcnt  oi  arbitrary  policy, 

■monolitDltoBal  prasBOitian  of  Wilkes  was  followed  by  the  fatal 
KCoBra*  to  HM  plana  lor  taialBg  taiea  in  the  Anwtkan  cdIoucb. 
These  two  pohUa  made  the  nllying  fwind  ol  lbs  new  Whig 
<^ipodiiOD.  Barke  helped  to  smoolh  matter*  for  a  pnctkal 
union  between  Ihe  Rockingham  party  and  the  powerful  trium- 
vitsle ,  compoaed  of  Chatham,  whose  uadoritandioi;  had  recovered 
from  its  late  disorder,  and  of  his  bTolhcrv-in-law.  Lord  Temple 
and  George  Crcnvillc.  He  was  active  in  uiging  pclitioas  fn>m 
the  frecholilei)  ol  ihe  counties,  protc^ng  (gainst  the  uodn- 
tiitutional  invasion  ol  ibc  right  of  ckciioii.  And  he  added  * 
durable  masterpiece  10  pohiical  liicraime  in  a  pamphlet  which 
he  called  TkimtUi  to  lit  Caati  ol  Oil  PtaiiU  DisuMalsif}-^). 
The  immediate  object  ol  this  eiccllent  piece  wa*  lo  hold  up  the 
court  scbcnie  of  weak,  tlivided  and  dependent  atlministratians 
In  Ibe  light  di  'ils  real  purpose  and  design^  lo  describe  the 
distempers  which  had  been  engendered  in  parliament  by  ihe 

sliow  that  [he  neiL-ly  formed  Whig  party  had  combined  lor  truly 
public  ewls,  an>l  was  no  mete  family  kiutt  like  the  CicnvUId 
and  the  Uedfunk;  and,  Gjially,  to  press  for  the  hearty  concur- 
rerure  both  of  ptiljfic  men  and  of  the  nation  at  brge  in  combining 
apinst  "  a  facuon  ruling  by  the  private  instructions  of  a  court 
a^insl  the  gcnvtal  scnw  of  the  pi'opk."  The  pamphlet  waa 
duhked  by  Chatham  on  the  one  hand,  en  no  reasonable  grourtda 
that  we  can  diHover;  il  waa  dcDDuncod  by  llie  citrtinc  papular 
patty  ol  tho  Bdl  of  Kighu,  on  the  other  hand,  for  its  modcra- 


.  of  1 


I  in  Ihe  1 


"  Chir  constitution."  he  said, 
ith  sleep  precipices  and  deep 
removing  il  from  a  tlangelou) 

Llcrial  change  in  a  government 
so  complicated  at  ouii  u  a  matier  full  of  diffiruliics,  in  which 
a  considerate  man  will  not  be  too  ready  to  decide,  a  prudent 
man  100  ready  10  undertake,  or  an  honest  man  too  icady  lo 
promise."  Neither  now  mr  ever  had  Burke  any  other  real 
coaception  ol  a  polity  lor  England  than  gorcnuncnt  by  the 
terriiori:!!  ariitocrary  in  the  intcicsU  of  the  nation  al  brge.  and 
especially  in  the  interests  of  commerce,  to  the  vital  importanct 
of  which  in  our  economy  he  was  always  keenly  and  wisely  alive. 
The  policy  o(  Cooigc  IU.,  ^d  |he  i^vp^t^^f^  'fi^^  among 


BURKE,  EDMUND 


nm  Dbo  mm  scaty  of  Whig  bctten*,  diitmbwl  tlin  KlwDe, 

ind  [haicfon  Butke  deuHmccd  both  Uw  raurt  policy  ud  the 
It  puty  with  «U  hit  hurt  uid  all  bii  Mtenstlu 


bee  of  inch  force*  u  wen  It  thb  time  unyvd  M*i»Bt  ■- govern- 
Inent  it  oacx  itnmg  uid  libenL  Tlie  court  wu  canfidoit  thit 
1  unioQ  bclwMD  ChatliuD  uid  tlic  Roeklnthinn  vu  imposiUe. 
Tim  imioa  «u  is  (act  hindend  by  tbe  vtynidoeii  and  the 
■bEoid  piHenca  of  Ciuitham,  sod  the  mni  of  force  In  Lord 
RockiD^uun.  In  the  tution  at  Urge,  the  laie  vicdent  (Ermcat 
Ind  been  followed  by  u  itturluUe  ■  deidnen  isd  vapidity, 
and  Buike  himielf  had  to  admit  «  yeii  or  two  lalei  that  any 
ntnaikable  robbery  at  Hoiunlow  Heath  would  make  more 
convenalion  than  all  the  diituibaacei  of  America.  "The  duke 
ol  Ctnflon  went  out,  and  Lord  North  hecanie  the  held  ol  a 
goverarneni,  which  [aitcd  twein  yearn  {1770-1789),  andbiought 

the  inevitable  isue  of  the  (oyal  policy.  For  the  Gnt  lii  yeaix 
of  this  lamentable  peliod  Burke  was  actively  employid  in 
itimulating,  infonnins  and  guiding  the  patridan  chiefs  of  hia 
patiy.  "  Indeed,  Gutke,"  lald  the  duke  of  Rkhmood,  "  you 
have  more  merit  than  any  man  In  keeping  ua  tofetber."  liey 
were  wdl-mesaing  and  patriotic  men.but  it  wts  not  alwayi  euy 
to  get  them  to  prefer  politics  to  loi-hunting.  W£eo  be  [cached 
hit  lodgings  it  night  alter  a  day  in  the  clly  or  a  skinniili  in  the 
Hoiae  ol  ConuDom,  Burke  used  to  had  a  note  from  the  duke  of 
Richmond  oe  the  mantucis  of  Rockingham,  praying  hin  la  dniw 
a  pntat  to  be  entered  on  the  Jouniais  of  the  Lonts,  and  in  (act 
he  drew  all  the  principal  pnxals  of  bis  party  between  i  j6t  and 
i^gi.  The  Bccealon  of  Chaiki  Jama  Foi  to  the  Whig  p»ny, 
which  look  [dace  at  this  time,  and  Va*  aa  important  an  event 
hi  its  history,  wai  mainly  due  to  the  teaching  and  ioBuence  of 
Burke.  In  the  House  of  Common)  bis  industry  was  almotl 
ocenive.  He  was  taxed  with  apeakmg  too  olten,  and  with 
being  too  foiwaid.  And  he  waa  mortified  hy  a  room  seriou) 
dmge  thin  nmimura  about  iuperflidty  of  le^  Hen  uid  and 
latd  again  that  he  was  JuniiB.  Hii  voy  proper  unwiUiBgnaa 
to  Moop  to  deny  an  acniaatioB,  that  woold  have  been  ao  dit- 
graeefid  if  it  hid  been  trtie,  made  ill-Batnred  and  dlly  peopio 
the  raaie  convinced  thai  it  wai  not  ^wlly  fabe.  Bui  whatever 
the  London  world  may  have  thoagfatof  him,  Burice'ienergyand 
devotion  of  diameter  Inpreaaed  the  bells  niinds  in  the  couniiy. 
b  I7T4  he  reCBVed  the  great  distinction  ol  being  dnien  ai  one 
of  ita  represCDtativcs  hy  Bristol,  then  the  iccand  town  in  the 
kingdom. 

In  the  events  which  ended  In  the  eraana'patian  of  the  Araeriean 
coloniea.bon  the  monarchy,  Butke^  political  geniuiihoiie  with 
an  effalgence  that  wis  wortlQF  al  the  gnat  e^n  over  which  it 
ihed  so  magnificent  an  iUuminition.  Hh  apeechei  are  almoat 
the  one  nwDunient  of  the  itrug^e  on  which  a  bn-er  of  Eo^ish 
grcattiAS  can  look  back  with  pride  and  a  sense  of  worthineas, 
■ochasachiirdnnanfeelsliihen  he  leadi  Basanet,  01  an  An^Scan 
when  he  turns  over  the  pages  of  tbyloi  or  of  Hooker.  Sn^'s 
■ttitod*  In  these  high  Innsactiotu  is  leally  mon  impnaln 
than  Cbalham's,  became  ha  was  f  11  less  theatiicil  than  Chatham ; 
and  while  be  was  no  lea  nobly  passionate  for  iieedanand  jiutice, 
In  his  pasdon  was  Ewed  the  moat  atrenuous  poEtkal  ugunnmla- 
lioB  ud  sterling  naaOD  of  state.  On  the  other  hand  he  was 
wholly  f  me  from  that  qnality  which  he  aicfbed  to  Lord  George 
Sackidb,  a  man  "  apt  to  tab  a  sort  of  mdectded,  eqalwcal, 

and  pott  the  irbalm  upoK  aome  lemponiy,  local,  acddmlal  or 
personal  couidaitton."  He  nee  to  the  full  hei^  of  that  gnat 
afgumtm.    Buibs  hen  and  eveiywhen  elie  diipbytd  the  nta 

■rtol  hlliiq|hlB«bfeet«ithgtBenUlieB,Bnd]F«t  never  intiuding 


a  been  aa  fiaa  bom  tn 
tcaeled  gnat  thenea  with  ao  m    ~ 
whdly  accund  aga&M  the  pitfalla  0!  ei 


I  of  lights  whkh  had 
them  Inm  the  rii^  revalotlonaiv  k^ooI  In  Fiance. 
Bnifce  BO  nnre  adopted  the  doctrine*  o(  Jeflenon  in  1774  than 
he  adopted  the  doctrines  ol  RobcspierTe  in  irqj.  He  says 
nothing  abonl  nwn  being  born  fne  and  equal,  and  on  the  other 
hand  he  never  dcnioi  the  position  of  the  couit  and  the  country 
at  large,  that  the  hone  legUaiun,  being  aovcrdgo,  hid  the 
right  to  tax  the  coloniei.  What  he  does  say  is  that  the  eierciie 
of  such  a  ri^t  was  not  practicable;  that  if  it  were  pnclicable, 
it  waa  faiexpcdient;  and  that,  even  if  this  l&d  not  been  in- 
expedient, yet,  after  the  colotiiea  had  taken  to  ama,  to  crush 
their  leiistance  by  military  force  would  not  be  more  disastraul 
to  them  than  it  would  be  unfortunate  lor  the  ancient  liberties 
ol  Great  Britain.   Into  nbstiact  diicua&csi  he  would  not  enter. 


useful  end."  "  The  quatlon  with  me  b  not  whether  yfiu  have 
a  light  to  render  your  people  miserable,  but  whether  it  la  not 
your  interest  to  mike  them  happy."  Therv  is  no  difference 
in  social  spirit  and  doctrine  between  ha  ixolala  against  the 
maxims  of  the  En^iata  eooimon  people  as  to  the  colonisth  and 
bis  pntcMs  against  the  maxima  bI  the  French  common  people 
aa  to  the  couR  and  tbe  noblea;  and  it  li  impoauUe  to  £nd  ■ 
smgle  prindiA)  cither  aasertcd  or  implied  m  the  speechei  on  the 
American  revolution  w4dch  wai  aftemardi  repudiated  bi  the 
writings  ta  the  revtdution  in  France. 

It  is  one  of  the  signs  of  Burke's  singular  and  vujed  eminence 
that  hardly  any  two  people  agieo  precisely  which  of  his  woeki 
to  tairk  as  the  toastapiccc.  Every  speech  or  tract  that  be 
ramposcd  on  a  great  subject  bccDmcs,  as  we  read  it,  the  rinl 
of  every  other.  But  the  Speech  «  Ctmaliatiati  (177s)  has, 
perhaps,  been  moiB  univtrsatly  admired  thou  any  of  his  otha 
pmdactions,  partly  because  Its  maxims  are  of  a  sHnpler  and  less 
dispeUble  kind  tbiB  those  wUdi  adorn  the  pieces  on  France, 
and  partly  beeaise  it  is  most  stioniA'  characleriied  by  that 
deep  ethical  qoaUty  iiduch  Is  the  prime  secret  of  Bntte'i  great 
style  and  literaty  mastery.  In  this  speech,  moreover,  and  in  Iha 
only  less  ponrcrful  one  of  the  preceding  year  upon  American 
taxation,  aa  well  as  In  the  leCCer  to  Ik*  SioiS]  ef  Bridal  m  1777, 
we  aoa  the  ^-inportant  Imtit  conqMCUOUsty  illustrated  that 
hall  of  his  doqueoce  always  eomca  of  '  ' 
wbidihegetsiqtUscMe.  Naemmont 
than  Buriie  to  Juatlfy  the  deGnilkn  of  ge 
tionof  tbe  faculty  of  taking  pains.  Labourbi 
if  it  was  not  the  sovkc,  was  at  least  an  fniepaiablc  « 
of  his  power.  And  msgnficeiU  rhetorician  though  he  was, 
his  labour  WIS  given  ks  to  his  diction  than  to  the  facts;  hii 
heart  was  less  in  the  form  thin  the  raatler.  It  is  tnie  that  his 
xnanusoipts  were  Untied  and  xnuued,  and  that  he  made  so 
mai^  ^tentlona  In  the  ptoofa  that  the  printer  found  it  worth 
irfiiie  In  hm  the  wfada  set  up  in  type  afresh.  But  there  is  no 
polish  in  his  style,  as  hi  that  of  JoniDa  for  eumph^  tlioogh  there 
is  somEthing  a  Ihpnsaad  times  hctter  than  poUsIi.  "  Wlqr  will 
you  not  ollinr  yourself  to  be  persuaded,"  said  Francb  alter 
reading  the  gtfw^iMu,"  that  poUsh  is  material  10  pteaervilion?" 
Burke  alwajB  accepted  the  nbuke.  and  flung  himself  into 
vindication  of  the  sane,  substance  and  veradly  of  what  he  had 
written.  His  writing  ia  magnificent,  because  he  knew  so  much, 
''       ' '  ■       -     ■     m^j  1^^  ^  strongly. 

in  America,  culininating  in  Com- 
nm  in  October  17S1,  wearied  Iha 
I,  and  at  length  the  persistent  and  powerful  attacka  of 
the  oppoailion  bepn  to  telL  "  At  this  time,"  wrote  Burke,  in 
woidiofmaiilyaelf^ssertiOn,  thirteen  yean  afterwards, '*  having 
a  raocwntary  lead  (i7go-i7gi),  s<     ' '  '        ' 


830 


for  ■  dmrs  yimis  vw  nnr  fimlly  bnriuB,  ■»!  u  if  die  putjr 

which  be  btd  been  ihc  cfairf  iniUiuneiiL  in  imuucting,  direcUni 
tad  knping  k>seUier  miBt  ddv  ioeviubl/  poaaa  paws  lor 
muy  ymis  to  come.  Vet  !□  a.  Crw  mciLtits  the  whuJe  Faliric  had 
flUcD,  and  tiK  Whip  sue  thniwa  iaio  oppiHilun  lor  Ihc  ral  dI 
Ibc  cnUuD>,  The  >IDr>  canooL  bt  omitud  in  Lhe  most  lummaty 
ucouQl  of  DuHec'*  life-  Lord  Rodungham  came  into  office  on 
the  laU  ol  Norlb.  Biuke  nasrenidsiradRvica  beyoKl  price 
by  bang  aeuic  payn\as\a  ot  the  totca,  with  Ibe  nok  ol  a  privy 
couDdllor.  He  hul  lost  hii  Kit  lot  Briiiol  two  jrean  beFoie, 
in  coiuequence  «f  bis  roucageoui  iilvocacy  of  a  meaaun  of 
tolensce  foe  the  Cathtdiis,  and  his  still  mote  cauragHHiiupaniie 
of  the  euonnitiea  of  the  comnvrcial  policy  of  Eagland  Lowaida 
Ireland.  He  aaC  during  the  TT$t  of  hia  pailiameotaty  life  (to 
a  pocket  boEougb  hr^t  of  Lord  Rockinghan^a, 


BURKE,  EDMUND 

compleiinx  tbe 


then  of  Locd  FitzwUliain'i.    Buikc'l 


lof  ol 


y  brief.    Ue  bad  bivu^t  fornanl  in  i;Ka  a  compteheniive 

le  of  ecoDoniical  iriana,  siib  the  deaign  of  limiting  the 

xca  of  jobbery  and  comiptioii  which  the 

>  (trenglhen  ita  own  ainiuer  iufluoux 

icfora  was,  neu  to  peace  witn  tne  OQloniei, 
the  pait  of  Ibe  ichriBe  of  the  new  miniatiy  ta  which  the  king 
most  warmly  objected.  It  was  cajrioi  out  with  greater  moderA- 
tjon  than  bad  been  EoieihadDwcd  in  oppodlion.  But  at  any 
nie  Buike's  own  office  waa  not  ipanxl.  While  Chacia  Foi'a 
lalbcrwas  at  1hepay.ofli<x([  765-1778)  he  rcaliied  aatbcinteretc 
of  tbe  oub  baiancca  whidi  he  was  allowed  to  Tdain  in  his  handa, 
neaHy  a  quarter  of  a  million  of  money.  When  Huriie  came 
to  this  pott  the  aalnry  was  settled  at  £4000  a  year.  He  did  not 
«njoy  the  income  long.  In  July  17SJ  Lord  Rockingham  died] 
Lotd  SbelbuTTW  took  his  place;  Foa,  who  inherited  from  hia 
(atber  a  belief  in  Lord  Shclbunic'a  duplicity,  which  hia  own 
cipcriencc  of  him  aa  a  coQcoguc  during  Ibe  lait  thiK  months 
bad  made  SIKinger,  dedincd  to  serve  under  him.  Burke,  though 
he  bad  not  cooouraged  Foa  to  take  this  step,  still  with  hia  usual 
loyalty  followed  him  out  of  ofbce.  This  may  have  been  a  proper 
thing  to  do  if  thcii  distrust  of  Sbelbumc  wu  incumble,  but  the 
next  step,  cnalition  with  Lord  North  against  him,  was  not  only 
a  political  blunder,  but  a  shock  ta  poxty  moioUty,  which  brought 
speedy  cvtiibulion.  Either  they  had  been  wron£,  and  violently 
wrong,  for  a  donn  yenri,  or  ebe  Lord  North  w«  tbe  EUilticsl 
political  instnuncnl  since  SliallDrd.  Burke  attempted  to  defend 
lhe  aUiancc  on  the  giound  of  Ibe  substantial  agreement  between 
Foi  and  North  in  public  aims,  llie  defence  is  wholly  untenable, 
1^  Rockmgham  Whigs  were  as  substantially  ia  agreement  oD 
public  afiajra  with  the  ShclburUE  WMff  (9  they  wen  with  Lord 
North.  The  movement  wu  one  of  lhe  woltt  in  the  hiilaiy  of 
English  party.  It  served  its  Immediate  purpose,  however,  for 
Lord  Shclbume  found  himself  (February  34,  178))  too  weak  to 
cmrry  on  the  government,  and  waa  auccecded  by  the  memben 
ol  the  eoihlion,  with  the  duke  of  Portland  for  prime  miniater 
(April  J,  1783).  Burke  went  back  to  hia  old  post  at  the  pay^iffice 
and  was  soon  cngi^cd  in  fcaming  and  drawing  the  iamoua  India 
Bill.  This  wai  long  supposed  to  be  the  work  ol  Fei,  who  waa 
politicBlly  rcaponsiblc  for  it.  We  may  bo  sun  that  neither  he 
BOt  Burke  would  have  deviled  any  government  for  India  iriiich 
tbey  did  not  bontMly  believe  to  be  for  the  ndvutage  both  of 
that  BOHBtiy  md  of  Engtend.  But  it  cannot  be  iliigulsed  that 
Burke  had  ihonagUy  pcnuaded  bimadf  that  it  waa  indi^Kiis- 
■Ue  In  the  iMnoUiif  En^iih  Itcedon  to  itiengtlxn  ttie  pu-ty 
koitSe k)  the eowt.  Aimhiveiltetdyaaid,  dnadof  tbeperil 
lotheooulitiidoBfiomtlniiewaitnof  GeoraellLwia  the  main 
inspiiBiiDnal  Burke's  potiticdactlokinlwDKaBaiia  lor  the  best 
pan  ot  hii  politkal  life.  Tbe  India  BUI  Wwngthfned  tbe  anti- 
covt  p*Tt7  by  tnnilening  tha  govenuBCBt  of  India  to  leven 
penoD*  named  Id  ibe  bill,  and  nellbct  appidMed  nor  removaUe 
bylbeerowo.  In  olhet  votda,  the  UU  g»c  lb*  goveranMnt  to 
a  board  chosen  dfnctly  by  the  Hooc  of  Cemmnna;  and  It  had 
tbt  btcidcntal  advuitage  of  coafcnlng  on  the  mfniHeiiil  party 
patronage  vahied  at  £}ea,eeo  >  you,  wUeb  wodM  remain  tn  a 
fixed  term  of  yean  out  of  icaeh  of  the  king.  In  a  word,  judging 
Utt  iBdia  BUI  Iran  a  parly  pohit  of  view,  we  sec  that  Burks  wu 


of  Ua  pn(ea  rd  iirinmrir  irfonB. 
weakened  the  influence  of  lhe  cnnm  bj 
limiting  iu  palmnage.  Tbe  BiBBBn  lor  India  weakeaed  tlw 
influence  of  tbe  crown  by  fivini  a  mass  of  patroBage  to  tbe  party 
■bich  the  king  halecL  Bui  thit  waa  not  to  be.  Hk  lodia  Bdt 
was  thrown  out  by  meant  of  a  toyal  inlrigue  in  tbe  Lonis,  and 
lhe  rainiucn  were  iosunily  ditniiaied  (December  iS,  lySi). 
Vouog  WiUiam  Pitt,  then  ody  fa  fail  tweaiy-fif  Ih  year,  bad  bea 
cbaocellDr  of  the  eKbequer  ia  L«d  Sielbiin>B'>  abort  miaialiy, 
and  bad  refused  10  enter  the  (salilion  govcnunenl  from  ai 
booouisble  repugnance  la  join  Lm4  Notth.  He  was  now  made 
prime  minister.  The  coiatiy  is  lhe  dectios  of  Ibe  neat  yeat 
raCihed  the  king's  jndgmeai  egainM  the  Portland  combiBalioa: 

were  irretiieuably  ruined. 

The  sii  yean  that  fdlowed  the  great  rout  of  the  otbodoa 
Whip  weie  years  of  repeae  for  Ibe  country,  but  it  was  now  that 
Burke  engaged  in  tbe  iwst  laberious  and  formidable  t 
ol  his  lilc,  tbe  impeadinieat  of  Waiien  Hailinga  for  high  a 


in  that  coualiy  was  of  old  date.    Il  aioae  partly  fi 
of  William  Buike's  rtaideiice  there,  partly  from  h 
with  l^iip  Pniicis,  but  most  of  all,  we  sii 
which  be  obferved  Indian  influence  to  ha^ 
House  of  CoBuoona.    "  Take  my  advice  i 
Francis  wrote  W  Shee;  "  lay  aaide  40,00c 


tbe  IV 

Bill  >nd  that  of  Pitt  and  Dundoa.  In  Febniaiy  ilSs  bedebvtnd 
one  of  the  rnost  famoua  of  all  bis  speeches,  that  on  lias  nabob  of 
Arcol'a  debti.  The  real  point  of  this  npetb  derlinnlioa  waa 
Burke's  conviction  that  —"■•''"  aqvorted  tbe  cWmi  ol  tbe 
EraudiUcnt  credilon  bi  older  to  Beauc  the  omipt  advantaBB 
of  a  tinister  partiamentary  intciest.  His  proceeding  T*'"** 
Haslinga  had  a  deeper  spring.  The  atory  of  Haatinp's  Crimea, 
aa  Uacaulay  aaya,  made  the  bJood  of  Burke  boH  in  his  tobl 
He  had  a  rutive  abhorrence  of  cruelty,  of  injustice,  of  disuidcl, 
of  oppression,  of  tyranny,  and  sU  thoe  Ihinp  in  oil  their  dcgnca 
marked  Ibstings's  course  in  India,  "they  were,  tnonovtt, 
concentialed  in  individnal  oucs.  which  oetdaed  Bmhe^ 
passlonale  ImagiBaliDB  to  Its  profoimdcst  depllis,  and  raised 
it  to  such  B  glow  of  fiery  intensity  as  has  never  bees  rivalled  ia 
our  bislery.  Far  it  endured  lor  fourteen  yean,  and  waa  jnit  a* 
buminc  and  ai  terrible  when  Haatings  was  acquitted  in  im, 
as  In  the  select  conunittce  of  1781  when  Haslings'i  enonulies 
were  fint  itveakd.  "  II  I  were  10  call  for  a  reward,"  wrote 
Burke,  "  it  would  lie  for  the  scrvkce  in  which  for  fourteen  yenr^ 
wilbout  tntcrmiaaion,  I  ihowed  the  man  industry  and  had  tbe 
least  sDccm,  I  mean  in  tbe  affidn  of  IndiB;  they  are  tine  cm 
which  I  value  myself  the  moat 
for  tbe  labour;  most  for  tbe  ju 
perseverance  in  the  pursuiL" 
of  Commons  upon  the  charge  rtinlivc  to  the  begums  of  Otide 
probably  eicelled  anything  Ibat  Buika  achieved,  aa  a  daidng 
pcrformanre  abounding  in  Ibe  moat  surpdang  iiletaty  and 
rhetorical  eSccts.  But  neitbci  SheiidaB  noi  Fox  was  capable 
of  that  suttained  and  owSowing  indignatioa  a 


009I  and  [nifepld  KaalbiiP  beyond  all  •df-conlnri,  and  made  Ub 
ay  out  witta  piotcils  and  cxilauMlani  like  a  aimtoal  mitbing 
undet  Ibe  scaviBe.  Barfce,  ma  doubt,  fa  Ibe  conM  ol  tbal 
uupandieM  trial  diowed  nm*  pfe|ndioe;  nude  nou  aiDor 

salcrcd  bimmlf  to  bg  provoked  tato  iipwwiona  of  heat  and 
tanpatlence  by  the  cabals  of  tbe  deieodint  and  Ma  patny,  and  tbt 
iutolcmblc  Incompetence  of  the  1i9mu).  It  !>  one  of  tbe  inacmt- 
able  pcrpkdllis  of  human  affairs,  that  fa  Ibe  logle  ol  pnctiqU  . 


BURKEi  'EDMUND 


831 


Hit,  In  oidn  (□  iMch  condialinii  that  cover  toough  (or  Intb, 
we  tie  consuatly  driven  to  pnioiKi  that  cowi  loo  mtidi.  siul 
that  in  oidet  Id  aecote  Uieir  right  weigbt  Is  Justkt  end  reuon 
good  men  ut  lorccd  to  fiing  the  two-edged  sword  of  pusioi  into 
the  »tne  lolE.  But  theK  aeasa  vere  men  trifla.  and  mil 
dsirvc  to  be  fotgiven,  wbea  n  ihfak  thil  thaugh  the  oCender 
wBi  in  fom  Bcquitted.  yet  Burke  sncciedcd  in  (hoe  [ourteen 
yean  of  iiboiiouB  effort  in  laying  tlie  foundatirnB  cpnca  for 
all  of  a  moral,  just,  phUanlhropic  and  requnuble  public 
opinion  in  England  with  reference  to  India,  and  in  doing 
10  peifonned.  pahapa  the  nnit  niagnificcnt  (crvice  that 
any  Uateman  hai  ever  had  it  in  hlj  powu  to  render  to 
bumanity. 

fiurke'9  £nl  dediive  step  against  Kaitingi  wu  a  motion  (or 
ptpen  in  the  firing  of  i}36;  the  Ihanki  of  the  HouMtf  Commoni 
to  the  maoagen  of  Ihe  impeuhment  were  voted  in  the  uimina 
of  1 194-  But  in  thoce  eight  yeus  lome  of  the  mait  aatontihing 
evcnu  in  histaiy  bad  dumged  the  potitiol  bee  ol  Europe. 
Bud(e  wai  moit  than  siaty  yean  old  whra  tint  atat^general 
metatVcraaiUea  in  the  firing  of  17^9.  He  had  taken  a  prominent 
part  cm  the  lide  of  freedom  In  the  itvoluticm  wludi  atri[qicd 
England  of  her  empire  in  the  Weit,  He  had  taken  a  prominent 
part  on  the  lide  ol  Jusrice,  humanity  and  order  in  dating  wiik 
the  revolotion  *hidi  bad  brought  la  Kngland  new  mpiie  in 
ilie  Eait.  Tlie  wme  veheoMnt  pauioB  for  freedom,  jnitice, 
humanily  uid  order  *u  louied  in  him  ■!  a  very  eariy  Mage 
of  Ibe  third  great  revolution  in  his  hiatoty — the  levohuion 
vbicb  evertluew  the  old  monarthy  in  France.  From  the  Gnt 
Buike  looked  on  the  evtnli  of  I7£g  with  doubt  and  oi^ivbig. 
He  had  been  in  France  in  1 7  73,  where  he  had  not  only  Ihe  fimoos 
vision  of  Marie  Antoinette  at  Venailica,  "  ottering  like  the 
morning  star,  full  of  life,  and  ^ilendouT  asd  joy/*  but  had  also 
■upped  and  dlscuiBed  with  some  ot  the  dertroyer^  the  Qicyclo- 
paciliiu,  "  the  lophisten,  economiala  and  calcubtoo."  Hii 
first  (jKcch  on  his  return  to  Bigland  wu  a  wambg  (Hardi  17, 
J7]j}  that  the  projia  of  good  goverament  wen  brginnlng  to 
fail  under  the  syslematie  attacki  of  unbeHeven,  isd  that 
ptiaciplei  were  being  propopled  that  would  not  lean  to  dv£ 
■ocicly  any  stability,  lie  apprehcnum  never  died  ont  in  Ills 
mind ;  and  when  he  knew  that  Ihe  prindpks  and  atvtractions, 
the  un-Eq^ish  dialect  and  datructive  diakclic,  ol  hie  former 
■cquaintances  were  predomlnaot  in  lbs  National  Anembly,  his 
■Dipldon  that  (he  oiovemcnt  would  end  in  dBUtioua  olKinlage 
waxed  into  tcrtainty. 

The  scene  grew  still  more  sinister  in  ha  eyei  after  the  mareh 
of  the  mob  from  Paris  to  Versailles  In  October,  and  the  violent 
transport  of  the  king  and  queen  from  Venaillefl  to  f^ris.    Thf 


which  fii 


Jl  malefactors  was  aroused  by  the 
violence  and  lanlomcsi  ol  the  Porisian  insurgents.  The  same 
disgust  for  (Umcrioiu  and  naked  docUins  of  right  tliat  had 
iiliied  him  against  Ihe  preten^kms  of  the  British  pariiamenl  in 
1714  and  1776,  tna  revived  in  aa  lively  a  degree  by  pdilicsl 
cooceptfons  which  be  judged  to  be  identical  in  the  Frendi 
as&embly  of  1 7S9.  And  this  anger  and  disgust  were  eaaapcraled 
by  the  dread  with  which  certain  ptocecdinp  in  England  had 
inspired  him,  that  the  aims,  principles,  methods  and  language 
which  he  so  miadoubted  or  abhorred  in  France  woe  hludy  to 
infect  the  people  of  Greal  Btilain.  .    . 

In  November  1 700  the  toim,  which  had  long  beta  eagerly 
expecting  a  manifnie  from  Bu^e'a  pen,  wu  dcctiified  by  Ilit 
Ktfalwm  tn  Ue  Jtttalulitm  in  Franct,  oRd  m  Bf  (IrmdJiigi 
hHtlainiiKiitiaiHl^niitiiTd^mlallialfHit.  IlwgcaeiDM 
Windham  nude  an  entry  ia  hii  diary  of  hit  recqMion  of  tte 
new  book.  "  What  shall  be  Hfd,"  ha  added,  "of  tbt  ttalt  of 
things,  when  it  is  temembaid  tbat  Ibe  writer  ii  a  nan  decrkd, 
jMTKCUled  and  gsoaciibcd;  not  being  imdi  nloed  «nn  by 
Ills  own  party,  aqd  by  half  iIm  nation  CemMered  aa  fitik  bctttr 
than  an  bigenloua  madman?"  But  the  Vifter  Dov  ccued 
to  be  decried,  pertecuted  and  prasctflied,  and  Us  book  «u 
•eiied  ai  the  enpiaaioa  lA  that  new  ounoit  of  nfiimmi  in  Europe 
vhicb  Ihe  more  recent  eventa  of  tbe  KenlntioD  hid  riowly  let 


flowfaig.  III  Togne  wu  hUUnI  and  monnom.  Eleven  ediltoni 
were  eihiusted  in  little  more  than  a  year,  and  there  is  probably 
not  much  eiaggerarion  in  the  estimate  that  jo.ddo  copies  were 
sold  before  Burked  deathseven  years  aflerwaids.  CeoigelU.  was 
cztravagsnlly  delighted;  Staniilaus  ol  FDtimd  tent  Burke  words 
of  [hanks  and  high  glorificaiim  and  a  gold  medaL  Catherine 
of  RuisijL,  tlie  friend  of  Voltaii^  and  the  bencfactreo  of  Didemt, 
sent  her  congratutations  to  Ihe  nun  wbo  denounced  French 
philasopben  a*  miscteanu  and  vretches.  "One  wonden," 
RomiUy  sul,  by  and  by,  "  that  Buike  is  not  ashamed  at 
*uch  luccen."  Mackintosh  replied  to  him  temperately  in 
the  Vnidkiot  CttUkae,  and  Ibomas  Paine  replied  to  him  Ira 
tonqietalely  bnt  far  more  UeAchantly  and  more  ihicwdly  in  the 
Jti(ilio/ifaK.  Arthur  Young,  with  whom  he  had  corresponded 
yean  before  on  the  myiterica  of  deep  ploughing  and  fatlFuing 
bo^  added  a  cogent  polemicaf  chapter  to  that  ever  admirable 
work,  in  whidi  he  sboived  that  he  knew  u  much  more  than 
Bu^  about  the  old  lyilem  of  France  aa  he  knew  more  than 
Buike  about  aoiis  and  roota.  Philip  Francis,  to  whom  he  had 
shown  the  proof-ibceta,  had  tried  to  dlKuade  Burke  From  pub- 
lishing his  pofomiance.  The  passage  about  Marie  Anloinelle, 
which  has  since  become  a  stock  fHcce  in  books  of  rtduiion, 
Frtndi  a  mere  piece  of  foppery;  for  wu  she  not  a 
'  1  know  nolhing  of  your  tloiy  aS 
Borke;  "  am  I  obliged  to  pnve  judicially 
rtiall  see  suSering  every  kind  of  wrong 
of  life,  before  I  endeavour  to  interest 
.  *  Are  not  high  nnk,  great 
penoual  elegance  arul  oulwaid 
>f  moment  in  forming  the  intereit 
*e  lake  in  tbe  misfortunes  of  men?  ...  1  tell  you  again  that 
the  RCoBeetloB  of  die  manner  in  which  I  nw  the  queen  of  Fiance 
In  1774,  and  Iha  contrast  between  that  brilliancy,  q)lendaut 
and  beauty,  with  the  pnntiate  homage  of  a  nalion  to  her,  and 
the  abotmnable  accne  of  I7gg  irtuch  1  was  describing,  did  draw 
tetiv  frotn  mo  and  wetted  my  paper.  Time  tcan  come  again 
Into  my  eyes  ilmoat  ai  often  as  I  looked  at  Ihe  daciiption, — 
Ihey  may  again.  Yon  do  not  believe  tfds  fact,  nor  that  Uioe 
are  my  ml  belinp;  but  that  the  whole  is  sfTccted,  or  as  you 
e^iesa  it,  downright  foppery.  My  friend,  1  tell  you  it  is  truth; 
and  that  It  Is  true  and  will  be  truth  when  you  and  t  arc  no  more; 
their  natural  feelings  shaD 


list  "  {Ccrr 
Burke's  d 


■39)- 


Ltism  was,  as  such  a  passage  as  this  may 
lult  partly  of  strong  imaginative  associations 
dusteriiig  roimd  the  more  imposing  symbols  of  social  continuity, 
partly  of  a  sort  of  corresponding  conviction  in  his  reason  that 
there  are  certain  permanent  elements  of  human  nature  out  of 
which  the  European  older  had  risen  and  which  that  order 
Hiiified,  and  of  whose  immense  merits,  as  of  its  mighty  siicngth, 
the  revnlurionaty  parly  in  France  were  most  falilly  ignorant 
When  Rooxilly  saw  Diderot  in  17S3,  the  great  encydopoedie 
chief  sssuitd  him  that  submissian  to  kings  and  bdicl  bi  Cod 
would  be  al  an  end  ill  over  the  world  In  a  very  few  yean.  When 
Condeicet  described  the  Tenth  Epoch  in  the  long  development 
at  hnman  piogrcas,  be  wu  sure  not  only  that  f  ulneas  of  light  and 
perfection  of  bappJDtss  would  come  to  Ihe  sons  ol  men,  bnt  that 
Ih^  wen  tom£ig  with  all  speed.  Only  those  who  know  the 
incradlblB  ailaad  of  the  reviriuiimaiy  doctrine  in  Ihe  mouths 
of  iti  mott  powerful  prafesnrs  tt  lluii  tine;  only  those  who 
kBDw  tUr  abeotplkci  in  ends  and  tbeir  Inconsideritenen  about 
DKau.  am  fed  howiplofOBUdly  right  Borke  wag  ia  lU  this  part  of 
bis  coatcnIloB.    ttipdttan,  who  bad  begun  life  u  ■  disciple  of 

vlien  be  cam*  U  make  die  Conoordat.  That  measun  wu  In 
one  Mnas  Ibe  ovtcome  of  a  mere  litriiler  expediency,  but  that 
socb  a  measore  wuei^edienl  al  all  sufficed  to  pTOTC  that  Bofke's 
view  o(  the  pRMDt  pouibitilies  of  social  change  wu  right,  and 
lbs  view  cd  lb*  Rousaeauiles  and  too  aanguiiie  Perteclibililirians 
wrong,  its  we  have  seen,  Burke's  veiy  first  jMcce,  the  satire  om 
Bob'ngbroke,  sprang  Imn  his  conviction  that  merely  nllonitHstIC 
""  "■    '     "  be  VBit  cnmplexflin  of  uu 


83> 


BURKE,  EDMUND 


In  the  locul  union,  El  dtlin  miichlevoiil  or  fHtil>,uul  muchwvoiu 
ei&ctly  in  proportioa  u  il  u  net  futile. 

To  diuusi  Buike'B  wrilinc*  on  the  Revolution  would  be  to 
write  £nl  ft  volume  upon  Uie  abttnct  theory  bI  wdety,  and 
then  ■  Kcond  volume  on  Ibe  hbwry  of  Fiucb.  But  we  may 
nuke  one  «  two  further  lemukt.  One  of  tlie  most  common 
charges  against  Bucke  was  that  he  allowed  hii  imapnatian  sod 
pity  to  be  touched  mly  by  the  aonows  of  kiigi  and  queens,  and 
toigot  the  thouundi  of  oppmwd  and  £anune4trickeii  toOcis 
of  the  Ian<L  "  No  lean  an  ihcd  lor  oaticna,"  cried  Fnuidi, 
whose  sympathy  foe  (he  RovoIuUon  wa*  as  passionate  as  Burke's 
euciation  ol  it  "  When  the  provinces  are  scourged  to  the  tunc 
by  a  mercenary  and  raercilefis  military  power,  and  every  drop 
of  its  blood  and  tubslanoi  eilorted  fnm  ft  by  the  edicts 
ol  a  royal  cgundl,  Ihc  case  scums  very  tolerable  to  those  who 
arc  not  involved  In  iL  When  thousands  after  thousaodi  an 
diagooned  out  of  thdi  country  lor  the  u3k  of  theic  leli^on,  or 
sent  to  row  in  the  gslleyt  lor  selling  salt  against  law, — aben  the 
liberty  of  every  individual  is  at  the  mercy  of  every  prostitute, 
pimp  oc  pansitr  that  has  access  to  power  oi  any  ol  its  basest 
substitutes, — my  mind,  I  own,  is  not  at  once  prepared  to  be 
satitEed  with  gentle  pallialivn  for  such  tUsaidns  "  (frcnat  In 
Btrkc,  November  3, 1790).  This  la  a  very  tone  way  o(  putting 
a  ctucial  objection  to  Burke's  whole  view  of  Fcencli  oSain  in 
i;eg.  His  answer  wai  tolcrubly  simple.  Tbe  RevolutioB, 
though  it  had  made  an  end  of  the  BulUle.  did  not  bring  the 
only  nal  practical  liberty,  that  is  to  say,  the  libecly  which  comes 
with  settled  courts  of  justice,  .administering  settled  laws,  un- 
disturbed by  popular  fury,  indcpctulcDt  ol  everything  but  law, 
and  wilha  dear  law  for  thnrdiTcclioo.  Hiepeopk,  hecoalCDded, 
were  do  wone  oE  under  the  old  manuehy  ttian  they  will  be  in 
the  long  run  under  asacmbllta  that  are  t»und  by  the  necessity 
ol  feeding  one  part  of  the  community  at  the  giievoua  chaise  of 

obliged  to  flatter  those  who  have  their  lives  at  thctr  disposal  by 
tolcTulingacts  of  doubtful  influence  on  conunercc  and  agricu'" 
and  for  the  sake  of  precacous  relief  to  sow  the  seeds  of  h 
want;  that  will  be  driven  to  be  the  instruments  of  the  vii 
of  othen  from  a  sense  of  tbdr  own  weakness,  and,  by  wi 
authority  to  assess  equal  and  proportioned  charges  upon  all, 
wdl  be  compelled  to  lay  a  strong  hand  upon  tbe  pOBesstons  of 
■  part.  As  against  the  moderate  lection  of  the  Comtilueat 
Assembly  this  was  just. 

One  secret  ol  B  urkc's  nows  of  the  Revdutioo  wis  Ibe  Contempt 
which  be  bad  conceived  for  ttic  popular  leaden  in  the  earlier 
stages  ol  the  movement.  In  spile  of  much  eicellcnce  of  intentkm, 
much  heroism,  much  energy,  it  is  hardly  to  be  denied  Ihi 
leaders  whom  that  movciocnt  brought  to  tite  auilace  woe  almott 
irilhout  exception  men  of  the  powest  poliliisl  cipadly.  DanlOD, 
no  doubt,  was  abler  than  inott  ol  the  othen,  yet  tbe  timidity  or 
temerity  with  which  he  allowed  himself  to  be  vanquished  by 
Robcs^ucrre  showed  that  even  ha  was  not  a  man  of  comma 
quality.  The  spectacle  of  men  so  rash,  and  ao  bicapal 
contmlliag  the  forces  which  they  seeoied  to  have  presumptoonily 
summoned,  eicitcd  in  Burke  both  Indignation  and  contempt. 

And  the  leaders  ol  the  Cotutituent  who  came  fint  ta  the 

and  hoped  In  make  a  revolution  with  tOM-wal«r>  and  )..  ... 
realized  any  mon  than  Burke  did  how  rotten  wu  tb«  structure 
which  thiiy  had  utulertaken  to  build  up,  alnraK  dewrvwt  bis 
contempt,  even  if,  as  is  certainly  true,  they  did  not  dcaerre  his 
bdignatioiL.  It  was  only  by  tevolutioaary  methods,  which  act 
in  their  asoDca  and  for  >  tinM  *•  attutniy  u  dei^c  methods, 
that  the  knot  oould  be  cut.  BurWa  rilal  etnn  wsa  hn  iaabiUty 
to  sec  that  a  toot  and  branch  revobitloa  wu,  umder  the  coadilioiii, 
inevitabla.  His  ^rnli"*!  poUfcxt,  1mm  which  he  dedoctd  ao 
nany  iapartant  condiniima,  naady,  that  the  parU  and  fupBs 
of  the  old  Bonititutioa  of  Fiance  wan  aennd,  and  only  needed 
■nodentte  bvifacatloB,  ia  abaolatBly  uistakai  and  untenable. 
Tbaiw  wia  not  a  singla  dumbn  in  tha  old  fabric  that  m 
crwabling  and  lotleripg.  Tha  oourt  waa  ftiveloiu,  vtcOI  _ 
itaae  deaf  and  stone  bUnd-,  the  lentiy  wo*  amiably  but 
dlaliaclly  bant  to  the  vsy  las)  on  holduit  (a  thdr  pcivikin. 


and  they  wen  wboBy  devoid  both  of  the  pditlcal  ei . 

bat  only  comci  of  pisctkal  responsibility  (or  public  aSair*,  and 
if  the  political  tagadty  that  only  comes  ol  political  experience, 
rhe  parliaments  or  tribunals  were  nests  oF  faeiioa  and  of  the 
deepest  social  incompetence.  Tbe  very  avoid  ol  the  state  btoko 
abort  in  the  king's  hand.  If  Uie  king  or  queen  could  dlherhava 
ig  political  genius  of  Frederick  the  Great,  or  could  have  had 
the  good  fortune  to  find  a  minister  with  that  genius,  and  the 
Dod  sense  and  good  faith  to  trust  and  stand  by  him  against 
lobs  at  aristocrats  and  mobs  of  democrats;  if  the  array  had 
been  soond  and  tbe  states-general  had  beai  convoked  at  Bourges 
Toun  instead  of  at  Paris,  then  the  type  of  French  monarchy 
id  French  society  might  have  been  modcmiied  without  con- 
vulsion-   But  none  of  these  conditioru  eilsted. 

When  he  dealt  with  the  allairs  of  India  BuAe  passed  over 
the  circumstances  of  our  acquisition  of  power  in  that  cmlinent. 
"  There  is  a  tacnd  veil  to  be  drawn  over  the  beginniacs  of  all 
govcroTDenl,"  be  said.  "  The  6tst  step  to  emi^  Is  rerdution, 
by  which  power  Is  conferred;  the  neat  is  good  bws,  good  order, 
good  Institutions,  to  ^ve  that  power  stability."  Esactly  on 
this  broad  prindplo  ol  political  fotce,  levdutlon  was  the  first 
step  to  tlie  aMumptlSa  by  the  people  of  France  of  their  m 
goveiniaeat.  Granted  that  the  Sevotatlon  waa  inevitable  and 
indi^NSsable,  how  was  the  nation  to  make  the  best  of  it  ?  And 
how  were  surrounding  nstkna  In  nahe  the  best  of  it  ?  This 
was  the  true  point  of  view.  But  Burke  never  placed  hirasell 
at  sudi  a  point.  He  never  concoded  the  postulate,  bccauie, 
though  he  knew  France  better  than  anybody  in  England  euept 
Arthur  Young,  he  did  not  know  her  condition  well  esou^ 
"Alaal"  he  said,  "  they  little  ktKnr  liow  many  a  weary  ileft 
is  to  be  taken  before  they  can  form  thonseiva  fnio  a  mass 
whidi  has  a  truo  political  personality.'* 

Burke's  view  of  FiBich  affairs,  however  DODsistmt  with  efl 
his  former  pc^ti^  conoq>tion3,  put  on  end  to  more  than  one 
of  his  old  political  friendahipL  He  had  never  been  popular  in 
the  House  of  Comrrktms,  and  the  wdwinence,  soraethoes  airtount' 
ing  to  fury,  which  he  bad  ahowD  in  the  debates  on  the  India 
Bill,  oa  the  regency,  on  the  Impeachment  of  Hastings,  had  made 
him  unpopnlai  even  among  men  on  his  own  ride.   ItttayxjSg — 

marched  in  inq 
of  Notn  Bair 

been  pasMd  on  him  in  the  Hoose  of  Con 
eipreiuon  used  against  Hastings.  Fox,  vdM  led  tbe  party, 
and  Sheridan,  who  led  Fo^  mn  the  hitimatn  of  the  prhice  oi 
Wak^  and  Buike  •NHdd  have  been  aa  tnuch  oat  of  place  bi 
that  drde  ol  (nmhirri  and  pioBjgatas  as  Miltna  would  have 
been  out  of  place  In  tha  Uart  vl  ^  Restoration.  Tlie  piinc^ 
aa  semebody  said,  waa  like  Ut  htbor  in  havhig  doaeCs  witlun 
catoneta  and  aqiboaidB  within  closota.  When  the  debates  on 
the  n^Hiey  acm  at  tfaeb  beW)t  we  have  Burke's  word  that  he 
waa  not  admitudtatha  private  connsdsol  the  paMy.  Though 
Fox  and  ha  wne  <n  friendly  terns  la  sedely,  yet  Bade  admits 
that  lor  a  comidctahle  period  beloce  17  ~   '* 


ballot,  ti 
politicat  power.  Bufke  had  never  looked  wnn  any  lavoar  on 
these  projects.  His  eipeiienca  of  the  saatlment  of  the  populace 
in  the  two  grestest  conoems  of  his  Ufa, — American  aHiiis  and 
lodiaa  aBlirs, — bad  not  been  likely  to  pr^Mnan  Um  In  favour 
of  the  popular  voice  aa  the  vnice  at  superior  politicsl  wisdom. 
Be  did  not  ebsoliildy  ol^eM  t>  sane  nsHdy  In  the  state  o( 
leprtseatation  (Cvr.  ii.  jSy),  still  he  vtoreasly  resMed  nich 
ptopasala  as  the  duke  o(  Rfcbnond's  In  1780  for  mmhnod 
■uEngsv  Use  geBeml  groand  wss  lU;— ''  Tbe  madifaie  itaeH 
is  well  enough  to  snswer  any  goad  purpeaeipnirtJedtlte  materials 
wenteond.  But  what  signlflea  the  arrangement  olrettennns?" 
Bed  aa  the  pariiamanu  at  George  tO.  were,  Ihey  omtained 
their  [idl  shin  ol  aaofamt  end  cepsfale  men;  and,  what  fa  more, 
thdr  very  defect*  wtse  the  eiaet  comteiputa  of  what  *e  now 
boh  back  npon  as  the  pimliing  itopkilty  is  th«  cimstij. 


BURKB,  EDMUND 


833 


Wli*t  Bat*  nhMd  m  food  iDwiameBL  Hit  Sittrt  «■ 
lit  CaaHi  r^  Ui  DMmiin  gf  tfr  frai/fatiV  TrU  tbom  bow  wide 
•Dd  sound  wcR  hii  viewi  of  law  Rfonn.  Hii  T'tnfUi  «■  Seantfy 
mltst  hii  enlightenment  on  the  ceoinl  necoiitie*  at  tnde  >ad 
mumfftctun,  uul  even  FuinUZied  vgumenti  lo  Cobdea  M^ 
yeu*  allemnU.  Pitt'i  puliuKsts  wen  compeleDt  to  dtKVM, 
wid  wiUiai  M  pu*,  til  meuuns  for  wbich  Ihs  mvcngc  poUiki] 
iDlelligeaoe  of  cZw  country  waa  ripe.  Burke  did  nol  beliew  tb&t 
Altered  machinery  wu  tX  that  time  needed  to  iinprove  the 
qutlily  ol  Icciibtion.  U  wiser  legulatioa  fallowed  the  great 
refonn  of  iSji,  Buike  would  have  iiid  tbii  wu  becauie  the 
poUlkal  intelligence  of  the  country  hod  Improved. 

Though  avene  at  all  tima  to  taiing  up  parUamentaiy  rtjorai, 
he  Ihoi^t  lU  tuch  pnjecta  downrigbt  aimcs  in  the  sgilatiDn 
of  I7gi-i70i.  Ttiii  wu  the  view  taken  by  Burte,  but  it  wu 
not  the  view  of  Fox,  nor  of  Sheridan,  nor  of  Fnndi,  nor  of  many 
othen  of  lui  party,  ud  difieience  of  opinion  beie  was  naturally 
followed  by  dlUcmice  of  opinion  upon  tSiin  in  France.  Fox, 
Grey,  Windham,  Sheridan,  Frands.  Lord  Filawilliam,  and  moat 
U  the  other  VVhlg  leaden,  wetiomed  the  Revolution  in  France. 
And  10  did  Pitt,  too,  for  wnie  time.  "  How  mud)  the  (reateit 
event  it  is  that  ever  happened  in  the  world,"  cried  Ftti,  with  the 
eaafgctaiiofi  of  a  man  ready  to  dance  «he  arma^urie,  "  and 
how  much  the  beitl"  The  diisoialoB  betwecB  1  man  who  fdt 
10  pasionatcly  u  Buike,  and  a  man  who  (poke  10  inpnUvdy  - 
ai  Charles  Foi,  Uy  in  the  very  nature  of  thin^  Between 
Sheridan  and  Burke  there  was  an  open  breach  in  the  Boiae  of 
ComnvMU  upon  the  Revolution  ao  oily  aa  February  iTOO,  and 
Shciidan'a  influence  with  Foi  wu  strong.  This  tlivergenc*  of 
opinion  dstroyed  all  the  elation  that  Burke  might  well  have 
Icll  at  hii  compliments  from  kin^  hii  gold  medab,  hia  twelve 
editioni.  But  he  wu  too  Gercdy  In  eameit  in  hii  horror  ik 
JacoUniim  to  allaw  mere  party  aNodatioo*  to  fuide  Urn.  In 
May  1701  the  thundercloud  buj^  and  a  public  rupture  between 
Burka  ud  Foi  took  pkce  in  the  HouM  of  Commom. 

The  icene  ii  famona  [n  Englilh  parliamentary  annab.  The 
minister  had  introduced  a  measure  for  the  division  of  the  province 
of  Canada  and  for  the  egtablishment  of  a  local  lefLslAFure  in  each 
divialon.  Foi  in  the  toant  of  debate  went  out  of  his  way  to 
laud  the  Revolution,  and  to  meer  at  tome  of  the  mon  effective 
pasugci  in  tbe  Rffictiionr.  Burke  was  not  prcacnt,  but  be 
announced  hia  deienninadon  to  reply.  On  the  day  when  the 
Quebec  Bill  wu  to  csme  on  again,  Foi  called  upon  Bucke,  and 
the  pair  walked  togetfaer  Ima  Butke'i  houie  hi  Duke  Stnet 
down  to  Weatmlioter.  The  Quebec  Bill  wu  lecoinmliied,  and 
Borkfl  at  mce  rose  and  aoco  be^an  to  talk  hii  usual  langimgn 
agniul  the  Revolution,  the  rights  of  man.  and  Jacobiniun 
whether  Eflglsb  or  Fimcb.  Then  wu  a  nU  to  older.  Foi, 
who  wu  u  ihaip  and  intelennt  in  the  Home  »  ha  ww  amliihl; 


Pitt,  Grey,  Lord  Sheffield,  all  phmged  mto  conhued  and  aiwy 
debate  u  to  whether  the  French  Kevolutkm  wu  a  good  thing, 
and  whether  the  French  RevolutioB,  good  or  bad,  had  anything 
lodowithtbeQuebccBilL  At  kagth  Foi,  in  seconding  a  motion 
lorco«£aing  the  debate  to  it*  propemibject,  hunt  into  the  fatal 
question  beyond  the  subject,  taiing  fiuike  with  inconsistency, 
and  taunting  him  with  having  foffotten  that  evcr-admltabie 
uying  of  hit  own  about  the  msiuscat  colonUli,  that  be  did  not 
know  how  to  draw  an  mdictmenta^msta  whole  nalioa.  Btnka 
replied  in  tonea  of  £nn  »eif-iTpt<Mli»n;  cmapUined  (4  the  attack 
that  had  been  made  upon  him;  iivlewHl  Jib's  charges  of 

agieed,  ud  icmariied  that  aich  dbagieemenli  had  never  broken 

their  lilendsbip.   But  wtaitsvci  tbe  list  ol  ounliy, 

Utter  the  hiB  of  trtondsUp,  be  would 

vnndag  to  Boa  fmm  tbt  Firach  oonatitnl 

losa  of  friends,"  said  Fox  In  an  eager  undalone.    "  Ves,"  laid 


bnuh  af  a  twem^  ymn'  MmMlp  00  a  paDtlca)  qaetOam. 

vivid,  B  real,  to  Inlaise,  u  to  nake  all  penonal  aentiiDcnt  no 
the  ^taifcrw     Burka  confronted  Jnfobinbm 


Apfaifitm 

U«  ffewle  (*eOU  ir^,  a  gnn,  calm  and  meat  oogest  vfwtict- 
ttonirf  the  perfect  tomliwneyol  his  crItkittnaBpon  the&igUih 
Revolutiea  oi  lASS  and  open  the  French  Ravi^licai  of  17S9, 
with  tha  doctrines  of  the  gnat  WU^  who  eondncted  and  after- 
wardi  defended  b  Anne's  reign  the  tiuifer  of  the  crown  from 
James  to  WilBam  and  Uaiy.  The  .4^HelwMjwt]y  accepted  at 
a  satisfictnry  pafumiance  for  ^  pnrpeaa  ^th  wbldl  it  na 
written.  £vcnU,bawenr,weradalaginanthiBw«nkcadddo, 
to  conBrm  the  public  ophUon  of  Burke's  Hgadty  and  IMatgfat. 
He  had  alwayi  divfned  by  tha  instinct  of  hatred  that  the  Frndk 
Bwdemet  nut  giadoalb'  be  iwtpt  kvay  bf  tha  JaeoUna,  ud 
new  It  wu  an  combg  true.    The  huirillttlon  el  tbe  kbu  and 

•ace  ol  the  coastitutkoi  tbe  piahi  {net.  , .  _.  . 

Legislative  AasemUy;  the  grawfog  vielenee  of  the  PaiWui  mob, 

terce  day  of  the  10th  of  J«oe  (1741),  urtua  the  nob  flooded  tlie 
TuilniiB,  and  the  bloodier  day  of  the  loth  cf  AugiM,  when  tbe 
Swiat  gotnl  was  — — — ■  and  the  royal  tai^y  Sang  into 
prino;  tbe  mtudeit  In  the  priiont  in  Septeobfr.  the  trial  and 
cjtecutlon  of  the  king  fn  January  (1793);  the  prnaoiptian  etf 
the  CifODduit  fn  June,  tbe  oocntlon  of  the  qncen  in  October-- 
if  we  naliie  the  fapwpfnn  likely  to  be  made  upon  the  soba 


against  the  Fltnch  republic.  Buike,  who  waa  pmfoundy  b^ 
capaUe  ol  tbe  neaimeis  of  letthig  penonal  eatrangemeat  bUnd 
his  eyca  to  what  vu  best  for  the  cnmiuanwcalth,  k^  hopmg 
agahut  hope  that  each  new  trait  of  excess  In  France  would  at 
length  bring  the  great  Whig  leader  to  a  better  ndnd.  Be  toed 
tn  HwUim  by  the  hour  in  the  conclaves  at  Bnriingten  Houae 
upon  the  iMcetaity  of  securing  Foi;  upon  the  siiength  which 
his  genius  would  lend  to  the  admlnisoation  in  ita  task  of  grap- 
pling with  tbe  sanguinary  giant;  upon  the  impoetiUlityi  at 
bait,  of  dijng  elthcc  with  him  01  without  Um.  Fei't  most 
Impntant  pfditkal  ItioHls  who  tiad  long  wavemi,  at  length, 
to  Bute's  great  mtisfactkRi,  went  over  to  the  ihle  of  tbe  govem- 
nent.  In  July  i;m  the  dnfca  of  FottUnd,  Lord  FitawiUlam, 
Windham  and  Gmville  took  office  nnder  Pitt.    Fox  wu  left 

said  one  of  (he  party,  "  we  ifuuld  have  filed  two."  Tlie  war 
wu  prosecnted  with  tbe  aid  of  both  the  great  puUamantaiy 
panica  of  tb  eoaatry,  and  with  tbe  tppnval  of  tbe  great  bulk 
ol  the  natioi.  FerhapitheoiMmanln  Eaglandwhelnhisheait 
appnned  of  it  fcas  than  any  other  wu  William  Pitt.  Hu 
diffemioe  betwea  Pitt  and  Buike  wu  neatly  u  great  ai  dmt 
between  Bntk*  and  Fox.  Buriie  would  be  content  irith  nothing 
short  of  a  CTUsade  against  Franoe,  and  war  to  the  death  with  her 
lulem.  "  I  cannot  penuade  myidf,"  be  said,  "  that  this  war 
bean  any  tbe  kait  nBenblancn  to  any  that  haa  era  isisted  In 
the  world.  I  casDot  penuide  mysdf  that  say  cxamfta  or 
any  reaiooingt  drawn  from  other  wan  and  other  poUtki  ate  at 
all  applicable  to  it "  (Corr.  iv.  219).  Pitt,  on  the  other  band. 
u  Lord  Ruoeil  truly  it^  trtaMd  Kobe^lim  and  Camat  u 
he  would  have  ttuted  any  other  French  ruleit,  wboae  ambiUon 
was  to  be  retiited,  and  wF ...... 


id  he  iMnil  upon  tbenidter 


834 


BURKE,  EDMUND 


In  tbe  iptrit  6t  >  man  of  bnsiim,  by  amding  tblpa 
ialuds  belonging  Is  Fnnce  in  ihe  Wat  India,  k 
certain  at  Tcpayi3Knt  of  the  apeosa  of  llic  wv. 

In  the  sumnKT  of  i  Jt*  Buikc  ««  itmck  to  the 
blow  to  bi»  derpat  afiectJon  [n  lifc^uul  be  never  rtcc 
His  whi^  uul  wu  wimppcd  up  in  his  only  son,  of  whose  mbilitia 


e  hsd  the  mosl 


cvideno  gi>a  to  she 


t  thai  Richard  Burke  was  one  of 
'inpty-bEHdnl  of  human  beings. 
tpudenCuid  opiiilativc  fdlow  I  ever  knew."  s 


tbsm 


a  pvty  at  Lord 

ik  anybody 

by  all  mankind;  his  bnther,  who  is  liked  better  than  his  son, 
tut  b  nther  oppnisive  wlLb  animal  spiiiti  and  brogue;  and 
kit  cmnla,  William  Burke,  wbo  is  just  returned  uneipecudly 
bom  India,  as  much  ruined  la  wben  he  went  yean  ago,  and  iri» 
it  1  fioh  cbatge  do  any  prospects  of  power  Buike  may  cm  have. 
tin  Burke  has  in  ho  train  Ubs  Ftendi  [Burke's  mecct.  tbe 
most  p«fecl5jkefaAIyUuiI  ever  wia  caught.  Notwlthstaodbig 
these  diudvantags  Burke  Is  in  himself  a  sort  of  power  in  Ihe 
date.  It  is  not  too  much  to  say  IhsC  he  is  *  sort  of  power  in 
Europe,  though  totally  without  any  of  those  means  or  the 
trriallat  share  in  tbem  which  give  or  maintain  power  m  other 
men."  Butko  accepted  the  position  of  a  powec  in  Euiope 
■erkiutly.  Though  no  man  was  ever  moie  free  from  anything 
like  tbe  egutm  of  the  intellectu^  coicamb,  yet  he  abounded  in 
that  active  sell-confidena  and  seli^stertion  which  is  natural 
In  men  who  are  coosctous  of  great  powers,  and 


to  Cobieas  to  give  advke  to  tbe  royalist  eiiia,  thcfl 

tbe  dinclkm  of  Calonne,  and  to  i^nrt  to  him  at  Btaomtirtd 
llieic  <£i|nitk)a  and  pnepectv  Richard  Bntke  was  received 
with  many  ooinplIiKnis,  but  of  course  nothing  came  of  hit 
mbrion,  and  the  only  imprcKion  that  temnini  with  the  reader 
of  bis  prolix  story  is  his  tale  of  the  two  royal  brothers,  who 

'   ' Ijiuis  XVUI.  and  Charles  X.,  meeting  alter 

smbiarJag  one  iBotha  with  many  lean  on 
lioard  a  boat  in  the  middle  of  the  Rhme.  while  some  ol  the 
courtieta  raised  a  cry  of  "  Long  live  the  king  *'-^tbe  king  who 
had  a  fear  week*  before  been  carried  back  in  triumph  to  his 
C({riUI  with  Uayoc  Pilion  in  his  coach.  When  we  think  of  the 
pass  to  which  tluDgi  bad  come  in  Paris  by  this  time,  and  of  itw 
imappeaatble  fenvent  thai  boiled  round  tbe  court,  there  is  a 
certain  touch  of  tbe  huHcrous  in  tbe  notion  ol  poor  Ricbatd 
finike  writing  to  Louis  XVL  a  letter  of  wise  advice  bow  to 
nmport  himself. 

At  the  end  of  tbe  tame  year,  with  tbe  approval  of  hit  father 
bs  slatted  foe  Ireland  as  the  adviser  of  tbe  Catholic  Anocialion. 
t,  wretched  eo)Iaary,  and  there  waa  no  limit  to  his 
The  Irish  agiuiots  were 

unportant  thing,  his 

bibct's  LcUiri  la  Sir  Henmla  Langriiii,  advocatmg  the  admil- 
rioc  of  the  Ititit  Ctlhlriio  to  the  franchise.  This  short  i^cce 
■bound*  richly  in  maidms  of  moral  and  political  prudence.  And 
Burke  ahiUled  considerable  courage  in  writing  it;  for  many 

ftirriplri  on  which  be  withstood  the  movement  in  France,  and 
Mcoail,  to  bis  altitude  upon  Ilie  subject  of  paiUamenluy  tifonn, 
TbeconlndiclioDitiiifactODly  tuperfidaL  Burke  was  not  the 
nun  to  fall  nntnca  iolD  •  trap  of  tUa  kind.  His  defence  of 
CuboUc  telkt-wd  it  bad  been  the  onvklkm  of  a  Ufethnc— 
«aa  yen'  fV*^  IMuded  on  faopodtku  which  were  true  of 
Ireland,  and  wcfc  ttiK  neilliet  of  Fnoce  nor  of  the  quality  of 
parHuiBDlaiy  r^nanilalioB  la  En|^d.  Yet  Buriu  threw 
tnch  breadth  tnd  genenlity  dtci  all  be  wrote  that  even  these 

oIijMibein 


Altb 


Richard  Buike  was  elected  In  hbfather't  place  at  Hilton.  Tlu 
king  was  bent  on  making  the  champion  of  (he  old  order  of 
Europe  a  peer.  His  title  was  to  be  Lord  Beaconifidd.  and  it 
was  dcfligned  to  annei  to  the  title  an  income  for  three  lives. 
Tl>e  patent  was  being  made  ready,  when  all  was  arrested  by  tlut 
sudden  death  of  the  ion  who  was  10  Burke  more  t^nn  life.    Tbe 


isolable.    "  The  si 


but  which  can  hardly  be  repeated  too  often  for  any  who  have 
an  ear  for  the  odenos  of  nobk  and  pathetic  qiecch.—"  The 
storm  baa  gone  over  me.  and  I  lie  like  one  of  those  old  oaki 
which  (he  late  buiricane  has  scattered  about  me.  I  am  stripped 
of  aU  my  hooouis;  I  aoi  lorn  up  by  tbe  roots  and  lie  prosUntc 
on  the  earth.  ...  I  am  alone.  I  have  none  to  meei  coy 
enemies  in  tbe  gate.  ...  I  live  In  an  inverted  order.  They 
who  ought  to  have  succeeded  me  have  gone  bcfoM  me.  They 
who  should  have  Iwen  to  me  as  posteti(y  are  in  tbe  place 

A  pension  of  £isoo  wu  all  that  Burke  could  now  be  persuaded 
to  accept.  Tbe  duke  of  Bedford  and  Lord  Landerdile  made 
some  remarks  in  partramcnt  upon  this  paltry  reward  to  a  man 
who.  Id  conducting  a  gTe<l  trial  op  tbe  public  behalf,  had  worked 
nearly  ten  yean  (ban  any  a'  ' 


reign.    But 


,    The  vUcness  of  ti 


to  kick  ui 


e  dying  lior 

it  deserved  to  be,  in  tbtLtmrlcalfeHiLardt.tT'fi), 
jrke  showed  the  usual  art  of  all  his  compositions  ic 
ide  the  insignifirsDm  of  a  subject.    He  lumf 
fence  and  retilia^on  into  an  occasi'      ' 
'      '  tdples,  and  tfiis. 


punished. 


ifOTCCnKDl 

with  a  relevancy  and 
imate  ikiifulnot.   There  wis  to  be  one  nure 


of  ijgfi  Pitt's  contlant  aniiely  for  peace  had 
nat  than  ever.  He  had  fouTHl  out  the  inatabUily 
of  the  tsaB[ion  and  (be  power  of  France.  Like  the  tbritty 
ilewird  he  wit,  he  taw  with  growing  concern  the  waste  of  the 
national  raourcea  and  the  strain  upon  commerce,  with  a  public 
debt  swollen  to  what  tben  seemed  the  desperate  turn  of 
^90,000,000.  Burk^ai  Ihe  ootion  of  negotiation  flamed  out 
in  the  Uutri  m  a  JUpaJt  Faa,  in  tome  respects  tbe  most 
^■lendid  of  all  hit  compositions.  They  ^w  with  passion.  BDd 
yet  wi(h  all  thdr  rapidity  is  such  tleadfutnets,  the  fervour  of 
imagination  is  so  skilfully  tempered  by  dose  and  plausIUe 
leasoning.  and  Che  whole  it  wiougbt  with  such  strength  and 
fire,  that  we  hardly  know  where  else  io  look  either  b  Burke's 
own  writin^or  elsewhere  for  such  an  eiLbibilion  of  (be  ihetoricAl 
retourCEi  of  out  tiognage.  We  camoi  wonder  ibal  Ihe  wlwie 
nation  was  itiired  to  tbe  very  depihs,  or  that  they  stiengtherted 
pie  avcnion  ol  Ibe  king,  ol  Windham  and  other  Important 
personages  in  the  government  against  the  jrians  of  Pitt.  The 
prudence  of  their  drift  must  be  selllcd  by  eitemal  cenaideratiotia. 
Those  who  think  thai  the  French  were  likely  to  show  a  moders- 
lion  and  pnctieal  reasonabtencit  in  success,  auch  as  tbey  had 

judgment  full  of  error  and  mitchief.  Those,  on  the  oonttuy. 
who  Itii-ili  tha[  tbe  nation  which  was  on  the  very  eve  of  surrender- 
ing itself  to  tbe  Napoleonic  absotullsm  was  not  In  a  bopefol 
humour  toi  peace  mA  tbe  Europeu  order,  win  believe  that 
Burke's  pro(eB(s  were  as  perspicacious  as  they  were  powerful, 
and  that  anything  wUdi  cfailkd  the  energy  of  tlie  war  wu  aa 
fatal  as  be  dedared  It  to  be. 

Wben  the  third  and  most  impresdvc  of  these  attoniddiif 
praducilons  came  into  the  bands  of  the  public,  the  wiiler  wu 
no  more.  Burke  died  on  the  Sth  ol  July  1797.  Foi,  who  with 
all  his  fauln  was  never  winlfng  in  1  fine  md  geacrous  sensibility, 
propovdtbat  tbensboBtdbeapiibl[cfuneral,aiid  that  the  body 
should  be  among  tbe  iUustrlovs  dead  la  Wettmluier  Abbey. 
Bmke,  liowevn.  had  left  ilrjet  injunctioDa  that  his  burial  AonU 


id  in  I 


■db,  Goo^U 


BURKE,  SIR  J. 

vey  lunuBoui.  (J.  1'    ' 

AuiaouTiD.— Of  the  CWIkmI  Wtb,  then  ut  t*e 

editioH — tbcqutitoudtlKocUiva.  (i)  Qutnii,  in  cixhl  volumei, 
bejuo  in  IM'.  undtr  the  nUlmrfiip  o(  Dr  F.  Liwreoct:  volt  l-iiL 
nil  pubLuhEd  in  i™;  vol*  iv.-vuL,  ediled  by  Dr  Wilm  King, 
•OIIW&IM  biihop  (fRochener.  were  OHnpfcteil  in  iln.  (i) 
OcBvo  ia  lutcea  vokiBa.  Tliii  «u  Inu  at  Bnike'i  dath.  ike 
by  Dn  Linmace  isd  King:  vslt.  L-viii.  *tn  poUlihed  la  ISog 
■Dd  reiHued  id  tSaS,  when  Dr  Lawrcncv  died;  voU,  ul-x1L  wen 
publulied  in  i8it  and  (he  renulniiit  four  volt,  in  iftn.  A  m 
edition  of  v<^  i-viii.  *u  pubUAKTIa  1S13  aod  Ihi  CDateob  d 
volt.  L-ilL  la  3  VDk.  octam  In  iSm-  An  ccUdDa  bi  nine  volunn 
wupubtiilHliiiBaMaii,MaHichuittti,iD  ISjs).  TtaiiamKimlhe 
wboK  oj  the  EngUib  olttnn  b  uKt«n  voluokn,  viih  a  npriai  of 
■he  Aecaml  ^  lit  Eutaf"'  jadnnnui  n  Aiuriai  which  ii  not  In 
■be  Enfliih  edition. 

Aduai  tbeHunaoneeditionapiiblidicd  bter  oAy  be  mentioned 
■hit  ia  Bnki'i  Briliik  Quaia,  nabliihed  in  ISu.  Thii  contiini 
Ihe  Uih  cditioa  ol  Sir  Janei  Pno'a  life;  ibo  an  editioD  in  twelve 
volumn.  ocavo.  publnhed  bvj.  C  dnnmo,  189S.  Tbcrr  ii  in 
edition  tl  the  Aon  Ifirjhf  at  Bnrke  with  istnidiictleD  and  nolii 
by  E.  J,  i>ayDa  ia  tbt  Ckiendsa  Pma  aetiea,  new  ediden.  3  voU,, 
19q;.  Tin  CtrnifndtKa  if  BJmtmd  SwU,  edited  by  Eul  FlK- 
viiltftn  and  Su-  R,  Bourke,  with  appcndiii,  detached  nnpera  gnd 
nolo  tot  ipeechei.  wu  pobliilKd  b  4  vol*,  1844-  Tl»  Sptidui 
tj  Edmund  Burin,  in  UK  Hhh  tf  Qmmtmi  anTWiUminiUT  Hall. 
were  iHibliihed  la  4  nb.,  1S1&  Other  ediliou  at  the  ■peechea  art 
thoee  On  trail  Ata-iri,  cnUcctad  aad  amnicil  by  Matthew  Arnold, 

with  a  pnTace  (iMl),  On  Amtritiut  TtXBlunt.         "      

Amtria.  toteIherwilhlfaei,f(lcrli7lki5bn/E 
introducrion  and  notei  by  F.  G.  Selby  {ttagl. 
The  nandard  lile  of  Butke  ii  that  by  Siv  J 
at  Uu  Lifi  and  daraeter  «'  -'         '  "^    '"  " 
Potlry  amd  LiOrrl  11814). 
R.  BiBet  Ii79«,  iSoa)ire< 
the  Rev.  Gewae  Croly  (j  vo 
Iteai.    Of  cntical  eMmuti 
Jobn  MoHey, "  Engliah  Me 


~riKii(,  edited  wi 
B  Prior,  Vm« 


IN  Ht< 


t  SatMie 


biihop'ol  Deny'ii^i}. 

BDRXB.  SIR  JOHH  BERNAAD  (1814-1891),  British  gaiat- 
logi&t,  wu  bom  la  London,  on  the  5th  of  Januaiy  1814,  and 
waa  educated  in  LoDdon  and  ia  Franrr.  Hit  father,  Joha 
Burke  (i7e7-ia48),  win  al»  a  (enealogiit,  and  ia  iBi«  iuued  a 
CcneaJdftcii/diKj  Hiraldic  Dicliimary  ofUic  Paraie  and  Barandati 
ej  Ou  Uniltd  Ki«tiom.  Thii  work,  jeaeiaUy  known  aa  BwJe'j 
Fteragr,  has  beea  iuued  amiiudly  iince  1847.  While  piactiung 
ai  a  bairiater  Bernard  Butke  aausted  his  father  in  hli  genealogical 
work,  and  la  1848  took  conltnl  of  hii  pulilicatiaiu.  In  iSjj  he 
wat  appoinud  Ulster  kiDg-al-anns;  in  1854  ba  wai  knighted; 
and  in  1S55  he  became  keeper  of  the  ttate  papers  in  Ireland. 
Alter  having  devoted  his  life  to  genealogical  studies  he  died  in 
Dublin  on  the  nth  of  December  sSgi.  In  addition  to  editing 
Burii'i  Purati  itoTa  1S47  to  hii  death,  Butke  brought  out 
■everaj  ediliotia  of  a  companion  volume,  Bttrke'i  Landed  Gentry, 
which  was  first  published  between  iSj3  and  1838.  In  1866  and 
1883  he  published  editions  of  his  father's  Dklionvy  ef  lie 
Pioaiec  aj  England,  ScoOand  and  Ireland,  cxiina,  dormant  and 
iaoifyowe  (earlier  edilions,  1831,1840,  1846);  in  iBjj  and  1876 
ediliou  of  hii  Ri^  Familii,  ej  England,  Sa>lland  and  Wala 
(ist  edition,  1847-1851)]  and  in  1878  and  1883  enbrged  edillotis 
of  his  Encyclapaidia  of  Heraldry,  or  Central  Amwray  ej  Enfland, 
Scolland  and  Ireland.  Burke's  own  works  include  The  Kill  af 
Ballit  Abtey  (1S48);  TAt  Roniana  ej  Hit  Arislaaacy  (iSj;); 
VicUnlfda  a/  Families  (1S83  and  several  earlier  editions); 
and  Tit  Fiit  v[  Crcal  Familia  (1881).  He  was  succeeded  as 
editor  of  Bnrtt'i  Ferrate  and  Landed  Gentry  by  hb  (ouith  fOD, 


BURKB,  ROBERT  I 
waiboTnntSiaeraio 
from  a  branch  ot  Ihe 
Belgium,  and  at  twen 


IRA  [i8)0-iUi),  Auslraitan  eiploter, 
.  Galway,  Ireland,  in  1810.  Descended 
ily  of  Clanrjcarde,  he  wu  educated  in 
ily  years  of  age  entered  the  Auslriaa  aimy, 
the  rink  of  captain.  In  1848  he  left  the 
i  btcamt  a  memher  of  the  Royal  Irish 
years  btet  he  emigrated  to  Tasmania,  aad 


«35 


ft— BURKE,  W. 

to  l^ngtonrt  in  the  hope  o(  awwing  a  i. 

peace  had  meaimhiit  ben  aisBcd,  and  he  returned  lo  Victoria 
and  remnud  Us  police  dulka.  At  the  end  of  1S57  the  Philo- 
aophfcal  Institute  of  Victoria  took  up  the  question  of  the  e>- 
ploratiottof  the  bteiior  of  the  Australian  conlinent,and  appoixited 

Seploabv  iSji,  when  it  beoune  known  that  John  UcDoiull 
Stuarl  had  nicaeded  In  penetrating  «*  far  as  the  centre  ol 
Aoslndia,  the  nua  of  £1000  was  anonynwusl^  oQercd  for  the 
proBHidan  of  an  eipediiioo  to  cres  the  c      ' 


Bolim 


•cribed  within  a  twelremonth.    The  amount  having  bi 

within  the  time  Bpecihed,  tiie  Victorian  pa^iaroent  snt^lcmented 
it  by  ■  vote  of  £6000,  and  an  eipeditioa  was  organized  under 
the  leadeiship  of  Burke,  unlh  W.  J,  Willi  as  surveyor  and 
utnjuomitil  observer.  The  iloiy  of  tU>  eipeditioa,  which 
left  Melbourne  on  the  iisl  of  August  1860,  furtxishes  pertapa 


■nnak.    Ten  Europeant 


the  doctor — k 
:hed  Cooper's 


Credt  in  Quenslaod,  where  a  depn 
and  abundance  of  water.  Here  Burke  pn^nsed  w 
arrival  of  his  third  officer,  Wright,  idiom  he  bad  aetit  Daca  irom 
Toiowoto  to  Menbdie  to  letch  some  camels  and  supplies. 
Wright,  however,  delayed  his  departure  untH  the  >6th  of 
January  iSfii.  Meantime,  weaiy  of  waiting,  Burke,  with  Wills, 
King  and  Cay  as  moipsnions,  determined  on  the  i6ih  of 
December  10  puih  on  across  the  cnntinent,  leaving  nn  assistant 
aimed  Brabe  to  lake  cart  of  the  depot  until  Wright's  airivaL 
On  the  4th  ol  February  iS6t  Burke  and  his  party,  worti  down 
by  famine,  reacbed  the  esluary  of  the  Flinders  river,  not  far 
from  the  present  site  of  Nonnantown  on  the  Gull  of  Carptctaila. 
On  the  16th  of  February  began  tbeic  return  journey.  The  party 
suSered  greatly  from  (anUne  and  eiposure,  and  but  for  I^ 
rainy  season,  thirst  would  have  speedily  ended  their  miseries. 
In  vain  they  looked  lor  the  relief  which  Wright  was  to  bHng 
theiiL  On  the  ifith  of  April  Cray  died,  and  the  emaciated 
aurvivon  halted  a  day  to  bury  his  body.  That  day's  delay,  aa 
it  turned  out,  cost  Burke  and  Wills  their  lives;  they  airivnl  at 
Cooper's  Creek  to  find  the  depot  deserted.  But  a  few  hours 
before  Brahe,  unrelieved  by  Wright,  and  thin  Hug  that  Burke 
had  died  or  changed  his  plans,  had  taken  his  departure  for  the 
Darbng.  With  such  assistance  aiLheyniuld  get  from  the  natives, 
Butke,  and  his  two  mmpanions  struggled  on,  un  til  death  overtoolc 
Burke  and  Willi  at  the  end  of  June.  King  sought  the  natives, 
who  cared  for  him  until  his  rdief  by  a  search  parly  in  SQitcnber. 
No  one  can  deny  the  heroism  ol  the  men  whose  lives  were 
sacrificed  in  this  ill-starred  eipeditioiL  But  it  is  admitted  that 
the  leaders  were  not  buahmen  and  had  had  no  upcnence  ia 
eiploration.  Disunion  and  disobedience  to  orders,  from  the 
highest  to  the  lowest,  biuught  about  the  worst  results,  and  all 
that  DOW  remains  to  tell  the  stoly  of  the  failure  of  Ibia  vtst 
undettakmg  is  a  monument  to  Ihe  memory  ol  the  foolhardy 
heroes,  1mm  the  chisel  ol  Charles  SLimmcrs,  erected  4m  a  promi- 

I,  wu  bom  la 
riety  ef  Itades 

was  living  in  a  lodging-house  In  Edinburgh  kept  by  Wmiam 
Hare,  another  Irish,  hibourer.  Towards  (he  end  of  that  year 
one  oi  Hare's  lodgeis,  as  old  army  pensioner,  died.  This  was 
the  period  of  the  body-sutchen  or  Reaurreciiouists,  and  Hare 
aad  Burke,  aware  that  nwaey  could  always  be  obtained  for  a 
corpse,  sold  the  body  to  Dr  Robert  Knoi,  a  leading  Edinburgh 
anatomist,  for  £7,  los.  The  price  obtained  and  the  simplicily 
ol  the  tiaoaaclioa  sugiested  to  H«e  an  easy  nettwd  of  makiiic  a 


<36 


BURLAMAQUI— BURLINGTON 


The  MO  moi  inteigted  a 


>o  Baik>  a(  violence.  IIib  bodio 
woe  lold  to  Dr  Kooi  for  priea  kvengiag  from  £8  to  £14.  At 
leut  fifuen  victiau  hod  beea  dtipcocd  of  in  UUa  way  wben  the 
nffpidom  of  the  police  were  uomed,  mnd  BuAe  uid  Huv 
wen  uiBted.  The  litter  luriwd  king'i  evidence,  ud  Burlce 
«u  found  guilty  uid  hanged  (t  Edmbuijli  on  the  iSth  of 
Jauuuy  tSi^  Hue  found  !t  ImpoKible,  ia  view  of  the  itrang 
popnlv  fnlug,  to  ttmun  in  Scotland.  He  b  believed  to  have 
dicdinEn^andmideruuciiDMdoaine.  From  Buike*!  method 
of  mUng  Ua  victlmi  haa  come  tha  vetb  "  to  boikB,"  meankg  to 
•afl«ate,Miangleatioiipte»KCKtIy,  ottokiUwith  the  object 
of  idliog  tha  body  tor  me  purpoKi  of  dliaectioD. 

See  Georn  Maiinnir.  Hblirr  af  Birim  and  Ban  ami  of  fk 
Jtiwuriiiaiil  rinKi  (Ciu|ow.  1S84]. 

BUSLUU4DI.  tBtM  JACQUn  (1694-1748],  SwIb  publidsl, 
«aa  bom  at  Geneva  on  the  Z4tli  of  Jane  16(14.  At  the  age  of 
twenty-Cve  he  wu  de^gnated  funomy  prabiior  of  ethics  and 
the  law  of  natnn  at  the  Bniveisiqr  of  Geneva.  Befors  taking 
up  tht  appdntment  he  tiavdled  through  Franco  and  England, 

period.  On  hii  retuni  he  began  Us  lectnica,  and  soon  gained  ■ 
wide  rgmtation,  Efom  the  dmi^id^  of  hii  atyle  and  tbe  ptedsioa 
of  hit  viewa.  He  cootiinied  to  lectnn  toi  fifteen  yean,  wben  be 
wai  GOOtpeDed  on  account  of  ill-health  to  tBign>  Hii  fellow- 
diliaia  at  once  elecled  him  a  nwnbei  of  the  council  of  Mate, 
and  ha  pined  at  high  a  teputation  lor  bis  practical  aagadty 
aihehadloihiatheanticalknowkf^  He  died  al  Oneva  on 
thejrdof  April  1743.  HlawDtkawcn  PritKi^  du  droil  Kalurd 
(ij47),andiyi(iri^idini™)paH(ijiK(i7si),  These  have  pasied 
through  many  edlllons,  and  were  very  ejilenaiv«ly  used  as 
text-books.  Buriamaqm'a  style  is  simple  and  dear,  and  bis 
ajTangement  ef  the  material  good.  Hie  fundamental  principle 
may  be  deactibed  ai  rational  uiiliuriaaBm,  and  in  many  ways 
tt  leiemblts  that  of  Cumberland. 

BDBlZSgUB  ataL  hiriciu,  fmn  ImrlH,  a  Joke,  fim,  fdaytul 
trkk),  >  form  of  the  conde  In  art,  conusling  broadly  In  an 
bdtatian  of  a  work  of  art  with  tbe  object  of  eidting  laughter, 
by  distortion  or  eiaggetatiDn,  by  tunilng,  for  emmiile,  the 
highly  thatmical  Into  bombast,  tbs  paibeiic  into  the  mock- 

■ubject  and  the  style,  maklns  gods  ipesk  like  commtm  men  and 
(mninoii  men  like  gods.  While  puody  [;.(,),  aba  based  on 
Imitation,  rdles  for  lu  c&sct  more  on  the  dcae  foUoiring  of  the 
■tyle  of  its  ooontcrpait,  burlesque  depcndi  on  broader  and 
coaner  effecta.  Dniletqoe  may  be  sppUed  to  any  lorm  ol  art, 
and  onconadously,  no  doubt,  may  be  found  even  in  atchi  lecture. 
Jb  the  graphic  arts  it  takes  Che  form  better  known  as  "  cariaCure  " 
Cf.v.).  Ita  particnlBr  sphere  is,  however,  in  literature,  and 
etpwfaliy  in  drama,  tlie  Ba^lumackla,  or  Battle  of  the 
Ftogs  and  Mice,  Is  the  earUcst  etample  in  daa^ol  literstuie, 
bdng  a  tiavisty  of  the  Homeric  epic  There  are  many  true 
barlnqae parts  in  the  comedies  of  Aristophanes,  t.[.  the  appcnr- 
■noe  Ol  Socrates  In  tbe  Chudi,  Tlie  Italian  word  first  appears 
In  the  Ofvt  Buriaiie  of  Ftancaco  BemI  lS497-isis)-  In 
Fkance  during  part  ol  Che  reign  of  Louis  XTV.,  tbe  burlesque 
attairud  to  great  popularity;  ituriesque  Aenelds,  Tliads  and 
Odysieys  were  conqmed,  and  even  tbe  most  sacred  subjects 

P.  Scarrtm  Is  meat  prominent,  and  his  Vir;th  TVaceiK  (1648- 
165])  «as  loUowid  by  nutnenus  Imitators.  In  English  literature 
Chaucn's  Rime  rf  Sir  Tlapas  Is  a  buriescpic  of  the  long-winded 
Diedieval  tooances.  Among  the  bat-known  true  burlesques 
In  En^iah  dramatic  Htetaiure  may  be  mentioned  the  md  duke 
of  Buckingham's  rjre  RrAariol,  a  burieaque  of  the  her^c  drama ; 
Gay's  Btfior's  Optra,  of  the  Italian  opera;  and  Sheridan's  The 
^_i.-.  ».»,._  ..  jd^jT,  ^J^^  name  "buriesque"  wis 
dramaUc  compotilion  in  which  the 
md  tittle  or  no  place.  These  musical 
I,  with  which  the  Gaiety  theatre,  London,  and  the 


In  the! 


namo  of  Edward  Ttny,  Fred  Leslie  atki  McIBe  flarm  an 
parliculatiy  coonected,  developed  from  the  earlier  eitravagavzaa 
of  J.  K.  PlancU,  written  Irequenlly  round  faiiy  tales.  Tte 
Galely  type  oi  bortcsque  has  since  given  pla«  lo  the  "  Diusica] 
comedy,"  and  its  only  survival  is  to  be  found  in  ibe  modem 

BURUHSAHa  AMKUi  (1S30-1B70),  AmoicBn  IcgisUtoT  and 
diplomat,  was  bom  in  New  Berlin,  Chenango  county.  New  York. 
on  the  14th  of  November  iSio.  In  iSij  bis  patenu  took  him 
to  Ohio,  and  about  tea  yean  aitermrds  to  UlfJiigan-  In  iSjg- 
1)41  he  atndled  In  one  ol  the  "  brancbea  "  of  the  university 
of  Hichi^,  and  in  1S46  graduated  at  the  Harvard  law  scboiA 
He  pnclised  law  in  Boston,  and  won  a  wide  i^mtaiion  by  his 
speeches  lor  the  Fiee  SaO  party  in  1348.  He  was  a  Dembci  of 
the  Manaifhmwti  cmscituti«ial  conventicn  in  1853,  of  the  atau 
lenateln  ]853-ig$4,  and  of  the  national  House  of  Representativea 
from  iSjj  to  iSiSi,  being  elected  lor  llie  hat  (atu  as  a  "  Know 
Nothing  "  and  aiterwuid*  is  a  member  of  the  new  Kepublicajs 
pajly,  which  be  hdped  to  organize  in  Hassachusitb.  He  was 
an  efiective  debater  in  the  House,  and  for  his  Impassiancd  de- 
nunciation [June  91,  1836)  of  Piston  S.  Brooks  (iSiO-i8sT>. 
lor  his  assault  upmi  Seaator  Cbailea  Sumner,  was  chaUngcd  Iqr 
Btoeka.  Burlingame  accepted  the  ebaUengi  and  iped6ed  liflea 
as  the  weapons  to  be  used ;  his  second  chose  Navy  Island,  above 

Brooks,  however,  refused  these  conditions,  saying  Ihat  he  coukl 
not  reach  the  place  designated  "  wilhout  runiung  tbe  gBSBtlet 
of  mobs  and  assassins,  prisons  and  poiiteaifarics,  hailiSt  and 

Auitiia  (March  11,  1B61}  tin  Austrian  auihoritiea  objected 
because  in  Congress  be  had  advocated  tt»  rvcognidoo  of  '^"^■"^i 
as  a  6ist-dass  power  and  had  champioped  Himgarisn  indepccd . 
eoce.  Pieudent  Llnwln  thereupon  appcsated  blia  (June  14, 
1S61J  minists  to  China.  This  office  lie  tield  uniU  Novenba 
1867,  when  lie  resigned  and  was  immediately  ^ipointed 
(NovemberiA)  envoy  cEtiaoidinary  and  minister  plenipotentiary 
to  head  a  Chinese  diplomatic  mission  to  the  United  States  and 
the  prlndpal  Ennpean  Datjom.  The  enihiaiy,  wUeh  indiitied 
two  Chinese  ministers,  an  En^di  and  a  Fimdt  saovtasy,  sia 
students  fram  tbe  Tnog-idn  Kwing  at  Peking,  and  a  coBsiiler- 
able  retinue,  arrived  hi  tbe  Uidted  States  io  Mareh  iSeS,  oitd 
conduded  at  Washington  (iSth  of  July  1SA8)  a  series  of  articles, 
supplementary  to  the  Re«l  Titaly  of  t8:8,  and  lata  knows 
BS  "  Tbe  Buriingime  Traty."  RaCiScatioos  of  the  treaty  wen 
not  cichanged  at  Peking  until  November  33,  1869.  The 
"Burlingame  Treaty"  tecogniies  CFiina's  right  of  eminent 
domain  over  all  her  territory,  gives  China  the  right  to  ^ipoint 
at  ports  hi  the  United  States  consuls, "  who  shall  enjoy  the  same 
privileges  and  immunilics  as  those  enjoyed  by  the  omsub  ol 
Great  Britain  and  Russia ";  provides  that  ^  cstiicns  of  the 
United  States  in  China  ol  every  religious  persua^on  and  Chinese 
subjects  in  the  United  States  shall  enjoy  entire  liberty  o(  con- 
science and  shall  be  eiempl  from  all  disability  or  persecutioa  on 
account  of  their  teligious  faith  or  worship  in  dther  cotmtry  "; 
and  grants  certain  privDeges  to  dtirens  of  dther  country  residing 
In  the  other,  the  privilege  ol  naturalization,  however,  bcitig 
spcdfically  wichlidd.  Alter  leavbig  the  United  Slates,  the 
embassy  visited  several  continental  capitals.  Init  made  m 
definite  tieatks.  Burlingame's  qiecchcs  did  much  to  awaken 
interest  fn,  and  a  more  inteltlgenl  apfiredation  of,  China's 
attitude  toward  the  outside  world.  He  died  suddenly  at  St 
PeicTsbnrE,  on  tbe  ijrd  of  February  1B70. 

His  ton  Edward  Llvermore  Buiiingame  (b.  184S}  »as  educated 
■I  Harvard  and  at  Heidelberg,  wis  i  member  oi  the  editorial 
staS  of  the  New  York  T'rtfrwiein  i87i-i87i8ndof  tbe.4iurfcaii 
Cydspaidia  In  1S71-187G,  and  in  1SS6  became  tbe  editor  of 
Scribna'l  Jtfssanne. 

BURUNQTOH,  a  dty  and  the  county-seat  of  Dea  UotDCi 
county,  Iowa,  U.S.A.,  on  the  Misdsslppi  rivet.  In  the  S.E.  part 
ol  the  siste.  Pop,  (i8«o)  I9,sfis;  (r^oo)  ij,»ii  (igoj,  state 
census)  iSjiB  [4401  foreign-born);  (igro)  »+ji4.  It  is  served, 
by  the  Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quinqr  (which  has  cileosive 


BURLINGTON 


837 


anutnicltciB  and  Kivir  Jmft  hen),  tlw  Chifsgii,  Rod  Iskud 
ft  Fuific.  and  the  Toledo,  Peoria  ft  Wsum  (FsaHylvania 
•yiMn)  nilwayj;  and  hai  an  Htrnhv  river  coBuneice.  The 
river  1>  spanned  hen  by  the  Chiciio,  BtuUspoo  &  Quinty 
lulny  bridge.  Many  of  the  reiidenca  ut  on  bluBa  comnund- 
bi(  beautiful  viein  of  river  MmHy ;  and  good  building  material 
hai  b«o  obuined  fnm  the  Buriingtoo  limntone  quuriei. 
CrapoPuk.of  lOoacm.DJongtlw  river,  b  one  of  the  atlmctioni 
of  the  dty.  Among  the  principal  buildingi  are  the  CDUDly  court 
bouse,  the  free  public  library,  the  Timi  building,  Ibe  German- 
AowricaQ  savinip  bank  building  and  the  poM  oSico^  Burlington 
has  three  irell-eqnipped  hcapititi.  AmoDg  the  dt/'i  minu- 
fiicturci  are  himber,  furniture,  hukets,  pearl  buttons,  can, 
carriages  and  WBgDas,Coriuacflgiaa,watcnvorlupump«,iDetalUc 
tnirial  cases,  desb,  boics,  cntken,  flour,  pickles  and  txcr. 
TTie  fartoty  product  In  1935  ms  valued  at  Is,;;9ji7,  or 
>«'4%  moR  than  in  1900.  The  Sat  vhile  man  tn  visit  tbe 
file  of  Burlington  seemi  10  have  been  Lieutenant  Zebulon  KL 
Pike,  Hho  ame  hi  1S05  and  recommended  the  erection  of  a  fort. 
Tbe  American  Fur  Corapiny  eslabliihtd  a  post  here  in  1819 
or  earlier,  but  Kltknent  really  began  in  183J,  after  the  Black 
Hairk  War,  and  the  place  had  a  popubtion  of  1100  [n  itii.  It 
wai  laid  got  ai  a  town  and  named  Flint  Hills  (a  tmnshlion  al 
the  Indian  name,  Stuiotcn)  in  i8j4;  but  the  name  w»  Man 
changed  to  Burlington,  after  the  city  of  Ihlt  name  In  Vermont. 
Burllutton  wu  incorporated  asa  town  in  iS]7,  and  was  chartered 
■I  a  city  in  iSjl  by  the  lenilory  of  Wisconsin,  the  dty  diartrr 
being  amended  by  the  lerriloiy  of  loira  in  igjQ  and  Tg4i.  The 
tenitarol  le^slalure  ol  Wiscoiuin  met  here  fnm  1S36  to  iSjS 
and  that  oflowa  from  rSjSto  1S40.  In  1837  i  ncnpiper,  (he 
fCucmifn  Ttrrilttul  Goaae,  no*  the  Burlirgton  EKnimg 
CneUt,  and  in  1S39  uioihcr.  the  BuHington  Havt  Eye,  were 
founded;  the  latter  became  widely  known  in  the  yean 
Immediately  following  1S71  from  the  humonus  sketches  con- 
tributed to  It  by  Robert  Jones  Bunletle  (b.  rSj^},  an  associate 
editor,  known  as  the  "Burlington  Hawk  Eye  Man,"  who  in  looj 
enleitd  the  Baptist  mioitlry  and  became  pastor  of  the  Temple 
Baptist  church  In  Loi  Angeles,  Cililomia,  and  among  whose 
publicationi  arc  HunlryeleMi  (laji),  Hemttyis  (1S79),  sad 
Smaa  ri^a  wHk  Siths  (iQoo). 

BURLrnQTOir.  a  ciiy  ol  Burlington  county,  New  Jersey, 
U.5.A.,  on  tbe  E.  bank  of  the  Delaware  river,  iB  n.  N.E.  of 
Philadelphia.  Fop.  dSge)  Ji6ti  (1900)  7141,  ol  whom  6jfi 
were  foreiga-t>Drn  and  ;oo  were  of  negro  descent;  UVi>  ^J^i 
{1910)  S33S.  It  is  lerved  by  the  Pennsylvania  railway, 
and  by  pataenger  and  fnight  steamboat  lines  on  the  Dcbn-art 
■■    ■         id  Atlantic  coast"     ""      "" "'' 


ba  pleas 


tblci 


wi'Ih  a 


.mber  of  ii 


rating  ol 


.  .„ alinj  the  Wj 

them  tbe  nimiwr  homes  of  old  rhiladclphia  bmilio.  The 
Burlington  Societylibnry,cstabli<hcd  in  17J7  and  EtillconducLcd 
tinder  ill  Driginal  charter  panted  by  George  U.,  is  one  of  the 
olden  public  libraries  in  America.  Al  Burllnglon  are  St  Klaiy's 
Half  (iSj7;  Protestant  Episcopal),  founded  by  Bishop  C.W. 
Doane,  one  of  the  firet  schools  for  girls  to  be  est.-iblished  in  the 
country.  Van  Reriisetaer  Seminary  and  the  New  Jersey  Stale 
Masonic  home.  In  the  old  St  Mary's  church  (Protestant 
Episcopal),  which  was  buill  in  1 703  and  has  been  called  St  Anne's 
as  well  as  St  Mary's,  Daniel  Coie  (i&7t-S739),  Gnl  provincial 
grand  maiter  of  the  lodge  of  Masons  In  America,  was  buried ; 

College,  founded  by  Bishop  Doane  In  1864,  was  ckaed  as  a  college 
in  ifl77,  but  continued  u  a  church  school  until  1900;  the  build- 
ings subsequenllypastfd  info  the  hands  of  an  Iron  manubcturer- 
Burlingion's  principal  industries  arc  the  nunufaclun  of  Aoes 
and  cast-iron  water  and  gas  pipes.  Burlington  was  settled  b 
1677  by  a  colony  of  English  Qsakcn.  The  lettlemenl  wu6nl. 
known  as  New  Beverly,  hut  wai  soon  renamed  alter  Brfdiiogion 
[Burllnglon),  the  Yorkshire  home  of  many  of  the  setllers.  In 
l&3ilhe  assembly  of  West  Jeney  gave  toBuiIington"Malinlcui^ 
Island,"  above  the  town,  "  (or  tire  maintaining  of  a  school  for 
the  edacatTOB  of  yoiitli  ";  nvenues  from  a  part  of  the  island 


aie  still  ased  for  the  sipport  ol  lh«  public  sdnols,  and  tk 
trust  fund  Is  one  of  the  oldest  for  educational  purpose*  bt  tbe 
United  Sulci.  Buriinglon  was  incorporated  ui  a  town  in  i<9} 
(le-incorpoiatcd,  1713),  and  became  the  seat  of  gavemment 
of  Wrst  Jersey.    On  the  union  of  East  and  West  Jersey  in  1701, 

pmvincc,  the  meetings  of  the  legUlatute  generally  alternating 
bclwnn  Buriington  and  Perth  Amboy,  under  both  tbe  colonial 

CoBlU,  the  first  newspaper  in  New  Jersey,  was  estatilished 
here;  it  was  published  (here  and  later  hi  Trenton)  UPtB 
178^  and  Wat  an  io£nen1ial  paper,  espeoally  during  the 
War  of  Independence.    Burlington  was  chartered  as  a  city  In 


SriaanatlBrBurliiifiim  (Burlington, 

.— „- ji/(*««iiKt  inBiHfliilfB^fTienton, 

ind   Mr*  A.   M.  Cuminin:,  Frirmil  n  AirfiiifHa  (Phil. 


■784- 

adelp 

BOBLfHOTOK,  a  dty,  port  of  entiy  and  the  county-Mat  of 

Chittenden  county,  Vermont,  U.S.A.,  on  the  E.  shon  of  Lake 
Chani[da{n,ln  the  N.W.  pan  of  the  state, 90  m.S.E.  of  Montreal, 
and  300  m.  N.  of  New  Yoii.  It  is  the  largest  dty  Id  the  cute. 
Pop.  C18S0}  iijfis;  ('S90)  U.SV>;  (1900)  18,640,  of  whom 
J7ift  were  foreign-bom;  (1910,  census)  10,468.  It  is  served 
by  the  Central  Vermont  and  the  Rutland  railways,  and  by  lines 
of  passenger  and  freight  iteimboits  on  Lake  Champlain.  The 
■     '      ■  ■      anannofLakeChamphin.being 


built  01 


oulh  Ir 


canoeing  and  other  aquatic  sports.  During  the  winter  months 
it  h.11  Ice-boat  icgatios.  Burlington  Is  the  scat  of  the  univenily 
nf  Vermont  (tjqi;  non-sectarian  and  coeducational ),  whose 
oHidal  lille  In  i86j  became  "  The  Univcrsily  of  Vcnnonl  and 
Slate  Agriculluml  College."  The  univcnlly  is  finely  situated 
on  a  hlU  (iHo  ft.  above  the  bke)  commanding  a  charming  view 
of  the  city,  lake,  the  Adirondadu  and  the  Gieen  Mountains- 
It  hasdepartntcntsofarts,  sdenctsand  medidne,and  a  library 
ol  74,Bco  volumes  and  ji,936  pamphlets  housed  in  the  Billing 
Library. designed  by  K,  H.  Richardson.  The  university  received 
the  Federal  giult  under  tbe  Morrill  acts  of  1861  and  i9<)0.  and 

iinuimained.  At  Burlington  are  also  the  Mi  Si  Maiy'sacadcmy 
(1889.  Roman  Catholic),  conducted  by  tbe  Sisters  of  Mercy; 
and  two  business  colleges.  Among  the  principal  buildings  are 
the  dty  hall,  the  Chitlcnden  county  couri  house,  the  FcdemI 
and  the  Y.^i.C.A.  buildings,  tbe  Masonic  temple,  the  Roman 
Calholiccathedialand  theEdmunds  bigbschooL  Burlington's 
charitable  institutions  include  the  Mary  Fletcher  hospiul,  tiie 
Adams  mission  home,  Ihe  Lousia  Howard  mission,  Ihe  Providence 
orphan  asylum,  and  homes  for  aged  women,  friendless  women 
arid  destitute  childnrn.  The  Fletcher  free  public  lihary 
(47,000  volumes  In  190S)  is  housed  in  a  Carnegie  tiuildlng.  In 
the  dty  are  two  sanitiriumj.  Tbe  city  hos  two  parb  (one, 
Elhati  Allen  Park,  Is  on  a  blufF  in  the  noith-wcst  part  of  the  dty, 
dnd  commands  a  fine  view)  and  four  cemeteries^  in  Green 
Mount  Cemetery,  whidi  overlooks  the  Winooski  valley,  ti  a 
monnmentoverlhegnveoFEtluin  Allen,  who  lived  in  Burlington 
from  1778  until  his  death.  Fort  Ethan  Allen,  a  United  Sules 
miliury  post,  la  about  3  m.  east  of  the  dty,  with  which  it  Is 
connected  by  an  electric  line.  Burlington  ii  the  most  Important 
manufacturtig  centre  In  the  suu;  among  Its  minufiictures 
are  sasfies,  doors  and  blinds,  boics,  fumituic  and  wooden-ware, 
cotun  and  woollen  goods,  patent  medidnes,  refiigeiators, 
house  fumishinip,  paper  and  madiinery.  In  1905  the  dty'i 
factory  piodocti  were  valued  at  l"S,3SI,75*,  three-tenths  of 
which  was  the  value  of  lumbci  and  planing  mill  producU, 
Including  sashes,  doors  and  bllndi.  The  Winooski  river,  which 
forma  the  boundary  between  Buriinglon  and  the  townsWo  ol 
Colchester  and  whir*  eoler*  Lake  Champlain  N.W.  of  the  dty. 


tjt 


fujnltbci  viluible  vnUr-powtr,  but  moti  jf  the  MUnuficlorirt 
ut  opcnlcd  by  it«m.  QiuBtilia  of  nubli  ven  Eoinieily 
Ukcn  fiom  qiiuria  in  the  vitiaily.  The  dly  i>  i  wholculc 
dutribiilinf  centre  for  AllnorUKruVennoQlrnDd  New  Hampshire, 
and  ii  one  ol  the  principal  lumbci  maikiti  in  the  cut,  mgil  of 
Ihe  lumber  being  imported  Irom  CUnada.    Itii  thcponof  CDLry 

A  charter  for  i  town  to  be  founded  here  was  granUd  by  the 
province  of  New  Hampahirt  in  i76j»  but  no  setLlemenl  was 
madcuntili7M'    BurlingtonwucbancreduBCilyiniKi. 

BUKNA,  a  province  ol  Briiish  India,  includins  the  former 
kinfdom  of  independent  Durma,  as  well  as  British  Bunua, 
acquired  by  the  British  Indian  govrmmenl  in  the  two  wan  of 
iSi6  and  iBji.  It  it  divided  into  Upper  and  Lower  Burma, 
the  [oreiei  bcint  ihc  territory  ■nneicd  on  ut  January  ilsis. 
The  province  lies  to  ibe  e»l  ol  lh«  Bay  ol  Bengal,  and  covers  a 
range  of  country  eilending  from  (he  Pakchan  river  in  9'  5s' 
norih  lilitudc  to  the  Naga  and  Chingpaw,  or  Kachin  hills,  lying 
roughly  hctw«n  the  '7lh  and  iSth  degrees  of  norlh  latitude; 
and  from  the  Bay  of  Bengal  on  the  west  Lo  rhe  Mekong  river, 
the  boundary  of  the  dependent  Shan  Slates  on  the  east,  that  is 
10  lay,  rough^,  between  the  ijind  and  looih  dtgreet  of  cast 
tongilude.  The  utrene  length  from  north  to  south  is  almost 
I30O  m-.  and  the  broadest  part,  which  is  in  about  latitude  ii* 
north,  is  J7S  a.  from  east  to  west.  On  the  N.  it  ii  bounded  by 
the  dependent  stale  of  Manipur,  by  the  Mishmi  hills,  and  by 
pnrlionsol  Chinese  Icrritory;  on  the  E.  by  the  C3Jnese  Shan 
Stales,  portions  o(  the  province  of  Yunaan,  Ibe  French  province 
ol  Indo-China,  and  the  SiameK  Shan,  or  Lao  States  and  Siam; 
on  the  S.  by  the  Siamese  Malay  States  and  the  Bay  of  Bengal ; 
and  on  the  W.  by  Ibe  Bay  of  Bengal  end  Chiitagong.  The 
coast-line  from  Taknat,  the  mouth  ol  the  Naaf,  in  the  Akyab 
district  on  the  north.  10  the  estuary  ol  the  Pakchan      "  " 


BURMA 

addy. 
itirJy 


.    ThclouUr 


itcilimttcdit  ijS,7j8  tq  ... 

IM.STIXI-  D1-'  '^  Chjn  hitlt  te,iJo  aq.  m..and  the  Shan  States, 
whidi  comprise  ihe  whole  of  the  eastern  portion  of  the  province^ 
iomes9.gisiq.  m. 

Aiakan  with  the  Chin  hilK  the  lirawaddy  bsun,  and  the  old  pro- 
vioc*  of  Tcnauetini.  iDgriher  whh  the  ponion  of  the  Shan  and 
fCareaiii  slaKa  ia  the  baiiii  of  the  Salik^An.  and  part  of  lUpgrllw 
ia  the  intlem  hasla  at  the  Mekong.  Of  Iheae  Ankan  ii  a  utip  ol 
country  lying  on  the  seaward  ilina  of  Ihe  range  of  hiUs  linowA  as 
the  Aiaban  VomaL  Ir  stnlches  rtom  Cape  Nccrait  on  the  Kulh 
"  af  stuary.  which  dividea  it  from  the  Chittageng  diviiian 


Nonhwirdi  lie  Tha  Cliin  and  aoiM  pan  of  Ibe  ICachIn  hills.  To 
Ihe  eaK  e(  (he  Ankan  division,  and  senamlcd  from  il  by  Ihe  Ankan 
Vaiiia>,liBtheinaiBbBdyo(  Burma  la  Ihe  baiiaedhclnawaddy. 
This  tract  falh  into  four  lubdiviHiini.  Fini.  rhtrr  is  the  hichlind 
tract  inchiding  the  hilly  couftlry  at  the  ioiinss  of  Ihe  Chindwin  and 
Ihe  upper  walvm  of  the  Inewsddy.  Ihe  Upper  Chindwin.  Kalha. 
BhaniD.  Myilkyina  aod  Ruby  Him  diatricu,  whh  the  l^bin  hilli 
and  a  great  part  of  Ihe  Nonhcm  Shan  itain.  In  the  Shan  Slam 
Iheie  aie  a  few  oncn  ptaicauL  Eenile  and  wrll  populated,  and 
Maynyo  in  Ihe  Mandalay  dislnct,  the  hiU-suIion  to  which  in  Ihe 
hot  weather  the  fovcmment  of  Burma  mlgraus,  atandt  In  Ihe 
Pyinu-lwin  plateau.  iBrat  jjoo  ft.  above  Ihe  tea.  Bat  the  greiier 
part  of  this  eouniry  it  a  nata  ol  ruQped  hilla  cut  deep  with  narrow 
gorge*,  within  whkrh  even  (be  biwH  rivers  ate  confioed.  The 
Second  tract  is  that  known  aa  the  dry  tone  of  Burma,  and  includes 

-      ■■     '  -    '     ■     ■  ■  ■  -■ ...-..-.,.-    ,,^  ,^, 

.. _. Ikb  aloni 

■elrrawaddylRMitheKrthiif  Mandalay  to  Thaycl 
myo,  and  embraces  the  Lower  Cbindwln,ShwTha,5againf ,  Mandaby 
tf^ukat.  Meiktll»^am«thin,  Hyingyan.  Magwe,  ^■■ 


1  frince  of  Ibe  Soothera  Shan  Sulet.    It  atnlchet  along 
laoTlV —  ""   ' ' ..-...—J-. ™-  _. 

M'CibadUriM^"'^' 


^  and  embraces  the  Lower  Cbindwln,ShwTha,5againf , ' 

.,_.   ..,M-!..    «._...,_    -lyiugyufc  Magwe,  ftl 

lit  mwtly  of  undulatiiig  kiwlandi, 

UtikichdivWesthei'"' '' 
Hum,    un  the  weal,  be" 
itretebes  the  trrawaddy  < 


but  il  it  btolicn  tovankthe  tv 


nglncltoftha  tna- 

^n  the  Pegu  and  the  Aiakan  Y 
. . "--d  gabi  ■ 


D.  in  area  laning  in  a  gradual  unbmken  ilope  Irom  Itt  apei 

u  Kiuth  of  Pmne  down  to  the  •«.    Thit  dalt*.  whirh  inclnan 

be  ditlrklt  td  Baniin,  Myaungmya,  Thtngwa,  Henada,  Haatha- 


highesi  Siris.  To  lit  nU  lie*  a  tract  ol  EOuairy  which, 
geugraphicaily  a  part  of  the  Irrawaddy  baiin,  it  -  *  ' 
the  Vonus.  and  fornia  a  irpaTate  lyiteni  drainip 


off  from  ii^ 


the  baaia  of  iha  Sahncn  river.  It  hillyi  the  RKaiada 
CMtuenee  ol  Ibe  Silweca,  Cyaing  and  Allaraa  river 


Mudrcled  on  three 


aby  ai 


The  Arakaa  Yomat  nartiiH  jrom  Capc'Ketrais 

>~  ~-  iw  pwiHd  with  Ibe  tsaia  till  ibey 

Tkey  then  [em  pan  ol  a  qialeia  ef 

hilb  ol  the  lade  and  Amber  mines, 

Irom  the  vali^  ol 

barrier  and  boundary .  — . .-—.,„  .^--..  — _ 

and  leparan  Tew: 
icTini  inmi  rsaaip.  i  he  hBiieei  aeaic  Qi  Ilka  AiKhan  Yowiaa,  1  -n— ■ 
^tei  nearly  10  000  li.  above  Ibe  tea,  and  In  Ihe  catUfB  Kachin  hOh, 
ahkh  run  northwards  from  the  alata  of  MfiBg  Mu  to  icin  lb*  high 
intc  dividine  the  baiini  cf  Ihe  Irrawaddy  and  the  I^lweeB.  ai* 
:ro  peaks.  Sabu  and  Worang.  which  nse  to  a  height  of  ii,aao  It. 
ibovc  the  lea.    The  Kiunoii  niw  running  down  Ini  the  Hkaad 


. ,„  jsd  Nagn  Udi 

with  the  Kumon  range  and  . . .  _ 

maioe  up  a  highland  tract  separated 
plaieaa  by  iCe  (om*  of  Ibe  Imi 

Kacbia.  Shan  aad  Karen  hilb.  eatendina 
'  "    '--  China  far  beyond  the  Sail 

■  -  '  "-suBdary,  and  tail  ol!  ie 


Shw^unggyi,  which  m 
inlheRuWTklinciditlr 
in  the  Northern  Shan  St 


niwe  running  down  m 

ar  Mogaunc  cndi  in  a ; 

•anefliatt.  There  are  ■cvenl  peaks 
,----  -hich  me  oeyond  TOoo  fl-  and  Loa  Ling 
Stales  teaches  9™  It.    Compared  with  t  bete 

a  detached  peak  in  the  Myingyan  district,  belongs  10  thk  tysrea 
and  rivs  to  a  height  d{  nearly  5000  f  L,  but  il  is  intensting  nuiniy 
at  an  extinct  mkanD,  a  hndnurk  and  an  object  of  tupentitiov 
folklDce,  throughout  the  whale  of  Centnl  Bnnaa.  MndvalcanoB 
ociural  MlBha.biitlheyaniiotlnanyteaaafnDs>lai**.R*eBbliiig 
laihcT  the  hot  tpringa  which  are  found  in  maay  part*  of  BunaL 
Tbey  are  meiely  cntcn  raited  abova  Ihe  level  ol  the  tumandieg 
ceuntry  by  the  gradual  aecretkin  of  the  soli  oily  miad,  which  cnvr- 
Howb  at  irequent  faitervalt  whenever  a  dltehargc  of  gat  oecafm 
Spun  of  the  Chin  hUh  run  down  the  vhok  kiMh  of  tbe  Lone 
ChndwiB  district.  >liiiott  to  Sagalnb  and  oat  hilL  Powioda 
paitieularly  Bated  on  ■ccoant  of  lit  inauncratde  cave  u 
which  are  said  to  hold  no  lewer  than  446.444  imans  ef 
Huge  caves,  ol  whkh  the  most  noted  arc  the  Farm  Cavei 
Ihe  nilla  near  Moidmeio,  and  they  too  air  Ml  of  leln  of  thenanewnt 
use  as  tem^ca,  tbowh  now  they  ate  chiefly  visted  in  coaaeaiaa 
wilhlhcbalt^  whoBcHighl  viewedlromadistuce,  asthey  isauelroia 


BudSlu! 


waridy  !■  t 


pDfianc.     Il  rises  pDittbly  beyond  the  q 
unexplored  regions,  where  Indrs,  Tibet  an 

10  be  formed  by  the  junction  cf  a  numbe. -.  ^-- 

of  no  crest  length.  Two  riven,  Ihe  Mali  and  Ibe  N'nai,  BKetle 
about  latitodc  ij*  43'  aenie  ijo  la.  nonh  of  Bhame,  coniiibuie 
ehielly  to  itt  volume,  and  duriag  the  dry  weather  It  it  navigable  fcr 
tteamert  up  to  Ibeir  coaloencc.  tip  to  BbaBw.a  dUtancaat  foo  ■. 
Irom  the  aca.  il  It  navigabfe  thnughoul  the  year,  aod  its  chief 

for  loom.  Irom  its  I'unciion  with  Ibe  Irrawaddy  at  hkakku.  Tbe 
Chindwin,  called  in  ita  upper  reaehea  the  1^b^,  rites  in  Ihe  hOls 
aauih-wcti  id  Thania.  and  flaw*  due  oeith  til  il  cnteii  the  aouth- 
call  eoncr  of  the  Kukawig  valley,  where  It  lursa  north-wen  nnd 


partt  BBlU  tl 


.    Il  it  a  iwilt  dear 


Mooaangrlver,  riMig  In  Ihe  walerthod  which  divide*  the  Imwaddy 
aad  the  Chindwin  diainagt*,  flowe  wnith  aod  aoulh-eail  for  ih)  wi. 
before  il  joint  ihe  Imwaddy.  and  is  laidgaUe  for  tteameia  at  far 
as  Kaiaainfl  for  about  four  months  In  the  year.  South  of  Thayemya, 
where  arms  cf  the  ArsksB  Yonaa  appreach  the  river  and  ahnot 
ineel  that  spur  of  Ihi  Ptgu  Yoma*  *U^  tgcwdtU  jUi  tbt 


839 


■otifctm  tHndnr  <t  BritU  Bumu.  tto  mllfy  ol  (he  ImniMy 
fKicflcoul  auia^udu  YeiinMineyiiKu  Xtvaiuunfl  Ibc  ijiJIucAcc 
of  IlKIKlcafinikli,  atJlkedtitanuy  bcHidID  bciin.  The 
to-«lkd  rivm  «t  Ihc  ddu.  the  Ngiwun.  Pyanubw.  Panmawaddy. 
Pyinulu  ind  Plnluiw.  ue  timply  Ihe  larfct  moulln  of  the  Irra- 
vwdy,  and  llic  whole  CHiury  towaid*  the  mm  ■«  a  clov  network  d 
crcckt  where  (here  aie  few  or  no  roadi  and  hoaii  (jkc  ihe  place  of 
ma,  the  Hlainf.  which  rim  niac  ?:r.^-' R-<.-l  w..,rhwnni.  mrf 
m«H  ihe  Pc«  river  and  the  Piinndaii 


rhich  i*  linown  u  the  Rangaoo  rj' 
i  Rangoon,     £ul  of  the  Rangac 

inhTpecu  ^OBUi.  lictThe  nxnith 


at  Sillani 


anily  cl 


riEipan<tinE  accmwBi.  The  fe»nd  river  in  the  provino  in  fi 
tat  ii  the  SalwHik  a  hutt  riv«,  Mkvcd  Ibmb  the  vohuM  i 
lien  to  riK  In  the  TibRjn  mouMaiiH  to  the  north  o(  Lhaia, 
in  all  probebiJitv  fectnatly  looter  than  the  Jnwaddy.  but 
It  to  be  nompamfio  that  rtver  in  importance.  ^Ir  i«.intrctpwa 

QD  to  6o(W  ri-  hifh  and  ai  procnt  bnnjvi^t>te  owiih;  to  tti 

II  quireoprn  to  IniBr  lor  conHdenbie  Trachea  in  ilB  middle  nH 


"ffii? 


cTnlStI 


rovinre  ia  Tndaw^  in  ' 
k'awnihwe.andintheKoi 


c  the  Paunclin  lake  in  Minbu  dinricl.  tl 


Pisme.  the  Tu  and  Duvain  Heiuada.  IheShahk^and  Ihe  Iny^cy' 
in  Baxein,  the  aacied  bke  at  Ye  la  Tenawrim.  and  Ihe  Nasamaub, 
PannmyavniandWalonbyaninAnkin.    ThcMeiktib  lake  cp%'cii 

TCKrvoir.  Ia  the  heart  of  the  dehaaumcroua  large  bkei  or  manhn 
abouodinj  in  llih  aie  fanned  by  the  overflow  of  the  Irrawaddy  river 
during  the  rainy  Kason.  but  ihcae  either  auume  very  diminutive 
proportiontor  disappear  altegether  in  the  dry  Kaion. 

CiiHiUc.—The  clloule  d  the  delta  i)  cooler  and  men  lentciate 

■looter  physiaue  of  the  people  of  the  lower  province  aa  nKfiparrd 
with  the  inhaUlanti  of  Ihe  drier  and  holier  upper  dlKricti  a>  far 
aa  Bhamo,  where  there  it  ancal  infuiiop  o[  other  lypca of  Ihe  Tibeio- 
Burnu  family.  North  A  the  apei  o(  the  della  and  Ihe  boundary 
belwEca  the  ileltaic  and  inland  tncti,  the  lalnfall  Badually  lencni 
u  far  u  Minbu,  where  what  w»  formerly  calhd  iik  nuntcH  lone 
coancncei  and  extendi  11  far  i>  Kaiha.    The  raiaTall  in  Iheeoail 

orX''^waddVdeLS'.    I?*l he  exlreme  omth  ol  Upper'"' 


ry  a^oiidnE  Rangoon. 


,  Myiniyaii, 
lay  heii^  clo 


nearly  i»  dccni  lew.    The 

f  the  minimum  leading!  in  December  in  the  central  lone 
I  ii  a  few  deintt  under  6a*  F.  and  in  the  littoral  distrkii  a 
Tea  over  that  figure,  in  the  hilly  dinricl  of  MogAk  (Ruby 
Ihe  December  mean  minimum  ii  lA-S*  and  Ihe  mean  miii- 
I*.    TheclimaleoflheChinindKachinhilltandalwof  the 


itteldom 


e  >0*  P.  or  fall,  behiw  ij'^F 
Duch  al  r^o*  F.  ia  regiitrrer 
cn  detiT«  of  IroH  ai*  not  un 
the  Chin  or  Shan  hil^  but 


..-J  ranaee  in  theehtreme  north  of  Ihe  Kachi.. ..,.    ... 

Ihe  narrow  valleys  of  Ihe  Shan  hills,  and  etpeciallv  in  Ihe  Salwren 

weeki'in  April    IHtTraTobll  hTlhehilh  var'innry  niHTdmhly, 

100  in.  en  ihe  higher  fonu-clad  rangei. 

C»tii{y.~-Ceaiaglcally,  Drilish  Burma  coniists  of  two  divlnoni, 
•n  eatum  and  1  wCiiern.  The  divldini  line  runs  from  Ihe  mouih 
ol  Ihe  SilUng  river  akmc  Ihe  railway  to  Mandalay.  aod  thence  coo- 

slighily  towards  tVie  eisl.  Weal  of  ihii  line  ihc  mcki  aie  chieRy 
Tertiary  and  Quaiernary:  east  of  It  they  are  mnily  Palaeruoir  or 
Ineieaic.     In  the  western  mourttain  rangci  the  bcdt  arc  thrown  iaio 


■  genie  erne  nwning  Irmi  loulh  ts 

K.  and  Ihii  is  Ibnkcd  on  each  side  by 
xrne.  while  the  valley  of  Ihe  Inawaddy 


UpperShan^alc" 


.,. _^.  ....  mtntt-aanYettn  ol  yenincyaui 

vokaao  of  Rqa  riaei  w  a  heiihl  of  jooo  fi.  above  ■: 

Pliocene  plain.    Intrusions  oTa  serpcniine-like  mck 


Sji 


Table 


Burma  arc  very  imperfectly  I 
IJpperShan'^"™  ""'"'■  "™'™'"'  "*" 

ihTMi 

■e  weiicrn  rangca.     wneiner  ine  muo      voicanoi 

ll?bud?  1^  p^klL™^^  ^ur^hlT^M 
Ihc  best-known  licldg  being  that  of  Ycnangvauni 
Ihc  Teniaiy  deposit  J  in  ibe  viDcy  of  the  In 
niannim.  Tin  ia  abundant  in  Tenasserim.  and 
Lve  been  worked  eiieiuively  in  ihe  5han  Slate 
by  mioci  of  Upper  Burma  arc  in  metamorphic 
dciieof  the  Bhamo  neifihbouchood  itauociaied  <■ 

.Pg^nlolin.— The  toul  population  of  Bunn 


ponioD  of  this  large  increase  wai  due  to  the  ioc 
Slates  aod  the  Chin  hills  in  Ihe  censiu  aicL  Even  in  Bunna 
proper,  however,  Ihcre  whs  an  increase  during  the  decade  of 
j,5JO,Sj3,  or  19-8%.  The  density  of  populitia]  per  squan 
mile  is  44  as  compared  with  167  for  the  whole  oi  India  and  jja 
for  the  Bcngnl  Delia.  England  and  Wales  have  1  population 
more  than  twelve  times  as  dense  as  that  of  Bunna,  ao  there  ii 
■tiU  room  loi  cipanalan.  The  chief  laoci  ol  Btinna  arc  Bumeie 
(6.SOS.6S1),  Arakanese  (405.14]).  Kaiena  (»17,8S9),  Shani 
(•fiT/aAl),  Chins  (i7Q,ig]),  Kachina  (64,40})  and  TaUingi 
(jii.SgSii  bat  these  totals  do  Dot  include  the  Shan  Stitei  and 
Chin  hUli.  The  Burmeu  in  per^m  have  the  Mongoloid  char- 
actniitics  common  to  the  Indo-Chinese  races,  the  Tibetan  and 
tribe*  of  the  Eailem  Himalaya.  Tlicy  may  be  generally 
described  ai  of  a  stout,  active,  wcU.proportioDed  form;  of  a 
bmwB  but  never  of  an  Intenaely  dark  compludon,  with  bliek. 
CDane,  link  and  abundant  hair,  and  a  lillle  more  bcaid  than  it 
poisesaed  by  the  Siamese.  Owing  Is  their  gay  and  lively  dis- 
position the  Bunncse  have  been  called  "  the  Irish  of  Iha  Eaat." 
and  like  the  Irish  they  an  somewhat  inclined  to  lazineai.  Since 
Ibe  advent  ol  Ibe  Britilh  power,  the  imDiigration  ol  Hindus  wilh 
a  lower  sundaid  of  comfort  and  of  CbiuDien  wiib  >  keener 
bniineaa  instiixE  has  Ihrenlcned  Ihe  ecoiwmic  independeiKe  of 
the  Burmescinlheir own  country.     Ascompiredwith  Ihe  Hindu, 


IheBur 

cheapcr  trains;  they  ar 


in  altogether  fret 
characiei.     The-Bunneiew 


.lulJien  in  the  world. 

langKOte  and  Lilerufnre.— The  Burmese  are  stippc 
nodem  philologisls  to  hive  come,  as  joint  membets  oi 

lead  waters  of  the  Irrawaddy  and  then  separated,  j 
peoide  Tibet  and  Asum,  the  others  to  press  southward*  1 
See_also.  (or  gcolny,  W.  Theobald. 


e  GefAijT  of  Pegn.** 

ivision  i/ihe  Teniary'syinm  la  Buma," 
vol   J^U,  (1895)    pp.  s»-*S.  1^  K.;,  F. 


840 


M  The  Blum 
»!TIw  Kachl 
1)1 


lub-family 


(fy  Tbe  Ki 
■      W)  ThtTai  fnnip. 
■it)  Tbt  Kinn  (isup. 
If)  Tbr  Upin  MiddlE  Mc- 

pnup. 
(l)  TlK  North  CiinbDdLin 

W  The  ScluDf  lutmie- 


Burntnc,  vbich  •*>  ^wken  by  7,oeA,4Qj  people  In  the  pnviDcc 
in  1901,  b  a  nwp»yllibic  langiuge,  with,  ucording  to  lomc 
lulhorilie*.  three  diBerent  looa;  w  tjal  wy  given  lyliible 
may  have  three  entirely  diSccenl  mcaningi  only  dutinguiihable 


by  tl 


,  Iwwever,  very  many  weigbly 

aulboritia  who  deny  the  ciiilencc  ol  tana  hi  the  language. 
The  BuiDicK  alphabet  I)  borrowed  [lom  Ihe  Aryan  Sanskrit 
through  the  Fell  o(  Upper  India.  The  language  b  written  from 
left  to  right  in  what  appears  to  be  an  unbroken  line.    Thin 

The  PUi  ii  by  lar  the  more  andenl.  Including  u  il  don  the 
Buddhist  icripluici  that  oiiginally  found  Ihdi  Kay  10  Butma 
rrom  Ceylon  and  soulhem  India.  The  Bunncsc  literature  ii 
lor  the  nost  port  mctiical,  and  con^tl  ol  religioiB  romances, 
chronological  hiitoiiciandlongl.  TheVoAs  ymnriiioi"  Royal 
Chronicle,"  (oems  the  great  hntoHcal  work  of  Burma.  Thi>  it 
an  authoriied  history,  in  which  everything  unflalteiing  to  the 
Burmese  roonarchs  was  rigidly  suppressed.  After  the  Second 
Burmese  War  no  record  was  ever  made  in  the  >'»i«i'ii  that 
Pegu  had  been  torn  away  rrom  Burma  by  Che  Biiiith.  The 
folk  songi  ir*  the  truest  and  most  interesting  national  Utenture. 
The  Burmese  are  fond  of  stage-plays  in  which  great  licence  of 
language  is  pennilted,  and  great  lUxrty  to  "  gag  "  is  Icit  to  the 
wit  01  Intelligence  of  the  acton. 

CBKnmtnL — The  prevince  as  a  divl^on  of  the  Indian  empire 
is  administered  by  a  UcutcnaBt-governor,  fiiU  appointed  1st 
Uay  1897,  with  a  legisLitive  council  of  nine  mcmbcn,  five  of 
whom  are  officials.  Thereare,  besides,  a  chief  secrclary,  revenue 
secrituy,  secretary  and  two  under-sccretaiies,  a  public  works 
department  secretary  with  two  aisiatanls.  The  revenue  ad- 
ministtation  of  the  province  ll  superintended  by  a  financial 
cammissioneT,  uslsled  by  two  secretaries,  and  a  director  ol  land 
records  and  agriculture,  with  a  land  records  dcptu-tmenul  ilaS. 
There  is  a  chief  court  for  the  province  with  a  chief  Justice  and 
three  justices,  tsUblahed  in  itiy  1900.  Other  purely  judicial 
officers  arc  the  judkiAl  commiisioner  for  Upper  Burma,  and  the 
civil  judges  ol  Mandalay  juid  Moulmeui.     "Ibm  are  lour  com- 


i   Lower 


puty  commissioners  In  Upper  Burma,  There  are 
two  superinlendenla  ol  the  Shan  States,  one  for  the  northern 
and  one  lor  the  southern  Shan  States,  and  an  assiitant  super- 
intendent In  the  latter;  ■  superintendent  ol  the  Arakan  hiU 
tracts  and  ol  the  Chin  hills,  and  a  Chinese  pditical  adviser  taken 
Irotn  the  Chinese  consular  service.  The  police  are  under  the 
control  ol  an  inspector-general,  with  deputy  inspeclor-gciiera) 
lot  civil  and  milKary  police,  and  for  supply  and  doihing.  The 
tducilion  department  is  under  a  director  ol  public  initru 
and  there  are  three  dtt[(»~eastem,  western  and  Upper  B' 
each  under  an  inapector  ol  schools. 

The  Burma  lonsta  u*  <livlded  into  three  rirdes  each 
a  conservator,  with  Iwenty-one  deputy  conservatnis.    ' 

lour  superintendents  of  telegraphs,  a  chief  collector  ol  cui 

[  oITiccTi,  and  an  inspector-genera] 


^I the  p 


icipjto 


Upper  Burma.  Tlie  commissioners  of  division  are  u  afcit 
Muioni  judga  In  their  tevcial  divisions,  and  also  have  civil 
powers,  and  powers  aa  revenue  officers.  They  are  responsible 
to  the  lieutenant-govemor,  each  in  his  own  divi^oii,  lor  the 
working  of  evciy  department  ol  the  public  service,  eicept  the 
military  department,  aiid  the  branches  ol  the  adndnistntJDa 
directly  under  the  control  ol  tlu  supreme  govenuncikL  The 
deputy  commissioners  perform  tbe  functions  of  district  magb- 
trslFs,  district  judges,  collcctars  and  regislran,  besides  (he 
miscellancaut  duties  which  fall  to  the  principal  diiiiict  oScei 
aa  reproentative  of  government-    Subordinate  to  tlw  deputy 

magiitcriat,  civil  and  revenue  powci 
townships,  as  the  uniit  ol  regular  cii 


;  invi 


olBdals,  the  towruhipi 
ol  government  who  c 
people.  Finally,  there 
Burma  by  ciders,  varic 


ll  wards  and  (Men 


tu  granted  tn  hin.    The  law 


tilhev 

I,  there  are  headmen  ol  wards  and  elders  of 
turtna  (heve  headmen  hav«  always  beeo 
rhe  system  under  which  in  towns  bcadmea 
[  blacks  are  appnnted  is  of  comparatively 
lodelled  on  the  village  gy^tetn. 
n  declared  10  be  a  part  of  Briciih  fndia  be 


ified  in 


bw  ol  ibe  stale,  lo  tsi  u  it  b  ia 

acoerdaaee  with  the  Justice,  equity  and  good  cooicieiire,  and  not 
opposed  to  the  spirit  of  the  law  in  the  len  ol  British  India-  The 
supetincendcnls  cnniie  leneral  coninil  aver  the  admlnismiiiiii  i4 
criminal  Junice,  and  have  power  lo  call  lor  cases,  and  to  exercise 
wide  revnionary  powers.  Criminal  jiirisdiclicm  in  eases  in  wluct 
either  the  eom^ainanl  or  the  defendant  Isa  European,  or  Americaii. 

Slat^bwflbdnn'lnni  thccUds'andmled  in  ihesop^tirideu 
sndasmuni  superintendents.  NeilheribenipciintendeiusnatlW 
asuuant  Buperintendenuliave  power  to  try  civil  luln.  whether  Ibe 
partin  are  Sham  or  uuL  In  the  Myelal  division  of  Ibe  eoeibm 
Shin  Slates,  however,  the  crinrinal  law  is  practicatly  the  lanie  aa 
the  la*  in  lorce  io  Upjier  Bunris,  and  the  nArcgurihrnus,  or  petty 
chjeft.  have  been  appointed  magiiirates  of  the  atcoDd  ctaia.  The 
chief!  o(  the  Shan  ium  are  dT  three  ela■In^— (I)  iswbwu:  (i) 
ihyesai;  [j)  ngweiunhmua.  Tie  last  are  found  enlr  inibe  JTjitel; 
or  border  couniry  between  the  southern  Shan  Stales  and  Burma. 
There  ait  fifteen  iiwhwas.  liiteen  myosasand  thirteen  nt<-'«"^»°* 
in  the  Shan  Slates  proper.  Two  sawbwas  nre  under  the 
ol  the  commiseloner  0)  the  Mandalay  diviiion,  niKl  twc 


m.  of  the  Tnins.Salwe 

'Tim  Hktni  in  the  Mycbi.    Tbebtler 

nf  state.    There  are  five  suiea,  ■!!) 


Theheadnuart 
■outhem  Shan  f 


.._..     . nterfered  wiihasTongai  they  keep  the 

peace.  What  is  specifically  known  as  the  Kachin^illa.  ibe  couniry 
taken  under  admiaislration  in  ihe  Bhamo  and  Myiikylna  disrini, 
i>  divided  into  forty  tract).  Beyond  these  Incti  there  are  miny 
Kacbins  in  Kstha.  MOng-MIl,  and  ibe  northern  Shan  Sum.  bin 
Ihoueh  they  an  often  Ihe  pnpDnderaling.  they  are  not  Ibe  «clusiv« 
liopulatlon.  The  country  within  iheforly  tracts  may  be  coniidend 
Ihe  Knchin  bills  projer,  and  it  lies  between  aj*  soT  and  »fi*  JO"  N. 
lal.  anil  «e*  and  98*  B.  iuig.  Within  ihls  siea  the  petty  chiefi  han 
appointmeat  orders,  the  people  are  diurmed,  and  the  rate  oltribiiei 


Du,iiz=db,Google 


db,Google 


tUcUaUninfiilnkn  SanaiRMtbecoDiiny I 

DJidUiurbnlp  and  Utjv  nuipben  of  Kachji*  «t 

uihe'cirrkhM'rfNtptl.       ■'     ""        ^  " 

TtK  Chin  hilb  wm  not  ilKbml  an  inninl  nn  ri  Bi 
(•M.bultlnynowloriDaicheduleddinnn.    Tlirchirfi 

■he  HpRiDMfidni  of  ibe  CUn  hUU. 

JMv^.— BiuMUni  ukc  up  moR  than  U-«%;  M 
3-3V;  flpiril-wafihtpaai  l-BS;   Hindu*  3'7^,  uid  CfiriitiiiD 
at  ibc  ntil  pspaiukiii  «(  the  pnnviarr.    The  lujt  noninl 
pmloa  of  BuddhiM*  b  dccEniin.    Tk  Bnrmeie  an  really 
>—..     .  ■    lyaalheWf       '    --■-■--■—■-■-'- 


, re  labelled  plaioqiirit- 

-^— ..rp~-    The  actual  ftfurei  of  the  varwiu  i^UcioiVi  acncdint 

to  cb(  eeuuiof  l$OI,  an  ai  (oUon;— 

Buddbifle     .     .     .     9,tlt.tii    SiOi  &ia6 

ffi-r^r* :    IKE  ftS- :  :  :  ;  :     2| 

Mimnfinani  .    .     .       3»44a    Othen it 

Tbe  cbief  Rligliiot  pcindplE  of  the  Burmeie  [•  ta  acquire  Derit 
lot  their  wat  incaisatian  by  lood  WDrlu  dniia  ia  thi>  life.    Tba 

■cry.  eceellaat?  pBiodM,  witb  wladi  tbe  couiuiy  it  cmnled.  Iho 
buadJBf  of  ■  bridn  or  reit-houM  for  iht  cemaakace  d  UavtUcn 
anall  woila  ol  nuioue  Becil.  pnBptcd.  bm  by  love  of  one'*  feUaii-, 
tf01uit*ibiitiiapiy  and  Boldj' (or  oae'i  own  lutuR  advantage. 

Aaaaiayibihsn  that  iia(i|UiMtM>iaev-'~  •<>»■•»<  "■■■— ^ 
pnfeia  ChriitiBiiity,  and  tbtra  an  about  tbe  ai 
mcdaiitaiHaf  tboa.    It  k  adndtted  by  tba  i 
that  dulitluliy  hai  imiiiMieJ  m~   ' — ' 

■a  confrliBa  nth  tbe  niid  imCR-  . _^.-.-  __  -^ 

It  la  awenm  tbe  Sn*  Kaiaa  that  (be  (rcaual  proEreaa  la  Cbiia- 
tiaaity  baeliccil  iaa3a,aiidtbeauBberofi|]int-^nai|!PenaBUda 
tbvn  lively  nuch  mallB.  Tbt BumbO' M  Bunaeae QiriitiaBi S 
"     '*-'  -lutbeBortbeCliriUHD 


« induaoa  aaiona  tben  of  tba  CaiiitBii 

.—oeieltlefief  Syrian  densted  to  tba  old 

:  Tabayia,  a  viilan  now  indnded  in  the  Yc4  BubdiTiilaD 
oi  saatbo.  Tboe  ChriMau  ittamed  tbeaiielv**  w  fiunoeia. 
The  lonu  o(  Chcietlaaity  wUcb  malie  moet  eoavetn  la  Bnnoa  aia 
(he  Baplial  and  RoDaa  Calbolic  (altbi.  Of  recant  yean  many  csa- 
«nku  ta  ChrteUBkir  ki«  Uen  wdt  tv  tba  Aneriiu  BaptiM 

BdmnHn-i    CoBip«fad  with  BIhtt  ladiu  HoviDcd,  and  evca 
with  aong  ef  tbe  eouBtriea  o(  Eunpc  Bunaa  talceia  veiy  Uch  placa 

iolbaimreaolthaieabhtDbothnadaadwrite.  Taidi|ttliii 

apin.ihoa^ •-'••— •--"-^ ■- -■- >•-'  - 


■eabh  to  both  nadaad  write.  TaiiuK 
BD  fall  hr  baUnd  laafB  tbt  aatts  ofa 


■fcjJg!  (eMk,«^ 


at  leaM.  thacredh  for  tbe  I 


iKtioBaveahkber 
BuniB,  bacWaj 


<f  the  aativa  of  la^iadBato 


pnoithi 


of  tba  vJData.  Tbe  itaBdard  of  lutnictioa,  however,  h  very  low, 

iiiiiilnliiiiJilj  nf  HBdimanil  niiijiiii  il ub  ihle  li|iailailli  lnlii| 

Idofwod  la  vtnr  many  lannaitrrita.    Tbe  abeeocs  of  all  pxejitdlco 

why  la  thliprovbice  tbe  proportion  who  can  read  and  write  btaifher 
thaB  la  aay  other  part  of  India,  Cochin  aloDC  CBcepted.  It  waa  nov 
till  I*9>tbat:tba*dBcatiOBdopan>a«t  lookacllaa  ia  Upper  Baraa. 

I4>I13  V-t^  'id  lU*  private  acbaob  wA  Mtsinpile.     Il  ie 
wortBV  of  lenark  that  of  tbeie  Kbooli  at  wan 
that  theic  wen  ITfi  ecbook  (or  Etrb  in  wbleb  b| 


thcR  wen  ITfi  ecbook  (or  Ebb  in  wbfeb  apwuili  of  looopupUi 
tandu.  TbiR an thna  liiiliB  riiiiiii.  Ceatcal aad  Upper 
IB.  Tor  the  ipcdtl  taptrvinoa  and  «caBia|aBieBt  of  IndltcB- 


HI  prtmaiy  I 


Indfaea- 
dideof 


inipeedoB  bdivided  lata  lalKirclee  cofTOpaMini  with  one  oroon 
of  tbe  cira  dlKricti.  bbJ  »ch  eubcbde  la  pltad  nnder  a  dapgty- 


tundiir 'ibtnli  BO  nee  ai  In  Lower  BBm*.  Cnnti^^id  an  £ 
accordinf  to  nnlt*.  Theiv  ie  only  ooe  cotleftc.  at  RannoB,  ^ 
■  aaUaiadtelhgCaleuttaUaiT^rtty  TbH?air -~~— -"^ 
amonm  tba  Chlim,  KacUnaand  Sbana,  and 
Sban  cblefi  at  Taoiif-iyi  ia  the  eoathera  SI 

In  tt)S^a*m bcMu'' 


oTBiattolBibaPllllai 


MA  841 

1B71-1I71  wat  Kli  j6j4.5».  of  which  i(x.iji.>a.ua  wu  Eron 

Rl  I0/)0,790  Icnn  lool  fundi.     Tbe  Und  revenue  of  the  pnrviocc 

10  biddSabBdiRim  Eoverament.  aad  the  eBeal  <i  their  hsMinci 
ivengei  about  five  acm.  Tbe  land  tai  la  auppleBientcd  1^  a  poll 
lax  m  tbe  male  pepnlalioa  Inm  18  to  te  yean  of  an.  wtb  tba 
nccntlOB  <tf  ImmvaBtadorlnf  tba  fine  Ave  yean  ol  their  nehknce. 

Lower  Buraia  baa  tiiea  to  Ra.i,oB4M7>  tna  bflparial  tantJOB, 
R".SMij»W  tor  p™*"^  eervkefc  aad  Ra.i>,iu«6  £nni  .in- 
conxKBted  local  f  uada.  Iba  aipeBdlture  on  tba  BdakiitaamiiDa 
of  Looet  Buraia  ia  il7i>.il7i  wai  iU^7o,aai>.  Ia  tl$o-iS>t  it 
wat  Rait.slaBAai.  In  Upper  Banna  the  cbMeosiee  of  icvenM  it 
tbe  OiMiwiiU,  a  tltlaor  Sona  taa  wMeb  waa  lanituttd  by  Kjaa 
MiadoB,  and  waa  adoptnl  by  tbe  Britilh  very  maiA  ai  thay  foaad 
it.  For  the  porpoi*  ol  tbe  aw mni  amy  diitrict  and  town  b 
cbaiiled  aceordiH  to  Itt  (eoeral  wialth  aad  pnapaity.  At  a  mle 
the  beib  of  calcofitloB  waa  100  inpeea  fnuB  every  lea  bouea,  wilb 
a  ia%  dedacthin  fir  thoea  inniniJUd  by  cHtoo.  Wben  tba  tola) 
amoiml  pny^le  by  Ibe  viltafE  waa  than  dctanniwd,  lb*  viDlal  inii 
■tiled  iGeaauuBt  to  be  peSTby  each  laifividaalbai^hDlifcr.  Tbb 
1 —  ■_  11 u.  . BHialfc;  appointed  by  Ihavffluen 


, ., uiftrlal — 

Much  of  Upper  Bmna,  however,  remafaied  dbluibed  UBia  Ilea. 
Tba  EfBna  tot  l8f»-II9l,  tbaRfoR,  ibov  tbe  fiM  really  lefulal 
EolbcMM.   Tbg  amonnt  tbOB  coHecKd  wat  Ka.^j47,OMI> 

The  total  fcveniK  of  Bureia  ia  tbe  year  eddi^  Maieh  31,  T^oo  WM 
ita.T.o«.at.a40  and  to  1903,  Rt.9.6jLfaj»t.  The  total  eniaifitun 
In  tbt  lanw  yean  rcipectivcly  wat  K>4^o,8l  MO  aad  Rt.5/eM.<H7. 
The  prin^at  Iteoi  (d  reveaoe  la  tbe  Esdixt  an  tba  bad  ravcBue, 
raHwaya,  *-w^*mw,  forem  and  eicbb 

£viiEoa  oT  tbe  Indian  anny. 

,  Biuvt  reginieut  tpecialty 
•-■  *»  ^nHfomaliDB  ivm 


rabed  (or  peivaBent  ler 

DtUitaiy  poGce.   Thtieni 
PalbaBi,aredbtiP-^->- 

polteeaod  IJMOnillilary  pdicc.  fbemaila 
a  Rfubr  DiBtuy  fone  witb  only  two  BuraptD  onctnn  conuiaiMi 
of  wk  batialiaai  aod  ibey  an  recruited  eaiiiel|r  Iron  anoBf  tbe 
watEheraceaoraoftiienilodia.  Amallbaltaliaaof KamicaBited 
at  lapfien  aad  minen  proved  a  failun  and  bad  to  be  diibanded- 
Etpenineiiu  have  alto  ban  owk  with  the  KacMn  hiHnKn  and 
wiibiheShana;  but IheBumeiecbaracter btoaftiMtodbeipSoe 
and  control  to  petty  mauen  that  it  bimpniibb  to  get  really  Biilible 
men  to  ralift  even  in  Ibt  civil  pollct.  Tbt  volunmr  foroti  amiin 
of  the  Raa^oa  Port  IMeace  Volunncrt,  compriiinr  artUiery, 
RBval,  and  enalBeer  coipe,  the  UoalnelB  artillafy,  tba  Hoobntin, 
RanioiB.  Railway  and  Uppet  Bntiaa  (ibt. 
ifiterolf  and  ifisfpf .— la  ha  thtae  ditet  lalaeral  pisdnctt.  caitb- 


CSal  b(oui 

dbrtcw. 

bSokr  < 


It  13  Joo  civil 
raniaRaliqr 


1,  k  muma  a  fair  peiceataga  upoB  tendae  bard  wwk. 
ind  Ia  the  Thayetinyo,  Upper  CUsdwin  and  Sbwtbo 
id  in  the  Shan  Sintea:  It  aba  oonn  to  MertoE,  but  tb* 
lieb  have  been  to  far  diieovered  have  been  either  of 

qnaOiy  or  too  far  fna  their  Ii  I  to  be  wskid  to 

i(&  Tin  Ito  ndna  to  Lowv  Banat  m  woitad  by  Bailm, 
bat  a  company  at  oat  time  worked  miaei  U  Ibt  Uiliwiin  towaiUp 
of  Meriuiby  EuropaniBetbadL  Tbe  chlrf  mtoea  and  mfnenb  an 
to  Upper  Burma.  Tbt  ladi  Bdaai  of  Upptr  Bbiibb  an  now  pnctl- 
eally  tba  only  towRo  ol  miply  il  thu  (ntotnl,  wkkb  b  to  (lett 
deoumdovsiUGhb*.  Tba  mlaat  an  Autod  beyood  KanBlne, 
MRh  el  MeaauBi  to  the  UOilkytaa  dbukl.  The  nuaen  an  all 
Kaditet.  and  tbe  rirbl  10  coDcct  tba  bde  duty  of  u|  b  fumed  out 
bj'toverBnentteabwe.wbohMkltWtaBhi^bKnaCfalnainan. 
Tbt  amwnt  oMaiatd  U»  vtiitd  naridcnUy.    In  iSaT-ilU  the 


wat  IUso.ooa  TUtdwlBdkdtaRB.9AMo!B  i>»>-i*t3.bBi 
thetytlem  wailbeB  adopted  of  litttoi  (or  a  term  ollkiaeytanand 
a  hleber  real  wat  obtabied.  Tbt  vatot  vaiba  enonieuily  aceontba 
tscaloar.wUcbibovldbeaaaiticidaribadeoidarfcaBen.  SetaC 
tnnipatcaey,  briUianey  and  hantoaii  an.  bewnv.  abo  wnniitli 
Tbe  eld  liver  miaea jpreduced  the  beet  qnUty.  Ibe  qnany  mbiea 
OB  tbe  top  of  ibe  kiO  Bear  TtwiBBw  produc*  emriBoua  qnaatitiB. 
but  the  quaUty  b  not  ao  rood. 

Tbt  uHtt  toiponan  laby-beaibt  ana  b  tb*  kioiMi  Mone  tnct, 
tn  tbe  hObabaui  te  ei.a«it  of  ibe  Irrawad^  aadoo  n.  iiarth«oRh. 
weil  of  MaadalH.  The  ririit.to  miae  (or  rublet  by  EDnprad 
Btethodt  and  to  levy  ro^ltfca  fmn  pertoBt  worUof  W  natlvt 
nethodt  wat  leaied  to  tbe  Botna  Ruby  MIbm  Coapany,  UmiiBl, 
in  1M9.  and  tbe  l«w  wat  rencwid  bi  1*96  lor  14  yean  at  a  nnt 
of  Ra.3.iv™  •  J***  plB*  ■  ek*"  it  tbe  pio6t>.    Tbe  not  wat 


84» 


Ir  ia  ■>)>  IB  ItiAMMW  a  yar,  bM  (ht  Auc 

tim  >ic  othK  ninr  nu  u  Ninweik  ia  Ht  HridcTiiu  diKnci 
ud  u  Sinia  ia  ib*  Uiadalay  dwricl.  wtan  itt  bbilibi  i>  br 
atdm  a«hod(  ndtr  tkocMra  c><  Rm.s  lad  Rcio  ■  miitk. 
TVy  VTp  hflagwry  o^  nodeniety  HHcn^id.     CoU  is  fbaad  ia 

isfor  ibtfnKMpartfpH^xliciailHiBBVvbQfurinHiiiv.  Tbn 
"-'—alKyaukpuit  ia  tte  Mawui^ Scie  itf  dK Kalkn 


BURMA 

DM  <]< 

BomiA  tku  the  VDrbl  dni 


pfDAoUe  ud  toM  I 


■rtnrynwuilkUla. 
lamrv  aiv  YoHD'aBH 
Ekii  dturicu.    TH«<fla 

otaDiry  by  the  natitca  df  Ibt 

OaCoBpu^  liao  It^bM  wotted  by  driHed 


ivbctilB.  bat  the  quKty  of 

or  niSiH  b  lauod  DB  i^S^Sn^?^  Ruby  MuB 

la  Ibc  Sbia  StaK  if  Maai  Ldaf.    Sualiu  ia  cBnctcd  fr 


bHM^t' 


JtrtnAan.— The  taltivalion  oF  tbe  land  ii  by  f«  the  mogt 
inporunt  indiuur  in  Buhha.  Only  gt'/,  al  the  protit  weic 
duKd  V  urban  in  tbe  cetuiu  of  T901,  ubd  a  oonsidnable  pro- 

Ncariy  t«o-lhird>  oi  tbe  tol*]  pcquiLitioB  lie  diicctly  or  iodiTRtly 
*TP*1  ia  agricHltun  ackd  kindicd  occupatiocu.  Thtoughout 
■BOM  of  tlw  *31i(a  In  the  nnil  tndsmen.irgmeDUKlchHdTen 
all  take  part  in  ^  africulturai  opentEoni,  allheui^  la  rivtrioe 
vilU^ea  whole  f«w*f»M>f  often  mf^iaft  thciueivei  from  tbe  uJe 
Eidiliti  and  eataUca.  the  food  ol  tbe  peopk 
k  or  bdkd  tin  irith  tailed  Ireib  or  dried  bb, 
oQ.  chiUJea,  omoiii,  turiDeric,  boDcd  vcgelabln, 
nc  lort  from  elephant  flesh  dgwn  lo 
■matler  aniauk,  fovb  and  a' 


The  Maple  crop  of  the  province  in  bcptb  Upper  and  Lover  Bwna 
Ea  ricx.  In  Lower  Burma  it  i*  overvbeliBuialy  the  larECW  crw; 
iaUppcr  ButiaaitbfnnFawheievcrpnaiaB*.  IIinH^iaut  tha 
■bdle  ef  the  laoifler  paru  vi  the  proviaca  tXt  a(ricultiual  ku«i 
li  the  •at  eerkid  of  the  Batb-wiM  lawaim,  hidai  fma  the  middle 
ofUayBatlNoveoibir.  Id  eaiM  (wta  lOdiwBiinDa  and  in  the 
'ry  dMrica  si  Upper  Bsma  a  bat  •eaaoa  ci«p  b  iIid  cnnrn  irith 


or  ptaofhta  the  ^ht  laadi  wkk  l^t  Bi,  and  Ibc  btevkr  an 
tiuiiiu  paftlna*  for  pl?TfiuBj  wet  iraai  aad  laaiiliy  lands,  / 
'ca&MW  be  traanilaawJ  a*  well  a»  Ma  andkritued,  Udbr 

dllvBUr.    Tt 

. , ivch  Biore  w 

-^    Otba-OBpawllichnnpin 
f|fHr  Sanaa,  ooeipriie  aiaije,  ti 

o.  wbaat,  aduel,  ether  leod  pan 

I  aad  epicK  tea,  b>rley»  wDt  luun 

- >  tilni^  iiidian  and  oiliH'  dye  '''~' 

a  BJIm  — ' —     *•  "-  •■—  -'  ■>- 
K^MMMdMinbu  dJttknTwhfcTh^ be«"aiiBiiiil  10  hU "iJi° 

addSd!  w  ibii  the  Mudalay  Caaal,  40  a>.  ia  leaftb,  vilh  fMBWeo 

■"-"^— = peatd  ia  1»0>;  the  Shwcba  caad.  17  m.  kan. 

aada  beuaJBE  had  been  made  e<  two  braachea 
n^  and  d  tbe  lUa  canal,  bepmin  igo*,  ua. 

I.  On  the  whole  Ihe  paoole  efBurnu  are  pr»- 
id.  T^neindluidnvtnueenlifhi:  markiu 
pteduce  an  comunl  and  prkce  sood;  while 
nllabk  hi  mou  diuricii.    Coinwid  nih  the 

IHtub  Indii  aad 


STtSa" 


Upp^'fe^^ 


'^nenetm'" 

fkanmaadcaltivaliea,  rei _. , 

covered  only  lu  iq.  ai..  u  aO  Ok  IUii^>aa  tfrWoa.    Tit  a 

nxripa  Imm  the  foreiB  then  aaminwl  to  IU.r.7z.4oa.    la  tlbr 

itva  the  toul  m  of  roerved  foieia  ia  L«wer  Buraa  wa<SS74 

1B91,  Aiihecadef  i09JcberceetvadfenAin 
unitd  lo  <oJ9  >).  m.  On  »b  Ignt  ttgt  the 
itedios««"q  m-  AiihedmeJiJwihtana 
!iti  in  the  whole  pntvinca  anouaud  <a  ^SA^ 

l5.19^04»ndeiipenditi.fe<niouBlii^liiRi.JJflOjll.     In  19H- 

■ -aemed  fmH,  end  il  ii  penbihk 

—  - H  Doaipteic  ihn  wiU  he  as^ooa 

ui  pnvTvaor  If  %  of  (he  l«»l  area. 

■  in  19117.    The  chief  acal  o"  '     '    ' 

ii«a  diKiScta.  ■htreiheia , 

"-    ft>hcO«,    W-'—'   ■-■   " WJ,—  ^.   J ._!__. 


jUpper^ 

m..  aod  ~i> 
tjo*  I'here  were  »,i«  iq 


-nil  then 

rUagyrar,    Tbecbief  harveat  leef  BOihHid 

ceofMiatapBftof  pill*.   S j.-?^ 


Jfiaa/odaru  and  Art.— Tbe  utplie  iadaatry  of  Bmna  a 
aKricnltun,  but  many  oiHivalon  an  ibo  iniian  in  tbe  by- 
KUOD.  In  addition  ta'ike-troinnc  ud  the  fcUinc  ud  auactioii 
of  timber^  and  Ihe  fithciica,  tbe  chief  occupationi  are  Hcc-hushinf. 
Hlk-WESviai  and  dyda^  Ibe  intradDctJOD  of  cheap  Dottoaaaiul 
sQk  f abfica  hia  dealt  a  blow  to  band-weavizix,  while  anHhie  dya 
|ie  diivtnf  out  the  native  vc^lable  product;  but  both  Induatrict 
ItiU  liBECC  in  the  rural  tiaclL  The  beat  iilk-wcaven  an  to  be 
found  al  Asunpuia.  Then  biie  mnibcii  of  people  foUow 
thii  occupation  aa  their  irJe  menrd  of  livt^ibood,  whercai  ailk 
tnd  cotton  weavtng  ihroughaui  the  province  lenenlly  is  cznied 
on  by  ^1e  and  women  while  unoccupied  by  other  dcmcatic 
dutio.  The  Bnnneie  an  food  of  brighl  cdIoiu*.  and  pish  and 
yellow  hannoDiie  wcD  with  thdr  dark  t^ve  completion,  but 
even  here  the  influence  of  weitem  civiliiation  li  beinf  felt,  and 
in  Ihe  towni  Ihe  tendcDQr  now  a  toward!  maroon,  brown,  olivv 


it  the  c 


.  of  ti 


3  b  Ban 


BUKMA 


»+3 


oftkital 

mjo  (biricu  of  LowEr 


M  illw  iraik  b  in  tl 


,. irriu  k  done  la  tukk  i 

nt  for  IxHfcj^  bM 
ouerwne  junoM  dogwood.  nU  to  (m  ■  ipKiii «  gmBiu,  ■ 
pnfcRTd     Ite  tool!  eiiiplojiMl  ut  (Utd,  (oogt  Md  ajUlM. 
Tlie  doiga'  i>  tnced  os  ths  mMd  with  dntonl,  gougnl  ovE  In 

the  tougfc,  BBd  finlibed  nith   "         " 

for  every  stiokt    Tbf  grttt 

lonn  of  bowlt  of  AS««t  iIh,  m  Hspc  inimiin  lum  um 
Itmc!  half  ol  i  bure],  only  raofC  oonvci,  of  bctd  boH*,  cvpo  ud 
null  bausIoTSnie.  tlolb  in  Ibe irood-arvlii))  ud  lilver work 
Ihe  BunncK  cbanutrr  dapUys  ItKif,  pviag  boldocM.  bmdib 
ud  tntdom  of  dnign,  but  m  pncnl  mot  ol  omlul  Gnlih. 
Dafoniuutely  Ihe  naiional  irt  is  kning  iti  diuioctjva  typo 
Oreof^  cootict  vith  vaiem  dviliutioo. 

Cnwwro. — The  chief  irtkls  oI  cipoit  baa  Banu  an  ri(« 
ind  timber.  In  i99j  [be  qiuntity  of  ricv  ctportcd  in  the  (onlgB 
>nd  coutil  tnde  amomiled  to  i,4'9i>75  ten*  nJwd  it 
Iti.9, 77,66^131,  and  Id  190J  tlte  igant  wet*  1,187,764  lou. 
nlue  Rs.is,e7,iS,tS3.  En^ud  tika  bj  br  tfae  pstut  diu« 
of  Bnnni'i  rkc,  Ihaugh  Urge  qnutilie*  an  kbo  oiBiuiMd  In 
Gcmuny,  whOe  Frun,  Italy,  Btt^va  and  HotUodabocoBHUM 
a  considciable  amounL  The  rcgulai  aNnH  M  Inde  l>  (^  to 
br  dcfieriFd  by  famina  la  InCUa  or  Japan.  In  t^oo  ««ar  oae 
■Billion  Ions  of  ri«  wne  shipped  to  India  dnrttif  the  (amlae  then. 
The  liR-mflt),  ahuMt  all  aitaated  at  tba  nrhxH  acaportt,. 
secure  the  harvest  trom  the  cultivator  tbfougb  mlddlniai. 
The  value  of  teak  eipocted  In  iS^s  "a*  Ka.i.Mii^t^J.  and 
In  iQo;,  Rs.r,]i,e}.40i.  Sab«dinate  producta  hir  axpotta 
IndudE  cutch  dye,  cuatcboucor  india'niliberi  CDtton,  patroJonm 
and  jade.  By  far  the  lai^t  of  the  iDpoitB  are  cotton,  rilk  and 
woollen  [nece^oods,i>'hDesubon£iuleimpartiindud*  haidirtre, 
(uony  bags,  tu(ar,  tobacco  and  liquors. 

The  fotlowirtf  table  ibawt  the  pnjgieiilvc  value  of  the  traded 
Bvm  since  1971-1871  >— 


Year 

Imponi. 

Eapons. 

Total. 

1S91-.S9J 

17.06.10.79* 

ft.. 

KsijJ'i'o 

11.94.  69. 1  "4 

14.44!!  tjyi 
»J.17J(I.ISS 

J1.5J.W.836 
4. .00^9.910 

Inunul  Ctmmiuriialicni.- 


,  1871-1812  there  wne  t 


iaK: 


n  ibe  Irravaddy  as  ^  north 
--  ."t-riu,  udabDOBtbeCliL- 

rn  diitlfli  the  laloa.    Tlie 

Company  has  alio  helped  10  open  up  tba  Ankan  divisioD.    The 

kngihof  road*  has  not  peatlyiiicjeafled  in  Lower  Burma,  but  tbeie 
has  been  a  srvBt  deai  aTrnd  coBMDciion  in  Upper  ** '  ■-  -■  - 

end  of  Ih*  yar  i^oi-ioo;  tbeit  weiE  tn  the  whoti  f 
U  rood,  1916  in.  of  which  wcix  meUUed  and  ]I70 1 
r799in.  of  Dibcr  tracks.  Bui  thechief  advance  in  onnmunicaiicii:^ 
has  been  in  railway  coiutniciron.  The  first  railway  from  Rangoon 
to  Prone.  161  m.,  was  opened  In  1B77.  and  Ihal  Fnnn  Rantoon  to 
TodiigoD,  IM  n..  was  opened  In  ISS*.  Since  the  aaneiatlan  at 
LJner  BuroH  this  hni  been  tnandgd  10  Msndalay.  and  the  Mu 
Vafky  railway  boi  been  consimcta]  ttwa  S>pin£  10  Myitltyiiia.  a 
diuance  of  75a  m.  rrom  RannniL  The  Mandiliy-Laihia  railway 
has  been  (innpleinf.  and  tnini  nm  from  Mand^y  to  Lashio,  a 
diriiKO  of  17S  m.  The  SafalBi-MAnyn-AUa  hnDcii  and  the 
Mdliii^-M>incyaii  branch  were  opened  to  IralKc  diving  1900. 
In  Ifor  a  railway  from  Heniada  to  Bassein  was  formed  and  a  coO' 
Dcctine  link  viih  (fie  Prome  fine  Troni  Henzada  to  Letpsdon  was 
opened  in  190J.  Railwayi  werv  also  eonstnictvd  from  Prfir  to 
Hartaban.  iii  m.  in  leivth.  andfiom  Htmadato  KyanE-in,06in. 
in  lenfth:  and  coonrvclion  wa*  contemptated  of  a  nilway  from 
Thaoi  towards  Taung-nd.  the  headquarters  of  the  soutbefa  Shan 
Slates.  The  total  Icnph  of  lines  open  In  I904'i90s  was  tj40  m,, 
but  raBny  conmunicatiDa  in  Bunna  il  Hill  veiy  Innmiilcle.    Fnt 


of  aw  tUtit  w— MdnmMaaaodT,MHn.tt«  naolnl  e<tW«Br^n> 
Shan  Saiaa,  have  (ominuokation  with  each  olbe  by  nilway.  but 
TauH-ni  and  the  •outhcni  Shan  States  can  Kill  only  be  reached 
by  a  fnlwcad  thmgfa  diSciUt  cDuntry  for  cart  traffic  and  the  bead- 
qnaitm  of  thito  cBmmWiwianfalpa,  Moulmein.  Aln>abaiid  Minbu, 
hav*  no  loilwBV  wmnmnlrwiioa  with  Ranna.  Aakan  is  i>  •I' 
w«it  pnsitiaii  of  all.  far  it  in  ooaoBcud^  with  Banpi  ' 

^h  Akyab  int 

Lam.—TiiB  British  f 


adopted  dHwbcn  bi  Ibo  BritU  d 
poithni  of  the  law  which  il  i  . 
law  (MB  bnui  Ijiw)  b  gooaljr  apfiUcahla  10  SnnoB,  thsu^ 


.  wbetiier  paoed  bdoR  or  after  tti  BDnoa- 
tion,  tbeae  acta  being  oaoaidacdaFiiBahfe  to  an  UwdomsBiHa 
of  the  oosni  in  India.  As  reganb  the  acta  of  the  tmaaof- 
general  In  council  passed  torlndia  (enetaUr— they,  MO,  woe  bom 
the  first  qi[4ieable  to  Unrer  Bonui  and  thay  hm  aB  been 
dedatcd  apfilicaUe  to  Upper  Bmnu  alio  by  tba  Banna  Lawa 
Act  of  iBpB.  That  portion  of  the  Engladi  law  wUch  baa  been 
JBtrodDixd  Into  Indiii  wltboat.  kgiilatiaa,  and  all  the  role*  of 
law  rating  opm  Ibe  •atboflQF  ol  the  oonrti,  an  made  appliaUe 
to  Burma  by  the  saaie  act.  Bnt  ccauiatentljr  with  the  pnctiCB 
which  haa  always  prevailed  hi  India,  there  Is  a  laige  field  of  law 
In  Burma  vhfdi  the  British  gtivemment  liaa  not  attempted  to 
{fiiturb.  It  iiexpreMly  directed  by  the  act  of  189!  above  leletttd 
to,  that  In  regard  to  ■nceculan,  tdbetllatice,  matilace,  taste  « 
an;  rettgiotia  usage  or  institnUon.  the  law  to  be  adinlniatered 
in  Burma  Is  (0)  the  finddUst  k«  in  caaca  where  the  patties  u< 
Buddteti,  (f)  the  Uaboamedan  law  in  caaca  when  the  panica 
arc  Mahofflmedam,  (e)  the  Hindo  law  In  cases  where  the  partio 
art  Hindta,  except  to  f*r  aa  the  same  may  have  been  modified 
by  the  le^ilatnre.  The  natrvatkin  thua  made  in  favour  of  the 
native  lawi  Is  precisely  BnalogoUB  to  tbealmBar  resetvatloo  made 
in  India  (see  IiiDiAH  Law,  where  the  Hindn  law  and  the  Hahom- 
Bcdan  Law  an  described).  The  BoddUst  law  Is  oontained  in 
certain  sacred  books  called  MmHuitAM.  Hie  laws  themselvca 
are  dettved  from  one  of  the  ceUections  wUch  Hindns  attribute 
to  Uanu.  but  In  some  respects  tbcy  now  widely  differ  fmm  the 
andeatHmdulawlofarasilisfcnowntoua.  There  is  no  certainty 
as  to  the  date  or  method  of  their  introduction  The  whole  of 
the  law  administered  now  in  Burma  rests  ulttmatcly  upon 
Btatulory  authority;  and  all  the  Indian  acta  rioting  to  Burtna. 
whelhn  of  ibe  govemor-gtBenit  or  tlie  Ueutenant-gonrBor  of 
Burma  in  council,  win  be  found  in  the  Burau  Code  (Calcutta, 
lS99),and  in  the  supplements  to  that  v<JumewhlcliaR  [mWshed 
from  time  to  time  at  Rangoon.  There  is  no  complete  ttaaslalioi 
of  the  DMammaiiaU,  but  a  good  many  of  them  have  been  tians 
lated.  An  account  of  these  trangbUons  will  be  found  In  Tkt 
Prineitla  ^  BmUkiH  lae  by  Chan  Toon  fRangooB,  1S94), 
*hlchls  the  fiisl  attempt  to  present  those  principles  In  something 
B|^>n)adibig  to  a  systematic  foira. 

Biilarj. — Il  b  probable  that  Burma  is  the  CilryM  Ktpa  of 
Ptolemy,  a  name  parallel  in  meaning  to  SffnafaraMa,  the  dastic 
Pali  title  assigned  to  the  country  lound  the  afotal  in  Burmese 
documents.  The  loyal  histoiy  traces  the  lineage  of  the  kings  to 
the  ancient  Buddhist ,  moaartha  of  Indii.  This  no  doubt  is 
fabulous^  but  it  is  hard  to  say  bow  cnrly  fiwnnimication  with 
Gange tic  India  began.  From  the  nth  to  the  r^th  century  the 
old  Bunnan  es^fnre  was  at  the  bei^t  of  Its  power,  and  to  this 
period  belong  the  splendid  lemains  o(  arcUlecture  at  Pagan. 
The  dtyandthedynasiywere  destroyed  by  a  Chinese  (orialber 
Uongol}  invasion(i  384  aji.)  in  the  reign  of  Kublai  Khan.  After 
Ihst  the  em[»re  fell  to  a  low  ebb,  and  Cenlnl  Burma  was  often 
subject  to  Shan  dynasties.  In  the  eatiy  part  of  the  t6th  century 
the  Burmese  princes  of  Toungoo,  in  the  north-east  of  Pegu, 
began  to  rise  to  power,  and  established  a  dynasty  which  at  one 
'  "  and  Anhan.    Tbey  made 


their  capital  at  ngu,  ai 


atUsd] 


l]ri>».^be|o^^«(aa 


M«f(betn*dkna(tlHi6thoaniity.  Thdi 
It  anmtiy,  sod  bdon  the  end  ef  the  tmitiTy 
U  deay.  A  new  dynuty  unw  in  An, 
.  ._  -,  Mkd  ■"*■*■■ '■iw*<  Lhcii  lupiTDUCy  thiwfli- 
OM  Ibe  17th  ud  duiini  iIm  bil  loity  yan  of  tlw  18th  coitniy. 
'Hw  P^uuii  or  Ttlkiafi  thcD  revcdted,  ud  hAvfny  taken  ihc 
O^iitit  Av*,  Mtd  nude  Ilie  kiti(  piiiODet,  faducid  tfat  vbok 
osoBliy  10  lubmiiBaiL  Akm^n.kft  by  the  ccoqatmr  In  duuie 
ol  llw  villiiB  at  UMikobo,  pbrawd  tbe<Ui«enBc«aI  hji  mnDy. 


lapitillutlM 
ID  I7J4  UH  itguut  ual  ko  inDMnent  of  nl-boMf  icuMi 
Av*,  bat  they  were  totally  delmted  by  Alompni  wMla  in  the 
dbi^cu  «I  Prone,  IJoBu^ni,  tc,  tht  Bimuni  nndlcd.  ud 
a^eUed  in  tha  P^  pidMM  in  tbtfi  lowB*.  In  iru  Prone 
m*  bnieicd  by  l£e  kingot  Ftsu,  rim  n*  isun  detoled  by 
Alo>Pim,Bul  (ba  mr  «■•  tnn^md  from  the  nppei  [mviiKa 
to  ihe  moulhi  of  the  uvi^ble  riven,  and  the  niimfBHit  omIu 
and  oaali  which  lnt«iKct  Ibe  tome  consny.  la  1755  tbe  yuva 
nja.  tbe  Uof  ol  Pegu'*  brother,  mi  equally  nmnterful.  ilta 


nbjact>>  and  to  lepd  a 


of  the  Siamese;  but  letmninx 
I  Ibe  (omt»  of  Syiiao  ud  took  it  by 
■be  Fnacb  sded  with  the  Fcguiu, 
Biimiuu,    Dupleii,   Uk  covernor  of 


navigable 

were  finally  lubdued.  lDi;j}tbecDnqueroiUid  licgi  to  the  ciiy 
of  Pegu,  whicb  c^tulated,  on  condition  (bat  ibeir  own  king 
■bould  gDvem  Ibe  country,  but  that  he  ihould  do  homage  for  bis 
kiogdom,  ud  itwuld  alio  wurcDder  hli  daughter  to  the  viclorioui 
mmarcb.  Alompn  never  conlemplited  the  ful£lnKnt  of  tbe 
condition^  and  having  oblaiocd  pDVeoion  of  tbe  town,  aban- 
doned it  10  the  fuiy  of  bii  uddien.  In  the  foUowicg  year  tbe 
Peguaaa  vainly  enileivoured  to  Ibrow  oS  Ihe  yoke.  Alompra 
alterwarda  reduced  the  town  ud  diitdct  of  Tavoy,  and  finally 
tmdertooklbecoaqaatot  theSiameie.  Hit  anoy  advuced  to 
Mergui  and  Tenauerim,  belh  of  which  town*  were  taken;  and 
■       ■ -■■ .      .  -■■■■»« 


imtnediately  ordered  hii  army 
hia  capiral  alive;  but  be  capiJ 
fif  Lielh  year  of  hii  age,  after  he  liad  reigned  dgbt  yeaia, 

pr^winii*  y^r  h^  VrA  tn^tvLtt^  ih^  FTipli<li  rtf  thf>  *^ r « hJi**irrt*n I 

of  Negraii,  wbom  be  luapected  of  ■Hitting  the  Peguui.  He  waa 
■ucceeded  by  bia  cideil  ion  Noungdaugyi,  who»  rdgn  vas  dis- 
turbed by  the  rebellion  of  bia  brother  Sin-byu-sfain,  ud  aJler- 
waidi  by  one  o(  bit  fatber'i  generali.  He  died  in  Utile  niore 
Iban  ibnx  yan,  leaving  one  loa  in  hii  infucy;  and  on  hia 
deceaac  the  throne  vaa  aciud  by  bit  brother  Sin-byu4hin.  Ibe 
new  king  wu  intent,  like  liii  predeceatoia,  on  ihe  conqucal  of  the 
adjacent  alaiei,  and  accordingly  made  war  in  17O5  '* 
Manipur  kingdom,  and  alio  on  the  Siameie,  with  pajtial : 
In  the  following  year  he  defeated  the  Siameie,  and,  after  a  long 
blockade,  oblamcd  poateuion  of  their  cninlaL  But  wbile  the 
Bumiana  were  eitending  Ibeir  ooDqveili  in  Ibis  quarter, 
were  invaded  by  1  CbiDCM  army  of  50,000  men  from  the  prD\ 
of  Yunnan.  Tbis  army  wu  bemioed  in  by  Ihe  akili  of  tbe 
Buimani;  and,  being  reduced  by  [be  want  ol  proviiioni, 
allerwardi  attacked  and  totally  destroyed,  wilh  the  en 
of  ijoo  men,  who  were  lent  in  fetten  lo  work  ia  the  Bi 
cental  al  their  leveral  trades.  In  the  meantime  the  SJaoKse 
revdted,  and  while  Ibc  Barman  army  wia  marcbiit 
(IwiD,  Ibe  Peguao  icJdien  who  had  been  inonporated 

BuiHcie,  punued  Ibe  Bimnu  amy  to  the  galea  ol 


He  look  Ihe  diMiict  aad  fort  oC  U  .  . 
Peguana;  and  in  lb*  foOowinf  yeai  he  laSed  down  the  Imwsddy 
with  an  acmy  ol  50,000  Bcn,  aod,  aniving  M  BangaaB,  put  to 
licath  the  aged  tionanfa  ol  Ftxn,  along  wllb  wuiy  of  hia  noblea, 
wbohadthaRdwitkhliDlntheaSmceolnbtiDioD.  Be  died  in 
■TTt,  after  a  Rjgn  of  twelve  yean,  duiiqg  whid  he  had  alcDded 

Bon,  ■  youtb  of  eighleoi,  ailed  Sii^^a^  (Ckeagnn  of  SyiM4, 
wbopnwed  bimielf  a  bleodthing  devot,  and  waa  put  to  death 
by  hbonde,  Bodawpaylor  Heolanoii  in  il'i,  ^^  ■acoided 
ibevacaaltbrcee^  InijIltbeDewkingettcctidthe  conquettof 
Aiakan.  In  the  tame  year  ht  lanoved  bit  rokksce  fion  Ava, 
which,  with  brief  JnloniMiona,  had  been  tba  capital  loc  lour 
tbe  new  dly  «(  Amaoiima,  "  iha  City  of  the 

_..  je  who  Bad  Kvoltad  in  1 7J1  wtn  never  afWTwarda 
luUuad  bf  Iha  Burmami  but  the  latter  retabied  ibeii  dnminifni 
over  Ihe  tea-coast  ai  far  a*  llergul.  In  ibe  year  17SJ  tb^ 
attacked  Ihe  itland  of  Junki^lon  with  a  fleet  of  boatt  and  an 
army,  but  were  ultimately  driven  back  with  lot);  and  a  tecsod 
attempt  by  the  Burman  monaicb,  who  in  17S6  invaded  Sf 
with  an  army  ol  mood  bko,  wat  an 
In  im  peace  «a*  OMduded  between  tl 
Siameae  yielding  to  tbe  8 -"■ 


Ibe        '     ■- 


leapona  of  Uergui  and  Tavoy. 

In  iTos  Iha  Bnrmtae  were  invdved  in  a  diqwle  v 
Briliih  in  India,  in  cOHequencc  oi  their  Iroi^ii,  to  tbe  ukhuii  01 
jooo  nen,  entering  the  district  of  Ctuttagong  in  punuit  of  tbieo 
robbeis  wlu  liad  Bed  from  jutice  una  Ihe  fnmiter.  Fjplana- 
iIdtb  being  made  and  tenu  ol  accoranwdation  oSercd  bj 
Ceneial  Erakine,  tbe  commanding  officer,  Ibe  Bunnoe  com- 
mander retired  from  the  Briliih  territaries,  when  tbe  fu^iivca 
were  rcilored,  and  all  diSereiicos  for  the  lime  amicably  anuged. 

Bui  it  waa  evident  that  Ibe  gradual  eiteoaion  ol  (be  Briliih 
and  BunoMe  terriioriei  would  in  time  bring  the  two  poweia 
into  clou  mntact  along  a  nwre  extended  line 
in  all  probability  lead  to  a  war  between  Iban 
accordin^y,  that  tlie  Bui  mm,  anying  their  ■ 
and  Manipur,  penetrated  to  (he  British  border  ne 
noiTh-eaat  Irontierof  Bengal,  beyond  which  nen 
of  tbe  cbieli  ol  Cachar,  under  the  proteclioi 
government.  The  Burmese  feaden,  aneiled  in  Ifadr  < 
conquest,  were  impalient  (0  measure  their  strength  w 
new  neigbboun.  It  appeals  timn  the  evidence  of  Ei  . 
who  resided  in  Ava,  thai  tbey  were  enlirdy  unacquiiBted  with 
tbe  discipline  and  icsourcei  of  tbe  Europcatta.  Tbey  toiagiatd 
thai,  tike  other  naliOM,  they  uroold  fall  before  (heir  nipcrior 
tacdci  and  valour;  and  ibtir  cupidity  was  inflamed  by  the 
pioepect  of  mardiieg  to  Calcutta  and  plundering  the  country. 
At  length  tbeir  cbiefi  ventured  on  the  iqicn  vnlatioD  of  the 
British  (erritoriee.  Tliey  attacked  a  party  of  wpoya  within  tbe 
frontier,  ud  seized  and  cnrricd  oB  British  lubjecu,  whSe  al  all 
prania  their  troops,  moving  in  Luge  bodiia,  anumed  Ihe  nsoat 
raenadng  positioaa.  In  ihe  aouth  aicroaduBenla  wse  made 
upon  (be  British  IroBtler  of  Chiilagong.  TbelsUndof  Sbahpun, 
a(  the  D9au(b  of  the  Naal  river,  had  been  occupied  by  a  tmatl 
guard  of  British  troops.    These  were  attacked  on  tbe  ijrd  o[ 


if  tbe  Biitiah 


bof  (he 


the  loss  of  several  lives;  and  to  tbe  repeated  di 
British  for  redress  no  answer  was  returned.  Other  oQtmgea 
ensued;  and  at  togth,  on  March  sih,  1SJ4,  warwasdetUtedby 
Ihe  Biillih  government,  ne  roililaiy  opnaliou,  whicb  win 
be  found  described  under  BuunsE  Waks,  ended  in  Ibe  treaty  ol 
Yandaboo  on  Ibe  34lh  of  February  1816,  whicb  conceded  (he 
British  tennx  and  enabled  Ibeir  army  to  be  withdrawn. 

For  aorae  yan  Ibe  rdatkus  of  peace  oooiinued  undtsturbciL 
Probably  Ihe  (e^ng  ol  aimiiy  on  Ibe  part  ol  the  ButsKse  jpiven- 
meni  was  not  very  slrong,  but  so  long  ai  the  prince  by  whoa 
the  treaty  *ai  concluded  continued  in  power,  no  altcnpt  wu 


BURMA 


«+S 


Btda  to  deput  (ran  lU  main  itipidaUani.  Hut  raonirch, 
Bi-ggi-iLiii.  tuwcvei,  wu  obliged  in  1831  to  jritld  thi  ihrou 
to  k  usurper  vrho  appeared  in  Lhe  pmoii  of  hU  biulher,  Tliar- 
nwaddi  (TtiuavBdi).  TheUtLcr,itineirlypciIod,  maiufHied 
BM  only  that  hilicd  ol  Biilith  connexion  whkh  ni  ilmosl 
UDivcml  ■!  the  Bomeie  couil,  but  (lu  Ibe  eiliUQesl  conlempl. 
Poc  Kvenl  yeui  it  had  bttame  (ppaniDt  thai  ilw  period  wu 
■pptotchins  *beii  wu  between  tba  Biitiib  and  i)hi  BucncK 
fovenUDcnts  umild  (glin  bKome  Incviuble.  The  BriiUh 
■adenl.  Major  Bitrncy,  who  had  been  appoIMed  in  iSjo,  Anding 
hit  picaenn  at  Ava  apeeable  cdthei  to  ilic  king  nor  to  himKlI, 
temoved  in  iSjT  to  Ranjoon,  and  ihorlly  iJunraids 


Uliin 


lely  it 


lain  Fricndshtp  for  the  Ti 
rcaiJl^  the  fint  shot  bcinc  tir 
icr,  though  succcH  was  varjHi 


svcn  the  pretence  of  mainUiniliK  lelatioiu  of  f  riendibip,  and  Iha 
Britith  functionary  at  that  tiine,Captiunlladcod,inia  withdnwo 
in  1*40  allogether  from  a  coumry  where  hii  continuance  would 
havg  been  but  1  mockery.  The  atate  of  lulieo  dislike  which 
(allowed  wai  aftn  ■  while  lucceeded  by  more  active  tvidcncei 
of  bOBlilily.  Acti  of  violence  were  comnutied  on  Britiih  ahipi 
4Dd  Bllli^  seamen.  RcDiDUtnnfe  wu  consequently  made  by 
tlu  Britbh  govetnmcnt,  and  iti  enyoyi  weri  supported  hy  * 
Bnall  D*val  force,  l^e  oIBcen  onwhom  devolved  the  duty  of 
Kpeewnting  the  wrooci  ol  thcit  leliow-counlrymea  and  denund- 
in^  ivdma,  proceeded  to  Rangoon,  the  goverrur  ol  which  place 
had  been  a  chief  acior  ia  the  ouiiaget  complained  ol;  but  10  lar 
wen  they  from  meeting  with  any  aigns  ol  rcfrci,  that  they  were 
(leated  with  indignity  and  contempt,  and  compelled  to  retire 
without  accompli^ng  anything  beyond  blodudinf  the  porta. 
A  Kries  of  negotialiona  loUowed;  nothing  wai  demanded  of 
the  BuiiDHe  beyond  a  very  moderate  compenulton  for  the 
injuria  inflicted  on  the  njastcn  ol  two  Britiih  vemela,  an  opoiogy 
tor  the  iniulti  oBered  by  the  govcrnoi  ol  Rangoon  to  the  rcpre- 
MMativci  of  the  Britiih  govcnunent,  and  Ibc  re-ntabliihincal 
ol  at  leut  the  appearance  of  Iricndly  telationi  by  the  reception 
ctaBritiihagcntbylhcBunnescgovernnwnt.  But  the  obduracy 
of  King  Pagan,  who  had  lucccedcd  hii  lather  in  1^6,  led  10  the 
tefuwl  alike  ol  atonement  lot  pilt  wrongi,  of  any  nprcssi' 
ol  legrel  for  the  dlipliy  of  gratuiioui  insolence,  and  of  31 
indication  of  a  dcurc  to  nui  ' 
Another  Burmese  war  vas  th< 
taJanuary.Sii.    Aiinthcfoi 

the  British  finally  Iriuinphed,  onu  inc  ciuei  lovns  in  ine  iijivcr 
part  of  the  Burmese  kingdom  feU  to  them  in  suHttsion.  The 
dly  of  Pegu,  the  capital  of  that  portion  which,  oflcr  having 
been  captured,  had  again  passed  into  the  hands  at  the  enemy, 
was  recaplufcd  and  retained,  and  the  whole  prorince  ol  Pegu 
WJl,  by  proclamation  of  the  governor-general,  Lord  Dalhousic. 
declared  lo  be  annexed  (o  (he  British  dominions  on  the  loih  ol 
December  iSja.  No  treaty  wa<  obtained  or  insisted  upon,— 
the  British  govcnunent  being  content  with  the  tadi  acquiescence 
«f  the  king  of  Burma  wiihout  such  documenta;  but  its  resolution 
was  declared,  that  any  active  demonstration  of  hostiliiy  by  him 
would  be  followed  by  retribution. 

About  the  same  time  a  revdulion  brole  onl  which  reinlted 
fn  King  Pagan')  dethronement.    His  tyrannical  and  barbarous 

iud  indeed  many  of  hii  leliDtis  recall  the  wont  passages  of  the 
h^toryof  the  later  Roman  emperors.  The  MindAn  prince,  who 
had  become  apprehensive  for  his  own  s.-ilcty.  made  him  pritoncr 
In  February  iSsj,  and  was  himself  crowned  king  of  BumiB 
towards  (he  end  of  the  year.  The  new  monareh,  known  as 
King  Mindin,  showed  himself  BUfllcicnllyarroEant  in  his  dealings 
with  the  European  powers,  but  was  wise  enough  to  keep  fre^ 
tton  any  approach  towards  hoilllity.  The  loss  of  I^gu  Was 
long  a  matter  of  bitter  regret,  and  he  absolutely  refused  (o 
aduiowledge  it  by  a  formal  treaty.  In  the  beginning  of  iSjs 
heseritamissionoreomplimcnt toLordDalhousie.  the  governor- 
general^  and  in  the  summer  of  the  same  year  Ma)or  (glierwirds 
Sir  Arthur)  Phayre.  ii  /niM  governor  of  the  new  province  ol 
Pegu,  WM  ippoimed  envoy  to  the  Bonnrse  tmiil.  lie  was 
ucompaniedbyCaptain(aricrwardsSirHenry)YukassecrTUry. 
ID  »dded  laigely  to 


our  knowledge  of  the  stale  of  the  eonnHyi  bat  In  111  Buin 
object  of  obtaining  a  treaty  it  was  unsuccessful.  It  was  not  till 
libi  that  the  king  a(  length  yielded,  and  hl>  reUtlona  with 

In  that  year  the  province  of  British  Burma,  the  present  Lower 
B  urma,  was  fonriedfWith  SirArthurPhayrcaachlef  eommisuoner. 
In  186;  a  treaty  was  concluded  at  Mandalay  providing  for  the 
free  inteicooise  of  tnde  and  the  est&hlishmcnt  of  regular  diplo- 
maUc relations.  KiDgMbidADd!cdinigj3,andw»saucceededhy 
Ms  son  King  Thibaw,  Euiy  in  lin  be  excited  much  honor 
by  executing  a  number  of  the  mernbers  of  the  Burmese  royaj 
family,  and  relations  became  much  strained.  The  British 
realdent  was  withdrawn  in  October  1879.  The  government  of 
the  country  rapidly  became  bad.  Cantinl  over  many  of  the 
outlying  districts  was  lost,  and  the  elements  of  disorder  on  the 
British  frontier  were  a  standing  menace  lo  the  peace  of  (he 

terms  of  the  (leatyol  iBSg,  created  monopoiiato  the  detriment 
of  the  trade  of  both  England  and  Burma;  and  while  the  Indian 
government  was  tmrrpresented  at  Mandalay,  representatives 
of  Italy  and  France  were  wtlcotned,and  two  separate  embassies 
were  sent  to  Europe  for  the  purpose  of  contracting  new  and,  if 
possible,  close  aCiances  with  sundry  European  powers.  Mitten 
were  brought  to  a  crisis  towards  (he  dose  of  iSSj,  when  the 
Burmese  government  imposed  a  fine  of  £730,000  on  the  Bombay- 
Burma  Trading  Corporation,  and  reluscd  to  comply  with  a 
suggeilion  ol  the  Indian  government  that  the  cause  of  complaint 
shot'd  be  invesligalcd  by  an  impartial  arbitrator.  Anulthnitum 
was  thcrcloie  despatched  on  the  imd  of  October  1885.  On 
(he  9th  of  November  a  reply  was  received  hi  Rangoon  amounting 
to  an  unconditional  refusal.  The  king  on  the  7th  of  November 
issued  a  proclatnation  ctllinti  upon  his  subjects  to  drive  the 
British  into  the  sea.    {>n  (he  r4th  of  Ndvember  rSgj  the  British 


field  fc 


d  the  fro] 


a  Uan 


rithout  mcurring  any  serious  resistance  (see  BnHCSE  Watts). 
It  reached  Ava  on  the  i6th  of  November,  and  an  envoy  from  (he 
king  signified  his  submission.  On  the  i8lh  of  November  the 
British  oaupied  I>fandalay,  andnett  day  KlngTUbaw  wai  sent 
down  the  river  to  Ran  goon,  whence  he  was  afterwanb  transferred 
10  Ralnagfri  on  the  Bombay  coast.  Uptier  Burma  was  formally 
annexed  on  the  tit  of  January  1SS6,  end  the  work  of  mtoring 
the  country  to  order  and  introducing  settled  government 
commenced.  This  was  a  more  serious  (ask  than  the  overthrow 
of  the  Burmoe  government,  and  occupied  foiu' yeara.  This  waa 
in  part  due  to  the  character  of  the  country,  which  wai 
eharae(eri»d  as  oim  vast  military  obstacle,  and  In  pan  to  the 
disorganization  which  had  been  steadily  growing  during  the  six 
>'eanol  King  Thlbiw'i  reign.    BythecioscoCiSJgatl  the  larger 

has  enjoyed  greatertreedonifiDm  violent  crime  than  the  provina 
formeriy  known  as  British  Burma.  By  the  Upper  Burma 
Village  Regulations  and  the  Lower  Burma  Village  Act,  the 
viTlagers  themselves  were  made  responsible  for  maintaining 
order  in  every  vlltige,  and  the  system  hasworked  with  the  greatest 
success.  During  the  decade  rBor-r^oi  the  population  increased 
by  to-8%  and  cultivation  by  j]%.  With  good  harvests  and 
good  markets  the  standard  of  living  In  Burma  has  much  itnproved. 
Large  areas  of  eultivahle  waste  have  been  brought  Ohder  cultiva- 
.tlon.  and  the  gcnemi  result  has  been  a  contented  peeiple.  The 
boundaiy  with  Siam  Was  demaroted  in  rSgj,  and  that  with 
fThinawas  completed  in  i  joo. 

AimlOBiTio.— MScial:  Col  Honcc  SpearaiaB.  BrUbt  Burma 
Caitllar  (t  voli..  RaniMn.  tin):  Sir  J.  Ccofge  Seotl.  Vppet 
flmMiifii^rrri  fjirnli  Trin[nna  Vftfiyil'l.  Kan^tial:  JCiifat 
Rev.  Biihos  BicMdet,  Lih  tr  Lttnid  af  iJnisaH  (wd  ed.,  London. 
ismii  C.  W.  Sirdi  Ifaiidrnaii  1*  Burma  (LoiKlan,  1807):  E.  D. 
CuifliiM. /a  it(  5l«3e»  ^Iti  i'liMla  (London.  1R9}),  Ifdl  At  Jirtidt 
FM  (Lcmlan.  ifioil:  slax  and  Bentu  Femrs.  8irr«  (Lotdon, 
I'M!:   II.  KMdini.  ri<  Sttitlm  Pupil  %BaMkum  n  BwM) 

^  ■     ■  •   -y.};    Cj(H.  C.  J.Forbei  FS.,  Burma  (IfflidoB.  iSlB), 
'  "     "  '  "  rlkir  tnila  (London. 


Dio.izodbvGoogle 


BURMANN— BURMESE  WARS 


ii??»« 


known  u 

bam  It  Utrecht.    Aithci. 


>,  M.  SnmlDn.  Tht 
Yuk.  A   Uiman  U 

•r,   rb  5iU«  Eaa 

---■  Tnbduirodhe 

0-  G.  Sc.) 

BDRMAKH,  nSTEB  (tMg-i74r],  Dutch  duiical  uliohr, 

Jiiiinguidi  him  from  hii  nephew,  wm 

It  ol  thirteen  lie  cnu led  the  univtraity 

himself  puliculu-ly  to  the  study  of  the  dauical  languages,  and 
became  UDUsiuIly  proficient  in  Latin  composition.    As  lie  wis 

ince  on  the  U*  cliuiia.  Far  ilwul  i  year  he  studied  b1  Leiden, 
payingspcdil  attention  to  philosophy  and  Greqk.  On  his  return 
to  Utrecht  he  took  the  degree  ol  doctor  of  laws  (March  168SJ, 
and  after  ItavelliDg  through  Swilieiland  and  pail  of  Germany, 
tettieddownto  the  practice  of  law,  without,  hawevfr.Bbaadoning 
his  classical  studiea^  lnDecemberi6Qi  hewasappointedreceiver 
ol  the  lithe*  which  weit  originally  paid  id  the  biiiop  of  Utrecht, 
and  five  years  later  was  Dominated  to  the  pmfBsoithip  of 
eloquence  and  tustoiy.  To  this  chaii  was  sood  added  that  of 
CiMk  and  pulitict.  In  1714  he  paid  a  short  visit  to  Paris  and 
ransacked  the  libraries.  In  the  following  year  he  was  appointed 
successor  lo  the  celebrated  Peiuooius,  who  had  held  Ihe  chair 
of  history.  Greek  language  and  eloquence  at  Leiden.  He  was 
subsequently  appointed  professor  of  history  for  the  United 
Provinccsandchiellibraiian.  His  numerous  editorial  and  critical 
works  spread  hii  fame  as  a  Kholar  throughaul  Europe,  and 
engaged  him  in  many  of  the  stormy  disputes  which  were  then  so 
common  among  men  of  letleia.  Burmann  was  rather  4  coa[nler 
than  a  critic;  his  commenlaijei  >bow  immense  leaming  and 
accuracy,  but  are  wanting  in  UMeutd  Judfmenl.  He  dkd  on 
the  JIBE  ol  March  1741. 

Bunnann  edited  the  foUowfag  elai^cal  authon:— Phaednia 
(i69t):  Koni]e(i6w)i  VakriuaFlaccBsflTcali  Feironim Afblur 
J1709  :  Vclleiui  huiculm  (1719):  QvirRiliH  (1710):  Justin 
(1711)1  Ovid  (1777);  Ptui  Lalini  rntmra  (i/xi);  SuetDniu 
ii73Ui  LKan(i740)-  Ha  ate  puhHibtd  an  edilioa  of  Bachanan-a 
wDTki,  continued  Grawiua'i  grot  work.  TjltfnnsjIMuBiMlaiiiff 
Hiaarianm  IbUiix.  and  wroi*  a  irealue  Dt  Vitlipliiia  MftWi 
Smuni  (1694)  and  a  ihut  manual  of  Roinan  anliquitie*,  Anllfiila- 
hm  RemmarMm  Brttit  DcunfliB  (1711).  His  SjUttt  tfiiMarwm 
t  tirii  ilfulrAw  HrifUrtim  (I73J)  It  of  hnpoRanec  lor  the  hlKon 
of  learned  lucD.  The  lis  of  hii  week*  oxBiiiea  Gvt  ptft  In  Sau  s 
OtomAitiait.  HU  poemi  and  orainoi  wen  publuhed  after  hi* 
death.  Then  ii  an  account  of  hit  life  in  the  CmUmtx't  JTuiuui 
lor  April  (.7*1)  by  Dr  Ssmuel  Johaion. 

BDRKAHH.  PIBTBR  (1714-1718),  caOed  by  UmuU  "the 
Younger  "  (Sdcundus),  Dutch  philologist,  nephew  ol  Ihe  above. 
«ai  bom  at  Amsterdam  on  the  ijlh  of  October  1714..  He  was 
brought  up  by  his  unde  in  Leiden,  and  ifurwards  ttudied  law 
and  phUology  under  C.  A.  Duker  and  Arnold  von  Diakenborch 
at  Utreckt.  In  1735  he  was  appointed  professor  ol  eloquence 
and  history  at  Franeker,  with  which  the  chair  of  poet^  was 
combined  in  1741,  In  the  fallowing  year  he  left  Franeker  for 
Amsterdam  lo  become  professor  of  history  and  philology  at  the 
AlheBaEUm.  He  was  lubscquently  professor  ol  poetry  (1744), 
general  Ubraiiss  (i7ji),and  inspcctorof  thegyinna»um(i7S]). 
In  1777  he  retired,  and  died  on  the  >4ih  of  June  tjji  at  Sazid- 
horst.  Dear  Amtterdam.     He  resembled  his  more  famous  itncle 

disposition,  which  involved  him  in  quarrels  with  contemporaries, 
notably  Saxe  and  KloU.  He  was  a  man  of  eitensive  learning, 
andbadagrealtalentfarLalinpoeliy,  His  most  vahuble  works 
are:  Anlliehtia  ViUnat  Laliacrum  E^pammalnm  (t  Fixrwlum 
(■7SO-I77]);  ^risb>rliai>u  Cimiiidiai  Nimm (nboy.  RlitbirUa 
at  HtrtiuiiiiwtUlM.  He  completed  the  editiontol  Virgil  {1746) 


and  Chiudian  (1 760),  which  had  been  left  onfiBisbed  by  tit  mdc, 
and  commenced  an  edition  of  Ptopertius,  one  of  hit  bol  worfct. 
which  was  only  half  printed  at  the  lime  of  his  death.  It  waa 
completed  by  L.  van  Santenand  published  in  I7tk>. 

BURMEIB  WARS.  Three  wars  were  fought  between  Banna 
and  the  British  during  Ihe  igih  century  (lec  Bunaa:  Hultry), 
which  resulted  in  the  gradual  extiociian  of  Burmese  independence. 

Firil  Bvmra  War.  iKij-itf,— On  the  13rd  of  September  iBij 

an  island  ctose  to'the  Chittagong  side,  killing  aod  wounding 
lit  of  the  guard.  Two  Burmese  armies,  one  Irani  Manipar  and 
another  from  Assam,  abo  entered  Cachar,  which  wai  nndec 
British  ptotecllon,  in  January  iS)4.  War  with  Burma  ns 
formally  dectarid  on  the  jlhof  Marebig]4.  On  Ihe  I7lh«f  May 
>  Burmese  Force  invaded  Chlltagong  and  drove  a  mlied  tepoy 
and  police  delachmcnt  friim  its  position  at  Ramu,  but  did  not 
follow  up  its  success.  The  British  tulei*  in  India,  however, 
had  resolved  to  carry  the  war  into  the  eiwmy's  country;  an 
armament,  under  Commodore  Charies  Grant  and  Sir  Archibald 
Campbell,  entered  the  Rsngnui  river,  and  anchored  oH  the  town 
on  the  lolh  of  May  1114.  After  a  feeble  loiiUuKe  (he  place, 
then  litlle  more  thjn  a  targe  stockaded  village,  was  surrendered. 
and  the  Iniopi  were  landed.  Theplacewasentirely  desenedby 
its  inhabitants,  (he  provisioiis  ht:tc  carried  off  or  destroyed,  and 
the  invading  force  look  possession  of  a  complete  solitude.  On 
the  iglh  of  May  Sir  A.  Campbell  ordered  an  attack  on  loiM  ol 
the  nearest  pcals,  which  were  all  carried  aJlera  sleadily  weakening 
defence.  Another  attack  was  made  on  the  lOIh  of  June  on  tlie 
stockades  at  the  village  of  Kemmendrne.  Soose  d  these  were 
battered  by  artitfery  from  the  war  vessels  in  the  river,  toA 
the  shot  and  shells  had  such  cHecI  on  the  Burmeie  that  they 
evacuated  Ihem,  after  a  very  unequal  resistance.  It  toon,  how.- 
ever,  became  apparent  that  the  expedition  had  been  tmderlaken 
with  very  imperfect  knowledge  of  the  country,  and  without 
adequate  provision.  The  dcvaslatiOD  of  the  country,  whidi 
was  part  of  the  defensive  system  nf  Ihe  Burmese,  was  carried 
out  with  unrelenting  rigour,  and  the  invaden  were  soon  reduced 
10  great  difficulties.  The  health  of  the  men  declined,  and  their 
ranks  were  fcarfidly  tiunned.  The  monarch  of  Ava  sent  large 
reinforcements  to  bis  dispirited  and  beaten  army;  and  early  in 
June  an  attack  was  commenced  on  the  British  line,  bul  proved 
unsuccessfuL  On  the  Sth  the  British  assaulted.  The  enemy 
were  beaten  at  all  points;  and  their  strongest  stockaded  works, 
battered  to  [^cces  by  a  powerfu]  artUlciy.  wen  in  general 
abandoned.  With  the  eiccpiion  of  an  attack  by  the  prince  of 
Tharmwaddy  io  the  end  of  August,  the  enemy  allowed  the  British 
to  remain  unmolested  during  the  months  of  JiJy  and  August. 
This  interval  was  employed  by  Sir  A.  CampbeU  in  subduing  the 
Burmese  provinces  of  Tavoy  and  Mergui,>nd  Ihe  whole  coast  uf 
Teiwsserim.    This  •  ' 


LS  talub 
who  were  now  to  nu 
■caredy  ]ooo  si^dicr 

at  the  mouth  of  the  Pegu  rivei 


in  the  British  army  that  then 


lick. 


duced  under  the  authority  of  the 

The  lainy  season  terminated  about  the  end  ol  October;  and 
the  court  of  Ava,  alarmed  by  the  disromfitiue  of  its  armies, 
recalled  the  veteran  legions  which  were  employed  In  Arakan. 
under  their  renowned  leader  Maha  Bondula.  Bandula  hastened 
by  forced  marches  to  the  defence  of  his  country;  and  by  the  end 
iber  an  army  of  60,000  men  bad  surrounded  the  British 
It  Rangoon  and  Kemmendlne,  for  Ihe  defence  of  which 
bald  Campbell  bad  only  jooo  efficient  troops.  The 
nemy  in  great  force  made  repealed  attacks  on  Kemmendine 
ithoul  sacceu,  and  on  the  7th  of  December  Bandula  was 
efealed  in  a  counter  attack  made  by  Sir  A.  CampbeU.  The 
igilives  retired  to  a  strong  poaitlon  on  the  river,  which  they  aglio 
atienched;  and  here  they  were  attacked  by  the  British  00  the 
5th,  and  driven  in  complete  cnnfusion  from  the  field. 
a>  Arcblbahl  CampbeU  now  resolved  to  lavance  on  Proiae, 


if  Nov 


BURMESE  WARS 


8+7 


Di.  hiflin  np  ihe  Immulily  ri> 

D  the  ijlh  dI  Fcbruuy  iSiJ  in  iwa  aivuioni,  odc 
i|  by  lud,  uid  the  elher.  uqda  Gcncnl  Willoui^by 
votton,  dntjocd  for  Ihi?  reduction  o[  DuiubyUi  bciii^  cmtvrked 
on  the  ftoliUi.  Taking  the  commuid  oF  Ihc  Isnd  fuiXF.  he  con- 
duucd  hii  ftdvuicc  till  the  iiih  of  March,  when  intcilifcncc 
inched  him  d!  the  failuie  at  the  attuk  upon  Danubyu.  He 
iniUDtly  comnunced  ■  nuograde  much;  on  Om  i^lh  h«efl«ct«i 
a  junctioa  with  Cencisl  Calion'i  tortt,  and  on  the  ind  of  April 
colered  the  enlraichmenli  at  Danubyu  without  icaistnnce, 
Bandula  havioc  been  killed  by  the  oplcaion  of  a  bomb.  The 
En^bh  icneial  mlcRd  Promcon  the  ijth,  and  renuincii  there 
during  tho  xainy  aeason-  On  the  1 7th  of  September  an  anoiMicc 
una  ooDcludcd  tat  one  month.  In  the  coune  of  the  sumoxi 
CcnenlJoieiihMom»nhad<»nqueRd  the  province  of  Arakan; 
In  the  Donh  the  BurmrK  were  expelled  from  Asun ;  and  the 
British  had  jnade  aoove  progms  in  Cachar,  though  iheif  advance 
«a>  Gmdly  impeded  by  the  thick  fotoU  and  jungle. 
The  annistice  having  ejrpired  on  the  yd  of  November,  the 


defended  by  jo»  Eumpeani 
Britiih  ilill  Uiumphed,  and  i 
Buraieie  were  the  assaiUuits 


t  Pfome 


which  w 
Butt 


■tiODgly  loit 


11  e[   Ankui,   logtihtr 
m  Aaum  and  the 


v!i[  actioni,  in  which  Ihe 
re  paitiaUy  auccenful,  Sii 
DO  the  lat  al  ueccnbcr,  attacked  the  diHctenl 
leii  anny,  and  wcceuively  drove  them  from  all 
I.  and  diipened  them  ia  every  diieciion.  The 
■i  on  Malun,  along  the  coune  ol  the  Inawaddy, 

led  heights  and  a  [ormidable  ttockide.    On  Che 
a  flag  of  truce  to  the  Biitiih  camp;  and  ncgotia' 

Dwini  condiiiora:~t>)   The  ceui 
ei  ol  Mecgui,  Tavoy 

eontiguoui'pclly  >t4l«;  (j)  ihe  Company 
rupees  as  an  iiufemnification  for  the  expcmes  of  the  war;  (4) 
leiidenis  fiom  each  court  to  be  aUowed,  with  an  ucort  of  fifty 
men^  while  ft  was  also  stipulated  that  Briiiih  ships  should  no 
longer  be  obliged  to  unship  theic  rudders  and  laod  their  funs  ai 
formerly  in  the  Burmese  ports.  This  treaty  was  agreed  to  and 
aigned,  but  the  ratiEcation  of  the  king  was  still  wanting;  and  it 
was  soon  apparent  that  the  Burmese  had  no  intetxtion  to  sign  it, 
but  were  prepwiog  to  renew  the  conteat.  On  the  19th  of  January, 
accordingly,  Sir  A.  Campbell  attacked  and  carried  the  enemy's 
position  at  Malun.  Another  offer  of  peace  was  here  made  by  the 
Btinnese,  but  it  wu  found  to  be  insincere;  and  Ihe  fugitive  army 
made  at  the  andenl  city  of  Pagan  a  final  stand  in  delcnce  ol  the 
capital.  They  were  attacked  and  oveithrown  on  the  gth  ol 
February  iSiCi;  and  the  invading  force  bemg  now  within  four 
days'  match  of  Ava,  Di  Price,  an  American  missionary,  whn  with 
other  Europeans  had  been  thrown  into  prison  when  the  war 
commenced,  was  Knl  to  the  British  camp  with  the  treaty 
(known  as  the  tieity  of  Yandaboo)  ratified,  the  ptisonen  of  war 
Rleased,  and  an  instalment  of  15  lakhs  of  rupees.  The  war 
was  thus  brought  to  a  successful  termination,  and  the  Britiih 

Saund  Buniiat  War,  iSja.— On  the  islh  of  March  iSji 
Lord  Dalhousle  sent  an  ultimatum  to  King  Pagaii,  annoutidng 
that  hostile  operations  would  be  commenced  if  all  his  demuida 
wen  not  agreed  to  by  the  sat  of  April.  Meanwhile  a  force 
consistingofSioo  troops  had  been  despatdied  to  Rangoon  under 
the  command  of  Ccneial  H.  T,  Godwin,  C.B.,  while  Commodore 
Lambert  cDDummdcd  the  naval  coDtingent.  No  tEidy  beini 
liven  to  this  letter,  the  fiisi  blow  of  the  Second  Burmese  War  wa* 
struck  by  the  British  on  the  jth  of  April  iSji,  when  Martabon 
WIS  taken.  Rangoon  town  was  occupied  on  the  i>th,  and  the 
Shwe  DagAn  pagoda  on  the  14th,  after  heavy  fighting,  when  the 
Burmese  army  relitrd  northwards.  Bassdn  was  seiied  oa  the 
Ifllh  of  May,  and  Pegu  was  taken  on  the  jrd  of  June,  after  some 
•harp  fighting  round  the  Shwe-maw-daw  pagoda.  D 
tainy  season  the  approval  of  the  East  India  Company' 


diieclors  and  of  the  Biitiih  gi 
annexation  cS  the  lower  ponioB  of  the  Imwaddy  VaBqr, 
including  Promt.  Lord  Dalhoaiie  visited  Ransooo  in  July  aad 
August,  and  discussed  the  whole  ritnalioa  with  the  dvji.  mHilary 
and  naval  authorities.  In  consequence  Oeneral  Godwin  occupied 
Promeon  the  Qth  of  October  after  bunUahHTsistaM.  ^y 
in  Dettmher  Lord  OaUmaie  jnlOmed  Sin  P>g*B  thai  t^ 
province  of  Ptpi  wmU  hcdcaEoith  fom  put  of  the  BritU 
dominioos,  and  (hat  if  hli  Inapi  le^tlid  the  meuon  Us  whole 
kingdom  would  be  desnoycd.  Tke  ptedamtfloa  of  -—«"'*"■ 
was  issued  on  the  »th  of  Jannaiy  1)53,  tmt  thtB  the  Second 
Burmese  War  wti  bfought  to  an  oul  wilhont  any  tnaty  hdng 

TkirJ  Bimuti  Wtr,  tSSf-W.-^Tbt  impositiaa  of  an  Im- 
possible hne  OB  the  Bomb^/'Burma  'Hadiag  Oonpany,  covptod 
with  the  threat  of  confiicalion  of  all  their  rights  and  piupeity 
in  case  of  nen-paytneat,  led  to  the  British  ■Itlmatura  of  the 
»ud  of  October  iSSji  and  by  the  9tb  ol  Novnaber  *  pnetkil 
ttf  oal  of  (he  tetnii  havlnc  been  rec^vcd  at  Kaivoon,  the  ac(upt> 
tion  of  HaiuUUy  ind  the  dgthroBeaxnt  of  ^ag  "lUbaw  wen 
determined  upon.  At  tUi  lime,  beyov)  the  fact  that  the 
Country  was  one  of  dense  iun^,  and  tbenfon  meat  unfavouN 
able  (or  miUuiy  opeialions,  little  was  known  of  the  interior 
of  Upper  Burma;  but  Britiih  iieatMn  had  for  yenra  been  ru>- 
ning  OB  the  great  river  hi^way  of  the  Irrawaddy,  fnun  RangooB 
to  Mandaky,  and  ll  *m  ob'^oui  that  the  qi^esl  and  BHMt 
tatiilactory  method  of  cariiiiit  oM  tha  Biillah  campaign  wia 


enand  barge*  (or"  Oat*"), 
betopginc  to  the  Inftmuldy  Flotilk  Canpany,  were  avaaable 
at  Rangoon,  and  the  local  knowlcdfe  of  the  csoipany^  c&ctn 
ol  the  difficult  river  navigation  was  at  the  disposd  el  the  govcni- 
menl.  Ma;or-Ceneia],aflciwanIsKc,H.N.D,PreBdergast,V.C., 
K.C.B.,  R.E.,  wsi  placed  in  conuaand  of  the  expedition.  Aa 
was  only  to  be  expected  in  an  enterprise  of  this  dncriptioB,  the 
navy  as  well  as  the  aniiy  was  called  in  requisition;  and  as  usuti 
the  services  rendered  by  Ihe  nauneti  and  fiins  were  most  ins- 
portont.  The  total  effective  of  the  force  was  9034  Bating  men, 
and  67  guns,  and  for  river  aervicc,  (4 


Then 


which  cm 


stores  was  composed  of  a  „    , 

barges,  launches,  lie 

Thsyelmyo  was  the  British  post  on  the  rivn  nearest  to  the 
froBiiei,  and  here,  by  14th  November,  Eve  days  after  lUbaw*) 
answer  had  been  leulved,  practically  the  whole  expedition  wu 
assembled.  On  the  same  day  General  Prendcrl^t  received 
inslruclioDS  to  CDmrneace  cfieratlons.  The  Burmeie  king  and 
his  country  were  token  completely  by  suiprite  by  Iheuneiampled 
rapidity  of  the  advance,  There  had  been  no.  time  for  them  tp 
coUtct  and  organize  foe  the  stubborn  resistance  of  whjdi  tb* 

able  to  block  the  river  by  unking  steamets,  Ate.  across  it,  for, 
on  the  very  day  of  the  receipt  of  orders  to  advance,  the  atwicd 
steamers,  the  "Irrawaddy  "  and  "  Kathleen,"  engaged  Ihe  nearest 
Burmese  battnies,  and  brought  out  from  under  their  guni  the 
king's  steamer  and  some  barges  which  wen  lying  in  readiness  for 
this  very  purpose.  On  the  iGih  the  batteries  tbemsehraen  both 
banks  were  ukcn  by  a  land  attack,  Ihe  enemy  being  evidently 
unpreparedandmaklngtu  resistance.  Onthe  17th of  November. 
however,  at  Minhla,  on  the  right  hade  of  the  river,  the  Bormana 
in  csnsiderable  force  held  successively  a  barricade,  a  pagoda  and 
the  redoubt  of  Minhla.  Tht  aita^  was  preiaed  bame  by  a 
brigade  of  native  infantry  on  shore,  covered  by  a  hombardrDem 
Iiom  the  tivs,  and  the  enemy  were  defeated  with  a  loss  of  170 
killed  and  17$  prisoncn,  besides  many  more  drowned  in  the 
aiurapt  to  escape  by  the  river.  Tbn  advance  was  continned 
next  day  and  the  following  daya,  the  naval  hri^de  and  heavy 
ariQleiy  leading  and  silencing  in  luccenion  Ihe  enemy^  tivet 
defences  at  Nyaungu,  Pakikku  and  Myingyao.  On  the  341b 
of  November,  when  the  flotilla  was  approadui^  ll 


voyi  from  lUng 
ii  oSert  of  suncnder;  and 


HI  lhe.^7th,  (dua.  thi 

b,  Google 


848 


BURN— BURNE-JONES 


wen  lyini  oB  that  dt^  and  nady  to  a 
oitIb'  ol  Uw  kins  10  fait  tn»i»  to  lijr  dom  tbar  aim  waa 
Roncd.  Ifaerenn  time  lUoBs  {mil  btR,  full  U  that  mcmni  I 
nUk  tbsuHDdi  111  amcd  Bumiaii*,  tad  tknith  ■  liffc  Dwabet 
«f  tbo*  Gkd  put  and  laid  dawn  their  una  by  Uh  kiBS*!  com- 

mapDii*;  and  tin,  in  the  time  that  faUoved,  broke  ap  bto 
dacoit «  (uenilla  bant),  which  beoune  the  Kourfe  of  the  oDOBiry 
and  pralonied  the  wu  lu  yean.  Ucanwlule,  however,  the 
•urreoder  of  the  kin^  of  Burma  waa  aunplete;  and  on  the  aAth 
oI  No*anlier,  la  ka  than  a  fortni^t  fron  the  dcctantka  oi 

white  every  itnng  fort  and  town  on  the  river,  and  all  the  king'a 
ordnance  (1861  piceca),  and  thoiaandi  of  lifla,  niiBketa  and 
anna  had  been  u^en.  Much  rahisble  and  rarioui  "  kwt  "  and 
property  was  found  in  the  palace  and  diy  of  Mondalay,  whkh, 
when  Bold,  realized  about  g  laithi  of  rupcca  (£60,000). 

From  Mandaby,  Gencal  Picndagiul  leiicd  Bbamo  on  the 
>Sth  of  Dcmnher.  TUa  wai  a  very  iapaTUni  move,  u  it  fore- 
ataUed  the  duneae,  who  were  pnpanng  to  claim  the  place. 
Bnt  unEortunalcty,  although  the  king  woa  dethroned  and 
deported,  and  the  capiiil  uid  the  wbolc  ot  the  river  in  the  hand* 
of  the  Biitbh,  the  bandi  of  armed  uldiery,  nnacnBlomcd  to 
conditlou  other  than  tboK  of  anarchy,  mpine  and  murder, 
look  advantage  of  the  impenetrable  cover  ol  Ibeir  jun^  to 
oontinne  a  deaollory  armed  robtance.  Rdnforcement*  had  to 
be  pooled  into  the  country,  and  it  vai  in  this  phase  of  the 
campaign,  taatjng  several  years,  that  the  moat  difficult  and  most 
ardiKHia  work  fell  lo  the  lot  of  the  troops.  II  was  in  this  Jun^e 
warfare  that  the  looet  from  battle,  tickncs*  and  ptivaiioa 
steadily  mounted  up;  and  the  troops,  both  Gtitjth  and  native, 
ploved  once  again  their  fortitude  and  courage. 

Various  ei:peditions  flawed  one-  another  in  rapid  aucccsalon, 
penetrating  to  the  remotest  cometa  ot  the  land,  and  bringing 
peace  and  protection  to  the  inhibitinu,  who.  [1  niat  be  nm- 
lioned,  lullertd  at  least  as  much  from  the  dacolts  as  did  the 
lioopa.  The  final,  and  now  completely  aucccssful,  pacification 
of  the  eonntry,  under  the  direction  of  Sir  Frederick  (afterwards 
Earl)  Roberts,  was  only  brought  about  by  an  eitenvve  syilnn 
of  small  protective  posts  scattered  all  over  (he  country,  and 
•mall  lightly  equipped  columns  moving  out  to  disperse  the 
enemy  whenever  a  gathering  come  to  a  head,  or  a  pretended 
prince  or  king  sppeued. 

No  account  ot  the  Third  Btrnnoe  Wat  would  be  com^c 
without  a  reference  to  the  first,  and  perhaps  for  this  reason  moat 
notable,  land  advance  Into  the  enemy's  counliy.  This  waa 
0,  the  British 


ry.bya 


unnolal 


under  Colonel  W.  P.  Dickcn,  3rd  Madras  Light  Infantry,  the 
first  objective  being  Ningyan.  The  operations  were  completely 
snccoaful,  in  si^le  of  a  good  deal  ol  scattered  resistance,  and  (he 
force  afterwards  moved  forward  to  Yamethin  and  HIaitigdcL 
Aa  inland  operations  developed,  (he  van(  of  mounled  troops 
was  badly  felt,  and  several  regiments  of  cavalry  were 
brought  over  from  India,  while  mounted  infantry  was  raised 
locally.  It  was  totmd  that  iritboul  these  tnmt  useful  arms 
It  waa  geoeially  itopoBible  to  tidlow  op  and  punish  Uie  active 

KOBM.  RICBARD  (ifeg-iTSs).  English  legnl  writer,  wu 
ban  at  WInton,  Westmorland,  in  1709.  Edocated  at  Queen's 
Cdkge.Oitord,  he  entered  the  Chaith,  and  in  1736  became  vicar 
of  Orton  in  Weatmorlsnd.  He  was  a  justice  of  the  peace  for  Ibc 
counties  of  Wesimoiland  and  Combertatid,  and  devoted  himself 
to  [be  study  of  law.  He  was  appointed  chinccltorof  the  diocese 
of  C:arlisle  in  ii6s,  an  office  which  he  held  till  his  death  at  Orton 
on  the  i>th  of  November  ijgj.  Burn's /luliee  0/ *ie  Fiaaeni 
Fariik  Ofiar,  fint  published  in  i/ss,  was  for  many  years  the 
standard  authority  on  the  law  telating  to  jmlioes  of  the  pcate. 
It  has  passed  through  innumerable  ediijoos.  His  Efdciioiftcsf 
Lam  (iTte),  a  work  of  much  research,  wns  the  foundation  upon 
*bkb  wen  built  many  niodem  commentaries  on  ecclesiastical 
b«.    Tbi  beat  edition  is  that  by  R.  PhilUmon  U  vols.,  1S4)]. 


la  Lm  drSo),  aod  A  Ittm 


Bub  alio  wrote  Ditc^  af  Ike  II 
Law  DiditHary  (1  vols.,  lyot). 

BDBHABT,  naiBBICK  emtATDI  (i84>'rS8l),  Englith 
ttAvdler  and  aoldicr,  was  bom  on  (he  jirl  of  hfareh  iSaSi  at 
Bedford,  the  son  of  a  dergymaiL  Educated  at  Harrow  and  in 
Comany,  be  entered  (be  Royal  Horse  Cuarr^  in  i8s9.  Hading 
DO  chaaa  for  active  aervin.  his  >|Hrit  o(  adventure  siiughi 
oulJeta  in  bailoon^accnta  and  in  travels  through  Spain  and 
Rossia.  In  the  summer  of  1874  be  accompanied  the  Carlist 
fortes  as  concspoDdcnt  of  Tit  Timm,  but  bcIoiT  the  end  of  the 
war  be  was  tiaosfcned  to  Africa  to  irport  on  Gonton's  eipedition 
lothcSudan.  This  lookBumaby  as  far  as  Khartum.  Returm'ng 
toEngfnndin  March  1875,  be  matured  his  plans  for  a  journey  on 
horseback  to  Khiva  through  Russian  Asia,  which  had  just  been 
dosed  to  travellers.  HEs  actompHshmeat  of  thii  tadt,  in  the 
win  lcrDfiS75-i87li,  described  inhis  book  .,1/[i^(eXUso,broucbl 
him  immediate  fame.  His  neat  leave  of  absence  was  %pcDX.  in 
another  adventurous  ^mey  on  horseback,  through  Asia  Minor, 
from  Scutari  to  Encium,  wilh  the  object  of  ohaming  the 
Russian  frontier,  an  account  of  which  he  afterwards  poblished. 
In  the  Russo-Turkish  War  of  1S7T,  Bunuby  (who  soon  after. 
wards  became  licul, -colonel)  acted  as  travelliiig  agent  to  the 
Stalfoid  House  (Red  Ctow)  Comtnitlce,  but  had  to  ittum  to 
Engkmd  before  the  campaign  waa  over.    At  this  pnnt  be^tn  bia 

a  scat  at  Birmingham  in  the  Tory-Democrat  intensL  In  rMi 
hecroased  (he  Channel  in  a  balloon.  Having  been  disappcnnted 
in  his  hope  of  seeing  active  service  id  (he  Egyptian  campaign  of 
iSJi,  he  ponidpated  in  the  Suakin  campaign  of  1S84  without 

fntciiigtnccofficcriindcrCcncralVaientineBakct.  Thisdidoot 
deter  him  fmm  a  similar  course  when  a  fresh  expedition  started 
up  the  Nile.  He  was  given  a  post  l>y  Lord  Wolseley.  and  met 
hu  death  in  the  hand-io-hand  fighting  ot  the  battk  of  Abu  KIca 
(.7th  January  188s). 

BORHAHD.  SIB  PRARCIS  COWIET  (iSj6-  ).  English 
humorist.  WBS  bom  in  London  on  the  >g(h  of  November  183&, 
His  father  was  a  London  iIDckbmkcr,  ot  French.Swiss  origin ; 
his  tnolhcr  Emma  Cowley,  a  direct  descendant  of  Hannah 
Cowley  (i74]-iScio},  the  English  poet  and  dramatist.  He  was 
educated  at  Eton  and  Cambridge,  and  originally  studied  fint 
for  the  Anglican,  (hen  for  the  Roman  Cathi^c  Churdi;  but 
eventually  look  to  the  law  and  was  called  to  the  bar.  From 
hia  eariicst  days,  however,  the  stage  had  attracted  him— be 
founded  the  Amateur  Dramatic  Oub  at  Cambridge,— and  finally 
he  abandoned  the  church  and  the  law.  first  for  the  itage  and 
subsequently  for  dramatic  authorship.  His  first  great  dramatic 
success  was  made  with  the  liurlcHiue  Blaci-Eyti  Siam,  and  he 
wrote  a  large  number  of  other  burlesques,  comedies  and  fsrces. 
One  of  his  eariy  buriesqucs  came  under  the  favourable  notice 
of  Mark  Lemo       '  •■-,-.        .  -  .      • 


already  w 


r  the 


ic  paper  f 


e  in   I 


In  iSSo  he  was  appointed 

cditorofi'ioK*,  and  only  retired  from  that  position  In  1506.  In 
190J  he  waa  knighted.  His  literary  lepulalion  as  a  humorist 
depends,  apart  from  his  long  association  with  Ptaik,  on  his  well- 
known  book  Hs^fy  TkeutUli,  originally  published  In  Pv<tk  b 
iMj-(S64anclfniiuentlyreprinted. 

See  SffnIirUtmr  oarf  Rosiaiianai,  by  Sir  F^  t  Bunund  (Londe* 
1904). 

BURHEJORS,  SIR  SDWARD  BUBITB,  Bart.  (iSjj-iSpS). 
English  painter  and  designer,  was  bom  on  the  iSIh  of  August 
ig]3  at  Birmingham.  His  father  was  a  Welsh  descent,  and  the 
idealism  of  his  nature  and  art  has  been  attributed  tn  this  Celtic 
strain.  An  otdy  son,  be  was  educated  at  King  Edward's  school, 
Birmingham,  and  destined  for  the  Church.  He  retained  through 
life  an  interest  in  classical  studies,  but  it  was  the  mythology  ol 
the  clasuca  which  laaciirated  him.  He  went  into  residence  aa  a 
scholaratEieicr  College,  Oiford.  in  January  iSjj.  On  the  same 
day  William  Morris  entered  the  same  college,  having  also  the 
intention  of  taking  orden.  The  two  were  thrown  together,  aod 
grew  close  friends.    Their  stmilai  tailci  mod  talhuaiaima  * 


^dbjGoogle 


BURNE-JONES 


849 


mUBtUf  fltmnlMcd  Banw-Joaa  resamed  Mi  arir  >ove  ol 
4nwin(  Aod  ifcaifikliig,  Witli  Mturii  be  tt^  Uodtnr  PwUri 
and  live  MmU  fArlbr.  He  itudied  tbc  luliu  pkIiuq  in  the 
Univeaily  giUeria,  ukI  Darer's  sninvln^i  but  Ui  ksenat 
«nlluBiBm<nikiwllKlbyUKiichC«ItminuksbyaUviii|  mui. 
ItoHcuL    Oaa  at  tbnt  «■*  t  woodcut 

"  Dinle  dnwini  ta  Aacd,"  tbci  bdoniiiif  to  Ut  Cmmba, 
fli  tbc  CUimdMi  PnM,  uid  no>  in  tbs  Unhnnlty  colkdlaa. 
Hiving  (bund  hn  trat  voctliw),  Bune-Jona,  like  hi>  {dend 
Honii,  deunobicd  (o  rdiuiukh  bii  ttaoo^m  ol  lb 
M  beoome  u  4rtiat.  Raueui,  iltbou^  dm  yet 
■u  liii  dxoai  Biutei;  uid  culy  In  tSjt  hs  bid  I 
in  London,  of  mcctini  Un.  At  Ewtir  be  kft  cdkge  whbont 
Uiini  >  d«ci«e.  Tbit  wu  bi>  om  dedrioo,  rM  dw  (u  irfun 
lUled)  IB  KgsKtti^  penuuion;  but  on  iMtUnc  in  Londm, 
vfaenUoR&iooniOiud  him  >t  17  Red  Lion  Squtn,  be  beffm 
to  mrit  uukr  RooMti'*  friendly  imtPKlion  ud  eaonmcing 

A>  BuRW-Jona  once  uid,  be  "  found  himiell  tX  Gvo^nd- 
tmnty  ohiil  be  ought  to  have  been  et  filteen."  He  bid  bed  no 
l^utu  tninlng  u  e  dnugbtamui.  and  lacked  the  confidemx 
of  Kience.  But  bis  atraordinary  facolCy  of  invention  u  a 
■Hir*"  via  alitady  ripenjnc;  bii  Diind,  rich  in  knowledge  of 
daiuol  atoiy  md  medieval  lominoE,  teemed  with  pictorial 
•nbjectt;  and  he  act  hinndf  to  complete  bii  equfpraent  by 
wacriute labour, witnew »d by innumnable Jtairiajh  Thevoriu 
of  tbb  GiM  period  *n  all  mon  or  lot  timed  by  tba  ingoence  of 
RoMttii  but  they  aio  already  diflerentkited  bom  the  ddcr 
naatei'i  atyle  by  thdi  mon  facile  Ikoagh  icat  inteoaely  fell 
dabontioD  of  imaginative  (ktaiL  Maoy  ue  pen^nd-ink  draw- 
iDga  on  velium,  eiqiuaitely  hnlabed,  of  which  tiie  "  Waacn 
Image  "  is  one  of  the  earliest  and  best  eaamplcaj  it  is  dated 
tg5&.  Although  lubjecl,  mediom  and  manner  derive  from 
Reuctti's  i4Hplration,  it  it  not  the  band  of  a  pupil  meniy,  but 
of  a  potential  maater.  lbs  mi  recogoiied  by  RenEtti  UtnieU, 
who  belme  long  aHjwcd  that  he  had  nothing  more  to  teach  him. 
BuHM-Jooa')  fint  akctch  m  oila  datce  fram  thk  aame  yeai, 
tSjAi  and  during  iSst  he  made  lor  Biodficld  CoUcge  the  bit 

In  iSf  S  be  decDiaLol  a  cabinet  with  the  "  Ptioreia'i  Tale"  from 
Chaucer,  hla  hut  direct  iUuatration  of  the  work  of  a  poet  whonk  he 
apedally  loved  and  who  itupiied  bim  with  endloa  subjeda. 
Thai  eaily,  therefore,  we  kc  the  aniit  buiy  in  all  the  variotH 
Gelda  In  which  be  was  to  labour. 

In  the  autUBin-of  iHl  Bune-Jonm  ioiiied  in  Roaetti'i  Ol- 
bted  acbeme  to  deoiiata  the  walli  of  the  Odord  Union.  None 
at  the  IT'"""  had  maMered  the  lechrdqae  of  fieico,  and  thdc 
pictum  bad  begun  to  peel  fiom  the  walls  before  they  were  coU' 
pleted.  In  1859  Bume-Jones  made  hb  tot  jovmey  to  Italy. 
He  law  FkiRnce,  Piu,  Sibib,  Venice  and  oths  pUes,  and 
appeon  to  have  found  the  gentle  and  romantic  Seneaa  nuts 
attractive  than  any  other  tchooL  Rcmettit  InBueoce  Mill 
penistedi  and  iQ  iapma  ta  viiible,  mon  iU«^  pethape  than 
over  before,  in  the  two  waier-coloura  "  Sidonia  von  Borlt "  and 
"  dan  von  Soik,"  painted  in  tMo.  Tbeae  little  maiteri^en* 
ban  n  diiectaeu  of  encuHoD  ran  with  the  aitiit.  In  powerful 
chaiacteiizatlan,  mmbinad  with  ■  decorativoaDtivB.  they  rival 
RoaMttiathi(b<Bt.  InJu&eofthityeatBnne-Jawawaainuried 
to  Miea  Ccorgiaaa  MacdenaM,  two  ol  whoee  ifiteii  were  the 
wivei  of  Sir  E.  Pi^ater  and  Mr  J.  L.  KipHng,  and  they  acltkd 
in  Bloomabury.  Five  yean  later  he  moved  to  Kenabigtoa  Square, 
and  ibortly  afterwaida  to  the  Granfe,  Fulham,  an  old  hoiue 
with  a  garden,  where  he  nsided  tin  hk  death.    In  lUitlieartBt 


In  iS«4  be  TO  elected 
In  Waier-CfJouts,  and  e 
Herdlul  Knight,"  the  i 
ripened  peivuiality  1 


g  of  the  Society  of  Painteta 


B  £nt  pictun  which  fully  nveoled  hti 
u  artijt.  The  next  til  yeui  taw  a  aetiei 
It  tile  ume  gallery;  but  in  iB^o,  owing 
[,  Burne-Jonci  migDc4  hit 


exhibited.  Theae  were  two  wttet^coloun,  thuwn  at  the  Dudley 
Galleiy  in  1S7J,  one  ol  them  being  the  beautiful  "  Ijsm  among 
the  Kuini,"  dotloyed  twenty  yean  later  by  a  ckaner  who 
auppoaed  it  to  be  an  oC  paiDtiog.  but  afterwarda  reproduced 
period  waa,  bowBVR,  one  ol 


large  plctuict  l>  oUhwoikiagat  them  in  ton,  and  having  alwaya 
leveml  «i  hand.  Hie  "  Briar  Roae  "  larica,  "  Laua  Veoerii," 
the  "GoMen  Staiii,"  the  "Py^oalion"  lerin,  and  "The 
Minor  of  Venot "  ate  among  the  works  phitmed  and  con^ted, 
or  carried  far  townidi  cunpletlon.  during  theoe  yean.  At  lait, 
in  May  t8}7,  the  day  of  recognition  came,  with  the  opening  of 
the  £nt  e^iitntion  of  the  Gnavcnor  Gallery,  when  the  "  Dayi 
of  Creation,"  the  "  Beguiling  of  Mo-Iin,"  and  the  "  Mirror  el 
Venu  "  were  all  ahown.  BuiDe-Jons  followed  up  the  ugnal 
MKctei  of  thcM  jMCiurcs  with  "  Laut  Veneris,"  the  "  Chant 
d'Amour,"  "  Pan  and  ftyche,"  and  other  worko,  exhibitod 
in  1S73.  Host  of  Ihoe  pictuRO  are  painted  in  gay  and  brilUant 
CDleui*.  A  change  'a  eoticeable  next  year,  i8}9,  m  the  '  Aa-| 
nuDciatian"  and  in  the  four  picturm  called  "I^rgmaUoa  and 
tile  Image  "\  tho  former  of  thae,  one  ol  the  limpjeat  and  moat 
perfect  ol  the  attot'i  •ratlu,  it  eididued  and  tobo;  in  the  latter 
a  tcheme  of  lolt  and  ddicate  tinta  waa  atteaqited,  not  with  entira| 

Stain,"  Ant  edibiled  in  iSSa  In  1884,  foOowing  the  ahnott 
iombre  "  Wheel  of  Fntune  "  of  the  preceding  year,  appeared 
"  King  Cophetua  and  the  Bcgpr  Maid,"  in  which  Bune-Jonet, 

DBce  moie  indulged  hii  love  of  gorpmia  colour,  reSned  by  the' 
period  of  adf  .restraint.  This  masterpiece  is  now  in  the  National 
collection.  He  next  turned  Is  two  important  teQ  ol  pictuna, 
"  The  Briar  Kme  "  and  "  The  Story  of  Ferseua."  though  these 

been  elected  A.R.A.  the  previous  year,  be  exhibited  (lortheoaly 
line)  at  the  Royal  Academy  "  Tlte  I>eptht  of  the  Sea,"  a  nermald 
carrying  down  with  her  a  youth  whom  die  haa  uoconKiously 
drowned  in  the  impetuooity  of  her  love.  Hiis  picton  adda  to 
the  habitual  haunting  choiiii  a  tragic  irony  el  conception  and 
afelid^of  execution  wliich  give  it  a  place  ^lart  among  Bum^ 
Jonca'i  workfl.  Ue  resigned  his  Assodateship  in  1B43.  One- 
of  the  "  Peneus  "  letia  waa  eihibitnl  in  1887,  two  tnocc  tn 
1888,  with  "  The  Brazen  Tower,"  inspired  by  the  sanu  legend. 
In  iS^o  the  lour  pietnret  of  "  Ihe  Briar  Kne  "  were  eahlhiied 


ivity,wl 


returned,  waa  mach  occupied  with  decorative  adKUA.  An 
exhibitbra  01  hit  wdiIe  was  held  at  tlu  New  Callccy  hi  the  winter 

ofigg3-i8^.  To  thisperiodiKfoDgseTera]  of  liiscompanttvely 
few  portraits.  In  1894  Bome-Jonca  waa  made  a  baronet. 
ID-health  again  interrupted  the  progns*  of  fait  wnTka,  chlcl 
among  which  was  the  vast  "  Arthur  in  Avalon."  In  tgg8  ha 
hod  an  attack  ol  influenio,  and  had  apparently  recovered,  when 
be  mi  again  taken  luddeoly  ill,  arid  died  oa  the  i7tb  ol  June. 
In.  the  following  winter  a  secoi^  exhilntioa  <I  hn  works  waa 
held  at  the  New  Gallety,  and  an  exhibition  of  his  drawing 
(bicludiDg  sDme  of  the  rlianningly  hmnoious  sketchti  made 
for  children]  at  the  Burlington  Fine  Arts  Quh. 

Jones  (b.  t86i),  also  became  wen  known  IS  an  artist.  The  only 
daughter,  Margaret,  married  Mr  J.  W.  MadcaiL 

BumC'Jones'a  inHuence  baa  been  exercised  far  lest  in  painting 
than  in  the  wide  fieM  ol  decora'ive  design.  Here  it  has  beea 
His  first  dalgns  for  stained  glass,  i8S7-rMi,  were 
e  f«  Messrs  Powell,  but  after  tg6i  he  woriied  exchoively 
Morris  &  Co.  Wndows  executed  from  his  cattaona  are 
e  found  all  over  England ;  elhcn  eiiit  in  churches  abroad, 
the  American  Church  in  Rome  he  designed  a  number  of 


^..V7t.n.^l^lC 


Sjo 


BURNELL— BURNES 


pUm  uid  orguu,  md  nrUom  for  upatiy  npnml  hli 
iwnifnlil  ociivityp  In  aU  tP0[k9j  hotfeva,  which  were  only 
deiiEDed  uid  not  cairied  out  by  Mm,  a  dcdded  loss  4^  dcUc&fy 
u  to  bt  DotctL  The  (oIouiiDg  of  Che  Upestiiea  (of  which  the 
"  Adoation  of  the  Magi  "  at  Eietw  CoOege  'a  the  bat-known) 
u  Don  biilliini  thin  niixsilu].  The  nnge  ud  fertility  of 
Bunw-Jona  is  ■  decorative  inventot  an  be  pahspi  most 
conveniently  studied  to  the  ^etch-book,  1885-1845,  which  be 
bequesthed  to  the  Britiih  Museum.  Tbe  artist's  inAuence  on 
baok-iUnstratioD  must  also  be  temrded.  In  euly  years  be  made 
a  lew  drawing  oa  wood  (01  Dsldel's  Bible  and  for  Gssd  Wirii; 
but  bis  latet  <r»Ie  lor  the  KeimscotI  Press,  loonded  by  Homi 
in  1891,  is  that  by  wbkh  he  is  best  icmembered.  Besides 
levenl  illustntiDTU  to  other  Eelmicou  books,  he  made  cighly- 
jeren  doigos  lor  the  CMauar  of  1897, 

words,  wrUten  tC  a  friend:  "  I  mean  by  a  picture  a  beautiful, 

a  light  better  than  any  light  that  ever  shone— in  a  land  do  one 
can  define  or  remember,  only  desire — and  the  lorms  divinely 
beaulilul— and  then  1  wake  up,  with  the  waking  of  fiiynhild" 
No  artist  was  ever  more  true  to  hisaioL  Ideals  resolutely  pursued 
are  apt  to  provoke  the  itsentinent  of  the  woiid,  and  Bume- 
Jones  encountered,  endured  and  conquered  an  extiaordinajy 
amount  of  angry  ciiticism.  In  so  lar  as  this  was  directed  against 
the  lack  of  realism  in  his  lectures,  it  was  beside  the  point.  The 
earth,  the  sky,  the  rockst  the  trees,  the 
Buine- Jones  are  aot  those  of  this  world;  bu 
■  world,  conaislenl  with  itself,  and  hnving  ihenloit  lu  own 
reality.  Charged  with  the  beauty  and  with  the  stAngenesa  ol 
dreams,  it  has  nothing  of  a  dream's  incoherence.    Yet  it  is  a 

out  of  sympathy  with  strug^  and  strenuous  action.  Bumo- 
Joncs's  men  and  women  are  dreamers  too.  It  was  this  which, 
more  than  anything  else,  estranged  him  from  the  age  into  wbich 
he  was  bom.  But  he  had  an  inbred  "  revolt  from  fact "  which 
would  have  csKsnged  bim  from  the  actualities  of  sny  age.  That 
criticism  teem*  to  be  more  jusiified  wbicb  has  tound  in  him  a 
lack  of  such  victorious  energy  and  mastery  over  hia  materials 
Bs  would  have  enabled  him  to  carry  out  his  conceptions  in  thdr 
original  intensity.  Rcpmenting  the  same  kind  of  tendency  as 
disCiDguilbed  his  French  contemporary,  Tuvis  de  Chivannes, 
be  was  (ar  las  in  the  main  current  of  art,  and  bis  pontioD  tuffen 
accordin^y.  Often  compared  with  Botticelli,  he  had  nothing 
of  the  Gr  ud  vehemence  ol  the  Florentine.  Yet,  if  aloof  Irom 
Btrenuov)  aclion,  BuincJonei  was  singuliriy  stroiUDUS  in  pn>- 
duclion.  His  industry  was  inexhaustible,  and  needed  to  be,  if 
it  was  to  keep  pace  with  the  constant  pressure  of  his  ideas. 
InventioD,  a  very  rare  eicelleoce,  was  bis  pre-eminenl  gilt- 
Whatever  faults  his  paintings  may  luve,  they  have  always  the 
lundanmtsJ  virtue  of  design;  they  are  always  pictures.  His 
fame  might  rest  on  his  poreiy  decorative  work.  But  bis  designs 
were  iniarmed  with  a  mind  of  romantic  temper,  apt  in  the 
discovery  ol  beautiful  subjects,  and  impasoioncd  with  a  delight 
in  pure  and  variegated  colour.  These  stJendid  gilts  were  directed 
in  a  critical  and  lortunate  moment  by  the  genius  ol  Rossetti. 

Hence  a  career  which  shows  little  w 

and,  iruiud  the  aim  proposed,  a  1 
AOIHOBIHEa. — In    1004   wu   pu' 

ehami-    ni  H'»rt  g/Surw^ysnei.a 

See  also  QMaionK 

«iinK-/m«,    will.    I ., 

^V  fi.  BBnic-Jo«j.-  a   RtinTd  iwJ  a  Rmrw.  by  Malcolu. 

itSoe):  Sir  E.  Bum-Jtma,  AO  Lifianil  Ifsrt,  by  Julia  Cartwriclit 
Mrs  Ady)  (1894);  Ttl  Lift  1/  WiUiam  Ucnii,  by  J.  W.  Maclujl 
1899)-  IL.  B.) 

BDRKELL,  IBTHUB  COKB  (ii4a~iSS]),  English  Sauktit 
scbfdar,  was  bom  at  St  Biiavels,  Gloucestershire,  in  1840.  Hia 
Islhei  wax  an  oSdal  of  the  East  India  Company,  and  in  iSAs 
he  himsell  went  out  to  Madras  u  a  member  ol  the  Indian  dvi] 
■ctvice.  Here  he  uliliied  every  available  opportunity  to  acquire 
aeoopy Sanskrit maouscrq>is.    IniSTohepnseiUedUicaUcnlon 


ofjjsHSS.lotlieliidlaBbiuy.  InrS74  be  pol^Aed  *  Bamt- 
tw*a/,Swit/»di«nfolB«ogafty,ch«i«cl«iM<lbyMai  MuicT 
as  "  indtspensable  10  every  •tudent  of  InSu  Utgature,"  and 
in  iSSo  issued  for  the  Madru  govemiaent  his  giealBt  woifc, 
the  OujilM /"•'o  1°  I4<  AwMt  ir,SS.  H  <k  Fotsu  at  roiQ-SR. 
He  was  also  the  author  of  a  large  Bnabet  ol  tnoaittioM  frodi, 
and  commentaries  on,  various  other  Sanskrit  manoscripta,  being 
particularly  succoiful  in  gnoping  sad  elucidatiiig  the  osential 
prfodpleaoflUndulaw.  In  addition  to  Mi  obtustivc  scqoaint- 
ance  with  Sanskrit,  and  the  sonthcra  India  vtniacuUn,  he  had 
some  knowledge  ol  Tibetan,  Arabic,  Kawi,  Javanese  and  Coptic 
Bunea  origiuated  with  Sir  Henry  Yule  tbt  w  " ' 


the  combined  Inflneooe  «(  aveiniiit  and  the  Uadras  dinalc, 
and  he  died  at  WeatStraHon.Hampahhe,  OB  the  nth  o(  October 
eB8s.  a  further  coOectitra  of  Sanskrit  pianuBcrlpla  wu  pur- 
cbtaed  from  hia  bdis  Yff  the  lo^  tibraiy  alter  b  death. 

BUBHELI,  BOBEBT  (d- 1191),  Entfish  bishop  and  cbsacdlo*, 
was  bom  at  Acton  Buniell  in  Shropalure,  and  Ije^D  Ids  public 
life  probably  as  a  dcrk  in  the  mynl  chancery.  He  wu  soon  In 
the  service  ol  Edward,  the  eldest  NQ  of  Kiiic  Beniy  TH.,  and 
was  constanlJy  In  attendance  oa  the  prince,  whose  coiaplete 
confidence  he  appears  to  have  enjoyed.  Having  received  some 
ecdesiastical  prelerraenta.  he  acted  aa  ooe  of  the  tigtnti  of  the 
kingdom  Irom  the  d^th  ol  Henry  HI.  in  Novi     ' 


1  U74,  ■ 


vd  L,  T 


Palestine  and  made  hln  hi*  chancellor, 
elected  bishop  ol  Bath  and  Wdls,  and  three  yean  la  ter  Ed waid  re- 
peated the  attempt  wUd^  be  bad  made  in  1170  to  secure  (he  arch- 
bishopiic  of  Cantedinry  for  bis  lavoutite.  The  Utbop*)  aecond 
failure  to  obtain  this  dignity  was  due,  doubtless,  to  his  irregular 
and  undeiical  manner  of  Ufe,  a  fact  which  also  accounts,  in 
part  at  least,  lor  the  hostility  wUch  oisttd  between  hh 
victatTOut  rival,  Archbishop  Peckham,  and  blmsdl.  Aa  the 
chief  adviser  ol  Edwanl  L  during  the  earlier  part  ol  his  reign,  and 
moreover  as  s  trained  and  able  lawyer,  the  bishop  took  a 
prDIniaest  part  in  the  legisblive  acts  ol  the  "  English  JustiDlan,'' 
whose  activity  in  this  direcllDn  cobddca  ptacticaDy  witli 
Bumetl's  tenure  of  the  office  of  chancellor.  The  bishop  also 
influenced  the  king's  policy  with  reprd  to  France,  Scotland  and 
Wales;  was  frequently  employed  on  business  ol  the  U^est 
moment;  and  was  the  royal  mouthpiece  on  several  important 

responsible  for  the  settlement  of  the  court  ol  chancery  in  London- 
la  spite  o(  hii  nnmerous  engagements,  Buniell  found  time  to 
aggrandlu  his  bishopric,  to  provide  liberally  for  hb  nepbewt 
and  other  kinsmen,  and  to  punue  bis  cherished  but  futile  ajia 
of  faundiDg  s  ggeit  lamily.  Ucenlious  and  avaridnus,  be 
amassed  great  wealth;  and  when  be  died  on  the  15th  al  October 
r99]  he  left  numerous  estates  in  Shropshire,  Worcestenlure. 
Soinenet,  Kent,  Sumy  and  elsewhere.  He  was,  bowever, 
genial  and  kind-beartcd,  a  gjeat  lawyer  and  a  faithful  minister. 
See  R.  W.  Eyton,  jtwiniiliri  if  .^rsftittrt  (London,  t8M-IUo): 
aDdE.Foii,rAi/Wtue/£aiJa*Avol.liL(LoDdDa,i84«-i8&4] 

BCBHES,  SIB  AL2ZAHDER  [1805-1841),  British  traveOcr 
and  explorer,  was  bora  at  Monliose,  Scotland,  in  1S05.  While 
serving  in  India,  in  the  army  of  the  East  India  Company,  which 
he  bad  joined  in  Hs  seventeenth  year,  he  made  himsell  ac- 
quainted irith  Hindustani  and  Penoan,  and  thus  obtained  an 
appointment  aa  interpreter  at  Surat  In  ISi),  Tnntlerred  to 
Culcb  in  1S36  aa  assistant  to  the  political  agent,  he  turned  Ui 
attention  more  particularly  10  the  history  and  gcograpby  of 
north-western  India  and  the  adjacent  countries,  at  that  time 
very  imperfectly  known.  His  pn^wsal  in  rS>o  to  undertake 
a  joumey  cl  eiplotatian  Ihioogh  the  valley  of  the  Indus  was  not 
carried  cut  owing  to  political  ^prehensions;  but  In  iBji  he 
wu  scot  to  Lahore  wlih  a  present  ol  horsetfnim  King  Williani  IV. 
to  hiahanja  Ranjit  Singh  and  took  ad  vantage  of  tbeopponinitty 
for  extensive  investigaltoot.  la  the  following  yean  U*  travtb 
I  WOT  ^^tcndcd  throng  AfglmiKaa  acnB-tiu  ffindnrKtidi  to 


8si 


BoUwn  and  Ph^l  The  umtl 
Tjijt  to  En^ud  ID  i8m  uldtd 
knovkdc*  of  tlM  countile*  uavaned,  ud  mi  CDS  «l  th« 
popular  booki  at  the  lin».  Tbo  6nl  cditiau  bnngfat  the  mntluir 
Oa  ton  at  £800,  ud  his  Krviocs  nccs  Rcogniitd  Dot  only  by 
tl»  Royal  Ceognphiu]  SocuCy  of  LomloB,  but  tho  by  Uial  if 
PMlk.  Sooa  after  hia  Tctum  to  IndiA  in  1835  he  wu  appoiDted 
M  IIm  court  c<  Sind  Co  Kcurc  ■  [reity  lor  the  navigation  o[  the 
Indna;  and  in  iSj6  he  undertook  ■  political  minion  to  D«l 
MabommHl  at  KsbuL  He  adviied  linrd  Aucldiwl  to  luppiirt 
Don  MabonuBed  en  the  ihnme  of  Kalnil,  but  the  viceroy 
pKleiiHl  to  bdlow  Uh  opinion  of  Sr  WiUiam  MKnighlen  and 
reinatated  Shah  Shuja,  tbia  Ifflitiin  up  10  the  diautcia  of  clw 
fint  Afghan  Wu.  On  tho  mtocaUeB  ol  ^ah  Shu^  in  iBj^, 
be  became  regnlar  political  agent  at  Kabul,  and  nmaincd  then 
(ill  hia  *"—■"■■'"•■  ia  1841  (on  the  ind  nl  Nomnber),  daring 

'  It  bii  post,  long  after  the  icumnrncfl  of  hia  danger 


ltd 


HouM  of  ConuBoni.    A  n 


10  light  iji 


i  hto  later  laboun  waa 


BaiUiBT,QILBEBT(i643~i7is),Entfuhbiiho|iaiidhiitoilui, 

«*■  botn  in  Edinbutsh  on  the  i8ih  of  Sepumlier  1643,  o(  an 
andent  and  diatingulahed  Scottish  house.  He  waa  the  youngcit 
«an  of  Kobert  Bunwt  (isgi-ieei),  who  at  the  Kealontion 
bcomc  a  laid  of  aeulon  with  the  litic  <A  Loid  Crinntid.  Robot 
Bnmet  bad  lefuwd  to  aign  the  Scottish  Covenant,  althongh 
the  docnment  *ai  dnvn  up  by  hia  broCha-in-Iav,  Archibald 
johnitone,  Lord  Wuriatoun.  He  Ihtrrfote  touad  it  sccsaary 
'     n  hia  pnrfeMion,  and  twice  "mm  into  eiile.    He 


Mvcte  ciitie  of  the  goveniiiiciit  of  Cbtiica  L  and  of  the  action 
tt  tho  Scottiah  bbhopi.  Tbij  nwdeiate  attitude  he  impnutd 
onblaaonGilbcrt.  whcee  early  education  he  ditecud.  The  boy 
entered  Maiischal  College  at  the  age  oi  nine,  and  five  yeara 
lateignduatedM.A.  He  then  apont  ■  yeu  in  the  study  of  feudal 
and  dyil  la*  before  he  lesolvad  to  devote  himaclf  to  tteology- 
Ue  bocamo  a  probattoner  for  the  Scottish  ministry  in  1661  just 
before  efdacopal  govenuneBt  was  re-established  In  ScotluuL 
Hia  dedsjon  to  accept  episcopal  orden  led  to  difficulties  with 
hi)  family,  cipeclally  with  his  mother,  who  held  ifgid  Preahy- 
terian  views.  From  this  line  dilea  his  fiieudsbip  with  Robert 
Ln^ien  (id  11 -1634],  who  greatly  h^fluenccd  bii  leligiova 
Leighloa  had,  duiing  a  atay  in  the  Spanish  Nelher- 


waj  devoted  to  the 
church.  Buniet  wisely  Tcfused  (o  acct 
tubed  atate  of  church  affairs,  hut  he  n 

to  Archbishop  Sharp  asking  hJm  to  take  tncosutea  to  restore 
peace.  Shaipsent  for  Bunel,  snddismhsedhis  advice  without 
apparent  resentment.  He  had  already  made  valuable  acquaint- 
antea  m  EdiDbur^,  and  he  now  visited  London,  l^fotd  and 
CambHdge,  and,  after  a  abort  visit  to  Edinburgh  in  iMj,  when 
be  sought  to  aecurc  a  ttpiieve  for  his  uncle  Waniatoun,  he 
proceeded  to  tiavel  in  France  and  Holland.  Ai  Cambridge  be 
was  strongly  inffuenced  by  the  philosaphical  views  of  Ralph 
Cudworlh  and  Heniy  More,  who  proposed  on  untisual  degree  of 

imposed  by  its  liturgy  and  episcopal  govenuncnt^  and  hia  inter- 
coune  in  Holland  with  foreign  divinea  of  diffeient  Protestant 
atctJ  (tulber  emouiaged  hia  tendency  to  tatituduiarianiatn. 

When  he  returned  to  Engbnd  in  1664  he  established  Intimate 
relations  Kith  Sir  Robert  Moray  and  with  John  Maitlond,  aari 
and  afterwards  first  duke  ol  IjiDdeidale.  both  ol  whom  at  that 
time  advocated  a  toleract  policy  lawardi  the  Sooitish  covenanlen. 
Bumct  became  a  member  of  the  Royal  Society,  of  which  Mof?y 
waathefinEprcaideDt.    Onhiatather'ideatbbebad  beenoflered 


a  living  by  a  rdative.  Sir  Alexander  Baaet,  and  in  lUj  llw 

living  of  Saltoun,  East  Lothian,  had  been  kept  open  for  hint 
by  one  of  hit  father^  friends.  He  waa  not  formally  iitducted 
at  Sotconn  until  June  1665,  although  he  had  served  there  tinea 
October  s66j.  For  the  next  five  years  he  devoted  himtlf  to 
his  parish,  where  he  won  the  respect  of  all  portiet.  In  1&66  be 
alienated  the  Soiitiih  bishopi  by  a  bold  memorial  (printed  In 
vcJ.  i).  of  the  iiiiuaanits  nf  the  Scottish  HiatorioJ  Society), 
in  which  he  pointed  out  that  they  were  departing  Imta  the 

and  yet  his  altitude  was  far  too  modecate  to  please  the  Fresby- 
leiians.  In  1669  he  resigned  his  puitb  (o  beonoe  pcofeiaor  ol 
divinity  in  the  university  of  Glasgow,  and  in  the  same  year  ha 
publitbed  an  etpotitioa  ol  hia  ecckaiaslicol  views  in  hia  Uaial 
and  Fret  Cn^trtnci  bOtxtti  a  CmfirmUl  and  o  NaticmfiirKiil 
(by"alovnolpeace"J.  He  waa  Leighton'B  right  hand  in  Ibe 
eflorts  at  a  compromise  between  the  episcopal  and  the  preaby- 
lerian  piindple.  Meanwhile  be  had  begun  to  diSer  tnna 
Lauderdale,  whoac  policy  after  the  it" 


of  a' 


during  Lauderdale's  visit  to  Scotland  in  i6ji 
the  divergence  rapidly  developed  into  oppoaitiiffi.  He  warily 
refuaed  the  oSer  of  a  Scottish  bishopric,  and  published  in  1673 
his  four  "cQBfenncea,"  entitled  Vindicalim  bJ  Ike  AulherUy, 
CaulitiiliM  end  Lam  »]  Uu  Clmtdi  amd  SliM  of  S<tlland,  in 
which  he  insisted  on  the  duty  of  passive  obedience-  It  wj|a 
partly  thinugh  the  in^uence  of  Anne  (d.  1716),  duchesa  oi 
Hamilion  in  her  own  right,  that  he  had  been  appointed  at 
Glasgow,  and  he  made  common  cauw  with  the  Hamiltent 
ogaizist  Lauderdale.  Tix  duchess  bad  made  over  to  him  the 
papen  of  her  father  and  uncle,  from  which  he  compiled  the 
Ucfiuari  g/  Ihi  Litis  tr\d  Ailieni  of  Jama  naif  Waiiam,  dMbei 
s/  HamiUn  emf  CsiUfikriU.  h  viiii  an  AcanuU  it  fnen  «/ 
Me  Jtiit  and  Fiopas  0/  lit  Cita  Wars  0/  SuUaml  .  .  ,  Ut^lktr 
inlh  ntairy  Ittttri  .  .  .  vrittai  (y  Kinf  Clmrla  I.  (London, 
i£}7;  Univ.  Frees,  Oxford,  iSji),  a  book  Ivhich  was  published 
as  the  second  volume  of  a  Hillary  of  At  Cluiiik  of  SuOani, 
SpoCtiswoode's  HiMery  fomung  the  hist.  This  work  eaUbUshed 
his  reputation  at  an  hutoilaD.  Meanwhile  he  had  claodcstinely 
matriediDifi^iaoouainof Laudetdale.Lady&faigatet  Kennedy, 
daughter  of  John  Kennedy,  6th  earl  of  Cossilis,  a  lady  who  had 


.    Tbe  n 


dte's 
Iduderdalc's 


d  aU  d 


ascendancy  in  Scotland  and  the  faQure  of  th« 
attempts  at  compromise  in  Scottish  church  affairs  eventually 
led  Burnet  to  settle  in  England.  He  was  favourably  recdved 
by  Charles  II.  in  ifiyj,  when  he  went  up  to  London  10  amDge 
for  the  pubUcatioD  of  the  Hamilton  JUflHairi,  and  he  waa  treated 
with  confidence  by  the  duke  ol  York.  On  his  return  to  Scotland 
Lauderdale  refused  to  receive  hiro,  and  denounced  him  to 
Chatlea  XL  as  oite  of  the  chiti  centres  of  Scoiiiih  discontent. 
Burnet  fouTHi  it  wiser  to  retire  to  England  on  the  plea  of  fulhlling 
hia  duties  as  royal  chaplain  Once  in  London  he  resigned  his 
proieasortbrp  (September  1674)  at  Glasgowj  but,  although 
Janvs  remained  hit  friend,  Charles  struck  him  ofl  the  roll  of  court 
chaplains  In  1674,  and  it  waa  in  opposition  to  court  infuence 
thai  he  waa  made  chaplain  to  the  Rolls  Chapel  by  the  master. 
Sir  Harbottle  Giimsttm,  and  appointed  lectuiei  at  St  Gemeol'l. 
He  was  summoned  in  April  1675  beloie  a  commiiite  of  the 
Home  ol  Commons  10  give  evidence  against  Lauderdale,  and 
ditdosed,  without  reluctance  according  to  his  encmiea,  confidencea 
which  had  poiaed  between  him  and  the  minister.  He  himself 
confesses  in  his  autobiography  that  "  it  waa  a  great  error  in  mc 

of  the  duke  of  York.  In  ecclesiastical  matteri  he  threw  in  his 
lot  with  Thomaa  TiUotton  and  John  Tenison,  and  at  the  lime  of 
the  Revolution  had  written  aomc  eighteen  polemics  against 
encmachmentsof  the  Roman  Catholic  Church.  Atthesuggealion 
ol  Sir  William  Jones,  the  attomey-generat,  he  began  his  Hiifary 
q/  tit  Ktjirmalim  in  EniUad,  based  on  on  '     '    ' 


852 


Id  the  Btctmuj  ratmidi  he  reolved  lonM  pecnnluy  help 
Robert  Boyte,  but  he  wu  hinikred  in  the  prcfiiintioa  o(  the 
Batt  pwt  (1679)  thrcnigb  bemg  reiujed  *ccaft  to  the  Cottoti 
Ubruy,  pouiUy  by  the  [nflueiKe  of  Luiderdile.  Fo 
voluiK  be  mxivEd  tbe  thuihi  ef  pu-Iiaiiieat,  ud  the  9 
ind  tbtid  volumeA  Appeared  ia  i&Si  and  ijif.  In  thia  irork 
he  undertook  to  lelutc  the  ititementi  of  NuJula*  Suidcn, 
■hose  Dt  Oritim  tl  propxim  nJiiimalis  AntUam  lilri  Ira 
(Cologne^isBs)  was  still,  in  the  Frcarh  tranaJatioD  of  Muicioix, 
the  eonuzKinly  accepted  ucount  of  the  FTigli*K  reformation. 
Burnet'i  contnuliniioiis  ol  Sanden  siuit  not,  however,  be 
accepted  iritbaut  independent  invesIIg&tiDn.  At  the  time  of 
the  Popiih  Plot  in  i6;S  be  displayed  some  modentioa.  lefuung 
to  believe  Ihc  chatgra  made  agaisat  the  duke  of  Yoik,  though 
he  chose  this  time  to  publish  some  anli-RonHn  pdrnphleta. 
He  tried,  at  some  risk  to  himself,  to  save  the  life  of  one  ol  the 
victims,  WOlAm  Staly,  and  visited  William  Howard,  Viscount 
StaSotd,  in  the  tbvci.  To  the  Ezdnuon  Bill  be  opposed  a 
suKtestion  oi  eomproraise,  and  it  is  said  that  Cbariet  ofiered 
him  the  bishopric  of  Chichester,  "  if  he  would  come  entirely 
Into  bis  interesta."  Burnet's  recondliation  with  the  court  was 
short-lived.  lu  January  i6ao  be  addressed  lo  the  king  > 
loDg  Itiiei  on  the  (ubject  of  his  sins;  be  wu  known  to  have 
received  the  dangerous  confidence  ol  Wiknot,  cart  of  Rochester, 
in  bii  last  iliness;  and  he  was  even  luspected,  unjustly,  in  ifiSj, 
ol  having  composed  the  paper  diawn  up  on  the  eve  of  death 
by  WHUam  Ruicell,  Lord  Russell,  whom  he  ttteoded  to  the 
BcaSidd.  On  tbe  ^  of  November  i634  be  preached,  at  the 
eipreis  wish  of  hu  patron  Grimiton,  and  against  his  own 
dcMre,  the  usual  anti-CMholic  sermon.  He  %aa  consequently 
deprived  o(  his  appointments  by  order  of  the  court,  and  on  the 
icceHion  of  James  n.  retired  to  Paris.  He  had  already  begun 
the  writing  of  bis  memoirs,  which  were  to  develop  intn  the 
Hiiliry  0/  Hii  Oim  Tinit. 

Burnet  now  travelled  in  Italy,  Germany  and  SnitzerUnd, 
Gnally  settling  in  Holland  at  the  Hague,  where  be  wan  from  the 
princess  of  Orange  a  confidence  which  pnived  enduring.  He 
rendered  a  signal  tervirr  to  William  by  Inducing  the  princess 
to  oSet  to  leave  the  whole  poUtical  power  In  her  husband's 
bands  in  the  event  of  their  succession  to  Ibe  En^iib  crono. 
A  prosecution  against  him  for  high  treasOD  wis  now  set  on  foot 
both  in  En^and  and  in  Scotland,  and  he  took  Ibe  precaution 
of  naturalizing  himself  as  tt  Dutch  subjecL  Lady  Margaret 
Burnet  was  dying  when  he  left  En^and.  and  In  Holland  he 
married  a  Dutch  heiress  of  Scottish  descent,  Mary  Scott.  He 
relumed  to  England  with  William  and  Idary.  and  drew  up  the 

docitine  of  non-teaktinct  had  been  sensibly  modified  by  what 
he  >aw  in  Fiance  after  the  nvocstioo  of  the  edict  of  Nantes 
and  by  the  coune  of  aSiira  at  home,  and  in  i6gS  be  published 
an  Itmdry  iiOs  Ihi  Itianaa  cj  SLtmissin  to  Oc  S>-prau 
Aiiliirniy  in  defence  of  the  revolution.  He  was  consecrated 
to  the  see  of  Salisbury  on  Ihc  31st  of  March  16S9  by  a  cammisaion 
of  bisfups  to  whom  Archbishop  Sancrofl  had  delegated  hb 
authority,  declining  personally  to  perfonn  the  office.  In  bii 
pastoral  letter  to  bit  dergy  urging  them  to  lake  the  oath  of 
allegiance,  Bumet  gronnded  the  daim  of  William  and  Mary 
on  the  right  of  conquest,  a  ^ew  which  gave  such  offence  that 
the  pamphlet  waa  burnt  by  the  common  hangman  three  years 
later.  As  bishop  he  proved  an  eicellent  adminittnitar,  and 
gave  the  closest  attention  to  his  pastoral  duties.  He  discouraged 
plurality  ol  livings,  and  consequent  non-iesidence,  established 
a  school  of  divinity  al  Salisbury,  and  spent  much  time  himself 
in  preparing  candidates  for  confirmation,  and  in  the  ciaminalion 
of  those  who  wished  10  enter  the  priesthood.  Four  discourses 
delivered  to  the  clergy  of  hs  diocese  were  printed  in  16(14. 
During  Queen  Mary's  lifetime  eccle^asllcal  patronage  passed 
throu^  her  hands,  but  alter  her  death  Wlliam  III,  appointed 

member,  (or  the  disposal  ol  vacant  benefices.  In  1696  and  1697 
he  presented  memorials  to  the  king  suggesting  tfial  the  first- 
fiuitt  ami  tentha  rased  by  the  clergy  should  be  devoted  to  ttie 


BURNET,  G. 

lugmeBlatioa  ol  the  poonr  tMi«t,  and  tboo^  Ui  n 


.  l.lheyw 
the  pnxrWoo  known  aa  Queen  Aane^ 
rife  died  of  imsllpni  Id  i69t,  ud  la  1700 
_  ,  hit  tUrd  wife  being  Elizabeth  {166 1-1709), 
r  of  Robert  Berkeley  and  daughlu  of  Sir  Richard  Blake, 
a  ildi  and  darit^de  woman,  known  by  her  If  ilA«{  of  Daatiat, 
paathumotuly  pBblMMd  in  ijio.  In  i6q«  he  wu  appointed 
tutor  to  the  royal  duke  of  Gloucoter,  ton  of  the  Princess  Anne, 
an  annintmoit  which  he  accepted  somewhat  against  liis  wilL 
Hit  Influence  at  ooun  had  declined  after  the  death  of  Qoesi 
Mary;  William  resented  his  often  offidout  advice,  pUod 
little  confidence  in  bis  discretion,  and  soon  after  bis  acceaaun 
iseventaidtohavedescribedhimatnii  rioilJcr  rsrti^t  Bumet 
made  a  wei^Uy  speech  against  the  bill  (1701-1703)  dimted 
against  the  practice  ol  occasional  conformity,  and  wata  conjitteiit 
oponeni  of  Bniad  Church  prlndplea.  He  devoted  five  yeui' 
labour  to  his  Exfaitiim  ef  liu  TJriny-tuitt  Artida  (1699:  ed. 
J.  R.  Page,  1837).  which  was  severely  cricidied  by  the  Hi^ 
Church  clergy.  But  hit  hopes  for  a  comprehensive  tcbatu 
which  mi)^t  lodude  DOnamfonniita  In  the  Engliih  Church 
were  necessarily  desDoyed  on  the  accetston  of  Queen  Anne.' 
He  died  en  the  i7thof  Uaich  171J,  and  wu  buried  in  theparisli 
of  St  Jaraet'ii  QeAenwelL 

Bumet  directed  in  hit  will  that  hia  most  Important  wotk, 
the  Hiilery  ^  Sit  Om  TtMe,  should  appear  six  yean  after  hi) 
death.  Itwu  publiahcd(]valt.,  i7>4~i7}4)byhBiona,Cilbcrt 
and  'Humas,  and  then  mt  witluut  omistloat.  It  wu  attacfctd 
in  1714  by  John  Cockbum  In  A  SfaxiumttstiiufHiaiid  uifurliai 
Smarki.  Bumefs  book  Dalutlly  aioiaed  much  oppcaition, 
and  there  were  persistent  rumours  that  the  US.  had  been 
unduly  tampered  with.  He  has  been  freely  chtrflcd  with  poaa 
miarepretentatlon,  an  accusation  to  which  he  laid  hJsitelf  open, 
for  Inttance,  in  the  account  of  the  birth  of  James,  the  Old 
Pretender,  fib  later  Intimacy  with  the  Uariboroughs  mark 
him  very  leident  where  the  duke  wu  coticzmed.  IIb  greatest 
value  of  his  wmk  nttiDally  Ko  in  bb  KcntDl  of  IraMactiona  ol 
which  he  had  personal  knoWledgB,  notably  In  hli  idttion  of  the 
church  history  of  ScotltDd,  ol  the  Fopob  Plot, «( the  ptocsediiw 
at  the  Hague  previous  to  the  expeditfon  ol  William  and  Hur. 
and  of  the  personal  relationa  between  the  ioint  toveidgns. 

Of  his  cMdten  by  his  second  wife,  William  (d.i;>«)  became 
I  colonial  govetnor  in  America;  Gilbert  (d.  1796]  bccaine 
prebendary  of  Satistuty  in  171J,  and  chaptaiD  to  George  I.  in 
1718;  and  Sir  Thomas  (ie94-i7j3).  his  literary  eienitor  and 
biognphet.  became  in  1741  Judge  in  the  court  of  common  pleaa. 
ichlelButhorillcsror  Bishop  Bamrt'i life aiw 
ugh  DnltoCmy  own  Life''  ;ed.  H.  C 


]aT. 


:ii 

ruUri  af  Exitani  [Enw. 
1.  pp.  4S-101.  BuriKl'tielten  tahii  frknd. 
s  of  Halifaa,  wen  publithed  b^  iIk  Rcnral 
fn  JfiictKojiy.  vol  >i,}.  The  BiHBrj  •]  Ha 
714-1734)  ran  (iuvuEh  nuny  edilkiH  More 
Clarendon  I^en  [6  vaW.  tiiy  and  (uivte. 
— ,  --^.j,  *ilh  the  npprwed  paioget  of  the  trae 
itesbythenrlsof  DanoiouthandHanlwicla.  with  tlie 

Tift.    Tbii edition. under IbedinctionofM.J.Itouth, 

wai  enlai^  in  a  second  Oxford  edition  of  1B13.  A  new  edition, 
bued  on  Ihii.  but  making  use  ol  the  BodlelsnnifS.,  which  dillera 
very  cnoiiderably  [ram  the  printed  version,  was  edited  by  Oimnnd 
Airy  (Oiford,  iSsT,  Ac).  In  1901  (ClarendoB  Press.  Oshid)  Miaa 
H.  t.  Foicroft  edited  A  SuKUmnU  It  BmnHti  HiMry  ^  Hit  On 
Timt,  to  which  It  pnfiied  an  auount  of  the  relatkn  Lelweca  Ibe 
dJleienl  vmiont  of  the  History— the  Bodbtan  MS^tht  (ragiiiemary 
Haileian  MS.  in  ibe  firitUi  Museon  and  Sr  TbonasBumn'i 

edition:  the  book  coMaina  Ibe  lemaf---  ■ '" 

original  memotra,  his  auttbiofnphy,  hi 

aod  hi>  private  aiedicatiens.   Thecbief 

original  draft  as  repieienWd  by  the  Bodleian  MS.  and  the  priaied 

hiiKin'  contisl  in  a  man  lenient  view  generally  of  individiiatt,  ■ 

modiftsiioa  of  Che  cc ■ — ■■-■-->-  •--..li— -.- 


BURNET,  T.— BURNBY 


8SJ 


N.  Pocock. 

my  tK  Botfccd;  . 
AdnurlLeaa..  i 
RsBild  Cows.  iStJ}! 

L,  MMft-IM  Iwt  CU/- 

1  (Land.,  i«8i),  «Ueh 
«J  Ai>t4^  (voL  vL. 
am  iupttuu  U  Ecdai' 

^   ,  ., fa /nldiil '-MI'l   ""- 

rilnJnf  the  comtpondeixt  berwmi  Bedell  uid  Taocs 
St  lb*  Holv  Inquuicioii  on  tte  nib]«t  of  the  Rociiic 
K^llKIinu  n  Mr   Vr-"-'-  "  "-- '  ■•-  =— ■  ■ - 

ibuMnid  in  Ennui 
tm  kit  Nit--  ■-'  " 


Sr^i 


"  Sisin  <f  Ik  XtKliitim  Oat  %*m 
!•  cifiTu  ii  ■HUH']  if  iUjrHK,"  •■4  iBri  MrticiifarfT 

id  Asot.  tkl  nlMa  It  Bit^id  (Anw.,  liM).  ippeoded 
lUBt  cf  kii  tnveU  talhkd  Stmt  LtfUrt,  vhich  wu  origli' 


(I691.  141k  ed.,  iSii);  An  Eon  m  Ot  Mim 
■  '1693);  A  CMsUn  ^MIWH  fraiU  amA  Dii, 


..  ..».._  .11(11  ^ilut' 
Mmiin*  ymtcmiffrt,  irrim- 
iu:  £.ifliili^  tv  OiOvI  Si 


I  of  (*•  ZlroM  of  A<  . 


S«  4ln  A  Liji  of  CtUcrt  finrxil.  Biilce  iT  .Sa;iih>F7  (1W7I,  bv 
T.  E.  S.  Cbtke  and  H.  C.  Fnarolt.  -ilh  tn  inltoduclion  by  d.  H. 
firth.  wluch^cDiHaina  ■  dironokitial  liM  of   Burnct'l  [nibll>h«t 


BUHKET,  THOMAS  (i6]5-i7is),  En^id  divine,  w*>  bom  it 
Croil  in  Yviksbin  tbout  the  yai  1635.  He  wu  educ*ted  •>! 
NuntuUtnon,  laA  at  Cue  Hall,  CiuiibiidiE.  In  16J7  In  ma 
made  fcliow  of  Cbnt'a,  and  in  1667  lenior  proctoi  of  (he  uni- 
venilf.  By  the  iutcieM  ol  Jsmo,  duke  el  Ormoade,  lie  wms 
duaai  muUT  <i(  tlie  Chutcitaoa*e  In  168;,  and  took  Ibe  dtfrce 
et  DJX    A*  mutei  be  nade  *  noUe  *t*itd  aguntt  iIm  lUcfal 

(tieniuHuly  apfOBBg  an  older  <A  Ihe  lOlh  of  Dnxmbci  16S6, 
uldiested  by  Jame*  tL  lo  the  govemon  ditpoiiiDg  with  tlie 

Bumet  pabtiilaed  hi)  funota  Tdlvis  Tluoria  Saaa,  or  SoctbI 
TiarjtcfUu  £rvtt,' It  London  in  1681.  Tliii  wock,  conUining 
a  fuififu]  tbeoiy  of  liic  earth'i  itnicturr,*  attracted  much 
attention,  and  be  waa  tlteraardi  esfoun^  to  isnie  u  Engliib- 
tioniUtion,  whicb  waa  printed  in  folio,  1634-16B9.  Addtton 
commended  the  author  in  a  i^tin  ode,  but  hia  theory  wai 
attacked  by  John  KWH,  William  Wliiatoa  and  Eiaamua  Waiicn, 
to  all  of  khom  be  returned  answeTt.  Hia  reputation  obtalqed 
fgr  him  an  inljoduction  at  court  by  Arcbbiahop  flUotaon,  vliom 
be  niccccdcd  as  cleik  of  the  doxt  to  Xii«  William.  But  he 
suddenly  nanwi  hia  pmspetis  by  the  pubbcaiion,  in  i6gj,  of  a 
work  enliUed  Atdiceolapae  Pkiiaopkiau:  iiv€  Docirint  antiqtta 
de  Firum  OrifinifriLF,  in  wbich  he  tre:i.ted  the  Mosaic  account  ol 
Ihe  fall  dI  man  ai  an  allegory.    This  eicited  a  great  damoui 

office  at  court.  01  this  book  an  English  trantlaXionwu  published 
in  I7>9.  Bumet  published  Kvtfal  olher  njioor  woiiu  bcfoie 
bis  death,  which  took  place  at  the  Cbortcibouse  on  the  j^th 
ScptembQ  1711.  Two  posthunwus  works  appeared  several 
yean  after  his  death— Cc  Fide  il  0§iiii  Ctrislivw<m  ('Tli, 
and  Di  SUlu  Variiiomi  tf  Stinriattium  Tratltilia  (1713)1  in 

millennium,  and  the  limited  duration  ol  future  puniihrnent. 
A  lift  if  Dr  Bunul.  by  Haihcoie.  appeared  lo  ]/». 


BOBim,  known  botanlcnfly  n  Pilmiim,  a  maeha  oi  tht 
oie  lamlly,  Tlie  plantain  pereanfal  haba  with  planntc  leam 
'1  Sowen  aimsed  in  dense  loof^talked  heads.    Gteat 


a  Oe  I4tb  «(  November  1S49;  sta 
puenti,  who  itttled  in  KnoiTilc, 
TeBne«ee,fntte5.  UbHodponaoaabepntBwituaWiator 
mapsm.  In  1B7J  tbemanied  DrL.  H.  Bonetloi  WaahiBgtdn, 
whsm  ihe  aflemidi  (iM>  divetced.  Her  teputatian  la  ■ 
Doniditt  wti  made  by  her  nnaifcahlB  tala  of  ijmcaitlre  life, 
TIhI  laa  if  Lamri^i  (.itfl),  and  a  Dmnba  ol  other  vohnua 
toUoMd,  ol  which  the  beM  wen  Tkrtm^  «H  .IdinulratM 
<tt8j)Mtd.l£«dy^QMfi(r<iS«6).  IniSUahealtaiDedaDC* 
■  '  by  her  aunning  itory  ol  ZiUli  larA  Faanamrf,  and 
other  stories  of  diiid4ife.  IMt  Liiri  Famemty 'mu 
'  CovWOET  lee  the  le^  qaestkmi  invohfied)  and 

alio  produced.  In  iqdo  the  pareitA  a  aecontl  thne,  her  husband 
bdng  Mr  Stephen  Ta>wneKnd,  a  snrgcon,  vho  (as  WiU  Dennis) 
had  taken  to  tha  stage  and  lud  toUabDnled  with  her  in  soma 
of  hiT  nfavi. 

(rT>6~l8l4),  En^kh  muaica]  hiitoriin, 
theiilhol  April  ■]>&.  Betoadnd 
nia  (aim  enmstn  at  tns  face  Khoel  of  tiM  dty,  aad  wu 
allerwiida Mat  U  the  public  KhaolatOiiUtf.  fibfinlmncie 
nmtec  *u  Edm^  Bakn,  onaakt  of  Cbettec  calhedtaJ,  and 
a  p^iB  of  Di  John  Worn.  Rcanoinc  to  Shrewihiiiy  iriist  about 
fifteen  yean  old,  be  conllnned  hit  muBCnl  iludica  fOr  thus  yesia 
ander  hi*  haU-bnther,  Jainta  Bnniey,  VBulsI  o{  St  Haiy'i 
chmch,  and  waa  then  aent  to  Loodon  a*  a  p^il  of  the  oclebialeil 
Dt  Ane,  laith  wJwn  be  icmained  three  years.  Boiaejr  wrola 
■one  lualcJai  TInnBan'*  A^rit,  wUefa  waa  pndoced  at  Dnu; 
Lane  Iheatn  on  the  jetfa  of  March  1745.  In  1749  he  waa 
appofntcd  organiat  of  Si  Dious-Backcbisch,  Fendnleh  Street, 
with*  iahrToffjoa  year;  and  be  waa  abo  engaied  intake  the 
harpskhard  in  the  "  New  Concerts  "  then  nccntly  established 
at  the  King's  Anna,  CornhilL  In  that  year  he  manni  Uiis 
Esther  Sleepe,  who  ditd  in  1761;  in  IJ769  be  married  Mn  Stephen 
Allen  of  Lynn.  Bang  thn^tened  with  a  pulmonary  affection  ho 
went  fa  17S1  to  Lynn  In  Norfolk,  where  he  waa  elected  organist, 
with  an  annual  ssiaiy  ol  £(0o,  and  there  he  resided  for  the  next 
nine  years.  Ihiring  that  thne  be  becanu  nteitain  the  idea  ol 
wridngipaieialhiatoryofmiHic.  HaOUfirStCtcilWi  Day 
-mi  pirrfrrrmM  tt  ''t"*''^''  n-tJj«i«  in  if^^;  tnA  in  1760  he  re- 
turned to  Lndon  in  good  health  and  with  a  young  tasdy;  the 
eldest  child,  a  giH  of  dght  yean  of  age,  snipnied  the  paUic  by 
her  attainmenta  aa  a  harpsicbotd  player.  The  caueitoi  for  the 
harpeicboKi  which  Bumey  published  soon  after  bis  remni  (0 
Locikio  were  regarded  wilh  much  admiration.  lni766hepTa- 
duud.  It  Dtury  Lane,  a  free  English  venbn  and  adaplalion  ol 
J.  J.  Rousseau's  operetta  Lc  Doi»  da  tiilate,  undn  the  title  a[ 
Tic  Caniiif  ifon.  The  univcnity  oi  Oilord  conferred  upon 
him,  on  tfie  23rd  of  June  1769,  the  degrees  of  Bachelor  and 
Doctor  of  Music,  on  which  oouion  he  presided  at  the  peiform- 
ance  of  bis  eivfciae  for  these  degrees.  This  consisted  of  an 
anthem,  niih  an  oveitute,  sidoa,  redtadvcs  aid  choruses, 
acDom[Aided  by  iaatniments,  bendea  a  vocal  anihera  in  dght 
parts,  wbidi<a**  not  peifonned.  In  176}  be  published  ila£uay 
lg»vA  ■  HliMry  11/ Cnteto. 


d^t  ol  Ua  favourile  object-4is  Hirfgry  rf  Uiak—ud  then- 
fan  fesolved  to  mvel  abroad  lor  the  purpose  ol  coUcclinc 

materials  thatcouldiBtbe  found  m  Crest  Britain.  Accordingly, 
he  left  London  in  June  1770,  furnished  with  nuiocrmia  letters  ol 
introduction,  and  proceeded  to  Paris,  and  thence  to  Ceneva. 
Turin,  Milan,  Padua,  Venice,  Bologna,  Florence,  Rome  snd 
Naplo.  The  results  of  bis  obiervalions  be  publitbed  in  Tkt 
friuiU SIM  1^ Uuik iit Framt aai lUlt Uijii-    Drlohoaoii 


854 


BURNHAM  BEECHES— BURNING  TO  DEATH 


tin  Wtim  lOaiit  4  ScaOiai,  he  sad,  "  I  hid  that  ckva  dec 
BoD^iHarioiITourinmreyt."  Injuiy  1771  Banur*C*iB 
vnilcd  the  SDaiiiimt,  to  coUECt  furtbci  miteriili,  Mid,  iftn  tail 
niDiii  ta  Lcodon,  pubtobad  his  tour  voder  tlie  title  ol  Ti» 
Fmad  Slalt  if  Uxsic  in  Cmmmy.  Ilia  NtUurlanii  amd  Unini 
Pmima  (17?))-  In  1773  l»  *w  d™™  ■  fellow  ot  Ih*  Royil 
Society.  In  iTiGtppeUEdthefint  voluine  r>a4ta>  ol  taiiloiig- 
projected  Hittarr  ej  Uuiit.  In  1781  Bumey  published  ho 
aemnd  votuine;  uhI  in  T7S9  the  Iliird  and  fourth.  Tbou^ 
Mvody  oiiictHl  by  Fokd  m  Gcnnuy  and  by  the  ^laniib 
oi-Jduit,  ReqaCDO,  win,  ta  bii  Italian  work  SauJ  n'  XiitaMIi- 
■orii  iM  Art*  Armtidca  ifa'  Oxd  t  Emuh  Candn  (Panu, 
inS),  Utadu  Burner^  uxsunt  ol  the  ancient  Gieek  miaic,  and 
on*  Um  la  utrnfltM'  Burntf,  the  Halirj  tj  Uusic  wii 
|)eBBx*lly  reoogaiaHl  aa  y**'  ^■'"g  peat  meriL  Tho  Icaat  nlb- 
udoiy  yolucK  ii  the  feajtht  the  tieatinent  of  Handel  and  Bach 

Ccnnta  by  EbdloK  ■'■1  prialedac  Hambuix  in  1771;  and  hit 
■econd  tmr,  tiudated  Into  GennMi  by  Bode,  was  puUiiliid  at 
Hambois  in  1773.  A  Dutch  tnnatalion  ol  hii  lecaiid  toui, 
with  DDta  by  J.  W.  Luitig,  orffiniil  at  Cmungf  a,  wai  publiihed 
tbete  in  17S6.  The  Diimtalioil  dq  the  Music  of  the  Andenli 
ta  the  £nt  volume  of  Bumey'a  Hillary,  was  tnnilaled  [at 
Oerman  by  J.  J.  EKhenbuig,  and  printed  at  Leipzig^  1781. 

Maitini'i  very  leiined  Sleria  id>a  if  1 


Ooeca 


laciiAci 


id  pemoaJ  comfart.  in  mUccling  and  prcpving 
■■teiialt  fee  hii  HisUry,  and  few  will  be  dispcnnl  to  omdemn 
Kverely  enoti  and  oveiil«htJ  in  a  woik  of  audi  eaten 


In  1714  he  published,  with  an  Italian  tille-patB,  the 

BUiiic  Mmaally  pcilonned  in  the  pope'*  chapel  at  Rome  during 
I^aion  Week.    In  1785  be  publUhed,  f«  tk  beneBt  of  the 
Musical  Fundi  an  acannt  of  Ihe'Erst  commemoration  of  Handel 
ta  W*Hmlf '"  Abbey  m  the  piKsding  year,  with  an  acdlenl 
Ufa  ol  Uandd.    In  1796  be  published  iltMoin  and  LtUai 
Mttativia-    Towards  the  dose  ol  his  iife  Bumey  was  p 
£iaoa  for  contributing  to  Reel's  Cydapaniia  aU  the  musi 
utidea  not  bdotlgiBg  to  the  deputment  ol  natuial  philosophy 
and  milhrtnatlCT,     In  17S],  throu^  the  ticasuiy  in£uence  of 
bis  friend  Edmund  Buike,  he  was  appointefl  organist  to  thecbapd 
of  Chelsea  Uos{utal,  and  be  moved  hii  resdence  from  St  Uanin's 
Stmt,  Ldceitet  Square,  to  live  in  the  hospital  [or  the  leniBinder 
olUllife.    Hsiraamadeameniberot  iJielnititiitiof  Fmnce, 
end  nominated  a  oorre^ioiideiit  in  the  cIoas  of  the  fme  arts,  in 
the  year  iSul    From  1A06  until  hia  death  he  enjoyed  a  pension 
ot^ioegrantoitv Fol.   HediedalCbelacaCoUegeoatheiithot 
April  iSi4iandwutaterTtduiIheburying-grDund  of  the  college. 
A  tablet  was  etccted  to  his  memoiy  m  Westminiter  Abbey. 
Bumey's  poitiait  waa  painted  by  Reynolda,  and  hia  bust  woa 


ut  by  Noll 


inlSos.    Hel 


At  one  time  he  thought  ol 

Johnson,  but  be  ictind  beloie  the  cnnn 

niabed  into  that  field.    His  character  ta  pnvaie  t 

pablic  life  appears  to  have  been  veiy  amiable  am. 

Dr  Bamey'a  eldest  ton,  James,  wi*  a  ditlingnisbed  offi<ei 


la  the  Rev.  Charles 
u  ultimately 


Its  and  hteraiy  men  of  hia  day. 

lis  friend  Dr  Sai      ' 

of  blographen 

iplaiy. 
..  .  _  -  Jilinjniished  offi<«r  '     ' 


I]),  awdl-known 

1  books  and  USS. 

Brfiiih  Mmeuni; 

daughter  was  Francea  (Uadame  D'Arblay,  f-v.). 


■.~^l^  Six  SmalH  Jar  lit  kmrfikkaid;  fa) 
I  r^  cr  aia*a.  witt  wMfuuHUli  Jar  riatm 

'  tarfiidurd.  {fi  Siz  DwMJtr  no  Otrmmi 

I  la,Mlkiimrfaillfi;tj)SaiMmanpiBm 

i  i  fapu  fat  lit  aria;  (»)  Sii  CamarUi  /gr 

,  M>U ;  <ii  7^  &Mal  Jar  Jj™'""^.  .™^ 

BbiunrAi~BidKSra.  a  wooded' tract  of  37s  acmin  Bucking- 
bamshire,  En^and,  acquired  in  1879  by  (he  CoiponEion  ol  the 
dty  of  London,  and  preserved  for  public  use.  This  tract,  Ibe 
'  X  foiQI,  the  more  beautiful  because  of  the 
al  tlK  land,  lies  west  ol  tbe  toad  between 
Slough  eod  BeaconsEdd,  and  2  m-  north  ol  Burohim  Beeches 
station  on  the  Great  Western  railway.  Tlie  poet  Thomaa  Ciay, 
who  stayed  frcqueocty  at  St^e  Poges  ta  the  vicinity,  ia  entbuii. 
aatic  concerning  the  beauty  of  the  Beeches  In  a  letter  10  Horace 
Walpole  ta  r737.  Near  the  township  ol  Bumham  an  slight 
Early  English  lenaiusof  an  ahbey  founded  ta  1265.  Bumbun 
it  an  urban  district  with  a  population  Hiooi)  of  5145. 

BDRXHAM-OH-GROnCH.  an  uibaa  district  ta  the  souths 
eastern  pariiamenlary  division  of  Essci,  England, «  m.  E.  by  N. 
from  Loudon  on  a  branch  of  the  Great  Eutcni  railway,  Pi^ 
(iQoi)  3oi«.  The  church  ol  St  Mary  ia  prindpally  tatc  Fei^ 
pcndicular,  a  good  eaample;  it  haa  Decorated  portions  and  a 
Noruun  font.  There  an  extensive  oyster  beds  m  the  Crouch 
estuary.  Bumhiun  lies  6  m.  from  the  North  Sea;  bdow  it  the 
Crouch  is  joined  on  the  south  lide  by  the  Roch,  which  brascties 
into  numerous  creeks,  and,  together  with  the  main  estuv^, 
forms  Foulness,  Wallasea,  Potton  and  other  low,  flat  islands, 

is  iu  wme  repute  as  a  watering-place,  and  is  a  favourite  y&chtiog 
■tatlon.  Thcts  is  consideiabls  trade  ta  com  and  coal,  and 
boat.buiTding  is  carriol  on. 

BDRNIHO  TQ  DEATH.  Aa  a  legal  punishment  Icr  varknu 
crimes  burning  alive  was  fotmcriy  very  wide-spread.  Il  wa* 
common  among  the  Roniuis,  being  given  in  the  XII.  Tables  aa 
tile  spedal  penalty  for  arson.  Under  the  Gothic  codes  adulterers 
were  so  punished,  and  throu^iout  the  middle  ages  it  was  the 
dvil  penalty  for  certain  heinous  crimes,  ig.  peisonlog,  bcresy, 
wilchcraft,  sjwn,  bestiality  and  sodomy,  and  so  coatimted  ta 
some  cnsea,  nominally  at  least,  till  the  bcgirming  ^  the  igth 
century.  In  England,  under  the  common  law,  women  coadenned 
for  high  tre&Hn  or  petty  trtawn  (murder  af  husband,  murder 
of  master  or  mistress,  certata  offences  against  the  coin,  &c.)  wen 
burned,  this  being  con^dered  more  "  decent "  than  hanging  and 
exposure  on  a  gibbet.  In  practice  the  couvict  was  stranded 
before  being  burnt.  The  last  woman  burnt  ta  England  suflerctl  in 
1789,  the  punishment  being  abolished  in  1700. 

Burning  was  not  induded  amgng  the  pendiia  for  heresy  under 
the  Roman  imperial  codes;  but  the  homing  ol  beretia  by 
orthodox  mobs  had  long  been  sanctioned  by  custom  before  the 
edicta  of  the  emperor  Frederick  H.  (iJiJ,  jJJj)  made  it  tbe 
dvil.law  punishment  for  heresy.  His  example  waa  followed  ta 
France  by  Louis  IX.  m  the  EatabUshnenU  oft  170.  InEngbnd, 
where  the  dvil  law  was  never  recognised,  tbe  common  law  look 
DO  cogntaaDr«  of  eccldiistial  offences,  and  the  churdi  courts 
had  no  power  to  condemn  to  death.  Tliere  wen,  tadccd,  in  the 
nth  and  ijtb  centuries  isoblcd  instances  o(  the  burning  of 
beietio.  William  ol  NewbuTjh  describes  the  burning  ol  certain 
fordgn  sectaries  in  1169,  andeady  in  the  ijth  century  a  deacon 
was  buret  by  order  ol  the  council  of  Oiford  (Fan  iL  374; 

obvious.  The  right  of  the  crown  to  issue  wnts  de  kaarttica 
comburenda,  daimed  for  it  by  later  jurists,  was  based  on  that 
issued  by  Henry  IV.  ta  i(oo  for  tbe  burning  of  William  Sawtie: 
but  Sir  James  Stephen  (Huf.  Crijn.  Uac)  points  out  that  this  was 
issued  "  with  the  asseirt  of  the  lords  temporal,"  which  t/oeaa  to 
prove  that  the  crown  had  no  right  under  the  common  law  to  issue 
such  writs.  The  burning  of  heretics  was  actually  made  li«al  in 
EngUndby  tbestatuteiJ(tairfliuicn>(wiii^i>(i4ao),pasaedten 
days  alter  the  issue  of  the  above  wriL  Thia  was  repealed  taiSJJt 
the  Six  Artidia  Act  ol  rjjg  revived  burning  aa  a  ptatlly 


^dbjGooglt; 


BURNLEY— BURNS,  JOHN 


»S5 


•bolnhcd  la  1558  on  the  taatiaa  of  ElinbctL  Edmtd  VL, 
EiiiibMli  >Dd  Jwmt  L,  bowcvcr,  biuncd  bentiis  (jSiefflly  w  it 
muM  appeu)  nnda  thai  lupixH)  light  oi  iiHijog  niW  lor  tUi 
pxupcae.  Tha  lut  hmtia  bant  in  g^'"-'  wen  two  Adm, 
Buth^osKK  Lcfitt  It  SniltMrid,  and  Edmid  Wlibtmin  U 
Lichfield,  both  In  1610.    Ai  lot  ntcbs,  counUca  numben  wan 

wheic  ihcy  w«  hinged.    In  Scotland  In  Outla  Il.'a  day  Iha 

Uw  lUlf  ma  that  iritdia  were  to  be  "  wonied  at  the  atake  and 

tten  bunt ";  mi  a  witcta  waa  buiM  at  Deanxh  *d  lata  at  i^ot. 

BnBMlBT.  a  nurkct  town  and  mmidpil,  couniy  and  pariiii- 

livtn  Bnin  and  CtMa,  31J  m.  N.N.W.  ol  London  and  19  m. 
N.  of  Manchcitei,  on  the  Laocuhire  It  Yoriubin  tailmy  and 
the  Leeds  &  Jiveipool  Canal.  Fop.  (iS«i)  S7,oi(;  (ipoj) 
97,C43.  The  church  of  St  Feta  dales  Iram  tht  I4lh  ccntuiy, 
but  i>  kigcty  modernized^  among  a  seriea  of  memoriala  of  ths 
Towncley  family  i*  ono  lo  Cbuka  Towncley  (d.  iSoj),  wbo 
nUected  the  laia  of  antique  mubki,  lan-tallu,  bawn*. 
coini  and  gem  which  aie  named  after  him  and  prcKivcd  in 
tfae  Btitah  Muieum.  In  i$oi  Towndey  Hall  and  Puk  «cn 
acqniRd  hy  the  corporatjrai,  the  manstoii  beiag  adapted 
ai  *  mueiun  and  ait  ffdJery,  and  in  19OJ  a  aui 
wa>  held  here.  Tbtrt  are  ■  laige  number  of  modem  chyirhiw 
and  chapcli.  a  handninie  town^iall,  market  ball,  museum  and 
art  gallery,  school  of  sdeDcc,  munidpal  technical  schot^  varioBB 
benevolent  institutioos,  and  pleasant  public  paika  ajid  rccnotioo 
graunda.    The  principal  biduatriei  ate  cMion-weavtng,  wonted- 

and  Ihc  making  of  sanitary  waiea.  It  haa  been  luggtstcd  thai 
Bnndey  may  niodde  with  Brananburh,  tbe  battlefield  oo  whkh 
llie  Sanna  conquend  the  Dano^Cdtfc  foice  in  937.  J>niing  the 
cotlOD  EanuDe  consequent  upon  t^  American  wai  d  igAi-fif 
it  nfleied  levaidT,  and  the  opentiva  wen  amploTed  on  fdlef 
itauin  lystem  of  impntnuotls.    Tbe 


M  of  a  mayw,  iiaMeimenandjSaianeiniB*. 
.  ,  n  of  paiUameat  in  1B9D  Bunky  waa  created  ■  iDSiagBn 
bishopikalVie  diooeteof  UaDchtatei.  Am  of  the  nualdpal 
bcRMgh,  4005  aerea 

BSBVOVP,  BDQBn  <i8oi-iSl)),  ftcnch 
botn  In  Pana  on  the  Sih  of  April  laot.  Hii  fi 
Louii  Bunouf  (j;7s-tS44),  wai  a  classical 
npntatioa,  and  the  author,  among  otbct  woib . 
tnashlim  of  TMtus  (6  vols.,  1817-1851).  Eogtae  Bunont 
piiUishedinigiaan£tn»ni'f(i'^  .  .  .,  writloi in coUaboia- 
tloo  with  f'Ti'f"'  Lainn;  and  In  the  fidlowfng  ytai  Obtno- 
Uaiu  ffammalitBla  tm  vivm  pmv"  ^  ''*''•'  *"  >>  -f*^ 
Vk  next  gnat  writ  he  Dodeitook  waa  tha  dec^iaing  of  the 
Zeod  mamiicrlpti  brought  to  Fiance  by  AnqnetO  da  Penan, 
By  his  laboora  a  kmnrkdie  al  Uw  Zend  laDgoage  wbSdI  binaght 
IbIo  the  ■dentifie  Vorfd  of  Eoiopci  He  caund  tbe  Voadtfid 
Sadt,  part  of  on*  of  tbe  booka  bcadng  Iha  ua«B  Of  Zonaati  - 
to  b*  lithogn^ed  with  the  atmoat  on  £>om  tha  Zod  MS. 
tha  BibUotbique  Nalimak,  and  pidibhtd  it  In  ioUo  parU, 
iSi»-iS4}.  Fiom  iSu  10  iSiS  he  pobUAfd  Uf  CmmaUaH 
fw  U  Yfo.  Pm  itt  liwa  Munifan  in  Ptmr,  ba  aim 
published  tha  Saiuktit  tat  and  Fiendi  tmnatalioa  of  the 
BUittalt  Piatin  ««  Ualein  faiHgiie  it  KriOma  in  three  loin 
volume!  (i&4»-iS«r).  Bis  last  woiks  wen  IMroiiieliat  i 
FhiUain  im  BauddUmt  indiai  [1S44), 
leliluiiiUbemHleHiSii).  Bunwuf  died  ra  tbe  sSth  of  Uay 
iGji.  He  had  been  foi  twenty  ytaia  a  membetof  the  Acadtoit 
del  InsoiptiOQs  and  professor  of  Sanikrit  In  tha  CoOJnde  Fiance. 

Sh  a  naiicc  of  Bumoufi  worts  by  Barth^Biv  Sainl-HOaira. 
prefittil  (D  the  lecDnd  edition  (Tt7<)  of  (ho  tnlnJ,  i  rkiittin  in 
iamUUme  indin:  also  Naudd,  "Natica  biitefViue  ur  M.  M. 


W. 


AtbaC 


(from  tha  Arab.  ImnnH),  a  long  doak  at  coatM 

with  a  hood,  nwally  riiil*  in  adont,  wmd  by  ths 

Manb  Africa. 

- -..(iT9f-iS«4.£agIiBhdiIpa-*iKr, 

waahonlnGlaagvwOB  tha  tothet  Dccemboinj,  thesoaof 
tha  Rar.  Joha  Bninb  In  paitneDAip  with  a  bfOtbtr,  Jiua, 
he  bcvu  aa  •  Gtawtw  geneni  Mothaat  ahoot  ]giS,  and  ia  1814 
bi  DonloKtlaa  with  a  LiTeqnol  panna,  Hugh  MauUi^  Mailed 
a  Ua*  ot  amaU  aailing  ^*pa  wUch  tan  betwetn  daafaw  and 
liMqwoL   Aa  bnabeaa  iootaaKl  the  mads  were  aba  sailed 


In  iSjo  ■  rartittwh^  waa  eatend  fato  with  tha  kldveia  of 
Limpool,  ia  which  Gcoige  Binai  devoted  Umdl  vcdaHy  to 
the  msaagenant  of  the  ahlpo.  la  <S}8  with  Saosd  CliMid. 
Rdiett  Napkr  and  othet  tapltafista,  the  pattoeta  (Udvct  ud 
Buma)  Halted  the  "Cunard"  Atlantic  line  of  auaasaUpa. 
'Hiey  saoutd  the  British  gavaDUiWBf*  cBoUnct  foe  the  caoylng 
of  t^  mails  to  North  Amdiin.  Tha  laili^i  wen  began  with 
ttch,  vhich  iMide  tW  [laws Ills 

e  Jiw  in  i8«o.    Ba  waa 
^  sod  of  Jane  iBpo  at 
Caatle  Wcnyia,  whan  be  Ittd  spent  the  kttcr  yian  of  tb  Ufe. 

John  Bom  (1(19-1901),  his  ddcat  wn,  who  aBCCocded  hjoi 
In  the  hannBli7,  and  beoma  hcwl  of  tht  Cnnaid  Con^anr,  waa 
pern,  undei  the  titla  of  B^ioa  laverclyde,  in  itg?; 


George AtbathnotBuins(iSti-i9e5> 

ia  father  in  thapeeisce,  aa  and  bonn  Invtnlyda,  and 
nofthBCBBaidCompai^inigaa.    Haoiwdacled 


the 

Uercanlile  Manna  CocqiaBy,  fucinHi  t^  UeiBa  J.  JP.  UorgaO 
It  Co,  and  took  a  leading  part  in  the  appUcatfon  of  Iniblae 

Binm,  Jrail  (i8it~  ),  ZngSsh  pi^tidan,  waa  bora  at 
Vaaxbali,  London,  in  October  1B58,  tbe  second  aon  irf  Ateaauler 
Boina,  an  engin^,  of  Ayidara  eMnclioB. '  Ka  attoidcd  a 
natioaal  scboot  in  Batteisea  until  he  waa  too  yean  old,  when  he 
wnascattaworkia  Price's  candle  hctoiy.  BemAedfOraibMt 
lime  aa  *  page-boy,  then  in  imm  engine  woika,  au^at  tanrtcaa 
wu  apprenliced  lor  ssnn  yean  to  a  Millbanfc  ""g-i""  Ha 
cenEiniied  his  education  at  tbe  night-adnala,  and  read  esien- 
dvely,  especially  th*  wDihi  of  Bobeit  Owen,  J.  S.  Mill,  Paine  and 
CobbcU.   HesacTibcdhiscoaTBnioatathepiincbiltaofsocialiia 

it  I7  J.  S.  Mill,  bat  bo  had  leant  aodalistic  doctrine  fum  ■ 
pRDch  feUow-watkinan,  Victoe  Ddahaye.  who  had  witaened 

tbe  Commune.  After  verking  at  his  tnde  In  vaiioua  paita  of 
England,  and  en  board  sh^  be  went  foi  a  year  ■  to  ttie  Wcat 
African  coost  at  the  aiooth  of  tbe  Niger  as  a  foreman  engiocei. 

months'  tour  in  Fiance,  Germany  and  Austria  for  the  stndy  of 


practice  of  outdoor  qieakiag,  and  ila  -"T*V-"I  phyikal 
strength  and  itiong  voice  win  Envahiabla  quafificatiDns  tot  ■ 
popular egitatob  IotS7BbewMaireUedaidlockednp{B'tht 
'r  daoooMialion  eo  Ch^m 
manied  Oiirlottc  Gala,  the 
ht.  Ha  waa  again  amated  ia 
1S86  for  bis  ihara.  in  tbe  Wcat' End  liota  when  the  wiadowa 
of  tbe  CaiHon  and  otba  London  duba  iraec  broken,  batdeaied 
Mmidf  M  the  Old  Balky  of  the  chaige.ol  Inciting  the  mob  to 
violence.  In  Noventbei  of  the  next  year,  however,  he  was  a^in 
arresled  foi  iceiatfaig  (he  piliee  in  iheli  attempt  to  bnih  nn 
Trafalgar  Sqtiaie,  and  w 


IndoMrlal  RemonentlDn  Ctmieience  of  igB^  had  attiactad 
coBsideiable  attcntioa,  and  in  that  year  be  became  a  meoibei 
of  the  Sodal  Deoocntic  Fcdentlo^  addch  put  h'T'  laswaid 


«56 


BURNS,  ROBERT 


Ed  tbe  pett  jnv  M  pubnKntaiy  ouidliblc  for 

"■    tw  witb  the  SocUl  Demoermtic 

Ih  «m  u  Mljvi  mBuber  of  Ihc 


»  CaaMtf  CaoDcQ  riwnld  be  piid  at  tmda 

devoted  Ui  dHU  in  pacnl  I 
ttow  a(  tk*  MMa  «c  ma  DBBi 

irhldilM  beauusnenbi. 

h  Ht  Ben  lUlMt  w  tht  dhW  leader  ud  aitaabti  at  tht 


■OKM,  MHIBT  (I7I9-1T9<1.  Scottiih  poet,  wn  bora  od  ue 
«5tholJaBm(T>TWlaaGatupabautam.(nimA]Fr.    Havu 

dOn  Woek,  lAo  ■mofbt  hard,  ptarHinl  faUv>t]r,  wnhod  U 
Mdc  ap  Ua  cfaOdna  Ib  tk  fear  o<  Gad,  bat  had  lo  ficbt  all  hii 
di)i  a(ilMt  tbe  i^Hk  and  tidea  «<  adverrity.  "n«  poet," 
Mid  TlioBui  Catljil*,  "  «u  loitDBala  b  hit  latlui-^  man  of 
tbaughlf <d  iBtenH  diameter,  «  the  beat  of  cnr  ptannta  an. 


it  kcan  iaal^  ud  davnit  bout,  liieDdljr  and  ftaika: 
MiftiMtil  ouB  iddom  toand  la  »ay  nnk  In  aociety,  and  msu 
dceoendliislati'iocietjrtaaeek.  .  .  .  Had  be  been  ever  K>  UlUe 
tldin',  the  whok  sigiX  ban  laaed  albenrlae.  Bat  ponrtr 
■oak  tbe  w^  fandy  evm  bdmr  tba  nacb  of  Dw  dirap  ackool 


Ibog^  a  tBlca  of  mifntion  (ran 
■Mtheri  boat  ADowajr  (when  ba  irai  tanfht  to  nad)  la  Ut 
filtpti.nt  ud  then  (1777)  to  Loddea  la  TutMllOD  (nAaa  bs 
leant  the  nnHnrn*''  "*  |p"'**"T)i  li"  poet  lenuined  bt  tbe  udm 
condltkaafitiallaDeddicunBtancea.  At  tbe  age  of  tblrtecD  b* 
tbiv^  Iba  eon  wllh  hit  own  haadi,  at  fiftiai  h«  «aa  the 
priKipd  labourer.  The  famlljr  kept  do  Krvaat,  and  lor  Hveial 
ytsn  botchen'  meal  nt  a  thmg  Boktiown  In  the  boon.  "  TUi 
kind  of  tile,"  he  write*, "  tbe  cbeeileai  gleaa  o(a  hemdl  and  the 
imoasiDg  toU  ol  a  gtne]r«lave,  brao^  ma  to  my  riittentb 
year."  Hit  patDrilly  rcjinat  fiama  «*•  orcrtaiked,  ud  hit 
nervoomutltuCioB  ntafvid  a  fatal  tttalB.    lUaihoulden  vcn 


temper 

tbe  itn _  

tbe  thint  (or  ttimulBnli  aod  tha  nvolt  agtinit  reitnlnt  whidi 


of  hii  oirer  a  bu^vnt  hoawur  bore  htm  up;  and  amid  Ibkk- 
oomiof  ihapc*  of  ill  he  baled  no  jot  at  bait  or  hope.  Be  ma 
cbeered  by  vagm  ttirrinii  of  amUtioB,  wUdi  be  palhetlodly 
cginptrea  to  the  "  blind  gioplDg  o(  Homer^-CrdcfiB  nnnd  Ilie 
■alli  ol  hli  cave."  SidI  to  Kbool  at  SMonald,  hi  became, 
iw  tiB  tcant  leisiin,  a  great  reader — taticf  at  ineal-tlnHa  irilh  a 
apooQ  jR  one  hand  ud  a  bo(A  la  the  other,-~and  carrjiiig  k  (ew 
knal]  vdumea  Id  his  podiet  to  itudy  in  ipaza  moneata  in  the 
tddi.  "  The  ooUection  al  kkw,"  be  tdk  ts,  "  vat  my  aodi 
•WMh    l|»iinlii«ii  lliiai  iliiiiiiliiij  ml  "i  ■■Ulii  lii  libiiiii. 


room  by  night;  by  day,  whibt  whiMltaf  at  IlK  ploaxh,  he 
invcnlid  am  fomu  and  waa  iotpind  by  fnah  idcaa,  "  piholiii 

roDtid  hia  the  memortea  and  the  traditioiia  o(  hb  ooontiy  tiD  they 
became  a  mutk  and  a  CTown.^'    It  vaiamonKtbefumwaofh^ 

'■"  That  I  (gr  poer  aald  Seadaad't  ahi 


An  aqatlly  itriklng  illintralioa  of  tbe  ttme  feding  It  la  ba 
foond  ia  bit  turaraer  Snnday'i  lamble  to  ilie  La^m  mod,— 
i1k  tabled  haunt  ol  Wallace,— which  the  poet  cnofcBet  to  hav* 
vliited  "  with  aa  much  devout  tDthutiaHB  as  ever  pOgtim  did 
the  thftie  of  Loretto."  In  another  itfetence  to  the  Hune  period 
he  lefett  to  the  intente  iincepllUlity  to  the  hooieBeit  aqxcu  of 
Nature  wUd  throogbaut  chancteiiied  hit  geniai.  "  Sairdy 
any  object  gan  me  nan— I  do  tut  know  if  I  ibonU  call  it 
ideaiuie— but  tonetUaf  wUch  anlti  and  ennptora  me — tluo 
to  walk  In  tbe  iheltoed  tide  of  a  wood  or  Ugh  plaatalion  io  a 
doody  wiotcr  day  aad  bear  the  atonny  wind  bawUng  amoog 
laving  over  the  plain.  I  listened  to  the  buda,  aad 
intcd  ont  o(  my  path  kat  I  ikould  diitnib  tbeir 
UtiietOB^orlrighunthemEoaBatheritaiioa.''  ADKnlviaaa) 
wen  gQ^Dg  hit  honun  aa  he  walhcd  in  tfoiy.  If  not  in  joy, 
"  bchiiul  hit  plough  upon  the  moonttia  tide  ";  bat  tbe  iwaim 
of  hit  BtM^-odoured  ftndca  wu  aftls  made  giey  by  tbe  am 


wbctaStindtti  (af terwaidi  Lu^r)  Bowt,''  lAeniBiTSi  he  went 
to  Irvbt  to  ham  tbe  tnde  of  a  Ru-draeer.  "  It  wa*,"  be  sayi. 
"  anonlui^attir.  Atwewen^vlBgawdcomccaiotualtotbc 
New  Vcar,  the  ibop  took  Gie  and  burned  to  uhci;  and  I  wu 
left,  like  a  tme  poet,  mlthOBt  a  riipenca."  Hia  own  bcait,  loi^ 
had  unfertnpatdy  taken  bt.  He  waa  potiug  over  mathemaiici 
tin,  in  bit  own  phmieology,— Mill  afecled  in  iti  pcoic  by  the 
da^ctl  pedutiiet  canght  from  Pope  by  Raatay, — "  tbe  ma 
enlaied  Kigo,  'when  a  '*"-iipg  jUelM,  who  lived  next  door, 
otataet  my  ttigonotaetiy,  and  lel  me  off  at  a  taageot  fiov  the 
(cene  ol  dv  itadk*."  We  need  not  detail  the  ttoiy,  pa*  the 
looemant  itpetitiani  of  it,  wUeh  marked  and  *"-"'—  maned 
Uiamar.  Tbepoetwa* jilted, wtalthroogb the Aaild^paii^ 
aAdiaoTtedlatheBatunimidiaureetafooBiolatko.  He  bad 
fomul  that  be  vai "  no  enemy  to  locial  life,"  and  Ui  natct  tad 
ditto  mad  that  he  una  the  beat  of  boon  toBpaniou  in  the 
lyric  fcoitt,  where  Ut  doquenc*  ihed  a  Iuiik  over  wild  wiyi  d 


ef  the  New  Ughts  and  a  laiiriit  cl  the  Calviaitm  wbote  «i 
ha  bond  Hbe  thoae  of  Uaiah. 

b  Robert't  ijth  year  hit  Itlher  died,  full  of  BiTawi  and 
appcebeBriona  lor  tht  gifted  len  who  wiole  for  bii  tocab  ia 
Alloway  kirfcyatd,  tha  fine  e^ta^  ending  wltb  the  characteiiMic 


aop*,*ti 

"  tn  t|dt*ot  the  worid,  the  fieth  and  the  dcvU,  to  be  a  wfae  man.-. 
ASain,  howevat,  want  no  better  with  tbe  family;  and  In  1784 
they  mlpated  to  Uoagiel,  where  br  ■*     *       "  ■  -    -    - 

lour  yout,  lor  a  lemin  Bcanx  equtl  b 

laboun  bi  our  day.    klLiuahDi.  hi  . 

Ut  Intan  wUa,  Jeu  Annanr]  but  tbe  father,  a 
ditCMmteBantal  the  rnatd!,  and  the  girl  being  illtfiil  to 
"  ^gh  at  a  lover,"  at  a  daughter  to  obey,  Buma,  in  tjt6,  gave 
up  hit  nit,  leiotirtd  to  i«k  refuge  In  cole,  and  having  locptRl 
— '-— '—  ai .  book-keeper  to  1  ilava  eitate  in  Jamaica,  had 


dfon 


i)wkd,a 


BURNS,  ROBERT 


«57 


■1  picdiSc  u  CfttnUtH  ac  Tiiwllui,  the  piDpoaat^ 


m  yt  Eo  to  tbe  India,  n 


■Mary." 


He  wu  wilhlield  Iram  hii  tmjtct  ud,  hapfiily  oi  unhtppilr, 
the  cuKDt  <il  hii  lile  *u  turneil  by  lie  nicceu  of  his  fiat 
voluBie,  »hidi  ma  publiahed  >l  Kitmsniock  is  June  ijMl 
It  canWincd  lome  of  Ui  moM  JuMly  cekhrated  poemi,  the  rnnlli 
of  hit  Ksnty  Icuuie  at  l^ochlei  uid  HoMfld;  unonf  otben 
'"Hm  Tn  D<w,"— >  inpluc  Idnliullon  of  Aenp,— "ne 
AatkorV  Pnyer,"  the  "  Addieu  lo  Uie  DeO,"  "  Hw  Vkica  " 
and  "Tha  Dieun,"  "H*iloweeD,"  "The  Cottu^  Suaid>]r 
Nighl,"  the  Una  "  To  i.  Mouse  "  end  "  To  *  Daily,"  "  Seoul 
Drigk,"  "kUn*i*mad>  to  Houiii,"  the  "  EpiMk  to  Dairle," 
and  (osw  of  hk  moat  popular  aanfi.  Ihia  epitone  sf  a  gQiha 
BO  muvdloui  and  *a  varied  took  hii  andieDoa  ty  atarm.  "The 
country  Duniiiicd  d  him  fioniaea  to  na."  "  With  hie  pOBm." 
aayi  Rotiert  Henm, "  old  and  ]imini>  fiavc  and  gi^,  kanied  and 
ifDOnoL,  tnn  alilca  tiaupoited.  I  waa  at  that  tima  laident  in 
CaHoway,  and  I  can  well  nuncmbct  how  cvca  pkntftlioyB  and 
EOilitacTVaDM  would  have  ^adly  beilowed  tht  wagia  thry  earned 
tiM  moH  hardly,  and  which  they  wanted  topcndiaH  Kcoiaiy 
dathing,  il  they  ndght  bat  pcocura  tlte  woifci  of  Bumi."  Thii 
fint  edition  imly  bnnicbt  Ihe  author  £tt>  diiect  return,  but  it 
intiodttced  him  to  the  iikmi  of  Edinburgh,  whilher  be  was 
invfted,  and  when  be  wai  vdcDmcd,  feasted,  idnired  and 
padonteed.  He  appeared  a>  a  portent  among  the  iduila  ts  of  the 
nortbeni  capital  uid  lU  univenlty,  and  nuiufalnl,  accordiDf; 
to  Mt  LocUurt,  "  in  the  nbole  itrain  of  hi>  boring,  bit  beliei 
thai  hi  the  society  <tf  Ibe  most  emincnl  men  of  his  nation  he  wai 
where  he  waa  entitled  to  be,  hardly  deigning  to  Batter  them  by 
eahihiling  a  lymplom  of  being  ilo-ttered." 

Sit  Waller  Scott  bean  a  similar  teslimony  to  the  di^ficd 
(imididEy  and  almost  ciaggirtted  independence  of  (he  poet, 
duiing  this  anaia  mirtHiit  d  his  luccns.  "  A*  for  Buna, 
Virt^mm  tUl  lanlum,  1  waa  a  lad  of  Eftcen  when  he  came  lo 
EdiDbugh,  but  had  lente  enough  to  be  interested  In  his  poeliy, 
and  would  have  given  the  world  to  know  hin.  I  saw  him  one 
ilay  with  several  gentlemen  ol  literary  reputation,  avKmg  vhoco 
I  leroeniber  the  cclcbraled  Duguld  Stewart.  01  course  we 
youngiLen  sat  silent,  looked,  and  littened.  ...  1  Tcmembet 
«  .  .  bit  shedding  tears  over  a  print  repreaeating  a  soldier  lying 

other  his  widow  with  a  child  in  her  aim&    His  pcnan  was  robust, 

more  massive  than  it  looks  in  any  of  the  portmils.  There  was  a 
strong  expression  of  shrewdness  in  his  iincamenis;  the  eye 
alone  indicated  the  poetic  character  and  temperament-  It  was 
large  and  ti  a  dork  caat,  and  literally  giowed  when  be  spoke  with 
feeling  or  interesL  I  never  uw  such  aaother  ore  m  a  faunan 
bead.  His  couversaiian  cipmMd  perfect  sell-confidence, 
without  Ihc  least  intrusive  forwardness.  I  thought  his  acquaint- 
ance with  English  poetry  was  rather  limited;  and  having 
twenty  timei  the  abilities  of  Allan  Ramsay  and  el  FetguniHi  ht 
talked  vl  than  with  loo  much  humility  as  his  modeia.  He  was 
mad)  caressed  in  Edinburgh,  but  the  eflotti  made  (or  his  reUef 
were  extremely  liifiing."  Landalur  tt  altd.  Bums  weni  from 
(hose  meeting),  wheit  be  had  been  posing  prolessara  (no  hard 
task),  and  lummg  the  beads  of  duchenn,  lo  ^are  a  bed  in  the 
gunt  oi  a  writer's  ai^uentice, — they  paid  together  js.  a  week 
fortheroom.  It  was  in  the  bouse  of  Mi  Carfrae,  Baxter's  Close, 
LawDnvukel,  "  first  scale  stair  on  the  left  hand  In  going  down, 
Gnt  door  in  the  stair."  Daring  fiums'i  life  il  wa*  Rsecvad  for 
William  Ptlt  to  reco^ia  his  ptace  ■•  •  fftat  poet;  Ibe  more 
cautious  critica  of  Ihe  Norlh  were  satisfied  M  endoie  him  as  a 
rustic  prodigy,  and  brought  npon  themaelve*  a  share  df  hia 
solire.  Some  of  the  Itieadshlpt  tontraclid  during  this  period 
—as  for  I,ord  Glencairn  and  Mrs  Dnidop— are  among  die  most 
pleasing  and  perewnent  In  lileialnn;  for  gendne  knidnrw 
was  never  waited  on  one  >4>D.  whatever  his  fault  i,  hai  never  beoi 
•ceased  of  higratllude.  .  But  in  the  bard's  dly  life  then  wu  as 


.  clement.  Hc'stooped  to  btg  for  neilber  imilei  t>0T 
favour,  but  the  goailed  couUry  oak  ii  cut  up  into  cahineli  is 
artifidal  prose  and  vetae.  In  the  lellers  to  Mr  Graham,  the  pn>- 
ksae  to  Mr  Wood,  and  the  eptstka  to  Qarinda,  be  is  '^■"^ftg 
with  bob-uiltd  shoes.  When,  in  17S7,  the  aecoiKl 
.  the  proceeds  of  their  sale  ^*^■'i^**^ 
litea.  On  the  strength  of  this  sum  be  gave  him- 
idf  two  long  tamUei,  full  of  poetic  malerial'-one  through  the 
border  towns  bto  England  as  f u  u  Newcastle,  letumlug  by 
Dumblia  to  Uauchhrw,  and  another  a  grand  lonr  Ehnnigh  ih< 


>  (aim  at  Ellnlaud  on  the  Nith, 


In  ijiS  Bims  took  a  & 
•ettled  then,  tminied,  loal  tais  litUs  money,  and  wnte,  among 
ollwi  pieces  "  Anld  Lang  Syne  "  and  "  Tarn  o'  Shanter."  In 
1 7B9  he  oblalBed,  through  Ihe  good  officcof  Mr  Graham  of  Ffaitry. 
an  ippofaitmsnt  ai  ciciieKifEca  of  the  district,  worth  fjo  per 
fTiTfiwn  Ini^gihercznoTedtaaaimilarpaat  stDumfriEaworlh 
£70.  In  the  CDurae  of  the  following  year  be  was  asked  to  contri- 
bute lo  George  Thomson's  Sdca  CfUaiiim  oJOrigimd  ScalHik  A  iri 
ma  Symplaitia  and  Aampattimaili  /or  Ihe  FiaiBjcrU  ami 
VMin:  Un  fntry  hy  Ruberl  Burnt.  To  this  wotk  he  contributed 
about  one  hundred  songs,  the  best  of  which  ate  now  ringing  in 
Ihe  ear  of  every  Scotsman  fiom  New  Zealand  to  San  Frandsra. 
For  these,  original  and  adapted,  be  received  a  shawl  for  his  wire, 
a  picture  by  David  Allan  rcpnienting  the  "  Cottar's  Saturday 
Night,"  and  £;[  The  poet  wrote  an  indignant  letter  and  never 
afterwards  composed  lor  money.  Unfortunately  the  "  Rock  of 
Independence  "to  which  he  had  proudly  retired  waa  butacajUe 
of  air,  over  which  Ihe  mcteon  of  French  political  enihuiiaam 
cut  a  lurid  ^eam.  In  the  last  yean  of  his  lite,  eiiled  from  poUte 
society  on  account  of  his  nvolutionaiy  opinions,  he  becaino 
sourer  in  temper  and  plunged  more  deeply  into  the  dissipations 
of  the  lower  ranks,  among  whom  be  found  his  only  companionship 
and  sole,  tbough  shallow,  sympathy. 

Bums  began  lo  feci  himself  prcmalutrly  old.  Walking  with  a 
friend  who  proposed  lo  him  to  join  a  county  IkiII,  he  shook  his 
head,  saying  "  that's  all  over  now,"  and  adcUng  a  vene  of  Lady 
Ctittl  Baillie'i  ballad— 


His  band  sbookj  his  pulse  and  appetite  failed;  his  spdrits  sunk 
into  a  uniloim  gloom.  In  April  I7!>6  he  wrote— "I  fear  it  will 
be  some  time  before  I  tune  my  lyre  again.  By  Babel's  streams 
I  have  lal  and  wept.    I  have  only  known  eiistence  by  the 

pain.    I  dose  my  eyes  in  misery  and  open  them  without  hope. 
I  look  on  the  vernal  day  and  say  with  poor  Fergusson — 
"  Say  whertfsre  has  an  al1-indu)£ent  heaven 
Life  (0  the  comfoitleis  and  wretched  given 

On  the  4th  o(  July  he  was  seen  to  be  dying.  On  the  iiihlie 
wrote  to  his  cousin  for  the  loan  of  £10  to  save  him  from  paaaing 
his  last  days  in  jail.  Ontbe  iislhcwasnornore.  Ontheijth, 
when  his  last  son  came  into  the  world,  he  was  buried  with  local 
honours,  the  volunleen  of  the  company  to  which  he  belonged 
firing  three  volleys  over  his  grave. 

It  has  been  said  that  "Lowland  Scotland  as  a  distinct 
natioiulity  came  in  with  two  warriois  and  went  out  with  two 
bards.  Ilcamelnwith  William  WaUaceandRobcelBruceand 
went  out  with  Robert  Bums  and  Walter  ScotL  The  first  two 
the  story  and  sung  the  song." 


jl  what  in  Ihe  r 


nstrel's  1 


in  the 


people's  poet  also  a  prophecy.  The  po^Iiot 
progress  of  British  literaiuie  may  be  shortly  defined;  he  was  a 
link  between  two  eras,  like  Chaucer,  the  last  of  the  old  and  the 
first  of  the  new — the  Inheritor  of  the  traditions  and  the  music 
ol  the  past,  in  some  rtsperts  ihe  herald  of  the  future. 

Tlie  vdumea  of  our  lyrist  owe  part  of  their  popularity  to  the 
torf  of  Ihiir  being  an  epitome  of  mdodlea,  raeods  and  memoriei 
-'       -  Ufa,  Ibe  bal 


858 


BURNS,  ROBERT 


iaqjtttinu  ot  iridch'fBie  pUKd  into  tbcm.  But  in  g*theriiig 
fraiu  bii  UKaton  Bunu  hu  eullnl  (bar  work  by  uurUnt  > 
new  dlgoityfor  thai  nmplal  Ihcmei,  Uc  ii  the  heir  ol  Barbour, 
diitiUiig  th>  spirit  o[  Ibc  old  poM'i  epic  into  t,  battle  diaiil, 
and  of  Dimbu,  leprodudng  the  variout  humoDn  of  a  haU- 
Kcptical,  biU-celiiJaus  ptuloaophy  of  lite.  Ho  ii  ihe  poiul  of 
Rainsay,  but  he  leavea  hii  mssLer,  to  nuke  a  »chl  pcetett  and 
to  lead  a  lilenry  revolt.  T)u  CtMIt  Siefimi,  lUll  largely  a 
court  paatml,  in  which  "  a  nun'i  a  nun  "  it  lioro  a  gentleman, 
may  bit  contiuted  with  "  The  Jolly  Beggtit " — the  one  <i  like  a 
(Oinuet  of  the  ladia  al  Vertailla  on  tbc  award  of  the  Swiu  village 
□ear  the  Tiianon,  the  other  like  the  much  of  the  laaenadt  with 
Theraigne  de  Meticourt.  Raiuaay  adda  to  the  rough  tunea  and 
vorda  of  the  bailadi  the  Rfioement  ot  the  ttila  who  in  the  "  Eaay  " 
and  "  Johiatone  "  dubi  talked  over  their  lupa  of  Prior  and 
Pope,  Addiion  and  Gay.  Bumi  inir^rei  them  with  a  fervour 
that  tkiilli  the  nKBt  wooden  of  bia  race.  We  may  dench  the 
flmttaat  by  ■  lepreientative  eutnple.  TUa  b  from  Ramiay'i 
vcnion  oI  pcrhnpa  ths  beat-known  of  Smtliih  aongi, — 


Japlay 


Each  ofafect  diakn 
WlK'brithlHbni'Tii 


Compare  llic  veiMi  in  Bun 


yon. 


Id  lang  ayiXL 


its  manilcstalion  to  the  moodi  ot  the  mind  he  ia  more  propcdy 
ranked  as  a  foterunntr  of  Wordsworth.  Kc  never  foUowi  the 
fashions  of  his  century,  except  in  his  failurea^n  his  efforts  at 
set  panegyric  or  fine  let  ter-wii  ting.  His  highest  work  knows 
nothing  of  "  Damon  "  or  "  Muaidon."  He  leaves  the  atmo- 
sphere ot  dnwing-iooma  for  the  ingU  oi  the  ale-house  oi  the 

The  aftectaliona  of  his  style  art  insignificant  and  rare.  Hig 
prevailing  characteriitic  is  an  absolute  aincerity.  A  love  tor  the 
lower  forms  ot  todal  life  was  his  besetting  sin;  Nature  was  bis 
healing  power.  Bums  compares  himseli  to  an  Aeolian  harp, 
alnujg  to  every  wind  of  heaven.  His  genius  flows  over  all  living 
and  Ufelcu  things  wilh  a  sympathy  that  finds  nolhiog  me 
ipslgnificant.  An  uprooted  daisy  becomes  in  bis  pages  an 
enduring  emblem  of  the  fate  ot  artless  maid  and  dmple  bard. 
He  disturbs  a  mouse's  nejl  and  finds  in  the  "  tim'rous  beaitic  " 
a  tellow-Biortal  doomed  like  himseli  lo  "  thole  Ibe  winter's  sleety 
dribble,"  and  draws  his  ort-npcaled  moral.  He.  walks  abroad 
■nd,  in  ■  vcisc  thai  glints  wilh  the  light  of  its  own  rising  sun 
bclote  the  fierce  aanasm  of  "  The  Holy  Fair,"  describes  the 
'      "  ■  "      "         lOrn."    He  loiters  by  Atlon 


Tbyll 


lowlet  moumj  [n  her  di 
lying,"  and  adds  to  a  ] 


tsby. 


TxiOess  lower,  where  "  the 
'  and  "  sets  the  wild  cchoc* 
ire  of  the  scene  his  tamoui 


r  other  eiinples  of  the  same  gnpUc  power  wi 


preaenn  of  this  flood  u 

nortbem  wi] 


requency  characteristic  ol  hn  dime  and 
ipests  became  anthems  in  his  vctie,  and 
Ibe  snunding  woods  "  raise  his  thoughts  ID  Him  that  walfcedi 
on  Ibe  wings  of  the  wind  ";  full  of  pity  lor  the  shdterien  poor, 
the  "  ourie  cattle,"  the  "  silly  sheepi"  and  the  "  belpleaa  1>irTls,'*  I 

he  yet  teSecli  that  the  biliei  bUst  is  not "  ao  utikind  a*  laanl  | 

ingnlilude."  This  eonstaot  tendency  to  aaeend  above  the  fair 
or  wild  iealiues  of  outward  things,  or  to  pcnectate  beoeadi  Ibein, 
10  make  them  symbols,  to  endow  Ihem  with  a  voice  to  qteak  fof 
humanity,  dislinguishes  Buma  as  a  descriptive  poet  bi>m  tke 
rest  of  his  countrymen.  As  a  p«nter  he  is  rivalled  by  Dunbit 
and  James  L.nioierarclybyThomsonandRuiuay.  The"litt'* 
ol  TannataiU's  finest  verse  ia  even  more  charming.  Bat  these 
writers  rat  in  their  arti  their  maui  can  is  for  their  own  gcniua. 
The  same  is  true  in  a  minor  degree  of  some  ot  his  great  Engliili  I 

succtnots.  Keats  has  a  palette  of  richer  cdoun,  but  be  seldom 
condevends  to  **  human  nature's  daily  tood."  Shelley  floats 
in  a  thin  air  to  stars  and  mountain  tops,  ai>d  vanishca  froa  j 

oar  gaae  like  his  skylark.  Byron,  in  the  midst  of  his  revolutionary 
tervmr,  never  forgets  that  he  himself  belong  to  the  "  caste  of  I 

Vere  de  Veie."  Wordsworth's  placid  affection  and  magnanimity  '■ 

stretch  beyond  mankind,  and,  as  in  "  Kait-kap-well "  and  tk  | 

because  by  right  of  superior  virtue  he  places  himself  above  | 

them.  "  From  the  Lyrical  Battads,"  it  haa  bc«i  said,  "  it  does 
not  appear  that  men  eat  or  drink,  marry  or  are  ^ven  in  manure." 
We  revere  the  monitor  who,  conadously  good  and  great,  givea  m 
the  dry  Ught  ot  truth,  but  we  hnre  the  bard,  mfroe  idiaat,  wlw 
is  all  fire-— fire  from  heaven  and  Ayrshire  earth  tningliin  in  the 
outburst  of  pasaion  and  of  power,  wliich  ia  hia  poetry  utd  the 
inheritance  of  his  race.  He  had  certainly  neither  oUtuie  doc 
philosophy  enough  lo  have  written  the  "  Ode  on  the  RccoUec- 
tions  of  Childhood,"  hut  to  appreciate  that  ode  lequiiei  aA 
education.  The  sympaihiesol  Burns,  aituoadas  Wordsworth's, 
are  more  intensei  in  turning  his  pages  we  feel  ounelve*  more 
decidedly  in  the  presence  of  «ie  who  jays  with  IhaaewhO  ttjoict 
and  mourns  with  those  who  mourn.  He  is  never  sbaUtnT,  cm 
plain,  and  the  eipretaion  oi  his  feeling  is  so  letse  that  it  i*  alwaya 
mcmonUe.     Of  the  people  be  speaks  mote  ifitectly  fei  the  | 

people  than  any  of  oor  mote  considerable  poeti.  Chaseei  has 
a  perfect  hold  of  the  homelitst  phaseaof  ble,  but  bewaslithe 
lyric  dement,  and  the  chum  ol  his  language  hu  largely  faded 
from  uniatoted  tan.    Shaheipaue,  Indeed,  hasit  once  ■  Miier  , 

vision  and  i  wider  groqi;  lor  h«  nnga  of  "  Thebea  and  Fdofc 
line,"  of  AgiDODort  and  IWippi,  as  of  Falstaff,  and  Song  Ibe 
joiner,  and  the  "BmMtt  Bower  that  blows."  But  ml  even 
"'   '  *  thought  hito  poetry  whidi  the  nxM 

n  Bums  baa  done.    The  latter  Moves  ■ 

wants  the  atrieliy  dramatic  faculty, 
but  its  place  Is  partly  supplied  by  the  vividness  of  hia  DanaUT&  I 

His  lealixation  of  incident  and  character  is  manifested  in  the 
sketdKB  In  wliidi  the  manners  and  prevailing  fandca  ol  hs 
countrymen  ai«  immortaliied  in  cannenon  with  local  scenery. 
Among  IhosealDust  every  variety  of  di^Kisition  Sndsltstavouriib 
The  qidet  households  oC  ihe  kingdom  have  received  a  «R  tt 
apothiosn  Ifl  the  "  Collar's  Saturday  Night."  It  has  been 
objected  that  the  atibfect  does  not  a^ord  scope  for  the  more 
daring  lonni  lA  the  aulhor'i  gcnln;  but  had  he  written  no 
olher  poem,  lUs  hairtlDl  rcndnlng  of  a  good  week's  done  in  a  ' 
God'feuing  borne,  iiiKerdy  devout,  and  yet  relieved  from  al 
siBpidon  of  ■ermcinbing  by  Us  hunwrous  touches,  would  have 
aeciired  a  ptrmanenl  place  ia  Ulenluie.  It  tnntccnds  Thomson 
and  Beattie  at  their  best,  and  will  smdl  sweet  likn  Ihe  actions 
of  the  Just  for  generations  lo  come. 

Lovers  of  rustle  festivity  may  hold  that  Ihe  poet's  greatest 
performance  li  Ms  namtiVc  of  "  Halloween,"  which  for  easy 
vigour,  fulness  of  roUiclhig  life,  blended  mib  and  laBcy,  ia 
uitnrpaaaed  Id  Ila  kind.  Campbell.  Wilaon,  HaiUlt,  Hoot- 
IDmay,  Bums  himself,  and  the  najcnity  e(  bll  critia,  liaw 


BURNS,  ROBERT 


»S9 


«  for  "Tm  0"  Stanw,"  where  the 
vdid  fupnuitioui  demcnl  Ih«t  hu  playH  w  gieit  ■  put  in 
llic  f magma  rtvi>  wDtk  o(  Uui  put  of  OUT  islftiut  19  bnught  mont 
pf<miiiwnt]/  fanvard.  Few  pesoga  of  docdptioD  4R  finer 
Uuw  lint  dl  ths  nxuing  Booa  uKl  Alknny  lUrk  fdhnmering 
(liitini|h  tbt  gnuBing  tins;  but  the  unique  eicelkiux  sf  (he 
piece  cootiiU  In  lu  vuicty,  uui  a.  perfectly  original  atmbiniiioo 
oflbcMRiblcandihcludiciDiu.  likcGoetlx'tlt'titiirtiiff'uJil, 
faooght  tolo  doin  conuct  viLh  itai  life,  it  ilRtcha  fnao  the 
dnnkts  him»un  of  Ouistophei  Sly  lo  a  iioild  of  (asusiti 
tImM  *t  bdUiiuilu  tltowDf  ihc  iftinuBiMr  ifijiU'i  Z^rcaH,  hiU 


EDOtnit  bclween  the  linca  "  Kintpmy  be  bleit,"  &c,  and  those 
which  follow,  beginning  "  But  pkuunaan  lilie  poppiet  spiead," 
titypkalof  tlwpcrpetuidaiuilheilaoftheauthoc'sihou^t  and 
life,  [a  whjdi,  at  the  back  of  every  revelry,  he  sece  the  ahadow 
ol  a  warning  hand,  and  icada  on  the  wall  the  writing.  Omnia 
aaitaiifur.  With  equal  ol  greatei  confidence  olhel  judgts  have 
pnnounad  Bmm'*  masieipiece  to  be  "  The  JoUy  Beggan." 
Certainly  no  other  single  productioa  u  iUiutntei  hb  power 
of  eialting  what  ii  insigmbcanl,  glorifymg  what  ii  mean,  and 
clevKting  the  lowist  deiaib  by  the  force  of  hi>  geniui.  "  The 
lonn  of  the  iscce,"  t»y<  Carfylc,  "  i>  a  mete  cantata,  ttie  theme 
the  lull -dnmkcn  malchet  of  a  joyous  band  of  vagatwnds,  while 
the  gieyicavcsare  floating  on  the  guatsof  tbewfndtn  the  uitunm 
of  Ibe  year.  But  the  whole  u  computed,  nfioed  and  poured 
forth  In  one  flood  of  liquid  hannraiy.  It  fa  light,  airy  and  lof  t  of 
moveuent,  yet  ahaip  and  precise  in  its  details;  every  fece  Is  a 
portnit,  and  the  whole  a  group  in  dear  photogcsplur.  The 
blanket  irf  the  night  iidnwnuide;  in  fuDrudJygliainingllslit 
these  rough  tatterdenulions  are  seen  at  tiielr  boistcious  revel 
■liivisg  f (OBI  Fate  another  haul  of  waaull  uid  good  ched." 
Over  the  whole  1*  Sung  a  halC-humorout,  bkU-uvage  utin — 
vimcd,  like  a  two-edged  sword,  at  the  lawi  and  the  lav-breaiceik, 
in  the  lone  of  which  the  graceloi  oew  arc  nlud  above  the  level 
of  ordinary  gip^es,  fOoipadt  uid  ngucij  tad  are  made  to  lit 
"  on  the  Mill  like  godi  together,  cardeig  of  dudUiuI,"  and  to 
latmch  their  TTtao  thunders  of  rebellion  against  the  vrorld- 


A  similar  mixtim  of  drollery  and  defiance  appears  In  the 
justly  celebrated  "  Addns)  to  the  Dcil,"  which,  mainly  Mhinslcal, 
f»  relieved  by  (ouches  of  pathos  cuiiouaty  quainL  "  The  efl'ect 
of  contrast,"  it  has  been  observed,  "  was  never  more  happily 
displayed  than  in  the  conception  of  such  a  being  straying  in 
lonely  pbcei  and  loitering  among  trees,  or  in  the  faniiliarity 
with  which  the  poet  lectures  so  awful  a  personage,"— we  may 
odd,  than  in  the  ioimitable  outbresk  at  the  close— 
"  O  wauM  ym  uk  a  thooght  an'  mca'." 

tion  of  a  paralleJ  from  Steme.  "  He  is  the  lather  of  cunei  and 
Uet,  said  Dr  Stop,  and  is  cursed  and  damned  already.  I  am  sorry 
leToby." 


us  fired  ill 


loith 


10  repealed  with  glib  con^lacenty  every  terrible  belief 
of  Ibeiyilem  in  which  they  had  been  trained.  The  most  tea ihing 
of  his  Saiira,  under  which  head  fall  ciiny  of  his  minor  and 
frequent  passages  in  his  major  pieces,  are  directed  against  the 
false  pride  of  birth,  and  what  he  conceived  to  be  the  false  prc- 
tencesof  reUgion.  The  apologue  of "  Death  and  Or  Hornbook," 
"  The  OidhulioD,"  the  lOng  "  No  cburduoan  am  I  for  to  tail 
■nd  to  write,"  the  "  Address  lo  the  Unco  Cuid,"  "  Holy  Willie," 
ud  above  all  "  The  Holy  Fait,"  with  in  savage  caricature  of  an 
'    ■  cilled  Mood! 


■rally  pr 


vkedof 


le  phases  of  Calvinism  previUr 
life,  it  bai  to  be  renuiked  that  fiDm  Ibe  days  of  Dunbar  there 
has  been  a  degree  of  sntagoniun  beiween  Scottish  verse  and  the 
awra  ligld  tonai  of  Scottish  ihcology. 


It  Bnat  IM  adnlRed  thM  bi  piMetthv  tptaK  ^pocrt^  ha 
has  occasionally  been  led  beyond  the  Bmili  prescribed  by  gaol 
taste.  He  li  at  tima  abutive  ol  tboie  who  differ  fmm  him. 
This,  whh  olhct  oBcaces  igainit  deconun,  which  ben  and  tbeic 
disfigure  his  p^es,  ^m  only  bo  BDodonAl  by  ■■  lyjpeal  to  the 
general  tone  of  his  wrftisg,  irfiich  is  revercntiaL  Bums  had  a 
firm  faith  in  a  Supteme  Being,  not  a*  a  vague  mysterious  Power; 
but  as  the  Arbiter  of  buDUui  life^  Anid  the  vidaiitiidca  of  his 
be  R^xntdf  to  the  cottar's  mnmoni,  "  Let  na  *atihl(i 


*  Ad  alh«i(*i  lau|h'a  ■ 


Cod." 

is  the  moral  of  aH  his  vene,  wUch  treats  seriously  of  rcUgton 
ms(ters.  His  prsyen  in  rhyme  ^ve  Um  a  high  place  among 
secular  Psahnists- 

Llke  Chaucer,  Bums  was  a  great  moralist,  though  a  rau^  one. 
In  them         ........  ..     . 


ilh,  Jusl 
In  tne  warning,  to  wDich  his  i   ,  ^  , , , 

against  tTaongtes^ons  of  Tempeiance.  In  the  "  Efjide  U  _ 
Young  Friend,"  tlie  shrewdest  advice  ts  Wended  vriih  eihorti- 
tions  appealing  to  the  highest  motive,  that  iriiich  transcends  the 
calculation  of  consequences,  and  bids  n>  walk  in  the  slraigfat 
path  fiom  the  feeling  of  peisonal  honour,  and  "  for  the  Morions 
privilege  of  being  independenL"  Bums,  like  Dante,  "loved 
well  bemuse  he  hated,  hated  wfckedncss  that  hinders  loving," 
and  this  feeling,  as  la  the  lines— "Dweller  in  yen  dungeon  dark," 
tometinies  breaks  bounds;  but  his  calmer  moods  (re  belter 
represented  by  the  well-knoim  pss&ggea  in  the  "Ej^tle  to 

cheerful  acceptance  of  our  duties  in  the  sphere  where  we  are 
placed.  This  pUlmotkii  dtma.  never  better  snng  by  Horace, 
is  the  prevtHlng  refrain  of  our  author's  SoHp.  On  these  there 
are  few  words  to  add  lo  the  acclaim  of  a  century.  They  have 
passed  into  the  air  we  breathe;  (bey  art  so  real  that  they  bccb 
thing!  rather  than  wordi,  or,  nearer  stiU,  living  beings.    They 


sallhi 


*  they  a 


;thebi 


Lof  hi 


not  polished  c 

or  lean.  Since  Sappho  loved  and  sang,  there  has  been  no 
such  natkmal  lyrist  as  Bums.  Fine  ballads,  mostly  anonymous, 
eai&Led  in  ScotlAnd  previous  to  his  (inie;  and  shortly  before  a 
fev.  authors  had  produced  a  few  songs  equaf  to  some  of  his  best. 
Such  ace  Aleiander  Ross's  "  Wooed  and  Married,"  Lowe's 
"  Mary's  Dream,"  "  AuW  RobJn  Gray,"  "  The  Land  o' the  Leal " 
and  the  two  veisians  of  "  The  flowers'  o'  the  Foitst."  From 
these  and  many  of  the  older  pieces  In  Ramay's  oDUectioa, 
Bums  admits  (o  have  derived  coj^ua  suggestions  and  impulses. 
He  led  on  the  past  literature  ol  his  country  as  Chaucer  on  the 
old  fields  of  English  Ihoujhl,  and-~ 

"  Still  the  elements  o'  ssng, 

In  Formleu  jumbEc,  right  apd  wrang. 

Went  Boatlag  in  his  brain." 
But  he  gave  more  thin  he  received;  he  brought  forth  an  hundred- 
fold; he  summed  up  the  stray  malerinl  of  the  put,  and  added  lO 


lis  lyiini 
.f  war  SOI 
'  Mary  in  Hei 


n  that 


.    Thedi: 


ts  variety  hi  new  paths.  Between  the  fitsi 
imposed  in  a  norm  on  a  moor,  and  the  pathos  of 
,"  he  bafi  made  every  chord  in  our  northern  life 
cefrom  "  Duncan  Gray  "  to  "  Auld  Lang 
Syne  "  is  neatly  as  great  as  that  from  FalstaS  to  Ariel  There  Is 
the  vthemenu  of  battle,  the  wail  of  woe,  the  march  of  veterans 
"  red-wai^bod,"  the  smiles  of  meeting,  the  tears  of  patting 
Irieods,  the  guti^  of  brown  bums,  the  loar  of  the  wind  through 
pines,  t^  rustle  of  barley  rigs,  the  thutider  on  the  hill— all 
Scofland  is  in  his  vf  mp.  Let  whn  will  make  her  law].  Buna  has 
nis  recall  "  by  the  long  wash 


i.  by 


lOtherslnll  their  infants,  which  return  "  through  open  ■ 
oto  dying  ears  "—they  are  Ibe  links,  the  watchwonls, 
asonic  symbola  of  the  Scott  '*  " 


I  race.        ^-  «.  H 

..l.zeabvCiOO^Ie 


BURNS  AND  SCALDS 


.._»»..» —incL  Hkb*  by  Burns  ■ppeutd  oiiiiiuUvfai  rk 
riWi»*i»  Maemj,  Tin  Ed^tiBtt  £mhu  Chr<.  Tin  £lii>t»tk 
HrraU.TkiEJBitvikAJtMiiin  the  Loidaa  popn. -Sbwri  2ur 


icHYcfannd.    FOnw  by  Burn* ■ppand 

i.TkiEJBitvikAJtMiiin  ththeAmtat ^.-_^ 

•d  &n>>(f  AJmrtiia  UxbMindy  kswn  ■>  IW  V™>t  Sort, 
tt  Umini  OrrmkU:  uda  Uw  atMnr^  UMtibii  ud  rd 
Mt  Ktimm.    Mmy  piHMt  ncX  <|l  wtia  ttf  frit  tpiMfrt 


l-^^STi-TJ 


t^UM^^l 


if  ud  &d«l  (Bmh  ind  Scid,  Gbifim),  ukTbir  appand 
-'  ubnwlMa.  A  Kria  of  tncti  imcd.ty  Swmt  *nd 
I.  1796-1799)  Induda  nn  Bnina'i  uuiBltn,  Tin 
Itly  wm/i  Pmya  ud  oUmt  paens  malou  tbeir 
■ntippoiiwnintkkiny.  TbucvcaDUnbOKiliUaiHiblleatha 
■sc  'il'iMiiril  ia  luuiT  iSoo  w  7^  Pta^al  UiiaUamy.  tUi 
wu  Ulowtd  bv  Tbaoum  Strwut'a  iWni  ucrOitf  M  JMtrt  Bvu 
fClucov, iSoil-  Boma'tKinciafipaRddikmr inlvnesJoliDxMfB 
^ua^uiEal  iriuH  (S  vail.  i7k7-ilD3),«lBchlKIB|nn>fui 
tlw  IbM  islii^  10  kn*  nniBlbr  RUud,  tl»i^  the  two  Ihi  valuan 
«R«  pobliiliHl  oohr  iTtB  IiH  dolh;  niid  ui  GaxKC  TlumKiii't 
StUaCiaiauii^OrmialSalUikAin{b'vAi..iy^i-tiil).  Only 
five  of  the  lODgi  doDcw  HunuDn  appsrrd  d«inag  (be  pocf ■  Ine- 
Ilme.  wid  ThomMa'*  tat  aiuut  b(  trMnkil  wiik  ceaUoKC  The 
HaMk  H5S.  i>  the  BrIKib  MuKum  (Addii.  MS.  iijoT)  Indiidt 
l6iigui,iauT<f  theniaBiim'ibaiidvriiiDi;  ud Ibe Dalbouxc 
MS..  It  Bncfiin  Cult,  csnuiiu  Bunii'i  cornspoixJcin  >ith 

2aa(i  ^IMtrl  flwM  mjSnl  ^i>Ki<  wit  lb  IMsdia /!'"'><* 
Hn  Mn  ■riHn  (1  volh,  100]). 

flK  iuini  ia  Ml  W.  Cn&  Anriu'i  PrJaOtf  H'uili  c/Ksiiri  S»«i 
(iBw)  aumlia'  aiiw  husdml  and^thiny.  OnJy  the  moit  imporunt 
colkclededitiomcaBbebcnintkcd.  DrCuinenattwaBoiiyinqiu 
tdiw  ol  the  WtHU  •*  Klbmt  3anuf  nU  aa  Ata<at  t/Ui  L^ 
aadaCMiBMwU  IVrUiitf  ...  (LivenBol.  iSibK  nil  vaa 
uadaRakm  for  the  jbeMfit  of  Bama'a  ranb  at  the  dciire  of  hb 
ffiaid^  Alenflder  Cuaalafhain  and  JiMn  Syrat.  A  HCODd  and 
amntded  edldoB  appcand  in  i8di,  aad  «•  follownl  by  Mhei^ 
bat  Cairb'a  taut  k  naUfco  acnmle  nor  conplRa.  AddiilDBal 
natter  appandiaJMwMI^Jtikrl  Band  . . .  W  R- H.  Cramtk 
a^BdaariM).  laliiWtrki  -I  KtUrt  B«™,  WM  iU  Uf,  h 
kUatt  Caaanuiai  (8  vsta.,  Loadon,  iBu)  ihrn  in  luny  •ddilioni 
and  piwh  UwapUal  oaterial.  n>  Virib  i;ri<at«»  B-n,.  tditri 
by  JanuHiaaiidVlfllliaiB  MMbend  (3  oob;.  iSu-iSjfi.  Clugon 
aad  EdinbiMBi).  cootalna  a  life  of  Ibe  poet  by  Hob.  ud  nnc 
okCuI  neteato  MotbenRD  attemptlac  to  tncc  the  Bunm  o< 
Bucni'i  Kna.  ITu  Ctrwfimiaa  tcbm  Bmrui  aad  dnnada 
«•  edited  by  W.  C  MXdiaae  (EdinbiBch.  iBu).  As  hnpnved 
tnt  of  tbe  pDemampRKklcd  in  Ibe  aBaod^AMine  EJ^tion" 
ar  ihe  PoakMl  W»ii  (3  vote,  iSm).  for  *likh  Sir  H.  Nioohia,  the 
(dlnr.  nvde  UK  of  mu*  oikiHiMSS.  Is  the  Xjft  sad  Vprb  «f 
JMtrt  Bunu,  edited  by  Robert  Chamben  {Edlnbuiili,  t  volt,  itei- 
tSu;  lanty  edition,  1SS6-1SS7:  sew  edbloii.  levued  Iw  WaAa 
Williee.  1S96),  the  po^i  worb  an  t<vn  in  i.liKiMlii|fai  anier, 
iateriHiven  with  letten  and  biognfivt.  The  text  was  bowdteriiad 
by  Chanlien,  but  the  book  csnuiKd  noch  »«■  airf  valaaMt 

6IIan  (ivoli..  IM«I;  of  Aleunder  Snilh  (Celden  Tnuniy  Snies, 
LondM.  a  nli„  tKH:  o(  P.  H.leiy  Mddcll  (Claicow.  1U7I; 
OM  paUhhid  by  Mewa  Blaclue  &  Son,  vUh  Dr  Cn^'i  meniolr 
■ad  u  eaay  by  PrK.  WilaoB  (i«o-i«44):  of  W.  Scolt  Doiiilu 
(the  Kitaminoefc  edltloa.  187*,  sniT ibc  ■'  Ubniy  "  nlition,  ifij- 
1874],  aad  of  Asdnv  Lant  aniHcd  bf  W.  A.  CniiiF  (LondDn> 


1V„ 


DuiuoB  was  prii.»^  H.  --.7*- 

A  cfllical  edition  of  the  ^scfr)  if  Saitrl  Bum.  irliidi  auy  be  re- 
brded  as  de6Eutive,  and  isjnuvidcd  with  lull  noln  ard  vsrunt 
fsdinn.  m  prenml  by  W,  E.  Henkv  snd  T.  F.  Kcndei»n 
(4  vob.,  Edinburgh,  il96-IB97:  nprialocl,  19DI).  and  It  Rnenlly 
kno«na*thB''Centeasry  Baras."  In  voLili.  tbecvtentof  Bamai 
iiiililili  1I1W  ta  Scactiili  fslh4)ac  sad  hii  muhods  of  adinuiioa 
■It  miaiilCly  diKuiiedi  vol.  Iv.  csnuina  ul  csay  00  "Robot 
Burnt,    life,  CenlHii  Achlevenient."  by  W.  E.  KnJn. 

The  chief  oriiinBl  aaihority  lor  Bwiu'i  lift  it  hn  cnm  btlm. 
Tb*  eclaeicial "  Ana  "  an  ts  beloond  in  IbeeditiDot  iuit  mentioned. 
Hit  Unttadiy  hat  afao  been  written  by  1.  CihHO  lockhart  OV' 
sf  Banu,  Edinbunh,  181I)!  lor  the  ''  EniJiih  Mea  of  Lollen  " 
leriet  in  l«7a  bvlPnif.  J.  Oiniaben  Shalrp:  and  by  Sir  Leilie 
Stephen  in  tSe  DidiMary  af  WaUMst  Biapiit^  (voL  viii.,  iSM). 
AoiODe  the  mort  impoftsnt  SMsya  on  Born*  an  tbote  by  Tbomat 
CariyS  (ftfiataivt  Kt<riim,  Dtsembar  I>i8)i  t^  Jr*--  ^--<-'  •<- 
mnla  Dttbe  above  article  (W.  Scoit  Doudu'i  cdi 
by  R.  L.  Slrvnuon  {FamSiar  SludUl  it  Ifn  aw  mciij:  ny 
AufaKc  AofdHir  (Jtelli><  finnu.    ZawdJeiainrai,  *  vslt.,  Psria, 


••U)i  by  Lotd  ttottbety  UtikM  Snu  Tm  AJtna 

htril,  i«f6)j  by  I.  t«ie  Kberm  (i.  /■  SoMil  K 

1I90.  trAFJa  mKM.  Edia..  iSmI^   snd  T.  F. 

(JMert  Banu.  toHf.    Thov  it  ■  triened  bibliainpin'  m  onwB- 

h^ial  ofdB fa  CA.  Cn«ic'a  Primir ^ BbiuTi«96>. 

UB  AMD  mui.  A  burn  is  tlie  eSect  of  iij  heat 
d  to  HOW  part  af  the  bonuui  body,  a  scald  bci^  (be 
lenlt  oI  noist  bat.  Clinlallr  these  (■  ta  diMteetion  between 
the  two,  aod  their  daatibatiOB  and  tialnail  an  IdatUol.  In 
Ihipnytm'a  daflBfiatloT],  aow  moot  ccncraUy  accepted,  bnraa 
act  divided  Into  tli  diar*  koiardbif  to  the  *s*efest  part  of  Ilie 
.    Bona  <tf  the  Gnt  depK  ai 


i.andcmtabi&Vadeu.ydkniWilhdd.      BcDCMktbavaicte 

highly  taotivcpaiiUlH:  of  the  skin  act  opoMd.    8dni>«l 

thii  dcgin  leave  no  sou,  but  often  pmlKc  a  i*— — ■— rt  di»- 

eotontian.    In  bum  of  the  tUid  dcfna,  tbcic  is  a  partial 


BmcM  of  the  fonrthdeiiee,  which  lollaiithepniinaffJapiiliiatinB 
of  aojr  (oin  of  inlcnsc  hat,  faivolvt  the  total  dntntetfcia  ol  tfa 
true  ikin.  The  pain  ii  aiuch  Ihs  >ev«t  Ihia  te  Ihe  pRodias 
ftssi,  since  the  nerve  endings  have  been  totsHy  dtMnyed. 
The  rmlls,  bowevcr^  are  far  more  serious,  ssd  the  heAHn^ 
pmceaiukaplicton^veryslinHyaiisccoDnlof  thcdalmctieai 
of  the iLin  guilds.  Asa  trault.  deep  puckered  ican  an  fenned, 
whkti  ihiTw  grsit  tendency  to  contract,  and  when  thcae  arc 
■hutted  OB  fsci,  neck  or  ioinU  the  resulting  defotBiiiy  and  loia 
of  iBBCtlon  may  be  etlranely  seriovs.  In  borm  of  the  fifth 
degree  the  imdalying  mtiada  art  mort  or  leu  deslnrcd,  and  in 
those  of  the  dith  (be  bonc».sre  also  charred.  Esajnples  of  the 
Use  (wo  cUses  sre  mainly  ptovided  by  cpilqilica  who  {aQ  Into 
afiiedurinssfii. 

The  diniul  hiitoty  of  ■  serne  bunt  can  be  divided  into  Ihite 
periods,  llie  first  pctiod  lasts  from  3C  to  48  hours,  during 
which  lime  the  pslknt  lies  in  s  cfuiditiab  of  pxrjkmA  shock, 
■ad  ccDuequently  feeb  little  or  no  pain.  If  death  mulls  fcom 
shock,  Dams  Gni  superrena,  which  deepens  steadily  until  Ihe 
Old  comes.  The  Kcond  petiod  begins  when  the  eflects  of  shock 
past, and  tonlmnca  until  theilaugh  separates,  this  usual^  taking 
from  seven  to  fourteen  dsy^  ConsidcratJt  fever  is  present, 
■nd  Ibe  tendency  Is  every  kind  of  coni^iixtlon  is  very  [real. 
BcoacUtii,  pneunMlda,  pleurisy,  nodngilit,  btestinal  catarrh, 
snd  evBi  atcciUlan  of  the  dnodcnnra,  bave  all  been  recorded. 
Henca  both  nnrsing  aitd  medical  atlciidaive  must  be  very  dose 
during  thli  time.  It  it  probable  that  thcta  compliatiam  are  sll 
the  retuft  of  septic  InTcclion  and  absorption,  and  since  ihe 
modem  antiseptic  Iralmenl  of  bums  they  hsve  becotnc  mnch 
lest  coffimon.  The  third  period  b  pinlonged  until  rccowry 
takes  pUce.  Death  nay  mult  from  wpiic  absorptioa,  or  from 
the  wound  becoming  iniecled  with  some  orgsnlim,  as  tetanus, 
erynpela],  ttc.  Tin  piosncsis  depends  iMdty  aa  Ihe  ateni  of 
skin  involved,  daih  ihnoit  invariably  resolthig  when  one-thinl 
of  the  total  srca  of  the  body  it  affected,  however  luperiidally. 
Of  iccondary  but  still  grave  bnpoTtance  if  the  poulioa  of  Ihe 
bora,  that  over  a  serous  cavity  msking  Ihe  futuie  more  doubihd 
thsnonconalimb.  Aboitmnstbe  itmenbcred  (bat  dildn 
very  essOy  luccumb  to  ibock. 

In  (resting  a  patient  the  condition  of  shock  mutt  be  attended 
to  first,  tfaia  from  It  arise*  the  primary  danger.  The  tnffenr 
must  be  wrapped  inunedlattJy  In  hot  bluikeu,  and  brandy  given 
by  the  mouth  or  tai  as  enona,  while  eiher  can  be  injected  hypo- 
dermically.  If  Ihe  pulae  b  very  bad  a  aaliog  InftBion  nrast  be 
adralniitered.  The  cklha  can  then  be  removed  aM  the  bnrat 
surfaces  thorenghly  clanted  with  a  very  miM  antiseptic,  a 
weak  Bolutlon  of  lysol  acting  very  well.  If  there  are  blblen 
Ibear  mutt  be  opetMd  and  (he  omtaiDtd  tfnin  aOraad  la 


BUKNSIDE— BURR 


Oowc.  SooM  nuiront  leave  Ihem  >l  thii  >!■((!.  but  othcn 
prefer  Iq  redqvt  the  miud  cpithdlum.  When  thonu^y 
dnnud,  the  wtpund  is  irri^ted  with  stcnUnd  uUne  Bolution 
and  A  dreulDg  subsequcDlJy  B^^Ued,  For  the  mon  nperhdal 
kiiaiu  hy  fu  the  best  irsuld  ate  QbUm«d  from  the  opptrfAtion 
vl  ^lue  soaked  la  picric  lad  »lutioa  and  lightly  wmiic  out, 
being  covered  irith  &  large  aotiKptic  wool  pad  and  kepi  in 
pouilon  by  a  bandafe.  C^Hc  add  i)  dianu,  abwiute  alcobol 
3  oz.,  and  distilled  water  40  oa ,  make  a  good  ZolioD.  All  btHag 
well,  thisncedonly  be  changed  about  twice  a  wceL  Tbevarious 
kinds  of  oil  once  so  greatly  advocate  in  treating  biirns  ate 
DOW  lerigely  abandoned  since  they  have  no  antiseptic  properties. 
The  deepci  bums  can  only  be  attended  to  by  a  surgeon,  whose 
aim  will  be  Erst  Id  bring  icpilc  absorption  to  a  minimum,  and 
later  to  hasten  the  healing  process-  Shin  grafting  has  great  value 
after  eilensivc  bums,  not  because  It  hastens  healing,  which  it 
probably  does  not  do,  hut  because  It  has  a  marked  bifluipce  In 
IciMning  dealricial  contraction.    When  a  limb  ll  hopdeuly 

HnitNSlDB,  AMBUDSB  BVERBTT  (iSif-iggi),  American 
soldier,  was  bom  at  Liberty,  Indiana,  on  the  ^.jrd  of  May  1814, 
of  Scotlish  pedigree,  his  American  ancestors  sctding  Gnt  in 
South  Camllju,  and  ne«  in  the  north-- "  -  '       '" 


:s  lived  in  1 


United  Slates  military  academy  thioui;h  c 
graduated  In  i^T,  when  war  with  Mexico  waa  nearly  over. 
In  185J  he  resigned  his  commission,  and  fiom  iSjj  Co  1858  was 
engaged  in  the  tmmulacture  of  Grconns  at  Bristol,  R.L  In  liit 
he  invented  a  breech -loading  rifle.  He  was  employed  by  the 
Illinois  Central  railroad  nntil  the  Civil  War  broke  out  Then  he 
took  command  of  a  Rhode  Inland  regiment  of  three  months 
militia,  on  the  summons  of  Governor  Sprague,  took  part  In  the 
relief  of  Che  national  (apitaJ,  and  commaitded  a  brigade  in  the  Qrst 
battle  of  Dull  Run.  On  the  6th  of  August  tSCi  he  was  comDiis- 
aiOTiedbrigadier-geneTalofvoluntceTS,  and  placed  in  charge  of  the 
eipeditionaty  force  which  tailed  in  January  iMi  under  sealed 
orders  for  the  North  Carolina  coast.  T?ie  victoiics  of  Roanoke 
Island,  Menbcm  and  Fort  Macon  (February— April)  were  the 
chid  iacidenti  of  a  campaign  whidi  was  lavoumbly  contrasted 
hy  the  people  with  the  work  of  the  main  atmy  on  the  Atlantic 
coast.  He  was  promoted  major-general  U.S.V.  soon  afterwards, 
and  eariy  ia  July,  with  his  North  Caiollna  troops  (IX.  army 
corps},  he  was  Iransferred  to  the  Virginian  theatre  of  war. 
Part  of  his  forces  fought  in  thclast  battles  of  Pope's  campaign  in 
Virginia,  and  Bumside  himself  waa  engaged  in  the  batllea  of 
South  Mountain  and  An  tietam.  At  ibebtter  he  was  In  command 
of  McClcUan'l  left  wing,  but  the  want  of  vigour  fn  hit  attack 
waa  unfavourably  criticized.  His  patriotic  spirit,  modesty  and 
amiable  manners,  nude  him  highly  popular,  and  upon  McCIellan's 
final  nnwval  (Nov.  7)  from  the  Army  of  the  Potomac,  Picsidenc 
Lincoln  chose  him  u  successor.  The  choice  was  unfortunate- 
Much  HI  he  vu  liked,  no  one  bad  ever  looked  upon  hjm  as  the 
equal  of  McOellan,  and  it  was  only  with  the  greatest  icluclance 
UiaC  he  himself  accepted  the  responsibility,  which  he  had  on  two 
previous  Ottuions  declined.  He  sustained  a  crushing  defeat 
atthcbattleoIFredenduburg(tjDcfiiSfii),aad  (Jin.  17)  gave 
way  Is  Cen.  ilookec,  afn>  a  tmun  of  less  than  time  monlhs. 
Ttansfentd  to  CindnnaU  In  Match  1S61,  he  caused  the  armt 

tioa  member  of  ConfrcH,  toi  an  alleged  diih^  speech,  and  later 
In  the  year  his  meaaura  (or  the  tunHession  of  pma  critldsm 
aroused  much  opposition;  he  helped  locmsta  Morgan's  Ohis  laid 

in  September  entered  Knoiville,  Co  which  the  ConledenUsoieial 
James  LoDg^trcGI  unsutcessfuUy  laid  liege.  In  1S64  Bumside 
led  his  old  IX.  corpa  under  Grant  in  the  WUdemesi  and  Ptten- 
burg  campaigns.  After  bearing  his  part  well  in  the  many  Moody 
battles  of  Chat  time,  he  was  overtaken  once  mote  by  disaster. 
The  failure  of  the"  Bumside  mine  "at  Fetersbuq  btoughtabout 


A  year  h 


ft  these 


oEthethltslSlaMCeatKn.      He 
besdquattenatlbesiegeof  PaibiniSTO^ji.     . 

RfaDdablud.ontheijthDlSepteDberigSi. 
See  B.  P.  Poon.  Lat  a*i  FMii  Srrritn  0/  A 1 

SWrldenee.  iMi);  A.  Woodbury.  Mojw-Cram 
mlliAnty  Ctrfi  {PiorideiKe,  iViji. 

BUmmSLAUD,  a  toyat,  municipal  and  pellft  bur^  of  File, 
Scotland,  00  the  shore  of  the  Firth  of  Forth,  jj  m.  S.W.  of 
Kitkixldy  by  the  Notth  British  railway.  [^-  (1S4O  4«93; 
{iQDi)  4846.  It  Is  ptotccted  from  the  north  wind  by  the  Binn 
(611  ft.),  and  in  consequence  of  its  eicdlenl  situation,  its  links 
and  sandy  beach,  it  enjoys  considerable  repute  as  a  summer 
lesort.  The  chief  (nduEtiies  arc  distilling,  fisheries,  ihip- 
bulldmg  and  ahipinng,  apedally  the  eiport  of  coal  and  inn. 
Until  the  opoiiag  of  the  Forth  bridge,  its  commodious  harbour 
was  the  Dotlhem  station  (d  Che  ferry  actDsi  the  firth  from  Gnutoo, 
S  m.  south.    The  parish  church,  dating  from  1594,  Is  a  plain 

of  the  tool.  The  public  bniMings  indude  two  hoqilcals,  a  town- 
hall,  music  hall,  library  uid  reading  room  and  acieace  Institute. 
On  the  racks  forming  the  westem  end  of  the  harbour  stands 
RoBcnd  Castle,  where  the  antORma  French  poet  diasldard 
lepcated  the  insult  to  Qneea  Hiiy  whicfa  led  Co  Us  mention. 
In  iW7  it  was  beSECUialljr  bonjatded  by  ibc  Dntch.  The 
burgh  was  oiigintlly  called  Parva  Kinghom  and  later  Wester 
Kin^m.  The  origin  and  neantng  of  the  present  name  of  the 
town  have  always  been  a  matter  of  conje«o<«.  There  stemi 
reason  to  bcUeve  that  it  relen  to  the  time  when  the  site,  or  a 

of  the  oldest  quarters.  Another  derivation  ii  Irora  Gaelic  wards 
meaning  "  the  island  beyond  the  bend."  With  Dysart.  Kinghom 
and  Kirkcaldy,  it  unites  In  reluming  lUte  member  to  parliBmcnt 
BURB.  AARON  (i7s6-iKj6),  American  political  leader,  was 
bomal  Newark,  New  Jersey,  on  IhelSthof  Eebniary  175*.  His 
father,  the  Rev.  Aaron  Burr  (tTt5-T757),  waa  the  second  pred- 
dent  (r74S-i7s/)  of  the  College  of  New  Jeiaey,  now  Princeton 
the  daaghcei  of  Joaalban  Edwards, 
well-known  Calvinist  thmlnglBn,  Tlw  son  gradoated  froD 
the  College  dI  New  Jets^  In  177s,  and  two  yean  later  bcpntba 
study  of  law  is  the  celebrated  law  sdwol  condncted  by  Ui 
bmther-ia-law,  Tappan  Reeve,  at  Litdifield,  Coonecl ' 
after  the  outbreak  of  the  War  ol  Indepoidiius,  i 
joined  Washington's  army  i 
AmcM's  eipedilion  into  Canada  In  177s,  and  an  aniviag  belora 
Quebec  he  disguised  himself  a*  a  Catholic  priest  and  made  a 
daD^erova  jouroey  of  iso  ul  through  the  British  lines  to  notify 
MontgDDieiy,  at  MoBtieal,  of  Arnold's  anivaL  Beaanedtara 
time  OD  the  atafla  of  Washington  and  Putnam  In  1776-77,  and 
hy  his  vigilance  in  Ibe  retreat  from  Long  Island  ba  Kind  an 
encire  brigade  fmm  capture.  On  becoming  UeiAcnant-oolanel 
ia  July  1777,  he  asaniied  the  command  of  a  regiment,  and  during 
the  winter  at  Valley  F^irgt  itiaided^"  Culf,"a  paB  command- 
ing the  anwoach  to  the  camp,  asd  ncHwaifly  tha  fiiat  ptint  that 
woald  bt  attacked.  In  tha  cnpi^meBt  at  Hoononth,  «i 
ilth  of  June  1778,  be  CO 
Stirlinl'B  division.    Is  J 

bMwflco  the  Britiih  post  at  Kinpbridga  andtbat  of  the  Ai 

tnrbidaico  md  plundering  I9  the  lawleB  elemcnli  of  boCh 
WUgs  and  Totsei  and  hy  bands  of  ilt<tisdpiiBed  soUiers  fmn 
'     '  But  established  a  thDmugh  patrol  system, 

restored  order. 
. . ;,  on  acccami  of  ill- 
haallh.  lenewod  the  itudy  of  law,  was  admitted  (o  the  bar  at 
Albany  fa  17S1,  and  began  to  practise  in  New  Yorit  dv  after 
its  evacualioa  by  Ibe  British  in  the  flawing  year.  In  t7BB 
be  married  Theodosia  Prevost  (d.  1794},  the  widow  of  a  British 
army  oficer  who  had  died  in  the  West  ladiea  doling  tha  Wat 
of  Independence.  They  had  one  child,  a  dau^ter,  Tlieodosla, 
bom  in  1781,  who  became  widely  known  for  bet  beauty  and 
accMBpUsbmecI*,  manitd  Joseph  Alston  ol  Soath  '"■-^'"r 


ji.zoabiGoOgll.' 


BURWANA— BURROUGHS,  G. 


fa  iSel.UidiniloatBtwilD  1813.  Bur  mi  k  meBibet  of  Ibe 
Male  lacmhly  (i7&«-i7Bs),  Utomcy-(eDenl  of  Che  «■(> 
(1VS9-179O,  Ifniwd  Stilet  Kutor  (i75i~i797)i  wkJ  leita  •■ 
mtmber  of  the  isiembly  (1798-rJM  »nd  iBoo-iSo.).  Ai 
utioiul  parties  beaoiB  ctuiiy  tlefioed,  he  anocuted  hJnuelL 
with  the  Dcniociaiic-Repulilkaiii.  AlUwugb  be  mi  not  the 
(oondei  0!  Tanuuny  lUU.'he  begu  the  comUucthni  ri  tlie 
political  nachioe  upon  whidi  the  power  of  that  oisuuntfaui 
it  i>u«L  In  the  ekctioii  of  lioo  he  was  placed  oo  the  Demo- 
cntic-Sepublicu  picudeoti*!  tkket  with  Thomaa  Jefienon, 
and  each  lectived  tho  ume  number  of  electoral  vote*.  It  vu 
well  undetilood  that  the  piity  iotewkd  thtt  JeflenoB  should 
be  proideu  and  Burr  vice-pmident.  but  owing  to  a  defect 
(kur  tCDcdiKi}  in  the  Comlilution  the  lespomibilit;  fix  tbe 
Kiul  duicn  was  thrnvn  Ufwu  tbe  Houk  of  Itepiewntativea. 
Tb  *tltiapts  ef  a  powerful  faction  amons  the  Fedenliils  to 
wcurc  the  eleetioB  ol  Bon  fiiled,  partly  becuue  of  the  oppoiitkn 
ol  Aknoder  Haniltoa  and  putty, ' 


b)  IJflS,  a 


lime  of  the  thieained  war  between  the  United  Slate*  and  France. 
It  wu  ilw  in  a  mcuuR  hii  effHti  which  led  to  Bur'i  licit  of 
fucces  Id  the  New  York  gubernatorial  campaign  ol  1S041 
■Mneovcr  the  two  bad  long  been  rivals  at  the  bar.  Smuiing 
under  defeat  and  angered  by  Himilton'a  critiduns,  Borr  sent 
the  (ilUengB  which  irsulted  in  the  famous  duel  at  Weehawken, 
NJ.,oalbeiTthof  July  TS04,  and  the  death  of  Hamilton  <i,>.) 
on  the  fijlowing  day.  After  the  orpiialion  of  his  tetm  as  vice- 
preiideat  (March  4,  iSoj),  bioken  in  foTluoe  and  virtually  an 
eiile  from  New  York,  where,  as  in  New  Jeney,  he  bad  been 
indicted  for  murder  after  tbe  duel  with  Hicillton,  Bun  viiiied 
tbe  South-west  and  became  involved  In  tbe  so-called  conspiracy 
•hichhassopiuded  the  itudentsof  that  period.  The  traditional 
view  thai  he  planned  a  ■eparatloa  of  tbe  West  fmm  the  Union 
hDowdlseiadited,  ^tanframtheqaestlonofpolUicatraonlity 
be  could  itot,  M  *  ihrewd  polilldui,  ban  filled  Is  lee  that  the 
people  of  that  lectian  WB«  too  loyal  to  nnction  swk  a  scheme. 
ne  objects  of  his  treasonable  coneqiandeneB  with  Hecry  and 
Yruia.  the  British  and  Spaniib  ndnislen  at  Wuhington,  were, 
it  would  K«ni,  la  secure  money  and  to  conceal  his  real  designs, 
which  were  probably  to  overthrow  Spuiiih  power  to  the  South- 
west, end  pcrbspi  to  found  an  imperial  dynasty  in  Ueiico.  He 
■as  amsted  in  i&>7  on  the  charge  of  treason,  waa  bnu^t  to 
trial  before  the  Unit  ed  Stales  dreoH  court  at  RidiBwnd,  Virginia, 
Chiel-Jutlce  Hanhall  pnaidlcig,  and  he  was  acquitted.  In  spite 
ol  the  fact  that  the  political  influence  of  the  national  adiolnlitn- 
tion  was  thnon  against  hhn.  Immediately  aJlEiwatd  he  was 
tried  ODi  charge  of  misdemeanour,  and  on  a  technicality  wis 
■gain  acquitted.  He  livod  abroad  from  rSoS  to  lEii,  palling 
nut  tt  hb  tioe  In  Ei^ud,  Scollasd,  Denmaric,  Sweden  ami 
Fnac* ;  tqrlBC  to  lecnn  aid  ia  the  piMeciilion  ol  hb  filibuletlnc 
lAenie*  bat  meeting  with  nDBwraa*  nboBs,  being  ordered  out 
at  £oti*aA  and  Napdera  lehulng  to  nceh«  htai.  In  ign  be 
ntained  to  New  YoA  and  spent  die  —— t™!—  of  Us  life  In  the 
practice  ol  law.  Burr  waa  UDKrapOloai,  Jntincem  and  nototi- 
outly  immoral,  but  hs  wit  pleuing  in  Ills  mannen,  geoeious 
to  a  fault,  and  wis  intensely  devoted  to  ba  wife  and  daughter. 
In  iSt3  he  married Eliia  B.  Jumel  (1769-1S6J),  irich  New  York 
widow;  the  two  soon  separated,  bowever,  owing  to  Burt^ 
having  loat  much  of  her  fortune  in  ipecolatlon.  He  died  at  Port 
RIdiBwnd,  Staten  bland.  New  York,  on  the  t4tholScpt(-''" 


1836. 
Th* 


Ih  mniUrd  blspaphy  ti  Jsmes  Parton's  JTh  Ufiimt  TVhu 

lam  Bmr  [6nt  eduion,  i<^  t  enhricd  odltlaB,  *  vols,,  Boston 


>arr  Ciiu^kHc7 


ind  NewYeifc.  ■•>» - 

[titw  York.  I9«j)  k  ■  KboUrlv  1 
tf  Burr  uaioit  the  fhiret  of  I 
he  ■ubieftrH  iln.!,  i'o^p, 

BDRHUUIl.  a  seaport  of  eiilem  Spain,  in  the  province  at 
Casteil6a  de  la  Plan*;  an  the  estuary  of  the  livet  Sfeo,  which 
Sow*  Into  tbe  MeditetraHU  Sea.  Pop.  (1900)  ii.glSi.  Ibe 
harbour  of  Buniina  on  the  open  sea  Is  aimualiy  visited  br 
.._.  three  hundred  imall.aiuilag-vetiels.  Its  eipoita  coniist 
cbieliy  <tf  oranges  grown  In  tbe  surTT>uikdlDg  fertile  plain,  whidi 
is  irrigated  wiUi  water  Irom  the  river  Idljares,  on  the  north,  and 
ab>  products  Urge  quantities  of  grain,  oil,  wine  and  todons, 
Burrkjka  is  connected  by  a  li^t  rallviay  with  tbe  neighbouring 
towns  of  Onda(6»i},  Almai6n  (707^),  Villarnal  (16,068)  and 
CaileUAn  de  hi  FUnt  (14,904).  Its  nearest  sUtion  00  the 
Barcekmi-Valencta  coail  railway  it  VIOureaL 

r,  BUHD  (iSro-iSyg),  American  philanlhioplsl, 
the  leaned  blacksmith,"  was  bom  hi  New  Biiuin, 
Conn.,  on  the  Btb  oF  December  iSio.  His  father  (a  farmer  and 
shoemskcr),  and  his  graiidfnihcr,  both  of  the  same  ume,  bad 
rrvcd  in  the  Revolulionsry  army^  An  elder  bralber,  Flijeh, 
who  aftetwuds  published  Tit  Ctepafit  •>/  llu  Banau  and 
other  leit-hooki,  went  out  into  the  world  while  Elibu  wit  still 
a  boy,  and  after  editing  1  paper  in  Georgia  came  back  to  New 
Britain  and  stalled  a  school.  Elihu,  however,  had  to  pock  up 
what  knowledge  be  could  gel  from  boots  SI  home,  where  hst 
father's  long  illness,  ending  in  death,  made  his  lervica  nnvwary. 
At  sixteen  he  was  appientind  tcri  blackamiih,  and  be  madethj* 
bis  tiade  both  there  and  at  Worcester,  Uass.,  where  he  rcnuved 
In  1837.  He  had  a  passion  lor  reajling;  bom  the  village  librar; 
he  borrowed  bodt  after  book,  which  he  studied  at  his  forge 
or  in  his  spare  hour*;  and  he  managed  to  find  time  for  aFtendtng 
his  brother's  school  lor  a  while,  and  even  fbi  pursuing  his  leanji 
[or  culture  among  the  advantages  to  be  Eound  at  New  Hivcn. 
He  mastered  Latin,  Greek,  French,  Spanish,  Ilalian  and  Getmu, 
and  by  the  age  of  thirty  could  read  neariy  fifty  language*.  Hii 
eitraordinary  aptitude  gradually  made  him  famous.  Be  took  to 
lecturing,  and  then  10  an  anient  crussdc  on  bdulf  ol  unrvenal 
peace  and  human  brotherhood,  which  made  him  travel  per- 
sistently to  various  parts  of  tbe  United  Stito  and  Europe.  In 
184S  be  organiied  the  Biusseli  congress  of  Friends  of  Peace, 
which  was  followed  by  annual  oougrcssa  ia  Paris,  Fiankfoit, 
LoudoD,  Manchester  and  Edinburgh.  He  wrote  and  publisbe*) 
volumloously,  leaQets,  pamphlets  aitd  volumes,  and  started 
the  Ckrislia*  Cilitoi  at  Worcester  to  advocate  his  bumuiitariait 
views.  Cheap  Irau-aoeanic  postage  was  an  ideal  for  which  he 
agitated  wbeiever  be  wont.  His  vigoroui  philanthnvy  keep* 
of  Elihu  Burritl  green  in  the  history  of  tbe  peace 


<  of  bis  le> 
rs  su:h  as  Yale  and  el 


:e,  delisted  11 


jiU.S.  c _.  ..._., 

186:  to  1870.  He  returned  to  America  and  died  at  New  Btitsin 
on  the  Kth  of  March  1S79. 

See  Lifi,  by  Charles  NoRheod.  In  the  manorial  volaiiK  (r«7«): 
and  an  article  by  EUcn  StroH  Banleu  ia  (he /'o  fiutond  ifaHaw 
Oune.  1B97). 

BDRBOOaRII  GBOBQB  (e.  i6so-i6«>1,  Ameihin  cangre- 
ptional  pasior,  gradaited  at  Harvard  In  i6;o,  and  became 
the  minlsler  of  Salem  Village  (now  Danveri}  In  lUo,  a  charge 
which  Ik  held  till  168].  He  lived  at  Falmouth  (now  Portland, 
Maine)  until  tbe  Indian  destroyed  it  In  1690.  when  be  mancd 
to  Wdls.  In  May  1693  during  the  trilcbcnlt  dehi^n,  on  the 
accusation  of  some  personal  enemies  in  bh  (onoeT  congrega- 
tion who  had  sued  him  for  debt,  Burroutfia  was  arrested  and 
charged,  among  other  oflences,  with  "  eitiaordiBaty  Liftias 
and  such  feats  of  iirength  as  cotdd  not  be  done  wfihcwt  IK>- 
boUcaB  Assistance,"  Though  tbe  Jury  found  t»  witcji-maiks 
on  his  body  be  was  convicted  and  execnted  oa  GaDowt  HHl, 
Salem,  on  tbe  igtb  of  August,  the  only  ndnbtet  who  ulered 
ihisei 


Digitized  byGoO^Ie 


BURROUGHS,  J.— BURTON,  J.  H. 


863 


ih  of  Bitrran^  li  pRfiied  is  Ui  Ttat  In  Ba 

c.  (Rivmuc  cdiciqn,  Cunbikiiii;  Miul}. 


■  (iSjT-  ),  Amerkon  poet  ud  writer 
m  Diiunl  hiitory,  wu  b«D  la  RoitnirT,  Ddainn  aninty.  New 
Voci,  on  tlw  3rd  dI  April  ityi.  In  hi*  euilcr  yam  be  aigi(ed 
to  vtriou  pursuits,  ttAcbiog,  joumiiiam,  fuming  mod  fndt- 
rtisiEigiAndforDiiwyanvaflsdcrit  inthc  tRuurrd^ititiiKit 
■t  Wuhingloa.    Aflcr  pnblitliiag  io  iSt?  1.  vohune  d  Ktia  M 

WtaWUtmaman 

fu  iBcS  with  hli 
Witht-SMK.  ■  IS 
wfakli  bu  nuda  bim  the  RKceuoi  at  Tbonwi  ■*  >  voftiu 
nuyitt  on  tlu  pluit»  ud  uUmali  CDviranSni  bumu  lira.  Hit 
lalEr  wriCingi  ihowed  i  man  ptufonpliic  DOod  Ud  a  gnla 
ditposltioD  tcpwardi  Eitcmy  w  meditative  ■Wh>m*i  thui  Ibeir 
prtdccHHn,  but  the  genenl  tbnne  and  method  lemeined  tfae 
umc  Hi3  chief  books,  in  tddilioa  to  Wal»-RM»,  en  Bitit 
and  Fom  (tS7T),  LacMUl  aW  WiU  Heaty  Mn),  Sitia  ami 
Staioni  (1AB6),  aod  Wayi  g/  Natan  (190;);  tbae  an  in  proie, 
bei  he  wrote  much  itso  in  ver»,  a  v«iame  of  poemi,  Bird 
and  Bmik,  bdng  published  to  1906.  WMcr  5«uUik  (iS75> 
and  Pr«i  Fiddi  (1884)  are  skelcbe*  ot  travel  in  Eo^ud  and 
Fnnce. 

A  Usgiaplikat  sketch 
Fklii  (iMw  ed.,  1901). 
wu  iwied  La  ISjUi  Ac. 

BDREAB  (Med.Lal.  hirtariiu),Ht«al]yaketperi>f  theiiffia 
or  putse^  The  wotd  is  now  chiefly  lucd  of  tbe  official,  nsualiy 
one  of  the  fellowt,  who  Bdminlfiten  the  finances  of  a  collefe  at 
a  univenity,  or  ol  the  treasurer  of  a  Kbool  or  other  iosCiluUon. 
The  term  is  also  applied  to  the  hohlcr  of  "  a  bursary,"  an  eihihi- 
lion  at  Scottish  uhools  or  univenitlcs,  and  also  in  En^and  a 
■chobtnhipor  exhibition  enabling  a  pupil  of  an  elemeatary  school 
to  continue  his  education  at  a  secondary  ichaoL  Tlie  term 
"  burse  "  (Lat.  buna,  Gr.  fi6paay  bag  of  skin)  la  partlcalarly  used 
of  the  embroidered  pune  which  is  one  of  the  inwign^a  of  office  of 
the  lord  high  cbinccUot  of  EnglnDd,  and  of  tbe  pouch  which  tn 
the  Kontan  Church  coDtains  the  "  coipotnl  "  la  tiK  Krvica  U 
tfie  Mass*  The  "  bursa  "  la  a  square  caH  opening  at  one  aide 
only  and  covered  and  Lined  with  sUk  or  linen;  one  skle  should 
be  of  tbe  colour  ol  tbe  veilments  of  tbe  day. 

■OSSCHENICHAFT,  an  issoditiou  of  students  at  the  Cetmaa 
univEraities.  It  was  formed  as  a  result  of  the  Gtrroan  national 
sentiment  airakencd  by  the  War  of  Libentloo,  Its  object  being 
to  foster  (Mtriotiim  and  Chiislian  conduct,  as  opposed  to  tbe 
particularism  and  tow  moral  slandsid  of  tlM  old  I^ndnHnm- 
Kkafien.  It  originated  at  Jena,  under  the  patronage  of  tbe 
grand-duke  ol  Saxe-Weimar,  and  rapidly  ^read,  the  AUjfimtin 
^lUKkt  BioKktKi^liojl  being  estabUshed  in  181B.  The  bud 
political  idealisin  of  the  Burickcn  excited  the  fean  of  the  te- 
actionaiy  powers,  which  culminated  after  the  murder  ol  Sotubue 
(yr.)  by  Kat!  Sand  in  1810, 1  crime  inspired  by  a  secret  aocffly 
among  the  Bxtrschtn  known  as  tbe  Blacks  ISdnoanen).  The 
repressive  policy  embodied  In  the  Carlsbad  Decrees  (j.».)  was 
therefore  directed  mainly  ngairat  the  BmrschaucMafl,  whicb  none 
the  less  survived  to  take  part  In  the  revolutions  of  iS  js.  After 
the  Imtnk  at  Frankfort  in  iBj],  the  assodaiion  was  again 
suppreoed,  but  it  lived  en  until,  in  184S,  all  lawa  against  it 
were  abrogated.  Tbe  Bunthaui^kafln  are  now  purely  social 
and  non-political  socielics.  The  RcfoimhinditiiiciaJleH,  formed 
^nee  1S8]  on  the  principle  of  excluding  dudling,  are  united  in  the 
AlltmiiiKrdntieluT  Birsdmbmd. 

BUItSIAM,  COHRAD  (1830-188]),  German  philtdoglst  and 
archaeologist,  was  bom  at  MuUsdien  In  Siiony,  on  the  14th 
of  November  iSjo.  On  the  temoval  of  his  parents  to  Leipzig, 
he  received  his  early  education  at  the  Thomas  school,  and  entered 
the  university  in  1S4;.  Hete  he  studied  under  Mcriu  Haupl 
and  tHto  Jahn  until  iBsi,  spew  six  monlhs  In  Berlin  (chiefly 
to  attend  BOckh's  lectures),  god  completed  hlsnmversityiludie* 
at  Leipsig  (1851).  The  next  three  years  were  devoted  to  travel- 
ling In  Belgium,  France,  Italy  and  Greece..  In  1856  he  became 
■  pTiwt-it<tr\l,  and  In  185S  extraordinary  professor  at  Ldpog; 
In  lUi  profeuor  ol  pbilologjr  and  archaeology  at  TtLlringen; 
fa  1804  profeuor  of  daiBCal  antiquities  at  ZtMch;  in  iB6g  it 


Jena,  where  he  waa  al»  diKCtOT  of  tbe  irchieak^cal  anaenai, 
in  1S74  at  Uunich,  where  be  remained  im(U  bis  death  on  the 
Hia  moat  Important  works  are: 
(ia«i-i87>);finl'aj(swSucWUi 
.  MiUaUHr  (1B13);  GaMcUt  im 
UaitiiOm  FUltta^  in  Dcttiddimi  (ttSj):  edMons  cd  Julius 
"  ■  '*  '  ■  "  Tnw«  Ft^ananm  KMiitimm  (iSjfl) 
(i)jt).    Tbe  utide  en  GnA  Alt  bi 


woA  fat  caonexloD  with  wfaick  he  b  best  known  is  tbe  Jakra- 
UritU  aha  iit  Filttktm  itr  klaahdiai  AUmuiuwiutiucJafl 
(1B7J,  &c.),  ol  which  he  wai  the  launder  and  editor;  fron 
tin  ^  Bitpatkhdia  Jahrtatk  fir  AUohmtlnnidt  was  pub- 


ia&4- 

BUKSIXM,  a  market  town  ef  StaSordsbin,  En|^d,  tn  the 
Potteries  dbtrict.  ijd  m.  N.W.  from  Lmdon,  on  Ibe  North 
Slafiotdshlie  railway  and  the  Grand  Trunk  CanaL  Fop.  (itpi) 
i^-V>9\  (>9°i)  ]B,7IW.  In  the  iftb  century  the  town  was  abeady 
famous  for  Its  manufacture  of  pottery.  Here  Josiah  Wedgwood 
wu  bom  in  1130,  hIa  family  having  praciiied  the  msDofacture 
tn  thb  locality  for  several  generations,  whfle  he  himself  bef^n 
work  independently  at  the  Ivy  House  pottery  in  r;5Q.  He  ii 
csmmemonted  by  the  Wedgwood  Institute,  founded  in  r865. 
It  comprista  ■  schiiol  of  art,  free  library,  museum,  i^cluto. 
galleiy  (ltd  the  free  •chool  lonnded  in  1794.  The  Exterior  tt 
ricbiy  *ad  pecnBuly  omunented,  to  show  tbe  progres  of  fictile 
art.  Tin  nelghbovlng  towns  ol  Stoke,  Hantey  and  Longton 
an  cotmectad  with  ButAem  by  tram wayi.  Buislem  is  mentioned 
in  Domesday.  Previously  to  iBBj  it  formed  part  of  the  parlii. 
mentaiy  borough  of  State,  but  It  Is  now  included  m  that  of 
Hanley.  Tt  was  Induded  In  the  munidpal  borough  of  Stoke-on- 
Trent  under  an  act  of  1908. 

BunOIl,  aiR  FRBDBRICK  WIUUK  (iBt«-i9oo),  British 
painter  lad  ait  amkolanir,  the  third  ton  of  Samud  Burton 
of  Miugret,  Co.  Llmaick,  *u  bom  in  Ireland  in  1816.  He  was 
educated  In  DuUin,  where  hii  artiallc  studies  were  carried  on 
with  markcitaocceo  urtder  the  direction  fi  Mr  Brocas,  an  able 
teacher,  who  fontoM  IW  the  lad  a  dlsringuished  career.  That 
this  estimate  waa  not  exaggerated  was  proved  by  Burton's 
immediate  succeas  in  hisprofesBon.  He  was  elected  an  associate 
of  the  Royal  Hibernian  Academy  at  tbe  (ge  ol  twenty-one  and 
an  aculemictan  two  years  later;  and  in  tBji  he  began  to  exhibit 
at  the  Royal  Academy.  A  visit  to  Germany  and  Bavaria  in 
1S51  was  the  Gist  of  a  long  seriea  of  wanderings  in  various  parts 
of  Europe,  which  gave  bim  a  profound  and  Intimate  koovrledge 
of  the  works  of  the  Old  Masters,  and  prepared  bim  admirably 
for  the  dutirs  that  he  undertook  in  1B74  when  be  was  appointed 
director  of  the  British  NiUonal  GaBety  in  succession  to  Sir 
W.  Boxall,  R.A.  During  the  twenty  years  thst  he  held  this 
post  he  was  responsible  for  many  important  purchases,  among 
them  Leonardo  da  Vinci's  "  Virgin  of  the  Rocks,"  Raphael's 
"  Ansidd  Madonna,"  Holbein's  "  Ambassadors,"  Van  Dyck^ 
equestrian  portrait  ot  Charics  I.,  and  the  "  Admiral  Pulido 
Fareja,"  by  Vchis<[uex;  and  be  added  laiseiy  to  Ibe  noted 
serin  of  Early  Italian  pictures  in  the  gallery.  The  number  of 
acqui^tions  made  to  the  collection  daring  his  period  of  office 
amounts  to  not  fewer  than  500.  Hia  own  painting,  most  of 
which  w 


ater-colour,  had  m 


the  general  public.  He  was  elected  an  associate  of  the  Royal 
Sodetyot  Painters  in  Water.Colours  in  i8s5,  and  afull  member  in 
the  following  year.  He  ralgned  in  1S70,  and  was  re.elected  as  an 
honorary  member  In  iBM.  A  l^ni^thood  was  coDfened  on  him 
inigg4,andthedcirceofLL.D.of  DubtlnintBSp.  In  his  youth 
he  had  strong  sympathy  with  the  ■*  Young  Irdaod  Party,"  and 
was  a  chAe  associate  with  some  of  ita  member*.  He  died  in 
Kensfngton  on  the  ifith  of  March  r^rxx 

BBRTDN.  JORM  BILL  {1809-1881},  Scottish  bhtorfcal  writer, 
the  ion  ot  an  officer  In  tbe  army,  was  bom  at  Aberdeen  on  the 
imd  of  August  1S09.  Alter  studying  at  the  university  ol  Us 
Mtive  dty,  be  remored  to  Edinburgh,  when  be  qualified  for 


864. 

tbeSconbhtarattdpr 


BURTON,  SIR  R.  F. 

IB  idvoate;  bnt  Ui  procien    {oiacd  at  Btradi  fa  October  tSt*.    Dttdploe  «l  U7  Mrt  he 


Ua  inU  nolkc;  he  joiiMd  Sir  John  BowifBg  is  cdiiing  tbs  mski 
at  Jocmjr  Benllara,  ud  leu  ■  ifcort  time  ni  tditot  al  the 

d  ki|h  RpaMlion  by  hit  Lijt  nf  Datid  Bumi, 
ttd  its.  lutenaL    la  184;  he 

.     .  1,  Lord  Lowt,  end  of  Dunon 

Fotbo,  ud  in  iSm  pRfiud  ^  Cbunben')  Setki  waninh 
0(  politkd  iBd  eoctel  taiuav  vi  <■(  emigntiaD.  In  the  ume 
jm  he  loM  Ui  wot,  whoa  ha  hid  BUiied  in  1844.  ud  Bevn 
■litin  mind  fitcljr  with  ■acietr,tbou^ln  iSjs  be  muried  tfia. 
Be  dented  hinadf  sxinly  to  lileolnn,  contribntiiis  Uipiy 
taliBSuitmontBiBlaiiiind,'mliBfilanalita/rimCrimimal 
Triab  in  Sadamd  (i8;i),  Tnatiti  en  tin  Lam  ij  Banknfcf  in 
totfa^CiBSi),  end pidilMiftig  la  the ktwryew  the  flat  volume 
cfU*HiiM7<>/&M(«iI,«hlchvaa)mplet(diniGia.  Anew 
■ad  Impcoved  edition  of  the  veck  eppeued  in  iSjj.  Some  o{ 
the  DWfc  inqHKUnl  oi  hii  «OBtribultom  lo  ^aittnti  *ue  em- 
bodied in  t*a  deliihtlul  volumes,  Tin  Btct  Bmdet  (iSAi)  tnd 
TitSalAtHail(.t»&t).  Hehulini854beeDap|ioinledieoetai]F 
W  the  priwn  houd,  en  office  whicb  ■«»  him  catirc  pecimiux 
bidqieBdcata,  tad  iIm  dulia  of  whidi  be  diichuted  mott 
■■idaataJy,  DOtwithttuulinc  hie  litenij  pujiuii«  and  the 
ptceun  1^  uother  impeelant  luk  itsicncd  to  lum  nftei  Ibe 
coD[detioD  of  hii  biitoiy,  the  edllonhip  of  Ibe  KaiUmit  SitaM 
Kilfikrt.  Toio  ndunei  wen  publithed  uBda  hii  supervisioB. 
UbbMwoik.  Tie  Binary  ^  tiu  Stipitf  Qam  Amu  (liSoi, 
bvccyfaCeriortohkHuUrvi/AMOnd.  He  died  od  the  loth 
of  Ai^ut  i88i.  BonoB  wu  pre-eminently  *  Juiiit  end  ecow- 
miil,  and  m*y  be  (aid  to  have  been  fvided  by  acddenl  into  the 
path  vhich  led  him  to  celebrity.  It  mi  hli  gnat  geod  fattune 
lo  find  abundant  unmed  material  for  hti  Lift  ef  Burnt,  end  to 
be  the  fint  to  inltoduce  the  pibidpla  of  hiilocicil  icMonh  into 
the  hiiU>ry  of  Scotland.  XU  prcviou)  ittempti  hid  been  fir 
below  the  OBOdem  ilandard  in  these  paitJculin,  ind  Burton's 
biUory  will  always  be  memorable  ai  mirking  an  epoch.    His 

dignified  familiiriiy  of  style,  which,  hawevar,  at  least  pnanvca 
U>  history  from  the  duLness  by  which  lack  of  imaginitian  is 
usually  accompanied.  Ha  dryness  is  anodlted  with  a  tiud  of 
diy  humout  oceediogly  eSccliva  in  iu  pnipct  place,  as  in 
Tin  Bm*  BtaliT.  As  a  man  he  was  loyal,  aflectionite,  phU- 
■nlhropic  and  eniiiely  stimible. 

A  ocnvir  of  Hill  Bimao  by  hii  wilt  wis  pielaeed  lo  id  edition 
of  rif  Book  IluHjer,  whkh  hke  his  ocber  woilu  was  pubiiihed  at 
Edinburgh  (iNH.  (R.C.) 

BDRTOH,  UH  BICHARD  rUVCIS  (iSii-iSgo),  BrJIiih 
consul,  eipiam  and  Oneuttlist,  was  bom  at  Bathim  Hduk, 
Uenloidshin.onlheiqthorMarchiSii.  He  came  of  the  Wcit- 
DkMland  Burtons  oi  Shap,  but  hii  gnndfnthcr,  the  Rev.  Edward 
Burton,  eettled  in  Iielaiid  as  rector  of  TVam,  and  his  falber, 
Lieulenul-Colouet  Joh^  NciicrviUe  Buiion,  of  the  jfith 

was  descended  from  the  HacCregora,  and  he  wai  proud  of  a 
remote  drop  of  Bourbon  blood  piouftly  believed  lo  be  derived 
from  a  moigaaltic  union  of  Ibe  Gmnd  Monuquc  Then  were 
even  those,  iadudiog  waie  of  the  Rominy  themsdvii,  who  uw 
^pey  writlcn  b  his  peculiar  eya  as  in  his  character,  wild  and 
resentful,  e&scntially  vagabond,  intokrint  of  convention  and 
restraint.  His  irregular  education  strengthened  the  inherited 
bias.  A  childhood  spent  in  Fnncc  atid  Italy,  under  scarcely 
any  conlrol,  fostered  the  love  of  utitnmoiclled  waodetir^  and 
a  marviljaut  fluency  in  coBIineotil  vmHoilan,  Suchan  cduca- 
tioD  M  tillk  prepind  bim  for  academic  proprieties,  that  when 
be  enlcied  Trinity  College,  Oxford,  b  October  1S40,  a  criticiim 
of  his  nulitaiy  nousucbe  hy  a  leUoW'Undergraduite  wu  resented 
bya  cbiUenge  to  1  duel,  and  Qurton  in  vnrioui  ways  distinguished 
himself  by  such  eccentric  bchaviouj  tbit  luslicalion  inevitably 
cmucd.  Not  wu  he  much  more  in  his  element  u  1  subillern 
En  the  lAth  P*ym^^r  of  Bombay  Native  InfanUy,  whidi  he 


pany^  senrico  in  his  «y<i  wu  tl 

Bludy^t  Orimtil  life  ud  kifi   _ 

without  *  niMcr  It  Oiionl,  lad  wo^ed  b  London  at  Hiudintad 

under  Foffan  hefoec  1b  wuU  OBt;  fa  ladii  be  b'     -  ■  ■    ■ 

fiiipblyatthm 


aioong  the  lower  d .    _.    _.. 

conlributions  to  the  Aiiitic  Socbty,  hH  Ixfiu  paiod  mdwsd 
four  books,  pohliibed  alta  hii  Mum  boat:  Stiait,  tr  Ifa 
UnJntfy  VaUtj  (1S51),  SMk  Md  Ok  Sacn  Ika  IntMt  Uu 
YaOtj  ^  Ik  Iiuha  (1151).  Cm  md  tW  Hw  MtKlcmi  (igji), 
andFalcflw^iiiat  Viifl(y^a(/iidiij(tSs>).  Noneotthev 
achieved  pc^ularily,  bat  the  iammt  at  Sad  ii  nmaiknbly  vivid 
andfillbfd. 

fn  rSjj  made  BnrtoB  famaos.  He 
ig  diiguiifd  aBKH^  (he  Unrifani  «( 
.  .  npind  In  the  adcal  by  study  and 
practice^  NodoabttbepdaaiTDtotfvewiitbelnsofMlvcBtai^ 
whli^  wai  U)  MiongHt  paMlBn;  but  (kog  with  Uh  wmdenr^ 


.  he  piifciitd  10  m 
fa  nauodden  wiyi  when  neic  ■dvauoic  bw*  be  «ijf»Jft~f 
bygeopiphkaliBvtce.    Th««WHa''bBgiwUleblot"<atbB 

Burton'i  Kbem^  appmved  by  ibc  Seytl  Geognpfaial  SocfeV, 
was  to  cneod  Ui  pilgttiaice  to  ihii  "  CBVty  abode,"  ud  naun* 
*  disEreditablehlanklromthemap.    War  among  the  tribes  cnt- 


M  MioliB  teii  t* 
nahaabets 
1  it  hefan 


ima^ned.    Several  EumpetBi  bivc  ■ 

and  since  Burton's   visit  without 

defccis  of  speech.  The  pilgtimage,  bawever,  ''t'""*i  bb 
Intimate  ptDfia*eDcy  In  a  complicated  ritiul,  tad  a  familiaiiir 
with  the  minutiae  of  Eastern  mannen  and  eliquetle;  and  in 
ihecascof  a  stumble,  presence  of  miiMl  and  cool  counge  may  be 
called  into  rcqueil.  IVre  arelegends  that  Burton  had  to  defend 
bis  life  by  uUng  otben';  but  be  carried  no  umi,  and  cosilcised, 
rather  shameliaily,  that  he  had  never  killed  anybody  nl  any 
lime.  The  actual  journey  was  less  remarkalde  than  tbc  book 
in  which  it  was  recorded,  TIk  Pilpiman  to  Al-Uidinak  cmd 
Uaak  (iSjs)-  II*  vivid  desoiptioni,  pungent  style,  ind 
inteiuely  peitonil  "  note  "  distinguisb  it  Imoi  books  oI  ili  das; 


il  the  VI 


■vita 


cipttucd  in  peculiar,  nncouth  but  vigoraoa  language  make 
il  a  curiosity  of  literature. 

Burton's  next  journey  was  more  haaardous  (ban  tbc  pilgrimage, 
bul  created  no  parallel  senialioiL  In  iS^  the  lodUn  gevcns- 
mcnt  accepted  bis  proposal  to  explore  the  interior  of  tbc  Somali 
coimiiy,  which  fonml  a  subJKl  al  affidal  anxiety  b  its  rditioa 
to  the  Red  Sea  trade.  He  was  assisted  by  Capt.  J.  H.  Spcke 
and  iwD  other  young  officers,  but  accnoqiliiiied  the  moat  diScult 
part  of  Ibe  entciprise  alone.  This  was  the  iouniey  lo  Uarrar, 
the  Somali  capital,  whicb  no  white  man  bad  entered.  Burton 
vanished  into  the  desert,  bihI  was  itot  heard  of  for  four  if^rnlhi 
When  be  reappeared  be  had  iHt  only  been  to'  Hanar,  but  had 
Ulked  wilh  the  lung,  stayed  ten  days  there  in  deadly  peril,  and 
riddeq  back  across  the  dcacrl,  almcot  vritbout  food  and  water, 
running  the  givnilei  of  the  Somih  spean  all  the  way.  L'a- 
J .  i..  .,.■ ._..  , .     t  ont  ^In,  bul  WMcholed 


BURTON, 

br  >  «UnriA  «lih  (h>  WbM,  ta  irtidi  •»  ol  hb  yomw  oOnn 
«u  UBtd,  C*pUB  Sp*ki  au  nmmdid  id  dnw  pkos,  ud 

-aUnsrifhwIkindlntkrautkreaghUtita*.   Ubfint 

litiim  Son  AfHca  (iSse),  dvcribiBi  thoa  MlvcatBK*, 
H of  hii mdct  cadting ud UMt cfauUMiblicligalui  IdU o( 


utHVnfcUiDglstbilMiitlntbeCriroei,-- 

RHunea  b  Afiic*  in  iSjt.  The  l<>Ri|D  office,  mavid  Vf  Ibe 
Rc^il  G(0(n|AIal  Sodcty,  coniinMoaed  Um  to  «icli  Cur 
tks  ■DOioa  ol  the  Nili,  uid,  apin  uompaakd  by  Spake,  ho 
opIoRd  the  kb  r|1hm  of  cquMMkI  Alrica.  llwjr  iHmmml 
Lake  Ikopnjrikk  In  Febcuuy  \»<H.  and  Speke,  pu^bif  on 
dmiag  Ehntod^  itties  and  acting  on  Indkatiom  Mpplied  by 
Un,  lighted  upoo  Vkloda  NyuUL  llie  eepuate  dbumny  kd 
to  a  bittei  diq»te,  bat  Burton'i  uptdition,  with  in  dlacovciy 
of  the  tm  kkit,  ni  the  incentive  to  the  later  apkuationi  of 
E^ieke  and  Gnnt,  Baker.  Livin^tona  and  Stanky;  and  hit 
report  in  volume  niUL  el  the  Pnaeiinti  if  Uu  Royal  Cet- 
ra^Mcol  ^Kitfy ,  and  hli  Laki  JIc|i«u  (/ EfwMrial  ^>iu  (  iMd)  , 
an  the  true  parent*  oi  Ilv  nraltltmHiiain  Umnuc  of  "  darkcjt 
AfricL"    Burton  wu  (he  GiM  EuiUAman  to  cater  Mecot,  tbo 


area*  vUch  have  (ince  beooDU  pacnHuly  iatamliDC  W  the 
Bdtidi  Empire-,  and  tloee  jrean  later  he  *M  cxpkwiiig  on  the 
oppoolle  tide  ol  Aliio.  at  Dahomey,  Benin  and  the  Gold  Giait, 
ngiau  iririch  have  (1m  entered  aatoog  the  ImpBrial "  ipaettloni " 
of  the  day,  BalCrB  middle  age  Buiton  had  coDpnmcd  Into  Idi 
lile.  a>  Lord  Derby  mid.  "  mse  of  itDdy,  not*  of  hartUup,  and 
more  ol  nicceulul  tncetptiie  and  advannire,  than  mold  have 
nfficed  to  £11  op  the  eziitcBce  ol  hall  a  doiM  ordinary  i 
TktCitjejiU  Saiiu,  (iS6i)  was  the  liuit  ol  a  Sying  visit 
United  Ststea  in  iSjSo. 

Since  1849  his  tsnneiion  irith  the  Indian  army  had 

practically  leveiedi  in  i86r  he  dcGnitdy  enieied  the  icrvicc 
«(  the  fonagn  office  u  cokmI  at  Fernando  Fo,  vhence  he  vu 
■hifted  niccnsivcly  to  Santca  In  Brull  (1865),  Danuucus  (1S61;). 
and  Trieste  (1S71),  holding  the  last  pott  till  his  death  on  the  loLh 
of  October  iSgo.  Each  □(  IheK  posD  produced  it>  cormponding 
booki:  FeraaDdo  Po  led  to  the  puUiiUng  of  Wandtriiii  in 
Weil  A/nuiliS6i),Attth^aiiiaiCawiin<miliS6s),A  Uiiiiin 
fa  CMt,  Umi  */  DatamI  (rg«4),  and  VHaniWiiiimfrtm  Wat 
AJrindKi).  11ieHiiUiBA(/UcAraiiI(iSfig)<nithereialt 
of  fouc  yean'  loideace  and  Uavelling;  and  Lilltn  fram  Oh 
BalllefMi  tj  Pannaj  (iSro)  niale  to  a  ionmey  acnea  Sonlh 
ADericatoPenL  DamasOBnigBenedt/HiftoalfyfiaCiSji), 
and  might  have  led  to  much  better  work,  itaice  no  oomulale  In 
■■■       ■     Biaphen  ■  ■        " 


linguistic  studies;  Init  be 
into  troubie  with  th 
wiiere  ids  Oriental 

barm,  but  iriicR,  nnforUmateiy,  U>  (Mental  ****-'-( ' 
any.  He  did  not.  homnr,  abandon  hit  BMcn  itaaiC*  or  nu 
Eastern  tcavda.  Varioua  liwh  fonraey*  or  mliltlnit  of  iamlllu 
sceDo  an  recorded  In  hit  latv  booki^  nid^  Zsmttor  (1I71). 
[7Jb'M  7M(  (iBts),  Etmtm  Balepw  [ilTa),  £M  Rt^Uti 
litjj},ntlaiiitfMmm{tii9)»iidTtllKaiUCanl'forMd 
(tUj).  None  oltbeta had  more  than  aputfaislntenal.  Burton 
had  not  the  charm  ol  it^or  imaginatua  iriddi  givnimiDortali  ly 
to  a  book  si  iiavd.  Be  wrote  too  fait,  «ad  Wok  Mo  little  pains 
about  the  {Dtm.  Hit  blont,  diiconiiBcted  fn'fB'Tt  and  tll- 
constnjctcd  chapton  wtie  full  of  information  and  learning,  ud 
contained  not  a  few  ihnuti  lor  the  benefit  of  government  or 
other  people,  bat  they  wen  not  "  leadiblo."  Tbere.waa  tome- 
thing  poiKlctsiu  aboot  his  very  huraonr,  and  his  crltldtm  wu 
personal  and  savnge.  Byfu  the  most  celebrated  of  all  Ids  books 
ii  the  tnnslaUon of  the  "  Anbian  Nights  "( rA(  rik«>jiiKfjri|Ui 
and  a  tfitU.  16  vok,  ptivaldy  printed,  iSSs-lW*),  whldi  occu- 
pied the  greater  put  ol  his  leisure  at  Trieste.  At  a  monument 
of  hia  Arabic  Immliig  and  hii  encyclopaedic  knowledge  ol 
Eastern  life  this  tiMuUUon  wu  bis  greatest  achievamcnt    It 


ROBERT 


865 


■hip,  nor  so  faithful  to  iu  avowed  teit.  ai  might  be  expected 
fma  bii  npatatloB;  but  it  leveali  a  ptofound  acqaaiBtaoeq 
~'~''  tlu  focabolaty  and  cuatomi  of  the  MnsI' 


Uttingup 


.  and  be  had  a  geniui  for 
ri^t  WMd  1  but  Us  taacy  for  ardiaic  wordi  and 
pumo.  us  DBoit  of  coinrag  woidi.  and  the  hanh  and  rugged 
style  he  aSeeted,  dctiact  Inm  the  iilemiy  quaUiy  of  the  work 
without  in  any  degree  enhagclng  Ita  fidelily.  With  grave  delects, 
but  tometimes  brilliant  meilti,  the  translation  holds  a  mirror 
toiuauthDr.  He  was,  as  has  been  well  said,  an  EUabethau  bom 
out  of  tine;  in  the  days  of  Drake  his  very  faults  mi^t  have 
counted  to  his  credit.  Of  hit  olber  works,  V<*m  sad  Ut 
V ampin,  Hindu  Tales  {lijr^,  and  a  history  of  iuafavourileanu. 
Tin  Btei  ef  llu  SKtrd,  vol.  i.  (18S4),  unfinlibed,  maybe  men- 
tioned. His  iranilation  of  Tin  Liaiad$  tf  Camarta  (lUo)  was 
followed  (iBgi)  by  a  sketch  of  tlK  poet's  life.  Barton  had  a 
felh)w4ccling  for  th«  poet  adventnnr,  and  hi    -       - 


it^S),  then  ar 


^S 


i-s  £#i  rf  JXr  XAikanf  P.  Atrtoa  <i  vnlL.  IS 
I,  idLaif,  with  >  pretace.  by  W.  U.  Wilki 
tuka]  At  Carta  d  R.  f.  Siirtn,  by  A. 

■nn    inH  '^  Tl^f  Uddclev  fiAAAl.  n«  T, 

■,  by  hii  nEs 

a  by  pemii 
irdSwS.b 


fai  tSAi,  and  owed  much  to  hercourage.tynptlhy  and  paiaionalo 
devailoB.  Her  roraantic  and  exaggerated  Uograpby  of  her 
husband,  with  all  its  faults,  it  one  of  the  most  pathelic  mmn- 
ntents  which  the  unselfish  love  of  a  woman  has  ever  imlsed  U  the 
-  emoty  of  her  hero.    Annther  nooament  is  the  Ar^  tent  ot 

one  and  marble  which  she  buHt  for  hit  tomb  at  BAortlake. 

Beridet  Lady  Burtoi'i  1 

SiKlSlj 

_  Andrew  Wilton,  it , 

Caplaiw  Sir  Bkkari  F.  Barttn,  by  hit  n „ 

-  aDd  m  bcief  sltetdi  by  tiie  present  writer  prefixed  u  Bohn'e 
of  the  FttrhiM  a  Al-Ukiwak  aW  ificiak  (tlgt).  Inm 
wnicB  tome  eentencea  have  twre  been  by  pemiiidga  mprodoced. 
Id  ractf  appeared  the  £^  ^Jir  Klctard  Swtai,  by  Thonus  WiVit 
of  Olney,  ui  Iws  votusKt,  ta  lodaltilan  and  laOier  oHIcai  weik, 
ioMiestlot  in  particular  for  Ihedoabtt  It  oatlt  on  BnRDn'sotiefaiaHn' 
■>  in  AiaSic  inatUlor,  and  eniiihaairfiit  his  iadebtadoem  uTavBr^ 
ln»lttit>a  (lUi)  of  the  ilroWM  NiiJi.  (S.  1-P.} 

BOBTIHI.  KOBEBT  <is77-i64o],  Engllih  writer,  author  of 
TJu  Aaalamy  g/  Udanduly,  ton  of  a  conntry  gentleman,  Ralph 
Burton,  wal  bom  at  Lindley  in  Leicetteisliire  on  the  Sth  0< 
Febmaty  isj6->.   He  «u  ecfauated  at  tlie  free  school  of  Sutton 

a  conunonei  of  Brtsenoie  CoUege,  and  in  ij^  wts  declcd 
student  at  Christ  Chnn^  whan  be  eitinmd  to  nlde  for  the 
rest  of  hit  life.  ThedeanandchaploofChrlttCharehvpoinled 
him,  in  NavenlKri6r6,  vicar  of  St  Thomas  fn  tlie  west  suburbs, 
and  shout  r6jo  his  patron.  Lord  Berkeley,  prcaented  him  to  the 
tectoiy  of  Segrave  in  Leinstenbiie.  He  biM  the  two  living! 
"  with  mnch  ado  to  hit  dying  Axy  "  (says  Antony  i  Wood,  the 
CWord  hittorian,  tomewhat  myatcsiously);  and  he  was  buried 
in  the  north  aisle  of  Christ  Churth  calbedral,  where  hit  elder 
brother  WilUam  Barton,  author  of  a  Hillary  a/  LeirMtrikin, 
raited  to  bit  memcty  a  moaument,  with  Us  bat  In  cdoar. 
Tlie  cplt^  that  hn  had  written  for  himself  waa  carved  beneath 
the  bntt:  AMtt  lUtui,  pneltHim  ffiHAii,  Idcjacd  Damrilai 
Jmnlcr.aiitiUmitiUaimrtamUdcnctalla.  Some yeara before 
hit  death  he  had  predicted,  by  die  calcuUtim  of  Us  ntUrity, 
that  the  tpproadi  ol  hit  dimactslc  year  (tix^-three)  would 
prove  fatal;  and  the  prediction  came  true,  for  he  died  on  the 
35th  of  Jtnuvy  16JO-40  (tooM  gotdps  tarmlsing  that  he  had 
"  sent  up  hit  tout  u  beaven  thmigb  •  mote  about  his  aei±  " 


8«e 


BURTON,  W.  E.— BURTON-UPON-TRENT 


HM  College  *lu™  Ua '»•«' '•^'Ut,  ikKw^ 

f,  Phiitiopliailii,  «iciii>]ly  writt«ii  by  Robert 
Button  in  1MB  uid  acWd  il  Chiiu  Church  in  iti  >,  wu  Ions 
■uppaKd  to  be  l»t;  but  in  M)  it  wu  panted  [«  the  Roi- 
bu^be  Qub  (lotD  »  tiia.i)U)aipt  bdongiiig  lo  tbi  Rev.  W.  £. 
Buckley,  vho  ediud  It  with  dabonle  cue  acA  vt^eaiiei  k 
collec^onofthcamleiiucalejietdKilliatBiutonbultnkUUiuted 
lo  vuious  Oiford  muCEUuila  ("  NitAlii,"  "  PuentiUi,"  &c). 
PkUeiopkoiUr  Is  4  vivacious  expoaun  of  duil&tuiiim.  DcBi- 
deriui,  duke  ef  Oiuu,  invllei  teused  men  Ireim  all  iMUta  ol 

Euiopt  lo  lepnit  (0  tbe  univenity  obkli  be  bu  

ud  ■  ciOHd  of  (hif  ty  «di 
tioD.    Tbere  ere  points  c 


A  Latin  CO 


he  eadicr  pUy.   (Another 
nuikm  copy  to  Willitin 
X  been  bund  b)  the  liteuy  of 
Lord  HcBtyn.) 

In  1611  wu  twud  at  Oxford  the  hiU  edition,  >  qoaito,  of 
rk  Aualamy  QJ  Uilamduiy  .  .  .  h  Dtrntailui  Junar.  L»ter 
editiou,  in  I«lio,  weie  puhUibed  in  1^14, 1618,  i6}i,  i6jS,  iKji, 
165),  iMo,  ifiTt.  Burton  wu  for  ev«  eDaaged  In  icviung  hii 
treatte  bitliiithiidedition(wherefinli.ppeaKdtbeEn|nved 
emblemalkal  tittfr-pa^e  by  C.  Le  BLondJ  he  declared  that  be 
waidd  make  » lurtba  alUntioni.  But  the  fourth  edition  again 
bote  maiki  ol  nvtiion;  the  fiftb  diSetcd  Inm  the  fouitlii  and 
the  siilh  edition  »at  poathuoioudy  printed  from  a  copy  conUin- 
iuc  tu>  lateat  correciiiniL 

Not  ttie  least  isteiating  put  ol  the  i/iwiliiiKy  ii  the  long 
pieface,  "  Dcinociitui  la  tlie  ReadEi,"  In  vhlch  Biuton  leti 
out  bit  nuoin  for  writing  the  ueitiie  and  lor  anuming  the 
name  id  Denucritui  Junioi.  Hr  bad  been  ejected  a  tiudcnt  oi 
*'  the  most  flourishing  college  ol  Europe  "  and  he  deaigned  to 
■how  his  gratitude  by  writing  something  Ihtt  should  be  worthy 
ol  thai  noble  society.  He  had  nad  much;  he  wu  seitber  rich 
001  poor;  living  in  studious  seclusion,  be  had  been  a  critically 
observant  ipectotor  ol  the  wnrid's  affuts.  The  phikBopher 
Deniociitus,  who  wu  by  nature  vety  melancholy,  "  avene  (tora 
company  in  his  latlei  days  and  much  given  to  lolilarincss," 
spent  bis  dosing  yean  in  the  suburbe  of  Abdeia.  Hiere  Hippo- 
ailei  once  found  him  stodying  in  his  garden,  the  subjeel  ol  hk 
itudy  being  Ibg  causes  and  core  oi "  Ibis  irira  NUi  or  melaiKhaly." 
Burton  would  DOI  compare  bimsell  with  »  famous  a  phUosopbcr, 
but  be  aimed  at  carrying  ont  the  deiign  which  Democritus  bad 
planted  and  Hippocrates  had  Domniemkd.  It  i>  ataled  that  be 
actually  set  himself  to  reproduce  the  old  jdulosopher's  reputed 
eccentricitiH  ol  conduct.  When  he  vu  attacked  by  a  fit  ol 
melancbcJy  be  would  go  to  the  bridge  loot  at  Oxford  and  shake 
his  sides  with  laughter  lo  hear  tlie  bargemen  swearing  at  one 
■nolhei,  just  u  Democritus  used  to  walk  down  to  the  haven  at 
Abdcra  and  pick  matter  formlrth  out  of  the  huaounol  walenide 
hie. 

Burton  anticipate*  the  objectiona  of  caption* 
aUowi  that  be  hu  "  collecied  this  cento  ant  of  divi 
and  hu  borrowed  from  innumerable  books,  but  !■ 
"  the  composition  and  method  is  ours  onbr,andsfaowaa  scholar." 
It  had  been  bis  originBl  inUnlioii  to  write  in  Latin,  but  bo 


■Touad  that  hi 


Bfor 


I  style  c 


■a  work  Hn^banded  (unlike  Oiigen  who 
oiBus  six  or  seven  anuiuienses)  aiiil  digeat 
U*  notes  u  beat  he  might.  Ifuiy«bjecttehi*cbricecd*nb)ect, 
urging  Uul  be  would  be  better  enqrioyed  in  wittiBg  on  diviniljr, 
hia  defeace  ii  that  br  too  nai^  corommtftei.  eqtnitlcsi*, 
SBBion^  Ac.,  are  atreaily  bi  Mhnnea.  Baridas^  dlvfanty  and 
medidoe  an  doidy  allied;  and,  mdaBcboIy  bdug  both  a  ^iri- 
tnal  and  bodily  infirmity,  the  divine  and  the  phyiiciu  snot 


(*hi<^a 


■ed,  "  foe  the  Ibwer  ol  Babd 


yidded  aucb  coalusjon  of  loogue*  u  the  Chao*  of  MeUn- 

choly  doth  (rf  Symptonu  ").  The  Sscswl  FartitioB  is  devoted 
to  the  Cute  of  Melancholy.  Asitisolgreatlmponanix  thaiwe 
should  lire  In  good  air,  a  cbsptet  deab  with  "  Air  Rectified. 
With  a  Digression  of  the  Air."  Button  never  travtUed,  bat  the 
itudy  ol  oosBiognphy  had  been  hia  constant  deUgbt;  and  ovei 
sea  and  land,  north,  cast,  wot,  Boulh-*ln  this  enchantinlf 
chapter — he  sends  his  vagrant  fancy  flyinc.  In  the  dbquisitien 
on  "  Eieidse  lectlBed  ol  body  and  mind  "  he  dwcjit  ^eelolly 


rylile,u 


lit  of  thdr  lavi 


.    Lovc-Uelancboty 


is  the  auhicct  ol  the  fail  Thite  Sections  ol  Ibe  Tliird  Panitioii, 
and  many  aie  the  merry  talea  with  which  theac  psgn  are  seaaoned. 
The  Fourth  (and  oalidudinc)  Sectiw  treats,  hi  gnvcr  mood, 
of  Religioui  Udaocholy;  and  to  the  "  Cuic  of  Despair  "  be 
devote*  hit  deepest  medilaiiona. 

Tin  jliufMsy,  widdy  toad  in  tlie  i}th  century,  Icr  a  time 
lapsed  into  obaonity,  though  even  "  ihe  wit*  of  Qucoi  Anne's 
reiga  and  the  beginning  ol  Gauge  I.  were  not  a  little  bebaUea 
lo  Robert  Burton  "  (Arclibishop  Hening).  Dr  Johnson  deeply 
admired  the  wo^  and  Sleme  laid  il  heavily  under  cantHbutioB. 
Bat  Ihe  noble  and  impasiianed  devotion  ol  Charles  LanUi  ba* 
been  the  most  powerliil  help  toward*  keeping  alive  the  menuqr 
of  th*  "  lantutfc  great  old  man."  Button's  odd  tuns  and 
qulriia  ol  expiessioii,  Ut  whinricd  and  aflccuie  fatkciii,  his 
kiiully  sarcasm,  his  lar-letdied  conodls,  his  dee|>lying  paiho^ 

of  Burton's  admlNii  WiU Rot  be  chilled  tiy  the  diwatagetDeat  of 
uuympathetic  criiia  (Hacaday  and  HaUam  among  Ihem)  who 
have  consulted  his  pages  in  vain;  but  tliton^  t™'  and  evil 
report  he  will  remain,  ihefr  wdl-loved  eompatdoB  lo  Ibe  end. 

Hie  b»t  ol  the  nnderm  editiou  of  Barton  waa  poUidnd  hi  1S96, 
J  voh.  tva  (Bell  and  Sens),  under  the  ediionhip  of  A.  8.  SbiDeio, 
who  identified  a  laxge  number  of  the  dawlcvl  quotation  and  many 
pasiacea  inm  poA-tSvi^  adtlior&  Prof.  Bensley,  ef  the  nnlvcr. 
lily  of  Adelaide,  hu  itaec  eentribMed  le  Ae  idiilh  and  tenth  Kiici 
ofHglnaiidCwrHiaaayvalHahienoteiontbtiloaM*^  DrAldia 
Wright  hu  Bag  been  eagaged  on  UK  naarMieo  U  a  dcBailiic 
edidm.  -,-r~  (A.H.BO 

BDRIOH.  WILLIAM  BVMB  (ila4->Bde),  English  actoc  a^ 
pUywrigbt,  bom  In  l^mdon  in  September  1804,  wu  the  scA  of 
William  George  Burton  (17M-181]),  a  printer  and  author  of 
Katardi  iiae  Urn  rditumt  o/  lii  Etitira  wMiiM  ol  iSialralitt  tf 
On  taiflfra  (iSaj).  He  wu  eduealcd  Eur  the  Chnrcb,  bo, 
having  entered  hia  fatho'a  busbiBs,  hia  aacecu  u  an  anatcnr 
actor  led  him  to  go  upon  Ibe  suge.  After  several  yon  in  tbe 
pnvincts,  he  made  his  Gist  Loodon  appearance  Is  iSjt.  in 
i8j4  he  went  to  America,  where  he  ai^saied  In  I>hilaide44ii* 
u  Dr  OOapod  in  Tkt  Patr  GaOUmaii.  Ue  look  a  ptommcBt 
idate,  both  u  actor  and  manager,  fn  New  YoA,  mtaddphia 
and  Baltimore,  the  theatre  which  he  leased  in  New  YaA  betng 

Captain  Cuttle  in  John  Bnugham'*  dramatiiation  of  Dtmtty 
ami  Somt  and  in  other  low  comedy  parts  In  plays  frona  Di^cns's 
novda.  Burton  wu  the  author  ut  a  large  number  ol  plays,  oae 
of  whkh,  £IIn  Wankam  (iKjj),  was  produced  slmnlUneoosly 
at  five  Idrulon  theatres.  In  Fhiladelpbla  Iw  mnHJihnH  tlu 
Gttltmn't  Uataatu,  ct  which  Edgu  Allan  Poe  wu  tor  some 
time  tl»  edttor.  Ha  wu  Umsetf  tbe  editor  of  the  CaiOrUti 
QuarUrly  and  llw  Siminir,  ud  Ibe  autlior  ef  several  books, 
iaclodbigaC|cl«fwiis«/lrsliia<Himwr(iS5T)-  HecoOected 
■  Ubi»7  of  over  laofioo  vdnms,  cqnijally  rkb  in  Shako- 
spcarlsna,  iriilchwu  dispcnad alter  his  dnth  at  New  York  City 
on  liiiglhttFiboaxf  i84a 


.  ion  ol  St«f- 

[ordsUteand  tbe  Southsn  pariiarnentary  division  ol  Dcrbyslur^ 
England;  lying  maiidy  upon  tlie  kf  1  bank  at  th*  Tint,  in 
SIsSotdidiite.    FopL  (iSgi)  4l^}i  (ifoi},jo,fU.    Ilk  117  ■. 


abiLiOOgle 


w  HkOuid  oDnyi,  and  Ii  Bbo  land  l^r  tha  GrM  NOMben 
mnd  North  SufionbUn  nilwayi.  Tb*  TmM  b  niTlpUe  boa 
m  poiil  new  the  tow»  downinid.    Hw  --'-"—^ — 


fiH  daomy.    Tba  fonner 

ft  hiU-timbntd  bu3ctti|of  t)w  istb  < 

tcbool  vu  IMmdHl  In  1515.    A  £aB  bfidgB  ant  the  Trent, 

ud  ihB  miniidpil  hiddh^  «vn  pim4dcd  hf  Lord  Burton. 

Time  >IE  pleiMUt  nCRBtion  gmiaSt  oa  the  DubjisUn  rfdt 

of  the  rim. 

Burton  h  tlw  lait  of  in  raeimaui  faKwing  md«,  itpwienthn 
nauljr  ow-tcnth  of  (be  total  unoont  of  thi*  tnde  <n  ibe  United 
Kmgdom.  II  ii  divided  between  lone  tmnty  fiimi.  Hk 
pttmbei  of  Bbm^  bmwiy  extend  ova  500  aoa,  wbUe  Alliopp'i 
•tmd  ntit;  npuwdt  of  sees  btxib  an  *ap)ojri  in  »2,  ind 
many  oIh  of  nUwiy  fnned  bj  the  Gnu  aon  the  Mtveti  in 
all  dinctkmon  the  Ism,  and  ttntect  with  the  line*  of  the 
i^wnjr  ODinpanie*.  Hie  nqxiloiitjr  which  ii  dafmed  li 
Bur«ia  ilea  [*  Mlijbuted  ts  the  tae  ol  wdl'Witer  unpngna' 
with  n^hata  ef  Hne  derived  bim  the  gjipMOta  departs  of 
~  i>  (BVBned  by  a  najior,  >    " ' 


Ebe  toWEL    LiLer  chartcn 

19th  cf  October,  at  tlie  iaM  d 
—  TTiundty),  by  Hcniy  III.  in 
iWlaiairat  ■    ' 


B(iitan4pea*Ti«iit  (Burhim)  h  firu  iMirtkinRl  tmnrdi  the  doM 
of  thefthccBtny.whenSt  Modoen.aa  Iriafavkiiii,  kaaidutim 
miMiJHid  I  connat  so  the  Ida  of  Aadtcuey  oppodu  Bwlani 
In  100a  Wuirric  cari  of  Meccia.  founded  here  a  BcwdktiK  abbey, 
and  by  charter  of  1004  gnnred  to  it  the  tova  iriih  oiher  laric  en^ 

abbot,  who  held  the  omt  of  Ihe  lanaer  and  mzivnl  tha  nxUi 
of  tlie  benvgb  accon&ic  to  the  cbarter  of  Henry 
pid  IOC  nod  olber  privil^cft  aofl  rinht  i-  ''—  ' — ^ 
■«e  gii^nbj'  Henry  IL,  by 

Sc  M«1irEii.aDd  i*ecUy  mu ., 

in?,  by  Henry  VII.  b  MM  [Heiny  V[I.  Enotui  ■  iiir  at  tbi  Stat 
of  !>I  Lulu,  igth  of  Oclob«),  and  by  Henry  Vlll.  io  1509.  At  the 
dinolutian  Henry  VIII.  foundnt  DO  Itie  «ile  cf  the  abbey  1  CDlTnna  10 
churth  di«il>edbrfora  IU5,  wbea  He  kodi,  with  lU  t>e  priviregee 
rormerly  veited  in  the  ab&t,  were  CDaleifS  on  Sir  WUko  Fliet. 
locettor  (f  the  maniiioM  of  Ai^evy,  BOW  holder  af  thenar-  '- 
iB7fl  it  wu  bconjoraEed  pndcr  a  mayor,  8  aldermen,  n  eeu 
» 1. f 1 „j,  |„  y„  gj^  ^^FJ 


See  Wniiain  MoIyDeai.  Fiilory  of  BMrlM-im-Tmtl  (18G9); 
Vittrria  Cnnfy  BiUorf,  SUtiriMrc 

BintD  (Bwo,  Dutch  Baost  or  Bedm),  in  ishnd  oi  the 
Dttich  East  Indiea,  one  of  tlu  Molucca  Idande  bdonging  to  the 
n&idency  of  Amboyna,  between  3°  4'  and  3*  50'  5.  and  t*5*  jS' 

and  its  area  1*  3400  eg.  m.  Its  niriace  fa  for  (he  nuat  part 
motuitilDoui,  thongb  the  acaboaid  district  fa  fnqoently  allnvid 
and  wtaAy  from  the  depoalls  of  Ibe  DUBettXB  liven.  Of  Iheie 
the  laiECtt,  ths  Ka|eE,  dischaiBing  eoitwnrd,  la  In  part  navigable^ 
The  gnalcit  ekmtiou  Occur  in  the  wot,  where  the  mountain 
Tom^u  ROdBt  8530  fL  In  the  middle  of  the  wealem  pan  of 
the  ialud  liei  the  liT(e  lake  of  Wakolo,  at  an  attitude  <rf  9»a  It., 
irilh  >  dRumlercnce  of  37  m.  and  a  depth  of  about  100  ft.  It 
hu  been  conddered  a  enter  lake;  birt  thfa  fa  not  the  caie.  It 
fa  Anated  at  the  Junction  of  the  tandMona  and  itate,  where  the 
water,  ha*faig  worn  away  the  bntaer,  hu  accumolated  on  the 
latter.  Hie  lake  haa  no  iffluenta  and  ail]i  one  oMlet,  the  Wai 
Nibe  to  the  north.    Hie  chief  gedogkil  roimaliont  of  Bnru 


-BURY  867 

been  bno^t  lata  cnHlmtiaauchltUyfartiltk    Co^.rkcind 


and  tocs-Bal  lie  icadOy  (rawn,  u  well  *s  wgo,  nd-peppet, 
lobacco  and  cotton.  Tka  only  bipoctant  eiqMrt^  howerer, 
aic  «a}qiM  lU,  ■  audoifkc  dfatflled  (ran  the  leavea  of  the  If  (fo^ 
ttwa  CtfafaU  w  irtita-waad  iMai  and  tkibet.  Tbt  naUw 
Bon  fa  tkiu  and  Ink,  (bony  aad  canut  tnea  aie  capedilly 
ahondint:  du  buna,  wMcfa  fa  rialiitr  vufad,  hidndea  the 
nbillAfalaadaa^aflbaHohKcii.  ne 
.    Tta  WfagM  oa  the  K 


olthi. 
fa  fotnd  *  peenllir  sue  irtddi  fa  held  by 
Tbey  an  dcaafbed,  hei —  *  -  ' 

pky^qoe,  bifai)  only  5  ft. 


CDiiipte(elypngin,II*ehiaeatteredhaale(*,aB 
little  In  conlBct  with  an)'  ciTtllBtlM.  Arac 
popnlatioD  a  nnafl  iRmbtT  of  ChJnMO,  Ataha  uid  other  noe* 
are  abo  found.  ILe  fahnd  fa  divided  by  the  Dutch  hito  two 
distilcls.  Tlie  cUef  iettknient  fa  Ka|dl  on  the  csat  coaat  A 
number  of  Mahonmiedu  nativea  hcte  an  deicended  fmm  tribci 
campeHed  In  ttyi  to  lather  tofetho  fnm  the  dUhrinl  puts  of 
the  liknd,  while  all  the  clon-mes  ■me  eitciadnated  In  an 
attempt  by  the  Dutdi  to  centraUie  the  dove  ttade.  Belorethe 
arrival  of  the  Dutdi  the  Idandera  were  under  the  donnnion  of 
Ihe  mltan  cd  Ttmate;  and  It  wni  their  rebdUon  tgtbat  him 
that  ^ve  the  £ni«peus  the  tfipoitunity  of  effecting  their 
■nbhigilioiL 

BURDJIRD,  a  pnnhice  of  Penla,  boandcd  W.  by  Lurisun, 
N.  by  Ndtannd  and  Hatayir,  E.  by  Ink  and  &  by  lafihsn. 
It  ts  divided  into  the  teUowiag  adminfattatlve  dlvidotu:~^i) 
town  of  BurnjM  with  villages  fai  hBDiedhte  ntigfabouriuod; 
<>)  SDakbor  (upper  and  kmei);  (3)  Japilak  (with  Saibk  and 
BnibaiodJi  (4)  pomad  HnUiHiui.  It  hai  a  poptdaden  of  about 
'    ayisycailyiennDeefabtnitfie.ooa. 


It  fa 


.  With  Unproved  meant  of  ttanipott,  which  would  allow 
tbe  groiRn  to  export,  the  prodnee  of  ttnah  could  easHy 
be  traded.    "Die  provinCB  fa  lonKtlaice  Jdncd  with  that  of 

Tbe  town  Buni]lid,  the  capital  of  tbe  province.  Is  tiMited 
in  the  fertile  Silakhor  plain  co  the  river  TahlJ,  a  tribniary  of  Ibe 
Didul  rivtr  (Ab  i  Deb).  70 >n,  by  imd  from  Hamadan  and  in  m. 
from  Isfahan,  In  33°  ss^  N.  and  48*  j;*  £,,  andatan  devatlaa 
ofsjisfL  Fop,  about  3;  Au.  It  itiaEufictures  Tariona  cotton 
stuffs  (coarse  ptinls,  carpet  csvcn)  md  felts  (pitedpally  liib 
and  ops  for  Lun  and  Bakhtiufa).    It  hai  pc«  and  ttlegnph 

BDRT,  JOHH  BAOHELL  (iMt-  ),  Biitiih  Ustorian,  was 
bom  on  the  lAth  of  October  lUt,  and  was  educated  at  Trinity 
CoUcge.  DubtU,  where  he  was  elected  to  a  fellowship  in  iSSj. 
A  fine  Creek  scholar,  be  edited  Pindar^  Itcmta*  and  liUimiatl 
Oi4s;  but  be  devoted  himself  chiefly  to  the  study  of  hlst«y, 
and  WIS  dioecn  profHaot  of  modnn  history  at  Dublin  in  1893, 
becoming  tcsfna  prcfessor  of  Greek  In  iSqS,  He  resigned  iioth 
potltiona  In  r  (loi,  whm  be  was  eltcled  rejpu*  professor  of  modem 
hfatory  In  tbe  nniveni ty  of  Cambridge.  HiaUitorical  work  was 
maloiy  concerned  with  the  later  Koman  empire,  and  his  edition 
of  Gibbon's  Dedim  and  Fall,  with  a  masUrly  inDoducibn  and 
valuable  notes  (iS<j6-i900),  it  the  tUuxUrd  teit  of  this  history. 
He  also  wrote  a  HiiUry  ^  Crtect  la  Uu  Daik  tf  Aleiendtr  Iki 
Grul  1 1900);  Biilarf  a!  lilt  Lalir  Rimai  Btfin^jf^s-Soo  (iBSg); 
Binary  ef  Ifa  Somim  Emfin  27  t.c.-iia  AJ>.  (iRgj);  UJt  ef 
SlPalrUkaiiilniPlaai*HiUaryU</os),&c  Hewasekcted 
■  fcUow  of  King's  College,  Cambridge,  and  ttceived  bononry 
dtgnei  bora  the  mdversities  of  OilBd,  Edinburgb,  Glasgow, 
Ahaidemand  Darham. 

BDRT.  a  uaAet-town  aiul  nmnidpal,  cannty  and  patlia- 
nenUy  becoufb  of  Xancaihiie,  En(laiMt;«D  the  rfw  fn>4 


868 


BURY  ST  EDMUNDS— BUSBECQ 


i«S  n.  N.W.  bx  W.  bcm  LoDdM,  ud  loi  N.  by  W.  from  Man- 
dMMer,  CD  tbe  Lucuhln  ft  Yaibhire  nilmy  uid  Ihi  Uia- 
<^lcr  k  Bolton  cainL  Pop.  (ilgi)  17,119;  (i^ei)  sS.aiQ. 
The  chiudi  of  Si  Huy  ia  of  cti^  fOiuidicbw,  but  «**  Rbuilt 
la  1116.  Bcslda  DDDcniut  other  pUces  of  wonhip,  then  are  ■ 
butdtame  town  hall,  athfnwniii  ud  unueuin,  ut  piftry  ud 
public  lihmy,  TUioiii  UKmbly  ibhih,  uid  Kwnl  ncmtioB 
(iDuwb.  Kay'i  litt  crammor  Khool  mi  founded  in  17361 
then  in  ibo  muniaiMl  tedmlcal  Khooli.  Tbe  cotloa  muu- 
(tctan  ft  the  priodpal  induUiy;  Uiera  ire  alio  calico  prinliog;, 
dyeias  and  tilraThirn  mski,  laadibeiy  and  iron  miks,  woaUcc 


Dial 


nby  tl 


BBikst-iiEaGc.  The  pailianMDtary 
Mnembci(dD0ii8ji)-  The  county  borough 
«u  cmted  in  iSBB.  Tbe  soipottlign  comitu  of  a  mayor, 
ID  aldeiaKS  and  jo  oovncinon.    Aiea,  jSj6  aciE*. 

Buy,  ol  whidi  the  oaBK  ia  derived  InuB  the  Anglo-Saxon 
tanlfc  UHi  or  iyr^  (town,  eutle  or  fortified  plan},  ma  tbe  lite 


tioM  to  the  (own.  I(  wn*  a  Deabec  of  tbe 
and  *  lee  of  Ibe  royal  mamr  of  Toltii«toD,  wbid  uon  alter 
tbaConqiuatwaabeldbythBLaeya.  Tbe  local  farafly  of  Bary 
bcM  landi  ben  daring  tbe  ijtb  century,  and  at  leail  for  a  ibort 
time  tbe  naoor  llteU,  but  beloic  1347  it  paaMd  by  nianitge  lo 
Oe  PilU«taMot  FilkingtiB,wlthwbiiBi  IttcaiaiiMd  till  1 485,*hf  n 
oa  the  att^ader  of  Sir  TLoaiu  PUkiagton  it  wu  minted  to  the 
SntcariolDertiy.whoMdeKcndantalMTeiinceheldit.  Undei 
a  inol  ande  by  Edwud  IV,  lo  Sir  Tboraai  PiDUagtoB,  Iain  an 
•dll  held  en  BCudi  J ,  May  3,  and  Stpleadber  il,  and  •  iiaikc t  waa 
totneriy  fc«td  Bader  tbe  nuae  gnat  oa  Tlnnday,  wUch  baa, 
boweTct,bem  toagiqilaad  by  a  OHtoaaiy  maiket  on  Satniday. 
tbe  wcoUea  tnde  waa  aittbiiihed  here  tbioogh  Ibe  agen^  of 
Fleoibb  faamlgnnta  in  Edwud  IILV  idgn,  aad  ia  EUiabelh'a 
tine  thb  Indoaliy  wil  of  mA  Impottance  that  an  luhMfci 
wai  appotnted  la  raeasne  and  atamp  tbe  woolkn  dalh.  But 
ahboa^  the  WDoDen  manabclaicititillcairiedoB,  ihecotUD 
mdt  haa  bean  gtadnally  npenedlng  it  riace  tbe  eaity  jait  ol 
(be  illh  centniy.  Tbe  iutiily  of  the  Kayx,  the  bvoilan, 
behiBied  to  thii  place,  aod  Robeit  Peel'i  inbil-wnfca  were 
ettabliihad  heic  ia  1770.  The  cagnale  Irads  ol  bleaching, 
dyelag  and  nBihiBe-Biaking  have  been  long  anied  on.  A 
tMtt^eel  and  view  ol  fianh  pledge  used  to  be  held  half-yeaily 
at  Eaaler  and  liri<4i»^Tw**,  and  a  coutt-baian  in  Hay,  Until 
it4S  tblce  cooalablei  were  dxwa  annually  at  the  courl-lctt  to 
gonta  the  place,  bat  in  tl»t  year  ttie  inhabitariti  obtained 
anlbority  boai  pBiUament  to  appoint  twenty-teven  conunis- 
riosen  10  oadenake  the  local  gDvemmoit.  A  charter  of  incor- 
patation  waa  graated  la  i8;6.  The  will-kDowa  Bury  Co- 
opnatb*  Socle^  waa  e»tabltihed  in  igs6.  Tliete  wu  a  cbutdi 
hen  at  t)w  time  of  the  Domsday  Survey,  aod  tbe  eariieit 
mention  of  ■  rector  ii  found  In  tbe  ynr  ijji-ijji-  OneJialf 
ol  the  tawn<  El  glebe  belonging  to  Ibe  rectoiy. 

BDBT  R  BMnmOS,  a  market  town  and  amnliipal  and 
parliimentaiy  bonnigh  ol  Sufiotk,  Ei^had,  on  the  Lack,  an 
affluent  of  the  Great  Oue;  87  m.  N.E,  by  N.  from  London  by 
thcGTtKEutemTiiilwiy.  P^i.  (i^O'^i'SS'  Itiipliaiintly 
Btuated  on  3  gentle  eniinence,  In  a  (eriile  and  richly  cultivatid 
diilrict.  The  towet  or  chuidi-gale,  one  of  tfie  6ne»«  ipecimena 
ol  e»riy  Norman  architecture  in  England,  and  tbe  wetlem  gil*. 
a  beiulihi!  iinictuie  of  rich  Deeoiated  worit,  together  with 
ruined  walU  of  considerable  extent,  are  ^1  that  rcmaini  ol  the 
great  abbey.  St  Mary'i  church,  with  a  beautifully  carved  niol, 
ku  erected  in  the  ciriier  part  ol  the  151b  century,  and  contains 
the  tomb  ol  Mary  Tudor,  queca  of  Louii  XII.  of  Fnnae.  St 
Jamcs'i  church  b  abo  a  fine  Pcrpcndktdir  building,  with  a 
auderachanctl,aodwtihautatower.    Alltlieicipleiidid  itntc- 

without  the  abbey  church,  a  renBihabte  meniorial  ol  the  wealth 
•f  the  iDaadatka.    Behind  them  lie  picluteaque  gaidcni  whidi 


a,  the  plan  of  4fcb  ia  dUSnit  to  dm,  tho«A 


made  clear  by  excavation.  There  ii  a  handmiaeRoBMa  Catholic 
church  of  St  Edmund.  Tit  WMalled  Hoyaei  HaU  (pcAapa  > 
Jew-i  H  ■■  ■  .         .  ■      .  . 


woiha.  aad  tlw  agricnhural  Uade 
iiiBptrtanl,cattlcBBdODnaiaihcts  being  held,    lathavkiaity 

l>Ickworth,tbeaeato(lhenaR|iMefB  '-  ' 

'  Ihe  cod  o(  Ibe  igib  oentniy.    The  pi 

■       ■        ■     «b 

IB  cmiacilloB.    Ana,  iMT  aciei. 

Buy  S(  Edonada  (BeodtiotBwath,  St  Edmond'a  Buy),  i«p- 
poMd  by  ioae  to  bave'been  the  Villa  Faottlaa  of  the  KoBan^ 
waa  one  o(  Ihe  royal  towaa  o(  die  Sairai.  Sigehert.  king  of  Ihe 
EmmI  Aaglea,  tsunded  a  atoaaatcry  hcie  absul  633,  whidi  ia  90] 
tiecame  Ibe  bntlal  |dac*  of  King  Edsnad,  who  waa  dain  by  tbe 
Danca  abovl  Sjo,  and  owed  imM  of  ila  early  olebriiy  to  the 
rcputad  miracle*  perfotmad  at  the  ahrine  of  Ihe  maityikiag. 
BygasthefanaolSlE^Had  had  ipRad  b>  and  wide,  and  Ibe 
nunc  of  the  town  waa  Ranged  to  S(  Edmund^  Bluy.  Sweya, 
in  io»,  havlag  di 


or  MS  King  Edmund  had  granted  la  ibe  abbot  and  coaval 
Jutiidictlon  over  Ibe  wbolv  town,  free  fiom  all  iocular  aerviixt, 
and  Canute  ia  1010  freed  k  Itom  epiacapal  ooatroL  Edward  the 
Coafenor  ande  Ihe  abbot  lord  of  the  (laDchfac.  By  varfooi 
giasu  tnun  tha  atibots,  llx  towa  gradually  attained  the  nnk  of 
abomu^  HeniyllL  in  1)3;  granted  to  Ibo  abbot  two  auBaal 
Un,  ana  In  December(wMA  itill  aarvivct),  tbe oibei  tbe  great 
St  Uatibew^  fair,  which  wu  aboliibed  t^  (he  Fain  Act  of  iS7r. 
Another  bir  wu  granted  by  Henry  IV.  in  140J.  FJinbelh  in 
IJ63  confirmed  tlie  dinrten  which  former  kinp  had  gmnted  to 
the  abboli,  and  Jama  I,  in  1A06  gmnled  a  duRCi  of  incoipoia- 
tlon  wilb  an  annual  fair  in  Eaaler  wrct  and  a  maiiiet.  Fuiihrr 
charlen  were  gnnled  by  tiica  in  160S  and  i6i4,aDd  by  Charles  IL 
in  166S  and  16S4-  The  revenion  o[  (he  Iain  and  (wo  auiketa 
on  Wednoday  and  Salurdiy  were  granted  by  Jmei  I.  in  lie 
fiiin  to  the  coipontioo.  I^rllaaienti  wen  held  ben  ia  1171, 
11^  and  I44<i,  tnit  the  borough  wu  not  rtpnsenled  until  ilSeS, 
when  Jaoiei  L  conCetrtd  the  pdvilege  ol  lending  two  mcmbcii. 
The  RediitributioD  Act  1^85  reduced  the  repioenlalion  to  one. 
There  wu  loimeriy  a  large  woollen  trade. 

See  Richard  Yatea.  BiiL  md  Atlai.  at  Ue  -4Mry  0/  S  Eg- 
ninJ'i  Ciry  (lud  r±,  iSmJ;  II.  R.  Baiket.  IliiUiy  af  Bvy  Si 

BUgBECQ,  OaiEB  ORISLAm  t»  [AiTCEnDi  Cnznnid 
(iji>~ijgi),  Flemiihwrilcrand  Imvcller,  was  bom  at  ComiKs, 
and  eduoUd  at  (he  univenity  of  Louvain  and  elwwbeic 
Having  aemd  the  empetor  Chariee  V.  and  hit  con  Philip  IL  of 
Spain,  be  (ntered  (he  Krvice  of  the  emperor  Ferdina  '  '  ' 
lenl  him  ai  ambamador  tothe  sultan  Suleiman  L  Ihe  H 
He  ntvnwd  Ic 


a  U.,  iften 


rnily  laUng 


position  ol  ouster  of  Ihe  bmnehold  of  Ellabeih,  1 
Charles  IX.,  king  ol  Fianoe.  and  dau^ter  of  Maiinilian. 
Busbecq  was  an  exceUent  vbolar,  a  graceful  writer  and  a  clew 
diptomaiiit.  He  collected  vahuble  nianuicripii,  rare  coini 
and  curious  inscriptions,  and  inlroduod  various  planta  lata 
Germany.  He  died  at  tbe  cistte  of  Miilkil  Mai  Rouen  oa  Ihe 
lElh  of  October  ijqi.  Biabecq  wiolc  /(nern  CauUflauftli- 
(anwad  .lManj>iinii(AnIweip,  ijSil.a  worinbowingcotakkr- 
able  insight  into  Turkish  politia.  This  wu  published  In  Paris 
In  tsSg  u  A.  C.  Bttbefiiii  ktalimit  Tarrlae  epi'lMe*  it., 
and  hai  been  tranalaied  into  seveial  Unguiges.  He  was  a 
Irequeat  visitor  lo  France,  and  wrote  Efitliiat  od  XWsiMa-  //. 
Imfmtarem  •  Gallia  strifioi  (Loovaia,  (6ja],  an  interesting 
accauMolalalnaltheFrtnchaMU 


BUSBY— BtiSCHING 


869 


of  llw  Ilimm  wu  pubUihsl  in  1744. 
Se>  C.  T.  Fsnlv  ud  F.  K.  B.  Diiuil.  Lift  *W  iMm  •/  Otiir 

CliKJii  A  AwtKi  (Lcndon,  (Ui);  ViErM^u6i>ii£iMiiuii  ■■ 


i   by  s ,  „_  _ 

Biuby  proceeded  to  Chiut  Chwch,  Oxford,  vhm 
Id  i6j8.  Id  Ui  thiily-lJunI  ycu  he  liad  ikaidjr  Dceome  n> 
DowDCd  for  ttie  ohiiiiuLe  leil  nth  which  he  uipporteilthB  UUins 
dyruuty  of  tho  Stiurts,  uid  vu  imrded  tor  hia  icTTicci  with 
the  i^ebcnd  and  nclocy  a(  CadmRh,  with  the  chipd  of  KdowI* 
•nncied,  in  SometMtihiie,    Neil  ytai  be  becune  head  muux 

grot.  He  hi'DiMtF  once  boMltd  that  liiteen  of  the  dshops  who 
tbeo  occupied  the  bench  hid  been  birched  with  hii  "  hiUe  rad-" 
No  sdtaoImEiisludhuai  the  whole  pmducedaD  muy  cmlnait 
menu  Wemn^uer did  undei  the  iftiineafBiuby.  Amoni  the 
more  tUiutriotu  of  hii  pii|)ils  may  bo  mcDtJoiied  South,  Diyden, 
Locke,  Prior  ud  Bishop  Atterbuiy.  He  wreto  oiid  ediud  muiy 
worki  lor  the  UM  of  hit  icholu).  Hit  oogiuJ  cmtiiei  (the  bc«t 
of  which  ve  hit  Creek  end  Latin  gninmui),  mi  well  u  thoa* 
which  Ik  edited,  have,  howrvci,  lona  tioce  faiJeii  into  dilute. 
Butby  died  is  i6oj.  in  hk  nineiieth  year,  lad  wu  buiied  in 
Westminster  Abbey,  where  hit  e£gy  ia  lUU  to  be  seen. 

BUSBT,  Ibe  Eagiiih  ume  for  a  niiiituy  heid-diea*  of  (ur. 
PottihLy  the  orifinai  sense  of  a  "  bvsby  wig  "  came  from  atiocia- 
tioD  with  Di  Busby  of  Wetinuiuleri  bur  it  it  il»  derived  Imm 
"  buia,"  [n  Ibe  phnte  "  bnu  wig.'*  In  itt  fint  Hungarian  form 
the  militaiy  bushy  wat  a  cyliudncai  fui  cap.  having  a  "  bag  " 
of  coloured  cloth  banging  fiom  the  top;  Ibe  end  of  thia  bag  wva 
attached  to  the  right  shoulder  as  a  defence  ■g*'"*'  aword-cuta. 
In  Great  Brliaia  "  biubiea  "  an  of  two  kinds:  (a)  the  huistr 
busby,  cyiindriczJ  in ihape.withabag;  iltit  it  wombyhimara 
and  the  Royal  Hoise  AniOeiyi  (M  tlie  rifle  busby,  a  folding 
cap  of  atliadian,  in  shape  loaiewbat  leaerabling  a  "  Ckngany  " 
but  taller.  Both  have  alraight  plumci  in  tlic  IionI  cd  Che  heid- 
drcst.  Tbe  woid  "  busby  "  is  also  used  colloquially  to  denote 
the  fall  bcar-and-ractoon-skin  "  taps  "  wom  by  fool-gusrds 
and  (usilien.  and  the  full  dien  feather  bonnet  of  Uij^iland 
infantry.  Cylindrical  busbies  were  formerly  worn  by  the  artillery 
en^neera  and  rifles,  but  these  are  now  oboolete  in  the  regular 
army,  though  atill  worn  by  tome  tettiiotlal  and  colonial  uoopa 
of  these  aimt. 

BUaCH.  JOUna  KBBKAmi  MORITZ  dSn-iSw),  Cennan 
publicist,  was  bom  at  Dresden  on  the  ijth  of  Febiuaiy  1S31. 
Heenleied  the  onivenily  of  Leipzig  In  i8ti  aa  a  student  of  theo- 
logy, but  gradiuUd  u  docloi  philasoptiiae.  and  Iroin  1S47 
devoted  biniscir  enlircly  to  journalism  and  litenture.    In  iSjt 

and  published  an  account  of  his  travela.  During  Ibe  nut  yean 
he  travelled  utcnuvely  in  the  East  and  wrote  booka  on  Egypt. 
Crcece  and  Palestine,  From  1836  he  wai  employed  at  Leipzig 
on  the  C'tmEatm,  one  of  Ihe  most  influential  Ceitnan  periodicals, 
which,  under  the  editorship  of  Custav  Freytag,  had  become  the 
organ  of  tbe  Nalionalist  party  In  1S64  be  became  closely 
omnecled  with  the  Augustaiburg  party  in  Sehfavrig-Hobldn, 
but  after  iSMhetransleired  his  services  to  the  Prussian  govern- 
ment, and  wu  employed  in  a  Mmi-OIGcial  capacity  in  the  newly 
eoBquered  province  ol  Hanover.  From  i8;o  onwards  be  wai 
one  of  Bismarck's  pros  agents,  and  was  at  the  chancellor't 
aide  in  this  capacity  during  the  whole  ol  the  campaign  ol  iS;o~7i. 
Iti  1S78  he  published  Ihe  Gnl  of  his  works  on  Bismarck— a 
book  entllled  Biimarct  tuid  itiat  Uult.  wahitiidia  Krittii  mil 
FrankriUk,  In  which,  under  the  form  of  extracts  from  his  diary, 
he  gave  aa  account  oF  the  chancellor's  life  during  the  war.  The 
vividneai  of  the  desciiplions  and  the  clevemcta  with  which  the 

<venLl languages.    ThlswasloUowedin  iGSs 


work  bi  thi  (iircigB  ofiee  In  BatUn.    Imnediately  afitr  Bit- 


la  the  enpcnr  WiUiaB  U.  dated  tba  iStb  of  Haich  it«o,  n- 
qUBIbic  10  b*ttliei«dof office.  IbJawtsfoUowwIbjrapainidilet 
flJjMBnl  iMi  wta  H^t;  ud  In  iSgS  la  Loudon  and  Is  Engliih, 
by  the  lanwiia  BanoiB  entUled  Blmartt:  itmi  Stent  Ptta  if 
itt  irftUryfCamiB  by  Cnniaw,iiiHlir  title  ragdKiUIUer),  fa 
which  wua  reprinted  Os  wbol*  ef  the  culia  worta,  bW  wtkh 


whkA  bad  been  <■ 
wen  of  nich  a  natitra  thM  it  caoM  Dot  be  nidy  pad^Ucd  io 
Gormany;  but  fai  i3qo  a  far  belter  and  morv  completa  German 
edilioa  wat  pubUabed  at  Ldptlg  to  thiea  vohiuea  end  cwaittlBi 
oi  tbreeaecttona.    Buach  died  at  Le^aig  00  the  iMi  of  November 

Set  Emit  Coeli.-  In  Biet.  Jaiiimi  (1900). 

BDICR,  WaXOM  (iSl>-i9ot),  Ceinaii  caricalnibl.  waa 

boi>alWiodenaaMbiHUwva.  After  ttudyintal  the  academics 

of  OlUeldorl.  Aotimp  and  Uuiiich,  he  jo6wd  in  iBj9  Ibe  staff 

'  ""        '    "'  ■  -  ■'   -  [;g|Q^Q  ajBuf  paiKT,  and  wai. 


plicated  csotoitlona  of  iha  body  and  the  matt  traoiiioiy  raove- 
ment.  Hishumaii]uiiHuttiMedpoema,nichatJr«  uniMmitt, 
Dtr  kdlitt  Awlmka  wu  i>adwi,  Bit  Prmm  Bdnu.  Bmu 
HuiMiiH  and  Dit  BrUtmitit  Kntfpi  ia  /iMuuittaa,  pky, 
in  tba  Ceman  nunenr,  tbe  nine  pen  that  Edward  I^at^ 
oontenKV(netdolnEi«land.  Tbe  typa  oealcd  by  Urn  have 
hacamahoaiehaldwanlafai  hit  covntty.  Ho  invtnud  tba  teiia 
of  conic  eketchft  niuHMlni  a  itety  in  iceiiet  wltboat  wsidi, 
which  have  Intpired  Cann  d' Ache  andother  kadinf  cadcabuiitt. 
BttKRIlia,  AnOM  nUEDBICB  (i}a4-iNs).  Cennan 
Ikeologian  and  gaosrapber,  wa*  bora  at  llidlhtiei  ta  Sdmun* 
buig-Lippe,  on  the  i;tb  of  Sqitcmbei  (J14.  In  ■74t  he-wai 
appomted  tutor  in  tfao  fauiiy  of  tbe  couat  da  LTnam,  tri»  waa 
then  toini  *a  aabemdor  u  St  Feleabaii.  On  tbk  louraey 
he  molved  to  devote  hIa  life  to  the  Jmprovcaient  of  geograpbicai 
tdence.  Leaviua  the  count'*  lanfly,  be  wcni  to  icaldc  at 
Copenhagen,  and  devoted  himtelf  entirely  to  tbia  new  pursuit, 
la  i;s]  he  puhUabed  hb  Dattitlitu  tl  lit  CwnMet «/  SdUtwit 
and  HeiileiH.  In  1754  he  removed  to  Gfittingen,  when  te 
I7S7  he  wu  an>oinied  prnfeuDi  of  philoaophy;  but  in  1761  he 
accepted  an  invitation  to  the  German  congrqation  at  Sc  PelBV- 
burg.  There  he  OEganiied  a  icbool  whjcb.  uodcr  him,  aoob 
became  one  of  Ibe  nntt  flouiftbiog  In  the  ruiTth  of  Eur^k.  but 
a  disagreement  with  Marshal  Munich  led  him.  In  apile  of  the 

in  17G5.  He  Erslwent  to  live  at  Aliona;  bul  ncilyeathe  wat 
called  to  lupeiintend  the  famous  "  Greyfriars  Gymnailnm  '* 
(Gymiaiium  inm  Craum  KiotUr).  which  had  been  fotmcd  at 
Berlin  by  Frederick  the  Great.  He  died  of  dropsy  on  the  i«th 
ol  May  174J.  having  by  writing  and  example  given  a  lew 
impulse  to  education  throughout  Fruttia.  While  at  CVIthisen 
he  married  the  poeless.  Chiittiaon  Dillbey, 

BUtching't  works  (on  geography,  hiatoiy.  education  and 
religion)  amount  to  more  than  a  hundred.  "Die  6i3t  claa  oom- 
prehends  those  upon  wburh  bit  fame  chfefly  reals;  loeallbovgh 
he  did  IWI  potseit  ibe  geaiui  of  D'Anville.  he  may  be  n|arded 
as  the  creator  of  modem  Statistical  Geography.  Hit  maptum 
Bptu  ii  Ihe  Erdrhtsikialnuii.  in  seven  paru,  ol  which  the  first 
four,  comprehending  Europe,  were  published  m  1754-1761.  and 
have  been  translated  into  several  languages  {e.g.  into  English 
with  a  preface  by  Murdoch,  in  aii  volumes,  London,  I76))- 
In  M6g  Ihe  hf  ih  part  was  published,  being  Uie  fini  volume  upon 
-  -    !c  Turkey  and  Arabia.    It  ditplayi  an 


ii,-aod  i*  gcooally  Eooaidend  ai  hi 


870 


BXTSENBAUM— BUSHIRE 


u  tita  Um  edilor  of  ■  viliubic  cdllcc- 
tioato^OedlfiigiaiHfllrd.ntutHiiliinemnilCifpiil^itUivob. 
4lo,  1767-1503);  »I»  oi  Wxlunll.  NcdauUm  ten  Mua 
Landiarten  (Bulio.  i  jjj-i  )Sj).  His  wotkion  tduation  tn^jyed 
gnat  tcpule.  In  biograph/  ht  wrote  ■  niimbu  of  uticia  foe 
the  above -mcntioDed  llagmiit,  tuid  ■  valuable  coUectioa  of 
Bdltdf  ur  LiienicadBChu  makmUriiitr  Ptrtaim  (6  voIl, 
1783-1789))  jnctuding  an  elaborate  life  of  Frederick  the  Gital. 
BUBBHBADM  (01  BuBEHsAim),  BBKMAim  {i»oa-i«»B), 
Jeliut  tbeoEogiaD,  iras  boni  tl  Notlden  in  Wutphalia.  He 
atlaioed  [ame  ai  a  m*HU  of  cuuiilry.  ""l  oulof  his  lectum  to 
atudenu  >t  CologiM  grew  bii  celebraied  book  Uednlla  litolntuu 
maraiii,  JadU  at  ftrtficua  indidAt  raolttta  laiiu  amuieniiiu 
(164;}.  Tbe  manual  oblalned  a  wide  popularliy  and  pased 
through  ovtir  twcbundred  editions  before  1776.  PEeire  Lacnni 
tdded  conaiduably  to  its  bulk,  and  editlont  In  two  folio  volume* 
appeared  in  both  Cereuiny  (1710-T714)  and  Fnn«  (i})«). 
In  tlieK  KCIiont  on  murder  and  eipedally  on  regfdde  were  mudi 
amplified,  and  in  conneiion  with  Damien's  altenipl  on  the  life 
of  Louis  XV  the  book  was  severely  handled  by  the  patlement 
al  Paiii.  At  Toulouae  in  ijj7,  though  the  oBending  sections 
■ere  repudiated  by  tbe  heads  of  the  Jesuit  ceUeges,  the  Mrdnlla 
Taa  pnbUcIy  burned,  and  the  epiaode  uadoubledly  led  the  Day 
le  Cboaeul'  ■  ■  -        ■ 


kepi  In  the  to 


to  wrote  a  book  on  (he  as 


HDnsler.  w 

hen  be  died 

BUIM. 

iXAwordc 

wood,"  rf.  tl 

tbe  med.  Ut.  !««:«).  a 

isusedloBri 

e,  Iifn< 


0  many  European  language), 
luci,  Fr.  Mi,  Hal.  t»»,  and 
group  of  ^ruba,  especially  of 


wood  not  yet  cleared  fo 


.n  of  "  blun 


■i  the  Ger.  Rad-bUdut.  a 


•;  ihedt 


a  modth,  l\  not  correct),  a  lining  freqt 
inwrted  in  the  bearings  of  machinery.  When  a  shaft  and 
bearing  in  which  it  rotates  are  made  of  (he  ume  melai,  the 
surfaces  are  in  certain  casa  apt  10  *'  leiie  "  and  abrade  each 
other.  To  prevent  (his,  bushes  of  some  dissimilar  metal 
employed;  Ijiut  ■  thaft  of  mild  steel  or  wrought  iron  m>> 
Bade  to  run  In  hard  cast  steel,  cast  Iron,  broue  or  Bab 
nelal.  The  last,  having  a  low  melting  point,  may  be  cast  at 
Ibe  thaft  lor  which  i(  b  to  form  a  bearhig. 

BUSHiDCR  (Beicildt).  (be  South  African  natne  of  a  med  ii 
died  red  antelope  (f  .e.),Diorked  wi(h  while  lines  and  spois.bdi   _ 
ing  to  a  bcal  race  of  a  widely 
spread     ipedes,      TnidapkMi 
D  urifiui.    The  mala  aloi     ' 
rather  small,   ipirally 
boms.    There  are  Kveisl  atlitd 


,  from  a  very  early  dile;  (he  value  varying  loally 
article  measured.  The  *'  imperial  busbrl,"  legally 
1  Great  Britain  in  1816,  contains  iiiSi;!  cub.  in., 
stilled  water,  determined  at  6j°  P.,  wHh  the  baro- 
1.  Frevioiuly,  the  standard  bushel  used 
cheater  Imabcl,"  10  named  from  the  standard  being 


nhalli 


loflh 


■;ilco 


iUtes  and  Canada ,  h 
rith  anain  rommodEties  have  been  legaheed  in  different  states* 
BDSHIDO  (Japanese  for  "  mihtaiy- knight-ways  ").  the  un- 
nitteo  code  of  laws  govcmiTig  tbe  Uvea  of  tbe  nobta  of  Japan, 
iquivalent  to  the  European  chivalry  Its  maiimi  have  been 
(Tally  handed  down,  together  with  a  vast  accumulation  of 
raditional  etiquette,  the  result  of  cenlunes  of  feudalism.  Its 
inception  ii  auodated  wUh  the  npiise  of  feudal  instilutioiii 
Oder  Yoritomo,  Ibe  Sral  of  the  Sbogims,  late  in  Ibe  t  nh  century, 
lit  buahido  in  an  undevdoped  form  existed  before  then.  Tbe 
imuni  or  nobles  of  Japan  tniettiined  the  highest  mpect  for 
nth.   "  AJujWhasnosecondword  "wasoneoilheirmoltoe*. 

was  offended. 

See  Inaio  Ni(obe,  fiuHfi.-  Tie  Sewl  </  Jafn  UvSi:  also 

BUSHIRB,  or  Bahdii  Bdirue,  a  town  of  PeMa.  on  the 

northennbortol(hePe(»UnGnlf,ini8*S9'N,so°4g'E.  Tbe 

loshecr,  and  not  Bew.shiTe,  or  Boa-Mre; 

ft  Bosheht  and,  yet  more  incorrectly. 

Abusbehr,  and  iniulate  It  »  "  father  ol  the  a'ty,"  but  ll  b 

It  probably  a  contraction  of  Bokht-ardashlr,  the  name  given 

be  place  by  the  first  SaManian  monarch  in  the  jrd  ctntary. 

a  limilu  way  Riv.acdishir,  a  lew  miles  smith  of  Boshire, 

has  become  Rishire  (Reesheer),    In  the  Snt  half  of  tbe  lElh 

.ury,  when  Bushire  was  an  unimportant  fishing  village,  it 

eetected  by  Nadir  Shah  as  the  southern  port  of  Persia  and 

dockyard  of  the  navy  which  he  ajiplred  (0  create  in  the  Fenian 

Gulf,  and  tbe  British  commercial  factory  of  the  East  India 

Company,  established  at  Gombrun,  the  modern  Bander  Abbaii. 

-  transferred  (o  it  in  tjso.    At  tbe  beginning  of  the  19th 

ury  it.had  a  population  of  6000  to  Seoo,  and  it  is  now  tbe 

L  important  port  in  the  Persian  Gull,  with  a  population  of 

about  is,oae.   It  used  to  be  under  the  government  of  Fan,  but  is 

'     ll  iSi}i)  the  seal  of  the  governor  of  the  Persian  Gull 

isresponsibletothecentralgovemment.andln*  undet 

tioD  the  principal  ports  ol  tbe  Gulf  and  theii  depeitd- 

ic  town,  which  is  of  a  triangular  form,  occuiries  tbe 

itremity  of  a  peninsula  11  ra.  long  and  4  broad,  and 

by  the  sea  on  all  sides  except  the  south.   ItiafortiGed 

on  the  land  side  by  a  wall  with  11  round  (owen.    Tbe  houses 

being  mostly  Innlt  of  a  white  conglomerate  stone  of  sbelb  atid 

coral  wbicfi  fonns  the  pemnsula,  gives  tbe  city  when  viewed  from 

inqieciion  the  streets  art  fouod  la  be  very  mdow.  irregular, 
ill'pavcd  and  filthy  Almost  the  only  decent  buUdings  are  tbe 
governor's  palace,  the  British  residency  and  the  houses  of  some 
wcD-Io-do  merchants.  The  sea  in  mediately  east  ol  (he  town 
has  a  considerable  depth,  but  its  navigation  is  Impeded  by  tfnd- 
banlm  and  a  fur  north  and  west  of  the  town,  which  can  be  passed 
only  by  vessels  drawing  not  more  than  q  ft.  of  irater,  except 
at  quing  tides,  when  there  is  a  rise  of  from  8  to  10  ft.    Vessels 

the  west.  The  climate  is  very  hot  in  the  summer  months  and 
unhealthy.  Tbe  water  is  very  bad,  and  that  fit  for  drinking 
requires  lobe  brought  from  weUs  distant  1)  (djb.  from  tbe d(y 


aU. 


.    Its  pi 


irable 


cipal  imports  are  c 


woollen  goods,  yarn,  metsls,  ivgar.  ci 
shawls.  Ac,  and  its  principal  exports  opium,  wool,  carpets, 
horses,  grain,  dyes  and  gums,  tobacco,  rcocwater.  Ac  The 
importance  of  Bushiie  has  much  increased  since  about  iWi.  It 
is  now  not  only  the  headquarters  of  the  English  naval  squadron 
In  the  Persian  Gulf,  and  the  land  tetminusof  (he  Indo-European 
telegraph,  but  ii  also  fornii  tbe  chief  station  in  the  Cull  of  Ibe 
British  Indian  Steam  Navigation  Company,  which  runs  its 
vessels  weekly  between  Bombay  and  Basra.  Consulates  U 
Great  Britain,  Germany,  France,  Russia  and  Turkey  and  several 
European  mercantile  houses  are  established  at  Bushire,  and 


»7« 


IwnritlaUmdtaf  the  dnwfaacki  ol  ted  nub  lo  Uib  iatBlbt, 

MCUiiQr,  tiu  uniul  vclue  of  Che  Biahire  IxtAt  since  i&go 
4vaicBd  tbaat  ii.srM,e(»  {oot-third  btiiic  lot  eipotU,  Iwit- 
thitdi  loc  impoili),  utd  ova  iwo-thiidt  of  Ihb  iru  Britiih. 
CM  Uie  >)8/3oa  toiu  oi  »hiii|iiii»  which  eaterad  the  pan  in  igai. 


>hrgn 


nfUM 


U  Riahirt,  lomc  milct  HouUi  ol  Biuhiie  uid 

grftph  buildiugi,  Ibere  ve  eitrawve  niiu  unoog  vhJcb  bricki 
viLb  cBBeiteTO  itucHptlinii  have  been  found,  iboiiing  Ui*i  tb* 
(jacewuivayoldElamiuselOeiiKBt  (A.  M.-S.) 

BnSHKEH,  ot  BosjESlUNS,  >  people  ol  Sonlh  Aiiici,,to 
named  by  Ibe  Biidsh  and  Dutch  ooloiuiu  of  the  Cifc.  They 
eftw  ciU  thenueivct  Sta*  [Sing.  Sd],  but  thit  ippeui  la  be 
the  Hattentot  nime.  If  Ibey  have  ■  national  name  it  is  Kkiui, 
probably  "  small  man,"  the  title  of  one  gnup.  Thii  Khimi  bat, 
however,  ijecn  tionAlatcd  as  the  Bushioan  word  for  iabiitr 
tgyptien  (sec  belovr),  adopted  aa  tbe  ladal  name  because  that 
malfoimalion  i>  one  of  their  phyiical  chancteristici.  The 
KafEn  call  them  At)alvra,  the  Bochuana  Mumn  (Ubktm). 
Time  ilbltleteason  to  doubt  that  they  constitute  the  aborigiBal 
element  oi  the  population  of  South  Afncs,  and  indications  of 
tbcit  fotmei  pioence  have  been  found  as  fu  nonh  at  least  as  the 
Nyisa  and  Tan^nyiJta  basina.  "  It  would  seem,"  writes  Sir 
H.  U.  JohnalDn  (SrifiiA  CexIroJ  ,1/rKa,  p.  ji),  "  as  if  the  eaiUett 
known  nee  of  man  inhabitiag  what  i)  now  Biittih  Centnl  Af  cica 
*u  akJD  lo  the  Biiahmaa-lfottcntot  type  of  negiD.  Rounded 
Monei  with  *  bole  through  the  centie,  similar  to  thoae  wliich 
are  used  by  the  Bushmen  in  tbeaouthJorwdgbling  tbeii  digging- 
slicks  (the  frru/ilKjt  of  the  Boen],  have  beat foimd  at  the  soalJi 
end  ot  Lake  Tanganyika."    Tbe  dirty  yellawcoloui  oi  the  Bush- 

bduccd  early  anlhtopoli^ts  to  dwell  on  their  memblancc  to 
the  Mongolian  races.  This  similarity  ha*  been  no*  itcogniied 
as  quite  sl^>er6ciBl.  Hoie  lecentty  acoDaexlonbBibecntiMtd 
between  the  Buihmen  and  the  Pygmy  pelade*  ln'"'"tiTtB  Ihe 
loKsii  of  Central  Africa.  Though  tbg  matter  aanot  be  Rtudcd 
aadcHmtely  settled,  tbe  latest  rcaearchearalherte&d  to  discredit 
this  view.    la  fact  it  would  appear  that  tbe  two  peoplei  have 

and  predatory  form  of  cxislence.  Owing  to  the  discovery  of 
ateatopygous  £gurines  in  £gyptian  graves,  a  theory  has  been 
advanced  (hat  the  Egyptians  of  the  early  dynjuties  were  of  the 

is  highly  speculative.  The  physical  characteristics  of  Egyptian 
skulls  bave  nothing  of  the  Bushman  in  them.  Of  tbe  primitive 
pygmy  negiuid  Uock  the  Hottentots  (q-v-),  once  considered  tbe 
parent  family,  arc  now  itgarded  u  so  offshoot  of  miied  Bantu- 
It  seems  probable  that  the  Bushmen  must  be  regarded  aa 
having  eatended  consideiAbly  to  the  north  of  the  area  occupied 
by  them  wilhia  the  memory  of  white  meiL  Evidence  has  been 
produced  of  the  picacDce  of  a  belated  Hottentot  or  Hottentot- 
Bushman  group  as  far  north  as  tbe  district  between  lUlunanjaro 
and  Victoria  Nyaaza.  They  were  probably  driven  south  by  tbe 
Banlu  tribes,  who  eventually  outflanked  thun  and  confined  them 
to  the  less  fcrtSe  tracts  of  country.  Before  the  arrival  of 
Europeans  in  South  Africa  the  Bmhman  race  appears  to  have 
been,  what  it  so  essentially  is  to-day,  &  nomadic  nee  living  in 
widely  icattered  gtoiqa.  The  area  in  which  the  Bushmen  are 
now  found  sporadically  may  be  defined  ai  eitendinf  from  the 

Kalahari  desert  to  near  Lake  Ngami,  and  thence  north-westward 

In  short,  they  hBve  been  driven  by  European  and  Kafhr  enooacb- 
racnts  into  tlie  most  barren  regions  of  South  Altica.  A  few 
remain  in  the  more  inaccessible  parts  of  the  Drakenaberg  range 
about  the  sources  of  the  Vaal.  Only  in  one  or  two  districts  are 
they  found  in  large  numbers,  chicfiy  in  Great  Bushman  Land 


Hoiienlots,  ] 


iving  them  off  ia  brge  numbers  On  the  western 
Hrtt  they  are  generally  at  enmity  with  tbe  Kx>ranna 
)ut  on  tho  eastern  border  of  the  Eolahad  they  have 
to  some  eatent  fratenured  with  tbe  earliest  Bechuana  migrants. 
Their  language,  which  exists  in  several  dialects,  has  in  common 
with  Hattentot,  but  to  a  greater  degree,  the  pecuUar  sounds 
known  aa  "  dicka."    The  Hottentot  language  is  more  agglu- 

K  gender  in  name*,  the  laitet.doei  not;  the  Hottentots  form 
the  plural  by  a  su&i,  the  Bushmen  by  repetitiaa  of  the  name; 
the  farmer  count  up  to  twenty,  the  latter  can  only  number  two, 
all  above  that  being  "  XMoy"  F.CSelous  records  that  £aranna 
Hottentot*  wen  able  lo  convene  fluently  with  the  Bushmen  ol 

The  meet  striking  feature  of  tbe  Bushman's  phy^quc  il 
sboitness  of  stature.  Custav  Fritsch  in  lUj-igM  lound  the 
average  height  of  sii  grown  men  to  be  4  ft.  q  is.  Earlier,  but 
less  trustworthy, measurements  make  them  stiliohorter.  Among 
ijo  measured  by  Sir  John  Barrow  during  tbe  £rst  British 
accupatiou  of  Cape  Colony  the  tallest  man  waa  «  ft.  9  m.,  the 
tallEM  woman  4  f  L  4  in.  Hie  Bushmen  living  in  Bechuatudsnd 
measured  by  S^ous  in  tbe  Usi  cpiarter  of  the  19th  century  were, 
however,  found  to  be  of  nearly  average  height.  Few  persona 
were  below  s  !t;  s  It.  ^  in.  was  common,  and  iDdividualt  of 
even  6  ft.  wen  not  unknown.  No  great  difiercnce  in  height 
appean  to  eiist  between  men  and  waiaca.    Fritsch's  average 

for  the  men-    The  Bushmen,  as  already  sta 


lofg. 


The 


and  low,  tbe  cbeck-bonei  laige  1 
deeply  set  and  crafty  in  eipreaiioi 
amau  ana  aepreased,  the  mouth  wide  with  mod 
lipo,  and  tbe  jaws  project.  The  teeth  are  not  like  I 
u  ia  Bontn,  but  tegular  and  al  a  mathei-of-pearl  ai . 

tion.  Even  the  children  show  little  of  the  round  outlines  of 
youth.  The  amount  of  fnt  under  the  skin  in  both  seies  ii 
remarkaUy  smali;  hence  the  skin  is  as  dry  as  leather  and  fall* 
into  strong  folds  around  the  stomach  and  at  tbe  Joints.  The 
lelar  of  the  akin,  so  characlerisric  of  the  negro,  !a  not  found  in 
the  Bushman.  The  hair  Is  weak  in  growth,  in  age  it  becomes 
grey,  but  baldneas  is  tare.  Bushmen  have  little  body-hair  arid 
that  of  a  weak  stubbly  nature,  and  none  ol  tbe  fine  down  usual 
on  most  tkina.  On  the  lace  there  is  usually  only  a  scanty 
moustache.  A  hollowed  bock  and  protruding  stomach  are 
frequent  chancteristifi  of  tbdr  figure,  but  many  of  them  are 
well  proportiotied,  all  being  active  and  capable  ol  enduring 
great  privations  and  fatigue.  Considenble  ateatopygy  often 
exists  among  the  women,  who  share  with  the  Hottentot  women 
the  extraordinary  prolongation  of  the  nytnphae  which  is  often 
called  "the  Hottentot  apron"  ot  tabliir.  Northward  the 
Bushmen  appear  to  improve  both  in  general  condition  and  in 
stature,  pntubly  owing  to  a  tinge  of  Bantu  bkiod.  The  Bush- 
man's ckjthirig  is  scanty:  a  triangular  piece  ol  sUn,  parsed 
between  the  legs  and  fastened  round  the  waist  with  a  string,  is 
often  an  that  is  worn.  Many  men,  however,  and  nearly  all  the 
women,  wear  the  Jbon>»,  a  kind  of  pelisse  of  skins  sewn  together, 
which  is  used  at  night  as  a  wrap.  Tht  bodies  of  both  sens  an 
smeared  with  a  native  ointment,  baclnt,  which,  aided  by  accre- 
tions of  dust  and  dirt,  soon  forms  a  coating  like  a  rind.  Moi  and 
womenof  ten  wear  sandals  of  hide  or  plaited  hast.  They  are  fond 
of  ornament,  and  deconte  the  arms,  neck  and  legs  with  heads, 
iron  or  copper  rings,  teeth,  hools,  horus  end  shells,  while  they 
srick  feathers  or  hares'  taJls  in  tbe  bait.  The  women  sometimes 
stain  their  faces  with  red  pigioent.  They  cany  tobacco  in  goats' 
boms  or  in  the  shell  of  a  Utnd  tortoise,  while  bous  of  ointmenl 

.,1:-  Google 


in 


,   AjaAintill  BOBBUd 

OD  t.  im  icra  the  ddaUc  paipae  of  fu  ind  liMidknddtf. 
For  dwdlingi  in  the  pUu  they  luve  low  baM  lomcd  tt  iced 
pud,  or  oocupy  a  hole  io  the  caith;  in  tbe  mmmtaiB  dktricli 
thEy  iDike  ■  ■hdlct  uibii(  the  ncki  by  hugmg  miti  on  the 
vbuhnid  uck.  Of  boutdMld  uicmDi  tJKy  htve  dodc,  cntpt 
owkh  cggi,  io  wUdi  they  any  mtcr,  uhI  ooaiiaBiBy  (Oofh 
pML  ForoookmgbfafiiadtheBailuiiaaiiealsDnUBgbiUfi^ 
vUch  be  obuiBi  by  nbUng  bud  ind  toft  >ood  (ofMhtr. 

BnAmoi  do  not  ponot  cattle,  (nd  bin  w  domMric  uiimita 
excoita  fev  b*l(-wdd  do^  aor  hire  they  tbe nullat  indlmeBl* 
.    liiriaf  by  hnatiDg,  they  (ic  Ibonni^y  ic- 

...  .. ... . (J  of  erery  kind  of  wild 

their  misntioBL  Tbdf 
weapon  i>  ■  bow  made  of  a  ttout  bough  bent  Into  a  ibaip  curve. 
It  ii  wnmc  with  twjited  rinew.  The  am>,  rtfch  i>  neatly 
made  vt  a  feed,  the  thickoen  sf  a  fingr.  b  bonsd  iritb  thread 
to  prevent  qiUtting.  and  notcbed  at  tb  end  lor  tbe  etrins.  At 
the  pdat  li  ■  head  of  bone,  or  Mane  vitb  ■  qnUl  bub;  iron 
(RDK-bladei  obDiined  bom  the  Banta  an  als>  found.  The 
enow  li  BWally  i  to  j  It.  long.  Tlie  dlitiim  at  wbich  tbe 
Brnhman  can  be  sure  of  hitting  Ei  not  great,  about  twenty  pmt. 
The  arrova  are  alwayi  mated  with  a  gummy  pwsonoui  compoond 
which  fcilli  even  the  kisat  anliu!  in  a  few  boon.  Tbe  prepua- 
tion  Ei  ■omcthiol  of  a  myitery,  but  iti  main  isgreiUenli  appear 
tobc  the  milky  juice  of  tlUi4aiarji'uj0r«UFid,wtiIchii  abundant 
b  South  Africa,  or  ol  tlK  Eapkorlna  orfwramu,  (enenHy  mixed 
with  ttie  vcoaa  of  nuke*  or  of  a  luxe  black  •pider  of  the  genus 
Vyiaif,  or  tbe  entrails  of  a  very  deadly  caterpillar,  aHed 
tTgwa  or  'Eaa,  aie  used  alone^  ChK  aulkxity  ilales  thai  tbe 
Buahmen  of  the  western  Kalahari  use  the  joke  of  a  duyaJb 
wUch  they  scrape  out  of  tbe  grouiid.  From  their  use  of  tbne 
polioni  the  Buibmen  are  held  in  great  dread  by  the  neighbontfaig 
ncei.  They  cany,  too,  a  dub  ume  »  in.  Icng  wiih  a  knob  as 
big  M  a  man's  fist.  Assegais  and  knives  are  tare.  No  Btoh- 
pua  tilbe  loutb  of  Like  Ngimi  is  uid  to  (*ny  ^leais.  A 
rude  implement,  csHed  by  the  Boers  paa!  Uaek  or  digging  slick, 
cnnaiiting  of  a  sbarpcaied  ^nke  of  hard  wood  over  which  a 
stones  ground  to  a  dreulat  form  and  perfmated,  is  passed  and 
lecuRd  by  a  wedge,  form*  pott  of  the  Buituaaa  equipment. 
This  is  used  by  the  women  for  uprooting  tiie  sucruieDt  lulxreus 
roots  of  tbe  several  spedes  of  creeping  plants  oi  tiie  desert,  and 
fn  (Kggbg  pitfalls.  These  perforated  stones  luve  a  spedal 
fnterrac  in  indicating  the  former  eitaujon  of  tbe  Busiunen, 
■iace  tbey  are  found,  as  has  b«n  said,  far  beyond  the  area  now 
occupied  by  them.  Tbe  Buthmea  aie  fimout  as  bonten,  and 
actually  run  down  many  kinds  of  game.  Living  a  life  of 
periodical  stuvation,  th^  spend  days  at  a  time  in  leuxJi  of 
food,  upon  wbkh  wben  found  they  feed  so  gluttonously  that  il 
is  said  Sve  of  them  will  eat  a  whole  iebn  in  a  few  hours.  They 
est  practically  anything.  The  meatisbut  half  cooked,  uidgamc 
Is  often  not  romplcldy  drawn.  The  Bnshmsn  cats  nw  such 
fiuecu  as  lice  and  ants,  the  eggs  of  the  latter  being  legarded  as 
a  great  delicacy.  In  bard  times  diey  eat  fiiatds,  snakes,  frogs, 
worms  and  caterpDlats.  Honey  (hey  reUih,  ud  for  vegetables 
devour  bulbs  and  TOOU.  Like  the  Hottentot,  the  Bushman  Is 
a  great  smoker. 

The  disposition  of  the  Builinun  las  been  much  mslignedr 
tbe  cnielty  iriiich  has  been  altributed  to  him  Is  the  natursl 
result  of  equal  bnitalitiei  practiced  npon  him  by  the  other 
natives  and  tbe  eady  Enropean  settlers.  He  b  a  paadonate 
lovei  of  freedom,  and,  like  many  other  primitive  people,  lives 
only  (or  the  moment.  Unlike  the  Hottentot  be  has  never 
willingly  become  a  slave,  and  wfl]  fight  to  the  IssC  for  his  personal 
liberty.  He  has  been  described  as  the  "  anarchist  of  South 
Africa."  StiH,  when  he  becomts  a  servant,  he  b  usually  trust- 
worthy. His  couisge  b  remarkable,  and  Fritsch  was  told  by 
reridents  who  were  well  qualified  to  qieak  thst  supported  by  a 
doEcn  Bushmen  they  would  not  be  afraid  of  a  hundred  Ka^rs. 
The  terror  bupircd  by  the  Bushmen  has  indeed  bad  an  effect  In 
the  defortstation  of  parti  of  Cape  Colony,  for  the  coloniiis,  to 
guard  against  ilealthy  attacks,  cut  down  all  the  bush  tai  round 


ically  fetched.    TWr  daifM  a 


partly  painted  on  rod:,  with  fosr  CDlania,  wUte^  UkIe,  ml  and 
ydow  odire,  partly  engraved  in  soft  *"'**~— .  partly  i  li  ii  li  il 
in  bard  stone.  Klnp,  croMes  and  other  rigns  drawn  in  Una 
I^gnient  on  some  of  tbs  ncfc^  and  believed  to  be  eoe  or  tws 
eenturis  old,  hsve  given  rise  to  tlie  enoneoas  ipecolatics  that 


Little  b  known  of  tbs  faniiy  life  e(  the  BashmOL  Harrlace 
b  a  matter  meidy  tt  otter  and  accqitaBee  ratified  by  a  tuot. 
Among  some  tribesdie  yooth  moit  prove  tiiiiiiiH  u  eipeit 
hunter.  NotMng  b  known  of  tbe  laws  of  bhoitaace.  Ite 
avoidance  ef  parentvln-law,  eo  Duuhed  UMOg  KaSra,  is  loond 
among  Bushmen.    Murder,  adnltaiy,  npc  Uld  gobbeiy  aro 


Ividual  fandhra  si 


tribe*  the  social  posiliOD  of  tix  women  Is  low. 
of  budeo,  oriTlag  tbt  childitn  and  tlv  f  amOy  ptopBly  oi 
)onneTs,add^ngdtbewiiikattbelyi]t!ng-pUce.  Itbiwar 
dn^  also  to  keep  the  auampmeBt  nqiplied  with  witcr,  iM 
natter  bow  far  it  has  to  be  carried.  The  Bnshoan  Bother  ii 
devoted  to  her  dindien,  who,  though  kuckled  for  a  long  tine, 
yet  are  fed  within  the  first  few  days  after  birth  upon  chewed 
roota  and  meat,  and  tanght  to  chew  tobaceo  at  a  very  early  's^e^ 
Tbe  child's  bead  b  often  protected  from  the  ran  hj  a  iJalted 
itiich  lea  then.  Thereb  practically  no  tribal  ocginit^' 
■"  ■'  "'  '--"" }(dn  togetba  and  qipojnt  a 


Trace*  of  a  bdJef  bi  contlnned  eiistence  after  dealh  ue  seen  in 
the  cairns  of  atone  thrown  on  tbe  gnves  of  chfc&.  Bid  ^drita 
are  supposed  to  bide  beneath  these  sepvlchnl  uonnds,  and  tha 
Bostuitan  thhiks  that  if  he  does  not  throw  Us  atone  oo  the 
raonndsthe  ^riCs  will  twist  Usneci.  The  irinle  family  deaerte 
tbe  idace  where  any  one  has  died,  after  rablng  a  ]^  ol  stones. 
Tbe  corpse's  liead  is  anointed,  thai  it  is  smokfrdiied  and  laid  in 
tbe  grave  at  lull  length,  atone*  or  earth  bdng  piled  oo  it. 
Here  b  a  Bushman  belief  that  the  iun  will  rise  Uter  II  the  dead 
arc  not  buried  with  Chdr  (aces  to  the  east.  Weapons  and  othei 
Bushmto  tiessuRS  m  buried  with  the  dead,  and  the  hut 
materials  an  bamt  in  tbe  grave. 

The  Bushmen  have  many  snimaj  myths,  and  a  rich  store 
of  beast  legends.  Tha  most  prominent  of  the  anunal  mytho- 
logical figures  b  that  of  the  mantis,  around  which  a  great  cycle 
of  myths  has  been  formed.  He  and  his  wife  have  nuny  names. 
Their  adopted  daughter  Is  the  porcupine.  In  the  fandly  bbtory 
on  ichneurnon,  an  elephant,  a  monkey  and  an  eUnd  all  figure. 
The  Bushmen  have  also  solar  and  lunar  myths,  and  obierve 
and  name  the  stars.  Canopus  alone  has  five  names.  Somecdthe 
constellations  have  figurative  names.  Thus  they  call  Otion'i 
fidt  "  three  abe-tortolscs  >i»ig<ij  on  a  stick,"  and  Castor  and 


BUSHNELD-BUSIRIS 


«.71 


'  Tin  ptaneU,  too,  biva  thBr  lauet 
ti  ot  tbil  ulouuhinj  irenllh  oi  this 
tl  liLrratuR  nuy  be  [onocd  from  the 
V  nulcritli  collecled  by  Bkck  and  praervol  m  Su* 
G»i)i  Crey'i  libruy  n  Cape  Toini  [arm  eigfaty-lDui  itaui 
MS.  voluoia  of  j6oo  pica.  Ttvy  annpriie  Diyllu,  labEes, 
legradi  and  cvrn  fweuy,  wiik  uLct  about  the  luo  aoil  moon, 
the  Man,  the  croctidile  ud  athei  kninuli^  legendi  ol  pcopJa 
who  d> "     ■  ■     ■  ■ 

tiaui  hiilorio,  odvti 

tiidilMn*,    lupnuitji 

feature  in  BuibmaD  lelkton  b  tbe  octumnce  o(  the   . . 

of  vuiora  animal*,  fnto  vhich  the  relitei  ol  the  Jegend  tat 

duce>  paniculai  "  clicki,"  luppoacd  to  be  chaiKlcrittic  oI  the 

aniiiuli  in  wbiae  awuliii  Ihey  ue  placed. 

Hark  Hutchiiwn. "  Buthinaii  Dnwu«i."  in  }«r  AiUri^  IwUU.. 

Stiy.  DrH.  Wekker,  Ankir  f.  AnOnp.  wvL;  G.  Brrtin.  "The 
Ulhrnen  end  their  Lai«ua(e.~  Jamr.  R.  Aliml.  Sx.  iviiL  part  i.; 
CiHUT  FritmJi.  Oil  £uir!*nc]Hi>  5«^ntei  (Bnlui,  1S71I; 
W.  K.  ].  BInk.  Biukma*  FalUtri  [il7l)i J  L.  P  Eiumn,  Tin 
Wili  fi<o*~iM,  MS.  note  (i»ot):  F.  C  Sfloufc  X/'ian  JVoIi.™ 
Kaciani  RemUistfias  (1908).  chap,  u.;  S.  Panaije,  Zlii  Buick- 
9a**tr  4b  Kalakan  (Beriia,  1907). 

BUSHHSU,  HORACE    (1B01-1S76),   Asierican   theologian, 

waA  bom  in  the  vilJa(n  of  Bantam,  township  of  Litthficid, 
ConoKlKut,  on  Iha  141b  of  April  iSoi.  He  gndualed  at  Vale 
in  iSl],  vai  auoclats  editor  ol  the  Nev  Vork  Jmanal  oj  Cvm- 
tvfci  in  lEiS-iSig,  and  in  1S19  became  a  tutor  at  Yale.  Here 
he  at  Ent  look  op  the  itudy  ol  lav.  but  in  1831  lie  entered  the 
Ibeological  department  of  Yale  College,  and  in  tin  wu  oidained 
paitor  ol  Ehe  North  Congregational  church  in  Hartford,  ConiL, 
where  he  remained  until  [5^9,  when  on  account  onong-continucd 
Dl-bealth  he  leaigned  hii  pulorale.  Thenaftet  he  had  no 
■(tiled  rhaige.  but,  until  hii  death  at  Hartlord  on  the  ijlh  of 
February  iS;fi,  he  occationally  preached  and  wii  diUgcnlly 
employed  ai  an  author.     While  in  California  in  iSjS,  for  the 

liation,  at  Oakland,  el  Ihc  college  ol  California  (cbaitercd  in 
iSjs  and  neiged  in  the  univenily  of  California  in  iS6q),  the 
pieaideacy  of  which  be  declined.  A*  a  picacher.  Dr  Bushnell 
wai  a  man  of  temarkable  pover.  Not  a  dramatic  orator,  he 
vaa  in  hith  d^ree  Driginal,  tbougiittul  and  iinprcsiive  in  the 
pulpit.  Hii  thcatogical  poiilion  may  be  uld  to  have  been  one 
ol  qualified  revolt  against  the  Caivinislic  orthodox  of  hli  day. 
He  en Lidied prevailing  conceptions <sl  Om  Trioily.  the  atonement, 
conversion,  and  tbe  relations  of  the  natural  and  the  supemaluraL 
Above  all,  he  broke  with  the  ptevalcut  view  which  irgarded 
theology  aa  essenlially  lutcDcctual  in  iu  appeal  and  demonstrable 
by  processes  of  exact  lopcal  deduction.  To  his  thinking  its 
proper  bails  is  to  be  found  in  Ihe  fMlings  and  inliutiont  of  man'i 
ipiritua]  nature.  He  had  a  vast  InUuence  upon  Iheologjr  in 
America,  an  inOuence  not  10  much,  ponlbly,  In  the  direction  ol  the 
modification  of  specific  doctrioes  as  In  "  tlic  impulse  and  tendency 
And  general  spirit  which  ho  imparted  to  theological  thought." 
Di  Uunger*!  estimate  may  be  accepted,  with  reservations,  u 
the  true  one:  "  He  was  a  theotogiaii  u  Coperaicus  wa*  an 
■stronoDMT;  he  changed  the  point  of  vic^,  and  thus  not  only 
cbanfed  everything,  but  pointed  the  way  toward  unity  In 
Ihealo^cil  thought.  He  was  not  exact,  but  he  put  God  and  nun 
thi  tl^  vorid  into  a  relation  that  lhou{^  can  accept  while  it 
goes  on  to  stale  it  more  My  with  ever  growing  knowledge. 


>r  England,  ai 


ought  01 


It  was  a  work  of  i\qierb  courage.  Hardly  a  theokigiBn  in  his 
denomination  stood  by  bim,  and  nearly  all  pionaunced  against 
Um."  Fotir  of  hi)  books  were  of  particular  importance: 
Cknitian  Nuftim  (1847),  in  which  he  virtually  opposed  revival- 
jim  and  "  effectively  turned  the  current  of  Chriitian  thought 
toward,  the  young  "1  Haln'i  tnd  Uu  SuftmMaal  (iSsS),  in 
which  he  dUcuucd  mlradci  and  cndeavouicd  to  "  lift  the 


11  Til  Viaritui  Saaifa  (iSM),  In  which 
he  contended  for  what  haa  come  to  be  blown  as  the  "  aoral 
view  "  of  the  atonement  in  distinction  from  the  "  govenimental  " 
and  the  "penal"  or  "  aalisfaction "  theories;  and  Cod  » 
Ckriil  (i&tv)  (with  an  inmducioty  "  Dineitation  on  Lan^iage 
aa  nialed  to  Thought  "i,  in  which  be  expressed,  it  waa  charged, 
heretical  vlewi  as  to  the  Tnnily,  balding,  among  other  thingi, 
that  Ihe  Godhead  is  "  Instrumenlally  tbne~three  aimply  ai 

God's  incommunicable  nilure."  Atlempti,  indeed,  were  mode 
to  bring  him  to  trial,  but  they  wAt  uuuccbsful,  and  in  185* 
hit  chuichuainimouilywithdiTW  from  the  local"  contociaiion," 
thua  removing  any  posiibiUty  of  further  action  against  him. 
To  his  oitics  Btishnell  formally  replied  by  wiiling  CIriil  i» 
r,taalsfy  (>SS1},  In  which  he  employ*  the  important  argument 
that  qiiriluol  facts  can  be  exproied  only  in  appnuimate  and 
poetictJ  hwguige,  and  condudci  that  an  adequate  dogmatic 
theology  cannot  eiisi.  That  he  did  not  deny  the  divinity  of 
Christ  he  proved  in  TMtCkaraiUre/Jtiui.farbMintliiifeiriUt 
Claiiificalum  Willi  Utn  Uitt).  He  also  published  ^erwiu /v 
Uu  Sno  Ufi  (iSjS),  Claiii  sad  kii  JaJuIin  (1864};  Work 
and  Flay  Uit*),  U^ai  (/hi  0/  Dark  Tki«ti  dSeS);  H'mnV 
SiiS'atl,  lit  lU/trm  e^diuf  JVdIwe  ('Ug)i  Sinmnu  em  Lmnl 
Subject  (i87>);  and  Ftrtirauij  and  Lav  (1874).  Di  Bushoell 
was  greatly  interaled  m  the  dvic  interests  o(  Hartford,  and  wa* 
the  thief  agent  in  procuring  the  tslabiisbmenl  of  the  pubUc 
park  named  in  his  honour  by  that  city 
An  edlrion  ol  his  «orln.  in  elrven  voluirKfl.  appeared  In  rfiTfr- 

~  ■••^-'Sf'a  1".  ilVi^s!i^UV,JstUainj.  in  1^.    Ne-  eSiitoln 

/Jalim  tU  Itl  Srfrn^ajwrml.  Strmtmi  Jar  lb  Nrm  Liji,  and 

■  ypar-     A  full  biblinfranknr. 

,, __ ,,„_ tobiiSiriniimMa*.    Out- 

•all  Mn  M  B  Chcmy'a  Li/i  a>if  LiUm  tl  Hiraa  BuiMD  [New 
York.iMoifiewediiiDn.  lnii).iiuI[>rTtitodDreT  Muniei'i  Ssnici 
BiukuM.  FrtaOn  and  jiaiiBtiaa  (BoHon.  Ig«9)!  alao  a  teiiea  of- 

Spen  in  the  JVinnlu  tf  Uu  Camt  Aaaeialum  tf  Canuaittl 
ulllrU  Cnlouryl  (Hanfard.  IfOl).  (W  Wa.) 

BOflBl  lAba  'Abdalllh  Muhammid  ibn  Saldul-BagiiiKiiii- 
iJ^J,  Arabian  poet,  lived  in  Egypt,  where  he  wrote  uzider  the 
patconatt  ol  Ibn  Hiana.  the  viiicr.  His  poems  seem  to  have 
been  wholly  on  idigious  subjects.  The  moaz  famous  ol  these 
is  the  BO<alIed  "  Poem  of  the  Mantle."  It  is  entirely  in  praise 
of  Mahomet,  who  cured  the  poet  of  paialysia  by  appearing  to 
him  in  a  dream  and  wrapping  him  in  a  nuntlc.  The  poem  ho* 
little  literary  value,  being  an  imitation  of  Ka'b  ibn  Zuhair's 
poem  Id  ptaiic  of  Mahomet,  but  its  history  has  been  unique 
(d  L  Goldziber  In  Retut  da  t'kutaira  du  rdigiona,  vol.  xxii, 
pp.  104  S).  Even  la  the  poet's  lifetime  it  was  regarded  at 
tiered.     Up  to  the  present  time  its  verses  are  used  as  amulets; 


Vork  amd  Plaj.  m 


:mployed 


n  the  la 


frequently  ed 

poems  hive  been  made  by  luterpoIatiDg  four  or  sii  lines  after 
each  line  of  the  orlginaL  It  has  been  published  with  F«glish 
ttanslatian  by  Faiiullabhoi  (Bombay,  1893),  with  French 
tranilatkin  by  R.  Basset  (Paris,  tg04],  with  Geiaan  trans- 
lation by  C  A  Rail)  (Vienna,  1S60J,  and  in  other  languages 


BOnRIl,  In  ■  Greek  legend  preserved  in  a  fragment  ot 
Pherecydcs,  an  Egyptian  king,  son  d  Poseidon  and  Lyssianasaa. 

Alter  Egypt  has  been  afllicted  for  nine  years  with  famine, 

that  the  cessation  ol  the  limine  would  not  take  place  unld  ■ 
foieigntt  wtt  yearly  lacrificed  to  Zeus  or  Jiqiltei.  Butltis  com- 
menced by  sacrifidng  the  prophet,  and  continued  the  custom 
by  aflering  a  loreigner  on  the  altar  of  the  god.  ll  is  here  that 
BusIrisentEisinio  thedrcleollhemylhsind^s'fa  of  Herades, 
who  had  arrived  in  Egypt  from  Libya,  and  wat  seiied  and  botmd 
ready  to  be  killed  and  oSered  at  the  altar  of  Zeus  in  Memptab. 
Herades  bunt  the  bonds  which  bound  bim,  and,  selling  hia  dub, 
■lew  Busiria  with  hia  ion  Amphidamos  and  bit  herald  Chalbea. 


«74 


BUSK— BUSS 


lie  piinlings  (mm  the  itb 
wBids,  the  Em>iiui  DHmirch  ind  fail  com- 
mted  u  negroH,  and  the  legend  is  rcfercnl 
io  by  Herodoius  snd  later  writen.  Althcnich  iDiiie  of  the  Gnxk 
wtiten  made  Busiiii  in  Egypdan  kiog  and  a  lucceHii  of  Menei, 
■boul  Che  aiilielh  ol  the  Hri«,  and  the  builder  of  Tlicbei,  tbaie 
bctlcr  infonned  by  the  Eorpliain  rejeclcd  bim  attogclha. 
Vinous  esDtcHcal  eipbDationi  vtn  given  oi  the  myth,  and  Ihe 


.notubt]'  an  eaiilec  and  Itu 
umnte  Graedsm  than  Otirii  foi  the  name  o[  the  Eorptlan  god 
Uiirl,  Uke  Bubaslii,  Bulo,  toi  the  goddenei  Ubasli  and  Uto. 
Busiris,  Bubaslis,  fiulo,  more  itilclly  represent  PusiH.  Pubaiti, 
Pulo,  dtlcs  saeied  to  these  diviniliej.  All  three  were  aituated 
in  the  Delta,  and  vonld  be  amongst  the  finC  known  to  tlie 
Creeki.  AH  shrines  of  Osiris  vete  called  P-mlri,  but  the  piindpal 
dty  of  the  name  wu  m  the  centre  of  the  Delta,  capital  oI  the 
qth  (Biuirite)  nome  of  Lower  Egypt,  another  one  neu  Memphis 
(now  Abusir)  may  have  helped  the  formation  ot  the  legend  in 
that  quarter.  The  name  Busiris  in  this  legend  may  have  been 
caught  up  merely  at  random  by  the  earty  Cre^,  ot  they  may 
have  vaguely  ODtmecied  their  legend  with  the  Egyptian  myth 
of  the  daying  of  Osiris  (as  Ung  of  Egypt}  by  his  mighty  bntbei 
Se  th,  who  wu  in  certain  aspects  i  pslmn  of  loidgneis.  Phiasius. 
Chalbes  and  Epaphus  (for  the  grandfather  of  Busiris)  ate  all 
eiplicable  as  Graecizcd  Egyptian  names,  but  ollter  names  in  the 
legend  are  puiely  Greek,  The  aicrifice  o(  (oieign  prisoneis 
before  a  god,  a  regular  scene  on  temple  walla.  Is  perhaps  only 
symbolical,  at  any  rate  for  the  later  days  of  Egyptian  history, 
but  (ineign  ktnidcti  must  often  have  luScred  rude  treatment 
at  the  handa  of  the  Egyptians,  in  spite  of  the  generally  mild 
charactB  of  the  latter. 

See  H.  V.  Ciitiin^.  in  Pauly-WiHowa,  Sulneydeptdw,  Cor  the 
evideoce  from  the  side  of  clatiical  ardiacolo^.  (F  Li,.  G,] 

BniK,  QBOHOB  (1S07-1SM),  British  surgeon.  laologist  and 
palae«nto1oglat,  sort  of  Robert  Busk,  merchant  of  St  Petcishurg, 
mi  boni  in  that  city  on  the  rath  of  August  1807.  He  studied 
nigeiy  b  London,  at  both  St  Tliomas's  and  St  Baitholomew's 
ho^lals,  and  was  an  eicetlcnt  opcntor.    He  wu  appointed 

aa  naval  luigcon  first  (n  the  Gmmfus,  and  af tenrarfs  for  many 
yean  in  the  DrcadnonghJ;  during  this  period  he  made  important 
observations  on  cholera  and  on  scurvy.  In  iSjs  lie  retired  from 
service  and  settled  in  Lnndon,  where  be  devoted  himself  mainly 
Lo  the  study  of  aoology  and  palaeontology.  As  eariy  as  1&4J 
be  tiad  assisted  in  editing  the  Microtcopicai  Jtumal,  and  later 
he  edited  the  Qiarlcrly  Jmirnai  o/  UkruKitpitjd  Sckaa  (tSsj- 
iS«S)  and  the  NalaiU  Hillary  Kmne  (i86i-iS6s).     From  i8s« 

and  physiology  in  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons,  and  *    ' 


tofth 


FR.S.  ii 


and  was  an  active  member  oi  the  Lioocan.  GeologicBl  and  other 
societies,  and  president  of  the  Anthropological  Institute  (1873- 
1S74);  fat  nciived  the  Royal  Society's  Royal  medal  and  the 
Gcoioijcal  Sodety'i  Wdlaston  and  Lyell  medals.  Early  to  life 
he  bcome  the  leading  authority  on  the  f^yioa,  and  later  the 
vertebrate  remains  from  caverns  and  river-deposits  occupied  his 
atleathm.  Re  vu  a  patient  and  cautious  invetligator,  full  of 
knowledge,  and  unafftciedly  simple  in  choiactec.  Be  died  in 
London  on  theioth  of  August  igM. 

BIBKEII-aUET,  COHRAI)  (tSie-iUfi),  Dutch  Uteraiy  critic, 
wasbomattbeHagueoa  the  lath of  December  iSiti,  He  was 
tnlned  lor  the  Church,  and,  after  studying  at  Geneva  and 
Lauiuine,  waa  appointed  pastor  of  the  Walloon  chapd  hi 
Haarlem  In  iSji,  In  iMj  contdentious  scruples  obliged  him  to 
leaign  his  charge,  and  Buskcn-Huet,  after  attempting  JoumaHam, 
went  out  to  Java  in  ig&B  as  the  editor  ol  a  newspaper.  Before 
this  lime,  fiowcver,  he  had  begun  his  career  as  a  polemical  man 
of  leiieta,  allbau^  it  was  not  until  1871  that  he  was  made 
famons  by  the  Erst  leriea  of  his  Liltrary  Fa<ilanit,  a  title  under 
which  he  gradually  gathered  in  successive  volumes  all  that  was 
DKHt  dniable  in  hb  work  u  a  critic    Hit  one  novel,  Li^mijdi, 


(E.G.) 


was  written  under  ttimg  Ptendi  inflwiuxs.  Retsrabg  haat 
the  East  Indies,  Buaken-Huet  settled  (at  (he  leraainder  of  hii 
life  In  Paris,  where  he  died  m  April  r986.  For  the  last  quaner 
ol  a  century  he  had  been  the  acfcnoirieilged  dktaioi  in  aU 
questions  of  Dutch  fiterary  taste  Perfectly  honest,  dcsiroua 
10  be  ■ympalbelic.  widely  read,  and  detsid  of  all  sectarian 
obstinacy,  Buiken-Huet  intniduced  into  HaUand  the  ligbt  and 
air  of  Europe,  He  made  it  hii  buaiDesi  to  hrcak  down  the 
narn>w  prejudices  and  the  still  nafTOwer  adf-satisfaction  of  his 
cotmirymen,  without  endangeiing  his  (nfluence  by  aiDcneflttiloii 
of  parsdoi.  He  was  a  brilliant  writo,  -kbo  would  have  been 
admired  in  any  language,  hut  whose  appearance  in  a  IHoatBR 
•a  itiS  and  dead  as  that  of  Holland  fai  the  '6f(ies  wai  daaUas 
enough  to  produce  a  sort  of  awe  and  stupefaction.  Tht  post- 
humous correspondoicc  of  Bosken-Huet  has  bcoi  puldlslied, 
and  addi  to  our  imprtiakm  ol  the  vitsKQ' and 

BUSKUI  (a  word  o[  unceitain  ( 
languaget,  ai  Fr.  irmuefiriH,  Ital  ivnOHkitw,  I>utdi  Ifmint, 
and  Span.  bvapiCtj  a  half-boot  or  high  due  strappad  under  the 
ankle,  and  protecting  the  ibina;  e^ncially  the  tbkl-iakd  boot 
or  cathamaa  in  the  ancient  Athenian  tragedy,  used  to  incnase 
the  stature  of  the  aclora,  as  opposed  to  the  soata,  "  sock,*'  tbe 
light  shoe  ol  cocnedy.  The  term  ia  thus  often  used  Gsuntivdir 
of  a  tragic  style. 

BU3UBV,  FBSOH  I?AIIOVICH  (iSiS-igqS),  Ruaiaii 
author  and  philologist,  waa  bora  on  the  ijlh  ol  Aptfl  1818  at 
Kcrensk,  where  his  father  was  secretary  of  the  district  trlbonaL 
He  was  eduated  at  Peoia  and  Moscow  Uiuvcrsily.  At  the  aid 
of  his  academical  course.  iSjS,  he  acmmpanied  the  lamily  «< 
Count  S-  G.  Strogonov  en  a  tour  through  Italy,  Cemiany  and 
France,  occupying  himsell  principally  with  the  study  ol  tlasiical 
antiquities.  On  his  return  he  was  appobled  awislant  ptofcMoc 
of  Russian  literature  at  the  university  ol  Moscow.  A  study  ol 
Jamb  Grimni's  gteat  dictionaiy  bad  already  directed  the  altoi- 
tion  of  the  young  professor  to  the  historical  devdopment  of  the 
Russian  language,  and  the  fruit  of  his  studies  was  the  book 
Oiilibr«CJIiafs/l*eA'dUmiJi:<lnfiiafc(Moscow,iaMandi>67), 
which  even  now  has  its  value,  la  rSiB  he  produced  his  wort 
On  lite  Infiutncz  of  Chislianify  on  tie  Slsronic  Lanptttge,  whif^i, 
thou^  subsequently  lupeneded  by  Fianz  von  Mikkoich'a 
ClBiilliclu  Ttrmineliitit.  is  itUl  one  ol  the  most  striktng  da- 
serlaticms  on  the  development  of  the  Slavonic  languaga.  In 
this  work  Busiaev  proves  that  long  before  the  age  ol  Cyril  and 
Methodius  the  Slavoiric  languages  had  been  subject  to  Christian 
inBuences.  In  iSjs  he  published  Palatepafhital  oitd  Piilr- 
lepaS  Ualtnalsjor  Ou  Hidary  of  Oh  Slattnni  AlfkOOs,  and  is 
i8s8  fijiay  Imeardi  an  Biilorical  Grammar  ej  lie  Runlan  Tenfnt, 
which,  dc^ite  some  trivial  defects,  is  still  a  standard  work, 
abounding  with  rich  material  for  tludents,  carefully  collected 

In  dose  omneiian  with  tins  work  hi  his  Hatarical  Cinsliimalliy 
oj  ilu  Chiatli-Stioonic  and  Old  Rmian  Tmpat  (Moscow,  rB6i). 
Buslaev  also  interested  himsell  in  Russian  papular  poetry  and 
old  Russian  ait.  and  the  result  of  his  labours  is  enshrined  In 
HiOariad  Slckka  d/  RiisiiaH  Papular  lifenUiR  bbiI  Art  (St 
Petersburg,  1861),  a  very  valuable  collection  of  artides  and 
monogra[£s.  In  which  the  author  shows  himself  a  worthy  and 
faithful  diiciple  of  Grimm.  His  Popular  Poetry  (St  Petersbuij, 
1887)  i>  a  valuable  supplement  to  the  SktUlia.  In  i88t  be  was 
appointed  proleaaor  ik  Russian  literature  at  Moscow,  and  three 
years  later  published  his  AtirttUUcd  Aptalyfii  with  an  atlas  oC 
40D  plates,  illustrative  of  andent  Russian  art, 
"    obo}  P.  t.Bia 


■m.'bT- 


(R- 

BUa,  FRAHCBl  MART  <i8>T-iSf*1,  EngliA  ichaolmistRm, 
was  bom  in  London  in  1817,  the  daughter  of  the  painter^etcher 
R.  W  Buss,  one  of  the  original  iQustntars  ol  Ptdnaci.  She 
was  eduated  at  a  school  in  Camden  Town,  and  continued  then 
as  a  teacher,  but  soon  JoIuhI  her  mother  in  keeping  a  tdtecd  to 
Kentish  Town.  In  1848  she  was  one  ol  the  original  alttadanta 
at  lectures  at  the  new  Queen'i  CoQcge  [or  Ladiea.    In  1S50  ba 


BUSSA— BUSTARD 


»7S 


lAool  WM  mmd  to  Camden  Stnct,  ud  uuki  iu 
0(  Ibe  North  LoDdon  CoUcgiila  Sdiool  ior  I-idia  il  npidly 
taacMcdinaumbcnudicpuUlioo,  In  1H64  Miu  Buiigive 
cvidcno  bcfen  th«  Ecbodi  Inquiiy  COmmissioa,  aod  [n  iU 
n^Nut  her  idwol  wu  dagled  out  (or  eicq>tioiuil  conUKndilioii. 
Indeed,  nodei  her  inSuunce,  what  via  thea  plenter  work  ol  Ihe 
UgheH  iiii|nrtan<x  bad  been  dcm  to  put  the  educttlao  ot  giila 
on  a  inafKr  intellectual  footing.  Shortly  afierviTdi  the  Bi 
Conquny  and  the  Clothworhen'  Cciiiqianypnmdsl  lUt 
which  Uweiating  North  Lmdon  Collegiate  School  mi  tehouied 
and  a  CaiodcD  School  [or  Cicti  founded,  and  both  were  encT 
under  a  new  icbcme,  Mih  Bub  ontiauing  to  be  principal  1 
laimer.  She  and  Mils  Beale  of  Chellenham  bccunc  Eanx 
Ihe  chief  leaden  in  ibit  bnnch  of  the  iclormed  educational 
niovement;  iht  played  an  active  part  in  pjomoting  Uu 
ot  the  Giili'  Public  Day  School  Coiopany,  encouia^ng 
.  Mtion  of  the  lirii'  ichooli  with  the  univenily  ilandaid  by 
eaamlnatlonB,  working  for  the  catablialunent  of  women's 
collefia,  and  [mpioving  the  tiaiaing  of  teacheia;  and  her  ener- 
getic penonality  Wai  a  potent  force  among  her  pupili  and 
colltiguee.   She  died  in  London  on  the  i4ih  of  December  iSo4- 

BUSSA.  a  lorni  in  the  Briliih  proteOonte  of  Xortbeni  Nigeria. 
I>Hthe'.albantofth«Nigrr,inlo*9'N.,4'4o'E-  Ilisaituited 
juji  above  the  rapidi  «h)Ch  nark  the  limit  of  navigability  o(  ihe 
Niger  by  smmer  from  the  u*.  Here  in  iBoi  Mungo  Park,  in 
hli  Kcood  expedition  to  tiace  the  coune  of  the  Niger,  wai  attacked 
by  the  inhabltanls,  and  dnmied  whik  endeavouring  to  escipe. 
During  ttM-iSfS  hi  ponenloo  wu  divDied  by  Great  Briuin 
and  France,  the  huE-UDied  country  admowledglng  by  the 
convenlion  of  June  iSqS  the  Britiih  claim,  which  carried  witb  it 
Ihe  contnl  of  Ibe  lower  Niger.  It  is  now  tlie  capital  of  QOrthetn 
Boriru  (s«  NiCEiu,  and  Boicd). 

8USSAC0  [or  BusACo).  SEBRA  DB.  a  mountain  nnge  cm  the 
froniieiiof  the  Aveiro,  Cdmbra,  ud  Viau  districts  ol  Portuffl, 
[ormciiy  included  in  the  province  of  Bein.  The  bigbeii  point 
In  the  range  19  the  Ponla  de  Bussaco  (179;  ft.],  which  commands  a 
tnijnihcenl  view  over  the  Sena  da  Eslrella,  Ihe  Mondego  valley 
and  the  AUanlk  Ocean.  Luso  (pop.  iMO.a  village  celebrated 
[or  iis  hot  mineral  eptings,  [$  the  nearest  railway  Italian,  on  the 
Guarda-Figueira  da  Foi  line,  which  ikirU  Ihe  nonhem  slopes 
of  the  Sena.  Towards  the  close  of  the  loth  century  Ibe  Sena 
de  BuMatD  became  one  of  ihe  regular  halting-placei  for  foreign, 
aqd  e^iedally  for  Biiiiah,  louristi,  on  the  oveiland  route  between 
Lisbon  and  Oporto.  In  hotel,  built  in  Ihe  Manoellian  style— 
a  blend  ol  Moorish  and  Gothlc^-endoso  Ibe  buiUingi  of  a 
teculatitedCarmeliteirion«stery,loundedmij68.  Theconveni 
woods,  now  a  loyil  domain,  have  long  been  tunoui  lor  their 
cypress  plane,  evergreen  oak,  cork  and  other  forest  trees,  many 
of  which  have  stood  ior  centurieaand  attained  an  immense  tiie. 
A  bull  ot  Pope  Gregory  XV.  (ifiij),  analbematiang  trespaaeA 
and  forbidding  women  10  approach,  is  inscribed  on  a  tablet  ai 
the  IDaIn  entrance:  another  bull,  of  Urban  VIU.(i6t]),  threatens 
wiih  eicom  muni  cation  any  person  banning  the  trees.  In  iS;j 
a  monumenl  wis  erected,  on  the  loulhtrn  slopes  of  the  Sena, 
to  commemorate  the  baiile  of  Busiaco,  in  which  the  French, 
under  Martial  Massfna,  wen  defeated  by  Ibe  British  and  Fottu- 
gueee,  under  Lord  Wellington,  on  the  97th  ol  Sepiember  igio. 

BDS5T,  BOOBR  DB  RABUTDI,  Conn  H  (1618-1603), 
mmmonly  known  aa  BuBSY-RABuntf,  French  memoir-writer, 
wu  boni  on  the  ijlh  of  April  t6iS  at  Epiiy,  near  Autun.  He 
tcpiesenlcd  a  family  ol  disUncIion  in  Burgundy  (see  SiviCHi, 
hfUMHI  de),  and  hii  father,  lienor  de  Rabutin,  wu  lieutenant- 
general  ol  the  province  of  Nivemais.  Roger  was  the  third  son, 
but  by  the  death  of  hb  elder  brolhen  became  Ibe  representative 
of  Ihe  ^mily.  He  entered  the  army  when  be  wis  mly  siileen 
and  fought  through  aevcral  campaigns,  succeeding  bis  father 
in  the  office  of  mtilrt  dt  amp.  He  tells  oa  hiioielf'thai  bit 
two  ambitions  were  to  becvriK   "  boaatte  bomme "  and  to 

1641  ha  wai  MDt  to  the  Baitille  by  Richelieu  for 


I  of  his  di 


a,  Gabiielle  de  TouloDgeon,  and  It 


a  abort  time  be  [eft  the  imy.    But  In  1645  he  MKceedad  In  Ut 

father's  position  in  the  Nlvemali,  and  lerved  under  Condt  in 
Catlloaia.  His  wile  died  in  i646.and  he  became  more  Dolorioua 
ihan  ever  by  an  aiiempl  10  abduct  Madame  de  Minmion.aiich 
widow.  This  aflair  was  with  some  diffioUiy  letlled  by  a  con- 
siderabte  payment  on  Busay'i  part,  and  be  afterwards  married 
Louise  de  RouviUe.  When  Condf  folned  the  party  of  the 
Fronde,  Bui^  joined  him.  bui  a  fancied  slight  on  the  fact  of  the 
prince  finally  decided  him  for  the  royal  side.  He  fought  with 
some  distlndfon  both  in  Ihe  dvil  war  and  on  foreign  servin.and 
buying  the  oommissioa  of  meilrc  dt  tamp  in  165s,  he  wenl  lo 
•erve  under  TUrenne  in  Flaoden.  He  terved  thue  for  several 
tampaignt  and  diUinguMieJ  himaelf  at  the  battle  of  the  Dunes 
and  ehewbeic;  but  he  did  not  get  on  well  with  his  genual, 
and  bis  quandiame  di^MsitioD,  bis  overweening  vanity  and 
his  habit  of  fompowng  libelloul  eioitmu  made  him  eveDluaUy 
the  enemy  of  moat  penoaa  of  position  both  In  Ibe  army  and  at 
Hjurl.  In  the  year  1659  he  Ml  Into  diigrHz  lor  having  lakea 
part  in  an  oigy  at  RaiBy  near  I^uii  daring  Holy  Week,  which 
caused  gieai  wandiL  Bua^  wuordoed  U  tetin  lo  hii  eiu tea, 
and  beguiled  his  enforced  leisure  by  composing,  for  the  annue- 
meni  of  his  mistiess,  Madame  de  Montglas,  bis  famous  Uijloin 
anunatiat  ia  Canlet.  This  book,  a  leries  of  eketchei  of  Ihe 
intrigues  of  the  chief  ladia  of  the  court,  witty  eiKiugh,  but  still 
more  iU-natured,  circulated  freely  in  manuscript,  and  bad 
numerous  spurious  sequels.  It  wis  slid  that  Buisy  had  net 
spared  the  teputalion  of  Madame,  and  the  king,  angry  ai  the 
report,  was  not  appeased  when  Bussy  sent  him  a  copy  of  the 

1  ilh  of  April  1665.  wbeie  be  remained  lor  more  than  a  year,  and 
he  was  OLly  liberated  on  coiKiition  oF  retiring  to  his  est:itc3, 
when  he  Lvcd  in  exile  for  seventeen  yean.  Busiy  felt  the 
dBgrace  keenly,  but  still  bitterer  wu  the  enforced  chse  of  bla 
nUliUry  career.  In  i6ga  he  was  allowed  to  revisit  the  court, 
but  Ihe  coldness  of  his  reception  there  made  his  provindal  exile 
seem  preferable,  and  he  returned  to  Burgundy,  where  he  died  on 
the  ^\h  of  April  1693. 

The  Hitieire  ememvat  is  in  its  meat  striking  passages  adapted 
from  Feironiut,  and,  except  in  a  few  portraits,  its  attractions 
are  chiefly  those  of  the  Bcandaloui  chronicle.  Bui  his  Utmara, 
published  after  his  death,  are  extremely  lively  and  characteristic, 
and  have  all  the  cbaim  of  a  historical  romance  ot  the  advenlumul 
type.  His  voluminoua  CDirespondence  yields  in  variety  and 
lulerest  to  tew  collections  of  the  kind,  except  that  of  Madame 
de  Sivignf.  who  Indeed  is  represented  In  it  to  a  great  extent, 
and  whoee  leiten  fiiu  ^ipeated  in  it.  The  liutuy  and  historical 
student.  tbeRlon.  owa  Bussy  some  thanks. 

The  best  edition  of  Ihe  BltUiH  aMMmic  der  Caulu  b  Ihat  of 
Paul  Bdtciu  in  Ibe  BibUolhique  EbMriennc  (3  vola.  Paris.  1856- 
idu).  The  iHxwn)  ()  vols..  Ige?]  and  Ctmifmimi  (b  vola. 
iS||»-itn)  wen  edited  by  Lsdovic  Lahume.  Buiey  wrote  othn 
ihiRgs.  of  which  the  most  important,  hii  Cnmion  of  tkf  Habuitn 
Family,  nmained  in  MS.  101  1B67,  while  hi.  Ciiei^alim  >v  fa 
fwrrtf  waa  fini  publiahed  in  Dresdeo  io  1746.  He  also  wrote,  for 
ibe  uve  of  hji  children,  a  seriefl  of  biograpbies,  io  which  his  own  life 

BUSTARD  fcomipied  [R>m  Ibe  Lai.  Avii  lardo,  though  the 
appUcation  of  the  epithet'  is  not  easily  understood),  the  laixesl 
British  land-fowl,  and  the  Ofii  lonfs  of  Linnaeus,  which  Idmietty 
frequented  the  champaign  parts  of  Great  Britain  from  East 
Lothian  to  Doiselshire,  but  of  which  the  native  race  is  now 
exiiipaled.  Ita  existence  in  Ibe  noTtbem  locality  just  named 
Rsis  upon  Sir  Robert  Sibbald'iaolhority(ciraii6St),s>ldthau^ 
Hector  Boeihhu  (1J16)  unmiiUkably  described  it  aa  an  In- 
habilant  of  the  Mcne.  no  later  writer  than  the  former  bat  adduced 
any  evidence  In  favour  of  Its  Soottith  domicile.  The  last  ex- 
amplct  of  the  native  race  were  probably  two  killed  in  iSjg  ncai 
SwaSham,  in  Norfolk,  a  district  in  which  for  some  yean  prevl- 
ouily  a  few  hen-birds  of  the  ipedes,  the  remnant  of  a  plentiful 
stock,  bad  maintamed  their  eiistenie,  though  no  cock^bird  had 
latterly  bceo  known  to  bear  ibem  oampany.  Id  Suffolk,  when 
the  neighbouibood  of  Icklinj^m  formed  lis  chiel  hiunc  u 

*  It  may  be  open  to  doubt  whether  tarda  is  here  aj 
Several  Of  the  medieval  nsluTaliiEsuseir  ' 


"^c 


»7» 


BUSTO  ARSIZIO 


m  of  the  wtivE  n 


<nd  amc  to  th*  no  in  tS]>;  on  th«  wet^  of  Yoct^ire  abaot 
tBi6,  or  pcrlupi  t  little  later;  and  on  IboK  of  liDcolmhin 
about  tlw  lunc  time.  OI  Wiluhirt.  Ctmtc  Monuiu,  (utboc 
«f  *B  OntUsffffKoJ  Dklitiiary,  writiDg  in  iSij,  lajn  that  none 
had  bsn  Mtn  in  theic  lavouKte  haunU  on  Saliibuiy  Plain  for 
the  last  two  ot  three  yeat*.  In  DonetthiN  IlitK  It  no  widtnce 
of  an  iHUgettoiu  uample  banos  accumd  )faice  that  date,  noi 
In  IIani[Mh[R  sot  Smaei  linci  th>  opcnhig  of  the  igth  cotnir. 
Fnim  eibn  En^Jih  couDtfa*,  w  Cambiidih^ilTe,  Hnttordihfn 
and  BerUiire,  It  dinjitKared  without  aole  beinc  taken  of  the 
tvcBt,  and  the  direct  cauie  or  caiua  ol  iti  exIenniBation  am 
only  be  ioferred  from  what,  on  tatlmohy  deed  by  Henry  Sleven- 
■on  (Binli  af  NsrStlk,  il.  pp.  1-41).  i>  known  to  have  led  to  the 
Hine  ceault  in  Norfolk  sad  SuSidh.  In  the  latter  the  ettenibn 
of  pUatatlona  rendered  (he  oiuntry  unfitted  for  a  bird  whose 
■hy  natute  onild  iwt  biDok  the  (rowth  ti  covert  that  might 
■hdlet  a  foe,  and  in  the  fofmer  tho  tetroductlon  of  improved 
agrtadtunlimidBncoti.  notably  the  com-drill  and''  ' 


X  the  buitaid  b  known  10  Great  Britain 

,  ,^ _ndet«W,  rttayinj  moit  lildy  from  lie  open 

country  of  Cbampagne  ta  Saaony,  and  occurring  in  one  part 
or  asotbei  o(  Iht  Unitad  ""f<""  toite  two  or  Ihnc  tims  every 
thite  or  four  yan,  abd  cUdy  In  midwtaMer. 

An  adntt  nak  win  meanre  nearly  4  ft-  fimn  Iha  tip  of  the  Ian 
to  the  aid  of  the  tall,  and  II>  wingi  have  an  eipanie  of  S  ft.  or 
more,— IM  wci^l  variFfng  (poaibly  thnu^age)  f  rora  11  to  ji  lb, 
Thli  last  waa  that  of  mie  whkb  waa  recorded  by  the  younger 
Naumann,  the  best  tdognpher  of  the  Urd  (Vfgd  Dalicldaxilt, 
vil.  p.  19),  who,  bowevei,  itatid  in  iS]4  thti  he  wu  usured  ol 
the  former  existeoee  of  eiampleft  which  had  attained  the  weight 
of  35  or  38  Tb.  The  female  Is  considerably  smaller-  Compared 
with  most  other  birds  (tequentiBg  open  places,  the  bustard  has 
dUproponionately  short  legs,  yet  the  bulk  of  it]  body  tendera 
It  1  conqiicuoiis  tad  slaldy  object,  and  when  on  the  wing,  to 
which  it  readaj  takes.  Its  flight  is  powerful  and  sustained.  The 
bill  Is  of  moderate  length,  but,  owing  10  the  exceedingly  Sit  bead 
of  thebird.appeinlonEer  than  it  really  is.  The  neck.  especiaDy 
ol  the  male  in  the  breeding-season.  Is  thick,  and  the  tail,  m  the 
nme  sei  at  that  time  of  yar,  is  gcnirally  carried  in  sn  upright 
position,  being,  however,  in  the  psroiylms  of  courtship  turned 
forwards,  wliile  the  head  and  neck  are  simultaneously  reverted 
along  the  back,  the  whigs  are  lowered,  end  Ihdi  (hDrtei  feathers 
erected.  In  this  posture,  which  hat  been  admirably  portrayed 
hy  Joseph  Wolf  (Zm).  SkiUlui,  pL  45),  the  bird  presents  a  very 
atrange  at^ManiDCe,  for  the  uil,  head  and  neck  are  almost 
buried  amid  the  upstanding  fcathen  before  named,  and  the 
breast  is  protruded  la  a  remarkable  extent.    The  bustard  is  of  a 

file  grey  on  the  neck  and  white  beneath,  but  the  back  is  beauti- 
illy  barred  with  rusaet  and  black,  while  hi  the  mile  a  band  of 
deep  tawny-brown— in  some  eiamples  approaching  a  datet- 
oolour — deu:end*  from  either  shoulder  and  forms  a  broad  gorget 
va  the  bnut.  The  secondaries  and  greater  wing-coverta  are 
wUle,  coBtiaating  vividly,  at  the  bird  ities.  wiUi  the  bUck 
prlmsites.  Both  seiet  have  the  ear-covert*  somewhat  elonipied 
— whcBCs  ifenbtleu  li  derived  the  oaroe  Olil  (Gr  .#rli)— and 
the  mala  Is  adomad  with  a  tuft  of  long,  white,  bristly  plume*, 
iprfnginf  from  each  side  of  the  base  of  the  mandible.  The  food 
of  the  bustard  consist!  of  ahnasi  any  of  the  pIsDU  natural  to  the 
open  COBS  try  it  lovca,  but  in  winter  it  will  readily  forage  on  those 
which  an  grown  by  man,  and  espedally  coleseed  and  ajinilar 
green  crops.  To  tUs  vegetable  diet  much  animal  matter  It 
added  when  occation  offers,  and  from  an  earthworm  to  a  fieM- 
mousc  little  that  lives  and  nuves  teems  to  come  amiss  to  its 

Thou^  itot  many  birds  have  had  noR  written  about  them 
than  the  bustard,  much  li  unietited  with  rc^rd  (o  its  econooiy. 
A  moot  point,  whicb  wiD  moat  Ukely  alwap  remain  undecided. 
la  whether  the  Biittsh  nee  was  moratory  ot  not,  ih«igh  that 
■vch  is  the  habit  of  the  speciea  in  moat  parts  of  the  European 


nncfaient  It  beyoad  dbpuu.  EquaDir  micertaln  at  yet  b  tka 
iiuetiien  wbeitwr  it  It  pi^ygaDieui  or  not — (be  evldHiee  beiB| 
pcrhapt  in  favour  of  its  having  that  nature.  Butai»of  theiDoal 
lingular  propcrtiet  of  the  lurd  is  the  presence  in  some  of  the  fnOy- 
groiwn  males  of  a  pouch  or  gular  sac,  opening  under  the  (ongiie. 
This  extraordinary  feature,  Cm  dltcovend  by  Janet  Doof^at, 
a  Soottidi  phydcian.  and  made  known  by  Eleaiar  ARhb  in  1740^ 
tboogh  lit  tsbtcnte  was  hhited  by  Kr  Thomas  Siowk  siily 
yean  bctoR,  tf  not  by  the  tuipeioi  Frederick  II ,  hat  been  found 
waiting  hi  eTampks  that,  from  the  eihibltlon  ot  all  the  eutwani 
marks  of  vbilityi  wen  believed  to  be  thoroughly  mature;  ant 
at  IS  ilt  functfen  and  mode  ot  development  Judgmal  had  best 
be  mspeaded,  with  the  undentanding  that  the  tU  lUppsailn 
of  its  serving  as  a  receptacle  whence  the  bird  might  tu^y  itsdf 
or  its  companions  with  water  In  dry  ptacea  must  be  deened  to 
be  wholly  untenable.  The  structure  of  this  pouch — the  existence 
o[  which  In  tntne  etamplet  hat  been  well  esttbliibed — it.  bow- 
ever,  variable,  and  though  there  It  leason  to  bdieve  that  in  one 
form  or  another  it  is  mora  or  lev  common  to  several  cntic 
species  of  the  famtly  OfiifUaf.  il  would  teem  to  be  as  fncansiani 
in  ilt  occurrence  at  in  iti  capacity.  At  might  be  npected.  this 
remarkable  tetinre  ha*  attracted  a  good  deal  ol  atlentian  iJr^w. 
far  Onritk.,  iMi,  p.  ijj,  /Mi,  1861,  p.  id;:  18^5.  p.  'vi: 
Prit.  Zsof.  Sk.,  r8«5,  p.  T47,  18M,  p.  ut .  tS6g,  p.  140;  r8T4, 
p.  471).  and  the  later  racarchei  of  A.  H.  Ganod  thaw  that  In  an 
eample  of  the  Ausitallao  bustard  (Ofii  aufniJu)  eiamlutd  by 
hlu  there  was.  instead  of  a  pouch  or  sac,  simply  a  highly  dilated 
oesophagus — the  distension  of  which,  at  the  biid'i  will,  produced 
much  the  same  appearance  and  eSect  at  thai  of  the  ondoubled 
sac  found  at  limes  in  tbeO.  tarda. 

The  dlsUibuliori  of  the  bustards  is  confined  to  the  Old  World— 
the  bud  so  called  In  the  lur^unlrles  of  North  America,  and  (hu 
^ving  its  name  to  a  lake,  river  and  cape,  being  the  Cinada 
goose  {Btrnula  laxailniis).  In  the  Palaearctic  re^on  we  have 
the  0.  tenfa  already  rnentioned,  extending  from  Spain  to  MesDpo- 
timla  at  least,  and  from  Scania  to  Morocco,  as  well  at  a  smalln 
species,  O.  Ulras,  which  often  occurs  as  a  straggler  in,  but  wai 
never  an  inhabitant  of.  the  British  Ishndt.  Two  tpecies.  known 
indiffnratly  by  the  name  of  houbart  (derived  from  lb*  Arabic). 
frequent  the  more  southern  portions  of  the  re0on,  and  one  of 
them.  O,  mof  quant,  thou^  having  the  more  eastern  range  and 
leadiing  India,  hat  tcveial  timet  occurred  in  north-western 
Europe,  and  once  even  hi  England.  la  the  eait  ol  Siberia  the 
plare  of  O.  tarda  is  taken  by  the  nnrly~allied.  but  eppatctitly 
distinct,  t3.  dybcwkii,  which  would  seem  to  occur  also  in  northern 
China.  Africa  b  the  chief  stronghold  of  the  family,  ncariy  a 
•core  ot  well-marked  species  being  peculiar  to  that  continent. 
all  of  which  have  been  by  later  sytteoiaiiita  leparaied  from  the 
genus  Otis.  India,  too,  fias  three  peculiar  spedea.  the  smaller 
61  which  are  there  known  as  fioricant.  and.  like  tome  of  their 
African  and  one  of  thdr  European  cousjns.  arc  remiihable  tor 
the  ornamental  plumage  they  assume  at  the  breeding-seatcw- 
Neither  In  Madagascar  nor  in  the  Malay  Archipelago  is  there 
any  form  oF  this  family,  but  Australia  possesses  one  large  qiecies 
already  named,  FiomXenDphon'aday1<.1iui&,  I.  s)  to  our  own 
the  flesh  of  buslsrdt  has  been  esteemed  as  of  the  higltett  flavmr. 
The  bustard  has  long  been  pioiccted  hy  the  gimelaws  in  Cre»t 
Britain,  hut,  at  will  have  been  seen,  to  httle  purpose.  A  few 
attempts  have  been  made  10  reinstate  it  as  a  deniicn  of  this 
country,  but  none  on  any  scale  that  would  ensure  lucccis. 
Many  of  the  ddcr  authon  considered  Ihe  bustards  allied  to 
the  ostrich,  a  most  mbtafcen  view,  their  afiinlty  pointing 
apparently  lomudi  Ihe  cianei  in  one  direction  and  the  ploven 
in  another.    (K  N.) 

BUSTO  ABIIUO,  a  town  of  Lomhardy,  Italy,  in  the  proviita 
of  Milas,  II  m.  N.W.  by  nil  from  the  town  of  Milan.  Pop. 
(iQoi}  19,673.  It  containi  a  hnc  domed  church,  S.  Uaria  di 
FUbb,  built  in  1517  after  the  designs  <A  Gramanle^  the  picture 
over  the  high  altar  Ea  one  of  Gaudeoilo  Ferrari's  best  work*. 
The  church  of  S.  Giovanni  Battista  b  a  good  baroque  edifice  ol 
1617;  br  it  stands  a  fine  ijth-centuiy  campanDe.  Busto  Aitiaio 
,  the  cation  laclotiea  haiDg 


BUTADES— BUTE,  EARL  OF 


«ip«d*llT  inponayt    It  li «  allwwr  JunctiaD  t«r  Novmn  ud 

BDTADn,  o[  SicyoD,  wmnily  (xlkd  Dmrusn.  the  btt 
Gmk  modellB  la  diy.  The  itoiy  ■•  tlut  til  diLVhur,  imftten 
with  love  [o[  a  youth  it  Coriatli  when  tbey  lived,  drew  upcm 
Uu  wmll  the  ouEJiiH  oi  hla  shadow,  itui  that  japoa  this  outline 
ha  fttbcr  modellRl  i  face  of  the  ytwth  In  day,  uid  baked  the 
model  aioDg  with  the  day  iDea  which  it  wu  hii  trad^  to  make. 

'         '  '     II  pioerved  In  Corinth  till  Mummiiu  lacked  that 


87? 


tilex  with  human  faca,  a  pnctlce  whidi  ii  alteited  by  noiDenit 
aatin^  caanipleB>  He  ii  atso  said  to  have  invented  a  mixtui 
of  clay  and  ruddle,  oi  to  have  intmduad  the  oia  of  a  ipedi 
kind  oind  day  (Pliny,  Naf.Huf.iixv  iiUlU-  The  period 
which  he  flourished  is  unknown,  but '      ' 

BUTCHEB,  one  who  slau^ter 
pnpana  the  etrcall  for  purposes 
applied  to  me  who  combines  this 
meat,  and  to  one  who  only  seltB  the  sieat.  Tlw  O.  Fr.  boclna 
01  btmnhitr,  aodeni  baticlier,  tnm  whidi  "  butchci "  Is  derived, 
meant  originally  ■  killer  oi  goau  and  a  seller  of  goats'  Beah, 
from  the  0  Fr  tec,  a  he-goat ,  d,  Icil.  tuaau,  fram  (n»,  a  goat 

BIITB,  nmt  STUAHT,  3Bn  Eabi.  ow  (i711-i;qi],  Eiighsh 
prims  ministeT,  ion  of  Jamn.  ind  «at1,  and  of  Lady  Jane 
Campbell,  daughter  of  the  lit  duke  c4  Argyll,  wa*  bom  on  tha 
asth  of  May  171J,  he  was  educated  at  Eton  and  sBCcteded  to 
the  earidom  fin  the  peerage  of  Scotland,  created  for  hja  grand- 
father Sir  James  Stuart  in  1703)  on  hli  fatber-a  death  in  ntj 
He  was  elected  a  representative  peer  for  Scotland  in  1717  but 

In  debate.  In  173S  he  was  made  a  bii^C  of  the  Thistle,  and  for 
Kveral  yean  lived  in  tetiteiAeht  in  Bute,  engaged  In  agricultural 
and  botuucal  punuita.  From  the  quiet  obscurity  (or  which 
his  talenu  and  chancier  eniiitly  fitted  him  Bute  was  forced 
by  a  mere  acddenu  He  had  resided  in  England  lince  the 
lebcUioD  of  1745.  and  in  1747,  a  doampour  of  rain  having  p»- 
'  d  the  departure  of  Frederick,  prince  of  Wales,  from  the 


Eghait 


.0  hii  t( 


rf  the  prince 


whist  party;  he  immediaidy  ^jncd  the  favour 
and  princess,  became  the  leading  personige  at  Ibeir  court,  and 
In  1750  was  appointed  by  Frederick  a  lord  of  his  bedchamber 
After  the  latter*!  death  in  17;!  big  hifluence  in  the  household 
increased.  To  his  dose  intimacy  with  the  piinceu  a  guilty 
character  was  oommonly  assigned  by  contempoiajy  opinion, 
and  tbdr  relations  formed  the  subject  of  numeroua  popular 
lampoons,  but  the  scandal  was  never  founded  on  anything  but 
Loojectuie  and  the  nujice  of  faction.  With  the  yotuig  prince, 
the  future  king,  Bute^s  intimacy  was  equally 


le  Whigs  ai 


and  Pitt,  directed  against  (he  duke  of  Newcastle,  and  in  1757 
in  the  conlecTnce)  between  the  two  tninisten  which  led  to  thdr 
laLing  office  together,    In  1756,  by  the  spedat  desire  of  the 


I  appointed  groom  of  tJ 


itLetce 


House,  In  spite  of  the  Ung^i  pronounced  aversion 
On  the  accession  of  Geoige  f  IL  In  1 74o,  Bute  became  at  once 

■  peiwin  of  power  and  Importance,  He  was  appointed  a  privy 
councilloc,  groom  of  the  stole  and  first  gentleman  of  the  bed- 
chamber, and  though  merely  an  irresponsible  confidant,  without 

■  seal  In  pariiaraent  or  In  the  cabinet,  he  was  In  leslily  prime 
minister,  and  the  only  person  Itusted  wllb  the  long's  wishes  and 
confidence,  f^corge  III.  and  Bute  immediately  proceeded  to 
accomplish  their  long-projected  plans,  the  condusion  of  the 
peace  with  France,  the  break-up  of  IheWUgmonopoly  of  power, 
and  ibc  supremacy  o(  the  monarchy  over  parliament  and  parties 
Their  policy  wai  carried  out  with  consummate  skill  and  caution. 
Great  care  was  shown  not  to  alienate  the  Whig  leaders  in  a  body, 
which  would  have  raised  up  under  Pitt's  leadership  a  formidable 

■•  taken  of  djaagrremeoti 


■nd  o(  the  itrang  iduclaaca  of  the  old 
the  ctown  fw  gcneittlona  to  Identify 
oifwdtkototbeUng'iwUiB.    They 


ho  had  served 

alt  discarded  sin^y, 
.  'rom  the  rest  of  the 
Od  the  >5lh  d  Man^  1761  Bute  succeeded  L«id 


OnthejidofN  ., ^ ., 

as  ptime  mlniMcT  in  the  Hooie  of  Lords,  when  Im  had  not  bean 
seen  for  twenty  yean.  Thoafh  be  had  lucceadsd  fn  iiii«Tiiiim 
all  OfgniEstd  anMritian  In  puUament.  the  hoMility  dA^ytd 
agabul  hUi  in  tlw  natton,  ulsiiif  tma  Ua  Scottish  utioBality, 
bis  chancter  ■■  fiTiAiiitc,  Ida  pcao*  poUey  uul  the  ndgnatka 
of  the  popdar  here  Pitt,  wudVenrhdmlBC.  He  mi  tl«  object 
ofnumemnialtudnandltmpaoai.  H*  dared  not  afcnr  hbMf 
in  the  tueeU  witbovt  tbe  pntactiou  af  pili»4^an,  vhBe 
the  jai^-boot  (a  pm  upoa  Ui  nnne)  and  the  petllcaM,  1^  iritfch 
the  princen  was  represented,  were  continual^'  being  burnt  hf 
the  mob  or  hanged  i^ion  the  i^llorn,  On  the  Qth  of  Novienibct, 
while  proceeding  to  the  Guildhall,  he  narrowly  escaped  falUng 
Into  the  handa  of  the  populace,  who  i^'r^****  hla  ooach,  and  Iw 
was  treated  with  stodied  raldneaa  at  the  banquet.  In  JaBnary 
I7ei  Bute  was  compelled  to  dsdaie  war  affunit  Spain,  thosgh 
&OW  wlthoM  the  advantaaa  vUd  tlu  eaiUer  ^tMoa  jogai 
by  Pitt  could  have  Mcuied,  and  be  aapfiartHl  the  war,  but  with 
BO  leil  and  im  definite  aim  bcyoiMl  the  obtaining  of  a  peace  at 
any  price  and  aa  ioon  ai  poMJbla.  In  May  be  ancoeedcd  the 
duke  of  Newcastle  ai  first  hwd  of  the  tRaamy.and  he  was  otaled 
K.C,  afler  resigning  the  order  of  the  TUstk.  In  bis  bliivd  cagoi- 
ness  for  peace  he  conducted  00  Ui  own  ttaponaiUlily  secret 
negotjations  for  peace  with  France  thrangh  VIn',  the  ^"i-nlin 
minister,  and  the  prellminaiy  treaty  wu  slcned  «o  the  jnl  d 
November  at  Poncafnebleau.  The  king  of  PiUMia  had  soma 
reasm  to  complain  of  the  sudden  dcsertioB  of  his  ally,  but  thoa 
b  no  evidence  whatever  to  subatantlite  his  accusation  that  Bute 
had  endeavoured  to  divert  the  tsar  Utet  fmn  bis  allianCB  wilL 
Prussia,  or  that  he  had  treacheronsly  (n  Us  JWfotiatioDt  witk 

In  Silesia  as  the  price  of  the  abandonment  of  Fraooe,  while  the 
cbaige  brought  against  Bute  hi  17*5  of  havini  takoi  bcibea  tn 
mnclude  the  peace,  subsequently  after  inveatiptlonpvoDoiuKcd 
frivolous  by  parliament,  may  safety  be  ignored.  A  parliamentary 
majority  was  now  secured  for  the  mtnister's  policy  by  bribery 
and  threats,  and  with  the  aid  of  Henry  Foi,  who  deserted  bL 
party  to  become  leader  of  the  Commons.  The  definitive  peaca 
of  Paris  was  signed  an  the  loth  of  February  17G],  aud  a  wholoiia 
proscription  of  the  Whig)  was  begun,  the  most  insignificant 
adherents  of  the  fallen  party,  Induding  widows,  menial  servants 
and  schootboya,  incurring  the  minister's  mean  vengeance.  Later, 
Bttte  roused  further  hostility  by  his  dder  tax,  as  ill-advised 
measure  producing  only  £7;,odo  a  year,  imposhig  qieeial  burdens 

extremely  unpopular  because  extending  the  detested  system 
of  taxation  by  excise,  regarded  as  an  infringement  of  the  p^rular 
liberties.  At  length,  unable  to  contend  any  longer  against  the 
general  and  inveterate  animosity  displayed  against  him,  fearing 
for  the  consequences  to  the  monarchy,  alarmed  at  the  virulent 
attacks  of  the  JVsrU  Brilim,  and  suEering  from  Ol-healtli,  Bute 
resigned  office  on  the  81  h  of  April  "  Fifty  pounds  a  year," 
he  declared,  "  and  bread  and  water  were  luxury  compared  with 
what  I  Eufler  "  He  had,  however,  before  retiring  achieved  the 
objects  for  which  he  hod  been  entrusted  with  power. 

He  still  for  a  short  time  retained  influence  with  the  king,  and 
Intended  (0  employ  George  Graiville  (whom  be  recommended 
as  his  successor)  as  his  agent,  but  the  letter  insisted  on  poisening 
the  king's  whole  mafidence,  and  on  the  failure  o[  Bute  in  August 
1763  to  procure  his  dismissal  end  to  substitute  a  ministry  led 
by  Pitt  and  the  duke  of  Bedford,  GrmvUle  demanded  and 
obtained  Bote's  withdrawal  from  the  court.  He  resigned 
accanlinglytiieofficealprifypnrscBndlaakleaveof  George  UL 


87S 


«BtbBiSlh«f  Septtmbec.    Re  Mill  cocropooiM  vllb  tlw  king. 

Ud  ntunicd  Rgiio  to  Lwdon  Kit  Y«t>[.  but  in  May  1765,  iltei 
tlic  duk«  of  CumbeiUnd'a  [Ailure  to  form  u  Admfaiscntkm, 
Gfftnville  exuted  the  pronuK  from  the  king,  which  tpptu  to 
hkv«  boon  kepi  futhfiitly.  that  Bute  should  have  do  ihire  mnd 
•boutd  five  no  advice  whatever  In  put^c  buaioeu,  tad  obtained 
the  iHiriilii*'  of  Bute's  brother  from  hii  poat  of  Iwd  privy  ica] 
teScntlaiuL  Bute  cod tinued  to  visit  tbepnncen  of  Wolo,  but 
on  the  kiDg's  uiival  alwiyi  nlired  by  A  back  HaJreait. 

The  remaindei  of  Bute's  life  has  tittle  public  tntentl.  Be 
epi^  against  the  covenunent  oa  the  Amencari  question  ia 
Febniaiyi76iS,andiBMBnJiag3lD3t  the  leped of  the  Stamp  Act. 
Xb  1768  and  1774  be  wis  again  elected  a  repicKnutive  peec  for 
Scotland,  but  took  no  timber  pan  in  politics,  and  in  1778  refuted 
Id  have  anything  to  do  wiib  the  aboitive'aitempi  to  eSect  an 
■Uiance  between  hinuelf  and  Chatham.  Be  ttavdied  in  Italy, 
CompUhtedol  the  maliceof  his  opponents  and  of  the  ingratitude 
<f  the  king,  and  detennincd  "  to  retire  from  the  world  before  it 
mire*  Eton  me."  He  died  on  the  roth  of  March  1791  and  was 
botled  at  Eothcsay  in  Bute. 

nwagfaoTKoftheWDiitofiniaislen.ButewasbynaiDeans  the 
«iant  at  men  or  the  dcipicable  and  detestable  person  lepresealed 
by  the  papular  Imiginition.  His  abilities  were  incoaiiderable, 
lit  chancier  weak,  and  lie  w>*  quaUBed  neither  for  the  ordinary 
•dminiiDatioB  of  p«il>lic  business  nor  for  the  higher  sphen  of 
Itatcsmanahip,  aod  wu  eBtirety  dotituu  of  that  experience 
viiich  M>ii>etinMS  Silt  the  place  of  natural  aptitude.  His  ehori 
adminiutation  mi  one  of  the  most  disgraceful  and  incompetent 
in  Engliih  biatory,  ori^naiing  in  an  accident,  supported  only 
by  the  will  of  Ihe  sovereign,  by  gross  corruption  and  intimidation, 
the  precursor  of  the  disintegratiou  tA  political  life  aDd  of  a  whole 
icries  of  national  disasters.  Vet  Bute  had  good  pTindplcs 
■ad  intenLions,  was  inspired  by  feeiin^  of  sincere  affection  and 
loyally  for  his  sovereign,  and  his  character  remains  untarnished 
by  the  grosser  accusationi  raited  by  taction.  Ia  the  dcde  of 
Ira  family  aod  hitlmite  friends,  away  ftom  the  great  world  in 
which  he  made  to  pooraflgtice,  he  wu  greatly  esteemed.  Samuel 
JohnsDn,  Lord  MtnsBdd,  Lady  Hnvey,  Bishop  Warburton  Join 
bbispnise.  Forthefonn(r,aalrangDppoDeniollutadministra- 
tion,  heptocuredapenslonaf£3aoayear.  He  was  eiceptiooally 
well  read,  with  a  re6ned  taste  for  books  and  art,  and  purchased 
the  («mous  Tiomaiim  Traill  now  in  the  British  Museum.  He 
was  learned  in  the  sdence  of  botany,  and  formed  a  magnificent 
cotlection  and  a  botanic  garden  at  Luton  Hoo,  where  Robert 
Adam  built  for  him  a  splendid  residence.  He  engraved  privately 
■bout  »j8s  *t  enoinoui  enpense  Btlaniid  TabUi  coHininini  lit 
D^gaiMFaiialyi^  BrititkPlanii.vlAtTlitTibiAir  Diiinlmlim 
*f  Britiik  eiaaU  {17S7)  b  alto  aiiiibuied  to  him.  Bute  EUed 
theofficeaoftanteraf  ItMimandFarett,govciTuirof  the  Chanei- 
bousc,  chancellar  oi  Marischal  College,  Aberdeen  (t76i},  trustee 
of  the  Bricith  Museum  (i7£s)i  president  of  the  Society  of  Anti- 
quaiics  of  Scotland  (r 780]  and  commissioner  cf  Chelsea  hospital 

By  his  marriage  with  Maiy,  daughter  of  Edward  Wonley 
Montagu  of  Wortlcy,  Yorkshire,  who  b  r76t  was  created 
BaitiDC!*  Mount  StuartoIWortlev.andtbniugh  whom  he  became 
possessed  of  the  enormous  Wortley  property,  he  hsd,  besides  sii 
daughters,  five  sons,  the  eldest  o(  «b>m,  John,  Lord  Cardiff 
(i744-iSt4).  succeeded  him  as  4th  ort  and  wu  created  a 
narquss  in  1796.  John,  Lord  Mount  Stuait  li;6;-r7<)4}, 
the  son  and  heir  of  the  tst  marqueu,  died  before  his  father,  and 
coasequcnlly  !n  1E14  the  Bute  title*  and  estates  came  to  his  son 
John  (1793-1848)  as  >nd  marquesB.  Ihe  latter  was  succeeded 
by  his  (ndy  sod  John  Patrick  (1S47-1900}.  whose  Km  John  (b. 
tS8i)  inherited  the  title  In  1900. 

BUT&  the  most  impaitnnt,  though  not  the  largest,  ot  the 
islands  consLituting  the  county  of  the  tame  nanw,  in  the  Firth 
of  Clyde,  Scotland,  about  j8  m.  S.W.  of  Greeruick  and  40  m.. 
by  water,  from  CIbseov.  It  ii  bounded  on  the  N.  and  W  by 
the  lovely  Kyis  of  Bute,  the  nurow  winding  strait  which 
aepiratea  it  from  Argyllshire,  on  the  E.  hy  the  Firth  of  Qyde, 
in  Ihe  S.  and  S.W.  by  (be  Sound  of  Bute,  about  6  a.  wide, 
'It  area  is  about  49  m.  at.,  a 


wUch  dlvida  it  from  Airan.    : 


3r,i6iwnt.  ltlieiinaN.W.to&E.dcectiM,aBdilipc«Mit 
length  from  Buttock  Point  on  the  Kylet  to  Gamch  Oead  oa 
the  Firth  ol  Clyde  it  ij}  n.  Owing  M  indeotatioat  iti  width 
from  _i)  Bi-^  ID  si  m.  Then  an  pien  at  Kilrliatla^ 
'esay.  but  Rothetay  it 
iiland.  Here  there  k 
regular  communicaQoo  by  railway  steamers  from  CiaigeDdoraa, 
PriDce's  Pier  (Greeoock),  Gourock  and  Wemysa  Bay.  and  by 
[reqaeat  vessels  from  ibe  Brooolielaw  Bridge  in  Glasgow  aod 
olberpomtion  the  Clyde.     P^l  (1891)  ii,7JS.(i9ai)  11,161. 

The  pnncipal  hills  are  m  the  north,  when  the  chid  ate  Kua 
HiU(9>ilt)uidKdbndeIliU(gj6{l.).  The  sUbu  anmiMly 
bunu,  and  there  are  til  Locbt.  Loch  Fad,  about  i  d.  S.  of 
Rothesay,  1)  ra  long  by  )  m.  wide,  was  the  lource  of  the  power 
uted  in  the  Rolheuy  cotton-spinning  mill,  which  was  the  fint 
etUhlllhment  ol  the  kind  erected  in  Scotland.  In  1817  «»  itt 
weitemibore  Edmund  Kean  built  a  cottage  afterwaidiaccupicd 
by  Shcndan  Knowles-  It^now  tjdongs  to  the  marqucat  of  Bvte^ 
From  Loch  Ascpg,  fully  i  m.  long,  Rothoay  derive*  its  water 
sopfdy.  The  other  lakea  are  Loch  Quin,  Loch  Ciecnan.  Dhn 
Loch  and  Loch  Bull  Glen  Hon  in  the  noRh  and  Gkn  C^lum 
in  the  south  art  the  oaly  (lent  ol  any  riie.  The  dimate  ia 
mild  uid  healthfnl,  luchiiai  and  other  plints  Sowetiag  nm 
in  winter,  and  neither  mow  not  frott  behif  of  long  cwrthmance, 
and  lest  rain  (ailing  tbtn  in  many  parts  ol  the  wcttera  cattt. 
Some  two-thirdt  of  the  tree,  mottly  in  the  centre  and  south, 
are  anble,  yielding  eicellent  crop*  of  potatoet  for  the  Glasgow 
tntiket,  oatt  and  turnips,  the  lat  coniitlt  of  hill  pasture* 
and  plantations.  The  fineries  are  of  considerable  value.  There 
is  no  lack  of  sandstone,  slate  and  whinstona.  Some  coal  etisia, 
but  it  is  of  inferior  quality  and  doubtful  quantity.  AtKikhattaa 
a  luperior  day  for  biickt  and  tilca  it  found,  and  grey  granita 
tutceptiUe  of  hidi  polish. 

The  idtnd  it  divided  gnlogically  into  two  aieu  byafiult  ninaiH 
From  Rothesay  Bay  in  a  lauSi^cKUh-WHt  diiKlian  1^  Loch  Fad  Is 
Scalpsie  Bay,  which,  throughout  its  txHine,  coinrida  with  a  wclK 

locBtioa  ia  oooipoaed  ti  the  mebmonihic  nicki  of  the  Eastero  Hi^ 
laod*.  The  Dunoan  piiylUtnfaim  anaimw  beliabiHit  amik  and 
a  half  broad  croHng  Ihe  Idand  between  Kamea  Bay  and  Etirrict 
Bay,  while  (he  aiea  to  the  aanh  is  eociniied  by  grid  and  KliiR*  which 
maybethewonempralaBptkintaf  IheBdnaBhedaiRiop.  Ntm 
Rothesay  and  aloag  Ok  bill  dopea  west  of  Loch  I^  tbeic  an 
parallel  tcripa  of  iria  aod  phyllila.  That  pan  of  (he  ubnd  lyoig 
.T  .h.  _.  ,J  this  ditkicatlon  oonsittt  diieOy  ol  Upper  Old  Vxi 
Its.  dipping  genetally  In  a  wetterty  or  Bou(h.veitntT 
_  ...  the  oKROie  tooth  cod.  between  ICiIeiiBt(Ba  and 
Htad,  thcae  eoogloaemtca  and  taadnoaea  an  overlaid  bj 

'-'■  '■  turmoun— '  ■— -Si-^-E—- — ^^^   — ■ 

rocles  which  Fo 

, :  porphyridc  ba_ 

brawaiih  trachyte.    Ni« 

■   """'^'JPdlniK-'^^anSirid^HnL 
conqikuaul  in  Bute.    Oar  of  the 

ahdly  daya  occers  at  Kikhadaa 

bricL-works.  where  the  dark  red  clav  Rtia  op  toi^  bouldeT-<lay 
and  may  be  regarded  as  of  bte  glacial  a^. 

As  to  tbe  origin  of  the  name  of  Bute,  there  It  tome  doubt. 
It  has  been  bdd  10  come  from  iclt  (Irish for  "  a  cdl  "),  in  allusion 
to  the  cell  which  St  Brendan  erected  in  the  island  in  tbe  6(b 
century,  others  contend  that  it  it  derived  from  the  British 
words  (y  huU  (Gaelic,  ey  Mi^,  "  the  island  of  corn  "  (i.e.  food), 
in  retennce  (0  its  fertility,  notable  in  conlr).st  with  the  bairen- 
Dess  of  the  Western  Isles  and  Highlands.  Bute  was  probably 
first  ccdoniied  by  the  vanguard  of  Scots  wlu  came  over  (rsn 
Ireland,  and  at  intervals  the  Norsemen  also  secured  a  iooting 
lor  longer  or  shorter  periods.  In  those  days  the  Bulemen  were 
abo  called  Brandanes,  after  the  Saint.  Attesting  tbe  antiquity 
of  the  bland,  "  Druidical "  monuments,  barrows,  cairns  and 


boaes,  as.  for  instanct 


irtbsbateof 


vnrTurofacharter'gn 

ntedbyJtmetlV. 

n  rsolS,  tbe  nu 

tmall  propnetoB  toi 

k  the  liile  of  "  b 

jon."  which 

herediury  in  their  fu 

aiUa.    Now  (he  till 

is  practically 

(he  lands  conleiring 

I  htving  with  very 

ew  eiceptioM 

BUTE— BUTLER  FAMILY 


879 


n  af  tbe  mingnos  of  Bulc,  tlie 
pnprlelar  of  nuriy  the  wbolt  uIuhI.  Wa  aat.  Meant  Stuirt, 
■bout  4)  m.  from  RoUicsiy  by  Um  ihote  foul,  ii  G»ly  titualcd 
«D  (becaslern  QusC.  Fort  Buiutyu  (pop.  1165),  1  m.  tuith 
by  VHl  of  Rothmyj  is  a  flouriihing  witcring-pLux,  named 
»l«r  Lord  Bumnlyn*  (1743-1833),  »  Judge  of  the  court  ol 
fcnlon,  ooe  of  the  founders  of  tbe  HighLaod  and  A^cultural 
Sodelyiaija).  Nesr  10  It  ii  KamcsCisda,  where  John  Sterling, 
funout  for  Cirlyle's  biography,  »bj  bom  in  1S06.  Kijchsttan, 
in  the  louth-eut  ol  the  [aUnd,  Is  t  favourite  ■ununet  resort. 
Anolhei  object  of  interest  la  St  Bliuie's  Cbjipel,  pictunsquely 
•Itnated  ibout  }  m.  itrm  Diuisgoil  Bay.  Off  the  nstem  abore 
o(  Bute.  I  m.  Inm  St  yioiui'i  Poiat,  Ii«  the  idsnd  of  Incb- 
■namock,  1  m.  in  tenglh  uid  about  |  rn.  ir  width. 

See  I  Wibon.  Aaor-U  ijf  RHlittsy  snj  Butt  (Rotbeny,  1848]^ 
IDd  J.^k.  Hewi»ii.  Btiltrj  ^  Sue  {|894-'»9S)- 

•OTS,orBinESiniE,iDiii>u]ucDunIyiniheS.W  ofScatland. 
consisting  e!  the  islands  ol  Bute,  Irora  whicb  the  caunty  take* 
its  name,  Incbmamock,  Great  Cuoibrae,  Little  Cumbne,  Anan, 
Udy  Island  and  Fiaddi,  all  lying  in  the  Firtb  of  Clyde,  betmn 
Aynhiiv  on  the  E.  and  Aigyllsfaire  on  iJie  W  and  N.  The  am 
of  (he  county  la  I40,]07  acres,  or  lalher  mac  than  3ig  Bq.  m. 
Pop.  (iSgO  18.40,;  (ipoO  '8.787  (or  84  to  the  sq    m  )      In 

of  th(»e  ipealdng  Gaelic  and  Engliih  5794.  Before  the  Reform 
Bill  of  1831,  Boiahire.alfemalely  with  Cailhneai-ahire,  sent  one 
member  to  psrliaoi  tat— Rothesay  at  tbe  same  time  sharing  a 

Kolheuy  was  then  merged  in  the  county,  which  since  then  has 
had  a  member  to  itself  Buteshire  and  Renfrewtdiire  fort 
■heriHdom,  with  a  ahetifF^ubatilule  resident  in  Rothess) 
also  aits  periodically  at  Brodidi  and  Millport.  The  circuit  ( 
are  held  at  Inveraray  The  county  is  under  school-board  juris- 
diction, and  there  ia  a  secondary  school  at  Rothesay.  The 
coonty  coundl  aubaidiMa  technical  education  In  agriculture  at 
Glaago*  and  Xflmsmock.  Tbe  staple  crops  are  oats  and 
potatoes,  and  cattle,  sheep  and  hones  are  reared.  Seed-growing 
b  an  eitensive  industry,  and  the  fisheries  are  con^dcrablc.  The 
Rolhcsly  Itsberr  district  Indudn  all  (he  creeks  in  Buteshire 
■nd  a  lew  in  Argyll  and  Dumbarton  shhes,  the  Cumbries  being 
grouped  with  the  Greenock  district.  The  herring  fishery  begins 
In  June,  and  white  fishing  is  followed  at  one  or  other  point  all 
(he  year  round.  During  the  season  many  ti  the  fisbennen  are 
CKployod  on  (he  Clyde  yachts.  Rothaay  being  a  prominent 
yachting  centre.  The  eiporti  comprise  agricultDral  pioduce 
and  fish,  trade  being  actively  cvried  on  between  the  county 
ports  of  Rothesay.  Millport.  Brodick  and  LamUshand  the  main- 
land porta  of  Glasgow,  Greenock.  Gooroch,  Ardressan  and 
Wemyas  Bay,  with  all  of  which  there  ia  regular  steamer  olm' 
IB  throughout  the  year. 

_.  ...lOnni.  (i)  An  ancient  leaporl  of  Ulyrla,  correspond- 
tng  with  tbe  modern  BniHnto  (q.t.).  (1)  A  town  in  Attica, 
nenUoded  by  Plisy  tbe  Elder  {Nat.  Bill.  Iv  37) 

BUTLBR.  (he  name  of  a  family  famous  In  the  history  ol  Ireland. 
The  great  house  ol  the  Butlers,  skine  among  tbe  famiUet  ol  the 
eoaqnenin,  rivaUed  the  Gtntldines.  their  neighbouia,  hInslDlk 
and  moitaJ  (oes.  Theobald  Waiter,  their  ancestor,  was  hot 
among  the  first  o(  the  Invaders.  He  was  the  grandson  of  one 
Bervey  Walter  who,  in  the  time  ol  Henty  1.,  held  Witheton  or 
Weeton  In  A  tnound«ness,  a  small  lee  of  the  honour  ol  Lanoater, 
the  manor  of  Newton  in  SuffoDc,  and  cert^n  lands  in  Norfolk. 
In  tbe  grist  inquest  ol  Lancaster  lands  that  followed  a  writ  ol 
nil.  this  Hervey,  named  as  the  tstber  of  Hervey  Walter,  ia 
nid  to  have  given  lands  In  his  fee  of  Weeton  to  Om,  son  of 
Magnus,  with  his  daughter  Alice  In  maiiiage.  Hervey  Walter. 
•on  of  this  Hervey,  advanced  his  family  by  matching  with 
Maude,  daughter  of  Theobald  de  Valognes.  kird  of  Parham, 
whose  lister  Bertha  was  wife  of  Rannll  dc  Glanville,  the  great 
futidar,  "  (he  eye  of  tbe  king."  When  ttanuU  had  fooDded 
the  Austin  Canons  priory  ol  Butley.  Hervey  Walter,  hb  wUe'i 
brother-in-law,  gave  to  tbe  bonae  lands  In  Wlngfield  lor  the  eoul^ 
toaib  (d  himself  and  hia  wile  Haode.  of  RannU  de  Glanvilk 


and  Bertha  hli  wife,  tbe  diarter,  itlll  preserved  !o  tbe  Harletaa 
coUecUm,  being  witnessed  by  Hervey')  younger  sons,  Hubert 
Waller,  Roger  and  Hamon.  Another  aoD,  Bartbdoraew,  •!(- 
Dcssed  a  diarter  ol  his  brother  Hubert,  I190-1153.  That  these 
nephews  of  the  justiciar  profited  early  by  their  kinship  ia  seen  in 
Hubert  Walter's  loundation  charter  ol  the  abbey  of  West  Dere- 
ham, wherein  he  speaks  of  "  dominus  Ranulpbus  de  Gfanvilla 
et  domlna  Bertha  uior  eius,  qui  nos  nutrierunL"  Hubert, 
indeed,  becoming  one  of  hia  uncle's  clerks,  was  so  much  ia  his 
cDnBdencethatGervBseolCanlerburyapeaksoltbetwoas  ruling 
the  kingdom  (ogclber.  King  Richard,  whom  he  acoompanicd 
to  the  Holy  Land,  made  him  bishop  ol  Salisbury  and  (ngj)  arch- 
bishop of  (^lerbury,  Waiy  ol  counsd,  subtle  ol  wit."  he 
was  (be  champioD  of  Cant^nry  and  ol  England,  and  the  newt 
of  his  death  drew  the  cry  from  King  John  that  "  now,  lor  tbe 
first  time,  am  I  king  in  truth." 

Between  these  two  great  statemen  TbeobaM  Walter,  the 
eldest  brother  ol  the  archbishop,  rose  and  flouiished.  Theobald 
is  lound  in  the  Liitr  Nigir  (t.  ir66]  as  holding  Amoundemeu 
bylho  serviceof  one  knight.  In  ii8s  he  went  over  sea  (0 
Walerford  with  John  (he  ktng^  son,  (he  frel^t  ol  tbe  bunes 
sent  alter  him  being  charged  m  the  Pipe  RoH.  Clad  in  that 
harness  he  led  the  meo  of  Cork  when  Dennot  MacCarthy,  prince 
of  Desmond,  was  put  to  the  sword.  John  rewarding  fus  services 
with  lands  in  limerick  and  with  the  important  fief  of  Arklow 
in  tbe  vale  of  Avoca,  where  he  made  his  Irish  seat  and  founded 
an  abbey.  Returning  to  Enghind  he  accompanied  bis  uncle 
Randulf  to  France,  both  witnessing  a  charter  delivered  by  the 
king  at  Chloon  when  near  to  death.  Soon  afterwards.  Theobald 
Walter  was  given  by  John  that  herediury  office  ol  butler  to  the 
lord  of  Ireland,  which  makes  a  surname  lor  hli  descendants, 
styling  himHlf  pinatna  when  he  attrsts  John's  charter  to  Dublin 
on  the  tsihol  May  1191.  J.  Horace  Round  has  pobitedout  that 
he  also  took  a  fresh  seal,  the  Inscription  of  which  calls  him 
Theobald  Walter,  Butler  of  Ireland,  and  hencelorward  he  is 
sometimes  lamamcd  Butler  (fc  BaiUlir).  When  John  went 
abroad  in  iigi,  Theobald  was  given  tbe  charge  of  Lancaster 
castle,  but  In  1194  he  was  forced  to  surrender  to  his  brother 
Hubert,  who  summoned  It  in  King  Richard's  name.  Making  his 
peace  (hnugh  Hubert's  hifiuence,  he  was  sbeiiS  of  Lancashire 
for  King  Richaid,  who  ngnnted  to  him  aH  Amoundemesa.  His 
fortunes  turned  with  the  king's  death.  The  new  sovereign, 
treadng  bis  surrender  ol  (be  castle  as  treachery,  took  the  shrleval  ty 
from  him,  disseised  Urn  of  Amoundsness  and  sold  his  cantieda  ol 
Limerkk  land  to  William  de  Btaoae.    But  the  great  aichblghop 

D  lound  means  to  bring  his  brother  back  to  lavour,  and  on 
ind  of  January  ifOi-s  Amoundemeas,  by  writ  of  tbe  king, 

0  be  restored  to  Theobald  Walter,  dilate  el  fiddt  luslri. 

[hin  a  year  or  two  Theobald  IcII  En^nd  to  end  bis  day! 

m  hia  Aiklow  hef,  busying  himself  with  religions  foundatfona 

Wotheney  in  Limerick,  at  ArUow  and  at  Nenagh.    At 

theney  he  is  aaid  to  have  been  buried  shortly  before  tbe  iiUt 
of  February  ijos-6,  when  an  entiyin  the  Close  Roll  is  concerned 
with  his  widow.  This  widow,  Maude,  daughter  of  Robert  le 
Vavasor  of  Denton,  was  given  up  to  her  father,  who,  buying  tbe 
tight  of  marrying  her  at  a  price  ol  iioo  marks  and  two  palfreys, 
gave  her  (a  Folk  fitz-Warine.  Theobald,  (he  son  and  heir  of 
Theobald  and  Maude,  a  child  of  six  years  old,  was  likewise 
taken  feto  the  keeping  of  his  grandfather  Rob«t,  but  letter* 
roni  the  king,  dated  the  >nd  ol  Mareh  imis-6,  told  Robert, 
o)  he  loved  Us  body."  to  surrender  the  htir  at  once  to  GSbert 
fiti-Reinftfd,  tbe  biron  ol  Kendal. 

Adding  to  Ita  possessions  by  marriages  the  hotne  advanced 
Itsdt  among  the  nobility  ol  Inland.  (>n  the  ist  oi  September 
1315,  its  chief,  Edmund  Walter  allot  Edmtmd  the  Butler,  far 
KTvices  against  tbe  Scottish  Tiiden  and  Ulstei  rebels,  bad  > 
ibaiter  of  the  castle  and  niaDOii  of  Carrick,  MacgriSyn  and 
Roscrea  to  hiJd  to  him  and  Ui  hdti  nfr  itmfM  i(  liMtrt  tmtia 
it  Karryt.  This  charter,  however,  while  apparently  cre«tiog  an 
earldom,  failed,  as  Mr  Roond  has  explained,  to  make  hia  Issne 
oarls  of  Carrick.  But  James,  the  son  md  heir  d  Edmund, 
having  married  in  131;  Eleanor  de  Bohun,  dau^tcr  of  Rumfre- 


88o 


BUTLER  FAMILY 


t.Vthix 


ID  Iiishemiloa  Iha  ud  of 


d«i|thter  of  Ednrd 

Novembci  1318,  ifith  me  uirt  a  unnoDaB. 

Fnm  the  cujy  yean  of  the  14th  ceotury  the  Ormonde  cuU, 
featnUoB  by  gcnentioa,  *m  tailed  Co  the  cbiel  ■ovenuneot 
4f  liduul  u  kndfr-kniKf,  lordi-lieuteouit,  dtputiee  M  Icmb- 

tb^  kqit  «  tndidDd  el  l^illy  le  the  EogtUi  cnwD  end  te 
EnglUi  cmtoia.  Thdr  Uiteiy  ii  full  el  nniag  with  the  nuive 
Irlih.  utd  M  ^  nui  ilood  Hill  DpoD  GibcoD,  even  le,  ••  an  told, 
It  leUcd  orer  the  nd  hoc  of  Athy  vhik  Jimei  the  White  Etil  wu 
■Uyins  the  wild  lyUisBi.   MmethiBoneoftheeulioiOniioDde 

Europau  taogat  ud  unbeOHdec  to  meny  couiti,  Edwud  IV. 
li  eeid  to  have  declired  that  wen  good  bleeding  uuj  libeiml 
qoelitia  teat  to  the  world  they  might  be  found  agun  in  John, 
eul  ot  OnBoode.  Hie  carti  wen  oJtcn  abaent  from  Ireland  on 
•naoda  ol  war  or  peace  Jamea,  tbe  jth  cul,  had  the  Englieh 
nridoD  of  Wiltihire  given  him  in  144(1  for  hii  Lancaatiian  leal. 
He  fought  at  St  Albani  in  145s*  '^■'^"g  hii  lunusa  into  a  ditch 
•1  be  aed  the  fidd,  and  he  led  a  wing  at  Wakefield.  Hit  ttall 
itete  ai  a  knight  of  the  Garter  b  ttill  in  St  George'i  ch^wl. 
Defeated  with  the  carl  of  Pembroke  ai  Uortimer'B  Croaa  and 
taken  priwnec  after  Towton,  hii  fate  ia  uncertain,  but  rumour 
nid  that  he  wai  beheaded  at  Neocastk,  and  a  letter  addieued 
to  John  Paiton  about  May  1461  lends  tiding^  that  "  the  £tJe 
of  Wylcbir  ii  bed  ii  lette  on  London  Brigge." 

To  bii  time  belongi  a  document  ilJuitra  Ling  a  curiouiQaditian 
of  the  BuilcE3,  His  petition  to  parliament  when  he  *4i  coovcy- 
ing  Bufkinghamihire  lands  to  the  hoipital  of  St  Tbomal  ol  Acne 
in  Loodoo,  rcdtea  that  be  doei  10  "  in  wonbip  of  that  glorious 
marqr  St  Humai,  aonietinie  archbiilK^  of  Caolerbuiy,  of  iriuee 
blood  the  nld  oui  of  Wiltihin,  hii  (ether  and  mai^  of  hii 
uceitoa  an  lincilly  deeoended."  But  the  pedigrca  in  which 
fcaeiiociil*  have  lougbl  10  make  thii  descent  definite  will  not 
bear  inveMigalioo.  The  Wiltshire  eaiidom  died  with  him  and 
the  loMb  earldom  wai  (or  a  time  foifdled,  bis  two  bnlhers. 
John  and  Thomas,  iharing  Us  altalndei.  John  wai  restored  in 
blood  t?  Edward  IV,;  and  Thomas,  tbe  7th  eul,  lUmoHined  to 
the  EngUih  parliament  in  1495  as  Lord  Rochloid,  a  title  taken 
from  a  Bohun  manor  In  Ebcx,  hw  the  statute  o(  attainder 
annulled  by  Henry  VH/e  Ent  parliament-  He  died  without 
vale  issue  In  1515,  Of  his  two  daughters  and  co^hors  Anne  was 
nanitd  to  Sir  Janiei  St  Leger,  and  Maigaret  to  Sir  William 
Boleyn  of  Blickling,  by  whom  ihe  was  motho-  ol  Hr  Jamei  and 
Sir  Thome*  Bofeyn.  The  latter,  the  lather  of  Amw  Boteyii,  was 
created  eail  of  Wiltihire  and  Ormonde  In  1519. 

In  Ireland  tbe  heir  male  of  the  OimoDde  earli.  Sir  PienBuUer 
— "  red  Piers  "  iiiumed  the  earldom  of  Ormonde  in  isiS  old 
idled  upon  tbe  Iriih  estate*.  Being  a  good  ally  against  the  rebel 
Irish,  the  govenunent  teinpocized  with  his  claim.  He  wu  ui 
Iiishmao  bora,  allied  to  tbe  wild  Irish  dtieftilni  by  hit  mother, 
«  daughter  ol  the  MacMomgh  Kavauighi  the  earldom  had 
been  long  in  the  mab  line;  aU  Irish  sentiment  was  against  the 
leudsl  custom  which  would  take  it  out  of  the  family,  arid  the  two 
co-heirs  woe  widows  of  £nglish  knights  In  r^ii,  styled 
Piers  Butter  pretending  himself  to  be  earl  of  Oiinonde,"  lie 
mede  chief  governor  of  Irebnd  u  lord  dq>uty,  and  on  the 
of  February  isijIS,  foUowiDg  an  agnenwnl  with  tbe  co-heiis 
of  the  7  Ih  earl,  whoeby  the  earldom  of  OrmDude  wis  dccUuvd 
10  be  at  the  king's  diapoeal,  be  was  cnated  earl  of  Osaory.  But 
the  Irish  estates,  declared  forfeit  to  the  crown  in  tsj6  under  the 
Act  of  Absentees,  wen  granted  to  him  as  "  earl  of  Oiury  and 
Ormonde."  Although  the  Boleyn  eul  of  Ormonde  and  WiJ^ure 
was  still  alive,  then  can  be  do  doubt  that  Piera  Butler  had 
patent  d  tbe  Ormonde  earldom  sbont  the  nnd  of  February 
J237/8.1rom  whichdate  his  succeison  must  reckon  their  prerage, 
Hii  son  and  bdr.  Jama  the  Lame,  who  had  been  created  Viicouat 
Thuriei  on  tbe  and  of  January  ij3s/£,  obiaiaed  en  act  of 
parHament  In  iS4j/4  which,  confiiming  the  grant  to  hi*  father 
of  the  earldom,  give  him  the  old  "  pie-CDunents  "  of  the 


1  James  was  pobeiMd  *t  •  *ntt  <»  By  Haoae  b  isA 
aod  ThoBMi  the  Black  Earl,  his  son  and  heir,  was  brought  19 
_.  tbe  Engiith  court,  pmfiung  tbe  reformed  rrli^on.  Hii 
■ympathiei  were  with  {l>e  Irish,  although  he  stood  iiaunchlj 
for  likw  ud  order,  aod  Kr  the  great  pirt  of  his  life  he  was  wrcsi- 
ling  with  rebeUion.  Hii  lands  having  been  harried  by  hi* 
"tary  crienie*  the  DesQKXkd  Ceraldines,  Elizabeth  gave  him 
hit  revenge  by  i^iointing  him  hi  ijBo  military  govetnor  of 

ler,  with  ■  commiuion  to  "  biiuih  ind  vanquiiti  thrte 
cankered  Dcamondt,"  then  in  open  rebellion.  In  three  months 
' .  "  I  own  accaunli  he  had  put  to  tbe  sword  4tt  captaitu.  too 
noloriout  traiton  and  400Dothen,  and,  after  four  years' fisliiing, 
Gerald,  <aH  of  Deimond,  a  price  on  hi*  head,  wet  taken  ud 
killed.  Dyingin  iei4wiihoatUwful  Issue,  Tbomtiwassucceeded 
by  hit  nephew  Walter  of  Kilcaih,  wbo  bad  fnugbl  beside  him 
'  ,t  the  Burkes  and  O'Morcs.  But  Sir  Robert  Preston,  after* 
cnated  arl  o(  Deemond,  claimed  a  gtrat  part  ol  the 
Ormonde  lands  in  right  of  his  wKe,  the  Black  Earl's  daughter 
and  heir.    In  tpltc  of  tbe  loyal  service*  of  Eail  Walter,  King 

I  supported  tbe  claimant,  and  tbe  carl,  refuung  to  aubnut 

oyal  award,  was  thrown  into  ^ol,  where  he  lay  for  eight 
yeaQiagnatpoverty.hisrentsbeingcutoS.  Although  liberated 
'n  t6ij  he  we*  rtot  acknowledged  heir  to  his  unde'a  estates  untl 
1630.  Hi*  ton,  Mtcount  Thiutei,  being  drowned  on  a  panage 
Jt  Englaod,  a  grandson  snccaded  him. 

Thii  giandton,  Jamet  Butler,  ii  perhaps  tbe  most  famous  ef 
the  long  line  of  Ontwpdts.  By  his  marriage  with  hi*  muia 
Elisabeth  Preston,  Uk  Ormonde  titles  wen  once  man  unitid 
with  all  the  Onooade  estatea.    A  loyal  soldier  and  stauciiaa, 

UEtaoded  for  the  king  in  Ireland,  when  he  wai  beiwroi 
tbe  two  fires  of  Citbalic  rebels  and  Protestant  puiiamentariaiu. 
I[|  Iielaad  he  ttaycd  Itug  enough  to  proclaim  CharlaU.  in  1649. 
bat  defeated  at  lUlhBunei.  hit  garrisons  broken  by  CrtBnwcU, 
be  quitted  the  oiuntTy  at  the  end  of  1650.  At  the  Restonties 
he  was  appointed  lord-lieu  teaani,  hi*  estate*  having  been  numd 
him  with  Ihe  addition  ol  the  county  palatine  of  Tippcniy, 
ken  by  James  I.  fntm  his  gnuidfathn-.  In  1631  he  had  been 
crated  a  marquess.  Tbe  English  earldom  ol  Brecknock  wa* 
added  in  1669  aod  an  Irish  dukedom  ol  Ormonde  in  thefoUowing 
year.  In  16S1  he  had  a  patent  for  an  English  dukedom  with  tbe 
■ame  title.     Buckingham's  Intrigues  deprived  him  for  seven 

of  his  lord-lieutenancy,  and  a  de^Rrate  attempt  wa*  made 

his  tile  in  1670,  when  a  company  of      '^ 


e  gallows  at  Tyburn.    1 


d  sought  to  hurry  him  to 
at  that,  i(  harm  befeU  hi* 
«n  if  bo  were  bdund  the 

acccsiian  of  Jamea  II.  he  was  orxce  more  taken  from  active 
employment,  and  "  Banillai,  crowned  with  honour  and  with 
years"  died  at  hii  Doneahlia  haute  In  16S8.  He  had  seen  hk 
great-great-unde  the  Black  Earl,  who  wa*  bom  hi  ru>.  and  a 
gieat-grandtoD  was  playing  be»de  him  a  few  hour*  before  hi* 
death.  Hi*  brave  sm  C^tory, "  the  eldest  hope  with  every  grace 
adrnwd,"  died  dght  years  beEon  him,  and  be  was  succeeded 
by  a  grandson  Jsnet,  the  itcoad  duke  ol  Ormonde,  who,  a 
teotgtdied  leadtr  of  tbe  London  Jacobites,  was  attainted  in 
171S,  bis  honour!  and  estates  being  forfeited.  Tbe  duke  lived 
thirty  years  in  eiile,  chlsfiy  at  Avignon,  and  died  in  the  rebellion 
year  of  1745  without  lurviving  isuie.  His  younga  brother 
Chaitet,  whom  King  William  bad  created  lord  Builei  of  Weston 
in  the  English  peerage  and  earl  of  Arrtn  in  the  Jiith,  wis  allowed 
to  pun:hasc  the  Onnonde  estateL  On  the  earl's  death  without 
issue  in  1758  the  estates  wen  en^yed  by  a  sister,  passing  in  1760^ 
by  Kltlement  ol  the  earl  ol  Amn.  to  John  BuUer  of  Kilcaih, 
descendant  of  a  younger  brother  of  the  first  duke.  John  dying 
six  years  later  was  succeeded  by  Walter  Butler,  a  first  couiiit, 
whose  son  John,  heir-male  ol  the  line  of  Ormondh,  became  cari 
of  Ormonde  and  Ossoiy  and  Viscount  Thuries  in  1741,  the  Irish 
padiament  reversing  the  attainder  of  1715.  Waller,  too  sad 
heir  of  the  restored  carl,  was  given  an  English  peerage  as  Lord 
ButleroHianthony  (iter)  and  an  Irish  marquessate  of  OnnoeMle 
(tSifi),  title*  that  died  with  him.   This  Lord  Ormonde  in  iSu 


BUTLER,  A.— BUTLER,  C. 


88t 


hM  to  tlM  era*n(Mth«imt  «*m  at  £iie,sx)  hit  umitnl 
tight  to  the  prisafe  of  win«i  In  IrduuL  Foi  hii  bioihci  uid  bcir, 
created  Lonl  Onoonde  of  Uaotboiv  at  the  conHutian  o(  Gcivee 
IV.,  the  Irish  muqoevBtc  ma  tevivcd  in  iSij  and  detccnded 
In  the  ditecl  Kim. 

The  <»il>  of  Ciirick  (IreUnd  1748).  Viicoimu  Ikeirin  CIr«l«i>d 
i6ig),  cliiin  deacsnt  from  1  bmtber  of  the  fini  OrDonde 
while  the  vucouBls  Mouatgiiret  (Kebnd  ijso)  ipring  h 
youDgcf  ton  o(  Tien,  the  Red  Eut  ol  Oisocy,    The  baioi 
C»htr  (Irelind  1543),  cteiled  for  Sir  ThaoiM  Butler  of  C 
or  Caher-dovm-E^e.  >  descendant  in  an  iUe^timate  bnn 
the  Butlen,  fell  into  abeyance  among  heira  general  on. the  t 
of  the  ind  baion  [n  ijCo.    It  naa  again  ccuted,  after  the 
lender  of  their  ri^ils  by  the  heirs  general,  in  isS]  (or  Sii  Theobald 
Butler  (d.  151)6},  and  btcsme  extinct  in  iSsS  on  the  death  of 
Richard  Butler,  ijih  bann  and  ind  viicount  Caber,  and  MCoad 
earl  of  GlengaU.    Buttler  von  Clonebough,  tenanpl  HaJjnhausen, 
count  ot  the  Holy  Roman  Empite,  deurcnda  from  tba  jid 
(Btl  of  Ormonde,  the  imperial  title  having  been  revived  in  i69 
in  memory  ol  the  acrvicej  of  a  kiniman,  Walter,  Count  Butic 
(d.  i6jt),  the  dragoon  ofBcer  wbo  cacTied  out  the  murdFc  t 
Wallenslein. 

See  LiBcaihiic  Inueili,  JUtyjyij:  Lancaihiic  and  Cbeahli- 
Record  Society,  ilvin.;  Chroniciea  of  Matibeo  Firii,  Roier  d 
Hoveden.  Giialdui  CanbieDKi,  Ac.!  Didunury  oj  Nalitiai  Bit- 

Kpky;  G.  E.  C.'i  Cmflai  Pctrap:  Cartfi  Ormonde  paj 
Xoa  LeItHi;  Rolk  of  pariiaiDent  r  fine  roUa,  bliEnie  rolR 
ndli.  Ac  {O.  Bf 

BOTIER,  ALBAM  (rrio-i?;^),  Eogliib  Roman  Qitbcriie 
pcteit  and  hagiologist,  wai  bom  in  Northampton  on  the  34th 
of  October  ijio.  He  was  edueatfd  at  the  English  college, 
Douii,  iirhere  on  his  ordination  10  the  prie«tbood  he  hdd  luccei- 
tlvely  the  chain  ot  philosi^hy  and  divinity.  He  laboured  for 
»me  time  as  a  miuioiuiry  priest  in  SlaSordshlie,  held  seveial 
positions  as  tutor  to  young  Roman  Catholic  noblemen,  and  ima 
finuDy  appointed  president  of  the  English  seminary  at  St  Omer, 
where  he  remained  till  hb  death  on  the  ijth  of  Uay  i;;}. 
Butler's  great  work,  TMe  Lites  cf  Ikt  SaiHli,  the  result  of  thjity 
years'  atudy  (4  vols.,  London,  i?!6-i7So),  has  paned  through 
many  edilioni  and  tmnalalions  (best  edition,  including  valuable 
notes,  Dublin,  11  vols.  1779-1730).  It  is  a  popular  and  com- 
pendious reproduction  oi  the  A  cla  Saiulanim,  eibibitlng  great 
industry  and  research,  and  ii  in  aU^  respects  the  best  work  of  its 
kind  In  English  literature. 

See  An  Atom  aflkt  Lijt  ^  A.  B.  iy  C  B.,  J*  by  his  nephew 
Ch^riei  Hurler  ILondon,  17^];  and  Joi^  Cillow's  SajigpMMail 
DiiHanary  0/  £m(Ju*  Cia*irfi«,  voL  i. 

BUTLBR,  BSHJAMIH  FRAHKLIN  (igi^iS«]),  American 
lawyer,  soldier  and  politician,  was  bora  in  Dect&eld,  New 
Hampshire,  on  the  Jib  of  November  tSiR.  He  graduated  at 
WsterviUe  (now  Colby)  College  in  1S38,  was  admitted  to  the 
HaisachuBetts  bat  in  1840,  began  practice  at  Lowell,  Maiia- 
cfatoetts,  and  early  attained  distinction  as  a  lawyer,  particularly 
in  criminal  cases.  Entering  politici  as  a  Democrat,  be  firat 
attracted  geneiat  attention  fay  his  violent  campaign  In  Lowell 
in  advocacy  o(  the  passage  of  a  law  establishing  a  ten-hour  day 
Kir  labouren;  be  was  a  member  of  the  Massachusetts  House  of 
Representatives  hi  1H53.  and  of  the  state  senate  in  1S54,  andwas 
a  delegate  to  the  Democratic  national  conventions  from  1S4B 
I01B60.  Inthatof  iWoatChatleslonheadvocatedthenomina- 
tion  of  JeSerson  Davis  and  opposed  Stephen  A.  Douglas,  and  In 
the  ensuing  campofgn  he  supported  Breckinridge. 

Alter  the  Baltimore  riot  at  Ihc  opening  of  the  Civil  War, 
Butler,  aa  a  brigadier-geneial  in  the  state  militia,  was  sent  by 
Govnaor  John  A.  Andn:w,with  a  force  of  Massachusetts  troops ,  to 
reopen  communication  between  the  Union  states  and  the  Federal 
cnpital.  By  his  energetic  and  careful  work  Butler  achieved  his 
purpose  without  fighting,  and  he  was  soon  afterwards  roade 
maior-gencral,  U.S.V.  Whilst  b  command  at  Fortresi  Monroe, 
be  declined  to  return  to  their  owners  fugitive  slaves  iriio  had 
come  within  hia  tinea,  on  tbe  ground  that,  as  labourers  lor 
fortifications,  &c.,  they  were  contraband  of  war,  thus  originating 
Ih«  phrase  "  contraband  "  aa  applied  to  tbe  BCgroo.    In  the 


eoDdnct  el  tactical  operatiua  Butler  «u  alnwat  taifoimlr 
nniucctssf  ul,  and  hii  Gist  actionat  Big  B«tM,Va.,  waiabunili- 
atingdeftM  for  the  National  anna.  Later  in  1861  be  commanded 
an  eipcdliloQaiy  force,  whidi,  in  conjuncticn  With  the  navy 
took  Forts  Hatteras  and  Clark,  N,C.  In  iMi  he  commanded 
tbe  force  which  occupied  New  Orleans.  In  the  admkislntion 
ofthatdtyheabowedgreatfitmnessaiidBcverity.  NewOrieans 
was  unusually  healthy  and  orderly  during  the  Butlet  regime. 
Many  of  his  acta,  however,  gave  great  oflcnco,  particularly  the 
seizure  of  (Soo,ocic  which  had  been  deposited  in  the  office  ol 
the  Dutch  consul,  and  an  order,  isaued  aflti  some  ptovoc^tion, 
on  May  1  sth,  that  if  any  woman  should"  insult  or  ibov  contempt 
for  any  oDicer  or  soldier  oi  the  United  Statcs.abe  shall  be  ic^rded 
and  shall  be  hold  liable  to  be  treated  as  a  woman  of  the  town 
plying  her  avocation."  TUs  order  provoked  proicati  both  in  tha 
North  and  tbe  South,  and  also  abroad,  putieuUtly  in  ftngland 
and  Fiance,  and  it  was  doubtless  the  cause  of  his  remsval  hi 
I>ctembCr  186].  On  tbe  ist  of  June  he  had  eucutcd  one  W.  B. 
Mionfotd,  wbo  had  torn  down  a  UniKd  Slatei  flag  pUced  by 
Fatisgut  on  the  United  States  mini;  and  lor  this  eiecntian  he 
was  denounced  (Dec.  iSfii)  by  President  Davis  as  "  a  fekn 
deserving  capital  punishment,"  who  if  captured  should  be 
reserved  lot  eiecutlon.  In  the  campaign  of  1864  he  van  placed 
At  the  bead  of  the  Army  of  the  Janies,  which  he  commanded 
ciedllably  in  several  battles.  But  Ins  mlsmanagemetit  of  the 
expedition  a^inst  tort  Fisher,  N.C.led  to  his  retail  by  General 
Grant  in  December. 

He  was  a  Repiditicaa  tepmentativc  in  Congreti  bora  18C7 
to  1S79,  enept  in  1875-1877.  In  Congresa  ho  was  eoaspicuoui 
as  a  Radltal  Sepublicsn  in  Reconstruction  legislation,  ud  wa* 
one  of  the  Bamgeta  seloctcd  by  the  HouM  to  conduct  the 
impeachment,  before  the  Senate,  ol  President  Johnson,  openii^ 
llie  am  and  tak&ig  tbe  toost  prombient.part  in  it  on  his  Ait; 
lie  exercised  a  marked  influence  ovei  Ftesident  Grant  and  was 
leffuded  as  his  spokesman  in  the  House,  utd  be  was  one  ol  the 
fonmoat  advocata  of'  the  payment  in  "  greenbacks  "  of  the 
government  bonds.  In  1871  he  was  a  defeated  candidate  foi 
governor  of  Massachusetts,  and  also  in  1870  when  he  ran  on  the 
Democnticand  Gtcenhock  tickota,  but  in  iS8a  be  was  elected 
by  the  Demociata  wbo  got  no  otbei  aute  offices.  Xo  1S8) 
he  was  defealnl  on  tenomination.  Ai  pie^dential  nominee  of 
the  Gmenbaik  and  Antl-Monopolitt  parties,  li*  palled  I7S,170 
votes  in  1884,  when  he  had  billeriy  oppetcd  the  nnmiBtion  by 
the  Democratic  pony  of  Grow  Clevdand,  ta  d*f«M  whom  ha 
tried  to  "  throw  "  his  6wn  votes  hi  Miasadinietta  and  New  Yeik 
to  tbe  Republican  candidate.  His  profesdonal  Income  as  a 
hiwyer  was  estimated  at  tiai>,acD  per  annum  sinrtly  ixfare  his 
death  at  Washiogum,  D.d,  on  the  nth  of  januacy  i8u.  He 
waa  an  aUe  but  emtic  adnunistrator  and  soklier.  and  a  brilUant 
lawyer.  As  a  politician  he  eidted  bitter  opponlion,  and  was 
cbargdl,  apparently  with  justice,  with  conupIioD  and  venality 
In  connivini  at  and  sharing  the  profits  of  iDicii  trade  with  the 
Conledeiatea  caiiiod  on  by  bis  brother  at  New  Orleans  and  by 
his  Inollier-in-law  in  the  department  of  Virginia  and  North 
Carolina,  whUe  GeHIal  BuUei  waa  in  command. 

Sh  lame.  Pattoo.  ByUir  «  Nta  Orlai  (N™  York,  I»i). 
whicli,how J— i.;..j ..I — :.!.  .1..  ,1 1 1 :^: 


Majur-Cnernl  B.  F.  BiOtri  I 


■s  Botk  (New  York,  i«93),  ti 


, — ^  — idequateiy  with  the  charges  br 

lod   ThM  AtUstupaphy  and  Pcrstml  Rim 
■-   -  Bajlln;  Baifc'j  .-    ■  "■      "    " 

BDTLER,  CHABLEl  (17J0-1S3]),  British  lawyer  and  mi» 
cellaiieons  writer,  waa  bom  in  London  on  the  14th  ol  August 
1750.  He  was  educated  at  Doual,  and  in  1775  entered  at 
Lincoln's  Inn.  He  had  ccmaiderahle  piacCko  as  a  conveyancer, 
and  after  tbe  passing  of  the  Roman  Catholic  Relief  Act  1791 
waa  called  to  tbe  bar.  In  1S31  he  took  silk,  and  was  made  a 
bencher  of  Lbcoln's  tin  He  died  on  th*  nd  of  June  in  tlw 
sameycar.  Htsliterary activity wueDormaBB,andtlieUBmber 
of  his  pubbshed  works  oimpdiei  abont  fifty  mhimea.  The 
most  impoctant  d  them  are  the  JieiUHii'icentft  (iSti-iSaj); 
Herat  BtUicoe  (1 707>.  wluch  has  passed  timni^  several  edUcni; 
Htm  Jaridicct  SiAieatae  (1S04);  Bnk  a^  ■*•  Rfiaas  CoOaHc 
CInrtk  (18x5),  which  wis  directed  agahist  SoHthey  and  cxdted 


882 


BUTLER,  G.— BUTLER,  JOSEPH 


■amc  controvcny;  Uvtt  of  EnnBW,  CiotiiB,  Boauci,  Ftadoa, 

He  ilu  cdJtcd  ud  conplcMd  the  Uta  of  Hit  SaiaU  oiy '- 

ALbu  Buder,  Fetme'i  E4iaf  «>  Ctnlinttni  Stwun 
Hirgnn'i  cdilioa  ol  Ctkt  uptn  Liiaoni'i  Laaa  g/  En^tBd 
(■TT5). 

A  CDirnlcu  IM  o(  BdiIh-'i  worln  ti  conUinnl  in  Jowph  Cnkw'i 
BOIatri'^ikat  Dit^marr  aj  En^iili  CtlMia,  voL  i.  pp.  JS7-J64' 

BU1UB,  OBOSaS  (iT74-ii5]),  Eaglah  idKiiitniuUr  uid 
divine,  wu  bom  in  London  mnd  educalcd  tt  Sidney  Sussex 
College,  Cambridge,  where  he  iflermrdi  became  fellow,  in  the 
dpadiy  fint  of  nuitltenutictl  lectuier,  and  if  ut«itd>  at  dauical 
(uior.  He  ns  elected  n  [nibllc  tumlncr  </t  the  unlveruiy  in 
ifio4,  tnd  in  the  loliowing  year  wu  one  of  ihe  select  preachers 
As  held  mmler  of  Hhidw  (1805-1835)  hli  »ll-round  knowledge, 
hia  [net  And  hh  skill  ae  an  acblete  rendered  bia  adminiatratFon 
■uccenful  and  popular.  On  bia  retiiemeot  he  settled  down  at 
Gayton,  Nortliainp(i>nidiire,  a  living  which  bad  been  preiented 
to  bim  by  bia  college  fn  1814.  In  183A  be  became  chancellor 
of  thedioceKof  Peterboiougb,  and  in  1S4)  wu  appoioted  dean 
of  Peterborough.  Hia  few  publicationt  iodude  50Die  notes  of 
Harrow,  entitled  Harrea,  a  Stktlin  ofLilU  tf  lit  SiImI  kdwn 
1770  and  iSiS  (Peterborough,  1840}. 

Hii  ddest  son,  GioiCE  Butlei  (1819-1890),  waa  principeL 
of  Liverpool  College  (ig66-lS8i)  and  cuon  of  Winchester.  Jn 
iSji  bs  muiled  Joaephioe  EUubctb,  daughter  of  John  Cny 
of  DibtOD,  She  died  on  tbe  joth  of  December'I9a6  (■«  her 
Aulebietratiy,  1909).  Ura  Josephine  Butler,  as  she  was  com- 
Diooly  caOad  allerwuda,  was  a  wnmsn  of  intense  moral  and 
spiritual  ionx,  wbo  devoted  Eienelf  to  rescae  work,  and  apedally 
10  leaialing  the  "stale  fegulation  of  vioe"  whether  by  Ibe 
CD.  Acts  in  India  or  by  any  system  analogous  to  that  of  Ibe 
continfnE  in  England. 

Hia  yoongBsC  aon,  the  Rev.  Dr  HcNnif  Hoktaci;  Bvnja, 
became  one  of  the  best-known  schobra  of  hia  day.  Bora  in 
liil,  and  educated  at  Harrow  and  Trinity,  Cambridge,  he  was 
senior  clastic  in  i8ss  and  was  elected  a  fellow  of  bia  college. 
In  iS  jg  be  became  bead  muter  of  Harrow,  as  his  father  had  been, 
and  only  resigned  on  being  made  tiean  of  Gbucester  in  1885. 
In  1SS6  he  wu  elected  master  of  Trinity,  Cambridge.     Hia 


■pcaker,  and  hia  great  ptactical  ir^flueoce  both  u  a  beadi 
and  M  Cambridge.  .  He  married  first  (1861),  Ceotguia  . 
and  >eamdl)>'(i8St)  Agneu  Franoea  Rumay  (who  in  iSi 
Mnior  flamir  at  Cambridge),    and    bad    Eve    sons  ow 


aicpiH, 


■ublic 


BDTUR,  MSEPB  (1641-rrs/).  English  divine  and  philo- 
topher,  bishop  of  Durbam,  wu  bom  at  Wantage,  b  Berkshire, 
on  tin  rSch  0!  May  lOgi.  Hit  father,  a  linen-draper  gf  that 
town,  wu  a  Preabyterian,  and  it  waa  hia  nrish  that  young  Butler 
should  be  educated  lor  the  ministry  in  that  dmrcb.  The  boy 
was  placed  under  Ibe  aire  of  the  Rev.  Philip  Barton,  master  of 
the  grammar  school  al  Wantage,  and  remained  there  ibr  some 
yean.  Hewu  then  sent  to  Simudjorxes's  dlssentingacademy 
at  Gloucester,  and  allcrwarda  at  Tewkcabury,  where  his  most 
intimate  friend  wu  Thomu  Seeker,  .who  became  aidibishop  of 
Canlerbuiy. 

While  at  this  acndemy  Butler  became  diKatlsGed  with  tbe 
prindplea  a(  Preibyterianism,  nod  after  mnch  deliberatioa 
icsidnd  lo  jobi  tbo  CInitch  of  England.  About  the  same  time 
he  began  lo-itndy  with  on  Samuel  Clarke's  celebrated  Dimtn- 
Uratiaa  ^  Oa  Ba»i  ami  AUrOiUa  tf  Gal,  which  had  been 
puUUied  M  tbe  BoylB  Lectures  a  few  years  ptevinuly.  With 
freal  nodeaty  and  aecrecy  Buder,  then  in  his  twenty-seooud 
year,  wiow  to  the  aatlur  pispounding  certain  difficulties  with 
regaidtotliepmiobttf  tbBimity  andomnipreaenceof  thtDivin* 
Bcini.  Claike  jnawaied  bis  onknowm  Ofquoent  with  a  gtafity 
add  am  that  dmwed  Ua  Ugh  opinion  of  tho  netivSiyaleal 
acuUoeM  displnysd  in  tba  obioclioDS,  and  pabliihBd  tha  0( 


Ua  letten  we  already  find  tbe  germ  of  his  famous  dictiui  Ihal 

"  probability  ia  the  guide  of  life." 

In  Mircb  iris  he  entered  at  Oriel  College,  Oxford,  but  for 
some  time  found  it  uncongenial  and  thought  of  migrating  to 
Cambridge.  But  be  made  s  close  (licnd  in  one  of  the  resident 
fellows,  Edwaid  Talbot,  son  of  WOliarn  Talbot,  then  bisbop  of 
Oiford,  and  afterwatds  ol  Salisbury  and  Duifuim,  In  ryiS  be 
took  his  degree,  wu  ordained  deacon  and  priest,  and  on  the 
rvcommendalloD  of  Talbot  and  Claike  was  nominated  preachn 
at  the  chapdot  the  Rolls,  where  he  continued  till  1716.  It  wu 
"'         '  (i7"6). 


ig  the  wrl|-kno 


a  prebend  at  Salisbury  by  Bishop  Talbot, 
who  on  ilia  translation  to  Durham  gave  Butler  tbe  living  of 
Houghton-lfr^keme  in  that  county,  and  in  1725  prevnted  him 
to  the  wealthy  rectory  of  Stanhi^.  In  1736  h*  resigned  hit 
preuchenhip  at  the  Rolls. 

For  ten  years  Butler  remamed  in  perfect  sedutlon  al  Stanhope. 
He  was  only  remembered  in  tbe  nctghl»urhood  u  a  man  much 
loved  and  respected,  who  used  to  ride  n  black  pony  very  fist, 
and  whose  known  benevolence  wu  mnch  practised  upon  by 
beggars.  'Archbishop  Blackbume,  wlienasked  hy  Queen  Caroline 
whether  he  was  stitl  olive,  answend,  "  Re  is  not  dead,  madam, 
but  burial."  In  17JJ  he  wu  made  chaplain  to  Lord  CbanctUor 
Talbot,  elder  brother  of  his  dead  fiicod  Edward,  and  in  17^6 
prebendary  of  Rochester.  In  the  same  year  be.  was  appointed 
clerk  of  the  closet  to  the  queen,  and  had  to  take  pan  En  the 
metaphysical  canvenation  parlies  which  tbe  loved  to  ^ther 


He  I 


y  frequently,  but  ii 


i7j6  also  appeared  his  great  wort, 
Tke  Anaitiy  of  Religwit^ 

In  ri]7  Queen  Caroline  died;  on  fact  deathbed  she  recwa- 
meoded  Butter  to  tlie  favour  of  ber  husband.  George  seemed 
to  thint  bis  obli^tiOD  sufficjently  discharged  by  appointing 
Sutler  in  I7]S  10  Ibe  bishopric  ol  Bristol,  the  poorest  sec  in  tiM 
kingdom.  The  severe  but  digniBed  IeIIci  to  Walpde,  in  which 
Butler  accepted  the  pmfetment,  showed  that  the  slight  wu  fell 
and  resented.  Two  years  later,  however,  the  bisbop  waa  pn> 
tented  to  the  rich  deanery  of  St  Paul's,  and  in  1746  vu  made 
derkof  tiredosct  to  the  king.    In  1747  the  primacy  was  offered 

wu  too  late  for  bim  to  try  to  support  a  falling  church."  Tbe 
story  has  not  tbe  best  authority,  and  though  the  desponding 
tone  ol  some  of  Butler's  writing  may  give  it  colour,  it  is  mt  in 
hannony  with  tbe  rest  of  bis  life,  for  in  1750  lie  accepted  tiie  sec 
ol  Durham,  vacant  by  tbe  death  of  Edwaid  Chandler.  His 
charge  to  the  clergy  of  the  diocese,  the  only  charge  ol  liis  known 
to  us,  is  a  weighty  and  valuable  address  on  (he  importance  of 
eiLemal  forms  in  religion.  This,  together  wilb  the  fact  that  over 
the  altar  of  his  private  chapel  at  Bristol  he  bad  a  cross  of  white 
marble,  gave  rise  to  an  absurd  tumour  that  the  bishop  bad  too 
great  a  leaning  towards  Romanism.  At  Durham  lie  waa  very 
charitable,  and  expended  large  sums  in  huildii^  and  deooroiing 
his  church  and  residence.  His  private  expenses  were  exceedingly 
small.  Shortly  after  his  translation  iiis  constitution  began  to 
break  up,  and  lie  died  on  the  i6th  of  June  17J1,  at  Batli,wlultm 
be  had  removed  for  his  health.  He  wu  buried  in  the  cathedral 
it,  and  over  his  grave  a  monument  wu  erected  in  1SJ4, 
epitaph  by  Soutbey.  According  to  his  express  ordeia. 
all  bis  MSS.  weiE  burned  dier  liis  death.  Bithop  Butkt  waa 
.med.  His  personal  appearance  has  Ixeo  sketched  in  a 
by  Hutchinson; — "  He  wu  of  a  most  reverend  a^ieci; 
bis  face  thin  and  pale;  but  thcie  was  \  divuK  pUddaeis  which 
insinrtd  veneration,  and  esprtssed  the  most  benevolent  mind. 
His  white  hair  hung  giacefiiUy  on  hit  shoulders,  and  liis  wbolt 
figun  was  patriarchaL" 

ButiM  was  ao  earnest  ai>d  deep-thinking  Christian,  melancholy 
by  tempentmeot,  and  giievad  by  vdkal  seemed  to  him  tbe  hope- 
Irady  iireligioui  cosdition  of  hit  ace-  In  his  view  sot  only  ibe 
reji^out  Ulcof  the  nation,  but  (wbai  ha  regarded  ds  tynoDyiDoua) 
the  churdi  itjelf ,  wu  in  an  almost  bopeleai  ttate  of  decay,  ■*  wc 
tec  from  hit  finl  sad  only  charge  to  the  dioccic  of  Outhun  asd 


BUTLER,  JOSEPH 


unpiete  remedy  juaj 


laUer, 


whose  type  ol  miiid  vu  opposed  to  everything  that 
eathuiiasm.  He  even  uked  John  Wesley,  h 
prelching  io  hii  diocese  of  Briilol,  mod  la  a  i 
with  the  great  preacher  nmuked  that  lay 
ordirui[y  gilu  of  the  Hdy  Spirit  «u  "  *  1 
horrid  thing,  >ir."  Yet  Butlu  «u  keenly  interested  in  thoie 
vety  mincn  g(  Kingswood  among  whom  Wotey  preached,  tad 
kft  £500  tD«iird>  building  1  church  (01  them.  It  is  *  great 
niM4ke  la  nppcK  that  becsUB  he  took  no  great  part  in  politics 
be  had  no  intnat  in  the  practical 
he  waa  so  immersed  in  metaphysici  as  to  live  In  the  clouds. 
Hi)  irtcUect  vu  profound  tad  ccmprehcnsivc,  tbanughly 
qnilffied  to  grapple  vith  the  deepest  problems  of  metapfaysia, 
bal  by  utural  preference  occupying  itself  mainly  iHth  the 
practical  and  moriJ.  Han's  conduct  in  life,  not  h^  theory  of 
the  univtrM.  was  what  interested  him.  The  Analaty  *aa 
mjiien  10  counteract  the  practical  mischief  xhich  he  considCRd 
wrought  by  deists  and  other  frttthinkcn,  and  the  Strmmj  lay 
1  good  deal  of  ttms  on  evEiydoy  Christian  duties.  His  style 
hat  frequently  been  blatned  tor  ita  obscurity  and  difficulty, 
but  ihis  is  due  to  two  causa:  his  habit  of  compressing  bis  argu- 
Dwnls  into  narrow  compass,  and  of  alwaya  writing  with  the 
opposite  side  of  the  case  In  view,  to  that  it  has  been  said  of  the 
Aualatj  that  il  raises  more  doubts  than  it  tnlves.  One  is  also 
often  tempted  away  from  the  main  coune  of  the  _ 
the  care  and  precision  with  which  Butler  formulates  uiull  points 
of  detail. 

Hii  great  work,  TkeAnaht^ri^Rtiitian.Nalii'iilaMdRmaltd, 
It  lit  Cmrn  and  CMifiMtMi  tf  Nolan,  cannot  be  adeiiuately 
appreciated  ludess  taken  in  connciton  with  the  ctrtumi 
(he  period  a(  which  it  appeared.  Il  was  intended  at  1 
agaiut  the  great  tide  of  dcisiical  speculation  [tee  Deisi 
im  (he  ipprehentioo  of  many  good  men  teemed  likely  to  sweep 
away  the  rcrtraints  of  religion  and  make  way  for  a  general 
reign  of  h'leoce.  Butler  did  not  enter  the  liita  ia  the  ordinary 
way.  Moat  of  the  Uteralure  evoked  by  the  controveny  on  either 
side  was  devoted  to  lebuding  the  attack  of  tome  individual 
opponent.  Thus  it  wis  Bentley  versos  Collins,  Sherlock  veraus 
Woolslon,  Law  versus  Tindal.  The  .imtfojy,  on  the  contrary, 
did  tiot  directly  refer  to  the  deists  at  all,  and  yet  il  worked  more 
havoc  with  their  position  ihan  all  the  other  books  put  together, 
and  remains  practically  the  one  surviving  landmark  ol  the  whole 
dispute.  Its  central  motive  is  to  prove  that  all  the  objections 
raised  against  revealed  or  supernatural  religion  apply  with  equal 
force  (o  the  whole  constitution  of  nature,  and  that  the  general 
analogy  between  the  principles  ol  divine  government,  at  aet 
torth  by  the  biblical  revelalton,  and  those  observable  in  the 
course  of  nature,  leads  us  to  the  warrantable  conclusion  that 
there  it  one  Author  ol  both.  Without  altogether  eschewing 
Samuel  Clarke's  a  prim  system,  BuUer  relict  mainly  on  the 
inductive  method,  not  professing  to  give  an  absolute  demon- 
stialion  so  much  as  a  probable  proof.  And  every  thing  is  bro"jht 
into  closest  relation  wi(h  "  that  which  is  the  foundation  of  all 
oar  hopes  and  of  all  our  fearsj  all  oui  hopes  and  fears  which  are 
of  any  coniideiation:  I  mean  a  Ftilure  Ltfe," 

iDce  of  the  Engliih  philanphical  mind, 
e  theory  of  thinn.  To  him  the  univene 
nee.  which  it  lobe  dniriiered  by  human 

-     ..       -  .1  or  syslem.  made  im  of  individnal  facts, 

irourii  which  we  thitad  our  way  slowly  and  inJuetivdy.  Complete 
nowfedge  ■•  ImpotnUcr  nay,  what  we  call  knowledae  of  any  pan 
..'  iKf  lytlem  is  iRhercnlly  impetfnt.  "  We  cannot  have  1  Ihoroagh 
knowledte  of  any  pan  without  knowing  the  whok."  So  far  at  ev 
pcnence  goes. "  to  ui  pmbability  Is  the  very  guide  of  hfe."  Reason 
Is  certainly  to  he  arteptedr  it  is  out  natural  IMi,  and  the  only 
faculty  whereby  wc  can  judge  of  things.  But  it  gives  no  completed 
systrm  of  fcnowledre  and  in  matim  of  fact  aSwdi  only  prohihle 
conclunons.  In  this  emphatic  iIcclaTnlion,  that  knowledge  of  the 
eourx  of  nature  It  merefy  probable,  Butler  It  at  one  with  Hume, 
who  wai  a  moit  diltotni  itudrnt  of  the  Mihop'i  workt.  What  can 
come  nearer  Homel  celebrated  miiim— "  Anyihing  may  be  the 
CBIMIif  airyIhiB(ehe."lhan  Bl   '  .     .       _        . 


Buder  It  a  I] 
He  will  admit  nc 

'"ih'whkhw 


thing  whatever  ma*,  lor  aoriit  Wl 


-  _  .1  oppineK  to  hit  diiitic 
IMrmlt  BO  antidpacIaBt  of  lattm,  »  ttritrt 
parienca.  "  The  eaottitntlDd  of  natin  b  as  it 
it  abttncC  prindpkacaD  be  allowed  to -talia  its  | 


urkoDwUita* 
naksB^fa 


[ny.  Bceing  that  it  la 


^° — .    Thaeo"-™- 


Itlal  R 


ine  of  Iba  wilmlnglral  method.    Thi.  poimoa  fa  aaumtd 

ihTHighoot  the  ircatfae.  aad  as  ankit  the  dcsti  with  Juitr—  '— 
their  lAoleaiTomeat  ntednnDa  the  pteeuppoiliion  cf  the  ei 
c<  Cod.  the  Brieet  Rukr   ' '^      '^ 
The  pwmltaa,  then,  wi 

of  God,  the  Imoini  CDOfie  —  . ,____ . 

Durkaowtodgt.    What doei he wirfi to piw* >   ItfanDthlaial 


aoEoincQ  WDVUDD,  HiRiy  ineeawnceof  BimllardiiBevUieain  tha 
plan  of  reUgiDB  can  faa  no  valid  obfectkiB  agalntt  its  truth  and  divint 
origin.  Thatthb  bal  least  Ingntpan  Bnlkr'i  objeel  b  plain  Iron 
the  •nghteil  laapeetioB  of  Ui  wofc.  Il  haaieentd  10  many  to  be  a 
noHlltCaetefy  mode  of  arftdnf  aad  bot  a  ppor  defence  «  reUgion; 
andaamiEhtbeainherlawiUlaglotJkrw.  But  in  the  general  cows 
of  hit  argument  a  tomaiAat  wider  ivae  appsra.  He  leefcH  to  ahow 
not  only  thai  IhnHff—'"'—  "-  ■'■ ' — 1>  of  natural  and  revemW 


gnufld  for  iDlerrlng 
religioa.  that  thb  pr 
are  bound  to  adopt  t 


TJ^ 


tidl  ii  even  probably  the 

obicanty  and  aHiaitnt 
■e  of  BBtDR  dbckaed  to  u>  l^   11- 


lained  ia  Teiiflon  b  the  cricbnted  inMhod 


This  Mode  of 
nhable  truth  i 


truth  of  what  it 


ofhbtei 
JoacaA 
hb  premlwt— the  cxbtcBCe  cf  Cod  and  tb 


method  tian  ai 

Keepbigcleai      ..   ._ _,. 

Ilmiiid  Datum  ec  knowledge — Builer  begin  by  bnulring  into  tin 
fundameatat  nte-reqiddie  of  aD  natural  rellgian— the  immanallw 
of  the  aouL  Evidently  the  nnia  of  the  whole  aueitlsa  la  ben. 
Were  man  not  fmmortal.  rrfi^on  would  be  of  little  value.  Now, 
Butler  doei  not  actenrx  to  prove  the  truth  el  the  doctrine:  that 
pniof  CDBa  from  another  quarter.  The  only  qocatlOH  he  aita  am 
— Doa  eipetleiict  foiUd  v*  to  admit  faniaonality  aa  a  pottibility  t 
Don  eaperienc*  turaiUi  any  probable  (eaton  for  iaferring  that  Im- 
mortality b  a  fact  I  To  the  Bret  <d  these  a  netatlve,  to  the  lecond 
an  alGnnative  anawer  b  returned.  All  the  analog  of  oar  lif*  hen 
lead  at  to  conrlude  that  we  than  eouhuie  la  live  after  dath ;  and 
ndlher  from  eiperleace  aer  from  the  reason  i4  the  thing  ean  any 

— " — ' —  -"-poa^ility  of  thb  be  dnwn.    fnunonallty, 

ibic:  it  it  probable.    If.  he  condnuei,  wt  an 


feafter  death.  It  bof  imponana 


nridcr  Oh  what  ou. 

ly  be  rither  happy  or  mlaenble. 


Now,  whatever  ipeeuhtlofl  may  aayas  ft    .    .  .  ..     ..... 

neceiiarily  universal  benevolence,  eiperience  plainly  shows  us  that 
our  pieient  hanpinett  and  miny  dcnnd  upon  our  conduct,  and  are 
not  distributed  IntHtcriminately.  Therefore  no  argument  ean  be 
brought  from  eiperience  against  the  poasibllity  of  our  futon  happ. 
ness  and  mliery  likewbe  depending  upon  conduct.  The  whole 
analogy  of  nature  it  in  favour  of  uch  a  di^vnisiion:  it  » Ihercfon 
reatonable  or  probable.    Further,  we  are  not  only  under  a^ovetn- 

punithed,  but  it  it  known  from  expcrfence  that  virtue  and  vice  are 
followed  by  their  natural  coniequentt—happin™  and  misery.    And 

... 1  .V.  j;.._T.......  g,  th«e^rewardt  It  not  perfect,  M  hindnncea 

ir  acddenul.    Il  may  therefore  be  ceneluded 


Ihoughth 

are  piBlnly  temporary  or  accidenu 

that  the  balance  of  pmbabilily  l> 

rennlid  and  puaiAid.    It  nesl 


If  lo'tht^nin'c 


JOSEPH 


^_ pf^baibility  el « 

btScMofeqiaieiux:  UulildcaBBnrbewillMibc 
]  u  m  conduBVB  otwcdou  mMalon  It.  See  fcr  exunpli 
in  HwDc  Worii  (nj.  iSu),  iv.  i6i-iiSa,  d.  p>  ite,  whi 


k  uvlcR]"*  miniiccplicHi  oTdK  natun  of  ualoijial  UEUBnt. 
Dntkr  nevs  atUniFti  to  «mh  tliat  ■  (iinuc  Ufa  nsducd  ■coorduic 
to  the  iieqiiiRin«>B  of  othtal  lav  b  >  reality;  bo  oohr  dBBia  to 
■bow  clut  ^  cociDcptiaa  of  AKh  a  Ufa  la  not  bnanMahbio  jirith  i^t 
«c  know  o(  tbe  couna  of  nitura,  aod  that  EOBMqiKiltlir  It  it  »! 

■'   -  ■■■—  ' '  a  liEs.    Hum  nadily 

_ .  idibb.diffiadtr  wUch 

w  planof  tbc 


pTKl  of  God' 

lEp  howTvrr,  bia  premlMn  ba  graalad,  and  tbe  dbrdw  jm  kept  in 
viFw.tbcaisumcntmiybeadiailKdupHfectlyiallgfaclafy.  Fno 
whal  we  know  of  tbe  pnKut  mlar  dC  thlnti.  It  it  noI  umeaaoiiabla 
to  iqppoH  that  ihen  will  ba  a  [utura  atata  of  nwaidi  and  ponialw 
mentB,  'dinribiitad  acccadini  ID  atbical  lav.  Wbea  the  aTfument 
fiqn  analncv  leenia  la  n>  beyond  thl^  a  pecnhar  diSadQr  itarta 
up.  l<t  it  be  pinted  ibal  out  hapfdsaa  and  miany  in  lUi  life 
depend  upOD  our  cnnduct— ue.  In  lacC,  tbe  rawaidaand  puaUmienta 
micecliedtiy  Cod  to  cenaia  oodca  of  actloo,  the  natural  conduifan 
(njm  aoalcvy  would  Meal  to  be  that  oir  latm  happiam  or  tba 
nvnac  wilTpfabablv  depend  vpoo  ovr  acdsoa  In  the  luture  itata. 
Butler,  on  the  otbcr  hand,  aeeka  to  ahoiir  tbat  analofy  leada  m  ta 

HiiaipjmeatfEhattbepuiuibjRieBtofanimTnilentaetofteBlalUnra 
afier  a  Lonf  interval  may  be  admitted,  bat  ooca  not  advance  a  iln(te 
Kcp  tnwaids  tba  eondiulon  tbat  bBimdcnt  acta  iriU  be  puntehfd 
hucilter.  So,  too,  with  iha  attempt  to  ahow  tbat  fraai  the  atulan 
ol  th>  pnacnt  lUe  we  may  not  unnaaDnaMy  Infer  that  virtue  and 
vice  will  receive  their  mpeclive  tewaidi  and  IHUkfameDU  bercalterl 
it  may  be  admittid  thu  viituau  and  vidoua  acta  ai«  naumlly 
kwked  upon  aa  object!  of  reward  «  puniafaniaali  and  treated  aoml- 
iDEly.  but  we  may  nfnae  to  allow  the  aiiumenl  to  go  lunbec.and  to 
ialer  a  ictfect  dulribolion  of  jiulicc  dependent  upon  our  coaducl 
bete.  Butler  could  itienEtiicn  hia  aiiunient  only  by  briiuinE 
foiwinl  pnunlnentlv  the  AwluU  leqiuntmenta  of  tbe  eiBcal 
conacfa—en,  in  which  caeg  Jk  would  have  appniiimaled  to  Kui'a 
poaltioa  with  ngaid  to  thia  very  prohlcm.  That  ha  did  not  do  io  lb, 
perhaps  due  to  hb  Btrmc  deaue  to  uk  only  wch  premiBa  aa  hia 
advenariea  the  deisti  were  wining  to  allow. 

Aa  agaimt  the  deiata»  however,  he  may  he  atlowed  to  have  made 
out  bii  point,  that  tbe  aubManlial  doctno 


K3S-, 


.    The  poeitive  proof  of 

which  baa  dlsciofled  to  ut  not  only  thoe 

"  ^ovGcable  by  the  natural  liftht.  HerBi  again, 
bii  opponent!.   Revealed  nligion  had  been 


trutht.  but 

diacovGcable  by  the  natural  lifibt.  Hera, 

-  __.  -rith  bii  opponent!.   Revealed  religioB  hai 

bc.nocbing  but  a  republication  of  the  ttbtha  at  oaiuial 


rEli^oa  (Matt^w  Twdal,  Cktioiatily  aiOUailit  CrtsHai),  and 
lit  itveUlion  had  been  objected  to  u  unpooible.  To  ibaiw  tbat  nich 
jbfecdgna  BR  invalid,  and  that  a  nvelation  ia  at  least  not  impoaajble. 


it  human  Ignorance. 
Revelation  had  been  rejected  becauae  it  lay  altcgetber  beyond  tbe 
■phere  of  leaaon  and  coutd  not  tberefoie  be  gntmd  by  human 
Intelligence,     Bnt  tbe  lame  it  true  ol  nature:    then  uc  in  tbe 


with  truth  to  know  nMhinB.  1«  tbeR  L ._.., 

ndcomplcEedcooipRhenBancf  (be  whole  iyitem  of  thfasa,  which 
le.  nunilcnly  have  not,  and  men  liith  grounded  on  prSiabiliiy. 
" '""   a  revealed  tyitem  there  ihoold 


IB  do  n  wUl)  regard  to  the  widci 


■dameaf  Ged'atewtakd  pmUenca^  b  It  aol  pmbable  IbU  ihMi 

wiDbemanytUBganotei^lkabtebv  aa?  From  our  eapRinirF  ef 
tbe  coune  of  nature  It  wouM  appear  that  no  arguoeni  cu  ba 
IvDught  agahut  tba  piiaafliillrj  of  a  revetfttton.  Fuxtber,  tbougji  it 
la  tbe  province  of  reaion  to  teat  tUa  revealed  ayatein,  aind  liiouah 
ll  be  granted  tbat,ahouhlit  contain  aBythin(lmIitDfa],  it  mint  be 
rejected,  yet  a  cniefol  eaamination  of  the  iwtJcuUn  wul  ahow  thai 


natun.  The  whole  Ktemt  ol  mealed  priadple*  II 

„ inaaonable,  and  the  analaty  of  nature  and  iMtDU 

reUgloa  would  laad  ua  to  infer  Ha  trath.  Ifrnnally,  It  be  aaked,  how 
a  ayatem  pecJeeaing  to  be  revealed  cnn  lubatanUate  lla  claim,  the 
annrcr  la,  py  mean  of  the  luitofi^  evidencca,  aaCh  aa  miracka  aut 
lutfiluent  ca  pnnba^. 

It  muld  be  unfair  to  Butler^  ailment  to  demand  from  It  anawefi 
to  pcnblcffla  which  had  not  in  hi*  time  ariaen,  and  to  whidi,  even  tf 
tli^  had  then  sdated,  tbe  plan  of  hia  worfc  would  not  have  extended. 
Yet  it  la  at  leaat  laportant  to  adc  how  far,  and  ia  what  aeme.  the 
AMlary  can  he  regarded  aa  a  poaltive  and  valuable  coBtributioo  to 
.i„._.    ""--ilCworkhaadooehto — -^ -* 


Ih^okoy-   V 


be  drawn  from 

■jninat  natural  or  revealed  i^rioo, 

tBnga  objected  to  arc  not  IntndOiIe  ai 

evideace.  But  thedelimol  the  inht 

'  haa  no  living  reality  now,  and  tfa 


r"£lt''ae 


beprovedB]. 

'- - -'^— -1  awight 
proUtm  haa  beiw  com^etdy' chanced.  To  ageneratiaa  that  baa 
bcea  moulded  by  tbe  pUkao^y  of  Kant  and  HegeL  by  the  hiitorial 
ciitidam  of  modem  theology,  and  by  all  that  haa  been  done  in  the 
Md  of  eompeiative  religion,  tbe  argonem  (d  the  •<  aaliiiy  cnnaet 
but  appear  to  lie  quite  autalde  the  fidd  cf  controwiay.  To  Bukt 
tbe  d^teian  nll^on,  and  by  that  be  meant  the  citiiodoi  Cfaea^ 

_,  ^.  j._j  __ ,  „,. '-"Tra  BttMl  aet«l 

„  je  iBdied  by  the 

!.  The  vh<de  atood  w  hd  OB  htat^kal 


Mm,  ■  thing  of  wbkh  be  lecau  to  have  thou^  the  hum 

naturally  inc»p«bla;i  Tbe  rdi^uja  eanadoaaneai  dota  not  mdva 
from  him  tbo  dightcat  coaiideTatian.  The^aoJecr,  In  Fact,  haaind 
can  have  bn  link  laflueace  so  the  pmEnt  itate  of  thodogy ;  k 
waa  not  A  book  lot  all  time,  but  waa  Cmital  to  the  pnblema  t4  the 
period  at  whicfa  It  appMiM. 

ThtDUEhoot  th*  whole  of  the  Anqhcy  it  i>  manfeat  that  the  intereat 
Mich  by  dcacat  to  BntkrV  heart  wu  the  ethicaL  Hii  whole  taat 
of  thlnhang  waa  practkd,  Tbe  monl  natmv  td  man,  bk  cooduct 
■     " 'CbOatona  


leoce,  that  In  thdr  own  depaitnet  nothing  •opCflor  in  vain* 
ired  during  tbe  long  Interval  between  Aiktotk  and  Kant.  To 
of  theae  jnat  tbiaken  he  baa  certain  analogies  Me  iiainitliia 
'^  'n  hia  method  cf  Inveat^atlag  the  aid  vhieh  b 


cy  with  riuch  he  apboMi  the  *b 


la  hk  etUca,  aa  !a  Ida 

certain  dan  of  advenaiin,  ^ 
partly  of  th*  tnUonsblir  tdi 


My  tdocated  many, 'who  all'^anii£«ed  vi 
Ibhikiu.  Tbe  kejnote  of  thk  tendoicy  bad 
t.  in  whoie  phikwphy  man  waa  nsanted  ■■ 


been  atriEk  by  Hobbo^ 

Cudworth  and  Clarke  E^d 
but  thdr  ipecukt' 

Hb  inquiry  b  based  on  ccteologual  prindplea, 
both  of  nature  and  an,  b  a  ayatem ;  and  as  every 
both  naturd  and  artl&cid  b  CofaoatetiBe  or  porpoae  out  of  or  beyond 
iiaelf,  one  may  add  to  what  haa  ben  alraady  biiiught  into  the  idea 


SiSS 


ot  Introduce  pnni- 
ll  gnamdwoA,  and 

ll  the  tIXm.oI  m 


llua  view  of  nature,  aa  the  tpbera  of  the 

reaia  on  a  tbeptodial  baik;  but  Butler  doea  not  Introduce 

may  M  thought  willing  'to  ground  hia  principle  on 
etbHal  quration  then  ii,  aa  with  Ariatotie.  what  li  __  ___^ 

The  answer  to  this  question  b  to  be  obtained  by  an  •nalysk  of  Om 
lacta  al  human  nature,  whence,  Butter  ihiaki,  "  it  will  aa  tuDy 
Bppeu  tbat  lUa  out  nature,  ia;  constitutiaB.  k  ukptcd  to  virtue,  ■■ 
lian  tbg  idea  of  •  watch  it  appeaii  that  its  natun,  j.<.  conaiiiuiioa 
Of  lyitem,  k  adapted  to  mnsuic  tune."  Such  analydi  had  beeK 
alnady  attempted  by  Hobbea,  and  the  leult  he  came  Is  ma  that 
mannaturallytiadaptedonlytbralifecf  idfiibnea^ — bkend  latte 
procuring  of  pleasure  and  tbe  avoidaiue  of  pain.  A  deacr  minin*- 
tk^  however,  ahowa  tbat  thk  at  leaat  b  lake.  Tbe  trath  of  (ba 
i*a  k  tttm  (s^Rifc,  that  tbe  hjl 
ipoarible  apart  from  society,  becwnen 
--'-'-  For  whik  scU-loVe  plays  n 
mi-  there  b  BO  kavntleDtlr 


devdopmeal  ef  Ua  being  b 


minatlon  e<  tt 
oatural  priodpk  of  benevolence.  Mon 


BUTLER,  N.  M.- 

imriHi,  atlpMEMa  lad  ill  rim  tbm  v*  •ooe  wine  l«dBie|>  ii 
cliail)r  iBwudi  itM  MMnl  nod  u  ihu  d  Mhen  k  unmili  tL. 
ntulnclJoD  of  ibc  bIk  FinaUv,  Ikkl  prijidplc  in  mu  which  rcAedt 
upon  aetioia  ud  lie  ipfiaca  «  aaiofu,  uiuiuiuluibly  KU  the  titmp 
of  iti  ippmbickiii  upoBcooduct  th«l  Kndilcnnnli  the  (ntent  pud. 
Il  it  clar,  thenfan,  tint  Ima  tlu  point  o(  Tiev  ItoBn  ol  pnakal 
■Bgnb  aaglx  bt  (Inn  ia  Buler'i  on  mnlt— "  Iku  nunkiiid  it  ■ 
commiuiity,  Ihai  we  all  uand  in  t  nIatSon  (o  tach  otber,  ihlt  ibcn 
il  a  pubbc  end  aad  inlerttl  of  tociely.  >Kich  each  fuikular  fa  obliged 
(o^on»t&"  Dirt  dMpprquetiioni  renuin. 
'  Tbt  thncfoU  diviiion  bio  pataioflt  and  affectioiiB,  t^-love  and 
bvDvtolenoe^iDdcanacicocetiaBuEkr'tcalcbruedaiialytitalhuiiHir 


But  tiK  ida  <i 


iculor  individuala,  be  practically  eiiminate*  Il  at 
ipit  aad  reducei  Ibe  aulboritin  m  Ibe  polity  at  Che 

satuie  it  iac:t  completely  eipreaKd  by 

wonh  •AUe  M  csiitid(r_thli  matter  Oonucbly  i 


.  he  tpcdal  relatioB  amoBf  th«  parta 
BbiIct  aKudit  ia  Ibr  Hibonliiuuian  ol  the  I 

umvenaL  principle  oJ  nflectioa 

peculiarity,  tbe0«f.  of  nan;  an 

m  folLowlDf  natHK  «c  naaB  that  it  coBtttta  in  pvniiiBf 

of  cnnduct  dktalod  by  tMl  auperjor  laciill)'.  Han't  f BoctioB  it  bm 
fuUUed  by  obeyiog  Ibe  paiaioaa,  a  even  cool  aeU-lm,  but  by 
obeying  eonaciencft  That  contciencebaaa  natural  tupfCMtcy.  that 
It  it  tupcrior  io  kind,  fa  evident  fnun  tbe  pan  it  playt  in  Ibe  moral 
coiutitutiQn.  We  judKB  a  man  to  have  acted  wnngly,  la  ua- 
nattinJIy,  wben  be  aUowt  tbe  gntlicatiaB  oC  a  paation  to  mfutc  hfa 
happiDcat,  i.''  when  be  »cti  in  aoscdanca  with  patilon  and  ajuiul 
tad-love.  It  would  be  impotiible  to  ihb  thi>  judEDieai  if  aeU-love 
were  not  regarded  at  niperlor  In  Idnd  to  tbe  paiiloflt,  and  thit 
inperiBrity  ritulti  fmn  tbt  (act  that  it  It  the  pcoiUar  ptai4aee  ol 
•cIMave  IB  take  a  view  of  tbt  aavnal  paHBDaand  dedda  at  to  thiir 
ceblha innanaiica.  Buthot fainnaaafaodty wbicblakeafaiBn 
amtidantMa  all  tbe  qitiii|t  of  aetioo,  ioduding  lelMinic,  and  patati 
iodnient  apon  tbem,  appnrrini  tome  and^condenniaa.  olhcn. 
Fna  iu  nrv  natun  tbit  (acuUylt  nipmt  ia  aBtberily^  not  ia 

pnvi  II  itfliitt  ■] til  [ha  ntliiriiliir  iimiin  aiul  jiiiiininit 

■btolatelyupcHtbeir  moral  quallbr.  ^ip*riJt*»nU*My*;^  *^^,»fTy 
are  contt'tuent  parta  c<  iti  voy  idea,  ^c  an  under  obl^tloB  M 
obey  the  law  iTvealed  b  Ibe  jodgmentt  o(  thfa  faculty,  f«  it  fa  tba 
law jif  our  nature.    AndtoUiaai^ikMtinBctkMDiaybeadded^fer 

oonidering  it  at  givoi  tbem  by  Ibcar  llaker,  not  only  nm*  iminadt 
atflya  tenKof  duty,  but  alto  a  tente  of  lecurily  in  foUowuii  it,  and  a 
anie  ofdangerlndeviatlnEfnini  it'"  Virtue  then  corufattlQlollinriiii 
tbetniclawofo<iriHiton,thBtli,a»Kienc>.  BuUer.howrw.bb* 
ait  moant  very  extjlicil  in  hfa  aaalytfa  c<  tha  f  uacHena  tc  be  aEribd 
u  cOMcieace.  He  calla  It  the  Friociple  of  Rcftictiaa,  the  KeBei 
Principle cf  Approbation,  and  aitignt  to  it  at  ittprovince  tbe  motives 
or  propentiont  loacthm.  It  tal»t  n  vkwof  tbgc,ap[TOVBtordia- 
•ppcwn,  nnpch  10  or  mtnini  liom  action.  But  at  tino-be  inea 
biifwe  that  abieat  camaia  ooe  to  attriintte  to  hfan  tbe  popwhj 

00  individual  acta.  (ndcnT  bit  theory  fa  waliett  caacily  at  the 
point  where  (be  tea]  difficult  befioi.  Vfe  tet  from  bim  no  tati^ 
factory  antwer  to  tbe  inqnlry.  What  onne  of  action  kapprflrvtd  by 
oontcioQca?    Evary  ont,  ho  tecnu  to  tbiak,  kaowa  wbat  virtoe  ii, 

kn ^,y  ^  ,^^K,  1,  copiM*  ir  it  can  be  ibowa  that  lOch 

'  amanliea  with  human  nature.  When  preited 
tt  to  luttice,  veracity  and  the  common  good  at 
■I  enda.     Kfa  whole  view  of  tbe  moral  govem- 


liy  a  lert  of  pre-euabliibed  harmony.  Hla  ethical  principle  hat  in  It 
no  pcttibility  of  devdofiraent  into  a  ayttcm  of  actual  diniS!  it  bat 
noomlent.  EvcnontliefonoaliidcafaalittkdlSCBlttaNtwbil 
pan  eontcienCE  pityn.  It  «aia  merdy  to  atl  tbe  ttamp  of  ka 
appitliatiDn  na  cenain  eovnea  ef  anion  to  wUcb  •■  n*  led  by  the 
nrioutpaiahiotaBdalfc^oaBi  Ithaalalttaifaawinnulnrpunr. 
How  or  why  It  approvea  01  torao  aad  not  of  ot  hen  It  lu  t  uooplalnc^ 
ButlerV  nml  tlwory,  like  Iboae  of  hb  Englbh  contemporaiia  and 
aucceiaon,  fa  ddedive  Iron  not  peneiiring  that  tbi  Dotkm  of  daty 
can  have  nal  dtnihcana  oalr  when  ootuieeied  with  tha  wU  or 
pnctical  naioB,  and  that  only  »  natoa  vbiiA  villa  taal  Ivn  ■• 
a  principle  captbk  el  dcvtlopncnt  bio  ■■  etidcti  qHeo,  It  hat 
icreived  very  matl  cooiidennion  at  Ibe  btndt  of  Gciilun  Uttoriau 


BUTLER,  SAMUEL    .  885 

AOTBOunai.— Set  T.  Bartktt,  Ifmmt  o/  Badtr  btsa).  -  Tbe 
atandanladitkaofBnlkr-tworkiiilbttinav^  IfMaiLiUii. 
Editiontaftheilaalifytieverynumennii:  IhatbyBlib^Wniim 
[Wetah](IS49leoaulu  a  valuable  Life  and  Notei.    W.Wbew^ 

Biblfahed  as  editloa  of  tbe  Ttrt  .Smwiu,  with  Intrcdnclian. 
lodem  (didoot  of  Uh  Ftrki  are  thotc  by  W.  E.  CUrhtone  (>  volt. 
with  B  3nl  vol  of  ShMa  Smliliimrj,  A9I,).  and  J.  H.  Bcnurd, 
(a  voh.  IB  (be  EngBib  Theological  Libiaiy.  Ifoo).  For  Ibe  hiitaiy 
of  the  rdlgloiit  worla  contcropocaiy  with  the  Anolary,  tee  Lechler. 
aiS.  iTEmil.  Diumm:  M.IVttiHn,  tn  £uiyi  iwlKrwin;  W. 
"lot  Raitfni  n**tkt  ht  fingleiiBf,  vofa.,  ii  —^  "•'  ■  •    =— >-— 


Eiiiik  nStiM  im  tkt  ibk  Cnniry;  j.  H.  Overton  and  F.  RdtoB, 
Tin  B'lliili  Clmrdijnm  Un  Auaatn  ^  CtBrit  I.  u  Ok  EmA  rfUi 
ill*  Cntary  («■  An:  A.  J.  G-i 

BUTLER.  MICH0LA8  MIIRRAT  (iMi-  ),  AmeiicBB 
educator,  WU  bom  at  EUnbclh,  New  Jnxy,  on  the  md  ol  April 
1861.  HegnduitedalColuaib^  College  in  i3gi,Hu  a  graduate 
feOov  In  philcoophy  tbcic  from  1SB9  to  ittSi,  when  he  toiA 
tbe  degree  of  Pb.  D,,  Btid  Ihm  Kudjcd  lot  ■  year  In  Pirii  and 
Berllo,  Be  was  an  asshtanl  In  philoaophy  it  Columbia  ini&B  j- 
1U6,  (uioiId  1SS6-1SS9,  adjunct  profeaut  of  phikwiphy.clliici 
and  paycbology  in  li&^iitjo,  becoming  lull  pmfeasor  in  iSqo, 
and  dean  of  the  faculty  of  philosophy  In  iBgo-ipor.  From  1^7 
Ontil  1S91  he  waa  the  bnl  pRstdent  of  tlie  New  York  college 
for  the  training  of  teadien  [later  the  Teschen'  College  of 
Columbia.  Univenfty),  which  he  had  personally  [duDcd  and 
orgamxcd.  In  iSgi  he  founded  and  aftenratdi  edited  the 
Ediualitnal  Review,  an  inSnential  eduaiicmil  magazme.    He 

on  educational  matlen  in  Americn,  and  in  1894  wai  dected 
president  of  the  National  Educational  Auodation.  He  was  also 
Ii  meniber  of  the  New  Jersey  state  board  of  education  from 
iSSj  to  iSgs,  and  was  president  of  the  Patenon  (N.J.)  board 
of  edutalion  in  1801-1893.  In  1901  he  snecetded  Seth  Low 
*s  president  of  Cohunbia  University.  Besides  editing  several 
scries  of  books,  Including  "The  Great  Educators"  and  "Tbe 
Teachcis'  Professional  Ubnty,"  he  publtshed  Tit  Uraninl 
tj  Edaeminti  (189S),  a  CBllectlon  of  osaya;  and  two  seiiet  of 
■Jdieius,  Trut  a*i  fabi  DtmKraey  (igoj),  and  Tit  Amerittn 
uiUii  (1908). 

BunSH  (or  BoTELEk),  UMVBI  (ifii  1-1680),  E^tgUdi  poet, 
atithor  of  Bti&m,  ton  of  Samuel  Butler,  a  amaD  farmer,  wai 
baptized  at  Stnnsham.  Worcestenhire,  an  the  Sth  of  February 
161).  He  WIS  educated  at  the  King's  sdiod,  Worcester,  Dsder 
Henry  Bti^t,  the  record  of  »hD«  teal  as  s  teacher  Is  preserved 
by  Fuller  (ffwttio,  Worcestershire).  After  leaving  sdiool  he 
served  a  Mr  Jrffereys  of  Earl's  Ctoome,  Worcestershire,  in  IH* 
capacity  of  justice's  clerk,  and  is  supposed  to  have  thus  gained 
bis  knowledge  of  law  and  law  terms.  He  also  employed  hiatself 
at  Earl's  Croomc  in  general  study,  and  particularly  in  painting, 
which  he  Is  said  to  have  thought  of  adopting'  a  a  pnfBHon. 
It  Is  probable,  however,  that  art  has  not  lost  by  bis  diangc  of 
mind,  for,  according  la  one  of  his  editors,  in  1774  his  pictures 
"  terved  to  stop  windows  and  save  the  tai;  indeed  Ihcy  were  not 
fit  for  much  else."  Be  was  then  recommended  to  EUiabclh, 
countess  of  Kent.  At  her  home  *t  Wrest,  Bedfordshire,  he  had 
access  to  a  good  library,  and  there  too  he  met  Selden,  who  same- 
limes  employed  hi  mas  his  secretary.  But  his  thirdsajoum,  with 
Sir  Samuel  Luke  >t  Cople  Hoo,  Bedfordshire,  was  not  only 
apparently  the  longest,  but  also  much  the  most  important  In  its 
efiects  on  his  career  and  works.  We  art  nowhere  Informed  In 
what  co^dty  Butler  served  Sir  Samuc!  Luke,  or  how  he  camo 
to  ttiide  \ts  the  hoa«  of  a  noted  Puritan  and  Piriiament  ma. 
In  [he  family  of  this  "valiant  Mtmaluke,"  who,  whether  he  was 
orwasnot  the  OTiginal  of  Hudibras,  was  certainly  a  rigid  Prcsby- 
teibn,  "a  cotonel  In  the  army  of  the  Parliament,  tcoulmasler- 
gencial  for  Bedfordshire  and  governor  of  Newport  PagijeU," 
Butler  must  have  had  the  most  abundant  oppon unities  of  St  udy- 
ing  from  the  life  those  who  were  to  be  the  victims  of  hb  tallit; 
he  Is  supposed  to  have  taken  loiiK  hints  for  his  caricature  from 
Sir  Heniy  Rosewetl  at  Ford  Abbejr,  DevmtUre.  But  we  know 
imhlDg  patftiK  of  him  nnta  the  RestoiatloEi,  when  he  was 
appointed  ieeretary  (o  Ridnid  Vanghan,  tnd  earl  of  Carbeiy, 
tad  pnaident  of  thepriDdpalltr  of  Wales,  who  made  bim  iteward 
of  Ludlow  Castle,  an  office  which  he  held  flora  JinoaTy  1661 


886 


BUTLER,  SAMUEL 


tt  JUHiU]'  iMt.  AbiMt  tliit  tbH  be  murlal  ■  ridt  bdy, 
Tttitftuly  docribed  41  ft  Mlu  Herbert  vtd  u  «  vrdow  naoied 
Umsu-    Hit  wife'i  ionu»  wualurwardi.  hoorvcr.  Ia$t. 

Early  la  i66j  Huiitrai:  Tki  Firil  PaH:  vnOn  in  lit  Timi 
^Oit  lAkIfan,tn*publlAtd, bat  tlih,ilie&nt  gaauBtidilioo, 
iui  been  pnixdcd  in  iMi  l^  «n  unanthorind  pne.  On  t!ie 
i6tli  of  Deombei  Fe^i  bougbl  il.  vu!  though  neilher  Itien  nai 
■nersBidi  CDulil  be  Ks  Ibe  nit  «f  "  «  lilly  an  abue  of  the 
Probyler  knifht  Ct^Sng  to  Ibe  mn,"  be  lepeatedly  teOifiei  to 
lit  eicnordinarT  populAtity.  A  ipurioos  BKond  part  tppeatti^ 
within  the  year.  IbiadetermiiiHl  (be  poet  to  bring  out  the  Kcond 
[•rl  (lucDHd  on  tbc  Jib  ol  November  iMj,  priaUd  16&4), 
which  il  poiiiblc  eirceded  the  £nt  in  popularily.  From  tbii 
time  till  167S,  tlK  date  ol  Ibe  publication  of  the  thiid  part,  we 
heat  nothing  certain  of  Butler-  On  the  pubUation  of  Huditnv 
he  wai  Knl  lor  Iqr  Loid  Chancellor  Hyde  (ClaiendDn),  uyi 
Anbny,  and  leaived  many  pnuonea,  none  of  which  waa  ful- 
filled. HeUaidtolan[eceivedagiflof£iooftt»DCbar)ein„ 
and  Id  have  been  aeaetary  to  Ceorse  Villiera,  md  duke  of 
Buckui^iain,  when  the  laller  ttla  dianceUor  of  the  univenily 
of  Cainbridgi.  Moil  oi  hit  biogisphen,  is  their  (agemae  la 
[irovelheill-titatident  which  Bulkr  is  Hipptned  to  have  iccrived, 
diibelievt  both  theie  iloriea,  perhaps  without  lulSdent  reason. 
BylEer'iaalireon  Buckingham  in  hiiC*ara<ari(Rnnoi"ni,  ijjo) 
ibows  nch  an  intimate  knowledge  that  it  a  probable  the  Kcond 
(toiy  ia  Ime.  Two  yean  aKer  the  publication  o!  the  third  pafl 
of  Buditrai  be  died,  on  the  jjlh  ol  Seplember  16S0,  and  was 
buried  by  hii  friend  Longueville,  a  bencher  of  Ihe  Middle 
Temple,intbecburd>yudDfStPaura,CovenlGBrdeD.  Hewu, 
wie  are  told,  "of  %  leonine-coloured  hair,  sanguine,  choleric, 
mkSdle^ind,  itnuig."  A  portrait  by  Lcly  at  Oxford  and  others 
cbewbert  rqneaeal  him  aa  aomewhat  hard-leatuied. 

Oltheaeglect  el  Bntlerty  Ibe  court  lomething  must  be  said. 
It  molt  be  nmemheRd  that  Ilie  complaiiU  on  the  subject  sup. 
pMcd  10  have  been  tiUoed  by  Ihe  po«  alt  occur  in  the  spurious 
^  r,  that  men  of  Iclteia  have  been  at  all  times 


that  the  patbclic  itoriei  of  the  poel  ilarving  and  dying 
ate  contradioal  by  Ibe  bat  authority— Ciiarles  Longueville, 
wn  of  Ibe  poel'i  friend — who  asserted  Ibal  Bullf  r,  though  often 
disappointed,  was  never  reduced  to  anything  like  wan  t  or  beggary 
and  did  not  die  in  any  penon's  debt.  But  the  toaei  significant 
»tei  on  the  subject  an  AubreyV  il^i  "he  might  have  bad 
preferments  at  first,  but  would  not  accept  any  but  very  good,  so 

andum  of  the  same  author,  that  '*  satirical  wits  disobb'ge  whom 
*e  with,  &c.,  coBsequently  make  to  Ihemielva  many 


sand  few 


reeled  tc 


Ihtfiist  in  WestminsteiAbbey  in  1731,  by  John  Barber,  mayor 
of  London,  who  is  spiteful^  referred  to  by  Pope  for  daring  to 
connect  his  name  with  Butler's.  In  ijSA  a  tablet  was  placed  in 
5t  Paul's.  Covent  Garden,  by  rwdcnts  of  the  parish  Ihii  was 
dotroyed  in  1845.  Later,  another  was  set  up  at  Strentham 
by  John  Taylor  of  Ibat  place.  Ferhaps  the  happiest  epitaph  on 
bfm  Is  one  by  John  Denjiii,  which  (alls  Butler  "a  whole  ipeda 

BuJitrat  itself,  though  probably  quoted  aa  often  as  ever, 
has  dropped  into  the  class  ol  books  which  are  moie  quoted  (ban 
lew).  Inna(lingit,itisollheutinDaIuiiporlanc«tocampitbeud 
clearly  and  to  b^r  cvnslantly  in  mind  the  purpose  of  the  author 
In  writing  it.  Ilils  purpose  ia  evrdcndy  not  artistic  but  polemic, 
to  show  in  the  most  unmistakable  characters  the  vilcoesx  and 
lolly  oI  the  aa(i-ioyalist  party.  Anyibiog  like  a  regular  plot— 
the  absenoc  of  which  baa  often  been  d^lored  or  excused—- 
would  have  been  for  this  end  not  merely  a  superBuity  but  a 
toislake,  as  likely  (o  divert  Ibe  attention  and  perhaps  even  enlist 
VHAe  sympathy  for  the  beioea.  Anything  Like  tegular  charactcr^ 
drawiof  would  have  been  equally  unnecessary  and  dangerous — 

I  £durs  wWitnr  by  Emitn«l  Prtwv  mtJ  LitH  ^  grninwif 
Vh,  by  John  Aubny,  H<^.  la  vole.,  iSi]].' 


lor  ID  represent  anylMni  bi 

must  have  been  ini.odoced.    The  praUea^  tbetefM*,  wu  tn 

produce  characters  just  sufickntly  unlike  lay -figures  to  exdle 

dint  of  a  lew  inddenu  not  abnlutcly  u 
to  subject  the  prindples  and  manners  of  vhidi  th 
were  the  incamalioD  to  ceaseless  satire  and  raBkty,  Tbe 
triunipbant  solulion  of  the  problem  is  undeniable,  w^ien  it  has 
once  been  enunciated  and  undenloocL  Upon  «  canvas  (hits 
prepared  and  outlined.  Butler  has  cmbroidervd  a  colled iDn  of 
Sowers  of  wit,  vblcb  only  Ihe  nlmosl  fertility  or  nna|jnation 
could  devise,  and  the  ulmost  patience  of  induslry  elaborate. 
In  the  unxm  of  these  two  qualities  he  is  certainly  wilhoal  4 
parallel,  and  their  combination  has  produced  a  work  idudk  Is 
unique-  The  poem  it  ol  consldemble  length,  eiteiidDig  to  loaie 
than  ten  thonsand  vcnea,  yet  Uaalitt  hardly  eaaggerat^  wheq 
be  says  that "  half  the  lines  are  got  by  heart  ";  iiKieed  a  diligent 
student  of  later  English  lilentnte  has  raid  gral  part  ol  Ut^ibru 
though  he  may  never  have  opened  its  pages-    Tbe  tableaui  at 

enonf^  Tbe  ^ii^l  and  sqniie  setline  forth  on  their  joiimeyi 
the  nmlfng  of  the  bear-baiten;  the  dbastrous  renewal  of  the 
contest^  Hudibras  alid  Balph  in  tbe  slocks^  the  lady's  release 
and  conditional  acceptance  of  the  unlucVy  knight;  the  lattcr'a 
dehlKratimson  the  means  of  eluding  Im  ww;  tbe  Skimnnngloa; 
Ihe  visit  lo  Sidiophel,  the  astrotoger;  the  attempt  to  cajole  the 
Isdy,  with  its  woeful  consequeoces;  the  comultalion  with  tbe 
lawyer,  and  tbe  immoftal  pair  of  leltera  to  which  thb  gives  rise, 
complete  the  argument  of  the  whole  poem.  But  the  story  is  a> 
ithfng;  throughout  we  have  litde  reaHy  kepi  before  us  bol 
the  sordid  vices  of  the  sccCstiea,  their  hypocrisy,  their  churlish 
their  last 


lo(9e  morality,  their  inordmale  pride,  flic  eittisntdinary 
leiicilyof  the  means  taken  (o  place  alt  Ibe«e  things  in  the  most 
lidicutous  light  has  never  been  questioned-  The  (kmcrel  metre, 
never  huvy  or  coarse,  but  framed  aa  to  be  the  ^ 
mocking  laughter, 
rhymes  which  seeri 
the  wonderful  teaming  with  which  the  abusa  of  '—"■■^  b  re- 
buked, the  subtlety  with  which  subtle  cisaistiy  il  set  M  DOught 
can  never  be  missed.  Keys  like  those  of  L'Ectrange  ate  thcKfam 
of  little  use.  Il  lignibcs  Dotbing  whether  Hndibru  mi  Sir 
Saniuet  Luke  of  Bedfordshire  or  Sir  Heniy  Rosewell  of  Devon- 
ihiie,  still  less  whether  Ralph's  lame  in  the  fiesh  was  RobiosoB 
Ftndle,  least  ol  all  Ihat  Orsin  was  perhaps  Mr  Gosling,  or 
Traila  possibly  Mira  Spencer-  Butler  was  pnbably  as  little 
Indebted  to  mere  copying  for  his  chancteis  as  for  his  ideas  and 
style.  These  latter  are  in  tbe  Ggbest  degree  origioaL  Tbe  first 
"the  book,  and  only  the  first  lution,  Butler  undoubtedly 
from  Dun  Qnixelf.  His  obligations  to  the  .Safyrr 
Ubiipfli  have  been  noiiad  by  Voltaire,  and  though  English 
'    ''       '  '"  les  ignoied  or  questioned  Ibeu,  are  not  10 

bedoubted.  Thcart,perfaapsIhemost lerribleofalltheiKapDiB 
of  satire,  of  making  chamcieis  without  any  great  vfolacion  ol 
[Probability  lepiescnt  themselves  In  the  most  alnxious  uh] 
'ight,  was  never  perhafs  pcasesscd  in  perfection  except 
by  Fitbou  and  Ids  colleagues  and  by  Bniler.  Against  these  gnat 
oerits  some  defects  mast  certainly  be  set .  As  s  whole,  the  poem 
i  no  doubt  tedious.  If  only  on  account  ol  the  veiy  blaae  ol  wit, 
rhich  at  length  almost  wearies  111  by  Its  ceaseless  demands  oit 
w  allcDtion.  It  should,  however,  be  nmembered  thai  it  wu 
wigiBatly  issued  In  parts,  and  therefore,  It  may  be  supposed, 
'  itended  to  be  lead  in  parts,  (or  there  can  be  little  doubt  thai 
X  second  port  was  written  bcEoce  the  Got  was  publbbctL  A 
lOre  real  defect,  but  one  which  Butler  shares  with  all  bis  coo- 
imponries,  b  the  tendency  la 
laracters,  and  10  draw  from 


outside  rather  thui  ti 


ta  trace  the  manner  and  versific^.- 
i»  wrilen,  especially  fai  CleveUnd^ 
H  IMIruiiof  SirJcAa  Hennia  CF(pys*B 
miCh  (160S-166,)..  But  Hit  bad  fCie 


887 


isution  il  hul  in  abimdint  oBtfiiBg.  A  Hh  of  tvcnty-Hvcn 
direct  Imlutiom  of  Huiibni  in  the  coiinc  ot  ■  antory  Duy  be 
[ouzid  tn't)ie  Aldine  cdiiloa  (i8f  j).  Complete  tninlitioiu  of 
ccituidenUe  excdlence  have  been  nude  into  F^och  (London, 
17  J7  and  iSig]  by  John  Townie/  (1697-17S?),  ■  member  ot  tfae 
Iriih  Brigmde;  ind  Inio  Cemuin  by  D.  W.  SolUU  (Rig*,  1787): 
■pectment  of  both  tmy  be  found  in  R.  AtSl't  t^tloa-  Voltnin 
■Tied  hit  hand  u  ■  compressed  venion,  but  nol  with  h>pp7 


ind  m  proee  pvnphLer  at-, —  ,^-  -  — ^ 
,.-  .   J.  AMiland  .  .  .  la   W.  Frjm,  Uu    Oil. 

_  , (167J).     In  1715-1717  three  vdume.,  ertllkd 

RmtmrnKa  WerkM  im  frm  and  l/fm  .  .  .  *M  a  iiy  Is  Bydibrai 
to  Sir  Ktpr  r£itam^^.  Mn  pobliawd  wlth^w  •aacrm. 
The  poet'i  papniuw  in  Ifce  Briiui  MnnmC^Miil  MSS.  }i,6i5-«). 


•Ad  psw  underlie  till*  otCmriatAiKMiiuJii  VtntBni  PrtHtf 
Mr  SmI  BtOer.  Tliii  colkctioB  contBlaed  Ttt  EIniam  in  lii 
ilm,  1  Htiie  on  the  Royil  Society  \  a  Kriet  <i  tlatcba  in  prow, 
Oiamirn;  and  aoine  aliifcal  psenn  ind  pme  punpMeB.  AimibFr 
editjon.  iWial  Jtniinu,  w»  jmed  by  Thnr  in  1817.  In  1710 
Heffuth  CMciiied  lUH  iUHtra»iw  ta  Ifiiilaru,  which  ut  uHnfi 
hit  earlieM  but  oat,  pcfhapai  hapiifaat  nodiactions.  In  J744  Dr 
Zachsni  Grey  pubTiilied  an  edition  of  HMdlbrai,  iritfa  coinaiu  iind 
Iranied  ■niBtatloni;  and  an  additional  vatume  of  Critical  and 
•  -  ■■  ■■       ia  I7SJ.    Geej*!  haa  foriBed  the 


Other  pkcea  JHibUihcd  aeparatdy  and  atcribcd  to  Bdtler  are: 
A  LrUtrfnm  Utnvint  Oriail  W  Mmuriui  Kmlinii.  tr  lanian'l 
CanftSiiam  M  mal  nprmtama  .  -  -  (lA4jh  TrprHcnted  in  voL  iv.  of 
Suneta'a  tiaeu;  IMs  itifairaai,  m  Ut  — wanaaUr  aiU  imawpfuH- 
iM*  inrlkm  Ha  fnmi .  .  .  uptm  Oia  pemiimt  nari—  .  ,  .  (i6s4>. 
f odtided  iQ  hia  poHhumout  vorki,  vhioi  ia  aoppofcd  to  have  bwp 
iwiileB  by  Jnlip  Prynw,  though  Wood  aaaibea  it  lo  BuiIm;  Tht 

of  uttcfa  a  coattatutta  apoaKd  ■•«  tSm:   a^'i£nRer^''°af 
Charlea  I.  il67I)!  A  Km  Ballad  if  KiivBiiivi  cmlJ-t  Sken 

.  .  .  (1671)1  A  Cantniliilalary  ptem  .^  .In  Sir  Jaufk  SMicn  .  .  . 
(le?:):  Tit  Cn-aa  BaOad.  or  (V  ocaaianal  cmfmtiil  iiifi'y'i 

(1*74);    7**  Stcra  lastary  -•  "■-  ■"-'—  ■— '   -'- ' -'— 

f4thediiioa,I707]i  rkllW 

lie  eontriiiuled  to  oiifj  EsiiUfjIfonitoVai  h}  latr- 

and  worln  by  him  are  IncIuBed  in  jriidOafiani  n 

.Cmv  On*"  if  B"c*ni  ■  .      .^  . 


intiqiuinMr  supped  aomcadditienal 
.re  the  Alifine  edition  of  the  Fxlica 
0.  edited  h^  Retfnald  Brimler  Johi 


BUTUn,  lAMOEL  (i774->Sm>.  En^lik  danial  icholiT  aTid 
•choobnuter,  and  bishop  of  Lichfield,  vu  boni  at  Kciuhicith 
on  thejoth  of  Jinuaiy  i;?*.  He  wueducatBl  at  Rugby,  and 
in  1791  went  loEl  Jdin'a  C^cge,  Cambrid^,  Batler'scliBlaJ 
tareer  wu  >  brilliatil  one.  He  obtslaed  three  of  Sir  William 
Browne't  medala,  for  the  Latin  (1703)  ami  Greek  (1793. 1794) 
odea,  ihenudol  lor  the  Cmk  ode  in  1741  being  won  by  Samuel 
Taylor  Coleiidgi.  la  ijo]  Boiler  Haa  tletted  to  Ibe  Craven 
acholanhip.  imongM  the  OHnpelilon  being  ](dm  Keite,  altei- 
wardt  hcadnuaterol  Eton,  and  ColeHdge.  In  1 796  he  fas  foorih 
4eniaropiinieand>enj'orchatKdloi'iiclia>jcaloiedalltit.  In  1797 
and  17^  he  obtained  the  membtn'  priu  for  l^iin  may.  He 
loak  the  degree  of  B.A.  in  ij«6,  M.A.  1799,  and  D.D.  1811. 
In  1797  he  iraa  dccitd  a  fellow  ol  Si  Jahn'i,  and  in  1708  became 
headniBsiH  of  Shiembury  KhooL  In  tSoi  he  voa  ptaented 
'  10  the  living  ot  Kenilwonh,  [n  1&17  to  a  ptcbendal  alall  in 
Lichfield  ctihedtal,  and  in  1811 10  (he  aichdtaconty  of  Dciby; 
all  these  appointmenli  he  held  with  hii  headmaaierahip.  but  in 
^igjabaw>aprenio4HllDihebiihopTicoflJch£eUt>nd  Coveatiy, 


Btitiah  Uiuemn. 

s 

«Uch  waa  Kpantcd  from  his  diocese  in  the  same  year).  He 
died  on  the  4ih  cf  December  iSjg.  Il  ii  in  canneiioii  with 
Shienbuiy  schod  that  Butler  will  be  chiefly  nmembeitd. 
During  his  headmastenhip  its  leputatlon  gzvatly  Increased,  and 
in  the  itindaid  of  iu  scholaiship  il  tlood  at  high  u  uiy  other 
public  school  in  England,  His  edition  of  Aeschylus,  wilh  thv 
text  and  notes  of  Stanley,  appeared  ifio^-iSiti,  and  wo  sotne- 
iriiai  Avetely  criiidieil  in  the  Edintyriir  Rain,  but  BuUer 
waa  prevented  by  his  elevation  to  the  ^iscopate  from  iwiiinf  It. 
He  atao  wnttc  a  Stiick  ej  Uiiirx  sod  A%citiU  Ctopapky  (iSij, 
frequently  lepihiud)  for  use  in  ichaiils,  and  btoughl  oat  atlases 
of  ancient  and  modem  geography.  His  luge  ijbnry  included 
1  fine  coflectlon  of  Aldins  editions  and  Greek  and  Latin  MSS-i 
the  Aldines  were  sold  by  auction,  the  MSS.  purchased  by  the 

spdsoA.  Samuel  Butfar, 
r  Saau^  BnOa,  llaWi 
CamMin  (td.  J.  £  a 
si.  ijoS),  voL,iiLp.3»S. 
BUTLEB.  SAIIUBL  (iBjs-ipai),  Esgliili  author,  sun  ol  the 
Rev.  TlioiDas  Butler,  and  grandson  of  the  foregoing,  was  bont 
at  Lingot,  near  Bingham,  NotticgtBiiBhin,  on  the  4th  of 
December  1835.  He  was  educated  at  Shimrabury  scbool,  and 
at  St  John's  College.  Cambridge.  He  took  a  high  place  hi  the 
dosiod  Iripot  of  183S,  and  was  intended  for  the  Chorch.     His 

he  sailed  to  New  Zealand  in  the  autumn  of  1859.  He  owned  a 
sheep  mn  in  the  Upper  Rangitata  district  of  the  ptovince  of 
Canletbuiy,  and  in  lea  lima  five  years  was  able  lo  return  home 
with  a  moderate  competence,  moat  of  whkb  warn  afteiwords  lost 
in  ujiJvcky  inyestmeats.  The  Rongitata  district  supplied  the 
seiihig  for  his  romance  of  Ercalvm,  or  Okt  ikc  Riwfi  (iSji), 
satlriang  the  Darwinian  theory  and  conventlDeial  rdigion. 
Errrirri  had  a  sequel  thirty  yean  later  (1901)  in  EnnhM 
Bcvitiltd,  in  which  the  nornitor  of  the  eicUer  romance,  who  had 
escaped  from  Erewhtm.  in  a  baliooil,  finds  himMlft  on  iwisitiDg 
the  country  after  a  considerable  interval,  the  objecl  of  a  lopsy- 
Inrvy  odl,  to  which  be  gave  the  name  ot  "  SuncMldism."  In 
i8j]  he  had  published  a  book  of  similar  tendency.  Tie  Fair 
Hnen,  w^ilch  purported  to  be  a  "work  in  drletiee  of  the  mha- 
ctdous  element  In  our  Lord's  ml  nlslry  upon  earth  "  fay  a  fictitious 
J.  P.  Owen,  of  whom  he  wrote  a  memoir.  Butler  was  i  min 
of  great  versatility,  who  punued  his  fnvstlgations  In  classical 
Kholinblp,  in  Ehakespearinn  crilfdsm,  triology  and  art  with 
equal  independence  and  orl^nolrty.  On  his  return  from  Vew 
Zealand  he  had  stablisheii  himscH  at  ClIHord'sInn,  and  studied 
painting,  eihlbiting  regularly  in  the  Audemy  befweea  1868  and 
iS7«,  But  with  (he  publlcalion  of  Lift  and  HahU  (1877)  he 
began  to  ncognlse  Gletntiut  u  his  life  work.  The  book  was 
followed  by  thiee  oiben,  attacking  Darwinram— EMfwim  Oli 
ani  Ntm,  or  Uu  TlHoria  of  Btiffon.  Dr  Eranmt  Darmin  and 
Lamarck  as  lomfarfd  vM  tkal  of  tfr  C.  Dartrin  (iS?^);  U»- 
cBnsdata  Utmery  (r88o),  a  comparison  between  the  Ibeory  of 
Dr  E.  Hering  and  the  FMenpky  if  Ike  Unimiiaiii  of  Dr  E. 
voQ  Hanmano ;  and  Lmtk  trCannl^fi-itM).  He  had  a  thorwigb 
knowledge  of  northern  Italy  and  its  art.  In  £1  Vat  (i8g8)  he 
Introduced  many  Englbh  readeis  to  the  an  of  Tibichetti  and 
Gaudenlio  Fenuri  at  Vatallo.  He  learnt  neaHy  the  wh^  of 
the  Jfisd  and  the  Odyiuy  by  heart,  and  tnnulated  both  poem 
(i8i|g  snd  rqoo)  inla  colloquiaf  English  prose.  In  his  AiMbhii 
aftki  Odysiey  (iSijj)  be  ptopoojnfcd  two  theoiies:  thht  the  poem 
was  the  work  ot  a  woman,  who  drew  her  own  porttnii  in  Nausleaa; 
and  that  It  was  wrfllen  at  Trapani,  In  SIdly,  a  ptopnrdoli  which 
hesuppociedbydabonlelnVestigationaonthespot.  In  another 
book  OD  tht  Siakripiart  Scmtll  (1899)  he  aimed  it  destroying 
Che  explanations  of  the  orthodox  comtnenlBton. 

Butler  WIS  also  a  muilrian,  or,  u  be  caUed  hfnKlf,  • 
HandeJioB,  and  in  Imitation  of  the  ityte  of  Handel  he  krote  in 
coHabomtioD  with  H.  FeKing  Jona  a  tecnlar  ontorio,  jVerdim 
(iSSS),  and  had  completed  his  share  of  anaiher,  (/lyini,  at  the 
lima  of  his  death  on  the  ig(h  of  June  1901.  His  other  works 
inclnde:  Lift  ni  UUtrt   (1896)  of  Dt  Samuel  BuUer,  hb 


888 


BUTLER,  W.  A.— BUTO 


piniW»ltnT.  hf'r'''^''  of  Sbmibiuy  tcboo)  ukd  illcmnli 
bubop  of  Uchfield;  Alft  ami  Sanctaiaia  (iBSi};  ud  Iwo 
posthuBHiu  mlu  edits!  by  K.  A.  Stnmtldld,  Tbl  Wtj  ef  AU 
«a*  (1903), »  novel;  uid  fijMw  on  tjft, -)rf  aurf  5oBt«  (1904). 

S«  &uiwJ  Bmltr,  tUairdt  axi  Mtrmittl  (190]).  by  R.  A.  Scmt- 
fdtd,  ■  CDDecticw  pripUd  fix  privite  drcaUtioa.  tbc  bwk  unpoclmnt 
■itidc  hKliHkd  beow  OK  br  H.  Fntiiic  iDoa  uritinally  puUiibKl 
la  The  EatI*  (CiiabA^  DrcnnbB  1901). 

— —   '  -  -184*),  liiili  bhloriu 


Ramui  CktboUc,  uul  be  w  bnacbt  op  w 
buy  he  n*  iiu(iutiw  and  poclio],  wid  (ome  <(  bii  oily  vena 
weiciemukiUt  Wide  yet  at  Ooimid  k^odI  b*  bnoio  a 
PntdUBt.  Later  be  attend  Trinity  Cellisc,  Dabtiii,  nbete  be 
bad  s  briniut  carter.  He  ipedilly  devoted  bimell  to  Uiaatsre 
and  melapbyBca,  and  wu  aatrd  tot  ibe  beauQr  at  ba  Uyle. 
Jb  1^34  be  EBJDcd  Ibe  etbjcaj  uw^satonbip,  oewly  imtltutcd 
by  Fiovoit  lioyd,  and  amlinued  in  reiidetice  at  toUc|^  In 
1B37  he  dHJded  lo  cDts  tbc  Churdi,  anit  in  the  unie  yeu  he  wai 
dacled  to  Ibe  pnieiacahip  of  amrtl  iJiiloanphy,  ipedallx 
lamidedlarbimlbmu^LlDyd'aeiBtlam.  Aboat  Ibe  lame  tiinc 


loidcd  tbcn  irhes  mKcailedby  Idi  prtfoKirial  doth*  to  Dablin. 
In  1S41  be  waa  pnoBtcil  to  the  rectcny  of  Rayniocby.  He  died 
OB  tbe  jtb  of  Jolr  1844.  Hia  Sirmtmi  (1  Toll.,  1849)  were  »■ 
^ufc^ily  btilti«Bt  and  forafDl.  The  Lmmra  » llu  Hitltry  >/ 
JuKJHd  PUfuafly,  edited  by  W.  Hepwottb  TbonpMO  (1  *^a., 
1856]  laal  ed.,  i  toL  1871),  lake  ■  Ugh  place  aunig  tba  lew 
Bdtiih  )«fci  at  the  hbtory  of  pbaoaofd^.  Tba  istrodBCtocy 
kclBRi,  and  tluae  ob  Ibe  eaily  Gnck  iMukeii,  tboi|h  they 
evidence  vide  readbii,  do  not  (bo*  tbe  cnBplete  naiteiy  that 
it  fouBd  Ib  Scbwegia  m  ZeUer;  bat  the  kctmo  on  Rata  an 


in  tbc  DwUit  UniiTBlr  Ua^mn  (iSm-i817>1  and  "  Letten 
on  Development "  (in  Ibe  Itiik  BaUriatllctl  Jamat,  it4S), 
reply  to  Newman^  faiDOin  £iuy  <      ■    -     ■  -  ■»  - - 

See  JfflHir  •/  W.  A.  JhOB.  prebed  by  Rev.  ). 
Am  itna  d  Smumi. 

BUTUR.  am  WIUUM  FRAHCa  (iSjS-  ),  Britiil 
BDldier,  eatend  the  amy  ai  as  eniign  in  iBjS,  beconung  caplaii 
in  1871  and  major  in  1874.  He  took  pait  villi  diiiioclion  ii 
the  Red  Kivar  eqicdition  (1870-71)  and  the  Asbanti  opttationi 
el  i87j-;4  uwki  Wofaeley,  and  received  tbe  CB.  in  1874.  He 
•emd  oilh  tbc  Mine  general  in^the  Zulu  War  Cbrevet  lieul^ 
colonel},  Ibo  campaign  of  Tel-e' 
ao  aide-de-camp  to  tbo  queen 
employed  aa  colonel 
l88s-iSS«.  InlheU 
ColoDcl  on  tbe  lUS  fa  E^ypl  1840-18^)1,  and  brigadiei^geneial 
tbcie  until  1841,  when  he  vai  promoted  najor-feneial  '— ' 
Uilicncd  at  Aldenbol,  alter  which  he  commanded  the  ao 
easlcin  distiicL  In  1898  he  aucceedcd  Gouial  G«adeDOii(h  *• 
commindei-in-chiel  b  SoBtb  Aftioi,  With  the  looJ  tank  «f 
lieulniaal-ieiicni.  For  a  abort  period  (Dec  iSgS-Feb.  iSg^ 
during  Ibe  absence  cf  Bit  Alfred  MUner  in  EngUnd,  be  acted  aa 

capacity  he  eipreaaed  vievs  OD  Ibe  aubjcct  ol  llie  pnbablli 
oi  var  which  were  not  approved  by  Ibe  home  gavetoDU 
he  waa  conacqucnlly  oidiied  home  to  command  the  veal .  . 
diilricl,  and  held  Ihispoat  unlit  1905.  Ueallo held  the  Aldenhot 
COAima^d  for  a  brief  period  in  iqoo-iqoi.  Sir  Williara  Butiei 
waa  promoted  lieutenanl-general  in  igoo.  He  had  long  beci 
kBDWBaaadeicriplIvawritcr,iiBcchli  publication  of  ThcCnil 
Ltnc  Land  (1871)  and  other  woriia,  and  he  waa  tbe  bioinpbcr 
(iSQ0]a[  Sir  George  CoUey.  Uemankdin  187;  MiiaEliiabeth 
Tbompaon,  an  accomplished  paiutar  tA  battle-accnea,  notably 
"The  Roll  Call"  (1874).  "  Quatn  Biaa  "  {1S7]).  "RorfcA 
Drill  "  (1881),  "  Tbe  Cund  Corpa  "  (i8gi),  and  "  TIb  Dan  ol 
Waterioo  "  (i»,s). 

BITHER,  a  borough  and  tbi  GouBty-aeat  si  Botlet  county, 
Pannaytvaaia,  U.S.A.,  on  "  .      -     .      . 


K.  of  nttibuig.    Pap.(iSoo)8lM;(l4eB)  ■o;Su,<lf  «l 
foreign-bo<D ;  (igto  ceioua)  20^718-    It  ia  Kmd 

lyivania,  the  Baltimoie  ft  Oiio,  the  Bufialo,  S 

k  PilUbuig.  and  tbe  Benemer  k  Lake  Erie  rwlvaya,  and  ii 
coonected  with  Pitubuig  by  two  elcitiic  lina.    It  ■  built  on  a 

Eva  of  the  lumiuDding  valley.    The  ButJer  County  hoqiita] 

(i8<w)  ia  located  ben.    A  fair  ii  held  in  Batkr  annually.    Oil, 

natural  gaa,  clay,  coal  and  iron  abound  in  tbe  vidnity,  and  tba 

u^  haa  various  manufactnio,  ioduding  lambd,  railway 

[eqiedally  of  itid),  paint,  mUe,  btlcka,  plalB^glaa,  bottle* 

and  a1-will  took.    The  value  ol  the  city*a  (anwy  praducta 

incr«a»ed  from  (1,403,016  in  igoo  to  »,83»,ooi  fn  tflos,  oi 

5869%,  this  being  much  tbe  greatot  rate  of  ioocaie tboarn 

dty  in  the  alale  having  in  190a  a  populaiioD  ol  Sooo  01 

Butki  waa  adeclad  aa  the  lite  lor  tbe  oounty-ieat  of  tbc 

nevly-formed  county  m  1801^  waa  laid  out  in  iScj,  and  was 

irporaled  in  tbe  aame  year.    Tbe  county  nd  tbe  borvogb 

c  named  in  hoaou  of  Cowial  Bichaid  Butla-,  a  aoldieT  in  the 

War  of  Indfpendence  and  leader  of  the  right  wing  of  Goienl 

1  fHatr'a  army,  which  wai  icnt  against  the  Indians  in  if^i  and 

1  tbe  41b  of  November  waa  deleated,  BuUei  being  klDcd  ia  the 

lgagcmen^ 

BOTUn  (Ihiaigh  tbe  O.  Fr.  tndtaar,  boa  Ibe  Late  LbL 
buiici^iitiia,  bwlki^f  a  battle),  a  domestic  servant  vbo  supcriiH 
tenda  the  wine-oUar  and  acts  as  iho  chid  male  tervaBI  at  a 
Dg  hia  other  duties  arc  the  coitduct  of  (he  sDvicc 
of  the  table  and  the  custody  of  the  i^Ie.  IIk  butler  oC  ■  rwyal 
houaebold  waa  an  officigt  ol  high  nnk,  wIidk  dutit*,  tbou;^ 
primarily  tounccted  with  the  supply  of  vine  for  the  royal  table, 
varied  la  the  difltreut  courts  in  which  the  oflice  appeaa.  In 
&igtand,  aa  aoperfntaident  of  tbe  importation  of  vfoe,  a  duty 
was  payable  to  hhn  (see  BuncxACE  jind  Pbisace);  the  buUer- 
ship  oi  Irdaod,  Piourna  HilEriiwe,  vat  given  by  John,  king  d 
England,  to  Theobald  Walter,  vbo  added  the  name  of  Buller 
to  hii  own ;  it  tho  became  the  aumame  ol  bis  dcicaidaDta,  ihc 
eailt,  duket  and  maiqueses  ol  Ormonde  (ice  Stnixa,  lamily, 
above). 

BunSUOB  AMD  PBltAaS.  Ia  Ei«bnd  there  «u  aa 
ana'ent  righi  ol  the  crown  lo  purveyance  or  pre-emption,  ij.  the 
light  of  buying  up  pro'vi^ona  and  other  neccssitiea  for  the  royal 
houaehold,  at  a  valuation,  even  without  tbe  coiucnl  of  Ibc  owner. 
Out  ol  this  right  origiDaled  probably  that  ol  taking  cniloms,  in 
ictum  for  the  protection  and  maintenanoe  of  tbe  porta  and 
barbouit.  One  such  cuttoms  due  waa  thai  of  "  prisagc,"  Ihc 
right  of  taking  one  tun  ol  wine  from  every  ship  importiag  from 
ten  to  tvenly  tuna,  and  two  tuns  from  every  ahrp  iaparling 
more  than  twenty  tuns.  Thia  righi  of  prisage  was  commuted, 
by  a  charter  of  Edward  I.  (130J),  into  a  duty  of  two  shUMn^  on 
every  tun  impotted  by  merchant  fitraogcza,  and  termed"  butler- 
age,"  because  paid  to  tbe  king^  buller.  Bullctage  eeaacd  to  be 
levitdiniSog.bylhcCuMomsCoiHolidatioaActolthaiyeaT.  . 
BUTO,  tbe  Ctnk  name  of  the  Egyptian  goddeaa  Uio  (hictog). 
K"iy4},  cooluaed  viih  tbe  Aame  of  her  clly  Bills  (ico  Btimns). 
She  was  a  cobra-goddeas  of  the  marabti.  wonhiived  especial^ 
in  the  diy  of  Buto  hi  ihe  nonb-vcst  ol  Ihc  Delta,  and  at  axMher 
Buto  (Hdt.  ii.  7j}  in  the  oorth-eait  of  the  Ddta,  now  Tc9 
NebCsbeh.  Tbe  fonna  dty  ii  placed  by  Felrie  at  Tell  Fenia, 
a  laiEe  and  important  siu,  but  at  yei  yickUng  no  inicripiioBa. 
This  wsterB  Bnio  vat  the  capita]  of  ihe  kingdon  of  Konhem 
Egypt  in  prehittaric  limea  blfora  Ibe  two  kingdooM  veic  imi  ted; 
hence  the  goddeaa  BbIo  waa  goddeaa  ol  Lna  Egypt  and  ihc 
Morth.  To  correspond  to  Ihe  vullute  godden.  (Nekhbi)  of  the 
fom  of  a  vnllan;  ahe  b  alaa 
,  .  the  k  comrnanlj  tvlned 
papyrus  stem,  whicfa  laiter  spells  her  aainc;  and 
generally  the  wean  (he  crown  of  Lower  Egypt.  The  Grwka 
identified  her  with  Lcto;  this  may  be  acivunted  tot  panly  by 
ne,  partly  by  the  myth  of  her  having' 
Boating  Uand.  raiemhlmg  the  Moiy  of 
Ldo  aad  Apollo  «a  Debt.  PeAapt  tba  two  mytto  intucnced 
«*efa  other.    KnodatBi  detcrfbea  tbt  tensile  and  other  ncred 


BUTRINTO— BUTTER 


689 


piMM  d  cite  wMl^  Bus,  aad  idlm  a  It*  Inilnl.  ud  ta  lu 
•lutt,  wUcb  muu  btra  b«*a  ImpnUBl  tbsa(h  BOlhing  definite 
U  known  tbrat  U.  II  b  Miugi  tbtt  ■  dty  nhiiM  liadin)  In 
Ibt  DMit  uidau  lima  m>  hiUy.noosaiiad  dmrnshimt  Eop&ui 
hlitoiy  ton  oM  KV"  l>  tha  aaif  llMi  of  n««B  rtpfwli 
Like  Tlieb«i,  bowtvtr  (vUch  Iqr  in  tbt  4tb  nonu  d  Ufpet 
Egypt,  lu  early  npLUl  bang  HcnuontUi),  It  (vcatniHybeciB*, 
«t  •  very  late  date,  the  i^Ui  of  >  nooc,  In  this  ant  ctHtd 
FbthfneU,  "  Lbe  lend  of  (tbe  goddoi)  Bino."  The  Mcond 
Bato  [hlHDgl-  '/■>-<)  wu  capital  (nm  eaiiy  tlma  ol  tte  19th 
BonM  o{  Lower  Egypt. 

See  Herodotin  ii.  iiFli  ZtOuirJ.  Safl"**  Spnukt  (1I71],  I: 
D.G.H(innIi./«irKl«rff^lcj>u,Slutt>i,niv  i:W  M.F.PeDic. 
Blnaiyt,  p.  36;  ATftuiaanJ  DtfoMtk.  (F.  Ll.  C.) 

flnrniHTO,  a  aapart  and  tottifi«d  town  of  loullieni  AOhsU, 
Tutk^,  in  (he  vilayet  of  luniaa;  dlnctly  oppofltc  tbe  iilaod 
of  Ceifii  (Cottyn),  and  on  ■  imaH  (tream  irUcli  Iwca  Iram 
Lake  VatEindco  or  ^ivaK,  lota  the  Bay  ot  Butristo,  u  Intet 
of  the  Adriatic  Se*.  P^.  (1900)  aboat  loocu  The  town,  nhicb 
D  aitnaled  about  3  m.  ictond,  lui  a  amall  baibour,  and  ivaa 
formerly  the  s(&t  of  an  Orthodox  biatup.  In  the  neighbourhood 
an  the  ruiosof  the  ancient  Bulkroliim,  from  irhicfa  the  modini 
toaa  d<iiva  iti  wDie.  The  mini  coniist  of  a  Roman  nail, 
about  a  rniie  in  drcumfrreoce,  and  aome  reoiaina  of  both  l\Ur 
and  Kdluic  work.  The  [egcndary  founder  of  the  dly  vaa 
Hclcnua,  wo  o[  Fiiim,  and  Virgil  (Am.  iiL  191  iq.)  telli  bow 
Hcleau  here  stabJiihcd  a  ne*  Tiviu  kingdom.  Henct  the 
name*  Nea  Trty  and  !fcw  Pirfawnim,  i^iplied  In  Buthiotum, 
ud  tboK  of  XaiUiia  and  Simats,  £ven  to  two  uuU  itreanu 
in  the  neighbouibood.  In  the  iit  century  B.C.  Buthiotum 
became  a  Roman  colony,  and  derived  lome  importance  Irom  its 
poaitioBDear  Con^r^  and  on  the  main  highway  between  Byna- 
Chium  and  Ambncia.  Under  the  Empire,  however,  it  waa 
Ovcnhadowed  by  the  development  of  Dynachium  and  ^loUonia. 
Xbt  modein  dly  belonged  to  the  .Venetiaia  frato  the  14th 
Century  until  1797.  It  waa  then  seized  by  the  French,  who  in 
17M  bad  to  yield  to  the  Ruiaianl  and  TuAi. 

BUTT,  ISAAC  (1813-1379),  Irish  lawyer  and  Natiaoaliil 
leidH,  «ai  born  at  Clenfic,  IJonegil,  in  iSij,  bli  father  bdcg 
tlu  Episcopalian  rector  of  Slrlnorlar.  Having  won  Ugh  boooun 
at  Trinity,.  Dublin,  he  was  appointed  pcofessor  of  political 
economy  in  iSjS.  In  iSjS  be  *u  called  to  the  I)Br,  and  not 
only  looa  obtained  a  good  practice,  but  became  koown  u  a 
polillcfao  on  the  Proteitant  Cotuervative  Bde,  and  an  opponent 
OlO'ConnelL  In  iS44he  vumadeiQ.C.  He  figured  in  nearly 
all  the  important  Iriih  law  cues  for  many  years,  amTwaa  cnpged 
Id  the  defence  of  Smith  O'Brien  In  1E48.  and  of  the  Fenians 
between  1SS5  and  1869.  In  iSji  he  waa  returned  to  parliament 
by  Youghal  as  a  Uberal-Conservitive,  and  retained  tMi  seat 
tnl  iS6s;  but  his  views  gradually  became  more  libetal,  and  he 
drifted  away  bom  hia  earlier  opinions.  His  career  in  puUamenl 
was  marred  by  his  irregular  habits,  which  resulted  In  pccunlaty 
embarrassment,  and  between  iMsand  iSjo  he  retained  again  to 
bl)  work  at  the  law  courts.  The  result,  however,  of  the  dl»- 
establisbment  of  the  Irish  Chureb  was  to  drive  Butt  and  other 
Irish  Protestants  into  union  with  the  Nationalists.  *bo  bad 
always  repudiated  the  English  connexion;  and  on  igtlrtfay  1870, 
at  a  large  muling  In  Dublin,  Butt  Inaugurated  the  Hone  Stile 
movement  In  a  speech  dcmandius  an  I^  parUamol  fcr  local 
aSain.  On  Ibis  platform  he  was  elected  in  rS?!  for  Uraerlck, 
and  found  himself  at  the  head  of  an  Irish  Home  Rule  party  of 
fifty-seven  membcis.  But  It  wu  an  Ul-aswcled  tmioD,  and  Butt 
soon  found  that  he  bad  btlleornocoDirol  over  bis  more  aggrcsalve 
followers.  He  hsd  no  liking  for  violent  methods  or  for  "  obslnic 
tlon  "  In  parlisTBeni;  and  his  leadership  gradually  became  a 
nullity.  HIsfsheposItlonnDdoobtedlyassiitedlnhreaklngdown 
bis  health,  and  he  died  in  Ihihlln  on  the  sth  of  May  1879. 

Btnr.  (1)  (From  the  Fr.  bolle,  botlt,  Med.  Ut.  hUW,  ■  wine 
vessel),  a  cask  tor  ale  or  wine,  with  a  capacity  of  aboat  two 
'  Is.  (j)  (AwordeommoninTeutonicIanguagM, meaning 
'  a  itnmp),  lbe  tlitcfc  end  0!  anythiiig,  ai  ol  a  £shln(-tDd, 


ipia,iwhlp,alMtbiltdMpafatne.    M  (Asn  tka  VK  tai^ 
I  goal  or  mack,  aad  MM,  >  lusM,  a  daingpkca  of  greond,  Ac); 


I  the  poaadbtUnd  tba  tuietalnBi 
MiviboH.  nc«aidt(nMd£tuimlI*dj«fap«Mad«rc4>lMt 
alwhkhdwislonofbtaaanlBTdfcd. 

BUnt,  tbe  laigeit  dly  oi  lioaiaDa,  0.S  A,  and  Ac  coonQh 
■eatofSUvtr  BoweoDn^.  It  b  situated  In  the  valley  of  Deet 
Lodge  lira,  near  Ita  bewl,  at  an  yiatude  at  about  5700  ft.  Pop. 
(t88o)  M«3;  (i»9o)  10,713!  (1900)  30,470,  of  whan)  io,»io 
were  fordgn-bom,  Indudjng  1474  Iiiib,  1518  EugHah-Canadlana, 
and  isej  En^iibi  ttoio  (zoani)  39,ifis.  It  la  acrwd  by  tlw 
Great  NaRhem,  the  Nnthem  Pacific,  the  Chicaso,  Mlwaukee  ft 
Paget  Sound,  the  Butte,  Anaemida  ft  PadGc,  and  the  OiegDa 
Sboit  Line  laHwayi.  P^mlarly  the  name  "  Butte  "  Is  vplied  to 
an  area  whic^  Bnbraces  the  dQr,  Cenlervflle,  Walkeiville,  East 
Butte,  Sootb  Bntte  and  WiUiamtbuig.  These  logetbci  form 
one  larga  and  mne  or  Jem  compacl  dty.  Bntle  Ua  in  the  centre 
of  the  pea  ten  c^tpar^minbig  dlHiict  in  lbe  wi 


with  ID 


the  very  heart  of  the  dty  itself.  The  beat  known  of  the  c^pci 
mines  ti  tbe  Anaconda.  The  annual  ouQmt  ot  oappa  fioin  tbe 
Butte  district  almosi  equals  that  from  all  the  rest  of  tbe  cxauitiy 
together;  the  annual  value  of  copper,  gold  and  sOvci  aggiccales 
more  than  |6a,aoo,ooo.  Although  miningand  its  allied  bdustriei 
of  qDani  cm^iing  and  sudtiag  dominate  aU  otliei  industriei  Is 
the  place,  thete  an  also  fOoDdrie*  and  in-Mnr  sbqn,  inm-worki, 
tQe  factories,  bnwBdei  and  exKodve  leaning  miUi.  Ekctridty, 
uaed  In  tbe  mines  pwticulady,  it  brought  to  Butte  fam  Cafion 
ferry.  7j  m.  to  the  N.;  bom  tbe  plant,  also  ea  the  Uiiuial 
river,  of  the  Helena  Kiwu  Transmission  Con^any,  whkh  has  a 
great  ited  dam  8)  ft.  Ugh  and  630  ft.  lone  uidb  tbe  ilvec,  aud 
a  6oa»b.p.  tobstatiao  in  Bntte;  and  (rmn  tbe  plant  of  tbe 
Madison  Rfvti  Power  Can^any,  00  UadiioB  river  7}  m.  S.E. 
ot  Nonis,  whence  power  ia  alaa  tnuundlted  to  Boianu  aad 
Bdgiada,  GaQattn  county,  to  Ruby.  Hadlson  cmmly,  and  to 
tbe  Gteene-Campbdl  mine  near  Whitehall,  Jdlersim  cnmlji. 
In  1910  Bulls  had  only  ooelaige  BBdter,  aad  tbe  amoke  nnisance 
wuthnaibated.  Tbe  dty  Is  tbe  teat  ol  lbe  UUitana  School  <i 
Mfaiea  (1900),  and  bat  a  stale  induaUitl  •cboiil,  a  U^  scbiMl 
and  a  public  library  (leboQtiu  iQoS  after  ■  Si«)  vith  monthan 
ji.ooovohmus.  Tbccityball,FedefaIbuihliqudSSvciBoii 
county  coutt  bouse  an  among  the  piindpat  boDdin^  Bull* 
was  first  settled  as  a  placer  mlnini  camp  in  1864.  Itwasplatled 
in  18M,  It*  population  In  1E70  was  on^  141,  and  for  manji 
yean  (U  growth  was  slow  Prosperity  ame,  however,  with  tha 
introduction  ol  quarts  tnbiing  In  1875,  and  In  1879  a  dty  cbarui 
was  granted.  In  the  decade  Eiom  1890  to  1900  Bulte'i  incnui 
in  population  was  184-1%. 

BITTTB  [O  F>  tulU,  a  hfHod  or  rising  gitinnd),  a  word  naed 
in  the  western  states  of  North  Amenta  for  a  fiat-lonied  UB 
sunonndcd  by  a  steep  escarpment  from  which  a  slope  descend* 
to  tbe  t^ain.  It  is  sometintes  nsed  Iv  "  an  devatjon  Ugha 
than  a  hill  bat  not  hl^  enongb  tor  a  Bwiutatn."  Tbe  butta 
e^ped  by  a  hodnotal  platfonn  of  bard  rack  la  ^aiactedadt 
o(  the  arid  plateau  ttglon  of  the  west  ol  North  Antellca. 

BUnBR  (LaL  MjnMi,  Gr.  Mnpor,  apparently  craMCIed 
<iiHh  PdBt,  oow,  and  nfti,  theae,  but.  acoordtog  t»  the  Iftm 
BufiUM  DiOintary,  pcAapi  of  Scythian  nigln),  the  fatty  portiDB 
fit  th>  mwt  fj  tnammtiUT,  Mniwniu  The  Biilk  ol  aO  mammab 
ODOtalns  tncb  bxlj  coDsUtnents,  and  batter  (ran  the  milk  «( 
goats,  sheep  and  other  animals  has  been  and  may  be  vsodi  bvt 
that  ylddol  by  cow's  milk  Is  tbe  moat  savooiy,  and  it  aim 
raSy  constitutes  the  butter  of  commene.  llie  mOt  of  lb* 
various  breeds  of  cattle  varies  iridtty  In  the  proportioa  of  falt)i 
matlcr  It  contains;  Its  tfchnesa  in  Ibis  respect  bdng  greatly 
tcSuescedby  season,  nature  of  food,  state  ^  the  animal*'  health 
and  other  consideratlona  Usually  the  cream  is  AInuBed  oS 
the  auriaee  of  the  milk  for  making  butter,  but  by  some  tht 
churning  is  performed  on  the  milk  itself  without  waiting  for  tht 


89<> 


BUTTERCUP— BUTTMANN 


NfVttiM  of  tkc  citun.  Tbc  opottloa  ol  chvoilnl  emu 
IDpluie  ^  the  oil  ltd,  uid  by  Ifae  ouleiceace  ol  llw  ht  M 
ibcBUd  butta  if  lomed.  DeUili  rcgudins  duuning  ud  ihf 
fCfKiuSoa  at  butter  sacjtliy  will  be  fcnud  undti  Dahv  ua 
DmT  FMumiA 

BDnSRCHPi  *  DUH  M>pUcxl  to  tcvcnl  ipcdst  oi  tbc 
ttDUi  Kamuadui  (s-t.),  tiamaaitai  by  tbeii  dttply-cut  lava 
•nd  yeUow.  broadly  cnp-itupcd 
Somn.  SaHUncidmi  Ktit  uid  R. 
bulbtm  ire  CKct,  tuiy  mudow 
|d*att,  (be  latter  biviii(  the  lum 
IwoUeo  at  the  bue,  ud  diitin- 
guiibed  iIh  by  the  fuirawed 
ftiiieF4tilki  ud  the'OftcD  uuller 
£<iwtn  with  rcAeicd,  not  ipmd' 
fa(,  lepali.  Ji.  npau,  camiaoa 
on  mile  groutid,  produces  Iodi 
ninnen  by  tMUl  ol  which  it 
}  npidly  coven  tbe  grouBd.  The 
9  piioti  4>«  native  in  (be  nonb 
teopente  to  irctic  Baei  oC  the 
Old  Wccld,  end  hive  beea  lDtn>- 
duced  t>  Americi. 

BirrrDtFlELD,  DAHin  (1831- 
ifiaiK  Adarrican  uldier.  *u  bom 
IB  Utlci,  N'e*  York.  He  gndu- 
■icd  II  IFnioa  College  to  184th  ud 
when  the  Civil  Wu  broke  out  he 
PUnt  of^nnKnJwhJ-  beeune  aJonel  ol  the  nth  New 
■•- j..howi,detem..^.e  ^^^  ^^^  t^n™L  On  the 
14th  of  May  iMi  be  wu  truo- 
Itned  to  the  lejulu  inny  u  a  lieulenaiit-coloiul.  and  in 
Seplembei  he  wu  nude  a  brigidier-geaenl  U.SlV.  He  aervid 
In  Viiginii  in  iS6i  and  in  tbc  Penlnaular  campaign  of  1861,  and 
■mn  wounded  at  Gainei'  MilL  He  took  part  in  (be  "■"["'if 
o(  Kcond  Bull  Sun  (Auguil  iS6>),  and  in  November  became 
najor-general  U.S.V.  and  In  July  1J63  oo^d  U.S.A.  At 
Eiedeiickabutg  be  rommaiided  llie  V.  corpe,  in  which  be 
had  MTvad  aince  iu  fonnation.  After  General  Hooker 
MKCcedcd  Bumtide,  ButterAdd  mi  appointed  chief  ol  ataS, 
Anny  tt  tbc  Potomac,  and  in  ihia  capacity  be  Kived  in  tbe 
CtaanceHwaviUe  and  Geityibuig  campaigni.  Net  beinj  on  good 
IMBU  with  Genenl  Meade  he  left  (lie  itaB,  and  wu  aoou  aftei- 
wuda  leol  a*  diief  of  foS  to  Hooker,  with  the  XL  and  XII. 
ODCpi  (later  combined  u  the  XX.)  to  TeoociKe,  and  took  l«rt 
Id  (be  battle  of  Chattanooga  (1W3),  and  tbe  Allanu  ompBJgn 
of  tbe  foUowins  year,  when  be  coouoandcd  a  diviaion  of  tbe  XX. 
Oorp).  Uii  aeivicei  weit  iccogniud  by  (ha  bieviii  of  bcigadiei- 
pnecal  and  major-geaenl  in  (he  ngulai  aimy.  He  iciigned  in 
1870,  and  lor  (be  rea[  of  bla  life  wu  engaged  in  civiJ  and  com- 
modal  punuita.  In  1S61  he  wrote  a  manual  of  Camp  and 
OmfeU  Dtitf  <Ne«  Yoik,  iSAi).  General  Buiteifield  died  at 
Cold  ^ring,  N.Y.,  on  tbe  iTtb  of  July  i^L 
A  Bitp^kUal  Utmerial,  by  hit  widow,  wu  publiihed  ia  1904. 
BOmaFIBU).  WILLIAM  (1814-1900),  Eaglish  architect, 
ma  bom  in  Landan,  and  educated  ioi  bii  piaf  eiaion  at  Worceiter, 
^wrc  be  laid  the  fouodationa  of  Hii  knowledge  of  Gothic  archi- 
tecture, tie  aeKled  in  London  and  became  prominent  in 
aonstxiat  wi(b  (be  Cambridge  Camden  Sodeiy,  and  iu  work 
ia  the  ImprovcDMut  of  cburcb  fumiture  and  art.  Hia  Gnt 
Important  building  wu  St  Auguiline'a,  Canterbury  {1845), 
■ad  bii  reputation  waa  made  by  All  Sainli',  Margaret  Street, 
Lendoa  (iS5»),  followed  by  St  Alban'i,  Hoibora  (1863),  tbe  new 
put  of  Merton  CoUcge,  Olfoid  (1864},  Keblc  College,  Oiford 
(■875],  and  many  bouaci  and  ecdcaiuiicil  bulldingi.  He  alu 
did  iBUch  work  u  a  nalwer,  which  hu  been  advenely  ccitidied. 
He  wai  a  keen  cburdunan  and  intimately  aitodated  with  the 
Enfliih  chorcb  KvivaL  He  had  lomenbat  Diiguial  viewi  u  to 
colour  in  aichiiecture,  which  led  to  rather  giiiih  tewlii,  hia  view 
Wng  that  any  combination  of  the  niiuial  colour*  of  ibe  maleiiali 
■aa  permiaible.  Hii  private  life  nu  retiring,  and  be  died 
unswrrifd  od  tbc  ijrd  of  Febiuary  i»oa> 


BUTTEBFLT  aa>  MOW  (tb  (Wntr  lam  "baitar"  aad 
"  dy,"aaold  (en  el  UDonaia  arigin,  poaiibly  from  the  lutun 
of  tbe  eicrenwDt,  or  (be  ydlow  eoloui  of  lome  particular  ^i«aei ; 
tbe  latiei  aUn  (a  O.  Eng.  mti,  au  cartfa-worm),  the  commm 
Eagliab  naiaea  applied  reipectively  (o  (be  (wo  groupa  of  iuccu 
forming  the  idaiil&c  order  Lepldopttm  (gj.). 

BUTTER-NUT.  the  product  of  tatjteia  nitijentm,  ■  nativn 
of  tropical  Soutb  ABeiica.  Tbe  lar^  nuta,  known  ak»  aa 
laawaii  01  luwuow  nnti.  at«  the  hard  ucoe  of  (be  fruit  and 
ctti(aiB  an  oily  nutritioui  leed.  The  genua  Cvyocia  coalaiaa 
(en  Bpcde*,  In  tropical  Soulb  America,  lome  of  which  form  luga 
tjcet  affording  a  very  durable  wood,  uieful  for  shipbuilding. 

BUITEKWOItT,  the  popular  name  of  a  imall  insectivoroui 
plant,  Finpiicula  tultarU,  which  growi  in  wet,  boggy  land. 
It  b  a  berb  with  a  R»elle  of  fluhy.  oblong  leavei,  1  to  j  in.  km^ 
apptemd  (0  tbe  groond.  of  a  pale  colour  and  with  s  atickj 
turlace.  Small  lutecti  acttle  00  tbe  learea  and  are  caught  in 
tbe  viscid  eicreiion.  Tbi>,  like  the  eioction  of  the  lundew  and 
other  iuociivoroui  planit,  coalajni  a  digative  tennent  (ot 
eoiync)  which  renden  ihe  aitrogenout  (Dbsiuictt  of  (be  body 
of  the  insect  loluUc,  and  capable  of  absorption  by  the  leal   ^ 


tbii  way  tbe  plant  obuini  niirogenoui  food  by  meani  of  iu 
leave*.  Tbe  Icavei  bear  two  ku  of  glands,  the  larger  borne  on 
uauaUy  oniceUulu  pedicels,  the  smaller  almoat  seuile  (fig.  B). 
When  a  fly  la  captured,  tbe  visdd  cxcicLlon  become*  strongly 
add  and  tbe  naturally  incurved  margms  of  the  leaf  curve  stiQ 
further  inwards,  rendering  coutaa  between  the  Insect  and  (be 
Icaf-surface  more  complete.  Tbe  plant  ta  widely  distribute  in 
tbe  north  temperate  aone,  extending  mto  tbe  arctic  aone. 

BUTTEBY  (from  O  Fr  bolent,  Late  LaL  Mana,  a  place 
where  bquor  is  stored,  from  ^Ul«.  a  cask],  a  place  for  lEoriag 
wine,  later,  with  a  confusion  mtb  "  butter,  a  pantry  or  store- 
room for  food,  e^wdiilly.  at  college*  at  Oafoid  and  Cambridp. 
tbe  place  where  food  aibei  than  meat,  especially  bread  and 
butter,  ale  aod  nnei,  lie ,  are  kept. 

BUTTMAIIH.  PHIUPP  KABL  (1764-1810],  Cctman  phHo- 
logist.wBtbonial  Fnoktoti^o-Msui  in  1764.  He  wu  educated 
in  hii  native  town  and  ai  the  university  ol  CtltiDgeo.  In  1:84 
be  obtained  an  appointment  in  Ibe  library  at  Berlin,  and  (or 
some  years  be  edited  Sptntrt  Journai  In  1706  be  bccsmc 
profcsror  at  tbe  Joachimsthal  Gymnasium  In  Berlin,  ■  post 
which  be  held  for  twelve  yesn.  In  tSo6  be  was  admitted  (o  the 
Academy  ol  Scienca.  and  in  t8it  wu  nude  secretary  of  tbe 
Histenco-Pbilokigical  Section.  He  died  in  1810.  Buttmann's 
writing*  gave  a  great  impetus  to  the  scientific  study  of  the  Creek 
language.  His  GntJaidu  CriuiiiMiii  (179O  went  tbrough 
many  editlooa,  and  wu  translated  into  F.n^ish  His  LaSagu. 
a  valuable  nudy  on  some  word*  of  difhculty  occuning  prin- 
cipally in  tbe  poetet  of  Homer  and  Be*iod,  wu  pubtiibed  in  1818- 

rt  AtaftUrlHltc  piakuilu  SfraiUdn  (1  vol*.,  1819-181;); 
MylMoim,  a  coUeciion  of  essays  (1818-1819);  and  editiont 
le  rlsisinl  sulbors,  the  moat  important  being  DrwuMmt 
Mif>JMa>(i8ij)andtb  "   


BUTTON— BUTTRESS 


891 


nnW  (Ft.  iMtM,  O.  h.  Mm,  ^tpufStljr  from  tkt  auM 
(OM  M  t«Mir,  to  pah),  a  nuU  pkM  of  maul  «r  other  matnlil 
vUdi,  pviwd  thioagb  a  loop  cr  buttoD-holi,  wtvM  u  ■  catch 

wed  p<oi]>erBb)ett»irtikhlia¥tapteJtctfagfcnBb-lllMdmaetefi 

th>E(iui)it  thetlpaf  attnciiigfdll.otirUchfsaBUialnittOD 
in  liK  ud  iluLp>,  H  the  button  oi  metd  obleloed  Id  mBMjbig 
aptttOaat.  At  foat  buttoni  (nn  apparmtl]'  uwd  hr  tnipoHS 
«f  vtMBKntatiooi  bi  Pirn  FhwubM  (137T)  meation  b  niKle 
o(  a  kntte  with  "  baton  oaesylte,"  and  io  Loid  Bener^ 
ttandaHoa  <i  ttabsBTi  Ckmada  (ijij)  01  a  boiA  mveml 
irilli  of mMm  rdvet  -with  "  tea  botoni  (rf  lyluer  mi  sfitt. " 
WUIe  tUt  Oie  hu  tontfancd,  apedaOy  h  comieiioD  wltb 
KDnwnH  dicM,  thty  befiD  to  bo  eiiiplo]red  ai  fUMDlngi  at  kail 
aieariyat  the  15th  catciy.  Ai  a  ton  at  compaihOD  (ortoino- 
tUng  trivial  or  vsithleii,  the  nonl  b  taimd  In  the  14th  ceatiuy 
Buiton  of  lUathKtive  colanr  at  pattern,  or  baaifng  a  portrait 
or  DWitD,  aie  often  mm,  sptdaBy  In  the  United  State*,  aa  a 
decotatto),  or  lisa  of  mnnbenhip  of  l^iacie^  or  of  adheranct 
to  a  pdlUcal  paitiF;  among  the  meet  honomed  of  ntd  boMon* 
an  tbooe  min  hj  menbeia  of  the  mOitBiy  Mite  of  the  Lo^ 
Legion  of  the  UnKed  States,  otjaalied  fai  iS6j  by  oAcai  who 
bad  longht  In  the  Civil  War.  Cfaintee  offidali  wear  a  battoa 
or  knob  OD  thdi  ha t>  ai  a  mait  ol  laok,  the  grade  btiug  denoted 
1)7  fUcolooT  and  material  (aee  Uamomiv). 

'  Many  vailellei  of  batCODi  are  UMd  on  clothfaig,  bat  fhe7  may 
Iw  divided  into  tm  main  di 
by  vhlch  they  an  atucbed 

an  provided  with  a  ihuik  1         .    ,  ... 

«r  of  a  tnlt  of  doth  or  rimDar  material,  while  In  the  other  they 
an  pierced  wHb  holea  ttannvh  lAIch  an  pased  thiea^  To 
llieae  two  daetes  TDOfUy  oormpand  two  bioad  diScRocei  In  the 
method  of  manufactnn,  Kcordiag  aa  the  bulloaa  an  conqxidte 
and  madeup  ^  two  ra  note  piicee,  or  ate  tinVbr  ahaped  disk*  of 
a  tli^  maletla];  lome  eonpotlte  buttrnu,  boveve,  an 
ptcnrldad  artih  holci,  and  rin^  Betil  batwna  aoraetiraei  have 
metal  ahanka  loldaed  or  riveted  on  tliem.  Fiom  an  eariy 
period  butuna  of  the  loiaei  kind  waM  nude  by  -oeedleiiiwt 
wflh  Ibe  aid  of  a  mould  or  fonoer,  bat  aboat  1807  B.  Saaden, 
a  Dane  who  had  lieen  tuiiMd  by  the  liamlaidment  of  Copen- 
hagen, introduoed  an  tmpmvad  method  of  masuiactutlng  them 
at  Blimjighao.  Hb  bntton*  were  Ibnned  ai  two  diak*  of  metal 
locked  together  by  having  thtir  edge*  tuned  back  on  each  other 
and  endlong  a  fiOlDg  of  doth  or  paiteboaid;  and  by  method* 
ol  thi*  kind,  carried  out  by  elabonte  autoinatic  machineiy, 
button*  an  readily  prodoced,  pnaentiDg  bee*  of  rflk,  mohali, 
brocade  or  other  material  nqnued  to  haimonlie  with  the  labiJe 
on  which  they  aie  laed,  Saaden'a  bottams  at  flm  had  metal 
Aanb,  but  about  iS]$  hi*  am  tovtated  Beiibb  alOBk*  of 
caavBi  OI  other  *abat*n<»  thnnb  which  the  needle  could  paea 
freely  la  aiq'  direction.  Tit  aechaalral  manofartun  of  covered 
bulten*  wu  Btarted  lu  the  Unllcd  State*  in  1I17  by  Samuel 
WIHaton,  of  EoMhampMn,  Mali.,  wbo  In  1(34  Joined  lOTcea 
■llh  Joel  and  Joalah  Hayden,  of  HaydenviOe. 

The  mmbtt  ol  mateifala  that  liava  been  med  tor  making 
buttona  b  very  laige  11 111  fall  mdi  a*  btai*  and  [ran  for  the 
cbeapw  kind*,  aad  for  mote  K^cnelv*  ODce,  gold  and  iHver, 
■ometime*  omanealed  wfth  jawd*,  iiigree  worii,  ftc,  ivoiy, 
bom,  bone  and  mothei-of-payl  or  other  naoeoua  inoducta  of 


la  pcoctBMS  <t  manubctuie,  and  wbai  hb  ton  itarM  the 
EohfrWodutD  1767  oneol  the  departnMatowii  devoted  M  the 
pndnctloo  of  aied  button*  with  lattti,  aome  of  wUch  *sld  for 
' -m.    cut  bMtmeaboame  into  tailuaoaboat 


bulloft  biteatVi  wfatn  oIm  wai  a  large  oipoil  tiada,  tit*  pn^ta 


niaetarei*  who  woi1m<I  en  only  a  raodmt  acala  amotmtal 
10  and  £4000  a  year,  and  mrhmen  euoed  from  £1  to  £4 
L.  At  one  time  tlw  buton*  lad  oadi  to  b*  faahkiaed 
kllled  aitinni,  bat  gradaaHy  tha  oat  of  pto- 
lened  by  tlw  adoption  of  mechanical  pwcBata, 
and  inatead  of  being  tmiwd  out  aingly  and  engmvod  orotherwiie 
ornamaited  by  hand,  they  came  to  hoatu^od  OM  in  dbe  wfaieh 
at  once  ihape  them  end  bnpRS*  tiMm  arith  the  daiied  patten. 
Ivoiy  bnttoiB  an  among  the  oldeat  of  aU.  Hon  btittima  wen 
made  at  BInningham  at  least  by  1 777 ;  towards  the  middle  ef  the 
tgth  century  Eraile  Basot  Invented  a  widely-used  proceee  for 
int>dudng  them  from  the  boob  ol  catdc.  which  wen  softened 
by  boffing.  Pearl  bnttona  an  made  fttim  pari  oyster  Adb 
obtained  (rem  vaiious  pans  of  the  worid,  and  after  being  cut 
out  by  tabuhr  drills  are  ahiped  and  pi^bbed  by  maddneir. 
Bnttons  ol  vegetable  Ivory  an  be  RadDy  dyed.  (Hess  button* 
are  espedally  made  la  Bohemia,  ea  also  an  thoee  of  poTceUin, 
wtrich  wen  tovecled  aboul  rS49  by  an  En^ishman.  R.  Pnaser 
of  Blmdngham.  In  the  United  States  few  buttona  wen  made 
until  the  bej^nnlng  ol  the  r 9th  century,  when  the  manufactun  of 
metal  buttorv  was  started  at  Watertniry,  Conn-,  which  b  now 
the  centre  of  thai  hidiistiy.  In  rSi]  Aaron  Benedict  began  to 
make  ivory  and  bom  buttons  at  the  aame  pbce.  Buttons  ol 
vegetaWe  Ivory,  now  one  of  the  most  important  bnnche*  of 
Ac  American  button  Industry,  wen  first  made  at  Leeds,  Htaa., 
la  tes4  by  an  Englbhraaa,  A  W  Critchlow,  and  ia  187J  com- 
meidal  success  waa  attuned  In  the  production  of  compodtiaD 
MttoDi  at  Sprkigfidd.-HBaa.  harl  buttons  wen  made  on  a 
email  tailcln  (Ssj,  but  their  manidacton  received  an  enormana 
Impetuita  the  bat  decaderf  the  19th  century,  when  J.F.  Boep[4e 
began,  at  Husatbie,  lews,  to  u^be  the  unio  or  "  nlggerhod  " 
sbeUs  loond  along  the  Hbals^ppi-  By  rQ05  the  annul'output 
of  these  *'rTah.water  peari"  buttons  had  reached  11^05,713 
gross,  worth  tjjW.iS?,  or  3fr6%  of  the  total  value  o(  tha 
buttona  prodnctd  in  the  United  States,  In  the  same'  yor  the 
molher-of-peail  buttma  ("onsn  pearl  batloni"]  numbered 
i>73),8lo  groaa,  worth  |T,5ii,ro7,  and  the  two  Ulid*  together 
constituted  tt%  of  the  nutober,  and  5]-g%  of  the  value, 
of  the  button  manufactures  of  the  United  Sutea,  (See  VJ.A. 
Ceiata  RipfU.  igoe,  Kanufariara,  port  in.  pp;  3IJ-J17.) 

nrlTBBi  (from  the  O,  Fr  60Wcrcf,  that  wUdi  bean  a  thrust, 
frem  iMiMr,  to  puab,  cf.  Eng.  "butt"  and  "abutment"), 
nusoniy  pnffctlng  fnm  a  wall,  provided  to  |jve  addltjonal 
strength  to  the  same,  end  also  to  naht  the  thrust  of  the  roof  01 
wan,  eqredalfy  when  concentrated  at  any  one  pdnt.  In  Roman 
arcMtectun  the  plans  ol  the  building,  when  the  vaulla  were  of 
eoBtideiable  span  and  the  thrust  thenfon  very  great,  wen  ao 
arranged  as  to  pmvlde  aoas^waDs,  dividing  the  aisles,  as  In  tha 
caae  of  the  Basuica  of  Maien  thia,  and,  In  tbe  Tfaemae  of  Koine, 
tbe  Bubdivbloru  of  the  leu  irapoitajit  halls,  so  that  then  wet* 
tio  visible  bottrose*.  In  thebalhsofDbdetian.lKiwever,  these 
cra**-«alb  nee  to  Ihe  height  of  tbe  great  vaulted  hall,  the  teplda- 
lium,  and  thtir  upper  ponions  were  decorated  with  niches  and 
pDasteta  In  a  palace  at  Shuka  hi  Syria,  attributed  to  the  end 
of  tbe  and  century  A.b.,  where,  in  consequence  of  the  absence 
of  timber.  It  wssnecessaiy  to'an'CTover  the  building  with  iLaba 
of  stones,  tliese  latter  wen  carried  on  arcbei  thrown  across  ths 
great  hall,  and  thb  ntcessttated  two  precaution*,  viz.  tlie  pn>- 
visloa  of  an  abutment  inside  tbe  building,  and  of  buttresses 
outside,  the  oriicst  euinple  hi  which  tbe  featun  was  tnok^ 
accepted.  In  Byzantine  work  there  were  no  eileinal  buttreuca, 
the  plans  being  ammged  to  include  them  in  cross-walls  or  intedoT 
abutments.  The  buttreaaes  of  the  eariy  Romanesque  churches 
were  only  pUajter  slripa  employed  to  break  up  the  wall  surface 
and  decorate  the  exterior.  At  a  digbtly  latet  period  a  greater 
depth  wa*  given  to  the  lowerportioD  of  tt»  buttresses,  which  wat 
then  capped  with  a  deep  aloping  waatheiing.  The  introduction 
of  Itbbed  vanltteg.  ettended  to  tlie  nave  h  flie  13th  century, 
and  the  caicentrBtion  of  thnstsondefinlte  pdbila  of  the  atiuctun^ 
nndered  the  bnttrCB  aa  absoluto  fMCesdty,  and  from  the  tint 
thb  would  aeem  to  have  been  reeogiJxed.  and  dte  aiddlecmral 
Uaatmaot  already  ^ven  ti    '    " 


892 


BUTYL  ALCOHOLS— BUJCTON,  SIR  T.  F. 


DnuU]' ovloycd  to  deeonte  the  nmmiM  cf  the 

in  tkc  (dn  iMcr  Fojiaidiciilu  wOA  tin  vtttkil  bat  m  tH 

fkUjF  dMOOtaJ  wMh  pmrning 

mm  AUOBOU,  CAOa  FonriMmciictkohiilialtliii 
lonanli  an  knoini,  two  of  Ibat  mn  piimuy,  one  •eaaxt' 
aiy,  ud  one  tcitiuy  (he  Alccoou).  Miaiul  baqd  kloolxd, 
CBr  (CH^CHiOB,  h  ■  adauiloi  liquid,  htitat  U  116  S*,  uid 


oO,  mfaaMUj  Id  poUlD  qiiiit.  It  k  ■  Equid,  "-''''"i  l&c 
faMl  oil  and  baOmg  u  ioS-4°  C.  Uctli^  Hlqd  cubfeid, 
CHrCA-CHOH,  k  the  icdddiUij  tSaAet  dniwd  IroB  B- 
bataiK.  IlitaUioiitlxiiiiellingliqDid,b(HliiigU99*  Tttmethyl 
caiUnd  a*  tcrtiai;  batrl  alo^d,  (CBiMXlH,  ia  tbc  rimpltM 
tcrtiaiy  akohal,  and  wu  obtaiDsl  bjr  A.  Butlttow  In  1864  tqr 
actiiv  with  tiac  mtthyl  on  aec^  ddodde  <Mt  AuxmoU^. 


at  83'.  and 
■UTVB1GACID,CA0>.    Tvaaddaareimownsa 


ittbtOfrit  aM,  (CajrCB-COOH.  Neoal  bu^  add  «r 
iBnwDtatkai'bu^nie  add  it  fonnd  in  batla,  at  an  lieql  cMcr 
In  tke  OS  of  Btrttltam  |{(mM*w  and  at  an  mX]4  cater  In  pannip 
(PaKtewd  mAIh);  ft  hta  al»  been  nNlced  in  the  floldi  d  llw 
fleih  and  in  penfiiatian.  It  nay  be  ftepaied  by  tlu  hydrabrib 
«l  etli]4  aeetaacetata,  er  by  iiaMliii  cuboo  monolde  over  a 
nbtnn  of  lodiitaa  acetala  and  lodinm  cth)4ate  at  tof  C  (A. 
Gcntbec^M.,  iSSo,  Mii,p.)o6),CA0Na+CIU:OONa+CO- 
B'CtU'a-fCHcCHi'CHrCOONa.  It  ii  oidiunly  prepucd 
liy  the  fame&talioB  of  tugii  «  Mudi,  bmn^i  abcui  bj/  the 
■ddlllon  ol  putn^Fing  diceM,  aldom  aibonale  bout  added 
to  Dcataliaa  tht  adda  tuniKd  in  tlv  proccn.  A.  Flu  {Btr^ 
Mtjt,  II,  p^  51]  fDO^  that  the  butyric  {RmentatioB  of  llardi 
]a  aided  1^  the  dinct  additinn  of  SaciHui  luiUlii.  Tbc  add 
Ii  an  oily  liquid  of  miplBaMnt  amdl,  ■"**  ■ftTMift—  ^t  -ig*  Q_^ 
itbinbat  i69'j*C,aiid  Iiai  a  ipcdfic  gnviqr  of  a-g;4&  (o*  C). 

dam  tkjcbromata  and  nlpbuxic  add  o£di^  [c  to  carfaoo  dioxide 

■Bd  aotic  adiL  iritife  "   -  - 

it  to  chfbon  ^ii*A\» 

haaidliible  in  hot  mter  thad  In  cold.- 

Iictalyrle  aeti  it  found  lo  Ibc  bee  itite  in  caioU  (CtrMMiia 
fBifM}  and  In  tlte  not  fif  Arnica  JnlcU,  and  aa  an  Mh^  Mar 
In  cmon  oil  It  may  ba  artifidiOy  pnpaitd  by  tbc  bydnlys* 
of  laqiropytqranide  irith  alkaliea,  by  the  oildatiao  of  iKq^i^yl 
alcohol  vilb  potaaimn  bichionutc  and  nilphiuic  add  (L  Finn 
and  E,  Puchot,  Ami.  it  cIib.  ttit  ^yj.,  ig}j,  hi  '8,  P'  jM), 

CHi .  C(CH^  COOH.  II  la  a  liquid  of  tomcwhat  unpleaunt 
tai&,  boiling  at  ii%-f  C  In  tpedfic  ^avily  It  0'969}  (0°) 
Beatcd  with  duomlc  add  MdnticHi  to  140°  C,  it  gim  cai-bon 
AoxideaodantODe.  Alkaline  potaiuum  pcimanguate  ondiMi 
it  to  a-cxyitoba^iic  add,  (CH|}rC(OH)-COOH,  irhllst  concen- 
tialed  oluic  add  eoaverti  It  into  diniuolKipnipaiie.  Iti  lail* 
■K  more  foluble  in  valcr  than  thoae  tA  the  Donaal  add. 

IDUn,  <a  BiUtAi.atoiniof  lDdia,ln  tbedktdetof  Shabp^wl. 
Bengal,  on  the  tODth  huk  ol  the  Gai^ci,  and  on  tlK  E**t  Indian 
Dllny.  Pop.  (1901)  ijMS-  tiiat  it  a  dimantled  fMl  d 
Boall  uie  vbidi'vai  bnpnrtaDt  fiom  ita  canmaoding  tlw  Ganin. 
A  celebiated  victory  ma  gained  ben  on  the  ^i3  of  Octobar 


n  latt,  a<CJliO,)rHA  la 


17S4  by  the  Britiih  iotoa  under  Mi>or  (af tenraidi  Si  Hector) 

■*""-  ~'crlheuiitedai«QitaafShu]a-n4-Daiilah  and  Kaiim 

The  aoion  laged  bom  g  o'dod  tUl  ooon,  «b«n. 


tba  caaaqr  (»•  a^r.  P«Mtt  «aa,  bawm.  tnntiMaJ  I9 
ShM^-t>*i>owlah  tanrilkiag  a  part  ol  hit  anay  10  tba  wfcff  «f 
tba  renaindK.  A  t«Hy  of  buta  bad  bca  ocMltMtcd  onr 
about  1  m.  dhtairt  ft«n  Iha  Ud  of  battla,  a>d  lUi  lb* 


Bunoi.  i  ... 

«*!  bom  ca  tbaaoth  of  Uaicfa  1 7 

iB  DcAjnbiro.    Altboiwh  hk  father  « 


taeuhy  «aa  tMMI  ia  tjsa  by  tba  KcyalSode^  of  L 
who  aekwnriei^td  thai  tatittacMn  ^  prmcniii^  bin  witb  a 
haodionn  ^[1017.  Duiinghi*  nut  to  the  mati^otit  be  vaa 
taken  to  ne  the  txagc^  «(  Xidard  ///  pafDimed  at  Dmy 
Lane  tbeaun,  but  Ut  whole  mind  waa  givts  u  the  oomting  at 
the  wordi  uttered  by  David-GacDcL  Similady,  ba  act  biniHlI 
to  ootnA  tbc  itcpa  d  the  danoca;  awl  be  dedaiad  ibaU  tba 

to  wh!S°^L^S^ihia«b  the  nedhlLi  ufvUr  IliS^^^ 
Hkoghtoo  Hal],  NotiiiiEbacDiblre.  Buxtoa  had  ontTUwtad  aevenl 
IcCTCfL  Id  tlik  n^moir,  bk  age  it  ^vca  at  fofty-alnc,  vhidi  poiarta 
to  Ui  btitli  in  lyoj;  the  du*  adofitcd  above  la  on  tha  amkority 
of  Lywu'  Ua^»  Brilaitaia  lOvtrfitMiil. 

IDXIOI,  Ua  TSOSAI  KWBLL  (17S6-1B45).  Eagl^ 
pbHtnthnii^  waa  bm  tnEMBon  the  otdJ^ail  1786,  and 
-wai  adncatcd  at  Tiini^  C<dlege,  DuUin,  wltaa.  in  ^te  it  bit 
eady  edoolin  having  bca  Defected,  bard  Wwk  nadc  bin 
our  of  the  bit  ncD  of  U«  Una,  wltb  a  hl^  Tcpnutian  aa  • 
ipeafcer  In  1807  he  nanied  Hannah  Gnmcj,  tiaaa  ol  Ike 
odt^rated  EUnbclb  Piy  A*  bit  mcaoa  wen  not  aoSciBt  W 
iDppoit  bb  lamily,  lie  entend  in  180B  tba  biemxf  of  Tn^«B, 
Hanbury  k  Coopany.ef  irtitA  Ua  obcIm,  tba  "    '    - 


ctiergy,  beanM  a  partna  ii  i8ij,  and  «■>  had  the  whole 
coocan  m  hk  itaodi.  In  181A  be  bcM^  bimeU  intD  notkc 
1^  hk  veech  on  behaU  of  tb  Spital£dd>  wtswo,  aod  in  181S 
hepublkhedbiaabk/iifiii>7«u*/W>n>£wafl>iH.  llMaaine 
ycai  be  wte  dacied  U  J  for  Weynouth,  a  borough  for  widck 
be  ooatuued  to  lit  till  iftji-  In  tbc  Houe  of  Conmona  bw 
had  a  bigb  i^Nitatias  aa  an  ahla  and  ittaigbtforwanl  tftaiia, 
devoted  to  fAOantbrapic  acbeiDea.  Of  theee  plant  the  aoat 
Important  wat  that  for  the  aholitiai  <i  ilavc?  in  the  BiitiA 
ODlonia.  Buxton  devoted  hk  fi{*  l«  tloa  obiect,  ttd  tbiw«h 
defeat  and  oppOBlicn,  dopitc  the  attadn  of  aucBics  and  t^ 
lenHBtDanoa  of  fahit-bcactcd  fiienda,  ho  nnalnBd  uoe  w  it 

Not  till  iSjj  wat  he tlul.  aad  even  tbka  «[dr  partially, 

for  be  w^  ^*iMpiJVwf  ^  admit  into  tlM  bill  loma  daoKa  *§*'**!* 
whidi  bk  better  judpneal  bad  drddad.    Ja  1(37  lie  oeaacd  (a 


BUXTON— BUXTORF 


«M 


He  (nvdlcd  oo  Iha  tmlSamt 
in  iSjg  lo  Ktnill  hb  heallb,  wUch  had  (ivu  way.  asd  took 
the  <qipi>nuaity  of  in^iectini:  lonign  prisom.  He  wh  nude  ■ 
biroilft  iu  lS«(>,  and  than  devatad  himielf  toa  plan  lor  ameUont- 
iaclheconditJDB of tlKAIriciB natives.  IlKfailureoftligNiffr 
evpcdibon  c'  1341  wu  a  blow  from  whidi  he  never  iiciffuuL 
He  died  on  the  19th  of  febiuai;  1S4S. 

Sn  JWdk^oiuI  TimipaiiJaM  ^  5ir  r.  F.  BaxM  (il4S)>  by  hk 
third  Ba.  OaArm  Buzton  [ii]]-iB7i),  a  weU-luon  plulaalkiDfriat 

BDTnlH,  a  market  to«n  and  (aihionable  balth-TCfort  In 
ibe  Hi^  Peak  puliainenury  divbioa  of  Deibyihire,  England, 
on  tbe  London  &  North-Wettem  and  Midland  railirayi,  jfi  m. 
N.W.  by  M,  of  Derby.  Pop.  of  oiban  diitiict  (1901)  ib,iSi. 
It  occa[Mea  ■  high  position,  lying  betweoi  1000  and  1150  ft. 
abovE  ua-level.  In  an  open  boBow,  lunouDded  at  a  dhtantt  bj 

nhere  the  Wye,  nhirh  risei  abont  half  a  tulle  amgr-  Bake*  it* 
eiit  Tbeold  town  (Hi^  Buxton)  itasdsaUnleabovcthcnev, 
and  coniiits  of  one  vide  itreet,  and  a  comidenbte  market-place 
vitb  u  old  croai.  He  dcv  town  ii  the  lidieT  portion,  llie 
Crescent  i»  a  fine  range  of  buiidinp  in  the  Doric  ilylc,  erected 
by  the  duke  of  Devonshire  in  1779-1788.  It  contains  hotels, 
a  ball-rooni,  a  bank,  lUbraiy  and  other  atiUiduneoti,  and  the 
nriDDnding  ojKn  grounda  are  laid  out  in  ttmca  and  gudena. 
The  Old  tlall  hotel  it  the  mni  eod  of  the  Cretnnt  (Undi  an  the 
nte  of  the  mansion  built  in  1571  by  che  earl  of  Shnwibory  in  the 
reign  of  Queen  Elixabeth,  irtiich  was  the  residence  of  Mary  qneen 
of  Scot!  vhen  *he  vitited  Itia  town.  The  minenl  waten  of 
BuKon,  whichhaveneither  taste  JUT  smell,  are  among  the  most 
noted  in  England,  and  art  partkuliriy  effiadoa  b  caac*  ot 
rheumatiuB  and  gout.  Tbne  an  aaatann  pnbUc  and  private 
bathi,  the  msat  important  of  which  an  thne  In  the  cit^BA- 
meuiaitheeaatemeodottheCRBcent.  Iheqnlngxiindybot 
aad  cold  water  at  a  very  ihort  dlataiia  from  each  other,  flowing 
at  (ke  iBtc  of  Bo  galloM  a  minute.  The  fanner  pouesK*  a 
unifonn  tempciature  of  Si*  Fahr.,  and  the  ptindpai  lubitances 
insoluttonaietncarbODateofcaldum,ldcarbonate  of  magnesium, 
diloride  of  sodium,  chloride  of  mogneuum  and  silica  acid. 
There  is  also  a  chalybeate  spnng  known  as  St  Anne's  neU, 

when  mi«d  with  that  of  the  olhec  eprlngs  proves  purgative. 
The  Devonshire  boMatal,  formerly  known  oi  the  Bath  Charity, 
Is  a  benevolenl  institution,  supported  by  voluntary  jubKriptions. 
Everyyear  some  thousands  of  poor  palienu  ate  treated  free  of 
CMi;  and  the  hoapitol  was  cniuged  for  their  accommodatioa, 
a  dome  being  added  which  !>  of  greater  circumference  than  any 
other  In  Europe.  In  1894  the  duke  of  Devotuhhe  erected  ■ 
handsome  pump-room  at  St  Anne's  well.  The  Bniloo  »ea»on 
eitends  from  June  to  October,  and  duiing  (hat  period  the  town 
b  visited  by  tbouunds,  but  it  is  abo  popular  a*  a  winter  reaort. 
The  Builoa  Gardens  are  beautifully  laid  out,  with  ornamental 
waters,  a  fine  opera-house,  pavilion  and  concert  hall,  theatre 
arid  reading  rooms.  Electric  lifting  has  been  Inttoduced.  and 
there  is  in  eiccllent  golf  course.  The  Cavendish  Terrace  forma 
a  fine  promenade,  and  the  neighbourhood  of  the  town  i)  rich 
in  objects  of  interest.  Of  these  the  duef'are  Poole'i  Hole,  a  vast 
stalactite  cave,  about  half  a  ndle  distant;  Diamond  HDl,  which 
owes  It*  name  lo  the  quarts  crystals  which  are  not  uncommon 
in  its  rocks;  and  Chee  Tor,  a  remarkable  diS,  on  the  bank*  of 
the  Wye,  300  ft.  high,  Oraamedts  are  manufactured  by  the 
inhabitants  from  alabaster  and  spar;  and  eiceUent  lirae  i* 
burned  at  the  quarries  near  Poole's  HcJe.  Buxton  is  an  Import- 
ant centre  for  hone-biceding,  and  a  large  horse'falr  is  hdd 
annually.  Allhou^  the  aimual  rainfall,  owing  to  the  situation 
ol  the  town  tovanli  the  western  Bank  of  the  Pennine  Kilts,  it 
about  49  in.,  the  air  Is  particulaily  dry  owing  to  the  high 
■ituatioQ  r^^^  the  rapdity  with  wluch  water*  dnin  off  through 
the  limeitone.     The  climate  !a  bracing  and  healthy. 

The  waters  wete  known  and  used  by  the  Ronum,  but  to  a 
Umited  cMent,  and  no  remains  d  their  bath*  torvive.  Roman 
nada  conwKted  Ih*  place  with  Dcthgr,  Bnugb  in  Edals  and 


UaDdKMer.  BaMon  (Btwdntanea,  Bae-Mane*),  formed  bite 
a  dvit  pariah  from  Bakewell  in  1S95.  hai  thus  claim*  to  l>e 
comidered  ana  of  lite  oldest  EugUah  spaa.  It  waa  probably  the 
"  Bectune  "  mentioned  in  Domesday.  lUtet  the  departon  of 
the  Komana  the  bath*  aeem  to  have  been  hmg  neglected,  Init 
were  again  ttequeuted  fn  ttie  i6ih  century,  when  the  chopd  of 
St  Anne  was  hong  mmd  with  the  cnildies  of  those  who  wete 
supposed  toowttbelicute  to  her  healing  powera;  these  interests 
ing  idles  wcie  destroyed  at  the  Re fonnatiOn.  The  baths  were 
vi^ted  at  least  four  time*  by  Maty  queen  of  Scots,  when  a 
prisoner  in  diar^  of  George,  carl  of  Shrewsbury,  other  famou* 
EUiabethan  viaitois  being  Lord  Burleigh,  the  eul  of  Eaiei,  and 
Robert,  earl  ot  Leicester.  At  the  dose  ol  the  ifltk  century  the 
doke  of  Devonshire,  lord  of  the- manor  (whose  ancestor  Sir 
Ralph  de  Cereans  was  lord  of  Bakewdl  in  i  isi),  spent  large  sum* 
of  money  on  jm|n«vemenu  in  Ibe  town.  In  1781  he  h^an  to 
build  the  famous  Crescent,  and  Mnce  that  time  Buiton  ha* 
steadily  increased  in  favour  as  an. inland  watering-place.  In 
igrj  a  weekly  market  on  Saturday  aad  four  annual  lairs  were 
granted.  Tlxee  were  bought  by  the  local  authorities  from  the 
duke  of  Devonshire  in  1864. 

See  Goueh's  edition  of  Camden's  BriUimia:  SlephEi  Chiver, 
IlUmry  t/lii  CouiUy  ol  Dtiiy  CDcrby,  iti^y,  W.  BcmiDK,  Ciiiila 
U  flatlaa  (London,  1869). 

BUZTOBF,  or  Buxtoxrr,  JORAinrES  (1S64-1619),  Cennan 
Hebrew  and  Rabbinic  scholit,  was  bom  at  Kamcn  In  Wcstph:;lia 
on  the  15th  ot  December  1564.    Theorig 


Bockstrop,  or  Boittop,  from  which  was  derived  the  family 
crest,  whidi  bore  the  figure  of  a  goat  (Cer.  B«i,  he-goat).  Alter 
the  death  of  his  father,  who  was  minister  of  Kamen,  Buxtorf 
studied  at  Marburg  and  the  newly-founded  universi  ty  of  Hcrbom, 
at  the  latter  of  which  C  Olevian  (1^36-1587)  and  J.  P.  Fiscator 
(i54(>-i6i5)  had  been  appoint^  piofeuon  of  theology.  At  a 
later  date  Piscalor  recrived  the  assistance  of  Buiioif  to  the 
preparation  of  hi*  Latin  tra.nslation  of  the  Old  Testament, 
puhliihed  at  Hcrbom  to  1601-1603.  From  Herbom  Buitorf 
went  to  Heidelberg,  and  thence-  lo  Basel,  attracted  by  the 
repuUtton  ol  J.  J.  Crynaeus  and  J.  G.  Hospinion  (1515-1575). 
After  a  short  residence  at  Basel  he  studied  successively  under 
H.  B.  Bulltoger  (1504-1575)  st  ZOrich  and  Th.  Beu  at  Geneva. 
On  his  return  to  Basel,  Crynaeus,  desirous  that  the  service]  of 
so  promising  a  scholar  should  be  secured  to  the  university, 
procured  hlra  a  ^tuation  as  tutor  to  the  family  of  Leo  Curio,  son 
of  Coelius  Secundus  Curio,  well-known  for  his  luScrtogs  on 
account  ot  tie  Reformed  fsilb.  At  the  Instance  of  Crynaeus, 
Buitoif  imderlook  the  duties  of  the  Hebrew  chair  to  the  univer- 
sity, and  discharged  them  for  two  years  with  such  ability  that 
at  the  end  of  that  time  he  was  unanimously  tppototed  to  the 
vacant  of&ce.  From  this  diie  (isqi)  to  his  death  to  ibit)  he 
remained  to  Basel,  and  devoted  himsell  with  remarkable  i«1 
to  the  study  of  Hebrew  and  rabbinic  literature.  He  received 
tolo  his  house  many  learned  Jews,  that  he  ml^t  discuss  his 
difficulties  with  them,  and  he  was  frequently  consulted  by  Jews 
themselves  on  matters  relating  to  their  ceremonial  law.  He 
seems  to  have  well  deserved  the  title  which  was  conferred  upon 
him  of  "Master  of  the  Rabbins."  His  partiality  (ot  Jewish 
society  brought  him,  indeed,  on  one  occasion  toto  trouble  with 
the  authorities  of  the  city,  the  hws  against  the  Jews  being  very 
strict.  Nevertheless,  on  the  whole,  his  relations  with  the  dty 
of  Basel  were  friendly.  He  lematord  firmly  attached  lo  the 
unlvcnity  which  first  recognised  his  merits,  and  declined  two 
tovitations  from  Leiden  and  Saumur  tucte^vely.  His  corre- 
spondence with  the  most  distlng^bed  scbolan  of  the  day  was 
very  eitensive;  the  Ubrary  of  the  university  of  Basel  contains 
a  rich  collection  of  letters,  which  are  valuable  lor  a  literary 
history  of  the  time. 

Woais.— VdniHtli  ffOniam  it  Chatdakmm  (t«a>;  7th  ed,. 
i6;8l;  Syna/^tt  Judala  (laoj  in  German;  aflerwaidi  translated 
Into  LitiB  in  an  eabrged  lonn),  a  valuable  npeftocy  of  iafotmatioii 
leaardinitheoflnlaiuaiidoenaiaaiiiol  the  Jew>:£«J<«H<trai- 

.  ^aaUaiam  am  trni  Leiia  XoUiucg  Plulmfiia  (i6a{-. 

'       '        Cbvow,  1814)1  hia  great  Rabblnkal  Bible.  SiMia 

,  1618-1619),  a  - 


H^la 


BUXTORF— BUZEU 


tdiila,  {uRiwd  mod  «dvaMl  ^J,  Suurf  the  ysuoHr, 
■DBUKdfnuD  ikccnt  uXool «(  Jniiik  siijcim  iji&i 
nl  In  the  lown  cf  "nbcriu.  Il  laiin  thb  woik  that  Buil< 
trovcrtcd  Ibr  viciM  of  Eliu  LevItA  recHdinf  (he  hu  ori^ii 

lohnw  <m^  Adiat^  «  ■oUoet  wUch  ^va  rti«  to  tkecotit , 

ibCappdaadhAnJohumDuatorf (m).    Duxtorf 
.. 1...  .!„  __  — I.  ,„  wiiich  li. 


uuHimcd  by  Ju 
irdaDcv.  vtun  Bp 


idmtiv.    The  kninn  w:ii  republuhcd  at  Lcipug  in 

%  juriiuFOm  at  the  la^J\t%  treat' Hcbrc*  c^ 
S  BppKLRd  in  1840. 
roc  ■BaiuBpal  infatmiliDa  rqnrdiiif  hb  wiMnei  an  ^Hnut 
JtHriiH,  pp.  44i<MS!  ullcica  la  Ench  aod  Cniberi  EiiovbNJw. 
tod  HMOB-HaiKk,  K^myk.}}.  P.  Nkcnin'i  Ufmnra.  yglxad. 

HrfonHth^  PRfad),  pp.  T>  »)■  <Lripi!|.  tMl;  C.  W.  Meycr-| 
aKkiMt  in  &knfl-&Uanmf.  wL  liL  (Catlii«a,  iScti):  ami 

E.  KiutKb, /siailiKi  Siuiai/ilcr^'lm  (ISn>- 
mtrmt,  or  Bmrrmrr,  JORAimES  (i  ;d9-i664),  ton  of  the 

pTcnling,  va>  bom  *l  Biid  on  the  ijlh  o(  August  ijw,  and 
vbui  still  a  boy  attained  conikkmblc  proGriencjr  ia  the  datucat 
language.  Entering  the  imlvenity  >t  the  age  of  twelve,  he  aai 
only  aiilccn  irben  he  obtaioed  hij  mastei'i  degree.  Hi:  now 
gave  faimsclf  up  to  Iheolagiul  and  cspcdally  to  umitic  studio, 
coQCeniratmg  btcr  on  Tabbinical  Hebrew,  and  reading  while 
yelayoung  roan  both  the  Mishna  andlhe  JeTUuIcmandBaby' 
Ionian  Gcmaros.  ThcK  studies  he  lurtbei  devclopcil  by  kiiiu 
to  Heidelberg,  Dorl  (where  he  made  the  acquaintance  of  many  o[ 
the  dcEegatcB  to  the  vynod  of  ]6u)  and  Geoeva,  and  in  all  these 
ptaces  acquired  a  great  reput^mon.  Zn  1622  he  published  at 
Basd  «  LciitoH  Clialdaiium  cl  5yrii»Kin,  ai  a  companion  woih 
Id  his  fathei's  great  RahUiucal  Bible.  He  declined  the  ehair  of 
logic  at  Lauunne.  and  in  16:4  was  appointed  general  deacon  of 
the  church  al  BascL    On  the  death  of  his  iathei  in  ifiij,  he  waa 

ship.  FiDmthiEditeuntilhisdcaIhini664hercDiainedat  Basel, 
declining  two  offers  which  were  made  to  him  from  Croningen 
and  Leiden,  to  accept  the  Hebrew  chair  in  these  two  celebrated 
tchoob.  In  1647  the  governing  body  of  the  university  founded, 
specially  for  him,  ft  thiid  theological  professorship,  that  of 
"  CoDimonpIaco  and  Controveisiej,"  which  Buiiorf  held  for 
seven  years  along  with  the  Hebrew  ch^.  When,  however,  the 
professorship  of  the  Old  Tcslamtnt  became  vacant  En  i5s4  by 
the  death  of  Tbcodar  Zinnger,  Buxtorf  resigned  the  chair  of 
theology  and  accepted  that  of  the  Old  Tcstumcnl  instead.  He 
was  four  times  manicd,  his  three  first  wives  dying  shortly  after 
mani.1  EC  and  the  foiirlh  predeceasing  her  husband  by  seven  yean. 
Kit  children  died  young,  with  the  eiccpiion  of  )wo  boys,  the 
younger  of  whom,  Jakob  (1645-1704),  bccairie  bis  father's 
colleague,  and  then  his  successor,  In  the  chair  of  Hebrew.  The 
same  distinction  fell  to  the  lot  of  his  nc[>hen  Johann  (i<^3-17Ji)' 
,  A  considerable  portion  of  Biaiorf's  public  life  was  spent  in 
controversy  regarding  disputed  points  in  biblical  criticism,  in 
reference  to  which  he  had  to  defend  hi)  lather's  views.  The 
attitude  of  the  Reformed  churehcB  at  that  lime,  as  opposed  to 
the  Church  of  Rome,  led  them  to  maintain  many  opinions  In 
regard  to  biblical  questions  which  were  not  only  erroneous,  but 
altogether  unnecessary  for  the  stabiUty  of  Ih^  position.  Having 
renounced  tLe  dogma  of  sn  infallible  church,  it  was  deemed 
necessary  to  maintain  ai  a  muntcTpoIsc,  not  only  that  of  an 
Inlallible  Bible,  but,  u  the  necessary  foundation  of  this,  of  a 
Bible  which  had  been  handed  down  from  the  earliest  ages  without 
the  slightest  leitual  alteration.  Even  the  vowel  pi^Is  and 
accents  were  held  lo  have  been  given  by  divine  inspiration. 
The  hfsuoretic  teit  of  the  Old  Testament,  therefore,  as  com- 
pared either  with  that  of  the  recently  discovered  Samaritan 
Pentateuch,  or  the  Septuagfnt  or  of  the  Vulgate,  alone  contained 
the  (TH  words  ol  the  sacred  writen.  Although  many  of  the 
11  leuaed  Jews,  had  long  icea  that  thess. 


kit  wetk,  pdatiiiaoiit  the  bJBiy  irhich  K  would  do  tha  PiDteatant 
came,  but  Cippd  leiu  hii  MS.  to  namai  EipcBim  of  I^dn, 
ibeiTMilleuned  oiteMaUit  of  Uiday.by  whom  It  una  pahlishei] 
1b  tin,  sBdet  the  tllfe  AnaHHm  PtOKltfitttt  mdalam.  but 
without  the  author's  name.  Hie  elder  Buitoif,  tboti^  be  lived 
five  yean  altcf  th£  publication  of  the  work,  Duule  do  public 
reply  to  it,  and  it  was  not  unlQ  164S  that  Builoif  jnnior  pui>- 
UiiicdhaTrlKlaliuietuii^aramariiini.aiiliqiiUale.ilaiiUurilele, 
eppBiilui  Arcaivi  pimJaluimi  radatt  LrdtHci  Cafpd&.  He 
tried  lo  Hsve  by  copious  dtaticms  from  tlic  tibbinical  wiiicn, 
kinds,  that  the  points,  i(  not  » 
Moses,  were  at  least  as  old  oa  that  oE  Em, 


d  the  Bi 


Ud- 


furtvnatdy  be  allowed  hinsell  to  employ  contemptuous  e[Htheti 
towards  Coppel, such u"  innovator  "uid"  visionary."  Capiicl 
qiccdily  prepared  a  second  edition  of  bit  work,  in  vhidi,  bcMte* 
replying  to  tbe  arguments  of  his  opponent,  and  fortifying  la 
potilion  with  new  ones,  he  retorted  his  contumelious  epiiheu 
with  interest.  Owing  to  various  causes,  however.  Ibis  sccmd 
edition  did  not  lee  the  light  until  1685,  when  it  was  publisfaed 
at  Amsterdam  in  the  edition  of  his  cnUecled  walks.  Besides  this 
eontroveny,  Biatorf  engo^d  In  three  otbcn  with  the  auat 
atllagonist,  on  tbe  subject  of  the  integrity  ol  tbe  Mosaoretic  teit 
of  the  Old  TestamiDl,  on  the  antiquity  of  the  present  Helinw 
chancicrt,  and  on  Qie  Lord's  Supper.  In  the  two  {oimer 
Buitorf  supported  the  unlcnaUe  position  that  the  tcjrt of  the  CM 

alteration,  and  that  the  present  square  or  »HsIlcd  ChaUee 
chaiaetcn  were  (oeval  with  the  ori^nal  composiiioD  <rf  tbe 
various  books.  These  views  were  triumphantly  refuted  by  hit 
great  opponent  in  his  Cririia  Sacra,  and  in  his  DiaJriia  Krii 
ttoHliqMit  Ei/raitoruui  lUfrii. 

Bciidn  rhe  works  almd/ nwstloDed  Id  the  caarst  of  Ihli  anidt, 
Buiioif  edited  the  imt  Liiicto  aaUaiaaa,  Ttlmmlic^m,  H 
ftabtinitum,  on  which  hii  Eatber  had  ipcnl  the  labour  of  twenty 
yean,  and  to  tbe  completion  ti  which  he  himself  dv^  lea  van  at 
■dditioKkl  study;  and  the  great  Hebrew  Cpncoiwnaf  which  ids 
'-'>■-' had  Utile  mon  than b»un.    laadditiontathcschepabliibn] 

—  ^tia*s  of  BBi^  of  bishihtr'a  works, ."  — "  —  —' '  '■'- 

own,  caoipltte  lists  of  which  may  be  seen  i 
and  other  works  eaumeiated  at  ibt  ckw  ol  1 

BUTIBO  Dl,  oa  the  English  sled  a'chonge,  ■  tiaasactioa 
by  which,  U  a  member  has  sold  aecorilics  which  be  fails  to 
deliver  on  settling  day,  or  any  of  the  succeedmg  ten  days  foDow- 
lag  tbe  settlement,  the  buyer  may  five  IcisUuclionB  to  a  stock 
•ichange  oScisJ  lo  "  buy  In  "  the  stock  lequiied.  The  official 
announces  the  quantity  of  stock,  and  the  purpose  lor  which 
he  requires  it,  and  whoever  idls  the  stock  must  he  prepaird 
to  deliver  it  fmmediaLdy.  The  original  seller  has  to  pay  tlv 
dlQerence  between  the  two  prices,  if  tlw  latter  is  higher  Ihaa 
the  original  conttact  price.  A  sinulai  practice,  lenncd  "  seltinx 
out,"  prevails  when  a  puicbaser  (ails  to  take  up  his  securities. 

BUT!  BAUOn  UW,  In  meteonlogy,  the  name  ^ven  to 
a  law  which  nay  be  aliened  as  foUowst— "  Stand  with  your 
back  to  tho  wind:  the  low.prosnu«  oiea  will  be  en  your  kft- 
haad."  This  lula,  the  truth  of  whidi  was  Srst  Tecogniaed  by 
the  Americaa  aelionlogists  J.  H.  Coffin  and  W.  Fuid,  il  •  direct 
couequence  of  Fcrrel's  Law  (f .«.).  It  ii  annuimatclr  Use  In 
the  highci  latitudes  of  the  Nbitbem  Hcmiyhen,  and  is  reversed 
fn  tbe  SoHthsf>  Hemisphere,  bul  (he  ui^  betwacD  bammeliic 
gndicut  tad  wiad  ia  not  n  light  angle  In  low  latiltidts.  Tbe 
law  takes  Its  name  fnm  C  H.  D.  Buys  Balloit,  a  Dutch  mctmr- 
okigisl,who  published  it  in  tbe  Campla  rendui,  Kovcmber  1857. 

BUZEU,  the  capital  of  the  department  ol  Suieu,  Rumania, 
situated  near  the  light  bonk  ol  the  river  Bueu,  between  the 
CarpalUan  Blountoina  and  the  fertile  lowlands  of  south  Moldavia 
and  csat  Walachio.  Fop.  (1900]  ai.j6i.  Buieu  is  leoputaol 
as  a  aariiet  (or  petnleum,  timbor  and  ffsia, .  It  is  Uk  racMlBB- 


BUZOT— BYELOSTOK 


895 


pkca  a£  nilRMdl  from  Kbuicn  Suat,  BitiU  ud  Hood. 
Amber  la  found  by  the  rinssidt,  and  lliere  arc  doLb-milJs  m  tlic 
dty^  Biueuislhescdtof  abl^Pj  vvhosccathedraJ  wu  erected 
In  1640  by  Piince  MaUhias  Basunb  of  WnJacluB,  oa  the  lite 
of  an  oldcc  chuich.  In  tbe  oeiEhbouihwd  Ibete  ■[«  manir 
OWEUleriea.  Buleu  »lt  iMmsily  ciUcd  Napuca  (U  Buiognd. 
BUZOT.  rRAHCOIS  NICOLAS  LiOHARB  (i;6e-i;M}, 
FicDch  revoluIiOQist,  wu  bom  aL  Evrem  oa  tb«  lit  dI  tluch 
1760.  He  iludjed  lav,  aod  at  Ilie  DuUueali  ol  the  Revolulkm 
was  an  advocnte  in  hit  native  town.  In  17S9  fa«  was  eUcled 
deputy  to  the  Mitcfr^eaeral,  and  tlure  becanu  known  (or  hU 
advuicad  opJnioDi.  He  dounded  the  nntionalizatiaD  of  ihe 
poueulotii  of  lit  dnsy,  and  the  tight  of  all  citiaeni  to  cuiy 
arm.  After  tlie  dissolute  of  the  Conatituent  Afioemhlyj  Buiot 
tctiuned  to  £vTeiu,vhenh£waa  named  preaidentof  thccriuinal 
tribunaL  In  1793  lie  waa  ckcted  depu^  to  tlie  Convention, 
and  took  hu  place  anumg  the  Girondiati,  He  demanded  the 
fonnation  of  a  natioaal  guard  from  the  depaitments  to  defend 
the  ConvBition  againat  the  populace  of  PariL  Hu  pn^mal 
waa  cniiied,  but  neva  pnt  into  force;  and  the  Paiiaiana  vcre 

of  Loud  XVL,  BiuM  voted  for  dealli,  but  with  appeal  to  llie 
people  and  poatpiauawDt  of  eentCDca.  He  had  a  dccnc  of  deith 
paaied  igibBt  tht  Aricrft  who  did  not  rclurn  to  Ftan«,  and 
tgainit  ■nyone  vbo  ihouM  demand  the  ifrotabliihment  of  the 
monaichy.  Fnacribed  with  the  GinadBEa  on  llie  nd  of  June 
tTMi  ha  lucceedcd  io  tecaping^  u>d  look  refuge  in  Normandy, 
whne  he  ceaitribnled  to  ocginiae  a  tcderdiat  iuuirection 
ogeimt  the  ConvoitiDn,  which  wi*  qiacdi^  nqipnBed.  Buiot 
mi  outlawed,  and  fled  to  the  ueitfabourhood  of  Budecui,  and 
committed  suicide  in  the  woodi  of  St  Emilion  m  the  iSth  ol 
June  1704.  He  wu  an  intelligent  and  honat  nan,  although 
he  lecnB  to  have  pioGted  by  the  ule  of  the  poaseisions  of  the 
detKy,  but  be  had  a  itubt^m,  unyielding  temperament,  wa* 
tocapable  of  maki^  concesnona,  and  was  dominated  by  Madame 
Koland,  who  imparted  to  him  her  hatted  of  Danton  and  the 


sn 


d  by  C.  A. 


riM4). 


r*(Evn 


BU&ARD,  a  word  dedved  fniDi  the  LiL  BtUar,  through  the 
Fr.  Buiard,  and  used  ia  a  general  tense  for  a  large  group  of 
diurnal  birda-of-prty,  which  conlains,  among  many  otheis,  the 
apedea  uiually  known  ta  the  common  buzaard  (BMro  pulgarv. 
Leach),  Ihou^  the  English  epithet  ia  nowadays  hardly  applic- 
able. 7^  name  buzzard,  however,  belongs  quite  as  righirnlly 
to  the  Knto  called  in  booka  "  hanieis,"  which  form  a  diatinct 
aubfamiiy  of  Paitonidae  under  the  title  Ciriinat,  and  by  it  one 
apeciea,  the  moor-buisaid  {Circus  aeruprfosiu),  is  ttUl  known 
in  snch  [daces  ailt  inhibits.  "Puttock"  ii  alio  anothcc  name 
used  in  some  pans  of  England,  but  perhaps  Is  nther  a  synonym 
of  the  kite  {Uilaa  icIiKui).    Though  oniithologic«l  wiiteis  ue 

are  but  slight,  and  the  diagnostic  charecter  that  can  be  beat 
trusted  ia  probably  that  in  the  loimer  tlu  bill  is  decurved  fcom 
the  base,  while  in  thebtter  it  is  for  about  a  third  of  its  length 
Etni^L  Hie  bend,  loo,  in  buzzards  is  short  aod  round,  while 
in  the  eagles  it  is  elongated.  In  a  general  way  bimaida  are 
smaller  than  ca^es,  though  there  are  several  enxptiOQS  to  this 
statement,  ondhavetheirpluma^  more  mottled.  Furthermtve, 
nost  if  not  all  of  the  buzzards,  about  which  anything  oI  the  kind 
Is  with  certainly  known,  assume  their  adidt  dress  at  the  bit 
Riwlt,  while  the  eagtes  take  a  longer  time  to  reach  maturity. 
The  buzzards  are  fine-looking  birds,  but  are  slow  and  heavy  ol 
flight,  so  that  in  the  old  days  of  falconry  they  were  regarded 
with  Infinite  scom,  and  hence  in  commoB  Engli^  to  call  a  man 
'*  a  buzzard  "  is  to  denounce  him  as  stupid.  Their  food  consists 
of  email  mammals,  young  birds,  reptiles,  amphibians  and  inaecta 
I — particulBiiy  beetles— and  tbua  Lbey  never  coold  have  beat  very 
injudoua  to  the  game-preserver,  H  irKlecd  they  were  not  reoUy  1 


his  frfcod^  though  they  have  fallen  undo  Us  -bw;  btit  at  the 

present  day  ihey  are  so  scun  that  in  England  their  eScct, 
whatever  it  may  be,  is  joapprEuable.  Buiuirda  are  found  over 
the  whole  world  with  the  eiuplioa  of  the  Auttrtiian  re^on, 
and  have  been  sflii  Into  many  genera  l>y  syttematiits.  In  the 
.British  Islnnds  are  two  spectca,  one  resident  (the  B.  tvlsarit' 
already  mentloaed),  and  now  almost  confined  to  a  few  wooded 
districts;  the  other  the  rough.legged  buzzard  (ArMbuiea 
lai'ti"),  w  iiTWil«  winter.viataot,  sometimes  arriving  in 
luge  bands  fiom  the  north  of  Europe,  and  readily  dislinguishabk 
from  tht  (oimei  by  being  fiaibered  down  to  the  toes.  The  honcy- 
bucutd  iPcrait  afaeiui),  a  summer-visitot  from  the  south, 
and  breeding,  or  attempting  to  breed,  yearly  in  the  New  Forest, 
docs  not  come  into  the  subfamily  BttUonuitu,  but  is  probably 
the  type  of  a  distinct  group,  Paninat,  of  which  there  are  other 
esamplcs  in  Africa  and  Aaia.  In  America  the  name  "  buiaaid  " 
is  popularly  given  to  the  turitey.buzzard  or  luAey-vuliute 
(.CtlkarUi  Aardi.  (A.  N.) 

BYELATA  TSERKOV  {ix.  White  Church],  a  town  of  Russia, 
in  the  govenimcnt  of  Kiev,  31  m.  S.S.W.  of  Vasilkov,  en  the 
mala  road  from  Kiev  to  the  Crimen,  in  40'  47'  N.  lat.  sod  30°  7' 
E.loag.  Pop.  (1S60)  11,075;  (1897)19,705,  Fust  mentioned  in 
Hi  J,  ByElayaTseikav  wu  desti^«l  during  the  Mongol  invasion 
of  the  I  jthcentuiy.  In  1550  a  castle  was  built  here  by  the  prince 
of  Kiev,  and  various  privileges  were  bestowed  upon  the  inha^ii- 
tanta.  From  i6jt  the  lawn  was  subject  alternately  to  Poland 
and  to  independent  bettnans  (Coasock  chiefs).  In  1793  it  was 
united  to  Russia.  There  is  a  trade  in  beer,  cattle  and  grain,  sold 
at  eleven  annual  fain,  three  ol  which  lost  for  ten  days  each. 

BTELEV,  ■  town  of  Ruisia,  in  the  government  of  Tula,  and 
67  m.  S.W.  from  the  dty  of  that  name  on  the  left  bank  of  the 
Ofctt,  in  53°  4a'  N.  Ut-,  and  iff  9'  K  long.  Pop.  (i860)  S063; 
(1897)  956).  It  fs  fifst  mentioned  in  1147.  It  belonged  to 
Uthinuua  in  the  end  of  the  i4lh  century;  aod  in  1468  it  was 
raised  to  the  rank  of  a  principality,  dependent  on  that  country. 
In  the  end  of  Ihe  13th  century  this  priadpaliiy  began  to  attach 
itself  to  the  grand-duchy  of  Moscow ;  and  by  Ivan  III.  it  was 
ultimatelyunited  to  Russia.  It  suffered  greatly  from  the  Tatars 
in  1507,  ijia,  1530,  1S36  and  1544.  In  1816  the  empress 
Elizabeth  died  here  on  her  way  from  Taganrog  to  St  Fetetsbuis, 
A  public  bbraiy  was  founded  in  i8s8  in  memory  of  the  poet 
Zbukovsky,  who  was  bom  (1781)  in  a  neighbouring  village. 
The  industries  comprise  lallow-boiling,  oil-manufacture,  tanning, 
sugar-refining  and  distilling.  There  Is  a  trade  in  grain,  hcnip  oD, 
cattle  and  tallow.  A  fair  is  held  from  the  iSth  of  August  to  the 
loth  of  September  every  year. 
'  BTELGOBOD  (i.e.  White  Town),  a  town  of  Russia,  In  the 
govemintntofRuiak,  loom-S.S.E.  by  rail  from  the  cily  of  that 
name,  in.  50°  46'  N.  lat.  and  j£°  3;'  E.  long.,  clustering  on  a 
chalk  hill  on  the  tight  bank  of  the  Donets.  Pop.  (i85q)  11,7)1; 
(1^97)  it,Sio.  In  the  17th  century  it  suffered  repeatedly  from 
Tatar  incursions,  against  which  there  was  built  (from  1633  to 

of  aoo  m.  from  the  Voi^  to  the  Don,  and'  called  the  Byelgorod 
line.  In  1666  an  archiepiscopal  secwas  established  in  the  lown. 
'ncre  are  two  cathedral  churches,  both  built  in  the  16th  century, 
as  well  as  a  theological  seminary.  Candles,  leather,  soap,  h'me 
and  bricks  are  manufactured,  and  a  trade  is  carried  on  in  grain, 
cattle,  wool,  honey,. waa  and  taDoir.  Ihere  ore  three  annual 
fairs,  on  the  10th  Friday  after  Easter,  the  19th  of  June  and  the 
tjth  of  August  respectively. 

BYELOSTOK  (Polish,  Bidyitoh),  a  Iowa  of  Vest  Russia, 
in  the  government  of  and  53  m.  by  rail  S.W.  of  the  dty  of  Grodtio, 
on  the  main  railway  line  from  Moscow  to  Warsaw,  at  its  Junction 
»iih  the  Kiev-Crayevo  (Prussian  frontier]  L'ne.  Founded  Id 
13 10,  it  become  part  of  Prussia  after  the  third  partition  of  Poland, 
but  was  annexed  to  Russia  in  1807,  after  the  peace  of  Tilsit: 
Its  development  dates  from  1845,  when  'waoDcn-miUa  were 
buUi-  Since  that  time  it  has  grown  very  rapidly,  Its  population 
bdng  13,787  in  iSs;;  's6,S]g  in  1889;  and  65,781  In  1901, 
thn«-fourihs  Jews.  Its  woollen,  silk  and  felt  hat  factories  give 
OCCspatioD to Kveral thousand worken.  v  it  u  ii'ii 


«96 


BYEZHETSK— BYRD 


m  o(  Rturfs,  (n  tht  BOvtouBmt 
utct7om.MJ4.E.o[  thedty  of  th4t  tuDK.oB  therishtbtnkof 
flie  Moto^,  in  S7°  4fi'  N.  Ut.  uid  ]6°  4j'  E.  long.  Pop,  (1B60) 
5413;  (1S97)  9090.  It  19  mentioned  in  the  duonide*  of  1137. 
,On  the  Call  of  NovgT>nx1,  to  vhich  it  huf  belonged,  it  wasincor- 
poiated  Cm7P)  ^^  ^^  grand-duchy  of  Mosccrv,  The  town  Is 
famous  for  itAScythca  uid&hearing  hooks,but  maJces  aJu  ain,nail9 
andothvrbatdwiLre,  and  trades  in  grain,  linen,  hemp  and  fiax. 

BT-LAV>  or  BvE-uv  (by-  bsng  used  in  the  scn«  cI  lubor- 
dinateorficcondarjjCf.  by-path),  a  regulation  made  by  co 
boards,  cotpoiationa  and  companiei,  usually  under  ata 
power,  (or  the  preservation  of  order  and  good  govei 
within  sooK  place  oi  jurisdictioD.  When  made  under  aul 
of  a  statute,  by-laws  must  generally,  belbre  they  com 
operation,  be  submitted  to  some  omfirmlng  authon, 
sanction  and  approval;  ^en  appioved,  they  are  aa  binding 
as  enacted  laws.  By-laws  most  be  reasonable  in  themselves; 
they  must  not  he  retrospective  nor  contiaiy  to  tht  general  law 
of  the  land.  By  various  gtatntes  powers  arc  '  '  ' 
county  and  district  coundls,  to  make  by-Iai 
posca;  corporate  bodies,  also,  ate  empowered  by  their  chartera 
to  make  by-laws  which  are  binding  on  their  memheis. 


I  of  ill 


BYLES,  MATHER  (1:06-1788),  American  clergyman,  *as 
bom  in  Boston,  Klasiadiusclta,  on  the  961I1  ol  March  iTot, 
descended,  on  liis  mother's  side,  from  John  Cotton  and  Richard 
Mather.  He  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1715,  audin  1733  became 
pastor  of  the  Ifollis  Street  church  (CongRgalJonal),  Boston. 
He  held  a  high  rank  among  the  clergy  of  the  piovince  and  wai 
noted  for  his  scholarly  sermons  and  his  ready  wit.  At  the  out- 
break of  Ihe  War  of  IndcpcDdence  be  wu  outspoken  in  his 
advocacy  of  the  royal  cause,  and  after  the  British  evacuation 
of  Boston  his  connexion  with  hh  chunli  wa^  dinolved.  He 
remained  in  Boston,  however,  and  subsequently  (r777)  was 
atiEstcd,  tried  and  sentenced  to  deportation,  lliia  sentence 
was  li.tci  changed  to  Imptisonmenl  in  his  own  house.    He  was 

Boston  on  the  sth  of  Jo^  1788.  Beadea  many  sermons  he 
publi^ted  A  Ftcn  <M  tkt  Doth  tf  Catp  1.  (1717)  and  ifii- 
allantmi  Pmmi  (1744). 

fjis  son,  Matheb  BviM  (1735-1814),  graduated  at  Harvard 
in  17511  and  «as  a  Congregational  cletgyman  at  New  London, 
Connecticut,  until  1 768,  when  heentered  Ihe  Establidied  Chordi, 
and  became  ttctoi  of  Christ  diurch,  Boston.  SympafbiaDg 
with  the  royal  cause,  fic  settled,  after  the  War  of  Independence, 
in  St  lohnt.  New  Btuiunick,  where  he  was  rector  of  a  church 
until  his  death. 

BYHQ.  JOHH  C1704-17ST).  British  admiral,  wis  the  lonith 
son  of  George  Byng,  Lord  Tonington,  and  entered  the  navy  in 
1718.  The  powerful  iniluenH  of  his  father  accounts  for  his 
rapid  rise  in  the  service.  He  received  his  first  appointment  aa 
lieutenant  in  II13,  and  became  captain  in  r7i7.  Uls  career 
presents  nothing  of  note  till  after  his  pmmotion  as  rear-admiral 
in  1745,  and  as  vice-admiral  in  1747.  He  served  ot  the  most 
comfortable  stations,  and  avoided  the  more  arduous  work  o(  the 
navy.  On  the  appnuch  of  the  Seven  Yeats'  War  the  island  of 
Minorca  was  threatened  by  an  attack  from  Toulon  and  was 
actually  invaded  in  1756.  Byng,  who  was  then  serving  in  the 
Channel  with  the  rank  of  admiral,  which  he  attdned  ul  17;;, 
was  ordered  to  (he  Mediterranean  to  relieve  the  garrison  of 
Fort  St  Philip,  which  was  still  holding  out.  The  squadron  was 
not  very  well  manned, and  Byng  was  in  particular  much  aggrieved 
because  his  marines  were  bnded  to  malre  room  lor  the  soldiers 
Akho  were  to  r^nforce  the  garrison,  and  he  feared  that  if  he  met 
a  French  squadron  after  he  had  lost  them  he  would  be  danger^ 
ou^y  undermanned.  His  corrR^oodecce  shows  cloriy  that 
te  left  prepared  for  failure,  that  be  did  not  believe  that  the 
garrison  could  hold  out  against  the  French  force  hindcd,  and 
that  he  was  alriudy  resolved  to  come  back  from  Minorca  if  be 
found  that  the  taak  presented  any  great  difficulty;  He  wrote 
bomctothftteHoctto  the  ministry  ^■°Ci'">l'<>''-    lliegDveniDt 


'  of  the  lortrtss  letused  to  ^Hie  any  of  hit  a^dJeri  to  bicnui 
the  relief  for  Minorca,  and  Byng  sailed  on  the  Sth  of  May.  On 
the  i^tfa  he  was  off  Minorca,  and  endeavoured  to  open  com- 
munications with  the  fort.  Before  he  could  land  any.  oI  the 
soldien,  the  Frencb  tqsadnn  appeared.  A  battle  was  fonghi 
on  the  fbllowing  day.  Byng,  who  had  gained  the  wealha  gauge, 
bote  down  on  the  French  Sect  of  M.  de  1>  CiliBOnibe  at  an 

by  the  rest  of  his  line.  The  Fnndicut  the  Ickdlag  lUpa  up,  and 
then  slipped  away.  When  the  Bag  cv>tain  potnted  oat  to  Byng 
that  by  standing  out  of  hh  line  b*  CCTiM  bijiig  the  cenne  of  the 
enemy  to  ckner  action,  he  tleclined  on  the  graaod  that  Thomas 
Mathews  had  been  condcmixd  lor  so  doing.  Hie  French,  who 
were  equal  In  number  to  the  En^lih,  got  away  oodamaged. 
After  remaining  near  Minorca  lor  lourdayi  without  making  any 
further  alteoipt  to  conunuaicale  vilh  the  fart  or  sighting  the 
French,  Byng  saHod  away  to  Gibollai  kaving  Fort  St  HiiKp 
to  its  ble.  Tke  failure  caused  ■  nvage  oathuist  of  wnlh  in 
the  coontry.  Byng  waa  teoutft  honw,  tiled  by  conFt-mutial, 
condemned  to  death,  and  ilwt  00  the  Mth  of  Haidi  1757  at 
Portsmouth.  TheKnilty (rf tIiepenally,iidedbyaiiot unjul 
Bospidon  that  the  ministry  sought  to  cover  thcaaielvea  by  throw-- 
ing  all  the  blame  on  the  admiral,  led  in  after  time  to  a  RUtioo 
in  favour  ol  Byng.  It  became  a  ODmmoiqriacB  to  say  that  be 
was  put  to  death  foranerrorol  judgment.  The  cotut  had  indeed 
acquitted  him  of  personal  cowardice  01  of  diiaSeclioD,  and  only 
coiidEinned  him  for  not  having  dooe  Us  atmost.  Bat  it  must 
be  lemerabeta]  that  in  CDueqiUDce  of  many  acindalt  irtiidi 
had  taken  place  in  the  previoDi  wai  the  Attkk*  ol  War  bod 
been  deliberately  revised  so  OS  to  leave  no  panisluBeat^vBiSeadi 
for  the  officer  of  any  rank  who  did  not  do  hiiutnuat  a^inst  the 
enemy  either  in  battle  or  pursuit.  That  Byng  had  not  done  all 
he  could  is  undeniable,  and  he  therelore  (ell  nnder  the  law. 
1  «74I 


s  killed,  s 


IS  shot  b: 


martial.  Tliis  savage  punishment  was  approved  by  the  bi^wr 
officen  of  the  navy,  who  showed  great  lenity  to  men  ol  their 
own  rank.  The  contrast  had  angered  the  country,  and  the 
Articles  of  War  had  been  amended  precisely  in  order  that  thse 
might  be  one  law  for  all.  _ 

of  Byng'i  lite  are  fairly  stt  om  in  Chamoct'i  BlBfr.  Nar. 


■  14s  " 


of  public  opinibi    "  (D.M.) 

Hnumnn    van    (ifi7S-t743}.    Dutch 
jurist,  was  bom  at  Hiddlebuigin  Zealand.    In  the  prmecMion  o< 

his  legal  studies,  and  while  holding  the  office*  first  of  member 
and  afterwards  of  piesidtnc  of  the  supreme  coott,  be  found  the 
common  taw  of  his  covntry  so  defective  as  to  be  ncaify  naeless 
(or  practical  pnipeses.  This  abuse  tie  resolved  to  tetoim,  and 
took  as  tbe  basis  of  a  new  system  the  ptindidea  of  the  ancient 
Roman  law.  His  work*  aw  very  voluminoua.  TTn  most  im- 
portant ol  them  are  Dt  faro  Itgalamm  (1701);  Otumlienxs 
Jurii  XmioHi  (1710),  o(  which  a  continuation  in  four  boots 
appeared  in  17331  the  tieatije  De  Dammiii  Uaria  (1711);  and 
the  QaoertionC)  Jurit  fnilki  (1737).  Coraidele  editions  of  his 
works  were  published  after  his  deaUi  |  one  in  folio  at  Geneva  in 
17G1,  and  another  io  twovofnmeafolioatLclden  in  171^6. 
.  BYBD.  WILLtAH  (1543-1613),  Engjish  ran^al  campcagf, 
was  probably  a  member  of  one  of  the  numcrons  Lincobuluia 
families  of  tl^  name  who  were  to  be  found  at  Lincoln,  '^"'■sg, 
Pinchlieck,  MoulIonandEpworthin  thei6thcentniy.  Accoid- 
ingtoWood,he  was  "  bred  np  to  musickunderThomaaT»nia." 
He  int  ippninted  organist  of  Lincoln  cathedral  about  1563,  and 
i4lh  of  September  1  s&S  was  married  at  St  Mar^rct  mthe 
Close  to  EUen  or  Julian  Biricy.  ftithejindof  February  1S69  he 
I  member  of  the  Chapel  Royal,  but  he  doctnoC 
Lincoln  immediately.  In  the  Chopitl  Roynl  be 
■haredwitbTallistlicllom>iat7poMofol|inIst,BJida|iacua4 


BYROM— BYRON,  LORD 


«97 


«t  JlMuy  I  J>  s  tie  t*n  coiDtwnn  obubMd  4  Usann  fnt  t^  tr- 

osB  ytm  tnm  Biubtlb  lo  print  nolc  i    ' 

aaaopoty  vhkti  dMi  not  wsa  to  ban  baeii  i. 

Id  ij;]  ByrdandTiUiipubliilialaotilltctioixiI  L«tln 

[n  Gn  ind  di  voiOE*,  printed  tv  lliomM  Vsntnllkr.    Id  >stS 

Byrd  wid  ha  fimily  were  Hvfag 

MrlyuistiUanuDtoccnnunn  _ 

be  nulacd  his  post  In  ths  Qupd  RoyiJ  he ' 

nie  ft  CitbDlic.     Abonl  t5ivbeKtstline-pi.._    __        ..    _ 

Leffic^  LitiB  pUjr  Klcardm  rcMw.    U  15M  he  publnliHl 

Pislma,  Samiti  and  Stmti  >/  ^iJiBt  and  Plttii,  ud  la  the 

MBia  rear  cmtiflHital  t*e  ntdijpii  to  Ffioolu  Vcmgs't  I/iakc 

jytiualfino.    In  1589  ^^xved  5«i|i  «f  Snnirit  l/aluni,  i 

•eand  edltjoo  of  which  «■■  iiiuad  tn  f6ia    In  themDV  year  he 


wUchwubrou^loWtnisoi.  In  1590  two  nmWgiilt  by  Byrd 
wen  (ndiided  in  Thamaa  WatfOn^  firit  5(«  ^f /ta<i«  JToM^iUi 
BHiliilltd;  one  ol  Ibeu  leniis  la  have  ben  nag  betere  Qocin 
Eliabeth  on  her  visit  10  Lord  Henlord  ■(  EIvMliu  In  is«i. 
In.Aptil  i{9i  Byrd  n»  uill  living  it  RuUngtOD,  but  about  i  ;9j 
he  beciine  poBoaed  of  the  nmalnder  of  a  leue  of  Stondon 
Place,  Eim,  a  farm  of  lorae  soo  aciei.  helimglin  to  WOUam 
SbeUcy,  «bo  was  sbortiy  afterwardi  ojOiricted  of  U^  tmaeon. 
Tlie  ptc^eny  waa  KquBtnKd,  and  CO  the  151b  id  July  154s 
Byrd  obtaJDcd  a  owmleaieof  It  for  tbeEveaof'blieJdeat  >an 
Chrulc^^  and  Ui  daughten  EUubeth  aod  RacteL  On  Ibe 
death  of  SbeUey  his  ton  bon^l  back  hii  emto  (hi  ifc*), 
vhem^Hn  his  widow  altempted  to  oust  Byrd  from  Stondon 
Place,  on  the  ground  thai  ii  fonned  pan  of  her  ji^  tun.  Byrd 
wu  upheld  in  hli  posKHaoo  of  the  propeRy  by  Jauci  L 
(CaindartJSkUe  Pepos,  Som.  Siria,  JuaaL  *M.itnm,vol 
nrvi.),  but  Mi)  SbcUey  pencvtnd  bl  her  nat,  appanmtly  until 
her  death  in  1609.  In  the  loUowlnc  year  the  muter  wu  eettJed 
for  a  ti1£e  by  Byrd't  buying  Stondon  Place  fn  tfai  nams  of  John 
and  Thomas  Feire,  part  of  the  pnpetty  befng  cbuted  wiih  a 
payment  to  Byrd  of  £10  for  Ui  life,  with  remaiDder  to  hb  Kcond 
ion  Thomas.  Throughout tiiiilongnotfiyTd,thiJi]^inpo)«i- 
■ion  of  piopcrty  which  liad  been  confiaated  bsm  a  lecusant 
and  idually  taking  port  u  ■  member  nl  Iha  Cbapd  Royal 
at  the  coiDDation  ol  Junei  I.,  had  been  fiuMiummicateii  line* 
1598,  while  from  1A05  until  i6i3,  and  pcasibly  later,  he  «u 
Kgubtly  presented  befon  the  archidiaconal  court  tl  Eua  a>  a 
Catbolie.  In  160}  EaMc  published  a  work  (no  eo[deB  of  wbkh 
a(«kK>wntocilM)«ntltiHlJf<if>iUairH>i<b^  Smititaltflit 
tttpt^tttt^OitiimtSamamUiMUaKfaatmiimnimOiit 
land,  aamdy  MasUr  WjUiam  Byrd  .  .  .  imi  ItaJirjUfliam 
P<rtiiHta.  .  .  tUIur  ^  witi  kailmt  »ait  foK' tmnH  molt 
(uidMt  tfaltMrni,  tiiKit  mtH  ran  iti  MMcoto  cMB  it  a 
farUt  In  ana  uftm  On  ftoyw  »■(  iflMnra.  In  itoy  mppanA 
two  boob  of  CtaIimKb,  ■  •■xmd  editlim  at  nUA  waa  kaasd  h 
i4i»  In  the  lollawfaig  ytex  he  pvbHthed  Ptalma,  Samii  and 
H  tabmnt,  aOtn  jaifaB,  Snmai  ta  Ita  l^  af  Om 

"-  "-  '-  -*- ar  wai  haati  ParOanla,  ■ 

. ,  __     .-AByrdwatiagodatedrith 

UBU  and  unanoo  Olbboni.  Tke  bat  woA  to  ^lich  be  ooo- 
ttibuted  wu  Sir  Thonaa  Ldgbtso'i  TMra  ar  XoiHiiCatfnu  <;/ • 
SiirreaifaaSa^iitiil.  Hli  death  toot  place  on  the  4tk  of  July 
161J.  ItbitoordedintbeOtimcSntoftheaiapdRayalat 
that  of  ■  "  fxtber  <(  nwsicke."  Hia  wiD,  dated  the  ijth  o( 
November  1611,  dowi  that  be  mnabied  a  Calholk  imtH  tk  end 
of  bis  life,  and  be  atprcnc*  a  deiira  that  be  may  die  at'Stonden 
and  be  buried  seer  fail  wife.  Ftom  the  mbc  document  [t  Hani 
that  hb  latter  ycari  had  been  emUttered  by  a  dlipnte  with  his 
ddcat  SOD,  but  that  tbe  natter  was  Mttledt^  an  igieemeDt  with. 
his  dangbter-ln-liw  Catterln^  to  whom  b*  left  U  pmierly  at 
Stondon,  darged  with  the  wmnt  irf  £>a  to  hii  ieciiBd  son 
Ikomii  and  £to  to  V»  danviter  Rachel,  with  icmaindei  to  hb 
grandson  Tboniaa  and  hb  second  ion  irf  the  lane  naiM.  In 
1G35  the  citaia  agahi  cama  before  tbe  conR  d  cbancay,  on  the 
ground  that  the  aanoitk*  bad  not  beoi  laid.  Tbe  piapetty 
aeeiDi  about  iii7  to  have  been  lettooMjohnLdgh,indlni65i 
Kuheldby  '        ■ -^    ^-   ■—■'--    —■ ._...-.- 


ogupoundfng  irilh  deBoqnotts  at  Aat'  date  •lowed  IImbbi 
Byrd  the  annuity  of  {10  beqneathed  by  his  father.  Byid's  aian^ 
aeaueicdintlie  Visilallonof  Even  of  ifiMsHgiBeweRthDg 
Bla^  hei^  cabaaaed,  a  canteu  crmba,  HlaiUldna  wen  (t) 
CbilMopber,  wha  narriad  Catherine,  dantfiter  of  Tbomai  Uoen 
of  Bambomi^  and  had  a  aon,  Thornaa,  livfaig  at  St^dra  in 
i6}4l  W  TboDu;  (it  Eliubath,  who  mauled  aucccaaivety 
John  Jidaon  and— Bntdett;  (4)  Kacbel,  nutiKd  (i)~-Hoak, 
by  whan  ihe  bad  two  children,  William  altd  Calbaiioe,  mairiad  to 
lUchael  Walbni  in  i6m  Radtd  Hook  faul  manted  (i)  Edwaid 
Bint;  (;)  hUry,  oniiled  (i)  Homy  HawkswcRh,  by  whom  iba 
bad  (oar  aou,  William,  Heniy.  Gaoete  and  Jahn;  (s)  Tliiuua 
Fdconbtid^  Anna  ^td,  who  I*  meUicaed  In  the  ptoccedinci 
£WI<7V.  ByidfSMikyMrDierat^  7jama  L,ieilc*iL  voLviL  f<L 
904  and  J  iS),  wa*  FvabsUy  a  fourth  da  ~ 


.  in  three,  fuut  and  fin  valcei  icapectivaljr, 
which  iccra  to  have  bean  puUtahedwitbaomepiinqFahMt  1588. 
There  eiisla  n  aieoud  adition  (alM  undaloO  of  the  lottrfan 
mBi;  all  three  have  ■eccntb'  appeand  In  niiidem  edil{ona,  and 

hjsagB.  IiiadditiDatohkpuUiBhedworfci,a  laige  araoant  Btll 
lemaina  In  MS.,  comprisinc  neaily  every  kind  of  comporition. 
The  FltiwBUam  Virgtiuf  Awt  contains  s  kng  serlei  of  intaieit- 
ing  pfccea  fbr  the  tfhginal,  and  more  still  rouaics  tuqiublishcd  in 
Lady  Nevflla'sVWJiHfBaatand  other  contemporary  coUeetiona. 
His  Industry  waa  onomHna,  and  thong]!  his  work  lianequaland 
Uk  Itcenoes  he  aUawed  can  hanBy  be  defended  on  stikt  ground^ 
bis  Latin  ebuidi  nioic  and  Us  iaatiumental  compsailfoni  entitle 
him  to  hl|^  latA  among  hia  conteaporarica.  A*  a  madifgslist 
hewaaiideiiortoMcdey,  WIBiyeand  abboiM,  tboaghonnfn 
this  brandi  oi  Ui  ait  ba-  often  disjJayi  gnat  diann  and  ht 
dividualiiy.  (W.  B.  S.») 

BTBOIU  J0H8  (lAoa-iTS]},  English  poet,  wiitic  of  hym» 
and  iaventor  of  a  ayMen  of  sbcetbawl,  was  bom  at  Eersil  OH. 
near  Hantbestcr,  on  the  iglh  ti  Febraaiy  itgs,  the  youngef 
•OB  of  a  pnqicians  metdunt.  Be  wai  cdKated  at  Uenftant 
Ttjdon  icbool,  and  at  Itiidty  College  Cinbddie^  ef  which  ba 
became  a  faD(iiwtaii7i4.  Bb  iril  poem,  "  CoKa  to  Rtoeb^" 
a  pasMial,  ^jpaaied  b  the  Sfitlalir,  Ne.  6oa.  l^tenlneti 
■aid  to  ha*a  been  Dr  Bentley^  dan^itn,  Joaima,  ,tba  laotbat 
«f  Vichaxd  Cumbsland,  tlv  dramatic.    }"     ' 


fGehewnaanad 

meinbarot  the  Itoyal  Sode^  in 

hcBBnicdhbcouAlniTii,an<  .    

method  otdutthand  ol  hiaawiilnvcaticQ,  tin  briuccecded  ( 1 740) 
to  fala  father^  caute  on  tte  ikath  of  U*  cUcr  tmtbet.  His 
diaiyghica  bteiMting  pntiaita  and  lettoi  ol  tha  many  great 
menofhb  time  whoa  1k  knew  btlinately.  Ha  died  <m  tfte  i6tb 
id  September  17^3.  AcoBeetkuof  Uipcenawaapyhlisbodm 
mi,  and  be  ii  bdadad  b  Aknader  Oalmoi^  AigUtt  PaOt. 
pff  iyT>*«i  rf  ftm*|]yT^  -mff  1^  pnrMMiinl  "writ  **t*^  Hf  4**^tbj 
when  tt  waa  pdntld  as  Oa  Ualamal  Eaigbi  Siamand;  ar  Aa 


[MM-igjI). 

U  OOBDOV  BTBOR,  «tb  Bum  (iTSft-rSta), 
..  _  ban  In  Loudon  at  iSHoQea  Street,  Cai«Ddi>h 
Ihe  rtai  tl  Janoaiy  tjIB.  Ihe  Byrens  were  of 
Nonas  stock,  bat  the  famder  of  Ibe  famOy  WM  Sir  Join  Byton, 
*ho  entered  Into  poaadeu  of  the  pikty  and  hnda  ol  Ncwiuad 


oINcwiuad 
m  154a.    VMm  bim  It  descended 

. _.  _  gteat-giandna,  John  (lit  Baron) 

ByiOD  (fA),  a  CanUer  goend,  who  was  nlied  to  tha 
peerage  hi  1643.  Tie  bat  Lord  Byion  died  dlMkaa,  and  waa 
auccecded  by  Ua  brother  Richard,  the  great^grauttBtlici  of 
wmiaoi,  the  5th  kid,  who  oatUvad  OM  at  ' 


udjnndMa^  ud  WM 

Google 


S9> 


JOha  BytOD  («.>.)  M>  tk  paM^  (nHUaibcr.  Hii  ddot  Ma, 
CipfaUa  JokD  3yiai,  Ub  pocl'i  htbct,  *i*  K  Ubotidc  bjr  chaic* 
Uid  in  m  tnliWDI  d^rca.  Be  ctiiBd  to  bndivonad,  mad  muiiad 
iijn)  ai  hi*  GiM  will,  the  nmtthlniw  oi  Canunbtm  (ban 
ArodfeD'AKy),  BuoBteCaDycntohtcowmri^t.  OucUld 
al  Ihi  auili«eninFlv«4,  tlw  Hbl  AaguU  Byno  {i;aj-ig]i>, 
tbe  poct'a  h«li-iblB',  1^  in  1807,  BUriol  hta  finl  tookn, 
CdondGeoigeLagh.  HiiMaodmutiMCtoCitbBlBcCaiilM 
(b,  ITS;}  of  Ci|bt  In  Abodcoshin  tnek  pluc  M  BMli  oa  th* 
ijth  of  U*]' 17IS.  UsiiufdlohavetqiiuidaKlilMfortiiBa 
tfbothwivH.  ItisfsUlBtkit  Gltfat*UMMlo|MxhBdditi 

inl6),aadlha 

dlsooo.   Itir 

at  Uviu^  tcgether  in  Fi 

nturocd  Id  SodUuvL    Od  ho  ny  tbilher  ib  _ 

ton,  dviBtAxnl  Gcajge  GorcioD  ifto  hi)  matenui  ^Eodlalhcr, 

who  wu  daawlKl  from  Sir  WmiuB  CoidcB  ol  Ciikl,  gniidBn 

ol  Juaa  I.  of  ScailuvL    After  t.  whilB  hei  twbaad  leicfaied 

hr,  bat  venlbick  toFniiauKldiedal'' '      ' 

indol  AufusI  I7gi.  Hit  wile  »u  dM  s  bad 

DOI  >  good  Dwllier.    Vain  and  caprioatu, 

lAduffCDtf  the  miamanaged  ba  ion  lioD 

pnvoUag  btiD  by  brr  Eooliih  fondm,  bj 

coolrmpi  by  bcr  jianiyimi  o(  jntpotwit      „ 

looked  DDT  ^xike  tike  a  smttewoBian;  but  la  tha  ooBduct 

«l  her  aSain  ihs  wis  pnlMwoRky.     Ska  hated  and  anudod 

debt,  and  when  cxlief  came  (1  drO  liit  paailoB  «( Iseo  a  yeu) 

■heqiciitnwuof  Itupon  herMO.  Paiily  wall  aducaied,  ibe  waa 

Dot  without  a  taite  tor  bonka,  and  her  lettata  an  aenalble  tad  la 

the  point.    Bvi  the  vMcoce  of  iier  tempa  waa  abBncnaiL  H«r 

lathei  cammltled  luidde.  and  It  b  poHible  that  ahe  mherited 

a  tcibdeDcy  to  menial  deranEemeaL    If  Rynm  owed  eaythinf 

M  ha  puentt  it  waa  a  plea  for  pardon. 

The  poet'i  hiat  yean  wen  ipcDt  in  t>^^"|p  at  Abcfdcen. 
Fn>B  i7M*°  179S  he  Uttcdcd  the  (nunmai  Khool, "  tlueadlnj 
■B  daiaitt "  till  he  Ruhed  the  fourth.  It  waa  a  (wd  brafnuiag, 
a  tdlid  foDodaifiB,  laWiwrp  him  from  the  fint  to  keep  a  hand 
over  bia  talnta  and  10  torn  them  to  a  lel  puEpnee.  He  w^ 
lunefmBUibitlh.  Bb  ligbt  Iq  and  foot,  posaibly  both  feet, 
wvt«  cononctcd  by  t*'*"*H*  paialy^  and,  to  itnn^ilheri  hie 
■madca,  hii  mother  Knt  hhn  In  the  atunmen  of  1796,  1707  t« 
>  fiurm  home  on  Deolde.  He  walked  with  difficulty,  but  he 
wandend  at  will,  iiHitlMd  and  iufitti  by  the  grandeur  of  the 
■cenny.  Te  hii  Scotliih  qibrinflai  he  owed  hii  love  of  moun- 
UJntJtialaveand  ksowledagof  Iha  Blbk,and  toe  much  Calvtniiin 
(erfaithorDdallbinChrtaliaiiity.  He  death  of  hia  gnalmnde 
(May  19.  i7g»)  placed  bhtt  fa  pawliB  of  the  title  and  Batata*. 
Euly  b  tbe  antunu  Uia  Byn  tnviUed  aoHth  with  her  Ma 
and  h[>  BDH,  and  fora  time  Bade  hn  banie  at  Newatead  Abbey. 
ByiDo  waa  tJd  enousk  to  know  wbM  bad  befafin  him.  "  It 
«1*  a  chaofc  from  a  ahabby  Scotch  Sal  to  a  palace,"  a  kaU- 
mfned  palace,  indeed,  bat  bia  wy  own.  It  waa  a  proud  moment, 
but  in  a  lew  waeki  be  waa  aace  man  in  lodging  Tfaaitavikcn 
Vq  did  aot  Infnove.and  acHnioa  bad  adtice  hk  moths  entnuted 
kbB  to  the  can  of  a  quack  named  lAveodcr,  tiua- 
tncnl hMt^lal at Nottii«ham.  HliBunewbaw*! 
him  maltreated  him,  and  tbe  quadi  tortured  liim  u 
At  Ua  own  tequcat  he  read  Vir^  and  Ciecto  with  a  uior. 

la  Ausofl  1 7K  he  waa  ten  t  to  a  pfcparatocy  achaol  at  Dulwlch. 
Tbe  master,  Dr  Glemik,  perc^ved  that  the  boy  IBied  nadlng 
fOritanmaakMndgaveUmthatrMnuotUiIibniy.  Baittd 
a  aet  of  the  Briluk  Pttit  Iidm  he^tmlnf  toe^d  more  t>p*ii  oooa. 
lUa,  too,  waa  an  buliathm  wmI  ■  prepantion.  Ub  remaintd 
■t  Dulwlch  till  Aptil  ttoi,  wbca,  on  hn  nwther'i  fanenwation. 
hi  waa  lent  to  Barrow.  Hia  icbool  daya,  ilei-ites,  were  frultfol 
b>  two  napecta.  Ha  loniedenou^  Latin  and  Cranio  make  him 

"  tc  of  Ua  own  worth 


be  Id!  in  km,  oa 


,  LORD 

by  €iiane«  aad  dwmawnw.  HewiaaaoddBdicurt.aowlylat 
dttamina  on  hii  fivoaiito  tanbalone  in  the  churchyard,  tm 
the  riiv-tadei  Im  whatever  mbchief  wai  afoot.  He  waa  a 
"ncoid  "  attimmar.  and,  in  tplla  of  hla  lamates,  enousb  of  a 
oitkcler  to  play  Cor  hla  w^mA  at  Loid'i,  and  yet  be  found  tiaie 
to  lead  and  mutet  Raodaid  sork*  of  hiiteiy  and  biocnpky.  and 
(a  acqtiiie  owm  general  kiwwtedce  thu  boyi  and  naitcn  pal 

of  iSo],  when  he  waa  in  hii  ilneeoth  year. 
a  all,  wilb  bit  dktaat  idadve,  Hary  Ann* 
hBjtt "  of  the  ban  and  park  of  Anucaley 
Noniaad.    Tav  yean  kb  Hakr,  the  waa 

halI-myb«tM 
Utlkandlnoal 

boy,  and  wbai  at  fcaftk  hi 
itladuMat,"  be  waa  "  Ihioi 
widB,  wfda  ata."    Skc  ia  the  aubiect  if  at  leaw  t 
eiily  po^n,  bdodins  thepBlbetiaiaBaai, "  HiUi  of  AoDealey." 
aDdtlMTcarealhnioDiMhlilowMaly  ia  CkiUtBartU  (c  i  i.(.X 
andb"TheDiaam~(iSid). 

Byna  veat  tato  Midmni  at  Triniiy  CoUece,  Cambr)d(e.  in 
Octobaitos.  CiiahiMie  ad  kirn  notood.  "Thei^cciaik 
devil,"  he  Hid,  aod  aocenllBf  to  Ua  owa  ihowipj  he  did  hamagt 
(•  tbe  tmiai  ita.  But  wklevct  ha  did  or  failed  to  do,  he  made 
Idenda  who  weft  mnhy  of  tit  choiee.  Amaii  than  wen  ike 
■cholar-ilandy  Soopa  Berdmore  Daviaa,  Frand*  Uodffon.  wha 
died  pt  —  -      --  ■  ■ 


itiaabRaid  (kfay  181 1),  bti 
la  little  daobi,  the  myilerioBi  Thynapociuof  1811.  iSit  refer 
to  hii  doth.  Duimg  the  vacation  of  1806,  tiul  In  180}  whkh 
waa  one  "  loag  vaalkn."  he  look  to  bb  pm,  and  wmie,  prisud 
and  publiihad  moU  of  hit "  Javenile  Poeiu."  Hii  ±ni  vesture 
wai  a  thin  ipiaita  of  ilily-wi  pact),  piinted  by  S.  and  J  Ridcc 
oINewarfc.  T1ie"adTBtiienKnt"lidaudtbeijnlof Dtcembet 
■Sod,  bat  before  ihat  date  he  bad  began  to  prepare  *  aeoead 
collection  fiw  the  proa.  One  poem  ("  To  hfaiy  ")  contained  at 
leait  one  nana  whidi  waa  frankly  indecent,  and  yielding  to 
advicB  be  gave  orden  that  the  cotin  ime  ibould  be  ihtowa 
into  the  bn.  £arly  in  January  180;  an  opuriitcd  coUeciioB 
entitled  Pnmt  tm  Varirui  Oaatitui  waa  ready  for  pcivaie 
diitifbBtko.  Eonanted  by  two  oitlci.  Hcniy  Hackeuic 
and  Lord  Woodhoiaelee,  he  detetniiBcd  to  recast  tiiii  tecnad 
iiue  and  pabUih  it  under  bfa  own  name.  Hiwi  p/  idleiKn, 
"  by  CMtge  CoidiiL  Lord  Bynm,  a  minor."  wai  pvbfahad  ia 
June  1B07.  The  fourth  and  latt  inue  ol  JiaaHlia,  eotiiied 
fttmi,  Oripmal  imi  TmOaled.  waa  pxbliihed  in  I>larch  iSoS. 

Heari  */  /d;«But  enjoyed  a  brief  triumph.  Tbe  CriHal 
and  other  revlewi  were  "  very  Indulgeot,"  but  the  Sutar^ 
Xnifl*  for  Jaauaty  iBoS  coniained  u  ulide,  not,  ai  Byron 
believed,  tv  Jeffrey,  but  by  Brougham,  which  pat,  or  tried  to 
put,  the  author  and  "  bb  potay  "  to  open  ihame.  The  mIc 
leaull  waa  that  it  nippHed  fnh  material  and  a  new  title  for  lome 
rlmniu  couuleli  on  "  Briliih  Bardt "  wUeb  he  had  bcfun  to 
JeArcy,  the  editor,  and  Lad  Holland.  Uk 
'    ~    '  •lifpod  into  the  middkt 


write.    Aaatfri 


■Ml  SettA  Kmltmmi  (pnkiiibwl  the  tat  of  Uardi  ige«). 

In  Api3  i8ot,  wlabt  ha  waa  (till  "  a  mloor."  Byron  enteffd 
upon  Ut  inhni  lance  Hitherto  the  lea  miooui  porttoni  of  tk 
abbey  bad  bean  occipled  by  a  tenant,  Lord  Gny  de  Ruibven. 
Tbe  banquciieg  haU,  the  (mad  dnwteg-mam,  and  othet  pun 
of  the  monaMk  bufldint  wen  nmnh^table,  but  by  incuning 
Imk  Mbtt,  two  lila  of  apannMnU  vera  refumiihed  for  Byron 
and  foe  hia  mother.  Dkmaniled  and  rulDaut,  it  wa*  ttiU  a 
Vdeadid  iabeiitaace:  In  line  with  the  front  af  the  abbey  ii  the 
weat  Iront  of  ilie  priory  chuich,  with  ill  hidlow  arch,  once 
a  "  mighty  window,"  iu  vacant  nkhei.  iu  delicalc  Caihic 
moaldi^a    Tbe  abbey  hi 


■dbyGoO^I 


BYRON,  LORD 


899 


evabokti)  bjr  two-ttOKTCd  doliun.  On  the  cuicn  Me  u*  the 
iU(>  ^nrtnwnti  occupied  by  kingi  ■nd  <iiKeu  not  «>  lunu, 
bat  by  feudal  right.  In  the  park,  •bich  ii  part  el  SI 
Fontt,  then  Ii  1  chilo  al  laia — Ih*  brfM,  Ibc 
Bynn't  "ludd  like."  A  wUeilili  M  "cucwk" 
the  lake,  in  full  view  o[  the  nxMii  nhen  Byion  ikpt.  Tbt 
poiwnlan  of  [hb  lordly  and  hiitoric  domin  *>■  an  iMpinlkm 
in  ilMir,  It  WM  an  ideal  home  for  one  wbo  wot  to  be  haiM  ai 
the  spirit  or  geniui  ol  romance. 

On  the  i](h  ol  March  1809,  he  look  hh  MM  In  (he  Houi 
Lords.    He  had  drtennfned,  ai  ta«i  19  he  wai  of  age.  to  tr 
in  the  Eail,  but  bcfon  he  Moght  "  another  lone  "  he  mvlied 
HobhouK  and  three  others  to  a  hoiue-wirming.    One  ol  th< 
party,  C.  S.  Mallhcws,  describes  a  day  at  Newitrad.   Host  and 
gneiti  lay  in  bed  till  one.  "The  afternoon  wupaswd  in  varicnu 
divtnioni,  fencing,  lingle-stick  .   .   .  riding,  crkket,  tailing  on 
llie  like."  They  dined  at  eight,  and  after  the  clotb  wai  removed 
handed  round  "a  human  skull  filled  oith  Buigundy."    Afiet 
dinner  they  "  bufloonrd  aboul  the  house  "  In  a  lel  of  moiikuh 
dreiKs.  TTiey  went  lo  bed  wmc  lime  between  one  and  thtee  ' 
the  morning.    Moore  think;  thil  :hc  picture  of  these  feslivlil 
"     ■■       '  argues  that  then  were  linii 


jf  the  ' 


•    The  9 


CMUt  HuroW  (c.  1  s.  v.-U.),  need  not  be  taken  (00  seriously. 
Byron  was  angry  because  Lord  De  La  Warr  did  not  wish  him 
good-bye,  and  visited  his  displeamre  on  friends  and  "  lenuni  " 
alike.  May  and  June  were  devoted  to  the  prepatalion  o(  an 
enlarged  edition  of  his  uiire.  At  length,  accompanied  by 
Hbbhouse  and  a  snail  itaHol  leuiners.he  set  out  on  his  travels. 
Re  sailed  from  Falmouth  on  (he  >nd  o[  July  and  reached  Lisbon 
on  the  7lh  of  July  1809.  The  first  two  cinloi  o(  CAi/rfe  HaiM', 
Pilpimati  contain  a  reoird  o(  the  principal  events  ol  his  Gnt 
year  of  absence. 

The  first  canto  describes  Lisbon,  Cinlni,  (he  tide  through 
Portugal  and  Spain  to  Seville  and  (hence  10  Cadii.  He  is  moved 
by  the  grandeur  of  the  scenery,  but  [amenis  the  helplessness  ol 
(he  people  and  (heir  impending  fate.  Tahveia  wax  fought  and 
won  whilst  he  was  in  Spain, but  he  isconvinred  that  the  "Scourge 
of  tbe  World  "  will  pnvail,  and  that  BHtiin,  "  the  lond  ally," 
will  display  her  blundering  heroism  in  vain.  Being  against  the 
govemment,  he  a  against  the  war.  History  has  labified  his 
potillci,  but  hit  detcripliont  o(  places  and  scenes,  ol  "  Morcna'i 
dusky  height,"  of  Cadii  and  tbe  buU-litht,  retain  theii  freshness 
and  their  winnth. 

'le  i6lh  of  August,  and  spent 
rs  Spencer  Smith  (the  "  Fair 
Morencc  "  of  c.  11,  t.  iiix.-niiii.).  He  anchored  oS  Prcveia 
on  (he  i8it  of  September.  The  second  canto  records  a  jinimey 
on  horseback  throu^  Albania,  then  almost  *  lata  iiuttnili', 
as  br  u  TepclenI,  *hei«  be  ma  entertained  by  All  Pacha 
{October  leth),  a  yachting  tout  along  (he  ihoietol  (he  Ambracian 
Gull  ( November  8-1 J ),  a  journey  by  land  (ram  Lattuki  to  Alheni. 
(DKember  i  j- 1  s) ,  andeicuniont  in  Attica,  Suaiumaiid  Hcathon 
Oanuary  ij-js,  1810). 

Of  the  tour  in  Alia  Minor,*  visit  to  Ephesu3(Mardit5,lIio), 
in  eicuision  in  the  Tnud  (April  13),  and  the  famous  iwim  across 
the  Hellespont  (May  3),  the  record  It  to  be  tought  elsewhere. 
Thestanzason  Constantinople  (Lc(vli--liitii.1,  where  Byron  and 
Habhouse  stayed  for  two  months,  though  wrUten  at  Ihe  time 
and  on  Che  spot,  were  not  inchided  in  the  poem  till  1S14.  They 
are,prohably,paTlof>projecled  third  canto.  On  (he  1 4th  ol  July 
Hobhou'e  let  tail  for  Enghnd  and  Byron  relumed  to  Athens. 

Of  Bynn'i  second  year  ol  residence  in  the  East  little  is  known 
beyond  the  bare  fads  that  he  was  tnVelling  In  the  Morea  during 
August  and  September,  that  early  in  October  he  was  a(  Patrat. 
btving  fust  ncovered  from  a  severe  attack  of  malitiil  fever, 
and  that  by  the  T4ih  of  November  he  had  letunied  (0  Athens 
and  taken  up  his  quartets  at  the  Franciscan  convent.  Of  his 
movements  during  the  ne»t  five  months  there  Is  no  record,  but 
of  hii  ttudics  and  pumils  there  Is  subsunilit  evidence.  He 
learnt  Romaic,  he  compiled  the  notes  to  the  second  canto  of 
CkiUtBar,^.  He»nle(MaKhii]Hi-li/riPM»sra«(pubUihcd 


'  iSJi),  an  knllatlgn  or  Inte  tnmlattan  o(  tht  EfUda^ 
'.  Pima  (Art  of  FCctry),  and  (March  >t)  Tit  Cam  */  Mimma 
(pBblltiied  181s),  a  ikit  on  Loid  Elgiii'a  depoiUtiim  ol  (be 
metopei  and  Irieia  ol  the  Parthenon- 
He  idt  Athena  b  April,  puMd  lomt  weeln  al  Malta,  md 
landed  at  Portsmouth  (c.  July  10).  Arrived  in  London  hbftr« 
ttep  waito  eoniolt  hii  litenTy  idviier,  R.  C.  Dallas,  wKhivgaTd 
tothepubKntiODOf  Atidi^vMBmiu.  Oi  CkUdt  BanUhe 
■aid  nothing,  but  after  some  beutalioD  produced  Ihe  MS.  from 
a  "umll  trunk,"  ind,  presenting  hin  wHh  the  copyright, 
commissioned  Dilku  to  ofler  it  to  a  publisher.  Rej«ted  by 
Miner  of  Albemarle  Street,  who  published  for  Lord  Elgin,  It  waa 
finally  accepted  by  Murray  of  Fleet  Street,  irbo  undertook  to 
share  the  profits  of  an  edition  with  Dallas. 

Meanwhile  Mrs  Bynm  died  suddenly  Innn  a  ttroke  of  apopleiy. 
Bynn  set  off  at  once  for  Newstcad,  but  did  not  find  his  mother 
alive.  He  had  but  Hitte  affection  for  her  while  she  lived,  but  hei 
death  touched  hitn  to  the  quick.  "  I  had  but  one  friend,"  be 
eicbtmcd,  "and  she  is  gone,"  Another  kns  awaited  him. 
Whilst  his  mother  lay  dead  in  his  house,  he  heard  (hat  his  friend 
Matthews  had  been  drowned  bi  (lie  Cam.  Edieslon  and  Wing- 
field  had  died  in  May,  but  tbe  news  had  reached  him  On  landing. 
There  were  troubles  on  every  tide.  On  the  nth  of  October  he 
wrote  the  "  Epistle  to  a  Friend  "  ("  Oh,  banish  care,"  &c.)  and 
the  lines  "  To  Thyrza,"  which,  with  other  elegies,  were  appended 
to  the  second  edilioD  of  CkUde  HaroU  (April  17,  i8i>).  It  was 


■cited  th 


.   Voo 


who  has  lud  his  letlen 


e  close  of  (be  year  he  made  friends  with  Moore. 

£ag;u*  Bnnli,  Ix.  CI.  4^4l^>).  taunting  Moore 

with  luting  a  duel  with  Jeffrey  with  "  leadless  pistol  "  had  led 

challenge,  and  it  was  not  till  Byron  returned  to  England 

rij^rutioas  ensued,  and  that  the  challenge  was  wlthdnwn- 

poet  Byron  outgrew  Moore,  giving  back  more  than  he  had 


xived. 


lit  the  friendship 


Byron  in  good  stead.  Moore's  ii/e  0/  ByrtH  (1830)  is  no 
pktuiv  of  the  man  at  his  best,  but  It  is  a  genuine  likeness. 
!nd  of  October  Byron  moved  to  London  and  took  up  his 
>  at  8  St  James's  Street.  On  the  17th  ol  February  iSii 
:  his  first  speech  in  the  House  of  Lords  on  a  bill  which 
le  willul  destruction  of  certain  newly  invented  stocking- 
a  capital  oSence,  speaking  In  deknce  of  the  riotous 
"  who  feaikd  that  their  numbers  would  be  diminished 
oved  machinery.  It  was  a  brilliant  speech  and  won  the 
if  Burdett  and  Lord  Holland.  Be  made  two  other 
qieecbea  during  the  aame  session,  but  thenceforth  pride  or 
laiinets  kept  him  tiient.  Ckilde  HarcU  Uta)  was  published  on 
Tuesday,  the  loth  of  March  1811.  "  The  effect,"  says  Moore, 
"was  .  .  .  electric,  his  fame  .  -  .  seencd  to  spring,  like  tbe 
palace  of  a  (airy  king,  In  a  night."  A  filth  edition  (Svo)  wis 
issued  on  Ihe  jth  of  December  iSii.    Jiist  turned  twenty-lour 

mous,"  a  great  poet,  1  rising  iialesman. 

Society,  which  in  spite  of  his  rank  had  neglected  him.  waa  now 
uld  not  keep  what  he  had  wi 


.n!y" 


spoil,"  but  the  opportunity  for  intrigue.   Tbe  eidtemenl 

iluorption  of  one  reigning  passion  after  another  destroyed 

eace  ol  mind  and  put  him  out  of  conceit  with  bimsell. 

KIs  first  affair  of  any  moment  was  with  Lady  Caroline  Lamb, 

ife  of  William  Lamb,  belter  known  as  Lord  Melbourne. 

ate,  golden-haired  sprite,  who  threw  herself  in  his  way,  and 

'Brds,  when  she  was  shaken  off.  Involved  him  In  her  own 

ce.    To  her  succeeded  Lady  Oxford,  who  was  double  hit 

^,  and  Lady  Fmnces  Weddcrbum  Webster,  the  "  Cinfvia  * 

sonnets,  the  "  Mcdora  "  of  Tit  CoMsir. 

"  way  of  life  "  was  Inconsistent  with  an  offidil  aren. 

but  there  was  no  slackening  of  his  poetical  energlet.  In  February 

[Sij  he  publtdied   Tin  IKiib  (anonymously),  he  wrote  and 


900 


BYRON.  LORD 


iThtG 


ATti  B 


tfAijiu  <i>aliliiliH]  Novembtt  19.  1K13),  aDil  be 
OnoirbiaUiteilFcbnu?!,  1814).  Tbe  TiirMi*  Tofct  wen 
CVC9  won  pofnilu  Uun  CliiUt  BaiM.  Momy  *ald  10,000 
o^  ti  Tht  Cittar  OD  the  (Uy  of  publicuioa.   Byran  wu  at 

Kcanor  tf  Ul  "  cottoine."  He  arx  ands'  no  ddunoa  u  (o 
tht  ctUol  ar  utiMic  vaJue  of  Uxat  apnUnait*  on  **  public 

In  Ihe  nitUBHT  of  1A13  «  new  and  potcnL  fiifl»ww*  ^Lmc  into 
bb  lii&  Hn  Lci^  wboK  borne  wv  u  Newmarket,  cmme  op  to 
londoD  an  i  vuit.  Afio  a  long  inteival  ibe  bnther  ud  liitcr 
met,  and  whrCtur  tbcn  ia  or  is  nut  any  foundalion  for  the  dark 
ttory  obaouely  hinted  at  in  Byron'i  HfelinK,  and  aftervarda 
Dade  publk  property  by  Mn  BcKher  Suwn  {UatwiUaii'i 
Jfoiauw,  iStg,  pp.  3TT-JQIi),  then  Ii  no  quatioD  ai  to  the 
dq>tb  and  dncertty  of  hk  Jove  foi  his  "  one  idative,"— that  her 

"ioianB"  o(  181J.  i3i4  ie  Lotuton.  His  nujuitt  of  life  vt 
know  (rem  hit  jouinal*.  Socially  he  waa  on  the  cnst  of  the  wave. 
He  was  a  welcome  guest  al  the  great  Whig  houses,  at  Lady 
Melbourne's,  at  Lar^  Jeney\  al  Kollzod  House.  Sberidan 
and  MoDie,  Rogcn  aiut  CampbcD,  weie  his  intimates  and  cum- 
psniona.  He  was  i  mcmbec  of  the  Alfred,  of  Waticr's,  of  the 
Cocoa  Tree,  and  half  (  doien  cKiba  boides,  Afiei  the  publica- 
tioiu  of  TAf  Corsair  he  had  promised  an  interval  of  silence,  but 
the  abdication  of  Mapolecn  evoked  "  An  Ode,"  lie.  In  his  dis- 
bonoQT  (April  16);  Lara,  0  TaU.  an  informal  sequel  to  Tht 
Ciriair,  was  publithed  uumymDusly  on  August  6, 1S14. 

Newstcad  had  been  put  up  for  sale,  but  pending  the  completion 
lA  the  oontiact  was  stilf  in  his  possession.  During  his  last  visit 
but  taut,  whilst  hl>  liilet  wu  hh  guiat,  be  beouac  engaged  to 
lliM  Anna  Isabella  Milbanke  Cb.  May  ij,  179];  d.  May  i«,  1860), 
tb  only  daughter  of  Sir  Ralph  Milbanke,  Bart.,  and  the  Hon. 
lodith  (bom  Noel),  datigfalei  of  Lord  Wcniwortb.  She  was  an 
helroj,  and  !n  auccession  to  a  peerage  hi  her  own  right  (becoming 
Bantiett  Wenlworlh  in  iSji).  She  was  a  pi^Ity  git]  of  "a 
perfect  figure,"  highly  educated,  a  mathematician,  and,  by 
conrteiy,  a  poetesa.  She  had  itJMted  Byion's  first  oHcr,  but, 
believing  that  her  cruelty  had  broken  hh  heart  ajid  that  be  was 
an  altered  man,  she  was  now  determined  on  marriage^  Hlgh- 
piindpla),  but  seif-wiQcd  and  opinionated,  the  believed  that  she 
held  her  f  more  in  her  own  hands.  On  her  side  there  was  amWtion 
touched  with  fancy — on  his,  a  wish  to  be  married  and  some  bope 
perhaps  of  hnding  an  escape  from  himself.  Hie  marnage  took 
place  at  Seaham  in  Durham  on  the  jnd  of  January  1815.  Bride 
and  bridegroom  spent  three  months  in  paying  visits,  and  at  the 
Old  lA  March  settled  al  ij  Piccadilly  Teiraee,  Loadoi 


Dnny  Lane  Iheatn, 


id  devoted  m 


of 

KtsMnaj  OEuei.  he  widu  dui  uiue  pociiy.  Htbrai  Udiiia 
(pnbllsMd  April  1S15).  begun  at  Seaham  in  October  1814,  were 
fcnished  and  given  to  the  musical  composer,  Isaac  Nathan,  for 
publicatioiL  Tht  Situ  if  Ctrinlk  and  Pariiiia  (published 
Febraaiy  1, 1816]  were  got  rendy  for  the  pieu.  On  the  loth  of 
December  Lady  Byron  gave  birth  to  a  daughter  christened 
Augusta  Ada.  To  judge  from  his  letters,  for  the  &n\  weeks  or 
monthsof  his  nurriage  things  went  smoothly..  His  wife's  iraprcv 
^oa  «u  IhM  Byron  "  bad  avowedly  begun  his  revenge  from 
Um  firat"  It  tt  ciTiaia  thai  before  the  child  was  bom  his 
fionducl  was  lo  harsh,  so  violent,  and  so  eccentric,  that  she 
believed,  or  tried  lo  persuade  herseif,  that  he  'kh  mod. 

On  the  i£th  of  January  1816  Lady  Byron  left  London  for 
her  fatbcT^s  bouse,  claimed  his  protection,  and  after  some 
hesitation  and  consultation  with  her  legal  advisers  demanded 
■  upaiBtion  from  her  hubaod-  It  is  a  matter  of  common 
knowledge  that  in  1869  Mn  Beechci  Stowe  affirmed  that  Lady 
B:Ton  eiprcssly  told  her  that  Byron  was  guilty  of  incest  with 
hit  halj.uster.  Mis  Leigh;  also  that  in  1(05  the  sccnad  Lord 
lavclace  [Lord  Byron's  grandson)  printed  a  work  entitled 
AlltrU  which  was  designed  to  uphold  and  to  prove  the  truth  ot 
thiicha/gs.  It  isafact  that  neither  Lady  Byreo  nor  her  advisera 


Banned  th^  dnnd  by  tUa  or  uy  other  daifB  rf  ai» 
conduct,  hut  It  b  alio  ■  lux  thu  Loid  Bmm  yielded  to  tk 
demand  rehtctaatly,  nndet  pttanoe  and  fn  krgi  petoaiaiy. 
cenadentMn.  It  it  a  [act  (hat  IMy  Byim'a  ktlea  to  Ita 
Leigh  bdoR  ud.nfier  the  aepuMHrn  am  inoaBtbUBI  with  • 
kwwledie  or  — f'-'"  ol  guilt  «n  (he  part  of  her  nilB-JB-taw, 
but  it  it  aho  a  (act  b«  ilMrte,  pp.  141-14S)  that  the  dgned  a 
document  (dated  Man*  14.  i8i«)  to  the  (Sect  thM any  mewil 
of  intertoone  did  not  innivc  aikd  mutt  boi  be  cooslned  ai  a 
wfthdiural  «l  the  chaifs.  It  onnot  be  doabced  ibal  Lady 
Bynin't  covrictiia  that  her  hudnnd's  lelaiions  with  bit  half- 
^ster  bcioR  hit  manitge  had  be^  of  an  immond  character 
waa  a  (actor  la  kct  duBand  for  a  separation,  but  whether  there 
were  other  and  what  iamies,  tod  whether  Lady  Byron's  conviclion 
w»  founded  im  fact,  are  queslioo)  which  hive  not  been  finally 
aaswerrd.  Lady  Byron's  charge,  at  reported  by  Mrs  BeccbcT 
Stowe  and  upheld  by  the  ?nd  earl  of  Lovdace,  is  "  noD-prevcn." 
Mr  Robert  Edgcome,  in  Bynm:  Iht  tail  Phaii  (1900).  insists 
that  Mary  Chaworth  was  the  real  object  of  Byron's  passion, 
and  thai  Mrs  Leigh  was  only  shielding  her 

The  9eparat>an  of  Lord  and  Lady  Byron  was  the  talk  of  the 
town.  Two  poems  entitled  "  Fare  Thee  Well  ■'  and  "  A  Sketch," 
which  Byron  had  written  and  printed  for  private  dmjlalion, 
were  published  by  Tkt  ChamtUn  on  Sunday,  April  14.  The 
other  London  papers  one  by  one  follawed  suiL  The  poems, 
more  espedally  "A  Sketcji,"  were  provocative  of  critidtm. 
There  was  a  balance  of  opinion,  but  politia  turned  the  scale. 
Byron  had  recently  published  some  pro-Gallican  stanzas,  "On 
the  '  Sur  of  the  Lc^oa  of  Honour,' "  in  the  Examhur  (April  7), 
and  it  was  fell  by  many  that  private  dishonour  was  the  outcome 
of  public  disloyally.  The  Whigs  defended  Byron  tj  best  they 
cotild,  but  his  own  world,  wilh  one  or  two  eiceptions,  ostracized 
him.  Tim  "  eicommunicaling  Voice  of  society."  as  Mooie  put 
it,  was  loud  and  insistent  Hie  articles  of  separaiion  were  signed 
on  or  about  the  iSthof  April,  and  on  Sunday,  the  ijth  of  April, 
Byron  sailed  from  Dover  for  Oslecd  The  "  lines  on  ChurcMI'i 
Crave  "  were  wiilten  whilst  he  w«*  wailing  [or  a  favourable 
wind.  Hit  itjulc  by  through  the  Low  Countries,  and  by  the 
Rhine  to  Switzeiiand.  On  his  way  he  halted  at  Bivtielt  and 
visited  the  field  of  Waieiloo.  He  reached  Geneva  on  the  tjth 
of  May,  where  he  met  by  appointment  at  Dejcan't  H  Aiet  d'Angle- 
tem,  Shelley,  Mary  Godwin  and  dare  (or  "  Claire  ")  Cbunnont 
The  meeting  waa  ptvbably  at  the  instance  ol  Claire,  who  had 
recently  become,  and  asfdred  10  remain,  Byron's  mctreit.  Oia 
the  roth  of  June  Byron  moved  to  the  Villa  Dwdati  on  the 
southern  shore  ol  the  lake.  Shelley  and  his  party  had  abndy 
settled  at  an  adjoining  villa,  the  Campigne  McntaUgre.  Tbc 
friends  were  constantly  tngether.  On  the  ijid  of  June  ByTDa 
and  Shelley  started  lor  a  yachting  tour  njund  the  lake.  They 
vi^ted  ihe  castle  of  Chiilon  on  the  >6th  of  June,  and,  being 
detained  by  weather  at  the  U6tel  de  I'Ancre,  Onchy,  Byron 
finished  (June  17-39)  the  third  canto  of  CkiUe  HateU  (pub- 
lisbol  November  iS),  and  began  the /ViiMcr  g/CMfw  (puUiibed 
December  s,  i8iC>),  Tliete  and  other  poems  ol  July-September 
1816,  i-t-  "The  Dieain  "  and  the  first  two  acta  ol  Uanfrti 
(puUishcd  June  16,  181;),  betny  the  influence  of  Shelley,  and 
through  him  of  Woniswonh,  both  in  thought  and  style.  Byioa 
knew  that  Wordfworth  had  power,  but  was  a^pirast  bis'  the«iq» 
and  (isentBl  his  Iiiliciim  ol  Pope  and  Drydco.  Sbelley  sat  a 
believer  and  a  djsdple,  and  converted  Byron  to  the  Woeds- 
worthian  crud.  Uonnver  be  was  an  inspiration  in  liinmjf 
Intima^  with  Shelley  left  Byren  a  greater  poet  than  he  waa 
before  Byron  paited  the  summer  «l  Ihe  Villa  Diodali,  whcte 
be  also  wrote  the  Uonedy  on  Ihe  Dcalk  a]  Shiriim,  pubUshcd 
Scpterpber  0,  1816.  "Ciiic  second  half  of  September  waa  spent 
ajid  devoted  to  "  an  eacursjon  in  the  mountains."  His  journal 
(September  iS-io),  which  was  written  for  and  sent  to  Mrs  Leigh, 
is  a  great  pcou  poem,  the  souiu  ol  Ihe  word  pictures  ol  Alfune 
scenery  in  Uanfrtd.  His  old  Iricnd  Hobbouse  was  wilh  him  and 
he  enjoyed  himself,  but  at  the  close  he  confesset  that  he  could 
not  lose  bit  "  own  wretched  identity  "  in  the  "  majesty  and  the 
power  and  the  glory  "  of  nature.    Remorse  wu  tcotdied.  oat 


BYRON,  LORD 


kOoL  On  tlw  «tli  erf  Octobn  Byica  and  Babkonw  Muled  via 
Hitui  and  Vcnma  for  Voike,  vhicb  mi  Rubed  mly  in 
Nowmbo.  For  the  ncR  tliRC  ycui  Byten  lived  in  n  Dcu 
Vaiice--al  Gist,  1S16-1B1T.  in  apaitDHat*  in  tht  Renoii, 
and  alter  January  1818  in  the  antnl  blocfc  «(  tha 
palace.  Venice  qipeakd  both  (a  Ilia  hi(hR  and  hii  ia« 
He  Kt  himself  la  itudv  In  liiitaiy, 
tion,  to  leam  bB  kngnage.  The  aithia  and  tooMt  with  vhkh 
Shikeipeare  and  Otvay,  Schillsr'a  Gkaitiar,  and  Uadame  da 
SuH'a  CirniK  had  made  him  laBiUiar,  m«  b*l<ac  hit  ayaa, 
not  dicama  bnt  nalitici.  He  vonld  "  repcople  "  her  with  her 
lown  put,  and  "  atamp  her  ima^  !'  on  the  cmticuu  of  his  pern 
Bnt  be  had  no  one  to  Uve  for  but  hinudf,  and  that  aeJf  he  gave 
over  to  a  leprobate  mind.  He  planned  and  punucd  a  life  d£ 
deliberate  profligacy.    Of  tm  of  hii  amonn  we  Jcam  enou^ 

with  hii  landlord'a  wife,  M*"*"*^*  Scpti,  the  lecond  with 
Margarita  Cogni  (the  "Foinaiina").  a  VenetiBn  of  the  lower 
daia,  who  aanuod  him  with  bar  laTagery  and  her  wit  But. 
If  Shelley  nay  be  trnited,  than  waa  a  limit  to  hit  candour. 
Thert  la  abuiidant  bumoar,  but  tbere  ia  an  ecdoomy  ol  detail 

bcina  defiled  Bnt  to  do  bim  juatica  be  waa  never  idle.  He  kepi 
his  biaiitt  at  work,  and  lor  tUa  rtaton,  perbapa,  be  acema  for  a 
time  to  have  ie<svcndhiaapiriti  and  tinned  with  a  food  coumge. 
Hia  Bong  of  carnival,  "  So  we'll  go  no  nioi«  a-iwing,"  la  a  hymn 
ti  Irjumph.  About  the  middle  ol  AprU  he  Kt  out  t(K  RonK. 
Uia  first  halt  waa  at  Ferrara,  which  inspited  the  "  Lament  of 
Tauo  "  (publitbed  July  17, 1817).  He  pasaed  throng  Florence, 
whete  he  uw  "  U>  Vcnui "  (oT  Medici}  in  the  Uffiii  GaUery, 
by  reedy  TliruyDieDe  and  Temi's  " matchlwa  cataract"  to 
"  Rome  the  WondeifuL"  At  Rome,  wlOi  Uobhouae  as  com- 
panion and  guide,  he  stayed  tbne  ««eki.  He  letunied  10 
Venice  on  the  agth  of  May,  but  shortly  nmoved  to  a  vItU  at 
)Cn  on  the  Bnnca,  saioe  7  m.  inland.  A  month  later  (June  16} 
when  memwy  had  lelecled  and  reduced  to  rader  the  first 
ioipresskjns  of  his  tour,  he  began  to  work  them  up  into  a  fourth 
aato  i:iCkildifIarM.  A  £iat  draft  of  1 16  stanaas  waa  finished 
y  Che  apth  of  July;  the 


the  □ 


■ait  at 


nu[fto 


le  that  "  the  cicelleii 


aupplied  by  Hobhouie,  "  wlio  put  his  reacaichea "  at 
nyron's  disposal  and  wrote  the  learned  azKt  elaboimte  notes 
whidi  are  appended  to  the  poem.  Among  the  books  which 
Murray  lent  out  to  Venice  was  a  copy  cl  Hookhan  Frere'i 
Wliiaeanjt.  Byron  took  the  hint  and  produced  Btpft,  a 
r<nW>rM  .Story  (published  anonymouity  on  the  iSch  of  Fetsuary 
igiS}.  He  auribulee  hia  choice  of  the  mock  heroic  «Ut)(ri.rTiiHi 
to  Fiere's  example,  but  he  was  cotalnly  fanuliar  with  Cuti'i 
ATgaeUe,  and.  aciording  to  Stendhal,  with  the  poetry 
The  aucceis  of  Bcffe  and  a  ; 

manner  of  WhiitUtrafl "  was  ute  manrier  lor  mm,  lea  nmi  u 
itudy  Frerc'i  masters  and  nwdels,  Beini  and  Pulci  An  acddeni 
had  kd  to  a  great  dlicovery. 

The  fourth  canto  <a  CkiUt  BaiM  was  pobliahed  on  the 
aSth  of  ^iril  18(8.  Nearly  three  months  went  by  before  Murray 
wrote  to  him,  and  lie  began  to  think  that  Ilia  new  poem  was  a 
failure.  Meanwhile  be  completed  an  "  Ode  «i  Venice,"  in  which 
he  laments  her  ^uthy  and  decay,  and  CAntiaats  the  tyranny  of 
the  Old  World  Hilh  the  new  birlh  of  freedom  in  America.  In 
Seplemberbe  began  Dm  yudH.  Hisown  account  of  the  inception 
of  his  last  and  greatest  work  la  characteristic  but  misleading. 
He  says  (September  g)  ChaL  hia  rtew  poem  is  to  be  in  the  style 
of  Bfpfe,  and  la  "  meant  U  be  a  little  quietly  facetious  about 
everything."  A  yt»r  later  [Auguat  u,  181^),  he  aiyi  that  he 
neither  has  nor  had  a  plan — but  that  *'  he  Iiad  or  baa  nuUriais" 
By  materiala  be  means  books,  such  as  Daliell'a  SInfimcIa  and 
Diia4ters  hj  Sin.  or  de  Castelnau's  Hiitoirt  dt  la  homkIU  Rftstie^ 
&C.,  *ivhlch  might  be  regarded  as  poetry  in  the  rough.  The 
dedication  to  Robert  Souihey  (not  pubtisbed  till  tSjj)  is  a 
prologue  to  the  play.  The  "  Lakets  "  had  given  samplea  of  Iheir 
poetry,  their  pditics  and  their  monb.  and  now  It  was  bis  turn 
to  ^leak  aad  to  9cak  out  He  loo  would  wilu  "  An  Eicnrtion." 


He  doubled  ibU  i>M  AoB  ml^  be  "  IM  be^  bn  fliMe  nodcM 
days."  ItMJiMibHiortliepiihttc.forbispubfisber.evenfor 
Us  aitutu;  and  the  "  building  iqt  of  the  dcamn,"  u  SbeDey 


and  March  rSij,  were  published  at  intecnia  between  tlu  ijib 
of  July  r89j  and  the  9«th  of  1'      '     '  ~ 

begun  in  May.  rSs],  but  was  Derer  M 
fourteen  staniaa,  found  in  hia  loom  at 
published  in  rgoj. 

He  did  not  put  an  his  matoUs  bto  Dtn  Jwm.  "  Maieppo, 
a  lale  of  the  Ruaaian  Ukraine,"  baaed  on  a  paaage  b  Vollairr'a 
Ckawht  XII.,  waa  finiahed  by  tba  jotb  ol  S(f>tember  1S18  and 
publislKd  with  "  An  Oda  "  (oB  Venice)  on  the  sSth  of  June  1S19. 
In  the  qxing  of  iBrq  Byroa  net  In  Venice,  and  loimed  a 
cnmeiion  with,  an  Italian  lady  of  nnk,  Tetea  (bon  Gamba), 
wile  of  the  CavalieTe  GulolaU.  Sbe  wis  younf  and  beautiful, 
wdl-iead  and  accomplished.  Married  *t  sbnecn  lo  a  man  neariy 
four  limes  her  age,  sbe  fell  in  love  with  Byron  at  Gist  sigbl.  soon 
bcfvne  and  for  ncarty  lour  yean  remained  -  -  ' 
and  true  wife  to  him  in  alllHt  name,  she  w( 
devotion  and  a  pn^mged  conalark^.  Her  volume  .of  RioUeC' 
Ham  (Lord  Bjrttijutl  far  la  Umeitu  it  ta  nt,  1S69),  taken  far 
what  il  is  worth,  ia  teatimony  In  Byron's  favour.  The  countesa 
left  Venio  Ibi  Ravenna  at  the  end  of  April;  within  a  month  . 
^  sent  lor  ByroB,  and  on  the  lOtb  of  JunelK  arrived  at  Ravcima 
and  took  [OOiDl  in  the  SDada  di  Porta  Sid.  The  house  (now 
No.  19s)  is  cloee  to  Danle's  tomb,  aiul  la  gratify  the  connleaa 
and  pass  the  time  he  wtote  the  "  Pnqibecy  of  Danle  "  (puUidied 
April  11,  1831).  According  to  the  preface  the  poem  waa  a 
metrical  experiment,  an  eienfw  In  itna  rima;  but  it  bad  a 
deeper  significance.  It  was  "intended  lor  the  Italians."  lis 
purport  waa  revolutionary.  In  the  fourth  canto  of  CkUda 
Harcld,  already  translated  into  Italian,  he  bad  attidted  tba 
powera.  and  "  Albion  must  of  all  "  (or  her  betrayal  of  Venice, 
and  knowing  thai  his  word  bad  weight  he  appeals  to  the  country 
of  bis  adoption  to  strike  *  blow  for  (reedoin — 10  "unite."  Il 
is  diSiculc  to  realize  the  force  or  eitent  of  Byron's  inSuence  on 
continental  opinloii.  His  own  DountryiMn  admired  Us  poelry, 
but  abhorred  and  i""flh*j  n  his  pohdca.  Abroad  he  was  the 
prophet  and  champioa  of  liberty.  Hia  haDed  of  tyrarmy — hia 
defcax  al  the  onitened— was  a  word  epoken  in  acaaon  when 
thete  were  few  to  iqicak  but  many  to  lialen.  It  brought  con- 
salatioa  and  encaniagoDent,  and  it  waa  not  spoken  in  vain. 
It  rauil,  hawevir,  be  borne  in  mind  that  Byron  waa  more  of  a 
king.hater  than  a  peofjfr lover.  He  was  against  the  cqipreasor^ 
but  he  lUatlkcd  and  deqdaed  the  oppnaaed.  He  was  arisiocrai 
by  conviclioti  aa  wcU  aa  birth,  and  if  he  espoused  a  popular  canie 
it  waa  dt  liaat  n>  iu.  Hb  conneiian  with  the  Gamlus  brought 
hhn  mlo  touch  with  the  revolutionary  movement,  and  thence- 
forth be  waa  under  the  eqiionage  at  the  Austrian  erabany  at 
la  left 


Early  In  September  Byrun  re 


La  Mira,  bringing  tba 

from  Hoere,  who  was  on  hit  way  lo  Rome.  Byron  installed 
Moore  b  the  Hocenigo  palace  and  vluted  him  daily.  Before 
the  final  parting  (Oclob«  11)  Bynm  [Jaced  b  Moore's  hands 
the  MS.  of  Us  Lift  and  Adtmlara  brought  down  to  tlu  due 
of  i8ie,.  Moote,  as  Byron  suggested,  pledged  the  MS.  to  Hurray 
for  looo  guineas,  lo  be  Moore's  property  if  redeemed  m  Byron's 
lifetime,  but  if  nol,  to  be  forfeit  la  Murray  at  Byron's  death. 
On  the  i;th  of  May  1814,  with  Hurray's  aaaent  and  goodwill, 
the  MS.  was  bumedb  the  drawing-iDom  of  JO  Albemarle  Street. 
Neither  Murray  nor  Moore  lost  Iheir  BHney.  The  Longmans 
lent  Moorea  sufficient  sum  to  repay  Murray,  and  wetethrmsrlvea 
repaid  out  of  the  receipts  of  Moore's  Life  of  Bynm.  Bynm  told 
Moote  that  the  memoranda  were  not  "  cmfcsiions,"  that  they 
were"  the  truth  but  nol  the  whole  truth."  This,  ru>  doubt,  waa 
the  tiutb,  and  t^  whole  Irutb.    '~~ 


BYRON,  LORD 


At  tha  dote  «{  1S19  Byno  bully  left  Vsike  and  Kttkd  it 
KavQUta  in  hi*  wn  upaitinaiti  In  the  i^JuEo  GokdcdL  EH 
reUtiiini  *ith  tbe  couatea  wen  pnt  on  *.  Kgnlar  (ootiiig,  UKJ 
Ik  wu  nceived  in  lodety  u  ba  ataliat  letaile.  At  Ravepiu 
liB  UlcaiT  acUviCy  vru  grater  than  ever.  His  Innilitian  of 
the  fint  onto  of  Pold'i  MmnaU  Maipert  (puUiihcd  in  tbe 
Lticol,  No.  IV.,  Julr  JO,  iSj:),  K  Uurioni  and  ichabHy 
idaevcmait,  «u  tbe  iratk  of  tbe  fini  tm  msnthi  of  the  year. 
FnxD  AjRil  to  Jolr  he  «u  at  HsfcoQ  tbe  CDrnpodtHn  of  Ifanw 
Paliac,  Detf  ■>/  Vaua,  a  tncedjr  in  five  acu  (pnbliifaed  Apnl 
It,  iSit>. '  Tbe  plot  luna  on  an  qiiiode  in  Venetiaa  hiitory 
knrnik  u  Lo  CaHpMra,  the  alliance  bstwccn  the  doge  and  the 
populace  to  orerthnw  the  itatc  Byitm  qiaia]  no  poira  in 
preparing  bit  mateiialB.  In  M  ^  aa  ho  i»  nnhistoii^,  lie  cnt 
inoiinpanyirilbSBnudoindoBilrVtsetiaiichionida.  Uoved 
by  the  eaunple  el  AlAcd  be  tuon  lo  leCnm  the  Btili^  dnma 
by  "  a  ■nenr  ^ipraadi  to  tha  rakki"  Be  would  read  hii 
coqntiymen  a  "  nwial  ksaon  "  on  the  dnnatic  ptoprie^  of 
obicnrins  the  thne  imilie*.  It  wu  an  benic  attempt  10  leutett 
ftaiMfl  jcksb  in  a  romaulic  age,  bat  it  waa  "  a  veek  too  late  "; 
Byion'a  "  Rculu  dnmai "  an  adniiiably  ojiKeiTed  and  fiwdy 
mrded,  but  they  aie  (nld  and  lifdcsa. 

Eighteen  additiotial  sbeeta  of  the  Mauin  and  a  fifth  canto  of 
Dom  JmiM  were  tbe  paitieie  of  tbe  autumn,  and  in  January 
iBii  Byron  began  lo  work  on  his  Kcond  "  hiitoiical  drama," 
Satiatapaluu  Bat  politica  intervened,  and  little  progres  waj 
made.    He  had  been  elected  ai^  of  tbe  "  Awuriiaia,"  abnnch 

conqiiialoa.  "  Tbt  poetiy  of  politio  "  and  poetiy  en  pipei' 
did  not  go  tofctha.  Hetnwhile  he  would  tiy  Ek  hand  on  prtac. 
A  amtnvtny  had  uiaen  betvcen  Boiries  and  CampbeU  with 
tegaid  to  the  metiti  of  Pope.  Byron  rushed  into  the  fny.  To 
•vense  and  euit  Pope,  to  deny  tbe  "  Laken,"  and  to  lay  down 
bit  own  canooa  of  art,  Byron  addiased  two  letten  to  *  *  *  * 
******  li^.  John  Uurny),  entitled  "  Strictures  no,  the  life 
aid  Writing  of  Piqie."  Tlu  fiat  was  publiilKd  in  iSir,  tl» 
tecond  in  iSss- 

The  levohiliiu  in  Italy  can»  to  nothing,  and  by  tlu  iSlh 
oi  Hay.  Bytun  had  Gnijicd  his  woifc  on  Sardaiatalia.  The 
Tin  Faiari,  a  third  htstolical  drama,  waa  began  on  tbe  uth 
of  June  and  Gniihedom  tiK  gthof  July.  On  the  lame  day  he 
be^  Coin,  a  Myilry.  Can  WW  an  attempt  to  dnmadze  the 
Old  Testament;  LucSn'a  apdocf  foi  taimidf  and  Ins  arraign- 
ment U  the  Creator  itaided  and  ihocfced  the  orthodoi. 
Thulogtcally  tbe  cBtaa  lay  la  its  datachmtnt.    Cain  waa  iwt 

Cow  waa  pubbh  '  ' 


e  Tve  Feiaai 
Bines,"  a  skit  u 


literary  cotsics  aitd  theic  patmnesses,  wu 
'      pDbliahBdinrifU2i(niJ,Na.IU„ 

When  Coin  was  *™«V^  Byron  tuned  from 
theology.    Southey 


jellLii 


called  his  funeral  ode  a  "  Visian  of  JndgmenL*' 
tberewaa  an  obvious  reference  to  Byroiu   Hie"  ' 


He 
n  the  preface 


imaii&atioDs."  Byrm'a  nrven^  was  complete.  In  his  "  Vison 
ofJadpneaf(pabUibedin  Tib  £sicnl,No.L,  October  15,  iB») 
the  tahlia  an  (umed.  The  launata  ia  bmughl  bcfoi«  the  heata 
of  hcBWn  and  r^ected  by  dvnla  and  ang^  abke.  Is  Octoba 
Byron  wrote  Bammi^  Eai1k,aMyilirtiTkt  IMaal,  Ho.  U., 
Jannary  i,  iSij),  a  lyrical  diUM  baaed  on  the  Ic^sid  of  the 
"Watduis."  or  fallen. angcla  of  tbe  Boci  of  Enoch.  T^ 
onntCis  and  bet  family  had  been  cq)dled  from  Ravoma  in 


idy  DeWniy«|  M.nuKi^.'^To  iud|t  by  int 
■  "TbeWidiliacDiy."  Ac  iL  178-104)  then  Is  ■ 
t»  ia  thJa  aMMioa,  boc  tha  wsdi  aa  (  axilla  ii  an 


ip[  tbe 


Joly,  bat  Byno  aflbfo 

Cuicdoli.    Atkn8th(Oaobct>qkeMI 

load  he  met  Us  old  btetd,  LonI  daie,  nod  vent  1 


Ufi  ByrM  (1814),  and  Ednrd  ElUker  « 

wort  at  Pisa  was  to  dramaliaB  llim  Lac's  Xraitaw,  w  tb' 

Girmaii'i  Talt.    He  had  writtm  a  fait  act  in  1815,  hot  aa  the 


dtedU  tbe  ooomtt  «f  Bapia  CanUo  on  the  nth  ol  Aptfl  tttt. 

— . ..  „,.J  that  her  auKDUoouHmt  would  have  ■ ' 

f«  his  oiforced  aq 


Ada.  She  is  boded  In  a  I 
□f  Harrow  church.  Soon  after  tbe  death 
of  AB^ia,  Bynm  wralc  the  last  of  bis  eight  [days,  TIk  D^tnmtd 
rrBiufinBd(publBlKdbyJohnHunt,Fcbnury»,iS]4).  Tha 
"  sonrcs  "  arc  Goethe's  Fanil,  Tkt  Tint  BnOttn,  a  novd  by 
Joohua  Pickengill,  azul  various  chrooides  of  the  sack  of  Rome 
in  151T.  Tbe  thane  or  melif  is  the  inlenction  of  pcrsooality 
and  individuoULy,  Remonstrances  on  tbe  part  of  publishD'  and 
critic  induced  bam  lo  lum  jouiaalist.  Tbe  caatrol  cf  a  new*- 
papei  or  periodical  muld  enable  him  to  publiA  iriiat  and  n  he 
pleased.  With  this  ob>ect  in  view  he  entend  ioto  a  kind  of 
Lteraiy  putnenhip  wiih  Ij^  Hunt,  and  tmdettoidL  to  tian<<- 

Tkc  Ubaal—Vtm  am  Pmi !ta»  Ibi  StiOk.    Four  nnmbea 
wne  iiHicd  between  October  iSii  and  June  iSij.     TttLOotl 

ahle  faihre.  Cimtttnd€iica  tf  Bym  and  aim  tj  Hi  Cea- 
ttmfanria  (iSil)  waa  Hunt's  rvrengc  for  the  alights  and 
•••n'g^iit^  which  he  sofioed  in  Byron's  aerrice.  Vacfating  waa 
osa  of  the  chirf  amaicmaits  of  the  English  colony  at  Mb.  A 
•chooocf,  the  "  Bolivar,"  wia  built  inc  Byron,  and  a  BnaUa- 
boat,  the  "  Don  Juan  "  io.oamed  "  Aiiet,"  Im  Shdley.  Hunt 
anived  at  Piss  on  ths  iM  of  July.  On  the  Sth  of  July  Shelley, 
who  had  icDuined  ia  Piu  on  Hunt's  accooBt,  started  fa  a  uit 
with  his  friend  Williams  and  a  lad  named  Vivian.  The  '*  AdcI  " 
was  wrecked  in  the  Gull  of  ^leiia  and  Shelley  and  U*  coBtpuiau 
were  drowned.  Ontlie  i61h  of  August  ByroaandUimtwilneaaed 
the  "  burning  of  Sheiley  "  on  the  seashore  neat  Via  Regiio. 
Byron  told  MOoic  that  "  all  of  Shelley  was  oaonioed  bat  the 
hart."  Whilst  the  fiie  was  burning  Byron  swam  out  to  d* 
"  Bolivar  "and  back  to  the  shore.  The  tiot  lun  and  tlu  violent 
eiadK  bKHght  <m  one  of  those  many  (even  1 
his  coaMltutfon  asd  ifaartaied  bit  life. 


Byim  took  a  vnia  bH  1 

^M  aatfaotilki  were  atiU  dnatiifiaif  (hqt  leoiovcd  ti 
Byien  and  Leigh  Hunt  leftPiMoolhcltstdayafSei 
On  leaching  Genoa  Bjfon  took  up  his  qnacteii  willi  tbe  Gambaa 
at  the  CaiaSaluiia,"afineoldpi' 
tbe  bay,"  and  Hunt  u  '  " 


rectived.    Synmhad 


r*>  LOmt,  iM  did 

...    h  nuba-wa*  lM4)r 

to  fear  that  hfi  p^olaiity 


BYRON,  LORD 


9*3 


wu  on  the  muw,  and  thaiM^  he  had  brvkoi  irilb  Wxattf  ud 
wu  oSerins  Om  /wo  (cuiln  n..xn.)  to  John  Hunt,  tbc 
publilba  of  Tlu  Liberal,  be  nwditatol  ■  "  nin  down  lo  NilJa  " 


to  hli  defiino 


.  {Nov- 


iSij)  Bug^atcd  I 


utiR  cniltled  "  The  Age  of  Bionie  "  (publiibed  April 
It  i>,  93  b«  uid, "  ttilted,"  ud  ala  out  for  nola,  but  it  embodies 
•ome  of  bis  finat  and  most  vigorous  work  as  a  aaliriiL  By  the 
middle  of  Fehiuuy  (1B13]  he  had  corapleled  Tie  Iilmd;  er 
Clirisiia*  tnd  hit  Cimradei  (published  Jane  ifi,  iSij),  The 
source)  are  Bligh's  Nermliae  ef  ihe  UiUiny  af  lie  Baanty,  and 
Marinei'i  Aaaant  ef  lit  Timga  Itlandi.  Sstire  and  lale  an  a 
reviisioB  to  hla  railiei  meibod.  The  eiecuiion  of  Tit  Tiland 
is  hunicd  and  unequal,  but  there  is  a  deep  and  tender  note  in 
the  lovi-5foiT  and  the  retiial  o(  the  "  leasts  and  lovw  and  wan  " 
of  the  otuden.  Tkt  poetic  faculty  hai  been  "  loftened  into 
feeling  "  by  the  eiperience  of  life. 

When  Th4  Iiland  was  fitdihed,  Byion  went  on  villi  Dn  Jiian, 
Eaty  ID  Msnb  t}ie  news  reached  him  thiit  be  hid  been  elected 
■  member  of  the  Greek  Canunitlee,  a  small  body  of  influential 
Liberals  who  had  taken  up  the  cause  of  Ihe  Ubenltoti  of  Creece, 
Byron  at  once  offered  money  and  advice,  and  after  some  hesli- 
tion  on  the  score  of  health,  dctertnined  "  to  go  to  Greece."  His 
Bist  step  was  to  sell  the  "  Bolivgt "  to  Lord  Bles^ngton,  and  to 
purchase  the"  Hercules,"  a  collier-built  tub  of  130  tons.  On  the 
3jTd  of  July  tho  "  Hercules  "  sailed  from  Leghorn  and  andiored 
ofi  Cephalonla  on  the  3rd  of  August.  The  parly  on  board 
listed  oi  Byron,  Fietio  Gamba,  Trelawny,  ibmilton  Broi 


and  six  0 


Tbene 


CetJulonia,  at  first  on  boatd  the  "  Hercules,"  in  tbc  harbour  1 
Aigostoli  and  allerwatds  at  Meuuala.  The  object  of  this  deli 
was  to  ascertain  the  i^  <Ute  a(  affairs  in  Greece.  Hie  revolu- 
tionary Greeks  were  split  up  into  parties,  not  to  say  factions,  and 
then  were  Mveial  leaden.  It  was  s  question  lo  which  icader  he 
would  attach  himself.  At  length  a  message  reached  hira  which 
jmpiKd  him  with  confidence.  Re  received  a  summons  from 
Prince  Alexander  Mavrocordato,  a  man  of  Urth  and  education, 
urpng  him  to  come  at  once  to  Miasotonghi,  and  enclosing  a 
request  from  the  legislative  body  "  to  cooperate  with 
Mavrocoidato  in  the  organiiation  of  western  Greece."  Byron 
fell  thai  he  couW  act  wiih  1  "  dear  comdence  "  in  putting 
himselE  at  the  disposal  o[  »  man  whom  he  legatded  as  the 
aniherized  leader  and  ctawpion  of  the  Creeka.  He  sailed  from 
AijosioUontheigthof  DecciDbcriSij.KDdiFreian  adventurous 
voyage  landed  si  Missolonghi  on  the  jib  of  January  1344.  He 
met  with  a  royal  reception.  Byron  may  have  aought,  but  he  did 
BolRnd,"  a  soldier^  grave."  Duiinghistbrte  months' residence 
■t  Missolonghi  he  accom{dishcd  hltle  and  he  endured  much. 
He  advanced  large  sums  of  money  for  the  payment  of  the  troops, 
for  repair  and  construction  of  fortifications,  for  Ihe  provision  of 
medi^  appliances.  He  brought  opposing  parties  Into  line,  and 
served  as  a  link  between  Odysseus,  the  democatic  leader  of  the 
insurgents,  and  the  "  prince  "  Mavrocordafo,  He  was  eager  lo 
take  the  field,  hut  he  nrver  got  the  chance.  A  revoli  In  the 
More*,  and  the  repeated  disaflccilon  of  his  Suliote  guard  pre- 
venled  him  from  lutdertiking  the  cnplure  of  Epacto,  an  eiploit 
which  he  bad  reserved  for  bts  own  leadenhlp.  He  was  beset  wiih 
difficulties,  but  at  teoglb  events  began  to  move.  On  Ihe  18th  of 
March  be  received  an  Invitation  fnin  Odysseus  and  other  chiefs 
to  attend  1  conference  at  Sakmo,  and  by  the  same  messenger  an 
ofler  from  the  government  to  appoint  Inm  "  governor-general  of 
the  enfrancUsnl  parts  of  Greece."  He  promised  to  attend  the 
conference  but  did  not  pledge  himself  to  the  immediate  acceptance 
ofoSce.  But  to  Salona  he  never  came.  "  Roads  and  rivers  were 
impassable,"  and  the  conference  was  inevitably  postponed. 

His  heafih  had  given  way,  but  be  does  not  seem  lo  have 
TcnliBCd  that  bis  Sfe  was  In  danger.  On  the  1 5th  of  February  he 
was  struck  down  by  an  epQeptic  fit,  which  left  him  speechless 
Ihou^  tiol  motionless.  He  recovered  suffidenlly  to  conduct  his 
bnsineM  as  usual,  and  to  diDl  the  troops.  Bui  he  solfered  from 
dluincsi  In  the  bead  ud  tptimi  hi  the  chejt,  and  a  few  days  later 


be  was  sdied  with  ■  second  though  sU^er  connilsloa.  11»ai 
attacks  may  have  hastened  but  they  did  not  cause  hit  dath. 
For  tfae  first  week  of  April  the  weather  confined  him  to  the  bouse, 
but  on  the  9th  a  letter  from  his  sister  raised  hia  apirit*  ud 
tempted  him  to  ride  out  with  Gamba.  It  came  on  to  nIn,  and 
though  be  was  drenched  to  the  skin  he  iniisled  cm  dlimouDtIng 
and  returning  in  an  open  boat  to  the  quay  in  front  of  hU  boose. 
Two  hours  later  he  was  seised  with  ague  and  violent  dteumstlc 
pains.  On  the  11th  he  rode  out  once  more  through  the  olite 
groves,  attended  by  his  escort  of  Suliote  guards,  but  for  the  last 
lime.  Whether  be  had  got  his  deathblow,  or  whether  copious 
blood-lelting  nude  lecoveiy  iropoasible,  be  gradually  grew  worse, 
and  on  the  ninth  day  of  his  illness  fell  into  a  oomatosc  sleep.  II 
was  reported  that  in  his  delirium  he  had  called  out,  half  In 
Entfsh.  half  in  Italian, "  Forward — forward — ooniigel  follow 
my  eiample — don't  be  afraid  I "  and  that  be  tried  to  send  a  last 
message  lo  his  sister  and  to  his  wife.  He  died  at  six  o'clock  In  the 
evening  of  the  igth  of  April  1S94,  aged  thirty-six  yean  and  three 
months.  Tile  Greeks  were  heart^ken.  Mavrocordato  gave 
orders  that  thirty-seven  mioule-guDs  should  be  fired  at  dayli^ 
and  decreed  a  generul  mourning  of  twenly-one  days.  His  body 
wasembilmedandhyinsUte.  On  thessthof  May  his  remains, 
all  but  the  heart,  whidi  is  buried  al  Missolonghi,  were  sent  hack  to 
England,  and  were  finally  laid  beneath  the  chancel  of  the  village 
church  of  Hocknall-Torkard  on  the  reih  of  July  1S34.  The 
aulhoritics  would  not  sanction  burial  In  Westminster  Abbey,  and 
there  is  neither  bust  nor  statue  of  Lord  Byron  in  Poets'  Comer. 

The  title  pased  to  his  finl  cmisin  as  7Ih  baton,  fimn  whom  the 
subsequent  barons  were  descended.  The  poet's  daughter  Ada 
(d.  1852)  predeceased  her  mother,  but  the  barony  of  Wentworth 
went  to  her  hein.  She  was  the  first  wife  of  Baron  Kmg,  who  in 
1838  was  created  isC  earl  of  Lovelace,  and  had  Iwo  sons  (of  whom 
Ihe  younger,  b.  TB39,  d.  igo6,  was  md  earl  of  Lovelace}  and  a 
daughler,  Lady  Anne,  who  married  Wniiid  S.  Blunt  <;.r.}.  On 
the  death  of  the  md  eari  the  barony  of  Wentworth  went  to  his 
daughter  and  only  child,  and  the  earidom  of  I^veUce  to  his  half- 
brother  by  the  isl  eari's  second  wife. 

Great  men  are  seldom  misjudged.  The  wodd  posws  sentence 
on  them,  and  there  is  no  appeal.  Byitm's  comempaiaties  judged 
him  by  the  tone  end  temper  of  Us  waiks,  by  bis  own  confessions 
or  self-revclatians  in  prose  and  verse,  by  the  facts  of  his  life  as 
reported  bi  the  newipapets,  by  the  tilk  of  the  town.  His  letters, 
his  jonmals,  the  tatimony  0!  a  doien  merooriafists  are  at  the 
disfKoal  of  the  modem  tnogrnpher.  Moore  thinks  that  Byron's 
characterwas  obliterated  by  Ms  vcrsalilily.  his  mobility,  that  be 
■   '  '  ■  the  ihing  he 


M  be,  01 


iself  as  beco] 


y  pulse  of  Ihe 
IQ  through  his  life,  as  child  and 
mdeavour  was  the  subjcclIoB 
.  He  would  subject  even  fate 
■bjects  In  view,  ^ary',  in  the 


machine.  Pride  ruled  his  years, 
youlh  and  man,  his  one  aim  an 
of  other  people's  wishes  Eo  his  o 
if  he  could.  He  has  two  mail 
French  rather  than  the  En^isl 
It  is  hard  10  ^y  which  was  the  Elrongcst  or  the  dearest,  but,  on 
the  whole,  within  his  '*  little  life"  passion  prevailed.  Otbo 
Inclinations  he  could  master.  Poetry  was  of  ten  bul  not  alwaysan 
exaltation  ud  a  relief.  He  could  fulfil  his  tasks  fa  "  bouts  of 
gloom."  If  he  had  not  been  a  great  poet  be  would  have  gained 
credit  as  a  painstaking  and  laborious  man  of  letters.  His 
habitual  temperance  was  the  outcome  of  a  stem  resolve.  He 
had  no  scTuplfa,  but  he  kept  his  body  in  subjection  as  a  means  to 
an  eniL  In  bis  youth  Byron  was  a  cautjoui  spendthrlfL  Even 
when  be  was  "  cursedly  dipTied  "  he  knew  what  he  was  about; 
and  aflerwards,  when  his  income  was  suSdeol  foi  his  require- 
ments, he  kept  a  hold  on  his  purse.  He  loved  display,  and  as  he 
admitted,  spent  money  on  women,  but  he  checked  his  accounts 
and  made  bolh  ends  meet.  On  the  other  hand,  the  "  gift  of 
conlinency  "  he  did  not  possess,  or  trouble  himself  to  acquire. 
He  was,  to  use  Ws  own  phrase,  "  passionate  of  body,"  and  his 
desires  were  stronger  than  Ws  will.  Tliere  are  points  of  Byron's 
character  with  regaid  to  which  opinion  Is  divided.  Candid  ha 
certainly  wis  to  the  verge  at  brutality,  but  was  be  sincere?    Was 


9°* 


BYRON,  LORD 


bcumdfiiEhidyuluspMtTyiBiplia?    Did  he  paw  u  peuimiM 

Bt  miuntiiro|iut,  or  did  he  apeak  out  o(  the  Ullenieu  of  hiaioul? 
It  Woods  to  reuoD  Itait  Byron  kDE«  that  hii  hotdw  and  fail 
despair  vould  excit*  public  tntertsC,  and  thst  be  wmt  nol  aihiMod 
\e  tiliibic  "  ibr  pafcanl  ol  a  bleeding  bun."  But  it  dioe*  DM 
(oilov  Cbat  he  ni  a  hypocrite.'  Hti  quunl  with  nuntind,  hit 
anget  a^ainsi  fate,  nere  perfectly  gcsuioe.  Hi)  gulay  ii,  id  fad, 
the  anguiih  of  a  ioMed  wilL  Byron  nu  loo  leU-coBKiaui,  too 
much  Isieiesteil  in  tumsell,  10  take  any  pleaauRi  in  imagiMiy 
woes,  or  to  credit  hiniielf  with  imagiDaiy  viceL 

Whether  he  told  the  whole  truth  b  utoiher  matter.  He  waa 
natuiiUy  ■  tnitUul  man  and  hit  tijendt  lived  in  diead  of  un- 
guarded disdoauie*,  but  hii  conununJcatiDiu  were  not  to  free 
at  they  leaned.  There  wai  a  atiini  In  the  etid  ot  the  kite. 
Byroo  waa  kindly  and  generaui  by  uMuie.  Ue  lank  pleuure 
in  helping  necesiitaui  authon,  men  aul.womea,  not  &t  all  en 
frond  uitneur,  oc  without  counting  th*  coat,  but  becwie  be 
knew  what  poverty  meant,  and  a  fdkni-fed]ii|  made  him  kind. 
Even  in  Venice  be  icI  aside  a  Gied  turn  fat  chuilaUe  puipoaci. 
It  wu  to  his  credit  that  ndthei  libeitiniam  aor  diigtace  not 
tunoiMinihcicdatitt  root  this  herb  of  gracf.  Cynical  tpeeched 
with  lefard  to  irienda  and  friendship,  often  quoted  to  his  dis- 
advantage, need  not  be  taken  too  literally.  Byn^  talked  for 
eficct^  ajvdin  accordance  with  the  whim  of  tiw  moment.  Hi)  acts 
do  not  conspond  with  his  words.  Byion  rejected  and  repudiated 
both  Protestant  and  CathoUc  orthodoiy,  but  like  the  Alheniani 
he  waa  "  exceedingly  rcJigkjus-"  He  could  [lot,  he  did  not  wish 
to.  detach  himsell  from  a  belief  in  an  Invisible  Power.  "  A 
fearful  looking  for  of  judgment  "  haunted  him  to  the  last. 

Then  is  an  increaaing  tendency  on  the  part  of  modem  cdtics 
to  cast  a  doubt-on  Byron^i  sanity.  It  is  true  that  he  inherited 
lud  blood  on  both  sides  of  his  lainily,  that  be  was  of  a  neurotic 
temperament,  that  at  one  time  he  maddened  hiaselC  with  drink, 
but  tliere  is  no  evidence  that  his  bnin  was  actually  diseased. 
Speaking  figniuivcly,  be  may  have  been  "  half  mad,"  but,  ii  so. 
It  of  the  will,  not  of  the  mihd.    He 


uiblefi 


judgment  agains 


him.  He  put  induigincc  before  duty.  He  made  a  byword  of 
bis  marriage  and  brought  lifelong  sorrow  on  his  wife.  If,  as 
Coethe  said,  he  was  "  the  grcslcat  Lilcnt  "  of  the  iglh  century, 
he  astodatcd  thai  talent  with  scandal  ilii  teproacb.  But  he 
was  bom  with  certain  noble  qualities  which  did  not  fall  him  at 
his  worst.  He  was  courageous,  he  was  kind,  and  he  hived  truth 
rather  than  lies.  He  was  a  worker  and  a  tighter.  He  haled 
t3TaTiny,  and  was  prepared  to  sacn£ce  money  and  ease  and  life 
in  the  cause  of  popular  freedom.  If  the  issue  of  his  all  to  arms 
wat  greater  and  other  than  he  designed  or  foresaw,  it  was  a 
gepoous  instinct  >'hich  impelled  him  to  begin  the  struggle. 

With  regard  to  the  criticism  of  his  works,  Byron^s  personality 
has  always  confuud  the  iaauc.  Politics,  religion,  morality,  have 
confused,  and  still  confuse,  the  issue.  The  question  for  the 
modem  criEic  is,  of  what  permanent  value  Is  Byron's  poeuy? 
What  did  he  achieve  for  art,  for  the  intellect,  for  the  ^Hrit,  and 
In  what  degree  does  he.tliU  give  pleasure  10  rcadera  of  avetage 
Intelligencer  It  cannot  be  denied  that  he  stands  out  from  othcc 
poets  of  hit  century  as  a  great  creative  artist,  that  his  canvas 
is  (Towded  with  new  and  original  images,  additions  to  already 
euiting  types  of  poetic  woikminshipL  It  has  been  said  that 
Byron  could  only  represent  himtelf  under  viiious  disguises,  that 
CbildeHaioldand  The  Corsair,  Uia and  ManfrcdandDonJuan, 
are  variants  of  a  lingie  penonslily,  the  ^otist  who  is  at  war  with 
his  fellows,  the  generous  but  nefarious senlimenlalist  who  sins  and 
suHers  and  yet  is  10  be  pitied  for  his  luffciing.  None  the  less,  with 
whatever  liroi  rations  as  artist  or  moralist,  he  invented  characters 
and  types  of  chajatiers  real  enough  and  distinct  enough  to  leave 
their  mark  on  society  as  well  as  on  lijcialuie.  These  masks  or 
lej^caa  of  hit  own  penonality  were  formative  of  thought,  and 
were  powerful  agenu  in  the  evolution  of  sentiment  and  opiiuon. 
In  language  which  was  intelligible  and  persuasive,  under  shapes 
and  forms  which  were  suggestive  and  inspiring,  Byron  delivered 
4  message  of  libciatlon.  There  was  a  double  motive  at 
Is  Us  (neigiet  as  a  poet    Be  wrote,  aa  be  aaid,  because 


Hit  poem*  were  a  liboal  tdncatloii  inthc  ataiuen  and  coMom 
oi  "  the  gofstous  East,"  in  thi  actDay,  tha  ut,  the  hiilofjr  oard 
politic*  o[  Italy  and  Greece.  Ut  iridewd  the  boiiisa  of  hia 
conlempantits,  bringiiix  within  tlxii  ken  Kcoden  ud  beaulka 

and  cultivated,  he  "  touched  with  eawtian,"  the  mdellemd  and 
unimagmativc  many,  that  "  reading  puUic  "  vhkh  JMfiMii 
or  elu^  the  tefinemenu  and  aubtletiet  of  leu  popular  vritcn. 
To  the  Mudent  of  liieratutt  the  hrst  half  of  the  iQlh  ceMonr 
it  the  age  of  Byion.  He  bti  failed  to  retain  bii  influence  ovt> 
Entfith  readers.    The  knowledge,  the  cultuit  oi  which  be  waa 

gouices.    The  politics  ol  the  RevoJulien  ndther  inlccnied  uc 

iifTiiiiil  ilii  liliiitliii Fiilliiliiiiiilllii  nilililh  iliwa     It 

was  not  only  the  bElier  and  wbolcumet  pottiy  of  WordomMb 
and  of  TeunyaoB  lAkh  averted  *■''■■"'""■  ftom  Bynm,  sot 
only  moral  eamcMncu  aad  leligiou  revival  but  the  optimita 
andthematerialiomof  GOBunercialptoiptrity.    As  time  wait  on, 

hit  handiwork  at  a  pocL  It  waa  pointed  out  that  hbconitructkiti 
were  loose  and  imbiguoui,  that  hit  granuDar  was  faulty,  that 
hit  rhythm  waa  inhansouiout,  and  it  was  argaed  that  thtw 
defect!  and  blemisbca  were  outward  and  visible  ligns  d  ■  lack 
of  fineneai  in  the  man's  spiritual  tciturci  that  below  the  acnti- 
mcnt  and  behind  the  rhetoric  the  thoughts  and  ideaa  were  mean 
andcommanplao.  There  was  a  suspicion  of  artifice,  a  questiotk- 
Ing  of  the  passion  as  genuinCr  Poetry  came  to  be  regarded 
more  and  more  as  a  source  of  spiritual  comfort,  if  not  a  rdigiotv 
exerdte,  yet,  in  some  sort,  a  lubttitute  for  religiorL  There  uias 
little  or  nothing  in  Bymn's  poetry  which  lulhlled  tliit  want- 
He  had  no  message  for  leekera  after  trutli.  Matthew  Aiwdd, 
in  his  preface  to  Tke  PotUy  oj  Byron,  prophesied  thai  "  vbea 
the  year  t9oa  is  turned,  and  our  nation  comet  to  recount  the 
poetic  glories  in  the  century  which  has  then  just  ended,  her 
first  names  with  bet  will  be  those  of  Byton  and  Wordiwoith." 
That  prophecy  ttill  waits  fuiaimenl,  but  without  doubt  thne 
has  been  a  reconsideratiga  of  Byron's  place  in  literature,  and 
he  stands  higher  than  he  did,  say,  in  1S7J.  His  qnand  with 
orthodoxy  neither  alums  nor  provokes  the  mo>km  leader. 
Cynical  or  flippant  tumt  of  speech,  which  distreascd  and  out- 
raged hit  conlempoiaries,  ate  taken  at  they  were  meant,  lot 
nitty  or  humotout  by-play.  He  it  regarded  as  the  herald  and 
champion  of  rcmU.    He  is  praiied  for  his  "sincerity  and  strength," 


icily.    A  d 
I  Bplendair  of  hit 


:ism  recognizes  tl 
rhetOfic    The  "  purple  patches  "  nave  ttooa  tne  wear  ana  te« 

may  have  written  up  to  or  anticipated  the  guide-book,  bat  Ibe 
spectacle  of  the  hull-fight  at  Cadii  Is  "  for  ever  varm,"  the 
"  tound  of  revelry  "  on  the  eve  of  Waterioo  ttill  edtoc*  in  our 
eart,  and  Marathon  and  Venice,  Greece  and  Italy,  still  rise  up 
before  us,  "  at  from  the  stroke  of  an  cnchaater's  wand."  It 
was,  however,  in  mother  vein  that  Byron  achieved  .bis  final 
triumph.  In  Den  Jvan  he  set  himself  to  depict  life  as  a  whcde. 
The  style  is  often  misnamed  the  mock-beniic.  It  might  be  more 
acciintely  doctibed  as  humorDus-rcalitlic  His  "  plan  was  i« 
have  no  plan  "  in  the  tense  of  synopsis  or  argument,  but  in  the 
person  of  bis  hero  to  "  unpack  his  heart,'*  to  avenge  himaelf 
on  his  enemies,  persona]  or  political,  to  luggett  an  apoli^y  foe 
himtelf  and  to  disclose' a  criticitm  and  philoaaphyof  life.  As  a 
satirist  in  the  widest  sense  of  the  ward,  as  an  analysti  ol  bainan 
nature,  he  comes,  at  whatever  distance,  after  and  yet  next  to 
Shakespeaie.  It  is  b  test  of  the  greatness  of  Den  Juan  that  its 
reputation  has  sloivly  increased  end  that,  in  spite  of  itsauppoeed 


wni  be  read  fi 


recopiised  as  Byron'a  masterpicca.  Dtm 
its  own  take,  for  its  beauty,  its  hnmouTt 
a  "  hymn  to  the  earth,"  but  it  it  a  huQiaa 
mllaic  cbaunted." 


BYZANTINE  ART 


Interior  of  the  Holy  Wbdom  (S.  Sophia),  Constantinople. 

Sixth  century,  the  dome  was  rebuilt  in  the  tenth  century.    The  metal  balustrades,  pulpits,  and  the 

btge  discs  are  Turkish. 


Capitals  of  Columns. 
5.  Vitali,  Ravenna.  5.  Mark,  Venice,  S.  ApoIlin;(ri,''Ravei^,> 

Sixth  century.  Eleventh  century.  Sixth  century.   ^ 


BYZANTINE  ART 


Small  Medieval  Cathedral,  Mhet 


Fmm  a  Dimriiit  hy  Sidniy  BanuUy. 
Interior  of  Si  Luke's.  N'lar  Dtlphi.  '      ..  . 

ypioil  KKimi;  o(  inl'mal  liccoTjlioti.     The  lower  Mrls  of  Ihr  wilU  arr  covrrcd  wilh  lIUrblf.-uidtiM  (> 
uppt,  jiirfKa  .nd  vauH,  -jih  mouio  iBdpJunlingi.    EitytnthtentW^l  i\.^  jt.rHglL 


BYRON,  H.  J. 


b  bit  own  tUetune  Byron  itood  higher  on  tbc  contizieit  af 
Eunpc  than  ia  Englind  or  even  in  AmEiicx.  His  workt  u  lliey 
came  oul  wen  tnuubted  into  French,  into  GenuB,  into  Itali«ii, 
Into  Runiin.  and  the  stnaiD  of  uaailation  hit  never  ceued  to 
flow.  The  Bridt  af  Ahydm  hu  been  tmisliced  into  ten  Com 
into  nine  luijuagrs.  Of  Itanfrcd  thrre  i>  one  Bobemiui  Iruulk- 
tioo.  two  Duiih,  two  Dutch,  i«a  French,  nine  Gennun,  three 
Htingiriui.  three  lutkn,  tm  Poliah,  one  Romaic, one  Rumanian, 
four  Rnuian  and  thtee  Spanish  tnoslalions.  The  diclum  or 
vertllct  of  Go*the  that "  Ihe  English  may  think  of  Byirm  ai  tbsy 
pIoH,  bal  thJi  b  eertiin  that  they  )how  no  poet  who  ii  to  bo 
CODipaied  with  him  "wu  and  ii  the  keynote  of  continental 
European  critidatn.  A  lurvcj  oi  European  Lftcralure  b  a 
ttatimony  to  the  univenatity  of  fail  influence.  Victor  Hugo, 
Liiniitine,  Delavlgne,  AJfnd  de  Muaet,  in  France;  B«nic, 
MilUer  and  Heine  in  Cennany;  the  Italian  poeti  Leopardi  and 
CInni;  Pushkin  and  Lennontov among  the  Rusiiani;  Midiiewici 
and  Slowieki  among  the  Poles— more  or  leu,  as  eulogists  or 
imitaloia  or  diicipts—wen  of  the  following  o[  fiyrDD.  TIui 
fact  ia  beyond  dispute,  that  after  tlK  first  outburst  of  popularity 
he  has  touched  and  swayed  other  nations  rather  than  his  own. 
The  part  he  played  or  seemed  to  play  in  revolulionary  politics 
endeared  him  to  those  who  were  struggling  to  be  fiee.  He  stood 
for  freedom  of  thought  and  of  life.  He  made  himself  tbe  inouth- 
piece  of  an  impassioned  and  welcome  protest  against  the  hypo- 
crisy and  arrogance  of  his  order  and  his  race.    He  lived  on  the 


con 

linent  and  « 

>a>  known  to  many 

meninnu 

ny  cities.    It  has 

t  foidgnen  are  i 

isensibte  to  his  defects  as  a 

wn 

ler,  and  that  this  may  account  f 

nanasloni 

hingandperplei- 

ing 

The  (suse  is  rathi 

r  to  be  sou 

ght  in  tbe  quality 

of  hi.  art.    Itw 

3D  as  Ihe  creator  o 

"Fonns  more  real 

ths 

n  living  man 

"  that  Byron  appealed  to  the 

he  imaginat 

on  of  Latin,  Teuton  ot  Slav. 

That  "he taught 

ittle-'ofthe 

things  of  Ihe  tplril 

that  he  kn 

■Ic 

nesaof  the 

soul,  were  consider 

ationl  whi 

1  lay  outude  the 

(^u  •wiwn  UhtH-.  DiiUatig  ami  IVahhiil,  187(1,  Hi.  tij),  "  of 
InK  poetry,  that  as  a  secular  gospd  It  knows  howto  free  us  from 
the  earthly  burdens  which  press  upon  us,  by  inward  serem^Iy,  by 
oulwatd  charm."  Now  of  this  "  secular  gospel  "  the  redemption 
from  "  real  woes  "  by  Ihe  eiWbiiion  of  imaginary  (lory,  and 
imaginary  delights,  Byron  was  both  prophet  and  evangelist. 

Byron  ww  j  ft.  8  in,  in  height,  and  strongly  built;  only  with 
(fifficully  and  varying  success  did  he  prevent  himself  from 
growing  fat.  At  five-and-thirly  he  waseilrcmely  thin.  He  was 
"very  slightly  lame."  but  he  was  painfully  conscious  of  his 
deformity  and  walked  as  little  and  as  seldom  as  he  could.  He 
had  a  small  head  covered  and  fringed  with  dark  brown  or  auburn 
curls.  Hlsforeheadwashighindnarrow,  of  a  marble  whiteness. 
His  eyes  were  of  a  light  gtey  colour,  dear  and  luminous.  His  nose 
waa  straight  and  well-shaped,  but "  from  being  a  little  too  thick, 
It  looked  better  in  profile  than  in  front  face."  Moore  says  that 
H  was  In  "  the  month  and  chin  that  the  greil  beauty  as  well  as 
npresion  of  his  fine  countenance  lay."  The  upper  lip  was 
of  a  Ctedan  shortness  and  Ihe  comers  descending.  His  crnn- 
pteiioo  was  pale  and  colourlr«.  Scoit  speaks  of "  his  beautiful 
pale  face — like  a  sprit's  gocd  or  evil,"  Charles  Malthews  said 
that  "  he  was  the  only  man  to  whom  he  ojuld  apply  the  word 
beaatilul,"  Coleridge  said  that  "  if  you  hid  seen  him  you  could 
■carte  disbelieve  him  ...  his  eyes  the  open  portals  of  the  sun 
—things  of  light  and  for  light."  He  was  likened  to  "  the  god 
of  the  Vatican,"  the  ApoUo  Belvidere. 

The  best-known  portraits  are:  (0  Byron  at  the  age  of  seven 
by  Kay  ol  Edinbuigh ;  (>)  a  drawing  of  Lord  Byron  at  Cimbiidge 
by  Gilchiiat'  (tgoS);  (j)  a  portrait  in  oils  by  George  Sanden 
(iSo^l;  U)  a  minlatDre  by  Sanden  (itlii);  (j)  a  portrait  in 
ailt  by  Richard  Westall,  R.A.  (iSij);  (6)  a  portrait  hi  luls 
(Byron  m  Albanian  dress)  by  Tliomas  flilllipi.  R.A.  (1S13}; 
it)  1  portrait  in  oils  hy  Phillips  (iSij);  (&-q)  a  sketch  for  a 
miniature,  and  a  miniature  by  James  Holmes  (iRt;);  (io)  a 
tketcb  by  George  Heniy  Harlow  (tBiS);  (it)  a  portrait  m  oils 
by  Vinceniio  Camucdni  (in  the  Valicinl  c.  iS»;  (ii)apaitnil 


In  oils  hy  W.  H.  W«l  (igii);  (13)  a  sketch  by  Covnt  D-Onay 
(1S13),  Busts  were  taken  by  Bettd  Thorwaldscn  (iSi;)  and 
hy  LorenioBartoliai  (1811).  1^  statue  (iSig)  in  the  library  of 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  is  by  TluKwaldsen  after  the  bolt 


'"■"By. 


.,  ,,  ChuTton  CoUins  (1905);  '■•^  Bjrn.  xin  Liba.  «c..  by 
Hictafd^iixrmitin;  Byron,  i  vols,  in  the  BibtiottkaKlitMipitaUUi 
bod  'tdakllti.  tliited  by  S.  A.  Vcn^eHiva  ISt  PeUrsburi,  l«o6) :  > 
variGnim  irantblion;  Byxn  11  It  romanlismt  /»>ua>i,  by  ^mnnd 
En*ve  [1907).  (E.  H.  C) 

BTROK,  HBHRT  ;AVBS  (iS24-i>S|).  English  pbywtighl, 
son  of  tlenry  Byron,  at  one  lime  British  consul  at  Port-au- 
Prince,  was  bom  in  Manchester  in  January  ig]4.  He  cntrrrd 
the  Middle  Temple  as  a  student  in  iBsS,  with  the  intention  of 
devoting  his  time  to  play-wiiling.  He  soon  ceased  to  make 
joined  '    '  ' 


>e  he  nev. 


-ealsu 


though  he  co 

he  had  neither  originality  n 
asuduously,  and  few  men  have  produced  so  many  pieces  of  so 
diverse  a  tiature.  He  was  the  first  editor  of  the  weekly  comic 
paper.  Fun,  and  started  the  short-lived  Cimic  Triati.  His  first 
succesio  were  in  burtoqfle;  bat  in  1*65  he  joined  Miss  Marie 
Wilton  (aflerwatds  Lady  BancrofI)  in  the  management  of  the 
Prince  ol  Wales's  theatre,  near  Tottenham  Court  Road.  Here 
seveial  of  his  pieces,  comedio  and  eitravaganias  were  produced 
with  success:  but,  <ipoii  his  severing  the  partnership  two  yean 
later,  and  starting  management  on  his  own  account  bt  the 
provinces,  he  was  financially  unfortunate.  The  cammereial 
success  ol  his  life  was  secured  with  Our  Boyi,  which  was  played 
at  the  Vaudeville  from  January  1875  till  April  ra?^— »  then  un- 
precedented "  run."  Tlu  Ufptr  Crml,  another  ol  his  successes, 
gave  a  congenial  opportunity  to  Mr  J.  L.  Toole  for  one  ot  hto 


9o6 


BYRON,  BARON^BYZANTINE  ART 


iniiBlubl;r  b«ud  cluncter'dcicbiia.  During  the  laM  Im  yaa 
of  lui  life  Byron  wu  in  fraii  beilJi;  be  died  in  Qaphlm  on  tbi 
tttb  al  April  i£24.  H.  J,  Bycoa  was  tbc  uubor  of  aamt  of  Iba 
mot  popular  Mtgc  pi«a  of  his  day.  Ycl  bis  catr***^nm 
haw  no  wii  bul  tbat  of  violence:  his  ibyming  csupietB  uc 

puns.  His  sentiment  bad  T.  W.  RobertMa's  losipidily  wilbout 
ils  fre^iness,  and  lestored  ui  eleiaeni  of  vglgaHry  whid]  his 
pretkceisor  bad  laboured  lo  firxdimte  froin  theatrical  tradition. 
He  could  draw  a  "  Cockney  "  thataettr  with  lome  fidelity,  bul 
hii  dramali!  prrsimat  were  usually  mete  puppeli  for  the  utterance 
of  his  jests.  Byron  was  also  the  luthai  of  a  novel,  Paid  in  Fail 
(iSij),  which  appealed  oiigiiully  in  TcmpU  Bat.  In  his  social 
relations  he  had  many  friends,  among  whom  he  was  joslly 
popular  for  geojib'.y  and  impcrturbabl*  good  temper. 

BYROH.  JOHK  ByRDH,  tsi  Buon  (i.  1600-1651),  English 
cavalier,  was  the  liAtst  son  of  Sir  John  Byron  (d.  1635),  a 
member  o(  an  old  Lancashire  family  which  had  settled  at  New- 
stead,  near  Nottingham.  During  the  third  decade  of  the  i;th 
cenlury  Byron  was  member  of  parliament  for  the  town  and 
afterward!  for  the  county  of  Noltinghau;  ud  biving  been 
knighted  and  gained  some  military  experience  bewasaticntlniai- 
astlc  pailisin  of  Charles  I.  during  hL  straggle  with  the  pailia- 
ment.  In  December  1641  the  king  made  him  lieuteoant  of  the 
Tower  of  London,  but  in  couacquenoe  of  the  peniilent  demand 


oF  the  Hou 
War  Byron  joii: 


oved  from  thii  pi 


1  Chailes  a1 


Powick  B 

of  hone  at  EdgehiU  and  at  Roundway  Down,  where  he  was 
largely  responsible  for  the  royalisl  victory ;  and  at  the  first 
bailie  of  Newbury  Falkland  placed  himself  under  his  ordcn. 
Id  October  1643  he  was  created  Baton  B>-riin  of  Kocbdale,  and 
wai  soon  serving  the  king  in  Cheshire,  where  Ihe  soldiers  sent 
over  from  Ireland  augmented  his  forces.  His  defeat  at  Nintwicb, 
however,  hi  January  1644,  compelled  him  to  leliie  into  Chester, 
and  he  was  made  governor  of  ihit  city  by  Prince  Riqiert.  At 
Mmlon  Moor,  as  pieviou^y  at  Edgehill,  Byron's  rashness  gave 
a  great  advjntsgc  to  the  enemy;  then  after  fighting  in  Lanca- 
shire and  North  Wales  he  relumed  to  Chester,  which  he  held 

and  Ihe  general  hopelessness  of  the  reyal  cause.  Having  obtained 
lAvourabl^  tem^  he  surrendered  the  city  in  February  1646. 
Byron  took  some  slight  port  in  the  second  Gvil  War,  and  was 
one  of  the  seven  persons  excepted  by  parliament  from  all  pardon 
in  1648.     But  he  had  already  left  England,  and  he  lived  abroad 

August  id}!.  Although  twice  married  Byron  Ictl  no  children, 
and  his  title  descended  lo  hii  brother  Richard  (i6o3-i6;g),  who 
had  been  governor  of  NeKirk.  Byroa'l  five  other  bnithen 
served  Charles  I.  during  the  Civil  War,  and  one  authority  says 
that  the  seven  Bytons  were  all  present  at  Edgchill. 

BTBOH,    BOH.   JOHM    (1713-IJ86),    British   vice*dmiral, 
second  sou  of  the  4th  Lord  Byron, 


m  Ihe  St 


ilNovi 


Whiles 


Lantlybodbelocontend,  onhis  varioi 
e  galea  and  dangerous  slonna,  that  i 
sailors,  "  FouI-BCalher  Jack."  It  is  I 
'     in  his  EpiilUII  Aaiuila: 


A  itrnice  doom  it  thy  father's  son'*,  and  past 
RreaUina  as  it  Uei  beyond  redress. 


flint » 
Kl^fhi 
ad  no  <ut  at  s 
:  expeditions 


:  in  the  Soul 

ne  of  his  early  adventure 

.ent  utiliied  by  his  grandi 


It  to  Louisburg  in  i;6o, 
squadron  to  destroy  the 
Dolphin  "  be  went  for  a 

Lth  Anson,  which 


the  same  year  he  wai  despatched  with  a  fleet  to  vmtik  Ihg 
movementi  of  the  Count  d'EsIaing,  and  in  July  1779  fongltt  an 

returned  to  V.^flmnA^  retiring  into  privmlA  life,  and  died  oa  the 
10th  of  April  itM. 

BySTHOM,  JOHAH  HIKLU  <i78i-i848|.  Swedish  sculptor, 
wubomoa  the  iglh  of  December  1783  at  Philipstad.  At  the 
age  of  twenty  he  went  to  Stackhabs  and  Uadied  for  thne  years 
under  Seigcl.  In  tBog  he  gained  the  academy  pHie,  and  in  the 
loUowing  year  visited  Rome.  He  sen)  hoioe  •  beautiful  work, 
"  The  Reclining  Bacchante,"  in  half  life  aiie,  ahJeh  raited  hin 
at  ontc  to  tfie  first  rank  smong  Swedish  scuipfots.  On  hb 
return  to  Stockholm  in  iS]6  be  presented  tlie  crnwn  prince  with 
a  coloesal  statue  of  himself,  and  waa  entrusted  with  Mver«l 
important  works.  Although  be  was  appointed  professor  of 
sculpture  at  the  academy,  he  soon  retorned  to  Italy,  and  with 
the  exception  of  the  years  from  igjS  to  1844  continued  to  reada 
there.  Hediedat  Romcin  1S48.  Among  BystrCm'suunnoui 
productions  tbc  best  are  his  reprtWDtations  of  the  female  form, 
such  as  "Hebe,"  "Psndor*,"  "Juno  sucUmg  Heicula,"  and 
the"  Girienteriog  the  Bath."  HbcckwuJiUtiusof  IheSwtdiih 
kings  are  also  much  admired. 

BTTOWHITB,  a  rack-forming  mlnenl  behmging  to  the 
plagindase  ((■>.]  series  of  theleltpats.  The  name  was  oiigjaaUy 
given  (iSjs)  by  T,  Thomson,  10  ■  greenish-white  felspathic 
miners!  found  in  a  boulder  near  Byiown  (now  the  diy  ol  Ottawa) 
in  Ontario,  but  this  material  was  later  shown  on  raicrovcopica] 

by  C  Tschcrmak  to  those  plagiodase  fel^Hirs  which  lie  between 
labradorile  and  anorthite;  and  this  Las  been  generally  adopted 
by  peirologista.  In  chemical  composition  and  in  optical  vnd 
other  physical  cbarsclen  it  is  thus  much  nearer  to  the  anotthite 
end  of  the  series  than  to  albite.  Like  labradorite  and  amithitc, 
it  if  a  cummon  constituent  of  basic  igneous  rocks,  such  as  gabbro 
and  basalt.  Isolated  cryitsli  of  bytownlK  bounded  by  wdl- 
defined  laces  are  unknown,  (L.  J.  S.)" 

BYVATER.  IHaBAM  (1840-  1,  £nglith  classical  schobi, 
was  bom  in  London  on  the  i7thof  June  1840.  He  wu  educated 
at  University  and  King's  College  schools,  andat  Queen's  College, 
Oxford.  He  obtained  a  hist  class  in  Hodeiations  (i860)  and  in 
Ihe  final  fi*t*:^*i  schools  (1861),  and  bccam'i  fellow  of  Exeter 
(1M3),  reader  in  Greek  (iSSj),  regius  professor  of  Creek  [1S93- 
1908],  and  student  of  Christ  Church.  He  received  luoonry 
degrees  iromvoriousunivenilio,  and  was  elected  corrt^iondinfl 
member  of  the  Prussian  Academy  of  Science*.  He  i*  chieBy 
known  for  his  editions  of  Creek  philosophical  urotka:  Haaclili 
Ephisii  ScHquiw  (1877};  Friuiaai  Lydi  fuat  ataHl  (edited 
for  Ihe  Berlin  Academy  in  tlie  SmftitmaUiiM  AriiMclicam, 
18S6);  Aristotle,  Elkica  Nicimaclua  (1890],  Dt  Arlt  Pathta 
{tS^y.CoHlribalioHiltUu  Tea^  Crilid:  '"  " 
filWrt  [1S91). 

BTZAHTIHB  ABT.<     By  "Byzantm*  art"  ia  meuit  th 
of  CJinslantlnople  (sometimes  called  Byutaium  In  the  D 
iliquily),a        -  ■     - 


Ihefi 


lofar 


Ed  the  da 


er  the  til 


period.  It  reached  maturity 
under  Justinian  (S17-565),  declined  and  revived  with  the 
(orlunes  of  the  empire,  and  attained  a  second  culmination  trom 
the  loth  It)  the  I  ilh  centuries.  Continuing  in  existence  thiough- 
oui  the  later  middle  ages,  it  is  hatdly  yet  extinct  in  the  lands 
of  the  Greek  Church.  It  had  enormous  influence  over  the  art 
of  Europe  and  Ihe  East  during  the  early  middle  ages,  not  only 
through  the  dislribulioa  of  minor  works  from  Constantinople 
but  by  the  reputation  of  its  architecture  and  painting.  Sever*! 
buiUin^  in  Italy  are  truly  Byiantinc  It  is  difficult  lo  att  a 
time  for  the  origin  of  Ihe  style.  When  Conatantiae  founded  tkeir 
Rome  Ihe  art  waa  slill  cbsaical,  although  it  had  even  then 
gathered  up  many  of  the  elements  which  were  to  transform  Its 
aspect.  Just  two  hundred  yean  later  some  of  the  most  char- 
(Clerislic  works  of  this  style  ol  art  were  being  produced,  such 
'  ForByxaaliaeliUiaiuieteeCMtUt  UnaaiDai :  S>iaaiiw 


BYZANTINE  ART 


i  off  BynDtine  ut  {mm  bcinf 


w  tta  Aanha  al  St  Sargtai,  Ite  Hglgr  WMan  (St  Sophia), 
ud  the  Holy  Aposlla  *t  CeoitiatiDople,  ud  54b  Viule  u 
RavcBU.  Wc  nor  bat  ut  in  irhltncy  point  (oi  the  desiLna- 
lion  o[  Ibc  new  ilyk  Biidway  bct'mn  thcM  two  data,  with 
IIm  pnclkal  tepirBlioB  bI  the  catlin  and  veatcn  cmiriia. 

TIr  ityk  nay  be  uid  to  han  ttiaeti  trom  the  oiitnUliaiion 
at  RoaMD  ut,  and  iImU  larxily  conlribuled  to  the  foimatioD  of 
the  Saracmic  at  Mahommedan  ttyla.  As  ChaEay  weQ  uyi, 
"  TTh  halory  of  art  in  the  Roman  fpoch  presenli  two  cumnls, 
one  with  iti  loura  in  Rome,  the  other  in  Hellenic  A>ia.  When 
Some  fen  the  Orient  rrtunied  to  itKl{  and  to  the  lieedon  oF 
eiplaring  new  myi.  Tliere  mi  now  a  new  (am  of  wcicty.  the 
ChrlMlancivil[iation,ahd,tnart,iinoHtiiuiltypFofardiiteciuit, 
the  Byunline."  It  hai  hardly  been  lufficlcntly  cmpha&iud 
bow  cknely  the  art  wu  identified  with  die  outinrd  cipmion 
ol  the  ChrlMian  church;  in  fact,  tha  Chriititn  elcmcnl  in  late 
dauiral  art  ia  the  diiei  root  of  the  Dew  ityk,  and  k  was  the  tmral 

DMctial,  which  really 
mnely  a  late  lorm  ol  claeic. 

Hardly  any  diuinctian  can  be  Kl  up  in  the  material  contcMs 
of  the  art;  it  was  at  least  for  a  period  only  sirti|Ji6Hl  ipd 
BWecteoEd,  and  il  ii  this  fteshenlng  whi:h  prepared  the  way 
for  fnton  development.  It  must  be  confeiacd,  however,  thai 
certain  inBuenas  darkened  the  style  even  before  it  had  reached 
DiatiarJty:due[>inBiigth(Kwasafloomy  hierarchical  iplcndour, 
■nd  a  ritual  rigidity,  which  to-day  we  yet  refer  to.  quite  property, 
as  ByantiBBni.  Owsy  ta  t  distinction  in  Ihe  coutructive 
type*  of  RoBMi  knd  Gysaotliw  atdiiteciure,  in  that  tlic  fornicr 
CDTcicd  spam  by  concrettd  vaults  buQt  on  centres,  which 
•ppniiiiialcd  to  a  «>rt  of  "  moaoUthic  "  fwoation,  iriiercis 
in  tke  Bymtinc  atyb  tbe  vnlU  were  built  of  brick  and  drawn 
forward  in  ifitxo  wilboot  the  belp  o[  prepaialoly  support. 
finUinf  in  thil  wty,  it  became  of  the  (ratest  Importance  that 
tbe  nu\a  should  bcnamngnl  u  to  bitac  about  an  eiinilibrlum 
of  thrasU.  Tie  diMlactioo  holdi  u  between  Rome  b  tli<  4tti 
ctDtwy  and  Constantinople  in  th«  6tb,  bat  wc  uoiM  ■nSdeatly 
•OR  that  the  caocieted  constracUoB  did  not  d<pnd  on  mmly 
local  drcumstanca.  and  it  is  possible,  Im  other  etntta  of  Uk 
empire  when  stnng  cement  waa  not  so  nadily  obtainabk,  uxJ 
wood  was  scarce,  that  (he  Byaantiw  cnufnidiH  method  was 
already  known  in  dasiial  times,  Choiiy,  Callowing  Dieulaioy. 
woold  derive  the  Bycai  * 
bat  this  prapaittffm  lecmi  lo  depend  OD 
of  Ilie  moouBKnts  as  ^own  by  Penot  and  Chipiei  in  their 
Biiitry  if  AH  in  Ptrsia.  It  secma  ptnbaUe  (bat  tbe  eteciion 
of  htick  vanlthiR  was  indipnoiu  in  Egypt  ■>  >  buOdtnf  method. 
"  in  his  recent  elaborate  CBBdaatkn  of  tbe  ait- 
at  the  palace  of  Uaahita  (MicbatU),  a  remaTkable 
al  by  Canon  Triitnm  in  Moab.  of  which  the  moM 
importinl  parti  have  now  been  biou^t  to  the  new  Kaiser 
Friidiirh  Muanm  in  Bcdin,  sfaaWB  that  tbne  are  Persian  ideas 
in  its  decoration,  and  there  are  also 

„     iliiptical  form  in  the  structure.    He  leems 

dkpoaed  to  date  this  work  rather  in  Ihe  jih  than  in  the  6th 
century,  and  to  ite  in  it  an  intirmediate  step  between  tbe  Byian- 
tine  wink  of  tke  west  and  a  Meaopoumian  style,  whkh  he 
pottulatcH  as  probably  hiving  its  centre  at  Selcucii-Ciesipbon. 
From  the  eiamplei  brought  forward  by  the  learned  author 
himself,  it  h  tater  as  yet  <o  look  on  Ibe  work  as  in  the  main 
Byxuitrae,  witb  many  Egyptian  and  Syrian  elements,  and  an 
•dmiitora,  la  hat  been  said,  of  I>enian  ideas  in  the  araamenta- 
Uen.  Egypt  wat  certainly  an  isqwnaDt  centre  la  the  devehfi- 
ment  of  the  Bynnlfae  st^. 

Tbe  coOiH  of  tbe  ItamitJOB  to  Bynntine,  tbe  first  manie 
Christian  style,  cannot  be  aaUifactorily  tnced  white,  guided 
"  "to  Rgatd  Rome  as  ■ 

aloftbewodd.   Chris- 

n  lecTen  in  Roman 

re  may  lay.  in 

tt  tbe  year  450  for  the 
rf  ByBatine  art,  touotlit  •U  tbat  west  beion  as 


iatamdnd  with  Byiai 


(■ily  Christian,  we  get  oae  tbodsasd  yean  to  tbe  Meakm  con- 
quest ol  ConsunliaCFple  (14JJ).  Thii  millenniuoi  is  broken  into 
three  well-msrked  periods  by  the  gnat  koijodsslic  schiiB 
(l'6-W}  and  the  taking  of  Cooitantinopie  by  the  Crusadcn 
in  IID4.  Tlu  6rst  we  may  call  (he  claraical  epoch  of  Byianlioe 
an;  it  includes  the  mature  period  under  Justinian  (Ihe  cenlnl 
sso),  from  which  it  declined  ui 


ol  tt 


lo,  »y,  ts°-    T'e  9 


rrel  il 


o  yein  in  lU. 


ond  period,  lo  which  we  may  oi^Ign  tbe 
UDUis  sjo-iioo,  H,  ID  the  main,  one  of  orrentaliiinc  influences, 
opecially  in  srchiieciure.  although  in  MSS.  ind  painting 
there  wis,  at  one  timt,  a  distinct  and  lUcctssfuT  classical  reyival. 
The  iaterregnum  had  caused  alraoal  complete  iialalion  from  the 
Wat,  and  inspinllon  ntt  only  lo  be  loiuid  cither  by  catting 
back  on  ill  own  coune,  or  by  bcirowiDg  Itom  the  Eut.  Thh 
period  is  btsi  repmentRl  by  the  splendid  woiii  undertaken  hy 
BuU  Ihe  Iilacedooian  (Uj-SSe)  ind  his  immedtale  luccoiora, 
in  the  imperial  paUce,  Coost&ntingple.  The  thiid  period  B 
marked  by  tbe  return  of  watem  influence,  of  which  the  chief 
agency  rat  probably  tbe  alabliihment  ol  CislerdsD  nanaitcria. 
This  watem  inSuente.  although  it  may  be  liaced  here  and 
there,  wu  not  tuffident,  however,  to  chaDge  tbe  eitenliiitly 
oriental  character  of  the  art.  wbidi  trom  iat  10  latt  may  be 
described  as  Olicnlal-Chriitian. 

ArMtrttitrr. — The  architecture  of  our  period  la  treated  in 
some  deuil  in  the  article  Ascaicictvtt;  here  we  can  only 
glance  al  tome  broad  a^Kcts  of  its  development.  As  early  as 
the  building  of  Couunline's  churcha  in  t^kaUne  there  were 
two  chief  types  of  plan  in  use — the  basilican,  or  axial,  type. 
represented  by  the  basilica  at  ibe  Holy  Sepulchre,  and  the 
diTular,  or  central,  type,  represented  by  the  great  oclagonal 
dnuck  once  at  Antioch.  Ihoae  of  the  latter  type  we  must 
sUf^iDie  were  nearly  always  vaulted,  for  a  cenlnl  dome  would 
seem  to  famish  their  very  raum  i'lln.  Tbe  central  space  was 
sBmelimea  surrounded  by  a  very  thick  wall,  in  which  deep 
reCSMsa,  to  Ihe  interior,  were  formed,  is  at  the  nobk  diurch  of 
St  Geona,  Salonica  (sth  century?},  or  hy  a  vaulted  aisk,  as  at 
Sta  Cottann,  Rooe  (4thcenlDiy);oranneieswere  ihrown  out 
from  the  cenlnl  ^>ace  in  such  a  way  as  10  farm  a  crou,  in  which 
tbeac  additioiia  helped  lo  countetpoiie  the  centnl  vault,  as 
at  the  nauuletun  of  Galla  Plccidii,  Ravenna  (sih  cestuiy). 
The  moat  famoin  church  of  this  type  was  that  of  Ibe  Hob' 
Apastia,  Comtinlioople.  Viulis  appear  to  have  been  earbi 
applied  to  the  basiUcan  type  of  plan;  for  intiancc.  at  St  Irene, 
Constantinople  (6th  ccntary).  the  long  body  of  the  church  is 

itinopk,  and  San  Vitale.  Ravenna, 
churches  of  the  central  type,  Ibe  apace  under  tbe  dome  was 
enlarged  by  having  aptldal  additions  mtde  to  tbe  octsgoo. 
Finally,  at  St  Sophia  (6lh  cenlury)  a  combinalion  wis  made 
which  is  perhaps  Ibe  most  remaikable  piece  of  planning  ever 
contrived.  A  central  ^ace  of  too  ft.  square  is  increased  to 
ft.  in  Isigth  by  adding  two  hemicycles  to  it  to  Ihe  east 
and  the  west;  these  are  again  extended  by  pushing  out  three 
apses  eulwKid.  and  two  others,  one  on  either  side  of  a 
It  eitemion,  lo  Ihe  wni.  This  unbroken  aira,  about 
,  long,  the  Larger  part  of  which  i>  over  loo  fl.  wide,  ii 
y  covered  by  a  lystein  ol  domical  surEates.  Above  tbe 
conchs  ol  the  small  apia  rise  Ihe  two  greet  temi-doma  which 
cover  the  hemiiyclca.  and  between  these  burats  out  the  vast 
dome  over  the  cenlnl  square.  On  the  two  lida,  lo  Ihe  north 
and  soutb  of  the  done,  il  is  suppotled  by  vaulted  liski  in  two 
storeys  i^ch  bring  the  eilcTior  form  to'a  general  squire.  At 
Ihe  Holy  Apnllei  (6th  century)  five  doma  were  applied  to  a 
trudiorm  plan,  that  in  tbe  midst  being  the  bluest.  After  the 
'  there  were  no  ehnrches  built  which  in  any  way 
1  role  with  these  great  woifci  of  Justinian,  and  the 
or  less  tended  to  apptoiimale  to  one  type.  The 
covered  by  the  dome  «as  incllded  In  ■  coardcnUj 
"  Fhicb  tbe  four  divisioni,  to  the  east,  weat, 
n  the  vaulting  sod  roof 


9°8 


BYZANTINE  ART 


10  thai  Ibc  ipiddls  pitu  11 


<w  add  Ihm 


lothcoi 


under  ■  canopy  isling  an  pillul.  The  cntruce  porch  a  the 
wrfltti.  The  coitral  area  covered  hy  the  dome  ii  the  jofcs, 
the  place  loc  Ihe  choir  ol  singen.  Here  alio  itood  the  amit. 
AciDU  the  easlcm  side  of  the  central  tquue  wu  1  screen  which 
divided  oB  the  bma,  when  Ihe  altat  wu  ilcuited,  from  the 
body  ol  the  chutchi  thb  lenta,  bearing  images,  a  the  ics*- 
tilaili.  The  altar  wa>  piolected  by  a  canopy  or  dberium 
resiing  on  pilbn.  Rom  of  rising  seats  around  the  curve  ol 
the  apse  with  Ihe  palrlanJi's  throne  at  the  middle  euiem  point 
(oimed  the  lyjilkroKm.  The  two  imaller  compartnients  and 
apviatthEiiiilcaoftbcbenuwacucrijtia,  Ihe  duisnifini  and 
tmlkaU.  The  cnnlinuous  influence  Irom  the  Eail  is  strangely 
■Iionn  in  the  lashion  of  dcoiraling  eilemai  brick  Kalis  of 
chuichei  built  about  the  nth  century,  in  which  biicka  roughly 
carved  into  lorm  ue  set  up  so  as  to  make  band) of  omaraenUtlon 
which  it  is  quite  dear  ace  imitated  fnim  CuGc  writing.  This 
fashion  was  assodaied  with  Ihe  disposition  of  the  eaterior  brick 
and  stone  work  generally  into  many  varic  tia  of  pattern,  aig-zags, 
key-patterns,  Sc;  and,  as  similar  decoration  is  found  in  mioy 
Penian  buildings,  it  is  piobable  that  this  custom  also  was 
derived  from  the  East  The  domes  and  vaults  to  the  citerioi 
mre  covned  with  lead  or  with  tiling  of  the  Roman  variety. 
The  window  and  door  frames  wen  of  marble.  The  interior 
Burlices  •nn  adorned  all  over  by  mosaics  or  paintings  in  Ihe 
higher  parts  of  the  edifice,  and  below  with  incrustations  of  marble 
■labs,  which  were  frequently  of  very  beautiful  varieties,  and 
disposed  so  that,  although  in  one  surface,  the  colouring  formed  a 

the  two  luriaces  produced  by  tlie  division  formed  t  symmetrical 
pattern  resembling  somewhat  Ihe  marking  ol  skins  of  beasts, 

Uosaict  and  i'uinfiiifi.'-The  metliod  of  depicting  designs  by 
bringiDg  together  morsels  of  variously  coloured  mklcrials  is  of 
high  antiquity.  We  are  apt  to  think  of  ■  line  of  dislinclion 
between  classical  and  Christian  mosaics  in  that  the  former  were 
generally  of  marble  and  the  fatter  mostly  of  coloured  aiHf  gilt 
^asB.  But  glass  mosaics  were  already  in  ibc  fn  the  Augustan' 
age,  and  the  tise  of  gilt  tcaserae  goes  back  to  the  ist  or  2nd 
century.  The  first  application  of  glass  to  this  purpose  seems 
to  have  been  made  in  Egypt,  Ihe  great  glass-working  centre  of 
antiquity,  and  the  gilding  of  tesserae  may  with  probability  be 
traced  to  the  same  source,  whence,  it  is  generally  agreed,  rruMl 
of  the  gilt  glass  vessels,  of  which  so  many  have  been  found  in  the 
catacombs,  were  derived.  The  eariiesl  eidslln^  mosaics  of  a 
typically  Christian  character  ate  some  la  be  found  at  Santa 
Coilanza,  Rome  Uth  century).  Other  mooaics  on  the  vaults  of 
ihe  same  church  are  ot  marble  and  follow  a  classical  tradition. 
It  is  probable  thai  we  have  here  the  meeting-point  of  two  art- 
currents,  the  indigenous  and  the  eastern.  In  Rome,  the  great 
apse-mosaic  of  S.  Pudenziana  dates  from  about  i.D.  400.  The 
mausoleum  of  Gaila  Placidia,  Ravenna,  is  fncrusted  within  by 
mniaic  work  of  the  sth  century,  and  most  probably  Ihe  dome 
tnosaio  0!  Ihe  church'  of  St  George,  Salonica,  are  atso  of  this 
period.  Of  Ihe  £lh  century  are  many  of  the  magnificent  examples 
■till  remaining  al  Ravenna,  portions  of  the  original  indoslation 
of  St  Sophia,  Conslanlicople,  tkoM  si  the  builica  at  Farcnzo, 
OBtheGuUoflBtria.andofSlCttb(rise^Sin*L  An  iLterating 
mosaic  vbicb  la  prebsblr  dI  tU*  period,  and  has  only  recently 
betadcKilbed,  isaiihesai^fteni:bofKetl(nC]'pni*.  This, 
wUdt  may  be  the  only  BjauiDM  monk  in  the  Brilisb 
domlniona,  iUa  the  conch  of  a  tiny  apie,  but  is  none  ihe  less  of 
grcBt  dignity. ,  In  tLe  oentic  ft  a  fipn  ol  the  Virglo  with  tke 


Hdy  Child  in  her  arms  BtanEng  between  two  angeh  wbo  h)ld 
disks  marked  with  the  sign  X.  They  are  named  Michael  and 
Gabriel.  Another  mosaic  of  this  period  brought  from  Ravenna 
to  Germany  Iwo  generalionB  ago  has  been  recently  almost  re- 
discovered, and  set  up  in  the  new  Museum  of  Decorative  Art  in 
Berlin.  In  this,  a  somewhat  similar  eoinposiiian  fills  the  tsodi 
of  the  apse,  but  here  it  is  the  liisen  Christ  who  studs  between 
'  the  two  archangels.  Above,  in  a  broad  Vrtf,  a  fiien  ol  anaeb 
blowing  truoipeis  stand  on  the  oleatial  sea  <n  dlhei  hasd  of  the 
Enthroned  Majaiy. 

Such  n»>9aia  Sowed  out  widely  over  the  Christian  world 
from  its  art  centres,  as  far  east  as  Sani,  the  oiiBlal  ol  Yemen, 
as  far  north  as  Kiev  in  Russia,  and  Aachen  in  Germany,  and  aa 
far  west  as  Paris,  and  continued  in  time  for  a  thousand  yean 
without  break  in  the  tradition  save  by  the  iamodastic  dispute. 
The  finest  late  example  is  the  well-known  "  mosaitchurch  " 
(Ihe  Convent  ol  the  Saviour)  at  Conslantimqile.  a  woti  ol  the 


r^thc. 


The 

single  figuren  were  litnn  Un 

realed  with  an  axial  symmetry 

nlyo 

ccasiomilly  will  one,  like  th< 

three-quarter  fact    Tlie  fc 

nth 

general  map  of  the  face. 

atn 

sort 

of  mat  for  them.    Groups,  ai 

pip. 

a  masses  of  balanced  form. 

net  regard  lor  gtneraf  syoi 

ys. 

in  losing  something  of  life 

I,  and  for  the  m 


nilarly.  are  dooely  gathered 
.nd  such  masses  are  arranpd 
Detry.    "  The  art,"  as  Bayet 

the  better  fitted  for  the  decoration  of  great  edifices."  The 
lechnifal  means  were  just  as  much  simplified,  and  only  a  few 
frankcolours  were  made  sufficient,  by  skilful  juxtapositioo,  to  do 
all  that  was  required  of  Ibetti,  Tbe  fine  pure  blue,  ot  bright  gold, 
backgrounds  on  which  the  figures  were  qiaced,  aa  well  aa  the 
broken  suriace  inddental  to  the  procea,  created  an  atmoiiphfTf 
which  harmoniied  all  together.  At  St  Soidiia  there  were  Utenllj 
acres  of  sudi  mosaics,  and  Ihey  seem  to  have  been  applied  wilh 
similar  profusion  in  the  imperial  palace- 
Mosaic  was  only  a  more  magnificent  kind  ol  painting,  nnd 
painted  design  followed  exactly  the  same  laws;  the  di&ience 
ts  in  Ihe  splendour  of  eBecI  and  in  the  Btriiditr  and  depth  d 
colour.  Painrings,  from  the  first,  must  have  been  ti  more  gi^ 
and  pearly  hues.  A  large  side  di^wl  at  the  moBic  dnrdi  fet 
Constantinople  is  painted,  and  it  is  difficult  to  laj  whid  ia 
really  Ihe  more  beautiful,  the  deep  sploidour  of  the  one,  or  the 
tender  yet  gay  colour  of  the  other.  The  greatest  thing  in  Byaas- 
tine  art  was  Uus  [ucturing  of  the  interion  <i  entire  bnihiii«s 
with  a  scries  of  mceaics  or  paintings,  fifUng  the  mil  ^lace.  vsnlu 
and  domes  with  a  connected  story.  The  typical  dnnetcrof  the 
peisonagei  and  scenes,  the  eHminaiJaD  ol  Don-esseBtiab,  and  the 
continuity  ol  the  tradition,  brought  about  an  inttnsity  ot  ca- 
pretsian  such  as  may  nowhere  else  be  found.  It  is  part  ol  the 
limited  greatness  of  this  side  of  Byzantine  art  that  there  was  no 
Toom^m  it  for  Ihe  gaiety  and  humour  of  the  Later  medferal 
schools;  all  was  solemn,  epiol,  cosmic  When  such  stories  arc 
displayed  on  Ihe  golden  ground  ol  arches  and  donus.  aiwS  rented 
in  a  connected  cyde,  the  result  produces,  as  il  was  intcatted  Is 
produce,  a  sense  oE  the  universal  and  eternaL  Bolde  this  gnat 
power  ol  co-ordination  possessed  by  Byzantine  ailista,  Qkj 
created  imaginative  types  ol  Ihe  highest  pcrftctioiL  lliejr 
doibed  Christian  ideas  with  forms  so  worthy,  which  have  be- 
come so  difiused,  and  so  intimately  one  with  the  historr,  that 
we  ate  apt  to  take  them  for  granted,  and  not  to  see  in  thesn  the 
superb  results  of  Greek  intuition  and  power  of  ejrprcsaion.  Sttch 
a  type  is  Ihe  Panlonaior,— the  Creatot^Redeemcr,  tbe  Jodge 
inflexible  and  yet  compassionate, — vAo  is  depicted  at  the 
leniib  of  all  greater  d<Hncs;  such  the  Virgin  with  the  Bttf 
Child,  enihraoed  ot  staiuling  in  the  conchs  of  apses,  all  tDtdeniesa 
and  dignity,  or  with  arms  titendcd,  all  solidcudei  of  her  ima^ 
the  PsinftT'i  Ctadt  directs  that  it  is  to  be  painted  with  the 
"  complexion  the  cokiur  ol  wheat,  hair  and  eya  brown,  gtaiid 
eyebmws,  and  beautiful  eyes,  dad  in  bcoDtiltd  dotbing.  hamUe^ 
'i  inch  an  tbt  anfcii  wilh  tbdr  ni^tjr 


beantifnlai 


BYZANTINE  ART 


mifc,  but  liie  meUwd  ii  gsnDUB  in  Ibc  Urictal  khm  to  the 
muU  dcsmt,  tnd  ve  ihauid  uJc  oundvH  how  fu  Ii  [*  psBibIc 
to  fcpnKnt  iuch  « loioiis  and  moviitg  (Lnmii  except  by  doJing 
wiLliBionorLsiuochuiguble  typo.  IlcouldlKtioDUKrwiH. 
Thii  ut  wu  nru  a  milter  ol  tuu,  it  vu  a  (rawtli  af  thaugfat, 
cut  Into  AD  historical  mould.  A^'n,  tlu  utuli  had  an  cxtn- 
Brdinary  powu'  of  CAUttntnttLiii  *nd  ibatractinK  IhQ  gr»t 
things  of  a  itory  into  a  few  ilenienta  or  lymboJi.  Foi  eiataple, 
thft  lewn  dayi  of  cieation  are  aach  Agurcd  by  aome  titnpJc 
detail.  Hich  11  ■  ticc,  n  a  flii^l  of  birds,  or  lymbnliaUy,  ai 
■even  (pitlu;  the  flood  by  m  ark  on  the  vateia.     What  tbe 

(n&laace,  be  »eea  iu  rvprcHnt^lioDt  of  the  Agony  in  the  GanSen. 
Thii  aubjecl  ii  uiually  divided  into  thr«  leciiofu,  evch  GoQ^ 
■etulive  OIK  sboaing,  (rilh  the  same  gutetil  icene,  treattr 
darlcDcu,  an  advance  up  the  hill,  and  the  figure  of  Christ  more 
bowetL  Another  compoBitioo,  the  "  Sleep  (death)  of  the  Virgiti." 
Is  allavHtnos  and  peace,  but  no  boi  powerful.  A  remarltable 
invention  ii  the  eiomasia,  a  apleodid  empty  throne  prepared  for 
the  Second  Advent.  The  itocics  at  tbe  Old  Tatamait  are  put 
into  relation  with  the  Goapc]  by  way  of  type  and  anti-type. 
There  are  allegoriei:  the  aixhoiile  life  umlnsted  with  the 
mad  life  of  theicoHd,  the  ixleitial  ladder,  ttc,  and  fine  impertona- 
tioni,  aiich  as  night  and  dawn,  mercy  and  tnith,  dtica  and  livcrit 
are  fiequenlly  found,  e^iccialJy  ia  MS.  ptcturea. 

A  few  general  tehirme*  may  be  bdefiy  sumnuiiieil  St 
Sophia  has  the  Psntocralor  in  the  middle  ol  the  dome,  and  four 
cherubim  of  roUmal  aUe  at  the  four  corneEa^  on  the  woUa  below 
were  angels,  prophets,  saints  and  doctors.  On  the  drcie  of  the 
•pie  was  cnthrouii  the  Virgia.  To  the  right  and  left,  high  above 
the  altiT,  were  two  archangels  holding  batmen  inAciibed  "Holy, 
Holy,  Holy."  These  last  are  alio  found  at  Nicaea,  and  at  the 
mooulery  of  St  Luke,  The  church  of  the  Holy  AposUes  had 
the  Ascension  in  the  central  dome,  and  below,  the  Life  of  Christ. 
£t  Sophia,  Salonica,  also  has  the  Ascension,  a  compoiition  which 
is  repeated  on  the  ceulial  dome  of  St  Mark's,  Venice.  In  the 
eattem  dome  of  the  Venetian  church  is  ChiisI  surrounded  by 
pro[diets,  and,  in  the  wniem  dome,  the  Descent  of  the  Holy 
Spirit  upon  the  Apoitlci.  A  fenlecoit  simitar  to  the  lait 
occupies  the  dome  over  the  Bema  of  St  Luke's  mojiastcry  in 
Fhodsi  in  the  central  dome  of  this  church  la  the  Fantocntor, 
while  in  a  tone  below  stand,  the  Virgin  to  the  east,  St  John 
Baptist  to  the  west,  and  the  four  ud^ogets,  Ifichad,  Gabriel, 
Raphael  and  Uriel,  to  the  north  and  south.  A  belter  eiamptc 
of  grandeur  of  treatment  can  hardly  be  cited  than  the  palnlinp 
of  the  now  destroyed  dome  of  the  little  church  of  Mcgale  Panagia 
at  Athens,  a  dome  which  wai  only  about  12  fL  actoss.    At  the 

circles  containing  the  orders  of  the  angels,  sentphim,  cherubim, 
tbionc),  dominations,  virtues,  powera,  pcincipaliiiei,  archangels 
aWangcls.   Sclav thesecamcawidehluebcltselwilhslanand 

Slin  below  these  were  the  winds,  haa  4Ed  snow;  and  still  lower 
mountains  and  trees  and  the  liie  on  the  cirth,  with  all  of  which 
were  interwoven  passages  from  the  last  three  Psalms,  forming  a 
Benedicite.     After  St  Mark'],  Venice,  the  complelest  existing 

Daphne,  Athens,  are  the  most  beautiful.  A  complete  series  of 
paintings  exists  in  one  of  the  monastic  churches  on  Mount  Athos. 
The  PUilocTatDr  is  at  the  centre  of  the  dome,  then  comes  a  lone 
with  the  Vii^n,  St  John  B^Klst  and  the  orders  of  the  angets. 
Hien  the  prophets  between  the  windows  of  the  dome  and  the 
four  evangelists  in  the  pendentivea.  On  the  rest  of  the  veidts 
IS  the  life  of  Christ,  ending  st  the  Bema  with  the  Ascension; 
In  the  apse  b.  the  Virgin  above,  the  Divine  Liturgy  lower, 
and  the  four  doclim  of  the  church  below,  AH  the  wills  are 
ptinlcd  as  .well  u  the  vanlti.  .Ihe  qwiiaia  ovetflowtd  fmm 


Ronanday),  and  the  same  pt 

The  nmsint  of  an  ealertial  DMMc  of  the  titli  centmy  eajtioD  (he 
weal  fifWlB  of  the  basilica  at  Parenn.  ChriiC  is  then  MMed 
aoMnstt  tbe  mvcd  cutdknkkt,  and  adond  by  lalau.  Al  the 
taiilica  at  Beiht^cm  the  gal^  Md  vai  qiiwapriatdy  co 

*  ol  the  Nativity,  ai 
Pelar"*      "     ■ 

Fkvtikce,  Al  ConitaBtiiK^le,  timnh'ni  to  Chrigo,  tht  Spaaiah 
ambaaaadoc  who  visited  thu  city  abont  140a,  tbe  chvrA 
of  St  Mary  of  the  Fountain  had  its  exterior  licbly  workad  ia 
gold,  uure  and  other  colauni  and  it  seams  almost  ncciasaty 
(o  believe  that  the  bare  front  of  the  nirthci  of  St  Sophia  wu 
intended  to  bt  decorated  in  a  similar  manner.  In  Damascus  tfaa 
courtyard  ol  tht  Great  Mosque  seems  to  have  been  adorned  with 
mosaic*^  photocapht  taken  before  the  £je  fn  iil(ij  show  patehe* 
on  the  unual  gable  in  some  of  the  spandrels  of  the  side  cokHmadca 
Hutodthenlliaf theiiclaledoctsgciDsttieasuiy.  TbeiiM6ai(> 
hart  wen  of  Byxanllne  worlirnanihip,  and  their  tSecl,  used  in 
such  abuatkuxe,  must  have  been  of  great  splendou.  In  Jeru- 
saiem  the  mcstiue  rf  Omar  also  had  portions  of  the  exterioi 
covered  with  mosaics.  We  may  imagine  that  such  external 
decorations  of  (he  churches,  wlvre  a  few  solemn  figures  told 
atonst  as  shadows  on  the  golden  background  brightly  reflecting 

Painted  booka  were  hardly  different  in  their  style  from  tha 
painlmgs  on  the  walls.  Of  the  MSS.  the  Coiunian  Genesis, 
now  only  a  collection  of  charred  [ragments,  was  an  early  eiample. 
The  great  Haliaal  HiiUry  of  Dicscorides  of  Vienna  (c.  joo)  aitd 
the  Joshua  Roll  oi  ths  Vatican,  which  have  both  been  lately 
published  in  perfect  faoioule,  are  magnificent  works.  In  tha 
former  the  plants  are  drawn  with  an  sccuncy  of  observation 
which  was  to  disappear  for  1  thousand  yean.  The  latter  show* 
aseriesof drawingsdelicalelytintedinpinisandbEues.  Manyof 
the  compcailitKis  contain  dassical  survivals,  likf  personified  rivers. 

In  some  of  the  miniatures  of  the  later  sebool  of  the  art  the 
classioii  revival  of  tbe  loth  century  wu  especially  marked. 
Still  later  olheta  show  a  very  definite  Feisisn  iolluciKe  in  theif 
ornamentation,  where  inlricsle  aiahesqnea  almoal  of  the  aiyla 


tf  painting  ui 


erthene 


Mted 


irovidf  an  imagery  for  new  and  intense  thought,  sculpture. 


1  the.  other  hand,  peem 


ovcd   froi 


the  c 


10  ha' 


ck.     Already  In  the  pre-Coa- 

seulpture  had  become  strangely 

'1  of  modelling 


:poch  of  cli 
dry  and  powerless,  and  as  time  went  on  the  traditi 
appear  to  have  been  foigotten.  Two  points  of  recent  cnticism 
may  be  mentioned  here.  It  has  been  shown  that  the  porphyry 
images  of  warriors  at  the  south-west  angle  of  St  Mark's,  Venice, 
ore  of  Egyptian  origin  and  arc  of  late  dslaical  tradition.  ThB 
celebrated  broue  St  Peter  at  Reme  i>  now  assigned  to  (he  ijtb 
century.  Not  only  did  st;Ltue'making  become  nearly  a  lost  art, 
but  srchiteGtural  carvings  ceased  to  be  seen  as  maddltd  Jom, 
and  a  n^w  system  of  relief  came  into  use.  Ornament,  mtj^mA 
of  being  gUhered  up  into  forcible  projections  relieved  against 
retiring  plana,  and  miiead  of  having  its  surfaces  modulated 
aU  over  with  deUcale  gnditious  of  shade,  was  qitead  over  ■ 
given  ^jace  in  an  even  fretwork.  Such  a  higUy  devdoped 
member  as  the  c^tal,  for  ijulanGC,  was  ihougfai  of  first  as  a 
simple,  solid  form,  usually  moreor  less  tbe  shape  of  a  bowl,  and 
thf  carving  was  spread  out  over  the  general  surface,  llie  back- 
ground bong  simk  intn  sluiply  de£ited  spaces  of  shadow,  aU 
about  the  same  siie.  Often  tbe  background  was  so  deeply, 
cKavalcd  that  it  cessed  to  be  a  plasM  supporting  the  relieved 
parts,  but  passed  wholly  into  dartncsL  Strzygow^  has  gives 
to  this  process  the  name  of  the"  de^Hiail  "ground.  A  further 
step  was  to  relieve  the  uppet  fretwork  of  carving  from  the 
gtwad  altogetho  in  certain  place*  by  cutting  away  the 
sustaining  portion*. 


^dbvGoogle 


BYZANTINE  ART 


llw  ilnplicitr,  tbc  dsfiattfam  Mid  obp  ihUfiUH  at  torn* 
ef  tbe  rculti  an  tuiinly  deligbtful.  The  bhutscB  isd  «m{- 
neu  ol  dut  ol  Ibe  lita  modcltal  RoEUn  fotmi  dlK|:v<u 
in  Ibennr  axigr  of  Torkmuhip  vtddi  wu  enpigKlui  uplniDf 
■  fnafa  ficJd  d[  baaty.  IIuh  biigfatly  illumlmUd  littioi  ol 
amd  ainiDKnC  Mem  to  hold  vilhln  then  maiMt  of  cold 
ibadov.     Beauliful  aa  ma  tiot  metluid  of  STcfalteclunl  adom- 


inroch  orving* 


.     ,  .  It  it  »    , 

elcnKDCary  tlun  the  school  of  modolM  fcrm.  f 
wen  Diually  bnghUy  colouRd  and  gilt,  and  it 
(hat  (he  whole  wai  considered  rather  a*  >  mlo 
than  aa  Kulplaie  piDpcr. 

Ftaiter  Imk,  apiin,  an  ait  on  whkh  woodeiful  lUll  vai 
lavished  In  Rome,  became  under  ibc  Bytantlne*  eaticmely 
nide.  Many  good  erample*  of  thii  voik  eiist  at  Su  Vitale  BDd 
Sinl'  AjBlliiuiie  in  Clisae  at  Ravenna,  ilsa  at  Pamuo,  and  at 
St  Sophfa,  Constantinople.  Latrr  examplea  ol  plasiB  wotk  ol 
Byiantlne  tradllion  are  to  be  lound  at  Clvida]e,and  at  Sunt' 
Ambrogio,  Milan,  when  the  tympsna  of  (he  wen-known  baldachla 
are  of  this  material,  and  contain  modelled  figurei. 

Coins  and  medallkini  of  eiMn  tbe  beat  period  of  Byantiiie 
art  prove  what  a  deep  ahyia  lepantct  tbcm  frem  the  power 
over  modelled  relief  shown  in  clawnl  eumpla.  The  iculptuial 
art  Ii  belt  diqjayed  by  ivory  carvings,  alOnugh  this  la  more  to 
be  attifbuled  lo  their  pictorial  qoalily  than  to  ■  letllng  lot 
modelling, 

Uilal  WerJt,  Itoria  and  Ta:liia.—Oat  of  the  greatest  -rf 
Byiantlne  arts  is  the  goldunith'a  IhEs  absoibed  so  nmrh  fiOm 
Persian  and  Oriental  schools  as  lo  becgme  KnI-baibaric.    Under 


implea,  lil 


n  Claisicat  a 

Le  a  sIKer  dish  I 

refined  pestiainti  c 


li  of  full  OrienUl  atyle,  and  tbe  dcKiip- 
(ion  of  Ibe  splendid  fittings  of  St  Sophia  tend  like  an  eastern 
tale.  Goldsmith's  work  wu  executed  on  nicfa  a  sale  (6c 
the  great  chunh  aa  to  form  parts  ol  the  grdulectuie  ol  the 
isleilor.  The  altar  waa  vhoUy  ol  gold,  and  iti  dboriura  and 
the  InrniitBris  were  of  silver.  In  the  later  palace-diurch, 
built  by  Ba^l  the  Macedonian,  the  previoUB  metals  were  used 
to  sudi  an  extent  that  ft  Is  clear,  from  the  deacription,  that 
the  interior  was  intended  to  be,  as  far  as  possible,  like  a  great 
jewelled  shrine.  Cold  and  lilvcr,  we  are  told,  were  sptead  over 
all  the  chutth,  not  only  in  the  mosaic^  but  in  plating  aiui  other 
appllcationa.  Tbe  enclosure  of  the  bema,  with  its  columns  and 
entiblalnrei,  wis  of  silver  gilt,  and  set  with  gems  and  pearis. 

The  most  splepdid  existing  eninple  of  goldsmith's  work  on  a 
large  scale  is  the  Pela  il'Ora  ai  St  Mark's,  Venice;  an  assemblage 
of  many  panels  on  which  saints  and  angels  are  enimelled.    The 


'  of  a 


nellcd  di 


«  dooTS  the  gr 


lofgi 


with  si 


nBtSalemotE.ioSo), 
K  gfll-bronce  grovnd. 


there  it  also  tecord 

ConstantliKipIe.    The  Inlaid  doors  of  St  Paul  Outside  the 

at  Rome  were  executed  in  Constantinople  by  Slauiicios.  in 

and  have  Greek  InsCTiplioni.  Therearet 

but  the  bat  known  are  those  at  St  Mar 

the  Imagery  was  delineated  m  silver  o: 

The  eartlHt  works  of  this  tort  sre  still  to  oe  louna  i 

Bople.    The  panels  of  a  door  at  St  Sophia  bar  1h< 

olThecipliUusaDd  Michael  IS40).    Two  other  doors  I 

of  tbe  lame  rhurth,  having  simpler  omamentatl 

riNer,  are  probably  as  a riy  11  the  tineof  Juitiolar 

The  pfocesB  ol  enamelling  dates  fi 
Venlurf  ntppoia  that  It  was  Icvi 
dobofiDl  process,  duraeterlsiic  of  Byantine  enamels.  Is  thou^l 
by  Kondakov  to  be  derived  from  Persia,  and  to  its  study  he  bu 
drralcd  a  splendid  volume.  One  of  the  flnat  uampla  of  thh 
cloIaonDf  Is  tbe  reliquary  at  Lomburg  on  which  the  enthroned 
Christ  appears  between  St  Mary  and  St  John  tn  *«  tnidit  ol 
---  ■     '  ■[»  that  It  waa  executed 


te  classal  times  and 


A  idkiBuy  htdy  aMtd  to  tb*  J.  Rtipoat  UoffiB  etilaeann 
It  South  Knal^t«  fa  of  the  gnMcM  bcaoqr  ii  itfinl  to  th« 
caloar  and  claineii  of  Ibe  caaneL  71m  cover,  nUA  ft  <ndy 
about  4I  hy  ]  Ina.,  has  la  the  eentn  a  cndCilon  with  St  Ibiy 
and  St  Jfllin  to  tbe  rl^l  and  Ml,  wkik  arannd  ue  boMi  ol  iIm 
ipoatlei.  Chrbt  It  vetted  in  a  tiuile.  The  gmiuid  adc«r  It  the 
giTen  of  emerald,  tbe  reat  moatly  blue  and  white.  Tbe  dnftoDi 
an  of  gold.  Two  other  Byiaiit^e  cnameh  are  tn  tbe  pemaaoit 
colleclioa  at  the  Victoria  aikd  Albeit  Hotnin:  OM  ii  a  cioa 
with  the  cniciGxion  oo  a  background  of  the  nme  emerald 
enamel;  the  olbei  is  a  small  bead  of  St  Piul  of  lemarkaUy  ine 
workmanship. 

Ivory-woriiing  «s*  another  diatuteriitic  Byutlae  iit, 
although,  like  so  many  others  it  bad  Its  origin  in  antiquity. 
One  ol  the  earliest  ivories  of  tbe  BynnliM  type  It  the  diptych 
It  Mona,  showing  ■  pHncea  and  a  boy,  an[^»aed  to  be  Galla 
PUddia  and  Valcntlnian  m.  This  already  shows  the  bioid, 
flattened  tmtmcnt  which  seems  to  mail  the  ivoiy  woik  ol  the 
East.  The  ma}e>tic  aichangel  ol  the  Briliih  Museum,  one  ol 
the  largest  paneb  known,  is  probably  ol  the  5th  century,  and 
alraott  eettibly,  ai  SlroFgowski  has  shown,  of  Syrian  oriijii. 
Design  and  execution  are  equally  fine,  Tbe  drawing  ol  the  body, 
and  Ibe  modelliBg  ol  the  dtapery,  are  accomplished  and  classical. 
Only  the  full  front  pose,  the  balanced  dispositioii  of  the  laige 
wings,  and  tbe  intense  outlook  of  the  (tee,  give  it  tbe  Byunline 
type. 

Ivoiy,  like  gold -work  and  enamel,  was  pressed  into  the 
adomment  of  architectuial  woHis.  Tis  ambo  erected  by 
Justinian  at  St  Sopbia  wig  in  pait  covered  by  ivoiy  paneb 
set  into  the  marble.  The  best  existing  specimen  of  this  kind  of 
work  is  the  cxlebrited  ivory  throne  at  Ravenna.  This  mtiler- 
piece,  which  resembles  a  Urge,  high-backed  chair,  b  enthcly 
covered  with  tculpnied  Ivory,  delicate  cirvinp  of  tctiptDIll 
subjects  and  ornament.  It  b  «(  the  fith  century  and  heart  tbe 
monogram  ol  Bbbop  Mulmiui.  It  b  pmbibly  tf  ^yptian  or 
Syrian  origin. 

So  many  fragntentr  of  (voiiet  have  been  fUscovtRd  fn  recent 
explontions  in  Egypt  that  !t  fa  most  likely  that  Akiandria.  a 
fit  centre  for  lecelvlni  the  materiat,  waa  also  its  centre  of  drs- 
iribatloD.  The  weaving  of  patterned  silks  was  known  fai  Euiope 
in  the  daasical  age,  and  tbey  leacbed  great  develcfiment  In  the 
Bynntine  en.  A  feignenl,  long  ago  figured  by  Semper,  shoving 
a  classical  design  of  a  nercid  on  a  tea4iorse,  is  so  likfe  tbe  designs 
lonndon  many  Ivoiiesdlscovtrcdki  Egypt  that  we  may  pmbably 
assign  it  to  Atexandilt.  Sudi  labilct  fting  back  to  the  jtd 
ccntuty  have  been  found  in  Egypt  which  must  have  been  one 
of  the  chief  centres  Jot  tbe  piodnction  of  silk  at  for  linea  teitjlet. 
The  Victorb  and  AHMit  Museum  b  paiticulariy  rich  in  early 
silks.  One  fine  esample,  having  rose-coloured  stripes  and 
repeated  ^i^  of  Samson  and  the  Uon,  must  be  ef  the  great 
period  of  tbe   6lh   ceotniT.    71m  descripiim   of  St  S^ihia 

woven  Images  of  Christ,  St  Peter  and  St  Paul  standing  imdei 
tabernacles  upon  a  crimson  gnund,  their  ganneiitt  being  en- 
riched with  gold  embiuideiy.  later  the  patterns  became  more 
barbaric  and  of  great  scale,  lions  trampled  ocrcaa  the  stuff,  and 
in  large  circles  were  displayed  eigles.  griffins  and  the  like  in  a 
fine  heraldic  style.  From  llie  origin  of  the  raw  material  in  China 
and  India  and  the  eue  of  transport,  such  figured  stuffs  gBtheied  _ 
up  and  distributed  paltcnit  over  both  Europe  and  A^.  Tbc 
Peisian  inthience  b  marked.  There  is,  for  etample,  >  pattern 
of  a  curious  dragon  having  front  feet  and  a  peacock's  talL  It 
aniears  on  a  silvct  Persian  dish  in  Ibe  Hermitage  Museum,  it  a 
found  on  the  mixed  Byantlne  and  Persian  carving  of  the  palace 
of  Mishits,  ind  it  occuis  on  Kveral  silks  of  which  there  are 
two  varieties  at  the  Victoria  and  Albert  Museum,  both  of -which 
are  classed  as  Byantinc;  it  b  difficult  to  ssy  o!  many  ol  these 
psttems  whelhcr  Ihey  am  Saittniin  orlginils  or  Byaotlne 
adaptations  fioni  them. 

L«lc 


sfs 


!Ty  complete  bibliognphy  b  given  by  H. 
^giuciMlf(«H(Puia  1907).  Thecuircnt 
eoncerni  Byiuitina  hiKoiy  or  — ■  — - — 


i.Googli.' 


BY^iANTIUM 


9!< 


ftwUnfiftt  2<&Kb^  .  ■'-  VUMl,  tta  mfl.):  On, 
UnwdtotM.IqooKii.).  S«»bi.DoniR.P.C«bnil,Di 
d'wcUilM  dk  -  '  -      '"    ■        -     --•     -~- ■■- 

inlndiKUDD  ii 

tdilioa,  'WK 

toilBiC.  Dlch 
odKr  ixAti  L 

K  vu  MilEn 
AUdnMiit  S 


1? 


F«  Syria;  M.  ?'• 

'F^rii,  iS«fr-i(  ^ 

'-.■  V«*.  4  "f 

JUthSb^Vu  ..».«.,»»_»  .-,,,.»„»_., ., 01 

aniauamra  Ltmtarit  (Kimt,  i}aO;C  Emnl  ud  A.  Cayit,  £  ^i< 
tytiaaiit.  Ac  (F^  l»l>i).  (W-  K.  L] 

BTZUmra,  u  uKiail  Cnek  dly 
Boipana,  occupying  the  noM  «Merl7 
ubichimdcmCMtMuituwpleiUuU.  It  *M  nid  to  hiw  bem 
laundcd  by  Mefxiiuu  ud  Aijim  mdci  Bya*  ab«l  65;  Kf^ 
bat  tbe  origiiul  lettlemcst  h*vta|  been  dcMnyod  In  ttw  nigu 
o(  Darltu  HyUupo  by  tbe  "  '     ''  ' 

by  the  SputiD  Puuniu, 
tlta  the  bttlle  of  Flataea  C4I«  B.c>~s 
tcvcul  ucieDt  duomden  to  Mcribe  i 
1u  tiiuation,  taid  to  )i*ve  been  Gied  by  the  Selpfaioondc,  wu 
nmukablc  Eqi  beauty  and  itcahty.  It  had  oonplet*  ooDlral 
ovci  the  Eimae  gnin-ttadei  the  ahiaice  of  tidei  *nd  tbe  deptb 
of  iti  baiboui  ruidered  its  qiiayi  »cefMe  to  voeb  ol  luge 
vhile  the  tiumy  and  otbct  faberici  «ac  ■>  hcxtin 


GoMcnHoiB.    The  grealtst  bbdnace  ta  It*  pnNpeiHr  ma  the 
Bj  jjuUaneoiu  dunclcr  of  the  populatiottt  pattiy  r 
and  partly  AlheniaB,  vbo  flocked  to  it  mMlei  Phi 
thniiiubjectolduputebetwtailliaaer  ' 


cQ  l&to  tbe  buda  o£  tbe  Haco- 
doniato.    From  tbe  lame  caiue  aioe  tbe  *klent  inleatiae 
letu  which  aided  in  tbe  ceUblMuneBt  of  >  nide  and  tnibi 
dcoiociacy.    About  leven  yeaii  alter  It*  tccaid 
the  Albcniati  CimoD  wreited  it  from  the  ~ 

afta  a  aevcie  blockade  (40}  I.e.),  _ 
thnu gh  the  treachety  of  Iba  Alhcniaa  paity;  in  40$ 
retaken  by  Lyusdet  and  placed  under  a  Spaitan  nanno 
1 1  voa  under  the  LacedaeoxHuan  pover  vlien  llie  Ttai  Thonaai 
cjuupeiated  by  the  conduct  of  tEs  fomnor,  DDads  tbcsneli 
muten  a(  the  city,  and  muld  have  pHlacid  it  had  tbey  not 
been  dinuaded  by  the  elaquencc  ol  Xeoapbon.    In  390  t.e. 
Thnaybulua,  with  the  aniiunce  of  Heradeidei  and  Aichehiiu, 
expelled  the  Lacedaeznomao  oligaTchy,  and 

AI|ei  having  wiihiuiod  as  atlenyt  m 


3   tbe  I 


■,  Byai 


Rliodca,  Chios,  C<a,  and  Mauwiiu,  king  oI  Caria,  in 
o9  Ui£  yoke  of  Athena,  but  loon  afier  nught  Athenian  • 
when  Philip  of  UacedoE,  having  overnm  Tkace,  advanced 

from  Amynla*,  the  Macedonian  admiral,  but  in  the  fc^ 
year  gained  a  deciaive  victory  undei  Phodon  and  ooofi 
Philip  to  laiie  the  dcge.    The  deliveiance  of  the  besefed 
a  auipriie,  by  meani  ol  ■  ftuh  of  light  irhich  fevaaled  the  adnno- 
ing  masHi  of  the  Macedonian  anny.  baa  tendeted  thia  £1^ 
EDeiDonble.     Ai  a  tneraadd  si  Iha  iiiini:u]oui  inlcrfemce,  tbe 
Byiantluea  elected  an  alUutoToicfa-beatingUccate,  and  ataispcd 


otacent  m  their  adu,  ■  device  which  It  itlained  by  tbe  Turiia 
3  Ehii  day-  They  alio  granted  the  Atheniani  eitiaordinary 
privOcgea,  and  erected  a  monument  in  boaoiu  of  tbe  event  in  a 
public  pail  of  tbe  dly. 

During  the  refgn  of  Alennder  Byzanlium  waa  compelled  to 

ukbowkdge  the  Macedonian  fuprvmacy;  afrer  the  decay  of  tbej 

rdonian  power  it  regained  ita  independence,  but  luHemt 

the  repeated  iBcuraiodi  ol  Uir  ScyiWMj,    The  Vjuei  which 

.   auilaloed  by  land  rmiaed  Ihe  Byiantinet  to  Sndenmify 

thewidvtt  on  the  vesatla  which  itin  crowded  tbe  hatbout,  aad 

'rchantnun  which  cleared  the  tiTaits;  bul  this  had  the 

eflect  of  provoking  a  war  with  the  neighbouring  naval  powcra. 

The  eichequet  behig  drained  by  the  payment  o(  10,000  pieces 

of  gold  to  buy  ofl  the  OauU  wbo  had  invaded  theii'  teiriloriea 

B-C,  and  l>y  the  Imp«ilien  of  an  annual  (tihuie 

uldnutely  miied  to  So  tolenta,  they  were  onnpelled 

tdl  on  all  the  ihips  which  paased  the  Bosporui—ij 

hidi  the  Khodiani  leMnted  and  avenged  by  a  war, 

Kie  defeated.    Alter  the  relreal  ol  ih* 

M  coBtcsIa  with  FUlip  H.,  Anliochui  and  Milhndatea. 
During  the  Inl  ytata  ol  iti  alliance  with  Rone  it  held  tbe 
lUk  of  a  IRe  confedenle  dty;  but,  having  wugbt  arUtntkni 
1  Bome  of  ill  doueMic  dl^utei,  It  waa  subjected  to  tbe  im- 
perial jnrMiction,  and  gradually  itripped  ol  ita  privileges,  nntil 
'  ~    ''  '      ozdinary  Rranan  oolony.     InrccoUec- 

I,  the  onpetor  QaudiiB  remitted  the 
heavy  Irfbvte  wfakh  had  been  tmpowdon  ft ;  but  the  lail  tennint 
tl  tu  indcpeBdence  wai  taken  away  by  Vespasian,  who,  in 

with  having  "fOrgntlen  to  be  fm."  During  the 
e^iouaed  tbe  party  of  PevcennliB  Niger;  and  thoo^ 
■hUfully  defended  by  the  engineer  Periscus,  ft  wai  bevegcd  and 
"  ■  ■  [ajk  196)  by  Savems,  who  dejlroyed  ihe  dly,  demofifhed 
moos  wall,  t^ch  was  built  of  massive  stones  so  doaely 
riveted  together  aa  te  appear  one  block,  put  the  principal  In- 
kaUtanlt  10  the  rrord  and  subjected  the  remunder  to  the 
Fdinthlan*.  This  overthrow  of  Bynntlum  was  a  great  koa  to 
the  (mpfae,  since  it  might  have  served  as  a  prolectioci  sEahttt 
the  Oo^  *bo  aflermrds  tailed  past  <1  into  tbe  MediierraneaiL 
Sevtmt  afterwardi  relented,  and,  rebuilding  a  large  portion  of 
thelowD,gBveittlienanieof  Augusta  Antonina.  Reomamented 
the  dty  with  balht,  and  suiroundcd  Ifie  hippodrome  wiib^ 
pocticM;  bM  it  wntnei  tin  the  time  o[  CancaUa  that  it  was 
Testored  to  its  fonner  pditical  privileges.  It  had  scarcely  begun 
10  recover  Ita  fuaa  pcsition  wbn.  throu^  the  opiidou* 
rcacntnent  ol  GalUenus,  the  inhabitana  were  once  tnote  put  to 
tbe  twerd  aitd  the  town  waa  pillaged.  From  this  disaster  the 
hhshilants  leoovetBd  ao  (ai  as  lo  be  able  to  ^ve  an  eflectual 
check  to  an  famita  ol  tbe  Goths  in  Ihe  tdgn  of  Claudiui  II., 
and  the  fsTtlficattcos  were  grtaliy  strengthened  during  the  dvH 
•an  which  foUowed  the  tbfcation  ol  Diodetian,  Lidnini, 
■Iter  bit  defeat  before  Adrimople,  retired  16  Byiantiiun,  where 
he  was  besieged  by  Ccnutantine,  and  compelled  to  suiToider 
(tj),  33]-3i4).  To  check  the  inroads  of  the  barbarians  on  tbe' 
north  of  the  Bhick  Se«,  Dfodelian  had  nsolved  to  Irawfei  Ui 
capital  to  Kicomedia;  but  Constinilne,  itrudi  with  the  advan- 
tages which  tbe  situation  ol  Byantium  presented,  resolved  10 
build  a  new  dty  there  on  the  site  of  the  old  and  trtssfer  the 

Thenewapilalwasinaugutatedwlth 

_30.  (See  CoNSiuiTDnWLE,) 
hitloriant  bivariaUy  note  the  pnfiigacy  of  Ihe 
tababltanu  ol  Byiantlum.  They  are  described  as  an  idle, 
dtprawd  peofile,  spending  their  lime  for  the  most  part  Id 
loilettal  about  the  harbour,  or  carounng  over  the  fine  wine  of 
Maionea-  In  war  they  trembled  at  tbe  soimd  of  a  trumpet,  in 
peace  thc^quakedbriore  the  shouting  ol  their  own  demagogues; 
anddnring  tbe  assault  of  Philip  n.  they  could  only  be  prevailed 
on  to  man  tbe  walb  by  the  nvour  of  eilenpiite  ci>d.shop* 
distributed  along  the  ramparts.  "Ha  nwdem  Greeks  sttribute 
the  hilroduction  ol  Christianity  into  Byianihi 
it  cattain))' bad  tone  bald  there  in  tbe  tltBe  n( ! 


■^le 


C—OAB 


CTit.  tUrd  letter  (m  1^  Latin  tlphibK  »d  iti 
theGieekGamiiuitr,  7),iiludiiniUlum  iiboirmed 
fiom  the  Iliiid  lymbol  ol  tbe  Fhocnicuiii  tlphibet 
(Ueb.  Cmtl).  The  CLriint  Semitic  ncgrd*  give  lu  torn  u 
H  01  mon  frequently  >^  a  A-  TU  fonn  A  i>  la>ii>d  in  Ux 
urliol  intcripiioQi  ol  Crete,  Attica,  Nmioi  uid  »me  other  ot 
the  Ionic  Lilandi-  In  Aftolii  and  Euboca  eapcdelly  a  fonn  nilh 
legs  of  uneqiui  length  ia  lound  ^-  From  thii  It  ii  esiy  to  pe» 
to  the  most  widely  cpreid  Greek  fotm,  tbe  ordiniiy  T-  In 
Corintli,  l^wcver,  and  iti  colony  CoFcyra,  in  OzoUeui  LociiB 
and  Elii,  a  fans  <  ioclined  at  a  dlSerenl  angk  ii  found.  Fiom 
ihii  fotm  the  tniuitian  ii  limple  to  the  tounded  C.  vhich  ii 
generally  found  jn  the  uune  localiLiea  ai  the  pointed  fonn,  but 

vaua  of  the  6lh  century  B.C.,  in  Khodo  and  Uegan  with  thdi 
colonies  in  Sidly.  In  all  these  cu«  Ibe  tound  leptcaented 
vai  a  tmid  G  (as  in  fif).  The  tounded  fonn  was  probably  Ihst 
Ukm  over  by  the  Romans  and  with  the  value  of  0.  Tlbiiihown 
by  iho  permanent  abbreviation  of  the  proper  nama  Gaiui  and 
Gnaeui  by  C.  and  Cn.  lespecUvely.  On  the  early  inscriptioa 
diseoveltd  in  iLe  Romao  Foium  in  iggg  the  letter  occun  but 
once,  in  the  form  J  wcilten  from  dght  to  left.  The  broad  lover 
end  of  tbe  tymbcd  is  rather  an  acddental  pit  in  the  iioK  than 
an  dtempt  at  a  diacritic  maiL— the  word  ii  retd,  in  all  prob- 
ability the  early  dative  form  of  ref, "  Idng."  It  is  hard  to  decide 
why  Latin  adopted  the  (-eymbol  with  the  value  of  il,  a  letter 
which  it  poueued  origitully  but  dropped,  tscept  in  nidi  sieteo- 
typed  abhrevialions  as  K.  f «  the  proper  name  Knot  and  Kal. 
[or  C«k»iai.  There  are  at  leail  two  pouibiUties^  (i}  that  in 
Latiumfandlwerepronounccdalmost  identically,as,r.f.,in  the 
Germu  ol  WartUnibcrg  or  in  the  Celtic  dialects,  the  diSerence 
consiiling  only  in  the  greater  CDeify  with  which  the  t-Mund  ii 
produced;  (i)  that  tbe  ceof uson  is  graphic,  K  being  tomeiimea 
written  I  Ci  *bjoh  was  then  regarded  as  two  separate  symbols. 
Afurther  pecuUiiityof  theuieofCinLatinisiaUic  abbreviation 
lor  tbe  district  Siilmrii  in  Roma  and  iu  adieiltve  Stthuriima, 
which  appears  as  SVC,    Here  C  no  doubt  represents  G,  but  there 

ol  Italy  h  ia  found  repraenting  an  origirud  voiced  guttural  (fv), 
which,  however^  is  regularly  replaced  by  *  in  l^lfo.  As  the 
district  was  full  o(  liadcis,  Suiura  may  very  well  be  an  imported 
be  [oim  with  C  must  fitber  go  back  to  a  period  bcfcm 


Thit,  nW  tha  nimeral  ijrmbidi  hter  Identified  irith  t.  and  M, 
was  t}tui  tnOIted  ihice  It  wai  hot  required  as  a  letter,  Iheit  being 
ing  to  the  Creek  t.  Pc^iulu 
etymology  identified  the  symbol  with  the  bdilai  letter  of  cenlmis, 
'■  hundml,"  (P.  Gl) 

CAI  (shortened  about  iSi;  from  tlte  ¥t.  leMeU,  derived 
Dm  cabrioU^  implying  a  bounding  motion),  a  form  of  boried 
Jiide  for  passengers  ei  ther  with  two  ("  kartsom  ")  or  four  wheeb 
'  f  oor.wheel8r  "  or  "  giowtet "),  introdnced  into  London  as  the 
trialei  d>  plau,  from  Paris  in  1820  (see  Cuiiace).  Other 
vehicle)  idyiot  for  Un  and  driven  by  mechanical  means  ate 
induded  in  the  definition  ol  Ijie  word  "  cab  "  iu  the  London  Cab 
and  Stage  CaniagB  Act  r^ar.  The  term  "  cab  "  it  also  applied 
0  the  drivrr's  or  stoker's  shelter  on  a  [ocomotive.engine. 

Cabs,  or  hackney  caniagci,  as  they  art  called  in  English  acts 
if  pariiament,  an  itgulsted  In  the  United  Kingdom  by  ■  variety 
if  statutes.  In  London  the  principal  acts  are  the  Hatkney 
Carriage  Acts  of  iSat-iBsj,  the  Metropolitan  Public  Curiage* 
Act  iStq,  the  London  Cab  Act  tSo5  and  the  London  Cab  and 
Stage  Carriage  Act  190;.  In  other  large  British  (owes  cabs  are 
UBUslly  regulated  by  private  acts  which  incorporate  the  Town 
Police  dausB  Act  ii4t,  an  act  which  contains  provisions 
more  or  leai  similar  to  tbe  London  acts.  Theactof  iS6g  defined 
a  hackney  carriage  aa  any  cairinge  tot  the  conveyance  of 
passengers  whirh  pdfea  for  hire  within  the  metropolitan  police 
district  and  t>  not  a  stage  coach,  i.e.  a  conveyance  in  which 
passeneera  are  charged  separate  and  distinct  fares  for  their 
».  Every  eab  mnst  be  li»nsed  by  a  licenM  rnicwible  every 
r  by  the  hone  secretary,  the  licence  being  issued  by  the 
LmisBiljner  ol  police.  Every  cab  before  being  licensed  miJSt 
be  hispecled  at  the  police  station  of  the  district  by  the  impecior 
of  public  carriages,  and  certified  by  him  to  be  in  a  fit  condition 
'  w  public  use.  The  licence  costi  £1,  The  number  of  persons 
'hich  the  cab  is  licensed  to  cirry  must  be  painted  el  the  back 
0  tbe  outside.  It  must  carry  a  lighted  lamp  during  tbe  period 
etween  one  hour  after  sunwi  and  one  hour  before  suniise.  The 
Bb  must  be  under  the  charge  of  a  driver  having  a  licence 
Iriver  before  obtaining  a  Ufence, 


the 


)f(befon 


mother 


.'mbd  G  was  a  new  eobuge  in  the  3rd 
The  pronunciation  of  C  throughout  the  period  ol 
dassical  Latin  was  thai  of  an  unvoiced  guttural  atop  H).    Id 
other  dialects,  however,  it  had  been  pnlataliied 


belon 


IE  bclort 


le  Cbtistlao  era;  t 


,Inl] 


a  /^fin-Latin  faiial.    In  Latin  thtce  b  m>  evidi 

lor  the  inletchangeolcwitb  a  sibilant  eaiUn  than  the  6th  cen  I 
a.D.  in  uuih  Italy  and  tlie  7th  cistury  a.d.  in  Gaul  (Lindaay, 
LetiH  LoniHOit,  p.  9&),  This  change  has,  however,  taken  place 
in  all  Romance  languages  except  Sardinian-  In  Aogl»Sanm 
c  waa  adopted  10  reprcsciu  the  hard  stop.  After  the  Normaa 
conquest  many  English  words  were  re.aj 
influence.  Thus  Norman. French  spelt  its  palataliaed  f4onnd 
(— till)  with  cA  aa  in  tlur  and  the  English  palatoJiscd 
became  ckiid,  frc.  In  Provencal  from  the  10th  century,  and  in 
tbe  northem  dialects  of  France  from  the  Ijth  century,  this 
pajataliied  c  (in  dzfiereni  districts  li  aud-lub)  became  a  simple  t, 
^n^'i^^^  also  adopted  the  value  of  j  for  c  in  the  E3th  century 
before  (,  i  and  y.  In  some  foreign  words  Uke  cicdla  the  ch-  (fat) 
value  is  given  to  e.  In  the  ttanslitcnlion  of  foieign  languagea 
ako  it  receives  diflerent  values,  having  that  of  (jA  in  the  trans-. 
■iteration  of  Sanskrit  and  ol  u  in  various  Slavonic  dialects. 

Latin,  inwhich  the  symbol  was  otigiiuaiy  O ,  a  form  o(  the  Greeks. 


0  his  knowledge  of  the 


lion  as  to  his  afaitity  to  drive  and  ai 
topography  of  London. 

Oeneral  reguladona  with  regard  to  brt9  and  hiring  may  be 
made  from  time  to  time  by  the  home  sccretnry  tmdcr  tbe  London 
Cnb  and  Stage  Caniage  Act  1Q07.  The  hiring  is  by  distance  or 
by  time  n  the  hirer  may  decide  at  the  beginniDg  of  the  Uring; 
H  not  otberwtea  eiprcned  the  fare  ig  paid  according  to  distance. 
U  a  driver  b  hired  by  distance  he  is  not  compelled  to  drive  more 
than  rii  mllta,  and  If  hired  by  time  he  is  not  corapeUed  10  drive 
for  nBie  than  one  hour.  When  a  cab  is  hired  In  Lorutan  by 
disluioe,  and  dlscbaried  witlun  a  dtde  the  radius  of  which  ia 
(oar  miles  (the  centre  being  taken  at  Charing  Cross),  the  fare  ii 
oaeiUUingloranydistaacenot  exceeding  two  miles,  and  sixpence 
loreveryadditfotialmllcorpart  of  amDe.  Outside  the  cirde  tbe 
ton  for  each  mile,  or  part  of  a  mile,  is  one  shiilmg.  When  a  cab 
is  hired  by  time,  the  (are  (inside  or  outside  the  circle)  b  two 
'bilHtip  and  sixpence  lor  the  Gnt  hour,  and  eighlpence  for  evciy 
qoaitec  o(  an  hour  aflerwarda.  Extra  payment  has  to  be  made 
for  lugpign  (twcfience  per  piece  outside),  for  eiita  pissengcra 
(siipenca  esch  ht  more  than  two),  and  for  waiting  (eightpence 
each  completed  qsarter  of  an  hour).  If  a  horse  cab  Is  fitted  with 
a  taalmeler  (ttft  ii^)  the  fare  for  a  journey  wholly  vilMa  or 
partly  wJthoiil  and  partly  wltUn  the  four.nJle  radius,  and  not 

each  half  mile  or  six  minBtes  an  additional  (breepence  is  paid. 
If  the  Jooiney  b  wholly  viUhiI  the  four-mile  redfut  the  fare  for 
tbe  fint  m3e  it  one  shilling,  and  loreach  additional  quarter  of  1 
mDe  or  period  of  three  minut «,  thitepence  is  paid.    If  the  cab  b 


ivGoo^i 


Jourwy  w 


GABAIy— CAEANIS 


inlj  (or  every  iddllioi 
twopenoc  ii  paid.    A  driver  nqulnd  to  mlt  nay  demn 
mMnible  Hitn  u  t.  deposit  and  ilu  piyment  of  tke 
cbicb  he  bu  atready  earned.    Tbe  Landau  Cab  Act  iS«6  (by 
whtch  (or  Ihe  finl  lime  legal  »nction  waa  fWeo  to 
"  cab  ")  made  an  imponant  ditnge  in  ihc  bv  in  ihe  ii 
Clbdrivera.  Il  rendenliableUnpeoaltyonsummkiyo 
any  penoD  who  (j)  hires  a  tab  knowLof  oi  having  i 
believe  Ihai  be  tannol  pay  the  lawful  fart,  of  wkh  inteni 
paynwnt;  (1)  rraudnlcntly  endeavours  to  avoid  payi 
i»(in(ilop»yorieliisMiogivelii5»ddre»,otgiv«alilsi;addtM» 
•n'lh  inuni   lo  dKtivc.    The  onentes   imntiiiMd   (gcnrtilly 
kiKvmu'bllkini  ")Diay  be  puniihedbyimptixinnitnt  wtlhout 
the  option  of  a  fine,  and  Ihe  whole  or  any  part  of  Ibc  fiH  imposed 
may  be  applied  in  compensation  to  the  drivtr- 
Strictly  (peaking,  It  is  an  ofrcnce  lor  a  cab  to  ply  tot  hire  whc 


liingar 


aulhorii 


^t  Ibr  this  purpoK  are  not  deemed  to  be  "  plying  lor  hire." 
IMH  itaada  for  cabi  an  appeintcd  by  tbe  commisuaiier  ol 
police  or  the  home  secreUry.  "  Privileged  aba  "  ia  lUe  designa- 
tion given  ro  Ihoie  cabs  whidi  by  virtue  of  a  fonlrad  between  a 
railway  company  and  a  number  of  f7l>-c>wner9  are  akme  admitted 

tngiged,  on  condition  (i)  of  paying  a  ceruin  weekly  or  annual 
sum,  and  (3)  of  guaranteeing  to  bave  cnbi  in  atlcndanw  at  all 
houn.  Thii  system  «i*  abolished  by  the  act  of  1907,  but  the 
bMBe  secretary  was  empowered  to  luspend  or  modify  the  abolilion 
If  il  should  interfere  with  tbepitipeiaaammodadni  of  Ihe  public 

At  une  time  there  was  much  discusaion  Id  EngUwl  aa  to  tha 
dHinbility  oi  tegiliiing  on  tabs  Uk  use  ol  ■  meckuial  brc- 
ivcordcr  tucb  as,  undecthe  name  ol  taximeter  or  tuavetEr, 
is  in  general  use  on  ihc  continent  of  Europe,  It  is  no*  unive ml 
on  hackney  aniagei  pri^lled  by  mcdunkal  Dieina,  and  It  has 
also  eileiKled  largely  to  those  drawn  by  aBimol  power.  A 
(uimeteT  consjtt*  of  a  securely  cbaed  and  s(*led  metal  bo^ 
otnlaining  a  mechanisn  actuated  by  a  Beiibhi  shaft  conDcctad 
with  the  wheel  of  the  vehicle.  In  the  same  manner  as  the  apeeda- 
meler  on  a  motor  tar.  It  has,  within  plain  view  of  the  paaeoger, 
B  number  of  apertures  in  whicb  appear  dgtuta  sboHiog  the 
amount  payable  at  any  ttee.  A  imall  lever,  with  a  mtlal  Sag. 
beiriKg  the  words  "  lor  hire  "  standt  npri^t  upon  II  when  Ibe  cab 
b  diiangaged.  A>  toon  a>  ■  pasaenger  enten  Ito  <ab  Ike  lever 
it  depTBsed  by  the  driver  and  the  recording  otAnkmi  sMits. 
At  the  end  of  the  j«Br«y  the  figures  upon  the  diok  •haw  aulty 
the  sum  payi^le  lor  bit* ;  tfci*  sum  is  baaed  «■  a  saniMnatiDn 
of  lime  and  dlitanm. 

CABAL  (thraugh  the  Pr.  atali  Iron  the  Caibde  m  KtlMak, 
[he  theoiophkal  biietpnulion  of  the  Hebrew  tei^tUKi),  a 
private  organiulion  or  party  engaged  in  secret  intrigues,  and 
applied  also  to  the  intrigues  themselves.  The  word  ame  into 
common  usage  In  English  during  the  reign  of  Chailes  II.  to 
doKrlbe  tbe  committee  of  the  privy  coundl  known  is  the 
"  ColumiUM  Jor  Foreign  AHiirs,"  which  developed  Into  tbe 
cabinet.  The  invidkna  meanmg  atudied  to  tbe  tern  *aa 
sunotypad  1^  tbe  coinddeDce  that  the  initial  Icltcn  of  the 
■amta  of  the  fi««  miniitan,  ChSord.  AtUngtMi,  Bockinghatn. 
Ashley  aod  Laudenlole,  who  signed  tl>e  treaty  of  alliants  vilh 
Fiance  In  167],  ^lltd  abaL 

CAWUUHO,  PBHHill  (i;q6-iS7;),  the  pseudonym  adopted 
froBi  tbt  luiM  of  a  vlUoge  in  the  pmvlncc  of  Ciudod  Keal 
by  tbe  Spanbfa  aonlist  Cecilia  Francisca  JoKia  BOhl  de  Fibei  y 
Lone*.  BonatHdigabSwltaeitBadoa  the  14th  ol  December 
1746,  aha  was  dw  daughter  of  Johan  Nikiilaa  BBhl  von  Fober, 
a  llambwt  nerthant,  wbn  lived  longin  Spahi,  manfad  a  native 
of  Cadiz,  and  ll  creditably  known  to  aludntl  of  Spanish  lilera  tore 
M»  the  editor  of  tbe  Ploreila  di  n'aiu  aWitnu  UjMloiui  (iSii- 
1815).  and  Ihe  TciM  tipttiil  mnlmar  4  Lift  it  Yift  {1851). 
EdBcaledprindpallyal  Hamburg,  she  vlsHed  Spain  in  iSis.  and, 
nn&rtunately  for  herself,  in  1816  married  Antonio  PlaMlli  y 
Batdaxi,  an  infantry  capuin  of  bad  character.     In  the  kUawiiig 


married  Fiaadtco  Suit  del  Arm,  marquts  de  Ana  Hennoaa, 
on  ofiker  In  one  ol  tbe  Spaoish  household  regiments.  Upon 
the  death  of  Atcn  Hermoso  in  iBjj,  the  marquesa  found  herself 
in  stnitened  circumsianoet,  and  In  less  thin  two  yean  she 
married  Anunio  Arrin  de  Ayaia,  a  man  coniidenhly  her  }unkir. 
ArrSn  was  appointed  conuii  in  Anstrslia,  engaged  In  busioesa 
enterprises  and  made  money;  but  unforlunalf  speculattons 
drove  him  to  commil  saidde  in  iSjg.  Ten  yean  earlier  the  nams 
ol  Femjia  Caballen)  became  famous  in  Spain  as  tbe  anlbor  el 
La  CovuM,  Hie  writer  had  lircady  published  in  CeimaB  aa 
anonymous  nmance,  Sib  (1840),  and  curiously  enough  the 
originsldralI0f£eCanDliJ«i9.writIenin  French.  TfaisBovel, 
triiulaied  mlo  Spanish  by  Jolt  Joaquin  de  Uon,  appeared  aa 
the/flii«e(»o[£flf(nifiJ«(iS49),sndwa*i«cnved  with  marked 
favour.  Ocboa,  a  prominent  critk  of  Ihe  day,  tatiSed  the  popular 
judgment,  and  bopefnlly  proclaimed  the  wiiier  to  be  a  rival  of 
Scott.    No  other  ^luiish  book  of  the  iqth  century  has  obtained 

such  instant  and  univttul  lecucnition.    It  

most  European  tenguagea,  and,  though  ii 
deserve  the  intense  cWhusiMJn  which  it  eiaiea,  11  b  me  oesi 
ol  its  author's  works,  with  the  possible  e]lception  of  La  FamiHt 
it  Ahinda  (which  WIS  wrilleo,  £rtt  of  all,  in  German).  Lcat 
succcasful  attempts  are  Lady  V^ginia  vo^  Cle«tnaa\  but  tbe 
short  stories  entitled  Cmadna  it  Cathaaira  are  interesting  in 
C/»d  «  stra  and  £lia  e  la  EiftM  IniHia 


It 


would  be  difbcull  to  mninliin  Itel  Femin  Cahalieie  waa  a  | 
literary  aniit,  but  ilbnilauilhal  shevasabomtellerof  aloriea 
and  that  she  has  a  graceful  style  very  snitoble  to  her  puipoae. 
She  ame  bito  Spain  at  a  most  happy  moment,  before  the  new 
oidcc  had  perceptibly  disiu'ificd  the  old,  and  she  brou^t  lo 
bear  not  alone  a  fine  natural  gift  of  observation,  but  a  fresh- 
nesa  of  vision,  undulled  by  long  familiarity.  She  combined  (ba 
advantages  ol  being  both  a  foreigner  and  a  native.  In  later 
publications  the  Insisted  too  enphalically  upon  the  moral  lesson, 
and  lost  much  of  her  primitive  tiicpliclty  and  chana;  but  we 
may  bdine  her  staiemeni  that,  though  she  occasionally  Ideoliied 
dmimslances,  she  was  conscientious  In  choosing  for  her  theraet 
subjccti  wMdi  hid  occurred  in  her  own  eiperiencc.  Hence 
she  may  ba  regarded  aa  a  pioneer  in  the  realistic  field,  and  Ibis 
'  al  fact  adds  to  her  positive  importance.  For  many  yean 
s  the  most  popular  of  Spanish  writen,  and  the  tensatioB 
by  het  death  at  Seville  on  the  71h  ol  April  1877  proved 
that  her  naive  truthfulness  still  attnclcd  leoden  who  were 
records  of  national  customs  and  maimera. 
:0iHpUtaa  are  included  in  the  Catutt6n  it  tarilora 
useful  biogrmpiiy  by  Fenandir  de  Cabrid  Riaa  de 
Apodaei  pncadM  tht  VUimai  pniitaimci  it  Fani*  CahtOm 
(Snille,  iBit).  (J.F..K}. 

CABAMn,  AUZUIDIIB  {lasj-rBSq),  French  painter, 
im  at  Mompelller,  and  studied  in  Paris,  gi '  ' 
ome  in  1814;.  His  piclnres  aoon  attracted  attcntHB,  and  oy 
his  "Birth  of  Venus"  (iS6]),nawin  the  Luxembourg,  he  became 
famous,  being  elected  that  year  to  the  Institu^.  He  became 
the  moat  popular  portrait  paiMer  of  the  day,  and  his  pup^ 
iochKled  a  number  of  famous  ortisls. 
GABABH,  PIBU  JKAM  OUROB  (1757-1B0S),  French 
It  Comae  (Cnrrto)  on  Iho  jth  of  Juiw 
of  Jean  Baptiste  Cabanis  (i7i]-i7M), 
it.  Sent  at  the  age  of  ten  to  the  mltege 
Brivea,  ha  showed  great  aptitode  for  study,  but  his  inh- 
'  St  he  waaalmost  enstauly 
trachen,  and  was  final^ 
then  taken  to  Paris  by  hla 
carry  on  his  studies  at  his  own  disCRiioD  lor 
1  1773  to  rT7S  he  tnvelled  in  Poland  and 
Germany,  and  on  bis  relnm  to  Paris  he  devoted  biraielf  mainly 
About  this  time  be  ventured  to  aend  in  to  the 
tnnslition  ol  th 


.tii«  [be  whole  ol  the  Iliad.    But  al 


ig  the  £rix  de 


CABARRUS— CABBAGE 


cmplojrmcnls.  ind  retolviat  la  eng>cc  in  lamc  icEllod  prafeBian 
Kieclcd  Ibat  ot  mcdidne.  (a  178(1  hii  Obunalieni  iw  la 
Ufileta  prwurrd  bim  bd  ajipointineat  u  idmlaiilntcK  of 
hospilals  in  Pari),  ud  in  i;9S  he  became  ptaCcsinc  ol  hygjeoe 
at  the  medioil  kIiooI  of  Pui>,  a  peat  which  he  eichasgcd  for 
the  chair  of  legal  raediODe  ud  the  histoiy  of  medidtie  in  1^4- 
Ftom  iDCtination  and  iconi  weak  health  he  never  encaged'  mudi 
in  pidclki  a>  a  phyildan,  bil  inlensU  Ijioj  in  the  deeper 
problemi  ol  medical  and  phyiiological  adence.  During  the 
lut  two  ytan  o[  Micabeiu's  life  he  wai  intioutely  coooccted 
with  that  eitraoidinary  man,  and  mote  the  four  papers  on  public 
education  which  vcre  found  auKHifl  the  papcn  of  Mlrabeau  aC 
hia  death,  and  wen  edited  by  tiK  real  author  uon  alteiwarda 
ini7gi.  During  the  illneu  mhich  terminated  hia  life  Mlrabeau 
confided  himxU  enlictly  to  the  profeuional  iLiU  o[  Cabania. 
Of  the  progresa  of  the  malady,  and  the  circumstancea  attendlDg 
the  death  of  Mimbeau,  C^ianii  diew  up  a  detailed  narrative, 
intended  as  a  justi£a1jaa  ot  his  ticatmcncof  thecaie.  Cabaiiii 
spoused  with  enlhuiiavD  the  cauK  of  the  Revolution.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  Council  of  Five  Hundred  and  then  oi  the 
Conaervalive  tetuile,  and  the  diafdution  of  the  Directory  was 
the  result  of  a  notion  which  be  made  to  that  eSect.  But  his 
political  career  «*)  not  of  long  untinuatux.  A  foe  to  tyranny 
in  every  shape,  he  waa  decidedly  hostile  to  the  policy  of  Bona- 
parte, and  ODOtUntty  rejected  every  Kilidtation  to  accept  ■ 
place  under  hii  govenuneut  He  died  at  Menlaa  on  the  jth  of 
Uay  iSe8. 

iplele  edition  ot  Cabana's  worb  wa  btcun  III  l8>s,  tad  Eve 


ilumea  were  pubUtbed.     His  fHind 


1797  to  the  Institute,  and  b  a  sketch  ct  phy^oiiKiul  paycbolan. 
Psychofafy  It  with  Cabanis  directly  linked  on  to  b»l«y,  for  seasl- 
biltty,  the  iH^neatal  fut.>  IkchigheW  gnde  oiHUt  and  Ibe 

,.  __. iculty;  thought  la  the 

IS  the  siDRiach  and  loieattnea  Rcdve 
tooa  and  anot  it.  k  tnc  Drain  ncejvet  inpnwioiia,  ditesta  them. 
and  has  ta  III  organic  Kcntioa,  thought.  AlMnide  oTtUs  harsh 
nuierialiimCabanisheldanothcrprinriple.  HeEelontedinbioloiy 
to  the  viulinic  kIiooI  ol  C  E.  Suhl,  and  b  the  pouGumoot  work, 

beaiDB  clear.  Life  is  aarneUilii^  added  to  the  orgadiani  over  and 
above  the  univenally  diffused  ■cnaibilitr  then  is  soibb  hving  and 
productive  power  to  which  we  give  the  name  ol  Nature.  But  it  ii 
unpouilile  10  avoid  ■scribing  to  this  power  both  intcHigeiiee  and 
will.  In  m  this  living  power  constitutes  the  ego.  whidi  is  truly 
imnuilmal  and  inunortar  These  nndts  Cabank  did  dN  think  out 

MBARBDS.  FRANCOIS  (i7s>-iSio).  French  . idveaturet 
and  Spaniih  financier,  was  bom  at  Bayonne,  wbett  hit  father 
was  a  merchant.  Being  sent  into  Spain  on  business  he  fell  in 
love  with  a  Spanish  lady,  and  maiiylng  her,  settled  in  Hidild. 
Here  his  private  business  was  the  manufacture  of  soap;  but  he 
soon  began  to  interest  himself  in  the  public  questiona  which 
were  ventilated  even  at  the  court  ol  Spain.  Hie  enlightenment 
of  the  iSth  century  had  penetrated  as  far  as  Madrid;  the  king, 
Charles  UL.  was  favourable  to  reform;  attd  a  dide  of  oica 
animated  by  the  new  spirit  were  trying  to  Infuse  fresh  vigour 
into  an  enfeebled  state.  Among  tbcH  Cabama  became  con- 
spicuous, e^>ecially  in  finance.  He  originated  a  bank,  and  a 
compwiy  to  trade  with  the  Philippine  Islands;  and  as  one  of 
the  cound]  of  finance  he  had  planned  many  reforms  in  that 
depHrunent  of  the  administration,  when  Charles  111.  died 
[1788),  and  the  rejclionary  government  of  Charlea  IV.  arrested 
every  kind  of  enlighleDcd  progreaa.  The  men  who  had  taken  an 
active  part  in  refoim  were  auspected  and  prosecuted.  Cabarrus 
himself  was  acctisfd  ol  embeidement  and  thrown  Into  priaon. 
After  a  confinement  of  two  years  1m  waa  released,  created  a  count 
and  employed  In  many  honourable  missions;  he  would  even 
have  been  tent  to  Paris  as  Spanish  tmbaasad«,  had  not  the 
Directory  objected  to  him  as  being  of  Frendi  birth.  Cabarrus 
took  DO  part  in  the  transactions  by  which  Charles  IV.  was  obliged 
to  abdlcile  and  make  way  for  Joseph,  brother  of  Napohon, 
bat  hia  Fraoch  birth  and  intioale  fcaiiwledac  of  Spaaith  afaiia 


fain  la  the  eapenc  as  the  f  ticM  ptnon  tat  the 
difficult  post  o(  minister  ol  finance,  which  be  held  at  hia 
death.  His  beautiful  daughter  ThMse,  under  the  name  of 
Madame  TaUien  (aflennudi  princess  of  Chimay).  played  an 
interesting  part  in  the  Inter  stage*  of  (he  French  Revdution. 

CABABILAS,  HCOLADB  (d.  ijn),  Byuntiu  myttic  add 
theologica]  irriter.  He  was  OD  intiiute  leimt  with  the  emperor 
John  VI.  Ctntacuiene,  whom  be  aceoaiiiinkd  in  Ui  ntirenent 
to  a  monastery.  In  ijjs  be  niceeeded  Ids  usde  Nilut  Cabatilat, 
tike  himsdf  a  determined  opponeot  ol  the  union  d  the  Gredt 
and  Latin  churches,  as  archbishop  of  Thenalonic*.  In  the 
Hesyduist  conlroversy  he  took  the  aide  o(  the  monks  ol  Albot, 
but  refused  to  agra  to  the  thBOcy  of  the  uocKiled  li^t.  HI* 
chief  work  Is  his  H^il  r^  Ir  X#(«t#^h4i  {fi.  fr.  ttl  lite  tSreck 
l«t,  with  coiious  inirnduciion,  by  W.  Gtu,  1844;  new  ed. 
by  M.  Heinle,  iS««),  iu  which  fae  lay*  down  the  prindple  thai 
uoion  with  Cbtist  is  cflecled  by  the  three  great  mysteiiea  ol 
baplitm,  confinnatioD  and  Ibe  euchiritt.  He  alu  wrote  bomiBe* 
on  various  subjects,  and  a  ^eecfa  s^lnt  usurers,  printed  Bith 
other  works  in  Migue,  Patriii^  Grata,  c  L  A  large  nttmber 
of  his  woiki  la  nill  extant  in  HS. 

SeeC.  KmmbKher,  C»(*icU(  ^  tysHlufKAen  Litbnlv  f  iS«). 
and  article  in  Hemt-Hauck.  KiaUticyUtpSiU  Jir  fttuilauijiit 
riMctit  (190.). 

CABATAAN.  ■  town  of  the  prot^ace  ol  Oiilo,  Panay.  FMippine 
Islandi,  on  a  branch  of  the  Susgue  river,  is  m.  N.W,  of  IlUe, 
the  capital  Pop.  (igoj)  16,497.  In  1901,  after  the  ceniui  had 
been  taken,  the  neighbouing  town  of  Haasin.  with  a  population 
of  8401,  was  annexed  to  Cabaltian.  Its  cUmate  is  healtbfuL 
lb  (umnndini  country  i>  very  fertile  and  producet  large 
quanlitic*  tt  lice,  as  wdl  at  Indian  corn,  tobacco,  augar.  ooBec 
and  a  great  variety  of  [tuiti.  TbelaoguageiiVisayan.  CabtlAan 
was  fouiMled  in  1751. 

CUBUI.  lie  parent  fotm  of  the  vattely  of  cutioaiy  and 
fodder  vegetables  included  under  iMt  head  Is  generally  supinsed 
M  he  the  wiU  or  >ea  cabbage  (Srotiwa  tltraaa),  a  (dant  found 
near  tlw  >ea  ooaH  of  variooi  pan*  of  ^^t*"^  and  continental 
Europe,  allboo^  Alphome  dc  Casdolle  GODiJdeted  it  to  be  really 
defended  from  Uic  two  or  three  aUed  veciet  which  are  yet 
found  giowfag  wild  on  the  Medltenanean  coast.  In  any  case 
the  oiltivated  varietie*  have  departed  very  widely  from  the 
(HigiBal  type,  and  they  present  very  marked  and  striking  dis- 
aimilaritict  BSDong  themselves.  The  wild  cabbage  is  a  compan- 
tivdy  insignificant  plant,  growing  from  1  Eo  1  ft.  high,  is 
appearance  voy  similar  to  the  com  mustard  or  charlock  ISinatit 
anfiuii),  but  differing  Ikhh  It  in  having  smooth  leaves.  The 
wild  plant  has  fleshy,  shining,  waved  and  lobed  leaves  (Ibe 
uppeiinoat  being  Dndivdded  but  toothed),  Urge  yellow  flovcn, 
elongated  aeed.'pad.  and  seeds  with  conduplicatc  cotylctioia. 
Notwithstanding  the  fact  that  the  cultivated  foima  diSei  in 
likable  that  tht  Hower,  seed-pods  and 


icatioo  for  the 


seeds  of  the  varieties , 

John  Ijndley  proposed  the  foUowii 
various  lotms,  which  indudca  aB  yet  cultivated:  {■)  All  the 
leaf-buds  active  and  open,  as  In  wild  cabbage  and  kale  or  peens; 
(i)  All  the  kaf-boda  active,  but  forming  hewk,  aa  in  BrussA 
sprouts;  (j)  Tciminal  leaf-bud  atena  active,  forming  a  bead,  as 
in  common  cabbage,  savoys,  &c.;  (4)  Tenninal  Icaf^md  nkwe 
active  and  iqxn,  with  moat  of  the  flowers  ab«1tve  and  succolail. 
as  in  cauliflower  and  biocedl;  (j)  All  (h*  leaf-buds  adlve  and 
open,  with  moit  of  the  flowers  abortiv*  and  snccuknt,  as  in 
limiting  bioccoU.     The  last  variety  bears  the  same  rclatiaD  to 

Of  bU  these  forms  there  ai«  minuraua  gardeners'  varietieSL.  all 
of  which  repndtice  faithfully  enough  their  parent  loan  by  proper 
and  separate  cultivation. 

Under  Lindley's  first  dsss,  common  or  Scotch  kale  or  borecole 
(firoiiua  <W<r<ic(a  var.  acf^AoIa  or  var,  ylmMata)  iKluda wvtnl 
vnrictka  which  are  amongst  the  hardiest  of  our  (sculnnta.  and 
seldiai  fail  to  yield  a  good  supply  of  winter  gnens.  They 
require  wdl-enriched  soil,  and  sufficient  space  for  full  eapckaim 
'  to  abi  ood  Ihiy  tboald  alaa  be  sown  early,  lo  as  La  be  mH 


»»$ 


r.   ncBdactapciboald 

be  wn  kboat  tbg  int  w«ck  ef  Apdl,  «c,  is  tb«  neitb,  in  th(  lUid 
week  ol  Much,  uxlaRUXCMionkmoDtblata.  Tkc  Bwte  Ule 
a  (own  1b  Uajr,  mod  pliaMd  OM  In  SepUobcr,  ImI  >  MtwiDf  lo> 
hw  ■pcini  ue  miy  be  made  in  the  lul  «(^  of  AvgnU  and 
tmopluilcd  tnwudi  tbo  aid  of  Siplcmbct.  To  pnvent  o*ec- 
crowdins,  tbc  pluti  ibonld  be  tmiqduiled  u  looii  u  Ik^  ue 
of  niSdcnt  ilie,  but  il  tin  gimmd  ii  not  ntiy  to  Ncdve  tbna 
■  mSdent  munber  ihoaJd  be  prtdNd  oat  hi  Mine  open  ipot.  In 
(cneni  the  noie  vigomu  lorti  ibould  be  planted  In  lowa  j  It. 
and  the  uniller  ^rowen  3  it,  apart,  and  tH  ia.  from  plant  to 
plaoL  la  thcae  the  beads  ihould  be  Snt  tued,  only  bo  mucb  of 
the  heart  ai  Is  fresh  and  tender  being  cut  out  lor  boiling;  lidc 
ihooti  or  jprouls  are  alltrwinls  produced  fur  a  long  time  in 
■uci^etjian,  and  may  be  uKd  so  long  ai  (hey  are  tender  enough 
to  admit  of  bdng  gatlwred  by  mapping  their  stalJu  aiuoder. 

The  plant  lendaupa  stout  central  alem,  growing  upright  to  a 
height  d(  about  i  ft.,  with  close-set,  large  thick,  plain  leaves  of 
a  Ught  ltd  or  purplish  hue.  The  lowei  leaves  an  stripped  oR 
for  0*0  aa  the  plants  grow  up,  and  used  for  the  preparatuvi  of 
broth  or  "  Scotch  kail."  a  dish  at  one  lime  in  great  repute  In  the 
nortb-caitem  dbtiicti  of  Scotland.  A  very  remarkable  variety 
of  open-leived  cabbage  It  cultivated  in  the  Cbaond  Idands 
under  the  name  'of  tbc  Jersey  or  branching  cabbage.  It  grows 
to  a  beigbt  of  8  it.,  but  has  been  known  to  altain  double  that 
altitude.  Il  Ihrons  out  bianchn  from  the  central  stem,  which  is 
sufficiently  firm  and  woody  to  be  fafibioned  Into  walking-slicks; 
and  the  ttems  axe  even  used  by  the  Lslandera  as  raften  for 
bearing  the  tbalcb  on  thcii  cotlage-nwFs.  Several  vactetlcs  are 
cultivated  as  omaniental  plants  on  account  of  their  beautifully 
coloured,  friuled  and  laciniated  leavea- 

Brussels  ipiouU  (il^oirica  el<raita  var.  hif/ufd  itmmifaiii  an 
miniature  ubbage-headi,  about  an  inch  in  diameter,  which  form 
in  the  aaiU  ol  the  leaves.  There  appcan  to  be  no  infoimatioD 
as  to  the  plant's  origin,  but,  according  to  Van  Mors  (1765-1841), 
physician  and  chemist,  it  a  mentioned  in  the  year  1113,  In  tbc 
regulations  loi  balding  the  markets  of  Belgium,  under  the  name 
of  ipruyliH  (sprouts).  It  is  very  hardy  and  productive,  and  is 
much  eslccmfll  lor  the  table  on  account  ol  iu  flavour  and  its 
tightly  appearance.  The  seed  should  be  sown  about  the  middle 
of  March,  and  again  in  the  hrst  or  second  week  in. April  for 
succession.  Any  good  garden  soil  Is  suitable.  For  an  early  crop 
It  may  be  aown  in  a  warm  pit  in  February,  pricked  out  and 
hardened  In  fames,  and  planted  out  In  a  warm  situation  In 
April.  The  main  crop  may  be  planted  in  nwt  3  ft  asunder,  the 
pUnts  iS  in.  apart.  They  should  be  got  out  early,  so 
»-en  estahlisbed  and  come  in  to  use  belote  »■ 
be  cut  and  used  alter  the  best  of  the  little 
the  stem  have  been  gatbercd;  but.  il  cut 
these  rosettes,  which  are  the  most  delicate  portion  ol  the  prodi 
to  injury,  if  the  weather  be  severe.  Tlie  earliest  sprouts  become 
fit  for  use  in  November,  and  they  continue  good,  or  even  improve 
in  quality,  till  the  month  ol  March  following;  ^  successive 
•owingi  the  tprout)  an  obtained  lor  the  greater  part  of  the 
year. 

The  third  class  is  chiefly  rcptesenlcd  by  the  common  or  drum, 
bead  cabbage,  Bruska  eUraca  var.  capi 
which  an  diitinguished  by  difference  in  1 

(he  name  of  .^siierJlraHl  by  placing  in  a  tub  alternate  layen  of 

few  days  it  complete,  when  the  vase!  is  Lightly  covcnd  over  and 
the  product  kept  (or  use  with  anknai  food. 

Thm  savoy  i>  a  hardy  green  variety,  characle rind  by  its  very 
wrinkled  leaves.  The  Portugal  cabbage,  or  Cmm  Tramkuda, 
is  a  variety,  the  lops  of  which  form  an  excellent  cabbage,  while 
the  midribs  of  the  targe  leaves  are  cooked  like  sea-kale. 

Cabbages  contain  a  very  small  percentage  ol  nitrogenoua 
comjMuadsas  compared  Hitb  tnoit  other  articles  oT  food.  Their 
percentage  composition,  when  cooked,  is — walei,  gj-^;  fat,  o-i; 
carbohydrate.  Of,  mineral  matter,  o-i;  cellulose,  lii  nltro- 
gcDOin  matter  (only  about  hall  being  protetd),  vfi.  ,  Tbdifood. 


.    The  head  may 
ctles  which  feather 


n  and  coloui 


ntbnlkp 


■cHlci, 


Tba  cabbafle  nqnlKi  a  weO-muiured  and  vell-wrau^  loany 
HJL  It  ihoold  have  abondaDI  water  in  uunmer,  liquid  manun 
bdng  V*di4r 'xB'Bi'*'-  ItMti>dLo(idan,wberelt  iagrown  in 
pofcctko,  the  gnand  for  It  is  dug  to  the  depth  of  two  ipades  or 
^dta,  (ha  lower  poRfoa  briag  hnught  ap  to  the  action  of  the 
Mather,  and  leDdeitd  amilable  as  food  for  the  plants;  while 
(he  topaoil,  oantainiag  the  egp  and  larvae  of  many  insects, 
bdn«  deeply  buried,  die  plants  an  lev  liable  to  he  attacked  by 
,  the  club  diieaae.  Fafm.yardBianunis  that  mostsuitabk  for  the 
cabbage,  but  artificial  maBUiea  tuch  ai  guano,  superphosphate  ol 
lime  or  gypaum,  loptiler  with  limc-iubbbta,  woodasbes  and 
mail,  may,  il  icqulrKl,  be  applied  with  advantage. 

The  first  sowing  ol  cabbage  ahould  be  made  about  the 
begmnmg  of  March;  ihs  will  be  ready  lor  tne  in  July  and 
August,  following  the  aiitanui.*awn  crops-  Another  sowing 
should  be  made  in  the  laal  week  of  March  or  Gnt  week  of  April, 
and  wili  aBord  a  supply  Croca  August  till  November;  and  a 
further  crop  may  he  niade  in  May  to  cupply  young-bearted 
cabbages  In  the  early  part  ol  wuiter.  The  autunm  towing,  which 
Is  the  most  iriqxMant,  and  aSords  tbe  supply  for  spring  and 
early  ummer  use,  ibould  be  made  about  the  last  week  in  August, 
m  warm  localities  ui  tbe  south,  and  about  a  fortnight  earlier  in 
the  north;  or,  to  meet  fluctuations  at  climate,  it  is  aa  well  in 
both  caiea  to  anticipate  this  sowing  by  another  two  or  three 
weeks  earlier,  planting  out  a  portion  from  each,  bat  the  larger 
number  Itdd  that  sowing  which  pmmises  best  to  staibd  ■ithout 


Thaca 


mlatcii 


Id  in  July.  I 


and  in  the  be^nning  ol 
.  coUards),  fnm  a  kindred 
lowinp  are  made,  in  the 
cdlingt  an  planted  a  foot 
ing  S  or  10  in-  apart.  '  The  sorts 


employed  an  the  Rosette  and  the  Hardy  Gret 

About  London  the  large  sorts,  as  Enfield  Market,  are  planted 
lot  spring  cabbages  1  ft.  apart  each  way;  but  a  plant  fnm  an 
eariiet  lowiDg  Is  dibbled  in  betweai  e*ery  two  in  the  rows, 
and  an  Intermediate  row  a  foot  apart  is  put  in  between  the 
peimaneat  rows,  these  extra  plaati  bong  drawn  as  cohworti 
b  the  coune  ol  the  winter.  Tbe  smaller  lorts  ol  obbage  may 
be  planted  II  in.  iistt,  with  II  or  ij  in.  between  tbeiows.  11m 
bige  torti  should  be  planted  i  ft.  apart,  with  1)  (t.  between  the 
rows.  Hie  only  culture  teqabed  is  10  ttir  the  snrlaee  with  Hie 
boetodeBtroytheweeds,aadtodrawuptheiOd  nnoid  tbe  ateoii. 

The  red  cabbage,  Snurico  titnaa  var.  cafUala  ntn.ol  whidi 
tbe  Red  Dutch  b  the  maal  ooainanly  giown,  is  nadi  oscd  for 
piekhng.  It  it  Kwn  about  the  and  ol  July,  and  again  a  Uanh 
or  ApriL  The  Dwarf  Rad  and  UtiMdit  Red  an  mailer  sorti. 
Tbe  cul  tun  is  in  every  ratvect  the  Mine  aa  in  the  other  nrta,  bat 
tbc  plants  have  to  stand  mtO  (bey  lorm  bard  eloai  bearta. 

CanllSowa,  whkh  Isthc  cUefi^itaaDtativa  of  class  4,  couitts 
ol  the  iafloitaoeace  ol  the  plant  modlSed  a>  at  to  torn  a  cob- 
pacl  mccnlent  white  man  «r  head.  The  eauliBoiRt  ( jraaiico 
■fvaiB  var.  Mrjtit  canHJUn)  li  said  by  oor  oM  authon  to  have 
been  Introduced  Iian  Cypnu.  where,  at  well  aa  on  tbe  Uadiler- 
raaean  cnaata,  it  ^ipeaia  to  have  been  cultivated  lot  ages.  It  is 
one  ol  the  meat  delicately  aavoured  ol  vegetablei.  the  dense 
cluster  formed  by  in  incident  succulent  flowei-liuds  being  the 
adible  portton. 

The  towing  for  tbe  fint  or  qiring  crc^,  to  be  in  use  in  May  and 
June,  should  be  nude  from  the  15th  to  the  ijth  of  August  for 
Enitfand.  and  from  the  itt  to  the  ijth  of  August  for  Scotland. 
In  the  neighbouriwod  of  London  the  growers  adhere  at  neariy 
at  potslbk  (0  the  >ist  day.  A  sowing  to  produce  heads  In  July 
and  Aogtal  takes  place  in  February  on  a  slight  hotbed.  A  lata 
qiring  sowing  to  produce  caullBowns  In  September  or  October 
or  Uter,  should  h«  made  eariy  In  April  and  another  about  the 
Mih  of  May. 

Tbe  cauliflower  racceeds  best  In  a  tkh  loCI  and  tbdtertd 
porftlon;  but,  to  protect  (he  young  pltnta  In  winter,  they  arc 
soaietlBB  pricked  ouC  in  a  warm  Wtuation  at  the  foot  «l  •  soWfc 


9i6 


nD,  ind  In  term  Dcatbcr  covtnd  -with  hoopi  lod  aati.  A 
bflier  method  is  to  plant  them  thickly  iindtr  >  gurfdi  fiame, 
s«curip£  them  fcaio  cold  by  coverings  ud  ^vint  air  in  niild 
WMlher.  For  a  very  eirly  supply,  1  !«■  icora  of  pl»oU  may  be 
poitrd  and  ktpl  upder  glass  during  *nni(r  ud  pbnted  out  in 
(pring,  defendM  with  a  hand-ghsB.  SometimeJ  patches  of  UlJt* 
or  four  plaals  on  a  south  border  >R  (hdtercd  by  buil-glUKI 
througbout  the  irinlcr.  It  is  advutageoui  lo  pridi  oot  Ibc 
ipring-«i*m  plants  into  some  sfaellertd  idacc  belon  they  are 
finally  transplanted  in  May.  The  later  ciop,  the  tianaplmling 
of  which  may  take  plan  at  various  tioe«;is  treated  tiki  eariy, 
eabtjages.  After  pUnting.  all  that  is  aconaiy  is  to  hoe  the 
ground  (Ad  draw  up  the  soil  about  the  ttemj. 

It  is  found  that  cauliflowen  ready  forme  in  October  may  b« 
kept  In  petfetlieQ  over  irinter.  For  this  purpose  they  are  hfted 
earefully  with  the  spade,  keeping  a  ball  of  ivth  altacheit  to  tba 
loots.  Some  of  the  bige  outside  leaves  are  removed,  and  soy 
points  of  leaves  that  imracdialely  overhang  the  Boveran  cut  oR. 
They  »ie  then  placed  either  in.  pots  or  in  garden  (nmes,  the 
plants  bdng  arranged  close  together,  but  without  touching.  In 
mild  dry  weather  tlE  glass  frame)  are  drawn  off,  but  they  ue 
kept  im  during  niostorms,  ventilatioa  bdog  aSonled  by  tligbtly 
tilling  the  fnmcs.  and  in  seven  frost  they  are  thickly  covcRd 

flower,  differing  from  the 


McMdiaA  tu^',  wIthiludiDg  both  uvcre  f nM*  and  iliiiii|.hl 

It  is  not  much  giowo  b  En^isb  i^tiaa,  though  •btansed  ymut) 
u  a  good  substitute  tor  turnip*.  The  siied*  ihould  be  sown 
y  and  Jane,  and  the  seedling  should  be  planted  ihallowly 
[-manured  grin>nd,Sor  lo  in.  iput,  in  rows  lsin.aHiiider; 

and  thgy  should  be  wett  mtaRd,*a  as  lo  induce  quidt  gfooth. 
The  variities  of  eabba^  IDie  ottxr  f n  ' 

df  anti-scorbHtic  proparties;  but  mlot 


Although  Ih 


rhe  dtpBfturea,  b 


eties  refsoduc*  by  seed  irith  remarkable  con- 
partwca  from  the  type*  oecur,  voce  etpeciall^ 
of  sfirinfl  cabbages,  cauiiflowen  and  broccolt. 
wn  ttchokally  as  "  revues,*'  are  not  at  a  rule 
incKnEiy  numauul  to  materially  affect  eroM  arown  for  domealic 
purposn.     Rogoes  appearir' ■ 

oF  piniciilac  ua^  by  the 
theadmiilureofthe'- ' 

itoclc-planti  before  liie  AcmRring  piriod  is  reached. 

'     ol  lalak  from  the  fact  of  yieU^ 
are  cooked  aa  vegetaUes,  are  known 
ipal  of  these  Is  Aita  dmaa,  but  other  new*, 
-'- '  — tm  (OrraijM  rtpe),  irnrfo 


B  inflonscence  end  it; 


Broccoli  is  merely  ■ 
other  in  the  fomi  sod  t 
Tbe  bRKCoU  {Braisica  elfraaa  var.  Mrylii  aipurantlal 
■uccceds  best  in  loamy  soil,  somewhat  firm  in  leiture.  Foe  the 
autumn  bioccolii  tbe  gnnind  can  scarcely  be  loo  rich,  but  the 
winter  and  spri«g  torts  on  ground  tit  this  character  are  apt  to 
became  so  succulent  and  tender  that  tbe  plants  suffer  from 
frost  even  in  dielieTni  aituaiionl,  while  plants  le*a  stimulated  by 
manure  and  growing  in  the  open  held  may  be  nearly  all  saved, 
even  In  severe  arintets.  The  main  crops  of  tbe  eady  sorts  for 
use  in  autumn  ibould  be  sown  early  in  May,  and  planted  out 
While  young  to  prevent  them  coming  too  early  into  flower;  in 
tbe  north  they  may  be  town  a  fortnight  earlier.  The  later  sorts 
for  use  during  winter  and  spring  should  be  sown  about  the  middle 
orendof  MBy,orabonttendaysea-'-- ■-  ~ 

beds  should  be  made  in  frcth  light 
the  gronnd  should  be  weU  watered  before  sowhig.  If  tbe  young 
plants  are  crowdiog  each  other  ihey  shoi^  be  thiooed.  The 
ground  shoukl  not  be  dug  before  planting  them  out,  as  the  firmer 
it  is  the  better;  but  a  ihsllaw  drill  may  be  drawn  to  tnirk  tbe 
lines.    The  larger-growing  sotU  may  be  put  in  rows  3  ft.  apart, 

Rowing  ones  at  from  i  to  >)  it.  between,  and  t)  lo  i  ft.  in 
lows.  II  the  ground  is  not  prepared  when  young  plants 
mdy  for  removal,  they  should  be  transferred  10  nursery  h 
and  planted  at  j  to  4  in,  apart,  but  tbe  enllei  they  can  be  got 


m  the  north.    The  seed- 


le  the  young  flover-headi  of  the  plant  vbkh  an 
eaten.  When  these  form,  they  should  be  shielded  from  thehght 
'  by  bending  or  bmjiing  down  an  limer  leaf  or  two.  In  so 
the  sorts  the  leaTri  oMurally  curve  over  the  beads.  To  pr 
injury  to  the  beads  by  frost  in  seven  winters,  the  plants  should 
be  laid  in  with  their  beads  sloping  towards  the  north,  tb 
being  liuown  back  lo  a*  lo  cover  their  stems;  01  ihoy  m 
lata  up  and  laid  in  doiety  io  deep  Uenchea,  so  that  none  of  the 
lower  bare  portion  of  the  stem  may  be  eiposed.  Some  dry  fern 
Dtay  also  be  laid  over  the  top*.  Tbe  spring  varieties  are  eitiemcly 
valuable,  as  they  come  at  a  season  when  the  hner  veget^les  are 
•carce.    They  aSord  a  tiqiply  fiom  Deeembec  to  May  ind    * 

Broccoli  sprouts,  tbe  t^mentalive  of  (be  fifth  dasB,  are  1 
of  recent  IntroductioD.  and  ovubt  of  Bowedng  sprouts  qiriogiag 
from  the  sails  of  the  leaves.    Tbe  purple-leaved  variety  is  1 
hanly  and  much-ettscmed  vegetabk. 

Kohl-tsbi  ( Braiiia  liaaca  var.  (tuio-tafa)  it  a  peculiarvaiiety 
of  cabb^ie  in  which  the  stem,  just  above  gtound,  swells  into . 
Anhop  tninip-likemaw.  It  is  mudi  csltivated  in  certain  disDicts 
aaafbodforttock,  for  which  purpose  the  drumhead  cabbage  and 


^iS'^I^T.i 


very  natsrisUy  allect  the  ah>uh 

^ jeoiaatkn  ef  strarw  poJ" — 

seed.    Great  care  is  eaerciMoy  ae 


ich  i>  the  coco-pslm.  1 
^karijira  and  Dihen  yi 
CABBIRI,  in  Creek  tnytholDjD',  a  group  of  minor  deities,  o( 
hose  character  and  worship  nothing  certain  is  known.  Their 
lid  seats  of  worship  were  the  Islands  of  Lemnos,  Imbros  arul- 
imothrace,  the  coast  of  Troas,  Thessalia  and  Boeotia.  The 
ime  appears  lo  be  of  Phoenician  origin,  signifying  the  "  great" 
„y|^,  and  the  Cabeiri  sectn  10  have  been  deitita  of  the  sea  who 
protected  loilon  and  navigation,  as  such  often  Identified  with 
the  Dioscuri,  the  symbol  of  their  presence  bdng  Si  Elmo's  fire. 
Originally  the  Cabeiri  were  two  ui  number,  an  older  identified 
with  Hephaestus  (or  Dionysus],  and  a  younger  fdentified  with 
Hems,  who  in  the  Samothraciiin  mysteries  was  called  CadmHut 
Casmihis.  Their  cult  at  ia  early  date  was  united  with  thai 
of  Demetrr  and  Kore.  with  the  result  that  two  pain  of  Cabeiri 
appealed,  Hephaestus  and  Demclcr.  and  Cadioilus  and  Kote. 
According  to  Mnaseas'  (quoted  by  the  scholiast  on  ApoUonhls 
Rhodius  L  917I  they  were  four  in  number:— Axieros,  Ajtokctia, 
Aiiokeisos.  Casmilus.  It  is  there  staled  that  Axieros  is  Demclcr; 
Axiokersa ,  Persephone ;  Axiokcrsos,  Hades ;  and  Casmilus,  Hermes 
The  subslitulion  of  Hada  tor  Hephaestus  is  due  to  the  fact  that 
Hades  was  regarded  as  the  husband  of  Persephone.  Cabeiio, 
who  is  mentioned  in  the  logographcrs  Acusilaus  and  Fherecydes 
as  the  wife  of  Hephaestus,  Is  identical  with  Demclcr,  who  indeed 
is  expressly  called  Kd^ti^  In  Tbeba.  Roman  anttqusriam 
[dfntified  the  Cabeiri  frith  the  three  Capltoline  deities  or  «itli 
the  Penates.  In  Lemnos  an  annual  festival  of  tbe  Cabeiri  vas 
held,  tasting  nine  days,  during  which  all  the  fire*  were  eitin- 
guiibed  and  fire  brought  ftom  Debs.  From  this  fact  and  from 
the  statement  of  Strabo  i.  p.  47],  that  the  father  of  the  Cabeiri 
was  Camillus,  a  son  of  Hephatatua,  the  Cabeiri  have  bfcn 
thought  to  be,  like  the  Corybantes,  Curetcs  and  Dactyli,  dcmona 
of  volcanic  fire.  But  this  view  is  noi  now  generally  held.  In 
Lemnos  they  fostered  the  vine  and  fruits  of  tbe  fiehl,  and  from 
their  connexion  with  Hermes  in  Samothrace  it  would  also  seen 
that  they  promoted  tbe  fruit  fulness  of  cattle. 

By  far  the  most  important  seat  of  their  worship  was  Samo- 
thrace.  Here,  as  early  as  the  5th  century  I.e.,  their  mysteries, 
possibly  under  Athenian  influence,  attracted  great  attention, 
and  initiation  was  looked  upon  as  a  gcnctaf  safeguard  asaipst 
all  misfortune.  But  it  was  in  the  period  after  the  death  of  Alex- 
ander the  Great  that  thejr  cull  reached  its  hei^t.  Detneiriia 
Foliorcelcs,  Lysitnachu)  and  AralnoE  regarded  the  Cabeiri  vith 
especial  favour,  and  initiation  was  sought,  not  only  by  large 
numbers  of  pilgrims,  but  by  persons  of  distinction.  Inilialion 
included  also  an  asylum  or  refuge  within  the  strong  walls  of 
Samoihracc,  for  which  purpose  it  was  used  among  others  by 
ArsinoC,  who.  to  dio«  Her  gratitude,  afterward*  caused  a  monu- 
eiected  there,  the  liiins  of  which  were  expIoRd  ii 


of  Emi< 


nmatian  of  Patrae  in  Achaca  (or  Patara,;n  t^^),  pufd 


CABER  TOSSING-CABINET 


■alyiKi   The  bey  a  jmAkbij  hn  cnp-baua.    Tba  Cibdii 

■teem  hj  tin  Rgnaiu.  «bo  lepidsd 

*  ai  the  Ttcjui,  -wiMt  uKour 

Bd  ID  hemic  l^enl  wilt  au  ol  llie 

E,    llcidenlifiiatkiiof  tha  th» 

Capitoline  ddtii*  aith  tbe  Penato,  uid  ol  thae  nitb  Ihe 

Sw  C.  A.  Lobcck,  'tfjUMoiKiu  (1S19)  l  F.  G.  Wclckn,  iNi 

TViiewiiW  iKrJCiiMnininJkinZflniH  (1814):  J.  F. 

«)  Itbtmi  ifau  raniwiiil  IiW)),  dbcwiiH  the  (cn]> 

"-"-  —  '  ~*eCiSc>ii.theC(inibuu*.tieCilRU>, 

>  la  melil,  aid  the  nUfliiu  oteia  oC 


ud  tbe  TcleUiit«  u  mtn  i 

•cullurivi  O.  Riiboinha,  Dit  UjOir 


„,  _ -,- !•  ailu 

■nil  Sam^T>a*  (iteal:  W.  H.  RoKhs,  loOn  ^  Mjllu/Hi' 
(I J.  '  Meplcri  Tb^i  1 L.  Pntkr,  Gritcilxii  Ifyllulot''  Uth  «<.. 
J!..,  j^  [^  micle  by  F.  LenmniMM  is  Durmbof  and 

V,  a  pole  or  tmm),  a  Scolthh 
iv  tbiowuic  ■  aectioD  of  a  trunk 

ova  in  tha  air  and  £aB  on  tht  grouod  with  its  mull  snd  poiitdiig 
in  tha  dBtcdon  dinMljr  oppotiie  to  tbe  "  loaer."  Touliig  the 
cabet  it  uimIIt  owaidend  to  be  a  duiinctly  Scottiib  sport, 
alUua^  "(niting  the  bai,"  an  cnrdBe  evidently  smilu  in 
dunctET.  ms  ptvolar  m  Entbnd  ia  tbe  i6tb  ctaiusy  but 
died  out>  The  labec  ii  the  heavy  trunk  of  a  tree 
» It.  Iddo.  It  ia  oflcn  broifllt  i^oa  the  idd  bctviet 
than  can  Im  thnm  aad  then  cut  to  mit  the  conteUanti,  altboBcli 

takins  Ida  dKBCa.  The  lou  i>  made  after  a  ran,  the  abcr  beins 
ttt  q>  papendkiilarb'  v>tb  the  heavy  end  op  by  asiiitanti  oa 
tha  90t  Indkited  by  the  toDci,  wiw  icti  one  foot  a^ainit  it, 
fm|i*  it  with  both  biada,  and,  u  won  ai  be  leeh  it  properly 
'-'■-""',  givei  ibe  troRt  to  ihz  ussianti  to  let  go  tbdr  hold. 
He  then  T^sa  the  caber  and  gets  both  handi  underneath  the 
tower  eiuL  "  A  ptactbed  hand,  hivisg  Ined  the  caber  from  the 
froond,  and  got  bia  bands  undcnicath  the  end,  raiiea  it  till 
Ibe  bner  end  ia  neariy  on  a  Icrel  with  hii  elbon.  then  advancei 
for  levenJ  yanb,  giaduaUy  incieuiBg  hii  ^leed  till  ha  it  loae- 
timei  at  a  imartiim  bttoie  he  gina  the  toai.  Jual  before  doing 
tldi  he  aOowi  the  caber  to  leave  ha  ibouLdet,  and  u  the  heavy 
top  cod  bepna  to  fall  forward,  be  throwt  the  end  be  hat  in  hk 
hudt  upwards  with  afl  hia  ttacngtb,  and,  [f  lucceasfd,  alter  the 
heavy  end  alrika  the  ground  the  muH  end  runtlimq  its  upward 
nailoa  till  peipcndicniBi,  lihca  h  falb  lorwud,  and  the  ctbet 
Bet  hi  a  Miai^t  Una  with  the  tooei "  (W.  M.  Smith).  71* 
wimMi  ii  he  who  touti  with  the  l>eit  and  easieit  stjde,  according 
to  eld  Highlaad  truHUom,  and  whoas  caher  hOs  ttnightEit 
JnadlitctUnefr^hlBi.  In  Amttica  a  atjie  called  the  Scotiiib- 
AoMitciB  prnab  at  Oriedontaii  gaoies.  In  tbit  (he  object  ia 
Jf^.^f.  alons,  the  ame  aber  bdng  uaed  by  all  amtatanta  and 
the  Utu  beiiii  meamnd  from  the  tOMcr'a  fool  to  the  apot  where 
Ibe  nnall  end  strikes  the  gronid.  Thit  atyle  is  lepadlaled  in 
Scolbnd.  DonaM  Dlimie,  bon  in  itjT  >'"'  *''^  ■  champion  In 
iSoo,  was  thg  beat  tOMer  ef  modsn  timea. 

Sea  W.  M.  Sou'lb,  AltUiH  tlfi  AdiUk  SfrU  »  SeaOand 
(EdiBbviilLi«9T). 

CABBT,  iTunn  ( 
at  Dijon  in  17SS,  Ibe 

of  advocate,  without 
notaUe  as 'die  pctae^       _    _ 

muaism.  Ho  aislsted  in  a  sccoodsry  way  Id  the  levolutioD  of 
iSjo,  and  nbtidaeil  the  appoinlaieiil  ol  pnciana-itiilral  io 
Corsica  under  the  government  of  Louis  Philippe;  but  waa 
diimisied  ior  hit  attack  upon  the  coniavatlui  ol  the  govetn- 
uent,  in  bb  BUIein  it  it  rlteiuiai  it  lija.    Elected,  notwith- 


stamSng,  to  tbe  daahei  «<  deintha,  he  «U  pi 

disdple  tf 
ol  iljg  he  RUuned  to  Fnno^ 
by  the  p«bli»tiaa  of  a  badly  written 
and  fiercely dcmocntkUMuyoi  the  Revolalion  of  ijg^U  volt.-, 
iS4<4i*adai  a  iocial  romance,  Fdyegt  «■  7(an«,  In  which  be  Mt 
fanh  Ua  paOdiai  viewa.    Hkm  wo^  met  with  lom*  •occeai 

to  naliie  Ut  Ucaa  in  pnoicc,  Md,  pttned  at  w^  I7  his  fii^Hli, 


oomplaint*  of  the  dhmchanied  •eUleo  aoon  reached  Eun^ie. 

SRpiitied.    In  1S41)  he  went  oat  in  person  to  America,  hM  on 

their  dty  Mauvoo  (t->.).  in  DUooli,  he  tnmlened  hit  settiemrnl 
thither,  Tbeie,  with  the  eiceplio)!  of  a  joiamey  tt  Flatus, 
ttbere  be  retuined  to  ddend  himself  aucceaafuUy  bafote  the 

iSifi,  bowcTcr,  he  withdrew  and  died  the  lame  year  at  St 
Louii. 
Sn  Couimani.    Al»  Ftlii  BaniKUd.  CaM  a 


(Ntmea.  19971 
CABIN,  a  small,  roughly  built  hut  or  shelter;  Ihe'tcnn  is 
particulaiiy  applied  to  the  thatched  mud  cottaget  of  the  negro 
slaves  of  the  southern  states  of  the  Unites  States  of  America, 
or  ol  the  poverty-ilricken  peauntiy  of  Ireland  or  the  crofter 
districts  ol  Scotland.  In  a  ipedal  sense  it  is  used  of  the  small 
imma  or  compartments  on  board  a  veset  used  for  sleeping, 
eating  or  other  accommodatioti.  The  word  in  its  earlfer  English 
forms  vrss  cabaat  or  catait,  and  thus  seema  to  be  an  adaptation 
of  the  French  co£vme;  th«  French  have  liken  cabiiu,  for  the 
room  on  board  a  ship,  from  the  En^ish,  In  FVench  and  other 
Komanic  languages,  in  which  the  word  ocnin,  t-i.  Spanish 
abalia,  Pottugune  cahana,  the  origin  ts  usuaEy  found  in  the 
Medieval  Latin  caf  anna.    ludore  ol  Seville  {Ori^mt,  lib.  liv. 

etuiodta  tintafum,  ad  teppvn  ieu  quasi  Ixgmium.  Hoc  rusliH 
Capannam  VKaat,  qtutd  xniiM  hmfwfi  lafial  (see  Du  Ctnge, 
Clcauritim,  I.V.  Cs^mu].  Others  derive  from  Greek  tit^, 
crib,  manger.  SkesI  umidenlheEngUsfawotd  was  taken  from' 
the  Welsh  cabax,  nthec  than  tram  the  French,  and  that  the . 
original  sourec  for  all  the  forma  was  Celtic 

CABnm,  a  word  with  vaiioui  qiplicatfona  which  may  be 
tialld  to  two  principal  meanings,  (1)  a  small  private  dumber^ 
and  (i)  an  article  ol  furniture  containing  eomputmcnit  fonned 
of  drawers,  shelves,  te.  The  word  is  a  diminutive  of  "cabin" 
and  therefore  properly  meant  a  BmaS  hut  or  shelter.  This 
meaiung  is  now  obsolete;  the  NfW  Eailiik  Dklionary  quotet 
from  Leonard  Diggcs's  Slraiuiliiii  (published  with  addilloiu  by 
his  son  Thomas  m  isyf),"  the  Lance  Knights  encamp  always  in 
the  fitid  very  strongly,  two  or  three  to  a  Ctbbonet."  From  the 
use  both  of  the  aitide  of  furniture  and  of  a  small  chaoibei  (or  the 
aaffr-keepsng  ol  a  collection  of  v^uable  prints,  pictures,  medals 
other  objects,  the  word  Is  frequently  applied  to  such  a  collec- 
0  or  to  objects  £t  for  such  (afe-keepbg.  The  name  ol  CMntl 
dK  JM  wu  given  to  the  collection  of  prints  prepared  by  the  best 
aititts  of  the  17th  century  by  order  of  Louii  XIV.  These  were 
intended  to  conmemotale  the  chief  events  of  his  irign,  and  ilso 
to  reproduce  the  paintings  Hjld  sculptures  and  other  art  treasurct 
contained  in  the  royal  palacea.  It  wat  begun  in  1M7  and  w»t 
rrfaced  undet  the  superintendence  of  Nicholas  Oement  (1647  or 
1),  the  royal  W:'--"     "-  -"-"' >..;...  j :. 


. "  csbint 


Digitized  byGoO^le 


9i8  CABINET 

«C»llti»iy«fcto«BB«<MliiffclHM»ndwi|li>Hl>«Mi»HiMdi 


"  fad."  na  paKtkil  uw  oi  tka 
torn  b  dHiml  faom  tha  print*  ckmbv  at  Ot  wv«nl|D  w 
kwl  <rf  ■  itBU  (a  lAkb  Ua  idviMi  net. 

CoMiM  (■>  ^)iniNiH.-~'nB  utifior  wko  qdbcDdcU  hndtoM 
I*  wiU  cslkd  a  "  catliIK^<aaker,"  althoMh  tka  mmidutun  el 
cabioeu,  piDpsly  »  cilkd,  k  DOW  >  vatjr  vnutoMl  pan  of  Ui 


. .  .r,  mw  flvBB  to  aai^  pfan  of  funitim  tar 

ttai  nfe-k»[)iBs  «  aahtWod  el  nlaiUa  object*,  nUch  KaHjr 
"ttictntWaldMocirptfwiotacaliina.  necabfau 
_  ja  mlullDn  faagoikt  aliaut  by  tbc  aaceailiaa  <f 
a,  aad  it  ippuJol  U  *o  Buay  t**ta  wd  need*  that  it 
il  la  Ibe  hnue*  of  tha  imlk  daae^  aad 
■  •!  the  pe^lM  lAtf  atketwl  ft. 
ed  )b  Ilal/,  ptobaUy  U  the  leqr 
ue  IDU  cennnx-  In  U*  ndimaBi)'  focm  It  na 
in  aa  oblMi  bei,  irtth  or  altbeot  bet,  eoall  CBOUcb 
to  Und  Bpoaa  table  tr  chair,  fiBed  with  dmwen  uddoeed  with 
doon.  In  tUa  cnif  hrm  Ma  mtikttd  itiaii  aajiiiii  penalUxd  al 
Itivie  oolr  for  the  ■atcfuaid  of  ie«^  picdoaa  atoMi  4Bd  lame- 
ttoea  mMHy.  One  of  the  eadial  aUaati  <<  wUch  we  have 
■Matko  bcliiDged  to  Piuda  I.  et  tUaat,  and  b  deaciilHl  aa 
cn«d  with  ^t  kathet,  loolediitih  mautcaqne  woA.  A*  the 
Itaiai**aiice  became  iBieial  iheee  ouly  hnnigivt  plan  to  Uifer, 


olthdce* 

■ooeiriiat  later  data  Ai  -  .  .  - 
rhkk  tha  BaoN  ti  cabjnet  ha*  been  bwr  or  hat  looidjr  pra. 
Ihey  were  UMuUy  o(  maarive  proponlos*  and  of  eitreme 
eUbflntton  et  marqueti)'.  The  North  Italiu  cabineta,  and 
otpedaUy  thoae  vhidi  wen  niade  orinluenad  by  the  FloraiiJBc 
■laiHUoaeaodafteoiIoooi]'.  ConcdvedoDapalatial 
■cak,  painted  or  carved,  or  hunaled  with  maible  and  fitia  dura. 
-  taundad  for  the  adommoit  of  lalleria  aad  lo^    * 


noble  awl  coatly  pieoa  o<  hunitine.  The  cabinet*  of  Italy, 
FtaaeeaodthoNetherlanifa  were  i^wially  rich  and  moBumental, 
Thoae  of  Italy  and  Flandan  aic  often  of  (mat  DiB(iiI&caice  and  of 


Haanc.  nander*  and  Buipindy 
•doptien,  aitd  Astweip  added  to  it*  renown  u  a  nwtrapoUt  ofirt 
by  devdopiot  coonmuaate  ikUl  la  their  maniifattnre  aad  adoin- 
nent.  llie  mat  and  importance  of  the  finer  type*  have  ensured 
Ok  piaervalioa  of  innnDCiabk  piamplri  of  all  bat  the  very 
carlieat  period*;  and  the  itudent  never  ceaae*  to  be  isiprcacd  t^ 
the  eitrurdinaiy  niicty  of  Ibe  work  of  the  i(th  and  i7lh 
Centuriea,  and  very  often  ol  tha  i8th  alio,  The  baaii  of  the 
cabinet  ha*  alway*  been  wood,  carved,  poUihed  or  inlaid;  but 
hVUb  tut  ha*  beenmade  of  ivocy,  tott^ie-ihelI,*ad  thoae  cut  and 
poliihed  predoui  alone*  which  the  Italian*  call  fUlra  dura.  In 
Ihi  Snat  flemiah  period  of  the  17  th  cmtury  the  doonaad  draweii 
at  cabEnela  wen  oflin  palnud  with  duelcal  or  mythological 

In  many  cluaet  the  dnwen  and  pi|eoa>hoIc*  are  encloeed  by 
folding  door*,  carved  or  inlaid,  and  of  tan  palntedon  the  inneriidc*. 
Perhap*  the  m»t  hvouiite  type  duiinf  a  great  part  o(  the  iCth 
and  17th  cenliuiea—i  type  mikh  grew  10  common  that  it  becai~' 
COUDopotitan — was  chaiacteilacd  by  a  Concdt  which  acquii 
laloniihing  popularity.  When  the  folding  door*  are  ^ened  there 
la  dlsdoaed  in  the  centre  of  the  cabinet  a  tiny  hut  palatial  bteriot. 
Floored  with  alternate  tqaaiea  of  eNmy  and  hnry  to  imitate  a 
black  and  while  marble  pavement,  adorned  with  CottntUan 
colunuH  or  pDailen,  and  •unovnded  by  mimn.  the  effect,  IS 
occaafnully  affected  and  artificial,  b  quite  aa  oflai  nqilftlte. 
AllbongbcaUneti  have  bcoipKiduced  in  England  in  coDatdeiable 
variety,  and  (Onwtlmca  of  very  elegant  and  giaaful  form,  the 
fain^  maktn  on  Iha  wfaofe' produced  the  moat  elaborate  and 
mommiental  eample*.  Aa  «*  have  aald,  Italy  and  the  Nether- 
land*  acquired  e^iedaldillinctloD  In  thiikkd  of  wort.  InFnnce, 
vUch  ha*  alwByicn}oyeda  peculiar  genhi*  for  atdmilailng  iBodea 
!■  famittiit.  nemldi  odriDel*  were  ao  greatly  la  demand  that 
Hanry  IV.  detarmfaifed  to  eatahlith  Ih*  bdtMtlT  In  Ua  own 


aad  lated.  ' 


"""g"<"  aih.  Snch  mik,  faowmn  ii 
lackaaimplidtyandrqioar.  ^  niiliiiillTTlr  Inail  fifniiuhhiai 
Italian,  and  •oraatimea  ol  Ftmdi  later  iTtb^eotBH' cabioet*,  b 
that  tl«  intetian  of  thednwtii  are  af tea  lined  with  itBoqicd  foU 


paper*  "  of  dd  booka.    The  great  Ei 

iSth  ctDluiy  wen  very  vatinB  In  tl 
ahaay*  an*wer  itnctly  to  Ibeb  namej  bat  aa  a  nd*  thay  wiB  not 
native  work,  of  dkc  pi 


... ....  which  did  *o  mod  to 

tlH  Brldth  Btyl*.    Thagl 

waainUgbfamNiiatkal       ... 

type,  for  wWebmllvaiirMwaiddlMm  been  liappwpctalc,*atl» 

and  tulip  wndt,  and  other  tlmbaa  whh  a  liMtdMne  grain  taUns 

a  hi^  poOak  WIN  Bocta  oaad.  (J.  P.-B.) 

rhr  i'dMcal  Colted.— Among  Englkh  poHtkal  InititiitiMtt, 
do  "  Cabinet "  1*  a  cotivcntlanal  but  sot  a  kgal  tern  employed 
to  deaofbc  thon  mcmbera  of  the  inlvy  cbuDcD  «4n  Gil  the 
highest  ancatlve  oAoe*  hi  the  Mabt,  ud  by  thdr  uaiijileii 
piucy  direct  the  govemaent,  aad  are  rnpiMMlhlt  (or  all  the 
acttoftheoowiL  The  cabinet  now  ahrayiinctade*  the  penens 
filling  the  toDovfng  olEcta,  who  an  therefore  celled  *>  cabinet 

iiitiiht>n,''vl«  ■ — lh>KTitVinljiftfc>lr*««n.yjriy.L-Jffc..;>»IL» 

of  Entfaad,  the  lord  praddent  of  the  Gooncii,  the  lori  ptivy  •**!, 
the  five  aecretttic*  at  ttate,  dM  duawttor  of  tha  a  ' 


■dbyGoo^le 


■Ndtka  lot  laid  oltteadminlqr-  ThstkiicdlorottlwdBcbjp 
«f  LuKuter,  tb>  pirtBMitw-caenl,  Ihe  Sm  cotamJirieDct  of 
voAt,  At  ftaUat  el  Aa  baud  tt  tnde,  the  cbftf  Moctuy 
for  bcbad,  tbc  bud  diu<«Uin  of  Iiclud,  tho  pnciikBt  ol  tbe 
koi  govanntDt  boud,  ae  pniiiJut  o<  th*  bdud  a(  isikalouc, 


iillhec>biiKt,lMitiiDt>actaully«).    ARwdcraaWDetcmlilai 
fram  ibuai  to  nnMy  DODben.    It  ucd  b>  ba  »id  (' 
liili  uliiMr  [■■imriljinrlrlif  wrrriif  inltimnihrTitii 
jrcui  bta  often  bem  oitkiMd.    But  the  nxbrn  widsn 
die  ba^bhe  hai  tended  to  five  tba  i^iiM  tlu  dkBCUt 

eg  fgr  the  putjr  in  power,  no  ka  Ibin  ihtt  of 


It  oSca  ta  tbe  ulmbktiMisa,  «ba 
genenUr  Klccted  u  the  biflacntU  polhlduii  at  Ac  puty 
ntber  tfau  for  ipeckl  aptitude  is  th«  mifc  o<  the  deportmnm. 
Hie  word  "cabinet,"  or  "caUnet  csaodl,"  mi  odgmal^ 
empbiyedua  termnfRpniMfa.  Hib  lad  Bacn  ■]»,  ia  bb 
a^f  Of  Cmud  (a.),  "The  dodriiia  of  Italy  and  pnctin  of 
Fnnoe,  in  aaaie  kiaci'  tirao,  hith  [clmduCEd  ctUaet  covDcili 
—*  reinei^  vone  than  the  diaeue";  and.  a^in,  " 
<mbiKt  coundb.  it  axy  be  their  motto  PIcnia  rimaram 
Lord  darcndon— aFt«  Italing  that,  in  I&4I1,  when  thi 
Canadl  of  I^in  was  atnvined  by  the  kin(  at  Yocfc,  the 
of  a&in  retted  princ^Uy  on  Laud,  StafiOd  aad  Cottlnktoii, 
withfiveor«Iiolher»«iMedio  themooacco---  -•-'-•-  -■•-^-■ 
poaidDD  and  abflhy    aJdi,  "  Tbmt  penoa 


and  enTiiHBtr  then  In  c 


rf  tbeCoiaulCKiBidl."    Aadbtbe 


"of  the  managliis  of  the  ^ut  aStin  ol  the  nahn  in  CoMhI 
Cnndir  by  men  naknown  and  not  publkty  traded."  Bdi 
thii  use  of  tlie  lemi,  tbooch  bktoikally  aukm,  hu  in  truth 
nothiBsincoBUHiwMitheiDMkinappHcatloaafit.  Itmeani, 
at  that  thDB,  tha  empioymeat  of  a  aekct  body  of  bvoaiitc*  by 
the  king,  who  *>ia  auppwed  W  pOMwa  a  larger  ihare  of  hb 
eoBfidente  than  the  ptby  coandl  at  buie.  Dndei  the  Tudon. 
at  Isiat  tau  the  ktet  yean  of  Henry  vm.  and  under  the 
Statn*,lbeprivy(DimcOwaadietoBndlolitateDrsovenuBCBI. 
Durinc  Iba  Connonweilth  it  aMnned  that  aama. 

The  Cabbet  CovncQ,  piBpeHy  »  calledrdatei  fion  the  leitn 
of  miliara  m.  and  hom  the  year  i6u,  tor  It  wai  not  until 
•one  yean  ater  dw  Rerchtlon  that  1^  hiic  diMovend  and 
adopted  the  two  fundamental  prindplei  of  a  oMiMltntional 
Ouoitlve  lovgrnnient,  namely,  that  a  mlnlttiy  ihonld  conwl 
of  Itatomen  holding  tix  lame  polilkal  piincipiea  and  identified 
with  eadi  other;  and,  lecondly,  that  the  miniitiy  ihonld  stand 
upon  a  parllamenuty  bull,  dut  is.  ibit  it  cemt  cutnDand  and 
Rtain  the  maJoHty  of  vote$  in  the  legisUiuie.  It  was  long  befote 
tbcie  prindplei  were  thoroughly  worked  out  and  uBdenlood, 
and  the  perfection  to  which  Ihey  have  been  brought  in  modem 
limei  [>  the  leiult  oi  time,  experience  and  in  part  of  accident. 
But  the  muh  ii  that  the  cabinet  councU  for  the  time  being 
ii  the  goveramenl  of  Great  Britain;  that  all  the  powen  »e»ted 
in  die  loverelgn  (with  one  or  two  Excqjtions)  are  pncticalty 
eierdicd  by  the  membeti  of  Ihii  body;  that  all  the  memben 
Of  the  cabinet  ire  ioinlly  and  tevenlly  roponsible  for  all  iti 
meajuiej,  for  it  dinerencei  of  opinion  arise  their  eiistence  is 
nnhnown  aa  long  u  the  cabinet  lull— when  puUidy  mani- 
fested  the  abinet  is  at  an  end;  and  lastly,  that  the  cabinet, 
being  rcipoiiiible  to  the  uvcRign  loi  the  conduct  of  ciecutive 
bu&itieu,  is  also  collectively  ttaponsibk  to  pariiament  both  for 
ill  ciecutive  conduct  and  for  its  legislative  measures,  the  same 
men  being  aa  members  ol  the  cabinet  the  servants  ol  the  crown, 
and  as  membeti  of  pariiament  and  leaden  el  the  msjority 
responsible  to  those  who  support  them  by  ihcit  votei  and  may 
dutUeoge  in  debate  every  one  of  their  actions.  In  this  latter 
feme  the  cabinet  has  tometLmfe  been  described  aa  a  standii^ 
committee  of  both  Hoiuea  of  PiriiamenL 

Oof  of  the  consequences  of  the  close  connerion  of  the  cabinet 
with  the  legislature  b  that  it  is  deaiiablc  to  divide  die  strength 


i>(thelA*ti7bet«ioaBt«iinBo«MeatAriknMm.  Ku\ 
eaUnet  of  i}H  condited  of  Utiuelt  hi  the  Hook  of  ComnnM 
and  eeven  pent.  Bat  lo  aibtoctatk  a  tovEnimeol  voald  now 
be  bnpBcticable.  In  Gkdttone'a  cabinet  of  tS68,  eight,  and 
aflennidtnlne,  miniMcm  wanln  ttoBoueol''---  - 
iIliatheBeiiteofloidi.  <GteBteig(t*«neB 
f^M,  f<i,t*nfiMi  ^f^T^T  h  titf  CiMmmwL  and  a  i  _  _    __ 

fntiodutcd,  that  the  lepnwntativeaol  iriat  are  called  'WVfitid- 
iof  depaitmentt— that  it,  tbe  MctctMr  «f  itate  lot  war  ud  tha 
fait  lord  of  Iheaitaihaky— abMild,ifpgtnble,  be  mtuben  <4 
the  Botoe  whkh  votea  tba  nppliea.  Dlnaeli  toUowed  lUt 
piccB^othntllhaariaceheendiucvnled.  InSiiH.Cao|d>ell> 
BBBoaman's  cabinet  iHsed  In  nai.tb  mlniuen  wtn  in  tbe 
HMac  of  Lord!  and  tUnaen  to  tha  Honte-of  Conunou. 

CaUneti  aie  nmally  comohed  by  a  wvit~!-rt  iiIiIiimiiI  la 
"  Bia  U»)allft  cooMentld  •ervinli "  by  the  prhna  ajnjakr; 
•sd  the  ocdutaiy  plav  e(  neetiag  it  cither  at  the  oSdal  n^denca 
of  the  Est  loid  of  tha  tMaaair  ■>  Oowninf  StieM  or  at  the 
foreign  office,  but  (hqriMj  be  held  aoyvfaeiB.  Hoeeattuyot 
otheroScer  ispieMitatlbodelibcratioaiof  thisostmciL  Mo 
Dffidal  tccnd  1>  kept  ri  ite  ptoeeedtap,  and  It  b  even  coMidtred 
-  bleach  of  minlHeifal  oonfideaea  to  heqi  a  pttrate  Rcotd  of 


known  boa  tha  Jfomtf  a^  £«ri  fUnuiA,  Ibe  CwrufMidnM 
■/  Ami  Grey  wiA  JCiag  WittiamlY.,  and  Etom  Su  Robert  Peefl 
Mtmcki,  pnblUed  by  permfaiion  ot  Queen  Victoik,  tsbiDM 
mbmle*  an  dmwn  up  and  lubnitted  to  the  toveieiga,  aa  the 
moat  facmd  aannai  hi  which  the  advkc  of  the  niniuiy  on  ba 
landend  n>  the  mwn  and  placed  apoa  ttoatd.  (See  aln  S' 
Algernon  WtM>  JtwefieBNmt,  i<»p.}  He 
duty  of  the  prime  odiAtcr  to  tar  the  cc 


and  at  then ....,-.   

■sveicign  data  pneide,  the  bndnen  b  pDRly  forraah     It  bat 
ytraae  writes  aaa  princ^ile  ot  tbe  B  '  " 


King  William  and  tjoeen  Anne  alwaya  piciidid  at  wrrklj 
binet  councils.    But  when  the  Hanoveeiaa  princes  ascended 

tbe  throne,  they  knew  no  English,  and  were  barely  abk  to 
inverse  at  all  with  their  mlnitters;  for  George  I.  or  Ceoege  IL 
t  take  part  hi,  or  even  to  listen  to,  a  debate  in  council  waa 
spoaibk.  When  George  in.  mounted  the  Uirone  the  practice 
'  tbe  htdependent  deUbentiou  of  the  cabuat  wai  well  eUab- 

.lithed,  and  it  hae  never  been  departed  ttom. 

DpoD  the  reugnatlon  ot  disaolution  of  a  ministry,  the  loveiciga 
ercise*  the  undoubted  prerogative  of  eelecting  the  penon  who 
ly  be  thought  by  him  rnoet  fit  to  form  a  new  cabinet,  Li 
vcial  uistances  the  statcamep  selected  1^  the  Clown  have  (Mind 

But  Ib  more  favourable  cases  the  rnhduerdieaen  tar  this  supreme 
office  by  the  cnwn  has  the  power  of  diOffbutlnc  all  tbe  pidltlcal 
office*  of  the  govemmcBt  as  may  icem  beet  to  hiBMlf,  inbject 
the  ultimate  spproval  ot  the  aovemign.    Tbe  piima 

—^ Istbeiefoic  In  reality  ^  author  and  onfetruclo|r  of  tba 

cabinet;  behokli  it  tocetIiier;aiidiDtbeeveiitof  Uiretiteinent, 
'hatever  oute,  the  caUnet  is  leally  diieolved,  even  thou^ 
nbers  are  again  united  under  anMher  head. 

BOBiiHS.— Sir  W.Awm.tawMilC<i)l«i>fa(CmlitafJM 

(189U;  W.  BigehDt.  Til  EiuJiii  Csiuliliitua:  M.  T.  Blauvell, 
Tkt  Dmlspmnl  iif  CMml  Ownuiinil  te  Bi^md  (New  York, 
190:):  E.  Boutmy,  Tki  Bm/liik  CttUihuita  (tnns.  I.  M.  Eaden, 
1S9O:   A.    Lawrenn  Lowrif,  Tim  CmmwiJU  «<  agftiiJ  (IMg). 

Bit  I.:  A.  V.  Dicey.  fJn  tfdr  CwiiWatiw  (lyn);  Si  T.  EriUai 

--•lilMumil  HaHry  i/EnSaiii:  W.  E.^an 

■    ■     ■  '-«6T)i   3.  1^--^^*^  « ' 

... ,  Jtei^OnNea 

Oiliit  oiiJ  CnMk  nf  ttf 


tt  En^*d  (it&jh  9.  Low,  TX  Ommnii  it  Em^ami  (igat); 
W.  Stobbi.  O-atilMtma  aUtrj  ^  BD^bMf;  Hanal*  Taybr, 


'«TtS'^r" 


930 

A.JM.JHmllm 


CABINET  NOIR— CABLE 


ilU  alB  b*  fowidui  wdi  «iri»  »  W.  E. 

Gtoduona't  CfmnHL  tlH  third  uil  «(  Mllmwlliuv'l  Utmtin  *f 
~  H-VMifer  (lib-iUO;  Gmilk'i  Jfowii  %  A.  Wi«% 
EhUkMhi,  iBja-tSte  <ill«},  ftc. 

CUUrar  MHK.  thg  BUM  givin  In  Fniu  M  tk*  eik*  whH* 
lb(  IMUn  cf  Mttptdcd  ptnou  wen  opMwd  and  nad  bypabBe 
•OdibbifDnbelDgEorauiladutlKlrdettlDMlnt.  lUipnctka 


bvqMBIljr  tued  by  tte  ninittn  of  Uuh  xm.  Ud  Unit  XlV.i 
bat  tt  wu  Bot  luta  Cbi  idgD  of  Loidi  XV.  thw  ■  lepuMa  ofic* 
lor  tUt  ^axpat  wu  crsIkL  Thii  nu  cdkd  (ke  tmkiiut  dm 
utnt  itt  fnut,  or  men  popuhrijr  tb«  mUM  wfr.  Akbsocb 
dodiimed  ifilsit  >t  tb«  tin*  o(  tb*  BevohMloo,  K  wu  and 
botbbjF  the  RvolutioBvy  laden  ud  by  Ntpalsoa.  Ttawitiiif 


Miqiloytd  duitaf  Iho  iSth  cealniy  ud  «u  coofiiawd  Iqr  tin 
Pom  Ofict  Act  of  iSj7;  iu  araM  notorioiu  um  bdn(,  periups, 
Die  opedbg  ol  Mudnl'i  letl«n  ia  1844. 

UBU.  OlOitai  VUHimniH  (ttu-  )  Aaericu 
Mitbot,  *u  bora  in  New  Oilaiu,  '-^'tlf"'!  on  the  iitli  of 
Oaabcr  \t*^.  At  tbr  Hi*  of  (autecd  be  ntered  a  mtrcantib 
iWihHihmHit  U  ■  clok;  jojoed  tbt  CoDfedcnie  iimy  (^th 
MliaEMlppi  Ovilry)  at  Ibe  i(e  d(  nineteen;  at  tbe  diae  of  tba 
war  Mm^  ''>  <^^  tntlnesing,  and  In  newipaps  wnfc  In 
New  Oncus;  Uuf  firet  btcamg  luiovn  In  lilnntarc  by  ikctcha 
and  Italia  oi  old  Frencb-Anicrican  lite  tn  that  dty.  Thaewen 
Ant  publiibcdin  Jtntmr'i  UtmlUy,  and  wen  coUedcd  in  bgok 
tMniiDiST9,tuidertbetitleafOUCrMbOa/t.  Tbediafacur- 
btka  «i  the  ictka-of  wMch  Ibe  aovdetta  VadaaM  DdfUm 
(lUi)  b  vlrtBally  a  part— we  ... 


toll*  wen  fOUowed 
Of  Sitlw  (itti)  and  SMSMMara  (i3«),  Ot  *U(k  the  fiiM 
dealt  trilh  Cnola  life  in  LeuUana  a  taog^td  ytan  ifo,  lADl 
tbe  MCODd  was  rcbtod  to  the  pedod  c(  Ibe  dvit  War  of  i£6i- 
S5.  Dr  Salt,  OB  the  whole,  !■  to  he  aMOunted  Cable's  master- 
piece, ilB  chaiactir  oi  Nardtse  combining  oeuly  all  Ibe  qoalitie* 
idiicb  have  ^ven  him  his  pliu  in  American  Ureratme  u  an 
tnltt  and  a  udal  chronicler.  Id  Ihii,  u  in  nearly  all  of  his 
Koika,  he  niakti  much  use  ot  Ibi  aofi  Frcnch-En^lih  dialect 
ol  loaWina.  He  does  not  confine  blmwU  to  New  Otleani, 
laytaif  Btany  of  hli  scenea,  ai  in  tbe  ihort  Mory  BtOel  DimtiulUl 
ttoMolbii,  in  tbe  manhy  lowlands  towtrdi  the  month  of  tbe 
MiMiMjppl     Cable  wa>  tbe  leader  In  the  BOteworlhy  liumry 


the  war  ol  tMi — a  novemeM  ot  whldi  tbe  chief  trnportann 
Iqr  JB  tbe  determination  to  pottiay  local  tceaes,  cbaracten 
and  Unctical  q>laodca  frith  accuney  Inueod  of  outcly  imagina- 
tive lOBantidui,  and  loiniereaireaden  by  5dellly  and  lympathy 
is  tbe  portnyal  of  thinp  well  known  to  the  aolhoca.  Olbu 
wiltlota  by  Cable  hai^  dialt  with  vartona  proUema  ol  race 
ud  politica  in  the  ioutbera  Matea  dnrtngand  alter  the  "  recoB' 
■inctiOB  period  "  foUowlBf  the  a«fl  War;  whOa  In  Tlu  CmUi 
^  Lauititna  (1SS4)  he  pnsented  a  biKory  of  [hat  tiHk  Iram  tbe 
llaMof  ki^ipeaniKeaa  a  Kdal  and  mjlilary  factor.  Kli  dia- 
paMionUe  treatment  of  hk  tbeoie  in  tide  volone  and  it>  pie- 
daccMon  lav*  iBcreaaiBg  oSeace  to  aenailive  Creoies  and  theii 
■ympalhlitn,  and  ia  1M6  CaUe  mnoved  to  NorthanptoB, 
HsBaachuaHls.  At  one  time  he  edited  X  macaaiae  In  North- 
unpton,  (Bd  afterwards  conducled  the  monthly  Current  Ltltn- 
bir*,  publilbed  in  NewYork.  His  CsOaftd  ICarii  woe  published 
In  a  unilorm  issue  in  j  vols.  (New  York,  1B9B).  Amonc  his  later 
mlumes  are  TIa  Cimlitr  {ige\],  Bylr»  HO  (t^ai),  nnd 
Jtincaii'i  BaUty  (190S). 

CABLE  (IromLate  Lat.  caftlitm,  a  halter,  from  captie.  to  lake 
hoM  of),  a  larEe  repi  or  chiiia,  uted  geneially  witb  riiipa,  bat 
aflM  empfeyed  for  oibo'  pBrpoMii  the  term  ■'cabla"  b  aba 


Hw  cable  by  wUcb  ■  riitp  ifda  at  her  ancboe  ii  now  made  (« 
boa;  prior  M  llli  only  kenpeo  cabki  weee  aafpBtd  to  afaifa 
•I  the  Britlih  navy,  a  Bnt-iBle'i  aaofiUaKBl  OB  the  Eiat  Indian 
Mation  being  eleven;  tbe  histel  waa  >j  In.  (cqori  W  d  b.  ina 
cabk)  and  wd^cd  6  teoB.  In  tSii,  bancablea  wtn  am«(d 


.  en  bn  Hable  to  fool  or  to  be  cBl  I9' inki, 
or  lo  b«  hiimcd  hy  bKov'b  Aat.  boo  eaUa  att  aba  imaSa 
and  rlnnnr,  an  doMtveadmir  bcbig  eihaled  from  ditty  boven 
cabbn,  when  tmbnt  and  Kowed  inlioaid.  Tie  bat  patcat  far 
boo  cibtai  wn  by  PMUip  WUtc  b  i6m;  twiilcd  linka  w« 
■njtteated  in  ilij  \rf  Cipt^  Brown  (who  afterwacda,  in  no- 
JoBctloii  whh  Brown,  Lmas  b  Co.,  plasnad  the  BriShtai  chain 
pietlnilii);  andatadawereintnidncediBilit.  BeavcncablH 
are  tKM  now  loppBed  to  ihtpt,  haviag  beea  aupAaeded  by  aeel 
win  bawviB.  The  ]eB|th  of  a  hempen  cable  b  lot  *-»i™^ 
and  a  ojile'a  bngth,  as  a^  standard  of  nHamremeoti  lOaaBy 
pbced  00  charts,  b  assumed  to  be  too  bthoma  or  60s  ft.  The 
riaea,  Bmnbet  and  lengths  of  cabtea  supplied  to  sUpa  of  the 
British  navy  are  giTen  In  the  ofEdal  pnbbcation,  the  SUfi 
EitMi^mal;  cablet  for  nerchiDi  tfaipa  an  tegnlated  by 
Uoyds,  and  are  teated  accordiog  lo  tbe  Ancbota  and  Cbaia 
Cables  Act  1899. 

IniaaBulacturin(duiIn  ables,the  ban  are  at  to  the  retnaited 
length  of  link,  at  an  angle  lor  fotmlng  the  wdda  and,  afiei 
beatiag,  are  bent  by  machinezy  to  tite  Ictfin  of  a  liiik  and  welded 
by  smkha,  each  link  being  inseited  in  the  pcevinus  one  b' 


>i|in 


n,thtK 


■o(  l)^ig  loffideiit  KMD  for  a  aide  weld;  cipsience  lia 
that  the  latter  method  it  prelenhle  and  It  b  employed  in  making 
larger  abed  cabkBi  In  iSgSstedstndi  wemtntioduixd  bolcad 
ofcaat  froD  ooea,  tbe  tatter  having  a  toidcncy  to  wotk  loose.  bM 
tbe  ptactke  b  not  univcttaL  After  letting,  the  licensed  tetur 
nraat  pbce  on  every  Gvi  fatbomaof  cable  a  dialincttve  mark  lAich 


caaploycd  nml  be  approwd  by  tbe  Board  cS  Tnde.  Tbe  iito 
used  in  the  coaaUuctlon,  aho  the  Icaiing,  ef  mooring  dniM 
and  cables  tor  the  Loodoo  Trinity  Honac  Cotpoiation  an  stihiKt 
to  non  itrbiietit  legnlatlon*. 

CaUei  Iu  tbe  Biilisb  navy  and  mcrcaatib  marine  an  supidied 
in  is}  tatbom  and  15  fathom  lengths  reflectively,  coancctcd 
D  (fig.  1).     Each  length  n 


Pic.  I.— Slud-Enk  Chilo. 


"  marked  "  by  plea*  of  iron  win  befng  twisted  niaad  the  MtA 
of  the  links;  the  win  b  placed  en  the  lint  Mods  on  eacb  aide 
of  the  first  afaacUe,  on  tbe  aeeond  stada  OB  tsch  Me  of  ihe 
second  shadh,  and  so  on ;  thus  the  mimber  of  leagthi  ol  caUc 
out  b  dearly  Indicated.    For  intance,  il  the  win  b  on  tbe  aith 


as  rartv  as  CVril  g|  AInsndria  (Jtb  cent.)  1  aid  it  was  adeoad  by 

Sir  John   Chcfce  and  odier   iMi  century   and   later  £i»U 

^'  in.    Tbe  leeding  i^w^  for  titn^m  u  foand  ia  aeveral  Btt 

n  MSS.  ClieyiK.  in  the  E»cy.  BitKce,  atciibcs  it  to  a  boo- 

ftic   soibt,  tiod    regard*  <4iialM   aa  conact.    (Sn   ante 

■"  ,„z=d.,Goog" 


CABLE  MOUtDING— CABOT,  J. 


9" 


Mudioa  (Mb  tide  e(  Ibt  ihnckk,  it  Indiaia  tint  ni  )en|th> 
K  75  Uthgou  d[  caUe  ue  out.  Id  joiiuni  ihc  kogltit  Uigclhcr, 
the  rgund  end  o[  Uk  tbickk  a'plueil  tawudi  Oie  anchoi.  The 
nd  liuluofcadi  lenclh  (C.C.)  in  nude  wilbosl  itud*,  in  order  to 
ukt  tbi  ituckle;  but  u  itudi  Incnue  the  (litngih  ol  i  link,  in 
ft  HudlcH  or  apen  Uak  Ibe  iniD  [>  ol  gieittr  diuneter.  Tbe  neit 
Unte  (B^.)  have  to  be  eslmjed.  la  ordei  to  uke  tbe  incieued 
riieal  thcUnluC.C.  InibeicHaiii|ihackle(D),tbepiauDvil, 
111  gmter  dumetn  bdng  in  Ibe  diiKiion  oi  the  unin.  The 
pJBoI  ■  thidJeiVhichutacbei  the  ubJe  to  the  lochor  killed 
■a  "uKbar  ihaclde,"  to  diuingiuib  it  team  ■  ioiniog  (hackle) 
pceJKTi  lod  ii  secured  by  l  fonlock;  but  liun  inj'  piojecliai 
IB  1  joixiiqg  ih^cUe  would  be  liiblc  to  be  injured  when  ihe  cable 


>t  D,  ir 


^dbyl 


UuU  pin  19  kept  fia>  .  .         . 

4nd  lead  pellcu  ire  driven  ia  it  eiilier  end  to  £11  up  the  holet 
in  tbe  thickle,  whicb  ue  nude  with  >  groove,  u  ibit  gtihe  pelleu 
ue  diivox  in  they  «:qjADd  or  dnvetiil,  keeping  the  mull  pin 

The  cibles  ue  itoncd  in  chain  locken,  ihe  inboard  endi  being 
■ecuied  by  a  "  tlip  "  iia  ihe  miitnuile  aarint  tbe  cable  is  ollen 
■hackled  at  luhed  to  ibe  kFlunJi  Ihe  tlip  pteventi  Ihe  ciblc'l 
inner  end  frou  pauing  nvcrboud,  and  alu  eiubles  the  cibk 
to  be  "  ihppcd,"  or  let  go,  in  cue  cii  ucceuity.  Jn  tbe  Biitith 
iHvj,  iwivel  pieca  ate  fined  in  the  £m  ind  last  Icngibi  ot  obk, 
lo  avoid  and,  if  required,  to  lake  out  lurm  in  a  cable,  cauwd  by 


I  incbon,  tbe  ubki  an  lecured  la  i 


■■  Ihe  ciblea  being 


FlC.  a.— Meoiini  SviireL 


ahicUedlotyeorringbol[iinihed«k(seeAnatO>).  Thecable 
Ilhove  up  by  eilhciicipilan  or  windlass  (xeC*FSTA>j)actuatid 
by  steam,  eleclridly  or  manual  pooer.  Ship!  in  Ihe  Brilisb 
navy  usually  tide  by  ihe  compressor,  the  cable  holder  being  used 
tnrchecking  the  cable  Tumung  out.  When  a  ship  has  been  given 
Ihe  neccsigry  cable,  the  oible  boldei  [i  eased  up  and  the  com- 
preswr  "  bowsed 


pbced  bctm 


re  taken  i 


id  the  ■■ 


nd nave] [" deck ") pipes.  Asinglel 
ud  the  bitli.>ibin  ancboring  in  d 
waler.  Small  vessels  of  the  cierciatile  marine  ride  by  1i 
around  tbe  wjndliis;  in  larger  or  more  modem  vessels  Hi 
with  a  steam  windlass,  Ihe  Iriction  brakes  take  tbe  sinun.  ai 
when  lequiied  by  the  bilU,  annpieuor  oi  cenlioUer  in 


Hthee. 
CABLB  MODLDIHO,  in  arcl 

lo  decoiate  tbe  nuuldinj)  d  it 
'  The  dimeniiotii  marked  in  the 


'lecture,  Ibe  term  ^ven  to  a 
lion  ol  a  rope  or  cOTd,  and  used 
Komaneique  styk  in  EsEtiud, 


Fnn(«  and  Spain.  The  word  "cabling"  by  itieif  indicates  • 
CQnvu  circular  moulding  lunk  in  Ihe  cnncnve  luting  of  a  classic 
cotamn,  and  ruing  ibaul  one-thiid  oltbe  height  al  Ibe  shaft. 

CABOCHE,  SmOH.  .SlnwB  Lecwistclliei,  callal  "  Cabocbe," 
a  tkinrw  of  [be  Paris  Boocberie,  played  an  impoiiant  part  in  (he 
Parisian  riots  of  141J.  He  bad  relations  wiLb  John  the  Feirkss, 
duke  of  Burgundy,  since  141L1  ud  vas  promineal  in  tbe  seditious 
disluibance*  which  btokc  oul  in  April  and  Uay.lallowing  on  Ihe 
£uii  of  February  141].    In  April  he  siiired  the  people  1 


dthe 


iphin.  Wlsn  the  butchen  had  madi;  ihemscK 
Paris,  Cabnche  became  baiUn  (kuiuitr  d'arma)  and  warden  of 
ib^  bridge  of  Chueoloo.  Upon  the  publicuioo  ol  the  great 
ordinance  ol  May  i6ih,  he  used  all  his  eJToiis  to  pm-ent  concUia- 
tion  between  the  Burgundiani  and  the  Armagnacs.  After  thi 
(all  of  [he  Cahadiim  parly  on  the  4th  of  August  he  Aed  10 
Burgundy  in  ordei  10  escape  liom  royal  justice.  Doublleu  he 
relumed  10  Paris  in  i4ifl  with  the  Buigiindiaiis. 


i.l»S». 


He  si 


n  in  Salem,  Klas 
lied  at  Harvi 


rom  1766  la  1768,  * 


cabin  bey.  He  gradually  became  a  ship-owner  and  a  suc- 
CB^ul  merchanl,  rcllring  from  business  in  itm-  Throughnul 
his  life  he  was  much  inlcresled  in  politics,  and  [hough  his  tempera- 
mental indolence  and  his  aversion  Inr  public  lite  often  prevcnled 
his  accepting  office,  he  eiercijed,  as  a  conliibuiot  [0  [he  press  and 
through  his  friendships,  a  powerful  political  inliuence,  especially 
in  New  England.  He,  was  a  meniber  of  the  Uassachusciis 
Conailulional  Convenlion  ol  iJ7(ri38o,  of  [he  slale  senate  in 
l}Si-i7Sj,  of  the  convenlion  which  in  17SS  raliRed  for  Massa- 
chuselts  ibe  Fedeiil  Coniiilulinn,  nd  frdm  lygi  10  i7»6of  Ihe 
United  Siala  Senate,  in  which,  besides  serving  an  various 
importanl  commillees.  he  became  tecognued  as  an  auiborjly  on 


iglhet 


by  him  in  Ihe  Senate  was  the  Furtive  Slave  Act  of  174}.  Upon 
the  establiihmenl  of  Ihe  navy  department  in  1798,  he  was 
appointed  and  confirmed  as  ilsiecrtlaiy,buL  he  never  performed 
the  duties  of  Ihe  office,  and  was  soon  replaced  by  Benjarein 
Sloddcn  C1751-1B13),  actually  (hough  not  nominany  the  first 
secretary  of  ihe  department.  In  1814-1815  Cabot  was  the  pre- 
tideni  of  ihe  Kanford  Convenlion,  and  as  such  was  then  and 
afterwards  acrimoniou^y  attacked  by  the  Republicans  [hrough- 
oul  the  counlry.  He  died  in  Boston  on  the  i8lh  of  April  iSii. 
In  politics  he  was  a  suunch  Fedtrah'st,  and  with  Fisher  Ames, 
Timothy  Pickering  and  Theophaus  Parsons  (aQ  of  whom  lived  in 
Essex  CDunly,  Musachusetls)  was  classed  as  a  member  of  the 
"Essei  Junlo,"— awingof  (hepanyand  nota  formal  orgsniia- 
dnn.  A  fervent  advocate  of  a  slrong  cenlralised  governmenl, 
he  did  much  lo  secure  the  ratiEcation  by  Massachusetli  of  ihe 
Federal  Conslilulion.  and  after  the  overluia  of  the  Federalist  by 
the  Kepublican  paiiy,  he  wrote  (1804):  "We  are  democratic 
allogelher,  and  I  bold  democracy  in  its  natural  operation  lo  be 

Sh  Henry  Cabol  Lodee't  Llfi  end  LtUtri  tSCterie  CsM  (Boston, 
H77!: 

CABOT.  JOHH  [Giovanni  Caboto]  (i430-I4«s;.  ItiTjia 
navigator  and  discoverer  of  North  America,  was  born  in  Genoa, 
but  in  1461  went  to  live  In  Venice,  of  which  be  became  1  natural- 
ized Gtiten  in  147S.  During  one  of  his  ttlding' voyages  to  the 
eisleni  Medilenaneao,  Cabol  paid  a  visit  to  Mecca,  then  the 
gnateit  marl  in  tbe  worid  lor  the  exchange  of  the  goods  of  IhC 
East  for  those  of  the  West.  On  inquiring  whence  came  Ihe 
spices,  peifumca,  silks  and  pt«cious  ilones  buiered  there  hi  greai 
quanlitia,  Cabot  leuned  that  ihey  were  brought  by.  caravan 
from  tbe  nonh-castem  puts  ol  larlher  Asia.  Being  veised  In  a 
knowledge  of  Ihe  sphere,  it  occurred  to  him  that  it  woold  be 
shorter  ud  quicker  la  bring  these  goods  to  Europe  itnighl 

have  to  be  lound  acma  Ibis  occin  from  Europe  to  Asi*.  Foil 
of  ihisidei,  Cibot,  about  the  year  1484,  removed  with  hii  family 
to  London.    His  plans  were  in  course  of    ~ 


aide  known  to 


932  ^--Ai 

ths  kadlnt  merdmli  of  Briatol,  from  which  poit  u  utemfTe 
tnde  vu  cairicd  on  thady  oiUi  Icelud.  It  wu  dcddcd  that 
Ul  Bllempt  thauJd  be  made  id  rclib  the  isUnd  dI  BruU  ai  (hat 
of  the  Seven  Citiei,  p!»«d  on  medieval  mips  to  Ihe  west  of 
ItcUnd,  uid  that  IheM  ihould  form  the  6nt  haJtiiij-places  on 
the  route  to  Aiia  by  the  weit. 

To  End  Ibttc  Blind!  vtwb  wete  despitclied  Inni  BrlfUj 
durinf  severat  yean,  hut  all  m  vain.  No  land  of  any  urt  could 
be  leen.  ASm'b  weie  in  this  slate  when  in  the  nimmer  of  I4gj 
news  leacbcd  England  that  anolhei  Genoese,  Ctuislopber 
Cotumbui,  had  set  sail  westward  (mm  Spain  and  had  leidwd  the 
Indies.  Cabot  and  hit  ftiendi  at  once  determined  to  for^ 
further  search  for  (he  islands  and  to  poab  straight  on  to  Aul 
With  Ihli  end  in  view  api^icalion  was  made  lo  (he  Ung  lot  forma] 
letterj  patent,  which  were  not  iMned  until  March  j,  14^.  By 
these  Henty  Vtl.  granted  to  hil  "  well-beloved  John  Cabot, 
dtiiin  of  Venice,  to  Lewis,  Sebastian  and  Sonllus,'  sonnei  of  the 
ttid  John,  full  and  free  authority,  leave  and  power  upon  tbeyr 
own  proper  c«u  and  charges,  to  seebe  out,  discover  and  finde 
*hat)oever  Isles,  countries,  regions  or  prorinces  Ol  the  hntheti 
and  infidels,  which  before  this  time  bave  been  unknown  to  all 
Chriitians."  Merchandise  from  the  countries  visited  was  to  be 
entered  at  Bristol  free  ol  duty,  but  one-fifth  of  the  net  pdiu  was 
to  go  to  the  Ung, 

Armed  with  tbese  powers  Cabot  set  sail  from  Bristol  on 
Tuesday  the  ind  of  May  1407,  on  board  a  ship  cvUed  the 
■'  Maihew  "  manned  by  cifihtceii  men.  Rounding  fteland  they 
headed  first  north  and  (hen  west.  During  several  weeks  they 
■ere  forced  by  variable  winds,  to  keep  an  intgular  coura:, 
althougb  steadily  towuds  [he  west.  At  length,  alter  being 
fifty-two  days  at  »ea,  at  five  o'clock  on  Saturday  morning,  June 
14,  they  reached  the  northern  eitremlty  of  Cape  Bieion  Island. 
The  royal  banner  w»4  unfurled,  and  In  solemn  form  Cabot  took 
possession  of  (he  country  in  the  name  of  King  Reniy  VII.    Tbc 

convinced  be  had  reached  the  north-easicm  coast  ol  Asia, 

Cape  North  was  named  Cape  DiKO> 
the  festival  of  St  John  the  Baptist,  ! 
opposte,  was  called  tbe  island  ol  St  J 

Having  taken  on  board  wood  and  water,  pteparstlont  were 
made  to  return  home  as  quickly  as  possible.  Sailing  north, 
Cabot  named  Cape  Ray,  St  George's  Cape,  and  christened  St 
Pierre  and  MiqueloD,  which  then  with  Langlny  (omied  three 
Kpante  islands,  (be  Trinity  group.  Hereabout  theymet  great 
•cbools  ol  cod,  quantities  ol  which  o'ere  caught  by  the  sailors 
nwrely  by  lowering  biiliets  into  the  water.  Cape  Race,  the  lut 
land  Ken,  was  named  England's  Cape. 

The  return  voyage  was  made  without  difficulty,  since  the 
prevailing  winds  in  the  North  Adantic  are  westeriy,  and  on 
Sunday,  the  6tb  of  August,  the  "  Mathew  "  dropped  anchor 
once  more  in  Briatol  harbour.  Cabo(  hastened  to  Court,  and  on 
Thursday  the  loth  of  August  received  from  the  king  lio  for 
luving  "  found  tbe  new  isle."  Cijiot  reported  that  70a  leagues 
beyond  Ireland  he  had  reached  tbe  country  of  th'e  Grand  Khan. 
Although  both  silk  and  biaail-wood  could  be  obtained  there,  be 
intended  on  bi>  neil  voyage  to  follow  the  CDait  southward  as  far 
ai  Cipangu  or  Japon,  then  pLced  near  the  equator.  .  Once 
Gpangu  had  been  teacbrd  London  would  become  a  greater 
centre  for  spic«s  than  Alexandria.  Henry  VU,  wu  delighted, 
ind  besides  granting  Cabot  a  pension  oi  £10  promised  him  in  the 
•pring  a  Bixt  of  ten  ships  tHth  which  to  sail  to  Cipangu. 

On  the  iii  oE  February  1499,  fresh  letters  patent  were  Istotd, 
whereby  Cabot  was  empowered  to  "  lake  at  his  pleasure  VI. 
engUsihe  thippet  aid  theym  convey  and  lede  to  the  londe  and 
lies  of  late  founde  by  tbe  scid  John.*'  Henry  ML  himself  also 
advanced  considenUe  luns  of  aoaey  to  various  memben  ol 
tbe  eipedition.  As  success  seemed  assured,  It  was  expected  the 
returns  would  be  hi^ 

In  the  spring  Cabot  ViiStei  Lisbon  and  SevIDe,  10  lectiR 

the  lervieea  of  men  who  had  s^cd  along  the  African  coast  with 

'  Nubing  lunher  li  known  ol  Lewis  and  Saodiia. 


Cam  and  Dial  or  to  tbe  IwUn  whh  Cekmbnt.  At  UAad  Ic 
met  1  certam  JoSo  Femandes,  called  Llivndcr,  who  about  the 
year  1441  tppean  to  have  made  Ms  way  from  Iceland  (0  Cfn9- 
land.  Cabot,  on  learning  Irom  Femandes  thai  put  of  Asia,  as 
they  supposed  GreenlaiKl  to  be,  lay  to  near  IceUrKl,  detenntned 
by  -way  ol  (hit  CDunoy.    On  reaching  Bristol  ha  laid 


>I  Paul  Ishind,  whif 


3oe'mcn,  left  Bristol.  Serenl  vaiads 
„  to  Iceland  sccomfankd  tbira.  Ofl 
Ireland  1  atBtm  forced  one  of  these  to  Rlum,  but  tbe  im  (]<  tk 
Beet  proceeded  on  its  way  alnng  the  parallel  of  jIT.  Eack  day 
the  ships  were  carried  northward  by  tbe  Gulf  Stream,  blly  hi 
June  Cahot  readied  the  east  toast  of  Greenland,  and  as  Femandes 
was  the  first  who  had  UM  bBn  of  thb  countiy  be' named  It  the 
Labrador's  Land. 

In  the  hope  of  finding  a  passage  Cabot  proceeded  northwaid 
along  the  coast.  As  he  advanced,  tbe  coM  became  mare  inien* 
apd  the  fcebeip  thicker  and  larger.  It  was  al»  noticed  thai  the 
land  trended  (nslwird.  Aa  ■  rerult  on  the  iilh  tl  Jose  in 
latitude  67*  30'  tbe  cfews  mutinied  and  refused'to  pfaeeed 
farther  m  that  di'reetion.  Cabot  liad  no  alternative  but  tirput 
his  (hips  about  and  leBk  for  a  passage  towards  the  aoslh. 
Rounding  Cape  Farewell  he  explored  tbe  soDtbem  eoast  «f 
Greenland  and  then  made  his  way  a  certaiit  dfitance  op  the 
west  coast-  H^e  again  hh  progress  was  checked  by  iceiieiy, 
wheteupon  a  ooune  was  ael  towards  the  wot.  Crgeibig  Davis 
Strait  Cabot  rcocbed  our  modem  Baffin  I^nd  in  66*.  Judging 
this  to  be  the  Asiatic  nuirdand,  he  set  off  soalhvaid  In  search 
of  Cipangu.  Snath  of  Hudson  Strait  a  little  bnitttlng  was  dooe 
krlth  the  Indiana,  but  these  could  offer  aothlng  in  exchange  bnt 
tun:  Outstmllol  Belle  Me  was  mistaken  (or  an  ordiaaiy  bay, 
and  Newfoundland  was  legaided  by  CibM  as  the  aaia  dian 
itself.  Rounding  Cajie  Race  he  vl 
explored  in  the  previous  summer,  a: 
the  coast  ol  our  Nova  Scotia  and 
Cipangu.  He  made  his  way  as  far  soudi  as  tbc  thirtr«ighth 
parallel,  when  tbc  absence  of  all  signs  of  eastern  eiviliaaticn 
and  (be  low  suie  ol  his  stores  forced  him  to  abandon  aQ  hope  of 
reaching  Cipangu  on  thia  voyage.  According  the  ihipa  were 
put  about  and  a  coune  ael  for  England,  wbcR  they  arrived  safely 
Uietntheauiumnitf  149S.  Not  long  after  his  return  Ji^Caboi 
died. 

Ilia  son,  SebjISTIAH  Cuot  (T476-rj;7],'briet  indepodenily 
heard  of  imlil  May  ijii,  when  he  waa  paid  twenty  ■'■■fi";- 
"  lor  making  a  caide  of  Gascoigae  and  Cuyenne,"  whither  be 
accompanied  the  Pwgii*!*  army  sent  that  year  by  Henry  VIII. 
10  aid  his  father-in-law  Ferdinand  of  Aragon  agahist  the  French. 
Since  Ferdinand  and  his  daughter  Joanna  woe  CDntetapUting 
the  dispatch  of  an  expedition  from  Santander  to  eiqilore  New- 
foundland, Sebastian  was  quealioncd  abonl  thia  coast  by  the 

September  1511  to  Logrofto,  and  on  Ihe  30th  of  October  appointed 
bim  a  captain  in  the  navy  at  a  salary  of  50,000  maravedis  a 
year.  A  letter  was  also  written  to  the  Spanish  ambassador  in 
England  to  help  Cabot  and  his  family  to  return  lo  Spain,  with 
the  result  that  m  March  1J14  he  was  agidn  hack  ai  Court  dis- 
cussing with  Ferdinand  tbc  proposed  expedition  to  Newfound- 
land. Preparations  were  made  for  him  to  set  sail  In  Mardi 
iSii;  but  the  deaihof  tbe  king  In  January  of  that  year  put  an 
end  to  the  ondettaklng.  His  services  were  retained  by  Charles 
v.,  and  on  Ihe  sth  of  February  151S  Cabot  waa  named  Fitot 
Major  and  official  examiner  ol  pilots. 
In  the  win  terofijio-ijii  Sebastian  Cabot  retuinediaEn^uid 

■  The  dates  am  coojeefliraL  Rlchaid  Eden  (IVcato  a^  Ac  Awe 
WarUi,  L  as5J  says  SebsHian  uld  him  chat  when  four  ymr*  olit 
he  was  taken  by  his  lather  to  Vcnic:*,  and  nRnrimi  to  Enriand 

"  after  certeyne  ycares:  wherby  he  waa  thouDbt.ta  Lax-e  bin  borzi 
in  Venice":  Slow  MninUi,  under  year  1408)  uylu  "Sebailian 
Caboto,  a  Cenoai  tdene.  bone  in  ennow."^&iLtvano  and  Ketiera 
■  Ih  give  Eulaod  Ibe  honour  of  hia  nativlly.  See  also  NicholU. 
RmuHitU  Cfe  of  JUouux  CixiaUt6i).  a  eulogutic  acoouat.  with 


i.zea  by  Google 


CABOTAGE— CABREKA 


ksd  lAtk  tbna  n*  olt«t«d  by  Wobqr  As  vmuiumI  of  five 
vnMb  vUdi  HeBT7  vm.  tntndcd  to  de^ldi  U  Ncwfgaodlutd. 
Being  rqiruclwd  by  ■  hUow  Vocilu  with  biTisg  done  nothiic 
for  hii  on  cmntiy,  Cibot  nbiad,  and  oo  ladiing  Spiin 
iDtcRdtDtoBKtftQcgoClBtloiuwIlhtteCoanalalTauVailOe. 
It  ma  kgrrtd  thit  u  taoa  i»  *a  <nn>otUialy  oOood  Cabot 
Amid  come  to  Veoica  wid  lay  Ui  {daoa  bdon  tbt  Sigoionr- 
"nie  coureitutt  ol  Badijoi  tooknphktiait  hi  i]>4,  and  oo  tha 
4th  of  M irdi  i;isbewuippoiiinda>EaiiiaBderofaaaiMdltloB 
Sited  out  at  Seville  "  to  diicovir  the  HoIdrm,  Iknh,  OpUr, 
Cipanfo  and  Cathay." 

The  three  veucts  act  nil  in  April,  and  by  Jiaie  ant  oS  the 
ooait  ot  Bruflaud  on  Ibeirny  u  the  Stiaiti  of  Hafdlan,  Nai 
the  I«  Plata  litrt  Cabot  found  three  Spaniaidi  wbo  had  fbrmed 
part  oC  De  SoHi't  eipedition  of  ijtj.  Tbeae  mes  gave  udi 
glowing  aecounta  of  the  ifchei  of  the  couniry  watered  by  thb  river 
that  Cabot  wu  at  length  induced ,  pinly  by  their  dtseripticHii  and 
in  p«rt  by  the  caiting  away  of  hit  lag-abip,  lo  forgo  ibe  tearch 
for  nnb and Ophir  and  to  enter  the  La  Plata,  which  waireadKd 
in  February  1517.  All  the  way  up  the  Parana  Cabot  found  the 
Indiana  friendly,  bat  IhoK  on  Ibe  Paraguay  piovrd  uhoitiic 
Ibat  the  atteopl  to  tiadi  lie  mountaina,  wbn*  the  gold  and 
tShti  wtie  proeurod,  had  to  be  given  up.  On  reaching  Seville  in 
Angutt  rsjD,  Cibot  wit  condemned  to  lonr  yeira'  banlthmcot 
to  Oran  in  Africa,  bat  in  June  i;;]  be  wai  once  nun  icinmted 
In  hii  farmer  poet  of  Pilot  Major,  iriiich  he  ontiniied  to  fill 
until  ho  again  nmovcd  (0  EDgtind. 

Aa  early  u  i  jjR  Cabal  tiled  to  obtain  employmeBt  under 
Henry  Vin.,  and  it  is  possible  he  wu  the  Sevillian  pilot  who  waa 
bnw^t  to  London  by  the  king  in  1541.  Soon  after  the  accnaion 
o(  Edward  VI.,  however,  his  fricBula  induced  Ibe  Privy  Council 
lo  advance  nuoey  for  hia  removal  to  England,  and  on  tha 
5th  of  Jannaiy  I54g  the  king  golited  him  a  pension  ol  £iA6, 
iji.  4d.  On  Charles  V.  objecting  to  this  proONdiog,  the  Privy 
Coondl,  on  the  iitt  of  ApriT  ijjo,  made  antwer  that  aiais 
"  Cabot  ol  himiell  refuted  to  go  either  islo  Spaync  or  to  tbe 
eBipciour,  no  reason  or  equUt  wolde  that  be  dmldc  be  fatced 
or  conpdled  to  go  agalnit  U>  wilL"  A  fieih  ap;dlcatian  to 
Queen  Maty  on  dte  gtfc  of  September  r;sj  likewlM  pioved  of  no 

On  Ibe  j61h  of  Jme  isso  Cabot  renived  f  KD  "  by  wait  o(  the 
kinget  Mifeniea  rewaide,"  but  it  is  not  clear  whether  this  waa 
for  hit  lervicea  in  putting  down  the  prtvilept  ol  the  Cennao 
Merchants  ol  the  Steelyard  or  lor  IDundmg  the  company  of 
Herchant  Advenlunn  incDiporated  on  the  lith  of  December 
1551.    Of thHcompanyCklnl wasmadegDVemorforlife.   Ilirec 

East  by  the  nwth-eatt.  Two  oi  the  vtiseli  were  caughl  in  the 
ice  Deal  AiiiDa  and  the  ciewa  frozen  to  death.  Chumllot's 
ventd  alone  leaiiM  tbe  White  Sea,  whence  her  aptain  made  hit 
■ray ovcijand  to  Moieow.  Heietonted  to  Engisod  b  Ibeiummer 
of  I S54  and  wu  the  neuu  of  opening  upB  very  consideiabieuade 
with  Ruaiia.  Vewela  wen  again  dcapalcfaed  to  Russia  in  i;s5 
and  tisfi.  OnI)iedepaituKofthB"Enfdithiift"inHayiSifi. 
"  the  good  old  gentleman  Mailer  Cabot  gave  to  Ibe  poor  must 
liberal  alms,  wishing  then  to  piay  lor  the  good  fonune  and 
prnpenna  socceia  of  the  '  Seaiththiift ':  and  then,  at  ihe  sign 
ol  ilie  Chritlopher,  hi  and  his  iriendi  banqueted  and  made  Ihcm 
that  were  in  the  company  good  cbeni  and  far  very  joy  lho<  he 
bad  »  see  the  lowardness  of  our  intended  discovery,  be  entered 
into  the  dann  hitnscll  aauHig  the  rest  ol  the  young  and  luiiy 
company."  Onlhearrivalsf  KingPhilipU.inEnglaod.Cabol'* 
pension  was  stopped  on  the  i6th  cJ  May  isj;, but  threedayt  later 
Uaiy  htd  h  renewed.  The  date  of  Cabot's  death  bat  not  been 
definitely  discovered,  itisaupposcd  that  be  died  within  theyear. 
See  G.P.  WlnsMo,  Catel  KKIorif^r.  VM  si  tnboiwlitn  Eihth 
At  Cswrt  ^  Ite  Cshw  (Londoa.  19110] ;  and  H.  P.  Bl^r.  "  The 


Spain,  in  tlie  pnvinoa  of  Coidova; 
>gn.S.E.byS.olCotdova,oiitheJ>en-Hilagini]war.  Pep. 
(1900)  I3,<a7,-  CabB  is  built  In  a  fenile  valley  betwicn  Ihe 
Stem  dc  CabH  and  the  Sitita  da  Moniila,  *hich  together  fbna 
the  watanbtd  bttntn  the  iiv«»  Cabia  and  Gaadajoa,  TIw 
toWn  ma  for  acverai  ccatuk*  an  episcopal  aec.  Its  diicf 
baUdlBp  an  ^  catbednl,  oiigiulJy  ■  moaqse,  and  the  lainad 
c*Mk,  wliich  I*  tbe  chid  aiMog  Btny  inteicftuig  tdlcB  of  Moorish 
rule.  Tike  neighbouring  fields  of  day^afiord  matetial  for  tho 
raanufactore  of  brkksand  potteiy;coaiieciothia  woven  in  the 
toVniand  there  isa  cousidenble  trade  in  laim  produce.  Cabra 
il  the  Roman  Siutn  or  Aipiirt.  It  was  deUvtnd  Irdi  lbs 
Moon  by  Feidlnand  III.  ol  Castile  In  i  >4a,  and  entmtted  to  Ibe 
Order  of  Calatiava;iB  ijji  it  was  lemptuied  by  the  Moorish  king 
of  Granada ;  but  in  tile  following  century  it  waa  finally  reunited 
to  Christian  Spain. 

CABSBBil.  RAMON  {1806-1877),  CiHist  geMtal,  waa  bom  at 
Tortou,  province  of  Tarragona,  Spain,  on  the  i7Ih  of  Decembet 
ito6.  As  his  family  had  in  their  gift  two  ■■h.pl.m.T..  young 
Cabrera  was  sent  to  the  seminary  of  Tortosa,  where  he  made 
himself  (iins[ucuoui  u  an  uriinly  pupil,  ever  mixed  tipiadiMuib- 
ancr*andcanles>inhis«udiH.  Afieihehad  taken  minor  orders 
the  bishop  refused  to  ordain  him  as  a  priest,  telling  him  that  the 
Qiurck  was  not  his  vocation,  and  tliat  eveTylbing  in  him  showed 
that  be  ov^t  to  be  a  soldier.  Catnent  fallowed  this  UviCE  and 
took  put  ui  Carlist  coiui^tacies  on  the  death  of  FeidinaDd  VIL 
The  auliunitiea  exiled  him  and  he  absconded  to  Morella  to  join 
the  (orcin  of  the  pieten&r  Den  Carlos.  Ina  veiy  short  time  be 
rase  by  sheer  daifng.  Euwtirism  aiid  feiociiy  to  the  fiout  laak 
among  the  CartitI  dilefs  who  led  the  bands  of  Don  Carioa  in 
Catahmia,  Angon  and  Valencia.  As  a  raider  he  was  often 
successful,  and  he  was  many  times  wouided  in  ibe  brilliant  fi^tt 
la  which  he  again  and  again  dcleated  the  generate  of  Queen 
Istbella.  He  aillltd  bli  vinotiei  by  acts  ot  cruelty,  ibooimg 
prisonen  of  war  whcae  liva  be  had  pmnlsed  to  ^laie  and  not 
nqiecting  the  lives  and  peoper^olnon^mnbatanta.  Thequeen^ 
generals  seized  his  mother  aaa  hostage,  wbeieupoa  Cabrera  shot 
aevenl  miyon  and  officers.  Germiil  Nognens  usiortunatdy 
caused  Che  Batber  of  Cabien  la  be  shot,  and  the  Cirliii  leader 
thefa  started  upco  a  policy  ol  reprisals  so  meidless  that  the  people 
nicknamed  him  "  The  Tigci  of  the  Maenrugo."  It  will  su&cc 
to  say  that  be  shot  mo  pnwnen  of  war.  100  officers  and  many 
dviliaia.iBclDdtogthewivcsoiloiirleadlnglsabeHioai.Iaavenge 
hismothci.  When  MinhilEsparteroinducedtheCarlisIaaf  the 
nortb-wetiem  piovincei.  wi  th  Muoto  at  their  head,  to  tubmii  in 
accoidauct  wiih  Ihe  ConvMiioB  ol  Virgaia.  which  secured  the 
rerognition  of  the  lank  andtlLlca  of  1000  Carlist  officers,  Cabrera 
held  out  in  C«nln1  Spain  for  nearly  a  year.  Uanhali  fi^ianen 
and  O'DonncIi,  with  the  bulk  of  the  Iiabellino  armies,  had  to 
conduct  a  long  and  bloody  campaign  against  Cabrm  before  they 
SBCcetdediDdriviaghimlntoFrenthlerrilory  in  July  1840.  The 
gavenunent  of  Louis  Philippe  kept  him  in  a  fonrest  for  some 
mouths  and  then  ilbaed  him  to  go  to  Engkmd,  ^icrr  he 
quarrelled  with  the  prcwuder.  disapproving  of  hbabdiotlaa  fa 
^vourof  the  count  of  Montemolin.  Id  igiSCafamaRspptsted 
inthcmountaBisofrauloDiaaiibehcadofCatlitlbaiids.  These 
WEnwan  dispersed  and  he  tgnin  fled  ID  Fiance.  After  tUslaat 
effort  he  did  oat  take  a  very  active  pad  in  the  piopa^nda  and 
subsequent  lisbigs  of  the  Catlista.  wbo,  iuwever.  contimied  to 
consult  him.  He  took  o9mce  when  new  men,  not  a  lew  of  them 
(tniHidaB  regular  olBcera.  became  the  adviscnand  lieutenants  of 
Don  Carlos  in  the  war  whidi  lasted  more  or  lest  flora  1S70-1S76. 
Indeed,  his  tong  residents  iu  England,  Us  martkge  with  Miss 
Richards,  and  his  prolonged  absence  from  Spain  had  much  shaken 
hit  devotion  to  hia  old  cause  and  bcliel  in  its  success.  In  March 
1S7J  Cabrcn  sprang  upon  Don  Catkn  a  manifesto  in  which  be 
^Ued  upon  the  adbeienta  ol  the  prttender  to  fallow  hit  own 
eiamplc  and  submit  to  the  nsiortd  monaichy  of  Alphooao  XII., 
the  am  ol  Queen  Isabella,  who  rKognixd  the  rank  of  captain- 
tencnlandtbetitleatcinalof MenUacDBtentdanCabRnbj  . 


CACCINI— CACTUS 

1    irfSuUitto,*iMCoaic^Bc^iri 


w>4th«IU*y 

1B71.  He  did  not  Rcdn  naA  Mlflfcn  boa  the  atjerky  at 
bit  leBcim-amUymtm,  kIu  toamealy  Bid  (Ivt  U«  didiqnitr  W 
Ut  old  ante  l»d  prond  MHR  hinfd  to  Ub  (ku  Intfaial  la 
ihcBewftiUgltlHip.  ApcuioowlidihullwakvutHllDlH 
■idn  «u  iBiDiiBCal  br  bit  io  iBm  ■■  oidof  dwSfaniik  tRBBiy 
■luttbeloMaftbtcdonia.  (A.E.H.) 

CACCUn,  aiDUO  (ijjS-ifiis?},  luliu  mtuial  coapcta. 


itSisS.m 


iDU7» 


(stocd  tbt  Knfcc  o(  tbe  fnnd  dote  of  Tmouiy  *t  FkRnoe. 
eoUaboBtad  vith  J,  Peri  in  the  taily  attcmpta  at  nmiial  dnsuL 
lAich  wnc  tlK  mcaUm  ot  modem  i^bm  IDofm,  1994,  and 
Emdur,  i6do),  produced  at  Floreace  by  the  drde  of  muaduii 
■od  imatcun  vkich  met  it  the  hontrt  of  C.  Bardi  ud  Cool 
He  lbs  pobliihBl  in  1601  ^  nmE  aiiiiule,  >  coUeeiiMi  of  (mfi 
wUcb  is  ef  (Teat  iaportuice  Id  tbe  lustocy  4rf  liogLDf  u  veil  u 
in  Ibat  ol  tbc  tnaiilion  pedod  tii  rnuial  compotttion.  He 
«*■  1  lyric  flaayoiei  ntbcr  thu  ■  dmuttsl  like  Peri,  ud  tbc 
flouuiie  beiDty  of  bi*  *o^  tnaks  Ibem  lunptable  even  M  tbc 
piHnil  d*y. 
CACBHB,  I  provLDce  o(  voten  Spain,  fonned  in  ita  ol 

SiltmaBC*  umI  AtOi,  E.  by  Toicdo,  S.  by  Badajoi,  and  W.  by 
Fortiwd.  Pop.  (1900)  361,164^  HO,  ;M7  tq.  m.  Cicero  ii 
tbe  laigBt  at  Spaniih  pioviiicea,  after  Bulajoa,  and  one  of  the 
■MM  ibialy  peopled,  allboiigh  the  nninba  of  iu  inhabitanin 


Sien*  dc  Cat*  ud  Uie  Sien*  do  Gttdo*  mirk  n^McIivdy.tbe 

tbse  aiE  •nreral  lomt  lugei,  almost  Ibe  endn  tariioc  I*  Hu  or 
tuididitb^,*itb<ridetnct«almocdaDdaDdthinpa(tiire.  Hiere 
lilittlefanotaDdmuiydiMtktiMiSerfiomdnnighL  Thewlule 
province,  txixi^  tbe  alniae  nmb,  bdoofi  lotlu  buioat  the 
fiver  TagBit  wbid  Aowa  irom  cast  to  vett  tbrou^  tbe  centnl 
districts,  and  isinned  by  levenl  tributuies,  noubly  tbe  Alapn 
and  Tietar,  from  tbe  north,  ud  the  Salor  and  Abnonle  fnim  the 
•oulh.  Tlx  dirnale  is  temperate  except  in  nimmer,  when  hot  east 
winds  pTTvaE.  Fair  quantities  of  gtain  and  oHvea  aic  ni^,  but 
u  a  llock-bceedinc  ptovince  Ciceies  rsBka  scamd  only  to 
Bsdsjoa.  In  19011  It*  flocks  and  herds  Bumbend  more  than 
1,000,000  bod.  It  Is  lamed  for  its  ihecli  and  pigs,  ud  eipoits 
■Dol.  hams  and  the  red  taungea  called  tmimidtt.  Its  mineial 
Hsonrcea  arc  compantfvely  insignificant.  The  total  jrnmber  of 
mine*  at  motk  in  igoj  was  only  nine;  theii  output  ooiuisted 
of  pboapbatet,  with  ■  small  immmt  of  linc  ud  tin.  Enody, 
lealher  and  oork  goods,  and  mane  woollen  slufls  are  manu- 
factured in  muy  of  the  towns,  but  the  backwardness  of  education . 
the  Uck  of  good  loadsi  and  the  genenl  poverty  rclaid  the  de* 

Lisbon  railways  entcn  the  province  on  the  east;  pasiei  walk  ol 
Flaseoda.  where  it  is  jobed  by  the  railway  from  Salimuca,  oa 
the  north;  and  iciches  the  Portuguese  fmnticr  at  Valencia  de 
Alcintan.  This  liof  is  supplrmeoled  by  a  branch  from  Aixoyo 
to  the  dty  of  C4ceia,  and  thence  touthwirdi  to  MMda  in 
Badajos.  Hen  it  Intels  the  nilways  from  Seville  and  Cotdov*. 
The  principal  lowDs  of  C&cetes  are  C&cercs  (pop.  i^od,  16,933); 
AleinUra  (3148),  laotous  for  lis  Boman  bridge;  Flasenda  (SioS); 
IVnjiUo  (ii,sii).ud  Valenda  di  Akfintara  (9417).  These  are 
dtKribed  in  lepaiate  anidej.  Armyo,  or  ArroyD  del  Pucrco 
fTO^),  b  an  impoitanl  agriculliml  market.  -  (See  alio  Estu- 

CACBRES,  tbe  capital  of  the  Spanish  province  of  Cicerea. 
about  10  m.  S.  of  the  river  Tagus,  on  the  Cicere^Mfaida  ail  way, 
nch  line  which  meets  tlie  more  northeriy  of  the 
ayi  at  Amiyo.  10  m.  W,     Fop,  (1900) 
>  t  conspicuous  eminence  on  a  low  ndge 
M  the  bigbcat  point  rise)  the  lolty  tawa 


v  MadHd-Lbbon  T 


bybftyU 


an  is  37«9  sq.  m.  It  it  divided  Mtonlly 
andUDs.  The  tceoety  it  bcaotiftd,  tbe  hills 
bsag  dotbcd  witk  foRSUi  rtik  the 
(dain  is  relieved  of  niMiotOBy  by  amaU  isclated  iBdnlalioaa  and 
by  ita  ridi  vegelatioB.  The  Soratt  it  the  cUd  linr,  aad  iU 
principal  Iribntaiiei  fiom  tbe  aoetfa  are  tbe  Jitt  iDd  Jstinga.'aiid 
fiDoi  tbe  south  tho  Sonai  and  Daletwiil    Tbe  dimste  it  a- 


of  Ibc  dittlict  in  ifoi  was  4S5,nj,  a>d  allowed 

adjacent  district  of  Sylhei.  The  plain  b  the  most  thickly 
pi^nlated  put  of  the  district;  in  the  North  Cachar  HBh  the 
pi^Kiktion  is  sparse.  About  M  %  of  the  popidaticn  are  Hiados 
and  79  %  Blahommedans.  Thar  Ire  ihiw  administntjvc  sub- 
divitioiu  of  the  district:  Silchar,  llailikandi  ud  North  Cackar. 
The  dialrici  takes  name  from  its  Iottdtt  nders  id  the  Kachari 
tribe,  of  wlwin  the  first  to  settle  here  did  »  eariy  in  the  iSlh 
century,  after  being  driven  oot  of  the  Assam  valley  in  i  sjS,  and 
from  the  North  Cachar  Hills  ia  1706.  by  the  Ahoms.  Aboatthe 
dose  of  tbe  lEth  century  the  Eumani  thieaiened  to  (ipel  tbe 
Kachari  raja  and  annex  his  territury;  the  British,  however, 
intervened  to  jwevent  thia,  and  on  the  death  of  the  last  raja 
without  heir  in  1E30  they  obuincd  the  teiriuvy  under  tnsty. 
A  separate  principality  which  had  been  established  in  the  North 
Ctchar  Hills  urher  in  the  ccDiury  by  a  servant  ol  the  raja,  and 
bad  been  subsequently  recDgnited  as  nuh,  was  taken  over  by 
tbe  British  in  i8s4  owing  to  the  missnducl  of  its  tvlers.  The 
•outhetii  part  of  the  district  was  raided  seven!  times  in  the  igib 
century  by  tbe  turbukut  tribe  of  Lushais. 

fJACHOEIBA,  an  inportut  mland  town  of  BaUa,  Brain,  on 
the  Paragnassd  river,  sbost  4S  a,  (nHD  Sko  Salvador,  with  which 
it  is  connected  by  river.boatx.  Pop.  (1890)  «<  the  dty,  ie.607; 
of  the  munidpaliiy,  48,353.  The  Bnhia  Centnl  nilwaj  siarta 
from  this  point  and  extends  S.  (<  W.  to  Uadudo  PortcUa,  161  m.. 
ud  N.  to  t'tin  de  Santa.  Anna,  >8  m.  AlihoB^  badly  stmtcd 
on  the  lower  levels  of  the  liver  (52  ft.  above  seaJtvel)  and  subject 
to  destructive  5sods,  Cachoeira  is  (me  of  the  most  thriving 


.  CACTUS.  Tbit  word,  BK>licd  In  t 
ancient  Greeks  to  lome  prickly  pint. 
as  the  name  of  a  group  of  cmious  lu 
pUntt,  most  of  them  piickly  and  1 


wfactori 


"f-V^pfl^p-*-" 


CACTUS 

sltit  the     daily  Jltni! 


tHtonJ  order  CactActae.  vbkh  embnca 
It  Is  one  oi  ilw  few  Linnaein  (cimic  i 
mt[[ely  set  uide  by  tbe  mma  idoFled  I 
of  lie  inxip. 
'  The  Caiti  mly  be  dcKribed  iii  goxnl 

the  fleshy  ilems.  These  ore  eitreniily  viriouj  in  character  <nd 
hiWt  being  globote,  cylindiiul,  calumiur  oi  11:Ll1eDed  jaid  leafy 
exparuioni  or  tbick  joint-like  diviiiona,  the  surface  being  either 
nbbed  like  h  melon,  or  c5eveloped  into  njpple-ILke  protuberances, 
or  vsriously  injular,  but  in  the  grealet  numbtr  of  the  specie* 

eiceedin^y  keen  and  powerful.     These  tulls  show  the  poilion 
initively  few 


Thes 


IS  are  in  [ 
le  leaves. 


«[uflcs 


,    singlhH 
I,  being  generally  rt 


nina 


gtovp,  npTtteotdd  by  Ci 
developed  imaQ  ai 


increase  in  site  upwards,  and  at  length  become  crowded,  numer- 
ous and  pelaloid,  forming  a  funnel-shaped  blossom,  the  beauty 
of  which  is  oiucii  enhinced  by  the  multitude  of  con^picuouj 
■tamcQS  which  with  the  pistil  occupy  the  centre.  En  asother 
group,  represented  by  O^.iKio  (fig.  i),  Ihe  flowers  are  rotate, 
that  is  10  say,  Ibe  long  tube  is  ttplaced  by  a  very  short  one.  At 
thebaieof  Ihe  tube,  in  both  groups,  the  ovajybecDOias  developed 
inio  a  fleshy  <oIten  edible)  ftiut,  that  produced  by  the  OpHatia 
being  known  a*  the  prickly  pear  ot  [ndisn  St- 

The  principal  modem  genera  are  grouped  by  the  diSucnca 
in  the  gowci-tube  )u>t  eaplaiaed.  Those  with  long-tubed 
flowen  comprise  the  gcuen  Mtiotoituf,  ^ammtUmo.  Eckiru- 
caciHi.  Cpiii.  PiLxirnu,  Echixipsii.  Pk^tixuHa.  EpifkyUim. 
lie;  while  thoBcwith  short-tubed  Sowers  arc  RJiifulii,  Opunlia, 
PaiaUe.  and  one  ot  two  ol  minor  importance.  Caclaceae 
belong  almoat  eolildy  to  the  N'tw  Weild;  but  some  of  the 
OpUDIfu  have  been  lo  long  ditiributed  over  ccttmn  puita  of 
Europe,  c^xcially  on  tiie  ihorca  of  the  Mediterranean  and  the 
volcauc  soil  of  Italy,  that  they  appear  in  some  places  lo  have 
taken  poSKSsion  ol  the  soiU  and  to  be  distinguished  with  difficulty 
from  the  aboriginal  vegEiatioo.  The  hibiiali  which  they 'affect 
«re  the  hot,  dry  regions  of  tropical  America,  Ihe  aridity  of  which 
they  are  enabled  to  wiihiland  in  consequence  of  the  thickneu  of 
tbeii  tkia  and  the  paucity  of  evaporating  pora  or  itomau  with 
which  ihey  are  furnished,^these  conditions  not  permitting  the 
nioistuie  they  conlala  to  be  carried  oft  too  rapjiuyi  the  thick 


not  only  edible  bul  agrnibie,  and  in  levers 
Ireely  administeKd  as  a  coaling  drink.  The  Spanish  Aioeii 
plant  the  Opuntias  around  their  houses,  where  they  serv 
impenetrable  fencei. 


into  New  Granada.    The  typical  speCKs,  if.  lommunis.  fornu  a 

PTOJecting  anila,  which  are  Kt  wiih  a  retulir  lerin  of  Kcliaicd 
spim-och  bundle  C9uutin|(  d  abmit  five  larger  >pine>.  accom- 
panied by  unaller  but  sharp  bristlea — and  the  tip  of  (be  plant  beliv 
Hiimouoledby  a  lylindrical  crown  3  to  s  in.  high,  ompoied  cJ 
reddish-brown,  needlc-tike  Imulei,  doKly  packed  wiih  cottony 


The  fiuil,  which  has  an  asreeably  acid  flavour,  is  frequently  eaten 
in  the  West  Indies.  The  Jv</eucli  are  disiinguUhed  by  the  diuinct 
cenhaUufn  or  crown  which  bean  the  Aowera. 

MaMloluUA.— Tliisgemti,  wbkh  comprises  nearlyuwmedca, 
noHty  Meikaa,  inlb  a  Tew  BiuQan  aniT  West  Indun,  is  calbd 
niiipleuctus,aiHlcaosiiti  of  ■labulararcylindrical  succulent  plants, 
whose  suriace  instead  of  being  cut  up  m(o  ridges  with  alEernatc 
furmwo,  as  in  iidatatiuiy  is  broken  up  into  teat-like  cylindrical  or 
aiHular  (ubereles.  spindy  arranged,  and  lerodnaring  ■■  a  negating 
lull  of  sjHBea  which  nring  from  a  Lttic  woolly  cushion.  The  flowers 
ibiue  from  between  Ibf  mammillae,  towards  the  upper  part  of  the 
Etem.  often  disposed  in  a  aone  juic  below  the  apea.  anJaiE  either 
purple,  r«c.]^nk.  white  or  yellow,  and  of  moderate  all 
are  variously  ocJoured,  while  and  yellow  i ' 


liar  name  of  het^hog  cactu* 
-  ...ibuted  ficm  the  soutli-weit  I 

They  have  the  Ikthy  stems  ehara. 

eilher  glotxKe,   oMong   or   cylin- 
drical,  and   either   ribbed    a)   in 


ipMs'di'lfcri'b 


J^jTIjeyi 

siuenay: 

bothfrooTlw^: 

some  very  large   ^i)ta  | 

These  lai^  i^nti  have 

ds  ai^chisien  c!  s^nn,. 


pn-rsje-^c^  .__..._.___ 
pbnt.    Thev  spM«  are  used  by 


inches  in  diamete 


id  aad  bricks  findy  broken  and  must  be  kepi  dry  in  winter. 
i^BaEus. — This  group  bears  ihe  common  name  of^iorch  ihliile. 
comprises  about  lOO  species,  largely  MeiTdn  but  scattered 
trough  South  America  and  Ihe  Weil  Indies.  Tbc  sterna  are  eolun- 
u-  or  ehsnpted.  same  of  the  latter  crcecqng  on  the  gTouml  or 
imbina  up  ifae  Irunki  of  tree*,  rooting  as  Ihey  grow.  C.  tiioMlnu, 
le  [aigcst  and  mon  nrlkini  sfscies  of  Ihe  genus,  ia  a  native  of 
II,  and.  desert  re^oM  of  New  Meaico,  irowing  there  in  rocky 

ancfaes  have  the  appearance  eif  tefen^ph  pi^ea.  The  stems  glow 
I  a  hdghl  of  f rem  JO  ft.  lo  U  ft.,  anclhaveadnnieierDlfnim  tfl. 
I  a  ft.,  often  unbranched,  but  scmietinca  liunlwd  with  bniebca 


926 


CADAI.SO  VAZQUEZ 


«s 


u  [TDwih  ponllel  u  ii :  ih«e  uenu  have 

._..-- ,  ..jt.  on  »hkti  u  intervab  of  about  aninch 

budi  with  thetr  thick  vctLowcuthiofUp  from  vhtcb  iaiue  fivv 
use  ud  nunwrouf  vnalLcr  ipiKa.  Tbe  InAt  of  ihH  pl«it» 
in  (ncn  i>»l  bodis  fnni  2  to  j  in.  lonf,  uotiia  a  eniuHi 

m  which  ihePim«»iidP»(BK«li'* "  "- 

e;    and  Ihty  iI»--<- -I"  •&•  f' 
It  It  by  maru  of 

•pcoo  in  north  Bud  Soutii  iuiKtica,  me  nemt  are  ibcvt.  Dfancnca 
or  aimi^c,  divided  into  Few  or  many  ttdft*  aU  annvd  i^th  fbarp» 
formidable  apjnea.  B.  peOinalnt  producvfl  a  putpliah  fruii  mcm- 
bNac  ■  looacbnry,  which  i>  veiy  (ood  eaiiof :  and  the  fleiliy  pan 
s((fie«eni»dt.w)iichiataDed(ateiaddn((*by  (be  Hexicaia, 
il  calea  by  thea  aa  a  vegetable  aFter  mooViBg  tbe  ipipea. 
PiLOCEalus.  the  old  man  cactut,  fotmia  uuill  gFniu  with  tallUh 

dmlgpcd  bir-ukc  bodin,  which,  though  nlbet  ccane.  bear  amne 

Dcariy  allied  10  Ctrtut,  differiRf  chiefly  in  the  flodferoua  portion 
developing  tbcac  longer  and  mon  attenuatrd  hair-like  BpJRe^  which 
■unund  the  ban  nl  the  Rmma  and  form  a  denie  woolly  head  or 
cephalium.  The  moat  lamiliar  apeeiea  ii  F.  teniUi,  a  Meitican  ptaot, 
which  Iboufh  leldom  teen  n»R  Ihan  a  foot  or  two  In  height  in 


Bolivia  aod  Chile. 

PtttLLOCACTtii  (Ag.  3),  the  Leal  Caetui  tandly,  condKi  el  about 
a  doEcn  ipeciee,  louod  m  Central  and  troi^cal  South  America. 


ol  PityDonuliu  much  reduced: 


Thev  differ  IroiD  all  the  fonu  atnady  noticed  in  being  ibtubby  ind 
epiphytal  ia  habit,  and  in  having  the  bnncha  comprcmJ  ud 
dilated  H  aa  to  reiemble  thick  d^iy  leavn.  with  a  atro^  mediaD 
alia  aod  rounded  woody  bate.  IV  Bargina  al  thaie  leal-like 
brancbea  ate  more  or  Ina  crcnattly  Botched,  the  natchea  ceprcieM- 
Ing  bodi.  at  do  the  ipiiae^luiiera  in  tba  aplny  geacni  and  fnm 
theie  CTvntitret  the  large  fhowy  flowen  an  produced.  Ai  garden 
planti  the  FkyllteaOi  an  amonpt  the  meat  smoncatal  of  the  whole 
lanily,  being  of  eaiy  ctdttire,  f  rea  bloofaing  and  niaarliably  ihowy, 
'  be  colour  ol  the  Bowen  ranging  fntn  rich  crinaotu  through  roae- 


Diade  new  growth,  ikey  may  ba  (unied  out  nader  a  aoath  wall  ia  the 
full  lue.  water  bciog  given  only  aa  required.  In  autumo  they  an 
to  be  returned  to  a  cool  houK  and  winEcred  [h  a  dry  atovt-  The 
turning  of  tbeai  outdoon  to  ripen  their  growth  ia  the  autot  way  to 
obtain  Aowefa.  but  they  do  not  take  on  a  f  na  bloooiioc  hahh  until 
Ibiy  have  atiaiaed  aomc  age.   Tbey  arc  oflao  aar^EHt*)ttmm, 

EnTHTLLUv.— Tliii  name  li  now  mtricted  to  two  at  three  dwati 

LBcUflg  Braailian  ejaphytai  planta  of  evtroiw  beauty,  *^k& 
,.w  with  i^tjiKKailiu  in  having  the  brancbea  diUul  ininili*  [nc_ 
fleihy  leavei.  but  differ  in  bavina  them  divided 
■  ■  -   r^  ■■  •  ,*P"™' 


offEnl. 


ay  be  aaid  to  raaembta  Gavaa  iaiaed  togather  cadwiae. 

KHinAui,  a  genua  of  about » tropical  ipedea,  laaudy  [n  Central 
-jd  South  Anetiea,  but  a  lewln  tropical  Africa  and  Had^icar. 
It  il  a  very  hetengenaooa  group,  being  Aeihy-ateiaaed  with  a  woodr 
axil,  the  biancbca  bug  anguhir,  wnged,  flattened  or  cyliiadEicat 
and  the  Aowm  amall,  abeTt-tubed,  lucovled  by  imall.  miad.  pea- 
■haped  berriea.  RUIualii  Caiiylla.  when  teca  [adcn  with  iu  white 
berriea,  bean  hbc  reiemblance  to  a  bnoch  ol  rainletcie.  All  the 
ipedea  are  epiphytal  ia  habit. 

OrointA,  the  prickly  paar,  or  Indian  Gg  cactui.  ia  a  laigt  tyi^nl 

Eftssra-.'s " — "- "'" 


ct  they  an  very  diitlnct  froi 


-   They  in  fleahy  ahnba,  v 


lib  of  which. 


r-^ai.  often  ellir 

nwith  ttnad.  fleihy.  caduu 


placed  tha  aieolea  or  tu. .- 

.    The  Soavi  an  moally  yellaw  a 

'^ed  by  pear^hapcd  or  egg-ihajied 

top,  lurajahed  on  tlKir  hTi.  Aqhy 


cy  (niita  of  O.  mliara 
of  pficldy  pcati,  and 

_ iouthera  Europe,  the 

e  iniiti  an  not  unlreqwnily 
id  in  the  ihopi  of  the  kadina 
rir  ia  hardy  in  the  aoutk  vt 


reddiah-vellow. 
fruitt,  having  a 
rind  with  luRi 
and  O.  r.aa  ai,,.- .  , 

an  exteailvdy  cultivated  lor  their  fruit  In  S< 
Canarinand  nr>rthern  Africa; 

tobemioCoventCardenM ^ 

fraitenra  <d  the  metropoliL    fX  valganr  ia  hardy  in 

The  cocUncal  lucd  it  nuitund  on  a  ipeciea  of  O^ulia  (O. 
natMBOtn),  tenanted  by  some  auibon  under  tbe  name  of  JITiitafaa, 
and  •ODeliaiea &  qb  0.  Tuna.  Planutioni  of  tbe  nopal  u!d^ 
tuna,  which  an  called  nopaleiiea.  are  embUihed  for  tbe  purpoae  of 
laaring  tlua  inaict,  tbe  Ctitm  CvH,  and  theae  often  tootain  ai  masy 
u JO.000 pbnta.  ThtfcmakiaanpltcedontbeplaniiabDut AuguK. 
and  ia  lour  nmiha  tbe  titt  cn^  of  cochineal  Ii  gathered,  two  mere 
being  [Hoduced  Inthecouneof  theyear.  The  native  countiy  of  the 
iuBct  il  Mraico,  and  it  ia  then  men  or  leta  cuitivatcd;  but  the 
greater  pan  of  our  lupply  comci  from  Colombia  aid  the  Canary 

PiiBaaa.- 
ftirakia  of  Li 


K  ol'^  ord^ 


[rait  othc 


•inly  Mas 


real  In  haviag  mod*  ateak 
being  aomawhat  IcaLy.  but 

!■  ig^ei  il  frequently  uicd 


CADALSO  VAZQUEZ.  JOtt  (iMi-i7Si),  Spukh  autb«. 
•a*  bom  at  Cadii  on  the  8th  o(  Ociobet*ij4i.  Bcfnt  com- 
pleting hia  twentieth  year  be  had  tnveUed  throng  Italy. 
GcTtnany,  EnglaDd,  Fiance  and  Portugal,  and  bad  Mudied  the 
lilenlnra  ol  ibeie  couniriei.  On  hi>  ntum  to  E^iain  he  tntend 
(he  array  and  tote  (o  tbe  rank  ol  colonel.  He  waa  killed  at  tbt 
liege  of  Gibraltar,  on  tbe  >Tth  of  February  17S1.  Bii  tint 
published  wtirk  waa  a  rhyncd  tragedy,  Dtm  Samdi*  Garric. 
Ci>n<l<diCruliUa(t77i}.  In  the  following  year  be  pobUahed  hi* 
Emdiioi  d  la  Vititla,  a  prsae  latire  on  aupetfkhl  kDOwkdge, 
which  wai  very  niccmful.  IB  177]  appealed  a  votamc  tt 
miKellancout  pocnu.  Ociar  it  mi  fKtHlad,  and  after  hit  death 
then  waa  foniul  uoong  hit  MSS.  a  toiet  of  fictitloua  letto* 
in  the  atyle  o[  the  ZirCrai  Pmma;  tbCN  wen  I«acd  In 
1)9]  under  Iha  title  ol  Corfai  mamiai.  A  good  cdtlion  ol 
hIa  work*  appeared  al  Madrid.  In  ]  vob,,  iflij.  lUi  li  aupfite- 
mented  by  the  Otraa  JaMIMt  (Puii,  1*94)  puhliBhed  br  R. 
Fotilcbt-DctbMc 


abvGoo^le 


CADAMOSTO— CADfi 


027 


pedItloawUchuitcd<t»daf MirdiusilloTtlwKnnh.  VMl- 
Ing  ihi  Msddn  imip  ud  dw  Cuaiy  IiUndi  (nf  both  wUch  be 
give*  ta  (bbonti  mccomit,  tqicciilly  ecHHxtiMd  whk  Eunpeui 
akaiMloD  ud  Mt!v«  coMOBi) ,  ind  oastlnf  the  Wst  Sihin 
(irboM  tiibo,  tnde  and  ti*dc4Milei  Ik  Kkci«w  dtKrtbei  In 
dctaS),  ha  *n)vtdMt)iaS<Mpl,iriww  lower  ooBiN  hid  ilttady, 
■•  h*  wDi  w,  been  eiplend  bf  tlw  Poitiisiicii  He  a.  up.  Tbe 
iKfio  bode  and  tritaa  nutk  d  tli*  Etmp],  tad  apecUH]'  tkc 
counUy  »d  pitpla  el  Bndsnd,  t  blendy  dM  niffdn(  iboQt 
;«  B.  UroBd  Ibe  itver,  u«  not  tieaUd  wldi  eqiul  wedth  ef 

r__  J —      ...  •^■^-— "-  tboKIt  pnoHdcd  tamrdi 

•uce  (bne  tho  mnrin- 
ntnnte  atlnillon),  bat 
1  B  tetuTBcd  dinct  ID 

«l  tbe  Gambia  he  noMdi  aa 
(Soulben  Chm). 


nowD  d)Mi>ni7  of  the 
Cap*  Vode  IiUadi.    Hwdag  eqriond  Botviua  and  SmUiKo. 


I>l>d  ^"^^*^  ^—  tn  111  fi.p>».  ^  Pin  n^iw4.  ...^  n>l»  Reiumini 
thoux  10  Forto^  bt  Menu  U  have  leiriiiwd  then  till  1463, 
trhCB  he  itBppeared  at  Venice^    Bediedlni4». 

BeiidH  the  aaxMBU  of  hii  two  voytw.  Cadiimts  kft  a  aana- 
tive  dI  Pedro  d*  Ciun't  txpIonliBm  ui  1461  (or  I4<a)  la  Sitm 
Ltose  >nd  beyond  Cape  MHundo  to  El  Mini  and  the  Cold  CoaM: 
all  Ihew  Rbiiiani  Sm  ippeand  In  tba  ism  Vkrnia.  CoHeclkn 
si  VayaiH  and  Tra<Kb  luie  i>acniHHW(iU(  mrtttlitl  lUKnmmia 
AKiaA*  Vlttlm  Flmmim}:  tlwy  bave  fRquenllr  ^kc  been 
Rprinied  and  tnuland  {i-t.  Ital-  lot  ii  igoS,  iiii,  ijio.  isir. 
IJSO  rRaniuio).  &C!  Lat.  vcnion,  Aiiurwiivii  ?iiniitsJlnuiiui, 
Jh..  150a.  IJ33  (CryisKUI).  Sx.;  Ft.  J^nuiivt  fe  lunnmi  metiii, 
Ae^.  <JIA,  IS»1  Ctrmln,  Htm  MnUhmft  Lamlu,  Ac  isnt).    S« 

II.H.  Major.  j/no'lW/teii(aNr(l86U,pp.i46->87i  C.R,  Bcl^I 
jr<v>  Uu  ItimtUir  (189^.  PP'  16I-3U:  Yule  Oldhaoi,  ZJucmr/ 
sTlhiCtpr  Vt^IilaiiiiXttoil.e§p.Bp.^.if. 

1 1  may  be  aeud  that  Aalndolliii  dl  Han  (AntoiikHte  Ui 
theGnsncwiMeUaluDoisktMroltbc  nth    ' 


of  Dninbcr 

nor'llic  GamWiT, 


<f  Ibe  Ccnoeie-IiKKin  opedition  of  mi,  a 
after  accomaaoytni  Cadamcnlo  to  WeR 
Dmm  ff  JMrv  Gtkintky  (ilw).  IS.  4'^4 

CADARRB  (a  Fiench  wotd  fnoi  Ibe  Late  Ut  caHUttlnim, 
a  R^iter  of  the  poU-tai),  a  rcpitcar  of  tbe  nal  properly  of  a 
(oantiy.  whh  detaib  of  the  am,  the  ovneit  and  the  vahie. 
A  "cadaKnl  enrvcy  "  k  propedy,  tberefore,  one  vhich  giva  auch 
infntnntioB  aa  the  Domaday  Book,  but  the  term  is  loinnimn 
liHd  tooidy  oi  the  Oldiuaea  Survey  of  the  Uniled  Kingdom 
(i->;oo).  whkhiaon  luffidtntly  large  a  Kile  to  give  the  am 
a(  enreiy  6dd  or  iriece  of  grouad. 

CADDU-FLY  and  CADDIS-WORM.  Ibo  name  given  to  iaiecU 
with  a  luper&dal  remnblance  to  molh>,  Hmetimel  referred  to 
the  NeuropterB,  somcliDia  to  a  tpecial  order,  the  Trichoplera, 
m  aUiHion  to  the  hairy  doihing  ol  ihc  body  and  urtngj.  Apart 
(ram  thii  feature  the  Tiichoptcra  also  differ  from  (he  typical 
Neuropterain  the  relatively  simple,  mostly  longitudinal  neoration 
ol  the  wings,  the  absence  or  obsolescence  of  the  nundibks  and 
the  semi'haustellate  nature  of  (he  rest  ol  the  mouth^parts. 
Alihongh  caddii-fliei  are  aotneiimes  referred  to  several  (amilies, 
the  difference)  belveen  the  groupa  are  of  bo  great  imporlance. 
Hence  the  insects  may  more  conveniently  be  regarded  as  con- 
stitntbig  the  single  lamay  Fkrjtarmdae.  The  larvae  known 
as  ciddii-woms  are  aquatic  the  mature  females  lay  their 
cg^  in  the  water,  and  the  newly-hatched  larvae  provide  thcm- 
•elvei  with  cases  made  of  various  particles  such  si  grains  of  sand, 
pfeeev  of  wood  or  leaves  stock  together  with  silk  stcrered  from 
the  laUmy  ^ads  of  tho  insect.    These  casa  differ  greatly 


a  stractn^  a»)  Ospe.  Thim  M  Hyrfaga  cmaM  «f  hte 
if  Iwip  or  leaves  cot  ts  1  nltable  kaglh  and  hid  ^de  br  dde  ta 
,  long  sptially-edltd  band,  fOtming  the  mil  of  ■  nbcjdhiiMal 
aidty.    The  cavity  of  the  lobe  ef  Hdltfiycit,  conpoud  e( 


(radnal  gUlt,  the  two  tadf  of  Ih*  tiAr  ate  open.  SoBMirae 
OSes  are  liied,  b«t  mare  often  pottaMe.  In  Ibe  httec  case  the 
larva  Riwls  ibDot  tlie  bottom  of  the  water  or  ap  tbe  itenis  of 
[dint*,  ih'tb  iu  tUAly-chtUaiMd  head  and  l«p  pcotnidhig 
froa  the  larger  oiiSc«,  while  it  miiatitM  a  lacart  liold  of  the 
rilk  IWag  of  the  tuba  by  neuu  ol  ■  pdl  of  atteec  booka  M  tbe 
posterior  end  of  its  HiltdcfenecleBabdanieB.  Their  food  appear* 
loi  the  onst  part  to  he  of  a  vegetable  aatnre.  Some  spcdes, 
however,  in  lUeged  to  be  candvorous,  tnd  1  North  Ametkas 
form  el  the  gtavi  H-yiteftyt^  b  add  to  spin  srouBd  the  mouth 
of  it*  biKTOwaolkenaet  for  tlic  capture  olsmaDaidmal  orginisnil 
living  in  the  water.  Befoit  pi^dng  into  the  pupil  stage,  the 
lirva  partially  doses  the  oii6n  of  the  lube  with  silk  or  pieca 
ol  itonc  looaely  afniB  together  and  perrious  to  water.  Through 
tUs  tenpoTSjy  protedkm  tbe  active  pupa,  which  dosdy  re- 
semUcs  the  mature  insect,  subsequently  bites  a  way  by  means 
of  its  strong  mandiUes,  and  rishig  10  Uie  surface  of  the  water 
G«Uthepupalijaieguni«its»dbecome»eiual)yad>dt 

The  above  sketch  may  be  regarded  as  descriptlm  ol  tbe  lil^ 
history  of  a  great  majority  of  spedes  of  caddis-fllca.  It  Es  only 
BOceisiiyhttetomenlionaiieaDomalousfotin,  fiincyfa  t^Ula, 
1b  wUchtbemiturefemalelswhigleii  and  the  larva  Is  terrestrial, 
living  in  noiior  decayed  leaves. 

CaddE»4ie*  are  uoivnuHy  disttitmled.  Gedof^odly  they  are 
known  to  date  back  to  the  Oligocene  pertod,  and  winp  beUeved 
to  be  rrfenUe  to  them  havi  been  found  in  Lias^  and  JunulC 
beds.  (R.I.P.) 

CADDO,  a  confeileTacy  of  Vorth  AmeiicaD  Indian  tribes 
which  gave  Its  name  to  the  Caddotn  slock,  npiueiited  In  the 
BouthbytheC(ddoa,WichiUsndKidiai,aadintheBoith  by  the 
Pawnee  and  Arikara  tribes.  The  Csddoa,  now  reduced  to  amne 
:tt!ed  in  western  OUahonu,  formerly  ranged  over  the 


RedRi 


nntry,i« 


«  of  tbe  coafederacy 


See  Utrndlmk  li  Amtritm  induiu  (WaiUngton,  1907). 

CADS,  JOKR  (d.  1450],  commonly  called  Jack  CM>E,En^ish 
rebel  and  leader  of  the  rising  of  1450,  was  probably  an  Irislunan 
by  birth,  but  the  detaOs  ol  bis  early  life  are  vary  scanty.  He 
seems  to  have  resided  for  a  time  in  Suuei,  to  have  Bed  from  the 
country  after  commllling  a  murder,  and  to  have  served  in  (lie 
French  wsrs.  Returning  to  Encjond,  be  settled  In  Kent  Ulder 
the  name  of  Aylmer  and  married  a  lady  of  good  position.  When 
the  men  o!  Kent  rose  in  rebellion  in  May  1450,  they  were  led  by 
a  man  who  took  (he  name  of  Mortimer,  and  who  has  generally 
been  regarded  »«  identical  with  Cade.     Mr  James  Ciirdner, 


nsiders  It  probable  I 


tCadeii 


father 

oi  June.  At  all  events,  it  was  Cade  who  led  the  lanigents  from 
Blackheath  to  Soutbrnrk,  and  under  him  they  made  (heir  way 
into  London  on  the  jrd  of  July.  A  part  of  (he  piqiulace  was 
doubtless  favourable  to  the  rebels,  but  the  opposing  party 
gained  strength  when  Cade  and  hi*  men  began  to  plunder, 
lUvIng  secured  the  eiccullon  of  James  Flcnncs,  Baron  Say  and 
Scle,  and  of  WUliam' Crowmer,  sheria  of  Kent,  Cade  and  his 
fcJIowers  retired  to  Southwark,  and  on  the  jth  of  July,  after  1 
fierce  struggle  on  London  Bridge,  the  dtiaon  prevented  tlien 
f mm  re-entcriu  tb^city.  Cidt  tbn  bM^Iw  «l "  ~  " 
,t,zcdbv"30t 


.OOgi. 


428 


CADENABBIA— CADIZ 


Xm^  uchbiiliop  a(  York,  ind  WUiam  of  WiyneSeU,  biibgp 
of  WilKtaUr,  uid  temu  oi  pace  wen  itnngeil.  Firdoiu 
were  dnn  up,  \b*t  for  the  Jea<leit  bein^  in  thf  aameaf  Mortimci. 
CAde,  luwevrr,  tetaiced  nioe  ol  hii  men,  jud  ut  tfait  lime,  or 
■  diy  or  tin>  euiiir,  broke  open  the  pwuu  in  Souttinrk  Mad 
reJcued  Lhe  priioDen,  nuoy  of  ■rhoca  joined  hii  buuL  Hiving 
coll«ted  lome  booty,  he 


Rocbatcr,  mule  t 

aMle,  Mod  tbea  qiumlln 

ider.     On  Ilie  i«lt  of  July  I 


piocUin&Uou  «u  iaued  ifunsl  iiim  in  the  nune  of  Cede,  And 
Rifud  ns  oficred  lor  bis  apprehenuon.  Escaping  into  Siuki 
be  vu  cmptured  U  HealhGcld  on  the  nth.  During  the  Kuffle 
be  hid  been  trveiely  woitnded,  and  on  the  day  of  hja  CLpture  be 
died  Id  (he  catt  which  was  conveying  him  le  Iwukm.  The  body 
wu  alucwardi  beheaded  and  quartered,  ud  is  liji  Cade  wai 
■tliinled. 

Sa  RttcR  Fabyai.  TV  ffiw  OnnAi  iif  B*aaiid  aiuf  Hvw. 
edited  by  H.  EUti  (Lo«lc«  iSii);  WJUum  of  Vfmmtr.  AMwaia 
niWB  /aijiuiniB,  edited  by  J.  Stevenicni,  (Lflndan,  iB&i);    A* 

tnj  Bimrj  Vt.,  eifired  by  1.  S.  Davici  (London,  IBj6):  ItiiUneal 
OUsliflu^a  CAoni  if  Lnim.  edited  tv  J;  GaMoer  (L«doii, 


iBTb) ;    TVh  Fin«Mt  Cntary  CtmitJu,  ediied 


by  J.  Cnrdi 
o/7«o(Si™Dbuig, 

CADEMABBIAi  it  village  of  LomEaidy,  Italy,  in  the  province 
oiCoino,abont  iim,N.N.E.byil«mtrfromlbelownof  Como. 
It  te  litualed  on  tbe  W,  ibore  oi  the  lake  id  Como,  (ud  owing  to 
the  great  beauty  of  Ihe  KXneiy  and  of  the  vegeiaU'm,  and  its 
■hdtired  utuatian,  (■  a  favourite  ipring  and  autumn  ison. 
Hk  ncM  famoua  o[  iti  vOlai  ia  the  Villa  CarlutU,  now  tbe 
pnpoty  of  tbe  duke  of  Sue-Meiningen,  which  contau  marble 
Klieb  by  Iborwaldien,  tn>r(sentiag  the  triumph  of  Alenndei, 
ud  itatiKi  by  Cuova. 

GADBMCI  (tbniDgh  the  Fr.  from  the  Lat.  cjiiaUia,  fmm 
caiirt,  to  fall),  a  falling  or  ainking,  opecjally  aa  applied  to 
rtylhioical  «  muilcal  uundi,  *>  in  tbe  "  fall "  of  the  voice  in 
ipeaklng,  the  rhythm  or  measure  of  verv^,  aong  or  dance.  In 
music,  Ibewordn  need  of  the  cloifng  diorda  of  a  musical  ^sase, 
which  tucceed  one  another  in  nich  a  way  as  to  produce,  fint  an 
expectation  or  suspense,  and  then  an  impression  of  finality, 
indicating  also  Ihe  key  tiiotigly,  "  Cideua,"  the  Italian  fom 
oi  the  eame  word,  is  used  of  a  free  flourish  in  a  vocal  or  instru- 
mcALal  composition,  introduced  immediately  before  the  dose 
of  a. movement  or  at  the  end  of  the  piece.  The  object  is  to 
display  the  performer's  tedmiquc,  or  to  prevent  too  abrupt 


u  improvisation  of  the  peKorm 
ill  by  th 


Cadeni 


f  left 


imposer,  i 


lefan 


»eph  Joachim. 

CADEH IDKU  ("  the  Seat  of  Idris  "),  the  tecond  moat  imposing 
mounlalD  in  North  Wales,  standing  in  Merionethshire  lo  the  S. 
of  DolgeUy,  between  the  broad  muaries  of  the  Mawddnch  aod 
tbe  Dovey.  It  is  so  called  in  memory  ol  Idris  Cawr,  celebrated 
in  the  Triads  as  one  ol  the  three  "  Cwya  Serenyddion,"  or 
"  Happy  Aslrononien,"  oi  Wala,  who  is  Imditioiially  supposed 
to  have  made  bit  obsetvationt  on  thii  peak.  Iti  toltiest  point, 
known  ti  Pea-y-gader,  rises  to  the  height  of  1914  ft.,  and  in 
dear  weather  osmmands  a  magni&cent  panorama  of  immense 
eiltenl.  The  mountain  is  everywhere  steep  and  rocky,  espedally 
on  its  southern  side,  which  lalla  abruptly  towarda  the  Lake  of 
Tal-y-UyB.  MenlionofCsder  Idris  and  its  legends  is  fitaucnt  in 
Welsh  Uteratun,  dd  and  modem. 

CADET  (through  Ihe  Fr.  from  the  Late  Lat.  (efitcMitiw,  a 
diminutive  ol  lafal,  head,  through  the  PioveDcal  fonn  Mpidi, 
the  head  of  an  infcriu  brvich  of  a  family,  a  younger  >«ii 
particularly  a  rnihtary  term  foe  an  accepted  candidate  for  a 


beuMne  ai 


I  thear 


,  This  latur  use  of  Ihe  term  arose  in  Fiance, 
a  the  younger  MU  of  tbe  uMaa  wbo 
ank,  not  by  seiviag  fn  the  nuiki  or  by 
Mi/ei,  but  by  becomiDg  attached  to  corpa 


b  cotih  frielkseb    ''C*dNOofM'*in 


armed  and  trained  on  vdimleet  mUilaiT  lb 
"  cadet,"  throucb  tbe  SootB  font  "  Odee,"  1 
a  messcnger-^ioy,  and  particularly  01       * 


lUbl  itm,  *  JBdge  fa  a 

"  1  court,  ID  whidi  deciuoitt  an  Kodoed  ao  the  baiii  ol 
lawolIskm(i*ar«-a), 
law,  <voii  a  Moakn  cpi 
on  this  basis,  and  It  is  an  individual  doty  apon  the  rala  of  tbe 
oBumnnitytaapiiaintaciditaBctfotthecoDununity.  Accaid- 
iog  to  Sbl£'ite  bw,  anch  ■  cadi  bhU  he  a  aal^  free,  adult 
Uoslem,  iatellieEDt,  of  ■'"■*•"-'  dtaracter.  Ma  In  see,  beai  and 
write,  learned  in  tbe  Koran,  the  tnditiim*,  Ihe  Agnonent,  the 
diStrcDcta  of  the  legal  idwols,  acquinted  with  Arabic  giaiunar 
and  the  ciegesii  of  the  Koras.  Ht  mint  not  ah  in  a  noeque^ 
except  under  neCBsity,  but  in  (date  open,  awrtdhle  iilace.  Hb 
must  TuiinfMiw  ■  strictly  *"*pT*itl  atlitade  of  body  ai  ' 

jud^nent  only  wlien  he  it 

pbyiioilty.    He  may  not  engage  ia  any  bt ._ 

10  tbe  i^oe  when  ha  holds  ooart,  greetiBS  the  people  on  both 
sides.  He  shall  visit  tlies^uidtlBBORtBrBedtmn  a  foomey, 
aikd  attend  f  inenls.  On  aoiuc  of  that  poim  dtc  ccdei  diflOr, 
and  the  whole  is  to  be  icgaided  as  tbe  ideal  quaUlicatioa,  bnilt  op 
tbeotetically  by  the  canonials. 

See  MAnoMiEDaK  law:  also  JuynboU.  Vt  tfekiiniHiaoaKhf 
Wtl  (Leiden,  rnj),  pf>.  iSt  S.;  Sachau,  UiliamwiiaititdLa  Rait 
(Berlin,  1897],  pp.  O87  S.  (D.  B,  Ma.) 

CADIIXAC  a  dty  and  the  county  seat  of  Woford  county, 
Michigan,  U.S.A.,  on  Lake  Cadillac,  about  «5  m.  M.  by  a  of 
Grand  Rapids  and  about  Sj  m.  N.W.  of  Bay  City.  Pop.  (i  890) 
44£i;  (1*00)  S907,  of  whom  i6j6  were  lareign-bcrn;  6904) 
^^\  i'9'o)  ^ili-  Itliservcdby  tbe  Ann  Arbor  and  the  Grand 
Ra^da  A  Indiana  nitways.  CadlQac  overlooks  jncinrcsque  lake 
scenery,  and  tbe  good  fishing  for  pike,  pickerel  and  perch  In 
the  lake,  and  for  brook  trout  in  streams  near  by,  attracts  many 
visiton.  Among  the  dty's  dikf  manufactures  arc  hardwood 
lumber,  trm,  taUes,  cnles  and  woodenware,  vsieer,  flooiing 
and  Bour.  Cadillac  was  leitled  in  t37i,  was  iocorporaled  as  a 
village  under  the  name  of  CUm  Lake  in  iSfs,  was  cbaneiedasa 
dty  undir  its  prtscni  name  (from  Antoine  de  la  Uothe  CadObc) 
in  1^77,  and  wu  Fechaitcrcd  in  1895. 

CADIZ,  a  town  of  the  province  of  Negros  Ocddental,  Uand  ef 
Negroe,  PhilipfHoc  Islands,  on  the  N,  coast,  ahoat  sj  m.  N  J4.E1. 
of  Bar^od,  the  capital.  Pop.  (1901)  16419.  Lumber  pnducia 
are  manufactured  hi  Ihe  town,  and  a  aaw-nill  bete  is  said  to  be 
the  largest  in  the  Philippines. 

CADIZ  (Cddii),  a  maritime  province  in  the  extreme  soeth  at 
Spain,  lontied  ia  iSjj  of  dhlrfcts  taken  from  the  province  of 
Serine;  and  hounded  dq  tbe  N.  by  Seville,  E.  by  MUaga,  S.E. 
by  the  Mediterranean  sea,  S.  by  the  StniU  of  GibmlEar,  aiul  W. 
by  the  Allamic  Ocean.  Pop.  (1900)  451,619;  area  iS}4  iq.  a.; 
indusive,  in  cadi  cue,  of  the  town  and  territoey  of  Centa.  on 
the  Morocojt  coast,  which  belong,  for  admraistritivr  purposes, 
to  Cadii.  Tbe  ie».boaid  of  Cadiz  ponesses  seretal  features  ol 
eiaplinulIntCRSt.  OntheAllinticltlloTal.the  broad  Goadit- 
quivir  eUtiaiy  marks  tbe  fiootier  of  Seville;  farther  iDiilh.  the 
liver  Gnndalet^  wUdi  wMen  tbe  northem  districis,  ialli  inlo 
tile  magnihceat  doaUe  bay  of  Cadii;  farther  sooth  •gain,  ia 
Cape  'nafalear,  Hmoat  for  Ihe  British  naval  victory  o(  r8oc. 
Neae  Trafalgar,  tbe  rivet  Barbate  ssnes  mto  the  atiaits  of 
Gibraltar,  alter  receiving  several  smaU  tribntaiies,  lAich 
combiite  wiih  ii  to  form,  near  its  mouth,  the  broad  and  manhy 
Laguna  de  la  Janda.  Pnnta  Marroqui,  on  the  atnits,  b  the 
•caithemrnoat  promontory  of  the  Ewapann  nainlind.     Tic 


n  «l  thi  tut  nut  it  Alaectn*  Ba7. 
orBrlooked  by  Ihc  rack  wd  fftlna  oi  Gibnltar.  The  river 
Guuliuo,  which  dfuiutliBcaiUmUiliUBdi,  '    " 


tolhefn 


iBthcin 


.    _  impantivdr  ]cvtl  vnicrn  hall 

:  the  very  picturesque  movDtojnmnfH  of  the  «utfrD 
pre  well  vooded  uid  abound  m  fame.  The  vbolfl 
1)  u  the  Canpo  de  GibnJIu  ii  ot  tUi  dwiclec; 
Dui  II  a  in  the  narth^eul  thit  the  tummiti  irt  most  dosely 
misled  logether,  ind  Bttsin  tint  giwiest  aliitudo  m  the  Ceno 
de  San  Criitobjil  (5630  (1.)  and  the  Siem  del  Pinai  (54 ij  (I.). 

The  eliniate  b  genetally  mild  and  temperele,  >oipe  puta  of  the 
coait  only  being  unheallhy  owing  to  a  manby  wQ.  Severe 
drotight  is  not  unusnat,  and  [t  wai  largely  thh  cause,  together 
with  want  of  capital,  and  the  dependence  of  the  peuaniiy  on 
Fanning  and  fiiblng,  that  broi^hl  tboui  the  dbtren  so  prcvslcnt 
early  in  the  lolh  eentuty-  Th*  manufactures  are  insigniScant 
conifiared  with  the  importance  of  the  lUttural  prodocts  4^  the 
•oil,  espediily  wines  and  dives.  Jer«  de  la  Fmnlera  (Xeres)  is 
fimmis  for  the  nuoiufsciure  and  export  of  iberry.  The  Bsheties 
fumiah  about  7500  tons  of  hah  per  annum,  one-Hlb  pert  of  which 
is  sailed  [or  eiport  and  the  rest  consumed  fn  Spain.  There  are 
BO  important  mines,  but  X  considcniile  unouni  of  salt  is  obuined 
by  ev^lo^ltion  □(  tea-water  in  pans  oeu  Cadii,  San  Fcmiodo, 
Puerto  Real  and  Santa  Uarii.  The  railway  from  Seville  panes 
through  Jem  de  la  Fronten  to  Cadiz  and  San  Feinando,  and 
another  line,  from  Ccan>4a,  terminates  at  Algeciras;  but  at  the 
beginning  of  the  10th  century,  although  it  was  proposed  to 
construct  railways  from  Jerez  inland  to  Ctualema  and  coastwise 
horn  San  Feroando  to  Tarifa,  travellers  who  wished  to  visit 
these  placefl  were  compelkd  to  use  the  old-fashioned  diligence, 
over  indiBerent  roads,  ot  to  go  by  tea.  The  principal  seapMts 
are,  after  Cadiz  the  capital  (pop.  ]goD,6o,jSj),  Algecins([3,joz), 
LaLinei(ji,e«j),Puet1ode  Santa  Maria  (10,110),  Puerto  Real 
(io,i3S'.  the  naval  nation  of  San  Fernando  (10.635),  SanLucar 
(ij,8S])  and  Tariia  (ii,T»3);  the  principal  inland  towns  are 
Arcoi  de  la  Frontera  (i],gi6),  Cbidatia  (is,868),  Jerci  de  la 
Fronlera  (63.4;]),  Medina  Sidania  (it,040),  and  Vfjet  de  hi 
Frontcta  (ii.^gS).  These  are  all  described  in  Kpaiale  articles. 
Ciazalema  (5587),  Jimenz  de  U  Frontera  (7S49),  and  SaD  Roqoe 
(8569)  are  less  (inportant  towns  with  some  trade  la  lealhier, 
cork,  wIdi  and  Farm  pmducc.  They  a|l  conlain  many  Moorish 
antiquities,  and  Gnzalema  probably  represents  the  Roman 
LicidHknHirm.    (See  ilso  AMOunu.) 

CADIZ  ( in  Lat.  Goia.  sod  lonnrtly  called  CiJzi  by  tbo  Eng- 
lish), the  capital  and  (^ndpal  seaport  of  the  Spanish  province 
oF  Cadti;  on  the  Bay  of  Cadil,  an  inlet  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean, 
in  36°  if  N.  and  6°  11'  W.,  94  ra.  by  raQ  S.  of  Seville.  POp. 
(190D)  t^.jgi.  Cadiz  ii  built  on  the  eiliemlty  of  a  tongoe  of 
land,  projecting  alont  J  m.  irito  the  sea,  in  a  norlh-westerly 
direction  From  the  Ua  de  Leon,  'lis  noble  bay,  more  than  ^o  m. 
in  drcult,  and  almost  entirety  land-locked  by  the  isthmus  and  the 
headlands  which  lie  to  the  north-east,  has  principally  contriboled 
jrarHrcia]  importance.     The      '      '         ... 


the  pi 


d  town  of  Rota  U 


if  the  li 


bay,  protected  by  the  forts  of  Matagorda 
and  Puntalcs,  affonb  generally  good  anchonge,  and  rontiiins 
a  harbour  formed  by  a  projecting  mole,  wliere  vessels  of  small 
bmden  may  discharge.  '  The  entrance  to  the  bays  is  rendered 
lomcwhal  dangerous  by  the  low  shelving  rocks  (Cochinos  and  Las 
Puercas)  which  encumber  the  passage,  and  by  the  shifting 
banks  of  mud  deposited  by  the  Guadalele  and  tbe  Rio  Santi 
Petri.  ■  broad  channel  leparalinglhe  Isia  de  Lean  f  mm  the  main- 
land- At  the  mouth  of  this  channel  is  the  village  of  Caracca; 
close  beside  it  q  tbe  important  nival  arsenal  of  San  Fernando 
(f.>)l  and  on  the  isthmu)  are  the  defentive  woHis  known  as  the 
Conadurt,  or  Fort  San  Fernando,  and  the  well-treqnented  lea- 


most  insular  position  Cadiz  er 
.  The  If oliiu,  or  land-wind,  « 
:  direction  of  Medina  Sidonia,  p 
DObturc-Iaden    Viriain,  a  wcs 


[railed  because  it 
■vails  during  tbe 
:rly    sea-breezej 


aeulairitbtlMVffiit.  Tbcn 
««*  F.,  while  the  mean  nnuner  and  wiRter  tsBpentona  vary 
only  about  la^  abon  a>d  hdow  this  poiDti  but  the  damp 
atn»s(Aers  !■  very  opprodvt  la  iviimer,  and  In  tirhftlihinrw 
iscnhanccdbytheinactaqiute  drainage  and  the  maaaeafi'  rottiDg 
seaweedpiled  along  tbe  shore.  TliaUghdcalh^ale,  Dearly  45  pet 
thousand,  is  also  due  to  the  bad  wat*r-mpply,  the  water  tdng 
eitber  collected  In  cisient  from  tbe  tops  of  the  hoiiiu,  01  btoofkl 
at  great  eipeme  (torn  Santa  Maria  ott  the  oppealte  coaat  by  an 
atiucduct  nearly  3a  m.  long.  An  Entfish  oimpany  started  a 
waterworks  in  Cadiz  about  ig)5.  but  came  to  grid  thnwgfa  tbe 
incapacity  of  the  population  to  appeedate  its  neceisity. 

The  city,  which  h  6  or  ;  m.  in  drcumleience.  ii  sur- 
rounded l^  a  wall  with  five  galea,  one  ri  which  oxnmunicatei 
with  the  tilhmus.  Seen  from  a  distance  oB  the  coast,  it  pitseBIa 
a  magnificent  display  d  utow-white  IoirIi  rising  maintically 
from  the  sea;  and  for  the  unKormKy  and  clegaoce  of  its  twaldingii, 
it  must  certamly  beiankedasoMiif  tbefiBOtdtinof  Spaia. 
although,  being  bemmed  in  on  ail  lidea,  ili  Hncta  and  ninfea 
are  necessarily  contracted  Every  bouM  annually  recdv«  a 
coating  of  wbilewash,  which,  when  II  is  new,  produces  a  d&agrec- 
able  glare.  Tbe  city  b  disttogubhcd  by  ill  somewbat  deceptive 
air  ol  cleanliness,  its  ttuiet  ttietli,  wbete  no  iriieded  traffic 
passes,  and  ilalavishuseof  white  Italian  marble.  But  theiMal 
characterisiic  feature  of  Cadiz  is  the  marioe  promenadca,  f  ringiBg 
tbe  city  all  round  between  the  ramparts  and  tbe  sea,  espec^Uy 
that  called  the  iffofne^^  on  tbe  eastcn  side,  commanding  a  view 
ol  tbe  shipping  in  tbe  bay  and  the  pOrti  on  tbe  opponte  shore. 
Tbe  houses  are  generally  lofty  and  ntinonnted  hi  tmeU  and 
flat  rooFs  In  the  Moorish  style. 

Cadiz  is  the  see  of  a  bisbcft.  who  Is  suBragan  to  the  archbtthc^ 
of  Seville,  Inil  its  chiei  conventual  and  moiiastic  iustitutiona 
have  been  suppressed.  Of  its  two  cathedrals,  oi»  was  originally 
erected  by  Alpbo BIO  X.  ot  Castile  (iijJ-iia*),  and  rebuilt  after 
iS96;iheother.  btgunin  tTii,  was  completed  between  1R31  and 
1S38.  Under  the  high  altar  of  the  old  cathedral  rises  the  only 
ftesbwaier  tpting  in  Cadia.  The  chief  secular  bnildinv  tnclude 
the  Hospicio,  or  Casa  de  Mlsericordia,  adnined  wilb  a  marble 
portico,  and  having  an  interior  ururt  with  Doric  colonnades;  the 
bull-ring,  with  room  lor  1 1,000  spcclatoisi  the  twoilicalres,  the 
prison,  tbe  custom-house,  and  tbe  lightbouM  of  San  Stbaalian 
on  the  westetn  side  rising  i;i  ft.  fnan  the  rod  on  which  it  stand*. 
Besides  the  Ho^ido  already  njeatiooed,  which  sometiDes 
contains  1000  imnates.  there  are  numerous  other  charitable  in- 

tion,  tbe  admirable  Ho^ido  de  San  Juan  de  Dios  lor  men,  and 
the  lunatic  asylum.  Gratuitttus  instruction  B  ^ven  to  a  large 
number  ol  children,  and  there  are  several  matbeoztical  and 
commercial  acadeniles,  nahitzioed  by  different  commetciil 
corperalioni,  a  nautical  school,  a  scbiwl  oJ  design,  a  tbedo^cal 
leminiry  and  a  Nourishing  medical  school  Tbe  museum  is 
filled  tor  the  most  part  with  Roman  and  Cartbagiaian  coins  and 
other  antiquities;  the  academy  contains  a  valuable  collecliOB 
ol  pictures.  In  the  church  oi  Santa  Calalina,  wluch  formerly 
belonged  10  the  Capuchin  convent,  now  seculajized,  there  is  sn 
unhnisbed  picture  of  the  marriage  of  St  Catherine,  by  Murillo, 
who  mclhis  death  by  Falling  From  tbe  scafFoldon  which  he  was 
painting  it  (3rd  tA  AprD  i68i). 
Cadiz  no  longer  ranis  among  (he  first  marine  cities  of  the 
orld.  Its  harbour  wotbare  insufficient andantjquated,  though 
scheme  For  their  improvement  was  adapted  b  1903;  its  com- 
unicalions  with  the.  mainland  consist  ol  a  road  and  a  single 
»  of  railway;  its  inhabitants,  apart  from  foreign  residents 
id  a  few  of  the  more  enterpriuiig  merchants,  rest  contented 
i  th  sDch  prosperity  as  a  line  natural  harbour  an 
geographical  situation  cannoi  (ail  to  confer.  Severiil  g 
shi^ng  lines  call  here;  flhiphnilding  yards  and  various  Factories 
nist  on  the  mainland;  and  Ihcte  is  a  csnuderable  trade  in  the 
iiporlatian  oF  wine,  prindpally  sherry  from  Jerez,  sail,  olivet, 
igs,  anzty-secd  and  icwly-made  corks;  and  in  the  importation 
of  fuel,  icon  and  tqachinery,  building  materials,  American  oak 
,  For  casks,  ttc    In  1004,  2753  ships  of  i.T4j,sSft  IM* 


enund  iho  pen.  But  laal  Usdi.  though  i>Ull  couidenbk, 
rouLdi  iCftCiDiUhEy  if  it  doe*  not  acLidlly  recede.  lu  dedine, 
origiuJly  due  to  the  Napdeonk  wui  ud  ihe  (cquoiiJaii  ol 
independeicc  by  aaay  Spsm&h  colmleteuly  U  the  i^ili  antuiy, 
■IS  t\mdy  rcoogniied,  tai  ui  Bitempt  mwle  ta  cimk  it 
in  iSiB,  when  ilic  Spaslih  lovtiiiiWDt  dHlnied  Cadii  »  fiee 
mrefcowing  pon;  but  this  valimbie  ptiviiege  ■«  withdrawn 
IbiBji.  Among  the  mote  nudeinauicsaidcjireBioa  hive  beta 
the  [IntiT  ol  Gibraltar  and  Seville;  llw  dtcrea4iiig  demand  lor 
ihent;  and  Ihe  dbULlen  ol  Ibe  SpatiiA-AmcricaD  var  ol  iS^g, 
wbicti  almost  tuioed  local  comnierc*  with  Cuba  and  INjna  Rico. 

Autory.— Cadii  lepiEsenli  the  Scm.  AcaJir,  Gadir,  or  Caddii 
("itrac^ld"}  of  Ihe  Carthaginioni,  the  Gr.  Gaieiis,  and 
Ihe  Lat.  Gtda.  Tradition  aacribn  it*  fouDdatiOn  lo  Pboenkian 
nenhanti  (ram  IVie,  ai  euly  ai  iics  B^,;  and  is  the  ;th 
century  il  had  sln^ady  bconne  the  grcaC  mart  of  the  wcM  lor 
amber  and  tin  [mm  the  Caiaiteridei  (ti] .  About  joi  B.c.itHaa 
occu;^  by  the  Canhiginians,  «ha  made  it  their  bue  for  the 
conqoeu  ol  loulheni  Ibetia,  and  in  the  Jrd  century  for  the 
equipment  of  llie  armarnents  with  wbich  HannHal  undertook 
lo  deitroy  the  power  ol  Rome,  But  the  loyally  of  Gades, 
already  •enlieiMd  by  trade  rivalry  willi  Carthage,  gave  «y  after 
IW  lecOlMl  Ponic  Wkr.  Iti  cituera  "ckomed  the  victorious 
RomaM,  and  uanied  them  in  lum  to  bi  oul  an  eipnUtioo 
a^axt  Canhage,  TbencefonnRl,  It*  rapidly-gtoning  trade  in 
dried  £ih  and  meat,  and  in  all  Ihe  produa  of  the  fertile  Baetis 
(Guadalquivir)  mlley,  attracted  many  Gieek  leltlets;  whiW 
menof  kani{ng,sicha>Pytheasiiit)ie4th<  --•<-...-- 


5fEj 

1.    c'julii 


in  the  3 


rofi 
.  Cuui 


1  Fo&idonius  in  tj 
4  tides,  unparalleled 


after   L. 

Comclioi  Balbiu  Minor  built  what  was  oiled  the  "  New  City," 
eonstrurtnl  the  haihoui  which  is  now  known  u  Pucito  Real, 
and  spanned  Ihe  tliait  ol  Sinii  Petri  with  the  brid^  which 
unites  the  IsU  de  Leon  with  Che  mainland,  and  is  now  known  u 
the  Puente  de  Zuaio,  a  fie  r  Juan  SaDchei  de  Zuaw,  who  mtoied  it 
in  Ihe  islh  century.  Umfcr  August ua,  when  it  wm  the  residence 
of  no  [ewer  than  joo  tqiaUs,  a  total  only  lurpaucd  in  Home  and 
Padua,  Gados  was  made  a  naaikipium  with  the  name  ol  A  BfuJa 
Urbi  Codilaiu,  and  its  citiiens  ranked  neil  la  those  of  Rome. 
Id  the  ist  century  *.[>.  it  was  the  hiilhplacE  oi  home  of  Kvcial 
(anoua  aulhon.  including  Luciut  Columella,  tioci  and  wiitir 
on  huahudry:  but  it  was  mue  renowned 
than  for  learning.  Juvenal  and  Martial  • 
"Cadii  the  Joyous,"  as  nalunlly  as  the  modem  Andalusun 
ipeaks  of  CaJii  la  Joyou;  and  throughout  the  Roman  world 
ittcookery  and  ludnndng-KJils were  (smou*.  In  the  jth century, 
however,  the  overthrow  ol  Ronan  dominkm  in  Spain  by  the 
Visigoihi  invdved  Cadii  In  deiltuctioo.  A  l«w  Ingmeali  of 
majoory.  submttgcd  under  the  sea,  aie  ^nwst  all  thai  remains 
of  the  original  city.  Moorish  rule  over  the  port,  which  wus  n- 
named  Jaimi-Kaiiit,  Usied  from  Tti  until  ii6l,  when  Cadii 
was  captured,  rebuilt  and  repeopled  by  Alphonso  X.  ol  Caslite. 
lis  renewed  prwpctily  dales  from  the  discovery  ol  America  in 
1491.  Asthebeidquartcisof  Ihe  Spanish  tiDiwiii  flKli,it  toon 
tecoveted  iU  position  asthewcaltbicslportaf  wettcin  Eutope.and 
conuquenlly  it  was  a  favouiile  point  of  at  tadi  lor  Ihe  eneuiiu  of 
Spiin.  Dnring  the  i6ih  oniury  it  repelled  a  series  of  raids  by 
the  Barbiiy  cnraaini  in  1587  all  Ihe  shipping  in  its  tmrboui 
was  burned  by  the  E^ish  tquadmn  under  Sir  Francis  Drake; 
ia  IS96  Ihe  fleet  of  tic  eul  of  Essex  and  Lord  Cbiries  Howard 
lacked  Ihe  city, and  dcsiioyedfDrlymcrchanlvnsel&i 


,    Tliis, 


le  nbuil      ^ 
1]  wealth  tempted  the  duke  ol  Bud 


attack  was  made  by  the  British  under  Sir  George  Rookc  and 
the  duke  of  Onnonde.  During  the  iSih  century  Ihe  wealth  ol 
Cadii  became  greater  than  ever;  Imoi  i)»  la  1765,  when  it 
eaitQwl  a  nKMwpely  el  the  tnde  with  Spanish  America,  Ihe  dty 


annually  imtionsd  gold  and  sitvcf  toiha  valueol  Bboul£j,aoo,oae. 
With  Ihe  doting  years  of  the  centuty,  however,  it  entend  upoD 
a  period  of  misfonune.  Fnm  February  1  j^j  to  Afrii  1 798  it 
wu  bkickadcd  by  the  British  aoct,  after  the  battle  of  Cape  St 
Vincent;  and  ia  igoo  it  was  homtudcd  by  NefaoB.  tn  180S  the 
ciliicns  captured  a  Fieoch  tqusdroa  which  was  imprisoned  by  the 
Britith  Seet  in  the  inner  bay.  From  Febnuiiy  1810  until  the 
duke  of  WeUiogtDD  taiKd  the  siege  la  August  iBii,  Cadix 
resisted  the  French  fotcta  aeot  to  capture  it;  at^  during  thoe 
two  yean  it  served  aa  the  (apilal  of  all  Spain  which  could 
escape  anneutlon  by  Napoleon.  Here,  loo.  the  Cortes  met  and 
piomu  Igated  the  lamout  Ubcnl  coosli  lutionofMaichigia. 


,  oim 


i8»;  the  revtjutioo  spread  t 
Ferdinand  Vll,,  was  impriwoed 
the  seat  of  the  Cortei;  and  ferei 


volled  ii 


roughout  Spain; 
t  Cadia,  which  a^ui  bec^rae 
a  inlervenlioa  ahue  checked 
A  Fimcb  aroy,  under  the 
dK  d'AngouUme,  leiied  Cadis  in  i8ij,  secured  the  itlcue 
of  Ferdinand  and  nippresMd  Liberalisin,  In  1868  the  city  waa 
the  centn  of  Ihe  lEinilutiaa  which  tflcclal  the  dcthnweaciit  ol 
Queen  IsabdU. 

S.«.S»ilJ.j.|-j.Jfa,.— -p.i -.f...,  »,  „..«!„  J  s.-.i-^ 

an  UtuHiated  valumE  in  the  scric*  Esnaita,"  by  P.  de  Madraio 
(Bsrcilona,  18B4);  Kamaiu  (Miu«vi,  a  very  lull  bislory  ol  ImT 
airaln.byJ.M.LetavDoniiagMifCkdli,  iB^);  NuwriadiCUn 
y  ^  n  ^Kiaoa  dodi  )■  mMM  (iciwfBi  bula  1 114.  by  A.  de  CaiUD 
CCadii.  189B);  aad  Datrtftm  Uturicnuiiliia  it  In  mJHrtU  4i 
^idit,  by  JTdi  t'lrutii  (Cadii,  1B41). 
CADMIUM  (symbol  Cd,  atomic  weight  111-4  (O-16)),  a 
ctallic  element,  ihowiag  a  ck«e  icktjonahip  lo  line,  with 
which  il  is  very  frequently  associated.  Il  wu  dixsvotd  ia 
.B17  by  F.  Slioovyer  in  a  sample  ol  aiiic  carbonate  from  which 
L  specimen  of  sine  oiide  was  oblaiood,  having  a  yellow  colour, 
ittbough  quite  Iree  from  iron;  Stromeyer  ibowiiig  IhU  Ibis 
coloiatian  was  due  to  Ibc  presehcc  of  Ihe  oxide  of  a  new  metsL 
Siniullancously  HermuiD,  a  Gcnnan  chemical  manu&cturet, 
ditcov«iEd  Ibc  new  metal  in  a  specimen  of  line  oxide  which  bwl 
been  thought  tocODlainBnenic,sinciilgaveayeUow  predpilate, 
in  acid  solution,  on  the  addition  of  sulphuretted  hydropn. 
Thk  suppoaitun  wu  tbown  In  be  inconect,  and  the  saluie  of 


jn  dootuoloccui  naturally  in  the  ui 


1  Greenock  and  at 


is  collected  in  the  sheet  iron  cooca  c 
i.    This  it  DiiKd  vilh  atnail  coal, 
gives  an  enriched  dust,  and  by  Npeiting  th 


by  metallic  linc 

dmium  is  a  white  metal,  posteaung  a  bluish  tin^e,  and  a 
lie  ol  taking  a  high  polish;  on  breaking,  it  shows  a  distinct 
IS  liacture.  By  sublimation  in  a  curttul  of  bydngcn 
n  be  cryslalliied  in  the  foim  ol  regubc  octabedri;  it  is 
slightly  haidci  tfaaa  tin,  but  is  softer  than  linc,  and  like  lin, 
rrickling  sound  when  bent.  It  is  mallcible  and  csn  be 
I  into  sheets.  The  tpecihcgiavilyof  the  metal  is  8-5&4, 
this  value  being  slightly  inc^enud  after  lutmmering;  its  speiibc 
is  0054S  (R.  Bunsen),  it  mdu  at  jto-jio*  C.  and  boifa 
eea  76^-771°  C.  [T.  Cimelley],  fnrming  a  ikep  yeDow 
UI.  The  cadmium  molecule,  as  shown  by  determinations 
c  densityaf  its  vapour.  Is  mooatomic.  The  neUl  unites 
)f  the  heavy  metals  to  form  alloys;  some  ol 


n  the  fi 


ihat  they  possess  a  low 


I  Ubeful  a., 
lling-point.    It  ab« 


purpose  of  Uopping  .. 

zoab.Google 


CADMUS— CADOOAN 


UmL  The  metal  la  qdtspenBMmittndiyilr,  but  In  mobt  air 
it  btcamti  co&ted  wilh  ■  tuperficial  layer  of  the  oxide;  it  bumi 
on  beating  lo  rcdncu,  lomiing  a  brawn  nlourrd  oiidt;  and 

JpondAiE  latta.  Cadtniutn  vapour  decompoia  water  at  a  nd 
beat,  urilh  liberathm  of  hydrogen,  and  fonnalion  of  Ihc  uid* 
oi  Ilie  metal. 

CadmiiTm  oiide,  CdO,  la  a  bmwn  powder  ef  ipeeific  travfty  6-$^ 
wbicb  can  be  pir^red  by  beating  the  nHUl  in  aircr  inoxj^edi 
or  by  iznilim  d  the  nitnu  or  catbDiulej  by  {lealing  ibE  neuJ 
to  a  white  heal  in  a  cuireni  of  otyfcn  it  it  obtained  aa  a  dark  md 
eryiralline  tuljimale,  lidoeaiut  melt  ata  whitehKit,andisnsi}v 
reduced  to  the  metat  by  healing  in  a  current  of  bydrnen  or  wilt 
carbon.  It  ia  a  baiie  oaids,  diHilvini  mdily  !■  aeidi.  with  ilH 
lernalion  of  lalii,  tmnewlnt  anaingoBi  lo  Iboie  of  liac. 


by  adding  poeasluin 


iide,Cd(OH)>,i>  obtained  as 
,^roidde  t 


ThechlDride.CdCI,,bn>i 
cadmium  iodide  beinc  loi 
of  Ibe  ln>  lodldea  wludi  i 
and  iodid*  have  been  i' 
tqneoua  aolulion  (W.  H 


nctaa  of  diiuu  potaMUi 
iodide.Cdli.arealsolraowI 


•  aolulion  (W.  Hittort.  PMAni..  i8».  id6.  Jii).  prcbib 


boiuiion.  in  the  form  of  large  imoa 
on  XdSO.eHiO.  whilK  a IJoiling 

mnlralcd  uilphuric  >M  ha-  ■- 

Hlion  CdSO,->i,0.     Il  is  Ij 


,  Ljrcdy  iiEcd  Tor  the  purpose  of 
making  uanoani  eKinc  ceiia,  web  lor  eianpla  ai  tKe  Weaton 

(fadmium  tulphide.  CdS.  occun  naturally  u  goHnnrklle  (<j.>0. 
and  can  be  artiricially  prepared  liy  patsing  lufphurctted  hydnj^rn 
through  add  loluitont  oJ  loluble  catimium  fall*,  when  it  is  prvcipi- 


(cadmitiat  yellow),  for  !l  relamft  ilscoloiuinar 
iiuaulphuretled  hydrojieniil  piells  at  a  while 
loTidilua  to  a  lemon-ycnow  micaceous  mass. 

of  variable  composition  being  obtain«]  on  the 
of  the  alkaliDe  carbonates  to  tolnbte  cadmium 
"   '   '  nte.  Cd|NO,),'tH,0,  is  a  del 

^  by  dissolving  cilber  the  lY 
tiuEe  nitric  acidT    It  crystallij 


ddiiioa  ta^aoluti 


Cadml 
CadmiunTui 


t;admium  sails  can  be  recognuen  cy  ine  nrown  inciustation 
srhich  is  formed  when  they  are  neated  on  charcoal  in  thco^idijing 
Hame  of  the  blowpipe;  and  also  by  ibe  yellow  precipllate  formed 
when  aulphurfttcd  hydnwen  ispaisaed  thoogb  their  acidified  solu- 
rtooa.    IniapraciprtaEe  ia  insoluble  in  cold  dilvtc  adds,  ia  ammoniDm 


distinauishci 
Cadmium  is 


ited<^mnfiuU. 


.^ . by  Ibe  addilion  ol  sodiiini 

!»„-■<,  Ibe  csibonate  thus  famed  Fasnng  into  the  oxide  on 
vntion.  It  can  alsn  be  delermined  as  sulphide,  by  precipitation 
with  sulphureited  hydrogen,  the  precipiiated  aulphide  being  dried 

The  atomic  weigtil  of  cndmiinn  was  found  by  O.  W.  Huntington 
(flrrirJIIr,  l»tl,  is,  p.  (o),  Irom  an  analysis  oI  (he  pure  bromide, 

(hen'inlo  oidde.  obUuwd  valuei  rannng  from  Iii-^i  to  nioj, 
whilst  W.  S.  Lorlmer  and  E.  F.  Snrilh  vHu.  fir  amat.  Otm^  iSfi. 
I.  p.  it*),  by  the  eteccnlylic  ledDCtloa  of  cadnium  oaide  inpoias- 
iium  cyanide  et^wion.  obtained  aa  a  need  value  Itaajj.  The 
atomic  weight  of  cadmium  has  been  revised  by  G.  P.  Baiter  and 
M,  A..Hi..«  Wnn,.A^.  CW  Sk.  ijm.  n.p.  .«).  by  deter, 
minations  of  the  ratio  of  cadmium  chloride  lo  silver  chlonde,  and 
of  the  amount  of  silver  required  to  predpllate  cadmium  chloride- 
Tbt  mean  value  obiaintd  wai  iii-t<^  (Ag-io7*3l.  The  mean 
Mhi*  111-467  waa  obiaiMd  by  Baiter.  Hnca  an)  Fnvetl  {iM., 
1906.  aStp.  770)  by  aaalysia^  cadniiuB  brotnidt 

CADMin,  In  Greek  legend,  eon  oE  Agenor,  king  of  Phoenicia 
and  brother  of  Europa.  After  hia  titter  bad  been  carried  off 
by  Znij,  he  wii  sent  out  to  find  her.  Unauccetiful  in  his  learch. 
he  csme  in  the  course  of  hb  wanderingi  to  Delphi,  where  he  con- 
■nlted  the  oracle,  Hewuordered  10  giveuphii  quest  and  jallow. 
•  tow  which  MMihl  meet  him,  and  to  build  a  town  on  Ibe  ipoi 


where  ahe  thniM  He  dows  eibauited.  The  cow  met  Uia  hi 
Phocii,  and  gsMed  him  to  Boeotia,  where  be  founded  the  city 
of  Tb^m.  Intending  to  aociiBct  the  raw,  be  acnl  acune  (rf  Mi 
companion*  to  a  neighbouring  spring  for  water.  They  wew 
atain  by  a  dragon,  which  waa  in  turn  destroyed  by  Cndmiu; 
and  by  tbeinstntdjom  of  Athena  he  sowed  its  teeth  in  Ihc  ground, 
(ram  which  there  ipnng  a  rate  of  fierce  aimed  mm,  called 
Sparti(«wn).  By  itmviiiiga  stone  among  themCadiniBaiHed 
them  to  (aJl  upon  rtci  other  till  oily  five  survived,  who  aaaisted 
him  to  build  Uie  Cadmeia  or  dtadcj  of  Thebes  and  became  Ibe 
Ibundeis  of  the  noblest  familica  of  that  city  (Oviil,  i/cIBiii.  iii. 
I  ff.)  ApaUodonn  iiL  4,  5}.  Csdmtu,  however,  bccauec  ol  Ihii 
bloodshed,  had  lo  do  penance  for  eight  years.  At  Lfae  eipiralion 
of  this  period  the  gods  gave  him  to  wife  Hannonia(f,t.),ihiughlet 
ol  Aiet  and  Aphrodite,  by  whom  be  had  a  son  Folydonia,  and 
four  diUEhlcn,  Ino.  Antonoj,  Agive  and  Semele— n  family  which 
waa  overtalien  by  gtievoiu  mkfortunes.  At  the  matriage  all 
the  gods  were  present;  Uartnobia  rec&ved  aa  bridal  gills  □ 
peploi  worked  by  Athena  and  a  necklace  made  by  Hephacatua. 
Cadmus  is  said  to  have  finally  retired  with  Harmonta  to  lUyria, 
where  he  became  king.  Alter  dealh,  he  and  his  wife  were 
changed  into  snaked,  which  waldied  the  tomb  while  Iheir  aoiUa 
were  Iruulated  lo  the  Elytian  fields. 

There  is  Ultle  doubt  that  Cadmus  waa  oiiginally  a  Boeotian, 
that  is,  a  Greek  hero.  In  later  limes  the  itory  ol  a  Pbeenlcian 
immiginntof  that  name  became  current.  La  whom  waaasoibed 
■he  introduction  of  ihc  alphabet,  the  invention  ol  agriculture  and 
•rotkiog  la  bro>t«  and  ol  dviUiailon  gencnlly.  But  the  name 
itself  it  Greek  lathn  than  Phoenician;  uid  tbc  fact  that  Henoei 
was  wonhipped  in  Samothrace  under  the  name  of  Cadmus  w 
Cadmilus  teems  to  sbow  that  the  Tbebaa  Cadmus  was  originally 
an  ancFstral  Thrf>an  hero  rorrtspOBding  to  the  Sajoothracaan. 

who  intraduces  order  and  dvilization. 

The  exhaustive  article  Inr  O.  Crutius  b  W.  H.  Rosclcr^  LtxiHtm 
itr  ViMoliiiie  CMltains  a  Int  of  modem  authailiesoa  the  subject 
of  CtOinui;  HC  also  0.  Giuppe,  Dt  Caimi  Fainla  (1S9I). 

Uimin  op  ■nsm,  acconlmg  to  BOme  andeni  autbotitiea 
the  oldnt  of  the  logogr^ibi  (f  .*.).  Modem  sdiolan,  who  accept 
thii  Tinr,  itdgn  him  to  nbout  jso  a.C;-,  others  reguil  him  at 
purely  mythicaL  A  coafnsed  notice  in  Smdaa  ntetitiotis  three 
pertoni  of  the  name:  the  fint,  Ihe  inventor  of  the  alphabet; 
the  second,  the  son  of  Pandion,  "  according  to  tome  "  the  first 
prose  writer,  a  little  Isier  than  Oipheus,  author  o!  ■  bistoiy 
of  the  Foundation  of  Uilftmi  and  of  Ionia  gciKTally,  in  four 
books;  Ihe  tliird.  the  ton  of  Archriaua,  oi  later  date,  author  ol  a 
history  of  Attia  In  fourteen  books,  and  of  some  poems  of  ao 
erotic  character.  As  Dionytius  ol  Halicanuaaua  (jmduiMm  ia 
TJncyiuit,  c  13)  distinctly  tUIes  that  the  work  cunent.in  hit 
time  ander  the  name  oi  Cadoiui  wot  a  leigery,  It  ia  nott  prab- 
abte  that  the  two  Gist  are  idnlical  with  Ihe  Phoenician  Cadmtit, 
who,  u  the  lepnled  invmtor  ol  leiters,  was  lubsequenily  traoA- 
fomied  into  the  Milesian  and  the  authoT  of  an  historical  wnrk. 
In  this  connexion  it  should  be  observed  that  the  old  Milcflian 
nobles  traced  their  descent  beck  to  the  Fhoenidan  or  one  of 
his  companions.  The  tcit  ol  Ihe  nolice  ol  the  third  CadmBt 
ol  Miktus  In  Suldas  it  nnsalislactoiy ;  and  it  is  unarisin  whether 
he  is  Id  be  eiplolned  in  the  same  way,  or  whether  he  was  an 
historical  personage,  ol  wiu>m  all  further  record  is  lost. 

See  C.  W.  Mailer,  Fnf.  ma.  Grate,  ii.  a-4:  and  O.  Crudut  n 
Rosdier't  Ltii*ini  ie  Uyllioiiitit  lartide  "  Kadmoi,"  i)o,  91). 

CADOOAN,  WILUAM  CADOOAH,  iit  Eail  (ifirs-irifi). 
British  soldier,  was  the  aon  ol  Henry  Cadogan,  a  DuUin  bartrster, 
(uud  grandson  oi  Majoi  W^Hiam  tiiiogan  [ifioi-iMi),  governor 
ol  Trim.  The  limily  ha*  been  credited  with  a  descent  frsn 
f^adwgan,  the  old  Welsh  prince.  Cadogan  began  hismiliiary  career 
as  a  comet  ol  horse  under  William  111.  at  tbc  Boyne,  and,  with 
the  regiment  now  known  at  the  sih  [Royal  Irish)  Laocen,  nude 
the  cimpaignt  in  the  Low  Countries.  In  the  course  of  Ihete 
yeanheatlrtcted  the  notice  oi  Marlborough.  In  1701  Cadogan 
Wot  employed  by  him  as  a  stifl  olGccr  in  the  complicaied  taik 
of  concentriling  the  grand  army  (onned  by  conlingenli.ltoiD 


CADOUDAI^-CAECILIA 


«y«iBg 


BultiMdiBSUi  (Uta,  uiil  Uulborouiti  him  aude 
•fficer  ha  emfiilcnlial  (US  officer  ud  right-hiul  man.  nil 
icrvkeftiKllwaunpaignof  1701  vcit  nwmrdcd  wjihtbcool«idcy 
of  Ike  lunoiu  "  Cidogin's  Hone  "  (udh  the  jih  DaeoBa 
Ciurdi).  At  qiuittmulcr-gcDcn],  i(  IclJ  to  hit  tot  U  oteaniu 
the  celcbntcd  mvch  of  the  allia  to  the  Duubc,  which,  u  well 
41  the  rEtum  nuich  vith  ila  heavy  coDvoyi,  he  tiuuufied  vith 
coDsumiuIc  skill.  Al  the  Schellmbetg  he  wu  wouoded  and  bit 
hone  ihot  under  him,  and  It  Blenheim  he  acted  u  Mirlbonia^'l 
chief  oE  stziS-  Soon  afterwardi  he  wu  pron»lcd  brigadiei- 
fcnml,  and  In  1705  he  led  "  Ctdniaii's  Hone  "  at  Ihc  loieing 
of  the  Brabant  lines  between  Wangc  and  Eliutm,  capturini 
four  ilandanb.  He  was  present  at  RaDuUiet,  and  immedialely 
(herwanb  wai  Mnl  to  take  Antwerp,  which  he  did  without 
difficulty.  Becoming  msjor-^CDeral  in  1706,  ha  continued  to 
perform  the  numerous  duties  o[  thief  UaSoSnr,  quBrtcfmaster- 
SencTal  and  colonel  of  cavatiy,  besido  •bicb  be  »M  tbimcboul 

OHirie  of  the  campaign  of  1707,  when  leading  a  fora^ng  expedi- 
tion, be  fcU  into  the  hands  of  the  cnem;  but  was  aooacBChangrd. 
Id  170!  be  commanded  the  advanced  guild  of  the  amy  in  the 
operatioBS  much  cuhninatcd  In  the  ^nclory  of  Oudenarde,  (ud 
in  the  ume  year  he  was  with  Webb  at  the  BCIion  of  WynendaeL 
On  the  lit  of  Januai7  1700  be  wna  maido  licatcnant<generaL 
At  the  siege  of  Menin  fa  this  year  occurnd  an  inddenl  (Uch 
well  illustiBtfi  bis  qualificicioni  u  1  staff  officer  ami  diiJoaatist. 
UarlbofDugh,  tiding  with  his  staff  dose  to  tho  Ficnch,  suddenly 
dropped  his  t^ove  and  told  Cadogan  lo  pick  it  up.  Ihis  icem- 
bgly  insolent  command  wai  cncried  mit  at  once,  and  when 
UailboRHigh  on  ilic  return  to  camp  eiplained  Uiat  he  wished  a 
battery  to  be  erected  on  the  spot,  Cadogan  informed  him  that 
be  had  already  given  orders  to  that  effect.  He  waa  preaent  at 
MalplaquEt,  and  after  the  batik  -m  ttat  off  to  form  the  siege 
of  Mom,  at  which  he  was  dangerously  wounded-  Al  Ihc  end  of 
the  year  be  received  the  appointment  of  lieutenant  of  Ike  Towor, 
but  he  continued  wllb  the  army  in  Flanders  to  the  end  of  the 
war.  Bis  loyalty  to  the  faltn  Marlborough  cost  him.  In  r7ii, 
his  ncdt,  posiliou  and  emolumenis  under  tic  down.  George  I. 
en  his  acceaaion,  however,  rrinstated  Cadogan,  and,  amoDgat 
other  appointments,  made  him  lieutenant  of  the  ordnance, 
u  British  pknipotentiaiy,  he  signed  the  tliird  Barrier 


■a  the  Jao 


n,  HaUi 


cc  Coie,  Utmoiri  e/  UerthBrnti, 
cap.  cdv.J,  and  later  as  commander-in-chief.  General  Cadogan 
by  his  Gnu,  energetic  and  skilful  handling  of  his  task  restored 
quiet  and  order  in  Scotland.  Up  to  [he  death  of  Mallborou^ 
be  was  continually  employed  In  diplomatic  posts  of  spedal  tmat, 
and  in  171S  he  was  made  Eail  Cadogan,  Viscount  Cavenham 
and  Baron  Cadogan  of  Oakley.  In  1711  be  succeeded  his  old 
dtief  as  head  of  the  army  and  master^gencral  of  the  ofdnance, 
becoming  a<  the  same  time  colonel  of  the  ist  or  Cienadiei  Cnaida. 
He  lat  in  five  successive  parliaments  as  member  for  Woodstock. 
He  died  at  Kensington  in  1736,  leaving  two  daughter!,  ODe  of 
whom  married  the  second  duke  of  Richmond  and  the  other  the 
Mcond  son  of  William  earl  of  Poitland. 

Readen  of  Einumd  wUl  have  formed  a  very  unfavonrable 
(itimate  of  Cadogan,  and  it  should  be  teraembcied  that 
Thackeray's  hero  waa  tiie  friend  and  supporter  of  the  opposition 
and  General  Webb.  As  a  soldier,  Cadogan  was  one  of  the  best 
sua  officers  in  the  annals  of  the  Biili^  army,  and  in  coni- 
mand  of  detachments,  and  also  as  a  commander^n^hief,  be 
■bowed  himself  to  be  an  able,  careful  and  withal  dashing  leader. 

He  was  tuccfeded,  by  ^vdal  nmainda,  in  the  btiony  by  h^ 
brother.  General  Charles  Cadosun  (1601-1776),  iriB  married  the 
daughter  of  Sir  Ham  Sioane,  thus  beginning  the  aBodation  of 
the  family  with  Chelsea,  and  died  in  1776,  being  succeeded  in 
turn  by  his  son  Charles  Sloane  <i7i8-iSo7),  who  In  the  y«u  iBoo 
was cieatedVilcoont  Chelsea  and  EaifCadopn.  HisdcKCOdaM 
George  Henry,  jth  EaH  Cadogan  (b.  1S40),  «*i  lord  piirjr  Ktl 
from  iSB&  to  ig«>,  and  lord-lieuten^t  of  Inland  (torn  1895  to 


CADOUDAU  QEORfln  di; 


->«a,),  I 


n  17J1  I 


He  had  rcodvcd  a  fair  education,  and  when  the  Kevolutiom  broke 
out  be  remained  true  to  his  royalUt and  Catholic  tcadung.  Froo 
'J?3  V^^TP"*"^'"*^*'"™  '"  *^  ^'^'■^"^'■^ against  thenva]|b- 
tiooaiy  govemmcnL  It  wa*  qnicUy  WMmned  and  he  then- 
vpon  joined  the  army  of  the  revolted  Veodeans,  taking  pan  in 
lhcbatlletcifLelIauandofSaveiuiyuiDecembcii7(ij.  Return- 
ing la  Horbihan,  be  waa  aneated,  and  imprisoacd  at  Ibeat,  Be 
succeeded,  however,  in  escaping,  and  b^n  a^in  the  straggle 
against  the  Revolution.  In  qnte  of  the  defeat  of  his  par^,  and 
of  Ihc  fact  that  be  wai  forced  several  timei  u>  take  Rfa(e  in 
England,  Cadoudal  did  not  cease  both  to  wage  war  and  to  ooD- 
sjHre  m  favour  of  the  loyalist  pretesdcn.  He  refused  to  cone 
to  any  undetitanding  with  the  gavtmmeDt.  although  offers  were 
made  to  him  by  Bonaparte,  who  admired  hii  tkill  and  his 
obaimate  energy.  From  igoo  it  was  impoMihk  for  Cadoudal 
to  continue  to  wage  open  war,  so  he  took  allDgether  to  plotling. 
He  was  indirectly  (oncemed  in  the  attempt  made  t^  Saint 
R^nl  in  the  rue  Salnte  Nicalse  on  the  life  of  the  Fint  CoBtut,  in 
December  igoo,  and  fled  to  England  again.  In  iBo3heracurped 
to  France  to  undertake  a  new  attempt  against  Bonaparte. 
Though  watched  foi  by  the  police,  be  succeeded  in  eluding  them 
for  sia  months,  but  was  at  length  arrested.  Found  guilty  and 
(ondemocd  to  death,  be  lefaied  to  ask  foe  pankn  and  waa 
eieculed  in  Puii  en  the  loih  of  June  1804,  along  with  devrs  of 
his  companions     He  Is  often  called  simply  Georges. 

Sec  Frxii  it  Cio-t".  iftrrain  Pidupf  (Paru.  iBot.  8  vols 
8vo);  the  Udneirts  al  Boumennii,  of  Hyde  de  Neuvllle  and  ol 
Rohu;   Unotrc.    ToHj-aihU   (on   the   amsl):   L'^n.   BltpafHi 

CADRE  (Fr.  for  a  frame,  from  the  Lat.  ijiainim,  a  square],* 
framework  or  skeleton,  particularly  the  permanent  Qtablisbment 
of  a  military  corps,  regiment,  ftc  wbich  can  be  cipanded  on 


CAIKJCBDI  (Ihe  IaL  adaptation  of  the  Doric  Gr.  Tff-nar. 
Attic  lenptjiMiif,  a  herald's  wand),  the  staff  used  by  the  mcft. 
sengers  of  the  gods,  and  especially  by  Henncs  as  conductor  of 
Ihe  aouls  of  the  dead  to  Ihe  world  below.  The  caduceui  of 
Herman,  which  waa  given  him  by  Apollo  in  exchange  for  Ihe  lyrv, 
was  a  magic  wand  which  exercised  influence  over  the  living  and 
the  dead,  bestowed  wealth  and  pmsperity  and  turned  every- 
thing it  touched  into  gold,  la  ill  oldest  form  it  was  a  rod  ending 
Id  two  pronga  twined  Into  a  knoi  (probably  an  olive  branch  with 
two  shoots,  adorned  with  ribbons  or  garlands},  for  which,  later, 
two  serpents,  with  heads  meeting  at  Ihe  top,  were  substituted. 
Ihe  mythotc^psts  explained  this  by  the  story  of  Hermes  firMfii^^ 
two  serpents  thus  knotted  together  while  fighting;  be  sqmntcd 
them  with  hit  wand,  which,  downed  by  the  lerpeBii,  became  the 
symbol  of  the  irltlement  of  quairela  (Thucydidea  i.  jj;  Macro- 
hius,  Sal.  i.  iq;  Hyginui,  Foil.  Aiiioa.  ii.  )}.  A  pair  ol  wings 
was  Bometiraa  attached  to  the  Icfi  of  the  suff,  in  token  of  the 


IS  theal 


if  Hen 


of  heralds  sad  ambaiaadon,  whoae  peraons  it  lendcRd  inviol- 
able,  llie  caduceui  luell  was  not  uwd  by  thelteman*,  but  the 
derivative  cod uudtor  occurs  in  ttie  sense  of  a  peace  commisaioDer. 
_  See  L  Prel.ler,  "  Der  KennewUb  "  in  fidalniai,  L  (iStf) :  O.  A. 
and  hii  ilaff  the  ipciuai  attribute  ol  A^knt- 


CADHCOni  (Lat.  coJiiciu),  a  botanical  Inn  for  "lalliiis 
eatly,"  u  Ihc  lepali  of  a  poppy,  before  the  petals  expand. 

GitEdLIA.  Thia  name  was  given  by  Linnaeus  to  Ihe  btirid, 
or  nearfy  blind,  worra-like  Bairachians  whtcb  were  lonvcriy 
associated  with  the  snakes  and  are  ruw  classed  aa  an  ordcv 
mtdeT  the  name*  ol  Aptia,  Pinrnda  or  CymiutUai».  The 
type  of  the  genm  Cucffta  it  Caailia  lalatiiltla,  a  noderalaly 
sloHkr  qwdu,  not  tuKke  a  huge  eitth-wocn,  gnnriag  to  *  ft. 
inkogthwithadiameletof  thrce-qoartenof  in  inch.  I(b  aase 
ol  the  laistat  ipedci  ol  the  order.  Other  vedei  of  tbe  aamc 
genus  ■!■  very  slender  in  fona,  M  toiiWHiCt  C*ttOia  gntaix. 


CAECILIA,  VIA— CAECIUnS  STATIUS 


-wUck  aitb  t  l^gtb  of  H  f  t.  Jn*  1  iGuMtB  at  ooljr  m  qianci  ej 
aa  lBdL  One  o(  tbe  nmt  RnukoUt  diancun  sf  the  genus 
~      "I,  *hkk  It  ihuH  with  about  two-ihinb  of  tlu  kutn 


Uv^  BatnduB.  ThcK  it  IbcMbR  ittooc  nteon  for  tndni 
tke  Cuciliu*  dicectl]'  faom  tbi  SutMcpbdii,  u  vu  the  viev 
oi  T.  H.  Uuiky  and  «f  R.  WiedenheiB,  liaa  ■upmrted  by 
H.  GhIov  and  by  J.  S.  Ktoglty. .  £.  D.  Cope  hut  idvoalcd 


CaedUtai  anoii  the  Endela  M  Caud«ti  In  the  vidnily  of  the 

the  bntduii  hubtt)  ii>d  developiiMDt  ol  IhcM  Batnchiua. 

>Dd  we  ire  now  Kqui^nled  with  about  fifty,  which  ate  lefefied 

■tnen  ai«  ibunded  iceide  is  the  pccKKi  or  abeence  of  laia. 

teria  ol  teeth  in  the  lowei  i»w,  the  Miwtute  of  the  tenuele 

the  lide  of  the  uoot,  end  Uue  [hcmiks  oi  abseuM  ol  a  vacuity 

bettmnlheparieUJlindsquanMaalbocwsoflheikulL    Of  Ihsie 

twcBty-one  genera  lii  iie  peculiar  lo  iropiai  Africa,  one  to  the 

Seyd^Uo,  four  to  Kulh-euiem  Alia,  eight  lo  CenUal  and 

Soul*  Amctio.  ooe  occnn  io  both  oonlineijal  Afiioi  tod  ibe 

SeycheUei,  lod  eoe  it  cddudob  to  Africa  and  South  Ameiica. 

TheK  Batrachiani  He  found  in  damp  lltualions,  usually  In 
loll  mud.  The  onnplcle  development  of  Iciiiyofkii  itniiimia 
hai  been  observed  in  Ceylon  by  P,  and  F,  Saiuin.  The  eg|^ 
fonning  a  nnaly-like  Itring.  tie  very  laige,  lod  deposited  in  a 
butro"'  near  tli  water,  the  Jemab  proiecli  them  by  coiling 
hetielf  round  the  egg-taaia,  which  the  young  da  not  Jeave  till 
after  ihe  loss  of  the  very  large  eitemal  ^lls  (one  on  each  ude) ; 
Ihty  then  lead  an  aquatic  life,  and  are  pTDvidcdwilhatiapenmg, 
«  qilfaculum,  on  each  side  of  the  neck.  In  these  lame  Ibe 
head  is  fiih-iau,  pnwidcd  with  much-developed  labial  kibea, 
with  tht  eyes  much  man  diilioct  than  in  the  petfcct  anunal; 
the  tail,  which  is  quite  ludimentafy  In  all  ^***''''"*t.  is  vety 
diilinct,  strongly  compressed,  and  bordered  above  and  boiealh 
by  a  deraul  fold. 

In  Hypttupkit.  a  CaedUan  fcom  the  Seychelles  studied  by 
A.  Brauer,  the  development  resembles  that  of  Icktkyopkij,  but 
there  is  DO  aquatic  larval  stage.  The  young  leaves  the  egg  in  the 
perfect  condition,  and  at  once  k&ds  a  tenoiriil  life  like  its 
patenta.  In  accotdance  with  this  abbreviated  drvcIapmeDl, 
the  caudal  membiuDOus  crest  does  not  emt,  and  the  btanchial 
aperture  doses  as  soon  as  the  external  bUIb  disappear. 

In  the  South  American  T.ypiloKuMi,  sad  in  Ihe  DrrrnQphu 
from  the  Island  of  St  Thomt,  West  Af  rict,  the  young  are  brought 
fonh  alive,  in  the  Former  as  larvae  with  eiternsl  gUls,  and  in  Ihe 
latter  b  the  perfect  air-breathing  condition. 

RariauicBS.— R.  Wiedenbcim.  Anatemii  ia  CyoiufJnimen 
(lena.  1870),  4to;  C  A.  Bou1en»r,  "  ^napaii  cf  [be  Genen  end 
Speein,"  F^.S^  i««,  p.  401 :  R.  Cieeff.  Uber  Siphonopt  ths- 
nensto?-  SiA.  Co.  NalMn,^  fUnbeif  <M4j.  V  <SI  P-*"!  F.£n«n, 
MuannuMAifWiili  AiridhHfn  ei^  O^  u.  (WitdHdeB,  iMt- 
(•90).  4tD:  A.  BTuuer,  "Beitibe  lut  Kegninis  del  Entwicli- 
iungigeKhichteuAdder  AnaIomie3erCvniiiophlaiKn."2Hf.  Jakrh. 
Ata.  t,  i»o7. 0.389. xH..  lS»».  P-  477.  sod  ivi,„  1904,  Suppf,  p.  i»t! 
E.  A.  IMA, "  Eawkiilaiic  von  Sipbaw^iaaiiiiulaiiia,"  tat.  jAri. 


p.  170;  J.  S.  K 


[A.  an  ancient  highroad  of  Italy,  which  diivSBd 

■laiii  *t  the  jjlh  m.  from  Rome,  and  ran  by 

he  Adriatic  coast,  paafnj  pjobably  by  Hadria. 

ft  orancn  ran  to  Interarana  Praelultiorum  JTeramo)  and  thence 

pnbibly  to  the  tea  at  Casiruet  Novum  (Giulianova),  a  dislaoce 

of  about  iji  m.  from  Rome,    tt  was  piohibly  constructed  by 

L.  CaeciUus  Melcllut  Diadematus  (eooiulin  11;  B.C.}. 

SeeC.H<ilKaiaArwi>i(^i&™'(iS96].S;H|.    N. Penichctti 

CABClUin.  of  Calacle  (KaX^'Ajm^)  inSicily.Greektteloridin, 
fiourbhcd  at  Rone  durbg  ihe  reign  of  Augustus.  Originally 
called  Archagithus,  iw  took  the  name  of  Ciedlius  from  hii- 
palroD,  one  of  the  Metelli.  According  to  Sutda!.  he  was  by  birth 
a  Jew.  Neil  to  Dionysiusof  Hiliamustis,  he  wis  the  most 
importinr  critic  and  Actoridan  of  the  Augustin  age.  Only 
fragments  ire  extant  of  his  numerous  and  important  works, 
among  which  may  be  mefllioi!i^:  Or,  Uic  Slyll  oj  Uu  Ten  Onim 
(induding  their  lives  and  1  crlticil  elimination  of  their  worln), 
the  buis  of  Ihe  pseudo-Plulanhiin  treatise  of  the  same  name, 
in  which  Ciedliol  is  frequently  referred  10;  On  lb  SaWiiw, 
altscted  by  (?)  Lon^us  in  his  essiy  on  the  same  subject  {see 
L.  Mincni,  DiLihiilo  HifJ  f^nt,  1R77);  Hiilory  oj  Iki  SttUt 
Wats,  or  slave  risbgs  in  Sicily,  the  local  interest  of  whfdi  W3u1d 
natunlly  ■I>pcal  to  the  author:  On  JUdertc  and  RJulstical 
Pitura;  aa  AlpkaMical  Sdaliim  ef  Ftrasei,  Intended  to  serve 
as  a  ginde  to  the  acqulieoient  of  a  pure  Attic  atyle— Ihe  Bnt 
example  of  iri  Atticist  lemcon,  mentioned  by  Snidaa  tn  the 
preface  to  his  lexicon  as  one  of  his  authorities;  Afoimt  Uu 
PkrypiKa.  probably  an  attack  on  tiu  florid  style  of  the  Aulic 

The  fragmenti  have  been  coDnctnl  and  edited  by  T.  Burekhardt 

.»..    —J  c    ™_i_u  , 1 :-  r-    XV    J^fulkr,  Fl " 


J.'nSkin,  iDciii.  {I8^)T  o. ., 

n  Caecitiiii,  by  C.  Himmer:  P.  Slaii,  Ci 


'■  JaJnairrida  . 


IT  til  va  Arntmin  (iMg).  tmu  sf 
■  and  Caeciliui  togelbcri  lea  alH  J. 


Dionyiius  of  lialica. _. 

Bn«ka  in  Pauly-WKiwa,  Faltmi^fdtptdu  1 

CAECILIUI  RATTDSi  or  SiAiroi  CaiciUDi,  Roman  amic 
poet,  contemporary  and  intimate  friend  of  Enwii^^  died  in  16S 
(or  tit))  I.e.  He  was  bom  in  the  leiritoiy  of  the  Insubrias 
Gauls,  and  was  probably  taken  is  1  prisoner  to  Rocne  (s.  Mo), 
during  the  great  Gallic  was.  Originally  a  slave,  he  anumed 
Ihe  name  of  Caeciliui  Irom  bil  patrtm,  pnbibly  one  of  the 
*  ■■■ — tU  by  adapting  Greek  plays  for  tl 


Varta  credits  him  with  pstbo*  and  skill 
hia  plots^  Hoiacs  {EpUiUi.  ii.  1.  59)  nmtmiU  hb  dignity 
with  the  art  of  Terence.  QumIiliin(/iul.OaA,x..i.  w)9caks 
somewhat  dl^»ragingly  cd  him,  and  Cicero,  although  be  admita 
wilh  some  beuUtton  that  Caecilius  may  have  been  the  t±icf  of 
the  comic  poets  i,Dt  Optimo  Coat  Oraiariim,  i),  couidcra  faim 
inferior  to  Terence  in  atyle  and  Lalinily  (Ad  All.  viL  j),  as  wi* 
only  natural,  considering  bis  foreign  eitiaction.  The  fiict  (hat 
his  plays  could  be  refeticd  to  by  name  alone  without  any  bdjca- 
tion  of  the  author  ICiceto,  Dt  Finiu,  ii.  7)  it  sufficient  procd  of 
their  wide^^read  pt^ularity.  Cacdlius  ftolds  a  place  between 
Flautus  and  Terence  in  bil  Uealment  of  the  Creek  origiDals; 
he  did  not,  like  Pliutus,  confound  thinga  Creek  and  Rcffnan, 
not,  like  TerouE,  eiiminale  everything  that  could  not  be 
lomaniied. 

The  fngmeau  el  bli  plays  are  chiefly  prraerved  hi  Auhii  GelUm, 
whodtei  itvRil  lOMURi  from  the  PJinini  (neddicc)  together  wiib 
Ibe  original  Gnek  of  Reiunder.  The  tnnlaiion  wiSh  ii  tJiffuie 
and  by  ik>  means  cW,  fiih  to  irindiKt  the  ipiHt  of  Ibe  orMnil. 
Fngmeua  In  Ribbenk.  Asniiu  Komaunm  Pmsu  Fntmrila 
(i«9a)!  sat  abo  W.  S.  TeuReL  Ca««u  SlmUv.  to.  {ISslli 

Du,iiz=db,Google 


CABClNA— C^DMON 


Auun  Cuexnt,  too  el  Aulot  Cudu  who  wu  defoded  bjr 
Ckao  C4g  *.c.)  m  ■  ipuicb  Mill  aunt,  took  the  udeof  Fompcy  'm 
■Jk  di^  mn,  aod  publbhed  a  *Mat  tindc  tttiaa  Ciou,  for 
iriikl  h*  «u  huiilKd.  He  ctanial  ia  ■  mik  ciQtd  QncrilH, 
ud  Iv  tlH  InlcnoMon  c(  lu  fiioKb,  ibove  all,  of  Dccro,<ibtuiied 
pudoa  Iron  Cuur.  Cudu  vu  reguilcd  u  in  importut 
AUtboriEy  on  tlw  Etnocan  Byilon  of  divinatioD  Cffrufa  ZHi- 
<iffi«),  wbidi  hs  endeiveuml  id  pLLceoanKicnUBc  fooling  by 
h*naonidB(  iu  tlworia  iriili  tlu  docirina  of  ihe  Sioici.  Can- 
dderablc  Inganiti  o(  hit  worii  (doling  with  lightning)  ue  to  be 
fbuBril  in  ScDccn  {Satvaia  Qitaaiioius,  it,  11-49),  r»w-i.i»  i,tu 
on  inlinuts  term*  *rilh  Cicero,  who  spcaJti  of  hiD  M  a  giTifd  ud 
etoqucnt  pun  and  waa  no  doubt  oouidcnbly  mdcbied  to  iiiin  in 
biiown  tmtiie  Dt  Ditittaliant.  SonMOf  lUi  cOfnapondcncc  ii 
prcKrved  in  Ciaro'*  ktin  (Ai  Fam.  vi  j-Si  mc  alw  Ix.  and 
iiii-66). 

AoLcn  CaiONit  Auuiuf,  Rumaa  fenenl,  wai  quaatoi  ni 
BMtk&  ia  Spain  (t.o.  6S).  On  ibe  death  of  Nero,  be  attubed 
UrucU  U  CiUba,  who  appoiatcd  bioi  to  tiu  camniind  of  a  legion 
in  upper  Cennany,    Having  been  proo^cuted  ioi  embeuliog 

■  tuge  uny  iau>  Italy.  Caedoa  cnwrd  tJie  AJpi,  hut  aas 
dakatod  acar  Cremooa  by  Suetoniui  Paulinua,  the  diief  geneiai 
o(  Otbo.  SubicqueDtly,  in  cosjunction  with  Fabiui  Valeni, 
Caedna  defeated  Olho  at  Ibe  deduve  bsltlc  of  Bidriatuni 
(BctriKuB).  Tlie  incapadiy  of  Viuliiiu  tempted  Veipajian  to 
Ukciqtanuacarauluai.   Cudna.whobadbeenentnutidwith 

kbanny  losoovecto  Ve^iaiian,  but  wai  Ibrown  into  chiini  by 
Ibe  MhUm.  Aftet  the  ovenhraw  oi  Vildliua,  Ik  waa  tdcaicd, 
ibd  take*  into  favour  liy  the  tiew  etnpenr-  But  he  etndd  poC 
Kmiin  loytl  to  any  one.  In  79  he  -m  implicated  in  a  conipliacy 
«tduc  Vopuian,  and  wu  put  to  death  by  order  of  Titni. 
Caedu  todiKIibed  by  Tadii 


Sqetoniua,  jidii. 


n  hi!  *«T  name,  are  kcrami  t 
Iv.m).  Ilein(,accardinf  tol 
TBCdved  a  divine  call  to  poetry  by : 

havlBI  qillltad  a  festive  oompaay  oecauie,  irom  warn  ai  laui,  oe 
cauld  BMconply  arUh  tbe  denaiid  made  et  etdi  giitM  in  turn  to 
«tag  (D  the  harp,  he  lougtalhia bed  and  fell aileep.  Hediawed 
Ikat  ttoe  appeared  to  Mm  a  itranger,  who  addnaied  Urn  by  hit 

thfaW-"  He  pleidrd  inability,  but  the  dtanter  Iniiited,  and  be 
tnaconpctlcdloobey.  He  foimd  binuelf  uttering  "  vtriM  which 
he  had  naver  beard."  Of  CRdmtm'i  icng  Bcda  give*  a  proae 
pallium,  which  nay  be  Itterally  imdered  aa  fotlows:— "  Now 
■nut  wepralK  tbe  author  of  the  bavenly  kingdom,  tbe  Cmtor'l 
paiMtaiidcaDnael.Ibadeediof  the  Father  of  gWy:  bow  He,  the 
etenul  (M,  wa*  tbeaulhot  of  all  morvcla— He.  who  fint  gave  to 
^  Mu  «f  nm  the  heaven  (or  a  iwf.  and  then,  Aimlghly 


MaMMlbit  kn(Data,wl&ia«t  Ibe  b«  of  iti  beanty  of  eipmiic 
When  Cadmon  awoke  he  letBembeKd  tbe  venet  thai  be  had  ning 
iiri  added  to  them  othan,  Ka  related  bit  dream  to  the  farm 
baffiS  under  whom  he  wgrked,  and  was  conducted  by  him  to  the 
aeigbbMiling  jnonutcTy  at  SueaiuBhakb  Cnow  called  Whitby). 
The  abbctt  Hikl  and  her  monki  recogniied  that  ibe  fUiteiate 


a  gill  H 


lime  capoDadnl  to  Hm  the  a 
hiitoiy  aad  the  doctriaea  of  tbe  faith,  and  al  that  ba  Maid  lotB 
ihenibeiieiMvdiicediabcaulilutpDetiy.  "HeaaceithecRaiiia 
•f  the  awld,  ai  the  odgla  of  minkiDd  and  «f  all  the  UMsiy  •! 
Cknetli,  of  tbe  exodaa  of  Imet  fiOB  E^ypl  aad  their  esuaace 
inU  (he  pRHidied  I^od,  <t  laaojr  other  inddata  tt  Scnftan 
hiitaiy,  of  tbe  Lord'a  iBCamatioa,  paakn,  munectina  aad 
aicaulafl,  of  the  raning  e(  Ibe  Hdy  GboM  and  Ibe  uacbiBg  ei 
tbe  Bpouke.  He  abo  giade  many  loaga  of  the  Icrob  of  tbe 
osffiing  Judgment,  b(  tbe  honMi  of  bdl  and  the  anetnoa  ol 
heaven ;  and  of  thsaieRiei  aad  tbe  Judgmtnlt  of  God."  AO  Iu 
poetry  wai  on  nercd  themes,  and  It>  anvatriag  aim  au  to  lum 
men  from  tin  to  rigfatcou^eia  and  tbe  love  of  God.  Although 
many  amongit  the  Angks  had,  fbUowing  hia  nample,  ttnyed  to 
compose  idigioa*  poetry,  none  of  Ihen,  bi  fiKda'a  opituoii.  had 
^ipnadied  the  scdlence  o(  Ca  ' 

BEda'i  account  of  CBdmon'a< 
and  It  of  lingular  beauty. 
680,  bi  the  ume  year  aa  the  at 
authority.  AU  that  we  know  of  hia  data  b  that  Ui  ditaai  ta 
piace  duTing  the  period  (60-<S8a)  b  irtdiA  Hild  ma  ahbcm 
Siioumhalch,  and  that  he  aiolt  have  died  tome  cOMderal 
time  befofB  Badi  Gabbed  Ui  hitlory  la  731. 

Tbe  hymn  laid  to  have  boon  compoaod  by  CadmDO  ia  Uadrea 


Btint 
Nonhambriaii  diiiject,  and  In  a  handnriting  of  the  Si 

appeartonablankpageoriheHoorcMS.oiBi 

ivc  other  Latin  MSS.  of  Bedi  hatr  the  poem  ( 
into  a  rnore  snithem  dialect)  ai  a  marginal  note.  In  the  old 
English  version  of  fijcda,  ascribed  to  King  Alfred,  and  certainly 
nude  by  his  command  if  not  by  binseU,  ii  is  given  in  the  teil. 
Probably  the  Latin  US.  osed  by  the  translator  wai  one  Ihal  ool- 
tained  this  addition.  It  was  formerly  maintained  by  Bome 
ichobn  that  the  extant  Old  Eagliih  wr»  are  not  Bcda'i 
original,  bot  a  mere  rctnoslaiim  from  his  Latin  prose  vcnioa. 
Tbe  argnmenl  wu  that  they  correspond  too  ckady  with  the 
lalln;  Baila's  words,  "  hie  est  touui,  non  auten  ordn  ipse 
verborum,"  being  taken  to  mean  that  he  had  given,  not  a  Etcral 
tianalation,  but  oidy  a  free  paraphrase.  But  tbe  form  of  tbe 
leDtencciiDBEda'aprotc  shows  a  dote  adherence  lathe  paraM- 
iatlc  iiniciure  of  Old  Englith  verse,  and  the  alliterating  words  ia 
the  poemareinnearlyeverycuethemostDbvioiuand  almost  the 
bievitable  eI[uIvBlentt  of  those  used  by  Bcda.  Tbe  IcnlcnDe 
quoted  abavE '  on  tberefore  hive  been  meant  only  as  an  apol&gy 
for  Ibe  absence  of  those  poetic  gtiun  that  aecestilily  disappear 
in  translations  into  another  tongue.  Even  on  the  a^uunption 
that  the  eii&ling  verses  are  a  tetnnilaUon,  it  would  ttitl  be 
certain  Ibjit  they  diScr  very  slightly  from  what  the  oii^iiu] 
must  have  been.  It  i>  of  «nir«  pot^k  to  bold  that  the  story 
of  the  dieam  is  pure  fiction,  and  that  tbe  Udh  which  Bicda 
tniulated  were  not  Qcdmon's  at  alL  But  there  is  realty  aothins 
to  juatlfy  Ibis  eitreme  of  sci^Llclim.  As  tbe  hymn  b  said  to 
have  been  Ciedmon's  first  essay  in  verse,  iu  Uck  o(  poetic  merit 

Whether  Beda's  narndve  be  biilotical  or  not— and  it  fnvi>lvci 
nothing  eitha  miraculous  or  essentially  Improbable— there  is 
DO  reason  to  doubt  that  Ibe  nine  Unes  of  the  Moofe  MS.  an 
Ctdmon's  cooiposltion. 

This  poor  f  ngment  Is  all  that  can  with  conSdcnce  be  affinoed 
to  remain  of  the  votumlnoui  works  of  tbe  man  whom  Bcda 
regarded  aa  the  greatest  of  vernacular  religious  peels,     It  is 


veise  has  been  eutrently  known  by  bi 
scholan  tbe  tise  of  the  cuitomiry  designation  is  merely' 
ol  convenience,  and  does  not  imply  sny  bdict  in  tbo  co 
of  the  altiibution.    Tbe  totalled  Cadmon  poeau : 


^,zoab,  Google 


I  AM.  ttOO,  *blck  m  Itvai  b  iCsi  by 

^ Ibc  lungai  tdkokr  Fnuid»  Juniui,  iumI 

ta  WW  in  Ite  Bodlriu  lOmty.  Tb^  vm»mt  of  puaphnK*  oC 
putt  of  GoMiii,  Enidiu  >nd  Suikl,  ■nd  Ihict  MpuiitE  ponu, 
■httntootbclanuutiou'' ''"'-'" "-  '■■ ■■  ~ 

nrii«  el  Udl." 

^oiOuiit.aiiil  lbs  lb 
Tlw  nib)Kti  conai 

^jcuyudocribcdby  Sad*  that  it  1»  not  wipraing 

IhU  JunhB,  fo  ]ua  edition,  pubUtbcd  In  iS;;,  unhoiutinily 
■lliibuMd  iIm  pocnn  10  b!m.  The  ucriptioo  wu  njccted  in 
1684  by  C.  HldLti,  wboK  cblef  niumnit,  bued  on  the  chsncter 
of  the  lugujigc,  b  BOW  kuoin  ta  be  Ultcfoin,  a  molt  of  Ihc 
pDMiT  that  bu  GOioe  dovD  to  m  in  tbe  Wat  Suoo  ditkct 
ii  cotitaly  of  NoithuiBbiian  oiigio.  Since,  howcvti,  *«  kuo 
fiOB  B«di  Uat  ■Inad]'  lo  Ui  tine  Cicdoion  h»d  bad  miDy 
iBdutoB,  the  abMnct  praboliaily  ■•  nlbra  un&vDunble  than 
DtbdwiH  10  iberaunpliDn  that  >  adiectkm  ol  poema  conttlned 
taahtaiBthlBUiiiy  MS.containttnroibiiwoik.  Uodua 
criiicam  boi  riuwn  crachuivety  tlKt  tbs  poctiy  of  the 
"CBdmo<iMS.''c>DDOt  beaU  l^ontanlbor.  Soew  poitioia 
of  It  an  ptabdy  the  wtak  tt  a  acbriar  who  mole  vilh  ia  Latin 
BlUe  bcfoit  hha.  It  a  poaubk  tlM  •onw  of  tlw  nst  may  be 
'    '«  NofthiiflAriMi  berdsman;  but  in  tbe 


a  lor  dcoyini  that  It 
te  (a.  «S-8iO 


£nt  peients,  wbjcb 
Ibbpauage, 


in  Old  S> 
Iiamd.    Sieven'scnndu^u' 


.  _    .  le  temptation  of 

diffeiB  markedly  (n  Uyle  aad  metn  fnin 

whicb  btibu  ia  the  middle  at  a  loiteiKg  «™  mvis  ui  uk 
KS.  haling  been  kut)  i>  one  of  the  finat  In  alJ  Old  EngUili 
poetiy.  In  1B77  FnAaioc  E.  Sleven  aisucd.  on  Ibisuuiic 
Roundi,  thaC  it  vbi  a  (nitsltlloi),  wiih  icrk  oriEii^l  Inwiijoni, 
cbably  by  tlie  auihoi  ol  the 
e  brflliwllytonlinned  in  iS«4 
by  the  diumnry  In  the  Vstion  library  of  1  MS.  csnlainiog 
Ci  linei  nl  11»  Bdiaad  and  three  fiasmenti  ol  an  old  Sunn 
poem  OS  the  ilory  of  Genciu.  The  finl  oI  these  fiapneiiti 
[nchidn  the  origiul  of  a  lines  of  the  Ir.ierpolaled  poiaage  of 
theOldEnKlahCMof).  Tbe Old Suon Bibliol poelry bekingi 
lo  the  middle  of  the  gib  nniuty;  the  CM  Enfliah  tiamlathin 
of  I  portion  of  it  b  conwquently  later  than  iMa. 

A*  the  Cbhiu  begins  with  a  line  Ideatical  in  monint,  though 
»t  hi  woiding,  with  the  opening  of  Ccdmon's  Hymn,  ■«  may 
perhaps  infer  that  the  wrilR  knew  and  uiad  CKdmoo^  genuine 
poem.  Some  of  the  more  poelkal  paaagn  may  poaibly  echo 
Cnlnnn'seipresbia;  but  HbcD.afiti  tRalisgof  the  creation 
of  ihe  sogeb  and  ihe  revolt  of  Lucifer,  the  puaphnil  Domes 
to  the  Biblical  pan  of  the  ilory,  he  fbUovi  Ihe  lacred  leit  viih 
KTvik  idelity.  omitting  no  deUii,  hnwevec  pnsaic.  The  ago 
of  the  antediluviiin  patraitha,  lor  iniluice,  aie  accunuly 
randered  Into  verae.  In  al!  probability  the  Cinesit  is  of  Noiih- 
umbiian  origin.  The  names  assigned  to  Ihe  wivei  of  Noah  and 
his  three  Kma  (Phercsba,  OUa,  Olliua,  Olliuan! '}  have  been  tnca] 
to  an  Irish  aource,  and  Oiis  Cacl  MeU  to  point  to  the  influence 
•f  the  Irsh  missionaries  in  Nonhumbria. 

The  Bntdai  ii  a  fine  poem,  strangely  unlike  anything  cbe 
lo  Old  English  liientuie.  It  is  full  of  martial  spirit,  yet  malm 
TK>  UK  of  the  phrases  of  the  heathen  epic,  vhicb  Cynewulf  and 
other  Cbrittian  poets  were  accuMomed  to  borrow  freely,  often 
with  litltc  appiopnalcncss.  llie  condensation  of  the  style 
and  the  peculiar-vocabulary  make  the  ExeJui  somewhat  obscure 
in  many  places.  It  is  probably  of  gouthem  prrgin,  and  can 
bardly  be  supposed  to  be  even  an  imitation  of  Ciedmon. 

The  Danid  a  often  unjustly  depreciated.    It  is  not  a  great 


>Thein^ 


of  ihw  nana  WIS 


M.U1N  935 

poem  but  the  nanatloa  it  lucid  and  iDlettitiiig.  TV  author 
has  borrowed  some  70  linea  bom  the  beginaing  of  a  poetical 
tendering  of  the  Prayer  of  Aaarias  and  the  Song  of  the  Thirt 
Chiidreo,  of  Khiih  there  b  a  copy  In  the  Eieler  Book.  Tlia 
bortowed  ponioD  tnda  with  verse  j  of  the  (aotidei  the  remainder 
o{  which  foUoBi  In  a  vetiian  for  the  dhbI  part  independent, 
ttmugh  containing  here  and  then  a  line  from  Azorias.  Except 
in  inserting  the  prayer  and  the  BenedkiU,  Iht  pampJuast  drawi 
only  from  the  canonical  part  of  the  book  of  Baniel.  The  poem 
h  obyiously  the  work  of  a  schalar,  though  the  Bible  is  the  only 

The  three  other  poemi,  doignated  ai  "  Book  II "  in  Ibe 
Junius  US.,  are  characteriied  by  considerable  imaginative  power 
and  vigour  of  eipreasion,  but  they  show  an  absence  of  literary 
culture  and  aic  somewhat  lamhling,  full  of  repetitions  and 
genetaJly  lackii«  ia  Saisb.'  They  abound  in  passages  of  fervid 
leligioui  eihaitaiion.  On  Ihe  whole,  boih  their  merits  and 
their  defects  are  luch  as  wc  should  cipect  to  End  in  the  work 
of  the  poet  celebrated  by  Bsda,  and  it  seems  possible,  thau^ 
hardly  mote  than  paait)le,  that  we  have  in  these  pieces  a  com- 
paratively liiile  alleml  specimen  of  Cnlmoo's  compositions. 

Of  poems  not  included  in  Ihc  Junius  MS.,  the  Dnam  cj  On 
Raid  (tee  Cihewoli)  Is  the  only  one  that  has  with  any  plausi- 
bility been  ascritxd  to  Ciedmon.  It  was  a£rmed  by  Ftofesioc 
C.  Stephens  that  the  Rulhwell  Cross,  on  whidi  a  portion  of 
the  poem  it  inscribed  in  ruoH,  bore  on  iii  lop^tODe  tbe  name 
"  Cadmon  ";■  but,  according  to  Professor  W.  Vielor,  Ihe  Iracea 
of  nines  that  are  still  visit>le  eichide  all possibiliLy  of  this  reading. 
Tbe  poem  is  mtaioly  Northumbrian  and  earlier  than  Ihe  dale 
ol  Cynewulf.  Ii  would  be  impossible  lo  prove  thai  Caabnon 
was  not  the  author,  though  the  production  of  such  a  work  by 


n  paaagea  in  Paraiiit  Lul  and 


.  Certain  aunilarilies  betw 
parts  of  the  translation  fl 
Old  English  Cenais  have  given  occasion  to  the  suggestioD 
Ihat  some  scholar  may  have  talked  to  Milton  about  the  poetry 
published  by  Juniua  in  ifi;5,  and  Ihat  Ihe  poel  may  thus  havo 
gained  some  hints  which  be  luied  Id  ba  great  work.  Tlx  parallels, 
.  though  very  ioteiesting,  art  only  such  aa  might  be 
ejipected  to  occur  txtween  Iwo  poets  of  kindred  genius  working 
hat  Rsa  esse nlially  the  same  body  of  traditional  miteiiaL 
K  name  Ciedmon  (in  the  USS.  ol  the  Old  EiKlisb  version 
ol  Bicda  wrilten  Cidmm.  Ctedmanni  h  not  eiplioble  by  means 
of  Old  English;  the  ststemenl  that  it  means  "  boalman  "  it 
ipl  glost  Ji^xnuis,  ttd.  where  ca^  is  an 
editorial  misreading  for  aoL  It  is  most  piobably  the  Brilish 
Co^HHH,  intcrmediale  between  the  Old  Celtic  CoMmdiuu  and 
the  modern  Welsh  Cadjan,  Possibly  Ihc  poet  may  have  been 
of  British  descent,  though  Ihe  inlercDU  is  not  certain,  as  British 
sometimes  have  been  given  lo  English  cfaildirn. 
Iiedwalla  or  Ceadinllt  was  home  by  a  British  king 
V  Bcda  and  by  a  king  ol  tbe  West  Saions.  The 
Ctad  (probably  adopted  fr 


which  it 


ibined  wi 


Old  English  temuDal  element  in  Ihe  name  CatdhtBi  (cp., 
•ever,  Ihe  Irish  naroe  Calhbad],  and  hypocoristic  foma  of 
nes  containing  II  were  borne  by  Ibe  English  saints  Ceadda 
.  mmanly  known  aa  St  Chad)  and  his  brother  Cedd,  caUed 
Ceadwealla  in  one  MS.  o(  the  Old  EntHA  Vsriyrafigy.  A 
Cadmon  witnesses  a  Buctlnghamshiie  dwrtsr  of  about  ah.  948. 
The  older  editioni  of  the  socalM  "Cadmon's  Panpliraie'' 
"  '  '  i>(i6SJ)!  B.Thorpe  fiSji).  wlthaDEnglitfa  liaiilBtiea: 
lernTliSf  I-rBM)!  C/W.  M^nja  In  his  KUigjAd  dcr 


Dnam  sf  lit  Xaod.    Tbe 


plctorijl 
Sir  H.  E) 


p  the  tens  of 


JO  fir 

■  Biblintlitl,  B 


.  bcinoging  10  any  kaon  or  porible  (Nd  I 


'P* 


936 


CAELIA— CAERE 


CiBU.  tk  um>  at  We  utckM  dlki  b  luly. 
Apulk  (awd.  Cc|K>  A  Barfl  on  tbe  VI*  Tnku,  i  n 
Barion.    Coin  fooDd  twrc  bearing  ^^  imcrfptiaB  K 


Ci^ii  Kinapla)  i; 


,  (t)  Id  Cikbrii  (mod. 
1.  W.  of  BraixhBhiin,  uxt  ogt  tL  ibova 
■i1<r  tkMi  ■  |du*  ■){  •onw  ImpntuKC, 
■s  b  indiatEd  I7  the  nmifau  of  >  piddMoric  maitU  ud  bji 
Ibc  duCDvery  of  sercnl  Mtouriin  lucriptlMii. 
S«  Ou  HOln  Id  hi^WiMn.  ttMl—cydtpUli.  S.  iisi- 
CAH.  ■  dly  ti  mrth-wcsUm  Fnace,  ctpltil  ol  the  depart- 
ment of  CalvultH,  ^\  nip  from  Hie  ^"g*****  ChanDc]  and  140  m, 
W.N.W.  of  Farli  on  tlx  Weiteni  nllny  to  Cbeibooix.  Pc^. 
<i9i)6)  ]£,i4T.  It  i>  Btnited  in  the  -nScT  and  oa  Uw  left  tank 
o(t)ieOnK,t]i(righIliaiikDf>ihkbfao«iipiedb)'  the  nbuib  of 
Vencelles  with  the  itatloo  of  the  Wesieni  lallny.  lb  the 
•oolh-nat  of  den,  the  Otne  h  Joined  by  l!ie  Odon,  anm  of 
which  witet  the  "  Pnbfe,"  a  Esc  plain  cm  which  a  wtU-bwwii 
nce-oniK  k  laid  oat.  Iti  wide  alieel),  of  which  the  meat 
(cnportant  1>  the  me  St  Jeui,  ihuly  hoolevaKk,  asd  public 
fatdem  enhtnet  the  attraction  which  the  towa  derive!  from  •« 
■bnndann  of  fine  diuiiha  and  old  bonw*.  Ibidly  uy  mnains 
at  tti  once  ertenahe  ramparta  and  towen  an  now  tobewen; 
bol  the  caitle.  fonnded  by  WnUam  the  Copqnemt  and  ooBpleted 
by  Reniy  I.,  k  ttOl  employed  M  bamcb,  Ihongh  In  a  gitalty 
ahered  aindltion.  St  Plene,theBaatbeaiilIlutdiBrchin  Cun, 
■landi  at  the  nortbem  erticmity  of  the  me  Si  Jean,  In  the 
centre  nf  the  town.  In  the  main,  ha  archHectuit  k  Gothic,  but 
&t  dioir  and  the  apaldal  chipeb,  with  their  elaborate  blerior 
and  eiterioT  dccoratJoti,  are  of  Renaidancc  wnkmanihip.  Tbe 
(laceful  toner,  which  rhei  beiide  the  aoothem  porta!  to  a  height 
of  15s  ft.,  bekmjp  to  tbe  early  14th  oentny.  The  chnrch  of 
St  EtienDe,  or  I'Abbayt-au-IIommes,  h  the  weal  of  the  tmrn, 
h  an  liapoTtant  qjeeiinen  of  Romaneaqoe  ardiftectaie,  dating 
from  about  1070,  when  it  wai  founded  by  Willian)  the  Coniiiieror. 
It  k  itnlbrlnnalely  hemmed  in  by  other  bondhitt.  lo  that  a 
eomprehenalve  view  of  it  (a  not  to  be  obtained.  The  whole 
budding,  and  npedatly  tbe  west  facade,  which  k  lanhed  by  (wo 
towen  wfih  lofty  tpirea.  h  diancteiiied  by  it>  rinplldly.  The 
choir,  which  k  one  of  the  eatiiat  eiamplea  of  the  Norman 
Gothic  ityle,  dalel  fioni  the  eariy  Ijth  century.  In  Itfii  the 
PtoteMuIs  did  great  damage  to  the  bnildhg.  which  mi  ikil- 
tttDy  reitored  b  the  eariy  17th  centuiy.  A  marble  alib  matlis 
the  (armer  rodng-plaee  of  William  the  Conqueror.  The  abbey- 
bnlUlngi  weie  icbuiK  in  the  i;ih  and  iSih  centuiiea,  and  now 
rfieltet  the  lycte,  Matilda,  wife  of  the  Conqueror,  wti  the 
tbundren  of  the  church  of  La  Trinltf  or  I'Abbsye-aui-Dama, 
which  k  of  the  laine  date  ai  St  ttlcDDe.  Two  tquiie  onfinkhed 
towen  flaiik  the  veitem  ctKtance,  and  another  rkea  above  tbe 
traniept.  Queea  Matilda  k  interred  In  tbe  choir,  and  a  Bne 
crypt beoealhltCDntaEuthe  TemaEoa  of  formerabbeaiei.  The 
boiidiiigtDfthenunnery.ieccinittuctedintheeariyiBlhcenlurr, 
DOW  aerve  as  a  hospital.  Other  inteitstlng  old  chuithcs  an 
OiOK  of  St  Sanveur,  St  Michel  dc  Vaucelln,  St  Jean,  St  Gtlka, 
Noire-Daine  de  la  Clorieiie,  Sttlienne  le  Vieiu  and  St  Nicirfaa, 
the  fut  two  now  ^eculaKied.  Caen  pcaaeases  many  old  timber 
houHi  and  atone  mantkint,  in  one  of  which,  the  bAlel  d'Ecovitle 
(e.  1530),  the  eichange  and  the  tribona]  of  commerce  are  eilab- 
Hlhcd.  The  hMel  de  Than, abo of  thci6thcenloTy.k  lenlaHi- 
able  for  Its  graceful  dormer-windowi.  The  Manon  dei  Gena 
d'Annes  (i  Jlh  century).  In  the  eeitem  outskiits  of  (he  town,  baa 
a  naaiTC  tower  idtniied  with  medaUiona  and  nroouBtcd  by 
two  Ggures  of  armed  men.  The  monument*  at  Caen  include 
one  toihe  nutivei  of  Calvadn  killed  in  1870  ud  1S71  and  one  to 
the  lawyer  J.  C.  F.  Demdooibe,  logelber  with  sutuei  of  Loula 
XIV,  Elie  de  Beaumoni,  Pierre  Simon,  nurquii  de  Laplace, 
D.  F.  ■&.  Auber  and  Ftancok  de  Halberbe,  tbe  (wo  lait  naiivei 
of  the  town.  Caen  h  Iheieat  of  a  cQurt  of  ippeaI,of  acosrt  of 
usiies  and  of  a  piefect.  It  k  the  centre  of  an  academy  and  has 
■  univenlty  with  bcultla  of  law,  acience  and  lelteia  and  a 
frepamtory  acbool  of  medicine  and  pharmacy;  Ukr  are  abo 
a  lycic,  tnining  cottegea,  icbooii  of  art  and  mutic,  Ud  two  luge 


hoapltab.    Ik  other  <Mcf  pMIc  telHuloM 


quairea,  wfaiA  haa  a  rich  m 

a  dlvetihy  of  DiamilaetUN 

It!  trade  b  dnt  to  lb  p> 

.  dktrict  fc 

ila  pioiimity  to  the  free)  w  .._ ^, 

factsiingtowniawlaaFaiaIae,t«M*na,lE.    ImlbeHMIh«ast 
of  the  town  then  b  a  BoatiBg  baria  lined  with  qaayi  lad  ooa- 
oectcd  wflh  the  Omeud  with  tht  canal  vUdidefaoiicteilaM 
theaeaatOiibtnhan9n.t»tbeNJf.E.    TtepoM.wludialB 
iDchtda  a  portioa  a(  tbe  ilim-heJ 
and  NeadMna  by  a  tcgolar  Kaa  of 
aUt  6diiiii  popalatloa.    In  190$  tba  lu 
waa  j6j  with  ■  tonnate  ol  190,140.   EngBrii  coal  b  k 
inong  tbe  trnpnta.  wbkl  abo  Incliidt  tinber  and  grata,  waiw 
iron  ore,  Caen  ttaatf  batter  and  ((gi  and  fniit  an  amng  the 
eipotts.    bapoilaMboiaeandcattbbhsanbddigthetim. 
The  fndiatriea  ft  Cam  Indoda  flnbs^awjog,  iiiitalluiiiiilan 
and  aachfai  watmcttei,   dodi-weavtag,    laccHMldag,  the 
manufactnra  of  bather  and  glona,  and  of  oil  fmm  the  cetaa 
grown  In  the  £itrict,  tDmllnn  and  other  woodai  gnoda  and 
cbemkal  pnducli. 

Thou^  Caen  I*  not  a  (own  ol  greu  antiiiDiiy,  the  dale  of  iti 
foondatia  b  rniknown.  It  aibted  aa  early  aa  the  gth  CAitury. 
and  when,ingi3|Neuatria  waacededtolhaHonaaiBby  Qazka 
the  Simple,  It  waaa  laige  and  hapottaul  place.  Under  lis dikei 
of  Normandy,  and  pattkakily  in 
it  rapidly  inert       '     -■ 

It  wa*  agam  talien  by''tbc  Englkh  In  14 , 

themill1i4]o,<iriienllcapiln]itedtothenBich,  Tbea^reidly 
waa  founded  In  1456  fay  Heiuy  VL  of  Eu^and.    Dui^  iht  1 

Wan  of  Religian,  Caen  embnced  the  reformi  in  tW  ncCBcdii«  ' 

centniy  tti  pioapeiKy  waa  thattmd  by  tbe  remoikai  of  the 
edict  of  Nantia  (iWj).  In  im  the  dty  was  the  focai  of  tte 
CItondat  mpvemtsi  agilnM  the  CooventioD. 

See  G.  Maonl  el  C.  Woim.  Ri'K.  d(  b  rOb  &  C^e>  (t  A  in  awrii 
Cita.inyby.K.Vant.  Hia.it  It  wSkii  Cum.  oimiiiiutKiah 
asfi):  E.  de  R.  de  Beannpain,  Can  Ulutlri:  mm  MiMve,  an 
•laaaMi  (Caan,  i«9U. 

CABPn,  aUnmiS  iraviLm,  Roman  ecnenl,  cosid  106 
I.e.  During  hb  year  of  office,  he  bnu^t  forward  a  hw  by 
•hidi  the  Jaryncn  were  again  to  be  dunes  Iram  tbe  natoiB 
tnslead  of  tbe  eqcdtia  (Tadiis,  An*.  iH.  60).  Ai  gimiiiia  al 
Gallia  Naifaonenak,  he  plundered  tbe  temple  of  Ihe  Cehic  ApoOo 
at  Toluaa  (Toelowr),  which  had  Joined  the  Cimbij.  la  105. 
Caepto  aufiered  ■  crushing  defeat  from  Ihe  Cimbil  ai  ~ 
(Onnge)  on  the  Rhone,  whkh  wis  hwked  Vf 
for  hb  ucrHege;  hence  the  [Hoveib  ..liirMt  Tn/nsmim  AsM; 
of  an  act  Invdvisg  dilaatroQS  coniequencci.  Id  the  ume  year 
he  waa  deprived  of  bb  procomulihlp  and  hb  pwyerty  cooti- 
cated;  lubiequenlly  (tbe  djnaology  k  obscure,  aee  Uomftaen. 
Hiilery  </  Kemt,  bk.  tv.  <h.  5)  be  waa  eipeUed  from  Ihe  nale. 
accuied  bj  the  tribune  Notbanua  of  embeEdeiDent  and  mo^ 
conduct  during  Ihe  war.  tsndemned  and  impfkoDcd.  He 
eicherdtd  during  hb  confinement  or  cKaped  to  Smyrna. 

UTy.  EfiiL  fij:  Vabnui  Maidn»  iv.  7.  J;  Jauia  sw.  i: 
Aulu.CeSarai.9.  ^    '  * 

CAERB  (mod.  Ccrtdoi,  f.'t.  Ciett  ectai,  leC  bdow),  an  ancxnt 

diy  of  Etiuiia  about  j  m.  from  the  lea  coait  and  about  »  m. 

N.W.  of  Rome,  direct  from  wtifh  It  was  reached  liy  hiaiicb  rooda 

from  the  Via  Aurella  and  Via  Godla.    Andent  wijtcti  tdl  u> 

iu  original  Pelasgian  name  was  AgylU,  and  that  Ihe  Etna- 

.  took  It  and  called  it  Caere  (when  this  occurred  is  not  known), 

■  A  liriKKene  well  idipted  for  bunding.  It  was  weN  kaewn  ia 
Ihe  Tsth  and  t6tk  cuturin.  al  which  ptnodmaay  EnaWt  cftuRta 

"■'*■■'"■  as,  Google 


CAERLEON— CAERPHILLY 


but  tkt  fonon  nuK  luHd  OB  lots  Utec  Uma  u  wcQ  HI  Caen. 
Il  vuaneof  Ibc  twelve  diiuol  Etiucis,  aiid  ili  Uwte,  thiough 
iu  pan  PriSHff-'-l.iniaf  cgiuitlaBblc  in^iorUDix.  Ii  fouibl 
with  itonw  in  Ibc  time  ol  Tirquinui  Priicus  uul  Serviut  Tulliiu, 
ind  (ubKqHBnlly  bccamt  tbe  lefuge  of  Uie  eqielled  Tuquiu. 
After  tbe  invuiiw  oi  the  Gsult  io  jge  i.e.,  tbe  vou]  virgiu 
«iid  Ibe  uool  objecta  in  their  cuwody  wen  coaveyed  lo  Cuie 
loi  ufety,  ud  ieoD  Oia  fact  »me  uQcnt  tuthoritia  derive  ibe 
word  imrinuwia,  mtiDony.  A  traly  wu  nude  between  Rome 
ud  Clsc  in  the  ume  year,  la  iSi,  however.  Cure  look  up 
unu  >|uiut  Rome  out  of  fiiefidibip  for  Tarqiuoii,  but  wu 
defeated,  ami  It  ii  probably  at  thii  time  thai  it  became  partially 
incofporated  with  tbe  Roman  itate^  aa  a  community  wboac 
memben  eDJnyed  only  a  rettricted  form  of  Roman  diiwnnhip, 
wiibaut  the  ngbt  to  a  voti,  and  wbicb  wai,  fiuiher,  without 
iaienal  autonomy.  Tbe  ilatva  ii  kDOwo  u  tbe  ini  Cairiium. 
aad  Caere  wu  the  fine  of  a  dau  of  auch  munidpiliijei  (Th. 
Uommicn,  Rimiitlu  Slaaltrail,  iii.  ^i).  In  tbe  Pint  Punic 
War,  Caere  iumisbed  Borne  with  com  and  piovsioni,  but  olbei- 
wiie,  up  till  ihe  tad  of  the  Republic,  we  only  bear  of  prodisica 
being  obterved  at  Caere  and  reported  at  Rooke,  the  Etnucaru 
being  opecwUy  eipert  in  augural  lore.  By  the  time  of  Aufustua 
ita  population  had  actually  fallen  behiod  that  of  the  Aquae 
Cacrelanae  (tbe  aulphur  ^ringi  now  known  u  the  Bagni  del 
SlttO,  about  5  m.  W.),  but  under  either  Auguttui  or  Tiberius 
itt  pio^ieiity  wu  to  a  certain  extent  ceetoted,  and  infciipuoaa 
tpak  of  its  municipal  oSdali  (the  chid  of  Ihem  called  ikuuir) 


«  from  N.E.  lo  S.W., 


ijth  century,  a  part  ci  (be 
(mod.  Cm)  3  m.  to  tbe  eaat. 

The  town  Lay  on  a  bill  of  tufa,  runni 
IloUled  eicqit  on  the  N.E.,  and  about  joe  It.  aDove  to-level. 
The  modem  town,  it  tbe  western  eitremity,  probably  oCGupiea 
tiieaiteof  theacmpoha.  TbeUneo<lhecily«alli,af  rectangular 
block!  of  tula,  can  be  Iraced,  uid  there  Mem  to.  bsve  been  eight 
gatei  m  the  dicuii,  wbidi  was  about  4  m.  in  leugtb.  There  ata 
no  reipaina  of  buikliDg»  of  iraportiuice,  eicept  the  IbHtR,  In 
which  many  inKiipiioni  and  itaiues  of  tmperon  were  found. 
Tbe  necropolia  in  the  hill  to  tbe  iwrtb-weat,  knowii  u  tbe 
BanditipCcia,  is  important.  The  tomb  chunben  an  either  hews 
la  th*  rock  or  covered  by  mouniii.  One  of  the  lormcr  claia  wu 
tliB  family  tomb  of  tbe  Taichna-Tarquinii,  petbap*  deacended 
from  tba  Roman  kings;  other*  ue  intereaiing  from  their 
architectural  and  decorative  details.  Ou  especially,  the  Grotla 
del  BatairiUeri,  has  iatereaclng  reliefs  cut  in  the  rxk  and  painted, 
while  the  walls  of  another  were  decorated  with  painted  tiles  of 
terracotta.    Tbe  most  nnporunl  tomb  of  all,  Ibe   Regolini- 

S.W,  of  tbe  Uideot  city,  is  a  narrow  lock-bewa  chamber  about 
fio  it.  tonj,  lined  with  masonry,  tbe  sides  convergiog  to  form 
the  roof.  Tbe  objecu  found  in  it  (a  chariot,  a  bed,  liht!  gobleu 
with  reliefs,  rich  gold  omamentSi  &c,)  are  now  in  the  Etruscan 
UuMumat  the  Vatican;  Ibeyaieailributnl  to  about  the  middle 


in  the  west,  thoUsandaof  votive  temcottai  were  found  in 

iSU,  soma  repcBCaliBg  divinitiaa,  othart  pans  of  the  humsa 
body  (iTMne  ie^i  Sari,  iSSfi,  jS).    They  must  have  belonged 

Seed  Deaala,  Cilia  ni  Crmiltna  tl BJruia,  L  nt  hq.:  C 

HUjHn  io  Pauly-Wianwa.  fiufawyeiiifidJ^  iii.  I18I.      a.  As.) 

CAnUOK.  an  amdcnt  village  in  the  touthcm  parliamentary 
division  of  Monmouthshire,  En^nd,  on  tbe  right  (west)  bank 
oi  tbe  Uik,  3  m.  N.E.  of  Newport.    Pop.  (looi)  1411.    Its 

/jM  Jilmns,  it  waa  one  of  the  three  great  legionary  fortresses 
of  Roman  Britain,  estatdished  diher  about  aj>.  50  (Tadiua, 
itlmilll,  iii.  31),  or  perhaps,  u  win-finds  suggest,  about  A.1). 
74-7$  in  tbe  tovemonhip  of  Julius  Frontinus,  and  in  cither  case 
Inteoded  to  coerce  tbe  wild  Silurea.  It  was  ftalrisoned  by  tbe 
Leg»  IL  Augusta  frt>tn  its  foundalloa  till  near  tbe  end  of  the 
RsBan  rule  in  Britain.    Tbeu^  tiever  teiioiuly  etcavated,  it 


maincd  puidy  1 
(KUolnChiii 


aim  plentifiJ  visible  trace 
campitits,  t)ie  site  of  an  amphitheatre,  aj 
sculptuRd  stones,  Jic,  in  Ibe  fcical  a 
lunidpality  leeou,  bowerei, 

at  York  (EturOcH).    Like  Cbeeter  (see  Devi),  it 

_.  .  ..      ,._.    .  ic  in  th*  4th  century  is  unproved 

and  impmbible.  It*  later  histary  is  obKUie.  We  do  not  know 
n  tbe  kthn  •■■  fioaBy  withdrawn,  nor  what  succeeded. 
WeU>  leseod  hat  mule  the  ute  very  famoua  with  tales  of 
lur  (revived  by  Tennyson  in  his  Jif  >A),  oi  Christian  martyrs, 
•>a  and  Jubus,  and  of  an  archbishopric  held  by  St  Dubric 
shifted  to  St  David's  in  the  6Ih  century.  Moat  oi  tha« 
traditions  date  from  CeoSrey  of  Monmouth  (about  iijo-iite), 
must  not  be  taken  for  history.  The  ruins  of  CaerlcM 
acted  nolioe  in  tbe  nth  and  following  centuries,  and  gave 
n  auie  for  legend-makini;.    There  is  better,  but  still  slender, 

kings  of  the  Cymry  rowed  Edgu  b  a  barge  u  a  sign  of  bit 

om  the  Latin  Coslro  fcf  i'mjim,  but  it  is  not  peculiar  to  Caerleon- 
i-Usk,  being  often  usedof  Cbesterandoccasionollyof  Leicester 
id  one  or  tvm  other  places.  (F.  J.  H.) 

CAERPUILLV,  a  market  town  of  GlamorgansUre,  Wales, 
;])  m.  from  London  by  raUna  Cardifi,  ]  m,  from  CardiS,  ii  m. 
om  Newport  and  6  m.  from  Pontypridd.    Tbe  origin  of  the 

glwysika,  but  froni  that  and  Beuwu  (Mon.)  an  eccksiulical 
parish  wu  formed  in  iSjo,  while  the  whole  of  the  parishes  of 
EglwysiUn  and  Llanlabon,  with  a  total  acreage  of  14,43^,  were 
in  1893  constituted  into  an  urban  district;  its  population  in 
laoi  wu  15,385, of  which  4343  were  io  the  "town"  ward.  In 
1B5B  wu  opened  the  Rbymney  railway  from  Bbymney  to 
Caerphilly  ud  an  to  Tafl's  Well,  wbeoce  it  had  rimntiig  powen 
over  the  Ta£l  Vale  railnay  to  Catdifi,  butin  iS;i,  by  means  of 
a  tunnel  about  »cio  yds.  Va%,  undci  Ceta  Omi,  1  direct  lint  wa| 
provided  from  Caerphilly  to  Cardifl.  A  bcaoch  line,  4  m.  long, 
was  opened  in  iSm  ta  Seogfacnydd.  Tbe  Pontypiidd  and  New- 
port railway  was  oonstnictcd  in  1887,  and  there  is  a  joint  atatioi 
at  Caeiphilly  for  both  railways.  Some  1  m.  eastwards  there  il 
a  itatioh  on  the  Brecon  and  Uerthyr  railway  at  Bcdwas. 

The  ancient  commote  of  Senghenydd  (correqwntiing  to  tbe 
modern  hundred  <A  Caerphilly}  comprised  the  mouolainous 
ditiriel  eatending  from  the  ridge  of  t^n  Ona  on  tbe  lesth  to 
Broconshlre  on  the  north,  being  bounded  by  tbe  rivers  Tafl  and 
Rumney  on  tbe  west  and  east,  lis  inhabitants,  thongh  nomin. 
ally  subject  to  ibe  iords  of  Glamwgan  since  Fitsbamon's  con. 
qucsl,  enjoyed  a  large  measure  of  independence  and  oltca 
raided  the  loulands.  To  keep  these  b  cbecli,  Gilbert  dc  Clar^ 
during  tbe  ckwng  yean  of  Ibc  reign  of  Henry  III.,  built  the 
cutle  of  Caerphilly  on  the  southern  edge  of  this  district,  in  i 
wide  plain  between  tbe  two  rivers.  It  had  pRibtbly  Dot  bcea 
completed,  though  it  waa  already  defeosihte,  when  Prince 
Llewdyn  ah  Griffith,  incensed  by  il*  construction  and  fl«:<i7in0 
its  site  u  his  own,  laid  u^e  to  it  in  1171  and  refused  to  retire 
eiapt  00  coDdilion).  Subsrquenily  cooiplelcd  and  strengthened 
It  became  a<id  still  remains  [In  Uie  wivds  of  G.  T.  Clark)  "  boib 
tb'e  earliot  and  the  most  complete  eumple  in  Britain  of  • 
cSDCentric  osile  of  the  type  known  u  'Edwardian,'  the  circle 
of  wall*  and  towers  of  the  outer,  innef  and  middle  latds  ex- 
hibiting the  most  complete  illuslrarioii  of  the  most  identi&e 
military  ardutecture,"  The  knoll  00  which  it  stood  was  cmb 
verted  almost  inlo  an  island  by  the  danuuing  up  of  an  tdjaceni 
brook,  and  the  whole  cndosed  area  amounted  to  30  acreai 
The  great  hall  (which  is  73  fL  by  3i  ft.  and  about  go  ft.  high) 
il  ■  fine  example  of  Deoonlcd  arcbilectun^  This  and  otbet 
additions  are  attributed  lo  Hugh  le  Despenser  (liiS-ijiG). 
Edward  IL  visited  tbe  castle  sb»Ily  before  his  capture  ui  rjifi. 
Tbe  defence  of  tbe  outle  was  committed  by  Henry  IV.  le 
ConsUnce,  Lady  De^Koser,  in  September  1403,  but  ft  was 
shortly  afterwards  taken  by  Owen  Clyndwr,  to  vhou  mining 
operations  tradition  ascribes  the  leaning  piMldon  of  »  laigt 


93» 


CAESALPINUS— CAESAR 


drcnlu  town,  ibmit  5a  H.  Ufh,  tbe  lUDiiiiit  ol  vfalch  omitunii 
it*  bue  about  q  Ci.  Before  tlic  middle  oi  ihe  ijlb  cestury  il 
had  Gtued  to  be  m  fortlbed  midcDcc  ud  wu  Tjsed  u  1  prison, 
v^ch  W4>  alio  tiic  cue  in  the  time  of  Lelvid  (1535),  wbo 
deinibei  it  u  in  ■  niinoui  idle.  It  i>  itill,  honver,  one  of  the 
■noil  eiteniive  and  impining  raiu  of  the  kind  in  the  Jdocdmn. 

The  town  grew  up  aroniu]  the  oalk  but  never  recdnd  • 
chinei  or  had  a  gimrniBg  body.  In  iMi  the  oorponiion  el 
Cardiff  complaJoed  of  Cardiff'*  iiupavcrishnwnt  by  teuon  of  a 
fair  IkH  every  three  weeks  for  the  previoui  four  y&ra  a!  Caet- 
l^lly»  though  "  00  Borough."  Its  markets  during  the  i^ih 
century  had  been  ch:eBy  noted  for  t)ie  Caerphilly  checHo  aold 
there.  The  district  was  one  of  the  chief  centres  of  the  Methodist 
revival  of  the  iBlh  fcntury,  the  fint  synod  of  the  Calvinistfc 
MelhodliU  being  held  in  174]  at  WaCfonl  farm  dole  to  the  town, 
ffom  vhjch  place  George  Wbite6eld  was  married  at  Eglvysilan 
diuTch  two  yean  previousty.  The  dimch  of  St  Martin  wis 
built  in  iKtq,  and  there  Ire  yonamforauit  dupeb.  Mining  is 
now  the  chief  indiutry  of  Ihe  diilrioi.  (».  Ll.  T.J 

CAEULFWOS  (CEULmfo),  AHDREAS  {i5i«-<6°l),  ItJiUaa 
natural  phihnopher,  wu  bom  in  Arcaso  in  Tuscany  in  ijip.  He 
lludied  analoiny  and  medicine  at  the  univenity  of  Pisa,  where  he 
took  hisdoetor's  degree  in  ijji.and  in  1 55 s  became  profeoot  of 
nialerii  meOlrs  and  director  of  the  botanical  garderL  Appointed 
phy^ciaq  to  Popi  Clement  Vm.,  he  removed  in  i  sQi  to  Rome, 
where  he  died  on  the  ijrd  of  Febniory  16O].     CaesaliHnus  was 


PlanN 


(Hon 


1583). 


>n  (ido-iMj)  derived  their  ii 


His  » 
raa  not  only  the  source 
»,  and  especially  Robert 
,  of  botanical  I 


js  himself  gr 


itfully 


avowed  hb  obh^galiona.  Linnae 
peat  assiduity  with  which  be  studied  it^  he  bboured  throughout 
to  remedy  the  defect  of  the  want  of  (ynonynls,  Bub-jcmed  his  own 
generic  names  to  nearly  every  >pedeg,  and  pirtrculally  indicated 
the  (wo  lemitkaMe  passages  where  the  gmninatlon  of  i^int) 
Ind  their  Miua]  distinctions  are  eipUined.  Clesilpinus  wii  ilto 
dbtfnguishcd  u  I  physiologist,  and  it  hu  been  claimed  that  he 
had  a  clear  ides  of  (he  circulation  of  the  blood  (see  Haivev, 
Wiilihh).  His  other  works  indude  ZJormmuiw  mKiHfalia 
ftripiieiKa  (isSa),  Qimaliimnm  maticanim  l^ri  ii.  {ijQj), 
pt  UiUiUuli  {1596),  and  QmiaHinniM  paitaUtiiarum  lUri  v. 


c),  the  gmt  Roman 


GAKAII,  BAI0I  JUUn 
nldier  atui  statesman,  wu  born  on  the  iXh  of  July  roa  B.C.' 

His    family   wu   of   potridu    rardi   and  tnced  a 
fSi        legendary  dtseml  from  lulus,  the  founder  of  Alba 

Longs,  son  of  Aeneu  and  grandson  of  Venus  and 
AtuJiLsef.  Caesarmadethemost  of  his  divine  ancHtry  and  buili 
■  lem[4e  in  hii  foium  to  Venus  Genetrb;  but  bis  patrician 
descent  wu  of  little  Importance  in  politics  and  disqualified 
Caesar  from  holding  the  tribunate,  an  office  to  which,  u  i  leader 
of  the  popular  party,  he  wovM  naturally  have  aspired.  The 
JuKi  Cacsarel,  however,  bid  also  acrguirod  the  new  tataOat, 
whidi  belonged  to  balden  of  the  great  magistradei.  Caesar's 
bnde  wu  conwl  in  gi  i.e.,  and  bla  father  held  the  praetonhip. 
Uo)I  of  the  family  seen  to  have  betonged  to  tbt  senalorial 
parly  (efliitulei) ;  but  Caesar  Mmaclf  wu  from  Ihe  first  a 
ft^arii.  The  determining  factor  la  no  doubt  10  be  toui^t 
ik  his  relalloashlp  with  C.  Mariua.  the  husband  of  his  aunt 
Jllia.  Caesaiwubomfn  theyeu  of  Marius'sfirsI  great  victory 
mei  Ihe  Teutones,  and  as  he  gtrw  up,  inspind  by  the  traditions 
Of  the  grut  soldls't  career,  atudied  himaell  to  his  party  and 
iUlonunes.  01  his  education  we  know  scnrcdy  anything.  His 
molhBr,  Aurdia,  belonged  to  a  distinguished  family,  and  Tadtus 
(.Dial,  it  Oral.  lavUi.)  ooDple*  her  lunM  witE  that  of  Comdii, 
the  mother  of  the  Gracchi,  aa  an  eiampk  of  the  Romin  mation 
'  In  s|Ae  of  ibe  Btplleit  autements  of  5u«ioiUh.  Plutareh  and 
Appian  thai  Caeur  wu  in  his  flfly^bnh  ytat  at  Ihe  rime  of  hii ' 
nurder.  it  U.  at  Momnuea  hu  tbovn,  practically  certain  Ihal  he 
wuhorniam  (.c^  >in(z  he  beU  the  chief  omccs  ol  ■utt  in  regular 
order,  banning  with  the  aedUeship  in  Cj  i.e.  and  the  lejal  age  t 


■d  K  37-3S. 


whoK  iiKiptixi  ud  Kurftei  formed  her  ion  for  the  dotin  of  k 
soldier  and  itateiinan.  His  tutor  wu  M.  Aniomus  Gnipho,  a 
native  of  Gaul  <by  which  Cisalpine  Oiul  may  be  meinl),  who  is 
said  to  have  been  equiDy  leaned  in  Creek  and  Latin  lilentnn. 
and  to  have  let  up  In  later  year*  a  school  of  iheloric  which  was 
attended  by  Ocero  tn  hit  pcaetortbip  M  n,c.  It  is  possible 
(hat  Caesv  may  have  derived  ^m  him  hit  InteceM  in  Caul  and 
its  people  and'  bis  sympathy  with  the  dalmt  of  the  KomutiEed 
Gautt  of  nor^em  Italy  to  political  rights. 

lo  Ws  siileenth  year  («j  B.C.)  Caesar  hist  bit  fltbtt.  and 
asEumed  the  lof  1  virilis  u  the  token  of  manhood.  The  sdcbI  wh 
(90-gf  B.C.)  had  been  brought  to  a  dose  by  the  enfrandnsemeni 
of  Rome's  Ilaliau  SDbjecu;  and  the  dvU  war  which  IoOowbI  it 
led,  after  the  departure  of  SuUa  for  the  Eul,  (a  the  tempouiy 
triumph  of  the  popuLira,  led  by  Marina  lud  Cmna,  asd  the 
■e  of  their  polilicaj  opponents,  induding 


,  of  C 


luked  o< 


ion.  being  created  jfomm  Ciofij  or  ptiat  of  Jupiter. 
In  the  following  year  (which  saw  the  death  of  Marios)  Caoar. 
rejecllnga  proposed  matriage  with  A  wealthy  capitalist's  heiress, 
sought  and  obuined  Ihe  hand  of  Cornelia,  the  daughter  of  Ciimi, 
and  thus  became  futihei  identified  with  the  ruling  parry.     Hit 

Sulla  (Si  n.c.),  who  otdered  him  to  divorce  his  wile,  and  on  hit 
refusal  deprived  him  of  hit  property  and  priesthood  and  was 
Induced  to '  spare  hit  life  only  by  Ihe  lulercr^sion  of  his  arisu>- 
crattc  rebtivn  and  the  college  of  vestal  virgint. 

Released  from  his  teligious  obligations,  Caesar  tuv  (81  i.e.) 
left  Rome  for  the  East  and  served  his  first  campaign  under 
Mlnndus  Theiimut,  wbo  wu  engaged  hi  stamping  out  Ihe 
Romjm  n  '    ■      ■ 


reived  I; 


1    the    "dvic 


when  Ihe  ni 


under  Servi 


I  of  Si 


's  death  reached  hi 


intsngle  hiitiscK  in  ihe 

coiatltutlon,  Caesar  took  up  the  only  Instrument  of  politkil 
warfare  left  to  the  oppoiiilon  by  prosecuting  two  aenaiotiJ 
govertwrs.Cn.  CoraeliutDolabell*  (in  jj  B.C.)  and  C.  Antonius 
(in  7O  B.C.)  Ibr  eilortton  fn  the  provinces  of  ItfacedoBia  and 
Greeee,  and  though  he  lost  both  oseSj  probably  convinced  the 
world  at  targe  of  the  corrupdoB  of  the  aenatorial  tribunals.  After 
these  failures  Coeut  determined  lo  take  no  active  part  in  potliics 


cr  Molon,  at  Rhodes.     On  Ihe  Journey 


caught  by  pint    , 

diiliuice  while  awaiting  his  ro 


1,  threi 


n  carrying  out  bis 
Ihreit.  Whibt  be  was  sludymgat  Rhodes  the  third  Miilmdatic 
War  bloke  out,  and  Caesar  at  once  raised  a  corps  of  Tnlnntecit 
and  helped  lo  secure  Ihe  wavering  loyalty  of  the  proviDCiiab  of 
Asia.  When  LucuUut  siaumed  the  command  of  the  Romaa 
troops  in  Asia,  Caexai  ttlumed  to  Rome,  lo  find  that  he  bad  been 
elected  to  a  seat  on  the  college  of  fnfifccj  left  vacant  by  the  death 
ol  his  unde,  C.  Aureliua  Cotla.  He  wu  likewite  detted  fint  of 
the  sii  Iribvni  ntfJ/iiiH  a  pifide,  hut  we  hear  noihlog  of  hb 
service  In  (his  capadty.     Suetonius  tells  ua  that  he  threw  himself 


of  Pompey  an 


1  of  Ihe  a 


of  Ihe 


jred  the  passing  of  a 


EdbySuUa,  and  thatbcsei 

atined  to  compass  the  downlaU  of  (be  SoBan 
Of  (be  Sbve  War  placed  (he  Senate  a(  (he  mercy 
away  the  safeguards 


Ktthehi 


rttnle 


the  tribunes,  aod  replaced  the 
apltalisis,  in  partial  possession  of  the  Jury^eourts.  This  judkial 
refonw  (or  rather  compromise)  wai  the  work  of  Caelar'i  ancle. 
L.  Aurelius  Cotla.  Caetar  himself,  however,  gained  Bo  aocesaioa 
of  influence.  In  60  nc.  be  served  at  quaeiior  under  AntiitiaB 
Velut.  Bovemor  of  KIthet  Spat*,  and  on  his  wsy  h«k  lo  Ron* 
Snelonlu*)  ptoovted  *  MvohitioiiBiy  t^tuSam 


MMiiwr  tkt  Tnupulmn  (u  tbe  aiHiiiWlloD  of  (ul  piditktl 
ligfati,  which  hid  been  dtnicd  tliea>  by  SuUa'i  uitlemcnl, 

Caou  wu  DOW  bat  kDown  u  •  mail  of  plouure,  cdebnled 
iof  hit  dcbU  tnd  hii  tntrigim;  iD  potitks  he  had  do  force  behind 
him  uve  dot  o(  the  dboiditid  puly  of  the  foptkm, 
'•*"'*■  reduced  to  lending  ■  ptnive  lufipail  to  Poinpey  uid 
(^1,  ,||,  Cnuus.  ButusooauthcpcoTtdincompeUiKeaf  the 
■culotiiit  gDveRuMDt  bad  bnufht  about  tba  nisiion 
of  Pompejr  to  ihE  Eul  vith  the  ahnoU  unlimited  po«en  cob- 
fuied  on  him  by  the  Cahinten  and  M«»ni«n  Jam  of  6;  u>d  M 
I.e.  (lec  PoiiFEi),  Cusar  phiKied  into  ■  netmiilt  of  political 
iotrj^uci  which  it  ii  no  longer  ponible  to  unravd.  la  his  public 
aclabe  loit  no  opporlimity  of  ujriwlding  tike  democratic  tradition, 
Alrvdy  in  6S  n.c  he  had  paraded  the  bust  of  Marim  at  hia 
auDt'a  fuzteral;  in  6j  BX.,  ai  curtile  aedile^  he  restOTed  the 
tnphiea  of  Uariui  Co  thdr  place  on  the  Capitol;  in  64  B,C-.  as 
preiideal  of  the  murder  commiialon,  he  brought  Ifarce  of  SuDa'i 
eiecuUonera  to  trial,  and  in  63  B.C.  he  cauied  the  andoit  pro- 
cedure of  trial  by  popular  BsBcmbly  to  be  ifivlved  agklail  the 
murderer  of  SatuminuB.  By  (hcK  tueana,  and  by  the  Uviahnera 
of  his  expenditure  on  public  mtErtainmenta  its  arditc,  ht  acquired 
auch  popularity  trith  the  plebi  thai  he  naa  elected  fmlija 
■Hiiami  in  6}  B.C.  againal  mch  dittioguishrd  Hvali  as  Q. 
LutaUusCalulusandP.  Serviliuslsauricus.  But  all  this  wason 
the  lurfacc.  Then  can  be  on  doubt  thai  Canar  was  cognianl  of 
■ome  at  least  ol  tbe  Ihrcada  of  conspiracy  which  wen  woven 
during  Pomply'l  absence  in  Ihn  East.  According  to  one  story, 
tbe  tnfantt  ptrdui  of  the  revolutionary  party — Catiline,  A  utronlus 
and  others — designed  to  assassinate  the  consuls  on  the  1st  of 
January  65,  and  make  Crasaus  dictator,  with  Caeaar  as  master 
of  the  horse.  We  are  alio  tokl  that  a  public  proposal  was  made 
to  confer  upon  him  an  eiTraordiruuy  miUtary  comtnand  in  Egypt, 
not  wiiboui  a  legiLimiie  king  and  noniniUy  under  the  protection 
of  RomCk  An  equally  abortive  attempt  to  cfe^Ie  a  counterpoise 
10  Pompey's  power  was  made  by  the  tribune  Rullua  at  the  dose 
of  64  B.C.  He  pnqiosed  10  create  a  land  coDunission  with  very 
wide  powerSj  which  would  in  eSect  have  been  wielded  by  Caeaar 
and  Creuua.  The  bill  wsa  defeated  by  Cicero,  cttnsnl  in  63  B.c: 
la  tbe  same  year  the  con^uracy  associated  with  tbe  name  of 
Catiline  came  to  a  head.  Tbe  cbarge  a!  complicity  was  iteely 
levelled  at  Caeaar,  and  indeed  was  hinted  at  by  Cito  in  ibe(reat 
deflate  in  the  senate.    But  Caesar,  for  party  reasons,  waa  bound 

shared  in  the  accusation,  waa  the  richest  man  in  Rome  and  tbe 
least  likdy  to  futtbcr  anarchist  plots.  Both,  however,  donbllelt 
knew  la  nuch  and  aa  little  as  suited  their  omvenience  of  the 
dolngt  of  the  left  wing  of  their  party,  irhich  lervtd  to  agxravatc 


Ab  praetor  (63  B.c:)  Caenr  supported  pfoposala  In  Pompey's 
favour  which  brought  him  mio  violent  collision  with  the  uuite, 
ThiB  wi*  a  maater^lroke  of  tactics,  as  Pompey's  ntum  was 
ilDBunent.  'Hiua  when  Pompey  landed  In  Italy  and  disbanded 
bis  army  he  found  in  Caesar  a  natural  ally.  Alter  some  delay, 
said  to  have  been  taused  by  the  exigendea  of  his  creditors,  which 
were  met  by  akun  of  iicc.ooo  from  Cinssus,  Caealr  left  Rome  for 
his  province  of  Fnrther  Spain,  when  he  was  able  to  retrieve  his 

i^Hilition.  He  relumed  to  Itome  in  60  B.C.  to  find  that  the 
senate  had  aacrifiod  the  support  of  the  capitalists  (which 
Clone  bad  worked  so  hard  to  secure),  and  had  finally  alienated 
Pompey  by  refusing  to  ratify  Ms  acts  and  grant  landt  to  his 
■oldieis.  Caesar  at  cmce  apptoadiEd  both  Pompey  and  Crassus, 
who  alike  detested  the  tjdsling  lyitem  of  govkmmenl  but  wen 
penonaHy  at  variance,  and  succeeded  in  persuading  them  to 
forget  their  quarrel  and  foiB  him  in  a  coiliiioD  which  should 
put  an  end  to  the  rule  of  theoli^tcby.  He  even  made  a  generoui, 
thoafh  uDSUCCoafid,  •ndeavoor  10  ediit  the  support  ol  Cicero. 
Tin  BD.<allad  Hiat  Triumtlnle  was  fonned,  and  constitutional 


The  Ant  pifiB  whidi  f  eU  10  Caeaar  wa 
west  tbe  triumph  whi 
ic  waa  M.  Slbuhia,  w 


the  cdaanlshlp,  v 
1  he  had  earned  ii 
D  bdonied  to  th 


atraltcM  oect  i4  dw  KnatMlil  «li(afdiy  and,  togellier  vltb 
lax  party,  placed  every  fom  of  canstilntiou]  olnlruc-  casKta 
ticmintbepalhofCaevi^Iegialation.  Caeur, however,  wktPmm- 
overrode  all  iqipoaicion,  mustering  Pompey's  veterana  ^?J^ 
to  drive  hia  enllBague  from  the  fonnn.  filbuhu  became  ^■""a- 
a  virloal  ptiloUM  In  his  own  house,  and  Caesar  placed  himself 
outiide  tbepak  of  the  fret  republic  Thus  the  ptDgrammeol  the 
eoalitkiu  waa  carried  through.  Pompey  waa  sallB&ed  by  the 
ratification  of  hia  acts  in  Alia,  and  by  the  asaignmeat  of  the 
Campaniau  ilatc  domains  to  hia  veterans,  tbe  capitalists  (with 
whoM  inteicttB  Cnsaoa  wa*  identlfiad)  had  Iheir  bargain  for  the 
fannim  of  the  ^aialie  mveniua  cancdled,  Piolemy  Auletci 
received  tbe  EonfimiBlioB  ol  Ub  dllB  to  the  throne  of  Egypt  {for 
a  consideiatloii  uMnntins  to  £1,100,000),  and  a  freah  act  was 
passed  tor  prevenling  extortion  1^  ptovindal  govecnora. 

It  waa  now  all-important  foe  Caesar  to  secure  practical 
irresponsibility  by  obtaining  a  military  command.  The  senate, 
in  virtue  of  its  constitutional  prerogative,  had  aavgned 
as  the  pramcia  of  ihc  consuls  of  jo  B.c.ihe  supervision  ^^ 
of  roads  and  forests  in  Italy.  Caesar  secured  the 
pasting  of  a  Icgislallve  enactment  conftning  upon  himself  the 
■Dveniment  of  Cisalpine  Gaul  and  lUyiia  lor  five  years,  and 
exacted  [mm  the  tennriied  senate  tbe  addition  of  Transalpine 
Gaul,  when,  as  he  well  knew,  a  atonn  was  brewing  which 
I  hicatened  to  sweep  away  Rnmin  dviUiatlon  beyond  the  Alps. 
The  mutual  jealouaica  of  the  Gallic  tribea  had  enabled  German 
invaden  first  to  gain  1  foothold  on  the  left  bank  of  tbe  Rhine, 
and  then  10  obtain  a  predominant  potttlon  In  Central  GauL 
In  60  B.C.  Che  German  king  Ariovistus  had  defeated  the  Aedui, 
who  were  allies  of  Rome,  and  had  wrested  from  the  Sequani  a 
large  portion  of  their  territory.  Caesar  must  have  seen  that  llie 
Getmanswere  preparing  to  dispute  with  Rome  the  mastery  of 
Caul:  but  it  was  necessary  to  gain  time,  and  in  j«  b.c.  Ariovistui 
wasinscribedon  the  roll  of  the  frienda  of  the  Roman  people.  In 
$8  B.C.  the  Helvetii,  a  Celtic  people  inhabiting  Swiicetland, 
delcimined  to  migrate  fottheshoresoflhe  Atlantic  and  demanded 
a  passage  through  Roman  territory.  AccordiB^  ta  Caesar's 
statement  they  numbered  j6g,ooo,  and  ic  was  necessary  at  all 
baxatds  to  save  the  Roman  province  from  the  invasion.  Caesar 
had  but  one  legion  beyond  the  Alps.  With  this  ha  marched  ta 
Geneva,  destroyed  the  bridge  over  the  Rhone,  fortified  tbe  left 
bank  of  the  river,  and  forced  the  Hdvetli  lo  follow  the  right 
bank.  Hastetung  back  to  Italy  he  withdrew  his  three  nmaining 
legions  from  Aqulleia,  nlsed  two  more,  and,  crossing  the  Alps  by 
forced  marches,  arrived  (n  the  nrigbbonibood  of  Lyons  to  find 
that  three-fourths  of  the  Helveiii  had  already  crossed  the  Satoe, 
marching  weatward.  Hedealroyed  their  rearguard,  the  Tigurini, 
aa  it  was  about  Co  cross,  transported  his  army  across  tbe  river 
in  twenty-four  hours,  pursued  the  Helvetii  in  a  nonherly  direc- 
tion, and  utleriy  defeated  them  at  Bibracte  (Mont  Beuvray), 
Of  the  survive™  a  few  wen  settled  amongst  the  Aedui;  the 
rest  wen  sent  back  to  SwilxerUnd  lest  it  should  fall  into 

The  Gallic  cblds  now  antealed  lo  Caesar  to  deliver  them  from 
the  actual  or  threatened  tyranny  of  Ariovistus.  He  at  once 
demanded  a  conference,  which  Ariovistus  refused,  arid  on  bearing 
Iha  t  fresh  swarms  were  ccDeain^  the  Rhine,  marched  wl  th  all  faaite 
10  Vesontio  (Bisanvon)  and  tbenee  by  way  of  Belforl  Into  the 
pbfn  of  Alsace,  when  be  gained  a  decisive  victory  over  tbe 
Geimans,  of  whom  only  a  few  (Including  Ariovistus)  leached  tbe 
right  hank  of  the  Rhine  in  safety.  Hiese  successes  roused  natural 
alarm  in  the  minds  of  the  Belgae — a  confederacy  of  tribes  hi  the 
north-west  of  Gaul,  whose  civiliiallon  was  less  advanced  thsn  that 
of  the  Cellae  of  tbe  centre — and  in  the  firing  of  57  n.c.  Caesar 
delermtned  to  anticipate  the  oflensive  movement  which  they 
wen  imdenlood  to  be  preparing  and  inarched  northwards  into 
the  territory  of  the  Rcml  (about  Reims),  who  akme  anongst 
their  neighbours  wen  friendly  lo  Rome.  He  successfully 
checked  the  advance  of  the  enemy  at  the  passage  of  the  Aisne 
(between  Laon  and  Reims)  and  Iheir  ill-otganiied  force  melted 
away  as  he  advanced.  But  the  Nervil,  and  their  nei^boun 
fnitherlo  tbe  no>tb-wfs«,  iSBBlned  V>  be  dealt  with,  ud  Vti* 


mW(.    Fodly,  the  AdDUBc 

nbHit.  lod  wtn  vnuilial  i 

IS  ibveiy.    In  the  ■ 
noivcd  the  nibDiinia 

die  Bdrth-CMt,  M  tlttl  by  tbe  clow  e(  Ibe  otginiir  «1 


■  la  s6  n^  kowcvcr.  the  Voeti  g(  Brittuy  daew  oS  tk  jvke 
uid  deuiiKd  Wo  ol  CnMia'a  offion  u  hcMifft  Ciou,  vbo 
lud  been  hifllj  nmuDOBHi  Inm  IBynam,  ooned  Ibe  leira 
■ad  mndcd  BiiiUny,  but  iomd  Uut  he  auM  aakt  as  badway 
wilhsnt  dotnyinf  the  powcriul  Btct  <i  bigb,  fat-bottoBed 
bMU  like  flutinc  oMlei  pDMCMtd  bjr  the  VowlL  Aleetwu 
tuudly  coDMiucied  in  Ihe  eitnuy  of  the  Lofic,  *ad  ptutd  midei 
the  ommud  of  Dedmus  BnitUL  Ike  dedilvc  cniiceBient 
wat  laught  (probably)  in  the  Cull  of  llecUws  lod  ik  Rtoant 
gained  the  victny  by  cutting  domi  the  esemy'i  rinbw  oilh 
sickJei  altacbed  to  polci.  Ai  A  pmnahment  for  their  tieaidKiy, 
Cinu  put  to  dath  the  taalt  of  the  VcDcti  uul  add  tkii 
penpk  into  lUvtiy.  UcuivhOe  Sabisoi  «■*  victotiou  oa  the 
Boitbeni cauu, end Cnwut oibdned the Altdtani.  Altliedote 
of  the  ieiHn  Cietsi  nided  the  Unltaie*  o<  the  Uorini  ud 
Mcnapii  in  the  eitieme  notib-weM. 

la  5S  »x.  certain  Genun  tribe*,  the  Uiipela  and  Tencleri. 
ciDoed  the  lovei  RfalK,  and  innded  the  modem  Flanden. 

^^  Caeaar  at  once  marched  to  meet  them,  and,  on  the  pre- 
|rJTf^  text  that  they  had  violated  a  truce,  aeiiedthdr  leaden 
BiM^M.  who  hid  come  to  puk?  with  him,  and  thai  mipiiicd 
and  praciiciILy  destroyed  Iheir  host.  Hia  cnemic*  ii 
Rome  accuKd  him  of  ireacheiy,  and  Caio  even  pnpoted  that  he 
ahouJd  be  handed  over  to  the  GemuM.  Caeaar  nieaawUle 
CDsatiucted  tiia  facunu  bridge  over  the  Rhine  in  ten  dayi,  sod 
made  a  demonatiation  of  force  on  the  ri^t  bank.  In  the  remain- 
ing weeka  of  the  wmmcr  be  mada  hia  bat  expedition  to  Britain, 
and  thia  una  foDoned  by  a  tecoud  croaaiBg  in  h  i.e.  On  tlie 
fint  occaiion  Caeaar  took  with  him  only  two  legiinia.  and  effected 
liiUe  beyood  a  landiDK  on  the  ceau  of  Kent.  The  aecood 
expedition  cnniiited  of  five  legiona  and  looo  («vaby,  and  act 
out  Iiom  the  Foctui  Itiua  (Boulogne  or  Wiaaint;  ace  T.  Rice 
Holmea,  Ancunt  Briiain  and  Ike  liaatieiu  e}  Jaliui  Catsar,  1907, 
later  vieiit  in  Claiskal  XnKw.  Ijay  iooq,  and  H.  5.  Jonea,  in 
Ent-  Hill.  ,Sn.  aiiv,,  1900.  p.  iis).  Caeaar  now  penetrated 
Into  Middleaei  and  croaied  the  Thamea,  but  the  Britiah  prince 

coluBUU,  and  Caeaat  wai  compelled  to  tetuiu  to  Gaul  after 
impoting  a  tribute  wbicb  «u  never  paid. 

The  next  two  yean  witneaaed  the  final  ttnig^  M  the  Cauk 
for  freedom,  Juat  before  the  Mcond  croutof  to  Britain, 
Dumnorix,  an  Aeduan  chief,  had  been  detected  in  tTeaaouable 
inuiguea,  and  killed  in  an  atlenqit  to  eacape  from  Caeaar'a 
camp.  At  the  dote  of  the  campaign  Caeiar  diitiibuled  bit 
kfiona  over  ■  lomavhat  wide  extent  of  teniiory.  Two  of  their 
campt  wetv  ticacberoualy  attacked.  At  Aduatuca  (neat  Aii- 
la-Chapclle)  a  newly-raiaed  legion  wai  cut  to  piecti  by  the 
Ebunxkca  undai  Ambioiii,  while  Quintni  Cicno  wta  beaicged 
hi  the  neighbonrhaod  of  Namur  and  only  juat  relieved  in  licoe  by 
Caetai,  who  waa  obliged  to  *inter  in  Gaul  in  order  to  check 
the  qitcad  of  the  nbcDioa.  Induiiomarua,  indeed,  diief  el 
tbe  Treviri  (about  Trdvea),  revolted  and  attacked  Labisnua, 
but  ■>*  defeated. and  killed.  The  f^p-ig^  t^  5]  n.  c 
«a«  marked  by  a  teosd  crosaing  of  tbe  Rhine  and  by  (he 
detlniction  of  the  Eburonea,  whoae  leader  AmUraii,  boweyei, 
aacapcd.  In  the  autumn  Caeaai  bdd  a  conference  at  Durocoi- 
toium  (Reima),  and  Acoo,  a  chief  tt  the  Seamen,  wm  eonvlcted 
qi  ireaaon  and  Bog^  to  death. 

Early  in  si.n.c.  aoow  Roman  Indai 

Cenabum  (ttltena),  and.  on  healing  the  newa,  the  ^i 
volicd  under  Vcrdngetorix  and  wen  qukUy  joined  by  other 
tilbea,  capccially  the  Bituriges,  wboae  capital  Hal  Avaricum 
(Bourse^.     Caeui  haitcned  back  ireu  Italy,  ilipped  put 


m  GauL  wUch  would  have  <^i<i(d  <a  the  Saw* 
i»  a  Buich  s4>.c.,  mi  ia>e«ed,pnb^>^ter  five  cmmb. 
yeara,u.tothBiilofMarcb4QBX.,*Ddit«aa<nacted 
that  the  queation  of  hia  ancoeMor  ihoDld  not  be  diiiawtd  until 
tbe  »t  of  Haich  joB.c,by  wluditJmethepeovincklcoBBaada 
for  *g  B.C.  woold  have  been  — ir"-*,  ai>  thai  farmr  wndd 
retain  imtptTiatm,  and  thui  immunity  fron  penccntkai,  ontil 
the  end  of  49  ■£.  He  was  to  be  deftcd  cnDxd  far  48  nc,  and, 
aa  the  law  pieacribed  *  penooal  canvaii,  he  ma  b] 


no  teoBurce  left  but  m 

obitiuction,  which  he  aiialamwl  br  ei 

repRsaiUtive  m  jc  B.G.,  the  tribune  C  Scriboniai  Cvrio,  Kncd 

him  well,  and  indaccd  the  hikewarm  najodly  of  tbe  Moue  to 

rdndn  bnoi  extRme  meaaErca,  maaliiis  that  Pompey,  ti  wtfl 

aa  Caeaar,  thndd  itaign  the  imprimm 

negotiaiieB  failed,  and  In  January  41)  i 

been  prodaimed  cb  the  pr^ioaai  of  tt 

Antony  and  Caaaiua  fit 

(the  frontkr  ol  Italy)  writh  • 

Fonqiey'a  availibk  force  conaiilad  in 

and  Petreina,  in  ^laiD;  both  tUa  knried  ttaop*  in 
■—       Caeeai  wM  nan  joined  bj  Un  kfiooi  f>  - 


the  pliiii  <•(  Thnn)y,  « 


n  u  ibe  bank  oC  Phwtilui  ht 
1  to  E(]>pl,  pmnHl  Iiy  Ci 


tae  tiitti,  ■!  Zek.    Xitnmiif  to  July,  be  qoeUtd  i  maliiy 

ol  the  iwpi™^  {iadDdiag  tbe  iaitMid  T^th)  In  Cuf^iAnia,  and 
CfOOed  to  Alcka,  when  i.  iqnUtcui  umjr  of  fanrUai  ksku 
imdcr  5d[ao  ni  cut  u>  pieca  At  Tlaapsua  (6tli  oJ  Apiil  46  BX-)- 
Hcn  nKMt  ol  tho  npnblkaa  Inden  wen  kiikd  aod  CiW 
cooimHtcd  siiddb  On  the  ifith  la  g^th  July  Cuur  Eckbnttd 
1  fourtnld  triumiifa  uul  recaved  the  dlctitmihip  for  ten  ytaiu 
In  November,  bowsvo',  ba  *■*  obtifcd  to  uQ  lor  Spun,  Kbere 
the Mntomnqicy  (till held «t.  Ontbei;tb(f  Muc)i4]  iji. 
Ihey  were  cndwd  at  UuodL  Cieaar  Rtumed  to  Rame  in 
Scpttmbei,  and  ni  manllii  kler  (ijlh  ot  Mircb  44  B.C.)  ni 
aninfend  in  (htaenatt  booM  al  the  lool-of  Poapey'i  itatu*. 
It  nn  remuked  by  SeoKa  tbii  ■monsil  tbc  nnndeien  of 

We  can  accsuut  hs  lUi  only  by  "T'"'"'"g  1^ 
^^^^  bet  tbat  Iba  fotn  of  Caou'i  loveranaDt  bacaBW 
rt^  ai  lime  went  on  more  nsdiigaieed  in  iu  abaolnliBD, 

to  ralie  him  iboTC  tbc  ral  of  huDUJiity.  It  it  npliiaed  ebc- 
wbcn  (kc  Roki:  Hillary,  Amtftil)  that  Cieur'i  pawn-  wii 
eieidied  under  the  form  of  the  dictatonhip.  In  the  £rst  initaDcc 
[autumn  ol  4g  B.C.)  thig  wu  conferred  upon  him  ■>  the  only 
xk  crated  by  Ibe  flight 


•(the 


H(ind 


of  Caesar  himself  to  the  coniulihip)  might  be  bdd  in  due 
re  repubiican  precedents.  In  43  n.c 
or  the  second  time,  probably  vith 
r  an  undefined  peilod,  iccoiditig  to 
Ibedangerou^and  unpopular  precedent  of  SuDa.  JaMtyA^J^-c. 
a  third  dictatonhip  *u  conferred  00  Caeaar,  this  time  for  ten 
yean  and  appuendy  at  a  yeu-ly  office,  10  thai  he  became 
Dictator  IV.  in  May  45  B.C.  Finally ,  before  the  1  jib  of  Febnury 
44  B.C.,  this  was  eichmgcd  foi  a  life-dictaloohip.  Not  only 
wal  ibli  a  contiadiction  in  terms,  since  the  dictatot^p  was  by 
tradition  a  maheshift  justified  only  when  the  state  had  to  be 
carried  through  a  aerjoua  oWs,  but  it  involved  military  rule 
Id  Italy  and  the  pennanent  auspenuon  of  the  conslilutional 

Saranteea,  such  as  taJcrtuna  and  prnotalw,  by  which  the 
ertiet  of  RomaBS  were  pratccud  That  Caeur  held  the 
iinprritm  which  he  enjoyed  as  dictator  to  be  disthict  in  kind 
from  thai  of  the  repnbilon  magistntea  he  Indicated  by  placing 
the  term  imferatortx  the  head  ol  his  ti  tlcs.>  Bnides  the  dklalor- 
■hip,  Caesar  held  the  coDSulgliip  In  each  year  of  his  reign  eicrpt 
47  BX.  (wbcD  no  corule  magistrates  wen  elected  save  for  the 
laat  Ibree  jnonths  of  the  year) ;  and  he  was  moreover  invested 
by  vecJal  enactments  wiili  a  niteiber  of  other  pfivHega  and 
powcn;  oi  these  the  moat  important  was  the  tribmkia  faUtlal, 
vJiich  we  may  believe  to  have  been  free  from  the  limits  of  place 
(ij.  Rome)  and  coUegialJty.  Thua.  too,  he  was  granted  the  sole 
righl  ol  making  peace  and  war,  and  of  diipasing  of  the  luosfs 
in  the  treaaury  of  the  state.'  Save  for  the  tide  c£  dictator, 
which  undoubtedly  carried  unpopular  asaodations  and  was 
formally  abolisbcd  on  the  pn^Kital  of  Antony  after  Caetar's 

the  Piindpate  of  Augustus;  and  the  assumption  of  the  per- 
petual drclatonhip  would  hardly  by  Itaelf  sufBce  to  account 
idr  the  murder  oi  Caesar.  Bui  there  are  ngns  that  in  the  last 
alx  moDthi  of  his  life  he  acpired  not  only  to  1  monarchy  in  name 
as  weU  as  in  fact,  but  also  to  a  divinity  which  Romans  should 

■  SiKlanliu,  JaL  76,  errs  in  natins  that  he  uaed  lh«  title  imptruicr 
Kt  ibroenomen- 

>  IV  Rstement  of  Din  and  SuctonliTi,  that  a  general  tvn  binin 

lition  in  the  ttnni  of  tbe 


_,     .  .  _...ir  loui 

otabluhing  bii  third  dictatorship. 


Bobdoa  tbc  Parthians,  ai 
Lnpocalia  (ijlhFebniaiT44B.c.)  AnUny  aet  the  diadem  oa 
bii  head  he  rejected  the  oSer  half-betttcdly  on  accooat  of  ttat 
groana  ol  the  pcorJe.  Hit  image  wat  eanied  la  tbe  ffp* 
dHBua  amoBgH  Ibtaa  a(  the  iauBBrtal  gods,  and  Ui  ttaina 
act  up  in  tbe  tempk  «f  Qtdiimia  vith  the  inaoiptioa  "  To  Iba 
n 1._  f.^u    .  (ojjtn  of  Loperct  wilb  Ibe  an     -  - 


ROWl:  Biibtry,  Aumt/),  bot  it  ^^^^ 
nay  be  veil  to  tin^  out  from  the  list  of  his  measures  nsiwi 
[•ome  of  which,  such  aa  the  restoration  ol  eiilea  and 
the  chUdted  o(  pnacribed  pcisaiu,  were  dictated  by  poUlical 
expediency,  whila  oihert,  auch  at  his  fininriil  propoaalt  lor  the 
celief  of  ddlon,  and  Ibe  itciis  which  be  toiA  to  tntoet  Italiaa 
agriculture,  wtte  of  the  nanite  ol  pallialivei)  tboae  wbich  have  a 


10  the 


[sglftu 


leTiant] 


establish  a  uniform  lyitem  of  lool  a 
devise  rcpraenUtive  insiicutiocis  by  which  ai  least  some  voica 
in  the  government  of  Rome  might  be  permitted  lo  bet  new 
eitisens.  This  Last  conception  lay  beyond  the  hoiinln  of  Caetu, 
aa  ol  all  ancient  ilalrsmen.  but  hit  £nt  act  on  galninf  control 
of  Italy  was  to  enfranchise  the  Transpadanea,  whose  claims  he 
had  consistently  advocated,  and  in  4s  B.C.  he  paaaed  tbc  La 
Julia  Mwiitipaiis,  an  act  of  which  considenble  fragments  an 
inacribcdon  two  btcfflie  tables  found  at  Utradea  near  Tarentum.* 
This  law  deab  inltr  alia  with  the  police  and  tbe  aanitary  arrange- 
□lentt  *d  the  dty  of  Rome,  and  hence  it  has  been  argued  by 
Mommsen  that  it  was  Caesar's  Intention  to  reduce  Rome  to  tlie 
level  of  a  munidpal  town.  But  it  is  noi  likely  that  such  it  the 
ease.  Caesar  made  no  far-reaching  modifications  in  tbe  govern- 
ment of  the  dty,  such  as  were  afterwards  carried  out  by  Augustus, 
and  the  presence  In  tbe  In  Julia  UuHiapalii  of  the  clauses 
^  ■    -  'of  tjie  common  process  ol  "  tacking." 


Edhyth 


«).    Tin 


local  leDateg.  li 

memben  qualificatkna  ol  age  (30  yean)  and  nuUlary  aervic* 
ate  kid  down,  while  penons  who  have  nSered  conviction  fdi 
various  specified  oflencet,  or  who  are  insolvent,  or  who  cany  OB 
discrediuble  or  immoral  trades  are  eiduded.  It  aJu  providet 
that  tbe  local  maglstnlea  aball  lake  a  census  of  the  dtiuni  at 
the  tune  time  ai  the  census  taken  place  iu  Rome,  and  send  tbe 
reptters  to  Rome  within  sijtty  days.  The  extslijig  fragmenta 
lell  us  little  as  to  tbe  decentraliiatfon  of  the  functions  oi  govern- 
menL  but  from  the  Lei  Ruiria,  which  applies  to  the  TtBO>|AdaiK 
diilriclt  enltandused  by  Caesar  (It  must  be  lemembtred  that 
Cisalpine  Gaul  remained  nominally  a  province  until  41  I.e.)  wa 
gather  that  coBudeiable  powers  of  independent  jurlsdictiOB 
were  reserved  lo  the  munidpal  magistraua.  But  Caesai  waa 
not  content  with  f  ramiag  a  uiuform  system  ol  local  govtmtaeM 
'  Since  cTie  diicryverv  of  a  fTvtmenary  nuniclpa]  duwter  at 
TareniuRi  (aee  ROHa),  ditiiui  fiMa  a  period  shortly  afterlbe  Sedal 
War,  doubts  have  b«ii  can  OD  the  Uenttfication  of  the  taUts  of 
Hctaclea  •ith  Caear'i  munidpal  statute.  It  has'been  quettkxied 
<rh«Ker  Caeor  pas^  luirh  a  law.  am  the  La  JnUa  Umitiftlit 
mentioned  in  an  inKrincian  of  f^ttaviun  (IMw)  may  have  been 
alocalcbaner.    Sea  Lcgiai.Larallfltlta(d-^iKHt(lP*rli.i9*rK 


9+2 


a  Iba  Gnl  U  any  oul  on  »  luge  Kale  thosa 


ia  Cuppjmii  uniki  the  L^x  Juita  Agraria, 
uia  EMI  even  theD  Uid  dovn  rukt  for  Uie  loundAtion 

both  in  the  faatem  mid  Hestcrn  pTovincet,  holobly  »t  Coriatb 
■nd  Cutluige.  Mommiea  iuterpieu  tliii  policy  u  Bgntijring 
thai  "  the  nile  of  the  urhan  community  of  Rome  ova  the 
sbora  of  tiu  Medilcmncan  wu  ml  an  aid,"  and  uyi  that 
thc.finl  act  of  the  "  nnr  Mcditemncan  italc  "  ma  "  lo  atone 
(or  the  tm  gmuat  outngei  whkh  that  uifaan  comniunity 
had  perpetrated  on  dvUization."    Tlua,  however,  camut'biD 

tbcii  commercial  value,  vid  that  the  diizent  ol  Geme  thould 
case  lo  be  rultn  of  the  McditerraDcan  baain  could  never  have 

veleniB  who  bad  wrved  undei  Caesu.  in  otben  memben  of  the 
dty  praletahat.  We  po&aeai  the  charter  of  the  coiooy  planted 
at  Uno  in  UMthcm  Spain  under  the  name  of  Csionio  Julia 
CatOm  Urbimanim.  Of  the  two  latler  titlea.  the  &3I  is  derived 
from  the  name  of  Venu  Cknetrii,  the  anceatreai  of  the  Julian 
house,  the  lecond  indicatea  that  the  oolomata  were  drawn 
from  the  pUbi  urbana.  Accordin^y,  we  hnd  that  free  birth  ia 
not,  aa  in  Italy,  a  neccisary  quaUGaiioD  lot  munidpil  office. 
By  luch  foundaliobi  Caeur  began  the  ertenaicpu  to  tike  provincea 
of  that  Roman  dviliEation  which  the  republic  had  carried  to  the 
bvundi  of  the  llaliaa  peoiosula-  Laci  of  tine  alone  prevented 
him  from  canying  into  effect  Kuch  projecLa  as  the  piercing  of  the 
lilhmuB  ut  CorinUi,  whose  object  was  Co  promote  trade  and 
hllerCDUne  throughout  the  Komao  dominions,  and  we  ate  told 
■        ■   ' IS  contempUling  the  eitenson 


oflheei 


lutalfn 


with  FartUa  with  the  objcci  of  carrying  I 
Euphraua.  Above  all.  he  nat  detemined 
should  be  goverued  in  the  ine  sense  of  the  1 
eiploited  by  its  rulers,  and  he  kept  a  stric 
Ut^i,  who.  under  the  form  of  udlliAry  mlnrdui 


Oman  arms  to  the 
that  the  empire 

control  over  Ihe 


i  uzider  Latih  LrTEiATUK£- 
It  is  suffident  here  to  say  that  af  those  preserved  lo  us  the 
ThmCom  *^*'^^  books  Citmiivfitarii  it  btiU  Caliia  appear  ut 
^tauM  ^^'  ^"'^  wtillen  in  si  B.C.  and  carry  the  nuralivc 
of  the  Gallic  campaigns  down  to  the  dose  of  the 
previous  year  (the  eighth  book,  wrilleo  by  A.  Hirtius,  is  a 
(upplemeni  relaCing  the  events  of  51-sa  i.e.).  while  the  three 
bocka  l)i  bcUo  dtili  record  the  stmg^e  between  Caesar  and 
Pompey  (4«-48  a.<:.)  Their  veradty  was  impeached  in  andent 
tlmea  by  >^us  FoUio  and  has  often  been  called  m  question 
by  modem  critics.  The  Cailit  War,  tbougli  11s  publialion 
■as  doubUcaa  timed  to  impress  na  the  mind  of  the  Roman 
people  the  great  services  rendered  by  Caesar  to  Rome,  stands 
the  test  of  criddtm  as  tar  as  it  is  possible  to  apply  it,  and  the 
accuncy  of  its  narrative  hu  never  been  seriously  shaken.  The 
Cmf  War,  especially  in  its  opening  ch^ieis  is,  however,  nor 
altogether  free  from  traces  of  misrqiresentation.  "With  respect 
ta  the  hrst  moves  made  In  Ihe  struggle,  and  Che  negotiations 
(or  peace  at  the  outset  of  hoscihiles,  Caesar's  account  sometimes 
coDfilcu  with  the  testimony  of  Cicero's  coirespondcnce  or  iraj^es 
movements  which  cannot  be  reconciled  wiih  geographical  facts. 
We  have  buC  few  fragmesta  of  Caesar^  olher  works,  whether 
politloi]  pamphlets  such  as  the-  AniUato,  graromaticai  treatises 
{Dt  Analapa,)  at  viena.  AH  authorities  agree  in  d«cribiBg  hia 

while  Quhililian  [i.  r.  ri4]  sayt  that  had  he  practised  at 
the  bai  he  would  have  been  the  only  serious  rival  of  Qcero, 

The  vtrdicl  of  hislortans  on  Caesar  has  always  been  coloured 
hi  tbdr  polidcal  lympithia.     All  have  recognised 


ladeed,  he  was  ahignlarly  loleianl  of  all  but '—»-"—'  oppari- 
lun.  His  privau  hie  was  not  free  from  scandal,  especially  hi  hit 

were  drcnlated  by  his  opponents,  e.f.  aa  10  his  relaciona  with 
Nicomedee  of  Bkhynia.  Aa  10  hii  public  chanctfl',  iM>wcvet, 
lent  is  possible  between  those  who  regard  r»waris« 
political  creaUon,  and  those  who  bold  that  Caoar  by 
liberty  lost  a  great  opportunity  and  crushed  the 
dignity  in  mankind.  The  latter  view  is  unfortmutdy 
conhrmed  by  tbe  undoubted  fact  that  Caesar  irested  with  flcant 
respect  the  hisiorir^  insiituiioDS  of  Rrane,  which  with  theif 
magnificent  traditions  might  still  have  been  the  organs  of  true 
political  life.  He  increased  Che  number  of  senalon  10  900  aad 
btrvduod  provindals  bco  Ihat  body,  but  instead  of  making 
ic  into  a  grand  coundl  of  Che  empire,  represcncativc  of  its  various 

and  Ciccto  writes  that  his  own  Dame  had  been  sec  dosm  aa  the 
proposer  of  decrees  of  which  he  knew  nothing,  conferring  tbe 
-title  of  king  on  potentates  of  whom  he  had  oevrr  besird.  A 
similar  treatnmt  wu  meted  oqt  lo  the  ancient  ma^itmcdea  ol 
the  republic^  and  tbus'  began  the  proceas  by  which  the  cmperurs 
undermined  the  srll-Kspect  of  their  sobjects  and  evenlualiy 
came  to  rule  over  a  nation  oI  slaves.  Few  mea,  indeed,  have 
partaken  *>  tredy  of  Ihe  hnpintian  of  genius  aa  Julius  Caesar , 
few  have  su^ercd  more  disastrously  frcm  its  illusions.  See  further 
RCHi,  BaUry.a.  "The  Republic,"  Pcciod  C  od  jtn. 
Aunoarriis.— The  priadpsl  ancient  auchortciea  (or  the  Efe  of 

Suetonius,  letters  and  spmJu*  ol  Cic^oTSrSuiliiK  of  Sailun. 
the  Pkaraaiia  of  Lucan,  and  the  histories  of  AppisD.  Dio  Caeslus 
and  Vedeiui  Paierculus  (thai  ol  Livy  uisca  only  in  tbe  Efiltmri 
Ai """"'■^fn  works  may  be  named  che  cahauativc  rrpstocy  of 


as 


hit  HiiKvs  of  Remt  rEi 
idea Cuiar'  a SiHti  (1 


inded.,ISafi)  is  equal 

„. FoaWa /««aj  OKI- 

lUe  account  (hx  alio  his  ^Kial  L^r  al  H^^ 
r  side  Ke  especially  A,  Holm,  Hiaatj  tj 
ra\.  iv.  p.  s3i  IT  I,  J  L.  Slrachan  Daviiboa. 
"  S.,   and    Ibe    i ' '  — - —   -- 


e  cspcciali] 
.,  .u,.  ...  p.  sSj  ■"   "^ 
.  o.    34i  «|   aod^  I 
edittoQ  of  the  Corrti 


i°('o^*T^E!^S5'l[ 

Ci Drthnt  of  Romt  (En(.  trans.,  1^)  is  Isrgely  devciled 

to  Caesar,  but  muac  be  used  with  caution.  Tae  Gallic  campaigns 
have  been  Ireated  by  Napol™.  111.,  ffiH«™  it  JtUi  Uur  (iSSj- 
1M6).  whirh  11  i-aluahle  a>  giving  Ibe  result  af  eiavations,  and  ra 
Enfllih  by  T   Rice  KoIoks,  Ciunr'i  Cnfatu  of  Can/  (1901),  ia 

is  thai  ol  C  VeiCh,  GaclnMi  itr  Fiidniri  C  /nJiiu  Caaan  (1406]. 
For  maps  «  A.  von  Kanpen.  For  iRc  Civil  War  tee  CiJond 
Sioffel  jibe  collaborator  of  Napoleon  111  I,  Hiimn  it  J*lti  Cfttr: 
(liommltllSH;)  TDiere  ii  an  uilerating  artlcit,  "  Tbe  UkcDeaaes 
Qf]uliusCsesii,'  byj  C.  Ropes,  in  jiTihwr'liCiifatiM,  Feb.  igt;, 
irith  la  plates,  {H.  S.  JJ 

Utdmal  laiexdi. 
In  the  middle  ages  the  story  of  Caesar  ±d  not  undergo  tuch 
extraordinary  transformatioiu  as  bdoU  the  history  of  Alezarulet 
Che  Great  and  the  Theban  l^eod.  Luoti  wu  rt«ulaiiy  [tad  in 
medieval  schools,  and  the  general  facts  of  Caesar's  hfe  wcrt 
too  well  known.  He  wsa  generally,  by  a  curious  error,  regarded 
as  the  first  emperor  of  Rome,'  and  teptoenliag  B>  he  did  in  the 
popular  mind  ibe  glory  of  Rome,  byaneasytramltiaahebecuiw 
a  pillar  of  the  Church.  Thus.inaFreDchpseudO'jiBtMicilHiuuux, 
Z,<i  FaiU  da  Rimaimi  (c.  1113),  he  receivti  the  twDoar  of  ■ 
bishopric.  His  name  was  not  usually  assodated  wilh  the 
marveUous,  and  the  Ocintrt  of  Han  it  Seriaaia  autateppcd 
the  usual  sober  tradition  when  he  made  Oberon  Che  son  of  Juliua 
Cataar  and  Morgan  la  Fay.  About  1140  Jdun  dt  Tidm  csds- 
poaed  a  prose  Hyttai  it  Julml  Caar  (ed.  F.  SeUegaat.  BaOe. 
iggi)  based  on  Che  Ftunalia  ol  Lucan,  and  Ihe  cnosasMrscs 
of  Caesar  (00  Ihe  Gvil  War;  and  Us  comlnuaton  (on  th*  Alex- 
andrine, African  and  Spanish  wars).  The  anchor  gives  a  Knnintic 
description  ol  Ihe  meeting  wjth  Cteepatca,  with  an  interpolated 


nzoab,  Google 


CAESAR,  SIR  J.— CAESAREA  PHILIPPI 


The  BjtUH  wn  nuiwd  Into  rent  (aleiuulrina)  by  jKot 
it  PoRSt  (UtiR  part  of  tbe  ijih  cxntury)  und«  tbc  title  aS 
Rtman  it  JaUiu  Clur.  A  pcm  axnpilitioii  by  u  unknown 
tnthoc,  l4*  faili  du  Xiwuiiu  (c  ii>s),  hu  Dlllo  nsnnbUim 
to  tin  lax  two  wxki.  iltboogh  mtlnly  derived  (n>n  tbe  lune 
■onicet.  Ii  Ku  ofisiully  inluided  M  oontaia  «  hlttay  ol  tl" 
twelve  Cusui,  but  iDncludcd  oith  tbe  rauidR  ol  the  dkuloc, 
■Dd  in  Kmc  HSS.  ban  the  dtle  of  LI  liira  d4  Ctar.  lU 
popnlaritj  sa  piovHl  by  the  nomnous  MSS.  in  wblch  it  b  prt- 
ttrvfi  wd  by  tbree  sepuitc  u  '  ''  ■-•■!-  ■■ 
Uill^rt  it  Juliui  Cbar  u  said  t< 
1 1  joo  belon  Loob  XEL 


S«  A. 


-JP"?'i5«.i?, 


«n.  i.  ell.  I  (l8>2-lMj)i    P.  Miyer  hn  mmanu.,  ■!..  ii-»iB,  iimjj, 

wbcR  the  FBiU  dtl  Ikumiaini  ii  lutyied  u  knpti:  A.  Duvil 
tn  HiiWrc  liufrnirt  it  la  Fnaut.  lix.  (i«58):  L.  Conilant  in 
PHH  <I<  Jollcvilta'  ff>'!l.  ii  la  lamtiu  a  £  ia  liO.  frtifalu,  L 
(lS9«):  H.  WeKRiann.  I>Ii  Cdur/oMo  ^  VduWiri  (Lavenbcrt, 
1679).  IM.  B«.) 

CAIUR.  m  mm  (ijn-iS5S-)«]«),  Engluh  judse; 
dcKnded  by  tbc  Itntle  line  Irani  tbe  dukia  dc'  Cewinf  in  Italy, 
wu  bora  near  Tcftetihain  in  Middlem.  Be  ns  educated  at 
Ulgdalcn  Hali,  Oiloid,  and  aftelwirds  iludied  at  tbe  UUTcnity 
of  Pim,  wtacre  in  llie  year  ijSi  be  nu  made  a  doctor  oi  the 
civil  taw.  Two  yean  lata  be  «aa  admitted  tit  the  aanic  degree  at 
Oiford,  and  abo  bearae  doctor  of  (he  canon  law.  He  held  many 
high  oSicti  duiing  Ilie  reifoi  of  EUiatieth  and  Jama  1  ,  including 
•  judgnhip  <rf  the  admiialiy  court  (i5^)»  n  masrmbip  la 
dnntny  (liSS),  a  tBHUnhip  oi  Ibe  omin  of  leqneata  |i!95), 
than ctllor  nod  under  Ireainnr  ol  tbe  cidieqner  (tfeS).  RewaJ 
kBighled  by  Kins  Jamea  in  160],  and  in  1614  waa  a(>poiated 
mailer  of  tbe  rolli,  an  office  whicb  be  bdd  liU  bit  death  an  Ibe 
i8th  of  April  ifij6.  He  wai  eo  rcmariuble  iar  hii  bounty  and 
charity  to  all  peraona  of  worth  thai  it  vaa  aaid  of  him  that  he 
aeemed  to  be  the  alraoner-gcnenJ  ol  the  uUdd.  Hit  tuuiusctipti, 
many  of  whicb  are  now  in  the  Britltb  Muteum,  were  aold  by 
•uctioa  In  1757  'o'  upwardi  ol  ;£soo. 

See  E.  Lodge.  Li/'  rf  Sir  JWii  Ouur  (iSio);  Wood.  Rmi 
Oiiminta.  ed.  Blin;  Foth  Lnci  tfUu  Jtdlti. 

CAOAKU  SAZACA  (mod.  Kaiutritk),  cbief  town  of  a 
sanjJt  in  the  An^ra  vilayet  of  Asia  Minor.  Maaaca,  the  nal- 
dence  of  tbe  kiup  ol  Cappadoda,  later  called  Eutebca  (puhapa 
after  Ariaratbei  Zuaebu),  and  named  Caaarta  probably  by 
GiudiDi,  alood  on  a  low  ipur  on  tbe  north  aide  of  Erjiei  Sa^ 
(Jf.  Artatuj).  The  site,  now  called  EtU-iheir,  iboM  only  a 
lew  tracei  of  the  old  town,  ll  was  tahen  by  Tijranta  and 
destroyed  by  tbe  Petvan  hing  ShapCu*  (Sapor)  1.  after  bis 
defut  ol  Valerian  in  i.D.  96a.  Al  this  line  it  it  stated  to  have 
csntabled  400,000  Inhabilantt,  In  the  ^tb  century  Batfl,  when 
bishop,  established  sn  ecclesiastical  centre  on  the  plain,  about 

I  m.  to  the  iiDrtb.east,  and  this  gradually  supplanted  the  old 
town.  A  portion  ol  Bias's  new  dly  was  surrounded  with  strong 
walll  and  turned  Into  a  fortress  by  Justinian;  and  nHthin  the 
walls,  rebuilt  In  the  i  jth  and  i61h  cmturiet,  Hes  the  greater  part 
of  JLaisarieh,  altitude  jjoo  ft.  Tbe  town  was  captured  by  the 
Seljukaxiltan,  Alp  Arslan,  1064,  and  by  the  Mongols,  iJ4|,  before 
passing  to  the  Osmdnii  Turks.  Its  geographical  situation  has 
made  it  ft  pUce  of  commerdal  Importance  tbroughoul  history. 

II  lay  on  the  ancient  trade  route  from  SJnope  10  tbe  Eupbratei, 
oa  tbe  Persian  "  Royal  Road  "  from  Sardis  to  Susa,  and  on  tbe 
great  Konun  bigbway  fioni  Ephesus  to  the  East.  Il  ts  still 
tbe  moat  impottanl  trade  oeatre  in  eaatetn  Asia  Minor  The 
town  i*  noted  for  lis  (ixtli,  apedally  iu  vina;  and  H  eiporu 
tiaiuea,  carpeta,  hides,  yellow  berries  and  dried  Iruit.  Kaisarieh 
is  the  biBdquBften  ol  tbe  American  miaiion  in  Cappadocia, 
whicb  baa  several  churches  and  scboc^  lor  boya  and  ^tls  and 
don  viaxlid  medical  work.  It  ii  tbc  seat  at  a  Cred  btihap, 
an  Armenian  arcbbisbop  and  a  Roman  Caibolk  biahop,  and 
thereiiaJeauiitdiaoL  On  the  joth  of  November  iSgjtberi  int 
&  massacre  of  Armeniana,  in  which  teveraJ  Gregorian  ipiesta 
andProIastanlpiitonloslIheirhvea.  Pop., accordioi  10 Cuiltel, 
11.000  (of  whom  16,000  are  Cbritlians).  Sir  C.  Wilson  gave 
U  aa  10,000  (13,000  Chriiliaatl.  (C.  W.  W.;  J.  C-  C.  A.) 


9*3 

CABABUI  OenOV.  Jn  oMctria  ().*.}  tb*  operukw 
for  removal  of  a  foetui  (mm  the  olenn  by  an  abdondna]  Encbhnt, 
so  c^ed  Itom  ■  legend  of  IU  onploymeBt  at  the  Urth  Df  JuHu 
Caesar.  TWt  pncednn  has  been  pnctised  on  Ibo  dead  mothet 
^bce  very  eatiy  time*;  b  bet  It  mi  praoibed  by  Romut 
law  that  every  woraac  <^ng  ia  advanced  pf^nangr  ibMU  be 
to  treated ;  and  in  rtoS  tbe  senate  o(  Venioa  enacted  that  any 
pnctltioner  wbo  failed  to  perform  tUi  opcnHon  on  a  fv^unf 
woman  npposcd  to  be  dead,  laid  Unadl  open  to  my  heavy 
penalties.  But  the  6m  ircorded  imtmceol  111  bt&igpntonM 
oa  a  Bvlog  woman  occurred  about  ijoo,  when  a  Swin  [dg-geMcT 
operated  on  Ma  own  wile.  F^om  tUt  time  OBWarda  ll  was  triei) 
fn  many  wiyi  and  under  many  cmditiCiDi,  bat  ^onM  bivirfaUy 
wjib  lh«  tame  retidl,  tbe  death  of  tbt  mother.  Even  u  itcntly 
aa  the  fint  half  of  the  iQtb  cenRtry  lb*  recorded  mortality  ii 
over  50^.  Thus  It  il  no  surprise  that  cmktttHny— ^  wbtdi 
the  Ule  of  the  child  is  sacrificed  to  save  thai  of  tbe  motbcr—wat 
alnoK  invartably  preferred.  As  the  nse  of  antisepIiCB  wi*  not 
Iben  uBdentood,  ud  aa  It  was  custotflBry  to  return  (!tc  uterus 
to  the  body  cavity  without  suturing  the  Indshm,  the  immediate 
cause  of  death  *u  etthcr  sq>tlcaeraia  dr  haemorrhage.  But 
In  iSSi  Singer  pubUibed  Ua  method  of  mturin;  tbe  utetu»— 
thai  of  nnploybit  two  leiici  of  nititrea,  one  deep,  tbc  other 
Buperfldal.  Tliii  raetbod  of  procedure  wu  Immediatdy  adopted 
by  many  obatetricians,  and  it  bat  prfrved  so  satlslactory  thai 
il  is  Itill  hi  usetiKlay.  This,  and  tbe  hcressing  knowledge 
d(  aaepia;  teebnique.  bss  brought  Ibe  mortality  Iiom  this  open- 
tiraloleialhan  j%  lor  the  mother  and  ahoul  j*/,  for  tbe  chad; 
and  every  year  it  Is  being  advised  more  Ireely  for  a  larger  number 
(^  morbid  ODndlllons,  and  wflh  increasingly  favourable  resuHl. 
Ctankrtomy,  i.t,  cruthing  tbe  head  ol  the  loetus  to  reduce  iM 
aiae,  is  rww  very  rarely  periormed  on  tbe  bving  child,  but  sym- 
physiotomy, i.e.  Ibe  division  ol  the  symphysis  pubis  to  prixluce 
■  temporary  enlargenlent  of  lb*  pdvis,  or  caesanan  section, 
is  admciled  in  its  place.  Of  these  two  opemtionj,  symphysio- 
tomy is  steadily  being  replaced  by  caeaucut  section. 

This  opemtion  is  DOW  advised  for  [1)  eitreme  degrees  of  pelvic 
Contraction,  fs)  any  raaHormallCFri  or  turnour  of  tbc  uterus, 
earvli  pr  vagina,  which  would  render  tbe  blith  of  the  child 
through  the  natuisi  passages  impossible,  (])  raitema!  complica- 
IIMs,  as  edanpsia  and  concealed  acddental  haemorrhage,  and 
(4I  at  the  death  of  the  mother  for  Ihe  purpose  of  saving  the 


onlhealleolaplaceprrviauslycalledT'iTniSfrof*  ...     

of  all  the  principal  buildings  erected  by  Hemd  etitced  down  (D 
the  end  of  tbe  tiilh  century;  Oie  ruins  were  much  injured  by  ■ 
ec4any  of  Botnlins  established  here  in  1S94.  These  bidldinp 
an  a  temple,  dedicated  to  Caesai-;  a  theatre;  a  hippodrome; 
:wo  aqueductJi  a  boundary  wall;  and,  chief  of  all,  a  gigantic 


»ft.  w 


m  ft.  long, 


and  west-    The 


water,  protecting  the  harbour  01 

harbour  measures  tSo  yds.  across,  Tbe  massacre  ol  Jewi  at  tbi) 
.  place  led  to  the  Jewish  rebeiUnn  and  to  the  Roman  war.  Ves- 
paaian  made  it  a  colony  and  called  it  Fhvia^  the  old  name, 
however,  pmkted,  and  still  survives  as  Kaisarieh.  Evsebiiu 
was  archbiabap  here  (t.n,  jis-jig).  It  was  captured  by  tbe 
Moslems  in  638  and  by  the  Crvsadera  in  rioi,  by  Sstadln  in 
IT»7,  recaptured  by  the  Ctuiadets  in  irsi,  and  finally  losi 
by  them  in  11*5,  since  when  till  it*  recent  settlement  it  has 
lain  b  ruins.  Remains  of  the  medieval  town  are  also  vIsFblc, 
consisting  of  tbe  walls  (one-lenlh  the  area  of  the  Roman  dly), 
the  castle,  Ihe  catbednil  (Dow  covered  by  modem  houses),  and 
achurdi.  (R.  A.  s.  M.) 

CABUXU  PXIUPPI,  Ihe  name  of  a  lawn  gs  m.  N.  ol 
Jerusalem,  ji  m.  S.W  from  Damascus,  -ri^o  ft.  above  the  sea, 
on  the  south  bate  of  Hemion,  and  at  an  Important  source  of  the 
Jordan,  It  does  Bol  certainly  appear  in  the  Old  TcstameBi 
bislory,  though  Identification!  with  Baal-God  and  (Ims  certainly) 
with  Laish  (Dan)  have  been  proposed,  Il  wu  cerulnly  a  place 
of  grtal  aaoctity  from  very  catty  tInuK  md  when  foreign 


r  tInuK  md  when  (01 


944 


CAESIUM— CAESURA 


nii^oiB  iofliunca  istnulHl  upaa  FaleMine,  the  culL  ol  in  loal 
Mimtn  live  plact  to  the  wonbip  ol  Pan,  to  whozD  wu  dedicated 
Ib«  cive  in  irhich  the  copioui  ipring  Iieding  xhc  Jordan  uiaet. 
It  wu  loos  kmwa  as  Powmb  oc  Fanias,  i  atiet  Uial  hai 
■urvived  in  the  modem  BAtiij.  When  Herod  iht  Great  leceived 
tbe  teiriloiy  from  Augustui,  lo  B.C.,  he  erecled  here  a  Lemple 
Id  boDOur  oE  Jiii.palron,  but  the  le-foundalion  ol  th«  Iowd  is 
due  to  hit  wn,  Philip  the  Tciiucb,  wbo  heie  erected  a  d  ty  nbich 
he  Dtuaed  Catiaria  in  hoooiu  at  'Hberiui,  adding  Fiiliffi  to 
immojtalizc  his  oira  najat  and  lo  <ii^Tinjii<h  hii  dty  from  the 
■imJlarly-Damed  dty  founded  by  bia  father  on  the  HB<oait. 
Here  Chriit  give  Hii  charge  u  Peter  (Uut.  ivi.  ij).  Uuiy 
Gteeic  inscriptioii)  have  been  found  here,  wtxe  referring  to  the 
ibiine.  Agiippa  IL  changed  tlie  name  to  NamuASf  hut  thia 
lume  endured  but  a  short  vbile.  Titui  here  eahiblled  gladia- 
'  B  capture   of  Jemulem,    The 


Cnuadera  look  Ihe  city  m  113a,  1 
1165.  Bknili  is  a  poor  viilage  inh: 
all  round  it  are  gardeni  of  Jru 
■nd  leriUe.  There  ut  not  msny 
above  ground.  The  Crusader 
finest  in  Palestine,  occupies  lb 


id  loal  11 

lited  h/abouLjso  Moslem 


castle  of  Subeibeh,  or 

summit  of  a  conical  h 

IR.A 


LS.M.) 
mk  weight  132-^],  one  ol  tbe  alkai 
d  fmn  the  Lat.  (ocriiu,  sky-b)u< 


CABSIDM  [lymbol  Cs,  an 

from  two  blight  blue  lines 
imporlancF,  since  It  was  the  first  metal  to  be  discovered  by  Ibe  aid 
ofIhespect(DSCDpe(R,Buasen,  £crJiii  Acad.  At.',.iS6o}, although 
caesium  salts  had  undoubtedly  beeo  uunined  bclote,  but  had 
beeo"  nistalifn  lor  potassium  salu  (tee  C  F  Planner,  Fog, 
Ann.,  1846,  p,  4«j,  on  the  analysis  of  poUiix  and  the  subsequent 
workofF.Pisani.CiniAMXeiKfu,  1864,18, p.  7U).  Caesium  is 
found  in  the  mineral  springt  of  Fmikaihausea,  Monteatini, 
dl  Val  di  Nicvole,  Tuscany,  and  Wbeai  CliSonl  near  Rednitb, 
CoinwaU  (W.A.  MiUer,  Ckem.  Ni  .  -  .  _  '  ' 
assodated  with  rubidium,  at  DUrkhcun;  it  is  also  found  in 
lepidotite,  Icudte,  pelalile,  trlphylllne  and  in  the  caj 
Stassfurt.  Tlie  separation  ol  caesium  Irani  the  mii 
conUin  it  is  an  exceedingly  difficult  and  laborit 
According  to  R.  Bunien,  the  best  source  ol  rubidium  1 
salts  is  the  residue  leli  after  eiuaclion  ol  lithium  6alit  Itom 
lepidoUle.  This  residue  consists  olsodii 
chlorides,  with  small  quantities  of  caesium  and  rubidium  chlondea. 
Tbe  caesium  and  rubidium  ut  Kpualed  from  this  by  repeated 
fracliDoal  cryslallicalion  of  their  double  pkliDura  chloiidei, 
nrhich  are  mudi  less  soluble  in  water  than  ibote  of  the  olber 
atkai;  melils  (R,  Buosen,  Ann.,  1861,  111,  p.  M7-  >^1. 
p.  j6;)     Tic  p!aUno.chJaiides  are  reduced  by  hydrogen. 


»Iso  A.  Schrfll 


tUouj 


d  by  w. 
I.  troll.  Cicm.,  1864,  w,  P-  "ojs)  1 
t,  C*ew.,  iS63,  8;,  p,  310)  W.  Fi 
K.  Kubierscbky  {CMcm  Z,U..  189J,  16, p.  335]  separatem 
ud  caesium  from  the  other  alkali  metals  by  convening  thi 
double  chlorides  with  stannic  chloride,  whilst  J.  Redice 
(Jini.  prak.  Chcm.,  1S65,  in,  p.  441)  acpaniet  them  Irom  poiat- 
sium  by  conveiMOD  into  alums,  which  C.  SeIlerberg(AiHi.,  1881, 
111,  p    100]  has  shown  are  very  slightly  soluble  in  a  solution 

uu  h  made  ol  the  dificient  solubilities  oi  thnr  variout  salts. 
The  biiattiiies  RbHC,H,0,  and  CsHCHiOi  have  been  em- 
ployed, as  have  also  the  alums  (see  above).  The  double  chloride 
ol  caesaum  and  antimony  aCsCl  ■  ZSbCI,  (R.  CiodeBroy,  Ser., 
>SM.  ;,  P'  37%.  AxK.,  lijb.  181,  p.  176)  has  been  used,  the 
corresponding  compound  not  being  formed  by  rubidium,  Thi 
metal  has  been  obtained  by  eleclnlysis  of  a  mixture  ol  caesium 
and  barium  cyanides  (C  SctlerbciB,  Aim.,  i8S>,  311,  p.  too] 
and  by  heating  the  hydniide  with  magnesium  or  aluminium 
(K.  BeketofF,  Chtrn.  CenmtbtaU,  18S9,  i,  p  145),  L.  HtcksplU 
(.Cemplts  Fendia,  igoy  141,  p.  loi)  finds  thai 
idily  by  he 


metallic  1 
tion,aBd 


i  used  in  Ihe . 


idvery  wfaito  raetil  MKk  btUM  «n  hntlw  in  lit.  It 
I  >6°  ig  17'  C.  and  baaa  apedfic  pavity  of  i-M  (is*CJ. 
atomic  weighl  of  cacainiB  hai  bom  -deUnnined  t^  ilie 

analysis  of  its  chloride  and  bwHiide.    Richardi  and  Arcbibatd 
rj  Cken.,  i^j,M,p.  ju)obULiDedl5)-S7B(0-i6). 

h/dnxvlr,  Ci(OH)i,  obtained  by  the  deeompotirlon  ot  the 
rapidly.    It  reMHlj 


liT       Ml 

JDU.    The  trniKle.  CsBr.  and  uiub.  Ci[, 

m1..uSm  c"Bri.  dClBr^'cillfc  CiBll,,C.Br!i.  ^ni^  l!*" 

S.  1-  Pen&dd,  ial.  fir  siurf.  Ckim..  iSo),  1,  p.  St).     Cuiib 

riUphaii,  CtaSOh  (na>  tv  prepaied  by  dutofvinj  tbe  hydnuidc  . 
cartniiatc  In  Bulphunc  add.  It  crystaltisei  in  ihort  bard  erisnl 
— ^--"i  art  readily  nluble  in  water  bin  iogoluble  in  alcohol.     It  cm 

with  muv  neullic  ujphatei  («ilver.  line,  cobalt,  nickel,  4i 

10  lomi  doubta  sul^iata  ^  Ihe  lypE  CmSOi-RS"    '      ' 

lor^  a  aeiuun-JimCsiSO,  Ak«>.)i'31M,0. 
**  ""    ki  obtains]  by  dissolving  " 


X  c»&a-Rso.-6)i,o. 


5'a 


C»C(h,mlu>>aiHMa,C^.,b<nle,C«O'3Bi0^aadtl« 
Ch&4fU>.  CkSi  I^T^RO,  Cit3,  and  .Ci.S.'ll,C 


npounds  can  be  readily  reeOTnind  by  the  two  beiEht 
wsve  Ixntth  4)51  and  4)931  in  their  An  me  spectiun. 
hdi  pieKnt  HI  the  nrk  ipednim.  The  oMier  Una 
n  the  green,  two  in  the  yeUnw,  and  two  in  the  mifi. 


a  bouoica]  turn  tor 
a  gaunlltt 


CAESPITOSB  (LaL  ausfe 
"  growing  in  lultt,"  like  many  grasses. 

CAESTUl.  or  Cestos  (liom  Lat.  uuds,  strike 
or  boxing-glove  used  by  the  andeni  pugilisli  I 
were  several  vaneues,  the  simplest  and  least  dangerous  being  the 
neiJicAae  (juMxn),  which  consisted  oi  siripi  of  raw  bide  lied 
undet  the  palm,  leivinj  the  fingers  bare.  With  these  tbe 
athletes  in  the  pataciUiu  were  wor.t  to  practise,  reserving  tor 
seruus  contests  the  more  lonnidablt  kinds,  such  as  tbe  ipkoaat 
fff^aTpcu),  which  were  sewn  with  small  metal  halls  covered  with 
leather,  and  the  terriblr  mvmekti  O'^^fiqnc),  someiLniQ  called 
"  Umb-breakeis  "  (vumripoi),  which  were  studded  wiih  heavy 
nails.  The  siraps  (Ijuutb)  were  of  different  lengths,  many 
reaching  to  the  elbow,  in  order  to  proiMt  the  loreatm  when 
guarding  faeavy  blows  (see  J  H.  Krause,CyniiDililiintf,4{Bniifijt 
if<r  Ntlletiai.  1841)  The  urilu  is  to  be  distinguished  Irom 
ciilui  (-embroidered,  Irom  arrur).  an  adjective  used  as  a 
noun  in  the  sense  of  "  girdle,"  especially  the  girdle  oi  Aphrodite, 

CAESDRA  [Lat.  for  '■  cutting,"  Cr  io(ii),  in  prosody,  a  rest 
or  pause,  usually  occurring  about  the  middle  ol  a  vene,  which 
is  thereby   leparated  into   two  pans  (liiXn.  members).     Is 


Greek  ar 


eriheithhall-looD- 

.|n,|lM|»k.-*p|«« 

hTrolj ■ ■■ 


luiabtoria. 

is  oltei  the  md  syllabic  ol  th(  jrd  dactyl': 

On  the  other  hand,  tbe  hephibemimeral  cutnn  (i.e.  afl«  the 
:lh  ball-loot)  >s  common  in  Latin,  but  rare  in  Greek. 

FonDolKD  renjnare  do  [as  Ama  liyllida  I  ailvaa. 
The  "  bucolic  "caauta,  peculiar  to  Greek  (so  called  because  it  h 
chieBy  found  in  wiiien-  like  Theocritus]  occurs  after  the  4lh 

■irtf  Ml  I  twrtwi'  1  Mi*«,  iDJXtipgn-,  j  h  plka  |  nXX* 
In  the  pentameter  verse  at  Ihe  elegiac  distich  (be  caesura  is  always 
ptnthemi moral.     In  the  iambic  trimeter  (consisting  of  three 
dipodia  or  pairs  of  feel),  both  in  Greek  and  La  I  In,  Ihcmi 
cactuia  la  the  pentbemimeral;  nea 

Supplexjel  olm  regj  na  perlhaserifb 


t  H 


We 


CAFFEINE— CAGUARI 


945 


Vent*  Id  wUdi  DtUW  «I  tlMD*  < 

Iiulty.    Od  tfae  othH  huiil,  hcc 

■re  fanod  to  both  Gnck  and  lAtini  thia,  *  trithemlmenl  (nfLcr 

the  jni  hilf-fool)  ii  o     " '     '     "  '  " 


cumin,  or  TDinn  (i.}.l  triuMbyl  1.6  diuTpiiriii), 
&  Ub  Ni  Oi .  Hi  O,  >  lubsImBCB  fomd  in  the  lawa  and  bdUDl  ths 
coSee  mc,  in  tea,  in  ["anciuy  to,  *ad  Id  Bwdl  qmnlltlc*  In 
cocoa  and  b  the  kola  nut.  It  may  be  aitncted  fnm  te>  oi 
coBbb  by  boUhil  flilb  nter,  the  dbadnd  tannin  precipitaled 
by  ]Mic  haa  aaCatf,  the  BolnUoD  Gitered,  tacos  ol  lead  pre- 
dpitaicd  by  luiphurcICed  bydn^gcn  and  the  £lt«td  liquid  Ibeu 
evaporated  to  iryjtnlliaitioo;  or,  na  i>  boiled  frith  waiei,  and 
the  wbole  then  evapdrated  to  a  lyrup,  which  is  mined  with  tlahcd 
line,  evaporated  to  dryneu  on  tiie  water-balh  and  extracted 
with  chlonComi  (F.  CamKiivc,  BkU.  it  la  IK.  ikim.  it  ParU, 
i8;6-i!7T,  >T.  P- 1?5).  SyniheUaJly  it  may  be  prepmed  by  the 
methylalion  oi  lilver  tbeobromiiM  Mid  lilveT  Ibeot^yllin  or  by 
bt^Ung  belenuanthiae  with  melbyl  kidkie  and  pouih.  E. 
FbcbK  and  L.  Ach  IBtritUi,  1895,  ig,  p.  }IJ5)  have  tyathedzed 
it  Inm  dimethyl  ^loian,  whilst  W.  Traube  (BtriiMi.  i«oo,  jj. 
p.34jj)  hasoMalnelit  from  1.3  diamelhyl  4.J  diamiiio  l.G 
dioaypyrlmidine.  On  the  consCInitioB  ol  caffeine  lee  PuiiN  and 
alio  E.  Fischer  (Amakn,  iSSi,  31;,  p.  >S]). 

Cafleinc  cryiUUias  hi  lonj  silky  neeillei,  which  ire  slightly 
•oluhle  in  cold  water.    It  becomca  anhydrois  at  100*  C.  and 

with  mineral  adds,  Onoddalian  withntlricacld  eaSelne  gives 
cholBteK^hiuie  (dimethyl  parabanic  add),  but  if  chlorine  water 
be  used  as  the  oxidant,  then  it  yields  monomethyl  urea  and 
dimethyl  alloxan  (E.  Fischer). 

.  CAFFIERI,  IkOaata  <i6]S-i75;],  French  worker  in  metal, 
till  most  (annus  membervt  a  lamilyieveral  ol  whom  diilinguishol 
themtelvt*  In  plastic  an,  was  the  Glth  tan  of  Philippe  Ca£c 
(1634-1716),  a  decorative  sculptor,  who,  after 
Alexander  VII.,  entered  the  service  ol  Louis  XIV. 
elder  son  ol  Fhilippa,  Ftan^  Charles  (iM)-itii).  waiasiod- 
ated  with  hiro.  As  a  Jtmdai/  ciidttr,  however,  the  mown  ol 
the  hoU£e  centred  tn  Jacquo,  thou^  it  ia  not  always  oasy  10 

A  large  proportlMl  of  his  briUiant  tthievemeiit  as 
ft  de»giiei  and  chaser  hi  htonse  and  other  metals  was  aeeuted 
for  the  crown  at  Vssaille*,  Fontoineblean,  Compi^gne,  Cbi^y 
and  La  Uuette,  ahd  the  crown,  ever  in  his  debt,  still  owed  him 
money  at  his  death.  Jacques  and  his  Hn  Philippe  undoubtedly 
work^  together  in  the  "  Appurtemenl  du  Dauphin  "  at  VersaiUes, 

appeared,  the  decorations  of  the  maible  chimney-inece  slill 
remain.  They  belong  to  the  best  type  ol  the  Loutt  XV.  style — 
vigorous  and  gtuxful  in  design,  they  are  eiecuted  with  splendid 
thilL  It  is  equally  cectaiu  that  falhec  and  son  worked  together 
npon  the  gorgmu*  bmnie  case  of  the  famous  astronomicsl 
dock  made  by  Passemmt  and  Dmthtiu  for  Louis  XV.  between 
r749  and  1753.  The  lomi  ol  the  case  has  been  much  crilldzed, 
and  even  ridicnied.  faul  the  severest  critics  ia  that  pattii^lar 
have  been  the  readiest  to  laud  the  boldness  and  freedom  ol  the 
motives,  the  Jewel-like  finish  of  the  cnlismaDahIp,  the  magniS. 
centdeitBrityoftheinastn-hand.  TheeldeiCaffieri  was,indeed, 
the  tnoit  consnmpiate  praclitioiiei  of  the  ilylt  rauiUt,  which 
he  cDosuniJy  redeemed  [torn  Ita  mannered  couvenlionalism 
by  the  ease  and  masUiy  with  which  he  treated  it.  Ftoia  Ibe 
atudio  in  which  he  and  his  son  worked  vde  by  ode  came  an 
amuing  amoimt  ol  work,  chiefly  In  the  shape  of  ibrM  gilded 
bronse  mounts  which  in  the  end  became  more  insistent  than  the 
pieccsof  lumiturt  which  they  adorned.  Little  of  his  achieventent 
W3S  ordinary;  an  astoni^ngTy  large  proportion  of  it  is  famous 
llwte  is  in  the  Wallaca  csUectBD  (Hertfonl  Hbus*.  Imtm)  k 


'JX. 


c6nunode  Iram  Ihehliidof  Jicqua  CaSerl  in  which  the  briUiancs 
and  qnntanelly,  the  awei^ng  boldness  and  elegance  ol  line  that 
mark  Us  style  at  It*  be>t,  are  seen  m  a  perfection  hardly  eiceedod 
in  any  olhei  example.  Abo  at  Hertlord  House  is  the  ciiirption- 
atly  fine  histn  which  wal  >  wedding  prtsenl  from  Louis  XV.  10 
Loiise  Elizabeth  of  France.  Alter  Jacques'  death  his  sou 
Hlilippe  coaliaued  Co  work  for  the  crown,  but  had  many  privata 
dieota.  He  made  a  great  cron  and  six  ouidlesticks  for  the 
high  altar  ol  Notre  Dame,  which  disappeared  In  the  revi^iiaa, 
but  similar  work  lor  Bayeui  cathedral  siill  eiiits.  A  wonderful 
CDUMdled  toOet  tt  which  he  executed  lor  the  Princess  of 
Aatoriu  ha*  all6  dia^ipeared.  Philippe's  style  was  gradually 
modified  into  thai  which  prevailed  in  the  third  quarter  ol  Ifae 
iBth  cmtniy,  sines  by  1777,  when  lie  died,  the  taits  for  the 
magoificent  mounts  ol  bit  eaily  days  had  passed  away.  Like 
his  father,  be  drew  large  sums  from  the  crown,  nsuaily  alter 
giving  many  yeaji^  credit,  while  many  other  yean  were  needed 
by  his  hdn  to  get  in  the  balance  of  the  royal  indebtednes*. 
Philippe's  younger  brother,  Jean  Jacques  CaSeri  (1715-1791), 
was  a  sculptor,  but  was  tiifficienijy  adept  in  the  treatment  ol 
metals  to  design  the  fine  ranpt  ftiatitr  which  still  idoms  the 
Palais  RoyaL 

CAFTAX,  or  lUnAH  (aTMUsh  word,  also  in  use  in  Persia}, 
a  tunic  or  under.drcw  with  long  hanging  sleeves,  tied  vnth  a 
ginjte  at  the  walstj  worn  la  the  East  by  persons  of  both  xxes- 
Tbe  cafun  was  worn  by  the  upper  sad  middle  cUsKS  in  Rueia 
till  thetimeof  Peter  Che  Greot,  when  it  was  generally  discarded. 

CAQLI,  a  town  and  (with  Peigola)  an  episcopal  see  of  the 
Marches,  Italy,  in  the  province  of  Pesaro  and  Urbino,  18  m.  S. 
ol  the  latter  town  by  rail,  and  8jo  [I,  above  tea.kvd.  Pop. 
(t(oi)  of  town,  4618;  commune,  ii.sjj-  The  diurch  of  S. 
DoAenico  ooutains  a  good  fresro  (Madonna  and  sunu)  by 
Giovanni  Santi,  the  father  of  Raphad.  The  dlsdel  of  Ihe  1  jlh 
century,  constructed  by  Fnncesco  di  Giorgio  Martini  of  Slcnx, 
is  on  theS.E,  of  the  modem  town.  Cagll  occupies  the  site  of  an 
andeiit  ncur  (village)  on  the  Via  Flaminia,  whidi  seems  lohave 
borne  the  name  Cale,  14  m.  N.  ol  Hdvillum  (mod.  Sipae)  and 
iB  m.  S.W.  ol  Forum  Semptunli  (mod.  Foiiemhrixu).  Below 
Ihe  town  to  the  north  is  a  single  arched  bridge  ol  Ihe  road,  the 
ardi  having  Ihe  ^laa  of  ]81  It.  (See  G.  Mochi,  5bna  A  Cajli, 
Cagli,  ll^^&.)  Aboul  J  m.  to  the  N.N.W.  of  Ca^  and  1)  m. 
W.  of  the  Via  Flaminia  at  the  mod.  .1  cfwib(«  is  the  site  ol  an 
anoeut  town;  the  place  is  now  called  pttut  ii  VnUria,  and  is 
scattered  with  ruins.  Inscriptions  show  that  this  was  a  Roman 
umidpium,  perhaps  Pitinum  Mcigens  {Corp.  Imcr,  Lai.  a. 
(Berlin,  ijoilp.  876).  Three  Diles  north  of  Acqualagna  Ihe  Via 
Flaminia,  which  is  tllll  in  use  aa  the  modem  high-road,  traverse* 
the  Furlo  Pas*,  a  tunnd  about  40  yds.  long,  excavated  by 
Vespasian  in  JUD.  77,  as  an  inscription  at  the  north  cod  records. 
There  is  anolber  IuiubI  at  lower  levd,  which  bdongs  to  an 
earlier  dale;  this  seems  to  have  been  in  use  till  the  conslructioB 
of  Che  Roman  road,  which  al  firal  ran  round  the  rock  on  the  <nt- 
afde,  until  Vespasian  cut  the  tiumeL     In  repairing  the  modcn 

carboiiiaed  com,  beans,  Ac,  and  a  quantity  of  burnt  wood, 
sitoce,  tiles,  potlery,  lie  ,  was  louad  under  and  above  Ibe  modem 
road,  for  u  distance  ot  some  500  yds.  This  dibrii  DnBl  htie 
belonged  to  the  castle  ol  Petra  Pertuaa,  buried  by  the  Lombard* 
in  570  or  571  on  Ihdr  way  to  Rome.  The  castle  itself  is 
mentioned  by  PrDcopius{6(iQ.  CsU.  ii.  11,  id.  6,  iv.  18,34).  Hen 
also  was  fouiid  the  inscription  of  A  J>.  295,  relating  to  themcsBUTCn 
taken  to  suppress  brignndage  in  these  parts.      (Set  APZHHIMES.) 

See  A.  Vcnurrcelio  Knlair  iirii  Sani,  ISU,  4Il(cf.  iM.317); 
Cirt.  Inter.  Lai.  (Berlin,  1901),  Noa.  6106. 6107.  (T.  As.) 

CiULlARI  (unc  Canla).  Ihe  capital  ol  Ihe  ishind  ol  San^nln. 
an  ardiiepiscopa]  see,  and  the  chief  town  of  the  province  ol 
CagUaii,  which  embraces  the  southern  hall  ol  the  island.  It  i> 
970  m.  W.S.W.  ol  NB[des,  aSd  37S  m.  south  ol  Genoa  by  sea. 
Pop.  (1900)  ol  town,  48,098;  ol  commune,  S3M?-  I'  i«  taely 
•litiited  at  the  nanbem  estmmity  ol  the  Gulf  ol  Ca^ari,  ia  the 
centre  of  ihe  south  coati  ^  the  island.  The  medieval  town 
occsph*  ■  Vmn  ninow  hiU  rauUng  N.  and  &  with  predgritooi 


9+6 


CAGLIOSTRO 


did  OB  the  E.  rad  W.  wUdiBMt  hwebMn  ihcucknt  koiiiolli, 

but  the  modern  town,  like  the  Romin  town  bciOre  it,  etteadi 
to  ibe  iIcfKi  gl  tbe  hill  tnd  to  tlic  low  fronnd  by  tin  K*.  On 
tub  ddc  of  the  town  ue  Iw™*-  11»t  of  S.  Gilfm  on  the  W., 
which  ptoduca  fiih  in  mhunduce,  wai  ori^iaBj  en  open  bay, 
Tbit  of  Mdcntarpui  on  the  E.  hu  luie  ultpuik.  Tbe  opper 
lawn  itill  relsini  in  pan  io  lottifiatioM,  hdadint  the  two  great 
towen  It  the  two  eitremitie*,  ailed  the  Tom  dell'  Elelinte 
(S.)  and  tbe  Tone  di  S.  Pincmiio  CN.).  both  eitcted  by  the 
Piun*,  the  [onnei  in  1307,  tbe  litta  in  1305.  The  T^Re  di  S. 
FiDouIo  It  tbe  Ih^kM  point  (3(17  tL  above  iea4cvd)  commanda 
a  magnifitcBt  view.  ClMeloitiatbeBcdi«eol<icic>liniiieuB,the 
magtimportnt  to  the  bland.  TotbenOftbof  itanlheiBodeni 
dudel  lod  the  buncks,  and  herond,  a  pablic  ptOEMoadc.  Tbe 
narrow  itreeta  nm  from  north  to  aontb  fin  tlw  wlule  leocth  at 
ttic  upper  lawn.  On  the  edge  of  the  di£b  on  the  £.  ii  the  catbe- 
dial,  built  in  ii;7-ijii  iiy  the  Piaani,  and  retainiii«  t*o  irf  the 
<ni(ln*j  tiaioepl  dooia.  Tbe  pul|Ht  of  Ibe  Bune  period  i>  alu 
flne:  it  now  ttaiidi,  divided  into  two,  on  each  tide  of  the 
entiance,  while  the  lioni  whidi  aupportcd  it  arc  on  tbe  balu*. 
trade  in  front  of  the  ciLbednl  (see  £.  Biundli  ia  L'Arii,  Rome, 
tQoi.  J9;  D.  Sano,  ibid,  104}.  Near  tbe  laciisiy  aie  aim 
nnK  Gothic  chapcli  of  tbe  AngoncK  period.  'Ae  cborch 
was,  bciwcvet,  temDdellcd  in  1676,  and  the  interior  ii  baioque. 
Two  Gne  ailver  candelabra,  tbe  tabernacle  and  tbe  altar  fionl 
■re  of  the  17th  century;  and  the  treasury  alio  coolaiu  aomi 
|ood  lilver  wgiiL  <See  D.  Scano  in  SoUdJM  d'Arle,  February 
1007,  p.  14;  and  E.  Brundll  in  L'ArIt,  1007,  p.  47.)  The 
crypt  conlalu  three  aikdcDt  sarcophagi.  The  facade,  bi  the 
buoquesiylc.  was  added  in  1703.  The  uiuvcnity,  a  little  iartber 
■urth,  tbe  buiklingi  of  which  were  erected  in  t)6«,  baito(ne>40 
■tudents.  At  the  loulh  eitiemity  of  tbe  bill,  on  ibe^ilie  cJ  the 
bastian  of  tontb  Cateiina,  •  latse  Icn  .  ' 
Umbeito  Piimo,  has  been  caDstmcled:  it  b  mudi 
(umnei  avcninp.  and  baa  a  iplcndid  view.  Below  it  arr 
covered  pnmoudn,  and  Etom  it  itepa  descend  10  tb^lcwer  town, 
the  oldest  paitofwUch  (the  •availed  Muins),  sloping  gradually 
towaidl  the  ms,  it  isohably  the  nucleus  of  the  Ramin  muni- 
tifium,  wbOe  tlie  qoartei  ol  Stampace  Ucs  to  the  west,  and 
beyond  it  afain  the  suburb  o<  Sant'  Avendrwxi  The  northern 
portion  of  Uiii,  below  tbe  cattle  hill,  ii  the  older,  while  tbe  put 
near  the  shore  consists  mainly  of  raodeni  bulldogs  of  no  great 
{nterest.  To  the  east  of  the  castle  UD  and  the  Uarina  la  the 
quarter  of  Villanova,  whidi  contains  tbe  chnith  «f  &  SatundDD, 
■  domed  chuich  of  the  81b  centnry  with  a  choir  at  tbe  Pinn 
petiod.  Tb  harbour  d  CagUari  (akni  tbe  north  ride  of  which 
nmi  a  pconeoade  called  tbe  Via  Homo)  b  a  good  one,  and  haa  a 

and  aah,  tha  total  aminal  value  at  apdtt  auoBBtiug  to  neeiiy 
it  millioa  itnlhit  in  value.  TIk  Cannitdano  of  ^fglir^,  the 
flalB  which  bednat  the  north  end  o(  tjie  bgooo  of  S.  Gdia,  it 
my  fertfle  and  mndi  cnltivated,  at  b  bIm  the  dWikt  to  the  «aU 
tBual  Quarto  S.  Elena,  a  viUase  with  Um  «->■■'■'■■-'■  (igoi). 
Hm  national  coMttnea  an  rarely  now  aeea  hi  the  ndghboorfaood 
of  CagUaii,  tactpt  at  certain  festival*,  ewedally  that  of  S. 
EUo  (May  1-4}  at  PuU  {see  Nona).    IIn       -    -  - 


Tbeoi 


for  greater  strength.  PikUy  pear  (ofiMtta)  hedgei  am  ■■ 
fiequcBt  ai  in  ScDy.  Ca^iaTi  b  eonridoably  eipceed  M  VJndi 
in  winter,  while  in  summn  It  b  alnuM  Afiilan  bdimale.  Tbe 
aquednct  was  ccoitinctcd  in  quite  nccnt  limea,  rain-water  having 
prevfoustyglventbeonlyini^.  Tbe  main  line  «l  railway  nms 
north  to  Dedmoraaniiu  (fca-  IgMai),  Orjatano,  Uaeomer  and 
ChitivanI  (for  (kdfb  deglf  Araad  and  SaiudJi  whtlo  another 
Hoe  (nanow-gangt)  rum  to  Handaa  (for  Sotgooo  and  Tottoli]. 
Here  ii  eko  a  traniway  lo  Quarto  S.  Elena. 

In  *j>.  48J  tbe  whole  of  Sardinia  wai  taka  by  tbe  Vuidab 
bom  Africa;  but  In  53}  It  waa  retaken  by  Jaitidaa.  In  687 
Cagliaii  Rac  against  Ibi  East  Ronu  enpenn,  nadB-  Cialetua, 
one  if  tbe  dtiioii^  who  nadt  hlBMlf  king  of  tbe    *  '    '  ■ 


hb  tbtat  bnthes  beceobg  iBvMm  tt  T«fnt  (b  the  N.WJ. 
Arboiea  (hi  Ibe  S.V.)  and  GaUora  (hi  tbe  N  £.  of  the  bland). 
Tbe  Saracen  devaatatad  It  in  the  Sth  ocMury,  bat  wen  driven 
out,  and  the  island  Ktuacd  U  the  rale  of  k^gs,  mill  th^  fd 
in  the  10th  cetaiy.thdr  place  bftog  taken  by  (oar  "judfti"  of 


I,  a  Saracen,  utabliihcd  hiwrlf  ki  Cmj^imn^ 
out  waa  onvtn  out  with  the  hdp  of  the  Ftaam  and  Gepocae. 
The  nsu*  loan  acqidred  the  nmdgntyovstiM  vAole  bland 
with  the  exception  of  Arborea,  widdi  conttnaed  to  be  bide- 
pendent.  In  1197  Boojfaoe  VttL  hrraalxd  the  kbigt  of  Aiagoa 
iriib  ^"'i'-'i  and  in  1316  they  finally  drove  the  Piuni  out  of 
Cagltati,  and  made  It  tbe  Kat  of  their  govenunent.  In  imA 
tbe  iiliiid  waa  denotaled  t^r  the  plagoe  deaoibed  by  Boccacdo. 
It  was  not  iintit  1403  that  the  kings  of  Aiagm  woe  able  to 
eoniiua'  the  district  of  Arborea,  whidi,  nuda  the  cdebnted 
EleoDoia  {whote  code  of  law*— the  10-called  Carta  d4  Upt-~ 
WAS  famous),  offered  a  heroic  resbtance.  Ia  1479  the  native 
princes  were  dqirived  of  all  independenca.  Tbe  island  remained 
in  the  hands  of  Spain  until  the  peace  of  UOecbt  (1714),  by  which 
it  wu  aBigaed  to  Austria.  In  1710  it  wsi  ceded  by  the  latter, 
in  exchange  for  Sicily,  to  the  duke  of  Savoy,  who  assmned  tbe 
title  of  king  of  Saidinla  (Cagtiail  coaliauing  to  be  the  scat  of 
government),  and  thb  remained  the  title  o(  the  house  of  Savoy 
until  1861.  CatfiBriwatbBmbatdedbytheFraichBcatinijoi, 
but  Napoleon'a  attempt  to  take  the  island  failed.       (T.  As.) 

CAOUOantO,  AUSSAKDIIO,  Cooht  (i743-<»5).  Italian 
alchemist  and  impostor,  waa  bon  at  Palomo  on  tlu  gth  ol  June 
1 74J.  Giuseppe  Balsuno — fM  and  waa  the  "  count's  "  nl 
name— gave  early  taidicatiam  of  thcae  taloua  whidi  aflcnrardr 
gained  for  him  so  wide  a  notoriety.  He  received  the  mdhnenta 
td  Mi  education  at  the  moiuatety  «f  CaltagiraDe  in  Sidly,  hut 
waacipdled  f  mm  it  f  or  mbcoBdact  and  diionad  by  Ids  rtlatioBa, 

with  which  he  contrived  lo  perpetrate  fcnedes  and  other  crjisei 
without  eipnbig  himself  to  die  ilik  of  detectioB.  ^ving  at 
list  got  into  trouble  with  the  anthoriliei  he  fled  baa  S&y, 
and  visited  in  luaxssioD  Greece,  Egypt,  Arabia,  Penb,  Rhode* 
— where  be  took  lemona  hi  aichcmy  and  the  Dognale  acjencea 
From  tbe  Greek  Allholaa— ^  Malta.  There  be  pavcnted 
himself  to  the  grand  master  of  the  Mslteie  csder  ai  Count 
Ca^iostrD,  and  curried  favov  with  Urn  ■■  a  fellow  ildandM, 
for  tbe  grand  master^  tastea  tay  in  the  same  diractiaii.  Fnn 
b'm  he  oblained  introductioni  to  the  fieat  houan  of  Roma 
and  Naple*,  whitber  he  now  hastened.  At  Hone  he  naaied 
a  beautiful  hot  ravriadpled  vonan,  Lorean  FeOdanI,  with 


^dltrca,  dixit*  of  youtK  ndxtutta  for  mskteg  uAr  womoi 
baaotilnl,  akbemistic  powder*,  Ac,  and  deriving  laige  proCti 
tmm  hi*  trader  Attar  faither  travdi  on  the  oontlnait  he  re- 
ttnnsd  lo  London,  where  be  peaed  as  the  founder  ef  a  new 
(yalem  of  freemeaoniy,  and  waa  weU  ttcdvcd  in  the  best  sodety, 
bdng  adored  by  the  ladit*.  Be  went  to  Cenaany  and  WnH—1 
once  more,  and  to  Rinai*,  Poland,  and  iben  again  to  Paii^  wher^ 
in  1785,  ha  Wat  implicated  In  the  affair  of  the  Diamond  Netfclace 
(f.(.)i  and  although  (^gUoatm  cacaped  tonviclien  hf  the 


Leavtng  Engbnd,  he  ti 
Eiircfie  u  far  as  Rome,  where  be  waa  anaatad  in    ... 
trird  and  oondgnnedtodeath  for  bdng  a  heretic,  but  the  lenteota 

lumund  in  a  convent    BediedinthelortiaipdsnielSanLeo 
iuiTsJ. 
Tbe  best  acceniit  el  At  Utt.  advnnm  and  chametir  of  CiBsepp* 
ioKl  bi  (^W*  ifimnawn.    Dumas's  oord. 


CAGNIARD  DE  LA  TOUR— CAHORS 


kbnffl.: 

.-_  if  'Giaatpi  Batamt'^iamliiM ~d  amU  H  CarUMf 

(Ramc,  inl);  Siotc.  Sdtwtrmir  mad  SOwMltr  »  Bwd4  i- 
XVIIt.  /kUntoti  (l»7S)l  ud  Iba  ikBtdi  of  ta  liH  Id  a  Si 
v^L  {^ionaa,  iMi)-  U-  V.*] 

CAflirUBD  DK  U  TOnR.  CHAHLBB  {.im-iiSfH.  f^Kii 
cn^Aeer  vhI  phyiidsl,  mi  bom  Id  Paris  on  the  3111  of  MaigIi 
1777,  uid  After  attcDcL'na  the  £cbUt  Pc>tytechiuqae  bccuDS 
one  of  lbs  nfliwvt  itop'tfliivia.  Be  mt*  Bude  i>  bairoD  m 
iSiS,  mud  died  in  Fui*  as  Uh  sUi «(  July  ig;^ 


e,  *lilch  coasiHi  OMOtitUy  of  id  Atchimedan 
ct  obliquely  ia  a  iMtkot  «Mer  in  nich  a  way  that  its  Imer 
end  a  coApktdy  and  iti  i^per  end  partially  inunened,  m  ' 
openled  by  being  rotated  in  tlie  oppoiite  diiection  to  that  1 
quind  (or  laiaioi  wattr.  In  acooslii*  be  iDvealed,  about  iSi , . 
the  Lmpioved  sitta  which  a  koown  by  hii  naine,  using  it  for 
aicerlainlng  the  number  of  vibniloiia  eorre^ionding  to 
of  any  particular  .*.-■-_—.*-. 


lofai 


in  iSii-iSij  on  U»  eSc 
hquida  be  ioupi  that  for  each  Ibete  waa  a  certain  temperalui 
above  which  it  reJused  to  remain  liquid  but  paasedintolhegaieoui 
state,  no  matter  what  Ihe  amount  of  pieuuie  la  which  it  wai 
lubfccted,  and  io  (he  caM  of  water  he  detennined  this  critical 
lempeiauire,  inih  a  remarkable  a^iraach  to  accuraqr.  to  be 
]6i*  C.  He  alio  itudied  the  nature  of  yeaat  and  the  '""imifT 
of  extreme  cold  upon  its  life. 

CAOHOU.  LUIOI,  UuiCHZiE  (1762-18)3),  IialiaB  architect, 
vaabomoa  the  9th  of  June  1763  in  Milan.  He  wai  aeht  at  the 
age  of  fourteen  ID  the  Clemcniine  College  at  Rome,  and  after- 
wards  itodjed  at  the  univenily  of  Favia.  He  vis  intended 
for  the  legal  profeseion*  but  bis  pavioD  for  architecture  waa 
too  strong,  aod  aftei  holding  some  gaverauKnt  polls  at  Milan, 
be  entend  as  a  cnrapelitor  far  the  consimclHp  of  the  Porta 
Drientale.  Hii  deiigns  were  commended,  but  were  not  selected 
on  accaimt  of  the  eapcnse  their  adoption  would  have  iDvidved. 
Fnun  that  time  Cagnola  demled  Unuell  entirely  to  architecture. 
After  the  death  of  his  father  he  spent  two  yeaii  in  Verona  and 
Venice,  atudyiof  the  architectui^  structures  of  these  citica. 
Ia  iga£  he  wia  called  upon  to  erect  a  triuoiphat  arch  lor  the 
marriage  of  Engine  Beaubamals  with  the  princess  of  Bavaria. 
The  inh  vaa  of  wood,  but  was  of  such  beauty  that  it  was  Je- 
solved  to  cany  it  out  in  marble.  The  result  was  the  msgnihcent 
ArcD  deHa  Pace  in  Milan,  SBrpassed  in  dimensions  onty  by  the 
Arc  de  TCtoile  at  Paris.  Among  other  works  executed  by 
Cagaata  sre  the  Porta  di  Marengo  at  MiLu,  the  campanile  at 
Drgnano,  and  the  dupel  of  Santa  Maicellma  in  MOan.  He  died 
on  the  14th  of  Auguji  iBjj,  five  yan  before  the  completion 
of  the  Arco  del  Sempione.  which  lie  designed  for  bis  native  city, 

CAOOTS.  a  people  found  Id  the  ^aique  provinces.  Btvji. 
Giscony  and  Brittany.  Theestllest  mention  of  them  is  in  t>U, 
when  they  appear  to  have  been  caDed  Christieos  or  Cbristianoa, 
In  the  i6th  century  they  had  many  nimes,  Cagots,  Gahets, 
Giftls  in  Fiance^  Agotes,  Gafot  In  Spain;  and  Cacons,  Cabets, 
Caqueux  and  Caquins  in  Brittany.  During  the  middle  ages  they 
wcte  popularly  looked  upon  as  cretins,  lepers,  beretia  and  even 
as  canmlials.  They  were  shunned  and  haled;  were  allotted 
separate  quartets  in  towns, catted  i^acdiria,  and  lived  in  wretcbed 
hull  in  the  country  distinct  fnm  the  villages.  Eichided  from 
all  political  and  social  rights,  they  were  only  allowed  to  enter 
a  church  by  a  special  door,  and  during  the  service  a  ra3  separated 
tbem  from  the  other  worshippers.  Either  they  wen  altogether: 
forbidden  to  partake  of  the  lacrament.  or  the  holy  wafer  was 
handed  to  them  on  the  end  of  a  stick,  while  a  receptacle  (or  holy 
water  was  meived  for  theu-  exclusive  use.  They  were  compcDeil 
to  wear  a  distinctive  dress,  to  which,  b  some  pbccs,  was  attached 
the  fool  of  a  goose  or  duck  (whence  they  were  sometimes  called 
Camardi),  And  so  pestilential  was  their  touch  coo^dered  that 
Itwataoioieforlhcatowilktbicommanroadbaitfooted.  The 


re  thofe  of'batchv  and  catpcatB, 

was  woodcutting.    Their  language 

Tentonie  oiiglin  sHins  to  be  indicated  by  their  fair  complexions 
and  blue  eyet.  Their  ctsnii  have  a  normal  development^  their 
dieek'lxnieaarehigb;  their  nose*  prominent,  aiilh  laise  nostrila; 
thdr  lips  strai^t;  and  they  an  marked  by  the  absence  of  the  . 
auricular  lobnla. 

'  The  origlti  of  ItwCigoti  it  undecided.  littrf  deBnet  them  aa 
"  a  people  ol  the  PyreDet*  aUccted  with  a  kind  of  cretiniui." 
It  has  been  nggeited  that  they  were  detcendaeti  of  the  Viaigatba, 
■od  lOAacI  dtthrtt  th*  name  from  isai  (dog)  and  CM.  Bnt 
opposed  ts  this  Mymolocy  la  (ha  fact  that  the  word  cof^  b  £nt 
found  In  the /<ritfB<ara  not  earlier  than  1551.  Harca,  hi  his 
HbMrtie  Btm,  hohb  that  tbe  word  rignifics  "  hunters  of  the 
Golhi,"  and  that  the  Ckgots  an  descendants  of  the  Saracens. 
Otheo  made  thea  deacwidanta  of  the  Albjgensea.  TbeoldMSS. 
call  them  ChrtUeM  or  Chrcatlaai,aiid  [rom  thisit  haa  been  argued 
that  Ibey  were  VUgoths  who  oii^nally  lived  as  Chriitiau 
among  the  Gascon  pagans.  A  far  more  probable  eiplaaition  of 
their  name  "  ChiJtient "  la  to  be  found  In  the  tsci  ttiat  in  medieval 
times  all  lepers  were  kiuwn  as  fauftru  CMrisli,  and  lliat,  Goths 
or  not,  these  Cagots  were  aHecled  in  tlie  middle  ages  with  a 
particular  form  ol  leprosy  or  a  condition  resembhng  iL  Thus 
would  vise  the  confusion  between  ChristianBandCtetiiis.  To^y 
their  descendants  are  Ikot  more  subject  to  goitre  and  cretinism 
than  those  dwelling  around  them,  and  are  recugniaed  by  tradition 
and  not  by  features  or  physical  degeneracy.  It  waa  not  until  the 
French  Revaluiion  thai  any  steps  were  taken  to  amehoiate  their 
lot,  but  to.day  they  no  longer  form  a  class,  bul  have  been 
practically  lost  li^t  of  in  tbe  geoenl  peuantry. 

See  FnnciKiue  MicM,  HiUmrt  Ai  Hear  lunUu  di  FrtnaH 
^£tpsiH(Pari^  IB^I:  Abb»  VeautL  Jinkeraci  Mr  ;ii  CUteu  ^ 
BirJmi.tijU)t  BiUtiiH  itUttciHfatOroMetiiBr  (1S61.  iMj, 
1S68,  lg7I^;^iHafai  ■H<i».ft>wii>l^<(HS  Oaiu  186;):  LaBinii, 
Qutiliinnuiirt  mr  TfltiufMCl  il  la  nana;  hul  Raymond,  M«rJ 
btomtiitt  (Pau.  t»ri):  V.  de  Rechas.  Ln  Fariai  it  Frtuui  n 
SEitif  \Cauii  a  BaUmmi)  (Paris,  IB77)l  i-  Hack  Tuke, 
/ew.  ^  ilkropiJiigifa/ 7n:liliUi  (vol.  ix.,  ISSo), 

CAIISa(orCAH[k),amarket-townof  Co.  Tipperary, Ireland, 
in  the  south  pariiamentary  division,  beautifully  situatut  on  the 
river  Suir  at  the  loot  of  the  Callee  MounUins.  Pop.  (1901) 
lojB.  It  stands  midway  between  Clonmel  and  Tipperary  town 
the  Waterfacd  and  Limerick  hnc  of  the  Great  Southern  and 


W«l 


S.W.  f . 


a^cultural  district, 
nilling.  Its  name  (c4Uibdif,stone  lortress)  impliesabighantiquity 
,nd  the  ^te  of  the  castle,  picturesquely  placed  on  an  island  in 
he  river,  wu  occupied  from  very  early  times.  Here  was  a 
oitrcsa-palace  of  Munsler,  origioilly  islled  f^ii.tai{iict,  tbe 
suffix  signilying  *'  abounding  In  fish."  The  present  castle  dates 
iromii4i,hcingbuilt  by  O'Connor,  lotd  of  Tbomond,  and  is  well 
restored.  It  was  besieged  during  tire  wars  of  1599  and  1647, 
and  by  CromwelL  Anwog  the  Coe  environs  of  the  town  tbe 
dememe  o(  Cihee  Park  it  etpeciiUy  ooieworihy,  TTie  Mitchela- 
toivn  stalactite  caverns,  ro  m.  S.W., and  the  fincly.placed  Norman 
castle  of  ArdSnnan.  on  a  precipitous  ct^  6  m.  down  the  Suir, 
are  other  iKighbatuing  leaturet  of  inleiat,  while  the  Galtee 
Mountains,  reaching  in  Galtyiuore  a  hdght  of  ^15  ft,,  command 
admirable  prospects. 

CAHITA,  a  group  ol  North  American  Indians,  mainly  of  the 
Hayo  and  Yiqui  tribe*,  found  chiefly  in  Mexico,  belonging  to  the 

CARDXIA,  'the  name  of  a  North  Ameiican  Indian  tribe  of  the 
Dlincit  ooofedency,  and  of  Iheir  miuion  station,  near  St  Uiuia. 
The  "  Cahokia  motuid  "  there  (a  model  of  which  is  in  the  Pea- 
body  Museum,  Cambridge,  Mass.)  It  inteietting  as  the  largest 

CAHOsik  a  dty  of  •outh-wtstem  France,  capital  of  the 
departnusl  of  Lot,  70m.  N.  ol  Toukiute,  on  the  JaUway  between 
that  dCy  and  Limoges,  pop.  (rgoft)  10^^47.  Cahora  itands  on 
the  right  bank  of  the  river  Lot,  occupying  a  rocky  peninsula 
lomMdby  abend  in  "' ..,_..  .j.  ... .. .- 


.   IlitdiiMadinlotwopertioM 


9+8 


CAIATIA-^-CAILUB 


IqFlheBoidnnd  OittbelU,  «diidi  run  bom  tka  hut 

FtcDippe  OB  tke  Hntli  to  witUn  ■  short  dittincB  o[  l}ic  lonieed 
will  ol  Uh  14th  md  tslh  centuria  cuckuiiif  the  town  oa  ths 
north.  To  thceut  liathccikltoini,irithiUdukiHnowi 
■nd  clMdy-ipuked  booHi  iKst  of  the  Boulewd  ■ 
quuler,  with  ipudoos  iqiiutB  uid  pnmtudn,  lUeWbci 
,  btink  of  the  Hver.  Cabon  cmniaunirttM  with  the  op 
ihare  by  Ihm  bridga.  One  of  thoc,  the  Pont  VtlcDtrf 
wat  ol  lh«  town,  ii  the  final  fottiStd  bcid|«  ot  the  mkldk  US 
ia  Piuce.  Ii  it  A  stnicliuc  of  the  eaib'  Mlh  mntuty,  RUoied 
in  the  igth  ccntuiy,  tnd  il  defended  at  either  end  by  btgb 
Duchimlitsl  towen,  another  towet,  leu  elaborate,  niinm 

the  antic  pier.    The  eait  bridge,  Ibe  Font  N«if,  idio  dale 

tbcMlhcentury,  Tbsothednlof St£tieaDC>taadiiBlbeheai1 
ot  the  old  tovm.  Tt  dates  from  the  13th  century,  but  wai 
entirely  nstOTtd  in  the  13th  coiluiy.  lU  oleiior,  Uu  the  moit 
part  levEre  In  appeanuicc,  is  relievEd  by  UDie  fine  iculplurt, 
that  of  the  wnh  portal  being  tapedally  icmarkabk.  The 
navci  which  ii  without  alatea,  ii  lurvlounted  by  two  ctipotati 
ill  interior  a  whitewuhol  tad  plain  in  aiq>caiuice,  while  the 
dviriadcconted  with  medieval  paJntloEB.  Ad  joiniiiE  the  church 
to  the  aoutli-eait  there  are  rrtnaina  of  a  dotster  built  frnm  14^ 
to  1509.  St  UrdsK.  (be  chief  of  the  other  ccdeuaalical  buildinga, 
Itandi  near  the  catlicdnl.  Dating  from  the  iilh  and  ijth 
centurio,  it  ptcseivea  Romancique  capitals  rccarved  in  the 
14th  century-  The  prindpiU  of  the  dvil  buildings  if  the  palace  of 
Pope  John  XXII.,  built  at  the  bediming  of  the  I4lh  centuiy; 

ta  the  i}lh  centuries,  kuawu  as  the  Lo^  du  R<»,  alio  leinaiu, 
The  chid  of  the  old  houses,  o(  which  tbeic  are  many  in  Cahon, 
k  oae  of  the  i;th  centuiy,  known  is  the  Maiion  d'Henri  IV. 
Moit  of  the  Kale  huildinga  are  modctn,  with  tbe  eiceplion  of 
the  prercctuTe  which  occupies  the  old  episcopal  palace,  and  the 
old  ounveut  and  the  Jesuit  college  in  nbich  the  Lyc^  Gimbciia 
b  cstahhsbed.  The  Vonc  de  Diane  is  a  large  archway  of  Ibe 
Roman  period,  probably  the  entrance  to  the  baths.  Of  the 
commeinoiatlve  monuments,  the  finest  Is  that  erected  in  the 
Place  d'Araies  to  Cambttta,  who  was  a  native  of  the  town. 
There  is  also  a  statue  of  the  poet  Gtment  Hanit,  bom  at  Cabols 
In  1496.  Cahon  is  theseat  of  a  bishopric,  a  prefect  and  a  court 
of  assises.  It  has  tribunals  of  first  instance  and  of  commerce, 
a  chamber  of  commerce  and  a  branch  ol  the  Bank  of  France, 
Tbrit  arc  also  training  oJIcgei,  a  lyc*e,  a  communal  crfltge  (or 
^rls,  an  ccclesEasIicaTsemliiBrr,  a  library,  museum  and  hospital. 
The  rnsnufacturc  of  farm  ImplemeDts,  tannmg,  wool-spinning, 
nclal-founding,  distilling  and  the  pitparatian  of  fiU  it  Jsic 
■   ■      .    Wine,  nuts,  oil  of  nuts. 


HiUery.—Beitm 
Up  near  - 
Fontaine 
the  Roma 


and  plums  are  leai! 
■e  the  Roman  (nnquol,  Cahon.  which  grew 
lin  of  Divona  (now  known  as  the 
IiTui),  was  the  capltalof  the  Csdurd.  Under 
>yed  a  prosperity  partly  due  to  its  tnanufarture 
or  cioin  ana  oj  maltiesses,  whieh  wen  eiportcd  even  to  Roma. 
The  £nt  bishop  of  Cahon,  St  Genulfus,  appeals  to  have  lived 
in  Ibe  jrd  rentuiy.  In  the  middle  ages  the  IDWn  wis  the  (^tal 
of  Quetcy,  and  its  territory  ODtU  after  the  Albigeniiau  Cruude 
was  ■  fief  of  the  (dooU  of  Toulouie.  Tit  Kifnioili]  rights,  in- 
duding  that  of  cfHning  money,  belonged  to  tlie  bishops.  In 
Ibe  ijth  century  Cabotswas  sGnatidal  cenCK  «l  much  import- 
ance owing  to  its  colony  of  Lombard-  bankers,  and  the  name 
ttthorm  consequently  came  to  signi^  "  banller  *'  or  "  usurer." 
At  the  beginning  of  the  century  a  conmuBe  was  oiginiaed  in 
the  town.  Its  constant  oppmiiioa  M  the  bishops  drove  them, 
In  1316,  to  come  to  an  atrangement  with  the  French  king,  by 
which  Iheadminislnlkinaf  Che  town  w»  placed  ahnost  cntiiely 
bi  the  hands  oE  loyel  officers,  king  and  blshlip  being  co^eigieun. 
Tins  amngenient  survived  till  the  Revoluikn.  In  1331  Pope 
TshD  XXIL.a  natlveof  C^hon,  founded  Iherea  uoivenily,  whkh 
Imbeied  Jacques  Cujaa  annong  Its  (eactien  and 
it  Ftnekm  amoDg  iu  itudeni*-  li  fkwiishcd  till  wji, 
(  •■■  tmited  to  Iti  rival  Ike  wivcniv  ">  ToubiiM. : 


DuiiB«  the  HuiutRd  Yem' War,  ahan.  like  tW  lOtof  Qm^, 

mnsistently  reitited  tbe  English  occupation,  from  which  It  was 
reliEvedini4i8.  In  the  i£th  century  it  bebnged  to  the  vlianuiU 
of  Btain,  but  remaiaed  Catholic  and  rose  agaioit  Henry  o[ 
Navaire  who  took  it  by  aaault  in  is«o.  On  hiaaccsidon  Henry 
IV.  punished  tbe  town  by  dqnfving  It  of  it*  privikgei  as  a  wins' 
nurfceti  the  low  of  these  was  the  chief  cause  of  its  dedine. 

CAIATIA  (mod.  Calaac),  an  andent  dty  of  <^inpanh,  on 
the  right  bank  of  the  Vohunnu,  n  a.  N.E.  ol  Capua,  on  the 
road  between  it  and  Telesa.  It  wa«  ebeady  In  (he  hands  ol 
the  Rotnios  lo  306  B.a,  and  nnce  hi  the  jid  tentBtj  Bxr.  it inueil 
copper  coins  with  a  Latin  legend  it  mull  have  had  lb«  intlaa 
litHnJrapa.  In  the  Soaal  Wit  ll  lebdkd  bun  Rome,  asd  in 
territory  wis  added  to  that  of  Capua  by  SuDa.  Ia  the  hiqiciial 
period,  howtver,  we  find  it  once  more  a  mmdeipiitm.  Cailtia 
has  remains  ol  Cydopean  walls,  and  nnder  the  PiBiBflel  Ueicalo 
Is  9  large  Roman  ds1ejn,whIchsliD  provides  a  good' water  auppty. 
Theep)sci^seewufoHiidedfnAJ>.966.  The  place  is  frequently 
conlosed  with  Catatia  (g.r): 

CAIBTAB  POsm  (mod.  Cruta},  an  anooit  haifaonr  ot 
LaliKm  adieelm,  Italy,  in  tbe  teiTilOfy  of  Formiae,  fram  which 
It  is  s  m.  S.W.  The  name  (originally  KUpit  is  ftcncnUy 
derived  from  the  nunc  of  Aeneaa,  The  harbour,. swing  ta  it* 
fine  anchorage,  was  much  in  use,  but  the  place  ns  nevo-  x 
separate  town, butahnysdepcndentonFomilae.  Livy  mentiana 
a  temple  ol  Apollo.  The  coast  of  Ibe  Gull  not  Oliy  bclweca 
Ckietae  Porlns  and  Formiae,  but  E.  ol  the  latter  aliD,  as  hr  a* 
du  modem  Mome  Scanri,  wm  a  favourite  summer  resen  (see 
FORMIa),  Cicero  may  have  had  villas  both  at  Portns  Oiietae  and 
al  Formiae'  proper,  and  tlie  emperora  certain^  p'**«*t*M 
piopcrty  at  both  placa.  After  the  destructkn  of  Focailae  in 
A.ti.  847  it  became  one  of  the  most  importani  ■esporti  ot  ootnl 

Ihtalrc  and  Ihcalie:  near  the  ehsrch  of  La  Trinitt,  higher  iqi, 
are  remains  of  a  large  reservoir.  Theie  ate  alio  Inccs  ol  an 
aqueduct  The  Jnonnntory  (548  fL]  li  crowned  by  the  tonb  tt 
Munitius  nancos,  founder  ol  Lugudunum  (mod-  Lyoni],  who 
died  alter  11  n.c    It  is  a  circular  itmcture  of  blockiof  travertine 

.  high  and  iSo  IL  in  diameter.    Futther  Inland  ia  the  s»- 
called  tomb  of  L.  Atnlinus,  abeul  100  ft.  in  diameter.  Caielae 

I  was  BO  doubt  oinneclcd  with  (he  Via  Appia  (which 
passed  through  Fomdae)  by  a  iatriUidnm.    Tlure  aeecoa  abo 
*    t  been  a  raad  nioning  W.N.W.  akng  the  predpltous  coast 

duncae  (mod.  Sperlonga). 

E.  Gcnutdo  Oatnamni  aitit^  atra  la  tKrJs  Mia  VIM' 

Ap^ia  4i  Praldli  p.  7  (Naples.  irj4l-  <T.  An.) 

CAILUt  (01  CaiLll),  BEHf  AUOOSTB  (1799-1S3S),  French 
explorer,  was  bomal  Mauzf,  Poitou,  In  1799,  (he  son  (^  a  baker. 
The  reading  ol  Jloiimian  Cnue  kindled  in  him  a  love  ol  travel 


nd  advci 


Returning  to 


Siillah  cipeditian  (hen  in  that  couBlry.  HI  with  fever  he  was 
ibliged  to  go  hick  to  Fiance,  but  in  1814  was  agam  in  Senegal 
vith  the  ^ed  idea  of  penetrating  to  Timhukiu.  He  spent 
^ght  months  Aith  tbe  Brakna"  Moors"  living  north  of  Senegal 
ivcr,  learning  Arabic  and  being  Uught,  as  a  convert,  (be  tawi 
md  customs  of  Islam.  Hebidhispioject  of  reaching  Timhukiu 
>cforD  the  gavcmor  of  Senegal,  but  recdving  no  cncouiagement 
(cnt  to  Siena  Leune  where  the  British  authorities  made  bia 
lupcrintcndcot  ol  an  indigo  plantition-    Having  saved  po  he 

Uustulman.aod  gave  out  that  he  wai  an  Arab  Cram  ^ypt  who 
lad  been  ciiiied  off  by  the  French  to  Senegal  aiul  was  desltout 
if  regaining  his  own  coudry.  Starting  from  Kakundi  near 
fioki  on  the  Rio  Munez  on  tglh  ol  April  1S37,  he  travelled  east 
ilong  Ihc  hills  ol  Fula  Jallon,  passing  the  head  streams  of  tbe 
Senegal  and  crossing  the  Upper  Niger  at  Kurussa.  Still  going 
'  :  came  to  the  Kosg  highlands,  where  at  a  place  called  Timl 
1  detained  five  months  by  illness-    Resuming  his  joum^ 


iWl.p.6iQ)pnimlo 


, orlhetj.._ 

imfnien  (Carp.  laicrip.  tt 


abvGoo^le 


CAIN— CAINOZOIC 


b  Janiiuy  iSiS  he  went  DOrth-cact  uul  gained  the  city  ol  Jeont, 
whence  he  condiuied  hli  jouiney  to  Timbuktu  hy  waur  Alter 
■pending  a  fortnight  (loth  April-4th  May)  In  TimbuUu  be  joined 
>  ciiavan  crasung  the  Sahara  to  Morocco,  reaching  Fez  on  Ibe 
I2th  of  Augiut.  Ftom  Tsngier  he  relnmed  to  Fiance,  He  tad 
been  pieccded  it  Timbuktu  by  a  Biiiish  officer.  Major  Cordon 
Laing,  but  I.aing  had  been  raurdeied  (iSiC)  oa  icaving  the  city 
and  Caillit  was  tlie  Grst  lo  accdmplish  the  jnuniQr  in  H<ely 
He  was  awarded  the  prize  of  £400  oflcrcd  by  the  Geographical 
Society  of  Paris  to  the  fint  uaveller  who  should  glia  exact 
Information  of  'Hmbuktu.  to  be  compared  with  that  ^ven  by 
Muago  Park.  He  also  received  the  order  of  the  Legion  of 
Honour,  a  pendon,  and  other  distinctions,  and  it  was  at  the 
pnblic  eiprtise  that  bis  ImimaS  iTu*  vnyaSt  i  Tembcclsu  el  i 
Jam  dam  I'Afiitvc  CtMrak,  etc  (edited  by  E.  V.  Jomard)  was 
published  in  three  volumes  In  1830.  Cailli*  died  at  Badfrt  iti 
jSjS  of  a  malady  contracted  during  his  African  Itavels.  For  the 
greater  part  of  his  life  he  spelt  his  name  Caillit,  afterwards 


See 


>r  R<«Krt  Brown"!  Til  Slary  if  AJrIa,  vol.  f.  chap.  nii. 
I.  leutlGaeppiad  ConUcr.i^uCrnii^ /bsaui^  Aww, 

'i:  inU  Cum  (Parii.  ig»5):  E.  F.  JoraanL  H'axt  ka- 
itmwKIUfhtitilltiveyatailiR.  CadiiUPiua,  iBjq).  An  Englidi 
verikin  of  Calllit'i  Jcarnal  wai  iiiiblishR]  in  London  in  iSjo  in  two 
volume*  under  the  (ltl«  of  TrtMb  Umiali  Ckulral  Alrita  In  Tim- 

CAM.  in  the  Bible,  the  eldest  son  of  Adam  and  Eve  (Gen  ivj. 
was  a  tiller  of  the  ground,  •blUl  hit  younger  brolber,  Abe),  was 
a  keeper  of  sheep.  Enraged  because  the  Lord  accepted  Abel't 
«SEiiilg,  and  rejected  his  own,  he  slew  his  brother  in  the  6eld 
(see  Abei),  For  this  a  cune  waa  pronounced  upon  him,  and  he 
was  csnjj^nuied  to  be  a  "fugitive  and  a  wauderer  "  on  the  earth, 
a  mark  being  set  upon  him  "  Icu  any  findiiig  him  should  kill  him." 
He  took  up  hia  abode  in  (he  land  of  Nod  ("  wudering  "|  on  the 
ea&t  of  Edenf  where  he  built  a  dty,  which  he  named  after  his  son 
Enoch,     The  narrative  preienta  a  number  of  difficulties,  which 

lucceat.  But  when  it  ia  granted  that  the  ancient  Hebrews, 
Uke  other  primitive  peoplo.  had  their  own  mythical  and  tradi- 
tional figuiei,  the  sloty  of  Cain  beoHnca  loa  obscure.  The 
Duik  set  upon  Cain  is  usually  regarded  aa  souk  tribal  mark  or 
sign  analogous  to  the  cattle  marks  of  Bedouin  and  the  related 
uuges  in  Europe,  Such  marks  had  often  a  religious  significance, 
and  denoted  that  the  bearer  was  a  follower  of  a  particular  ddty- 
The  suggestion  has  been  made  that  the  name  Caiois  thecponym 
of  the  Kenil^  and  although  thi&  dan  baa  a  good  Dame  almost 
everywhere  In  the  Old  Testament,  yet  in  Num.  xiiv,  13  it*  de- 
struction IX  foretold,  and  the  Aotalekitea,  of  whom  they  formed 
■  division,  are  coosistcntly  represcritcd  aa  the  inveterate  enemies 
of  Vahweh  and  of  his  people  lueel.  The  itocy  of  Cain  and 
Abel,  which  appears  to  r^rcsent  the  nomad  life  as  a  curse,  may 
be  an  attempt  to  ezplaio  the  origin  of  ixn  eaistence  which  in  the 
eyesof  the  settled  agriculturist  was  one  of  Dontinual  restlessness, 
whilst  at  the  same  time  it  endeavours  to  find  a  reason  for  the  in- 

a  nun  [01  tribe)  had  killed  his  brother  [or  brother  tribe)  Cain's 
■ubscquent  foundingota  dty  linda  a  parallel  in  the  legend  ol  the 
origin  dI  Rome  through  the  swanos  ol  oullawi  and  broken  men 
of  all  kinds  whom  Roroulut  attracted  lliilfaer.  The  Lst  of  Cain's 
descendants  leSects  the  old  view  of  the  beginnings  of  dvilka- 
tion;  H  is  thrown  into  the  form  of  a  genealogy  and  il  parallel  to 
Cen,  V.  (tee  Genesis)  It  finds  its  analogy  in  the  Phoenician 
account  of  the  origin  of  dj&ercnt  invenliona  which  Eusebiui 
(fnti>,  Evani.  L  10)  i|uotei  fnnn  Phllo  of  Byblus  (Gcbal),  and 
pmbably  botb  go  back  lo  a  commaD  fio-byloniin  origin. 

On  Ibis  question,  see  Driver.  Cmsis  (WeilniinsMi  Conim,. 
London,  I<K>4).  P  80  SRI.  1 A  Jeremiai.  Alli  TcU  !m  Lnlilcil    '" 


ralnEHo 


Onth 


(iSSi, 


raaily  Stadc,.*  tadtmiulu  JleAfi.pp  Il^m ,  Ed. 

p.  Xi  siiqit  A,  R.  Gordon.  Earl*  Tni.  Cennti 
Littraiy  dittcism  (see  Cheyiie,  Eacyd.  '•■'■  —<  *—'-• 
«17)  fcu.  ma-'-  ■■• '■■  —<-" 


44i'-44i7]  has  made  it  eitremcly  probable  that  Cam  the 
unuid  andduilaw  (Gen.  Iv.  1-16)  was  oHglnallv  distinct  from  Cain 


nfnn 


at  in  I 


949 

(or  capper).    'Iltat  the  Kenhei.  toe.  were  a  nee  d 

mL  yS^^^ 

ine  mords  pu  into  Eve's  mouth  (v.  1) 
lion,  but  an  auanion  (Driver).    It  i> 

name  of  ■  tribal^od, 

, who  tOBDeeu  them 

,    They  bdicved  that  Cain  derived  his  eiiu. 
power,  and  Abel  frooi  the  inferior  iwwer.  and 

-■  waa  Ibe  first  of  a  line  which  included  Ebu, 

Koiah.  the  SodoDiieaaod  Judas  lanrlot.  (S.A.C) 

GAIHE.  nUHUl  HEHRT  HAU.  (igjj-  ),  British  novdlit 
and  dramatist,  waa  born  of  mixed  Uam  and  Cumbeiiand  F^rea- 
Rnnoon,  ChcsUie,  on  the  uth  of  Hay  18:1.  He  wai 
■idiitect,  but  lunied  lo 
in  the  Litrfe^  Utrary- 
of  D.  G.  Roaaiii.  with 
.  and  lived  with  the  poet 
lime  before  Us  death.  He  published  a  volume  of 
w  s/  Jtamai  (1S81),  ud  alio  soiDe  critical  work;  but 
in  1SS5  he  began  an  eitremety  successful  career  ts  a  novelist  ol  a 
melodiamaiic  type  with  Tlie  Skcdint  tf  a  Crimt,  toOaind  by  Tin 
Stm  efHaiar  (iS£6),  Tlu  Dttmtia  Um).  Tkt  BimdMit  (1S90), 
Tk€SciifntaHii<,i).TIuUaiuman{i&in),TktCl^lianf.it9l). 
Tie  Eltnal  C.ly  (1901),  and  Tin  Pioiitel  Sen  {1904).  Hia 
writings  on  Mam  subjects  were  acknowledged  by  hia  decLion 
in  1901  lorepresenlRanaeyintheHoUieof Keys,  TluDeemila, 
Tic  Kdiumon  and  Tin  Chrutian  had  already  been  produced  in 
dranaiic  form,  when  Tlit  Eitntal  Ci(y  wtssUf^  withmagnilicent 
acccaories  by  Mr  Beerbohm  Tree  in  iqoi,«ild  in  1905  Tki 
Prtditai  Son  had  a  successful  run  at  Drury  Lane, 

See  C.  F  Kenyan.  HM  0,i-r:  TU  Man  enl  It.  HbhUU  (1901): 
and  the  novelist's  auEobiograpliy,  ^y  Siwy  (^908). 

CA'IHO  WHALE  (ClabiafkeiMi  axfat),  ■  large  npnaenutiva 
of  the  dolphia  tribe  frequenting  tl»  coasts  of  Europe,  the 
AUaotic  coast  of  North  America,  the  Cape  and  New  Zcalcnd. 
From  its  bearly  uniform  black  colour  it  is  also  called  the  *'  black- 
fish."  Its  maiimum  length  is  about  »  ft.  These  cctaeeana 
arc  gregarious  and  iiMiffensive  in  dispositton  and  feed  eblcfly 
on  cnttle-fish.  TUr  aodable  character  constantly  leads  to  their 
destruction,  as  when  attacfad  they  inilinctively  tush  together, 
and  bNadly  fallow  the  leaden  of  the  herd,  wlunce  the  names 
[^■wh^  and  caing  (or  driving)  whale.  Many  hundreds  at  a 
time  tie  thus  fraquently  driven  ashore  and  killed,  when  a  herd 
enlen  od*  of  the  bays  or  .finds  of  tlie  Facroe  Islands  or  north  of 
ScottaDd.  The  ca^  whale  of  the  t^wth  Pacific  has  been  dis- 
tinguished at  G.  leamnuni,  while  one  from  the  Atlnatic  coast, 
south  of  New  Jcncy,  and  another  from  the  bay  of  Bengal,  an 
poaaibly  also  distiiKL    (See  C£T*C£*,) 

CAOiaZOIC  (from  the  Cr.  uu4i,  retnt,  ffi,  life),  alio 
written  Cenoioic  (American),  KaiiutauiJi,  CimafiLci  {Gennan), 
ClaeuHure  (Rcnevicr),  in  ge<Jogy,  the  name  given  lo  iheyoiinie«l 
of  the  three  great  eras  of  geological  time,  the  other  two  being 
the  Mcsoaoic  and  Falaeozoic  ens.  Some  authors  have  employed 
the  term  "  Neoacdc"  (jVwspin^)  with  the  same  &Jgoi£cance, 
others  have  restricted  its  application  10  the  Tertiary  epoch 
(fHKaiqnt,  Do  Leppatent).  The  "  Neogene  "  of  Homea  (i8u) 
indudcd  the  hiiorcne  and  Pliocene  periodsj  RenciHer  subte- 
quently  modifiFd  ill  (ortn  to  JVfeftaivw,  Tbc  letnaining  Tertiary 
periods  were  daiaed  as  PaUegaen  by  Naumaun  in  i9«6.  The 
word  "  Neocene  "  has  been  tiicd  in  place  of  Neoeoic,  but  its 
employment  is  open  to  objection- 
Some  confusion  has  been  introdvced  by  the  use  of  the  term 
Cainoioic  10  include,  on  the  one  hand,  the  Tertiary  period  alone, 
and  DO  Che  other  hasl,  to  make  it  indude  both  the  Tertiary  and 
the  peat-Tertiary  or  Quaternary  quchs;  and  in  order  that  it 
may  bear  a  reiationship  to  the  amcepta  of  time  and  faunal 
development  amilar  to  those  indicated  by  the  terms  Mcsouic 
and  Palaeozoic  it  is  advisable  to  restrict  ilt  use  to  the  latter 
alternative  Tlius  the  Cainoioic  en  wDuhl  embrace  all  the 
geologica)  perioda  frvm  EoceDt  to  Re«*nt    (See  TebiuKV  and 

FuUTOdNI.)  '  ..!.¥» 


,zoa,.,e,oi:§lL« 


95° 

CAlQIIB  (from  Tnik.  Kait),  i  l^t  ikifl  oi  lowliig-baat  uKd 
br  tin  Turki.  hiving  Erom  ons  to  twdve  jmna;  ilio  ■ 
Ijevutine  icjijiig  vmcl  of  coniidQable  tiz& 

CA  DU,  1  KBig  oI  tbc  Prencli  Rfrajution,  with  the  icbila:— 

llie  vanis,  vritUn  b^  cue  Ltdif ,  *  itnct  liaga,  wen  put  to  an 
oMer  tune,  ollcd  "  La  CiriUim  NatiOBil,"  ud  Ibe  wnf  rivalled 
tht  "  Cumaswdo  "  ((•*•)  dudng  the  Teim.  It  mt  lotbiddeB 
hy  the  Dlicctoiy. 

OAIHB,  HDVABO  (i8j5-i«oS},  Britbh  phiIow|Acc  and 
tbeokfiui,  bntlier  of  John  C^rd  <f.t.},  iMs  bocB  at  CneDock 
on  the  a  md  ef  Uaith  i>35,  and  educated  mt  GUicow  Unfrenlty 
laiBilHciOiOtt^Odmi.  Uatookatetdavlaiiiodentioiif 
Ib  iMi  aad  ta  UMrat  knuniam  in  1S63,  tad  ma  Puaey  and 
EUotOBidiolarlniMi.  Flam  iSt*  to  1866  be  ma  fethnr  utd 
tnuitf  HotonCdkie.  to  iSM  be  becuia  wofeaiM  of  BonI 
Mhtoflij  in  tbe  uulmalij  of  Clugow,  and  in  1S9)  mneeded 
BenlimlDjowettaanaateriifBalliaL  With  nunnaa  HiO  Gncn 
be  foonded  In  BagUnd  1  achoDl  of  ottbodoK  nea-HegdianiBn 
(ice  Hkml,  oJ  jta.),  and  through  hia  pupila  be  eietled  a  far- 
leatbhiglnfliwnceanEn^BhpblleaoptayandtbaolaoF.  Oalngto 
failing  health  he  gave  up  hit  iKtmta  bi  1904,  aad  bi  May  igo6 
migned  bla  mutoihip,  in  wUeh  it  waa  auceeeded  by  Janta 
Lel|^  Stiachan-DividioD,  «ba  had  pnvtamly  fbi  aoma  time, 
aa  raiv  tnlat  and  leUow,  tiorae  tbe  ddcf  bunien  of  ooHege 
admiiilitntlai.  Dr  Caiid  lEOttwd  tba  bononiy  degna  of 
D.C.L.  in  i>9i;  he  wai  made  a  eencnxndiiig  meml>cr  ti  tb 
French  AadEmy  of  Honl  and  PoUtkal  Science  and  a  tdlow  a 


SacM  Fkikupky  ^  Cvmtt 
PkOiM^  (iSqi);  Eialiiliai  tf  gdipm  (GlSord  Lectum, 
i89i'iB9a);  BttUtOim  1/  Thalia  l"  ^  O"^  PhOaitttm 
(1QO4);  and  he  la  r^maented  in  tbia  encydopaedla  by  the 
aittde  on  CMmLumiL    Ha  (Ued  on  the  lU  of  Movonbar  igo8. 

ForaaWciniaf  Dr  Caird'!  th«ilafy,  w  A.  W.  Dam,  A>|fi'(t 
BaUtmJitm  u  llie  igU  Ctnlary  (Londan,  ivA). 

ClIHIh  JOBV  (iSw-iS^B),  Scottkh  divine  and  phibaopbcr, 
waa  been  at  Gieeiio^  on  tha  ijth  oi  Daomber  iSml  In  hit 
tixteeulh  fcai:  lie  entarad  the  ofiice  oi  ilia  father,  *ba  waa  partner 
and  manager  d  a  Snn  at  eaghiaata.  Two  yeara  later,  however, 
he  obtained  leave  lo  continna  hit  atodlta  at  Gbagow  Unlreraity. 
After  a  year  of  ■'-''—■''■  Ufa  be  tikid  builnf  ■  i£ilii,  bm  hi  1840 
be  gave  it  up  finally  and  tctumad  to  eoDtge.  b  1S45  b*  entered 
the  minlttiy  el  the  Cbacb  of  Scotland,  and  after  briding  aeveral 
livinii  aCMpted  the  (hair  «i  divinity  at  Glaagow  En  iWi.- 
Daring  theae  yean  Ita  won  a  fOnoMMt  place  among  tlie  pnadian 
of  Sci^anl  In  theology  he  waa  a  Broad  CSnnlaian,  iiwViag 
alwayi  toempbaala  the  pcrmanentdemenlt  in  rdiglun,  aadignoi- 


CAIQUE— CAIRNES 


In  tS«>-i89iasd hi  189^896.  BiMlwtniwdiaiuatPhasiatllj 
if  SdS^an  (1880)  it  an  attempt  to  dww  tbe  eiientlal  ndoulity 
olrdl^on.  ItiatdealiatielncbaiacteT.behigbtacta  tepreduc- 
tion  oi  Hegelian  ttafliing  In  dear  and  mdodiooa  language.  Hit 
argument  te  tba  Being  o(  God  b  bated  od  Iha  hypothec  that 
thougbtr-not  Individual  but  wdvartal  lathewaUQfotatltMnga, 
the  ciliteDce  of  thb  Infinite  Tbog^  befa«  dnnonttntcd  by  tbe 
Unitatiooa  of  finite  thought.  Again  bit  GiSOnI  Lectutci  aie 
devoted  to  the  pno(  of  the  tiuth  of  Chriitiaidty  an  greunda  gf 
light  reaaco  alone.  Caird  wrote  alto  an  enxllent  atody  «i 
SpfBOta,  In  which  be  thawed  the  latent  Htgalianitm  oi  the 
gnat  Jewjah  phUoaoidiai.    Be  died  on  the  joth  of  July  1B9I. 

C&IU  (in  Gaelic  and  Wdah,  Can),  a  heap  it  ttonet  pilad 
iqi  in  a  conical  form.  Ja  moden  timia  Calm  u*  eltaiincted 
aa  tandmarta,  In  indent  lioM*  they  w«n  enctol  at  atpokbial 
nonmnenli.  Tba  CNwt  gfraant*.  an  uident  Idih  poen, 
deaofbca  the  ereettoo  of  a  famBy  aim;  and  the  S«k*u  Uk, 
a  toUectlon  of  ancient  Irith  lava,  pntcilbco  a  fine  irf  thiM  Ibno- 
y«t^oldheifenfor"notcrKtingthetombotlbycUid.'  llaet- 
bga  «( the  ttibcB  woe  held  at  them^  and  the  iDangmalkn  of  i 


w  ddef  look  place  ot 


Itiin 

tbe  O'Connoi  wu  iniugunlid  on  the  calm  of  Fiaecb,  the  ion  H 
Fiodhach  of  Iha  red  haii.  In  medieval  tinus  olmi  ate  often 
lelemd  to  at  bouodaiy  maiia,  though  probably  not  origioally 
niied  for  that  puipcoe.  In  a  cbattu  by  King  Akiander  IL 
(i  311),  gnnting  tbe  land*  of  Biugyn  to  the  mcoks  ol  EinloM,  the 
bounduy  a  docribcd  u  pawing  "  fiom  [he  gicat  oak  in  Ualievin 
as  far  u  tbe  Ruiu  Pidanm,"  which  ii  explained  as  "  tbe  Came 

tobe  elected,  even  in  recent  timet,  at  pliK*  when  Ibe  coffin  of  a 
dittinguiibedpcoOD  waa  "  niled  "  onita  way  to  the  cburdiyud. 
Memorial  eaiint  an  itUI  occitiouljy  erected,  at,  for  inttuui^ 
the  aim  laiied  In  raemoiy  of  the  pdnce  conioit  at  Balmoral, 
and"  Maule'i  Cain,"  in  CIcnetk,  erected  by  tbe  eariafDilhoiuie 
in  1366,  in  memory  oi  binnelf  aiid  certain  (riendi  ipedfied  by 
name  in  tbe  inicription  placed  upon  iL     (See  Bauow.) 

CAIBMES,  JOHN  ELUOTT  (1813-1875),  Britiih  paUtJcal 
ecanomiit,  wat  barn  at  Cutis  Bellingbam.  Ireland,  in  1S13. 
After  leaving  adwol  he  apent  aome  yean  in  the  coimting-havte 
of  Ui  f itiieT,  a  bnwer.  Hi*  liitit,  bawever,  lay  altBgetha-  in  the 
direction  of  itudy,  and  be  wti  pomllted  tooilei  lUii^  College, 
puUin,  wbm  be  took  the  degree  of  BA  in  1848,  and'tii  yean 
later  that  of  M.A.  After  patting  thioiigh  the  cxnicidum  of  arta 
be  engaged  hi  the  ttudy  al  law  and  wai  called  to  the  Irlth  bar. 
But  he  felt  no  vliy  itnng  fnduiatlon  for  tbe  le^  llii<miiiii. 
and  during  tome  yenn  he  occupied  **fTn»lf  to  ^  laiga  ettoit 
with  CQatiibutioBS  to  tha  daily  pnai,  treating  of  the  lodal  and 
ecanomtcal  qDcettOnt  that  affected  Inland.  He  devoted  moat 
to  poljtleal  eoonoroy,  wUA  ha  atudied  with  great 


acquaintance  of  Ardibitbop  Wbately.  who  ooncdvcd  a  veiy  hl^ 
mpecl  for  hii  thancler  and  al^tlea.  In  1856  n  vacancy 
Dccnmd  hi  Che  chair  of  political  economy  at  DnhHn  founded  hr 
Whatcly,  and  Caimea  received  the  ippcintmenL  In  accordance 
with  thereguIatianBof  tbefbondatioD,  tbeiectureaot  hb  firal 
yiar^  couiie  wen  publiabed.  The  book  appeared  In  1857  «llh 
the  tftle  OuracUr  ant  Uffcd  UMti  if  PtUIUal  Ectnamj. 
It  follovn  up  and  cqinda  J.  S.  WII4  treatment  In  the  £fMy>  M 
IfvaOUtd  QuaHeni  in  rttUkat  Ecanamy,  and  foona  an 


an  the  qualltlet  diancterittlc  of  Udi  at  of  aO  hit  Dl     

If  the  bai  had  done  nothing  man,  It  would  atll  havw  eealeind 

To  the  view  of  the  pnndnee  and  laetbod  ci  poDtical  eeonMjy 
etpounded  b  thlt  eaiiy  wait  tba  aothor  ahnya  tamahied  tne, 
audteveralofliitlatareiaay(,tadaatlioaaon  pBliUtal  Jmimhj 
omI  leiat,  PMUat  EaMmy  and  latoo-FM^  an  but  idten- 
tloni  of  the  Mme  doctrinev  Hit  next  ccnbtbutloB  to  economical 
adence  w*a  a  aciiei  cd  artidca  on  the  gold  qoeMton,  ptdiBibed 
part^  in  Fratv't  Vofoifm,  In  wfaicb  the  pfobabic  oooieqoenctn 
ot'tbe  tncnaacd  uipply  of  gold  attendant  on  tbe  Aoittallan  and 
CaHtotBlan  gold  dbcoveijet  were  anilyied  with  Kceat  ikQl'and 
nUUty.  And  a  critical  aitliie  on  H.  Chevalier^  weA  On  On 
PnliaUl  Poll  D>  »•  laJw  iif  CM  appeared  In  the  EiMwfi 
Jinta  for  July  1860. 

In  1 8dl  (^inm  wat  ippdnted  to  the  profettODhtp  oi  politktl 
ecraiomy  and  Juiiipmdence  In  Queen^  College,  Oahny,  and  in 
the  faOning  year  be  puUIihed  Ui  ndtalnble  WOik  nt  Slot 
Pnur,  one  of  tbe  fioeit  apetiment  U  applied  eemoirical  pUo- 
tcjihy.  The  Inherent  dindvantafca  of  the  employment  d 
alave  labour  wen  eapoied  with  great  fulnaa  and  ability,  and  tbe 
ceoduiiima  arrived  at  have  taken  thdr  place  amoog  the  ncog- 
nlnd  doctiinea  ot  political  ccononiy.  He  opinicna  mattd 
by  Calmci  at  to  the  probible  Iiiae  of  the  war  in  Ameikn  vera 
largely  voified  by  the  actual  coniie  of  eventt,  and  the  appeUMK* 


tadouapoUtical-thaikeii  in  Baglaad  to 


irilalheaowttiertlib 


Dmini  tte  Timiiader  of  Ui  itddeece  at  G*tw»7  PnTcBar 
Cilmo  pnUiihBl  sotldiig  beyood  nmc  fnementi  Mid  punpUed 
ttaloly  upoD  IiBh  qoatiaiis.  The  m«t  vtliubk  of  Ihoc  papcn 
(Tc  the  inia  derated  to  the  ccnuidentiini  of  inuTenfly  edncBtknL 
Hl9  halth,  at  m  time  nry  food,  mu  itOl  fnrthei  makeoed  la 
iB4s  b]'  a  fan  fndi  hli  hont.  He  wu  enr  afterward*  Incafa- 
dtated  bom  aniva  sxettkm  md  wu  coiutantlr  Uible  to  bive 
hli  woA  fntcrfncd  iritb  by  attacki  of  Hben.  In  itU  he  wu 
^pedaled  pfofesMT  of  poUtkal  ceonomjr  b  Unhpettily  Collefe, 
Laaim.  He  mi  compcUed  to  tptdd  Qte  •atitm  itU-iUg  En 
Italy  but  on  hii  return  cmitfaitied  to  lectnn  tOI  1S71.  During 
hk  laat  KiriaD  he  omdnctid  a  mixed  dam,  laditi  bebif  admitted 


to  diadtargB  Ui  pabUc  datin;  he  ttaigned  hb  pott  b  1373,  and 
retired  with  the  hannrary  title  of  emerittii  profenot  ol  political 
eoiuBmy.  In  1873  bli  own  Dntrertity  ooaferrtd  m  him  the 
detme  of  LL.D.  He  died  at  Blachheath,  neat  London,  on  the 
Sth  of  Joly  1S75. 

The  lait  jrcan  of  bb  Gfb  were  tpcnt  h  the  ooOection  and 
pnbHcatioa  of  mne  acattend  papera  contribaled  to  Tarioos 
iTvievi  and  mafadnei,  and  In  the  prepoiation  of  his  most 
extemtre  and  important  mA.  The  PoliUiot  Eaofi,  publiihed 
In  iSti,  CMBIBiie  an  hb  ptpen  idaEfnx  to  Ireland  uul  its  nai- 
venity  system,  together  wHh  imne  Oths  artjdes  oi  a  somewhat 
ibnilir  natnn.  The  Sttayi  in  ftUSat  Ecantmy,  Tieenlical 
viiAftlild,  WUdi  appeared  In  the  nnw  year,  contain  the  essays 
towards  a  solntion  of  the  gdd  queslioii,  brougbt  op  to  date 
and  tested  by  compariKO  with  ilatlaUcs  of  prices.  Among 
the  other  arUdea  b  the  nluine  the  more  irapoitaot  are  the 
ccttkinu  on  Bastiat  and  Comte,  and  the  essays  dd  PeHlical 
Bmtmy  lad  Land,  and  on  Pulilital  EetiiBmy  and  Laisia-FaiH, 
wUii  Ibvc  been  referred  to  above.  In  i  i^^  appeared  lils  largest 
work.  Seme  ttadini  Frindfia  ef  Pelilial  EaHomy,  itemiy 
ExtBmdtd,  which  ii  beyond  doubt  a  worthy  sucxessor  to  the 
great  ticatiBes  of  Smith,  Malihus,  Ricardo  and  MilL  It  does 
not  opODnd  a  completed  lystem  of  political  economy;  many 
{mpactaal  doclrina  are  lilt  mitancbed;  and  In  geiien]  Ibe 
treatment  of  problems  is  not  such  as  would  be  cuited  for  a 
lyitematic  manuaL  The  woik  it  (swnlially  a  ajmmcntary  on 
(Otoe  of  the  prindpol  dodritica  of  tlte  English  sdioal  of  erooo- 
miUa,  inch  a(  value,  xoit  of  production,  wages,  labour  and 
capita),  and  International  viliiei,  and  Is  rcplele  with  keen 
ditiduB  and  tadd  iUoMiation.  Wdle  b  fundamental  harmony 
with  HOI,  espedaUy  as  legardi  the  general  conapllon  of  the 
science,  CaJme*  differs  from  bim  to  a  greater  or  leu  extent  on 
nearly  all  the  ordinal  doctiines,  subjects  hii  opinions  to  a 
■eardtlDg  examination,  and  generally  succeeds  b  giving  to  the 
truth  that  is  common  to  both  a  firmer  biiii  and  a  more  precise 
ttatemenL  Tlw  last  labour  to  whicb  he  devoted  hinudf  was  a 
repnblicatlan  d  bl»  fint  work  on  the  Lciital  UclkeJ  (>/  Pelilkal 

Tikra  ai  a  whole  the  woiki  of  Calmes  fomrd  the  matt 
important  eontribntion  to  economicil  science  made  by  the 
E^A  tdwol  since  the  publicntloD  of  J.  S.  HiD's  Priiuiplii. 
It  1)  not  possible  to  indiate  more  than  generally  the  spedal 
adnncetin  ecoDomlcdoctrbe  effected  by  hiin,  but  ike  foUowiag 
pofnta  nay  be  noted  »  establishing  for  him  a  claim  to  a  place 
beside  Riaido  and  HDl;  (i)  His  expnition  of  the  province  and 
method  tt  poBtka)  economy.  He  never  luflen  it  to  be  foigotten 
0iat  political  economy  it  a  nSmti,  and  consequently  that  it* 
retnlta  are  entirely  neutral  irbh  req>ect  to  social  facts  or  sysumt. 
It  hai  simply  to  trace  the  necessary  conneiiont  among  the 
phenomenaofwealth  and  dictates  Euniks  for  practice.  Further, 
be  it  dbtinctly  opposed  both  to  those  who  would  treat  political 
economy  as  an  integral  part  d  soda]  phUoiophy,  and  to  those 
who  have  attempted  to  express  economic  facts  in  quantitative 
formulae  and  to  inake  economy  a  branch  of  applied  mtlheoutics. 
According  to  him  political  etonomy  ia  a  mixed  science,  its  field 
being  partly  mental,  partly  physloL  It  may  be  called  a  positive 
science,  because  its  premises  are  facts,  but  It  is  hypothetical 
In  K)  hr  aa  the  laws  it  lays  down  are  only  apptoximalely  true, 
(.s.  are  only  valid  In  the  absence  of  counlcractinf  agencies. 


■N£5  951 

fjom  tUs  i^ew  of  the  nature  ot  the  science,  It  toltowi  at  onca 
that  tbe  method  to  be  pursued  must  be  that  called  by  Mm  Iha 
physiml  or  cnocrete  deductive,  which  starts  froo  certain  known 
causes,  invettlffites  their  consequences  and  veriSc*  or  testa  tbe 
lesnli  by  comparison  with  facts  of  experience.  It  may,  perhaps, 
be  tbonidit  that  Ctlmei  gives  too  Uttle  attention  tc  "^    "   " 


poUtital  eoonamy.    (1)  Hisana^vis  o(  coil  ol  production  b  iti 

cost  of  production  an  the  wages  of  labour  and  the  pmSts  of 
CBpltaL  To  this  theory  Calmca  objects  that  wapa,  being 
rcmuncratioa,  can  In  no  seme  be  considered  aa.cott,  and  could 
only  have  come  to  be  reprded  as  coat  b  consequence  of  the 
whole  problem  being  treated  from  tbe  point  of  view  of  tho 
cajdtalist,  to  whmn,  oa  doubt,  the  wages  paid  r^seaoft  coiL 
The  real  elcnents  of  cost  of  production  he  looks  upon  aa  labour, 

not  necessarily,  upon  the  capitalist.  In  this  analyiia  ho  to  a 
considerable  extent  (oOows  and  improves  upon  Senior,  who 
liad  pnvioody  defioed  cost  of  productian  aa  the  sum  of  the 
labour  and  abstliwiKie  necessary  to  production,  (j)  BJs  eipoal- 
tlon  of  tbe  natural  oi  sodal  limit  to  free  competition,  and  of  its 
bearingim  the  theory  4^  value.  He  pobts  out  that  In  any  orgu- 
Ized  society  there  can  hardly  be  the  ready  transference  of  Cairital 
from  one  employmcat  to  soother,  which  is  tbe  Indl^ieosaUe 
conditioa  of  fice  competition;  while  dau  distinctions  tender  It 
Impossible  foe  labour  to  tiajiafer  itself  nadHy  to  new  occupatiOD*. 
Sodety  may  thus  be  regarded  as  consisting  of  a  series  of  non- 
competing  indusUfil  groups,  with  free  competltiaD  among  the 
members  of  any  one  group  or  class.  Now  the  only  condition 
nnder  which  cost  of  production  will  regulate  valne  is  perfect 
competltioa.  II  fcdlowt  thai  the  normal  value  ol  oonunoditfe* — 
the  value  which  gives  to  the  producers  the  average  and  usual 
remuneration — will  depend  upon  coil  of  production  only  when 
the  eicbange  is  confined  to  the  members  of  one  dasl,  among 
whom  there  is  free  competitioa.  In  exduuga  between  daisca 
or  non.compcting  mduittial  groups,  the  dohuI  value  is  umply 
a  ease  of  international  value,  and  depends  upon  redprocal 
demand,  that  is  to  lay.  Is  such  as  will  satisfy  the  equation  of 
demand,  lliis  Iheoiy  is  a  substantial  contribution  to  economical 
■deuce  and  throws  great  light  upon  the  general  problem  of 
value.  At  the  same  time,  it  may  be  thought  that  Csimcs  over- 
knlced  a  point  brought  forward  prominently  by  Senior,  who 
also  liad  called  attention  to  the  bearing  of  competitioa  on  tlw 
relation  between  coal  of  production  and  value.  The  cost  to  tbe 
producer  fixes  the  limit  tilow  which  the  price  cannot  fall  without 
the  supply  being  afiecied ;  but  it  is  the  d«iie  of  the  oinsumei — 
i.i.  what  be  is  willing  to  give  up  rather  than  be  compelled  to 
produce  the  commodity  for  himself — that  fixes  the  Tn*"'"'"Tr 
value  of  the  artide.  To  treat  ihe  whole  problem  of  natural  or 
notmal  value  from  the  pfunt  of  view  of  the  producer  Is  to  give 
but  a  one.sided  theory  of  the  facts.  (4)  His  defence  of  the  wages 
fund  doctrine.  This  doctrine,  expounded  by  Um  b  his  Am- 
cifla,  had  been  relinquished  by  him,  bat  Cairnes  stm  undertook 
10  defend  It,  He  ccrtiiinly  succeeded  in  removing  ftom  tlie  theory 
much  that  had  tended  to  obscure  its  real  meaning  and  bpladng 
it  in  itt  very  best  aspect  He  also  showed  the  sense  in  which, 
when  treating  the  problem  of  wagta,  we  must  refer  to  simu  fund 
devoted  to  the  payment  of  wages,  hod  pomted  out  ttic  oonditions 
under  which  Ihc  wages  fun<" 
added  thai  hli  LtadlKi  PnitifUi  co 
on  trade  unioni  and  protection,  together  With  a  dear  analysis 
of  (he  difficult  theory  of  inlematioosl  trade  and  value,  in 
which  there  is  much  that  is  both  noni  and  valuable.  The 
Lopad  JitlMcJ  contains  about  the  best  eqwsitloa  and 
defence  of  Ricardo's  theory  of  rent;  and  the  Euayt  contain 
a  very  dear  and  formidable  critidtm  of  ^astiat's  economic 

Professor  Caimes's  son,  Camain  W.  E.  CktRxn  (igfii'ipo6), 
was  an  able  writer  on  mifitaty  nblects,  being  antbor  of  An 
>(ti«^«iiiid(if  (Car  (1900},  rfa  CMMHf  ICaUrJM  (1905),  *c 


9S« 


CAIRNGORM— CAIRNS,  LORD 


Han  or  faiown  variety  ol  qnuti,  nimed 

fiDmCifnigonBaiCiinigonun.oEcof  thcpaluaftbc  Cnmplia 
SlounUlni  in  BonSihiie,  Scolluid,  Accotdiiic  to  Hi  E.  H. 
Cimninghun-Crug,  tlw  mineral  occim  in  oysuli  Siiliif  dvltkt 
in  hifhiy-iiKliiKd  veiu  of  ■  finc-'gniiied  gnnite  nurning  throng 
(hecouMtgnniUof  thcmainniau.  Shallow  [dis  litre  rormuly 
dog  in  tlw  kiotinizcd  granile  fot  sake  of  the  oiiniSDmi  and  the 
miiienl  wjn  ilu  lound  ai  pcbhlei  in  the  bed  of  the  liver  Avon. 
Caingerm  is  *■  fivourile  omamental  Mone  in  Scotland,  being 
«et  in  the  lids  oI  inuS-muUs,  in  tlie  baiidlei  of  diiki  and  in 
bcoodiei  fot  Highland  Kotume.  A  rich  sheny-ydlow  colour  b 
noeh  eateenKd.  Qiuiti  ol  yellow  and  blown  colour  ia  often 
known  In  tnde  u  "ialie  topu,"  ot  tlmply  "  topai."  Such 
quutx  Ii  found  it  many  localities  In  Bradl,  Russia  and  Spain. 
Uuch  of  the  yellow  quartz  uicd  in  jewellery  is  uid  to  be  "  burnt 
anielhyit ";  that  ii,  it  wai  orij^oally  amethyitine  quarts,  the 
colour  of  which  has  been  modified  by  heat  (see  Ahetbyix). 
Yellow  guatti  ii  umetimes  known  as  dtiine;  when  the  quaiti 
pmenti  >  pile  brown  lint  it  Is  called  "  smoky  quarti "]  and 
when  the  brown  li  so  deep  that  the  stone  appeals  almost  black 
It  Is  termed  morlotL  The  brown  colour  has  been  referred  to  the 
presenee  of  titanium. 

CAIBItS,HaBB  KCCAUiOirr  CAOtm,  1ST  EAiL(i8ig-iSSj), 
Irish  itatesnun*  and  brd  chancellor  oS  £ngland,  was  bom  at 
Cultia,  Co.  Down.  Ireland,  on  the  >;th  of  December  iSig.  His 
father,  William  Calms,  formcily  a  captain  in  the  47th  regiment, 
came  of  a  family^  ol  Scottish  ongin,  which  migrated  to  Ireland 
In  Uie  time  of  Junes  I.  Hugh  Cairns  wuhissecondun.and  was 
educated  at  Belfast  academy  and  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin, 
graduating  with  a  senior  moderalorship  in  classics  in  igjS.  In 
iSm  Ik  was  catted  lo  Um  bar  at  the  Middle  Temple,  to  which  he 
had  nugrated  from  Lincoln's  Inn.  During  his  6nl  years  at  tlic 
chaocoylar,  Cairns  sbowcdlittlepromiscof  the  eloquence  which 
l^terwards  distinguished  him.  Never  a  rapid  speaker,  he  was 
then  so  slow  and  diffident,  that  he  feared  that  this  defect  might 
tnletfert  with  Us  lepd  career.  Fortunately  he  was  soon  able  to 
Tid  hlmself.of  tlie  idea  tbat  be  was  only  Gt  for  practice  as  a  con- 
veysncer  IniSjiheenteied  parliament  as  member  for  Belfast, 
■ndhbIim,onh^bea>mtngaQ.C.in  1^56,  madehlmabencher- 
lD  iSjg  Cairns  was  appointed  solidtor-gcnenl,  and  was 
kidghted,  andin  May  of  tbat  year  made  two  of  liis  most  brilUaot 
■nd  bett-nmembetedqieecheiin  the  House  ot  Commons.  In  Ihe 
firat,  he  defended  the  action  of  Lord  EUenborough,  wlio,  ai 
president  of  the  boatd  of  centrol,  had  not  only  censured  Lord 
C>n''<''g  for  a  proclamation  Issued  by  him  as  governor-general  of 
In'^  but  had  made  public  the  despatch  In  which  the  censure  was 
conveyed.  On  the  other  ocfaiion  relemd  to.  Sir  Hugh  Cairns 
ipoke  in  opposition  to  Lord  John  Russell's  amendment  to  the 
aotioa  for  the  second  reading  of  the  govemmeat  Reform  BUI, 
winzung  the  most  cordial  commendation  of  Disraeli,  tlisiaeli's 
tppreclatlon  faund  an  opportunity  for  displaying  itself  some 
lears  latei,  »hen  in  186S  he  invited  him  to  be  lord  chancellor  in 
the  brief  Conservative  administration  which  followed  Lord 
Derby's  resignation  of  the  leadership  of  his  party.  MeanwhDe, 
Ciimi  had  maintained  bis  reputation  in  many  other  debates,  both 
when  his  party  was  In  power  and  when  It  was  hi  opposition.  In 
igM'Loid  Derby,  returning  to  office,  had  made  him  attorney- 
general,  and  In  the  same  year  he  bad  availed  himself  of  a  vacancy 
to  seek  the  comparative  rest  of  the  couil  of  sppod.  While 
lord  justice  be  had  been  oScred  a  peerage,  and  though  at  G 
unable  to  accept  it,  he  bad  finally  done  so  on  a  relative,  a  memi 
of  the  wealthy  famUy  of  UcCalmont,  pioviding  tlie  ma 
necessary  for  tiie  endowment  of  a  title. 

The  ai^intment  of  Baron  Cairasof  Gamoylesslord  diancclloc 
In  1S6S  involved  the  Buperscding  of  Lord  Chelmsford, 

Which  apparently  was  canied  out  by  Disraeli 

might  have  been  eipected  of  him. 
dedared  that  he  had  been  sent  away  wiin  leis  courtesy  ui 
had  been  a  butler,  but  the  testimony  of  Lord  MalmesI 
tmog  tliat  the  aflair  was  the  result  of  an  understanding 
'Set  Bitltryif  lit  Jamily^  Ctintttr  Caim,hfH-C.  Lawlor 

OitOTl. 


it  when  Lord  Chelmsford  took  oAco.  tHnuUkeldottoeontlds 
)ccuion  for  a  lew  months  only,  and  sAen  Lord  Dttby  died  in 
J864,  Lord  Cairns  became  the  iMdet  d  the  Conservative  oppoB- 
tlon  En  the  Qotae  of  Lords.  He  had  '*t*'^*jr'**>**J  i>i*H»*jf  jq  tk* 
Commons  by  his  resistance  to  the  Romaa  fittfrftli'T'  Oatk  Bill 
brought  in  in  iS6s;  In  lue  Lonis,  hb  eOorta  on  bduH  of  th* 
Irish  Church  were  equiilly  tttemunB.  His  speech  on  dadatone^ 
Suipetuory  Bill  was  sitcrvsrds  pubUsbed  as  a  pamphlet,  but  the 
Bttitode  whicli  he  and  the  peers  who  followed  him  had  takes  up. 

incident  appears  to  have  cshibited  his  statesmsniike  qualities  in 
'ked  degree,  for  tie  secured  concessions  which  would  have 
iiTcIlievsbly  lost  by  tontlnued  opposition.  Not  long  after 
this.  Lord  Csirns  resigned  the  leadership  of  his  party  in  the  uxf>a 
,  but  tie  tiad  t^  resume  it  in  [S70  and  toc^  a  strong  part  in 
opposing  tlie  Irish  Land  Bill  in  that  year.  On  the  ConsovalivB 
:oming  Into  power  In  1B74,  tie  again  beome  lord  chancellor;  m 
1S78  he  was  made  Viscount  Csrmo]de  and  Earl  Caima;  and  in 
[8S0  his  party  went  out  of  office.  In  opposilion  he  did  noC  take 
IS  prominent  a  part  as  previously,  but  when  Lord  Bi 


Ms. 


party  was  better  than  that  of  Lord  Salisburj. 

>f  falling.    He  had  pciiodicaity  made  cnforcBd 
Uviera.  and  for  many  years  had  had  a  house  at 
hat  he  died  on  the  snd  of  Apti 


Calms  ms  a  great  lawyer,  with  an  Immense  griV  ol.fitit 
principle*  and  the  power  to  eipicsi  than;  his  jadgment*  taking 
theformof  luminous  expositions  or  treatiiei  upon  the  Uvgovef>- 
Ing  the  case  before  him,  rather  than  of  controversial  discusswasef 
the  arguments  adduced  by  counsel  or  of  anslysb  of  his  o«> 
reasons.  Lucidiiy  and  lo^c  were  the  leading  chatacteristia  ol 
his  qieeches  in  his  professionsl  capacity  and  in  the  poUlical  arena. 
In  an  eloquent  tribute  to  his  memory  in  the  House  ol  Lords.'Lord 
Chief  Justice  Coleridge  eipressed  the  high  opinion  of  the  kgsl 
profession  upon  his  merits  and  upon  the  severe  integiity  and 

selections  Cor  the  bench.  His  piety  was  reflected  tiy  tliat  of  tiis 
great  opponent,  rival  and  friend.  Lord  Sclbome.  Like  Lord 
Sdbome  and  Lord  Hathedey,  Cairns  found  leisure  at  his  tntsiest 
for  leacliing  in  the  Sundsy-tchool,  but  it  is  not  recorded  of  them 
(ss  of  him)  that  Ihey  refused  to  undertake  work  at  the  bar  on 
Sstutdays.  In  order  to  devote  ttiat  day  to  hunting.  He  used  10 
say  tbat  bis  great  incentive  to  hard  work  at  his  pmfession  In  ^ly 
days  was  bis  desire  to  keep  hunters,  and  he  retained  his  keenaos 
ss  a  sportsman  as  long  as  he  was  able  to  indulge  it.  Of  liis  pcrsanal 
cliaracieristics.  it  may  be  said  tbat  be  was  a  qiate  man,  with  a 
Scottish,  not  an  Irish,  cast  ol  countenance.  He  was  scrupuloosty 
neat  in  his  personal  appearance,  faultless  in  bands  and  necktie, 
and  fond  of  wearing  a  Bower  in  tiis  button-bde.  His  diiQy 
manner,  coupled  with  his  somewtiat  austere  religious  priiu^ks, 
tud  no  doubt  much  to  do  with  the  tact  that  Ite  was  i«ver  a 
popular  man.  His  friends  claimed  for  him  a  keen  sense  of  humour, 
but  it  was  not  to  be  detected  by  those  whoee  knowledge  of  him 
was  professional  rather  than  perionsl.  Probably  be  Ihou^i  thr 
eihitiiiiDn  of  humour  incompatible  srilh  the  dignity  5t  high 
judicial  portion-  Of  bblegal  attainments  ttiece  can  be  do  doubL 
His  InSucfiu  upon  the  legislation  ol  Ihc  day  was  larply  Idt 
where  questions  affecting  religion  and  the  Church  were  involved 
and  in  matters  peculiarly  affecting  his  own  profession.  Uispowcr 
was  felt,  as  has  tieen  said,  both  when  he  was  in  office  and  irbeB  his 
party  was  in  opposition.  He  had  been  chairman  of  the  tomniitec 
on  judicature  reform,  and  although  he  was  Dot  iu  office  nbea  the 
Judicature  Act  was  passed,  ail  the  reforms  in  the  legal  pinzdurc 
of  hisdsyowcd  much  toliim.  He  took  part,whcn  out  of  office. in 
the  pai^g  of  tlie  Married  Women's  Pn^ieny  Aa,  asd  wn 
directly  responsible  for  Ihc  Conveyancing  Acts  c(  iSSi-iggi,  and 


CAIRNS,  J.— CAIRO 


f«  Ihe  Stilled  Land  Act  Huy  otber  ilaliitB  in  which  lis  wu 
lari^y  ccQ>ceTTi«d  might  be  quoted.  His  judgments  ore  to  be 
faund  in  the  Law  Rcpoitj  and  those  wbo  wuh  to  con^'der  bii 
oritocy  should  read  the  ^Kcchcs  above  rercrred  to,  or  that 
delivered  in  the  House  oF  Lords  on  the  Compensallon  for  Dfs- 
tucbance  BUI  in  iS8o,  and  lis  ineinorable  ciiiidun  of  Mi 
Gladstone's  pclicy  in  (he  Transvaal,  after  Majuba  Hill.  (Sec 
Hansaidond  lit  Tima,  iiloIApiil  iS8i.)  His  style  of  dcIIveT> 
wa^  at  a  rule,  cold  to  a  marked  degree.  The  term  "  frown 
oratory  "  has  been  applied  lobisspcechca,  and  jt  has  been  said  of 
Iheni  Ihat  they  flowed  "  like  waiet  [roB  ■  glader.  .  ,  .  The 
several  stafcs  of  his  speech  arc  like  steps  cut  out  Id  icfj  as  sharply 
deBnedf  at  anooth  and  as  cold."  Lord  Calms  married  in  1856 
Mary  Harriet,  eldest  daughter  of  John  McNeill,  ot  Parkmounl, 
im,  by  whom  he  had  inue  five  son!  and  two  daughters. 


He  •• 


lutvivingio 


n  the  earldom  by  h 


>u,AnhurWUliam(iB6i-ig9o},who  left  one  daughtei , 
and  irom  nbom  the  title  passed  to  his  two  next  younfer  brothers 
in  luccciuon,  Herbert  John,  third  eul  (i56j-ias5),  and  Wilfrid 
Dallas,  loHith  eail  [b.  1*60. 

AuIHoairiBS.— See  Tlu  tima.jTi  and  r4th  of  April  iSBs;  Law 
Jmtnai.  Ln  TiMij.  SalUilori'  Jtmnal,  nth  of  April  IMJ!  the 
law  JfeianiH.  vol.  >i.  p.  Ij];  Ihe  Lam  Qmrlrrh,  vol.  i.  p.  3^; 

Thoodoie^Martin.  Tto'^/i  i.l"l£!"priH,i  Omscrl-J^  Sk^wn, 
ai.il&r../M.rt™:J.B.  Allay,  Victo-io^  C*a«iUor.,  vol.  U. 

CAIftHS,  JOHII  (1818-1S91),  Scottish  Presbyterian  divine, 
WIS  bom  at  Aytou  Hill,  Berwickshire,  on  the  ijrd  of  August 
iSifl,  the  son  of  a  shepherd.  He  went  to  school  at  Aylon  and 
Oldcambus,  Berwickshire,  and  was  then  for  three  years  a  herd 
boy,  but  kept  tip  hia  education.  In  lA^a  he  entered  Edinburgh 
UhivcTsity,  but  during  1S36  and  iSj7,  oning  to  financial  stnits, 
taught  in  i  school  at  AytoD.  In  November  tSj;  he  letunied 
to  Edlnbtirgh,  where  he  became  the  moat  distinguished  student 
of  hia  time,  grsdnating  M.A.  in  1S41,  first  in  classics  and  phEo- 
■ophy  and  bracketed  fitct  in  ciathematicv  While  11  EdinbuiEk 
he  oT^auized  the  Metaphysical  Society  along  with  A.  Campbell 
Fnser  and  David  Masion.  fie  enlcied  the  Presbyterian  Seces- 
sion Hall  hi  i&to,  and  hi  1S4]  wrote  an  article  In  the  Saiuiim 
Uii(iniiH  on  the  Free  Cbutiji  movement,  which  aroused  the 
interest  of  Thomaa  Chalmtn.  The  years  iS4)-iS«  he  spent  at 
Berlin  studying  Gerrnan  philosophy  and  theology.  He  was 
licensed  as  preacher  on  the  ]rd  of  February  1S4S,  and  on  the 
6th  of  Aqgust  ordained  as  minister  of  Golden  Square  Church, 
BcrvlFk-on-Twccd.  There  his  preaching  was  disthiguislied  by 
its  Impressiveneu  and  by  a  bmad  and  unaHecled  humanity. 
He  had  niiny  "  calls  "  to  other  churches,  but  chose  In  remain 
ftt  Berwick.  In  1S57  he  was  one  of  t?K  representativea  at  the 
meeting  of  Ifie  Evangelical  Alliance  in  BcrUn,  and  in  iE;8  Edin- 
burgh Univer^ry  crjnfcrred  on  him  an  bonoFary  D,D.  In  the 
following  year  he  declined  an  invitation  to  become  prindpal  of 
Edinburgh  University.  In  1S7I  he  was  dccted  moderator  of 
the  United  Presbyterian  Synod  and  represented  bis  church  In 
Paris  at  the  first  mectftig  of  the  Reformed  Synod  of  France. 
In  May  iB7«,  he  was  appointed  idat  ptofesior  of  systematic 
theology  and  Rpotogelia  with  James  Harper,  principal  of  Ihe 
United  Presbyterian  Theolo^cal  Cirilegc,  whom  he  succeeded  at 
principal  In  iSt^  He  was  an  Indefatigable  worker  and  speaker, 
and  In  order  to  fadlllate  his  eflorls  in  other  countria  and  other 
hteratures  he  leaint  Arabic,  Norse,  Danidi  and  Dutch,  In 
1890  he  visited  Berlin  and  Acaaterdain  to  acquaint  himself  wllh 
the  ways  of  younger  the<*ogians,  especially  with  the  Ritschlians, 
whose  work  he  appredated  but  did  not  accept  as  finaL  On  his 
letin  he  wrote  a  long  artfde  on  "  Recent  Scoitiih  Th«Jogy  " 
lor  the  Pratyltriaa  and  Stfcrmti  Kititw,  for  which  he  read 
over  every  Iheoloit'ol  '•""i  of  nole  published  In  Srolltnd 
during  theprectding  half  century.  Bediedon  the  1 2th  of  March, 
1891,  at  Edinburgh.  Among  his  prfndpal  publications  are 
An  Biamiiwlim  tf  Ffrrie'i  "  Khohiic  and  Beini."  and  Ihc 
Siottisk  PM/oio^y— (a  w«[k  which  gavD  hhn  the  reputalion  of 
being  an  Independent  Haniltmian  in  philosi^y};  Jfenuir  s/ 
Jtin  Brmm,  D.D.  (iBftoJ;  RmiaMim  eitd  Kaiiuialiim  (1863); 
C>iXIiiHi  0/  Afnlitdiul  Tlialea  (1867);  Tll4  IhOriiu  t/  Ikt 


PrubyttTicn  Chunk  (1876);  UnWkfaUu  iSd  Ceitfary  (iSSO; 
DuclriaaJ  Priiuiflii  oj  llu  Uitiud  PrtibyUrian  Cktaik  (Dr 
Blib^t  Manual,  1S8S). 
SecHacEwcn'iLr/ianiIi>Uer3D/Ji>knC:>ini(lB9])-  (IXMit.) 
CAIIun,  a  seaport  of  Nares  county,  Queensland,  Australia, 
890  m.  direct  N,N.W.  of  Brisbane.  Pop.  (1901)  3!S7.  The 
town  Uei  parallel  with  Ihe  sea,  on  the  wetlem  ahoie  of  Trinity 
Bay,  with  an  excellent  harbour,  and  a  long  beach,  finely  timbered. 
Cairns  is  the  natural  outlet  (or  the  gold-fields,  tm-minis  and 
•ilvcT-fieldi  of  Ihe  district  and  for  the  rich  copper  district  of 
Chlllagoe.  A  government  railway,  48  m.  long,  runs  to  Mareebl, 
whence  a  private  company's  line  continues  to  Mungani,  100  m. 
W.  There  Is  also  a  line  bdonging  10  a  private  company  connect- 
ing ChiUagoe  with  Mareeba.  In  the  vicinity  of  Calms  aro 
eitcnsive  sugar  plantations,  with  lugar  mills  and  relinerics; 

INne-applcs  and  other  fruits  are  exported  in  contidcnhle 
quantiLiea  and  there  is  a  large  Industry  in  cedar.  The  Bantm 
Falls,  among  the  finest  in  Australia,  are  near  Kuranda,  ig  m. 
fiDei  Csims.    Cairns  became  a  municipality  in  1885. 

CAIRO  [Arabic  iliu-ai-Kakira,  or  simpb-  Miir).  Ihe  capital 
of  modem  Egypt  and  the  most  pc^ndous  city  in  Africa,  on  the 
Nile,  iim.  S.of  theapeiofthoDelta.injs'y  N.tndji'ii'  E. 
It  is  ijo  m.  S.E.  of  Alexandria,  and  14S  E.  of  Suei  by  rail,  though 
only  84  m.  from  the  last-named  port  by  the  overland  route  across 
tlie  desert.  In  use  before  the  openmg  of  the  Sun  Canal.  Cairo 
occupies  a  length  of  s  m.  on  the  east  bank  of  the  Nile,  itielcblng 
north  from  the  old  Roman  fortti?^  of  Babylon,  and  covers  an 
area  of  about  8  sq.  m.  It  is  Indlt  partly  on  the  alluvial  p!im  of 
Ihe  Nile  valley  and  partly  on  the  rocky  slopes  of  Ihe  Hokatlam 
hills,  which  rise  550  ft  above  the  lown. 

The  dtadcl,  which  is  built  on  a  spur  of  the  Mokattam  hills, 
occupies  the  S.E.  angle  of  Ihe  dty.  The  pro^iect  fium  the 
ramparts  of  thb  fortress  rs  one  of  striking  picluresqueneas  and 
beauty.  Bckiw  lies  Ihe  dty  with  iu  ancient  walls  and  lofty 
towers,  its  gardens  and  squares,  its  palaces  and  its  mosques, 
with  Ihdr  ddicately-carvcd  domes  and  minareu  covered  with 
fantastic  Imccry,  Ihe  port  of  Bulak,  ttie  gardens  and  palace  of 
Shubra,  the  broad  rivet  lludded  wilh  islands,  the  valley  ol  the 
Nile  dotted  with  graups  of  trees,  wilh  the  pyramids  on  the  north 
horiam,  and  on  the  east  the  barren  diSs,  backed  by  a  waste  ol 
aand.  Since  the  middle  of  the  Iqth  century  the  dly  has  dot* 
than  doubled  hi  size  and  pt^nilalioa.  The  newer  quanen, 
situated  near  the  river,  are  laid  out  in  tfie  fashion  of  Frendl 
pans  of  Ihe  town  rctaui,  almost  unimpaired, 


and  busy  baaaais  II  is 
change  from  the  Ctii 
fortifications  still  mari: 
the  north  large  diitr 
Ndlher  on  the  south  ni 


lof  ni 
esty  to  forget  thai  there  has  been  ai 


ditberii 


of  the  dty,  though  on 
p  beyond  Ihe  wallL 
■re  there  any  fonifid- 


PrliuipalQiiarlers  and  Uodtr*  BuiUiitgi, — From  the  dtadd  ■ 
straight  read,  the  Sharia  Mehemct  All,  runs  N.  to  the  Eibekia 
(Eibekiyeh)  Oardeni,  wtuch  cover  over  10  acres,  and  form  Ihe 
central  point  of  the  foreign  colony.  North  and  west  ot  the 
Eibekia  runs  the  Iim.ilia  canal,  and  on  the  W.  side  of  the  canal, 
about  halla  mOe  N.  of  Ihe  Gardens,  is  the  Central  railway  sUUon, 
approached  by  a  broad  road,  Ihe  Sharia  Qot  Bey.  The  Arab 
dty  and  the  quarters  of  the  Copts  and  Jews  lie  E.  of  the  two 
atreeli  named.  West  of  the  IsmaDia  canal  lies  the  Bulak  quarter, 
the  port  or  riverside  diattiel.  At  Bulak  an  the  arsenal,  foundry 
and  railway  works,  a  paper  manufactory  and  the  government 
printing  press,  founded  by  Mehenxt  Ah'.  A  little  distance  S.E. 
of  the  Eibekia  is  the  Place  Alabeh,  the  chief  pcdnt  nf  hiierKciios 
which  serve  the  newer  parts  of  the  town. 
imm  street,  Ihe  Muskl.  leads  E.  into 
Another  street  leads  S.W.  to  the  Nile, 
point  where  the  Kasr  en  NB  or  Great  NOi  bridge  spans  the 
leading  to  Geiira  Bulak,  (n  Island  whereon  is  a  palace, 
lumed  into  a  hotel,  pglo,  cridiet  and  tennis  grounds, 
The  dlsuicU  between  tlM  bridge,  Ihe  Eibekta 


uid  the  Itffi«niT  cuul,  in  known  u  the  IimaitU  and  Tew£kia 
qiunen,  after  the  kboUvet  in  whou  icigns  tbcy  wen  tiid  out. 
The  disUict  immedLitdy  uutb  of  the  fandge  ii  oMed  the  Kui 
el-Dubui  qiurteE.  Abdui  Sqiiue,  which  occupies  a  ceDtiaJ 
poiitioi],  is  coimected  with  Ezbcltia  Garden}  by  a  straight  road. 
The  niiTDW  caiuJ,  £1  "'■■''c.  which  hiuiched  [rom  the  Nile  at 
Old  Caito  «ad  tnvened  the  city  Irani  S.W.  to  N.E.,  vas  filled  up 
in  iS97,uiduielectiic  tnunway  nuu  along  the  roid  thuimade. 
With  the  filling  u^  at  the  duimel  Ihc  andent  festival  of  the 
cutting  of  the  aaai  ame  to  an  end. 

The  govEmnunt  offices  and  other  models  public  buildi'agi 
>ie  nearly  all  in  the  wsleiD  half  of  the  dly.  On  the  touih  ^de 
of  the  Eibekia  are  Uie  post  office,  the  touils  of  the  f  nietnalioDal 
Tiibunals.and  the  opera  house.  On  Iheeastsidearethebourseand 
the  Credit  Lyaniuis,  on  the  north  the  buildings  ol  the  American 
nltiiDO.  On  oi  near  the  west  tide  of  the  gardens  ate  most  of  the 
large  and  luiurious  holeli  which  the  city  contains  for  the  acconi- 
ma^tion  of  Europeans.  Facing  the  river  immcdiatdy  north  of  the 
Gnat  Nile  bridge  are  the  large  banacki,  called  Kasr-eu-Nil,  and 
the  new  muMumoI  Egyptian  antiquities  (opened  in  i«oi).  South 
of  the  bridge  ate  the  Ismailia  pabce  (a  khediviat  residence), 
the  British  consulate  genenl,  the  palace  of  the  khedive's  mother, 
the  medical  school  nod  the  government  ho^itaL  Farther 
removed  from  the  river  are  the  offices  of  the  Biiniiuies  of  pubLc 
works  aud  of  var — a  large  buildiitg  surrounded  by  gardens — 
and  of  justice  and  finance.  On  the  east  side  of  Abdin  Sqiure  is 
Abdin  palace,  an  unprelenlious  building  used  for  official  recep- 
tions. Adjoining  the  palace  are  baimcks.  N.£.  of  Alxlin  Square, 
in  the  Shaiia  Mchemet  All,  is  the  Arab  museum  and  khedivial 
library.  Neu  this  building  are  the  new  courts  of  the  native 
tribunals.  Private  houses  in  these  western  districts  conust 
chiefly  of  residential  flats,  though  in  the  Kasr  cl-Dubara  quartet 
are  masy  detached  residences. 

Tlu  Orimlal  Ctly.— The  eastern  half  of  Cairo  is  dinded  bio 
many  quarlera.  These  quarters  were  formerly  dosed  at  night 
by  massive  gates.  A  lew  of  these  gates  remain.  Id  addition 
to  the  Mahommedan  quarters,  usually  called  after  the  trade  of 
the  inhabiunts  or  some  notable  buih^ng,  there  are  the  Copt  or 
Christian  quarter,  the  Jews'  quarter  and  the  old  "  Fraikk  " 
quarter.  The  last  is  the  Muski  district  where,  since  the  days  of 
Saladin,  "  Frank  "  merchants  have  been  permitted  to  live  and 
trade.  Some  of  the  principal  European  shops  are  still  to  be 
found  in  this  street.  The  Copt  and  Jewish  quartets  Lie  north  of 
the  MuskL  The  Coptic  catbedtxl,  dediaied  to  St  Mark,  is  a 
modern  building  in  the  basilica  style.  The  oldest  Coptic  church 
in  Cairo  is,  probably,  the  Kemset.el-Adra,  oi  Church  of  the 
Vlr^n,  which  is  slated  lo  preserve  the  original  type  of  Coptic 
basilica.  The  Coptic  churches  in  the  dty  are  not,  however,  of 
so  much  interest  as  those  in  Old  Cairo  (see  below).  In  the  Copt 
quatter  are  also  Armenian,  Syrian,  Maronite,  Creek  and  Roman 
Catholic  churcheL  In  the  Copt  ami  Jewish  quartets  the  streets, 
a«  in  the  Arab  quarters,  are  winding  and  narrow.  In  them  the 
projecting  upper  stotie*  ot  the  housei  nesity  meet.  Sebib  or 
public  fountains  are  numerous.  These  fountains  are  generally 
two-storeyed,  the  ktvcr  diamber  eodouig  a  well,  the  upper 
room  heiog  often  used  for  tchotasllc  purpose*.  Uaiiy  of  the 
fountains  are  fine  specimens  of  Arab  aichiteeture.  While  the 
houses  of  the  poorer  classes  arc  mean  and  too  often  dirty,  in 
marked  contrast  ore  the  houses  of  the  wealthier  dliiens,  built 
generally  in  a  style  of  ilabotite  arabesque,  the  windows  ^dcd 
with  projecting  cornices  of  graceful  woodwork  [mnsMrtlnyo)  and 
omaouoted  with  stained  glass.  A  winding  passage  leads 
through  the  omamenla!  doorway  Into  the  court,  la  the  centre 
ol  which  is  a  lountaio  shaded  with  palm-trees.  The  ptiodpal 
apartment  b  generally  paved  with  marble;  in  the  centre  a 
decorated  lantern  is  suspended  over  a  fountain,  while  round  the 
sides  are  richly  inlaid  cabinets  and  windows  of  Blaiiied  glass; 
and  m  a  recess  is  the  iJiwK,  a  low,  narrow,  cuthianed  seat.    The 

the  neighbouring  bills,  and  the  upper  storey,  which  contains 
the  harem,  of  painted  brick.  The  shops  of  the  merchants  ate 
*Bitlt  and  open  to  the  street   The  grcata  part  oI  ihc  trade  is 


done,  however,  jn  Che  bazaars  or  wmi 

larce  tktiu  or  storehouses,  of  two  slo 

aixc.    Access  lo  them  is  gained  from 

usually  surround  them.    The  khans  often  possess  fin 

The  principal  baaaar,  the  Khan-e!-KhalD,  marks  Xh 

tombs  of  the  Fatimite  caliphs. 

Tit  Ciladtl  end  ihe  ifDignei.— Beside*  the  diadel,  the  prin- 
cipal edifices  in  the  Arab  quarter*  are  the  mosques  and  the 
gates.    The  dtidel  or  El-Kala  was  built  by  Saladin 


land  which 
le  site  (4  the 


about 


i66,  b 


.       1  altera 
erected  by  Meheme 
Li  alabaster  (based  on  the  roodel  of  the  rr. 
nople)  founded  by  the  same  pasha  on  tl 


great  distana 


isible  Fnst 


re  Is  a  well  called  Joscph'a 
sunk  m  tnc  soiu)  roca  to  tne  level  of  the  Nile.  There  are  four 
other  mosques  within  the  citadel  wall*,  the  chief  being  that  of 
Ibn  Kalaun,  built  in  u>.  1317  by  Sultan  Nasir  ibn  Kalaun. 
The  dome  ha*  fallen  in.  After  having  been  used  as  a  prison, 
and,  bter,  as  a  military  storehouse,  it  has  been  cleared  and  it* 
fine  cdonnades  arc  again  visible.  Tbe  upper  pans  of  tbe 
minarets  are  covered  with  green  tiles.  They  are  furnished  with 
bulbous  cupolas.  The  most  magnificent  of  tbe  dty  mosques 
is  Chat  of  Sultan  Hasan,  standing  in  the  iizunediate  vidnity  of 
the  citadeL  It  dates  Item  KB.  ijs;,  and  is  celebrated  (or  tbe 
grandeul  of  its  porch  and  cornice  and  the  delicate  stalactite 
vaulting  which  adorns  them.  The  restoration  of  parts  of  tha 
mosque  which  had  fallen  into  decay  was  begun  in  1QC4.  Beside* 
it  there  Is  the  mosque  of  Tulun  (c.  a.i>.  679)  eihibiting  vcir 
ancient  ipedn>ens  of  the  pointed  arch;  the  mosque  of  Sultan 
EJ  Hakim  (aji.  looj),  the  mosque  el  Aihar  (the  qjendid), 
which  dates  from  about  ajk  970,  and  is  the  seat  of  a  Mahom- 
medan luiver^ty;  and  the  nuoque  of  Sultan  Kalaim,  wbkb 
Is  attached  10  the  hospital  or  madhouse  {mHtiittm)  begun  by 
Xalaun  in  ks.  iiSj.  The  whole  form*  a  large  group  of  build- 
ings, DOW  partially  in  ruins,  in  a  style  resembling  the  onntem- 
porancous  medieval  work  in  Europe,  with  pointed  arches  in 
several  orders.  Besides  the  mosque  proper  there  is  a  sccotMl 
mosque  containitkg  the  fine  mausoleum  ol  Kalaun.  Adjacent 
to  the  mviiian  on  the  north  is  the  tomb  mosque  of  al  Nasir, 
completed  ijoj,  with  a  fine  portaL  East  of  the  Khan.<l-Khalil 
is  tbe  mosque  of  El  Hasanf  n,  which  is  invested  with  peculiar 
sanctity  as  containing  relics  ol  Uosain  and  Hasan,  grandson* 
of  the  Prophet.  Thb  tnosque  was  rebuHC  in  the  t^th  century 
and  is  ol  no  architectural  importance.  In  all  Cairo  contain* 
over  360  mosques,  and  nearly  as  many  eolnj;  or  chapel*.  Of  the 
gates  the  finest  are  the  Bab-ec-Nasr,  in  tbe  north  wall  of  the 
dty,  and  tbe  Bab-ei-Zuwila,  the  only  surviving  put  ol  the 
lou^ero  lonifications. 

Tamil  oj  Ihi  Caliphs  and  Iftnv/iiilri.— Beyond  tbe  eutem 
wall  <d  the  dty  are  the  splendid  mausolen  enoneously  known 
to  Europeans  a*  the  tombs  of  the  caliphs;  they  really  are 
tombs  ol  tbe  Circassian  or  Butji  Mamduka,  a  race  extinguished 
by  Mehemet  AIL  Thdr  hifty  ^It  domes  and  fanciful  uelvotk 
or  arabesque  trucery  are  partly  in  ruins,  and  tbe  mosques  at- 
tached to  them  are  alw  partly  ruined.    The  chief  tomb  i 


tethoE. 


completed  a.D.  1410,  and  that  of  lUt  Bey  {(.  147a},  with  a 
slender  minaiet  ijj  fU  high.  This  masque  was  carefully  re- 
stored in  ig93.  South  of  the  dUdd  is  another  groi^i  of  tomb- 
raosques  known  a*  the  tombs  of  the  Mameluke*.  They  an 
architecturally  of  lesa  interest  than  lbo«  of  tbe  "cslil^i*." 
Southwest  of  Che  Mamdukc  tombs  is  tlie  mtich-venerated 
tomb-mosque  of  the  Imam  esh-Shafib  or  Shal't,  founder  of  one 
of  the  four  orthodoi  sect*  of  IsLun.  Near  the  imam's  mosqac 
is  a  family  burial-place  built  by  Mehemet  AU. 

Old  Cain:  Ikt  FarOut  af  Batjlm  nwf  llu  r/iLmaUrr-Abaat 
a  mile  south  of  the  dty  ii  Masr-el-Atika,  called  by  EurcfKana 
Old  Cairo.  Between  (Hd  Cairo  and  the  newer  dty  ai«  Urge 
mouods  of  dtbrls  mitkiDg  the  site  of  Foalat  (^  below,  Hsilarji). 


■dbyGoo^le 


db,Google 


CAIRO 


955 


tbe  md  la  Old  (Mro  by  the  tiv«r  h«d>  put  the  nwnulny  af 
the"  Howling  "  Derviiho,  lod  the  held  of  iheiqueduct  whicli 
formerly  lupplied  the  dliidrf  with  nta.  Farther  to  the  east 
i>  the  mosque  of  Ajtit,  a  moch-ajteird  building  dating  from 
AV.  C^]  and  conuining  the  tomb  o[  the  Anb  conqunor  of 
Egypt.  Most  important  of  the  quarters  of  Mssr-ei-Atika  itthst 
of  Kasr-ejb-Sh«m«  tCiutle  o(  ihe  Candle),  buiit  wiihia  the  outer 
walls  of  the  Raman  fottnas  of  Bibylon.  Several  toven  of  this 
(ortrcsi  tnnoin,  and  in  the  south  nO  ii  a  massive  gateway,  im- 
cavcied  hi  iq6i.  &i  the  qnaner  are  fire  Coplic  churches,  a 
Greeh  convent  and  two  ehnrches,  and  a  synagogue.  The 
prindpil  Coptic  church  is  that  of  Abu  Setgi  (St  Sr^us).  The 
crypt  dales  (rem  about  the  eth  century  and  is  dedicated  to  Sill 
Miriam  (the  Lady  Mary),  from  a  truiition  that  In  the  flight 


into  Egypt  the  Vir;^  ai 
church  is  basillcin  In  fbm 
Coptic  chujches,  divided  in 
which  are  adorned  by  can 


St  tlusspot.  TIk  upper 
1,  uie  nave  being,  u  customary  m 
to  three  sections  by  wooden  «oeen>, 
migs  in  ivory  and  wood.  The  wall 
above  tne  lugn  aJtzr  is  taced  with  beautiful  mosaifs  of  marbles, 
blue  glass  and  mother-of-pearL  Of  the  other  churdn  In  KasT- 
esh-Shama  the  most  noteworthy  Is  that  of  H  Adn  (tbe  Virslo), 
also  called  El  Moallaka,  or  The  Suspended,  beftig  built  In  one  of 
tbe  toweR  of  die  RaiuaD  gateway.  It  contams  bne  wooden  and 
Ivory  screens.  Thepulpit  is  supported  on  fifteen  cohjmna,  whidi 
rest  on  a  slab  of  white  marble.  The  patriarch  of  the  Copts  was 
formerly  consecrated  In  this  churcb.  Tbe  other  buildings  m 
Otd  Cairo,  ot  among  the  mounds  of  rubbish  which  adjoin  it,  In- 
clude several  fon-like  dets  or  convent*^  Que,  south  of  the  Katt- 
esh-Shamn,  is  called  Der  Bablun,  thus  preserving  the  name  of 
tbe  ancient  fortieu.  In  the  Der  Abu  Sephln,  to  the  north  of 
Babylon,  is  a  Coptic  church  of  the  loth  century,  pooessing 
magnlRcent  carved  screens,  a  pulpit  with  Bae  mosaic*  and  a 
semi-circle  of  marble  steps. 

Opposite  Oid  Cairo  ties  the  island  of  Roda,  where,  accarding 
to  Arab  tradition,  Pharaoh's  daughter  found  Moses  in  the  bul- 
ntshes.  Two  biidges,  opened  In  1908,  connect  Old  Cairo  with 
Roda,  and  a  third  bridge  Joins  Roda  to  Cia  on  the  west  banh  of 
the  river.  Roda  Island  contains  a  mosque  built  by  Kail  Bey, 
and  at  its  southern  extremity  is  the  Ntlometer,  by  which  the 
Cairmes  have  foe  over  a  thouaand  yeara  mesiured  the  rise  of  the 
river.  It  iS  a  square  well  with  an  octagonal  pillar  marked  In 
cubits  in  the  centre. 

Sarihrm  and  WaUni  Stit»l».— Two  mites  N.E.  of  Cairo  and 
on  tbe  edge  of  the  desert  is  the  suburb  of  Abbasia  {named  after 
the  viceroy  Ahbaa),  connected  with  the  city  by  a  continuous  line 
of  houses.  Abbasia  is  now  largely  a  military  colony,  the  cavalry 
barracks  being  the  old  palace  of  Abbas  Pisha.  In  these  barracks 
Arabi  Pasha  surrendered  to  the  British  on  the  14th  af  September 
1SS1,  tbe  day  aflei  the  battle  of  Tel  e!-Kebir,  Malaria,  a  village 
3ni,finhertatheN.E.,istheMteofthedefc»toftheM«melulies 
by  thr  Turks  in  ifi;.  and  of  the  dcfcatof  the  Turks  by  ihe  French 
under  <;cnpreJKl(ber  in  iSoo.  At  Matarfa  was  a  sycamore-tree, 
the  successor  of  a  tree  which  decayed  In  iM;,  venerated  as  being 
that  beneaih  which  Ihe  Holy  Family  rested  on  their  flight  into 
Egypt  This  Irce  was  blown  down  In  July  1906  and  ils  place 
taken  by  1  cutting  made  from  the  Iree  some  yeart  previously. 
Less  than  a  mile  N.E.  of  Mataria  are  the  scanty  remaius  of  Ihe 
ancient  dty  of  On  or  Heliopolis.  Thechief  monument  isanobelisk, 
about  M  ft.  high,  elected  by  Usertesenl.  ol  IheXIllh  dynasty.  A 
residential  suburb,  named  Heliopolis,  containing  many  fine  build- 
ings, was  hiid  ont  between  Maiatia  and  Abbasia  during  rgoj-io. 

On  Ihe  woi  bank  of  the  Nile,  opposite  tbe  southern  end  o( 
Roda  liJsiid,  is  the  small  tomi  ol  Giia  or  Giah.  a  fortified  place 
ol  considerable  importance  in  the  times  of  the  Mamelukes.  In 
Ihe  viceregal  palace  here  the  museum  ol  Egyptian  aniiquiiies 
was  housed  for  several  yean  (iBSq-ijoi).  The  grounds  af  this 
palace  have  been  converted  Into  zoological  gardsis.  A  broad, 
tiee-boidcred,  macadamlicd  nad,  along  which  run  electric 
tiams,  leads  S.S.W.  across  tbe  plain  to  tbe  Pyramids  ol  Giia, 
S  m.  distant,  built  on  the  cdse  of  the  desert. 

HetiKn.— Fourteen  miles  S.  ol  Cairn  and  conncctrd  with  it  by 
n9way  Is  the  town  of  Hdwan,  built  in  Ihe  desert  3  n.  E.  of  the 


Nile,  and  mneh  frequented  by  biTilIdt  On  aceoimlof  {(ssnlplnii 
baths,  which  are  owned  1:^  the  Egyptian  government.  A 
khedivial  asttonomical  observatory  was  built  here  in  790^1904, 
to  take  Ihe  [^ce  of  that  at  Abbasia,  that  site  bebig  no  loager 
suitable  in  consequence  of  the  northward  ettenaloo  of  the  dty. 
The  luuu  ol  Memphis  are  on  the  E.  baut  of  the  Nile  opposCe 
Hdwan. 

/njtdn(iiiJi.-~-^le  inhalntanli  an  of  many  dWene  racci,  the 
various  nationalities  being  frequently  distinguishable  by  differ- 
ences in  dress  as  well  as  In  pliyskignomy  and  colour.  la  the 
oriental  quariBTS  of  the  diy  tbe  curious  shops,  the  markets  of 
different  trades  (the  shops  of  each  trade  being  generally  congre- 
gated in  one  street  or  district),  the  easy  merchant  sitting  before 
bis  shop.  Ihe  musical  and  quaint  street -cries  of  the  picturesque 
vendors  of  (nlli,  sherbet,  water.  &c.,  with  the  ever-changing  and 
many-coloured  throng  of  passengers,  all  render  the  streets  a 
deU^tfuI  study  for  the  lover  of  Arab  life,  nowhere  else  to  be 
seen  in  such  perfection,  or  with  so  fine  a  background  of  magnifi- 

fellahiD  in  having  a  much  larger  mixture  of  Arab*  blood,  and  are 
at  once  keener  willed  and  more  c^iservadve  than  the  peasantry. 
Tbe  Aratnc  spoken  by  the  middle  and  higher  classes  is  generally 
inferior  in  grammatical  correctness  and  pronunciation  to  that 
of  the  Bedouins  of  Arabia,  but  is  purer  than  that  of  Syria  or 
Ihe  dialect  spoken  by  the  Western  Arabs.  Besides  the  Ciurenes 
proper,  who  are  targdy  engaged  in  trade  or  haadiciafu,  ihe 
luhabilants  Inchrde  Arabs,  numbers  of  Nubians  and  Negroe^^ 
mostly  labourers  or  domestics  in  nominal  slavery — and  many 
Levantines,  there  being  considerable  cdonles  of  Syrians  and 
Armenians.  The  higher  classes  of  native  society  are  largely  of 
Turkish  or  lemi-Turkish  desccnL  Of  other  races  the  most 
numerous  are  Greeks,  Italians,  British,  French  and  Jews, 
Bedouins  from  the  desert  frequent  the  baaaars. 

At  Ihe  beginning  of  the  loth  century  the  population  wai 
estimated  at  about  100,000,  made  up  of  iao,ooo  Moslems, 
60,000  Copts,  4000  Jews  and  16,000  Greeks,  Annetuans  and 
"  Franks.*'  Jn  1^1  the  popnlition  had  risen  to  374,000,  in 
1^7  to  ;7e,o6i,  and  in  1007,  indudmg  Helwanand  MaUria,  the 
total  population  was  6:4,476,  of  whom  46,507  were  Europeam. 

Cllnale  and  Htattli.—tn  consequence  ol  iuinsaoi  lary  condilion, 
Cairoused  tohaveaheavydeath-rate.  Since  the  Siitish  occupa- 
tion In  i9Si  much  has  been  done  to  belter  this  state  ol  things, 
notably  by  a  good  water-supply  and  a  proper  system  ol  drainage. 
The  death-rate  of  the  native  popnlatiou  is  about  j;  per  looo. 
The  climate  ol  the  city  is  generally  healthy,  with  a  mean  tempcra- 

ihe  river,  especially  when  the  Hood  has  begun  10  subside,  render 
the  districts  near  the  Nile  damp  duriag  Sijlcmber,  October  alid 
November,  and  in  winter  eariy  mor^ng  fogs  are  not  uncommon. 
The  prevalenl  north  wind  and  the  rise  of  the  watertend  to  keep 
the  fdr  cool  In  summer. 

Cairo,  of  et 


,  nndo! 


n  the  ' 


in  the  Si 


Cum, 


sugar  fnim  Upper  Egypt,  indigo  ai 
Penia,  sheep  and  tobacco  from  Asiatic  Turkey,  and  European 
manufactures,  luch  as  machinery,  hardware,  cutlery,  glass,  and 
cotton  and  woollen  good*,  are  the  more  inrpoitant  articles.  The 
traffic  in  slaves  ceased  in  tAjj.  In  Bulak  are  several  faclorka 
founded  by  Mchcmet  All  for  s[rinning,  weaving  and  printing 
cotton,  and  a  paper-mill  established  by  the  khcdive  lanaii  in 

a  fine  quality  lor  use  in  Ihe  govemmenloffim.    In  the  Island  of 


olo 


detable  ei 


:k  goods. 


in  iSjq,  and  principally  managed  by  EngHshme 

saltpetre,  gunpowder,  leather,  Ac,  are  also  manulaci 

ocmi  duty  of  q  %  aJ  talarat  lonnetly  levied  on  all  food  Mulla 

entering  the  dty  was  abolished  in  igoj.   It  uaed  to  piodace  aboul 

£150,000  per  annum. 

Makomnudan  A  rckilictan, — Architecturally  considered  Caim 
is  atOl  the  most  remarkable  and  characteristic  of  Anb  cities. 
The  editces  raised  by  the  Moorish  kings  ol  Spain  and  the  MosleiB 


95' 


in  Bally  Ibin 
,y  of  The  mofiqi 


CAIRO 


n  Ihote  oT  Ibc 

both  ATV  Ut  eicellcd  \  ,     '    ' 

C^iro.  'nicK  iiKiiqushivcsuffeRd  much  in  ifae  buulyol  Ibeir 
IppannK  Irom  Ihe  r3«u  of  lime  md  nrgtrtX;  but  Ihcir 
Golnai  b»  beta  olus  thus  wfictial.  tnd  their  ouiiioct  nidtrrd 
Ibc  more  pictureique.  Whit  it  most  to  be  ulmiicd  in  ihcir 
ityle  of  i.rdiitccture  it  ii>  eitnardtnaiy  fitcdom  Imn  resmiiit, 
■liowD  in  Ihc  nondciCul  nriety  of  its  formi,  and  the  skiJl  in 
detiga  wliich  ]ai  made  the  fKnt  iatjiatc  dciaib  to  hinnoaiic 
■iih  gnnd  outlines.  Hen  the  iludeni  may  besl  lum  the 
bittoiy  of  Anb  art.  Like  its  conlempoiaTy  Gothic 


luin.  AnuiemntU  sets  made  io  igoi  loi  the 
tqalr  and  pRscrvstion  of  Coptic  moDinaeati. 
[  and  Library. — Hie  museum  of  Egyptian  antiquitia 
d  at  Bulai  in  iS6j,  beinG  then  bouxd  in  ■  motque, 
idi  lavut  Auguitc  Mitiette.  Id  iSSg  the  colleciioa 
ihc  Ciza  (Ghezitch)  paUn,  and  in  igoi  tu 


(died  in 


orital  papyri ,  in  which  i  t : 


It  periods,  those  of  giowth. 


tint,  the  i 


ilbaaihiec 
nc.    Of  the 

jf  Ihe  rity,  the  Bab^n-Ni  . 
lie  ftpleodid  examples^  The 
yt  j»  cxtremeLy  simple  and 
on  the  £ne  aihUr  ra: 


lolni 


at  of  ibbfioo. 


which  liiey  an  buill,  the  decoration  being  nun  or  less  confined 
ta  onianwnt«i  disks.  The  misque  of  Tulun  was  bu 
in  brick,  and  is  the  earliest  ioslance  of  the  cmployn 
pointed  arch  in  EgyP'.  The  euxw  of  the  arch  turns  in  slightly 
below  the  springing,  giving  a  ho[se-«hoe  shape.  Built  in  bricli 
it  Wat  found  Dcccssaiy  to  g^ve  a  more  monumealal  oppeaiane 
to  the  walls  by  a  cnsiog  of  stucco,  which  lemaios  in  fail  presetva 
tion  to  the  present  day.  This  led  to  the  cmicbmeDt  of  th 
irchivolts  and  imposts  with  that  peculiar  type  of  convcniions 
foliage  which  charactccisct  MahoDuoedan  work.and  which  in  thi 
ate  was  carried  out  by  Coptic  craftsmen.  The  attached  angle 
■hafts  of  pirn  arc  found  here  for  the  fint  time,  and  Ihcir  capitals 
■leenriched.asafw  Ihefriezesurmounling  Ihewsilt,^  ' 
COBvenlionai  pattema.  The  second  period  pastes 
Ughest  point  to  which  ihi^  art  allaionl  to  a  luiuiiince . 
decay.  The  mosque  of  sultan  Ilaun,  below  tlie  dUdel,  tho^  of 
Huayyid  and  Kiban,  with  the  Barkukiya  and  the  mosque  of 
Barkukin  the  ceracteryof  Kail  Bey,  are  inslanceg  of  the  second 
>nd  more  matured  ttyle  of  tlw  period.  The  timple  plain  aihlar 
masonry  still  predominates,  but  the  wall  surface  is  bmkcn  up 
with  »idI[  panels,  somclimes  with  geometrical  palterus  in  Ihem. 
TTie  principal  chaiactcritlica  of  this  second  period  arc  the  magnilt- 
cent  portal),  iisingiomctima,Bsin  the  mosque  of  sultan  llaun, 
to  So  or  te  ft.,  with  elaborate  stalactite  vaulting  at  the  lop,  and 
the  deep  stalactite  cornices  which  cmwn  the  auounil  of  the 
buiklijig.  l}ie  decomlioa  of  the  interior  conusts  of  Ihc  eating 
of  the  walls  with  marble  with  enriched  borden,and  (about  »>fl. 
above  Che  gnund)  Iricics3tasft.inheighlin  which  the  precepts 
of  the  Koiao  are  carved  in  relief,  with  a  background  of  conven- 
tional  foliagt.   Of  the  last  style  of  this  period  Ihe  Ghi  '      "  ' 


The  Arab  museum  and  khedivial  1 
building  erected  lor  the  purpose,  at  a  oott  of  £66,000,  and  opened 
in  1^3.  In  the  museum  arc  pieteived  treasurea  of  Saracenic 
art,  including  many  ohiectt  removed  tmm  tlie  nKWiues  for  their 
belter  security.  The  khedivial  library  conltiDs  tome  &a,ooe 
volumes,  over  two-ihirds  being  books  and  MSS.  ia  Arabic, 
Persian,  Turkish,  Amharic  and  Syiioc  The  Arabic  seaJOD 
includes  a  unique  cslksctioD  of  167;  korans.  The  Persian  secttoa 
it  rich  in  illuminated  MSS.  The  numismatic  (uUecliDn,  at 
regards  the  period  of  the  oiliphi  and  Ittcr  dynasties,  is  one  of 
■he  richest  in  the  world. 

Hitiary.—Bcioie  Ihe  Arab  cunquesl  of  Egypt  the  tile  of  Cairo 
appears  to  have  been  open  country.  &f empbia  was  some  1  a  n. 
higher  up  on  the  opposiu  side  of  the  Nile,  and  Uetiopolis  was 
;or6m.distaiilonlheN.£.  The  mCKt  ancient  known  settlement 
in  the  ImmedialenciBhbouthoodof  the  pitseul  city  was  the  to«ji 
ailed  fiabyloD.  From  ilt  situation  it  may  have  been  a  north 
tubuibof  Memphis,  which  wasslilliohshiied  in  the  7 ih  century 
A.D.  Babylon  it  said  by  Stiabo  to  have  been  founded  by  cmi- 
gianls  fmm  Ihe  andcnl  dty  of  the  tame  name  in  jis  B-c.,  it. 
at  the  time  of  the  Fenian  conquett  el  Egypt.  Hen  Ihc  Romaos 
built  a  fortress  and  madeil  the  headquartenoloDcof  Ihe  ihre* 
Icgiont  which  gartisonod  ihc  country.  The  church  of  Babylon 
itioned  in  i  Fcier  v.  13  has  been  thought  by  tome  wrilcrs  10 


refer  1 


appcare 


II  Ihe  ttro 


n  improbable  aupposilion.  Amr,  I 
the  cahph  Omar,  after  taking  the  to 
r  the  greater  part  of  a  year-,  Ihe  garri^ 
AJi.  641.  The  town  ol  Babykui  i 
■m  part  re 


iney  snow  an  elongauog  of  tortus  ana  an 
whidi  the  florid  qualiiiea  predominate-  O: 
finetl  monument  it  the  moaquc  of  Mahom 
Tikc  forms  are  now  poor,  though  not  lacking  in 

c(  the  m. 


re  beautiful  spedmc 


Babylon  of  I^ypt,"  or  "  Babylon  " 

aunpiy,  being  Irequently  used  m  medieval  writings  as  syiwnycxnu 
with  Cairo  or  as  det»ting  Ihe  BUCGestive  Mahommedan  dynastja 
of  Egypt 

Cairo  itself  is  Ihe  fourth  Moslem  capital  of  Egypli  the  site  oi 
one  of  ihoie  ihai  had  preceded  il  it,  for  the  most  pari,  included 
within  its  walls,  while  the  oilier  tvo  wen  a  Uitle  10  the  ouih. 
Amr  founded  El-Fosiai,  the  oldest  of  these,  dote  to  the  loniets 
besieged.    Foslli  signifies  "  Ihe  lent,"  the  lom 


.    The. 


wilhu 


id  Ihc 


tt  suitable  decoration.  The  usual 

*que  i>  a  large,  square,  open  court,  turroundca  by 
I  of  which  Ihe  chief,  often  several  hays  deep,  and  known 
at  the  Manksura,  or  prayer-chamber,  faces  Mecca  (enslward), 
•nd  hat  inside  its  outer  waU  ■  decomtcd  niche  to  mark  the 
diiectlon  of  prayer-  In  the  centre  of  the  court  is  a  fountain  [or 
■bluiioiu,  often  cuTmounled  by  a  dome,  and  io  the  praycr- 
chimber  a  pulpit  and  a  dolt  for  readen.  When  a  mosque  b 
•be  the  founder's  Iamb,  it  ha*  a  richly  ornamented  sepulchral 
dumber  always  covered  by  a  dome  (tec  further  Mosque,  which 
contahis  pbins  of  the  moarjues  of  Amr  and  sultan  Baun,  and  of 
(he  tomb  motque  of  Kntl  Bey). 

After  centuries  of  neglect  eflottt  are  now  made  to  preserve 
(be  moiiunient*  of  Arabic  art,  a  cnmmisiioB  with  that  object 
baving  been  appointed  in  lUli.  To  this  commission  Ihegovcm- 
MBBt  make*  an  anmial  grant  at  l/tooa.    Tbe  careful  and  ayite- 


ipeedily  became  a  plate  of  impoiUDce,  and  wi 
the  nilbs,  or  Ucutenants,  appoiotod  by  the  orthodoa  and 
Dmayyad  cajjpha.  Il  received  the  name  of  Masr.  pn^rly  Misr, 
which  was  also  applied  by  the  Arabs  to  Memphis  and  to  Cairo, 
uid  is  lo-day,  with  the  Roman  town  whkh  preceded  it,  repie- 
•cnled  by  Unsr  cl'Aiika,  or  "Old  Cairo."  Shortly  alter  the 
iverihiDH  of  the  Omayyad  dynasty,  and  the  cttablishmcnl  of 
the  ADDaudt,  the  city  of  EI-'Atkat  vat  founded  (aj).  7ja)  by 
Suleiman,  the  gencial  who  subjugated  the  country,  and  becaioc 
the  capital  and  the  icsiHcnce  of  the  auccessive  licutenaDIt  of  the 
ftbbasid  cah'phs.  El-'Aslrar  was  a  tmail  lewc  N.E.  of  and 
id  jacent  to  El-Fosiat ,  of  which  it  wat  a  kind  of  suburb.  Its  site 
s  now  entirely  desolate.  The  third  capital.  El-Katai,  was 
founded  about  AJi.  87J  by  Ahmed  Jbu  Tulun,  is  his  capitaL 

ntinued  Ihe  nyal  tcsidcnce  of  his  successon;  but  wns 
tacked  nol  long  alter  the  fall  of  the  dynasty  and  rapidly  decayed. 

1  of  the  present  Cairo  occupies  it*  ule  and  coaUina  its 
great  mosque,  that  of  Ahmed  Ibn  Tulun. 

Jauhar  (COhar)  et-Kaid,  -the  conquerar  ol  Egypt  for  the 
Falimjte  ciliph  El-Uoiu,  iMuidedAr ■'"' '"  "'""'"^ 


'l-VfMi'i^.jft--' 


,CAtR<*-^AI880t* 


«M  Mned  B-KlUn,  Oat  b,  "  Ihs  Victotiuu,"  >  uma  oor- 
npicd  into  Ciini.  lie  ntw  dty,  Ukc  ih>l  Inuidtil  by  Ami,  »u 
origiully  the  amp  lit  ihe  coni^ior.  This  tomi  occupBd  tbwl 
ft  iDurtti  pill,  tfae  nocth-eittei^  of  tha  piocot  metR^wluL  By 
Otfoa  II  btcuat  (lulcr  than  El-EostU,  and  took  [lam  it  Ilw 
naaw  of  Kar,  or  Maar,  which  k  antlied  to  it  hy  ths  modeni 
Etyptimi.  With  ili  ibi  FoiUt.  which  tvui  bwn  tittle  iflecicd 
by  the  suUiihment  ot  Asku  and  Kitai,  (kdlned.  It  oid- 
linualJy  incieaicd  »  na  to  include  the  >ite  of  E1-Kat>l  to  the  sjulh. 
liiAJ>.  1176  Cairo  was  UEUucca&fully  attacked  by  the  Crusadcti; 
ihoclly  aitRwiRii  SaJsdin  built  the  citadel  or  the  lowest  potal 
of  the  mounuioa  to  the  cut,  which  imiDcdiatBly  oveclaaked 
El-Kalai,  and  be  putty  waljed  louod  the  tomu  and  large 
gardeiu  within  the  ipace  now  called  Cairo.  Uoder  the  pn^xroui 
rule  of  the  Mameluke  lultana  thii  great  tract  was  filled  wilh 
habiCationi;  a  laige  suburb  to  llie  with,  llie  HiBeynia.  wai 
added;  asd  the  town  of  GuUk  «u  loundrd.  After  the  Tuiksb 
CBBqaeal  (*J>.  1517)  the  meliopolia  decayed,  but  Iti  limiti  were 
the  lame.  Id  17^  the  dty  was  captured  by  the  French,  who 
*ere  driven  out  In  iSoi  by  the  Tuikiih  and  English  Eons,  the 
dty  being  bandFd  ovtr  10  the  Turki.  Mchemel  All,  ori^nally 
IbeTuikJshvTcetoy,  by  his  massacre  of  the  Mamelukes  In  1S11, 
in  a  nanow  ttreet  leading  to  the  citadel,  made  himself  tnutei 
o(  the  CDuntiy,  and  Cairo  again  became  the  capital  of  a  virtually 
fndepfEidrnt  kingdom.  Under  Mehcmet  and  his  successor!  all 
the  wntem  put  of  the  city  has  grown  up.  The  khedive  Ismail, 
In  making  the  straight  road  from  the  citadel  to  the  Esbckia 
gardens,  destroyed  many  of  the  finest  houjea  ot  the  old  town. 
In  18S1  Cairo  «ai  occupied  by,  the  British,  and  British  troopi 

BnLHK-.RAFHr.— S.  L.  Pook.  Tin  Slirft  Ctm  (London.  I9(»)i 
a  hlttnrical  and  arehltettnral  Hrvey  of  th*  MMltm  dty;  E. 
B<y»ldt-Bali,  Cmbt:  Om  Citf  ^  »•  Oaftt  tBoMoa.  1/.S.A. 
■Air);  PriiMd'AiMina,  i.'.(rl  amb  iattit  la  mmmmalt  in  Cain 
(Partt,  IS47I:  P.  Ra^uae.  t'HuMrt  tt  la  leptpaikii  in  Cain 
taprii  UalntI  mrfi.  iM;);  E.  W.  Lane,  Aim  Fifij  Kwi  Art 
(Loiadon.  ilfA},  pmenn  1  pictsi*  a(  Ike  cHy  a*  h  wia  Mm  lie 
«n  ti  Eoropnn  "  inpimiMM*,"  aad  *>■■  olncta  Ina  ihi 
Khiut  ot  Maqiid,  wiittni  in  1417,  the  duet  wiliul  authority  on 
(be  aniiiiiiliea  el  Cairo;  Munay's  and  Baedebr'i  CnUff.  and 
A.  and  C.  Bhck'i  OtrgigrT'iMtiiytiaos),  contain  much  inefiil  lad 
Bcetinu  ie(ani«ian  abool  Cabs.  For  tba  (onrutcl  BaMan  and 
its  cbmdw  eonaull  A.  J.  Bullar,  Amitid  Ckfdt  Ctawka  u  Etyf 
(Oafad.  IM4)- 

.  CAIRO.  H  dty  and  Ibe  counly^eat  of  Aleiandei  county, 
lUlnoii,  U.S.A.,  in  ihe  S.  pan  ol  the  state,  at  the  confluence  of 
the  Ohio  and  Mississippi  riven,  sis  m.  S.  ol  Cbicago.  Pop. 
(1S90I  io.im;  (ifloo)  11,566,  of  whom  jooo  were  oegroei; 
(1410  census)  I4,m8.  Cairo  it  served  by  the  lUinois  Cenlnl, 
tfae  Afobile  &  Ohio,  the  Cleveland,  Gncinnatl,  Chiogo  &  St 
Louis,  the  St  louls.  Iron  Meunlain  K  Southem,  and  the  St 
toui)  South. Western  railways,  and  by  river  steamboat  line*. 
Tlie  dty.  said  to  be  the  "  Eden  "  of  Charles  Dickens'i  Varlin 
Ctaslfwi/.  is  buitt  on  a  tongue  of  land  belwHn  the  rivers,  and 

it  now  prolcclcd  by  gffit  levees.  A  line  railway  bridge  (18SS) 
tpani  the  Ohio:  The  city  has  a  large  govemmeni  building,  a 
■U.S.  marine  hospital  (18*4),  and  the  A.  B.  Saffoid  memorial 
iihiaiy  {1S8O,  and  is  the  seat  of  St  Joseph's  Loretto  Atademy 
(Koman  Catholic.  1864).  In  one  ol  the  squares  there  is  a  brona 
ttatue,  "The  Hewer,"  by  G.  C.  Bamani.  In  the  N.  parl-of 
the  city  i>  St  Mary's  park  (30  acres).  At  Mound  City  0»p.  in 
igio,  i8j7),  5  m.  N.  of  Cairo,  there  h  a  national  ocmetery. 
Lumber  and  floor  are  Cairo's  principil  mannlacIaTtd  products, 
and  the  city  IS  an  important  h^wood  and  Cotton.wood  market; 
the  Singer  Manufacturing  Co.  hu  veneer  mills  here,  and  there 
are  brge  box  factories.  In  1905  the  value  of  the  city's  bctory 
producii  ins  t4.38r,4«s,  an  increaae  of  406%  since  1900. 
Calm  is  a  shipping-point  tot  the  jmroondhtgagriculf  mat  coim  try. 
The  city  owes  its  origin  (0  a  seriea  of  commercial  e iperimeRts. 
In  i!i8  a  charier  was  jecnred  from  the  legislature  of  the  territory 
otniimiisincorporaiingtheciiyand  bank  of  Cairo.  The  chatter 
was  won  forfeited,  and  lbs  Find  secured  by  it  itvpiied  to  the 
government.  In  1I35  a  new  charter  was  granted  to  a  second 
company,  and  in   iB]T  tbe  Caiio  City  ft  Canal  Co.  na 


lorscd.  .By  iS«f ,  bvw«vtr,  tbe  pbce  ■■*  piKltcanyabaiRloa^. 
A  (uccetsfnl  aettlenient  was  made  lit  1851-1854  under  ibe 
auspices  d[  the  New  Yotk  Truu  Co, 1  the  lUiaois  Cintnl  railway 
waa  opened  in  1856;  ind  Cairo  waa  chartered  as  a  dty  in  iSj;. 
During  the  Civil  War  Cairo  was  aa  impoitant  stniegic  point, 
and  was  a  military  ceotre  and  depot  ot  supplies  ol  considerable 
importanceforlheFedentaimiain  the  west.  In  1S61  Admiral 
Andrew  U.  Foote  esUbiished  at  Mound  City  a  naval  depot, 
wtiich  was  the  basis  oi  his  operatDna  on  (he  WuissippL 
CAniOU,  BBMEDBITO  (181^-1889),  Ilaliu  si 


in  ihe  iSlb  of  January  1S15. 


I  1848  ui 


Italian  unity  in  1870,  liit  whole  ai 
devoted  to  the  Risorgimcnio,  aa  Garibaldian  officer,  poliiicai 
refugee,  anti>Austrian  coruiHrator  and  deputy  to  parliament. 
Hb  commanded  a  volunteer  company  under  Gaiituldl  in  1S59 
and  186a.  being  wounded  alighlly  tt  Calaufimi  and  severely  at 
PaJetnu  in  the  latter  year.  In  tS6A,  with  the  rank  of  colonel, 
he  aaslsted  Caritaldi  In  Tiiol,  in  1867  fought  at  Menlana,  and 
In  1S70  coujuclfd  Ihe  negoliationi  with  Bismarck,  during  wliich 
the  German  chanccllDr  is  alii^cd  to  have  pmmised  Italy  posses- 
sion ol  Rome  and  of  tier  natural  frontiers  if  the  Democratic 
party  could  prevent  an  slliaace  between  Victor  Emmanuel  and 
Napoleon.  1^  prestige  personally  acquired  liy  Benedetto 
Calmli  waa  augmented  by  that  of  his  four  bmiheis.  who  fell 
during  the  waia  of  RisoigimentQ.  and  by  the  heroic  conduct  of 
their  mollier.  His  refusal  ol  all  compensation  or  distinclioD 
further  endeared  him  to  the  luiiaa  people.  When  in  1876  the 
Left  came  into  power,  Caimli,  then  a  deputy  of  sixteen  years' 
standing,  tiecame  parliamonla^  leader  ot  his  party,  and,  after 
ihefillof  Dcpieia,Nicoiciaand  Crispl,  formed  his  first  cjbinet 
in  Match  1S7S  with  a  Francophil  and  Imdcnlist  policy.  After 
bis  marriage  with  the  countess  Elena  SiiaoolTrent, be  permitted 
the  Irredentist  agilntion  to  carry  the  country  lo  Ihe  verge  ol  a 

Corti's  policy  of  "  dean  hands  "  at  the  Berlin  Congress,  wliere 
Italy  obtained  notliing,  wbilc  Austria-Hungary  secured  a 
European  tnandate  10  occupy  Bosnia  and  the  Hetiegovina. 
A  lew  monttu  later  the  attempt  of  l^issanante  to  assassinate 
King  Humbert  at  Naples  (iiih  of  December  1S78)  caused  hts 
downfall,  in  s[ritc  of  Ihe  courage  displayed  and  the  severe 
wound  received  by  him  in  protecting  the  king's  person  on  that 
occasion.  On  the  Jrd  of  July  1879  Calroli  relumed  to  power, 
and  In  tlie  following  November  formed  with  Depretis  a  coalition 
minalry.  In  which  he  retained  the  premiership  and  the  foreign 
office.  Confidence  in  French  assutanccs,  and  belief  that  Great 
Britain  would  never  permit  the  e>lension  ol  French  hifluence 
in  North  Africa,  prevented  him  from  foreseeing  the  French 
occupation  of  Tunis  (nth  ol  May  iSgi).-  In  view  of  popular 
Indignation  he  resigned  in  order  to  avoid  making  inopportune 
declarations  to  the  chamber.  Thenceforward  be  piaciicaHy 
disappeared  Ironi  political  life.  In  1SS7  he  received  the  knight- 
hood of  the  Annunriala,  the  highest  Italian  decoration,  and  on 
the  Blh  of  August  188?  died  while  a  guest  ol  King  Humbert  m 
Ibe  myal  palace  of  Capodlmonte  near  Naples.   Cairoli  was  one 

public  men  who.  having  conspited  and  fought  lor  4  generation 

filled  for  the  responsible  parilamcniary  and  official  positions 
they  tuhsequently  attained;  and  who  by  their  Ignorance  of 
lortlgn  aRaira  and  of  internal  administration  unwillingly 
Impeded  (he  poHlical  development  of  tbeir  country. 

CAISSOn  (from  the  Ft.  aim.  Ihe  variant  form  "cassoon  " 
being  adapted  ItDm  Ihe  Ital.  aseni),  a  chest  or  case.  When 
employed  as  a  military  term,  It  dcnotei  an  ammnnJIioD  wagon 
or  chest ;  in  architecture  it  is  the  term  used  tor  a  sunk  panel  ot 
coffer  in  a  ceiling,  or  in  the  soHH  of  an  arch  or  a  vault. 

In  civil  engineering,  however,  the  word  has  attained  a  fiir wider 
BignlGa lion,  and  has  been  adopted  inconneiion  with  a  consider- 
able variety  of  hydraulic  works.  A  caisson  in  this  sense  implies 
a  caK  or  enclosu  re  0 1  wood  or  Insn ,  generally  empfoyed  for  keeping 
out  water  during  the  eiecoljon  of  toundallolia  and  other  wDrits 
under  riven,  ud  >bo 


9S8 


CAISSCfK  mSEASE 


rutlKKt.  TbmintiKidlHiiNtldmitdklityiwofcBlNW^- 
(i)  A  aimm  opta  at  Iht  top,  wboM  Mo,  lAen  It  Ii  nmk  ta 
p«l«on,  cmeiie  ibove  lbs  mto-levd,  ud  wUdi  b  cUher 
pnvidH]  with  a  vittr-IIgfat  bottom  «  b  niikd  down,  by  b*iii| 
inij]it«)  at  the  top  Mid  h*vlDg  ■  ciitttii(ttl|e  mmd  tka  bonon, 

inte  t.  watti-titfit    "  '"  '  '" "-  " '  " 

inildeid)  Abottan 

in  which  men  am  i  — , - 

keep  oat  the  water  in  prnporthm  to  the  depth  beta*  Ibc  Mtcc 
irvcl.  lAiA  b  (ndully  <*nM  dowm  to  u  ndcipaleljr  tm 
foiudatiga  bf  cnvnting  at  Ike  bottom  «(  tbe  ixiMan,  and 
bidlding  np  a  qay-waO  or  |da  oit  of  watn  on  Iha  lap  of  It* 
nut  as  It  dcKradi.  An  cmnple  •<  k  calNDO  with  a  watep4l^ 
botlom  is  fOmiibed  br  tbe  quart  oocte^  alancMa  Ot  SdM  at 
Rouen,  wiien  open-tiid)er  oiMOiii  wne  ttink  oa  W  bfaifnr- 
p1n  down  to  a  depth  ol  q1  ft.  behm  hnMtater,  tbt  btU  and 
CDDcnte  lower  portioni  of  the  (pay-mil  betaig  baih  tauidt  tbea 
out  of  water  (lee  Don).  At  Bilbao,  Zetbngge  and  SchcKB- 
inrn  hirboun,  lacie  open  metal  taiBani,  built  biltiid,  baOuted 
with  concrete,  Soi ted  oat  Into  poritlon,  and  tkca  tank  and  lOed 
with  concrete,  bivc  been  enjoyed  for  btndng  my  itite 
fbundition  blo^  for  the  bieakwatew  (we  Buaewhtu). 
Open  iron  oisaoni  are  fteqmoliy  employed  In  endodof  the 
dte  of  river  jrien  for  bridgea,  irbete  a  watenti^l  itratam  cao 
be  reached  al  a  moderate  depth,  into  wUdi  the  aiaon  can  be 
taken  down,  to  thai  the  nter  can  be  pumped  ont  of  the  endonire 
and  the  loundaiions  laid  and  the  pis  laiiitd  op  fa  the  open  ilr. 
Thai  the  two  larje  rivet  pim  carrying  the  hlfb  towen,  bucnlei, 
and  muhinerv  ol  the  Tafner  Bodge,  London,  WCK  each  founded 
and  built  within  1  group  of  twelve  plite-inn  cainoni  open  at 
the  top;  whilst  fouf  oF  the  fden  on  iriikh  the  ontiieven  of  the 
Forth  Bridge  rest,  were  each  ettcUd  wllhin  an  open  phte-iron 
caisson  filtnJ  at  tbe  bottom  to  lit  tloping  rock,  utoe  ordinary 
raflerJanij  could  not  have  been  adopted. 

When  foundations  have  to  he  carried  down  to  a  conildetable 
depth  in  wiier-bcsrini  sinta,  or  thicnigb  the  alluvial  bed  ol  a 
[fver,  to  reach  a  bard  itiaium,  bottomlca  caluona  aunk  by 
eicavating  under  comprtaed  air  are  eraployed.  The  caisaon 
at  the  bottom,  formiog  the  working  chaciber,  is  usually  pitivided 
■llh  a  strong  loof,  round  the  top  ol  which,  when  the  caiaon 
Ii  SoatKl  into  a  river,  plate-iiHD  aides  an  erected  lotmbig  an 
upper  open  caioon,  Iiuide  wbidi  the  pier  or  quay-watl  li  built 
up  out  of  water,  «i  the  top  □(  the  nwf,  aa  the  sinking  proceeds. 
f£aft*  through  the  roof  up  to  the  open  air  provide  acceii  (or  men 
and  materials  to  the  walking  chamber,  through  as  ait-lock 
consisting  of  a  small  chamber  with  an  air-tight  doot  at  escb  (ild, 
enabtlng  locking  into  and  out  of  the  compressed-air  poiti 


iy  cBected,  on  tbe  9a 


lum  has  been  reached, 
the  men  leave  the  Dorking  chamber;  and  it  is  filltd  with  concrete 
through  the  shafts,  the  bottomleas  taiaeon  remaining  embedded 
in  the  woifc.  The  foundations  for  the  two  river  piers  of  tbe 
Brooklyn  Siupenurai  Bridge,  arried  down  to  the 
and  41  fL  respectively  below  high-water,  by  means  of  bottomless 


IS  with 


lyintu 


thia  method  of  catiying  out  subaqueous  foundations; 
the  Antwerp .  qoay-inill*,  commented  many  yean  ago  i 
river  Sdialdt  at  aome  distance  oat  tnm  tbe  tight  bank,  ai 
tMiadatlsos  of  aii  of  tbe  pien  auKiottiiit  the  cutileven 
Forth  Bridge,  carried  down  to  lock  belmen  64  and  £«  ft. 
U|h-watci,  an  Datable  eianples  of  works  Inunded  under 
wJtUa  wron^t  iron  hottomlcas  talmmu  by  ttte  aid  of  compnsaed 
air.    Tie  louodatioai  of  tbe  two  pien  of  the  EiHel  Tower 
adjoiniiig  tbe  Seise  veic  carried  down  through  soft  wi 
lo  a  dcinh  of  33  ft.  by  meant  ^  wrought 
'   '     '^e  help  of  comptesKd  air; 

1  aiiii  of  the  new  targe  "Florida 
„.  re  ^I>ocx}*efelaJdmdenwath  the  water  logged 

Woikmot,  after  emefsiof  fiain  sodi  cal«ant,  aometimet  eihi 

■     -".(I*). 


espedaily  the  former  (so 


(•■iBecn  for  oriMM  ftrA,  tka  n 

olMon  have  (0  be  left  In  tbe  wotk,  a 

ha*  been  adapted  (or  onyfng  oot  sli 

ate  dqithi,  fay  uilng  movablo  ofsaoBs,  which,  after  the  kiwest 

portians  Ol  tlw  fooIidatlDDs  have  been  laid,  are  railed  by  acicw- 

Jacks  foe  CDnstmctlng  the  nen  portiiins.    In  this  way,  fmtead 

of  buBdir*  tbe  p(cr  or  wall  on  die  roof  of  tbe  en' 

ia  canfed  mt  ondet  water  i 

tattomlea  caimDn  as  the  w>       , 

■MM,  the  oiason,  haTfaig  csnqileted  the  subaqDeoos  portion  of 

(ha  ttractnie.  Is  anilaUe  tot  work  ebewlieie.    This  moraUt 

tytum  baa  been  nacd  wftb  advantage  for  tbe  fniDdatiosi  iar 

•otae  pina  of  river  btidfet,  aome  breakwater  frandatioii*,  aod.  at 

tbe  Florida  ladi,  R**ie,  fcc  fovDdbf  ponioat  of  tbe  tide  walb. 

Cloaed  ireo  cafnona,  termed  aUp-olnaai,  ud  ilidfni  or  nd- 
genctally  employed  for  dodns  cBiving.doc^ 
'  Iiom  their  reKmbhiKx  In  ihape 
simplicity,  being  readily  Soatcd 
into  and  out  of  position;  whilst  eliding  caissons  are  sotDetimet 
used  Instead  of  Iock.g*tei  at  docka,  but  tequiie  a  chamber  at  the 
ride  to  ncdve  tbem  when  dnwn  bac^  Tltey  posea*  tbe  ad- 
Vanlage,  partlcnltr^  fcr  naval  doctyanb  wbm  heavy  wci^li 
are  tianqiortcd,  of  pravldlii|  in  addhioD  a  itnng  movable 
bridge,  thereby  dl^tenliig  with  a  twing-biklge  acioa>  the  opening. 

Tie  term  calnoa  It  tometfmet  applied  to  flat  air-tight  construc- 
tion) Dsed  for  raising  veiaeti  out  of  water  Ear  cleaning  or  rcpaiia,  by 
being  sunk  under  them  and  then  floated;  but  these  floating  cafsona 
are  more  commonly  known  as  pontoons,  or,  when  air-chanben 
areadded  at  the  sides,  ssfloaiingdty-docks.       (L.  F.  V.-H.) 

CAIBOM  DIIBAIB.  In  older  to  eidude  tbe  water,  tbe  air 
pleasure  within  a  cilitoo  used  for  sul»queoui  woitt  muit 
be  kepi  in  ex(T*t  of  the  pressure  due  to  the  superincumbent 
water;  that  Is,  it  must  be  Increescd  by  one  atmoqihere,  or  15  ft 
per  iq.  in.  fat  every  33^  ft.  that  the  caisson  is  submerged  below 
theiurfacft.  HerKeat  adeplholiooft  a  workerin  acaitfoa,or 
a  diver  h  a  diving^drcsB,  must  be  sabjected  to  a  pittnte  of  ioai 
atnmpheies  or  6a  tb  per  tq.  fn.  Eiposan  to  such  prfHiires  la 
apt  to  be  followed  by  dlMfieetlriE  and  even  daugenut  physio- 
logical eSectt,  wbidi  are  commonly  teietred  la  as  caisson  disease 
or  compressed  sir  niiwsa.  The  symptoms  are  of  a  very  varied 
character,  including  pain*  in  the  muscles  and  joints  (tbe 
"bends  '^, deafness, embsnassed  bienthing,  vomiting, paralyida 
("  divers'  palsy  "),  fainting  and  sometimes  evcj;  luddni  death. 
At  the  St  touis  bridge,  where  a  pr«mie  was  employed  equal  to 
4l  almospheres,  out  of  600  workmen,  itg  were  affected  and  n 
died-  At  one  time  the  symptoms  were  attributed  to  congestiao 

E reduced  by  the  mechanical  clTccts  of  the  pressure  on  the  btetnal 
rgantof  the  body,  Init  this  cipli  nation  is  seen  to  beantcnable 
when  it  it  remembered  thai  the  pressure  is  immcdislely  trana- 
mitled  by  the  fluids  of  the  body  equally  to  aS  parts.  They  do 

sa  long  as  It  is  continued,  but  only  after  il  has  been  removed ;  and 
tbe  viev  now  generally  accepted  is  that  they  ure  due  In  the  mpid 
eHervescente  of  the  gases  nhidi  are  abjoibed  in  the  body-fluida 
during  eipoiurt  to  pressure.  Eiperimenl  has  proved  that  ia 
animals  eapoHd  to  compressed  air  nitro^sn  is  dissolved  in  tbo 
fluids  in  accnrdance  with  Dation's  law,  to  the  extent  of  loutfily 
I  %  for  each  atmosphere  of  pressure,  and  also  that  iiriieB  Ibc 
pressure  is  suddenly  relieved  the  gas  is  liberated  b  bnbUet 
within  the  body,  it  is  these  bubbles  tbat  do  the  mbcblef.  Set 
free  in  tbe  spuuil  cord,  lor  iasance.  tbey  may  give  tiie  to 
partial  paislyiis.  In  the  labyrinth  of  ibe  ear  to  auditory  vertigo, 
0(  in  the  heart  to  sloppe^e  ol  the  ciiculaiion ;  on  the  olher  hand, 
tbey  may  be  b"betated  in  positions  nhere  they  do  no  barm.  But 
If  the  piessuie  Is  relieved  gndually  ihey  are  not  lorined,  because 
the  gat  cornea  out  of  solution  slowly  and  is  got  rid  of  by  the 
heart  and  lungs.  Paul  Bert  cipoted  34  dngs  to  presure  of  j-gi 
>tmot{Aeret  and  "  decompressed  "  ihem 


Therei 


of  hi*  cases,  in  which  the  apparal 
pressure  of  g|  srmatpbeiet,  death  was  in 
body  «u  cnonnooify  diMendcd,  with  the  right  bean  fa 


CAITHNESS 


Bat  te  tbo  Iblmd  tbU  duel  Mpocd,  lor  oodtnle  pcriorti.  u 
limjlir  pnsun  niltcnd  oe  ill  c&tcU  piDvidod  tbit  tine  pmHire 
wu  rdievid  gndully,  In  i-it  boun;  «tid  hi*  roulti  lun  been 
confirmeil  by  lubuqncBt  faii«itig>lon.  lb  pcwcnt  aioon 
dBuM,  ihirelon,  Ib>  dccanpraikn  ihmld  ht  ilowi  Lconud 
Hill  x^soU  it  ihould  be  >l  ■  rata  oi  not  ksi  IhiD  n  bIduIb  for 
cidi  ■tiiK»)ACTe  el  pronn.  Good  *tmil«Uam  of  llie  ainin  it 
the  of  fKil  impofUDC*  (thoufh  ciperiiunt  docm  not  cntlnlr 
canfim  ite  view  llut  tbt  proMKC  of  cufaonic  add  to  in 
(Bwuu  exocding  1  or  il  pait*  pa 
JnSneBB  on  th>  prodnctian  of 
ibifu  ihonld  be  vraMcd,  beau 
retpfruoiy  onanHcanndeKd  kntbte  udimiBi 


eitkiteui  poMlMy  beoMd  bicumii  and 

■n  be  worked,  tboigli 
to  Ihink  tint  the  mannum  pioiuto  (4I  itnco- 
phcres)  u  fir  und  in  caiaon  woili  »i|hl  be  coraiitnVy  ex- 
ceeded with  (ifety,  providtd  Ibet  proper  pmuiion  wen 
observed  in  re^id  to  ilow  decompeceiioB,  the  phyiiqae  of  tlie 
workmen,  and  ibe  bonn  of  l^nur.  Ai  to  (he  reinedy  for  Ebo 
vyinptonu  after  Uiey  have  appeared,  aatisfictorx  rtaidtt  have 
been  abuined  by  Rplacing  the  luHeKn  In  ft  eonipmnJ  air 
chamber  ("  lemnipteuian  "},  when  the  gai  b  again  diaiilnd  bjr 
the  body  fluidt,  aod  then  tlowfy  "  decompicsini "  them. 

5r  Paul  Bert.  La  Fnaiam  iiinmitri<iMi  {lijty.mai  Uoiwiil  Hill, 
KwW  AitaiHii  ■'■  Pkytiiiiif)  a*4  Bitcitmiilry  (19061.  (both  thn* 
■.:i,t: ». — *.   -,»„    *    '-;[ult   by   Leonard    "■" 


drlivbed  at  th?  RcyaT  Iti^TiIu 
May  ijor    ■•—    -     ---■  -  - 


36;  "  DiviiK  and  Cainon  rtna 
Itioiia,    by   Surgrwi   Haward    ^ 


Mill,  c 


CAITHHESS,  a  county  occupying  the  extreme  north-eaat  of 
Scotland,  bounded  W.  and  S.  by  Sulherlandihiie,  E.  by  the 
Nonh  Sea,  and  N.  by  the  Pcntland  Hrtk  lU  area  il  446/117 
icrei,  or  nearly  Ag;  iq.  m.  The  surface  generally  is  flat  and 
lame,  eoasiiting  lor  the  otM  part  oF  barren  inoon.  almoit 
deititule  of  (rets.     It  prtacnta  a  gradual  &lope  from  the  «orth 

chief  iBounUins  are  Morven  (1313  ft.).  Sciraben  [1054  tl.)  and 
Maiden  Pap  [15S7  flO-  Tht  priocipai  riven  arc  the  Thuno 
(■■  Thor'i  River  "),  whidi,  rising  in  Cnoc  Cmm  Uiilt  (i)»  ft.) 
nut  the  SutbertaDdshitc  bordct,  putiuea  a  winding  course  till 
it  reachra  Ibe  tea  In  Thuno  Bay;  the  Forsa,  which,  emerging 
'     □  Loch  Shurreiy,  '  "  "  ''         '   " 


Bskirk,  a  fine  cascade  1 


ilefroi 


_       _  namey=    . 

fallj  "  in  English  the  lOnn  Is  faru);  and  Wicli  Water,  which, 
draiiting  Loch  Wallen,  flowt  into  the  tea  at  Wick,  There  are 
many  other  tnuUer  itteanu  well  ilockedwith  fiih.  Indeed,  the 
CDUnlyofTenfineiport  forrodandgun.  T?ie hicha are  niunerciH, 
the  largest  being  Loch  Walten,  i  j  m.  by  j  m.,  and  Loch  Odder, 
il  by  I  m.,  and  Loch*  CoUm,  Hempriggs,  Heilen,  Ruard, 
Scartnclale,  St  John's,  Tottingale  and  Weitei.  So  much  of  the 
land  is  low-lying  and  boggy  that  there  are  no  glens,  except  in 
the  moilnUiDOus  south-west,  although  towanls  the  centre  of  the 
county  are  SliathTnore  and  Stialhbeg  (the  gnat  and  little 
valleys].  Most  of  the  ooast-line  is  prediHlous  and  iohotpitabie, 
psrticulaily  ai  the  headlands  of  theOrd,  Xoas,  Sldna,  Diuicajis- 
bay,  St  John's  Point,  Dunnet  Head  (346  It.),  the  moat  northerly 
pant  of  Scotland,  Holburn  and  Brims  Neaa.  From  Beniedale 
■t  fiequenl  inlervab  round  the  coast  occur  auperh  "  stack*,"  or 
delaebcd  pilla  n  of  red  sandstom^  which  add  much  to  llie  graodenr 
of  the  cliS  scenery. 

Caithness  u  separated  from  the  Orkneys  by  the  Pentland 
Firth,  a  strait  about  14  mila  long  and  inm  A  to  S  miles  broad- 
Owing  10  the  rush  dI  (he  tide,  navigation  n  difficult,  and,  In 
nmgh  weather,  dangerous.  The  tidal  wave  ncn  at  a  speed 
which  varies  from  6  to  ii  m.  an  hour.     At  the  meeting  of  the 


mtOQiom,  bvt  the  cuittnt  docs  not  ahny*  net 

*  iw  at  a  nnilorm  rate,  being  broken  op  at  place* 

petiloos  aa  itsell.    The  breaten  caused  by  the 


(etheB< 


mofMey,* 


St  Jokn'i  Point  mh  the  origi*  of  the  Merry 
sA  the  iaUnd  of  Sttonu  occun  the  whirlpool 
it  ofl  Ibe  Orcadian  Swoon  is  the  vortex  of  the 
Wdb  of  Swon*.  NoveitheleH,  a*  the  most  direct  road  from 
ScuMUnavlan  port*  to  the  AtlanUc  the  Ftrth  b  used  by  at  leaii 
5000  rimih  evoy  year.  In  iha  eaatera  eotiknce  to  the  Finh 
lie*  the  gtoup  of  islands  known  aa  the  Pentland  Sknrks. 
They  an  four  innumbci — MuckleSkeny,  Little  Skeny,  Cletuek 
SkcRir  aitd  Leather  Skerry — and  the  neansl  is  4)  m.  fton  the 
nalBliuML  OaMBck]e5kerTy,iheiargt9l()m.l^)m.),BUnds 
■  fifhtheoae  wfth  twin  lowcn,  too  ft.  apart.  The  island  ol 
Stnna,!)  n.lion  tbo munland (pop. 37j), belong  to Caithnen 
and  is  situated  in  the  paiisfa  of  Catdsbay.  It  is  i)  m.  kng  by 
It  m.  broad.  In  iMt  a  rtnafkible  tida  dlmbed  Iht  cHS* 
(no  fL)  and  swept  acna*  the  island. 

Cufsry-— Along  the  wstem  maigia  of  the  emmty  Iron  Reay 
on  the  noeth  ooast  to  the  Scatabta  HOh  then  is  a  nansw  bdt 
of  country  which  1*  occupied  by  netamotpUc  Mcfca  of  the  types 
bHuidintheeaitaf  SulherlBBd.  Tliey  coMfM  eUefly  ol  giana- 
litic  quartioae  achista  and  MspatUc  gntlwti,  pctneated  fn 
placa  by  string  and  veins  of  pe^naUla.  On  the  Scaraben  HEIb 
theis  la  a  pnminent  devdopmsnt  of  qtiaiti-BchiBta  the  age  of 
which  b  Mill  nnceitain.  These  rocks  ai*  traversed  by  a  mast  of 
gianiie  (onelimet  foliated,  trending  nonh  and  touth,  which  in 
tnceable  fmn  Rcay  southwiidi  by  Aullnabnac  station  to 
Kinbaa  and  Stisth  Hdnwlals  in  SMlvdaDd.  Excellent 
section*  of  this  rstl:,  showint  segtt^tion  veins,  sis  tqaiaul  in 
the  lailway  cutiinsi  between  Atdtnabtcsc  and  FoniMtd.  A 
rock  ol  qierial  inlaicst  deacribed  by  PiofmoT  Jndd  occun  on 
Achvansdale  Uoor,  near  Loch  Scye,  and  boua  na 


.    ..  mlcnscciic,  tbs  lorfc 

if  blotite,  hornbinide,  serpcntiDoiu  pseudo-moiphs  alter 
olivine  and  poaaibly  after  enstatite  and  magnellie,  and  may  be 
described  aa  a  Diica-liomblDidiHpicritB.  The  nialndei  of  the 
county  k  occupied  by  Krata  of  Old  Red  Sandstone  age,  (he 
greater  portion  being  grouped  with  the  Middle  or  Oraidian 
diviiiOQ  of  that  system,  and  a  Bnal)  area  on  the  promontory  of 
Dunnet  Head  being  provisionally  placed  in  the  appa  division. 
By  menus  ol  the  fossa  fishes,  Di  Traquair  baa  amnged  the 
Catthneta  Bagitonc  aoies  in  three  group*,  the  Achananu  beih  at 
the  base,  the  Thutso  Bagatox*  in  the  middle,  and  the  John 
o'Croatabedsat  the  top.  In  the  dtiEtse  sOuth  of  the  county 
certain  minor  sabdivisiont  appear  which  iRObably  ondeiiie 
the  lowest  looilifetoas  beds  containing  the  A<jiaiiart*s  fauna. 
These  comprise  (i)  the  cosise  bssement  conglomerate,  (i)  dull 
choaolale-Ted  ■anditones,  ihaks  snd  days  around  Bnemoie 
m  the  Bsntedale  Water,  (3)  the  brecdated  con|]Dmeiatc  brgely 
composed  of  panita  detiitns  reen  at  Badbea,  (4)  twl  asndtlone*, 
shales  and  cenghmsratic  band*  IMnd  in  the  Beniedale  Water 
and  further  northwards  in  the  dinctloB  of  Slnthmgre.  Moiven, 
(he  hiijicst  hm  in  Caitfanca,  is  bimed  ol  gently  bidhied  sand- 
stones and  conglomciales  RSIing  on  an  eroded  [ditfann  of 
quaits-idiists  and  qaarti-mica-gnnulites.  Tie  ttgstones 
yielding  the  fislws  ol  the  towcii  divisian  of  the  Orcadian  stries 
appear  on  Achananas  HiU  about  three  milei  south  of  Halkirk. 
The  member*  ol  (be  ovnlyinK  Thuno  group  have  a  wide  db- 
(tibution  as  lltey  extend  along  the  shoie  on  dther  side  of  Thurso 
and  spnad  acna  the  county  by  Castletown  and  Halkftk  to 
Sindaits  Bay  and  Will.  They  are  thrown  into  loldi  which  an 
traveised  by  faults  some  of  which  ran  in  a  noith  and  south 
direction.  Hwy  consist  of  dark  pry  and  cream-colovred 
thick-bedded  with  gicy  and  bine  ehabs 
id  octarional  bteraUatiraia  ol  sandstone, 
tba  csanty  the  memben  of  (he  Thuno 
gntqi  appeal  to  owilap  the  Adtumma  beds  and  to  rest  directly 
ea  the  plallatn  of  ciyttaiUns  scbbta.  In  the  extreme  north- 
east tfaov  i>  a  paisaae  npwaidt  into  tha  Uai  of  Craatntimw 


Craatntraiq 


960 


CArus— CAius,  J. 


BactlOH*  vltb  tlihi  ImpHn 


kc  mukingfl.  bu 


m  oblatrted 


iBttnf  of  unditocia. 
.    The  rockl  al  DaiuKI 
t  piBviltaliclIy  cbunl  irith  the  ummf  (^ 
'     '       '  uid  ycUi 
Hitherto  do  Uxaih  hive 
from  thne  beds  Hve  some  obscure  plani-lil 

Hoy,  which  Iheie  mt  unconfomubly  on  the  fla^tone  Kfies  of 
Orkney.  Thii  patch  o[  Uppcc  Old  Bed  nnta  ii  (Milled  dgilnst 
the  Caithneu  flagnons  to  Ihe  Hulh.  For  tuny  yciu*  Ihe 
BipIoiKi  have  ben  eiteiuively  qouiicd  for  pavemeDt  puipooei, 
a>  for  iDstsnce  nor  'niiini>,  at  Caitlctown  and  AchanamB. 
TiMo  iBStaiicea  «f  volcanic  nccki  occur  in  Caithnen.  ojk  pieTtinc 
Ihe  led  landilonei  al  the  NeB  of  DnnciiubAy  uid  the  other 
Ibc  uiHblonn  ol  Dunnel  Hrul  nonh  of  Bmiigh.  They  pobit 
I0  voktiuc  activity  subiequetit  10  the  dcpoiition  of  the  John 
o'  Groats  bcdi  and  of  the  Dunnel  sandstones.  T2ie  manrials 
filling  these  venli  consul  ol  (ggloinerale  charged  vilh  bkicki 
ol  di&bate,  »:uidBlDne)  flapUne  and  limestone. 

AaiDtertslingrealurecoiuiecledvith  the  geology  of  Caithness 
b  the  deposit  of  shelly  boulder  day  whicb  is  dislribuled  over 
the  low  ground,  being  dccpesi  in  the  vslleyt  and  in  the  cliffs 
uirraiinding  the  bkyi  on  [he  cast  coast.  Apan  from  the  shell 
fngmenU.  nuny  of  which  an  siriaied.  the  depoail  contains 
blocks  (ORign  10  the  county,  as  for  inilance  chalk  and  chalk- 
flints,  fragments  ol  Jurassic  rocks  with  fossils  and  pieces  oi  ici. 
The  transport  ol  load  bouldcn  shows  that  the  Ice  must  ha.ve 
moved  fTOin  the  south-cut  tovuds  the  rurth-wesl.  which 
c^nddes  with   the  direction  indicaled   by  the  striae.    Tbc 

hcdsiul.    The  shell  fragmt 


forma,  only  a  small  nuniber  being  charaeterislic  of  the  littoral 

CfinHite  and  ApicKllun.^-Tbe  dimale  it  variable,  and  though 
the  winter  slorms  fall  with  gicst  aevcrily  on  the  coast,  yet  owing 
to  proiimiJy  to  a  vast  cxpAnse  of  sea  the  cold  is  not  intense  and 
anow  seldom  lies  many  days  continuously.  In  winter  and  spring 
the  norlbem  shore  is  subject  to  frequent  and  diHilrnui  gales 
from  Ihe  N.  aad  N.W.  Only  about  two-Uths  of  the  andile  land 
is  good.  In  spile  of  this  arid  the  cold,  wet  and  windy  cliinatc. 
progressive  landlords  and  tenants  keep  a  conadciable  port  of 
the  acreage  of  lai^  farms  suroessfuily  tilled.  In  1S14  James 
Tnill  of  Rallet,  near  Dunnel,  recogmilng  lh:il  it  was  impossible 
lo  Bipect  lenanls  to  reclaim  and  improve  the  land  on  a  system  of 
shdrl  leases,  advocated  large  holdings  on  long  Icnns.  so  that 
fanners  might  enjoy  ■  substantial  rrtum  on  their  capital  and 
labour.  Thanks  to  this  policy  and  the  farmers'  skill  and  enter- 
prise, Ihe  county  has  acquired  a  remarkable  reputation  for  its 
produce;  notably  cats  and  barley,  tumiFS,  potatoes  and  beaos. 
Sheep — chiefly  Leicester  and  Cheviots — of  which  the  wool  u  in 
especial  request  in  consequence  of  its  Bnc  quality.  caUle,  bono 
and  pip  are  raised  for  southern  markets- 

OiIk'  /mfiuir  ju.— The  great  sounx  ol  proEi  10  the  inhabitamta 


afcod,lij 
lortant.  beginnin 


;,  lobster  I 


o<  July  and 
ng  al  Wkk. 


Bciidea  those  more  immediately  engaged 
the  fiaboic*  tfve  empkiymenl  to  a  large  numnec  di  «> 
CdieA,  packott  and  helpera.     The  salmcai  fisheries  on  the 
aad  at  (he  mouiln  of  rivers  are  let  al  high  prices.    The  Tbi 
u  oC  the  best  salmon  olreams  in  the  north.     The  Oai 
tpiartiet,  moatly  situated  hi  the  Thuiso.  (Krig  and  H 
diilricla,  ai«  anolbei  iMiporliinl  source  ol  revenue.    01  manu- 
tKIORi  then  b  lilllt  bejorul  Iweeds,  topes.  IgrkuHi 
ti.  and  wUiky,  and  the  prindpol  nnports  const 


Wick  and  Thuiso  and  the  Orkaeyt  and  Sbetlands.  AbodeM. 
Leilh  artd  other  ports.  The  defidrncy  of  railway  accommodation 
is  partly  made  good  by  coach  services  between  diflereni  placea. 
Pef^'um  aid  CBrtnim<*t.~'Oiit  peiniUtion  of  Calthncas  in 
1891  was  jj,i»,-and  In  ipor,  Jj.Bjo,  of  whom  [wenly-four 
persons  spoke  Gaelic  only,  and  2876  Gaelic  and  English.  The 
chief  towns  are  Wick  Cp^.  in  root,  TOi'l  and  TTiurso  (jJijK 
The  county  returns  one  member  to  parliament.  Wick  is  iheody 
royal  but^  and  one  of  the  northern  group  ol  potlianicnUiy 
burghs  which  indudea  Cnjtnarty.  Dingwall,  Domodi,  Kiitwall 
'  ''aio.    Caithness  unites  with  Orkney  and  SbelLind  u  ' 


herifl-si 


It  Wick,  who 


ills  also  at  Thuno  and  Lyteler.  The  county 
board  jurisdictioa,  and  there  are  academics  at  Wick  and  Thujso. 
The  county  council  subsidiars  elonentaiy  schools  and  cookery 
dasBca  and  provides  apparatus  for  technicai  '^'*— * 

HijioTy. — The  early  history  of  Caithness  may,  to  settle  a  tent, 
be  traced  iu  the  character  of  its  remains  and  its  local  nomen- 
dalore.  Picu'  houses,  still  fairly  numemua,  Norwegian  nainet 
and  Danish  mounds  attest  that  these  peopka  displaced  end 
other  in  lum,  and  the  number  and  strength  of  the  fortified  keeps 
show  that  its  annals  indude  the  nsua)  Icuds,  asasults  and  le- 
priaala.  Circles  of  lunding  stona,  as  at  Slemster  Loch  and 
Bower,  and  the  ruins  of  Roman  Catholic  dufieli  ami  places  ol 
pilgrimage  in  almost  every  district.  Illustrate  the  changes  wbidk 
have  ODmcovcrits  ecclesiastical  condition.  The  moat  important. 
uiholie  Castle.  Cimigo  Castle,  and  the 
I  the  S.E.  coast,  the  castles  of  Clylh. 
Knockinnon,  Benicdalc,  Achastle  and 

sandstone  rock.  About  sii  miles  from  Thurso 
of  firaal  Castle,  the  lesidence  of  the  ancient 
mess.  On  the  coast  of  the  Pcntlond  Flitb,  i) 
inscnnstuy  Head,  is  the  site  of  John  0'  Groat'j 


Dunbeath,  t 
itand  the  nj 


Keiis:  and, 
e.  Lover 


See£.  Lalng.  FrAiaark  Banthii  d  CtilioKa  tLandaaand  Edia- 
iHirch.  iSb6|;  lames  T,  Caklcr.  f/iiMry  <f  CHiiWit  (ind  erihios. 
WicVlJuhn  Ifonic. /a  aail /tloiK  itirt  (WiekJ:  Thomas  Saclair, 
CmtkKils  Etmit  (Wick.  I891)):  lliuiry  if  lln  Raa  Cntn  (Wick,' 
1S40):  J.  Ilenderwrn.  AiAhoi  FimiljIltUtty  (Edinbanh,  |M4>: 
llarvK-llniwn,  Aina  •/  ISuMjhii  ftiBnburgh.  IM}):  PitndnU 
Miller.  Oar  Sal^imatit*  FnnhMnl  (TburK^  iHlllj  SaUn. 
Rabtrl  Dili.  BMmil  anj  (Tn^oc'u  (Lonjon.  1878);  II.  Mcwtkb, 
CJi  a  ^utrrfarrJ  a^d  OtaUni  IWick.  tSSj):  A.  Auld.  ifiu'Itirs 

CAlDSorCllus.  popciroRi  18]  to  ]i)6,  wosthesonof  Gaius.or 
of  Concordlus.  a  relative  of  Ihe  emperor  Diodctian,  and  becanw 
pope  on  the  ijlhof  December  »Sj.  Hiilomb,  with  the  original 
ri^taph,  was  discovered  in  the  cemetery  ol  Caliilus  and  In  il  the 
'■'"■'  ■  'lis  letters  (see  Arringhi.  Aonctf 


ig  with  which 


416).     He  d 


CAtOSI^r. _,..„_ 

physician,  and  second  (oumlcr  ol  the  pr 
CoUege.  Cambridge,  was  bom  at  Norwi 


-iST]).E 


Lnd  Colon 
6th  of  October 
I  then  Conville 

Hafl,  Cambridge,  where  he  seems  to  hive  mainly  studied 
divinity.  Alter  graduating  in  r^jj.  he  visited  Italy,  where  he 
studied  under  Ihc  celebrated  Monunus  and  Vcsalius  at  Padua; 
and  hi  ij^t  he  look  hit  degree  In  physical  Padua.  In  154J  he 
visited  several  pons  of  Italy.  Germany  and  France;  and  re- 
lumed to  Engbnd.  He  was  a  physidan  In  London  In  1547,  and 
was  admitted  lellow  of  the  College  of  Physidans,  of  which  he 
was  for  many  years  prrsidenL  In  I5S7.  being  then  physician  to 
Queen  Miiy,  he  enlarged  the  foundation  of  his  old  college. 
changed  the  name  (rcim  "Convrllc  Hall"  to  "ConviDe  and 
Calus  Ci^lfge,"  and  endowed  it  with  several  consideiable  estates, 
adding  an  enllie  new  court  at  the  eipenie  of  £1834.  Of  this 
college  he  accepted  Ihe  mastership  (i4lh  ol  Januaiy  issB/9)  on 
the  death  of  Dt  Bacon,  and  held  il  till  about  a  month  befaie  hb 
death.  He  was  physician  to  Edward  Vt.,  Queen  Mary  and 
Queen  Eliiabeth.  He  relumed  10  Cambrid^  from  London  for  m. 
few  days  fn  June  1573.  about  a  month  before  his  death,  and 
■  ■  ■  Dr  Legge,  a  tutor  at  Jesus  College. 
'    '    BartlHrtomew's.  on  Ibe  19th 


HedMalUsLmdonHoiBe.in  Si 


CAJAMARCA— CAKCHIQUEL 


961 


at  Jidy.  i]T3i  but  his  body  w  bmi^t  to  Cunbndge,  (nd 
buiint  in  th«  dupd  under  tlu  veU-4iu>TD  monuineiit  which  fa« 
had  dcfiigited,     Dr  C^iun  was  1  Learned,  active  and  benen^cnt 

of  Lloacie.  In  1  jd4  lie  obtained  a  pviE  for  GooviUe  and  Caiiu 
Colleic  to  take  the  bodies  of  lira  molefBCton  annually  for  dis- 
>ectioil|  lio  irai  thua  an  important  pionea  in  advinctng  tlM 
•dcDCC  of  anatomy.  He  fmbably  dovised,  and  certainly  pie- 
•ented,  tbe  lilvcr  coduceui  nor  in  the  poonsion  of  Ctiiu  Collcta 
aa  put  of  ita  tfui^fo;  he  £nt  gave  It  to  the  Colle^  of 
Pbyiidooi,  and  afteiwaidi  preiented  the  London  Coliege  with 

H^worla  lo- 


for  furllier  delaili  >ce  the  StD(n^tuiiI  Hilton  <4  Cuiu  CaOitf, 
an  (dminble  piece  of  biitoricil  wgrlc.  by  Dr  John  Venn  Ci397). 

CUUUHCA,  or  CkUHAlCk,  a  city  of  nortbem  Pera,  capila] 
ol  a  depoitnitiil  and  proviace  tA  tbe  oame  name,  90  m.  K  1^  N. 
of  Pacasmayo,  its  port  on  the  Pacific  coait.  Pop.  (1906,  eitim- 
tte}  of  the  dfipartroenC,  333,510;  of  the  city.  900D.    The  city 

i<  lituated  in  an  elevated  valley  between  tbe  Central  Bnd  Weil 


CoidiUets 


»  ft.  above  tea  level,  and  on  the  Eiimejao.  1 


i  of  the  I 


.    The  XI 


.  t  Tight  an^lca;  the  houoea  are  gaierolly  low  and  built  ol  clay 
Among  the  notable  public  buildings  aie  the  old  parish  church 
huill  at  the  eipense  of  Chiiiei  IL  of  Spain,  the  church  of  Saa 
Antonio,  a  Fianciican  monutriy,  a  nunnery,  and  theTemainirf 
the  palace  of  AtAhuolpa,  the  Inca  luler  whom  Pizatro  tieadler- 
ously  captured  aiul  executed  in  thii  ptocc  in  1S33.  Tbe  hot 
lulphur  spiingi  of  Pullamaica,  called  the  Baftos  del  Inta  (Ina'l 
batbi)  are  a  ahort  distance  cut  of  the  lily  and  aje  still  fre- 
ijucutfd.  Cajamarta  i«  in  Important  commerelai  and  maau- 
[aeturing  town,  firing  the  distributing  centre  for  a  largo  inland 
region,  and  having  long^atablished  manufactures  of  w<ooUen  aiu) 
hoen  goods,  and  of  metal  work,  leatbei,  etc  ft  is  the  seat  of  one 
of  the  seven  supviior  courts  ol  the  republic,  and  is  oitmected  with 
thecoast  by  tejegi^h  and  telephone.  A  railway  hu  beenundei- 
Uken  from  P.faamayo,  on  thecoast,  to  CnJHnatta.and  by  ipo« 
WS9  completed  oa  far  aa  Yonin,  60  m.  from  ill  Uaning-point. 

The  department  of  Cajamarca  ties  between  Itie  Westeni  and 
Ccnlni  Qnditlcnu  and  extends  from  the  frontiu  of  Ecuador  S. 
to  about  7°  S.  kt.,  having  the  deparlinents  of  Pivn  and  Lamba- 
yeque  on  the  W.  uid  Amasonas  on  the  E,  Its  area  according  10 
oKdal  returns  is  i3.S4i  sq.  ra.  The  upper  ManAon  traversea 
the  dqiartment  from  S.  to  N.  The  d^rtmcnt  11  an  elevated 
(effOlli  well  wBtmd  with  a  large  number  of  small  atreami  whose 
WBlcn  eventually  find  their  way  thrangh  the  Amazon  into  the 
Alhnlic.  Many  of  i  tiproduclloru  are  ol  the  temperate  lone.  and 
considerable  attention  i>  given  to  calUe-raising.  Coal  is  fomid  in 
the  province  oi  Hualgayoc  at  Ibe  souIfaciB  eilremity  of  the  dc 
parttnent.  which  is  also  one  of  the  rich  (Uvei^rnining  diotricta  of 
Peru.  Nest  to  its  capital  the  moat  imporlanl  town  of  the 
dopartnent fi CajamarqntUa, irhoM popnlatimwaa  abotit  teoo 

GAJATUIBO,  or  CaxaiausD,  a  town  and  pitrfincc  of  the  de- 
partment of  Ancachi,  Peru,  on  tbe  western  ilope  o(  the  Ardea. 
Since  1896  the  population  ol  the  town  has  been  estimated  at 
£000,  but  pTobaUy  it  docs  not  exceed  4500.-  The  town  is  110  m. 
N.by  E.ofLima.inhi.9°^'SJ(mg.76°s)' W.  Thepiinnpal 
industries  of  the  provintc  art  the  raising  ol  catlk  and  sbtep,  and 
the  cultivation  of  ceieala.  Cadiineal  is  a  prodna  of  this  region. 
NaT  the  town  tbeie  ate  nhw  mines,  in  which  a  put  of  its 
popnlatioa  ii  employed. 


UJETAH  (GuTAim),  Cuecmu  (t47»-is34)i  *u  bora  at 
Gseta  in  the   kingdom   of   Naples.      His  proper   uinH  was 
'be  adopted  that  of  Cajeton  (ton  hia 


ToDunaao'  d 

Unhpbce.  He  entered  tlie  order  of  the  Don 
of  »iteen,  and  (en  years  Uler  became  doctor  of  theology  al 
Tadiu,  where  he  was  Bubsequently  professor  of  metaphysics.  A 
public  di^niutian  at  Femn  (1494)  with  lico  della  Mjnadola 
gave  Um  a  (real  reputation  as  a  theologian,  and  in  1 508  be 
becune  general  of  hii  order.  For  his  teal  in  defending  the  papal 
ptelen^ons  agabist  the  council  of  Pisa,  in  a  scries  of  works  wUch 
weie  condemned  by  the  Sorbonnc  and  publidy  burnt  by  order  of 
Kln(  Louis  XII,,  he  obtained  tlie  bishopric  of  Gaeta,  ud  in 
Iji;  Pope  Leo  X.  made  him  a  carduial  and  archUshop  a( 
Palermo.  Tbe  year  foUowfng  he  went  as  legate  bito  Oemuny, 
to  quiet  the  commotions  raised  by  Luther.  Ic  was  before  Un 
thai  the  Reformer  appeared  at  the  diet  of  Au^burg;  and  It  was 
ho,  in  1519,  helped  in  drawing  up  the  bull  of  <3CCHiU)innica^ 
■gainst  Lnlher.  Cajetan  was  employed  in  several  other 
negotiations  and  transactions,  being  as  able  in  budness  as  Id 
letters.  In  coojtmcllon  with  Cardinal  Ginlio  de'  Hedid  in  the 
conclave  of  1511-1511,  he  secured  the  election  of  Adrian  Dedel, 
bishop  of  TottoSB,  as  Adrian  VI.  Though  as  a  theologian 
(^jetan  was  a  scholastic  of  the  older  Tbomist  type,  his  gnienl 
position  wai  that  of  Ibe  moderate  reformers  of  the  ichoid  to 
'  Reginald  Pole,  archbishc^  of  Canterbury,  also  bcloRgcd; 
desired  to  retain  the  best  elements  of  the  faumudst 
revival  in  harmony  with  Catholic  orthodoy  illumiDed  by  > 
ipredation  of  the  Augustituan  doctrine  of  jusUScttion. 
d  by  Clement  VII.  a  member  of  tbe  comtnlite*  of 
appointed  to  report  on  the  "  Nuremberg  Recess,"  he 
ided,  in  opposition  to  the  majority,  certain  ccoceMlons 
ttKrans,  notsMy-tbe  marriage  A  the  clergy  as  in  the 
Greek  Chnrch,  and  communion  in  both  kinds  according  to  the 

mentaries  npon  portions  of  Aristotle,  and  upon  the  ^irffifira  of 

tion  of  the  Old  and  New  Testaments,  excepting  Soloraan's  Song, 
the  Prophets  and  the  Revelation  of  St  John.  In  contrast  to  the' 
majority  of  lUIian  cardinals  of  his  day,  Cajetan  was  a  man  of 
austere  piety  and  fervent  seal;  atid  if,  from  the  standpoint  of  the 
Dominican  Idea  of  the  supreme  necessity  of  maintaining  ecdesi- 
asf  teal  discipline,  he  defended  the  extremist  cZoIms  of  the  papacy, 
he  also  proclaimed  that  the  pope  should  be"  the  mirror  of  God  om 
earth."     He  died  at  Rome  on  the  9th  of  August  1534. 

See  "  AktenMacke  nber  dai  Vethslt™  dn  lOoiiKben  Kurie  inr 
Relormalioa.  IJu-iSJi."  ia  ^KcUca  mt  FmuJiMtn  (KM.  Prcuss. 
ilist.  Inil..  Rom^,  vol.  iii.  p.  E.20;  T.  M.  Lindsay,  Bislart  of  lid 
Rijarmsl!e<<,  vol.  I.  CEdinbuHh,  1906). 

CAJVPDT  OIL  a  voktile  oil  obtained  by  dJstDUtion  from 
the  leaves  of  the  myrtaccous  tree  Mdaltula  ItiuadeitdriM,  and 
probably  other  species.  The  trees  yielding  the  oQ  ate  found 
throughout  the  Indian  Archipelago,  the  Malay  Peninsula  and 
over  the  hotter  parts  of  the  Australian  continent;  but  the 
greater  portion  of  the  oil  is  produced  from  Celebes  Island. 
Ttie  name  cajuput  is  derived  from  the  native  Kayupali  or  while 
wood.  The  oQ  is  ptcpaicd  from  leaves  coUected  on  a  hot  dry 
day,  which  are  macerated  in  water,  and  distilled  after  fermenting 
far  a  night.  This  oil  Is  extremely  pungent  to  the  taste,  and  has 
the  odour  of  a  miituie  of  turpentine  and  c&mphor.  II  consists 
mainly  of  dneol  (see  TEiPEWEsI ,  from  which  cajuputene  havinga 
hyacinthine  odour  can  be  obtained  by  distillation  with  phesphotUB 
pentoxide.  The  drug  is  a  typical  volatDe  oil,  and  is  used 
internally  in  doses  of  )  to  3  minims,  for  the  same  purpooes  as, 
say,  (love  oil     It  is  frequently  employed  externally  as  a  counter- 

GAXCHiqttEL,  a  tribe  of  Central  American  Indluis  of  Mayan 
stock,  inhabiting  parts  of  Guatemala.    Their  name  a  said  to  *  ~ 
that  of  a  native  tree.     Al  the  conquest  tbey  w 
in  a  much  civilized  condition. 

See  D,  G.  Brinton.  Antali  t/ lit  Caliiiquth. 


-e  found  to  be 


962 


CALABAR— CALABAR  BEAN 


R  (at  Ow  CAUUm),  ■  lOport  ol  Wctt  AEtfcm  In 
Xbt  Briluh  piotectonU  oI  Soulhem  Hitfrik,  m  the  left  bank 
oftlMC»ljil»iriwtin4°j6'N.,8*i8'E.,sia-"bo«  thepmnt 
«ben  the  rivet  bll)  inis  Uh  CiUbir  atuary  ol  tht  Gull  of 
Cuiou.  Pop,  about  is,ooD.  Il  ii  t)ie  capitil  ol  Uie  euttni 
provLDce  oi  tbe  piotccunCc,  uid  ii  In  refultr  tietnahip  ud 
Ulcgnphk  oammunicitian  niih  Europe.  From  Elic  betch. 
'  *bcK  BiC  the  budnm  hoata  lod  cuU«i»  office.  luc  dISi  o[ 
modence  elewllon.  uid  on  the  lida  01  BuniniU  oF  tlu  hilli  ik 
IhepriDcipat  building  ludk  u  GovcnmKnt  HouK^  the  European 
boiiriu]  md  the  dnuch  of  Iht  Prabytcikn  Riiuion.  The 
¥»11^  between  tbe  hilti  ii  occupied  by  the  Miive  quarter, 
cnUed  Duke  Town.  Hen  an  levenl  bat  houie*  in  bungalow 
■tyle,  the  nvdenca  o[  the  diich  or  wedihy  nitivei.  Along  the 
rivet  fiODt  lUttt  a  tramway  connecting  Duke  Town  with  Queen 
Beadi,  which  i>  hiBhci  up  and  provided  with  excellent  quay 
scmmmodatioQ.  AmonE  tbe  public  iiutiiutiona  are  Bovetnment 
botaniial  laRkiu,  ptimaty  tdraola  and  a  high  tchooL  Palnu, 
nango*  and  other  tim  grow  luiuiiantly  in  the  gardeu  and 
opes  ipaca.  and  give  tbe  town  a  pictuieaque  letting.  The  iiade 
k  veiy  laigeiy  centred  in  the  tiport  oi  palm  oil  and  palm  luntli 
and  the  tmpoit  of  colloa  good)  and  ipiiiti,  tnoalb'  vn.  (See 
NlOEUA  far  tnde  relutns.) 

Calabar  was  the  name  given  by  the'  Portugueie  diacoveieii  of 
the  ijth  century  to  the  tribea  on  thii  part  of  the  Guinea  cowt 
at  the  time  of  their  arrival,  when  aa  yet  the  present  inhatqtanta 
wen  unknown  in  the  diitrict.  It  was  not  tUl  the  e«r1y  part  of 
tbe  iStb  century  that  the  E61t,  owing  to  dvfl  war  with  their 
kindied  and  the  Ibibio.  migrated  from  the  neigbboutbood  ol 
the  Niger  to  tbe  abom  of  ilie  river  Calabar,  attd  atabliibed 
tbemsehw  at  DcoritUDgko  or  Creek  Town,  a  qiot  4  m,  higher  up 
the  river.  To  get  a  belter  ihare  in  tbe  European  trade  at  the 
Dwuth  of  the  river  %  body  ol  coloniati  mignted  further  down 
and  built  Obutocg  or  Old  Town,  and  ihonly  aficrwardi  a  rival 
colony  eaUblijbed  itjelf  at  Aqua  Akpa  or  Duke  Town,  which 
thui  farmed  the  nucleus  of  the  eiiiilng  town.  Tbe  native 
Inhabitant!  an  ttill  mainly  E61C  They  are  pure  negroei. 
"*Tliey  have  been  lor  several  generations  the  middle 
the  white  ......     ..-..- 


>□  tbe  oust  and  the  inland  tribes  ol 


cCnii 


waA  among  tbe  E6la  since  the  middle  ol  tbe  iittb  century. 
Many  of  the  nativea  are  well  educated,  pnlesi  Chrisdanity 
and  dreia  in  Eutopcan  fashion.  A  powetful  bond  of  union 
among  tbe  ECk,  and  one  that  glvea  them  ccffisideiablg  bBuence 
over  other  tribea,  1>  the  secret  sodtty  known  ai  the  Egbo  (f.t.). 
The  chief)  of  Duke  Town  and  other  places  In  the  ndghbouCbood 
placed  themselves  in  iSSt  under  British  protection.  From  that 
date  until  1906  Calabar  was  the  beadquarten  d(  the  European 
admtolstraiion  In  tbe  Niger  delta.  In  tgoe  the  >cat  ol  govern- 
ment  was  removed  to  Lagoi. 

Until  i«04  Calabar  was  generally,  and  officially,  known  aa  Old 
Calabar,  to  distinguish  It  from  New  Calabar,  tbe  name  of  a  river 
and  port  about  too  a.  to  tbe  east.  Since  the  date  mentioned 
tbe  official  style  li  Calabar  limply.  Calabar  estuary  i>  mainly 
Ibtmtd  by  the  Cross  river  {«.«.).  but  receives  also  the  waters  ol 
the  Calabar  and  other  atreami.  Tbe  Rio  del  Kef  creek  at  the 
CaMcm  end  of  tbe  estuary  marks  tbe  boundary  between  (Britith) 
Nigeria  and  (German)  Cameroon.  The  estuary  is  10  to  Ti  m. 
broad  at  It*  mouth  utd  maintain*  the  same  breadth  for  about 

CAUBAB  BBAW,  tbe  seed  of  a  legumhwm  plant,  Phytetlltma 
MntngiHiii.  1  native  ol  ttoirical  Africa.  It  derives  its  scJentiGc 
name  from  ■  curioui  beak-like  appendage  at  the  end  of  the 
itlgmi,  Id  the  centre  of  the  flower;  this  appendage  though 
solid  wu  nippoicd  to  be  hidlaw  (hence  the  name  Irom  ^a,  a 
bladder,  and  iti'inu).  He  plant  hai  a  climbing  habit  tike  die 
tcartet  runner,  and  attains  a  bel^t  of  about  jo  IL  with  a  stem 
ininchDrtwointblckncsi.  ITie  seed  poda,  which  contam  two  or 
three  seeda  or  beans,  are  £  or  7  In.  In  length;  and  the  beans  are 
about  tbe  liie  of  an  ordinary  horse  bean  but  modi  thicker,  with 
■  deep  chacokte-btDwn  colour.  Tliey  constitute  the  E-so^  or 
oidnl  beans  ot  the  ncfroca  ol  Old  Cabbat,  bdng  adminlitered 


aecniedolwitdiciah  or  other  crlmta.  Inaseawbei* 
ilerial  did  Its  deadly  work,  It  wu  held  at  once  to 
Indicate  and  rightly  to  punish  guilt;  burwhen  it  wa*  ttjccteil  by 
theatoinach  of  Ihi  accused,  innocence  waifaeldio  be  Hliifactocitf 
established.  A  form  ol  duellinf  with  the  itedi  b  also  known 
among  the  nativei.  in  which  the  two  oppoaeoti  divide  a  ban, 
each  eating  one-hall;  that  quantity  baa  been  known  Is  kU  botk 
advenariei.  Although  thus  highly  potsoowB,  the  beaa  hu 
nothing  in  citemal  aspect,  taile  or  imell  lodittlncuitb  it  fiODi 
any  haimless  leguminous  seed,  and  very  dlsutraui  cHecta  ban 
resulted  Irom  iti  being  Incautloualy  left  bi  the  way  of  cfaUdien. 
Tbe  beans  were  fint  introduced  into  England  In  the  year  iS4ai 
but  tbe  plant  was  not  accurately  described  till  lUi.  and  ita 
physiological  effects  were  investigated  In  1M3  by  Sir  Hiomu 
R.  Fraser. 

The  bean  usually  contiliu  a  little  mote  than  i%  of  alkaloids. 
Of  these  two  have  been  ideiitlbed,ane  oiled  aJatannt.iod  the 
other,  now  a  highly  Important  drug,  known  as  fkyMottitmiiu — 
ot  occasionally  u  turine.  The  BriiWi  pharmacopoeia  contains 
an  alcoholic  eainel  ol  the  bean,  intended  (ot  internal  administra- 
tion; but  the  alkaloid  is  now  always  employed.  This  is 
used  as  the  auif^te,  which  has  the  empirical  fonnnla  of 
(CuHnNiOOi,  HiSOh  plus  an  unkitown  number  of  imdecuks 
of  water.  It  occtiti  in  small  yellowish  crystals,  which  are 
turned  red  by  eiposure  to  light  or  air.  They  are  readily  sohiMe 
In  water  or  alcohol  and  possess  a  hitter  taste.  The  doaa  b  ^rA 
grain,  and  should  invariably  be  adndiiiMeRd  by  hypodermic 
iniection.  For  the  uie  o(  tltB  ocafitt,  who  constaot^  eaiploys 
Uuadrug,  it  is  aba  prepared  in  iMiillu  IStiiaertian  witUo  lb* 


at  a  grain  of  pfayiostlgmiiw  sulphate,  a  quantity  whidi  b  pel' 
fectly  efficient. 

Fhyioitignlne  hat  do  actkn  on  tbe  unbraken  akin.  When 
swallowed  It  lairidly  catnes  a  peat  Increase  bi  tbe  lalivuy 
tcoelion,  being  ene  of  the  meat  powetfid  ri^ttpia  known-  It 
has  been  shown  that  the  aelloo  b  doe  to  a  direct  lAflnence 
on  the  KciellDgglsnd-celb  tbemsdva.  After  ■  few  nliiulcs  tbe 
salivatira  b  anested  owing  to  the  coattticting  tnSueiKe  ol  tbe 
dmg  upon  the  Uood-vcneb  that  supply  tbe  (had*. '  Ibere  b 
aba  Icit  a  sense  ol  coBSUictioD  In  the  pharynx,  doe  to  tbe  actioa 
o(  the  drug  on  its  muscular  Gbtes.  A  siaiibi  Miimdathm  of  the 
lUHi-atrfpcd  muscle  in  the  alimentary  canal  lesnlta  In  violent 
vomiting  and  purging,  ii  a  large  doae  has  been  taken.  Fhyso- 
stigmine,  indeed,  siimukces  neaily  all  the  non-str^ted  muscle* 
in  the  body,  and  this  action  upon  tlie  muscnlar  conta  ol  tbn 
arteries,  and  especially  of  the  artericdct,  causes  a  great  rise  in 
biood-pressure  shortly  after  its  aboorption,  which  is  very  rapid. 
The  terminals  of  the  vagus  nerve  arc  aba  slimubted,  cauang 
the  heart  to  beat  more  alowly.  Later  In  its  action,  the  drug 
depttsses  tbe  intia-cardiac  motor  ganglia,  musing  pialongntioD 
ol  dlaatole  ar>d  finally  arrest  of  the  heart  in  dHalatlon-  A  large 
lethal  doae  kiUs  by  this  anion,  but  the  minimum  lethal  dose  by 
its  combdned  action  on  tbe  respiration  and  the  heart.  Tlw 
respiration  Is  at  first  acccletatcd  by  a  dose  of  physoatigminc, 
but  b  afterwards  slowed  and  ultimately  anested.  Hie  Initial 
liwmfiming  B  duc  to  a  Stimulation  of  tbe  vagus  teraifnab  in  the 
lung,  aa  It  does  not  ckcut  if  these  nerves  are  previously  divided. 
The  final  arrest  b  doe  to  poralysb  of  the  reapfaatory  ccntn  in 

lioo  tt  the  nan-atriped  —""■'"  tissue  in  the  bnachial  tubes, 
and  by  a  "  water'logging  "  of  the  lungs  due  to  an  Inocaac  in  tbe 
amount  of  bnmUal  seoetian.  It  may  here  be  atated  that  tba 
non-stiiped  muscular  tissue  of  the  bbdder,  the  uterus  and  the 
qileen  b  abD  stinnbted,  as  well  ai  that  of  tlv  ub  (sea  below). 
It  b  (mly  in  very  laiBC  doses  that  the  voluntary  muicba  am 
poisoDed,  there  being  induced  in  them  a  tremor  iriaich  may 
aimidate  oidiiiary  convubiona.  The  action  Is  a  direct  one  npoa 
the  muaeubilissae  (cf.  the  case  ol  tbe  gland-ceUs),  since  It  DECBii 
*-■'-**  *        ]jQQ,  pamijiBud  by 


being  apparently  no  actioa  on  lay  pait  ol  the  biahi  alxrve  tbt 
twwtiiii*  jAij.njpf^|     Qiit  the  Influence  of  the  iiBtaloU  upM  tte 


CALABASH— CALABRU 


963 


■nd  cbfiltahtle.    Ho  nSct 


tlw  typial  ■ctk 

btit  cut  tbcR  b  ■  puil>sl*  of  the  le 

■otkMfCBtnlwiiilbilttjrlilowatd.  'nadl 


s  aa)r  w  ccnridet  iti  U^iljr  inqiMlaut 

luBiDk  01  by  lobcmuMCMi  lojKtion,  ftytetOpi^iiB  cuuM  * 

otiMt known dnf.  TlBttkliaetioabailiKctuidiutiDeivoui 
one  h  ihown  by  Ot  fact  tliit  if  the  eye  be  oiddHily  ibtdcd  tie 
pnpil  wUI  dOata  ■  lillle,  eboiriBi  tlut  the  nemm  wUch  ciiue 
dlliutlon  in  (till  RmpMent  alut  tb*  adnitiintntion  oi  pl^Hi- 
lUgnlne.  Smlim  the  tHamr  tufittat,  tbt  fibra  of  tbe 
dUuy  nraide  ■!•  Mlmtiktcd.  Hoe  Is  coiueqiKndy  ipeim  of 
ucoBBMdttian,  w  tbat  dev  TiBDn  of  diiunt  objcM)  bcODnCi 
Impenlbk.  Tbe  lotn-DCnlar  (miira  h  nuAedly  lovend. 
Till  action,  at  £nt  i^bt  aonmrhat  oliacuie,  iadne  to  Ibe  txlRcu 
pvpOlaiy  conbutioo  *bkb  icmovei  tbe  man  of  tbe  iria  from 
fiiilng  npod  tbe  qiacee  of  Fontana,  thiDngh  wbich  the  inlia- 
ocnlar  BuUa  normally  make  a  veiy  ilov  cKape  from  tbe  eye  into 
iti  eletent  lympbatia. 

There  la  a  mailed  anta^oniBm  in  nearly  all  importani  par- 
tieulan  bctnen  the  actioni  of  phyieatigiDino  and  of  alrDpini. 
Tile  detaib  of  lblBanta(Doiim,a>  wilt  ai  nearly  all  001  iuMwiedie 
bI  Ihia  vahuble  drug,  we  owe  to  Sb  Thomai  Fnaer,  who  intio- 

Tbe  clinical  uwi  of  phyaoMIgmine  an  bued  npon  tbe  facta  of 
hi  pbaimacology,  ai  above  detailed.  It  baa  been  Rcommendtd 
b  cuee  oC  cbiDeic  comiipailoD.  and  of  want  of  tone  in  tbo 
muaculat  wall  of  tbe  urinary  Uaddei.  It  ba*  ondonbtedly  been 
ol  nhie  ia  many  caiei  of  tetania,  in  wbich  it  mual  be  givec  in 
mininul  doae*.  [Tbe  telinn)  utitoaln  iboold  faiTadably  be 
tinplDyed  ai  well.)  Sir  Tluww*  Ftaiet  diSen  from  neaily  all 
otbct  auiboritiei  in  regatdins  the  dnis  as  luelets  in  cbks  of 
strycbBint  poiuiuDf-,  and  Ibe  quation  muit  be  left  open. 
There  is  some  doubtful  evideoce  si  tbe  value  of  tbe  alkalud  in 
cbore*.  Tbe  oculkt  uses  it  for  at  leait  six  puipcoes.  In 
atimiUaataclimioulhe  iisand  dliaiy  miucle  ii  employed  when 
are  weak  or  paralysed.    Il  is  uicd  la  all  caxa  wlicR  one 

icaaom  la  gUuccma.  It  ii  nalunlly  tbe  moat  efficject  ageol  in 
telienzig  the  diuomfott  01  intoleiable  pain  of  pbolopbobla; 
and  it  ii  tbe  best  means  of  breaking  down  adbesiona  of  tbe  ifis, 
fveolini  pntlapse  of  tbe  iris  after  in>urie*  to  tbe  roroes. 
is  hardly  possible  tooret-alimateitavalueinophlbi]- 
moloiy.  The  dnif  has  been  hifbly  and  widely  recammended  in 
-feneral  paralysis,  but  there  remaina  grave  doubt  u  to  lu  utility 
in  this  disease. 

Toiiakty. — Tbe  symptom)  of  Calabac  bean  poiioiiinf  have 
all  been  I  tiled  above.  Tbe  obvious  aniidole  il  atropine,  iriuck 
may  ofien  tucoeed;  and  ibe  other  measuns  wn  tboae  uwally 
empkiyed  to  itimultte  tbe  dindolion  and  re^iiaiitm.  Un- 
foclutu  tcly  tbe  antagoniam  between  phyiMligrninc  and  MropiiK 
i*  not  peilect,  and  Sir  Thomai  Fraser  ha*  shown  that  in  lucb 
cases  tbcK  comes  a  time  when,  if  (be  action  ol  the  two  draff  be 
Mmmalcd,  death  results  sooner  than  from  eiibet  aloae^  Thus 
Vlrapine  will  save  life  af  lei  ibne  and  a  half  lime*  tbe  laUl  dose 
•fpbysoitiginlnehaibeen  taken,  butwillhulcn  the  end  il  lour 
Of  mart  times  the  latal  dose  has  been  ingnied.  Thus  it  would 
be  advisable  to  use  the  physiological  snlldole  only  when  Ibe 
doae  of  the  poiiorb—'aisununt  est' 
knovit  to  be  comparatively  snalL 


CUIUIH  (from  the  Span,  utslsa,  k  fourd  or  punpUD, 
pOMJbly  derived  from  tka  Pen.  Uarluma,  a  mdsn),  the  Bhell  of 
a  goiud  at  pumpkin  made  into  a  vessel  for  balding  liquids;  tbo 
a  vcaael  of  ritnilat  shape  made  of  other  "^■^*nfli  It  is  the  name 
of  a  tree  (CnKaUtB  Cnjtli)  tt  tropical  Ametia,  vboae  gourd-lUu 
fmit  ia  10  hard  that  veaaeh  made  «f  it  out  bo  used  over  a  file 


I,  a  native  o(  the  Wtit  tndlBi  and  Soutli 
AiBcrici,  knoini  botiakifly  at  CrttatHa  dcMe  (natunl  order, 
Bl^aaiactu).    Tbo  bull  RocmUea  ■  gourd,  and  hat  a  voody 

GAUMnO.  01  Caiuom,  an  Inland  town  ol  Venenela, 

BOVCipItBlofthiiUteolGtiiiico.  Pop.(iS9i}  s6ig.  Calabora 
it  ritoattd  fn  the  mldat  of  an  extensive  Uaiu  on  the  left  bank 
t£  Ibe  Gvliico  liveT,  315  ft.  above  sea-level  and  i  ij  m.  S.S.  W.  tt 
CmcM.  Tbe  pbln  Ilea  illgbtly  above  tbe  level  ol  intersecting 
liven  and  is  Inqsmtly  flooded  m  the  niiiy  season;  in  summer 
tbe  beat  It  nMMt  Of^etalve,  the  average  temperature  being 
8i*  F.  Tbe  town  la  regularly  laid  out  with  slieels  cnusing  at 
right  anglet,  and  poMt  wet  several  fine  old  churches,  a  college  and 
pidriicBdMwL  Iliaalaoabiibop'it(e,andaplaceof caniiderable 
commercial  Impoitaiiee  because  of  its  situation  in  tbe  midst  of  a 
ikb  caUle4aiaing  coimtry.  It  is  taid  to  have  been  an  Indian 
town  ori^ially,  and  waa  made  one  of  the  trading  sutians  d  the 
Compattia  Cuipmcoana  in  1 7J0.  Uowevei,  like  mott  Venenjelin 
towns,  Catahoio  made  little  growth  during  the  igth  century.  In 
1810  the  Spanishiorcesiukder  Morales  were  defeated  bete  by  the 
cevolotionlsts  unda  fioUvai        '  ' 


ipelt  CalabraseUa),  an  Ilaliu 
("  the  little  Calabriin  game  "}  for  three  playen.  All 
the  tenl,  nines  and  eights  are  removed  from  an  ordinary  pack; 
the  order  of  the  cards  Is  three,  two,  ace,  king,  queen,  liC-  In 
scoring  the  ace  cotmts  ii  the  three  t\  king,  c)ucen  and  knave  1 
each.  The  Last  trick  counts  3.  Each  separate  hand  is  a  whole 
game.  One  player  plays  against  the  other  two,  paying  to  each 
or  receiving  from  each  the  di&ctcnce  hetveen  the  number  of 
poinu  that  he  and  they  hold.  Each  player  receives  twelve 
cards,  dealt  two  at  a  time.  The  reminder  form  the  ilock, 
which  it  left  face  downmrdi.  Then  are  no  tiumpi.  Tbe  player 
enthcdealer'slcftdtduesSnt:  he  can  either  play  01  pass.  The 
dealer  bai  tbe.  taat  option.  If  one  person  aimouncei  that  ha 
playt,  Ihe  olben  combine  against  him.  If  all  dedine  to  play,  the 
deal  pisaet,  Ibe  bands  bcii^t  abandoned.  The  single  player  may 
demand  any  "  three  "  bechooeei,  giving  a  card  ineichange.  It 
the  three  demanded  ii  in  Ihe  stock,  no  other  card  may  be  asked 
for.  II  a  player  bold  tU  Ihe  Ihieei,  he  may  demand  a  two. 
The  tingle  player  mutt  take  one  card  from  tbe  stock,  in 
eicbanfe  lor  one  of  hii  own  (whidi  ii  never  exposed)  and  may 
take  more.  He  puis  out  the  cards  he  wishes  to  exchange 
face  downwirdt,  and  Iclccts  what  be  wishes  from  Ihe  stock, 
which  is  now  expooed;  therejectedcardsand  cards  left  in  the  stock 
form  the"  discard."  Tbe  player  on  the  dealer's  left  then  leads. 
The  highest  card  wins  the  trick,  there  being  no  liumps.  Pliyert 
must  follow  suit,  if  they  can.  Tbe  single  i^yer  end  tbe  alltct 
collect  all  the  Lricks  they  win  respectively.  The  winner  of  Ihe 
last  trick,  bcstdct  scoring  three,  adds  the  discard  to  hia  heap.  Tbe 
heaps  ace  then  searched  for  the  scoring  cards,  the  scores  are 
compared  and  Ibe  slakes  paid.  It  is  important  lorcmember  that 
the  value  and  Ibe  order  of  the  cards  are  not  the  same,  thus  Ihe 
ace,  whose  value  is  ].  is  only  Ihird  as  a  trick-winner;  also  that  it  it 
highly  importtnt  to  win  the  last  trick.  Thirty-five  is  Ihe  full  score. 
CALUHIA.  ■  tetriloiial  diiltict  of  both  tndent  and  nxidem 
luly. 
(1)  Theandenl  district  consisled  of  the  peninsula  at  its  lou  lb- 
be  Iween  the  Adria  tic  Sea  and  the  Gulf  of  Tareo  turn, 
lapygian  promontory  (Lat.  Pramunturium  Scl' 
village  upon  il  was  called  Leuca — Gr.  A<i»A, 
colour—and  is  still  named  S.  Maria  i^Leuca)  and 
in  the  main  with  the  modem  province  of  Lccee, 
Brundisium  and  Tarenlum  being  its  most  aorth-wesieily  cities, 
lboi«b  (he  boundary  of  the  Itliet  extends  somewhat  (arthei 


964. 


CALAFAT— CALAH 


wot.  ItbalawtmacaaflinaUM.AcUdMiiliMtlofotkh 
■diiDm  Rich  1500  ft.;  tki  dUb,  tbow  bM  Ugh,  u«  Kmp,  ud 
It  hu  DO  lira*  of  4iiy  ia^MictuKe,  but  dMiilU  iMk  ol  mHt  It 
KM  <ud  bj  icmukddjr  fotDe.  Stabo  fntlBnt  to  puton* 
■Bd  tnOr  ud  ft*  oUtm,  viMi  uid  fndt  tnca  (wfckk  MB  M31  tb* 
piindptl  muee  oi  poxfwriQ')  ua  EitqiKDtIr  ^wkad  <f  b]'  the 
■ndoits.  lie  inxil  ol  TuEutmo  ukd  Knudlihun  nu  dw 
dmna.  Hid  at  die  former  pUce  mie  conddenbb  djv-Watfci. 
u  acquired  impMUiice  In  vojr  (utr  dBet  owfag 


populitioa  ot  dw  Mose  and  outy  bionie  ■(■  aic 
orer  CUibria.  EipeckUy  DOtimbto  •»  Ibe  aaUn  iflelrt 
jfOc)  sad  Ibe  nund  tooerJlke  spmJH*  Or  kuMli,  vbich  ui 
(bond  Ku  Lecca,  GalUpoDI  and  HuTO  LecDMB  (uid  only  ben  in 
Italy);  tlu7  cormpoud  to  ^mOar  manUDsili,  tba  ftHat 
fiUat  and  the  inniM,  ol  Saidhiit,  and  tlie  folenelitiDa 
betirten  the  tm  popuhtion*  iiUcb  pradooed  than  rsquiica  an- 
litliludr,  b  i}i-^66B^WBfiBd^tiian|AanconlcdiD  the 
Roman  fioK  over  ths  TWtatbd,  SaHcntinl  and  Uiwipii,  »hik 
the  nirae  Calabria  doei  iMtoecai;  bat  after  the  louDditionali 
colony  at  Bmndliliim  !n  i46->4i  tc,  and  llw  final  uibjectiaa  ol 
TiRtinun  in  lOQi.c.,  Cikbrfi  became  th*  ffaenl  naae  tM  the 
pcninsnli.  71k  popiilitEon  decliHd  to  •om  (xtcnt;  Stnbo 
(vi.  181)  telli  11]  that  In  uKier  days  Calabria  had  been  ealiamely 
papulous  and  bad  had  thiriKn  dties,  bat  that  In  Ma  tine  all 
except  Tarentom  and  Brandiiiuni,  whkh  tetained  their  con- 
meirial  [mportance,  had  dwindled  down  to  villager  ITie  Via 
Appia,  pmionGcd  to  Bitmdiiluni  perhaps  ■■  e«!y  u  igo  bj:., 
passed  through  Taienium;  the  shorter  roDte  by  Canosiuni, 

municitlon  by  Tn^  {lee  Arru.  Vu).  The  only  other  mads 
were  the  tiro  coast  nadi,  the  one  ftara  BrundMum  by  Lupiae, 
the  other  from  Tarentum  by  Manduiis,  Neretum,  Atetiom  (with 
a  bianch  to  CiUipolis)  and  Veretnm  (hence  a  bnndi  to  Lena), 
which  met  at  Hydruntun.  Augiotus  Joined  Cakbria  to  Apulia 
and  the  terrilo^  ol  the  Siplnt  to  farm  the  lecond  regiao  of 
Italy.  Fnm  the  end  of  the  Mcond  centotr  we  find  Calabria  for 
Jui^dioT  purposes  aasociated  either  with  Apulia  or  with  Lucania 
and  the  district  of  the  Bnitta,  while  IHadetlan  placvd  It  under 
one  conidet  with  Apulia.  Tlie  loB-of  the  name  Calabria  cams 
with  the  Lombard  conqnest  of  thk  diMilct,  when  It  was  trans- 
ferred to  the  land  of  the  Bruttii,  whkfa  the  Bysuuina  empiie 
■(ill  held. 

(1)  Tie  modem  CahbriaconAtaof  the  loulheWieinity  ofltaly 
{the  "  toe  ot  the  boot  "  In  the  popular  simile,  while  the  andent 
Calsbcia,  whh  whidi  the  present  piovincE  of  Leexe  more  or  kai 
coincides,  1>  the  "heel  "],  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  ptoviiice  of 
FDteDia[Basnicita]uidontheothetthrteridea^tbe*ca.  Area 
5814  sq.n,  llie  north  boundaiyiirBtherfarthernorth  than  that 
of  the  ancient  district  of  the  BruttS  (f.r),  Calabria  aequiied  its 
present  name  in  the  time  ot  the  Byiantine  lupie macy,  after  the 
ancient  Calabria  had  bltcn  Into  the  hands  o(  the  Lombards  and 
been  lost  to  the  Eastern  empire  alnut  t.o,  6A8.  The  name  la  firtt 
found  In  the  modem  sense  in  Fauiua  Dlacomis's  Bisbma  Lantn- 
bardtrun  (end  ol  the  Sth  century).  It  Is  mainly  mouniainons; 
at  the  noithem  extremity  of  the  district  the  monntalns  still 
belonf  to  the  Apenm'nn  proper  (the  highest  point,  the  Monte 
Pollino,  7J1S  [t.,  ii  on  the  boundary  between  Baillicsts  and 
Caiab  ri»),  bu  I  after  theplalnoISihari,  traversed  by  the  Cmti  (anc 
Cnthij,  a  rivet  sB  a.  long,  the  only  considerable  one  m  Calabria), 
the  granite  mountains  ol  Calobiia  proper  (thou^  stm  called 
Apennines  in  ordinary  usige)  begin,  llicy  consist  of  two  Kioups. 
Ihe  £nt  extends  as  far  as  the  isthmns,  about  tt  m,  wide,  formed 
by  the  gulfs  of  5.  Eufemla  and  Squlllace;  Its  highest  point  is  the 
Botte  Donate  (63J0  ft,).  It  Is  in  modem  times  jenerally  called 
the  Siia,  in  contradistinction  to  the  second  (southern)  group,  the 
Aspromonte  ((1410  ft,);  the  andeols  on  the  other  hand  applied 
ihcnameSila  tolllesouihcmgroup.  The  rivets  in  both  parts  of 
the  chiln  are  short  &nd  unimportint.  The  mountain  aistrieissre 
In  parts  covered  with  forest  (though  less  so  than  in  ancient  tlmea), 
stilt  kigely  government  property,  while  in  much  of  the  rest  (hen 
b  good  pasture.    Thescenciy  is  line,  though  the  country  is hatdly 


at  an  vidled  by  tiKnlkn.  Tlie  c«iat  atrip  ■*  very  bnfle,  asd 
thoo^  lOdie  futs  arc  akmat  desertad  owing  to  malaria,  eihcra 
pto<taca  wine,  olin-oll  and  trait  (annsea  and  lemma,  6gx,  Ac) 
la  abandinea,  the  nejchbouhood  oi  Reggio  beuig  e^exiaUy 
iartBe.  lbs  netfibottitoed  ol  CoataB  h  abo  highly  cultivated; 
and  at  the  lattar  plato  a  aihnl  of  agriculture  has  been  fovaded. 
tbongk  the  methods  tMd  in  naiq'  parts  o(  Calabria  ate  MiQ 
primitin.  Wheat,  lice,  cotton,  liqiiorke,safiraiaiMl  tobacco  are 
abo  cultivated.    Tha  coast  ft*^**«**  are  in^iactant,  eapodally  ia 

however,  wantinc,  Hie  climate  is  very  hot  InmmAieir,  while  snow 

ai*  frequent  and  bava  done  snU  damafe:  that  «<  the  autam  of 
1905  was  very  disastrous  (O.  Habgodi,  CoJaMs  DbWbIb,  XoB^ 
iQoi),  but  It  was  luipanril  In  its  (Jecta  by  the  lernble  earth- 
quake of  190S,  by  whidi  Ueialna  If.t.)  ma  destroyed,  and 
In  Calabria  Itself  P^-giftft  and  numaous  mti"!!*"-  place*  rained. 
The  railway  coMmanimtionatifiaftrirat  lot  the  eiiastdistticb; 
then  arc  tints  along  both  tba  enM  and  vest  ceasla  (the  btlit 
form*  put  of  the  through  roste  by  bod  from  Italy  to  Sidly, 
Inty^bsata  trBvewng  the  Strait  oi  UcMina  with  the  through 
dabs  OB  board)  whldi  meet  at  Reggia  di  Calabria.    Tliejr  ai« 

thraogh  Catavaio  taS.EiifeinIa;and  tberenalsaaEiBelrom 
Sibaii  vp  tbe  valley  of  the  Ciati  to  Ceaeaia  and  Fwtia&a. 
Tlie   iaietioc  b   otherwoe  tintoucbed   by   nHway 

by  poAa;  and  tUs  b  one  of  thecanses 
diffiriiltlti  of  CaUarb.    Aootber  is  the  ui 
oi  wealth,  there  being  practically  no  middle  class 
(a  the  injudidou*  disfoRaUtlon  which  has  been  a 

withoot  ngaid  to  tha  futora.    The  natnial  iliedt  apa. 

la  thna  removed,  and  they  tometimca  do  great  danace.    The 

they  vary  conudenbly  in  the  different  villagea,  Then  is,  and 
has  been,  considerable  emigration  to  America,  but  many  oif  lltt 
emigraats  return,  forming  a  slightly  higher  dasa,  and  peodudiig 
a  rise  In  the  rate  of  payment  to  cuUivatoIa,  whiiji  has  tncreased 
the  dfciBcultla  of  the  imall  (soprletoia.  Tim  ■timIIw*^^  ^j,^  laip 
number  of  tbe  communes,  and  the  csnequently  laige  nombci  ti 
the  prafcaatonal  classes  and  officiab,  are  othei  diSicultiea,  which, 
noticeable  thioiigliaBt  Italy,  ate  eipeciat^lett  in  Cakbria.  Tbe 
popidatiDnofCatabrIawaair4]M>9inigoi.  Tbechicltowwof 
the  province  ol  Catanam  were  hi  iqoi: — Caluaro  (31,1x1$). 
Nieaitra  {i8,tso),  Uonteleoae  [13,481],  Catroae(9S4S>.<o<alai 
provfna  (1S71)  411,136;  (igar)  498,791;  number  of  oomnmws, 
iji;  ol  the  provhice  of  Cosetua,  Cceenia  (>o,Sj7),  Cod^kno 
Calabn>Cr5,]79).RotMKi  (13  j;4}.S,  Giovanni  iaFkire(iir'SS), 
CastnviUari  (994J),  total  Of  province  (i8jO  440468;  (1901} 
!o],}iQ,  number  ol  communes,  ifr;  of  the  provines  of  Reggiat 
Reggia  di  Calabria  (44, S69),  Fahnl  (]] ,346),  at tancm  (11,781), 
Ginou  Inula  (1 1 ,  see)  .Bagnan  Caiabra  [i  I  ,i]6) ,  Sidemo  Uaiina 
[io,77s),  Gerace  (ie,j7i),  Polbtena  (10,111);  number  of  craa- 
munes  rrf;  total  ol  ptovlaeo  (iB;t)  3S3>>B;  (1901)  437.>o9- 
A  featiue  of  modem  Cabbrb  k  tbe  EilMenCB  oi  several  Albiuuan 
cokmlei.  fbunded  hi  the  ijth  anltoy  by  Albiniana  fflprllrd 
by  tbe  Tiiilia,  who  atUl  •peak  tbclt  own  language,  wear  thdr 
national  antume.  and  worship  accordmg  to  the  (neek  lita. 
Smfiar  colmks  cikt  hi  Sidly.  notably  at  Pkna  dd  Gred  ~-r 
Palermo.'  (T.  Ab.) 

CALAPAT,  a-  town  of  Ktunania  in  the  department  of  Doljia; 
on  the  river  Danube,  ofiposite  the  Bulgarian  fortress  of  ^nl)iD. 
Pop,  (tqoo)  7113,  Calafat  k  an  important  centre  of  t^  fraiu 
(nde,  Btid  is  cnmccted  by  a  bnach  line  with  die  principal 
WalacUah  rsHwayi,  and  by  a  steam  fsry  iritb  Vidia.  It  *aa 
founded  in  the  I4lh  century  by  Genoese  tohnists,  who  ca^iktycd 
large  nnmben  of  WMkincn  (Cnf/cUi)  In  Rfiaiiing  shipo  whidi 
Industry  gave  its  name  to  the  pko.  In  1854  a  Radian  iorrc 
was  ddeatedal  Cilaiat  bf  tbe  TUihs  under  Ahmed  I■ash^  who 
surprised  the  enemy's  camp, 

GAUH  («t  bi  the  BIMe;  Kalak  m  the  Assyrian  InsciiptMn*}, 
an  anckot  dty  situated  ia  tbe  sntfe  formed  by  the  Tigris  and 


CfiLAHORRA— «ALAJS 


9*5 


(lu  iWMr  Zab.  IQ  u.  S.  of  Nineveh,  *nd  one  ot  tbe  ctpltili  of 
AMyii*-  AcuvdiiiA  lo  tlu  JD^criptiong,  it  wu  buil(  by  Shnl- 
DiUMMi  1.  about  ijce  BX.,  u  •.  irsdence  dly  in  place  of  Ike 
elder  Auui.  Afttr  thai  it  Metnt  to  have  iailcn  inia  dec»y  or 
bcea  dBlroyBl,  but  vu  mtoivd  by  Aeur-ni^t-pat.  about 
Bia  >.C..  uid  irom  that  Cloie  lo  tbe  nveithrow  ol  tb!  Asajriaa 
power  it  KDuised  a  loidfiice  cily  al  tlie  Asiytian  kinsL  It 
thand  i1k  [ue  d  Nineveh,  was  captiued  and  dntrayed  by  the 
Medea  and  Bab^oniaiu  lowud  Ibe  dew  ol  tbe  T<b  ccDtuiy, 
and  Immthat  tiniehaslemaiDedaruin.  The >ite  w*> discovered 
by  Sir  A.  H.  Layard,  in  i&iS,  in  the  Id  ol  Nimmd.  Hebrew 
tiadiiion  (in  the  J  nuntive,  Cenais  x.  ii,  ii)  meslioni  Catoh 
aa  built  by  Nimrod.  Kfodcm  Arabic  uadiLinn  likeitiae  oiciibca 
Ihe  ruisi.  like  tbew  oC  Bin  Nimrud.  near  Dabyion,  to  Xioved, 

Similarly  ths  aodent  dike  in  ibe  river  llgiii  at  this  point  is 
ascribed  (o  NimiDd,  Ibe  ruin  maundi  ol  Nimrud  tonslsl  of  an 
obloni  enclosuie,  formed  by  Ihc  walls  of  .the  andenl  dty.  e[ 
whkb  S[iy-ci(ht  town  bave  been  traced  en  Ihc  N.  and  about 
Uly  OB  the  E.  In  the  S.W.  tanxa  o(  tbia  oblon|  it  an  elevaled 
plalform  in  the  lorm  o[  a  rcctanfular  piislIelo£iun.  some  6oa 
ydl  fnni  N.  lo  S.  and  4»  yds.  from  E.  to  W..  raised  on  as 
average  about  40  [t.  above  the  pUin,  with  a  lofty  cone  140  It. 
bi^  in  the  H.W.  corner.  Ihts  ii  Ihc  TCBuiu  of  the  raised  plat- 
ioim  el  unbaked  bridi.  laced  with  baked  biicka  and  stone,  on 
Which  slmd  the  prindpa]  palaces  and  temples  of  the  dty,  the 
cone  »t  the  N.W.  repre«nting  the  ii«imil,  or  stage-tower,  of  the 
principal  temple  Origiiully  on  the  banks  ol  the  Tigris,  this 
platlorm  now  stands  some  distance  E.  of  the  river.  Here  Layaid 
conduacd  excavations  Irom  ia4s  to  1S47,  and  eiain  from  1849 
10  iS;i.    'nie  means  at  his  dispostl  were  inadequate,  his  ei- 

ebjcct  was  the  discovery  of  inscriptions  and  museum  objects; 
but  be  was  wonderfully  successful  in  achieving  the  results  at 
which  he  aimed,  and  the  oumetous  siaiues,  monuments,  iotcribed 
stones,  bronze  objects  and  the  like  found  by  him  io  the  ruins  ol 
^  '  '  *  at  predous  possessions  ol  the  British 


in  1S51-18S4,  vid  again  is 


id  by  George  Smith  in  iS]]. 
Hut  wuie  supplementing  in  some  important  rcspecls  Layard's 
eicavBLions,  this  later  work  added  relatively  Utile  to  his  dis- 
coveries vhetbcr  ol  objects  or  ol  facts.  The  prindpal  buildings 
discovered  at  Calih  lie ;— (a)  the  Norlh-Wegt  palace,  south  ol  the 
'.vol,  one  ol  the  matt  complete  and  perfect  Assyrian  buildings 


utjji 


ioft.s. 


>y  40  ft.,  Mirounded  iiv  ■ ' 
■alice  *aa  ori^nally  consti 
>.c.),  aitd  n 


antral  CO 


imbcr  of  halls  and  chamben.  This 
cted  by  Assur-nasJr-pol  1.  (SSj-Sfio 
md  reoccupied  by  Sargon  (711-705  bj:.). 
in  jt  were  louna  tne  mnged  lions,  now  in  the  British  Museum, 
(he  fine  leries  of  sculptured  bu-reliefs  glorifying  tbe  deeds  ol 
Aasur-nasir-pal  in  war  and  peac*,  and  the  large  coUection  ol 
bronie  vessels  and  implements^  numbering  ever  200  [ueoes; 
(&)  the  Central  palace,  in  the  inlerior  ol  Ihe  mound,  toward  its 
southern  end,  erected  by  Shalmaneser  II.  (Wo-SiJ  BX.)  uid 
rebuilt  by  Tigtath-pileser  IIL  (74i-7J7  "c).  Here  were  found 
the  limoui  black  obehsk  of  Shalmaneser,  now  in  the  British 
Musetia,  in  tbe  uiscription  00  which  the  tribute  ol  Jehu,  ton  of 
Omri,  is  mentioned,  the  great  winged  bulls,  eind  also  a  fine  series 
vl  slabs  lepresenring  the  batiks  and  sieges  of  Tiglaih-pileser; 
(c)  the  SouLh-WesI  palace,  in  the  S.W.  comer  of  Ihe  platlonti.  an 
uncemplcted  building  of  Esarhaddon  (6Si'«6S  B.C.),  who  robbed 
the  North- West  and  Central  palaces,  eQscing  Ibe 
Tiglaih-pileser,  to  obtain  material  for  hii  coniU' 
smaller  West  palace,  between  the  South-Wcst 
West  palacei,  a  construction  of  Hadad-nirari  or 
(S11-7SJ  B.c.)i  (<)  tbe  South-East  palace,  built  by  Assuirctil- 
ilanl,  after  63d  B.C.,  lor  his  harem,  in  the  S.E.  ccroet  of  the 
platlonn,  above  the  remains  of  an  older  similBr  palace  ol  Shal- 
maneser; If)  two  small  temples  ol  Asnir-nasfr-pal,  in  cOBnuian 
with  tbe  sifpiraJ  in  (be  N.W.  comiri  and  (f)  a  temple  called 
.  E-Zidi,  tad  dedicated  to  Neba,  scar  the  Soilh-East  palace. 
Frsn  tbe  numbs  ol  cohnsal  fiture*  ol  Nebe  diKOVCKd  hen  it 


would  appear  thai  Ihs  cult  of  Nebo  was  a  favourite  one,  •!  leut 
during  the  Later  period.  Tlie  other  buildings  00  the  E.  side  ol 
Ihe  platform  had  been  ruined  by  the  post-Assyrian  use  ol  Ibe 

concealment  ol  grain.  WhUe  the  ruins  of  Calah  were  remarkably 

objects  and  the  like.lheyyiddedlewDf  the  inscribed  day  tablets 
found  in  such  great  numbers  at  Nineveh  and  various  Babyknian 
sites.  Not  a  few  ol  the  astrolo^cal  and  omen  tablets  in  Ihe 
Kuyunjik  collection  of  the  British  Uuseum,  however,  although 
found  at  Nineveh,  were  ciecutcd.  according  to  their  own  testi- 
mony, at  Calah  lor  the  rabSup-lanl  or  prindpal  librarian  during 
the  reigns  ol  Sar^n  and  SenDaeherib  (716-4^54  B.C.).  From  this 
it  would  appear  that  there  was  at  thai  lime  at  Calah  a  Lhnuy 
or  a  collection  ol  archives  which  w»  Uter  removed  to  Nineveh. 
In  Ihc  presrigc  ol  anliquity  and  relj^ous  renown,  Calah  was 
inferior  to  Ihe  older  capital,  Aoor,  while  in  population  and 
general  Importaoce  it  was  much  inferior  lo  the  neighbouring 
Nineveh.  There  is  no  proper  ground  for  regarding  it,  as  some 
Biblical  scholars  of  a  former  generation  did,  through  a  false 
interpretation  of  the  book  of  Jooaii,  as  a  part  or  suburb  ol 
Nlneveb, 

K.  l«yanj,  m'anrt  «/  ill  Kmui'iu  (LoikJofl_,^  '^'j 

CALAHORRA  (anc.  Calafurrii),  a  dty  of  norlhera  Sp^n,  In 
ic  province  of  Logmlko;  on  the  left  bank  el  the  river  Cidacoi, 
bidi  enten  the  Ebro  3  m.  £.,  and  on  tbe  Bilhao-Saragona 
ilway.  Fop.  {1000)  047  j.  Calahorrs  is  built  en  the  slope  of  a 
bin  overlooking  the  wide  Ebio  v^Iey,  whidi  supplies  its  marketa 
'lb  an  ibundana  of  gnio,  wine,  oil  and  flai.  Its  cathedral, 
dch  probably  dates  f roTO  the  foundation  of  the  see  of  CaUhorrs 
tbe  jth  century,  was  restored  in  1485.  and  subsequently  lo 
xh  altered  thai  little  of  iheorigina]  Gothic  structure  survives. 
The  Casa  Santa,  annually  visited  by  many  thousands  ofpilglims 


t  oE  Aug 


Is  said  to 


occupied  by  Ihe  caihedial.  Thdr 
heads,  according  to  local  legend,  were  cast  into  the  Ebro,  and, 
af  ler  Boating  out  to  tea  and  lenodiug  tlie  Ibcriui  peninsula,  an 

jw  preserved  at  Santonder. 

The  chief  remains  of  Ihe  Raman  Calagunis  are  the  vcstigea 
of  an  aqueduct  and  an  amphitheatre.  Calagunis  became  lamoua 
in  76  B.C.,  when  it  was  successfully  ddended  ■giinit  Pompey 
by  the  adherents  of  ScrtotTuai  Four  yvan  lalet  it  was  captured 
by  Fompey's  Icgali.  Afnnius.  alter  stirvataon  had  reduizd  the 
garrison  to  cannibalism.  Under  Auguslus  (ji  S.C-A.D.  14) 
Calagunis  recdved  tbe  privileges  of  Roman  dtirenship,  and  al  a 
later  dale  it  w  given  the  additieaal  name  of  Maaica  to  dis- 
imgiiTtfi  it  from  the  neighbouring  town  of  Calagiirria  Fibulo- 
rmiii,  ihe  exact  aite  of  which  Is  uooeitain.  The  rheteridin 
Quinlilian  was  bom.  at  Calagunis  Nanica  about  A.D.  35. 

CALAIS,  a  seaport  and  manufacturing  town  of  nonbem 

ranee.  In  Ihe  department  ol  Pa^de-Calaia,  iS  m.  E.S.E.  of 

over,  and  iSj  ni.  N.  of  Paris  by  the  Northern  nilway.  Pop. 
(>0o6)  J9,6]].  Calais.  [oTTncrly-  a  cilebnted  loruesa,  is  dc- 
'■nded  by  four  forts,  nc'    '        '  .      --  _   r..  _  _.._j_i 


built  in  1560.  w; 


olbe  w 


idhybi 


Tbe  dd  town  stands  on  an  islknd  hemmed  in  by  the  i 
the  harbour  basics,  which  divide  it  freo  the  nmch  more  ea- 
tensivE  manufacturing  quarter  of  St  Pierre,  enveloping  it  on  the 
east  and  south.  Tio  deraolitlDB  of  Ibe  tamparta  ol  Old  Calais 
was  foUswed  by  ibe  eoMtrvction  of  ■  olw  cirdt  ol  defences, 
cmbraiisg  hoik  the  old  and  new  quarter*,  and  strengthened  by  a 
deep  moat.  In  Ihe  centre  of  the  old  town  is  the  Place  d'Amies, 
in  which  itands  tbe  f«mci  hAlcl-de-viUe  (rebuilt  in  1740,  re- 
siond  in  1867),  with  busts  ol  Eusuche  de  St  Ptene,  Francis, 
duke  of  Guise,  and  Cardinal  Kichdieo.  The  bdliy  bclougs  to 
the  i6ih  and  eariyi7ih  century.  CloHby  is  IbeTourdu  Cuet, 
or  *atch-ta*ct.  naed  as  a  iight^usc  until  1848.  Tbe  chunk  ol 
Nolre-DiBe,  built  during  the  English  oocapwuT  of  Cabb,  bu  ■ 


966 


CALAIS— CALAMINE 


Bne  Ugh  iltu  of  tha  i}tli  cmtny;  iU  ialfr  tova  tant  u  a 
Undmark  for  uilon.  A  gitsmy  flanked  by  tumts  (i4tb 
century)  u  i  relic  o[  tbe  HAtel  de  Guue,  built  ai  a  gild  hsU  (or 
the  EoBllsh  woolsUpIera,  and  given  lo  tlie  dulu  of  Guiie  u  ■ 
reward  for  the  recapture  of  Calais.  Hie  modem  town-baU  sad 
■  cbuTcb  ol  the  iQth  canCuiy  aie  the  chief  buildmgi  of  tbe  quatttr 
of  St  Pieire.  Calais  has  a  bond  of  tmdc-ailutiatorif  a  Cribunal 
and  I  chamber  of  commerce,  a  commercial  md  adaUxiil  Khotd, 
and  a  communal  college. 

The  buboui  li  entered  Emm  tbe  nxdi  by  way  of  a  cbacnel 
leadiog  to  tbe  ouiei  haiboni  vhlcb  (omniDnlctLtet  vitb  a  Boating 
basin  )i  acres  in  extent,  on  tbe  east,  and  with  tbe  older  and 
less  commodious  portion  of  tbe  barbtitir  to  the  north  and  west 
of  the  old  town.  The  hubour  fs  connected  by  canals  with  tbe 
tivcT  Aa  and  tbe  navigiHc  waterways  of  the  department. 

Calais  is  the  principal  port  for  the  continental  passenger 
traffic  with  England  carried  on  by  the  SaDth-EBBlcm  Ii  Chatham 
aOd  tbe  Noithem  of  Fiance  railways.  Tbe  amage  nnmbcr  of 
passengers  between  Dovec  and  CaUji  for  tbe  yean  iQ03~iQa6 
[ncluuve  waa  3is,oia.  Trade  is  chiefly  with  the  Uuiled 
Kingdom.  Tbe  principal  eiporti  tie  wines,  cspedaUy 
champagne,  ^niits,  hay,  straw,  wool,  potaloa,  woven  Eoods, 
Iniit,  gtua-wan,  kce  and  metal-wire.  Inpoils  include  cotton 
■  *"        di,  (ijal,  iron  and  steel,  petioknni,  timber, ; 


a  yarn  and  cork.    During  the  five  y**™  >9oi- 
Lge  annnal  value  of  oports  was  ^,jSft/)oo  (£6,31 


[90J  tJ 


average  annual  value  of  oports  was  ^,j£A/)oo  (£6,363,000 
tbe  yean  tg96-i!)OD),  of  imports  £4,145,000  (£3,759,000  in  iS«6- 
ipoo].  In  1905,  eiduilva  ef  pasKnger  and  nuin  boats,  there 
entered  the  port  84B  veiaebof  3t9,4;7  tonauid  deaied  S;7  of 
305,184  (on),  these  being  cngsced  In  the  general  canying  trade  of 
the  port.  The  main  industry  id  Calais  it  tbe  manufacture  of  lulle 
and  lace,  (ot  which  it  is  tbe  chief  centre  in  France.  Brewing, 
saw-milliag,  boat-building,  and  the  manufacture  of  biscuits, 
soap  Rod  submarine  cables  are  also  cauied  on.  Deep-sea  and 
coast  fishing  for  cod,  herring  and  ma^eid  enqiloy  ovb*  iooo 
of  tbe  Inbabitanla. 

Calais  was  a  petty  fishing-viltagB,  with  ■  natural  haibom  at 
the  mouth  of  a  stream,  till  the  end  ot  the  lath  centuy.  It  was 
first  improved  by  Baldwin  IV.,  count  of  Flanders,  in  997,  and 
afterwards,  in  1114,  wa*  regularly  fortified  by  Philip  Hurepcl, 
count  of  Boulogne.  It  was  beiieg«l  In  1346,  after  the  battle  ef 
Ctfcy,  by  Edward  III.  and  held  out  resolutely  by  the  bravery  ol 
Jean  de  Vienne,  its  governor,  110  aftB-  nearly  a  year's  ^cge 
famine  forced  it  to  surrender.  Its  inhabitants  were  saved  from 
massacre  by  tbe  devotion  of  Eustncbfi  de  St  Pierre  and  nx 
of  the  chief  dtliena,  ttbo  wvte  themsslnB  spared  at  the  prayer  of 
Queen  Philippa.  Tbe  cily  rcmaiited  In  the  hands  oflhe  £n^iib 
till  1 55S ,  when !  t  waa  talun  by  Fluda,  dnk*  a(  Giriaa,  at  the  bad 
of  30,000  men  ftom  the  U-prmrfded  EniUsb  pnissn,  only  goo 
strong,  altet  a  sicg*  of  teven  dtja.  FMa  lUa  tlnw  ttia  CMtii 
or  territory  of  Calais  was  limwn  *t  Dw  Fcyt  JtaffNgMit.  It  waa 
hcM  by  the  Spaniards  from  1595  to  1598,  but  was  restored  to 
France  by  tlie  treaty  of  Vervins. 

MUU,  a  dty  and  sub-port  of  oiliy  of  WaihbigtoQ  county. 
Uainc,  U.^.A.,  on  the  Saint  Cioix  riva.  11  hl  from  ita  nwuth. 
opposite  SahiC  Stephens,  New  Brenswick.  with  which  it  is 
connected  by  bridges.  Por.  (1890)  7100;  (1900)  7655  (igeS 
beingtoreign-born);(i9ro)fiii6.  IiliiervedbrlheWaihingtao 
County  railway  (lOi-j  n-  to  Washington  Junction,  where  it 
connecta  with  the  Maine  Central  railway),  and  by  steamboat 
lines  to  Boston,  Portland  and  Saint  Johns.  In  the  city  limita 
an  the  post-oScesoiCahus,UiUtown  and  Bed  Beach.  Tbecity 
has  a  small  public  library,  llie  valley  hste  is  wide  and  deq>,  the 
banks  of  the  river  txdS  and  pictomque,  and  the  tide  iIks  and 
taUa  about  15  ft.    The  dty  hn  ' ' '"  ' — '- 


several  giuite  (noubly  red  gta^)  qi 
tannery,  and  manofsctotie*  of  shoe*  •■ 
bland.  DOW  In  the  dty  oi  Calais,  wn 
i6o4''ite5  by  Kenc  du  Cuatt,  sii 
■sttled  In  ijn,  was  inawpa 
cbBtared  as  a  dly  is  1S51. 


CAUU  and  ZBRS  (the  Baieadae\  In  Creek  nytbolsgy.  the 

winged  twin  loDS  of  Bonaa  and  Onithyia.  On  their  attival 
with  tbe  Argonauts  at  Salmydema  in  Thrace,  they  liberated 
their  sister  Cleopatra,  who  had  been  thrown  into  prison  with  fael 
two  sons  by  her  husband  Phioeus,  tbe  king  oi  the  oouniiy 
(Sophodes.  Antigaiu,  g66L  DiocL  Sic.  Iv.  44).  According  to 
another  story,  they  delivered  Phineus  from  the  Haiplei  (f  .e.) ,  in 
punuit  of  whom  they  perished  (Api^lodorvs  L  g;  iii.  r5). 
Olhen  say  that  they  were  slain  by  Hendes  near  the  island  ol 
TenoB.  in  consequence  of  a  qnarrd  with  Tiphys,  tbe  pilot  of  the 
Argonauts,  or  because  they  relused  towaitdiuing  tbe  search  for 
Hylas,  the  fsvourite  of  Heracles  (Hyginus,  fai.,  14.  tyy,  sijnL 
on  ApoUonius  Rhodius  I.  1304).  They  wen  changed  by  the 
gods  Into  winds,  and  the  pillars  over  their  tombs  in  Touw  wen 
said  to  wave  whenever  the  wind  blew  from  the  north.  Like  tbe 
Hondas,  Calais  and  Zetei  are  obvious  pcnonifications  d  winds. 
Legend  attributed  the  foundation  of  Galea  in  Campania  to 
Calais  (Sitlus  Italicui  1^  511). 

ZnCOh  and  formipg  an  Important  ore  of  ilac  Itisih  _ 

in  crystalUation  and  Isomorpboua  with  caldle  and  chalyfaite. 
Distinct  crystals  are  somewhat  rare;  tbey  have  tbe  form  of  the 
primitive  ihombohcdron  [ir'"7J°  JcO,  tbe  facta  of  which  are 
generally  curved  and  rough.  Bottyddal  and  stalactitlc  mints 
are  more  common,  or  again  tlie  mineial  may  be  compact  arKt 
granular  or  loose  and  earthy.  Aa  in  tbe  other  tfaombobeibal 
carbonates,  the  crystals  possets  perfect  deavsga  parallel  to  tlx 
iaces  of  the  rhombohedron.  Tbe  hardness  is  5;  q>ed5c  gravity. 


.  .      TliBa 
biownish,  at 


of  the  pi 


bright-yellow  variety 

known  locally  at  "  tnikcy-fal  on."  Tlw  pure  nuleriat 
contains  51^  of  xinc,  but  this  is  oilen  partly  Rplaoil 
isomorpbously  by  small  amounts  of  iron  and  inangannr. 
traces  (ri  csldum  and  magnetiupi,  and  lometimca  by  c^^ier  «> 

Calamine  is  found  in  beds  and  vefns  In  limestone  rocks,  and  fa 
often  associated  wlili  galena  and  blende.  It  Is  a  product  of 
alteration  of  blende,  having  been  formed  from  this  by  the  action 
of  carbonated  waters;  or  in  many  cases  the  sine  sulphide  may 
have  been  fint  ondiied  to  tulpbate,  which  in  tolation  acted  on 
thesurrDuu£ngIimeBtane,pTodadngdnccatbonBte.  Thetalter 
mode  of  otigia  is  suggested  1^  tbe  frequent  occuitEncc  of  alamiiw 
psendomorpbons  after  caldte,  that  b,  bavins  the  form  at  caldtt 
crystals.  Depotils  of  calamine  hav*  been  extenaively  ndned 
in  tbe  limestones  of  tbe  Mendip  HOh,  tn  Deibytliire,  tod  at 
Alston  Moor  In  Comberland.  It  also  occun  in  large  amount  in 
(he  province  of  Santinder  in  Spain;  in  Missouri,  and  at  tevetal 
other  placet  where  line  ores  are  mined.  Tbe  best  cryitalt  cf  Iba 
mtaenl  wen  found  many  yean  ago  at  Cbessy  near  Lyons;  ilwte 
an  tbombobedra  of  a  fine  apple-green  colour.  A  iranthKcnt 
bolrytodal  catanune  banded  viih  blue  and  green  ft  fburtd  at 
Laurion  In  Greece,  and  has  tomelimu  been  cut  and  polisbed  for 

The  name  cakmine  (German,  CnlmeOi  fton  £>^  (abatAurir, 
a  Latin  cnruption  of  cadmia  (aiM,  the  (dd  nama  Iw  sac 
ores  in  leneral  (C.  Agtieola  In  1546  derived  it  from  tlu  Latin 
ealamut,  a  Teed),wat  eaily  used  IndisaiminatdyldT  tba  caibanata 
and  tJw  tydrow  silicate  ot  dae,  and  enn  sow  both  spcda  ai« 
indndedl^minen  under  the  tame  term.  Tbe  two  mlnsidt  often 
desdy  reseraiJe  each  other  in  appearance,  and  can  MuaBy  on^ 


.    .  ane''anltbtanite'*{a<'thecarboDau,and  tbese 

meulags  of  tbe  tema  art  now  adopted  by  I>aoa  and  many  other 
minenloilsta.  Dnfortunately,  however,  bi  Entfand  (loBowbic 
Bn^and  HlDer,  1851)  these  deii«uitii)n«  have  been  reivrsed. 
rtltd^w  belas  uied  far  tbe  carboatte  and  sndtbso^ta  tor  tbe 


CALAMIS— CALAS 


967 


llu^uk  Kniptor  ot  tbe  SM  bJf  d  tht  ^ 
cauBfy  B^  ns  muk  lUluct  of  A[k£o  iIh  ■vcrto'  <d  ill, 
Sarma  the  nm-beuti,  Aiduoditc  and  otba  diitka,  a»  mU  u 
put  ef  ■  shuiot  gioup  lot  Hicra,  kini  of  SynoiM.    Hi)  miki 


ly  Iband  M  DdpM  ai  a  wtrit  <rf  OthDlii 
but  tbs  ntdocB  b  bM  coocbilra  [lea  Cuttx  A«t). 

GiUHT,  IMDinv  kBMm  u  « tha  Ma "  (leoo-ieae), 
£i«Uih  FicdTMnui  divina,  n*  ban  el  Husueaot  ikactBt  la 
Wtlbnnk,  Lcadoo,  n  Febraair  leo^aadcdmlccl  at  Pmrnbioke 
Hill,  CamWdiB,  wtee  Uf  ^podtioa  tb  Iha  Annmiiu  party, 
than  poverfal  bi  that  aidcly,  aidiiiled  him  bum  a  fdknnhip. 
NIdiolaa  Fdtoo,  bbhap  p(  Eb*,  bovnw,  iBule  him  hii  chapUs, 
tad  gam  tim  tfee  Itvfas  of  St  Uarjr,  SmSham  Pnor,  which  he. 
h(Utilli6a&  HctbaiinDondtoBiiiyStediauikli,^enhe 
' '  If  vben  hb  biihop  (Wrm) 


itfjA  ha  waa  appointed.  lectoc  (or  pcfbapt  aolr  tecUim)  of 
RodilaKl  in  Eaax,  vhkh  ma  ao  anhealtlgr  that  he  had  •oon  to 
kava  it,  and  in  i6jg  he  ma  dacted  to  the  pe>pctnal  cuiaey  ot 
St  Muy  Aldcnnanbury  in  LcaKkm,  when  he  iMd  a  laige  f  oUoirfng. 
Upon  the  opeoing  of  the  Long  Pazliamnit  he  diitingDiUud 
UoikU  in  delcDce  of  the  PnabytoiaB  came,  and  had  *  ptincqial 
shaie  in  WTitiDg  Ihe  condliatny  work  known  aa  SmntymmmiUt 
a^inat  Biihop  Joieph  Hall'a  pRBanutton  of  cpdNvpacr.  Hh 
Initiab  of  the  names  o[  the  aevenl  coDtrihuton  [onned  the  name 
ondei  which  it  waa  pnUlitacd,  via.,  S.  Manhal,  E.  Caluny, 
T.  YouBg>  M.  NewcomeD  and  W.  Spuntow.  Cataniy  waa  an 
active  member  in  Ibe  Wstnuniter  aocmbly  o(  divliiea,  and, 
nfiuing  to  advance  to  Congregattonaiinn,  loimd  In  Praby- 
teiianiam  the  mtddlo  coaoa  wUch  bal  raited  bb  viewt  of 
theology  and  diudi  govenunent.  He  oppoaed  the  okcoUoo  of 
Chatba  L,  Used  quietly  under  the  Comntonwealth,  and  was 

wwtd*  oAnd  Iha  hbbopiic  of  Coventiy  and  lichSdd,  but 
decHned  it,  It  b  Mid.  go  hn  wifa^  penuaiiaB.  Us  waa  made  one 
ol  Chaik*^  rhaplahia,  and  vainly  tried  ta  wcure  Iha  legal 
istifimtlan  of  ChariWa  dcdaiatiim  1^  the  tjth  of  October  i6«o. 
He  waa  ejected  for  NoncstitaRiiiiy  in  lUi.andwaiioaHectcdby 
the  light  of  the  devaitatioD  caused  by  the  Ereat  fiie  of  Londco 
that  te  died  afaonJy  altErmnl],  on  the  i^ih  of  Octobec  16M. 
Ho  wai  biuted  in  the  luini  of  his  churdi,  near  the  place  wheie 
tha  pu^t  had  ilood.  His  pubUationi  an  almoat  aitiiely 
Knnooa.  Hii  ddeit  ion  (Edmund),  known  aa  "  the  yan^i," 
■aa  educated  at  Cambridge,  and  waa  ejected  from  the  zectory 
of  Moreton,  Esaex,  in  1662.  He  waa  of  a  retiring  dcqndiian 
and  modnate  vfewi,  and  died  in  i6Ss- 

GALMR,  KDMVVD  (ifiji-iyji),  Engliib  Koaconlamlit 
divine,  the  only  son  of  Edmund  Calamy  "  the  younger,"  wai 
bom  in  London,  in  tfie  parish  of  St  Mary  Aldennanbuiy,  cm 
the  5lh  of  April  1671,  He  was  sent  to  various  schools.  Including 
Uerchant  Taylm',  and  in  1688  proceeded  to  the  univcinty  of 
trtrecbt.  While  thoie,  be  declined  an  oRcr  ol  a  pn^easor'a  diair 
In  tbe  univenity  of  Edlnhnrgh  made  lo  him  by  the  principal, 
WilUara  Cantares,  who  had  gone  over  on  purpcoe  to  find  suitable 
men  for  such  polls.  After  his  ntum  (d  England  in  1691  be  began 
to  iindy  divinity,  and  on  Baiter's  advice  went  to  Oifgtd,  whc« 
lie  was  much  influenced  by  Chillingworth.  He  deeluicd  inviia- 
liont  from  Andover  and  BtittiJ,  and  accc^itcd  one  as  assistant  to 
Hallhew  S^vbIct  at  BlacUriats  (i6gt).  In  June  1694  he  was 
pubCcly  ordained  at  Annesley'i  mccling-house  In  Uttie  St 
Helen^  aad  soon  afterwards  wu  mvited  to  become  assistant  to 
Danid  WSEams  in  Hand  AScy,  Bishiqiigile.  la  IJOi  he  wis 
cboaea  one  ol  the  ledums  m  Sailers'  Hall,  and  iu  iiaj  be 
auctaedcd  Vincent  Al9<^  as  pastor  of  a  large  congregation  in 
Westmmatcr.  In  1 704  Calamy  rcade  a  tour  thnni^  Scotland, 
and  had  the  degree  of  doctor  of  divinity  conferred  on  him  by  the 
nnivcnilie*  of  Edinburgh,  Aberdeen  and  Glasgow.  Calamy's 
(orty-one  poblieatiotu  are  mainly  sermons,  but  Us  tanM  test*  on 
'  hb  noDonfannbt  bfcigrapbies.  His  first  essay  vnu  a  table  of 
contnta  toBaato^ffarraUMof  hulife«Bd  timei^  wbidl  waa 


at  to  the  pnas  in  idgft;  h*  made  aona  nmaifca  on  the  work 

ell  and  added  to  it  as  indo,  and,  reflecting  on  the  uscf  ubuss 

the  book,  ho  saw  the  etpedtency  of  continuing  it,  as  Baiter's 

DO  lutthet  than  the  year  16S4.    Accordingly,  be 

'  ' '  aie&t  of  it,  with  an  account  ot  many  other 

ejeclcd  afKr  the  nslontion  of  Chaile*  U.  1 

thdr  apology,  ^i— fining  the  grounds  ol  thor  nonconformity 

and  piBctica  a*  to  atated  and  occaumal  communigii  with  tlw 

year  itgi.  life  work  «■*  pobliitKd  In  170).  Tbe  most  im- 
portant chapter  (Ii.)  b  that  which  give*  a  detailed  accmnt  ol  the 
minjatm  ejected  in  166*;  It  waa  aflerwaida  published  aa  a 
dbliBCt  vohme.  Ua  altenraida  pnblithcd  a  moderate  defence 
ol  Nonconlotinity,  in  threa  tnda,  in  aaiwet  to  some  tracts  of  ->. 
Benjamin,  aftennidi  Bishop,  Hcadly.  In  r7r3  bepnUisbeda 
second  edition  (a  Mb.)  ol  his  jUnrffaKnf  ^  Basla'i  Hisltty,  in 
which,  among  variani  additioaa,  than  b  a  continuation  of  Ihe 
hittcBy  thnu^  the  nigna  ol  William  and  Aime,  down  to  Ihe 
paMisg  of  the  Occaaional  BUL  At  the  end  »  aut^olned  (he 
icforaicd  liturgy,  lAich  waa  drawn  iv  and  presented  to  the 
biilii^iaiDrJKr,  In  17  iS  he  wrote  a  vindMtionolhia  grandfather 
and  wveial  other  poaons  against  certain  reflocttons  cast  upon 
tfaembyLanienceEchaKllDhafisifary^fajIruj.  In  1719  be 
puUiibed  Thi  Omrck  and  lit  DiuttUiri  Ctmfa'i  aj  to  Pastcn- 
lf«»,andin  1718  qipcued  his  CsafHuoJtn  oflkt  ilccnaJ  ol  tbe 
ejected  minlsMn  and  teachers,  a  vohune  which  is  really  a  leriet 
el  esMndatlonaof  the  pieviomly  published  aicoont.  He  died  on 
the  jtd  ol  Jtma  1731,  baving  been  married  twice  and  leaving  us 
of  hb  thirteen  childitn  to  survive  him.  Calamy  was  a  iundly 
man,  frankly  aelf-ciauciou*,  but  veiy  free  from  jealousy.  He 
waa  aa  able  diplomatist  and.genetatly  secured  hi*  ends.  Ifli 
great  hero  was  BaMet,  ol  whnn  he  wrote  tbne  distioct  meciairt. 
Hb  ddtataon  Edmund  (tbe  fourth)  waa  a  Piisbyteiian  minister 
in  London  and  died  1755;  another  ton  (EdnuDd,  the  fifth)  was 

sixth)  died  in  1S50,  hb  youngai  brother  Mj^h^i^j  tlm  Uac  of  tiie 
direct  Calamy  Une,  surviving  till  1876. 

CAURASHI  {CilSrani,  the  cipilal  of  tbe  Jilomitza  depart- 
ment, Rumania,  tiiu&tcd  on  tbe  kit  bank  of  tbe  Borcea  branch 
of  Ihe  Daaube,  amid  wide  feus,  north  of  which  eitenda  tbe 
desolate  Bangia  StCKM.  Pop.  (1900)  ir.oi^.  Calarashi  has  a 
cansiderable  transit  tnda  hi  wheat,  linseed,  hemp,  timber  and 
Sih  from  a  broad  mere  on  tbe  west  or  fiom  Ibe  Danube.  Small 
vessels  carry  cargo  to  BraDa  and  Gilati,  and  a  bnoch  tailway 
fiDin  Calarashi  traverses  tbe  Stei^  fiora  south  to  north,  and 
meeti  the  main  line  between  Bucharest  and  Coustantn. 

CALAS.  JBAH(ieoS-i76i),aPrDiestantmetcbantatToh]DUM, 
whole  legal  mnrdtr  b  a  celebrated  case  in  Fieach  hutory.  Hb 
wife  waa  an  EnglishwDman  of  French  extraction.  Tfiey  had 
three  soris  and  three  daughters.  Hb  son  Louis  had  embraceir 
the  Roraan  Catholic  faith  throu^  the  peisuasioas  of  a  femalo 
dofoostic  wbo  had  lived  tbir^  year*  in  the  family.  Iti  October 
t  j6t  another  loo,  Anloine,  hanged  humelf  in  his  tsthet'i  ware- 
house. The  crowd,  which  collected  on  to  shocking  a  ditcovny, 
took  up  the  idea  thal'he  had  been  tlrangled  by  tbe  family  to 
prevent  him  from  '''""r-c  hb  religion,  and  that  thb  was  a 
common  practice  among  Protestants.  The  oSicm  of  justice 
adopted  llie  popular  tale,  and  were  supplied  by  the  dkA  with 
what  tbey  ampted  as  conclusive  evidence  of  the  fact.  Tbe 
fntemity  of  White  Fenittnts  buried  tbe  body  with  great  cere- 
mony, and  peifotraed  a  s<^ma  service  for  the  deCased  as  a 
martyr;  the  Fraodscant  followed  their  ciample;  and  these 
formalities  led  to  tbe  popular  bdief  in  the  guilt  of  the  unhappy 
family.  Bemg  all  condemned  to  Ihe  rack  in  order  to  extort  con- 
'  ^  in,  they  appealed  to  the  parlement;  but  thb  body,  being 
rak  as  the  subordinate  magistrals,  sentenced  the  lather  to 
orture,  ordinary  ai^  airaordinary,  to  be  bmkcn  alive  upon 
the  wheel,  and  then  to  be  burnt  to  asbeai  which  decree  was 
tied  into  ciecutiDn  on  Ibe  9th  of  Much  1761.  Pierre  Calai, 
surviving  ion,  was  lMiTii.TM>^  [m  Ljl^^  i]u  nst  were  actiuitted. 
The  distracted  widow,  however,  found  lomo  friends,  and  among 
Ihent  Voltaire,  who  Ud  hat  case  beft^e  tbe  council  of  state  at 


CALASH— CALCEOLARIA 


VcnalUt*.  For  three  ynn  be  wotted  todefiliEiblr  So  pmenre 
Joitice,  and  made  the  Cilu  cue  [unous  thnughDut  Euicpe  (ace 
Voltaike].  Finally  llie  king  md  mundl  umuUniDutly  agiwi  to 
■nnul  the  pmcceding  ot  llie  pailcmcBI  of  TduIoqk;  CiJai  ms 
dedand  to  have  been  innoeeDt,  and  every  iraputation  ot  guill 
vas  removed  from  the  family. 

See  Cami  ciatni.  tome  iv. ;  Baciul  Atlicr,  flitliiin  a  Olai,  w*t 
ttrnr  jt^itiBirt  on  X  VIII'  liidt  (Para,  ttgt) :  and  UoEnpbio  of 
Voltaire. 

CAUSH  (fnns  Yi.  aSdu,  derived  ftom  Politli  lulukt,  ■ 
wheeled  cairiage).  a  light  carriBge  with  ■  lolding  hood;  Die 
Quudlan  calaah  Is  two-whctkd  and  bu  a  teat  for  the  driver  on 
the  eplaih-board.  The  wold  is  also  used  for  a  kind  al  hood  made 
of  sift  lueidied  over  hoops,  {nmerty  woni  by  women. 

CAUSIAO,  a  town  of  the  province  of  PangBsinlin,  Luton, 
PbiI!p[HDe  Islands,  on  a  bnuidi  of  the  Aguo  river,  about  4  m.  S. 
by  &  af  Dagupan,  the  V.  lermtoal  of  the  Manila  &  Dagiipan 
nulway.  Pop.  (i»oj)  i6,j]9.  In  1901,  after  tha  cnuus  had 
been  taken,  the nctghbauiinglawnof  Santa Baibara  (pop.  10^67) 
was  aDneied  to  Cilasiao.  It  is  ih  the  midst  of  a  fstile  diitrict 
and  has  manufactures  of  hats  and  various  woven  fabria. 

CALASIO,  KAIUO  Dl  (ijso-iSio),  Italian  Minorite  fiiar, 
was  born  at  a  small  town  in  the  Abruza  whence  lie  took  his  name. 
Joining  the  Franciscans  at  an  early  age,  he  devoted  himulf  to 
Oriental  Unguagesandbecamcan  authority  on  Hebrew.  Coming 
to  Rome  be  waA  appointed  by  Paul  V.,  wboae  confessor  he  was, 
tolhechairot  Scdptureat  Ara  Coeli,  where  he  diedon  the  JItof 
February  i6to.  Calasio  is  known  by  bis  Comordantiae  taaprum 
■BibSurum  itbrakeram,  publobed  in  4  vols.  (Rome,  i6n),  two 
year3afterhisdeath,a  work  which  is  based  on  Nathan's  Hrbrctp 
CetKardana  (Venice,  1513)-  For  forty  yeara  Calasio  laboured 
on  this  work,  and  be  secnied  the  assistance  of  the  greatest 
*cbol«n  ol  his  agc^  The  Ctmtordana  evinces  great  care  and 
accuracy.  AU  root-votds  are  treated  in  alphabetiod  order  and 
the  whole  Bible  has  been  collated  for  every  posuge  containing 
the  word,  w  as  to  eiplaia  the  origins!  idea,  which  is  illustrated 
from  the  cognate  usages  of  the  Chflldee,  Syrian,  Rabbinical 
Hebrew  and  Arabic  Calauo  gfvts  uoder  each  Hebrew  word 
the  Uteral  Latin  translation,  and  notes  any  existing  diHcrencti 
from  the  Vulgate  and  Sepluagint  readings.  An  incomplete 
English  translation  of  the  woik  waa  published  in  Londen  by 
Rom^e  in  1747.  Calasio  also  wrote  a  Hebrew  grammar, 
Concnu  t^iunia  linguae  laiKtotae  (Romcj  1616),  aivl  the 
Diclhnariam  kttraicum  (Rome,  1617). 

CAUTAnW,  a  town  oF  the  province  of  Tnpani,  »cily,  30  m. 
W5.W,  of  Palermo  direct  (jil  m.  by  rail).  Pop.  (looi)  tr,4j6. 
The  name  of  the  town  is  derived  from  the  Saracenic  cattle  of 
Kalat-ti'Fmi  (oille  of  Euphemius],  which  stands  above  iL 
The  principal  church  contain)  a  fine, Renaissance  nredo*  in 
marble.  &muel  Butler,  the  aotbar  of  Bratkoa,  did  much  of 
his  work  here.  The  battlebld  where  Garibaldi  wan  his  £nt 
victoiyover  the  Neapolitans  on  the  ijthol  May  1860,  Seal  m. 
S.W. 

CALATAYAD,  a  town  of  cehttal  Spain,  in  the  province  of 
SamgOila,  »l  the  confluence  of  the  rivers  Jalin  and  Jiloca,  and 
00  the  Madrid -Sarngosaa  and  CalaIayCid.Sagunto  rathnyi, 
P«p.  (iQoo)  riiS'S.  CJatayfid  conasla  erf  a  lower  town,  bulli  on 
the  left  bank  (rf  the  Jslin.aod  an  upper  or  Moorish  town,  which 
contains  many  dwdlings  boHowed  oat  of  the  rock  abovo  and 
Inhabited  by  the  poorer  classes.  Among  a  number  of  cctlcs-. 
astical  bnildin^,  two  coUegiate  churchs  are  especially  note- 
worthy. Santa  Maria,  origioany  a  mosque,  hag  a  bfly  octagonal 
lower  and  a  fine  Renaisance  doorway,  added  la  ijiS;  while 
Sanlo  Sepidcro,  buHlin  IT4T,  and  restored  rn  161  j,  was  king  the 
principal  church  of  the  Spanish  Knf^ts  Templar.  In  commercial 
importance  Csbttyfid  ranks  second  only  lo  SarsgoBa  among  the 
Aragonese  towns,  for  it  is  the  cenlTol  market  of  the  eiceptionally 
fertile  eit^nie  watered  by  the  JaMn  and  Jilocs.  About  1  m.£. 
are  the  rmra  of  the  andent  BiliUii,  when  the  poet  Martial  waa 
d  for  its  breed  ol  bonea.  its 


itSRC 


mbut  K 


Qohcaltby  dimale,  iat  bi  the  Icy  wind*  which  mep  dows  In 


the  heights  of  MoBcafo  (7^05  ft.)  oa  tbt  Bsnh.    IB  tht  nlddle 

ages  the  mini  vera  almost  destroyed  to  provide  stone  (or  the 
buildtng  of  Calatsydd,  wfakk  vat  founded  by  •  Moorish  amir 
named  Ayub  and  nimed  Xobl  Aynd,  "  Caitle  of  Aynb." 
Calatayfld  watcapttued  byAlphooro  L  ol  Angon  io  1119. 

CALAHA,  an  andent  town  of  fjt.p.ni.,  Italy,  6  m.  S.E.  of 
Capua,  OB  the  Via  Appia,  near  the  print  wboc  Ibe  Via  PapOiia 
braachcB  ofl  from  it.  It  is  rqmcnted  by  tho  ehuni  of  S. 
(Locarno  alle  Galazae.  Hie  Via  Api^here,  saat  C^iua,  abandons 
Its  lOnner  S.K  direction  for  a  length  of  aooo  Oacan  fL  (iBa*); 
English  ft.),  for  which  it  nma  due  £.  and  then  nauma  its  ooune 
S.K  Thaearenorulni,bDta<oa>ideiahle<IulUit7ofdibiisi 
and  the  pre-Roman  Becropidi*  was  partially  eicavaUd  lb  iSSt. 
Ten  that  t*  lined  with  slate  of  tufs  whldi  were  than  lowid  may 
have  been  the  apjaoadies  to  tombs  or  msj'  have  served  st  wells. 
Tlehlaloryof  Calatls  ii  ptsctkifiy  that  of  Its  mne  powcrfid 
ieighboar  Capua,  tot  as  Itlaynesrtbepoint  ritera  tha  ^^a  Affna 


by  the  dictator  Q,  Fabiut;  the  Samnlles  canned  it  ag 
but  IC  muit  have  been  retaken  at  an  ankiwwB  dale  la  tlie 
3rd  century  we  find  it  issuing  oidia  with  an  Oscan  Ifftnd,  but 
in  an  tjc  it  ahared  the  late  of  C^ma.  In  174  w*  hear  of  Its 
walls  being  repaired  by  the  caacHi.  In  59  t.c.  a  colony  was 
catablished  here  by  Caesar. 
See  Ch.  Hflben  in' Pwdy-WBMWk.  KadfcjdmpMit,  O.  tJJ« 


turns  tsit  and  entcB  the  Bi 
-J>3'3a.     " 


1,  reported  by 


(Stuttgart,  I«99). 

CALAVERAS  SKULL,  a  famous  fossil  crai 
Professor  J.  D.  Whitney  as  found  (1886)  ii 
auriferous  gravels  of  Calavcna  couirty,  California.  Tbc  di^ 
covery  at  once  raised  the  atill  discussed  qnestioB  of  "  tertmiy 
man"intbeNewWorid-  Doubt  has  been  thnnm  on  the  fctudne. 
oeia  of  the  God,  aa  the  age  of  the  gravds  Is  (Bipated  and  iliB 
skull  is  of  a  type  correqunding  ezocdy  with  that  of  the  presoit 
Indian  inhabiiantt  of  the  distriH.  Whitney  assisis  the  lasil  to 
late  Tertiary  (fliacen)  times,  and  oondudcs  that  "  man  ciiateil 
in  California  previous  to  the  cusalion  of  volcanic  activity  in  the 
Siena  Nevada,  to  the  epoch  of  the  greatcal  eitsiBon  of  the 
glaciers  in  that  region  and  to  the  erosion  of  the  present  river 
cations  and  valleys,  at  a  time  when  the  animal  and  vegetable 
creation  difiercd  entirely  from  what  Ihcy  now  are.  .  .  ."  The 
specimen  is  preserved  in  the  Peabody  musenm,  Csmbrldgc, 


about  30  m.  N.W.  of  Catbalngno,  the  capilal,  in  laL  if  3'  N. 
Pop.  (1903)  T],S9S,  Calb&yog  has  an  importtnt  export  trade  ia 
hemp,  which  is  shipped  to  Manila:.  Copra  is  also  produced  io 
considerable  quantity,  and  there  is  fine  timber  in  llic  vkltity. 
There  are  hot  springs  near  the  town.  The  neighbouring  vsUeys 
of  the  G&ndara  and  Hippatan  rivers  are  exceeding y  fertile,  bat 
in  190S  were  uncultivated.  Tb«  climate  it  vt^  mnn,  bmt 
healthy.    The  language  is  Visayan. 

CALBK  or  Kaue,  a  town  ol  Cemuuiy,  on  the  Saak,  la 
Pnuaian  Saxony.  It  Is  known  as  Calbe-an-der-Saale,  to  <]it> 
tinguish  it  from  the  imaller  town  of  Calbe  on  the  Milde  In  tbe 
same  province.  Pop.  (1905)  11,181.'  It  it  a  railway  junctioa, 
and  among  its  industries  are  wool.wcaving  and  the  manufactBTc 
of  cloth,  paper,  stoves,  sugar  and  bricks.  Cuctunbers  and  onions 
an  culiivated,  and  soft  ooal  a  mined  in  the  neighbourliood. 

CALCAH  (or  Ku£KE(),  JOHX  BS  (i4«9-iHfi),  Italian  painter, 
was  bora  at  Calcor,  in  the  dochy  of  Clcvm.  He  waa  a  disdple 
of  Titian  at  Venice,  and  perfected  himself  Iqr  studying  Raphad. 
He  imitated  those  maaicm  so  closely  as  to  deoavc  the  raoct 
skilful  critics.  Agiong  his  various  tnecea  isa  Nativiy,  npieser^t- 
ing  the  angcla  around  the  infant  Christ,  which  he  arranged  so 
that  (he  light  emanated  whoUy  from  the  child.  He  died  at 
Naples. 

CALCEOLARIA,  fn  botany,  a  genus  betongiDg  to  the  mtural 
order  Scnphidatiaccae,  containing  about  tp  ^ax*  of  berb- 
aceoot  or  thiubby  (dants,  ehiefiy  natives  of  the  South  Americaii 
AndeaoiEetB  and  Chile.    Tbecilceoladaof  tfasptaeUdqrhas 


CALCHAQUr— CALCITE 


969 


*.  Ughly  dMOHtive  plwt,  in  mUA  tbe 
bcfbaaoui  habic  hu  pnpoHknud.    Hw  pUaU  an  im  vtrj 
gtiienUy  nbcd  uuiuill]i  fnnn  Hd,  which  ta  Hmibaut  tha  end 
<i  June  IB  »  miUun  at  kxm,  kal-moaUl  ud  uad,  uul,  being 
vay  tntll,  muu  be  OBly  •li^Ily  covcnd.     When  tbe  plinU  ere 
Uitt  eaoogh  10  halidk  tbey  u»  pricked  out  in  incb  or  two  epait 
into  i-incb  w-s-incb  pol^  wIwd  ■  Utile  nwcc  advanced  they  m 
potted  aagiy.    They  ihould  be  vjntsred  in  a  tmiihiniie  with  a 
ni^t  teaipcnIUR  of  about  40°,  occupyini  a  EbeU  near  the 
light.    By  the  end  q(  Febniaiy  they  tbould  be  moved  into  S4Bdi 
or  ifrjncli  pot*,  uiini  a  compoM  <4  three  putt  (Dod  tiufy  loam, 
onepart  kuf-mouM,  and  one  pan  tborouthly  nKten  mamin, 
wiib  1  fair  addiLioD  o[  saad.    Tb^  need  pknty  o(  light  and  air, 
but  muii  not  be  aubjected  to  diaaihta-     When  the  pota  let  wall 
eiled  viLb  roou,  they  must  be  libeaUly  aupplied  *ith  mai 
water.    Ib  all  itagea  of  growth  the'  planu  are  lubJDCt  Ut 
attach*  at  tbe  gr«n-£y,  Cor  which  tbey  must  be  funigited. 
.  The  to-called  ibmbby  cMkeaiiaa  uicd  for  bedding  are 
creased  from  cuttingi,  pluted  in  autumn  in  cold  framea,  wl 
tbey  can  be  wintered,  protected  from  frost  by  tbe  uie  of  e 
aitd  a  good  hytr  oi  Utter  placed  over  the  glaaa  and  round  the 

CUCBAqOI,  •  tribe  ol  South  American  IndUnt,  now  extinct, 
who  (onnerly  occupied  northern  Argentina.    Suae  and  other 

remain!  prove  them  tohaverached  a  high  degree  of  dviliiaiiorL 
Tbey  offered  a  vigonnia  maiilanm  W  the  fint  Spanlth  coloniala 

CALCHAS,  of  Mycenae  or  Megui,  son  o(  Thcalol,  the  noU 

famous  »olbiayec  among  the  Cmki  at  the  time  ol  the  Tcojaa 

war.  He  foretold  the  dunttOQ  of  the  tlcfB  of  Troy,  aod,  wbeo 
tbe  fleet  was  detaineil  by  adverse  wind*  at  Auii*,  he  apltioed 
the  cuiK  and  demanded  the  sacrifice  of  Ipblgeneia.  Wbeo  the 
Crecki  were  visited  with  pestilence  on  account  of  Chiyseit.  he 
diAcIoud  the  reasons  of  Apollo's  anger.  It  was  be  wbo  suggested 
thai  Neopiolemus  and  Pbiloctetei  itiould  be  fetched  From  Scyros 
avd  Lenuufl  to  Troy,  and  he  was  one  of  those  wbo  advised 


31  boise.    When  t 


t  Greeks,  on  (heir 


joHcney  home  after  the  fail  of  Troy,  were  overtaken  by 
Calcbos  is  said  to  have  been  thrown  ashore  at  Colophon.  Accord, 
ing  to  another  story,  he  foresaw  the  lionn  and  did  not  attempt  to 
return  by  k«.  It  bad  ]>een  piedicted  thai  be  should  die  when  he 
met  his  supeiior  In  divination^  and  the  prophecy  was  fulhllcd 
in  the  person  of  Mopaus,  whom  Calcbas  met  In  the  grove  of  the 
Clarian  ApoUo  near  Colophon.  Having  been  beaten  ia  a  trial  of 
soothsaying,  Calchas  died  of  chagrin  or  committed  suidde.  Uc 
bad  a  temple  and  oracle  in  ApullL 

Ovid,  Uitam.  sL  It  S.i  Homer,  lliiut  I  69.  u.  3x1;  Suabo  vL 
p.  a8+,  at.  p.  641 

CALCn%  a  mineral  connsting  of  naturally  occurring  calcium 
catbooale,  CaCOi,  crystallising  in  the  ihombohedral  syslem. 
With  the  ocepttoo  of  quani,  it  is  the  mtnl  widely  diilributed  of 
tninenli,  whilst  in  tbe  beautiful  development  and  eilraordinary 
variety  of  form  of  its  crystals  it  is  su-passed  by  pone.  In  the 
maxive  condition  it  occurs  as  large  rock-tnasee*  (marble,  lime- 
stone, chalk)  which  are  often  of  organic  ori^n,  being  forrned  of 
tbe  remains  of  molluscs,  corals,  ciinoids.  &C.,  the  baid  parts  oC 
which  consist  largely  of  cidcite. 

The  name  calciie  (LaL  calx,  talcii,  meaoing  burnt  lime)  is  oE 
comparatively  recent  ori^n,  and  was  first  applied,  in  ifijS,  to 
Ibe  "  barleycorn "  pscgdomorphs  of  cakiurd  carbonate  after 

■     ■     '        "  ■         ninTbnlingiajil  wj  ...    .      . 


.843  t 


It  them 


as  used  in  Its  pres 


.    Them 


ig  been  known  urbder  the  an 
and  cak-spor,  arid  tbe  beautifully  tratisparetal  variety  called 
Iceland-spar  had  been  much  studied.  The  strong  double  refrac- 
tiofl  and  perfect  cleavages  of  Icelaud^par  were  described  in 
detail  by  Erasmus  BanboUnus  in  i£6g  in  his  book  EiptrimtMa 


Crysic 


i;  the  study  ol  Ibe  si 


led  Oiristiaan  Huygeni  to  discover  in  r6«o  tbe  law*  1 
refraction,  and  E.  L  Milu*  in  1808  tbe  polariaatlon  of  light. 
'      Ad  impoitanl  propefty  td  cakite  is  the  great  rase  with  which 
it  nay  be  cleaved  in  thtte  directions;  ilw  throe  peilKt  deavagca 


an  panOd  ts  lb*  bee*  of  tfaa  primttiv*  rinmbofaedna,  and  ikB 
angle  between  then  waa  determineid  by  W.  H.  WoUaston  in  1811, 
irilfa  Iho  aid  of  Us  newly  Invented  reflective  goniomelei,  la  he 
74*  Sf'  The  deavige  b  of  great  help  in  dtstinguishing  taicite 
from  other  minerals  of  siaular  wpoacance.  Tho  h|irdni!i»  of  3 
(it  is  readily  scratched  with  akntfe),  Che  spedhc  gravity  ri  i.;], 
and  the  fact  thai  it  eSenrescta  briskly  ia  contact  with  cold  dilute 
add*  are  also  chandss  of  determinative  value. 

Crystals  ol  caldle  are  eiuenuly  varied  in  form,  but,  as  a  rule, 
they  may  be  tafecnd  to  (out  diKinct  habiu,  narndy:  rhombo- 
hedral,  prismatic,  scnlenobedral  and  tabular.  The  primitive 
rbombabtdtoo,  r  lroo|  (£g.  i).  is  compantively  rare  except  In 
coabinatim  with  other  forma.  A  flatter  rhombohedion,  •  tiio), 
is  shown  in  fig.  1,  and  a  more  acute  one,  /  lrrt|.  in  flg.  3. 
These  tbiee  rfaoobdiedra  are  related  innicfa  a  manner  tbal,  when 
in  combination,  the  faces  of  r  tmncale  Ibe  polar  edges  of  /,  and 
tbe  faces  <t  i  truncate  the  edges  of  r.  The  crystal  of  prismatic 
habh  shosra  ia  6g.  <  is  a  combination  of  tbe  pilam  at  l3ll|  and 
the  rbombohcdron  e  j  i  ia{  ]  fig.  j  is  a  combination  ■ 


'Cjystab  of  scalenohedrsl  hi 

Lvems;  nail-bead-apar  for 
lerajioated  by  Ibe  obtuse  rhombohedton  e,  which  are 
in  the  lead  mines  of  Alston  Moor  in  Cumbcrlandi  al 
(German  SekieSaspali)  (or  crystals  of  tabular  habit,  ai 
times  as  thin  u  paper:  cannon-spar  for  crystals  of  p 
habit  lemiinatal  by  the  basal  pinacoid  c. 

Calcite  is  also  remarkable  for  the  variety  and  perfect! 
twinned  crystals.  Twinned  crystals,  though  not  of  in 
occunencB,  are,  however  »f  ar  lets  common  than  simple  (u  nl 
irystals.    No  lets  than  fpur  wcUnlefined  twin-Laws  ai 


■plane  c  (rti). — Here  there  Is  rotation  of  one  portion 
with  respect  Id  the  other  through  rSa°  about  tbe  priudpai 
{trigonal)  asis.  which  is  pcrperuUcuiar  to  tbe  plane  e  (irt);  or 
Ibe  sime  result  may  be  obtained  by  reflection  across  this  plane. 
Fig.  ;  shows  a  piismatic  crystal  (like  fig.  4)  twinned  in  this 
manner,  and  £g.S  tefiresenls  a  twinned  scalenobedroni  jiol). 

ii.  Twin-plaw  'i  (110).— Tbe  principal  *«i  of  tbe  two 
portions  ere  iodined  at  an  angle  of  si°  30^'.  Repeated  twinning 
on  Ibis  plane  is  very  common,  and  the  twin-lamellae  (Sg.  «)  to 
which  it  gives  rise  art  often  to  be  observed  In  tbe  grains  of  caldte 
of  cryilsilioe  Umeslones  which  have  been  subjected  to  prcssuie. 
This  taoicUar  twinning  is  of  secoadaty  origin:  it  may  be  readily 
produced  artificially  by  prcaaure,  for  eiample,  by  preaaingi 
edgaof  ackavageibombobedron.. 


970 


ia>>. — Hac  tht'|»{DcI|Ml  uo  < 

, u  ixuly  *l  d^  in^  (V  14*),  Mid  < 

dirtdioiiiol  deivu*  ■»  t<»ti  P°"^  i*  P>'>11<' t°  ■'k  t 

Fine  cr>iUl>  of  priimuk  babit  twluud  usordiug  t 


CALCIUM 

cfthg 


re  Ion 


nbleni 


Eyun  in  Derbyililn  uuj 
an  the  kit  two  Imlitki 
"  beut-etupcd  twiu" 


ComwiU,  md  of  walmnlinlril  bibit 

Oeiuc  Moor  ia  Ciunbeiii. 

•re  luHim  u  "bai-Uiiiy 

(G|.  lo},  accndini  W  tbor  lupe. 

iv.Twm-iiUnc/(iif). — Tlic  principal  ixei  in  belB indincd 
■I  Si* 46'.    Thbiitbeniottwin-bvofcakiw. 

Cildie  when  pure,  u  in  the  wdl-kmiiim  IccUnd-qiu,  it 
perfectly  tiUBpucal  and  adourlai.  Tit  hutie  ii  vitiaHB. 
Ooioi  to  tbe  pitKDce  of  vuioui  impuritk*,  tbe  tnupvency 
and  colour  may  vary  conuderaUy.  CrytUla  are  nften  ncai^ 
itli[te  01  adonitets,  uiually  with  a  flight  yeDowith  tinge.  The 
yellowi^  adour  a  in  mcist  caici  dot  l«  the  prcKDce  of  iron,  but 
IB  aome  caaea  it  bu  been  proved  to  be  due  to  arfank  matter 
(such  aa  Bpocttnic  add}  derived  Irom  tbe  hutnua  overlying  the 
rockl  Li  which  the  cryitali  wr- ' ■"      * •-:.--•  - 


Fio.  S.  Fio.  10. 

Pio.  7-<o.— Tirfnned  C>>«tt1t  of  Cakile. 
beautiful  purple  coloui,  from  Rticbclidorf  in  Hcaie,  ii  coV 
by  colbalt. 

Optically,  caldte  li  ODlaiial  with  D«gitl«e  bi^refrlngence,  tbe 
laden  of  refraction  for  tbe  ordinary  ray  being  greater  than  tor  the 
enraordinary  ray:  fonodlum-U^l  the  (onneria  1-6585  and  the 
latter  i  ^Mi.  The  differente,  o- 1 71J,  between  thcie  two  indices 
fivea  a  measure  of  tbe  bi-refringence  or  double  refraction. 

Although  the  double  Rtraclion  of  some  other  minenli  i>  greater 
than  that  of  caldte  ((,(,  for  dnnafasr  It  ii  0,347,  "id  forcilomel 
B.683),  yet  thii  ptenomeaan  on  be  bell  deinoiiitraled  in  caldte. 
lince  it  ia  a  mineral  obtainable  ia  Itrge  piecti  of  perfect  tnns- 
puency.  Owing  to  tbe  atrong  double  refraction  and  the  can- 
sequent  wide  lepantioD  of  the  two  polidied  rays  of  light 
iravcning  the  crystal,  an  object  viewed,  tbiough  a  deavage 
rbombohcdion  of  Iceland-spar  It  seen  double,  hence  the  name 
doubly- nf [acting  ipsr.  Iceland-tpat  Is  exteniivety  used  in  the 
construction  of  Nicol's  piiimi  lor  polariicopes,  polarising 
microscopes  and  laccharimeten,  aitd  of  dichrotcopel  for  testing 
the  [deochitRsm  of  gem-aloMs. 

Chemically,  calcite  hai  tbe  uine  cofflpodtioD  as  the  ortho- 
rhombic  aiagonlte  (ft.),  these  minenU  belog  dimorphous  forou 
oi  calcium  carbonate.  Wdl-oyttallind  material,  luch  aa 
Iceland-spar,  usually  consists  ol  perfectly  pure  caldum  car- 
bonate, but  at  other  times  the  calcium  may  be  isamorphously 
replaced  by  small  amounts  ol  mtgncvum,  baifum,  sttontlum, 
nangaiiese,  tine  or  lead.  When  the  elemcnta  named  areptetenl 
In  lirge  amouDI  we  have  the  varieties  dotomitic  caldte,  barl- 
caldte,  ttrontianocaldte,  lerrocaldte,  maDganocaldte,  tiaco- 
calcitc  and  plumbocaldte,  fcBpectivdy. 

Mechanically  enclosed  impuritiet  an  also  trequentty  present. 
and  h  is  to  these  that  the  colour  It  often  4ae.  .A  reaukaUe 


pyramid,  aod  cndealin  84%  of  sand,  have  recently  been  (0 

in  larte  qnuitity  over  ■  wide  area  In  South  Dakota,  Nel»ask> 
and  Wyomiii(.  Tba  cate  of  hiikipite,  which  endoict  up  to  10% 
of  "  ntes  onh,"  hat  bean  noted  above. 

ol  the  material,  an 
is  known  as   satin-ipar 
...  J)T"™:  the  moat  typical 

"""p**  of  thin  ia  the  taam-mtiu  material,  elten  with  a  roiy 

.,  _  — .^  .    ....  .   jiiui^ 

of  Aktoa  Uoor  in  Cnmberland.    Finely 
...  ..._.....  nrgenline  and 


ooranence.  Each  ttalactit*  Dsuilly  conista 
01  an  annate  at  ladiafly  ananetd  ayitalEnt  lodlvidBals, 
thoDgh  aaoMtimea  it  may  cooaitt  of  a  difle  Indlvldaal  wttk 
crystal  (tcet  devdoped  at  the  tree  end.  Oaya-tnaiUes  or 
Orienul  alabaalcr  (lee  Auusm)  and  other  stabgmiiic  de- 
podtt  alto  conabt  of  caldte,  and  so  do  the  allied  dcporiti  of 
travertine,  cak^intei  or  calc-tula. 

The  Biodcs  at  occanoxe  of  cddte  ait  vay  varied.  It  Is  n 
cnmnwn  gangue  mfaenl  In  metaUilenui  deporitt,  and  in  tba 
fom  «f  Crysuls  la  Mea  ataodated  with  ores  of  lead,  Iron, 
copper  and  silvB'.  It  Is  a  coaunon  product  of  alteration  in 
Igneous  racks,  and  treqaentfy  occurs  aa  weU-devdoped  ctyttala 
Id  atsoeJatioB  with  aeoEtci  lining  ibe  amygdakidal  cavities  at 
basaltic  and  other  ncka.  Vdns  artd  ^Titles  in  Umesuntea  tm 
usually  lined  with  oyatals  ot  okite.  Tbe  wide  dbtifbotita, 
under  vadout  condliions,  of  crystallized  caldte  Ii  nadBy  ex- 
plained by  tbe  aohibiUty  of  ealdum  carbonate  in  water  contatn- 
iog  carbon  dioxide,  and  the  enie  with  ^lich  the  material  It  again 
deposited  in  the  oynaUited  Hate  when  Ibe  carbon  dinddc  b 
hlRntcd  by  evaporation.  On  lbs  alio  depends  the  fomation 
of  ttalaoitca  and  ofeeinter. 

Localities  at  lAicta  btanllfully  oystaUIied  ^ledraeBt  of 
caldte  are  foand  are  atremdy  nnmeious.  For  bcnaty  of 
crystals  and  variety  irf  fomt  the  haeaialite  mines  of  the  Qeator 
Moor  district  In  west  Cumberland  and  tbe  Furaeta  dlsalet-tB 
north  Lancashire  are  imtuipassed.  Tbe  lead  aitnes  (d  AfaMn  in 
CumbeilandandolDerbyibire,aiM]tlie  aDver  Kiinei  of  Andrcaa- 
bcTg  In  the  Harx  and  Guanajuato  In  Uedco  have  yhUed  many 
fine  tpedmens.  From  the  xloc  mioet  of  Jafiltn  In  Uitianri 
enoimout  oytlalt  of  goldett^'ellow  and  ametbySina  oakHra 
have  been  recently  obtained.  At  all  tbe  localiiies  ben  mentioned 
the  cryatalt  occur  with  metaUHerout  Met.  In  Iceland  the  mode 
of  occurrence  is  quite  (Uttlnet,  tbe  mineral  b«in|  here  foand  In  a 
cavity  In  basalt. 

The  quarry,  whidi  since  the  rTih  century  has  uffilled  the 
famous  Icdand-epar,  is  in  a  cavity  in  basalt,  tbe  cavity  ftadf 
measuring  11  by  5  yde.  in  area  and  about  10  ft.  In  htjght. 
It  is  situated  quite  dose  to  the  farm  Hdguatadlr,  about  an 
bonr'i  tide  from  the  liadtog  station  of  EtkifjBidttr  on  Kcydar 
F3SrAu,  on  the  east  coast  of  fceUnd.  TUa  cavity  when  Aim 
found  was  lUled  with  puR  cryttalliKd  mataet  and  enomow 
ctyslab.  Tbe  ayitall  measars  op  to  a  yard  acmia,  and  «• 
rhombobedtal  or  acaienobedial  in  baUl;  tbtii  tacea  ate  anally 
dun  and  oiTodcd  or  coated  with  atiiUte.  In  recent  ytat*  nniji 
of  tbe  material  taken  out  hat  not  been  of  autSdent  ttanqiarency 
loT  optical  purpotet,  and  lUt,  tofcther  with  the  very  Undled 
supply,  hat  cained  a  omtidarable  rite  In  price.  Only  very 
occadontlly  hat  caldte  fiom  any  locality  other  than  Icdand 
been  wed  for  tbe  constiuctko  of  a  Niol't  pilam.     (L.  ),  S.) 

CALCnm  [symbol  Ca,  atomic  weight  40-0  (o>  iS)],  a  metallic    ' 


CALCIUM 


97' 


MctttnncelBcbi!L(LitiB(ati).~  It  doa  bat  occtr  in  bMuk  in 

the  fttt  atatc,  but  ia  combination  it  ii  widely  ud  ibundaniLy 
diSiued.  Tbiu  thenilphate  oinatiiuta  lite  minenU  uihydriLe. 
aUbuicr,  gypeum,  tad  teleniu;  ibe  carboute  occun  diuolved 
[n  noal  naturalnttnand  ai  the  minenb  chalk,  raaible,ca)dte, 
■ngonile;  also  to  the  double  caibonates  luch  a*  dolomlle, 
bromlite,  baiytociklle;  ihe  fluoride  u  fluorapti;  the  fluo- 
pbMphate  conalilula  Ihe  miDeial  apatite;  vhile  all  ibe  Dwre 
important  mineral  ailJcatei  contain  a  proportiau  of  thh  clemeitL 
EWtbIwii.— Caldum  oidde  or  iime  hu  been  known  from  a 
very  rrnwte  period,  and  wu  for  a  long  time  coaudercd  to  be  an 
de  men  taryorundeattnpouble  earth.  ThiaviewwuqueilHined 
in  the  i8tb  century,  and  En  iSot  Sli  Uumphiy  Davy  (PHi. 
Traiu.,  iSoS,  p.  30$)  Iria  able  to  tbow  that  lime  *aa  a  combina- 
tion ot  t  metij  and  oxygen.  Hi>  allempti  at  isolating  lUi  metal 
were  not  comi^tely  succeBful;  in  [act,  metallic  calciiun  n- 
ctaincd  a  tabontocy  curioaity  until  the  beginning  oi  ibc  10th 
century.  Davy,  inipiicd  by  his  luccenful  faolation  of  the 
■sctalsiodiuin  and  poiaraium  by  Ibe  elect  tolysi*  of  their  hydialB, 
■ttemptcd  to  decompoic  a  miiture  of  lime  and  mercuric  oxide 
by  the  clectiic  CDrreni;  an  ""Ic""  of  cakiuni  vaa  oblained. 
bot  the  tcpantioD  of  the  mercury  <•■*  ao  difficult  that  even 
Davy  himielf  waa  Dot  tute  ai  to  whether  he  bod  obtained  pui 
metallic  cakdum.  Electiolyni  of  lime  01  caldum  chloride  in 
Contact  with  mercury  gave  ilmHar  niultL  Biuacn  C^na., 
i854>  0)<  P-  34^1  *■*  ""f*  rifrewful  when  he  decUDlyied 
cakium  cbknida  m^toMd  witb  t^rdiochlorie  addi  ud  A. 
MalthieMCD  (.Jnr.  Oim.  Stc.,  i8s6,  p.  at)  oblained  Die  metil 
by  ckctn>lyiii«  a  mlitsie  ot  fated  cilduD  and  eodium  chlotidtt. 
Henri  Hoiaan  obtained  the  metal  of  99%  puiitr  by  dectio- 
lyiing  calcium  iodide  at  a  low  red  heat,  niiag  a  nldd  nlhode 


ptDcea*  coDdtWd  in  heating  the  lodid*  with  an  eueaa  of  aodium . 
foimiag  «n  unfit""  c'  '^  pcodocl,  awl  lEnoving  tlw  aodimn 
1^  aetM  ol  abairiuta  aleobol  (which  h*i  but  little  actioa  on 
catd  um) ,  and  the  Diercury  by  diitiDatian. 

The  electrolytic  iwbtion  o<  calcrom  hi*  been  cuefdlr  in- 
veeiigated,  lod  tlUs  i>  ibe  method  followed  for  lite  eommerdal 
production  of  the  mctiL  In  i«M  W.  Borcben  and  L.  Stockem 
(Z(i(. /«r  £la:*«*e«iK,  I90»,  P- 87  J7)  obtained  the  metal  ol  90% 
purity  by  electrotyring  calduo  chloride  at  a  Icmpentun  ol 
about  7fio*,  oaing  an  irtni  cathode,  the  anode  bdng  tbc  graphite 
veseel  in  which  the  elecliolyai*  w»»  carried  oot.  In  the  lame 
year,  0.  Rufi  and  W.  Plato  {Btr.  1901,  J5,  p.  3611)  employed  a 
miltuie  0/  caldum  chloride  (100  parts)  and  fluonpat  (16-5 
|M[i4,  which  wai  fuied  in  a  poitelain  crucihie  and  dectrolyicd 
with  I  carbon  anode  and  an  iron  cathode.  Neither  of  these 
procestei  admitted  of  commerdal  application,  but  by  a  modifica- 
tion of  RuS  and  Flalo'9  pnceia,  W.  Ruthenau  and  C.  SuUr 
luvD  made  the  metal  conimefdilly  avaikble.  Tbeae  rhemieii 
eletlrolyae  either  pure  calduro  chloride,  or  a  miitute  ol  tlii 
■alt  with  fluorspar,  in  a  graphite  veuel  which  lervcs  aa  the 
anode.  The  cathode  consiits  ol  an  iron  rod  which  can  be  gradu- 
ally latscd.  On  dectrolysia  a  layer  of  metallic  caldum  ii  formed 
al  the  lower  end  of  ihiarHl  on  tbenuftceof  the  electrolyte  i  the 
rod  ii  padually  caised,  the  thidmoB  of  the  layer  Incraue*,  and 
Dltimaiely  a  rod  of  metallic  caldum,  forming,  a>  It  were,  a  con- 
tinuation ot  the  Iron  cathode,  ■•  obtained.  Thii  ii  Ihe  tons  la 
which  caldum  ii  put  on  llie  market. 

An  Idea  ai  to  the  advance  made  by  Ihit  method  ii  recorded  in 
Ihe  variation  in  the  price  ot  caldum.  At  ihebe^nningof  T(iD4lt 
•iu  quoted  at  59.  per  gram,  £250  per  kilogtam  or  £110  per  pound; 
•bout  a  year  later  the  price  waa  reduced  to  iii.  per  kilogram, 
or  iia.  per  kHogram  in  qiutntlllet  ol  100  Ulo^ams.  Tlitw 
quotations  apply  to  Germany:  in  the  United  Kingdom  the  price 
(isos)  varied  from  iji.  to  joa.  pet  kilogram  (in.  to  I  ja.  per  lb.). 

Pnftrlia. — A  freihly  prepared  loriacE  of  the  metal  doady 
leaemblo  line  in  appearance,  but  on  eiposnn  to  Ihe  air  it  rapidb' 
tarniibo,  becoming  yellowiih  and  ultimately  grey  or  white  in 
colour  owing  to  the  formation  of  a  lurfactlayeroi  caldum  hydrate, 
A  iaint  amell  of  acetylene  may  be  pcrcdved  doring  Ihe  oddalion 
in  moiil  air;  thli  ia  probably  due  to  tncta  «f  calcium  tsiblde. 


T,  eepedally  if  meana  an  taken  to' 

drate  formed  on  the  metal;  alcohtd 
ileal  properties  It  dosdy  rcscmblet 


'     It  a 


nbinea  directly  11 


anlage 


elals  of  the  " 


perfect  vacuum,  the  oxygen  combining  to  form  the  oxide,  CaO, 
and  the  nitrogen  to  form  the  nitride,  CtaNi.  Several  of  iti 
phyilcal  properties  have  been  determined  by  K.  Anidt  (flff., 
■  904i  37i  P>  ^^il)^  The  melal  aa  plepuid  by  dectrolysia 
gcaeiaDy  contains  tiacei  of  aluminium  and  silica.  Its  ipcdfic 
gravity  ii  1-54,  arid  after  lemcllbg  I'jfi;  afta  diXiHalion  it  ii 
I'ji.  Itmdtiat about Soo*  but sublimeaatakiwertempenture. 

US  bydri 

ter  decompoact  &  to  pve  hydrogen  fn 


id  asetylcBib  i  gram  yieUlng  at 

4tJLj:c.£„iaaT.hpr46^    Caldnnfon 
'  le.  CaO.  and  die  fislile.  CaOt,    Ilie  m 


name  hjrdiDliie. 

iime.    TheS ._.  .. 

P.  TUnard  l^mw.  Ckim.  Pt^i.,  181S,  S,  p.  113),  who  predpilalH 
[ime-watei  with  hydrogen  peroxide.  It  )■  permanent  when  dry ;  or 
htallBg  to  130*  C.  it  loiea  water  and  nvei  the  anhydrous  dioxide 
as  an  unstable,  pale  buff^olourrd  pawder,  very  spandgly  soluble  in 

id  iodide  are  del^ueacent 
in  water;  this  is  a  pual' 

mineral 


Whenns  caldum  chloride,  b 


^ain  alcohois.  "Die  ciystalliied  nil  dissolve!  my  rodily 
^  -..^  with  a  crawderable  abaorptiDD  of  heat;  hrnce  lEs  use  in 
fomijail "  fnwng  muRurea."  A  lemptrature  of  -  SJ*  C.  iiobuined 
by  bLDBg  JO  psits  of  the  fteaahydrate  with  7  pans  of  snow.  A 
•atuialedtolutionolealciuiD  chloride  contairujis  parts  of  CaCblo 
1 00  of  water  a  I  the  boiling  poiolli  79- J*).  Caldum  iadideaodbr«Bide 
are  white  detiquetceat  solids  and  dosety  resemble  ihccbUKide. 

CUonJ*  </  lime  or  "btcachii^  powder"  is  a  calcium  chlor- 
hypochlorite  or  an  equimolecuisr  mixture  of  the  chloride  and 

u/ciiHi  arbiJt,  CsCb  a  coApourid  of  Ereat  industrial  importance 
as  a  eouroe  of  acelyleAe,  was  first  mpaml  by  F.  Wohler.  It  is  now 
manufactured  bv  beaiblg  lime  arid  carbon  in  the  electric  furnace  fsee 
AcxTTLaHa}.  Hnled  la  chlmine  or  with  bioniine^  it  yields  carbon 
and  cakium  chloride  or  brDmide:  at  a  dull  red  beat  it  bums  in 
oiyven,  forming  taldum  carinnate,  and  it  becomes  inqurdacmt  in 
sulphur  vapour  at  ^00*.  forming  caldun  sulpbidc  and  carbon 

yields  caldun  cyanainide  (see  CVAHAHtDE). 

CtlduM  ctriauu  In 

both  the  mioBsl  an  ol 

the  chalk  depoalta  1  of 

alio  a*  the  dimorpl;  O- 

TuiF  Is-r.i  and  (tau  rue 

distrias.    Most  na  nie 

add;    this  confen  lit 

orTIir'"°in  ktttin'  m 

Ihe  imf  of  a  cave,  ea. 

In  tbe  animal  Un^  itie 

teat!  of  the  foramin  a; 

also  in  the  skeieton  _  1  is 

obtained  as  a  white  Feedpilate, 


3  fbraol 
. .  mlL    H. 


cold  solutions  dcpoiJi 


attly  BtrDrHsdutiau.  bevagDrul  (rbombahedial)  crystal*  of  ca  . 
Arafonite  u  tbe  least  stable  form ;  crysuls  have  been  found  allrred 

CaUmm  nilridi.  C^aNb  is  a  greyish-yellow  powder  formed  by 
healing  caldum  in  air  or  nilroien;  water  decompoHi  it  with 
evntutian  ol  ammonia  («e  H.  MoisBn.  CmM  Ktod..  137.  P-  447)- 

Oltimi  MiMU.  CatNO>)>-«H/},  is  a  lOgUy  ddk)i»ceni  all. 


CALCUOeriNG  MACHINES 


'fauiiiuc4-Le._da  HAjO,-2H,0 
rau.  frtcipiutt 


■nd  caJdiim   chloiidc.     CiyitaU 
ii    liuo&blc   in   nto;    ilighlly 


lulphuri 


rvfor. 


jcM.    Tbedi 


bipiano.    f(  ttobuincdaarharnbic 

" —  "'  ""'"" —  "hloride  and  todiuin 

the  liquid.    Other 

tsuipkidf,  C^.  t  vfute  inKTohotu  powder,  ipaHngly 
-J  iifonoedbybeating  The  wiphatc  with  chaicoal.cr 


joNWe  in  wat-, , ^ 

byhcatiiiilipitin  jLCurTtntDTvulphurTtiedhydrwra.  It  ispinici 
briy  iHCewonhy  rrom  the  photpbDmcpncc  which  it  n^ibin  «h( 
heated,  or  ifttr  ctpcmire  to  the  Hjn'»  i»ys:  her^  '"-  — '- — m 
"  CintoD'i_pho«horu9,"afterjDfanCHn(on{iTi0-  ih 

nalora]  phuoeojHKT,    The  HiEphydnte  or  hydrou  }u 

h  obtaiKd  ai  cdourieu.  pntnutk  eryttal*  gf  sn 

C>{SH)r«H,0,  by  pas^  talphuretted  hydrogen  I  le. 

The  stroBf  usdcdub  ulatioA  depedin  aJourteas.  ttn  t4 

the  hvdroiylyiksHilphidc.  Ca(OH)(SH).    Tlie  i  IL 

and  peBOnlphlde,  CaS..  an  rormed  when  milk  3 

nlhBownaiwlFJmr.   ThneiulphideilDRnthet  I'l 

tuminoui  paint.  An  oiyiulphide.  ZCiS-CaO,  b  HHnetiiim  pmenl 
In  "  aoda'WUIe.'*  and  onnee- coloured,  admlar  cryitals  of 
ICaS'CaSO.'iaH/JormioBally  •Rlkoulfnlhe  lanE  lUndlne  of 
nidiiHl  "  loda-  or  alkili-waiH  "  (k  Aluli  MiNuiaciuBE). 
\  Cakium  itlphiU,  CiSOi.  ■  while  nibiuni:?,  »tiiMF  in  water,  is 
prnared  by  paBiir;  vilphin-  diinide  into  milk  ol  lime.  This  solintni 
with  Ejic™  o(  lulphur  dimdde  yirlifa  the  "  bisul]AitF  of  lime  "  of 
e,  which  19  tucd  in  the     chemkal "  oudufactun  of  wood- 

[he  minerals , 


'^■n 


•s^ 


soluble  io  soturians  of  common  aalt  and  hydrodUoric  ai 
espccisify  of  todium  thiasulphatCr 

Cokimm  jiiiiata  are  cvceptionally  abuadant  id  the 
kingdom.  Caktum  metuibcate,  CiSiO,,  oceunTniutiiiTi 
clinic  cryttala  known  aa  tabolai'  spsr  or  wolhstonite;  it 
prepared  artilicialty  from  Kilaliinn  of  caktnni  chloride  and 
•ilicate.  H.  Le  OuliAcr  U«m1h  iet  moui.  IM7.  p.  ujl  nas 
obtained  aniKcialFy  the  conipoundi:  CaSiO^  C^K),,  CBiSiiO. 
and  CaiSiOi.     ^  also  G.  Oddo,  Ormiidia  Cnttralilaa,  1896. 

by  jyiTrfitc.  HiCfcRio" - 11  "aTmT mlit"  aomelhw  T^(sr<kd 
u  an  ahmd  form  of  apophytHte  (fl.i ),  which  b  inelfan  acid  cakium 
eilKalecnitaimnEan  alkaline  fiinridr,  by  ohtiiile,HiCa(SiO>)rHiO. 
■ndbynwalitatCiSiOi'HiO,  Cakiuniiilkaie  laalio  preKMintbc 
-  "™™"  ■  i*™*.  pynuena,  amphibotra,  cpidoie.  febpan.  leoatei. 
OflMna  aMf  e«i>Hf>nL— Mom  cakiun 
whv  iBsbtnMl  wlih  hyikocUisk  arid,  impi 


ud  a  famlcr  "tdw  upa  Cakiiim  is  qoi  Dcniiiiatrd  by  svuhiiretled 
faydnHcn,  but  laTls  as  the  carbonate  when  an  alkaGne  can»oate  b 
addecTlo  a  ii^iiaB.    Sulpfainic  add  gim  a  white  pmiiMtale  el 

but  nadily  iduble  ia  nitric  or  faydnjchloric  add.  Caldum  isfencr- 
ally  eatimaced  by  predpalation  u  oxalate  which,  afia  drying,  is 
healed  and  wdEhed  as  culionatc  or  cmdc,  according  to  the  tl^iee 
and  dnratioil  oT the  haling. 

_ —     _  f«thet 


maaca  tl  figHTca  ■  bank*,  kaanatg  oSca.  ftc,  bill  alw,  ai 
caah  Rsiiten,  for  UK  on  Uw  couDten  of  Rtailibofa.  Ttajr  may 
ba  daiaflied  w  loBowa;— <L)  AdditioB  machiBtti  tke  bit 
invmied  br  Bkbc  Fuctl  <t64i).  <iL)  Additioo  BiduDe* 
nudificdioIacDiUteBHiklptlaMiooi  the  Sm  by  C.  W.  Leabnili 
(i67i>.  (w.)l^wnBllipliixtkaauKfaiBCi;  UoDBoDfadSSS), 
StelgeT (iBm).  (Iv-)  DiBenBanacbtoesi  JobuaHeUiUi  w 
MQUn  (1 7t6),Cbuki  Babble  (iSii).  (v.)AnlylkdiB>diiMi: 
Babbtce  <i8j4>.  IV  Minber  d  datfinct  muUu*  of  tbc  fint 
tfanc  kkdt  11  remaifcabk  aad  b  beiiit  conilaBtly  added  to,  oU 
nachtoabetegfmpiovgduidnawaDBiiiTeiiled;  PraleiaBr  R. 
Mefamkc  hai  couBttd  owar  ei^r  <lbtiwa  macUnts  of  thb  type. 
ThefuUet  pubtidKd  acanmt  of  Ibe  lubJKt  is  linn  by  ^hmke 
to  the  Etjchfllik  iti  mtAtmaladiat  WiUKUdUfitw,  artEle 
"  NnneritdK*  RedmBi,"  vi^  i.,  Heft  6  (I«ai).  It  coBlaim 
hiilaclcal  lutet  uid  foil  irfetenrea.  Wattber  ma  Dyck's 
CaJaivpu  abo  tontaiiA  deacriptioBa  of 
vaiioui  mltiBea.  We  ahaJl  conGne  or 
■elvcg  to  tiphfolng  tbe  piindplei  of  so. 
leading  typca,  witboot  girinK  an  c 
desfTJplioli  of  any  particular  one. 

Practically  all  calculaiing  tnachinei 
laib  I  "counting  work," a  Krinof  "fi 
disks  "  consiiting  in  the  otigiBtl  ton 
horiaontal  circular  diiki  (fig.  t).  an  « 
tbe  fi^nrea  o,  t,  a,  10  p  are  marked,  1 
disk  can  tun  abcat  bs  ivtllcal  ub,  and  ia  covend  by  a 
fixed  plats  with  a  hob  or  "  window  "  in  it  through  whkti 
one  Cgure  can  be  seen.  Oa  taming  ibe  dU  through  oat- 
lenlb  of  a  revohitlon  Ihit  Sgun  wHl  be  cbaDtnl  into  tbe  oen 
higher  or  lower.  Suth  turning  may  be  oiled  a  ""  Bep,"  pKitai 
if  the  nen  higbet  and  Mfoliaf  if  tbe  next  town  fignre  ,,_„_ 
appears.  Eackpoailive  itep  IbenfOre  adds  one  unit  1***' 
10  the  figure  uader  tbe  window,  while  two  aiepa  add 
two,andsoo».  If  a  series,  tay  ill,  ol  such  Sgun  dbki  be  pbccd 
side  by  side,  their  wtodowi  lying  in  a  row,  ihen  any  number  of 
sii  phos  can  be  made  to  appear,  for  instann  000373.  In  order 
toadd  6493  to  Ibis  Diunbei,  tbe  dBks,couDtincfnim  tight  to  bft, 
have  lo  be  turned  s,  1,  *  and  8  steps  rejpectii^.  U  Ibis  is  done 
006793  will  tppcv.  In  case  tbe  mm  of  the  (wv  figure 
for  ioitance  the  last  figure  10  be 
I  for  thb  dbk  ii  ti  and  tbe  i  only 
wiB  appear.  Hence  an  arraogeatot  for  '■  c»tiyi«g  "  hat  lo  be 
introduced.  Thismay  be  done  as  follows.  'HKUEori  figure 
disk  contains  a  wheel  with  ten  [eeib.  £icb  figure  disk  has, 
besides, «Be  long  tooth  wfaicb  when  its  o  passes  Ibe  window  turns 
tbe  neit  whtd  10  the  left,  one  tooib  forward,  and  hence  tbe  figure 
disk  one  step.  The  actual  niechanisra  is  not  quite  so  simple. 
because  tbe  long  teetb  as  described  would  gear  aba  into  tbe 
wheel  to  [be  right,  and  besides  wosU  inlcrfete  with  each  other. 
Tbey  must  tbeiefoie  be  replaced  by  a  somewhat  mon  coen- 
plicated  anangement,  whidi  baa  been  done  m  various  ways  not 
necessary  10  describa  mote  fuDy.  On  Ibe  w*]t  in  which  itiit  b 
done,  however,  depends  to  a  great  extent  the  durability  and 
timtwortbJHsa  of  any  arithnwDietci;  hi  fad,  it  ii  ofteo  its 
weakest  point.  If  to  the  aerie*  ol  figure  dbksarTUgBmeBts  are 
•ddsd  fortiMDinKeachdithtbtoucharequkcdDiuBbcrofitcpa, 


CALCULATING  MACHINES 


tick  di»b  bad  10  be  turned  by  huid.  This  opcratioD  hi9  bccD 
limplified  in  varioui  *tys  by  mectaniul  meam.  Fof  pure 
ukJitkqi  mccbiDQ  key-butdi  h&ve  h«n  Added,  uy  for  each  Aak 
nine keyi marked  i  tog.  OnpmingiheLey  markod6tbed£sk 
turns  lii  iteps  and  n  on.  These  have  been  inlmduced  by 
StetlDcrfiSSi],  Mai  Mayer  (1887),  and  In  tbs  complopietei  by 
Don-  Z.  Fell  U  Chicago.  In  the  complograph  by  Felt  aad  also 
Id  "  Burniu^'i  Re^Keiing  AcrouBlant  "  the  result  is  printed. 
These  macliina  can  be  used  for  nmltlpliatJDn,  as  repeated 
Addition,  but  the  process  is  laborious,  depending  for  rapid  eiccu- 
^^^  tlonesseniialiyoniheilillottbeopeiator,'  Toadapt 
\f^^    an  addition  machine,  as  described,  to  rapid  mu]tl[di' 

iTpUced  by  one  motion,  coamioidy  the  [umiBg  of  a 
bauUe.  As,  however,  the  different  disks  hav«  ta  be  turned 
throogh  different  stepi,  a  contrivance  has  to  be  inserted  which 
on  be  ~  let  "  in  such  ■  way  lh*t  by  one  turn  of  the  handle  each 
dish  is  moved  through  a  nunber  of  Ateps  equal  to  the  nur^ber  of 
usils  which  is  to  be  added  on  that  disk.  This  may  be  done  b; 
lufciBg  tack  of  the  figure  daks  lecdve  on  its  ails  a  len-iDothed 
wheel,  called  hereafter  the  A-wheel,  which  is  acted  on  either 
directly  or  indirectly  by  anolber  wheel  (called  the  B-wheel)  in 
which  the  number  of  teeth  can  be  varied  from  o  to  g.  This 
varlaiioB  of  the  teeth  has  been  effected  in  difleieut  way*. 
TlwoTetlcslly  (he  simplest  seems  to  be  to  have  on  the  B-»heel 
cine  teeth  which  on  be  drawn  back  into  the  body  of  the  wheel, 

-This  idea,  previously  mentioned  by  Leibnita,  has  been  realized 
by  Bohdner  In  the  "  Bniasviga."  Another  way,  also  due  to 
Ldhnlti,  coniisti  In  inserting  between  the  ails  of  the  handle  bar 
and  the  A^wheel  a  "  sloped  "  cylinder.  This  may  be  considered 
■s  bdng  made  up  of  ten  wheels  large  escugh  to  contain  about 
(tot  these  teeth  are  cut  away  30  tbtl 


wheels  rci 


leeth.    Iftb 


le  piece  they  form  >  cylinder  with  teeth  of  lengtlis 
iron  9,  S . . .  tiaci  the  lenglb  of  a  tooth  on  a  single  wheeL 
'  In  the  dinruiHtic  vertical  lectioa  of  ntch  a  auchine  {ti.  1) 
'FF  ia «  fifuR disk  viih a Gonkal  wbed  A  oil  its avif.  In  tbecovirina 
^tc  HK  b  the  vindDw'W.  A  stepped  cylioder  a  4cvo  at  Ti, 
.The  aula  Z,  which  rims  along  Ike  lAwle  michine,  a  turned  by  ■ 
.hawllc.  and  hiril  linri  the  cylinilar  B  tiy  ffl'l  nf  n,n;<.>1  w«bfe*u 

Unve  this  cylinder  In  an  ain  EE  with  iquai 

.wheel D can bsnrnd.  The«B--  '  -     • 


ill  C  and  C'.  wUch  can  alia  ilide  on  iIh 

E  allowing  a  rod  LL'  to 
.  I  the  whea  D  with  it  Ak  ,  . 
numben  o  f  1  .  .  ,  g  coitcapDiidinjE  with  the  number  of  teeth  on 
Ihecylualer  B.  with  whuh  (be  wheel  D  will  gear  In  any  ^ven  potition. 
A  series  of.such  don  li  ibown  In  Ibe  top  mkldlc  part  of  Sceiger's 
nachbie  (%  3).  Let  now  the  handle  drMng  the  aiia  Z  be  lined 
once  ivund,  the  buttoa  beini  set  to  4.  Then  fOur  teeth  dI  the  B- 
tM.  wiU  tun  D  and  with  it  the  A^rheel,  and  cmuoqueady  the 


figine  msk  win  be  moved  four 


klwMdS  theiriieil  Cgian  in  A.  and  oMMuently 
uhMtotlHfi*u*Ai»&tattbeirinda>W.  BiRiftb 
■WMWdtoaei^ht.C'willgfwithAmowagbac] 


podlionsligkHllieplBtat 

ptateKHwithihew)2£w.     

This  plate  k  hii«ed  at  the  hack  at  H  _ 
throwing  the  J^wuelsouE  cf  gear.    When  1 

»%*!  an  A^^ 

of  tlie  machine.   Suppnae 


be  lilted  up,  thenhy 

— = — ■"'^figure  disks 

IB  U  put  in  mmt  with  any  C-wIikI  foiming 
."  The  mmScr  «(,lhe*e  **rk*  with  the  liie 
inae  Iheic  ate  efai  B-wheela  and  twelve  figme 

411  set  to  leiD  with  the  esceptJOB  ol  thelut 

four  to  the  1^1,  these  (howliig  t  411,  and  let  these  be  placed 
opposiM  the  tail  B^bMls  to  the  ikhi.  If  BOW  tba  buttons  belniging 
to  the  laila- be  set  to  J  3  St.  then  on  tur^ng  the  B-iAhIs  an  osce 
round  the  btter  figiutn  wul  he  added  to  the  fonwr,  thus  duwlng 
4  6  S  >  at  the  windows.  By  aid  <<  the  uda  Z,  this  tundng  oi  the 
B-whedi  is  DBfomwd  sinidtamiusly  by  the  movement  s(  oM 
handle  We  Cv*  thus  an  wWUiaB  machine.  If  it  be  lequiml  Is 
Bidtipty  a  number,  say  725,  by  any  number  up  to  six  fiauies,  say 
3S7,  thi  butlona  an  set  10  the  irain*  7>s.  Ibe  windows  all  sbowbig 
aero.  Ths  handle  is  ibn  tutned.  713  appesn  at  the  windows,  and 
■occeaslve  turns  add  thia  number  In  the  Am.  Hence  seven  turns 
•how  the  product  seven  times  715.  Now  the  ptsle  with  the  A-wheds 
is  lirtect  and  moved  one'step  to  the  right,  then  lowered  and  the 
handle  turned  Ave  times,  tfau*  adding  fifty  timet  735  to  tlie  prodoct 
obtamed.  FlnaDy,  by  movidf  the  plate  again,  and  turemg  the 
handle  three  limes,  the  requiied  product  II  obtained.  If  the  machine 
has  Lx  B-wbeels  and  twHve  dtoks  the  product  of  two  ^-ligure 
oumben  can  be  obtained.  Diviiion  Is  poformcd  by  repeated  lub- 
cnctHin.  The  lever  legulatlug  the  C-wheel  is  set  to  lubtncliaii, 
producing  onaiive  step!  at  the  (fiika.  The  dividend  In  lel  up  at  the 
wiodows  aod^Ibe  diW«  at  the  buttons.  Each  naa  of  the  handh 
■ibmct*  the  divisor  0Dce._  To  cmin  the  nanlKr  of  tsna  ef  the 

stepfor  each  turn  (4  the  handle.  The  machiDe  dactibed  is— entislly 
that  of  Thomas  of  Colnar.  iriiidi  wv the  bit  th«  mme  inn  in^llcnl 
uie.  Of  earlier  BHEhuieatlue  of  LeIhaita,MIIIIe((l7ai),BBdHahn 
(igoo)  desBve  u  be  mentioBed  (sea  Dydt  CsMstiHt.  TbonaA 
Bacfine  has  had  many  Inlutioos,  both  in  EniAnd  «d  «■  tlw 
Contfaient,  with  man  sr  kss  heportant  alterallaaa.  Joseph 
EdmiMdsiiii  of  Halifai  has  ^vea  h  a  cJrcuIai  foem,  which  haa  many 
advaatagea. 

The  (ccuracy  aid  dnrabilliir  tt  tat  nai^iiK  to^  ton  pnl 
enent  a_    ..manner,     w  "^"'^'moviMhiaByoS 

at  be  bcked  and  ha 


QEiind  to  turn  the  handle,  i 


m  that  the  B-wheeli  or 


SubtncilDn  therefgiE 


n,  the  cairyingaoa 
enie  only,  and  thla 


V  shown  at  R  in  lectioa 


Id  th*  BruDsv^  the  figure  did»  are  all  mounted  on  a  commeA 
horlioatal  ajtis,  the  figures  Deing  phiced  on  the  rim.  On  the  side  of 
each  dIA  and  rIgkUy  conoKudTwilh  it  lies  iu  A-wbed  with  whkih 
It  can  inra  independent  si  the  otben.  The  B-rinls,  aU  fiicd  on 
•oothir  hoeiioDlal  aiis,  gear  dhtclly  oa  the  A-whcds.  ^  *■ 
ingeaiocis  cootriunce  tu  teeth  are  made  to  appear  from  oat  e(  the 


'by"Mi«&tir«'"M 

.r ,  > ..Si   To  the  joinn  d 

. ...-piiuied;  iwdaathcyareatretchedDut  tlh. 

arc  moved  forward  0  to  9  iti^  acceidiig  to  the  jidnta  Iter  ai* 
pinned  to.  The  lacks  gear  diistly  hi  the  A-wheelt,  and  ths  wut* 
are  daced  on  cylinden  as  in  the  Brunsvigi.  Tba  ati'fiim  Is  OHW 
centiiuiDuily  by  a  train  ef  epicycloklal  iriieeli.    The  wteUog  i* 


The  B-wheels  an-  np.laoed  by  biy-loiig*.   Ta  the  joinn  of 


serious  for  casual  w 


. .....   ■„ -^  and  It  IS  not  any  loiigar  niadfc 

1say-ton|^  allow  of  an  extension  equivalent  to  five  tunungs  of  the 
handK  u  tha  multiplier  Is  J  or  UBdet.  oae  push.fecwaid  will  do  the 


97+ 

■iH  M  S«a  (or  iHri  At  of  tht  twdi^  ml  nan  ihu  t*B  pBdm 

"*S!%i<lfBtH  wmOim  fa  ■  mnldpltatiw  bhUh^  yfikk 
te.  J  fiTH  •  (tome  ■•  h  ippaii  to  <i*  BiudpdMor, .  Tte  Imi 

2S»     SiriM.»i[hwonnnDf«riKliniitforlhefa»m«--'l-< 

'*',?*     tm^tt.    Osinwisitnn  tbabvnoD  Wlbei 

OP  b«  moved  to  ri 
fifun  di^  V  in  the  Tbomu 


CALCULATING  MACHINES 


tb>  TIkhdm  in  iBviiig  tlOK  fa  obvioiH.  lliiluil)'>'it  ■>]!  B't,"?™** 
hi  the  T^mu  r6  turn  of  llv  hiddfai  but  In  tlK  StacFT-Efli  only 
t  taim,  with  %  ogltiin  nt  the  kvcr  H.  If  IlH  lever  H  ii  ■«  Id  i  «e 
bw ■  Ante wlditkM auUH Uka  tkt TloaM nribe  Bnuwio. 
Tte  Inoton  itaM  IhU  tba  pndKt  <l  tn  Utwe  ■■"bn  cuIe 


,  _._.  UN  IhU  tba  pndKi 
pi  la  fr-7  BCDiub,,Ihe  quoueni  ol 


:  quouenl  at  ■  (-fifiin  mimba  by  we  sf  j 
,  while  the  iqian  not  la  5  plua  d  1 9-Iture 

Mnr''*"t*  tt  itt  fRoter  pcnvcti  than 
tbeuilhuoiHttn  BCBtlaHd  bt.it  ben 
iBvenladbyBlbliaceudlivScbeytK  A 
dacriptloa  i*  impuibk  wiilwut  dibor- 
■te  ijnvlaci.  Tbe  foOoiriiic  aocsmt 
will  aSonl  an  1^  of  tbe  worinv  o( 
B»hU»e'i  JMewact  Mdme.  Inufinc 
ft  dubIh  of  MiOliK  docki  plKcd  £■  m 
mw.  eacb  mith  oiil|r  ■■  hen  bud.  and 
Hich  Dflhr  the  ttnUaa  ■pfantm  ruIbhL 
Lettfat^d  eftbcBnt  clo^  be  twoid 

dill  Ibt  da±  urikca  ihu  BnUn  of 
limea.  Let  llue  clock  be  cornKted  wnb 
the  KcoDd  In  Midi  >  nUDer  ibu  by 
Mch  Mrolie  el  tin  <n«  thehud  of  Ibc 

coon  la  ML  II  ibe  ■and  bunt  auMfa 
U  K  and  ibe  Bnc  nrilcei  3,  then  wbm 
tblilidanetbeKcondwinRrikEB:  tbe 
•ecoad  will  ■«  nniliut)'  an  tk*  third, 
and  B  OB.  Let  Iben  be  f  oar  •neb  cbicfa 


k   Tbe  one  ta  the  riaht  cootaii 
ciiiK.  and  a  batlanTj  lor  vni 

number  of  parallel 

a  (haft  of  niBie  KciiaB  oa  wfakh  a  toothed  wheel,  the  A-whtel, 
■lidte  to  uJ  fn>  with  the  index  In  tb*  (let.  Below  thete  wheib 
■fain  Us  Q  tootbed  lacki  at  riahl  anala  to  tbe  ilola.  By  •miec 
lEei^dei  1b  any  ilot  the  whetlWow  ft  coaiea  into  fear  with  one  d 
thea  ncka  On  BuriDK  th*  nuk,  the  vbeda  tan  their  Oala  and 
tha  finn  dfaki  a  eneaite  ID  tbeoL  The  dlmiailoni  aia  web  that 
a  anboa  <f  ■  nitf  urao^  i  csLtaruihe  bun  di>k  Ihroufh  one 
'"■tv"oraddai  IslheifgraBgder  thcwuidow.  Tbanckian 
lored  by M.arr»^taifnt caaalaed  In  the  weUon  tntbe  Mt  ef  the 
rig»  There  k  a  vertical  piatB  called  A*  ODhlpliatloa  table  block, 
ar  Bueibocdr,  thalilKL  Fran  it  pe^eet  nwi  of  horlmntd  rada 
af  leiitthe  vaiyui  f iSB  D  to  9  ceMlaetnK  IC  om  of  Ihec  ran  it 
bioniM  oppaBte  die  »«  c<  iBcb  and  than  peilied  brwanl  ta  the 
right  tbmiirt  9  cm.,  each  rack  win  nove  and  add  to  II*  niure  dlih 
a  nnaber  of  unite  equal  to  lb«  mnnbcT  el  ctntlBiMKa  ol  the  md 
lAieh  amtaa  SB  it  Tb*  Ueck  bw  a  aqnare  bee  divided  bito  a 
huodnd^nanK  Unhiaf  at  it* face  tma  Oe  rlfht-i»  Iruai  tbe 
■idc  wbve  th*  racka  lie— aoppeia  the  hartnatal  itrwi  01  ihae  iqBana 
■Bmbeiad  Iraei  a  to  9i  b«lBnbic  at  the  top.  and  tbe  cohinnn  num- 
bered efaBUaily,  the  o  bai«  to  Oa  rfabtg  then  the  mullM^tKiB 
taUelorBuabcnotovcanbejitK^eatheaeiquarc*.  Tbtiowl 
mm  theiefan  contain  th*  aaabin  OJ,  36,  ...  7,  a  InMead  el 
Iheia  number^  ach  iqBaic  rcceivea  two  "  nd>  "  peipeodiculac  10 
tbt  flat^  yMA  may  be  aDed  tb*  nnha-nd  and  the  t«Hof 

rod  I  cm.  laiK"By  all  da  lever  H  Ibc  black  can  be  nhcd  or 
Isw^  B  that  any  row  of  the  Mack  eeaea  to  the  levd  d  the  tnJa, 
tbe  BBlt*4Ddt  bdaz  oppoiile  the  end*  cf  the  racKa. 

Th*  actioa  of  the  machine  wlO  b*  iwdsilood  M  eamtderlaf 
■n  aaiiipk.  Let  It  be  leqalied  to  form  the  prodoci  7  tiaic*  115. 
T^  indlcea  of  thice  cooecutive  aol*  are  act  to  Ibe  nnmben  3.  t.  J 
nipectlveir.  Let  the  window*  a  oopetfta  tbeae  ikit*  be  calkd 
a,(.(L  ThBl»ibaBi«i«*bo«aiaic*ewhido«*wchai*to*dd 
*t.  St.  u  nenetlvelr-  Tbfa  fa  the  mat  tUn  M  addtit  tnt  tbe 
■mGer  i«5.  Tormed  by  the  milti  of  <^,.pfcM.  and  noit  luo 
mm^adCn  to  the  ten*;  or  ii^  a*  addliia  Ent  itg.  and  thea 
amini  (he  carrfan  on*  etep  le  tbe  rfabl.  aad  adcBof  IS3.  Tb* 
Cm  fa  done  by  movinc  the  Mock  idth  die  Dnlu-nifa  oppodt*  th* 
iKto  (orwmL  Tbe  ndn  ait  then  pal  out  of  lear,  and  UfeAtt 
with  the  Muck  broiHht  back  lo  tbeir  oanial  poBtion!  th*  buck  fa 
moved  lideiKiyB  to  brinf  tbe  teD*4odi  Qppo*Ite  the  melt*,  and  afain 
jbovcd  forwanl.  addus  rlie  reu.  tlie  carrfan  having  alio  been 
PBDVed  FBTVird  ai  requireiL  Thfa  complicated  noveinCDl,  loBetber 
*kk  the  neofiary  cacryini.  fa  actually  perfonncd  by  00c  turn  of  tbe 
handla  Durinx  at  fiiM  qaarter-tuni  Oi*  btodc  mmm  lanrard,  the 
nlt*4iidi  (omlni  into  opcntkn.  Durinf  the  Kcand  quarter-tuin 
the  canfaf*  fa  pat  out  of  (Ctr.  and  moved  one  uep  ta  tb*  ifaht 
«hifa  th*  ftiiriiirr  cairylaf  fa  performed ;  at  the lam* tima the 
bktk  and  tbe  lack*  are  moved  back,  and  tbe  Uodc  fa  ikifled  ■>  a* 
to  bdttf  the  ten*4iidi  oppedle  the  nek*.    Daring  the  next  two 

-a  tbe  proceofa  repealed,  the 

'      ' '  a.  Muldplka^by 


it  '..'.'^ 


r*e.6.l.o 
rtitbchind 


d  the  (ounh  dock  10  I;  itri^  the  leartid  [6),  fbfa  pi 

nd  (be  fourth  to  a.  Neat  itrike  lb*  fint  (6);  Oil  movi 
hand*  lo  12,  19. 17  (opecdvily,  and  now  repeal  the  it 
bit.  The  hand  d  Ihe  loarth  clock  will  then  |ife  in  ■ 

64,  ^.  beintt  the  cube*  d  the  n^i*,,** 
■^     ■  _  ■      -^       ■      ■         ■■  ■  .ai  hive 

bdore  it  thi?  iSeieBei*  by  the  »»,  wi 
!  CO  the  &11  dill. 


IB  (b«w.  wHI  autamiiSc^  print,  or 
for  the  printini  d,  ubfaid  ibelur-'- 


ptBteaioruepnniiniroi,  cioinai  ine  mnciion  wiunui  any  cepyiBf 
or  MHeninc,  thu  acluding  all  ponitntity  d  error*.  Of  thfa 
"  IHflemc*  engine,"  u  Babt^  calfad  it.  a  pan  wu  EsfahK]  Is 
tiM.  the  IHernmcnl  haTiiCTFontribatnl  £17,000  towaidi  tberol. 


■btue  had  tk. ^ . , 

powitui  macntne^  the  "  analytical  cafine."  intended  to  peifofm 
any  Kflea  d  poaaible  arithmetical  opentiooL  Each  d  thc*e  wna 
to  be  communlcBtcd  to  the  muhm*  by  aid  d  caiA  with  boko 

K  ached  In  them  into  winch  lever*  oould  drop.  It  wb*  loaif  Cakco 
'  nMnl  that  Bahhage  left  conpkB  pfantl  the  eemmillEa  td 
the  DritiA  Amocfalioa  appointed  to  CDIbidc*  tl^  qaemiao  came. 
lywevee ^  ta  the  concjuifciB  IBrtt  Aatc  StfaH,  ilff,jyi  9«-in*> 

!  only  diapBmiBalfcaBf not  Btaijij  idBeleBt  ta  putbtoS 

the  pmeot  Rale  d  the  doSlHi  not  men  thta  ■  ikeoreila] 
poedUUty."  A  full  account  d  tfK  •rark  done  by  Bifaiue  fa  co*. 
aeilaB  with  talmfaiint  nuchbe*.  and  much  die  pubBtbed  by 
othen  in  onneiion  iberewldi,  fa  contained  In  a  work  pobliibol  by 
hfa  KB,  Ccneial  Babbatb 

SBifa  raki  an  bntnnneDU  In  performlni  logultluDk:  alcoh- 
tioEB  medatdoUy,  and  ice  eiteBUvely  neil,  qiedaQy  what 
reath  aff)foxlnutiou  an  required,    nay  ai*         ^^ 


It  B>  old  a*  iDgaritluBi  IhemwlTes.    Edmtmd         tS^ 
■rr  ftnw  a  ^f  Inaaritlinuc  Ent"  (Ul  bl*  ''Scale*" 

iB-Ioglla  >!•  M  off  to  Kde 
MoftbemmAniTij... 
n  BvMvith  UwN  BUibc 


foOoia  (fig.  4):— On  ■  Una  AB-knglta  ai*  M  off  to  lob  to 
Kpnatnt  (b*  ceiuuni  ioflarithna  of  tbe  n 
and  the  p 


CALCULATING  MACHINES 


975 


Ai  tot  I -0,  thcbcgbBh*  A  bu  tbe  mnber  I  ud  B  tbe  nimiba 
iB,beaetthtaiiR<i[laiflbliAB,ulc«  lo-i.  Tlie  nine  divl- 
lioa  ii  i^aled  bom  B  to  C.  The.diituce  i,]  Ibiu  npR- 
MDU  log  1.  ■>]  l^vet  log  J,  tlw  diHum  betinen  4  ted  j  giva 
liig)-1^4-kf  },  and  m  leroUien.  In  order  to  mnltipljr  two 
imben.  uy  1  uid],w«liiv«lag3Xj-kigi+Iog3.  Hmce, 
■        -  ■      ■■  l*«ao£.i«ii 


KtliDg  ofl  tb>  di 


,1  bun  J  focntd  br  tbe  ll 


bepcrfoRBcd.   It ti tbcn cenrcateBt to nuJia tbi k*Jm dicnUr. 
AoumbBOtiiapgidUbuenouiitMl  ■idcby>idsoaftC7liiulci, 

Tbe  "  C«lltnd»r  CUte  CilcuUtor,"    tnvtaled  by  Burold 
Hutiiv  ■nd  mmafutund  by  Robert  W.  Pud,  Ii  o(  tUt  kind. 

wUd  each  UiiM  bedy  mlea  >  button  !•  prcned  dmni  wlM(«by 


ITtFiTn 


sH 


m 


ij: 


t.,i\i,l.ra.(Vii,  ...i  .,ici,'u.'L'/b 


[jTun  JTi't  1  h^\Ul^':^l/■YlU>Af^lfM^l)■'lf^M'.'jf:uJ(|l:if;l■Ift^ 


ef  mmpuaca  win  giiN  the  diituct  log  i+tog  j,  and  «iD  bring 
u*  to  A  ai  the  teqi^ced  ptodnct.  Again,  il  It  i>  nqnbed  (0  find 
tot  7,  aet  off  tbedutaocebctweenfand;  fnm  7  backwudi, 
and  tbc  nqulicd  number  irOt  be  obtaiiwd.  In  Ibe  actual  ectlea 
the  vacea  between  ths  niuubeia  an  mbdlvided  bto  la  or  evtn 
more  partt,aotkal  from  two  to  thicoGgiUea  may  be  read.  Tbe 
nurnben  1,  j. . .  in  tbe  interval  EC  give  Ibe  loprilhmi  of 
10  limu  the  lama  numbcn  In  the  interval  AB;  htnoB,  if  tba  1 
In  tbc  latter  meana  1  or  -i,  iben  tbc  1  in  the  iarma  nxata  to  oc  i. 

Soon  after  GonterV  pablicatton  (t'lo]  id  these  "  logaiiibmic 
Una,"  Edmund  Wingatt  (1673)  coutincted  tbe  ilide  rule  by 
repeating  the  tegufthndc  tcale  on  a  longiiB  or  "rilde,"  vbicb 
conU  be  nwved  along  the  fint  uale,  thm  avoidtag  tbc  Me  o(  a 
pail  <d  contpaaaaa-  A  dear  Idea  of  tlds  device  can  be  (onned  i( 
the  ecale  in  %,  4  be  espied  on  tbe  edge  ot  a  etiip  of  paps  placed 
•pbuttbcUnaAC  D  tlii*  i*  now  mnnd  to  the  right  till  iu  t 
comet  oppoiile  tbe  1  on  the  Gut  lole,  then  tbe  3  of  the  •cnuid 
will  be  oppeaite  6  on  the  top  icalc,  tbb  baing  the  product  of  >  and 
3;  and  in  tbii  position  every  number  on  the  top  icale  will  be 
twice  that  on  tbo  lower.  For  every  poaitioo  at  the  hnrci'Ktk 
tbc  ratio  of  tbe  numbenon  the  two  icakawhtd  coincide  will  be 
the  lamc.  Therefore  mulliplicatiotu,  dMsiou,  and  limple 
proportioiii  can  be  nAvcd  it  once. 

Dr  John  Ferry  added  lag  log  icala'  to  tbe  oidiniry  ilide  rule 
in  order  to  fiLCititiite  the  calculilidn  of  a' or  e"  according  to  the 
fomuta  log  logrr-log  kiga-l-logr.  Thcie  tuica  an  manufac- 
tured hy  A.  C.  Thornton  of  MincheMer. 

Many  different  forraj  of  ilide  rulei  in  now  on  the  maibt. 
ThehindieMlorgerienluKisihcGnvetnilemadebyTaveraler- 
Gnvct  in  Facii,  acfBrding  to  iiutnicliona  ot  Ibe  maihemillclin 
V.  M.  A.  Minnhdm  ol  tbe  &ole  itolytechnlque  in  PuiL  It 
contains  at  the  ba^  of  tbe  slide  scalea  for  the  logarithma  ol 
aina  and  tangents  so  aningcd  that  thiry  can  be  worked  with 
the  scale  on  tlie  iisnt.  An  improved  fonn  ii  now  made  by 
Davis  and  Son  of  Deriiy,  who  engrave  the  scaka  on  while 
eeUaloid  instead  of  on  hoi-wood,  thus  greatly  faclliuting  tbe 
readings.  Thetc  acala  have  the  distance  from  one  to  tea  »bou» 
twke  that  in  fig.  4.  Ta vernier- Cravet  make*  them  of  that  tlie 
and  longer,  even  }  metre  long.  But  they  then  becoiae  somewhat 
unwieldy,  though  they  allow  of  reading  to  more  figures.  To 
get  a  handy  long  scale  Fiofessor  G.  Fuller  has  constructed  a 
spiral  slide  rule  drawn  on  a  cylinder,  which  admits  of  reading 
to  three  and  four  figures.  Tlw  handiest  of  all  is  perhaps  the 
"  Calculating  Circle  "  by  Boucher,  made  in  the  fotra  of  a  watch. 
For  vaiiooi  purposes  special  adaptations  of  the  slide  rules  are 
tnet  with— for  instance,  in  various  eipoaure  meteis  for  photo- 
graphic puiposes.  GeoeTul  Stischey  introduced  ilide  rules 
Into  the  Meteorological  Office  for  performing  special  calculations. 
At  sorae  blasi  foraaces  a  slide  rule  ba*  been  used  for  determining 
the  amount  of  coke  and  ilui  rerpiired  for  any  weight  of  ore. 
Near  tbe  balance  a  large  logarithmic  scale  is  find  with  a  slide 
which  has  three  indices  only.  A  load  of  ore  is  put  on  the  scales, 
and  the  first  index  of  the  slide  Is  put  to  the  number  giving  the 
weight,  when  tbe  second  and  Ibicd  pdni  to  tbe  weights  ol  coke 
and  Aua  Inquired. 

By  pladng  a  number  oF  slides  ^de  by  side,  drawn  if  need  be 
to  diflerenl  scalti  of  length,  more  comFJicatcd  calculations  may 


the  disk  Is  damped  to  the  thilt.  Anotber  disk  ti  fined  to  tha 
shaft.  In  front  of  the  diUtl  He*  a  filed  aero  line.  Letalldisfca 
ha  aet  to  aeiD  aul  the  diaf  I  l>e  toiMit  with  the  fint  disk  damped, 

disk  be  released  and  tbc  second  clamped  and  so  on;  then  tbo 
find  disk  wDl  add  np  alt  the  turalnp  and  thus  give  the  piodnct 
of  the  numben  shown  oa  the  acvenl  disk*,  if  tf>e  division  on 
tlie  disk*  is  drawn  to  (Qflerent  ■cnlco,  okbo  or  lea  comfiicated 
calcolationsnuiybenradlyperfonnod.  Thus  if  Eor  some  puipoaa 
the  value  ot  sqr  al'  vie  is  Rquiied  Cor  many  dlBerent  value*  <rf 

to  sailca  ol  kn|ths  in  tbe  pnponion  1:  3:  i.    Tbe  instrument 

CmlMwu  CafcatoiBg  Utddutt  tr  ItUetnltri.—In  ordei 
to  measun  tbe  length  ot  a  cnnc,  such  u  tbe  road  on  a  map,  a 
whcd  Is  foiled  along  it.  For  one  revohitlon  of  the 
wbed  the  path  described  by  its  point  of  contact  Is  Sji« 
equal  to  the  circuiDference  of  tbe  wheel.  Thus,  if 
a  cyclist  counts  the  number  of  revolutions  of  his  front  wheel 
he  can  calculate  the  distance  ridden  by  multiplying  that  number 
by  the  drcnmfennce  of  the  whed.  An  ordinary  cyclometer  h 
nothing  but  an  arrangement  for  counting  these  revolutions, 
but  it  Is  graduated  In  such  a  manner  that  it  gives  at  once  tbe 
distance  In  miles.  On  tbe  same  ptindple  depend  a  number  of 
instruments  which,  under  virions  fancy  nimei,  serve  to  measute 
the  length  of  any  curve;  they  are  in  the  shape  of  a  smaB  meter 
cUefiy  for  the  use  of  cyclists.  They  sH  have  a  small  wheel  wliich 
la  rolled  along  the  curve  to  be  measured,  and  this  Beta  a  hand 
in  motion  which  ^vca  the  reading  on  a  dial  Thdr  accuracy 
la  not  very  great,  bccaose  It  Is  lUfficult  to  place  the  whed  so  on 
the  paper  that  Ibepolniofaintactlirsaiactly  over  a  given  pi^t; 
the  bc^rming  and  end  of  tbe  readings  are.  therefore  badly  defined. 
Bcud^,  it  is  not  easy  to  guide  the  whed  along  the  curve  to  which 
il  should  always  lie  tangmlially.  To  obviate  this  defect  more 
complicated  cumimMets  or  hnttometen  hare  been  devised. 
The  handiest  Kcms  to  be  that  of  C.ConuU.  Heoses  two  wheels; 
tbe  tiadng-poinl,  halfway  between  them,  ts  guided  slsog  the 
curve,  the  line  joiniag  (be  wheels  being  kept  noimal  to  the  curve. 
This  is  pretty  easily  done  by  eye;  a  constant  deviation  of  B^ 
from  this  direction  prfniuces  an  error  of  only  1%.  The  sum 
of  the  two  readings  gives  the  length.  E.  Fleischhauer  uses  three, 
Eve  or  more  wheels  ananged  symmetrically  lound  a  teacer 
whose  point  Is  guided  along  the  curve;  the  planes  of  tbe  wheels 
all  pass  tbrough  the  ttacet,  and  the  wheels  can  only  turn  In  one 
direction.  The  sum  of  tbe  readings  of  all  the  wheels  gives 
approirimately  tbe  length  of  tbe  curve,  the  af^nonnation 
Increasing  with  the  nnmber  of  tbe  wbeeb  nscd.  It  b  stated 
thai  with  three  wbccis  practically  useful  results  can  be  obtalnedi 
although  in  this  case  the  error,  if  the  instrument  i)  CNi^slcnlly 
bandied  so  as  always  to  pnduce  lbs  greatest  inaccuracy,  may 


is5%: 


Amiler's  (fig.  5).    It  CO 


jmcnts  for  the  deteimlnation  by  mecbaol- 
any  figure.  A  pcdntei,  generally  called  the 
nd  tbe  boundary  of  the  figure, 
I  olf  on  the  recording  appantus       Srtn. 
ic  simplest  and  most  useful  is 

ro  ban  of  metal  OQ  and  QT, 


976 


CALCULATING  MACHINES 


*UcbucUi«edtocMbcT*tQ.  At  Obanecdls-potnl  which  li 
diiTtn  tnlo  tbe  dnwing-boud,  uid  at  T  Ii  tha  Utca.  Ai 
Itaii  it  guided  laund  tht  bounduy  of 


TW  UH  Munud  if  V-HN.  or,  oyvd^  >  ta  ton  oT  ■, 
ti>-l-(t^^)i^  ForttniNiBatlBiiniuibaantqiullathBiam 
'^  **"  imi  leoentcd  duriof 


Lm  it  be  ptooed  ulihtfce 


MndffT 

„. , cd  with  the  wIm  on  ilw  nccr,  ud  now  iDovrd  pi 

pMiUciiluUlucU&nniACtsBD(Bg.&).    The nd na^H m, 

■fiHTitT*j  thfl  ana  of  the  Rctanfk  ^ 

Ili^^lMrtm  ( douu*  the  kniU}  < 

of  the  nd  and  t  the  dnUsce  aB 

thimah  ^Ich  it  hai  been  numd. 

TW.  AtaoB.  aa  .uund  by  iha 

nUiiH  b(  Iha  whtd.  whidi  acta  aa  a 

^a^dj^mr,  «iU  be  alUd  tha  "  ran  " 

of  the  whtd  and  be  denoted  by  m 

-        ■  .and  the    -    "'- 


to  ItailE  (St.  8).  Tlu  wheal  Ml 
a  mtf  nmiin  of  the  nd  (nun  QT 
lato  the  Riation  to  RR'  perpnidii 
reciaiale  QTR'R  la  [memed.  an 
kKH linB^R' to  QT'.    Durinf  I 

sin  be  M  ran  ai  all.  The 
nl  of  the  wbed  wilt  there- 
foR  awanin  tba  am  of  the 

tamO^'Q'.     II 
e  fToiiaa  of  the 


QT.toQT'-    Thwmayl 


wheefwiUbeQR.wliiUt 


haaUba 

nil,  bat  alB  ilipe,  over  the 
paper.  Thia,  aa  will  be  poliiled  out 

m  hnraiipate  the  moB  pninl  mot)™  d  the  imL^  We 


!Sta« 


ea  EtnenHd  n  AB  DC.  Than 
BCB'.  pualkl  to  AB  and  a 


n  cf  the  nlla  l«  the 


■  deuu  the  whok  foD  (la  /^ 

£(.  loj.  and  let  a  denote  the  / 
nun  d  all  the  email  trntan  / 
f;  dutlBvaak  / 

Hm  •  k  l)«  isrie  •hi^  <tie    A  ■ 


oahioDoftbendiiiahea  Pio.  9. 

Ihafint.  Inallapplka- 

of  the  pludmeter  the  lad  le  bnatht  back  to 
posliuL  Then  the  aajle  a  ia  litbs  KfOrOr  it  il  f 
baa  been  oace  tamed  quite 

Heocc  in  the  £nt  caw  we 

P-lw 


and*  tl« 

latli 


P-lw-l-IC  .   faM 

beRC-(|»|V)».Uihend 

m^C  wUl  InaecB  to  be 
panda  on' 

Hence  no 

determiDcdbyvi 


Eenentedby  tlicButlaaoftbersd 

fay  the  roU  of  tiie  wheel:  It  lemaini  u  ihow  how 
__  t .._j  >...  .Lj  j,^  L«(  thetod  move  in 


«  tgan^  bacanee  tin  point  Q  nnHra  on  an  an 
0  rndoiuig  no  area-  At  the  eamc  Eime  the  rod  t 
akiDi  a  complete  rotatioiL  We  have  thetnfoec  in  imuua  ti/ 

DfofebvGoogle 


CALCULATING  MACHINES 

s  the  w ,. 

HI  by  dnwiat  ■ 


Ji)t»««  Irom  ^HaStiit 

H  yii  dncribed  by  the  rod  QT. 
tbe  curve  tlie  roll  of  the  whet)  oill 
eiAA'B'D.  Klbecu       '     '      ' 


.  the  frame       .   .. 

throufth  jiD  equal  diauncet 
ADd  the  cane  runu  through 
ma  anffle  40  pnipDrtionjI  to 
ii.  ThevheilWnillianihi 
I  td  (ft,  And  iIh  peDportbiul  to 

.-  .  -  ..loved  from  A  to  B 
IbercfoR  be  proporfionil  to 


.....     1(  the 

nuv  be  repbced  by  the  Kniiht  tine  DE. 

To  uielhit  limple  iDitniaeiit  u  >  plin .-, 

bility  o<  Kleclini  the  point  R.  Tbe  ■eoowlrioil  Ihi 

hu  K  Ur  (4ilcd  to  ^ve  any  nile.    '- ' 

point  In  thC' ' ""  " 


"to  thiVgivw  V'^F.  W.Trtai 
'  m.  Tha  fuetnli 


jtich  ii  -  '-'"  - 

(i'ULVdi.<«9i).iet» 

ev^Ritiafl  tbe  uea  genemed  I 

■enet.     By  reta[oin|  ooty  tbe ....r. 

obuined  which  tomei  to  thii.  thai  if  the  ..— 

be  ulien  u  R,  then  A  nuv  be  iny  punt  on  Ibc  curve.  Thu  ■> 
onlyapproiiniate.  dptain  Pry" K'v«"'''ef''"<""''K '""""''"'•■" 
Ihe  tncer  T  on  il,  Ihe  knife^lte  Q  ouliide;  nuke  a  nuik  on  the 
paper  by  pmwnr  the  knire.ed|C  into  it;  euidc  the  tracer  from  % 
*ln«a  nnighl  riiK  loa  poiw  A  oa  ibe  boiudaij.imw)  tbe  boondiry. 


978 

udbukfn 

)(.  othuwitc  the  UK 
npecjilly  if  the  li£lira 


CALCULATING  MACHINES 

avn  •  Bilk  with  ihe  knifE- leuTw  irliic^riia>uittnlttaid<Cc>9l-    ThbcwriH 


ig  Ibe^m'tan" 
19  obuintd.    1 


Inugnton  Mcve  to  cvaluite  a  dc- 
fioile  miegnl  J*Jli)di.  U  we  plot  out 
^(^  Ibe  curve  wlio»e  equation  i> 

'™*  y-H').  tl^  inlegral  J)«*« 
between  the  proper  limiti  FepietenU 
the  irem  o(  *  Ggun  bounded  by  the 
■  CUTVE,  tbe  atis  o[  i,  aod  the  oiditula 
at  i-a,  i-y  Hence  if  the  curve  a 
diawn,  any  planimeter  nuy  be  uud 
foi  Gliding  the  value  of  tb«  itiugtal. 
In  th[s  lense  plitumelen  an  inte-  . 
graton.  In  f»ei,  a  pUnitnem  may  ^ 
often  be  used  nitti  advantage  to  »lve 
ptobtems  nore  complicated   than  the  - 

verting   (be   one  pioblem   giapbially 
into  the  other.     We  give  an  eiamplei— 

Let  the  problem  be  m  dciemuoE  tor  the  Sgun  ABG  (Eg.  iB),  not 
only  the  area,  but  al»  the  fine  and  lecood  moment  *iih  naard 
to  the  Hit  XX.  At  a  diilance  a  draw  ji  line,  CD',  Mnllel  lo  XX. 
la  the  figure  draw  a  number  ol  Una  parallel  to  AB.  Let  CD  tx 
one  ol  Ihem.  Dnw  C  and  D  <^niully  upward!  lo  CD'  loin  tlieic 
poinu  to  »me  point  O  in  XX.  and  maik  the  puinli  CiD,  when 
5C'  and  op'  cut  CD.     Do  thii  (or  a  tulScicnt  number  of  Knn.  and 

ae  cabled  the  fint  derivM  curve.     By  the  aame  prooeu  «t  a 


— -«  boundary  of  thegiviB  fijqre  (lee  below). 

I  may  be  required  lo  End  (he  value  of  u  Intcgial 
fy4(i)ii  bctwecD  given  limita  when  4<i)  ii  a  Hmple  fundHiB  ike 


it  caaoiplci  of  in 


in  >«,  and  when  y  ii  eivtr 
c  analyKndeicriBed  I 

Miily  Ia  known  at  .^mder'i  integrator  or  moment'pl 
»iq  tracs,  but  thre^  recording  vbceU.     It  ia  m 


di  to  the  left  a  rod  OT  of  length  (. 

wheel  W  it  mounted.    The  diikt 

^rding  wheeltt  W.  "fMl  w>.  rh^  ■*< 

dicular.  that  of 

ireF.Owillmovi...- 

—  J  a  timple  planimeter, .-. —  ,-^ -. 

•tniaht  line  innead  of  in  a  circular  arc.  ConKqucntly,  the 
W  will  record  thearca  of  (he  figure.  1  magine  now  that  the  du 
C  alio  receive  ariruof  length  ffrom  the  ceatiet  of  the  ditla  t'o ; 


o(W,  b 

..JInpi   ■ 


1  Ti,  and  in  the  direction  of  the  txei  ol  the  wheelt.  Then  ' 
kt  with  their  wheeb  will  again  be  cdaiumerera.  At  T  is  gi 
nd  the  given  figure  F.  theie  pojua  Ti  aod  Ti  will  deictibe  e 
vea,  F,  and  fZ  and  the  "  rollt "  of  W,  and  W.  »iU  n« 
u  Ai  and  Ai.  Let  XX  (Gg.  10}  denote  the  line,  pataM  b 
.  cm  whirh  o  mova;  then  when  T  1ie>  on  (hit  line,  the  am 
to  XX.  and.CT,  »rallel  to  it.    If  OT  it  Ii 

ingle  aff.  and  CTi 


imall  angle  d9.  moved  back  through 
back  through  the  angle  M,  the  ua( 
boundary  cd  a  tnuU  atrip  of  area.    V 


gh  an  angle  i»,  alao  countec- 


■Dck  atriiH.    Tim  tB  cvny  Mcli  Milp  vUl  conHpuid  ■  drip 
Knul  kutli  >  of  Ae  Gtum  dcKribn)  by  Tt  ud  Ti. 

TlmdMiiKaiifthepalstLT,  Ti,  Tbtnini  tbi  uli  XX  mar  1 
aaidy,fhj^    Thty  £»»  tie  wlim 


CALCULATING  MACHINES 

tv  Ihs  cum.  aiiil  tbe  t3M  (4  « 


liii.*.*.   *p> 3(™^.*. 


«  HTBU  of  the  thm  ttripa  an  mpeclLvf 

ik-iij.    ii,-idy\,    ih-Ufv 
Now  djF,  cu  be  milMH  iyi'-^  lin  »  m  «J» 


n  of  Ihejiven  rifure,  and  y  (be  dinarvi 


■Kb  b  proponioittL  to 
AJ-C,. 


when  C,  111 

The  nentivT  riin  in  Ihe  ejipi 

the  wheel -W,  the  other  way 


iii(  of  W,.    Hence  • 

IlKhHtnnwn 

ii  got  nd  of  by  nuinbcrir 


Thlt  4 1>  eauV  coHtrvctrd  foraaviiveD  point  od  tbrr^we: — 
FroiB  Ibe  foot  B'  (fif-  )i)  o(  tba  sidiiuu  v-B'B  lit  sfl,  ai  in  tht 
£nin,  B'D-a,  then  anile 
Bbs'-*.      L«..  now   dB' 


kMndsf  of  Abdank-Abakaoowici'i  work,  artuilly  made  an  inte- 
■Bpb  •rtridi  <ni  eakibited  at  the  FhyKxl  Society  ia  iSSt. 
Both  wakt  BH  d  ■  ^rp  edn  wbrrL  Sueb  a  wheel  wm  nal 
•lip  ddewBVi;  it  will  tdH  ferwaicb  along  (be  line  Ln  which  in  plaor 
intenem  tbe  ptais  ol  Ihe  paper,  and  while  mlliiu  will  be  abk  Id 
•  urn  trvlDBllyabovtitt  paint  of  contact  If  then  the  ui|[le  between 
diiKlionoflonlnaaadthei-ajdibcalwayiequal  tD^the  whee 
y^cnrvt  tequired.    The  axia  of  a  ii  baed  gnly  li 

[ilparaHel  to  it«l[  adda  ■  ( "     - 

HUM  ol  initfraiioa. 


v-f 

^«orY 

-j'jidx+con.l. 

Ybait 

'1^41^  and'unilSr'? 

iaalenelh. 

BulS 

i.  In  Ihli  cat  > 

^ihl'^'uVhlcb'^ 

£-T-"-j 

WowIorlheY-aiiYe 

^- tan  ♦.where 

aere  Dumbrr.  and  ca 


lour  iVIen  R  on  the  dnwina  boBd.  and  can  roll  Iradr 

.lion  OX,  which  will  be  called  Ibe  ajda  of  Ih*  inMfumem. 

On  the  from  edge  FiFi  traveli  a  eaniace  AA'  aiuipaRed  at  A'  on 
anotbv  rail.  A  bat  DB  can  lura  aboot  D,  Eicd  to  the  Irann  in 
ita  aalt.  and  ilide  (biituflh  a  poial  B  fiaed  in  tbe  caniace  AA'. 
Alois  it  a  block  K  an  ililla.  Ob  Iba  back  adfe  F,F.  of  tbe  frame 
aaather  caniagt  C  trsveib  It  boUa  a  nrticil  (piDdle  with  tbe 
Irnile^edfe  wheel  at  tbe  bottom.  At  rlaht  ansln  lo  tbe  daae  of 
the  wheel,  tbe  ipindle  hai  an  ana  CH.  which  b  k^l  pailSld  to  a 


98o 


CALCULATING  MACHINES 


ID  ■CUdied  n  K  pcttKBilkular  to  DB.    Tht  pbH  of  (be 

f  wheel  '  ii  ttiercT^  alwayj  parallel  lo  DB.    [|  Kw  (he 

in  Uie  triangle  6DB'.  with  iheanilt^at  D,    . 


using  1M  InttnjT 
damped  in  tl»  t 


lilghly  lailifactiny  miiln.  It  n  ii^nDiB  la  iti  •[m^idty,  aad  a 
ffirect  r^Ljiation  aa  a  mcchaniam  of  Ihe  principtca  explafiied  fai 
coniKiiDn  Willi  fig-  H-  The  line  B'B  ii  npnaHUcd  by  Ibe  cdta  of 
aa  ofdiiury  T-nuan  iHding  agaiim  the  t4n  of  ■  dnwin^boMd. 
Tk  pcaiiti  B  and  P  an  eoniMcted  by  no  ndi  BE  aad  EP.  jointed 
at  E.    Al  B.  E  and  P  are  •mall  pulleya  of  equal  dlameten.  Orer 


ir  then'  B  and  P  are 
kepi  on  the  edge  of  the 
T4Quarv.  and  B  a 
£uid«d  aloog  the  oirve, 
ttie  uheel  at  P  fill  loU 
along  the  Y-curve.  il 

Bei"Hfralld"lo°BB.  ii 
give    the    Khcel    al    P 

m""^[e-edBe1hSrF 
beiae  one  oi  ila  wheels 
ii  added.    If  a  piece 

^eel  P  aod  the  diawinapiper  the  Y- 
dareiMtial  equation.,  especially  lints 
iolBtion  being  given  a>  a  curve.  The  fii 
■aa  made  by  C«il  Kelvin.  So  far  w 
been  nadc.  although  the  ideal  icem  u 

demand  lor  it.  Scnnetinxi  a  comtnn: 
an  iniograph  will  aerve  ihe  purpoM-  T 


m  V  aj  a  function  of  i,  and  ■  ai  a  rimction  of  y  i 
ind  by  the  inlcgraph.  The  general  tolulioa  ia  t 


-iii+ih  where  *•  and  ^  are  knovniron 

•  drawn:— For  any  x  take  ■  from  itt  mph, 
%ich  e-£-i(,  pktEing  (he*e  y  afajvt  tbeir  x 

m  )>  of  r  b  nvm  by  ha  graph  for  cxie  period 
xording  to  Un  tbcocy  oT  Fourier'*  Sencsi  be 

Mt+Aicoat+  .  .  .  ■fA.tnal-l-  .  . . 


a  vertical  airii,  the  whecti  re 


dirtction  of  ]L  For  a 

•  ■rfthmgivTSeval 
■re  laken  account  of,,. 

The  bit  (wo  drive  an  a 

WW  which  mna  on  the 

■hroiHh  a  dawiee  -t.  1 
tiooal.  during  each  sma! 

la  dy.  The  reiiuerii 
faavincndhkH.  il 
carriap  WW,  and  - 


n  The  lvt>  whctia  wUi 


equind.  and  during  ih 
:urve  the  wlieett  a^l  a 


Ii  then  reglsteT 
iiied  motion  ol 

.nd  -t/. 


'^'I'??!^-!'^ 


I  anvle  profier- 


iwhilatlheMhaleini 
le  wheel  C  turm  Ihn 

notion,  to  dy.    On  .. .__  ., 

jrn  about  ill  tioriianlal  aiii  ptoponionalh. 
rame  li  uipended  by  aid  id  a  qiindle  S. 
imed  by  aid  of  a  wire  raanecied  inili  the 

The  regiitering  «hi 


.    .„  .  ..m  coniidered  ar 

nrhe  equilibrium  of  a  rigid  body  under  ibeac . 

ody  iudl  for  rifidily'i  Hka  It  made  n  bolkiv 


CALCUTTA 


981 


l)ai«HiC^«ud<wkiulHdSE>0,   Taii.ifnB(>ininuctiedaiih 

^  prolDiKatioD  tdji  boiiioauldiuneler;  tow  leii  a  »ne 

f**'*—  Sf  n  >D9l1  iprinp  f,  >n  alike,  odeb)'  ndr  at  «|iiil  ir 

^?^.  (otbii4Mi>>»t<"prt'KSatdiituK>».  Tfawamni 
*'**'"'  an  aupfwd  (tilol£w  Hooke'a  la.r.  II  iht  aknmw 
heyonil  tbe  natural  koph  ol  a  wring  ia  k.  Itx  lom  aiarncd  b 
it  11  «-Di,  Lrt  iMlhe  ptaltioii  ot  cqgilibriuni  I.  L  be  rMp«llv*l 
the  (liHiptioii  o(  a  man  and  chF  laijc  tprin;,  t,  K  their  naHaDti 

TIh  pAHliDn  Dov  obtriawl  win  be  aSM  (tut  unul  ma.    Now  h 

dhe  top  cqda  C  ol  tha  anull  urion  be  niicd  elirowEb  diauna 
Vb  y^">-  Tban  tbe  body  H  nil  Itum;  B  wlU  move  dg^ 
thnugh  a  dwtanea  a  and  A.  up  rbitusb  a  diatuis  ca.  Tht  v^ 
lona  thtia  iDtnxliia<l  will  be  ia  (quilibriun  If 


■■?^"-"#S- 


Apptoudatdy  duitquali  Xiy-liXf.    Hocevclia** 

where  i  h  the  diicTlcmeiit  of  the  point  B  which  can  be  meaunrit 
The, curve, /-*h)  wybe  igpoMed  cut  out  aa  »  lemptet.     By 

Kined— IheiMtrunieDt'S'Ssiinplc'inKgratDt.""""'*      "*    ''"' 
The  inlcfral  an  be  made  more  eeneral  by  varyinj  the  dislarasi 
NC-y'.   The(CcuibeKtto[onnanotbercutve>'-7(i).   Wehivc 
no*  y-Kf3'-i'iV']*{;i).  and  gn  ••  balon 

Tb*w  iUeffda  an  obtvned  by  the  addiiioD  of  Bdinaln.  and 
thertfoTT  by  aR  approiinula  mcihod.  But  the  ordinotei  are 
"""""Su'raitrThc'jitplBn""'"    '  """  ""^ '"™'"™''"" 


mafHified  by  laViDf  the  readint  c4  a 


>[  T  muk)  ibe  dicplic 


I  BcaJc  can  be  pliced  or  a  drawLog- 


i«+>.i+»i+  •  •  • 
III  P  be  tnond  throucli  ihe  name  d 
Eional  la  tbe  aum  oI  tbu  wiiei  up  U 


jt  *  t™pfci'mihT?u'!^'-»(^l?'KTu'^'er  ™'h'jSm"p™i 
right  anglei  10  the  aula  ol  i  linia  panibi  lo  the  plane  of  tbe  iiguR. 

lui  •rhhaivariablepaiaiBeio{.or/"#(t.i).     FotcMh  value rf( 
Ik  ducOaciiDeiil  oTT  will  gii^  tbe  inlesial 

Y-j'^W*(tiDda-F(l),    ...        (1) 
■hen  Y  eqnali  the  dlsplarement  of  T 10  aooie  sale  dependent  on 

liilld(Uthe*Ii'SeY-F(|).     Thc'i'nlt^J^nl'!^  i.  sn'.'.&S^ap* 
[ivin^  the  vulue  ol  a  definite  integiBl  aa  lanctioD  of  a  wiablt 


pliii!l«a,. 


,    The  di 


l^ll^.jl^, 


.    They 


3  NC  a; 


ig  ti  the  haiidW,  a 


•n  tanni  tbnniffa  a  right  ai«le  ■ 

i  a  tetnarkable  lact  tbat  the  Htne  mnchine  can  be  ui«I  at  a 
>nic  aiulyKF  cl  a  given  cnrve.    t.el  Ihe  curve  to  be  analysed 
on  along  Ihe  kven  NC  lo  tbat  in  the  old  oouiion  it  ii 
7--H'). 
Y'^Mtifl  are  replaced  by  the  eicentnca,  hence  E 
trough  Thich  the  frnt  enmiric  ia  lurned,  ao  that 


by  Ihe  angle 


ve  irhfch  giva  the  iMegnl  (>) 


afuaclionar*.^  But  Ifcii  imegtal  betwnei  theoieffiefeiit  a. 


[  eiirve,  drawn  bv  it  are 
i  curve*  lor  whicTi  the  uj 


CALCUTIA.  the  capital  of  British  India  and  also  ol  tbe 
.rovince  al  Bengal.  It  is  situated  in  zf  n'  N.  and  ST  m'  ^■. 
a  the  Id;  or  cast  bank  ot  the  Hugli.  about  So  m.  from  the  sea. 


)  Cilcui 


ce  of  plague  in  Bombay  g^ 
nparali 
above  » 


.lively  f™ 


6  m.  atong  the  Hugli.  ant)  is  bounded  ibewhere  by  Ibt  Oicular 
Cinal  and  the  Salt  Lakes,  and  by  subuibs  which  focm  separate 
municipalities.    Fotl  William  stands  in  ils  centre. 

Piitlu:  BuiUitt'  —Though  Calcutta  was  called  by  Macaulay 
"  the  city  ol  palaces,"  its  modem  public  building*  cannot 
cotnpaie  with  those  ol  Bombay.  Its  chief  gloiy  is  Uie 
Mnidan  or  parL,  which  is  large  enough  to  embrace  the  aie> 
of  Fori  WiUiim  and  ■  racecourse,  hiany  monumeou  find  ■ 
place  on  the  Miidan,  among  ihem  being  modern  equestrian 
statues  of  Lord  Roberts  and  Locd  Lanadowne.  which  face  one 
aoDthei  an  each  atdt  of  the  Red  Road,  wheie  the  nnk  aad 


982 


hshion  of  CiknlU  Ukt  tbifr  nitninf  drivo.    Id  the  nanh- 

cutcm  conwr  <](  ttie  Maidin  the  Inian  memorul  to  Qattn 
VictoiU,  caiuisiing.01  ■  Duiiblc  hiJl,  Willi  a  lUlue  (od  biMaricil 
rtMa,  voi  (qieiicd  by  tbe  prioa  d[  Wslo  in  Januuy  1906, 
The  goveiamcnl  acquind  MelciUc  Hall,  in  ocdcr  la  (oavm  it 
into  a  public  library  and  toding-rosm  worthy  o[  Ih«  opluil  oi 
India;  and  also  the  cnunu^-hoiue  of  Wuna  Hiutiasi  at 
Alipur,  (or  the  cnierUiiuiicitt  oI  Indiim  pnoco.  Lon)  Cunon 
rotarcd,  at  his  own  c«l,  the  monument  which  [ortnerly  com- 
memorated the  musacrc  of  Ihc  Rladi  Hole,  and  i  Ubiet  let  into 
ihe  nail  at  the  general  post  odice  indicates  ihe  position  oi  the 
Black  Hole  in  the  nonh-cut  basiioD  oF  Fort  William,  now 
occupied  by  the  roadway.  Government  House,  which  11 
tiliuiicd  neat  Ihe  Klaidan  and  Eden  Gardciu,  b  the  residence 
of  the  viceroy;  it  was  built  by  Lord  Wcllesley  In  t^qo,  and  is  a 
Sue  lulc  iiluated  in  gtoundi  covering  ^  acra,  and  modelled 
upon  Kedlnlon  Hall  in  Derbyshire,  one  ol  the  Adam  building. 
Belvedere  House,  tbe  oflicial  residence  of  the  lieutenant-govetnar 
of  Bengal,  is  situated  close  to  the  botanical  gardens  in  Aliput, 
the  southern  lufaurb  of  Cilculla.  Facing  the  Maidan  for  a 
couple  at  mUes  is  the  Chowringhee,  one  of  the  iamoui  streets  ol 
the  world,  once  a  row  of  palatial  residences,  but  now  given  up 
almost  entirely  to  hotels,  clubs  and  shops- 
fact  that  it  is  slLuated  near  the  mouth  ol  the  Iwo  great  river 
systems  of  the  Ganges  and  Brahmaputra  It  thus  receives 
the  produce  of  Uicse  fertile  river  valleys,  whDe  the  rivers 
aftord  a  cfacapet  toode  of  conveyance  than  any  railway.    In 

far  East  and  thus  forms  a  meeting-place  [or  the  commerce  and 
peoples  of  the  Eastern  and  Western  worlds-  Theporl  of  Calcutta 
is  one  of  the  busiest  in  Ihe  world,  and  the  banks  ol  the  Hugii 
rival  Ihe  port  ol  London  in  their  show  ol  shipping.  The  tola] 
number  ol  arrivals  and  departures  during,  1904-190J  was  3017 
vessels  ttilh  an  avirage  tonnage  ol  ]7j*.  Bui  though  the  city 
is  such  a  busy  comnietral  centre,  most  of  its  induslrlci  ate 
carried  on  outside  municipal  limits-  Howrah,  on  the  opposite 
»de  ol  tbe  Hugli.  i>  the  terminus  ol  three  great  railway  systems, 
and  also  tbe  headquarters  oi  the  jute  induiiry  and  other  large 
laciorics-  It  is  connected  with  Calcutta  by  an  immense  floating 
bridge,  1530  It.  in  length,  which  Mas  consiiuctcd  la  1S74- 
Otlter  railways  have  their  terminiB  at  Scaldab,  an  eastern 
iuhurli.  The  docks  lie  outside  Calcutta,  at  Xiddetpui,  on  the 
south,  and  at  Alipur  are  the  loological  gardens,  the  residence 
ol  the  lieutenant-governor  of  Bengal,  cantonments  lor  a  native 
infantry  regiment,  the  central  gaol  and  a  government  teforma- 
lory.  The  port  of  Calcutta  stretches  about  to  tti.  along  the 
liver.  It  is  under  the  control  of  a  port  trust,  wbote  juiisdiclion 
eilends  to  the  mouth  ol  the  Hugli  and  also  over  the  flmling 
bridge.  New  docks  weic  opened  in  iSo'.  which  cost  upwards 
ol  two  millions  sterling.  The  figures  lor  the  sea-borne  trade 
ol  Calcutta  are  included  tn  those  of  Bengal.  Its  inland  trade  is 
carried  on  by  country  boat,  inbnd  steamer,  rail  and  road,  and 

sterling.    More  than  hnlf  the  total  is  carried  by  the  East  Indian 
railway,  which  serves  the  United  Provinces.    Country  boats 
hold  their  own  against  inland  stenmen,  especially  in  imports. 
ifniiifi>7ii7y.— The  municipal  government  ol  Calcutta  was 
reconstituted  by  an  act  of  theBen^  legislature,  passed  In  1S99. 
Previously,  the  governing  body  consisted  ol  seventy.five  com- 
mlitioners,  of  whom  filly  were  elected.    Under  the  new  system 
modelled  upon  that  of  the  Bombay  municipality,  this  body, 
iiyltd  the  coiporalion,  remains  comparatively  unaltered;  hut 
a  large  portion  ol  thdr  powers  is  transferred  to  a  Btnc"' 
iniitee,  composed  of  twelve  members,  of  whom  one-thin 
elected  by  Ihe  corporation,  one-third  by  certain  public  b 
and  one-third  are  nomlnatril  by  Ihe  government.    At  the  1 


:rabty  « 


ngthen. 


works  undertaken  by  the  old  municipality  were  the  provisioi 
ol  a  supply  ol  filtered  water  and  the  construction  ol  a  mail 
drainage  tyslem.    The  water-supply  b  derived  from  the  tivei 


BduC4lhH.—Tbe  CalcutU  Univeriily  was  consiituled  Id  iSs7, 
as  an  eununing  body,  on  the  model  of  tbe  university  of  Londoo. 
Thechiel  educational  institutions  are  Ibe  Government  Presideitcy 
College;  three  aided  missionary  coUetet,  and  four  unaided  native 
colleges;  the  Sanskril  Cl>llete  and  tbe  Uahonmedan  Madrasah; 
the  govemmcnl  medical  college,  the  government  eoglBCering 
college  at  Sibpur, on  the  opposite  bank  of  Ihe  Hugli,  the  govern- 
high  schools  lot  boys,  (be  Betbune  CoUigE 


iodhighscl 
Pofdai 


—The  pi^ulalion  of  Calcutta  in  1 


to  about 


1  "7S»- 
it  had  bcconte 


In  the  census  of  iSji  it  wai  1S7.00 

119,000  and  in  iqoi,  944,1^.  Tbui  In  the  century  nclween 
i9oi  and  1001  it  increased  siilold,  while  during  the  same  period 
London  oidy  increased  Cvelold.  Out  of  Ihe  total  poputaiioD 
ol  town  and  suburbs  in  i«0l,  6is,aoo  were  Hindus,  DS6,ooa 
Mahommedans  and  ii/xo  Christians. 

ClinmU  and  ficoJfA.— The  climate  of  the  city  was  originally 
very  unheallhy,  but  it  has  Improved  greatly  ol  recent  yean 
with  modem  sanltatiOD  and  drainage.  The  climate  is  hot  and 
dmp,  but  has  a  pleasant  cold  seasoD  from  November  to  March. 
April,  May  and  June  are  hot;  and  Ihe  mouoon  mouths  from 
June  to  October  ace  diitinguished  by  damp  beat  and  malaria- 
The  mean  annual  temperature  is  7V°  F.,  with  a  range  [torn  85° 
in  Ihe  hoi  season  end  ii°  in  the  rains  to  71°  In  the  cool  season, 

48°  in  January.  Calcutta  has  been  comparativeiy  fortunate  in 
escaping  the  plague.  The  disease  manifested  itself  In  a  sporadic 
form  in  April  18^,  but  dissppearcd  by  September  of  that  year. 
Many  of  the  Marwari  traders  iled  the  riiy,  and  some  limible  wu 
eiperienced  in  shortage  ol  labour  in  the  lac  lories  and  at  the  docba- 
The  plague  returned  in  1S99  and  caused  a  heavy  rnoitalily  during 
Ihe  early  months  ol  Ihe  loUowing  year;  but  the  population 

more  serious  outbreak  occurred  in  the  early  months  of  1901, 
the  number  of  dmibs  being  75^4.  For  three  foUowing  ytaa 
the  tolala  were  (1^1-1903)  71B41  (i^J-Ito4)  8113;  and 
(1004-1905)  4'i*g;but  these  numbers  compared  very  favourably 

Hislay.—tbc  history  of  Calcutta  piactiealty  dald  from  tb» 
i4lh  of  August  1690,  when  it  was  founded  by  Job  Chamock 
(f.i.)ollheEnjlish  East  India  Company,  fn  isQeitbadabtainnl 
a  briel  entry  as  a  rent-paying  village  in  the  survey  o(  Bengal 
executed  by  command  ol  the  emperor  Akbii.  But  it  was  Dot  till 
ninety  years  later  thai  it  emerged  into  history.  In  1686  the 
Engliah  meichints  at  Hugli  under  Chamock 's  I  eader^p,  fading 
themselves  compelled  to  quit  their  factoiy  in  consequence  of  a 
rupture  with  the  Mogtd  aulhurities.  retreated  about  16  m-  down 
the  rivet  to  Sulanili,  a  village  on  tbe  banks  of  tbe  Hugti,  now 
within  the  boundaries  ol  Calcutta.  They  occuped  Sutanali 
temporarily  in  December  16AO,  again  in  Novemb^  1687  and 
permanently  on  the  34th  of  August  1690-  It  was  thus  only  at 
the  third  attempt  that  Chamock  was  able  to  obtain  tbe  future 
capital  of  India  [or  his  centre  and  the  subsequent  prosperity  of 
CalcMU  is  due  entirely  to  his  tenacity  of  purpose.  Tbe  new 
•ettlement  soon  eilended  flsetf  along  the  river  bank  to  the  then 
village  of  Xalikata,  and  by  degrees  tbe  duster  of  iKi^ibotiring 
hamlets  grew  into  the  present  town.  In  1696  the  Engird  bnill 
the  original  Fort  William  by  pcnnissioa  of  the  nawab,  ind  in 
169I  they  fDrtnally  purchased  the  three  viUagcs  of  Suianali, 
Katikata  and  Govindpur  from  Prince  Azim,  son  of  the  empcnx 
Aurangseb. 


The  1 


defended  by  Ihe  rfver  J 
■'  liicta  on  the  other  >id«- 
1  Vauban  pituciple,  and  i 


xellen 

I  the  Mahratlai,  who  harried  the 
The  forti'eubsequfnlly  rebuilt  on 
meat,  deilgned  to  form  a  Moiidrde 


CALDANI— CALDER,  SIR  R. 


983 


mmd  the  towa,  and  to  b«  cuuicctcd  tX  boUi  cnda  with  tlie  river, 
but  wv«  coniplclcd,  combinut  iriib  tbe  naluni  potition  of 
Calcum  lo  render  i(  ow  o(  itic  ufal  piua  for  tnde  in  ladift 
daring  the  Expiring  ttnigglct  o[  ths  Mogul  ciDpu%  It  grew  up  ' 
without  tny  fiied  pita,  ud  willi  little  ngud  to  Uic  uoilu]' 
iiTiDgeincnti  required  Coi  ■  tawn.  Sodk  part*  o(  il  liiy  below 
liigh-walei  miik  on  tbe  Uugli,  nnd  it*  low  kvd  throngboul 
nodercd  its  dnlnige  a  mott  difficult  pioblnii.  Until  lar  00 
in  th>  iJth  ccQluiy  the  nulaiisl  jungle  and  poddy  field)  dotely 
bemmed  [n  the  Euiopcu  mainjuntj  tbe  vitt  plain  (nKittoi),  now 
covered  with  gardeiu  ud  pramauide*,  wa*  then  a  awaBip  during 
three  months  of  cKh  yai;  tbe  ^ladou*  quadnngle  known 
a>  WellingloD  Square  wu  biiUt  upon  a  Gltby  cieek..  A  legend 
relata  how  oDs-fouith  of  tbe  Eoropean  bibabiiuu  periibed 
in  twelve  months,  and  during  aeveoty  years  lb*  noctality  wai 
■0  grot  that  the  name  ol  Cakulta,  derived  from  tbe  village  of 
Katikata,  was  identified  by  ■naiinen  with  Gdgotba,  Ibe  pUco 
o(  a  skull. 

The  chief  event  in  tbe  biatory  of  Cakutla  it  tbe  lack  of  the 
town,  and  the  OjitureDf  Fott  William  in  i7S<t.  by  Suraj-ud- 
Dowlsb,  the  nawib  of  Bengal  Tbe  majority  of  the  Englob 
officials  took  ship  and  fled  to  tbe  mouth  of  the  Kugli  river 
The  Europeans,  under  John  Zepbaniah  Uolwell,  who  remsiDCd 
were  compelled,  after  a  abort  resislaticcT  to  surrmder  thcmselvea 
to  tbe  tneides  of  the  young  prince.  The  prisoners,  numbering 
146  pcTsonSi  were  forced  into  the  guard-njom,achainbern>casure-' 
ing  only  18  ft.  by  14  ft.  10  m,,  with  but  two  aniall  windows, 
where  tbcy  were  left  lor  the  night.  It  was  the  nth  of  June, 
tbe  beat  was  intense;  and  neit  morning  only  13  wen  taken 
out  alive,  amimg  them  Helwdl,  who  left  an  account  of  (he  awful 
sufferings  endured  in  the  "  BIsck  Hole."  The  site  of  the  Black 
Hole  il  now  covered  with  a  black  marble  slab,  and  tbe  incident 
il  commCDKnated  by  a  monument  erected  by  Lord  Cunon  in 
I90>.  The  Mahoomedans  retained  poaieision  of  Calcutta  lor 
about  leven  montbi,  and  during  this  brief  period  the  name  of 
tbe-town  was  changed  in  offidaL  documents  to  Alina^ar.  In 
January  1757  the  expedition  despatched  from  Madraa,  under 
tbe  cornmand  of  Adiniial  Wation  and  Cnlmd  Clive,  regained 
poueuian  of  (he  dty.  Tley  found  many  of  the  housei  of  tbe 
Engtiah  raidenti  demolished  and  othos  damaged  by  fire 
Tbe  old  church  of  St  John  lay  in  ruins.  The  native  ponioa  of 
tbe  town  bad  also  tuf  ered  much.  Everything  of  value  had  been 
swt^t  away,  eicept  the  merchaodise  of  the  Company  wilbia 
tbe  fort,  which  had  been  reserved  lor  the  nawab.  The  battle 
ol  Plassey  was  loughl  on  the  13rd  of  June  1J57,  exactly  IweJve 
months  after  the  capture  of  Calcutta.  Mir  Jafai,  the  nominee 
ol  tbe  English,  woi  created  nawab  of  Bengal,  and  by  the  treaty 
which  raised  him  to  this  position  he  agreed  to  make  restitution 
to  the  Calcutta  merchants  for  their  louo.  Tba  Englub  raceived 
^500,000,  the  Hindus  and  Mahomratdans  £»ii,eeo,  and  tbe 
Armenians  £;o,ooa.  By  another  dauie  b  this  treaty  the  Com- 
pany was  permitted  to  etlablidi  a  mint,  the  visible  sign  in  India 
ol  territorial  sovereignly,  aad  tbe  Gnt  coin,  still  bearing  the  name 
ol  the  Delhi  emperor,  was  istucd  aa  tbe  19th  ol  August  t;s7 
The  lestilulicin  money  m*  divided  among  (hi  anfleiccs  by  a 
committee  of  tbe  most  reqiectable  inbabitanti.  Commerce 
rapidly  revived  and  the  rained  city  narebuHl.   Modem  Calcutta 


.    The  old  Ic 


d  its  H 


i  other  govBrnment  offices. 
A  new  lort,  the  pretent  Fort  William,  was  begun  by  Dive  a 
abort  distance  lower  down  tbe  rivet,  snd  is  thus  the  second  of  that 
name.  Ic  was  not  finished  till  177J,  and  is  said  to  have  cost 
two  miltioni  sterling.  At  this  time  alao  the  maiddH,  the  park  of 
CalcutU,  was  formed,  and  the  healtbineu  of  its  position  induced 
tbe  European. inhabitants  gradually  to  shift  their  dwdlings 
eastward,  audio  occupy  what  ianow  the  Chowtinghee  quarter 

Up  lo  1707,  when  Cakutta  was  first  declared  a  prHidsicy. 
it  had  been  dependent  upon  the  older  English  settlement  at 
Madras.  From  1707  to  1773  the  preudendcs  were  maintained 
on  a  footing  ol  equality;  but  in  the  latter  year  the  act  ol 
parliam^t  wai  paued,  which  provided  Ibal  the  pnaidescy  of 
Beaigal  ihoutd  CKTciic  a  coaud  over  the  olheipoMM^ons  of  tbi 


Aa^  wh(^ 


Company!  ll>at  tlis  chief  ol  that  prcildBKy  ahoold  be  styled 
govereor-finicral;  arul  tliat  a  supmne  court  of  judkalomhouhl 
be  established  at  Cakalta.  In  the  previous  year.  1771,  Warren 
Hastings  bad  taken  under  Ibe  immediate  management  of  tbe 
Company'iKrvanls  the  grneialadminiiliationol  Bengal,  which 
bad  hitherto  been  left  in  the  hands  of  the  old  Mahommedan 
officials,  and  bad  removed  the  treasury  from  Murshidabad  to 
Calcutta.  The  latter  town  thus  became  tbe  capital  of  Bengal 
and  the  seat  of  tbe  supreme  gDvemment  in  India.  In  1S14  the 
govBDor-goieral  of  Bengal  was  cteaied  govcmor-goieral  of 
India,  and  was  permitted  to  appoint  a  deputy-governor  to 
manan  the  affairs  of  Lower  Bengal  during  hii  oceational  absence, 
itil  1B54  that  a  aeparair  bead  *ai  appobted  for 
under  the  style  of  lieutenanl-govemor,  eieiciie* 
«  m  dvii  niattwt  as  those  vested  in  Ihegovemora 
u  council  «  Madras  or  Bombay,  although  subject  to  doser 
supervision  by  the  supreme  govcmnent.  Calcutta  it  tbus  at 
present  the  seat  t»th  of  the  supieq^e  and  the  local  government, 
each  with  an  independcnl  let  oi  offices.     (See  Bengal.) 

See  A.  K.  Ray.  .1  Slain  Hislory  cf  Calttau  (Indian  Cemui.  looi): 
H  B  Hvie,  Pitaeluai  Annals  d  Bcntal  (tgoi-):  K.  Blediynden, 
CakMla.  Pail  and  Prttnt  (190$];  H.  K.  Buitecd,  Bikixstram  OU 
CalaUla  Ueoj):  C.W  FonFti.Cil^iaritidia(iifoi):  C,  R,  Wilton, 
Etrly  Annall  of  lit  Enzlilh  tn  Bcnful  (li^i);  and  OU  furl  IVtliiam 
■■  Btntal  (lOoB):  Iwtpcnal  Cucflnr  af-fndia  [Oaford.  lOoSJ,  i.i. 
"  Caieuiu> 

CALOAHI,  LBOPOUM  MAHCO  AHTOHID  (171S-1BU}, 
Italian  anatomist  and  physician,  was  bom  at  Bologna  in  1735- 
Alter  studying  under  G-  B.  Morgagni  at  Padua,  he  began  to 
teach  practical  medicine  at  Bologna,  but  in  consequence  of  the 
intrigues  of  which  he  was  the  object  be  returned  to  Padua, 
where  in  1771  be  succeeded  Moigagni  in  the  chair rof  anatomy. 
He  continued  to  lecture  until  i«oj  and  died  at  Padua  in  iSij, 
His  works  indude  Imtitulhtui  patholopcat  ('773},  InstiiMti^Btt 
fiyswlopcai  (mi)  and  /coiici  oMtonaicae  (1801-1S13). 

His  brother,  Pitmomo  Maim  Caioani  (i71S-'*o8).  waa 
professor  of  mathematics  at  Bologna,  and  was  described  by 
J.  le  R.  D'Alembctt  a>  tlu  "  first  geometer  aad  algebraist  oi 
Italy," 

CALDECOTT.  BAHDOWH  (iS«6-iBS«),  English,,  artist  and 
illustrator,  was  bom  at  Cheater  on  the  imd  of  March  1346. 
From  tgti  Id  1871  be  was  a  bank  cietk,  first  at  Whitchurch  in 
Shropshire,  afterwards  at  Mancbetler;  but  devoted  all  his  spare 
time  to  the  cultivallnn  of  a  remarkable  artistic  faculty-  In  t&ja 
be  migrated  to  London,  became  a  Mudeni  at  the  Slade  School 
and  finally  adopted  tbe  artist's  profosion.  He  gained  immedi- 
ately a. wide  reputation  as  a  prolific  and  original  illustrator, 
gifted  with  a  gCninl,-  humorous  faculty,  and  he  succeeded  aln, 
tiwugh  in  leas  degree,  as  a  painter  and  sculptor.  His  health  gave 
way  in  1^74,  and  after  prolonged  suflering  he  died  in  Florida 
on  tbe  iitb  of  February  igSt,  Hi)  chief  book  iUuilrationt  are 
aa  foUowi:— CUf  Cirislmat  (1B76)  and  BmahHit  IlaU  (1877), 
both  by  Wiahinglon  Irving;  Narlh  llolian  Fait  (1B77),  by  Mi» 
Comyni  Cair;  Tlu  Han  ifimnlaitii  (iSSj);  BrtiBit  FaU  (1879), 
by  Henry  Bladibnm;  picture-books  {Jskn  Gilpin,  Tkt  Bona 
Ikat  Jack  Buill,  and  otlier  children's  favourites)  from  1878 
onwards;  Sim4  Auaf'i  Faila  sCU  Uaitm  Inslatuu,  tfc 
(i88j|.  He  held  a  roving  commission  for  the  Grafkic,  and  was 
an  occasional  contributor  to  PHtuk.  He  was  a  member  of  tbe 
Royal  Institute  of  Painters  in  Water-colours. 

See  Henry  Blackbum,  AwM^  CaUaM,  Pcrmui  Mtmnr  if  Ut 
Eviy  Liji  (Losdoo,  18S6), 

CAIDEH,  «R  ROBERT,  Bait.  (174S-1818].  BHtiih  admiral, 
wai  bom  at  Elen,  in  Scotland,  on  the  >nd  of  July  1745  (oj,). 
He  belonged  lo  a  very  ancient  family  of  Kfoiayshire,  and  was 
the  second  ion  of  Sir  Thomas  Calder  of  Muiiton.  Ke  was 
ediKated  at  tbe  grammar  acbool  of  Elgin,  and  at  the  age  of 
fourtocn  entered  the  British  navy  as  midshipman.  In  1766  be 
wss  serving  as  lieutenant  of  the  *'  Essex,"  xmder  Captain  tbe 
Hon.  George  Faulkner,  in  the  West  Indies.  Promotion  came 
slowly,  and  it  was  not  till  i7Sithst  he  attained  the  rank  of  post- 
"-'p't'"  He  acquitted  himself  honoumbly  in  tbe  various  tervicca 
to  whidi  ha  wu  called,  but  for  a  hmg  time  hi  ' 


984 


CALDER— CALDERON  DE  LA  BARCA 


of  duiinguiihinB  bimiclf.  In  1 746  he  ns 
Ihc  deei  by  Sir  Jabn  Jcrvit,  und  look  pan  i 
oB  Cape  St  Vincent  (Ftbniuy  u,  1797).  He  wii  Klectcd  u 
bearec  of  the  deapetcha  uinouDcing  the  victory,  end  on  that 
otxesloTL  wai  knitted  by  George  IIL  He  el»  received  the 
Ihinke  of  parliamenl,  anct  in  tbe  lollowing  jrair  was  nested  1. 
binuiel.  In  i;«  be  became  reir-adiniiil,  and  in  1801  be  wu 
despelched  wilh  a  mall  squadron  in  pursuit  of  I  French  foiee, 
under  Admliil  Ganlheiunie,  conveying  supplies  to  (he  Frencli 
in  Egypt.    In  lhi«  piinuil  he  ni  not  iuccesilu],  ant 


lia  flag.     When 


out  be  wu  KcaUed 
1804,  and  was  employed  m  the  iollawing  year  in  the  blockade 
of  the  ports  of  Ferrol  »nd  Conmna^  in  which  (ancngst  other 
ports)  ships  were  pirpoting  for  ibe  invasion  ol  England  by 
Napoleon  L  He  held  hi)  posiiion  with  a  force  gmily  inferior 
to  (hAt  of  tbe  enemy,  uid  refiued  to  b«  enticed  out  to  aea.  On 
its  becoming  known  that  the  fit«C  movemeDt  directed  by 
Napoleon  wai  llie  railing  of  the  blockade  of  Ferrol,  Rear-A  ' 
Stirling  was  ordered  to  join  Sir  R.  Caldcr  and  cruise  with 
intercept  the  fleets  of  France  and  Spain  on  their  paisige  to 
The  approach  of  the  enemy  was  concealed  by  a  fog,  but 
J  jnd  ol  July  1 80s  theit  fleet  came  m  light.    It  still  ouinur 

combat  of  four  hours,  during  which  be  captured  two  Spanish 
ships,  he  gave  orders  to  discontinue  the  action.  He  oBcM 
battle  again  on  the  two  following  daya,  but  the  challenge  was 
not  accepted.  Tbe  French  admiral  Villeneuve,  however,  did 
not  pursue  his  voyage,  but  look  refuge  In  FerroL  In  the  Judg- 
ment of  Napoleon,  his  scheme  of  Invasion  was  baffled  by  Ihig 

failure  of  Calder  to  win  a  complete  victory.    In  consequence  of 

martiaL  This  was  held  on  the  33rd  oi  December,  and  mulled 
in  a  severe  reprimand  of  the  vice-admiral  for  not  having  done 
his  utmost  to  renew  the  engagement,  at  the  same  time  acquitting 
him  of  both  cowardice  and  disaffcclioiL  False  expectations  had 
been  raised  in  England  by  the  mutilation  of  bis  dcqutcbes,  and 
of  this  he  isdigoaDtly  complained  In  hia  defence.  Tbe  tide  of 
(eelmg,  however,  turned  again;  and  in  1815,  by  way  of  public 
testimony  to  his  strnco,  and  of  acquittal  of  the  charge  made 
against  him,  he  was  appdnled  commander  of  PorUmoutb. 
He  died  at  Holt,  near  Bishop's  Walthuo,  in  Hampddic,  on  the 
311I  of  August  181S. 

See  Naml  Oretuk,  rtil;  Jann,  Kaal  Hliltrj,  iO.  s-i6-379 
(i8«o). 

fA!!"",  xa  audoit  district  of  Midlothian,  Scotbsd.  It 
IBi  been  divided  bio  the  pariibes  of  Hld-Calder  (pop.  in  1901 
jiji)  and  West  Calder  (pop.  Sogi),  Eaal-CaldR  belon^g 
to  the  parish  of  Kirknewton  (pop.  3131).  The  whole  locality 
owes  much  of  its  commerdaJ  importance  and  prosperity  to  the 
enormous  devdopment  of  the  mineral  oil  industry.  Coal- 
mining if  also  olensvely  pursued,  sandstone  and  limcMaue 
are  worked,  and  paper.milli  flourish.  Mid-Calder,  a  town  on 
the  Almond  (pop,  703).  has  an  andcnt  church,  and  John  Spottis- 
wood  (ijiD-isSj),  the  Scottish  reformer,  was  for  many  j 
minister.  His  sons—John,  arcbbilhop  of  St  Andrews,  and  Ji 
(1567-164S),  bishop  of  Ckighei — were  both  bom  at  Mld-Calder. 
Wesl-Calder  is  tllualed  on  Brdch  Water,  an  affluent  of  the 
Almond,  15)  m.  S.W.  of  EdinbuTgh  by  the  Caledonign  railway, 
and  is  the  chief  centre  ol  the  district.  Fop.  (1901)  i^si.  At 
Addiewell.  aboot  i)  m.  S.W.,  the  manufacRuc  of  ammoida, 
naphtha,  paraffin  oil  and  ouidlei  is  carried  on,  the  viUage 
pnctically  daiing  from  1866,  arid  having  in  1901  a  papulation 
of  i;gi.  The  HighUruI  and  Agrindtucal  Sodety  have  an 
experimental  farm  at  Pumphenton  (pop.  1461).  The  district 
toDtaint  aeveral  tumuli, ~ 


.   GALDm6ll.  RODRIM  (d.   rfiii),  COVHT  Ot  OuvA 
HitiotiEa  DE  Lss  SixiE  Iiuxsui,  Spajilih  favoniite  and  adven- 
tUTei,  was  bom  at  Antwerp.    His  father,  PnncisCD  CaldirAn, 
a  m*mirtf  of  a  family  **iTMiMwt  by  Chartrrt  V.,  waa  a  c — 


in  the  army  who  became  afterwards  timmiedm  iMyerof  Aracon, 
presumably  by  the  help  of  bis  nn.  The  mother  was  a  Fleming, 
said  by  CddeiSn  to  have  been  a  bdy  by  birth  and  called  by  hira 
Maria  SandeUn.  She  is  said  by  olhen  to  have  been  Grit  the 
itress  and  then  the  wife  o(  Frandito  Caldeifin.  Rodrigo 
said  to  have  been  bom  out  of  wedkick.  In  isoS  he  entered 
r  aervice  of  tbe  dnke  of  Lerma  as  secieliry.  "Die  accesstoa 
Philip  lU.  in  that  year  made  Lerma,  who  had  unbounded 
influence  over  the  king,  master  of  Spain.  Calderfin,  whft  was 
active  ant  unscmpulous,  made  himsetf  the  trusted  agent  of 
Lerma.  In  the  general  scramble  lor  wealth  among  the  worthku 
intriguers  who  governed  in  the  name  of  Mlilip  III.,  Calderta 
was  conspicuous  For  greed,  audadty  'and  insolence.  He  ^vis 
created  count  of  Oliva,  a  knight  of  Santiago,  commendador  of 
OcaAa  in  the  order,  secretary  to  tbe  kmg  (jRrelaria  it  ctmara), 
was  loaded  with  plunder,  and  made  an  advantageous  malTBgt 
with  Inea  de  Vargas.  As  an  insolent  upstart  he  was  peculiaily 
odious  to  the  enemies  of  Lerma.  Two  rdi^ous  persons,  Juan 
de  Santi  Maria,  a  Franciscan,  and  Mariana  de  San  Josj,  priotru 
of  La  Encamacion,  worked  on  the  queen  Margarita,  by  iriiose 
influence  Calderfin  was  removed  from  the  secretaryship  in  1611. 
He,  however,  retained  the  favour  of  Lerma,  an  mdoleni  man 
to  whom  CalderAn's  activity  was  indispensable.  In  itii  he 
was  sent  on  a  special  misuon  to  Flanders,  and  on  his  return  was 
made  marques  de  las  Siete  Iglesias  in  1614.  When  the  queen 
Margarita  died  in  that  year  in  childbirth,  Calderfin  was  accused 
of  having  used  witchcraft  against  her.  Soon  after  it  became 
genetatlyknown  that  he  had  ordered  the  murder  of  one  Francisco 
de  Juaias.  When  Lerma  was  driven  from  court  in  161S  by  the 
intrigues  of  his  own  son,  the  duke  of  Uceda,  and  the  kiiig'i 
confessor,  tbe  Dominican  Atlaga,  Caldet^n  was  seized  upon  aa 
an  expiatory  victim  to  sallify  public  clamour.  He  vfis  arrested, 
de^Kjited,  and  on  the  7thof  January  1610  was  savagely  tortured 
to  make  him  confess  to  the  several  charges  of  muttler  and  witch- 
craft brought  against  him.  CalderAn  confessed  to  the  murder 
of  Juaras,  saying  that  the  man  was  a  pander,  and  adding  that 
he  gave  the  particular  reason  by  word  ol  mouth  since  it  was 
more  fit  to  be  ^nken  than  written.  He  steadfastly  denied  all 
the  other  charges  of  murder  and  the  witchoaft.  Some  hope  (d 
pardon  seema  to  have  remained  in  his  mmd  tfQ  be  beard  the 
bells  toUing  for  Phih'p  III.  in  March  ifiii.  "  He  is  dead,  and 
I  too  am  dead  "  was  his  resigned  commeni.    One  of  the  first 


1  order  his  ejteculiaii.    CaMerfiii 


met  his  fate  firmly  and  with  a  show  of  piety  on  the  31 
October  iGii,  and  thii  bearing,  together  with  his  broken  and 
ptanaturEly  ^ed  appearaoce,  turned  public  sentiment  In  his 
favour.  The  magnlBcenl  devotion  ol  hh  wife  helped  materially 
to  ptacal*  the  btred  be  had  annued.  Lord  Lytlon  made 
Rodrigo  CalderAn  the  hen  ol  Us  story  Cditrm  On  Cmtur, 
Sta  Hodot*  de  la  Faeate,  HImria  Cnwot  Erfofti  (Madrid. 

FrcDch  pamphlet  on  him,  mSeviadmiraHitldidin  piloyiOilr  mfmu 
nJaffrmHifinfflnryAAidirirEitaiiH,  iiieprioledby  M.  Ei 
Founder  ia  VarilOi  UuansMa  (Paiii,  l«SS).  vcJ.  L         (O.  H.) 

CUDIRta  H  LA  BABCA,  PBDBO  (rSoo-iegi),  Spanish 
dramadsi  and  poet,  wa*  bora  at  Madrid  on  the  17th  ol  January 
ifeok  HI*  mother,  who  wu  of  Ftemisli  decent,  died  in  tdia; 
hi*  father,  who  was  secretary  (o  the  treasury,  died  in  1615. 
CalderAn  waa  educated  at  the  Jesuit  College  tn  Madrid  with  a 
view  to  takmg  orJcra  and  acceptmg  a  family  living;  abandoning 
this  project,  he  itudied  law  at  Salamana,  and  competed  with 
lucceii  at  the  literary  ttia  held  m  honour  of  St  Isidore  at 
Madrid  (ifi«i-iii>i).  According  to  his  biographer,  Vera  Tassii, 
CalderAa  «erved  with  tbe  Spanish  army  in  Italy  and  Flandeii 
between  it>5  and  1G35;  but  thb  atitement  is  contradicted 
by  nuoierou*  lipl  documents  which  prove  that  Ca]dcr6n  residnl 
at  Madrid  daring  these  yean.  Early  in  r6ic>  his  brother  Diego 
was  stabbed  by  an  acior  who  took  sanctuary  in  the  convent  of  tbe 
Trinitariar<  mini;  Caldettn  and  his  friend*  broke  into  the 
cloister  a^  aticpipted  to  sdse  the  oSender.  This  violation 
was  denourtced  by  the  faahionable  preacher,  Honensio  Fctil 
Puavidno  (f.*.).  in  ■  (cmon  preached  before  nSip  IV.; 


CAISER6N  DE  LA  fiARCA 


9»J 


•  ■--'*<"(  iikttaa  bftnvanb  apcdled)  to  nnvldBoH 
ladforbtlcTabUcc.udvticsmBittedlapnMi.  B»<n»MM> 
rdaaed.  ir*  apidljr  Eb  RpoutiDa  a*  ■  phywittft,  utd,  on 
tbe  dath  of  LopB  dt  Vcgi  h  itjj,  wu  nsecalMd  h  Iba  fon- 
moMSpuiltbdiMDitlnoftkeiCB.  A*<ilmiBafhi*plajrt,«Uled 
by  hb  bniUuT  JoiC  hi  t<Sj6,  coDUlnt  ncfa  cckbated  uid  dhene 
uoduaioni  u  £a  PUd  «  nwla,  fil  Aniilivl*  A  5i»  AiMeb, 
la  ZJnKidn^  Is  cna,£anMHA>«*^ud  AvMMfWMWta. 
Ill  iAi(^Ti]7  he  «U  mide  k  knight  of  ths  otdet  ol  Suthga 
by  Philip  IV  .  who  hid  &lnady  enealaiiiiiied  (rem  Urn  ■  (erla 
of  ^xccicalBr  pliyi  for  the  niyil  Ihsttc  Id  the  Bsco  Rrtln). 
Cilder4o  wu  ftlD^aiE  u  popular  with  t}u  gcnnal  public  03  Lope  de  ^ 

M  court,  but  this  nyU  pttmuge  did  not  help  to  develop  the 
EMrelemeDtsaf  hligeoiiu  On  the  iStholM^y  ifi^uhe  Joined 
■  compuy  oi  mounted  culmuien  recenlly  raised  by  Olivtns. 
to^  part  in  the  Catalotuan  csnipaiga.  and  diatiiiEuished  blmaelf 
by  hii  Ballanlry  u  Tamgoni.hii  health  (liliof,  be  letlred  bom 


Vio  Nov, 


field.    Tbe  history  oi  hu  lif 


»  In  the 

aiinfl  the  oen  fewyeaxsisob^cajt. 

m  profciundly  iHected  by  the  death  ofhb 
nistresj— ttie  moUiet  ol  hi>  ton  Fcdn  Joit—iibout  the  yeat 
■  6iB-i64a   hii  long  axmeiion  mth  the  theam  bad  led  him 

i^I  ol  devstion,  and  he  now  sought  consolation  in  itligion. 
He  beame  a  leniaiy  o[  the  order  o[  St  Frandi  in  i6;o.  and 
finally  reverted  lohiao^igliullnrentlonof  loioing  the  prfesihoDd, 
He  waiofdained  in  ifiji.  wasptesenled  tealivisjEui  thepaiisb 
o(  Son  Salvador  at  Uadnd.  and,  aL:a>rdiQg  to  bia  Malement 
Ptade  li  ^EOJ  OT  fwQ  latef.  determined  to  give  up  wriUog  lot  the 
atagc  He  did  nor  adhere  to  thii  rBOlutian  after  bit  preteraeui 
10  a  prebend  at  Toledo  In  165J,  Ifaough  he  con&ned  himirll  ai 
much  as  possible  to  the  compoiitioa  of  iwtos  laoametiUItt— 
allegoncal  pieces  In  whidi  the  mystery  ol  tbe  Eucharist  was 
Uluslrated  dnmaliially.  and  which  weie  peifontied  with  gieat 
pomp  on  the  fsul  ol  Con>us  Chiiiti  and  during  the  week] 
Imincdislcly  ^*Mir^g  In  t66a  two  o(  CalderAn'i  attJot-^Llu 
inUna  mHUara  and  tftflicoy  rsJ  SiMIsiiia— wcie  the  nbjecu 
of  an  inquiry  by  tbe  InqubJLion,  the  fcrmer  waa  censured, 
the  manuscript  copies  were  cooAscated,  and  the  eondelmutioD 
«ms  not  rcsdiided  till  JA71.  CBider6D  was  appointed  boEwrary 
cbaplain  to  HiLlip  tV,  in  1663,  and  the  royal  Cavour  was  continued 
lo  him  m  the  nen  reign  In  hlselghiy-£nt  you  be  wrote  his  last 
•ecolar  play.  Hada  J  DMsa  it  LtiHiile  j  Uarfit,  is  bonout  o[ 
Cbiries  II.'*  marrilge  to  Harie-Loube  de  BourboD.  Not- 
vithstanding  hv  poaitSoo  at  court  and  hU  universal  popularity 
flinniiliOBt  Spiiu,  Us  desiog  yean  seem  to  have  bcCL  passed 
to  pnerty.    He  died  on  tbe  >sth  ol  May  lUi 

Like  DMM  Spubb  drsnatists.  Calderfn  wrote  loo  nnich 
■ud  bw  QKtdUy.  and  be  wis  too  oFten  content  to  recut  tbe 
productions  of  his  piedeoeuoia-  His  Saier  dei  naJ  y  dtl  bien 
b  an  adaptation  of  Lope  de  Vega  'a  play.  Laj  Uiadaraoi  i*  Ic 

erIiBia  y  tHznu  it  Dm  Btltnn  it  Aratttt;  bb  Stita  cmfasa 
also  adapted  from  a  play  of  Lope's  which  bean  the  same  titles 
bla  Efuvitaiin  mcanlo  derivea  from  Tino  de  Molina's  Amor 
for  »4at,  and,  to  rake  an  etutrtte  instance,  ihe  second  ad'of 
big  CsUIh  dt  AbiaUn  n  tmnifetRd  almcsl  bodily  from  the 
third  act  of  Hbo's  Vcntana  it  Ttmar.  It  would  be  eaiy  to 
■dd  other  examples  of  CaldeE6n^s  lax  methods,  but  it  Is  simple 

picnilingcodeof  Uteiaiy  morality-  Many  ol  bii  ojciempoiades 
pkgtailitdiiftheqdaliadadiy.butwithfuleseniccess.  Some- 
times, uiaEt  AkaUi  it  Ztiamm.  the  bold  procedun  is  c«m- 
litetety  hittUed  \iy  the  mult,  in  this  ase  by  hu  individual 
■  ■  '  ' '         tc  Vega's  r»pid  imptovlsa- 


jiij  lie  tame  at  the  end  of  a 

Iftemry  revolution,  was  eompelled  to  accept  the  conmtlont 
■faidi  Lope  de  Vi^  had  b^oeed  on  die  Spuisb  stage,  and  he 
•ecepled  tbcm  lU  the  una  nadO;  riKe  tbty  <hh  pecolwly 


nltable  to  tb  dM^r  tt  Ut  iplei^d  and  varied  (Btt. '  Vota 
tnaatei  at  absemtlon  Dor  en  apect  in  biventian,  be  ibowad 

in  raulpulatlng  the  iQedianlcal  iBOUicaa  of  the  stage,  and  b 

•ith  a  kity  phUoeophk  ioMitfiialioti  aad  a  wealth  ol  poetic 
dictin.  NaUnlly,  he  had  tbe  defeOi  ol  hb  great  qaaliEicai 
lib  Isfenully  b  apt  to  defcneiaee  into  ftatOa  sabdUihrnait; 
bb  employmat  of  theatrical  devicea  b  the  ndiject  Ol  hb  om^ 
■ood-liDBiound  latiic  to  ffa  toy  (vfu  cm  tt  omtr,  Ui  ^hilo-' 
sofdiic  Intellect  b  more  Interested  in  thtoleglcal  nowteilta  than 
hi  human  paaaions;  and  the  dslkata  beaaq>  of  bb  ftyle  la  tinged 
with  a  wfl&U  ptedosity  EiceUint  Lope  de  Vega  at  many  pointy 
Calderdn  fills  below  hb  great  pradeeeMOC  in  tbe  dcliDnlloll 
of  character.  Vet  In  sfanost  every  depaitaieol  ol  lH"1''' 
artCklderfnbasobtabwdateifcsolKfuBphs.  iBtbeqmboUc 
drama  be  b  beat  represented  by  B  Frimift  wiuAuiCt,  by 
El  Uiila  fnHtbat  (fanObi  to  E^ih  mdes  In  ShOey'a 
fiee  nanslatloa),  aad  by  £«  VUa  at  aMie,  pcAapa  tbe  meet 
prafonnd  and  original  of  hb  «oAa-  Hb  iTV^***  am  mote 
reBariiabk  for  tboir  acting  qnafitlea  tban  fdc  tl 
tratk,  and  the  (act  that  in  Ia  fftia  it  Ctmti  Aria  be  in~- 
pdatee  an  otlie  aa  hsfiowed  fton  Velea  de  Guevan^  play  of 
die  aaitt  tflle  — ww*  to  fniH^tt  >***'  i^i^  viiH  of  compoutim 
awakened  no  great  intetcat  In  Urn;  but  In  £1  ilUut  M  •* 
taian  and  Bi  Vayir  iwai>»iB  lu  ^at  the  theme  of  {taloaqt 
b  iMndlad  with  lombi*  power,  whUe  Ei  Ahalie  it  Zakmeg 
boneof  tbe  greatest  tragedies  hi  Spanisblitetacate.  CaJdeifinb 
itage  in  the  ^leclBcular  plays—  inmii 
— " '   ■•  PWlip  IV.i 

fan^  of  tbipoal  pHaii  US  eaen  Mub  a  mediocKiriece 
u  Let  Tto  Uaymti  fniitlu  (wbkb  won  him  hia  kntthlhood) 
from  coBpleta  oUhnom.  A  gmter  opportunity  b  aOMded* 
In  the  BUR  anknaled  nsmfiaj  palaatiat,  ot  melodiamatic 
pieces  desdsed  10  be  pbiyed  before  courtly  audience*  In  the 
i^al  palace:  I^  Bania  y  ia  far  itA  El  GaUn  Janleima  u* 
rfi.Ti.inj  Dlosintiona  of  Caldei^n'i  senial  conceptlwi  and 
tefinnd  attbCiy.  His  bistorial  phiys  (la  Cmt  CmMo,  Lot 
amai  it  h  ttrmttio^  ftc)  ate  tbe  weakeit  of  all  hb  formal 
dtaBtttJcpfodactianBi  Ei  Ctlfi  it  la  artmai  and  la  Pitftira. 
it  la  ran  an  typkxl  loniubu,  to  be  Judged  by  the  standaKl 
opeattc  UbtOti,  and  Ibo  nslnnsaci  ata  lacking  In  the  linbr 


On  the  otlur  hand,  CaUeite'*  faculty  of  tafattau  atageoaf I  b 

'  B  best  In  bb  "  dc4«Bd'««onl  "  play* '  (ciisriiaj  tt 

ipaia)  iriuch  an  Invaluable  pfctarta  il  omtsiqiofaiy 

They  are  conventioaal,  no  doBbl,  to  the  •enee  that  all 

Llnna  of  a  specially  artificial  aedety  miBt  be  coi^ 

aa  when  they  first  appeared.  In  thb  kind  JVf  ssaafvc  It  fat  tl 
citric,  la  Dama  dianie,  Una  tattt  <n  iti  faa^u  ami*  «i  dt 
piariar  and  Cadnfalc  id  ogna  ataiua  ate  alnMCt  miantpaaMd. 
Bat  it  b  as  a^wiicer  of  oiitH  soottMiMkr  that  Caldertn  defio 
chaliy:  bb  intenie  devotko,  hb  «  '  '    '      ~ 


poetry  aa  La  Com  id  rij  BaUutr,  U  VUa  id  Seitr  and 
USvfkaUiemtlaL  Ibe  •«■>  li^ntd  on  to  Spato  liB  iiH 
but  Eh^  Diay  be  Bid  tobave  died  irtlh  Cdderteifor  hb  saceeana 
ineidyiMlCualhim vithatd&DiBUdiQr.  Atoieat alone a»0H 
Spanish  paeo,  Caldcrfin  had  the  good  fMtime  tn  be  piinUd  in 
a  laMy  comet  and  leadable  optica  (iMa-titi),  thwik*  to  the 
enli^tmud  aal  of  bb  admirer,  Juan  de  Vera  Taadi  y  ^^Danel, 
and  owlii(to  thb  happy  acddent  be  came  to  be  iccatdad  geneolly 
the  first  of  Spanfah  dramatbta.  Ihc  publication  ol  the  plays 
Lope  de  Vega  and  of  Tlieo  de  Hdina  bw  aBected  tbe  ciitkal 
eitimaee  ol  CaldeiAn^  waA;  be  b  (ea  to  be  tofenn  lo  Lope 
de  Vqa  in  creative  power,  and  InlerioT  to  llrso  da  Uolina  la 
variety  of  caneeption.    But,  ntttof  Udo  the  otravagann* 


Du,iiz=db,Google 


986 


CALDERWOOD— CALEDON 


4a*0Bt,  ittnlma,  pitdotk  ud  utiSdd  BdeQr  b  nUch  ba 


aiBLioeuinrt.-'4L  BnTamui,  CiUmiJ 
Boa*.  1905),  L  Ten.  coonimakiilT-eihii 


CiUmi^SWfH  CMflulM  u 


^&tauMI(  CiMirM'i  (ElbaMd,  1*JT>.  K  GAmluw, 
■W Mn(  IMb  (FrdHn L  B„  imt.  1  nbJ I  F^in 

iaBvnJttidrtd,  mO;  Aaaaio  Siaita  Monti,  ifaurii 


IW»y>,CMto 


MsB-fMHl 
r(<HH]rid.i 


itSii,  Eaini  HutiHBdii, 


ISO.eoK 


(P«j* 


t'^) 


CAUBBWOODh  DATID  CiS75->Glo).  Scsttkh  divina  uxl 
UhoiIui,  «u  boni  bi  iST5-  Be  »u  ediicaud  it  EdinbDigh, 
where  In  took  tha  degree  of  HA.  fn  I5gj.  About  1604  he 
baouBc  nlitiMer  of  Ciiuilnc,  wu  Jcdtna^  nhm  he  beause 
11  for  hli  Rnhite  oppoiltlon  to  the  Eaoodactian  of 
In  161T,  -whilo  JuBim  wu  In  Scollud,  ■  Re- 
,  whkh  lad  been  dnm  np  I9  tbe  Pnsbyttnui 
deiijr,  mi  pUcn)  In  CiIdBvood'i  hudi.  He  mi  numnoned 
tc  St  Aufacm  uad  <Mnifa>ed  Man  the  king,  but  ndtbei  ihiemti 
Bor  pramlMt  could  mike  Um  delivei  up  the  rail  of  iffnitarei 
totlwRcfnomam&Db  He  mi  deprived  of  hachuge^caniniitted 
IB  pilHD  at  St  Andrtm  and  aflomidi  itmovBd  to  Edinbiuih. 
Tht  privy  coancH  ordend  him  to  be  banlihed  fiom  the  Ungdocn 
lor  refuiiog  to  ifknovdedge  the  lentaice  of  the  High  Conunii' 
lloiL  He  Ilngend  in  Scotlud,  pabUtbiBt  1  few  tnctt,  till  tbe 
■Ttb  of  AiiguiL  1610,  wboi  he  mllcc!  for  HoUind.  During  hit 
loldencs  In  UoUud  he  publllhed  fab  AlUrl  /^omucnHnK, 
Cilderwood  ippein  to  hive  retuned  to  Scotland  m  1614,  ud 
be  ma  aoon  aftenvardi  appointed  mlnkta  t£  Penoitlmd,  In 
the  comly  of  Haddington.  He  coBIiniHd  to  tike  in  active  put 
In  tha  iCiiii  of  tha  dinich,  and  tntiDdacad  in  i6t«  tbe  pnctice. 
am  coDfirnKd  by  long  uage,  ol  -I'— -""g  fnm  the  decaian  of 
the  ABBnbly,  and  reqalting  tba  pioleM  to  be  entettd  in  the 
ncord.  Bto  IiH  ;bi>  vere  devoted  to  tbe  prepantton  of  a 
BiHerye/lktClni'ekifScMHid.  iBtMlhaGenBttlABqnblr 
nted  him  to  complete  the  work  be  had  deiigDad.  aad  voud  Um 
ft  yeaily  penaibB  o(  j[8aa    Be  left 


Brltbh  HnaennL    Cddenood  died  at  Jedbugh  00  the  1^  of 
Octoberi«50. 

CAUBVOOD.  HDRT  (lijo-iSOT),  Scottiib  . 
and  dirlua,  wu  bom  at  Peeblet  on  the  loth  of  M17 
wuadncatcd  at  tbe  Royal  High  acboid,  and  [iter  at  the  muTcnitT 
ofEdtabur^  HeitndiedloitbeminiauyDf  tbe  United  Fretby- 
lariaa  Church,  and  fs  1856  *ai  ordained  pailor  of  the  Gieylrian 
dmcb,  GtawDW  He  abocnunlaad  In  mental  pbiloiopby  for  iha 
uiJieilBy  of  Gla^Bwhom  186110  ia64,and  fern  1866  oondncted 
the  mocal  phQeat^iliy  diMo  at  tiM  imivaBty,  nmHiB  1S68  ha 
became  prefewor  «(  moial  pUkaotihy  at  Edinbiaih.  He  ni 
Bi*deU-D.olClugowtait8e5.  Hediedoatbeigttaof  Nonmber 
1S9T'  HuGnt  and  moat  lamoOi  work  ma  nafUenft^g/nbc 
/■jlBlIt  ( I  Sh>.  la  irtiich  he  attached  tbe  ituement  of  Sn  WiUiam 
■n  have  no  knowledge  of  the  Infinite.    Caldei- 


led  and  evtr-lncnnalngj  Ibat  Pilth  imidici  Knowledge.  Hii 
uonl  phfloaophy  i*  in  diract  anUgoninn  to  Hegdian  doo- 
tlina,  and  eadcavoun  to  aubatastiate  tba  doctrine  o(  dlnoe 
tanctioB.    Beride  the  data  at  upnieniz,  tk 


'teiJitieacf  life  and  combat.    Ha  wtou  in  addition  i  BtaihtA 

nU  IMtini.TktBHbilimiilai-iPIaHiMNa^an.  Among 
hia  religiaaa  worta  tbe  bat-known  it  Ua  ParoUu  i>^  Oir  larrf, 
and  jiM  btfiMi  hit  death  ha  finlahed  a  1^1  (if  Owf  Hbm  in  the 
"  Famoua  Soola  "  atriea.    Uu  iutcKita  *en  not  omfiMd  to 

Edmhnigh  Khoinl  bond,  he  wcakad  hard  to  bring  tbe  Edaatioa 
Act  Uo  wocklng  ordet.    Be  puhliabcd  a  well-known  treati>e  on 

wat  indefatlffhlf  In  poUtlca  ha  waa  at  Giat  a  libtnl,  but 
hccame  a  Liboal  UDioniiC  It  the  tiPMof  the  Home  Rule  BilL 

A  iMHTiphy  tit  CaLdcrmnd  wu  publblicd  [n  iguo  by  hit  loa 
W  cTcfjdvwaid  ud  Uk  Itev.  Divki  Wooddde.  -iih  >  qicdal 
ekapter  on  ki>  phao«phy  by  TrrltmBi  A.  S,  Pringle-I^ttini. 

CALBS  (Heb.  J4M,  "  dog  "),  in  the  Bible,  one  of  tbe  qiiet 
Hit  by  Hoaa  fnm  gidah  Id  South  PiIettiDC  to  ipy  out  tbe 
land  of  ^"'■"'  For  bu  courage  and  confidence  be  aloM  vaa 
rewarded  by  tbe  protoiie  that  he  ud  bii  seed  ibould  c^mln  a 
poaKHion  In  it  (Hum.  xiii.  Hq.).  Tbe  liter  tradition  Indudet 
Joebua,  the  hero  of  the  conquest  of  the  land.  Subiequently 
Caleb  willed  in  Eorjith-Aiba  (Hcbion),  but  the  account  of  tbe 
occupuion  a  variously  recorded.  Thui  (a)  Caleb  by  bimseU 
drove  out  the  Anakitei.  giants  of  Hebron,  and  pramlied  to  giva 
his  daughter  Aehub  to  the  heio  who  could  lake  Ciijath-S^iier 
[Debii)  This  wti  iccuopUsbed  by  OlhnJct,  tbe  broths  of 
CilebUoih.iv  u-ig)  Bothaie''ioni"of  Kenii,iiidKeDa* 
li  an  Edomlie  claa  (Geo,  nxvL  11,  is,  41}.  Ssewhere  (^ 
Caleb  tbe  Kediiite  reminds  Joshua  of  the  promiie  at  Eadcib; 
he  iiki  thai  be  may  have  the  "  mountain  whereof  Yabweh 
ipake,"  and  bopea  lodtive  out  tbej^ti  from  its  midst.  Joahna 
bleiaes  bmi  and  thus  Hebron  becoma  the  inheritaocc  of  Caleb 
(JgglL  II V  A-i  j)  Fuitber  (c)  the  captuic  of  Hebron  and  DeUt 
iiaicribedtoJudabwhaglveathemtoCalfb(jBdg.L  ioaeq.10); 
and  hniUy  (f)  tbeaa  Qtica  are  taken  by  Jo^ma  binudf  b  tba 
(ourae  of  a  great  and  lucceuful  campaign  against  South  Canaan 
(Joah.  I.  jb-j4l  Fiimaiily  ibe  clan  Caleb  was  letiled  in  the 
south  of  Judah  but  formed  m  independent  unit  (1  Sam.  uv., 
■n.  14).  It>  tell  wu  at  Ctrmcl,  ud  AbigaD,  the  wife  of  the 
Caldiitc  Nabal.  was  taken  by  David  after  her  busbud'i  death. 
Not  until  later  are  the  small  divisions  ol  tbe  touth  tmited 
under  tbe  name  Judah,  and  this  mult  is  rejected  in  ihc  gene- 
akgiei  when  the  hrotben  Caleb  and  Jerabraeel  beb  called 
"  torn  of  Hemm  "  (the  name  typifies  nomadic  life)  and  become 
deacendanti  of  jDiua- 

Similariy  m  Num.  nil.  6,  mdv  to  (pot(-eii!ie),  Cah*  becomet 
the  i^nEBtaiii*  of  (be  oribi  s(  Jud^,  and  atoo  IB  c  (above)  Cakb'* 
, later  legaidod  at  tba  woi*  o<  Uh  tri'- ' 


U  tba  book  to  ascribe  to  the  initistioE. , 

one  aaa  the  CDaqDeH  e(  the  whole  ot  C^nsao  [seejo 


ncn^uDyaii 
aaotbaroldln 

1-]),  BBd  >l  I 


to  be  that  wbid  tbe  Inditea 
I-4S).  bur  accoidiBg 

otaviaoiy  (Num. 

pcDbable  that  Caleb,  at  least,  waa  sappoaed 
ly  Donliwaid  to  Hebno.     (See  Juabheki. 


Ji  ■  11  ngnDV—JeilBth  (tarn ,  -„ 

aoothei^-aad  that  attff  Oe  death  erf  Renon  br  uidted  whh  Eflnib 
(a,  14  BelUebem)  Oa  the  details  ia  i  Chrea.  IL,  iv..  aec  fbrtba', 
)  WeiniateB,SfCmt(>^Mil./adiiiinM(iUv):S.6wk.OMj 
Haiti  m  O  T  Haunt.  Iwia.  a.*..  C  Miyci,  itradtum,  pp.  400 
KKi  .  ud  the  conuiKUariaa  oa  Ckronidta  (a».).  (£.  XTcJ^ 

CALEDOK  (1)  *  town  of  the  Cape  Piuvince,  Si  m.  by  rail 
E.S.E  of  Cape  Town.  Pop.  (1904)  jjoS.  The  town  fa  ij  m. 
N  of  the  tea  at  Walker  Bay  and  ia  built  ana  ipurol  Ibe  Zwait- 
berg,  800  ft.  Ugb.  Tbe  street!  are  lined  with  blue  gumi  and 
oakt.  Fran  the  early  day  otDutdi  settlement  at  tha  Cape 
Caledoo  hat  been  noted  lor  the  curative  valnc  of  iti  mlaenl 
sprinp.  which  yield  150,000  gallona  daHy.  There  are  aeven 
apiingt,  ail  with  ■  natanl  t«svsaHn«li*«^F..  tbrtevcBth 


Digitized  byGoO^le 


CALEDONIA— CALENDAR 


987 


btbm  oM.  TIk  iMrict  it  rid  io  (swaiac  heathi  ud  c«et- 
luiini  flcmn.  Tbe  nunc  Ctl«d(m  «u  givcD  te  the  torn)  ud 
dinikt  in  huDBui  of  the  indcu]  of  Cakdon,  (0<.rTD«of  Che  Cipe 
1807-1811.  (i)  A  river  of  South  Africa,  tribuUty  to  the  Oruse 
(f.i.).  tba  nuKd  titer  Lwd  Cikdon. 

CALEDOaiA,  the  Robub  mmc  of  North  Britain,  ttill  itMd 
apcdiUr  in  poetry  Ua  Scollud.  It  occun  fint  in  the  poet 
Lucui  [lUL  Wi  >>vl  tbBi  oflu  in  Romin  iilentuie.  Tlieie 
wen  (i)  Kdiicrict  Caledonia,  of  which  the  loutbem  botda  miat 
have  been  on  or  near  the  iadmiua  beCweoi  the  Clyde  and  the 
FoUh,  (i)  a  Caleiloniui  FoceiC  (poiibly  in  Perthshire),  and  (j) 
a  tribe  oi  Caledonei  or  Calidonei,  named  by  the  geographer 
Ploleiiiy  as  living  within  boundaries  which  air  now  unasattain- 
able.  The  Ramans  £nt  invaded  Caledonia  under  Agricola. 
(about  LB.  83).  Tlicy  then  fortified  the  Faith  and  Clyde  Isthmus 
with  a  line  of  fortl,  two  of  which,  those  M  Cunelan  and  Baihin, 
have  been  identified  and  eicavated,  penetrated  into  Perthshire, 
and  fought  the  decisive  battle  of  the  wai  (according  to  Tacilus) 
on  the  slopes  of  Mora  GxauiKus.'  The  site— quite  as  holly 
tonteited  among  iDtlquariet  as  between  Roman  siu)  Caledonian 
— may  have  been  tiest  the  Roman  encampmenl  of  InchluthiB 
(in  tie  potides  of  Delvine,  10  m.  N.  dI  Perth  neat  the  union  of 
Tiy  and  Ills),  which  is  the  most  northerly  of  the  ascertained 
Roman  encampments  In  Scotland  and  seems  to  belong  to  the  age 
61  Agricola.  Tacitus  icprcscnts  the  result  ss  ■  vidaty.  The 
home  government,  wtiethcr  avenc  to  expcn^ve  conquests  of 
barren  hills,  or  afraid  of  a  vicloriaus  general,  abruptly  Rcalled 
Agricola,  arid  his  northern  conquests— alt  beyood  the  Tweed,  if 
not  all  beyond  Cheviot— were  abatidoned.  The  neil  advance 
followed  mote  than  fifty  yean  lalei.  About  ko.  140  the  district 
op  to  the  Firth  of  Fotth  was  deEnitely  annexed,  and  a  lampatt 
.  wilh  fortl  along  it,  the  Wall  ol  Antoninus  Pius,  was  drawn  from 
lealoseatseeBuTAiN:  j;»uii:andCiuijiii'sDviEl.  At  the 
tame  time  the  Roman  forli  at  Ardoch,  north  of  Dunblane, 
Carpow  near  Abenielhy.  and  perhaps  oiu  or  two  mote,  were 
occupied  But  theconquest  was  stubbornly  disputed,  and  after 
several  riaings,  the  Und  north  of  Cheviot  seems  to  have  been  lost 
about  ko.  iBo-taj.  About  a-d.  ioS  the  emperor  Septimius 
Sevetvs  carried  out  an  extensive  punitive  eipedition  against 
the  northern  tribes,  but  while  it  is  doubtful  bow  far  he  peiwlrated. 


north  of  Cheviot.  Rome  b  said,  indeed.  10  have  recovered 
whoie  land  iqi  to  the  Wall  of  Pius  in  s-o.  j&B  and  to  have  est 
liahed  there  a  province.  Valentia.  A  province  with  that  name 
was  certainly  organijiBd  somewhere.  But  its  lite  and  extent  is 
quite  uncertain  and  Its  duration  was  cxceedan^y  brief.  Through* 
out.  Scotland  lemained  sulstantially  untouched  by  Roman 
influences,  and  its  Celtic  ait,  though  pcihap*  Influenced  by 


south  of  Scotland,  where  Rome  ruled  lor  half  a  century  (1 
141-180),  the  occupation  waamilitaiy  and  produced  no  dviliiing 
eSects.  Of  the  actual  tsnditioD  of  the  land  during  the  period  <  ' 
Roman  lulc  in  Britain,  ire  have  yet  to  team  the  details  t. 
eicavation.  The  curious  cuvinv  uid  ramparts,  st  Burghead 
on  the  coast  of  Elgin,  and  the  underground  stone  houses  tocally 
called  "  wbeent,"  in  which  Roman  Crigments  Lave  been  found. 
may  represent  tbe  nativa  fonn*  of  dwelling,  &c.,  and  some  of  the 
"  Late  Cetlic  "  matal'work  may  balong  to  this  iiie.  But  of 
piditical  divkions,  the  boimdariei  and  capitili  ol  the  tribes,  and 
the  Uke,  we  luww  nothint.  Ptolemy  give*  a  list  ol  tribe  and 
plats-names.'  But  hardly  one  can  be  identified  irith  any  appnach 
to  certainty,  except  in  the  citicine  tooth.  Nor  hat  any  certainly 
Ixen  reached  about  tha  athnologkal  pnbdems  of  the  population, 
the  Aryan  or  jun-Azyan  character  of  tha  l^cts  arid  the  like. 
That  the  Caledonians,  like  the  later  Scots,  sometimea  sought  Iheil 
fortuaca  in  the  south,  is  proved  by  a  curioua  tablet  ol  about 
A.D.  a».  found  at  Colchettct,  dediotled  to  an  unknown  equivs- 
lentof  Han.  Medodus,  by  one  "  Loisia  Veda,  nepos  I  -  kin  oil 
Vepsgenl,  Csledo,"  The  name  Ctledojiia  ia  said  to  turvive  ii 
■  This,  not  Gramplus.  Is  the  pnpB  yHiy.  though  Crsmplii 


Duskeld  snd  tn  tbe  mounts  name 
SdiiehalEon  {Sith-chsillinn). 

.— Tacilum.  Apiala:  Hirt.  Auguua.  Viu  Srvrri: 

.. <_,j    ■*..   .. i._  <VsS  Ktfott  (Cla^ow, 

id.  3).    On  Burghisd, 

xivii.!  J.  Macduiuld. 

deicribedTo'- ■■■"-        ---■■■-■  ■- ■ 


TV^^to 


u.  Clufgw  ArA.  Saciily.    The  Rama 


>ed  ia  Rob.  Stiurt's  CaUi.  Rimtna  (Edlnbiuih.  iSu).  the 
IS  of  the  Scottiih  Antiq.  Sodely,  tbe  Ctpta^nicnineimt 

•w.  voL  Tli„  and  ebewliaE.  (F.  J.  H.] 

CALEDOMIAV  CKKKL.  The  chain  of  fiesh-vstei  laket- 
Lochi  Neis,  Oich  and  Loehy — which  stretch  along  the  Une  of  the 
Great  Cteo  of  Scotland  in  a  S.W.  direction  from  Inveniess  eariy 
Suggested  the  idea  of  connecting  the  east  and  west  coaitt  of 
Scotland  by  a  cajul  which  would  save  ships  about  400  m.  of 
coasting  voyage  round  the  north  of  Great  Britain  through  the 
slotmy  Pentlsnd  Firth.  In  1773  James  Watt  was  employed  by 
the  government  to  rnake  a  survey  for  such  a  canal,  which  again 

I  the  subject  of  an  official  report  by  Thomas  Telford  in  iSoi. 

lSoj  an  act  of  parliament  was  passed  authorising  the  construe. 

1  of  the  canal,  which  was  begun  forthwith  under  Teliord't 
direction,  and  traffic  was  started  in  iSjj.  From  tlie  northern 
entrance  on  Beauly  Firth  to  the  southern,  near  Fort  WDIiaol, 
the  total  length  is  about  60  m.,  that  of  the  artificial  portioti  being 
~tie  number  of  locks  is  39,  and  their  standard 
-length  i&o  ft,  breadth  38  ft.,  water-depth  15  (t 
Their  lift  is  in  general  about  S  ft.,  but  some  of  them  ate  lor 
regulating  ptuposei  only.  A  flight  of  8  at  Corpach.  with  a  total 
liftol6t[t.,il  known  as"  Neptune's  Staircase."  The  navigation 
vested  in  and  managed  by  the  commissionen  of  the  Caledonian 
Canal,  of  whom  the  speaker  of  the  House  of  Comitions  is  11 
oSitiB  cbaJmian.  Usually  tbe  income  is  between  £7000  and 
£8000  annually,  and  exceeds  the  expendilure  by  a  few  hundred 
pounds;  but  the  commissioners  are  not  entitled  to  make  ■ 
profit,  and  the  credit  balances,  though  sometimes  allowed  to 
nust  be  expended  cm  renewals  and  improvements 

3SCS,  and  parlismcnl  is  occasionally  called  upon  to 
make  special  grants.  In  the  commisstotwrs  is  also  vested  the 
"  '  Canal,  which  extends  from  Ardriahaig  on  Loch  Gjip  Id 
on  Loch  Crinan.  This  canal  was  made  by  a  company 
.  rated  by  act  of  parliament  in  1793,  and  was  opened  lor 
tIaSe  in  1801.  At  various  times  it  received  grants  of  public 
money,  and  ultimately  in  respect  ol  these  ii  passed  into  the  hands 
if  the  government.  In  1848  It  was  vested  by  parliament  in  the 
Dmmissioners  of  the  Caledonian  Camd  (who  had  in  fact  ad- 
ninistercd  it  for  many  yean  previously) ;  tbe  act  containol  a 
irovito  that  the  company  mi^t  take  hack  the  undertaking  on 
epayment  of  the  debt  within  10  years,  but  tbe  power  was  not 
jnrcised.  The  length  of  the  canal  is  g  m.,  and  it  saves  vessel! 
(ailing  from  the  Clyde  a  distance  of  about  Bj  m.  as  compared 
with  the  alternative  route  round  the  Mull  of  Kintyre.  Its 
highest  teach  a  64  ft.  above  sea  level,  and  its  locks.  1  s  in  nuniber, 
are»6ft.  long,  by  r^ft.  wide,  the  depth  of  water  being  such  IS  to 

£6000  a  year,  and  the 
as  with  tbe  Calcdonii 
of  the  undertaking- 

RO.  or  KALENBEnc,  the  name  of  1  district,  Including 
Hanover,  which  was  formerly  part  of  the  duchy  ol 
le  from  a  castle  near  Schulenburg, 
and  is  tnvcned  by  the  rivers  Wetei  and  LeltK,  Its  srea  being 
about  1050  sq.  m-  The  district  was  given  to  various  cadets  of 
the  ruling  house  of  Brunswick,  one  of  these  being  Ernest  Augustus, 
tfterwardi  elector  of  Hanover,  and  the  anceitor  of  the  Hano- 
verian kinp  of  Great  Britain  and  Irdand. 

flALBMIUR,  >o  called  from  the  Roman  Calends  or  Kalends, 
a  method  of  distributing  time  into  certain  periods  adapted 
to  the  puipoiet  of  civH  life,  at  houit,  daya,  weeks,  months. 


lit  by  them 


u  of  the  celestial 


01  all  theperiodsm 

bodies,  the  most  com.  _._.,    .... 

SKled  with  the  tiftiti  of  maiUijad,  aie  tbe  ttta  i«j,  which  it 


bid  tn  tk  Antul  molndoa  tf  Ibc  «vth  *ad  ihe 

■llenudoa  of  B^t  and  dirfcnwi,  and  tlw  ufar  year,  ahicb 
ooraflcteithcdideai  Umaaou.  But  in  tbe  eu^  •((■  of  Uic 
iDodd,  vheD  r""^'~'  mn  chiefly  fng»jHl  In  nnl  oocoiKtioiii, 
the  phuo  aS  the  aaoa  bdM  hive  been  object*  d  (real  atten- 
tioa  and  iDterst, — hence  the  oMll,  and  the  practice  adapted 
bj  Duny  nadoni  of  nckamct  liiiie  to'  the  nutjoiia  of  the  nwon, 
ai  wrU  ai  the  atill  moiE  piiflaJ  practice  of  combunng  lun^ 
with  solar  pedoda.  The  lotai  day,  the  solar  ycai,  and  the  lanac 
month,  or  JiuiiBtioa,  may  therefore  be  called  the  naimoi  divitMtt 
ol  liiDe.  AH  Dtheia,  ai  the  hinir,  the  week,  and  the  civQ  month, 
tbon^  of  the  most  andeiit  aod  gepenl  use,  an  only  ailntiaiy 
and  coDventionaL 

Hoy.— The  nibdfviaion  of  the  day  (gj  )  into  twentjr-font  puti, 
or  boun.  hai  prevailed  lince  the  lemolKt  afiet,  Ibou^  diSeieal 

'  -  -  -  3t  agreed  diher  with  respect  to  the  epoch  of  ita 
or  the  manner  of  distributing  the  boun.  Eiuo- 
1,  Ulu  the  iDdent  Egypdint,  place  the  com- 
Lt  of  the  civil  day  at  midni^t,  and  rechoo  twelve 
monUQK  nonn  from  midnight  to  midday,  and  twelve  evening 
boon  from  midday  to  midnlgbt  AEttonomcrt,  after  the 
eiini[de  of  Ptolenry.  Rcard  the  day """"  """" 

'    'nation,  or  noon,       ■  -    ■  ■ 


rith  tht 


midDl^t  to  midni^t.  Sodk  niliDna, 

and  the  modem  Creeks,  have  chosen  nmnse  im  lbc  commmcc- 
nenl  of  the  day,  others,  again,  aa  the  ItallaDs  and  Bohemians, 
nippOK  It  to  commence  at  sumet  In  ill  (bat  ixua  the  begin- 
ning of  the  day  vuiea  with  the  seasons  at  afl  places  not  onder  the 
equator, '  In  the  eaiiy  ages  tA  Rome,  and  even  down  (o  the 
middle  of  the  5th  ixBUaj  after  the  fonndalloD  of  tbe  dly,  no 
other  dIvlsUna  of  the  day  wen  btown  than  lasnse.  aunset,  and 
midday,  whi^  was  maAed  by  the  airiva]  of  the  nm  between  the 


Ottect  txA  odier  coontiies  used  to  staad.  Tbe  Gteeki  divided 
the  natmal  day  ahd  vight  into  iweJve  eqaa]  parts  each,  and  the 
boarsthuaformcdveredanomlnatedfeM^ar^  Afffrj,  from  their 
Wiyfng  tn  length  accor^ng  to  tlie  seasons  of  the  ^ar.  The 
houn  of  the  day  and  dght  were  d  coune  only  eqiul  at  the  tine 
«f  tbe  equfauHB.  Tbe  wbok  ptnod  of  day  and  night  tlwy  called 


ek  Is  a  period  of 


Etl  dayl,  having  no 


IFfli.-The' 

10  which 

the  ralmdii'  of  the  Gieeka,  and  was  not  introduced  at  Rome  till 
it  ba*  been  employed  fiom  time 
wtutrla;    and  as  U  fono* 
err  of  the  lunar  month,  tboW 
a  kas,  as  Delambn 

probabiitir.  It  ni^t  have  been  nggesled  by  tbe  pbues  of  the 
Dooo,  ot  by  the  uonAet  of  Ibe  plsaeli  knoim  in  anoent  time*, 
aa  otigiii  which  b  itodered  man  pnbahlc  from  the  names 
voiveiully  ^ven  to  the  different  daya  of  which  it  b  compcoed. 
la  tbe  Egyptian  astronomy,  tbe  onlcr  of  the  phmcla,  begimung 
with  the  nual  remote,  ii  Sttum.  fopitei.  Mare,  the  Sun,  Ventis, 
Hercury.  the  Moou.  Now,  the  day  being  divided  into  twoity- 
foqt  hoitfs,  each  Yvai  was  consecrated  to  a  partirular  planet, 
•anjely,  one  to  Satnm,  the  fcdkiwing  to  Ji^iiter,  tbe  third  to 
Man,  and  so  on  according  to  the  above  orders  and  the  day 
lecei'fed  the  name  of  the  planet  which  pRMkd  orer  its  first 
hotn  If,  then,  tbe  first  boor  of  a  day  «u  conaeoated  to 
Saturn,  that  idaiMI  wotdd  sjso  have  the  Stli,  the  ijth,  and  tlie 
ssnd  llaut;  the  ijrd  mndd  f  sU  to  Jupiter,  tlu  14th  to  Uan,  and 
the  >jth.  or  the  Gnt  hoar  of  the  second  day.  would  bdong  u  tbe 
Sun.  In  like  manoa  the  fint  boor  of  tha^rd  day  would  fall  to 
Ibe  Mood,  tbe  tnt  of  tbt4tbdlay  to  hfars,  of  the  jth  to  Mercury, 
of  Ihe6th  tojupltti.uidof  thcTth  to  Venus.  The  cycle  being 
completed,  tbe  first  bonr  of  tbe  Stb  day  would  return  10  Satum. 
■d  all  the  otWn  attcc<ed  in  tba  srae  oedci.  According  to  Dio 


CmsIih^  (ho  Egyptlw  «sek  o 


d  with  Saturday.    On 


thai  Oght  bom  Egnx,  tb«  J«wa,  frtsn  bativd  » tbeb  ddMt 
qppnasors,  nade  Satudsy  tlie  lait  day  of  the  wodi. 
-mc  Enghih  names  of  the  days  an  derived  fiOB  the  Sava. 


Dies  Marts. 


Toeediy. 


T1s?sdiy.'' 

,.  Woden^iky. 

uiB  Jwii-  Tlmsday.  Tbor'i  day. 

Dio  Veneria.  Fridaf'  Fi^'i  day. 

Dies  SanimL  Saturday.  Seteme's  day. 

if  onfl.^-Long  befon  tbe  exact  Isigth  of  tbe  year  was  defer- 
mined,  it  must  have  been  perceived  that  the  synodic  revdutioii 
of  tbe  moon  o  accomplished  in  about  Igj  dayi.  Twelve  luna- 
tions, therefore,  form  a  penod  of  JM  days,  winch  diSets  only  by 
about  1 1  \  daya  from  tha  solar  year.  From  this  circumstance 
has  arisen  the  pr^ticc,  perhaps  unirersal,  of  dividing  the  ycaj 

latcd  difference  between  the  sc^  year  and  twelve  lunar  montht 
would  become  conudemble,  and  have  the  eScct  of  tianqiorling 


The 


It  tempting  to  avoid  this  in 
>  abajuton  the  moon  altogether,  and 
t  course  of  the  Inn.  The  month,  bow- 
period  0!  time,  has  retained  its  place 
I,  but,  initead  of  denotug  a 


diUBcnlties  that  - 
induced  some  e 
regulate  their  yt 

in   tbe   calendais  of  aQ 

Lually  employed    .     

anartutrarynumberofdaysapproacbiog  to  tbe  twelfth  part  of  a 
sobr  year- 
days  invariably,  and  In  order  to  Oimplele  the  year,  five  days 
wen  adrled  at  the  end,  called  supplementaiy  days,  Tley  made 
use  of  no  inlercaktbn.  and  by  losing  1  fourth  ot  a  day  every 
year,  the  commencimeni  of  lie  year  went  back  one  day  in  every 
period  of  four  years,  aod  consequently  made  a  revolnlioD  of  the 
seasons  in  1461  years.  Hence  1461  Egyptian  years  an  equal  to 
1460  Julian  years  of  565!  days  each.  Tills  year  is  called  vojae, 


The  Greeks  di  ._ -    ,  - . 

of  ten  days,—*  practice  which  was  Instated  by  the  I^cnch  In 
their  nnsnccestftd  itiempl  to  introduce  >  ne*  calendar  at  the 
period  of  the  Rrvnintion.  TWa  <Kvision  offers  two  advantages: 
the  first  is,  that  the  period  is  an  eaact  measun  of  the  mcntfa  of 
thttty  days;  and  the  second  is,  that  the  number  of  the  day  of 
the  decade  b  connected  with  and  suggests  the  number  of  the 
day  ti  Uk  month.  For  enmple,  tbe  jth  of  the  decade  must 
necesmilybe  the  5lh,  the  15th,  or  the  rjlb  of  tbe  month;  so 
that  wlien  tlie  day  of  the  decade  is  known,  that  cf  the  nu>nth  can 
BCarcely  be  mistakerL  In  reckoning  by  weeks,  it  is  necessary  tc> 
keep  te  mind  the  day  of  the  veck  on  which  each  month  begin*. 

The  Romans  employed  a  division  of  the  month  and  a  method 
of  reckoning  the  days  which  appear  not  a  Ettle  eatraordirury, 
and  must,  in  practice,  have  been  excecdin^y  inconvenient. 
Ao  frequent  sHusion  is  made  by  classical  writers  to  this  era- 
barrassin^  neibod  of  computation,  which  h  canfully  retained 
in  the  ecclesiastical  calendar,  we  here  ^ve  a  table  showing  the 

' -'  the  Roman  months  with  those  of  modem 


Instead  of  distbgtddiing  the  days  by  the  ordinal  nomfwra  Gnt, 
second,  third,  ftc,  the  Romans  counted  hKimnf]  from  tbrwe 
fixed  epochs,  ramely,  tbe  Cofmdf,  the  Hmh  and  the  litt. 
The  Calads  (or  Kalends)  wen  invariably  the  first  day  of  tlic 
month,  and  were  so  dcBomlnaled  beanse  it  bad  been  an  ancicDt 
custom  tA  the  pontiffs  to  csH  Ibe  peoiJe  together  on  that  day. 
to  appri»  them  ot  the  fesllvidi.  or  days  that  were  to  be  kept 
sacred  dnrieg  tlia  month.  The  Ida  (from  an  obsolete  vcs-b 
Hfaorf,  to  divide)  were  at  tbe  middle  of  the  month,  either  tlie  a^tlt 
or  tbe  ijlh  dayi   and  tbe  Kaasa  m 


■dbyGoO^Il 


,89 


■11  tha  days  illct  the  Uh  to  Uw  ad  oi  lt«  month 

tk*  iayi  b^tn  Ot  Caindi  of  tbc  incceediBg  dooIIu    Ib  tbt 

OMmtlu  at  Hucb,  Hay,  Jsljr  ami  October,  tb*  Idei  feO  on  the 

o(  tboe  mantb  had  rix  daja  nioud  fraa  tha  Noaaa.    In  all 

tlw  Dther  moDtlu  the  Uet  ncre  aa  the  ijth  and  the  Nona  on 
tbc  stl>i  eonKqueDtly  there  oen  only  [our  diyi  named  from 
tlia  Nami.  Evccy  month  bad  dsht  dayi  named  tram  iIk  Idea. 
T^  mirnhfT  of  dayi  Kcelving  their  denomlnatioa  fmn  the 
CalcDds  depended  on  the  cumbci  of  diys  in  the  month  and  the 
day  OD  vhich  the  Ida  fcQ.  For  eiample,  iF  the  month  attained 
31  dayi  and  the  Ides  id]  on  tba  13th,  aa  waa  the  caae  in  Januaty, 
Aufuit  and  DaccmbcTj  then  would  icraain  iB  dayi  iftei  the 


ST 

M. 

D^^). 

Febmwy- 

CatendM. 

Clendae. 

Calti.d»t. 

Cakndie. 

s 

Prid.  l^anaL 

Prid.iJo™: 

Prid.  ^o«a^ 

Pild.  I^onai. 

Noaae. 

None. 

"•r 

Ndou. 

I 

! 

i 

I 

1 

2 

Prid  Idiu. 

Prid.^du. 

Prid.  Ida. 

Idna. 

fvid.fdiB. 

it 

',1 

S 

IS 

•  !S 

;j 

!i 

u 

IJ 

;j 

I 

11 

1 

3 

1 

I 
3 

I 

Prid-'cal. 

«9 

JO 

Pr)d.2.1=a. 

Prid.  ^lea. 

Prid.^alB. 

Man. 

Ides,  which,  added  to  the  £nt  of  the  foUaving  month,  made 
tg  dayi  sf  Calendi.  In  Januaiy,  therefore,  the  I4tb  day  of  the 
month  wo  oiled  the  mmUaUM  itfen  lie  Caln^  >/  FOrmorj 
(onuitln^  iodu^vdy),  the  15th  waa  the  iSth  before  the  Caknds 
■nd  »  on  to  the  3<^,  wUck  ma  oBed  the  third  bdon  the  Catend 
(»IO  CAiiiait.  the  laat  bting  Ihs  leoHid  <d  lb*  Calanda,  ta 
the  day  before  the  Calendl  {friiit  Ciknim). 

YbU. — The  year  i>  dther  aitionomica]  or  dviL  The  aolar 
aatronomical  year  la  the  period  of  time  in  which  the  earth 
pcriorms  a  revolution  in  iti  orbit  about  the  sun,  or  puss  fiom 
any  point  of  the  ecbptic  to  the  same  point  again;  and  omsia^ 
ol  jfis  dayi  i  homa  48  min.  and  46  lec  of  mean  goloi  time. 
The  dvi]  year  is  that  which  li  employed  in  chronology,  and 
varies  among  diSereat  nations,  botb  In  respect  of  the  season 
at  which  it  conunenoea  and  ol  its  subdivisiou.  When  ref^d  ia 
had  to  the  iun'i  motion  alone,  the  regulation  of  the  year,  and  Iho 
distribution  ni  ihe  days  Into  months,  nay  be  efiected  witbout 
much  troubki  but  the  difficulty  Ii  greatly  increased  when  it 
is  sought  to  reconcile  solar  and  lunar  i  ' 
Bubdivlsiona  of  the  year  depend  on  thi 


dislijbatlon  of  tk*  days  anoi*  tweh«  ntaMhai  and  ascondly, 

the  preaermtlon  of  the  beginning  of  the  year  at  the  same  distance 
from  Um  wlafal  oe  equinoio.  Now,  as  the  year  consists  ol 
j/bi  days  and  a  Imction,  and  3^5  is  a  nnmber  not  diviaibis  by 
u,  it  is  impoamUc  that  the  montba  can  all  be  ol  Ibe  aame  length 
aulallheBunetiiiKincIudealltbcdayioltbeyear.  Bynason 
also  of  the  baclional  eaeos  of  the  length  d  the  yeu  above  jt  j 
days,  it  Ukevisfl  ^Tp—**  that  the  ^ean  cinikot  all  contsin  tlie 
sune  aiunbct  o(  dKj*  it  the  epoch  of  their  o 
remains  &ied;  ior  the  day  ai 


has  been  borrowed. 

Romulus  it  Slid  to  have  divided 
Le  year  Info  te'n  months  only,  indudiog  in  all  jo4  days,  and  it 
not  very  well  known  bow  the  remsioing  days  wen  dlapoacd 

SepUmbei,  October,  November, 
four  jnoodis  alill  ntaln.  July  ajid 
August,  likevisg,  were  andcnily  deDonuuiiix]  Quuitilis  and 
'!"'''l''.  their  piBtnl  appeUstions  having  been  beatowed  io 
aimptlment  to  Julius  Caesar  sod  Augustus.    In  the  idgn  of 

bctJDUing  and  febituuy  at  tbs  end;  and  this  amngemcnt  coD- 
tiwud  liU  th*  ycai  451  s-c,  whcD  the  Deomvin  changed  the 
order  ol  Ihe  mootha,  and  placed  Febiuaty  after  January.  The 
iDonUn  now  consistei]  of  twenty-nine  and  thiity  days  alternately, 
to  corre*|>ond  with  the  synodic  levolutioii  of  the  moon,  as  that  the 
year  contained  J54  days;  but  a  day  was  added  to  make  the 
number  odd,  which  was  considered  more  fortunate,  and  the 
year  therefore  consisted  of  J55  days.  This  diHered  bom  the 
solar  year  by  ten  whole  days  and  a  iractioai  but,  to  restore  the 
coinddence,  Numa  ordered  an  additiona]  or  blerraJary  month 
to  be  Inserted  every  second  year  between  the  ijnJ  and  14th  of 
February,  consisting  of  twenty-two  and  twenty-three  days 
altemalcly,  so  that  lour  yean  coDlaineil  146s  days,  and  the  mean 
length  of  the  year  was  consequently  jMl  days.  The  additional 
month  was  caUrd  Miraiam  or  UrntdaniiH,  from  mtnti,  wajiea, 
probably  because  the  wages  of  woikmeD  and  domestics  were 
usually  pud  at  this  season  ol  the  year.    According  to  the  above 

.  another  correction  neceasary.  As  the  error  amounted  to  twenty^ 
lour  day)  in  as  many  yeats,  It  waa  ocdered  that  every  tliird 
period  of  eight  yean,  instead  of  cnmaioiDg  four  Intercalaiy 

three  of  iboae  mnnihs,  consisting  of  iKcniy-two  days  each. 
The  mean  length  of  the  year  was  thus  reduced  to  j6si  daya; 
but  it  is  not  certain  at  what  lime  the  ociconial  pctiodi,  borrowed 
from  the  Greeks,  were  intioduced  into  the  Romaa  falendar, 
or  whether  they  were  at  any  time  strictly  foUoved.  It  does 
not  even  appear  that  the  length  of  the  intercalary  toonth  was 
regulated  by  any  certain  prindple,  for  a  disoeliouary  power 
waa  left  with  the  pontifli,  to  whom  the  care  of  the  qdendar 
waa  committed,  to  interculate  more  or  fewer  days  acootdjng 
aa  the  yc^£  was  found  to  dificr  more  or  less  from  the  celestial 
motions.  This  power  waa  qukkly  abused  to  serve  political 
objects,  and  tbe  calendar  coosequaitl/  thrown  into  confusion. 
By  giving  a  greater  or  less  number  of  days  to  the  intercalaiy 
month,  the  pontiffs  weie  enabled  to  pialoog  tlfe  term  of  a 
magtstiacy  or  hasten  the  annual  eleclionsj  and  ao  Utile  care 

Caesar,  the  dvil  equinox  diSered  from  the  astronomical  by  three 
months,  so  that  the  winter  months  were  onied  hack  into  autumn 


jHit  an  end  to  the  disorden  arising  from  the 

if  the  laoar  ynsr  and  the  intercalary  month,  and  regulated  tbe 
dvil  year  entirely  by  the  sun.  With  the  advice  and  assistance 
of  Sotigenea,  he  fiied  the  mean  length  ol  the  year  at  j6jj  days, 
and  decreed  that  avsiy  fourth  year  should  have  366  days,  tbe 


CALENDAR 


Other  Tou*  hniitt  <Mh  jtS-  b  oxIt  to  mtoK  ths  venul 
etpuDOT  to  the  *5th  of  March,  the  fd^ce  il  ocxiqued  id  the  time 
of  Nuina,  he  ordeied  two  eTtnordiEury  monthi  Co  be  imerted 
bctmea  Kovember  end  December  ia  the  cuirent  year,  the  tint 
to  comht  of  thirty-thnc,  mnd  the  kcodcI  of  thirty-r«u  dayi. 
The  intenaluy  .moDth  o(  tweoly-thrcc  dayi  (il[  into  the  yeet 
of  onme,  »  thit  the  uicieat  yeu  of  jjs  dayi  received  tn 
aiiSnieBlatian  of  ninety  dayi;  ud  the  yai  on  thit  ocojWD 
coDUfiKd  b  lU  MS  (!■);■-  'This  ni  aOed  the  lul  year  of 
coafiaioD.  file  fitit  Julian  year  commenced  iriih  the  itt  of 
Janutiy  of  the  46th  befan  the  birth  ol  Cbnt,  and  the  ToSth 
from  the  (oundalion  of  the  dty. 

In  the  diitrlbotloa  of  the  dayi  thnmffa  the  mveibI  monthi, 
Caesu  adopted  a  sinplei  and  more  cnnmodioni  unn«Ement 
than  that  which  hai  lince  prevailed.  He  bad  ordered  thai  the 
6nl,  third,  fifth,  seventh,  nmth  and  eleventh  nwalhi,  thai  ii 
January,  Match,  May,  July,  Sepiember  and  November,  should 
have  each  thirty-one  da  ya,  and  the  other  mobths  thirty,  exceptinff 
February,  which  in  cnmmon  years  ghould  have  only  hreaty-nine, 
but  every  fourth  year  thirty  daj^  Thi«  order  wm  iattmipled 
to  grati^  the  vanity  of  AuguMua,  by  ghinc  the  month  bearing 
his  name  a*  many  days  aa  July,  which  wu  named  afitt  Ik* 
first  Caetar.  A  day  vasaccordln^  taken  (nm  Fibfnaqr  and 
given  to  August;  and  In  older  that  three  monlha  of  lUt^r-MW 
days  might  not  come  together,  September  and  'Novemba  wen 
reduced  to  thirty  diyt,  and  diiny-«ie  given  to  Odobei  and 
December.  For  k>  trlvoloiis  a  reason  wu  the  tegulation  of 
Caesar  abandoiKd,  and  a  capndous  arrangement  intioduced, 
which  it  requires  some  attention  to  remember. 

Tlie  additional  day  which  occured  every  fourth  year  vaa 


month,  a 


in  tlie  talendar  between  the  94th  and  ijth  day.  Febniaiy 
haviof  then  twenty-nice  days,  the  15th  wis  the  6th  of  the 
calettdi  oi  March,  scdo  csfaufoj;  the  preceding,  which  was  the 
additional  ai  Intertaliry  day,  was  called  bii-ialt  caitaJu. — 
hence  the  tenn  bisialiU,  which  b  still  employed  to  distinguish 
the  year  of  idb  days.  The  English  dcBcmination  of  laf^yar 
wouTd  have  been  more  appropriate  if  that  year  had  differed 
from  common  years  in  defttt,  and  contained  only  364  dayi.  In 
the  modem  calendar  the  intercalary  day  is  Rtill  added  lo  February, 
not,  however,  between  the  S4th  and  f  5th,  but  ai  the  sgth- 

Hut  Rguiatioaaof  Caemr  were  not  at  first  aifficiently  onder- 
Mood;  and  the  pontUb,  by  Intercalating  every  third  year 
inMad  of  every  fourth,  at  llw  end  of  thlity-di  years  had  inter- 
isialed  twelve  times,  Initad  of  nine.  Ihis  mistake  having  been 
dlKOvered,  Angnitus  oidernd  that  all  the  yean  from  the  thiity- 
wtothof  Ibena  tDtheforty-ei^ith  inclusive  should  be  common 
years,  by  wUdi  meant  the  Interalationi  were  reduced  to  the 
pnper  number  o[  twelve  in  bity-d^t  yeais.  No  accoucl  is 
lakep  of  ttali  1)Innder  In  dtnnok)gy;  and  it  ia  tidtly  supposed 
dial  tlie  talendu  hi*  been  conectly  IblknRid  bum  Its  eom- 

Altlion^  (be  JaUan  method  of  intereaktioa  it  peiiupa  tlte 
most  convenient  that  cooM  be  adopted,  yet,  as  It  tuppoats  the 
jrear  too  long  by  11  mhnilea  14  ieoDDdi,lt  could  not  without 
correction  very  long  auwer  the  purpoie  lot  wliidi  it  wu  devised, 
namely,  that  of  pieierrfaig  alwayi  the  aune  Interral  of  lime 
bemen  the  commencement  of  the  year  and  die  eqnIiKii. 
Sotigenei  cooU  (carcely  M  to  know  that  tUi  year  wu  too  long, 
lot  it  had  been  diown  long  tetoie,  by  the  obtervttloiu  ol  Hip- 
patdtut,  that  the  eiceu  of  i&ti  dayi  above  a  true  lolar  year 
would  amount  to  a  day  in  300  yean.  The  real  enor  li  indeed 
more  tlian  double  of  tjdi,  and  imounta  to  a  day  In  iiS  yean, 
bat  in  the  time  of  Caeair  the  length  ol  the  year  mt  an  ulnmo- 
mical  element  not  very  well  delennined.  In  the  coune  of  a  fr* 
centuiica,  however,  the  cqoinn  tentlbly  retragnded  towaitit 
the  bcgbnlng  of  the  year.  When  the  Julian  calendar  wai 
introduced,  the  eqninoi  fell  rai  Ibe  15th  ol  Hanh.  At  the  time 
of  the  auncQ  ol  Nice,  whkh  wubtid  in  ]>5,  il  tell  on  the  iitti 
and  when  tlie  rebrmatkm  of  the  calendar  «u  made  hi  ijg], 
It  had  retrograded  to  the  nth.  Tn  order  to  ttalote  the  eqoiCKHt 
to  Ita  ■Brmet  place.  Pope  Gngoty  Xm.  dliccled  ten  dayi  Is  b* 


olesdu;  ud  ai  the  tma  of  the  JoHu 
-  now  tsund  to  imouDt  la  ihice  days  in  400 
Ears,  ha  ordered  liie  iDtenmlations  to  be  gmiltcd  on  all  the 
xlcaary  yean  eicQMing  tboie  which  are  multiples  of  40a 
ccording  to  the  Giegorisn  rule  of  inteicalation,  tlierefon. 
my  year  of  which  the  nufflbei  is  divisible  by  bur  without  a 
maioder  it  a  leap  year,  aaptlng  the  centuiial  years,  irtuch 
vonty  leap  ysn  when  diviiiblel^  lour  after  ominiog  the  two 
phen.  liua  itioo  wu  a  leap  year,  but  170a,  180a  and  r^oo 
(  cunmon  yean;  leoo  will  be  a  leap  ysr,  and  so  on. 


ae  "iih  whaidOTw  of  accuracy  It  ncraicil«  the  civil  with 

HHny  (U  VtfTier's  Silai  TaiUi.  Paiii.  iB<8,  p.  icu).  ihe 
geoxntric  moiion  ol  the  sun  ia  loniitude,  Inxn  the  mean 
a  durinj  i  Julian  year  of  jfis-ij  daya,  the  nine  beiiii  bmughi 
,  . .  Ibe  pcwnt  date,  it  J6o*-|-17*-6SS.  Tbua  Ihe  meulovtb  of 
the  wilar  year  i.  found  U  be  jfai|^.^..ifljXi6S'Ji  -tfi-iaJt 
dayi.iir  J63  dayt  J  houn  48  nin.  46  ICC.  Now  tbeCrefaiaa  rale 
givtt  #7  iBCareuatboaa  la  4on-yeart;  400  wart  tberefnt  rr^sFn 
]6S>C400-H7,  thai  it.  146.007  days!  asd  csotequeatly  oat  year 
■  -ai36S'I4*5<Ieyt,Dr3^dtyishoinMiian.  latee.  TfaU 
It  the  true  tolar  year  1^  »  ■*■***"%  which  auooet  10  a  day  in 
53«  ycais.  It  b  perlups  uiDeecttary  to  make  any  fonial  pmviiion 
tgaiut  an  error  w4kleh  can  ooly  h^pea  after  to  long  a  period  cf 
tCaa;  bat atajlj diBen  Utttt TniB 400& it  hat  beea  pcopoied  ■» 
i>rrect  the  Cregoriaa  rule  by  oukiiif  the  year  4000  and  all  ita 
lulliplia  coamton  yean.  With  thit  comctioa  the  rule  it  intrt. 
■lalionii  at  fidlowt:— 

Every  year  the  nuaber  et  which  It  dMJble  by  4  it  a  leap  you', 
tcepliag  the  last  year  id  each  ceotury,  wkicli  it  a  lap  year  oo^ 
>hea  Ihe  number  of  the  oentury  ia  diviiiUi  by  4:  but  4oao,ud 
a  rnultiplea,  Aooo,  is.ooo.  t6,ooo.  &Z.  art  GommDO  yean.    Thua 


niiltiplea, 

umber  four,  it  pfrteivtd,  and  by 
inonieiicemeiit  of  Ihe  yiar  would  i 
Id  Dfder  lo  diicDvrr  whetlicr 


LUiaE  10  depend  « 


_.  .... , .  .._ ^  proceed  at  folkrirl . 

of  daya,  bddg  coaverted  into  a  CDDIiaued  fraction,  beco 


of  the  civlf  and  wilar 


S-  iS-  ^.«- 


The  btl  of  thcte.  -.  givei 
nqtain  j«j  dayi  6  houn. 

The  asmd.  ^,  givn  a 
ears,  aod  errt  In  defect,  t* 

The  third,—,  g 


id  the  eithth  at 
»ttid  3O5  dayt  5  Ik 
The  fourth  fraciion,  ■^ 
periodt  of  thirty-rhree  yean 


id  ol  BvE  ynra.    Thit  lU 


'  btemlttirm.  El  impTiea  a  year  dilferfng  In  eacest  fmin  iba 
ve  year  only  fay  ig-4;  lec..  whBe  the  Crecorttn  year  it  too  lone 
rs«ac.  It  pniiliicee  a  much  nearer  cehiclBWff  hetweea  the  civil 
■d  Klar  yean  ilu  the  Citgorian  method;  awl,  by  reason  cf  in 
lonncai  ol  period,  conSiiH  Ihe  evaiatxMU  ol  ihe  meao  equims 
sm  the  true  wilhiii  much  narmwer  llDiitt.  It  hat  been  slated  by 
aliger.  Wddter.  Montncla,  and  others,  thit  the  modem  Penlaat 
sUMOyfeOawtUBetkn'  * '-"■" — ''•" ' 


■  Dlhori 


Tlx   X 


t  lu%  hvvew,  b«i 


i.Dd^.  ir  tliey  mi™  lie  q 
detenpinflioo  of  tlw  k«di  of  dH 
cxKt^  The  diicovtry  oT the  pent 
to  Omar  Khavyam,  one  of  tbc  eiE 
ad-Din  Milik  Sluih,  i   -         "* 


h*iwa|wied> 

tropial  yw  bu  b«  oitmBalv 
i  ol  thirty-ihnr  nan  u  Mciibed 
^nltd  by  J.— 


H  year  ougtt  ta  bcffa.     la  the  calendar, 

179I1  the  HcianiM  of  the  year  na  &ad  at  midiMit  pncedini 

the^ay  la  itfach  tie  me  aBtimiial  ■QBlaaa  taUa.    But  ■ '— 

the  Initaat  of  the  aun'*  enlerinB  iolo  tbe  liiD  [  " 
nidnliht,  the  email  erton  at  the  bIbt  tablMm 


£aS! 


ID  otHBvackM  ts  obviate  the  dUSculty.  II  a 
on  ownodioiia  to  detamiae  the  ceaisaencv 
filed  rule  of  jntercalatioa;  aiid  of  the  varioui 


li  which  m^ht  be  employed,  no  one,  perhapa  b  ao  the  vb 
ay  ol  apDlicaliaa,  or  better  adapted  lor  the  pHTpOH  of  ca 
n,  tlum  the  Cregorian  am  ia  lae.    But  a  lyalem  of  31  ipt 


i»  muld  be  by  tL  ^ 

ithemaUcal  accuncy.  Its  adoption  n| 
endar  nwiM  only  require  the  •unneB 
X  n  every  iiS  years,  ar 


ad>y»>ao,Kioy<i 

Of  lit  Limar  ¥tv  and  Lmri-ielar  Pcrwii.—Tbt  Ilmat  year, 
coD&iiting  of  twelve  Tunai  months,  OODtains  only  354  days;  its 
commeocement  consequently  abtidpntca  that  of  the  lolar  year 
by  eleven  daya,  and  passes  through  the  whole  drde  of  the 
lEaMni  in  about  ttiirty.foui  lunar  yeais.  It  is  therefore  k> 
obviously  ilT-adapted  to  the  computation  of  time ^  that,  ucepting 
the  modem  Jews  and  Mahommcdans,  almost  all  natioDS  who 
have  regnlaled  thdr  months  by  the  moon  have  employed  lome 
method  of  intercalation  by  means  of  which  the  be^muDg  ol  the 
year,  is  retained  at  nearly  the  same  fixed  place  in  the  seasons. 

In  the  eaily  ages  of  Greece  the  year  was  regulated  entirely  by 
the  moon.  Soloo  divided  the  year  into  twelve  man  ths,oaji£sting 
altematcTy  of  twenty-nine  and  thirty  days,  the  foimei  ol  which 
were  called  itfiiunl  months,  and  the  lalta  JuU  months.    TTie 

exact  time  of  twelve  lunatioot  1^  about  B'S  houis.  The  first 
expedient  adopted  to  recoDcile  the  lunar  and  uJar  years  seems 
to  have  been  the  addition  of  a  month  of  thirty  days  to  every 
second  year.  Two  lunar  years  would  thus  contain  15  monthti 
or  73S  days,  while  two  icjar  years,  of  j&jl  days  each,  conlaia 
73ot  days.  The  difference  of  7)  days  was  still  loo  great  to>ocipe 
observation;  it  was  accordingly  proposed  by  aeostralua  of 
Tenedoa,  who  flourished  shortly  after  the  time  of  Thalei,  to  omit 
tbe  biennaty  iBKicalatioB  every  ciglith  year.  Is  tact,  the  7^ 
days  by  nhicfa  two  lunar  yean  exceeded  two  sc^  yean, 
vnouDled  to  thirty  days,  oi  a  full  month,  in  eight  ynn.  By 
liuertipg,  therefore,  three  addilionai  months  *■*'*■*<  of  four  in 
every  period  of  eight  yean,  the  coincidence  between  the  ailar 
and  lujiar  yeai  would  have  been  exactly  reatored  if  the  latter 
had  contained  only  is*  daya,  iBumuch  aa  the  period  contains 
jS4XS+}X]o— 1911  days,  corrcaponding  with  eight  solai  years 
of  365!  days  each.  But  thetruetimeoipglnnationsis  i9tj-]iS 
days,  which  exceeds  tbe  above  period  by  1-52S  days,  or  thirty- 
alx  hour*  and  a  few  minutes.  At  the  end  of  two  periods,  or  aix- 
teto  yean,  the  eicess  is  thne  days,  and  at  the  end  of  160  yean, 
thirty  days.  It  was  therefore  proposed  to  employ  a  period  of 
t6a  yeats,  in  which  one  of  the  iitercalaTy  months  should  I>c 
omitted;  but  as  Ihis  period  was  loo  long  to  be  of  atiy  practical 
nse,  it  was  never  generally  adopted.    The  common  practice  was 


Lhe  octennial  period  ai 
c  state  of  the  heavens;  but  these  carreclieni  being  left  to  tl 
re  li  iKDmixtent  panons.  the  citendar  soon  Idl  into  gic 


order  to  preserve  the  n 


tht  year  was  pnpoacd  by  Meton  and  EiKtenwn,  which  was 
immcdlataly  adopted  1&  all  the  states  and  dependeiKka  of 
Cieece, 

Tbc  mean  motion  d  the  tnoOB  in  kn^tade,  tram  the  dK«n 
eqiUBOi,  during  a  Julian  year  of  jist;  days  (accordfng  to 
Hansen's  Tablti  it  la  iMtt,  London,  iSij,  pages  is.  id)  is,  at 
the  preaent  date,  ii)C^''+4jj6*4'-*e9\  that  o(  the  (on  bang 
S6o°:^^^'■6Ss.  Thus  the  cornqnodiDgrdaiivE  mean  geocentric 
motion  of  tbe  moon  fiom  the  sun  is  iiXj6o'+477*>«'-7«4;  ind 
the  duration  of  the  mean  xymdic  revolution  of  the  mooD,  or  iimar 
month,  is  therefore  uXito'+^niii'-JM^^^^"'  '9-"°^^ 
days,  or  39  day^  la  hours,  44  mia.  9-8  sec. 

The  UiUmu  Cycle,  which  nuy  be  regarded  as  the  dKf-d'amn 
of  ancknt  astronomy,  is  a  period  of  nineteen  solar  yeaa,  af  tci 
which  the  new  moons  again  hsfvcn  on  the  aame  days  of  tbe 
year.  In  nineteen  solar  yean  there  an  135  lunations,  a  number 
which,  on  being  divided  by  nineteen,  givea  twelve  lunations  for 
each  year,  with  seven  of  a  remainder,  to  be  distributed  anions 
the  yean  of  the  period.  The  peiiod  of  If  eton,  thenloR,  con- 
sistut  of  iweh't  years  containing  twelve  months  each,  and  seven 
years  containing  thirteen  months  each;  and  these  ktt  formed  the 
third,  £flh,  eighth,  eleventh,  thirteenth,  sixteenth,  and  nfna- 
teenlh  yean  of  tbe  cycle.  As  it  had  now  been  dtscovend  that 
the  exact  length  of  the  lunation  iaa  little  more  than  twenty-nine 
and  a  half  days,  it  became  necesaaiy  to  abandon  the  alternate 
succession  of  full  and  defiden  I  months;  and,  in  order  topfeseiva 
a  more  accurate  cone^nndence  between  the  civil  month  and^the 
Innalioii,  Meton  divided  the  cycle  into  135  full  months  of  tUtty 
days,  and  110  de£cknt  months  of  twenty-nioB  daya  each.  The 
number  of  daya  in  the  period  was  therefore  6940^  In  order  to 
distribute  the  defldcat  months  throu^  the  peiiod  ia  11m  most 
equable  raanner.  the  whole  period  may  be  legarded  as  oonaisting 
of  23J  full  moDtha  of  thirty  days,  or  of  7050  daya,  liom  which 
iiodayaarttobedcducted.  This  ijvca  one  day  to  be 
In  sixty-four;  so  that  if  we  suppose  the  monlhi  to  cc 
thirty  days,  and  then  omit  every  sixty-fourth  day  Id 
from  the  begiimiog  of  the  period,  those  months  in  wucn  the 
omission  takes  place  will,  of  course,  be  the  deficient  ■"— >- 

The  number  of  days  in  the  period  being  known,  it  Is  oiy 

lunar  motiona.  The  exact  length  ol  nineteen  acdai  years  is 
'9Xj*S-'*"-*S39-*oie  days,  or  60J9  days  14  boon  >6-599 
minutes;  hence  the  peilad,  whkh  Is  exactly  6940  days,  exceeds 
nineteen  revdutions  of  the  sun  by  nine  and  a  half  boiin  nearly. 
On  the  other  hand,  the  exact  tine  ol  a  synodic  levohitian  ol  the 
moon  Is  i9'S]0iSS  daya;  135  lunations,  therefim,  contain 
i3jXi»-S30S£S-6g39'6S8iB  days,  or  6^0  days  16  hours  ji 
rainates,  so  that  the  period  exceeds  ijs  hinatioas  by  only  seven 

After  tbe  Uetonic  cycle  bad  been  In  use  about  a  centory,  a 
comction  was  proposed  by  Caltppus.  At  the  end  ol  four  cycles, 
or  seventy-ab  yean,  the  accumulation  of  the  seven  and  a  halt 
horn  of  diffacnce  between  the  cycle  and  135  hmations  amounts 
to  thirty  hours,  or  one  whfJe  day  and  ux  hours.  Calippus, 
therefore,  proposed  to  quadruple  the  period  of  Meton,  and  deduct 
one  day  at  tbe  end  of  that  time  by  changing  one  of  the  full 
months  into  a  deficient  month.  Tbe  period  of  Calippua,  there- 
fore, consisted  of  three  Metonic  cycles  of  6940  days  each,  and  a 
period  <4  6g39  days;  sod  its  error  in  respect  of  the  moon, 
consequently,  amounted  only  to  di  hours,  or  to  one  day  in  ^04 


fourteen  hours  and  a  quarter  nearl 
seventy-six  Julian  yean;  and  in  th< 
ol  the  solar  year  was  almost  tmivc 
]6j)  day*.    The  Calippic  period  i 


,  but  coincides  exactly  with 
lime  of  Calippus  the  length 
latly  supposed  to  be  exactly 
frequently  referred  («  as  a 
ita  tiy  rtoiemy. 

EciliiiaiHtal  Calendar.— The  ecclesiastical  calendar,  which  is 

loptcd  in  aQ  the  Catbojic,  and  moat  of  the  Protestant  countries 

of  £urope,  k  lunl-Kdar,  being  regulated  partly  by  the  solar,  and 

partly  IqrtbBluiiaryear, — axirciimstapre  which  (iv«itetathe, 


dbtinctlaii  bMiKM  tlw  numUe  and  ImmoviUc  feast*.  So 
tuty-  u  tbe  aad  century  of  our  en,  gnat  diipute*  had  uiwn 
gmooj  the  Oiriitiaiu  mpectisi  tlie  piopn  lime  of  cdelxiting 
Easier,  which  ^venu  lU  the  other  movable  leasta.  Tbe  Jem 
cdabiattd  their  panovec  OD  the  lAtkdiyJlhefnlmmii.tiiU 
u  to  fay,  the  Limar  month  of  vhkh  tbfl  fourleoith  day  cither 
fiUi  on,  01  seit  [oUom,  Che  day  of  the  vernal  fqniuoi.  Uoil 
ChiBtiaa  KcCi  agncd  that  Eagter  ahould  be  cekbiated  on  a 
Sunday-  Othen  followed  the  example  of  the  Jeva,  and  adhered 
to  the  14th  of  the  moon;  but  these,  as  uiually  hapfKoed  to  the 
minority,  were  accounted  heretics,  and  received  the  appellation 
of  QuarlodedQiani.  In  aider  to  terminate  disKUaiona,  whidi 
produced  both  ia.ndal  and  Khiun  in  the  church,  (he  coundl  of 
Nicaea,  which  WAS  held  intheyeaT325,  ordained  that  the  ceJebra- 
lion  ol  Easier  should  thenceforth  always  take  place  on  the 
Sunday  which  immediately  follows  the  full  moon  that  happens 
upon,  or  Twit  alter,  the  day  of  the  vernal  equinox.  Should  the 
14th  of  the  moon,  which  is  regarded  as  the  day  of  full  moon, 
happen  on  a  Sunday,  the  celebration  of  Easter  was  deferred  to 
the  Soaday  following,  In  order  to  avoid  concurrence  with  the 
Jews  and  the  above^mentiorwd  heretics.  The  observance  of  this 
rule  renders  it  necessary  to  recondte  three  periods  which  Euve  do 
common  measure,  namdy,  the  week,  the  lunar  month,  and  the 
lolar  year;  and  as  ihia  can  only  be  cbne  ipptoilmately,  and 
within  certain  limits,  the  delermination  of  Easier  Is  an  affair  of 
ctmiderable  nicety  and  compUcation.  It  is  to  be  regretted  that 
the  reverend  falhen  who  Ibnned  tbe  council  of  Nicaea  did  not 
abandoii  the  moon  iltogelber,  and  appoint  the  first  or  second 
Sunday  at  AprH  Im  tbe  celebraiioD  of  the  Eutet  feativaL  The 
ecdesiaatkal  calendar  would  In  that  case  have  pouesaed  all 
the  simplicity  and  tmifotmlty  of  the  dvil  calendar,  which  only 
requires  the  adjnstment  of  ttie  dvil  to  the  lolat  year;  but  they 
wen  probably  not  nilEcIently  vened  In  astronomy  to  be  aware 
of  the  practical  difficulties  which  Ihdr  legulatioD  had  to 
encoiuiter. 

Dominical  LeUer. — The  fiiat  problem  which  the  conitructioD 
of  the  calendar  jnesents  Is  to  coniKcI  the  week  with  the  year, 
or  to  find  the  day  of  the  week  corresponding  to  a  tiven  day  of 
any  year  of  the  en.  As  the  number  of  dsys  in  the  week  and  tbe 
number  in  tbe  year  arc  prime  to  one  another,  two 
yeancaiuuit  begin  with  the  •ame  dayi  for  if  a  am 
begin*,  for  eiample,  with  Sunday,  the  loUowing  year  will  begin 
with  Monday,  and  if  *  leap  year  begins  with  Simday,  the  yei 
fdllowinf  win  begin  with  Tuesday.  For  the  sake  of  greatc 
genetality,  the  days  of  the  week  are  denoted  by  the  first  seve 
letters  of  the  alphabet,  A,  B,  C,  D,  E,  F,  G,  which  are  placed 
ID  the  calendar  boide  the  days  of  the  year,  ao  that  A  alands 
opposite  the  GiM  day  of  January,  B  oiqxiaitethesecond,  andio 
on  to  G,  whkb  stAnda  opposite  the  seventh;  after  which  A 
ntonis  to  the  eighth,  and  so  on  through  the  365  days  of  the  year. 
Now  if  one  of  the  day)  of  the  week,  Sunday  for  eiamiJe,  is 
r^ictaented  by  £,  Moniliy  will  be  rrpreseDted  by  F,  Tuesday  E>y 
O,  Wedrtesday  by  A,  *sd  so  on;  and  every  Sunday  thioiit^  the 
yeu  will  have  the  same  duiactct  E,  cveiy  Monday  F,  and 
with  legard  to  the  rest.  The  letter  which  denotes  Sunday 
callod  the  Daminual  Lmtr,  or  the  Sunday  Lttttr;  and  when  tl 
dominical  kttei  of  the  year  is  known,  tbe  letter*  whldi  teq>ec- 
tively  cormpond  to  the  other  dsyi  of  the  wetl  ' 

Sitar  Cydt.—la  tbe  JuUsa  caloulsi  the  dominical  Utter*  are 
readily  found  by  mean*  of  a  ihoit  cyde,  in  whidi  they 
the  taoe  wder  withoni  intemqition.  Tbe  number  of : 
the- inlncalaiy  polod  being  foni,  and  tbe  d*y*  of  the  week 
b^ng*evcp,lheii  product  i>  4  X  r^iS;  two^^ightynn  b 
tbriefutti  *.period  wfcidi  indudes  tH  the  powil ' 
of  the  days  of  the  week  with  the  oommfsuxm 
TUs  period  is  called  the  Sdar  CycU.  at  the  Cydf  tj  On  Sim,  and 
restores  the  first  day  of  the  year  to  the  tafpe  day  of  the  week. 
At  the  end  of  tho  cyde  the  dotninical  luten  return  again  in  the 
same  order  on  tbe  same  day*  of  the  motith;  henee  a  table  of 
dominkal  letcera,  constrticted  for  tweiotj^ei^t  yeai*,  wdU  aeive 
to  ihow  th»  rinniinlral  letter  of  any  s,i*n  ytai  Irm  the  CMO- 


meacement  <rf  tbe  en  fo  the  Rdbrmatlon.  The  cyde.  Ibon^ 
probably  not  invented  before  Ibe  time  of  the  cmtndl  of  Nicaea,  is 
rtgaided  as  having  commenced  nine  yean  before  the  ers.  so  that 
the  year  ibm  was  the  tenth  of  the  solar  cyde.  To  find  the  year 
'  the  cyde,  we  have  therefore  tbe  following  mle; — AH  niat 

Ikl  doit,  iiadt  llu  mm  by  f«ini/yfl{b;  Iki  ijiuititiil  u  Ikt 
imUr  g/  cyclts  dapiiJ,  and  llu  muindir  is  At  year  if  At  cydt. 
Should  there  be  no  remainder,  the  proposed  year  is  the  twatty- 
eighth  or  Ian  of  the  cyde.  This  rule  is  convcnientty  e^iressed 
by  the  formula  (— fl'*J  , ,  in  wUdi  X  denote*  the  date,  and  tbe 
synbo)  T  denotea  that  the  remainder,  which  arnes  fmn  the 
UviiioiLol  X  +  «  by  sS,  is  (he  nnigber  required.  Thus,  foi  1S4S. 
«havei5^.j6^.  OMrrfoie(*%^),-i,  and  the  year 
1)140  <i  the  fir*(  of  the  Mdar  cyde.  In  order  to  niake  use 
of  the  tclai  cyde  In  finding  the  dominical  letter,  it  is 
necesssty  10  know  that  the  Gist  year  of  the  Christian  era 
began  with  Saturday.  The  dominical  letter  of  that  year,  which 
was  tbe  tenth  of  the  cycle,  was  consequently  B.  Tbe  foltowing 
rear,  or  the  tith  of  the  cyde,  the  letter  waa  A;  then  C.  The 
fourth  year  was  bissextile,  and  the  dominical  letters  wen  F,  £; 
the  following  year  D,  and  so  on.  In  this  manner  it  Is  easy  to  hnd 
the  domiilical  tetter  belonging  to  eadi  of  the  Cwenry.ei^1  years 
of  the  cyde.  But  at  the  end  of  a  century  the  order  is  Interrupted 
In  the  Gregorian  calendar  by  tlu  secular  supprei^on  ol  (be  leap 
year;  hence  the  cycle  can  o[dy  be  emjioyed  during  a  oeattiry. 
In  the  reformed  calendar  tbe  Intercalary  period  is  four  hundred 
years,  which  number  being  multiplied  by  seven,  ^ves  two 
thousand  eight  hundred  years  as  the  Interval  in  which  the 
coinddenee  Is  restored  between  the  day*  of  (he  year  »nd  the 
days  of  the  week.  This  long  period,  however,  may  be  reduced 
to  four  hundred  years;  foe  since  the  dominies]  letter  goes  back 
five  places  every  lout  yean,  its  variation  in  four  hundred  years. 
In  the  Julian  calendar,  was  five  hundr^  places,  which  is  equiva- 
lent to  only  three  places  (for  five  hundred  divided  by  seven 
leaves  three) ;  but  the  Gregorian  calendar  suppresses  eisctly  thm 
intercalations  In  four  hundred  yean,  so  that  after  lour  hundred 
years  the  dominical  letlen  must  again  return  in  the  same  order. 

Hence  the  following  table  of  dominical  letters  for  four  hundred 
years  win  serve  (o  show  the  dominical  letter  ol  any  year  In  the 
Gregorian  calendar  for  ever.  It  contains  four  columns  of  letters, 
each  cotiunn  seivlDg  f or  a  century.  In  order  to  hnd  the  column 
from  which  the  letter  in  any  given  case  is  to  be  taken,  strike  oS 
the  last  two  figures  of  the  date,  divide  the  preceding  figures  by 
four,  and  the  remainder  will  indicate  the  column.  The  symbol 
X,  employed  in  tbe  formula  at  the  top  of  the  column,  dcnotQ 
the  number  of  centuries,  that  is,  the  figures  remaining  after  tbe 
last  two  have  been  struck  off.  For  Example,  required  (be 
dominical  letter  of  (he  year  i8]g?  In  this  case  X"  i  S,  theref  oit 
(';p),'i;andin  tbeaccond  oiIuaiD  of  letteis,  i^iposite  39,  in 
the  table  we  find  F,  which  la  the  letter  bI  the  pnqMoed  you. 

It  deserves  to  be  remaifced,  that  at  the  domiideal  letta  ol  the 
firstycaroflheera  was  B,  the  first  column  of  the  following  table 
will  ^ve  tbe  dooinical  Inter  of  every  year  from  the  commence- 
ment  of  the  era  to  the  Refomiatian.  For  this  puipoae  divide 
du  date  by  ig,  and  tbe  letter  opponte  the  remaiiuler,  in  the 
first  column  td  Ggoiei,  It  tbe  daminieal  letter  of  the  year.  Fa 
"■-7^*,  euppotlni  tbe  date  to  be  1 14S.  On  dividing  by  iS, 
tbe  Teattlnder  i*  o,  or  18;  ind  oppoalte  iB,  in  the  first  ajumn 
'at  letteti,  we  find  D,  C.  tht  dominical  letlcn  of  the  year  1 14S. 

Zinsar  Cyck  mi  (Mdm  Jfimkr. — Id  connecting  tbe  huar 
uantb  wllh  tbe  td*T  ye*r,  tbe  bunen  of  tbe  ecdeiiastical 
atondar  adi^ted  the  period  of  Uetim,  or  lunar  cyde,  ^lich 
they  supposed  to  be  exact.  A  diffotnt  arrangement  hu,  bow. 
ever,  been  followed  with  respect  to  the  distribution  of  the 
months.  The  lunationa  are  nipposeii  to  consist  of  twenty-nine 
and  thirty  days  al(emtldy,  or  the  luoar  year  of  314  day*;  and 
in  order  to  make  up  nineteen  solar  years,  tlx  embolitmic  or 
dary  Bioniht,  of  thirty  days  each,  an  introduced  in  the 
;  of  the  cycle,  and  ol 


end.  TUi  0Va  i9X]M+<S3<jH-*9— 093S  ^9*,  to  b*  dk- 
tribalcd  MnDng  >]j  luur  monClH.  BdI  mty  leap  yvuaoe  day 
■mt  be  ■ddnlw  the  hmu-manihia  which  tin  lethal  Fcbniuy 
B  hiduded-  Now  If  imp  ytti  happem  dd  tha  fint,  loonul  or 
third  year  of  Uh  period,  then  trill  be  Gv«  bap  ycui  In  ths 
period,  bat  only  loui  wfaca  the  Gnt  Ih^  ytar  (ill*  <»  the  totith. 
In  tbe  fonnti  cue  the  Dumber  of  days  In  tha  period  bccomea 
6440  and  h  the  latter  6939.  Tlie  mean  Isigth  of  the  cyda  k 
T<BU  l.~-Dtmiiiial  LitUn, 


v---^-->  (!).-  (!).->  ©.-"  ©.■ 


1  je  64  93 


tl  41  t»  W 

1441 709a 
■|  u  ;■  » 


S8S 


»3  Ji  TO 


ass 


T4BLB  II 

— niDaygflk  Ifaiil. 

Month. 

Jao.       Oct. 

A 

B 

C 

D 

E 

F 

C 

Ftb.    Mu.    Nov. 

D 

E 

F 

G 

A 

B 

C 

April      Jel, 

C 

A 

B 

C 

D 

E 

F 

May 

fl 

c 

D 

E 

F 

G 

A 

JDM 

E 

F 

c 

A 

B 

C 

D 

AufW 

C 

D 

E 

F 

G 

A 

B 

Si^            D«. 

F 

G 

A 

B 

C 

D 

E 

?il 

i 

^ 

14 

»i 

theRlbre  6939I  day*,  aficcvig  oaaclJy  vjlh  ntaetocQ  Juliui 

By  nean*  «l  the  Inui  tycla  the  BCw  DHKna  of  Ibe  calendar  wen 
Indicated  bclen  ibc  Refonutkn.  tit  the  qrde  mtoie*  theia 
H  dayiol  the  dvQ  DMatb.  tbv  wiU  fall  on 
tm  yean  vhicb  occupy  the  aame  place  in 
..-,--.  a  table  o(  the  mooa'a  pbaHa  for  igyeais 
witi  Mive  rsi  any  yeaiwbatever  obn  «  bamt  itt  nnnber  in  the 
cycle.    TUfuumbaii called  UwCfUteffKMiv.citbeTbecaBW 


II  wu  te  tenoed  by  the  GtcAi,  w  becaoM  H  na  anal  to  maA  » 
with  red  leiien  in  the  cafciuUr.  Tlie  GoldeD  Numben  wen 
iDtnduced  into  the  calendu  about  the  yeai  jjo,  but  diipoud  ai 
ihey  muld  have  been  if  they  had  been  inaeitad  at  the  line  of  the 
councD  of  Xicaea,  The  cycle  is  luppoeed  to  commence  with  the 
year  in  which  the  new  moon  falls  on  the  tkt  of  Januaiy,  which 
took  place  the  year  pmnUnc  the  csmmencemeBt  of  our  en. 
Hence,  to  Gad  tlte  Golden  Number  H,  for  any  year  z,  we  have 
N-(^)^  whkh  givei  the  following  role:  Aid  i  leUmiale, 
tftii^  Ut  Hat  iy  iq;  Ike  fiuttel  it  ll<  •unter  sf  lydit  Iftif Kri,  Mrf 
ainmaiiiiirulkiGiUmNimitr.  Whn  the  lemahiderii  o,  the 
pnpoeedyeariiofcooiigthelaitv lethal tbecycle.  Itou|ht 
to  be  lemariied  that  tbe  MW  mooni,  determbud  b  thii  manner, 

u  two  day*,  ne  leaaoo  i»  that  the  nun  of  the  ular  and  lunar 
inequaliiiei.  wUch  are  compcniated  in  the  whole  period,  may 
amount  in  certain  caia  to  ic^,  and  thereby  cauM  the  new  moon 
lo  arrive  on  the  tecond  day  helom  a-  after  iU  mean  tima. 

Dimyiiaii  Ptriai, — The  cycle  cJ  the  stm  bring*  back  the  day* 
of  Che  month  to  the  isae  day  of  the  week;  the  limai  cycle 
teilon*  the  new  mooni  lo  the  lame  day  of  the  month;  Uierefore 
itXig— sj)  yean,  hichide*  all  the  variaitojia  in  respect  of  tbe 
Dew  nwone  asd  tbe  dominical  lettcn,  and  ii  coiuequeotly  a  period 
after  which  the  new  moon*  atain  occur  on  the  lamc  day  of  ths 
monlhaiidtbewmedayof  Iheweeb.  Thi:  is  called  the  Z>i«<yiiaii 
or  Great  Paietat  Ftriai,  from  iti  having  been  employed  by 
Dionyihu  Eiigiraa,  tamiliariy  ilyled  "  Denyi  the  Little,"  in 
detendBing  Eaiter  Sunday.  It  wu,  however,  bit  pn^xaed  by 
Victorlvi  o(  Aipiltaln,  Tbo  had  been  appointed  t^  Pope  Hilary 
IB  levse  and  collect  the  church  calendar.  Hence  it  k  alu  called 
the  Vidarwn  Paitd.  It  conthued  in  use  till  the  Gregorian 
leforniaiian. 

Cydt  1}  laHcHtu.—'StMa  the  ular  and  lunar  cyde*.  there  It 
a  third  o(  15  yean,  called  tbe  cycle  of  indiction.  freqLcntly 
employed  in  the  cmnputationa  ol  chKnolockN.  Ihii  period  k 
not  aatroiioDleal,  like  the  two  former,  but  has  rereience  to 
certain  judicial  acts  which  looh  place  il  stated  epodii  under  the 

JaBBuy  el  the  year  jij  oI  the  camnmn  em.  fiy  olendiiig  It 
backward!,  II  wfU  be  found  that  tbe  first  of  tlK  era  WIS  the  fourth 
of  Ae  cyde  of-indlctlon.  The  number  of  any  year  in  this  cyda 
wiU  therefore  be  given  by  the  lormuli  (^J  ^ 
thai  k  lo  lay,  odd  J  UlttiliUc.ifiiwfi  iA(  m  to 
t  i.  ewf  Ik  nnaiudT  ii  Me  year  a/ljk<  iniicJisiL 
When  the  remahidet  is  □,  ibe  propoied  year  k 
the  fifteenth  of  the  cycle. 

JyUanPtrM. — Ihe  Julian  period,  propoaed 
by  the  cdehnled  Joieph  Scaliger  ai  an 
univenal  measure  of  chtDnology,  is  formed  by 
talung  tbe  continued  product  oi  tbe  three 
cycleaof  thgiun,of  the  moon,  and  of  tha  [n- 
diclioihand  liconicquenlly  i8XigXis»  7980 
ycu*.  In  tbe  coorw  of  thi*  leag  period  no 
two  yean  can  be  eipreaicd  by  the  aame 
numbers  in  all  the  Ihne  cycle*.  IIence,when 
the  number  ol  any  prsfuaed  year  in  eacb  of 
the  cyctea  k  known,  its  number  in  the  Julian 
period  cap  be  deleniuDed  by  the  resolution  of 
a  very  limple  proUem  of  the  indeteiminata 
analysis.  It  a  unnecesiary,  however,  in  the 
prcaenl  case  tfl  eifubi  t  the  gmenl  Bolutjon  of 
the  pnUem.  beouic  when  tbe  number  to  the  period  cotre- 
q»nding  to  any  one  year  in  the  en  has  been  ascertamed,  it  is 
eaay  to  eatabikh  the  correspondence  for  all  other  yean.  wtthouC 
having  again  recoune  to  the  direct  solution  of  the  problem. 
We  shall  therefore  find  the  number  of  the  Julian  period  eone- 
qxnding  lo  the  fint  of  our  en 
We  hav«  aheady  teen  thai 
number  in  tbe  tohr  cycle,  1  ii 


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99+ 

whcB  it  b  dMded  by  tb  Ibna  nt 


CALENDAR 

nt8,i9,uidijimi{>ectivcly    i 


■Doibt  wis  tlKfl  bfl  a 


,_!£ii,Mii»Tti>oii-i> 

L«^-«':ihHi  Hi-gin' 


tffMx+6,  at  *-tt 


Ui  =-■':  thcB  ■ 


.-i4«'+s+»'-is;'+j.... 


tJ"'+3-19H"'+l6iwbeii«ii'-»'+l-jj-*. 

4ai'-iSf -ij.  »d  •'-«#-ttlJ. 

*hcnr>>|--l6#'-s>-f>'-IjA'-SI- 
Now  in  Ihii  aiuiisa  p*  nuy  be  inr  nunitxr  whatever,  pnvided' 
ij  p*  aceed  SI.  Tk  inulkii  nluc  of  f  (which  it  ihc  one  here 
naicd)  it  thmfoR  4;  lot  15X4-60.  AxumErf  thCTcfDR  f-fp 
we  hivq  m'— 6a— si-Si  and  conicqiKnily.  liaa  je-tq  iir+[6, 
rmi^XM+ii—ite.     Tb*    number    nquirol     it   conniueiiUy 

Kiviiv  loand  the  Dumber  4714  toe  (he  £iit  nl  Ihe  en.  Ihe  ram- 
ipcpiidciicr  of  they^irmof  IbeeiaaDdof  theperiodiiufoUowi. — 


mbicct,  UDoat  the  (Otlun  ef  lAkA  KR  StUki,  Al 

Joham  ScUiier,  Locu  Gwnkui,  ud  Mho  niathi 

*'+*,  la    cdebiiqi.    Al  Icnfth  Pope  Cicfoiy  XIIL  percdvini  thM  the 
'°  ^sniis  wu  likdy  to  confer  &  great  bU  on  hs  ponlifiate, 

oodertook  the  long^deiired  Tcfonutioai  and  having  found  the 
lovcmineat*  id  the  principal  Catholic  tlalei  nady  to  adcfrt  hii 
viein.  ht  iimed  a  brief  In  the  month  of  Uwdi  ijSi,  in  which  he 
aboliihcd  the  OM  ol  the  ucieat  calendar,  and  nibuitiited  that 
which  hat  tince  been  received  m  ahnost  all  Chrtttian  countrka 
under  the  naBa  of  the  Grt$inn  Cilimitr  «r  H*w  S13I*.  The 
Bulhor  ot  the  ■ytlem  adi^Ked  by  Grefocy  nu  Aloydna  Uiiu,  or 
Lui^  LnioCUnldi,  a  leaned  aitiaunier  and  phyiidaDaf  N^ei, 
who  died,  bcnKver.  before  iu  mtmlactHni;  bat  the  IwSvjitinl 
who  moil  anUibuted  to  ^ve  the  eccWattkal  calendai  ita 

neceuaty  for  Iu  verihcation,  waa  daviui,  by  nhom  it  was  com- 
pletely developed  and  npUined  in  a  groX  folia  ttcatiae  of  80s 
patea,  puhllthed  ia  ttej,  ttae  title  of  whid  it  liven  at  the  end  of 


Lurch  ralendt-T  waA 
namely,  that  the 
m jfisl dayi, and  [hat  rjslunatioiuareEucrilyiquil 
-n  folar  yean.     It  could  not  therefore  long  continue  Eo 


£„.! 

the  new  moon! 

with  the  tarn. 

accuracy.    Abon 

the  year 

7Jothe 

pa  lion  of 

theeqi 

then  look 

pUce. 

M>ut  three  dayi  earlier  Uitn 

at  Che  time  of  tbecauncao[ 

Nicae. 

Fivecentur, 

neofBede.thedlv* 

■igmceof 

theiislofM 

rch.  which  now  am 

untedto 

levmo 

r  eight  dayi,- 

u  pointed  ou 

by  Johumet  de  Sacro  Bojco 

Uohn 

Wy-ood,  jl. 

,no)  in  hia 

De  Anil  Saliotu 

UKtby 

Roger  Bac^,  In  a  ireatiae  De  Rrformalione  CaUndarii,  whi 
though  never  publiahed,  waa  transmiltcd  to  the  pope.  These 
worlu  were  probably  Uiileregardedattheilmc;buIaitheeTTon 
of  the  calendar  went  on  increatbig,  and  the  traelencth  of  the  year. 
in  consequence  of  the  progmt  of  Batronotny,  became  heller 
known,  the  project  (rfat<(otmaiiea«ata|aintvvlndbi  the  ijih 
ontuiyi  and  bi  1474  Pope  Sinw  IV.  tavltod  Xt|biiMBtunii, 


ma  cstncled  In  the  begotian  oJendar  by  the  anppresaion  of 
three  intercalatkna  in  400  yeara.    In  order  to  rettoie  the 

be^nning  of  theyear  to  the  same  (dace  In  the  Haaona  that  It  had 
occupinl  il  the  t^eof  the  aniruil  of  Nicaea,Gr^oTy  dhrcted  the 
day  foUowhig  the  feaat  ef  Si  Fnnds,  that  ii  lo  uy  the  5th  of 
October,  to bereckoned  the  lithof  that  month.  By  this legiiU- 
tlon  the  vetTial  cqainai  which  then  happened  on  tho  nth  of 
March  waa realored  to  (lie  iiit.  From  ijSi  101700  the  dilTereBce 
between  the  <Ai  and  new  Btyle  continued  to  be  ten  days;  but 
1700  being  a  leap  year  in  the  Julian  cal«KlaT,  and  a  comnHm  year 
In  the  Gregorian,  the  difierence  of  the  ilylea  during  the  18th 
ccnfuiy  waaelevendaya.  TheyeariSoowaaalaocrunDionbilhc 
new  olendar,  and.  coucquently,  Ibe  diBerence  In  the  T91I1 
cenluiy  waa  twelve  days.  Jion  tgoo  to  1100  indBiive  It  ia 
thirteen  days. 

Tbe  TtstwatioD  of  the  eqtdnoi  to  its  loniMr  placE  b  the  yenr 
and  the  comction  of  the  Intercalary  period,  were  attended 
with  BO  difficulty;  but  LUiut  had  alao  lo  adapt  the  lunar  year 
to  the  new  rule  of  inUrcsUtion.  The  luosr  cytk  crataioed 
6939  diys  ig  houra.  whereas  the  ejtact  time  of  135  lunationt,  as  we 
have  already  seen,  is  23sX7Q'53osBfl-6ojg  days  16  bouis  ji 

U  a  day  In  308  ycln,  so  thai  at  Ihc  end  of  this  time  the  new 
moona  occur  one  day  esiikl  than  Ihiy  are  indicated  by  the  goldai 
numben.  During  tbe  t>s7  years  that  elapsed  between  the 
council  ol  Nicaea  and  the  Reformation,  the  error  had  acnmnlated 
to  four  days,  to  that  the  new  moonj  which  were  marked  in  the 
cilendti  t>  ha;^ning,  (or  eumple,  on  the  5th  ol  the  month, 
actually  fell  on  the  1st.  It  would  have  been  easy  to  correct  Ihia 
eTTOT  by  plaring  the  golden  nuoiben  four  lines  higher  in  the  new 
cxietidar;  and  the  suppression  of  the  ten  days  had  already 
rendered  it  neceasary  to  place  Ihem  ten  lines  lower,  and  to  carry 
thox  which  beloDgid,  lor  eumpk,  to  the  jth  and  6th  of  the 
monih,  to  the  15th  and  16th.  But,  suppoaiBg  this  correctkn 
to  have  been  made,  it  would  have  again  become  necessary, 
at  the  end  of  30S  yean,  to  advance  diem  QDe  tine  hi^r,  la 
consequence  of  the  accuinuUtien  of  the  error  of  the  cycle  to  », 
whole  day.  On  the  other  hand,  as  the  golden  numbers  wen 
only  adapted  to  the  Julian  calendar,  every  omii^an  ol  tbe 
centenary  intercalation  would  require  them  lo  be  placed  ooe 
line  lower,  opposite  the  6th,  for  eiaraple,  instead  ol  the  ^th  of 
the  nonlh;  so  that,  generally  apeaking,  the  places  of  the  golden 
numben  would  have  to  be  changed  every  centtory.  CttI  this 
account  Liltus  thought  fit  to  reject  the  golden  numbers  fron  the 
calendar,  and  supply  their  place  by  another  set  of  numbers  called 
EfaOt.  the  ras  of  which  we  shall  now  proceed  n  etplain. 

£^(li.— Epact  Is  a  word  of  Greek  oTigm,  etnployed  hi  the 
calendar  (0  litnif  y  tbe  sioon'i  age  at  the  beginning  ol  Dw  ytu. 


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CALENDAR 


«  J«5  «*7*.  "<1  tli«  taai 

year  onl)'  is*  ^yi  tlx  dlSertncc  i>  ctnm;  «liai«.  If  ■  new 
mooB  fill  SD  tliE  1)1  al  JtnuMy  in  u]t  yt«t,  the  maaa  will  be 
devn  itiyt  old  OB  the  fini  d*y  of  (he  loUowinf  yEu,  ud  l«cnty- 
IWD  diLyi  on  tlic  fint  ot  the  third  yeu.  TIk  numbm  eleven 
and  twenty-two  «e  tkieton  the  epun  of  thote  yein  reveo- 
tlvcly.  AnMber  addilkn  ot  cknn  (Iva  tUttr-Ont  fM  the 
epKl  o<  tke  (oDiUi  ycni  bol  in  iUMeqwine  of  the  iuettiom 
Bt  the  (nicrcalur  monlb  la  cuh  thM  yMr  of  tin  tmur  cydc, 
Ihii  eput  k  iHtaced  ta  thiee.  In  like  niDnet  the  eputi  of  ill 
the  IcOlowini  ytua  of  the  cyde  ir*  abtBiBcd  by  tarrri^yiy 
mMibi  ele«cn  to  tin  epect  ot  the  forawr  yeu,  and  reJKtiBC 
thiny  u  ctften  es  the  mn  tjcaOt  thet  number.  Ther  ■" 
thcnfoR  eonnected  with  the  (oldcn  nimben  by  the  fomnU 
(4^ ,  in  which  ■  ii  iny  wbde  number;  ind  toi  k  whole 
luui  tyde  (luppoiiiig  the  fint  epect  to  be  ii),  they  ue  m 
foDow*!— II,  J',  3, 14,  "S.  *.  "J.  >8,  9,  »,  1,  u.  13. 4.  IS.  »*.  7. 
iS,  19.  But  the  ordci  it  iiueiriqrted  u  tlie  aid  of  the  cydc; 
i«  the  eput  of  the  followini  year,  found  hi  the  aame  Bumnec, 
would  be  19+11-40  or  10.  whereai  it  oo«ht  i(iin  to  be  11 
to  correspond  with  the  moon'i  ate  and  the  (olden  immber  i. 
The  reaion  ot  ihii  b,  that  the  iBtercaUiy  month,  Insotwl  at 
the  end  of  the  cycle,  ccntwBi  only  twenty-nine  dlys  itotead 
<rf  thirty;  whence,  after  11  has  been  added  to  the  t^iBct  of  the 
ytu  corrcspondiiic  to  the  loldeti  nuieber  t^  we  miot  lejcct 
twoily-BiH  lutead  ol  thirty,  in  order  to  have  the  epact  of  the 
■Dcceedini  y«ar;  ot,  which  comia  to  the  Hmc  tUnf,  we  miBt 
add  iwdva  to  tbeepact  ef  the  lait  year  of  the  cydc,  and  then 
Kiect  ihir^  u  before. 

'  TU>  method  0!  farming  the  cpacla  might  have  been  continued 
iadeGniiely  if  the  Julian  iitetcalation  had  been  fcJIowed  without 
correction,  and  the  cycle  btei  ptrfectly  eiact ;  but  ai  nctlher 
id  theee  tuppoeilioni  ii  tme,  two  equatiouj  or  cortecliom  moit 
be  applied,  one  depending  on  Ihe  error  o(  the  Julian  year,  which 
Ii  callnl  the  lolar  equation;  the  other  on  the  ertis  c<  the  lunar 
cycle,  whicb  ii  called  the  lunar  equation.    The  uiti  eqt 

Dccnn  three  Eiinc«  in  400  yeaji,  namely,  In  evo ^— 

which  is  DDt  a  kap  year;  for  In  this  cue  the  0 
intercalaiy  day  cauis  the  new  moems  10  arrive 
in  all  the  fdlawb«  monihi,  10  that  the  moon'i  ■[<;  ir  uc  cwi 
of  the  month  i>  one  day  tes  than  it  would  have  been  if  (]» inter- 
calation btd  been  made,  and  tbe  epacti  muit  accordingly  be 
ill  dintnidHd  by  unity.  Thui  the  eiMictl  ti,  31.  s,  14,  &c, 
become  lo,  ji.  t,  ij,  Ac    On  the  other  hand,  when  the  time 

a  whole  day,  which,  D  we  have  icen,  it  doo  in  joS  yean,  the  new 
nooiu  will  arhve  one  day  eariier,  and  the  epacli  inuil  coue- 
quently  be  intteaud  by  unity.    'niuaibeepacU  11,  ii,  j,  14,  &c, 
in  consequence  ol  the  luiiar  equation,  become  11, 13,  4,  ij,  &c 
In  Older  10  preserve  the  unilarnuiy  of  the  calendar,  the  epictg 
arc  changed  only  at  the  commencement  of  a  centniy;  the 
comction  of  the  error  of  the  lunar  cycle  is  therefore  ma  ' 
the  end  ol  joo  yean.    In  the  Gregorian  caleodar  tliis 
h  usumed  to  amount  to  one  day  in  jiij  years  or  eight  days 
in  1500  yean,  on  Bssumpu'on  wUeh  requires  the  line  of  ep 
10  be  changed  seven  limes  lucccisively  at  the  end  of  each  pc 
of  300  years,  and  once  at  the  end  of  400  years;  and,  frran 
niinner  in  which  the  cpgcis  wen  disposed  at  the  Reformat 
It  was  found  most  correct  to  auppoae  one  of  the  neijod)  of  >soa 
years  to  lennioale  with  the  year  iBoo. 
The  yean  In  which  Ihe  solar  equation  occun,  counlrng  from 


secular  year 
isuea  of  the 


le  Rcfon 


which  the  lunar  equation  occurs  are  iBoo.  11 

7400,  170D,  3000,  3300,  3600,  3900,  after  which,  4300.  4 
and  so  en.  When  the  solar  equation  occun,  the  epacu 
diminished  by  unity:  when  the  lout  equation  occun.  the 
epacti  are  augntmled  by  unity;  and  when  both  equj 
occur  together,  as  in  1800,  tieo,  1700,  ftc,  they  compc 
«ach  other,  and  the  epacts  are  not  changed. 


that  tb«  epact  or  moon's  age  at  the  beginning  ol  the  ye 


_      ibjoined  table  (TiUe  III.)  a 

BtHuitt  TatU  tf  Bfatli,  whieb  la  ooDatnictCd  In  tba  tallowing 

BBimer.   The  aerie*  U  gDldea  numbcn  i*  wilttan  1b  a  Urn  at 

ite  toft  o(  tbe  uiia,  aad  uader  eadi  golden  namber  k  a  calimB 

tUny  cp«t^  ananged  in  Ibe  aider  of  the  lutunl  nnniben, 

and  proceadmg  to  the  top  of  the  column. 


1, 15  and  ao  on.    The  tUrd  column 

_  nuiaber  3,  hai  fiv  Iti  6m  epaet 

•  ij;  and  In  the  aame  nunnei  all  the  nineteen  oolDmns 
of  the  table  an  formad.  Eadi  of  tbe  thiKy  Hne*  ol  qncQ  ii 
deittnated  by  a  latter  of  tbe  aliAabel,  whkh  (Svna  aa  ita  isdei 
ocatxument.  The  order  of  the  letten,  like  that  o(  the  nvmbcn, 
is  fnun  Ihe  bottom  iJ  the  cqlunm  upwaiiii. 

tn  the  tablca  of  Ihe  church  calendar  the  epact*  are  nsually 
prinled  in  RoruB  numerala,  excepting  the  laat,  which  Is  deng- 
naled  by  an  aateriiii  (*),  used  as  an  Indefiniie  symbol  to  denote 
JO  or  o,  and  ij,  which  in  the  last  cfght  columns  is  opietaed  In 
Aiibf c  chaiacten,  for  a  reaion  that  will  immediately  be  eipUined. 
In  tbe  table  here  given,  this  diatinction  is  naile  1^  nwant  of  an 
accent  plead  ovei  the  laat  Gguic. 

At  the  Reformation  the  epacU  were  ^'ven  by  the  Ifoe  D. 
The  year  i&oo  was  a  leap  yeat;  the  intercalalion  accordingly 
took  place  la  usual,  and  there  was  no  InlemiptloD  in  Iho  order 
of  the  epacti;  the  line  D  was  employed  lOT  ijoo.  In  that  year 
tlK  omissian  ol  the  interoilary  day  rendered  it  neccsuty  to 
dimioish  the  epaOi  by  unity,  or  to  pass  lo  the  line  C  In  i&n 
the  solar  equation  i^n  occurred,  in  coueqaenca  of  which  It 
was  necessary  to  descend  one  line  to  have  the  epacti  dimiuiifaed 
by  unity;  but  In  this  year  the  luaai  equitiCHi  aba  occuind, 
the  BSiiclpation  of  the  uw  moata  having  amannted  to  a  day; 
the  new  moons  acconiiiigly  happened  a  ^  eariier,  irtdch  ren- 
dered It  accessary  10  take  the  epacts  hi  tbe  aext  Ugher  line. 
There  wii,  onaequently,  no  iteration;  the  two  equations 
destroyed  each  other.  Tht  line  of  epacta  belonging  to  the 
present  dntuly  !s  tberefon  C  In  190D  the  solar  equation 
occun,  after  which  tbe  liH  Is  B.  The  year  sooa  is  a  leap  year, 
and  there  is  no  alceralioiL  In  iioo  the  equations  again  occur 
together  and  destroy  each  other,  k  that  the  line  B  will  aeive 
three  cmturies,  from  rgoo  lo  iieo.  From  that  year  to  1300  the 
Hoe  will  be  A.  In  thit  manner  the  line  of  epacts  belonging  to  any 
given  century  is  easily  found,  and  the  method  of  proceeding  is 
obvious.  When  the  solar  equation  CKCurs  alone,  the  line  of 
epacti  is  changed  to  the  neii  lower  in  the  table;  when  the  lunar 
equation  occurs  alone,  the  line  Is  changed  lo  the  nc^  higher; 
when  both  equations  occur  together,  no  change  takes  place.  In 
«der  ihat  it  may  be  perceived  at  once  to  what  centurlei  the 
different  lines  of  epacta  respectively  belong,  Ihey  have  been 
placed  in  a  column  on  ihe  left  hand  side  ol  the  table  on  nett  page. 

The  use  of  Ihe  epacts  Is  to  show  the  days  of  tbe  new  moons, 
and  ccmsequently  the  moon's  age  on  any  day  of  the  year.  For 
this  purpose  th^  are  [daced  in  Ihe  calendar  (Table  IV.}  along 
with  Ibe  days  of  Ihe  month  and  doitlnical  lellen,  in  a  retrograde 
order,  so  Ihit  the  asterisk  stands  beside  the  ist  of  January,  ip 
beside  Ihe  lad.  iS  beside  the  jrd  and  so  on  to  i,  which  cone- 
ipondt  to  Ihe  30th.  Alter  this  comes  the  asterisk,  which  corre- 
sponds to  the  jisl  ot  January,  then  ig,  which  bclongi  to  the  1st 
of  February,  and  so  on  to  the  end  of  the  year.  The  reuon  ol  ihu 
distribution  is  evident.  If  Ihe  last  lunation  of  any  year  ends, 
for  eiample,  on  Ihe  md  of  December,  Ihe  new  moon  tills  on 
the  3rd;  and  the  moon's  age  on  the  3111,  or  at  the  end  of  Ihe 
year,  la  twenty-nine  days.  The  epact  of  the  following  year  it 
therefore  twenty-nine.  Now  that  lunation  having  commenced 
on  the  3rd  of  December,  and  consisting  of  thirty  days,  wilt  end 
on  the  ittof  Jiniury.  _Tbe  ind  of  January  ii  thenloie  the  day 


99* 


CALENDAR 


d  Iba  Bcw  maen,  which  b  fauttcated  by  tba  cput  twcgly-iiBC. 
In  like  mwiMi,  if  tiM  sew  moon  fell  od  the  4th  «l  December, 
the  eput  al  the  (ollowliig  yeir  rnuld  be  tmnty-ei^t,  vhidi,  lo 
Indicate  the  day  of  next  new  moon,  raoit  coneipctid  to  the  jrd 
of  Januaiy. 

Wbea  the  epact  of  the  yto  k  knawn,  the  di]n  on  which  the 

IV.,  which  ii  ailed  the  Gnpiriam  Caltmdar  tj  Bpatlt.    For 

miDple,  the  golden  ntimbcr  of  the  year  iSja  is( — J^l  }.^9i 
and  the  epact,  u  iound  in  Tabic  111.,  ia  twenly-eight  Thii  epact 
occun  at  the  3rd  of  Juuiiy,  tbc  ind  of  Fcbiuuy.  Ihe  jid  oj 
llaich,  the  ind  of  April,  ibe  ist  of  hlay,  lit.,  and  theae  dayi 
an  anucqucBtJy  the  days  of  the  ccdniaatical  new  moona  in 
tSjI.  The  aatronomicaJ  new  moms  gokcnlly  take  place  one  or 
two  daya.  Mmetimea  even  thiee  day*,  eariier  than  tbue  ol  the 

There  an  loinc  artlticca  etnployed  in  the  consttucUon  of  this 
table,  to  which  it  ta  neceaiiiy  to  pay  attention.    The  thirty 
T.B1.«  111.— 


placrdtnihecaleidaibeiide  (6.  When  tj  and  >6oocurlnae 
aanc  line  of  epact*,  the  15  is  not  accented,  and  in  tiie  cAlendai 
stands  beside  S4.  Tlic  lines  of  epactl  m  wJuch  34  and  15  both 
occur,  ate  those  whidi  are  aaacked  by  one  ol  the  cisbt  Ictlen 
1. 1,  k.  n.  T.  B.  E.  N,  in  all  of  which  ig  wands  in  a  colusni 
0  a  foldoi  nuinber  hi^bcr  than  1 1.  Thov  mrt 
In  which  IS  and  16  occur,  luUDeIr,  e,l,i,t,i, 
C,  F,  P.  In  the  other  14  line*,  >s  either  doe*  not  occur  M  all, 
or  it  OGCttrt  in  a  line  in  wluch  neither  14  nor  tfi  is  foand.  FiOiXi 
this  it  appeals  that  if  the  BoLdcn  number  <d  the  year  exceeds  11, 
the  epact  15,  in  sii  months  of  the  year,  must  cwnqnad  to  tiie 
same  day  in  the  tslcDdai  as  >£;  but  If  the  taUen  number  doc* 
Botciceed  ii.thatepietiDUttcoRequndtotheaameday  aai4. 
Hence  the  leuon  for  dijiingiiishint  ij  and  t^.  In  a^Ui  the 
calendir,  if  the  epact  of  the  year  is  is,  and  the  lolden  mimlier 
not  above  11,  tahe  15;  but  if  the  (oiden  number  aceok  11, 
tskeis'. 

Anotha  peculiarity  nqnina  nplanatioa.     Tlie  epact   1^ 
(also  diatinffuidied  by  an  accent  oc  diflennt  charactB']  is  placed 


Years. 

Indei. 

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cpacts  correspond  to  the  thiity  days  of  a  full  Lunar  cponth,  bnt 
tlic  lunar  months  consist  of  twenty-nine  »nd  thiny  dayi  alter. 
Datcly,  thenfon  in  six  months  of  the  year  the  thirty  epacts 
must  conespond  only  to  twenty-nine  days.  For  this  icsion  the 
epacts  twenly.five  and  twenly-tour  an  placed  together,  so  as  to 
belong  only  to  one  day  in  Ibc  months  of  February,  April,  June, 
Aupist,  September  and  November,  and  in  the  same  months 
another  3$',  distinguished  by  an  accent,  oI  by  being  printed  in  a 
diffeient  chanctcr,  is  placed  beside  76,  and  belong  to  the  same 
day.  The  reason  tor  doubling  the  jj  was  Id  prevent  the  new 
moons  from  being  indicated  in  the  caloidar  as  happening  twice 
on  the  same  day  in  the  course  of  the  lunar  cycle,  a  thing  which 
actually  cannot  take  place.  For  ciamplc,  if  we  obsove  the  line 
B  in  Table  tU.,  we  ahall  see  that  it  contains  both  the  cpacls 
twenty-Four  and  twenly.Eve,  10  that  if  these  correspond  to  the 
•ame  day  of  the  month,  two  new  raoona  would  be  indicated  a* 
happening  on  that  day  within  nineteen  yean.  Xow  the  three 
epatts  34,  aj,  ^6,  can  never  occur  hi  the  same  line;  theniorc 
En  tbote  line*  is  which  94  and  if  occut,  the  sj  is  accented,  and 


inthesameliaewithiaatlhe  3iatof  December.  It  is,  however, 
only  used  in  those  years  in  which  the  epact  ig  concurs  with  the 
golden  number  19.  When  the  golden  number  is  ig,  that  is  to 
say,  in  the  last  year  of  the  Lunar  cycle,  the  su4^>lcmalarymaDiIi 
csntams  only  39  day*.  Henoe,  if  in  tliai  year  the  epact  thould 
be  \9,  a  new  moon  would  fall  on  the  and  of  Decemlier,  and  the 

moan  would  arrive  on  the  31st.  Theepactof  the  year,  tTxrcfore, 
or  19,  must  stand  licside  that  day,  whereaa,  according  to  ibe 
regular  order,  the  epact  cenespooding  to  the  jist  of  Deceiabcr  is 
lo;  and  this  is  the  rcsHin  foi  the  distinction. 

As  an  example  of  the  use  of  the  precedkig  tablet,  nqipcdc  H 
were  required  lo  determioc  the  moon's  age  « the  ic«h  o(  AprS 
ttji.  lDi83>thegDldenntuiberis(ii!^^)^>9,  and  tbtlitie 
of  epacts  belootf  ng  lo  the  centuiy  Is  C.  In  Table  IIL  nnda  «, 
and  in  the  line  C,  we  find  the  epact  3S,  In  1^  calendar.  Table 
IV.,  look  for  April,  and  the  efiact  sj  is  found  sjipoaitB  these 
day.    Hie  ud  of  Apnl  is  thcrel««  the  G(M  day  •!  tk(  U 


CALENDAR 


997 


andthe  tolh  Is  coueqaembr  (be  iiioili  dnjol  iIk  i 

BnppoM  it  «et«  rtquired  to  find  Iht  moon's  age 
DcoEDibeiui  (btyeu  1916.  Id  thitcue  tlw  golaai  Dumner  n 
^!3:^U\  -i7,uiduiTablem.,<^)paiItct0I900,tltDlin«Df 
cpacts  I>  B.  Undet  17,  in  line  B,  tbc  cput  b  ij*.  In  the 
ctIumIt  tUi  «pict  fini  eccnra  IwIok  the  ind  of  December  it 
the  lAtk  of  November.  The  lOth  of  November  !i  couecinently 
the  Hrjt  day  ef  tbe  moon,  and  the  nid  of  December  d  tltfrefore 
the  Mventb  diy. 

£iUbr.-~TlK  next,  ud  iiule«I  the 

^  is  to  find  EuicT,  irhich.  icconling 

*  ol  the  caiindt  of  Nice,  must  Ik  del 
condilumi:— III,  £ut«  must  be  ce)cbralcd 
tbii  Stmdiy  nut  fuUim  the  i^th  d*j  of  the  pudial  moon,  u 
that  if  the  14th  of  tlie  ptsdulmoon  fills  on  ■  Simdiy  then  Euter 
mmt  be  odebimted  on  the  Sunday  loUowinf ;  3rd,  the  p***-!**! 


in  the  ind  of 


from  the  foUawinf 


in  Ihii  (OK  the  iSth  of  April  l«  Bnoday,  then  Easter  must  be 
celebratni  on  the  foUowing  Sunday,  or  the  15th  ol  ApiiL  Hence 
Easter  Sunday  cannot  happen  earlier  than  Ihe  iind  of  Much, 
or  later  than  the  9£lh  of  ApriL 

Hmce  we  derive  the  fallowing  nle  for  Sndini  Eaitci  Snnday 
from  the  tableir— id,  Find  the  gidden  cumber,  and,  from 
Table  HI.,  the  epoct  of  the  pKqiosed  year.  >iid.  Find  in  the 
olleBlar  (Table  IV.)  the  first  day  alter  the  7th  of  March  which 
oonefxinds  to  the  epad  lA  the  year;  this  will  be  tbc  first  day 
of  the  paschal  mooo.  yd,  Redton  thirteen  days  after  that  of 
the  first  of  the  moon,  the  following  will  be  the  I4lh  of  the  moon 
or  the  day  of  the  full  paschal  moon.  4! J,  Find  Iiom  Table  I,  the 
of  the  year,  and  observe  in  the  nilmdar  the  Gnt 


h  mrresponds  ta  the 


dominical  lettei;  this  will  be  Euter  SuuUy. 

BiaaifU. — Reqtdied  the  day  on  which  Easier  Sunday  faHs 
in  the  yeu  1&40?    ill.  For  thia  year  the  golden  number  is 


r*»u 

IV 

-CrttorunCaltMdir. 

I... 

Feb. 

March. 

ApriL 

Mi 

J.«. 

Jul  . 

Au^ 

Sept. 

0.,*.. 

Nov. 

Dec 

E 

L 

E 

■- 

E 

^ 

i. 

H 

L 

L 

E 

L 

E 

1. 

E 

L 

L 

E 

L 

E 

L 

S 

s 

IR 

n 

S 

li 

A 

26 

A 

u 

14 

t 

" 

u 

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14 

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s 

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T 

»5'J5 

f 

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D 

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B 

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ai 

C 

■?:« 

A 

moon  is  that  of  which  the  14th  day  falls  on  or  next  foDowi  the 
day  of  the  vernal  eipiinoii  4lh  the  equinoi  Is  fixed  invuiahly  in 
theoleiidaronthe      "  '"  "' ^~- 


_  il  obocTVliui  that  thh  regulation  is  to  be 

conatnied  according  to  the  tabular  full  moon  as  determined  from 
the  epaet,  and  not  bj  the  true  full  moon,  which,  in  general,  occurs 


It  that  tl 


t  paachalfuH  moon, 
mnot  bappes  bdon 


or  the  I4tfa  oC  the  puchal  1 
of  Much,  and  that  Easier . 

the  iind  of  Match.  If  the  14th  of  the  moon  taus  on  tne  n 
the  new  moon  mast  fall  on  the  8th;  for  ii-ij-B;  and  ' 
paschal  new  moou  cannot  happen  before  the  8th;  tor  suppose 
sew  mooD  to  fall  on  the  7th,  then  the  fuU  moon  would  arrive 
the  »th,  or  the  day  before  the  equinoi.  The  following  mi 
would  be  the  paschal  noon.  But  the  fourteenth  of  this  nx 
ifalls  at  dM  latest  on  the  iSth  of  April,  or  ig  days  after  tlie  n 
ol  Uaicfa;  lor  by  reason  of  the  double  epact  that  ocesn  at ' 
4th  and  jlhol  Apiili  this  lunation  hu  only  >g  days.    Mow,  if 


(^S^ti^  _,;,uidtfaeepact(Tablem.lineC}ii  16.  mi. 
After  the  7th  of~March  the  epact  iG  first  occurs  in  Tshle  m. 
at  the  4th  of  April,  which,  therefore,  is  the  day  ol  the  new  moon. 
3rd,Sincelhenewm<»n[allaoDlhc4lh,  thcfullnoonisan  the 
17th  U+'i-'l)'  Ali,  The  dominical  letters  of  1840  are  E,  D 
(Table  L),  of  wUch  D  must  be  taken,  as  £  belongs  only  to 
January  and  February.  Afterihe  17th  of  April  D  first  ocnus 
In  the  calendar  (Table  IV.}  at  the  i«th.  Tbctefote,  in  1840, 
Easter  Sunday  falls  on  the  igth  of  April.  The  operalian  is  in 
mU  cases  much  facilitated  by  means  of  the  table  on  neat  page. 

Such  is  the  very  ci^mplicated  and  artificial,  thou^  highly 
ingenious  method,  invtnted  by  lilius,  for  the  determination  of 
Easter  and  the  other  movable  feasts.  Its  prindpal,  thou^ 
perhaps  least  obvious  advantage,  consists  in  its  being  entirely 
independent  of  astronomical  tables,  or  indeed  oL  any  cclesiiai 
phenomena  whatever;  lo  that  a&  chances  of  disagreement 
arising  from  the  inevitable  errors  of  tables,  or  the  uncertainty 
of  obsetvation,  are  avoided,  and  Eaater  determined  without  th* 


w' 


CALENDAR 


poiintlUtT  «[  Enliuln.    B«t  thit  ulvuuce  k  oaljr  ptocnitd  by 

Ihe  KCriEce  of  Mme  AcaiAcy;  for  DotwJthituuliBf  the  cumbei' 
•0I«  AppAntua  employed,  the  ctodJticHU  of  thrpnblnnuc  not 
always  eimciJy  utiiScd.  nor  is  ii  powble  thw  they  on  ht  dmy* 
Btii&cd  by  iny  limLLir  mrthod  at  pmaedmg.  Tlie  equioox  ii 
findoD  tl^  ailtai  Nfircb,  thou^Uie  sua  enten  Aria  geoenlly 
on  the  »Ih  of  thit  month,  nmetimei  even  od  the  I9lh,  It  ie 
AccordiDgly  quite  pouibLe  that  &  Jul!  mooa  may  arrive  after  the 
tnieequfDax,aiidyet  precede  the  aistoE  March,  llu,  therefore, 
would  not  be  the  pasduil  moon  oS  the  olendai,  thon^  it  un- 
doubtedly aught  to  be  u  if  the  intention  of  the  sjuocil  of  Nice 
were  rigidly  folloi..        —  


a  from  the  at 


:n  [ram  the 


CD  general  by  one  or  two  daya.  In 
of  the  Jew*,  vbo  counted  the  time  of  tlie  Dcir  moon,  not  Imm  the 
moment  of  the  acluil  phaK.  but  Inm  the  time  the  moon  fint 
became  visibk  ttter  Ihe  amjunclioD,  the  loiirt«eotb  day  of  Iha 
BMon  it  regarded  ai  the  full  oioontbutthe  moon  ii  in  oppolitiOB 
genenUyon  the  i6th  day;  therefore,  when  the  new  moomof  tbe 
.1  v.— /'irfcfnot  TaiU,  itflnat  eittti. 


/■-■L-pKU'rJS'ttJ^NDaaB.                            1 

A 

B 

c 

D 

e. 

F 

G 

Ap.,  .6 

Apr.  r? 

Apr.  rS 

Apr.  19 

Apr.  JO 

Ape.  14 

Apr.  1 

» 

"    ia 

'  ll 

:.  18 

"     !) 

'■  i 

i 

■  1 

','.     lo 

::  I! 

::  ii 

:;  'A 

■■ 

'.'.      1 

i 

i:  9 

7.     !S 

M           11 

::  "2 

::  'i 

■  i 

..     . 

"              * 

■■  t 

;: 

[i 

Mv.iJ 

Man 

it 

»^ar.>9 

::  t 

1"! 

;:  1 

;:   ! 

A'ir.M 

•J, 

a;.,  .a 

aV»I 

Apr,  JJ 

::  'A 

Apr.. 

rrl 

»9 

....  a  foynh  ti  tbe  mint  ouBber.  bccauie     ' 

__,  jir  i>  nfll  ■  hap  year.   Dcnariiig,  tboefare. 

r  of  the  etfltury  tor  the  dal*  after  the  two  riefcl-hiDd 

by  ld-l-(c-l6)-(^:^^.    Wehavetben 

tliat  'a,  (face  1+I0>l3or  6  (the  7  dayabeiec  n- 
jlcled.  aa  they  do  dm  aScct  the  ywk  U  L), 

'-'■«-{!).«->-(=T-').. 

This  fflnanla  is  perfectly  feaeiml.  and  easily 
As  sn  eaample,  let  ui  take  the  year  Itj^    fa 

"■~(3.-(^).— ■-»-«-■ 

and  (^^)v'°-    ^'^ 

L  -  jsi +6  - 1  aj9  -  4JO-H -0 
L  •- TBI  - 1190  a  7  XJIB  - 1190. 

TheyAriba^orelAins  with  Tuesday.  ItvObe 
mDcmtieTed  thai  ia  aleap  year  then  are  alva^iwo 
dooiinical  letters,  one  of  wiiicli  is  employed  rQl  the 
I91h  ol  Fcbmaiy,  and  the  other  till  the  cad  ol  ibt 
year,  I*  thit  cao,  **  the  fonaula  auppoat*  the 
mtercataiva  already  made,  the  Tctuffina  letid 
--  -'—  -'■=-'■  ippliH  after  the  Mth  ti  Fflmiary. 
trcalalion  the  doniafcal  letter  had 
>e  pUee  leia.    Thua  for  1140  the 


calendar  neady  concur  with  the  tiue  new  Dwoni,  the  full  mooni 
ue  considerably  in  error.  The  epacta  arc  alio  placed  10  ai  to 
indicate  tlie  full  tnoont  generally  one  or  two  dayi  afln  the  true 
foil  mooDs;  but  thia  wu  done  puipoKly,  to  avoid  the  chance 
of  concUTilng  with  the  Jewish  paaaover,  wtiich  the  fnmen  of 
the  ^endar  seem  to  have  ronaidered  a  greater  evil  than  that  of 
ctlebnting  Euter  a  week  loo  lale. 

We  will  DOW  ihow  in  whjit  muDer  this  whole  appatatm  of 
methodi  and  tables  may  be  diipeued  with,  and  the  Ciegoiian 
calendar  nctuced  to  a  few  afmple  formulae  of  easy  computation. 

And.  fint,  to  find  the  domlnial  letter.    Let  L  denote  the  iunbcf 


SPJBSffi 


l.retrofTadiiqgon 


-  dominical  letter  of  the  following  year  must 


•Sfflf, 


jmberofiheletto^beL-iL    

neecd  7>  the  nonber  a  sdU  always  enced  L  after  the  fan  aem 
rcan  of  the  era.  In  order,  thnefim,  to  leiuler  the  lyblneiiM 
louible.  L  must  be  increaied  by  loine  multiple  i<  7.  as  7m.  and  th 
ermub  theri  becDmnTHV-f-L— X.  In  the  yar  preeedini  the  first  o 
licera,lhFdofiiiDieallelterwuCi  for  that  year,  thcnfote,  w«  haw 

.'beiiwalt  tuppwd  ID  nniiii  <^  365  dayL     Bur  every  la'unl 

ii  a  leap  vesr.  and  the  eRect  of  the  iniercalalion  It  to  ihm 

'  '       'rtherbKk.    The  abovt  expect^ 


•car  let 


In  order  to  lavntigaie  ■  lomula  («  tlie  epact, 

the  epact  would  have  been  if  the  Juliari  year 
h«l  been  stm  IB  UK  arid  the  lunar  cycle  hwl 

S*the  carrection  depending  on  the  Ktlar  fiar; 
M  'the  comdiDii  depeitdint  on  the  lunar  cycle; 
then  the  eqaation  of  the  epact  will  be 

E-J+S+M: 
:  known  when  the  numbers  J.  5,  and  H  an  deter- 


:,b;i 

ti(N-61\ 


■..(^ 


On  account  of  the  nlar  eeuarion  S.  the  etact  I  must  be  dlmrn- 
ihed  by  unity  every  eentewmal  yai.  excepting  always  the  lOanb. 
Ji«icenturiei.theielare.iimuilbedlminlthedbyi--^,.  Now. 
s  itoo  was  a  leap  year,  ihe  Am  correct ioii  of  the  Julian  intenalat  i« 

eatuiy  (sbefore,  the  conmion  becomia  {t-Jti  "  {— j-|)^  wbiA 

jiizodbvGoogfe 


■DiuibtdidiKtcdfroiBj.    Wc  have  dKreten 

With  n(*iiJtotlK  luur  «)  union  M.  n  have  ilrudy  Mltcd  iIkI 
u  tbv  Gni«iui  calf Dflu  the  tpocOBJc  iocr^Lvd  by  uniry  at  i"" 
vnd  of  evrry  prriod  U  300  yean  ■evrn  limn  Hmmively.  and  th 
iba  incrcaic  ukn  plau  once  at  Ibc  <iHJ  of  400  ycarm.    This  ^t 
eight  (0  be  added  in  a  period  ol  twcoty-fiv*  ceocurica.  and  ^  ii 

tlie  InTH^BittHi  is  dimrred  M  be  cuadr  (nanwly,  kvvb  tim 
aiHXjaaiveJy  al  the  ead  el  300  yeara,  and  aoct  u  iht  end  al  400), 

il  I*  evident  that  tbe  fraction  —  muat  anuMiDt  to  uidty  wbee 


■be  ■uimbcr  of  ta 
the  number  at  a 


kat+i] -«,«■■ 
i>]4+)Xls-74.th 


any.  wbea  tbe  number  of  ceotDria  h  it+iiXiJ.  tben^-H-f-i, 
Now  (hli  ba  coulitiaa  uliicb  will  evidently  be  eipreaied  is  (eoenl 
by  the  rccmiUa  ■  -  (^jr')  ^  Hence  the  eoncciioa  of  the  epacl. 
H  Che  nD»be(  of  dayt  to  be  intercalated  after  x  nnluriea  ndraitd 
' —  ■■-  — -'  ~e  ol  the  petioda  ol  ivcuy-fiva 


'{^-m. 


The  bat  period 

of  t«eMy-Eve 

^"i^r^ 

J^rSffl 

1.  then  for  all  yea 

*  afiet  Itm  the 

il  <  be  t) 

.+1-.-1,.    Let  (^),-«.i 

value  o(  H  will  be  ghrtn  by  tbe  formula  ('~',  ~')  ,>  tboelon, 

covnting  ttva  the  begfnnJnif  of  tbe  calendar  In  l^Bl, 

By  the  lubRitution  i^  theae  viJiiei  of  J.  $  and  M.  Ilw  aqiMion 

mootu  been  cakeo.  aa  IE  Di^t  to  have  been,  at  one  day  in  uA  yean 
inatead  of  3J1I,  the  lunar  equation  would  have  occurred  only  twelve 
timei  in  1700  yean,  or  eleven  timea  auccwvely  at  the  end  of  yjo 
yaara.  and  then  at  the  cod  of  h|oil    In  Arict  Kcuncv^  thcrcfore»  a 

(he  year  MOO-  The  above  formula  for  the  epactbgiven  by  Delambre 

varirty  of  formi.  but  the  at»^'c  if  pcflupa  the  b«t  adapted  for 
ovlrulaiion.  Another  had  previoutly  bt«i  eivtn  by  Cauta.  but 
inaccumely.  inaamuch  aa  the  correction  ocpendinf  on  a  waa 

Havinj  deterraincd  the  epftct  of  the  year,  it  only  rcniaint  to  find 
Eaner  Sunday  ftoo   the  condiiioni  already    laid    dm^      Let 

txhe  number  of  day*  Irom  tbe  1111  of  March  to  Eaiter  Sunday ; 
■the  number  of  the  dotninical  ktitr  of  the  year; 
i  —letter  bdonging  to  the  day  on  which  (he  isth  of  the  moon  falla: 
then,  dace  Eaater  la  the  Sunday  MIowini  the  14th  o[  the  moon,  we 

"  P-P+(L-/), 

which  il  eomoionly  called  the  •awtrr  tfiiralin. 


becDmei  ij-afiheirlme  P+E- i+i+iwiaaVi'amJ  P-'u-E. 
[n  like  manner,  when  P-1.I-D-4;  fori)  n  the  dominical  letter 
of  the  calendar  beloniinf  to  tbe  iitti  of  hlairh.  Bui  It  il  evident 
that  wben  '  it  increaied  by  unity,  that  iiioiay.  when  tbe  full  mooa 
fallt  a  day  later,  the  epacf  of  the  year  ia  diminiihed  by  unity; 
thcnfocT,  jpftneral,  wlun'-4-(-i.E>i}-i,whenc(i+E>>)aiKl 


ir-SL    BulPcannevefbeleaatbant  i>or(lcmth*il«.B 

boIhcateaE-ii.    When,  ihenfore.  Eia  ireaier  than  11.  ire 
>dd  JO  in  order  tliat  P  and  I  may  have  poailive  valuca  in  the  fa 


P-M-EandJ- 


,P-i4-E. 


Wh«iE>aj,  J 

By  BubBituti»  one . 


oT  P  and  t.  BCDording  w 


may^.  in  the(ormuta"^-P+'iL^()i      ,.  _. 

(he  number  of  daya  fittn  th*  aiBt  ol  hAarch  to  Eaater  Sunday.    It 

muMadd  T  nil  ■■irfiiii  HI  mini  I"  nniaeaif.iniBiliii  iliai  1  iinii 
be  a  poailfve  whole  number. 

Bv  meant  oC  the  formulae  which  we  have  now  tlven  for  the  do- 
minical Idler,  tbe  BiLden  number  and  the  cpact.  Eaiter  Sunday 

aisdtance  olany  tablet  whatever.  Aa  an  example,  luppoar  it  were 
requiced  to  compuic  Eatter  lor  theyear  )&40.  Bytubaiituiingthia 
number  in  the  formula  for  the  dominical  letter,  we  have  a-i&40, 
c- 16 -a,  (^^^1^-0.  ihereloit 

U'TH-Ki- 1140— 4Ga+a 
•  J  Xge  -  jMa  - 1196 -aJ9»  -  « 
For  tb*  EoMen  number  wc  haveN-(^£^'),;    tlHnion 

Iibewiae(-l«-i8-i6-i,  ^~^-l,B-o:  therefoie 

New  uce  E  >J3,  we  ha  "ioTp  aJrff!      ,  ■  ■ .  0  ■ 

concquently.  iinct  »-P+(L-f). 

p-i8+t4-))-a9; 
that  ia  to  aay,  Eaaler  happen!  twenty-nine  dayt  after  the*  jiat  of 
March,  or  on  the  19th  April,  tbe  aane  reault  at  waa  before  fouad 


Alb  Wedneaday     . 

Ro«atioo  Suniby   .... 

Atccntion  dav  01  Holy  Thuriday 

Trrn"y"u"dsy    "."      ."" 


The  Greioiiaii 

calendar  wat  in 

rrd  i 

to.Spain 

d  pan  ol  Iiil) 

Ihr 

lome 

X   Catholic  >u 

CI  0 

Certnany 

the 

year 

following 

In  the 

>  till  theyear  ijoe,  when  it  waa  decreed  by  the  diet  of  Regent' 
ucg  thai  the  new  ityle  and  the  Gregorian  correction  of  the 
ilcrcalalion  should  be  adopted.     Littead.  however,  of  employing 


paachal  flUDh  ahould  be  found  by  attionomical  computafian 
n  the  Rudolphine  tablei.    But  Ihii  method,  though  at  £m 

with  numerous  inconveniencei,  and  was  al  length  in  1714 
loned  at  the  iniUnte  of  Frederick  II..  king  o(  Pruiua.  In 
Dcnmail;  and  Sweden  the  Rlormed  calendar  wai  received  about 
II  utnc  lime  >i  in  the  Protnlant  sUln  of  Geimany.  It  it 
rtnarliable  that  Russia  still  adheirs  to  the  Julian  reckoning. 
In  Crtai  Bcitain  the  aheialion  of  the  itylt  was  for  i  long  time 
succettlully  oppoMd  by  popular  prejudice.  The  inconveoientt, 
rer.  of  using  a  dIHeient  date  from  that  employed  by  the 
c  part  of  Europe  in  tnatien  of  hiilory  and  chronology 
began  to  be  lenently  felt;  and  at  lengtli  t^^Calendai  Wen 


■dbv  Google 


lyk)  Act  iT]o  vispiunt  for  the  adaptiiin  of  the  new  iiyle  [n  iS 
uhllc  and  legal  Innuclioiu.  The  diStrcna  o[  the  Iwo  ilyl«, 
hich  then  aiDoualFd  to  Elevro  dayi.  wat  icnovcd  by  ordcrins 
lie  day  [olJoaHng  the  ind  of  ScgKcmber  ol  Ihe  yt 


CALENDAR 

iiuKdiiitely  fi)lla«in(  u 


D  order 


rnpert- 


the  tame  time,  the 
em  ol  the  legaJ  year  wu  cliaji|ed  Irom  Ihe  ijlh  ol 
Ik  lit  oF  January.  In  Scollaod,  Januaiy  lit  wai 
New  Year'a  Day  from  1 6oo.  iccordinc  la  an  act  of 
jncil  Id  December  ism.  Thii  fact  it  a!  Unpoitanc* 
cc  to  the  date  of  legal  deedi  eaecuted  id  Scotland 
It  period  and  i/si,  wbcn  the  chaogi  wai  eBecled 
Wilh  respect  to  the  movable  feull,  Eisler  ii 
oetermincd  by  the  mle  laid  down  by  the  couzuil  of  Nice,  but 
luleid  of  empiaying  Ihe  ne*  moons  aod  epacti,  the  golden 
nomhen  are  prefiied  to  ihe  dayi  oF  ihe  fiJI  rneoiu  In  ihoie 
yean  In  which  Ihe  line  oF  epacts  la  changed  in  the  Grecoritn 
calendar,  the  golden numt  ..     ..- 


a  Enjlend 


new  tible  ii 


.    The  golden 


The  uleitdar  ol  Ibi 
loceniurytheume 
thai  the  golden  nui 


number)  hive  been  plated  w  thai 
day  ai  in  the  Gregorian  calehdat 
Englind  iilhetelore  from  century 
the  old  Roman  calendar,  eicepting 


•   Co/riufar.-In    the    con 

m  the  Creillon,  which  It  coi 
n  and  3  monlhl  before 


.niction  of  Ihe  Jewiih 
icniion.  The  calendar  li 
idered  10  have  taken  place 

r.  and,  accordinfl  aa  it  ii 


montha.  each  of  which 
o(  Ihe  acdjnaty  yeat  ii 
jSidayi.     In  either 


ly  Ihi.  in  order  thai  c( 


The  number  of  the  Hebrew  year  (Y)  nhich  b 
menl  in  a  Gtigonin  year  (a)  ii  obtained  by  the  addition  of  ]t6i 
yean,  thai  ii,  Y-i  +  }t6i  Divide  the  Hebrew  year  by  i« 
then  the  quoiienl  ii  the  oumbtt  of  the  laal  completed  cycle,  and 
the  rematniler  it  the  yeuof  Ihtcuireol  cycle  If  the  remaindei 
be  J,  6.  8,  II,  14,  17  or  10  (o),  the  year  n  embdisinic,  if  an) 
other  DUubcT,  il  ii  ordinary.  Or,  othereiK,  iF  we  find  t>M 
leraaindei 

ibe  year  l>  emboliamie  when  R  <  7 
The  calcndu  it  constrvcied  on  the  iisumpiioni  that  iht  tncai; 

Ibe  autumnal  equinoi.  The  mean  ular  >iir  is  alw  u^umed  to 
bej&jdtytsboufsssmin  ijH  sec.,10  that  acycleof  nincleer 
of  such  yean,  containing  tfljo  days  it  hours  jj  min.  ji  set ,  u 
the  exact  measure  o[  in  of  the  assumed  lunations.    The  ytoi 

Ingtothiittof  Tiiri  for  thai  year,  was  t>.)S.Ocii>bec  i,  1  shout! 
(S  computed  by  Lindo,  and  adopting  the  civil 


ling  Iroi 


e  ptevic 


Inight     The  1 


enlly  b 


To  compute  the  limes  oF  iKe  new  m 
cotnmeniemenl  of  tuccessive  years,  ii 
patsing  From  an  ordinary  year  the  ni 


n  of  Titri.  foi  Ihe  ye*t 


[embDliuiic,  wM 
the  secoiid-mentkmed  ni 


mio.  wl  •«■ 


iher  of  days  befng  used,  in  each  cn^ 
wnenever  ue  louowina  or  new  Cregoiiao  year  it  hiucnilc. 

Hence,  knowing  which  of  the  years  are  embolismic,  fiom  theil 
Oldiul  poaiuoB  in  the  cyck,  according  id  Ibe  rule  before  (taied, 
Ihe  limes  of  the  commencement  of  successive  yem  may  be  thn 

imed  on  indefiiutety  without  ai 


adjusi 


lionaUy  b< 


di>i  of  the  weeh.    Whene 
on  a  Sunday,  Wednesday  or 

10  be  filed  on  Ihe  day  ifier 


Kded  For  ihi 
ivils  filling  . 

.  tbenewyei 


njuDCIioD  falb 


If  the  computed  new  moon  be  after  iB  hours,  Ihe  fol 
day  is  10  Fh;  taken,  and  if  that  happen  10  be  Sunday,  Wedi 

ordinary  year,  the  new  moon  Falb  on  a  Tuesday,  as  ta  teas  f 
II  jnin  josec,  il  isnol  to  be  obecrved  thereon,  and  at  i 
not  be  htM  on  a  Wedtittday,  il  is  in  such  case  to  be  posi 
to  Thursday  IF,  fori  year  immediately  foUoaingan  emU 
year,  tlie  computed  new  moon  is  on  Monday,  at  Ute  as  is 
30  min  51  sec.,  the  new  year  is  to  be  hied  on  Tuesday. 


nces,  wJU  show  the  di 

i  10  be  compiited  id  ibe  diSin 


IniM-vene.     Atcordini 


onthsar 


buled  as  in  TabI 


ipeclivety  ai 

Klsltv  (o  Indicate  thai  the  former  ot  these  months  may  saoc- 
timct  require  to  have  one  day  more,  and  the  Uiler  sametinies 
one  day  lesa,  ihas  Ihe  number  of  day*  shown  in  ibc  uble~ihe 
result,  in  every  case,  being  al  once  detcnnined  by  Ihe  total 
number  of  days  that  the  year  may  happen  10  contain.  An 
ordinary  year  may  compiite  jsj.  m  01  jj;  da>«,  and.  la 
embolismicyearjSj.jg^orjBsdayM  In  these  cam  rcspcctivdy 
the  >-eir  is  said  10  be  imperfect,  common  or  perfeil  Tlie  inter- 
cabry  month.  Veadnr.  is  introduced  in  emboLsmir  yean  in  order 
that  Pauover,  the  islhday  ol  Nisan,  may  be  kepi  ai  iis  proper 


>hich  is 


i  days,  or  ifi  nrJii  and  i  day 


-iitStf  umki. 


Hebrt-  Monih 

Oro.™„ 

EmW.sm« 

Tiiri          .       , 
(Veadar)   '. 
Elul 

>9+ 
JO- 

,1 

10 
'9 

30 

la 

J9+ 

r 

a 
s 

JO 

»» 

JO 

Total 

in 

a* 

be  observed  that  m 

over  the  Ciegoiian 

wbe  deduced  by  gubuacllag  Ihe  epaci  from 

Se».«l "Tordiaar,      \  „^        _ 

Tkc  Riull  to  oblalned  moM  in  tEBtnl  be  mote  (cCunte  I)iiB 
the  Jewiih  cilculitian.  fnnn  which  U  nuy  diSct  i  diy,  u 
Inctnni  of  a  day  da  no!  eotcr  alike  io  Ibex  anspulatioiu. 
Such  diScnnce  may  also  in  part  be  ■FCdunled  lot  by  Ihe  fact 
(hot  (he  amuned  duialion  ol  Ihc  Blar  year  is  6  nin.  mH  "c. 
in  eiceaa  ot  the  true  ailioiwmical  viJue,  which  wiU  ciuic  the 
datzs  o<  craumencement  ol  lutuie  Jewish  yean,  to  uIciUatHl. 
to  advance  iorwaid  Irom  tile  equinoi  a  day  in  etior  in  1 16  yeara. 
The  lunation*  an  estimated  with  much  prater  precision. 

tlie  Following  table  ii  utncted  from  WoolhMBe's  Manra, 
Wiitkti  and  «H«yi  0/  oU  Haii«u^ 

Tabu  VII.— ff«if™  VfBt^ 


G? 

« 

•i^rrfsr 

«? 

^ 

■jras" 

1 

14 

s 

i 
i 

1 

Sil. 

1 

ThBr. 

1 

17  Sept.  1849 
rSep.:!ls7 

fiii 

1 

Ii 
•it 

Thjr. 

i 

IBs 

ijS.pi.lwo 

1 

i 

Sjoo 

m 

Si 

S 
1 

Mw 

Tus. 
Sat. 

Mon! 

;lg:iii 

l«SetH-I<d4 

,Sg:IS 

i 

i 

« 

1 
i 

1 
1 

Mm. 

Sal."' 
Thur. 

,;g..ig 

aiSept.  I67J 

Oi 

s 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Thur. 
Mon. 

i 

Thai. 

Thar. 

isi 

S«44 

8 
S 

1 

M 

i 

i 
1 

Ther. 
Tm. 

:ii 

P:IS 

1*  Sept.  1901 

S7» 

1 

1 

Thii. 

1 

Thur. 
Thur. 
Mod. 

Thur. 
Man. 

l^Seplligftl 
19Sep(,  l«6j 
7  Sept.  1964 

jOrt.    I««7 

■ISIS 

'il:S:i!B 

.jSepl.1976 
IJ  SejH.  1977 

a* 

r 

■Piui. 
Men. 

Sal. 

B 

T*tt«  Vll^-ff.!™.  y«r.  (fM 

sr 

K 

V^ 

Sn 

^^7^     S 

S7M 

MS 

I  Oct.    1978 

SJS6 

1*1 

?r 

sgga 

:i^\n\ 

iJt 

S 

^ 

Wm 

< 

»! 

Mon. 

S 

*;i 

SI 

M-T' 

•i  Sept.  19*7 

»^ 

.!gS.S!l 

IK 

& 

» 

i^ 

Thur. 

JJJ 

ffi 

lltt'^ 

"' 

« 

iiz 

l^i^SJ^i 

1 

i 

'P 

Sai!' 

i 

Thur. 
Thur, 
Mon. 

ill 

s 

ijl 

■;^rj^ 

1 

4S 

*s 

i 

Tun. 
Thur. 

«Sep<.I04« 

;-3 
J? 

1 

U4 

1 

ii 

J  J  Stpl.  WM 
14  Sept.  aoij 

i 

Thur. 
Thur. 

S:;: 

ill 

r-rrr 

^, 

i« 

ii^ 

Thur 

I'.wi'^ 

^t* 

ioSep<:»i« 

ss 

J14 

it™'' 

^^,r^ 

^^ 

S!i 

^s^ 

)6Sfp<.901] 

n 

k 

s.. 

,;sk; 

SJ 

Ji     -n-ur. 

ifaicnnefan  Cofaiilar,— The  Mahammedan  1 
Icgira,  used  in  Tui-Lcy,  Periia,  Arabia,  ftc.ii  dat 
ay  ol  tlie  nontb  precedinc  the  Right  ot  Mahome 
1edina,i.(.Thu™liyiheisiholJiilyt.B.8ii,u: 
n  the  day  loJlowtn^.    The  yean  of  Ihe  Hegira  are  purely  lunar, 


always  M 


g  with 


....  _^,..  n,  without  any  intercaiatim  to 

Ihcm  to  (he  same  season  wllfa  respect  10  the  nin,  so  Ibal  they 
retrograde  through  all  Iheteaaoniinabontjit  years.  Tlieyare 
also  pBTiilioned  intocycieiof  3oyeaii(,  190I  which  are  common 
years  of  354  days  each,  ind  the  other  11  are  inlercalsry  year* 
having  an  addiligtul  day  appended  to  the  last  month.  The 
mean  length  ol  the  year  la  therefore  imH  days,  or  3J«  days  8 
houn4SinJn.,  which  diviiled  by  1 1  gives  i9Hi  days,  or  10  day* 


the  astn 


imfcai  n 


Eofai 


Oryi'deKitelhei 


_M^). 


ji.zoab.Google 


CALENDAR 


»fagcTBrtiiBiini  TnrrftM  J«^aryfaMd  «  ^i^  tk 
tk(  iririirinil  d>|>  <f  ix*  iatctcilify  r—- 

-.+.(|),t(^!JU).W»l,~l. 

ik(  nlw*  «<  lAiik  olnriaai)!  dndue  is  ■  potod  of  7  ■■■■■  j»  «r 

Lrl  C  dnou  ikc  isaber  i<  mmpfairi  evdai,  ud  7  tk*  nv  ^ 
tkcfck^  Ike  !■-)[>  <r+r.  ud 

f  nn  tliil  loiviib  ikc  IsBavinc  ubk  hu 
^ TtuVIlL 


B  ths  tiUc  the  Saj  of  tbi  wnk  00  niiidi  ur 


Xkb.— [»Tlde  the  y«v  gf  tW  Hi^  br  yi;  tbt  quotidd  H  tkc 
■anbcr  of  cn<ei.  IH  tin  imulBdiT  it  lH  toi  ?(  Ibi  cnmi 

■uiodv  win  be  tW  Nonbcr  al  the  Poiid.  a^  boiif  loud  at 
ibi  up  a(  the  tabic,  ud  ihi  )w  •<  ibi  »ck  « ibi  Wt  hud.  ihi 
nquind  djy  U  the  week  u  imncdieidy  wrw. 

The  inuitiluy  ytiniif  the  cycle  (k  diBiapiiibed  br  n  uoriik. 

For  Ihe  uaipaution  al  the  Chriitki  date,  (hi  ntlo  of  ■  mu 
}cir  «( Iha  Hcfira  tea  tslar|«uia 

Thanarlbtpn  iftJulvAl),  OM  5t)4e,(ir  19  July  Ul,  accixdiafto 
the  Pfcv  cr  Grcfnriu  Styk.  Nvw  the  day  of  tlic  year  amcircriH 
to  the  ifthQlJa^iaiao.ivhich,  iaunactf  ihcBlary^,  bo-S476, 


veek  can  alwayt  be  accurateJy  abtained  Snta  Ilia  ronsDiiig  tabic 
(ha  mult  can  b*  nadily  adJBKcd. 
EaoMj^.— R^  uJHd  Iba  data  «  vUch  the  yiai  tjfij   -*  -'- 


VntMi  a<ad  Jf  mcj>  ^  aff  ff^Hu,  ibam  tb*  data  <l  a 
■Kucuiuat  of  HahonaitdiB  jttn  bum  ia«]  up  to  M4T,  (r 
Ima  the  uid  lo  Ihc  49th  i^rde  iodaiin,  riiidi  fgan  tW  «bi^ 
gf  Ihc  ainoib  period  oticvcD  cydet.  Tbougbout  the  next 
period  <l  irvta  <7tK  ud  *a  other  like  pofodi,  the  daji  ol  tlK 
wcekwORcnrfBCunlrUiciuteotdv.  AD  the  taUei  ol  thk 
kind  pceviouly  pabUahed,  vUcb  cMead  berDod  Ike  jrar  iqoo 
o(thcrhria»iineiii,aittnonewB,Bot«i(tptitthct«lebi»tcd 
Fmcb  Borii,  VAndt  a*^  In  d^,  ao  Jiattlir  levuded  M 


'°te  ' 


WSapi.  IJS4 


9  Illy   iWi 

sfeii 

I  May  1»67 


CALENDAR 


is: 


I  i£j.  li 


ill 


IS 


iU  '■ 


lis. 


Its- 


fe,. 


ISffl 


.;  E  i; 
sB:;:;i., 

g  Nov.  1919 
170a.   1917 


3»!§ 


iS- 


Frtd. 

i 

£. 

Wed. 

s- 

;» 

K' 

»■ 

iJr; 

,a 

WkL 

Fiid. 

7l>K.  19*4 
6Dn.  i«u 
S  No».  I^i 
S  No..  1947 
J  No..  TMJ 
4OO.    IMS 

J  Oct.   iwr 


m  \m 


MM?3 


«}".  i9r4 

14  W  i»7s 

jW  i9;i 

ijt>«.  1976 

Dtt  1977 


18  Apnl  1998 


lOFtb.    MM 


4fcs 


v»J5 


Tabli  X.—Friiuipal  Dayiefllu  BOrrm  Caltniar. 


KiOn  n,    D- 


K^  ; 


TuDiu  I7.<  Fni.  T>Uii(  of  Jciwlnn. 
Ab  9.'  Fan.  DcttfiKliau  a(  ISe  Trmplc. 

Tabu  XJ.—FriMdtal  Dtyi  i^Oi  llatummim  Ct 
Mubunm    I,    NrwVEir. 

lUbul      ii*.  BiR?e(  MibsmM. 

Jonuila  1.  3C^  Tildni  o(  Ceniiuliaiible. 

lUjili         15,  Day  3  Vklorv. 

10,  Eutuiion  of  Mahecoet. 

Shoban      15,  Bcnk'i  Niaht. 

Shaval!  1. 1.],  Kunduk  &,\nm. 

Dulbcnia  10.  Qutbaa  Balnn. 

Tailb  XII— E»»tfa.  £wi.  mJ  Fgiafi. 


Nw. 

C^..D.«- 

N« 

?*"°"-f 

1  Stp.  ssoa .. 

e.i??^  : 

\\S;.\\":. 

■S-S-^A.. 

OaEJ^^cEr.. 

)il3.tS 

■tIS;: 

.Sep.  «i.,. 

.;eS;: 

I6Juw6)J,. 

Foe  the  Riwluiiafiary  Calndii  w  FaucH  Rivdlvtioh  aJjU. 

Til*  prinripal  mirla  on  the  calendar  are  tlie  ioMnnrint: — Clavin, 
Ksnuai  Catmiarii  t  CntiriB  XIII.  9.U,  rrlliUti  EiftiaUia 
(Rome.  160]);  L'Arl  it  tlrifirr  lit  iaUi;  Latindi,  Aibmmii, 
toneU.;  TnUiilaitlitn1imalmihti,fil*,Vi/tui  (Pan'i. 
1S16):  Dtlambre.  TrtM  it  rmrttitmit  Mahni  «  Mfitu. 
tcmc  ill.;  HiiUtri  *  i'oUrMmlt  HedviH:  l^liMiu  Utlnia 
brtni.  pffanUs, «  ^fdiu  amttrmHH  Caltmiviam  BaUtiailinm, 
tarn  uttB  amam  (Mm.  f  nwtii  CMuiaau  Eantoi  faffUM, 
■MM  Paulo  Trtiel  tGBHiatea.  iBt6)  ;  FtrmaU  tmaliHilt  fd 


Slyla 


'llSatvrdty.nbNiiunTkiiiidaylBBBliculy  , 

■jtizcdbyGoe^^l 


toyTe 


CALENDER— CALGARY 


atalt  ASa  Paitiu,  t  ortalnu  ii  auSi  ifi 


CALEHDEH,  (0  CFr.  caltnin,  fram  the  Hed.  Lil.  aiaiire. 
t,  comipllon  of  the  Lalmiad  fonn  o(  the  Gr.  ilAujpDt,  m 
cylindet),  ■  michini  eoosiuing  of  two  or  mote  rollen  or  cylindm 
in  cIoK  ointact  irith  acts  other,  ud  often  heated,  thnnigh 
which  art  passed  cotton,  calico  and  other  fabrics,  lot  the  purpose 
o[  bavins  a  finiihed  imooth  lutface  given  to  them;  the  process 
Oatteni  the  fibres,  nnovts  Enequalitles,  and  alio  gives  a  gliie 
10  the  surface,  ll  is  simikriy  employed  in  paper  manufacture 
tf.T.}.  (i)  (From  the  Arabic  qalaudai),  an  order  of  derviiho, 
who  separated  from  tlie  Baktashite  order  In  the  t4th  century. 
Ihey  were  vowed  to  perpetual  Iravtllinf.  Other  lonra  ol  the 
""     '  '  re  Kaloideiis,  Kalerderiles, 


the  lolh  and  nth  ci 
miridiimalt  (F*ris.  1904),  I 
gales  of  the  town:  and  Ihei 

iaSy  of  an  amphilbeatre  and  theatrr,  of  a  supposed 
.     .         olbec  edifices.    A  numhe r  of  tomba  bdonging  to  the 
Soman  necropolis  weR  dacovered  in  r 
See  C.  HaUep  in  P»uly-Wi«iwa.  t 


d  Qalan 


<13H). 


CALENDS,  qUIHTUS  FDFIUS,  Roman  general  As  tnbune 
of  the  people  in  6t  b.c,  he  waa  chiefly  instiummlal  in  securing 
the  acquittal  of  the  notorious  Publiia  Clodiui  when  charged 
with  having  profaned  the  mysteries  of  Bona  Dea  (Cicem,  Ad.  A  U. 
L  16).  In  S9  Calenus  wii  pracinr,  and  brought  forward  a  law 
that  the  senators,  knights,  and  tribuni  aecarii,  who  composed 
the  judicea.  should  vote  separately,  M  that  it  might  be  known 
how  they  gave  their  voles  IDio  Cassiuj  jnviii.  S).  He  loughi 
in  Gaul  (sO  and  Spain  (4g)  under  Caesar,  who,  after  he  bad 
crossed  over  10  Greece  (48),  sent  Calenus  from  EpiciB  to  bring 
over  the  rest  of  the  troops  from  Italy.  On  the  passage  to  lUly, 
most  of  the  ships  were  captured  by  Bihulus  and  Calenus  himscli 
escaped  with  difficulty.  Ik  «j  he  was  raised  to  the  consul^ip 
through  the  influence  of  Caesar.    After  the  doth  of  the  dictator. 

the  north  of  lUly,'    He  died  in  41,  while  stationed  with  his  artny 
'     '  ot  of  tbe  Alps,  just  as  he  was  on  the  point  of  marching 


against  Octavi 

Carar,  B.C.  viii.  »!  B.C.  i. 

CUSPIHO,  AMBKOQIQ  (i 
bom  at  Bergamo  in  143  s.  w 
Calepi - 


r,iii.» 


;  Oc.  PUlifipian.  vi 


nded  oi  an  old  family  of 

Becoming  an  Augustinian 

Foted  his  whole  liie  to  the  composiiion  of  a  polyglott 
~!ggioin 


CALBS  (mod.  Co/n),  an 
originally  to  the  Auninci,  on  ine  via 
Casilinum.    It  was  taken  by  ihe  Roi 
colony  with  tdtin  rights  ol  sjoocitiienshavinf 


[ly  of  Campania,  belonging 


established 

... . .  of  the  Roman  dominion 

Campania,  and  Ihe  seal  of  the  quaestor  for  southern  Italy  even 
down  to  the  days  of  Tacitus,'    It  was  an  Important  bas 
war  against  Hannibal,  and  at  last  refused  further  contri 
for  the  war.     Before  1S4  more  settlers  were  sent  then.    After 
tbe  Social  War  it  became  a  nunuifinm.    The  fertility  of 
lerrilory  and  its  maautarture  of  black  glaied  pottery,  which  ? 
even  eiportcd  to  Etruria,  made  it  pro^tenjus.     At  tbe  end  ol  1 
3rd  centuiy  it  appears  as  a  colony,  and  in  the  sth  century 
became  an  episcopal  see,  which  Cjointly  with  Teano  «nce  18 
it  alill  is,  though  it  is  now  a  mere  village.    The  calbedral.  of  Ihe 
Tith  century,  has  a  carved  portal  and  thi 
irith  smaU  archea  and  piluin*,  and  conUina  a  Hoe  pulpit  and 
episcopal  throne  in  maftle  mosaic.     Near  it  are  two  pottc 
>  To  the  pviod  ahti  33s  belong  uimenua  dver  and  broniE  cmi 


.  iSm). 


fr-A 


CALF.   (0   (A  void  conUDOIi  in  various  lonnt  to  Teutonic 

languages,  cf.  German  Kdi.  and  Dutch  iaV).  <he  young  of  the 

'      ly  of  Bariiat,  and  particnlariy  of  the  domestic  cow,  also  d 

elephant,  and  of  marine  [oammats,  aa  the  whale  and  seaL 

word  is  applied  to  a  small  island  close  to  a  larger  otie,  tike  a 

dose  to  iu  mother^  side,  ai  in  the  "  Calf  of  Man,"  and  10 

ass  of  tee  detached  from  an  iceberg,     (i)  (Of  Dnkonwi 

_  n.posiibty  connected  with  the  Celtic  is/fv,  a  leg),  Ihe  Baby 

hinder  part  of  Ihe  leg,  between  the  knee  and  the  InUe. 

CALF.  THE  OOLDEX;  a  mnlten  Image  made  by  tbe  Isradita 

hen  Moses  had  ascended  the  Mount  of  Yahweh  to  rtxeivc  the 

aw  [Ei.  luii.).    Alarmed  at  his  lengthy  absence  the  people 

amouced  for  "  gods  "  10  lead  tbem,  and  at  tbe  instigation  ol 

ama,  they  brought  tbeir  jewelry  and  made  the  call  out  cA  iL 

his  wascflebraled  by  a  sacred  festival,  and  it  was  only  thnw^ 

ic  Inicrvenlioa  of  Hoses  that  the  pecfile  were  saved  from  the 

rath  of  Yahweh  (cp.  DeuU  ii.  iq  sqq.}.     Nevetthckss  jooo  of 

icm  fell  St  the  hands  of  the  Leviles  who,  in  answer  10  tbe 

immons  of  Hoses,  declared  themselves  on  the  side  of  Yahweh. 

he  ori^'n  of  this  particular  lotin  ol  worship  can  scarcely  be 

lu^t  in  Egypt;  the  Apis  wbich  was  worshipped  tfioe  was  a 

vc  bull^and  inmge- worship  was  ccmmon  among  the  ranaanitts 

I  conneaion  with  the  cult  of  Baal  and  Aslaite  (ff  .•-).    In  early 

Israel  it  was  considered  natural  to  worship  Yahweh  by  means 

images  (cp.  the  story  ol  Gideon,  Judg.  viii.  »«  aqq),  and  eves 

Moses  himself  was  attributed  the  bronse-serpenl  whose  cull 

Jerusalem  was  deslmyed  in  the  time  of  Heieklah  (i  King) 

iii.  4,  Num.  ni.  4.9).    The  condemnation  which  later  writers, 

nicularly  those  imbued  with  Ihe  spirit  of  the  Deuteronomic 

iormatlon.  pass  upon  all  image-worship,  ii  in  baimony  with 

the  judgment  upon  Jeroboam  for  his  innovations  at  Bethel  and 

"  n  (i  Kings  tii.  18  sqq.,  xvi.  36.  Ire.).    But  neither  Elijah  not 

iha  raised  a  voice  against  the  cull;  then,  as  later,  in  tbe 

e  of  Amoi,  It  was  nominally  Yahweh-worsbip,  and  Hoaea  it 


a.  Bit.  L  343 :  and  Haaaaw  1 


■■    ITS   " 


*.C) 


Kennedy,  Haa 

CALGAKT,  the  oldest  city  in  the  province  of  Alberta.  Pop. 
(iQoi)  4041;  (1907)  11,111.  It  is  situated  in  114°  ij'  W.,  and 
!i°4i'  N.,  on  the  Bow  river,  which  Oowa  with  its  crystal  wsteit 
from  Ihe  pan  in  ibr  Rocky  Mounulna,  by  wluch  tbe  main  line 
of  tbe  Canadian  Padfic  railway  crosses  tbe  Rocky  Mountaini. 
The  pass  proper — Kananatlus— penetrates  the  loounlains 
beginning  40  m.  west  ol  Calgary,  and  tbe  wcU-known  watering- 
place,  Banff,  lia  Si  m.  west  of  it,  in  the  Canadian  naiiooal  park. 
Tbe  streets  are  wide  and  laid  out  on  a  rectangular  system.  The 
buildings  are  largely  of  atone,  the  building  stone  used  being  Ihe 
brown  iJiamic  sandstone  found  in  tbe  valley  of  the  Bow  rivet 
in  tbe  neighbourhood  of  the  city.  Calgary  is  an  important 
point  on  the  Canadian  Pacific  railway,  which  has  a  general  super- 

dealers,  and  also  of  tnduslrial  establishments.  Calgary  is  near 
the  site  of  Fort  La  Jonquil  immded  by  tbe  French  in  1751 
Old  Bow  fort  was  a  trading  post  for  many  yean  though  onw 
in  ruins  The  present  city  was  created  by  tbe  building  of  tbe 
Cjmadian  Facific  railway  about  iSSj. 


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